Transcriber's note:

      Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).

      A complete list of corrections follows the text.





THE EVERY DAY BOOK OF HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY:

Embracing the Anniversaries of Memorable Persons and Events, in Every
Period and State of the World, from the Creation to the Present Time.

by

JOEL MUNSELL.


   "What hath this day done? What hath it deserved?"







New York:
D. Appleton & Co., 346 Broadway.
1858.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1858,
by Joel Munsell,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Northern
District of New York.




PREFACE.


The object of this work, as will be seen, is to bring together the great
events of each day of the year, in all ages, as far as their dates can
be ascertained, and to arrange them chronologically. It has been
necessary to observe brevity in its compilation, in order to reduce it
within a proper compass. Hence notices of the most eminent men are often
confined to two or three lines, while individuals of less note have
occasionally received more attention, on account of the absence of ready
reference to them in books.

The dates are in accordance, it is believed, with the best authorities.
Great care has been taken to make them so, and nothing has been inserted
for which there was not at least some authority. Occasionally authors
have been found to disagree in days, months, and even years, and it has
been necessary to reconcile, as well as possible, such discrepancies.
Much of this confusion arises from the change in the calendar; some
authors following the old, others the new style, without informing us
which they adhere to. The protestant countries did not all adopt the new
style till 1777, about two centuries after the catholic authorities had
reformed the calendar. The Russians still use the Julian era, and are
now consequently twelve days behind the true time. With these
difficulties in the way, no ordinary vigilance ensures an entire freedom
from error in a work like this. The dates here, however, are made to
conform to the new style as far as practicable. In some cases where
different dates have been given, and it has been found impossible to
determine the true one, the article has been inserted under different
days with cross references. Repetitions have crept in however, which
could only be discovered in preparing the index. Errors of this kind are
perpetuated by a succession of authors following a wrong date, and are
exceedingly difficult to detect, or when suspected, not easily traced to
their origin. When dates have been taken from computations of time other
than the Christian era, it should be understood that the corresponding
day has been made to conform to our own era, and consequently perfect
accuracy can not be claimed for them.

It has been said that geography and chronology are the eyes of history;
in aiding to promote one of these sciences, the reader will not fail to
discover how great and varied is the amount of facts brought together,
rendering the work of use to persons of every age and calling. A
reference to the index will show more clearly the extent of the work.




EVERY DAY BOOK

OF

HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY.




JANUARY.


JANUARY 1.

154 B. C. It was fixed that the Roman consuls should always enter upon
their office on this day, and the years were named after them. On this
occasion they went in solemn procession to the Capitol to sacrifice to
Jupiter Capitolinus; after which the senate held a solemn session. Those
who had discharged the office of consul enjoyed the pre-eminence of rank
over the other senators. They were annually elected by the people till
the time of Tiberius, who ordered that they should be chosen by the
senate. The last consul after whom the year was named, was Barsilius, in
the year 541, in the reign of Justinianus.

38. B. C. The Spanish era, or era of the Cæsars, commenced, being the
year following the conquest of Spain by Augustus. It was much used in
Africa, Spain and the south of France; but was abolished by one kingdom
after another during the fourteenth century, and by Portugal 1555.

404. TELEMACHUS, or St. Almachus, whose story is the foundation of
Fenelon's famed work _Telemaque_, suffered martyrdom at Rome.

1109. The Festival of Fools was instituted at Paris, and continued
prosperous for 240 years. This, with the Lords of Misrule, and the
Abbots of Unreason, was doubtless designed to ridicule the Druidic
saturnalia.

1308. WILLIAM TELL, the Swiss patriot, associated himself on this day
with a band of his countrymen against the tyranny of their oppressors.

1349. EDWARD III, king of England, defeated the French before Calais
with great slaughter.

1504. Birthday of CASPER CRUCIGER, an extensive and multifarious
scholar, and a follower of Luther. He died 1548.

1515. LOUIS XII of France, surnamed _the father of the people_, died.
Notwithstanding the faults of his education, which had been purposely
neglected, he became a wise and politic monarch, who had the welfare and
improvement of his country in mind. Though extensively engaged in wars,
he avoided burdening the people with taxes--was economical, just and
magnanimous.

1513. JUAN DIAZ DE SOLIS, coasting the southern continent, discovered
the mouth of a river on this day, which in consequence he called Rio
Janeiro.

1516. JUAN DIAZ DE SOLIS again entered the Rio de Solis which he had
discovered three years previous. In attempting a descent on the country
he was slain by the natives, who in sight of the ship cut his body in
pieces, and roasted and devoured it. He was reputed the ablest navigator
in the world.

1523. Knights of Malta driven from the island of Rhodes by the Turks.

1537. JAMES V of Scotland married Magdalen, daughter of Francis I of
France.

1617. HENRY GOLTZIUS, a distinguished Dutch painter and engraver, died.
His father was a painter on glass, and gave his son instructions in the
art; but it was his own genius and application that raised him to the
rank he ultimately held among the best artists of the time.

1618. Charter of the first New Netherland company expired by its own
limitation.

1618. Birthday of BARTHOLOMEW ESTEBAN MURILLO, the greatest of all the
Spanish painters. He was employed by the churches and convents of
Seville a great number of years, which were enriched by the masterly
productions of his pencil, and procured for himself an independent
fortune. Having been invited to Cadiz, he there executed his grand
picture of St. Catharine; but just as he was about to finish it he was
dreadfully wounded on the scaffolding, and died at Seville, 1682.

1630. THOMAS HOBSON, the celebrated carrier of Cambridge, England,
died. One of the most general proverbial expressions in England
originated with him. He let to students and others horses, and his
practice was to secure equal portions of rest as well as work for each
horse. Hence when applied to for any, none but that which had its due
proportion of rest could be let. "This or none" was the answer. Hence
the phrase "Hobson's choice; this or none."

1644. MICHOB ADER, calling himself the Wandering Jew, appeared at Paris,
where he created an extraordinary sensation among all ranks. He
pretended to have lived sixteen hundred years, and that he had traveled
through all regions of the world. He was visited by the literati of the
city, and no one could accost him in a language that he was ignorant of;
he was also familiar with the history of persons and events from the
time of Christ, so that he was never confounded by intricate or
cross-questions; but replied readily and without embarrassment. The
learned looked upon him as a counterfeit, or madman, yet they took their
leave of him bewildered and astonished.

1651. CHARLES II crowned king of Scotland at Scone.

1661. A parliament met in Scotland.

1700. The Russians began their new year.

1715. WILLIAM WYCHERLEY died, aged 81, an eminent English dramatic
writer and comic poet.

1727. CLAUDE ADRIAN HELVETIUS died; a celebrated Dutch physician, who,
having obtained celebrity by introducing the use of ipecacuanha in
dysentery, was made inspector general of military hospitals, and died at
London.

1729. Great fog in London, persons lost their way in St. James' park,
and many fell into the canal.

1730. SAMUEL SEWALL, chief justice of the supreme court of Massachusetts
died.

1731. EDWARD CAVE printed the first number of the well known
_Gentleman's Magazine_.

1748. Birthday of GODFREY AUGUSTUS BURGER, a celebrated German poet, and
the writer of that whimsical satire, _Munchausen's Travels_.

1748. JOHN BERNOUILLI, a Swiss mathematician, died. He was born at Basil
in Switzerland, and educated for a merchant, but afterwards studied
medicine, and finally devoted his attention to mathematics with great
success. He was the contemporary of Leibnitz and De L'Hopital, and of
Newton. His labors in the science were indefatigable, and his works
contain an immense mass of discovery. But the details of his private
life exhibit an unusual degree of acerbity and disingenuousness.

1752. The new style commenced this day in England by act of parliament.
(See March 25.)

1757. Calcutta surrendered to the British under Admiral Watson, Colonel
Clive and Captain Coote.

1761. Great hurricane in the East Indies, destroying a part of the
British fleet; of the crews of three of the ships lost but 14 were saved
out of 1100.

1776. Norfolk Burnt. Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia,
having abandoned the town and retired on board his ships, became
distressed for provisions; and on the arrival of the Liverpool man of
war, the inhabitants refusing to supply his majesty's ships, the place
was reduced to ashes. The provincials themselves destroyed the houses
and plantations near the water, to deprive the ships of every resource
of supply.

1781. Revolt of the Pennsylvania line at Morristown, N. J. They had
enlisted for three years, and that term having expired they wished to be
discharged.

1787. ARTHUR MIDDLETON, a signer of the Declaration of Independence,
died. He was a native of South Carolina, born 1743, and educated in
England; and at the age of twenty-two made the tour of Europe. On the
breaking out of the war he engaged warmly on the side of the colonies.
In 1779 he distinguished himself in the defence of Charleston against
the British, who afterwards ravaged his plantation and rifled his
mansion, by which he suffered an immense loss of property; and in the
following year he was taken prisoner. On the termination of the contest
he returned to his native seat, and spent the remainder of his life in
elegant and philosophical ease--a model of private wealth and public
virtue; a firm patriot and an enlightened philanthropist.

1793. A beginning was made upon the Pennsylvania state canal, at
Conewago falls; seventeen rocks being blasted--one for each stockholder
of the canal company.

1794. The French convention abolished flogging in the army and navy and
substituted other punishments more congenial with the spirit of the
times.

1794. THOMAS PAINE and ANACHARSIS CLOOTS arrested by order of
Robespierre and sent to prison in Paris.

1797. ZEMAUN SHAH made his triumphal entry into Lahore, the capital of
the Sikhs, where he formed an army of 100,000 men with a view of
marching upon Delhi.

1798. Athenæum at Liverpool was opened.

1799. The French drove the king of Naples from his capital and forced
him to take refuge on board of a British man of war, in which he sailed
to Palermo.

1801. Union of Great Britain with Ireland.

1801. Ceres discovered by Piazzi, the astronomer, at Palermo.

1804. The numerous army which France had sent against the negroes of
Hayti being compelled by disasters to fly to St. Domingo, the general
and chiefs of the Haytian army entered into a solemn compact, in the
name of _the people of Hayti_; renouncing all dependence on France, and
appointed Dessalines, the oldest general, governor for life, with very
extensive powers.

1806. The French republican calendar abolished, and the Christian era
and reformed calendar restored.

1806. The elector of Wurtemberg proclaimed king of Swabia, and the
elector of Bavaria king of Bavaria.

1807. Curacoa surrendered to the British under Sir Charles Brisbane.

1810. There had died in Philadelphia during the year ending this day
2004 persons; the population including the Liberties was about 100,000.

1810. Married at East Haddam, Conn., nine young ladies, being all that
were marriageable at that time in the town.

1811. Tortosa in Valencia surrendered to the French under Suchet, who
took nearly 8000 prisoners, 177 cannons, and a large quantity of
provisions.

1811. Hamburgh formally annexed to France.

1811. Spanish cortes forbid the people obeying any act of Ferdinand XII,
while a prisoner of Bonaparte.

1813. JEAN MOURTRIE, a Frenchman, died at the age of 115. He was a
tilemaker, and continued his occupation to the age of 109. He was a
pattern of honor and integrity; his gaiety made the young fond of his
society; and his mild and even temper and kind disposition gained him
the love of all who knew him.

1814. Great fog in London, which had commenced on the 27th of December,
was now at its greatest density, extending seventy miles from the
metropolis. Many persons lost their lives by falling into the river, and
canals, and other places.

1814. The allied army entered France.

1814. American dragoons under Capt. Stone advanced on Buffalo,
accompanied by Lieuts. Riddle, Totman and Frazer, of the United States
regiment; the militia retiring, Totman was killed, and Riddle narrowly
escaped being captured.

1815. WILLIAM CREECH, bookseller and twice lord provost of Edinburgh,
died. He was a spirited writer.

1815. The British under Gen. Packenham opened a battery of two 18
pounders on the Americans at New Orleans; it was silenced the same day.
The Americans had a boat loaded with military stores sunk; 34 men killed
and wounded, and two caissons blown up by rockets. Gen. Thomas joined
Gen. Jackson same day with 660 men from Baton Rouge.

1816. WILLIAM HILLHOUSE died, aged 88; for more than 50 years a member
of the council and legislature of Connecticut.

1817. MARTIN HENRY KLAPROTH, a German chemist and philosopher, died. He
was born at Wernigerode 1743 and followed the profession of an
apothecary till 1788, when he became chemist to the Academy of Sciences
at Berlin.

1817. The new Bank of the United States opened at Carpenter's hall,
Philadelphia; Wm. Jones president, Jonathan Smith cashier.

1818. WILLIAM HARROD, an eccentric bookseller in Leicestershire, died.

1823. The French language abolished in the law courts of Holland, where
it had long been in use, and was prevalent in society.

1825. Great Britain acknowledged the independence of the South American
republics.

1835. CHARLES LAMB died. He was the author of the beautiful stories of
_Elia_, which are universally admired. His exquisite humor, fancy,
feeling and wit, have given an endurable character to his essays. The
bettering of the condition of mankind was his great aim, and he was in
the esteem of every philanthropist.

1835. First daily paper in Buffalo, New York.

1837. SAMUEL HULSE died at Chelsea Hospital, England, of which he had
been governor since 1820, aged 90. He entered the British army in the
year 1761, and at the time of his death had been upwards of three
quarters of a century in the military service, and was then field
marshal.

1837. Saphet in the Holy Land nearly destroyed by an earthquake. It is
said that this and a subsequent shock were both predicted by a Walachian
almanac maker.

1848. Girard college opened with appropriate ceremonies at Philadelphia.

1848. The state of Maryland repudiated repudiation, and resumed payment
of interest on her debt at the Chesapeake bank, Baltimore.

1852. FREDERICK PHILIPS ROBINSON, an American officer, died, aged 89; he
had been scarcely less than 75 years in the military ranks.

1854. Great fire at Constantinople destroyed 400 houses; among which
were those of the Greek patriarch, and the patriarch of Jerusalem.


JANUARY 2.

17. TITUS LIVIUS died at Padua. His history of Rome, to which he devoted
twenty years, rendered him so celebrated, that a Spaniard is said to
have gone from Cadiz to Rome for the purpose merely of seeing him. His
history was written in 140 books, of which only 35 are extant. Five of
these were discovered at Worms 1731, and some fragments are said to have
been since found at Herculaneum. Few particulars of his life are known,
but his fame was great even while he lived, and his history has made him
immortal.

17. PUBLIUS OVIDUS NASO, the Roman poet, died in exile at Tomos (a town
on the inhospitable coast of the Black sea), aged 60. He exhibited an
unconquerable predilection for poetry, and the ease and the enjoyments
of life, which his fortune placed within his power. He traveled in
Greece and Asia which added to his accomplishments; his works were
adapted to the public taste, and he was esteemed by the learned: Horace
and Virgil were his friends, and he was a welcome visitor at the court
of Augustus. Until his fiftieth year he appears to have lived almost
solely for poetry and pleasure. He might have hoped to pass the
remaining years of his life in peace, under the shadow of his laurels,
but he was suddenly banished by Augustus, for some unknown cause. His
_Metamorphoses_, and _Art of Love_ are often republished in our
language. He painted nature with a masterly hand, and his genius
imparted elegance to vulgarity; but impurity defiles the sweetness of
his numbers, and his finest productions are sullied with licentiousness.

1547. Conspiracy of Genoa, headed by John Lewis Fiesco; his being
drowned in the night, occasioned the failure of the scheme, in the very
moment of success.

1604. The Jesuits reinstated in France.

1731. A reprieve sent to a prisoner at Newgate on condition he would
suffer Mr. Chiselden to make an experiment on the tympanum of his ear.
The experiment was never performed.

1741. JOHN BARBER, printer to the city of London, and the first printer
that rose to the rank of mayor, died.

1757. Calcutta retaken by the English and permitted to be fortified by
the subah.

1758. The Whitefield methodists observed this day in thanksgiving for
the victories of the king of Prussia in favor of England.

1759. The French surprised and captured Frankfort on the Maine.

1766. JAMES EDWARD FRANCIS STUART, the Pretender, died. He was the
eldest son of James II, born at London 1688. He was five months old when
his father was dethroned, and the royal family fled to France. His elder
sister Anne afterwards came to the throne, and some effort was made to
secure his own succession; but it does not appear that he entered into
the project with much spirit.

1771. LEWIS CÆSAR, count d'Estrees, marshal of France, and minister of
state, died aged 76. He distinguished himself in the war against Spain,
and afterwards in 1741, wherein his bravery was conspicuous and his
services meritorious. In 1756 he was placed at the head of the French
forces in Germany, but was superceded by Richelieu through intrigue.

1774. The coffin of EDWARD I opened by a deputation from the society of
antiquarians, after it had been buried 467 years. In a coffin of yellow
stone they found the royal body in perfect preservation, enclosed in two
wrappers; one of them was gold tissue, strongly waxed and fresh; the
other and outermost considerably decayed. The corpse was habited in a
rich mantle of purple lined with white and adorned with ornaments of
gilt metal, studded with red and blue stones and pearls. Two similar
ornaments lay on the hands. The mantle was fastened on the right
shoulder by a magnificent _fibula_ of the same metal, with the same
stones and pearls. His face had over it a silken covering, so fine, and
so closely fitted to it, as to preserve the features entire. Round his
temples was a gilt coronet of _fleur de lys_. In his hands, which were
also entire, were two sceptres of gilt metal; that in the right
surmounted by a cross fleure, that in the left by three clusters of oak
leaves, and a dove on a globe. The feet enveloped in the mantle and
other coverings were sound and the toes distinct. Its length was 6 feet
2 inches.

1777. Cannonading at Trenton; the British repulsed in their attempt to
cross Sanpink creek bridge. In the night Gen. Washington retired leaving
his fires burning.

1780. The Dutch admiral, Count Byland, refusing to permit the British
admiral, Fielding, to search his convoy, an action ensued, and the Dutch
ships, two of the line and two frigates, surrendered; after detaining
seven of the convoy, the Dutch admiral had permission to proceed; but he
refused without the whole of his charge, and therefore sailed into
Spithead.

1788. Georgia ratified the Constitution of the United States, without
amendment, being the fourth state to do so.

1795. JOSIAH WEDGEWOOD, the inventor of the scale that bears his name in
the thermometer for determining the different degrees of metallic heat,
died at his residence in England.

1801. JOHN GASPER CHRISTIAN LAVATER died. He was born at Zurich, in
Switzerland, where his father was a physician of skill and reputation.
In 1763 he traveled in Germany; in 1767 appeared as a poet; and in 1769
as a preacher of much popularity. All his activity was devoted to
religion until he undertook his work on physiognomy. This great work in
4 vols. quarto, in which he had collected the features of distinguished
persons from all parts of the world, made him known throughout Europe.
He published several other works, and became so popular that his
journeys resembled triumphs. On the capture of Zurich by Massena, he
received a shot while assisting the wounded in the street, which
although he lived more than a year, and wrote several works, was the
cause of his death.

1809. Two French ships of war and eleven victualers, proceeding to
Barcelona, were captured in the port of Caldagues by the British under
Lord Cochrane.

1809. Penguin island, at the cape of Good Hope, sank, and is now only
known to mariners by name.

1810. Orders were received from Paris by Murat, king of Naples, to seize
and immediately dispose of all American vessels and cargoes.

1814. Dantzic surrendered to the duke of Wurtemberg.

1815. The prince regent of England extended the military order of Bath,
and divided it into three classes, namely: 1. Knights grand crosses; 2.
Knights commanders; 3. Companions.

1816. LOUIS BERNARD GUYTON DE MORVEAU, a French chemist, died. He was
born at Dijon 1737, and distinguished himself in 1773 by the invention
of the method of purifying the air by means of chlorine. He was an
upright, able, eloquent and business man; and founded a school at Dijon
for the study of his favorite science, chemistry. He was a member of the
national assembly and convention at the time of the revolution, and
assisted to establish the polytechnic school.

1827. JOHN MASON GOOD, an English physician, poet and philological
writer, died. At the age of 15 he was apprenticed to a surgeon; in 1793
removed to London, and by talent and perseverance, succeeded in
establishing both a literary and professional fame. He was a voluminous
writer, and the extent and variety of his works evince the greatest
industry, and a retentive and orderly mind. He acquired thirteen
European and Asiatic languages, and at the time of his death had just
completed a translation of the Psalms.

1829. Forty men and thirty horses destroyed by an explosion of fire damp
in a mine near Lyons, France.

1831. BERTHOLD GEORGE NIEBUHR the historian, died. He was the son of
Niebuhr the traveler, born at Copenhagen 1777, and finished his
education at Edinburgh. He traveled much and received great attention
wherever he went. In 1810 he delivered his lectures on Roman history at
Berlin; and in 1815, on the death of his father, planned and published
his biography. In 1827 he published the first volume of a remodeled
edition of his Roman history; the second volume appeared a few months
before his death, leaving the third unpublished.

1835. ROBERT HINDMARSH, the most distinguished among those who supported
the religious views of Emanuel Swedenborg, died at Gravesend.

1837. JOHN CUFFEE, a negro slave, died at Norfolk, Va., at the
remarkable age of about 120 years. He was a native of Africa, was sold
as a slave in the island of Barbadoes, and brought to Norfolk about
1740.

1850. GEORGE BLATTERMAN, professor of modern languages in the Virginia
university, died at Charlottesville.

1853. A new and stringent law against the liberty of the press was
published in Spain.

1857. ANDREW URE, author of the _Dictionary of Arts_, died at London,
aged 89.


JANUARY 3.

456. B. C. MYRONIDES the Athenian general defeated the Bœotians at
Enophyta.

106. B. C. Birthday of MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO, the Roman orator.

1641. JEREMIAH HORROX, an English astronomer, died. He seems to have
been the first to observe the transit of Venus over the sun's disc, from
which he deduced many useful observations, though not aware of the full
importance of that phenomenon.

1661. Secretary PEPYS seeing the comedy of the _Beggars' Bush_ performed
at Lincoln Inn Fields, says: "And here the first time that ever I saw
women upon the stage."

1670. GEORGE MONK, duke of Albemarle, died. He entered the British army
at an early age; and in 1639 was engaged in the unfortunate expedition
of Charles I against the Scots. He was confined three years in the Tower
under the parliament, during which he wrote a work on military and
political affairs; but finally accepted a commission in the republican
army against the Irish, the Scotch and the Dutch. But at the death of
the Protector he employed his influence to reinstate the Stuarts. In
1666 he was again employed against the son of his old antagonist Tromp,
in which the English fleet was much damaged, and both claimed the
victory.

1717. LAMBERT BOSS, an eminent Dutch philologist, died. He was born in
Friesland 1670; studied under his father who was a clergyman, became
private tutor in a family of rank, and subsequently professor of Greek
in the university of Franeker. He was an indefatigable student, and
regretted every moment which could not be devoted to his favorite
pursuit. The number and character of his works mark his industry.

1724. PHILIP V of Spain abdicated the throne in favor of his son Louis;
but he dying the same year, Philip resumed the crown again.

1730. The Turks began to learn the art of war and fortification after
the European model, from Count Bonneval of France, who became a
Musselman.

1777. Battle of Princeton, N. J., between the British and a division of
the American army, under General Washington. The British lost 100 men,
and 300 more who had taken refuge in the college, were forced to
surrender.

1795. JOSIAH WEDGEWOOD died. His father was a Staffordshire potter, to
whose business he succeeded, and soon distinguished himself by his
discoveries and improvements, insomuch that in a few years England,
instead of importing the finer earthen wares, was enabled to supply her
neighbors. He was a scientific, as well as an active and enterprising
man--and benevolent withal.

1797. Three of the large stones in the antique pile at Stonehenge in
England fell, the smallest of which weighed 20 tons. They were loosed,
it was supposed, by the severe frost of that season.

1805. CHARLES TOWNLEY, an English antiquarian, died. He employed his
liberal fortune in the collection of rare manuscripts and relics of
ancient art, and died at the age of 68, bequeathing his collection of
antiquities to the British Museum.

1805. ALEXANDER WEDDERBURN, lord of Rosslyn, died. He distinguished
himself as a lawyer, and was appointed solicitor general in 1771, in
which office he is _remarkable_ for having insulted Franklin in arguing
on American affairs before the privy council. He joined the
administration under Pitt, in 1793, and succeeded Lord Thurlow as
chancellor; from which office he retired in 1801, with the title of Earl
of Rosslyn. He is the author of a work on the management of prisons.

1815. British frigate Junon, Capt. C. Upton, captured the American
privateer Guerrier, of 4 guns and 60 men, from Portsmouth, N. H.

1844. LEVI HEDGE, author of a treatise on logic and editor of an
improved abridgment of Dr. Brown's _Lectures on the Philosophy of Mind_,
died at Cambridge, England.

1847. JOHN SHEPHERD, a soldier of the revolution, died at Royalton,
Ohio, aged 119.

1853. The Pantheon in Paris reopened as the church of St. Genevieve.


JANUARY 4.

100. TITUS, disciple of St. Paul, died at Crete.

1569. Burial of ROGER ASCHAM, at St. Sepulchre's, London. He was a man
of learning, and author of numerous works, among others, _The
Schoolmaster_.

1649. Some barrels of gunpowder exploded and destroyed 60 houses in
Tower street, London. A child in its cradle was found alive and unhurt
on the roof of Barking church.

1689. Col. HENRY SLOUGHTER appointed governor of New York.

1698. The palace, except the banqueting house, of White-hall palace, in
England, destroyed by fire.

1707. LOUIS WILLIAM I, marquis of Baden-Baden, died. He was born at
Paris 1655, where his mother wished to educate him; but his father and
grandfather stole him away at the age of three months, that he might
pass his childhood among the people whom he was destined to govern. He
served his first campaign under Montellucco against Turenne. He was in
Vienna when that city was besieged by the Turks, and subsequently
commanded against the Turks in the Danube. He was one of the greatest
generals of his time; made 26 campaigns, commanded at 25 sieges, fought
at 13 battles, yet was never really defeated.

1753. The first number of _The World_ appeared, conducted by Coleman,
Bonnell Thornton, Chesterfield, and others.

1762. England declared war against Spain.

1773. The town meeting of Petersham, Mass., adopted a kind of manifesto
of grievances, drafted by Josiah Quincy and signed by Sylvanus How.

1775. A circular letter from the British secretary of state was
addressed to the governor of the several colonies, forbidding the
election of delegates to the congress proposed to be held in May. The
order was disregarded, and the country has not been without its annual
sessions of congress since 1774.

1778. The British, under Col. Campbell, landed at the mouth of Savannah
river, Ga., and defeated the Americans under Gen. Robert Howe. They took
the city of Savannah, together with 38 officers, 415 privates, 48
cannons, 23 mortars, the fort, ammunition and stores, the shipping in
the river, and a large quantity of provisions.

1781. British ship Courageux, Capt. Phipps, captured in one hour the
French frigate Minerva 32 guns. Minerva had 50 killed, 23 wounded;
Courageux 10 killed, 7 wounded.

1784. Treaty signed between the United States and Great Britain; by
which the latter relinquished her right to the sovereignty of the
revolted colonies.

1789. THOMAS NELSON, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, died.
He was born at York, Va., 1738. His father was an opulent merchant and
sent him to England for an education. He returned 1761, and in 1774 had
become a statesman of some note. Three years afterwards he was appointed
brigadier general and commander in chief of the Virginia forces, and in
1781 succeeded Jefferson as governor of the state. His services elicited
the public thanks of Washington.

1793. The Alien bill passed in the British parliament. During the debate
on this measure the great Burke threw upon the floor a Sheffield dagger
to enforce his oratory.

1795. The French crossed the Waal near Bommel, and took possession of
Tiel. They also captured Rosas and 540 of the garrison.

1796. Message from Gen. Washington to congress, accompanied by the
French flag presented by the committee of public safety, which was
deposited among the archives.

1804. CHARLOTTE LENOX, the popular author of the _Female Quixotte_, &c.,
died.

1814. JOHN GEORGE JACOBI, a German poet, died. He was the son of a
wealthy merchant; studied theology; became professor of theology and
eloquence at Halle, where he published a periodical for the ladies
called the _Iris_. He was afterwards connected with several periodicals.
His works are published in 7 vols.

1825. FERDINAND IV of Naples died. The life of this prince is remarkable
for the uncommon length of his reign, and its many vicissitudes,
embracing a period of 65 years, and being closely connected with all the
great events of Europe during the last half century. He was born 1751,
and came to the throne at the age of eight. The first thirty years of
his reign were attended with peace and happiness; but in 1798 the
country was invaded by Bonaparte, before whom Ferdinand fled to Sicily:
and afterwards in 1820 the Carbonari effected a revolution which again
banished the royal family. The interposition of the Austrians, however,
restored the ancient order of things, which continued till the death of
the king, four years after.

1827. JAMES CHAMBERS, an eccentric poet, died in misery at a farm-house
in Stratbroke, England. From the age of 16 to 70 he wandered about the
country, gaining a precarious subsistence by selling his own effusions,
of which he had a number printed in a cheap form. His compositions were
mostly suggested to him by his muse, during the stillness of the night
while reposing in some friendly barn or hay-loft. When so inspired, he
would arise and commit the effusion to paper. He continued through life
in hopeless poverty, and was a lonely man and a wanderer, who had
neither act nor part in the common ways of the world.

1835. Thermometer 40 deg. below zero, at Lebanon, N. Y., the mercury
becoming solid. It was severely cold throughout the United States.

1843. STEVEN THOMPSON MASON, formerly governor of Michigan, died at New
York, aged 31.

1845. BENJAMIN RUSSELL, chiefly known as the conductor of the _Columbian
Centinel_, died at Boston.

1849. SAMUEL JENKINS, a negro died at Lancaster, aged 115. He drove his
master's provision wagon over the Alleganies in Braddock's expedition,
and was supposed to be the last survivor of that expedition.

1849. The town of Moultan in India, after a long siege was taken by the
British, but with great loss.

1852. ELIOT WALBURTON, an author of considerable note, perished in the
Amazon steamship, on his way from Southampton to the West Indies.

1853. Mr. INGERSOLL, the American envoy to England, was feted by the
chamber of commerce at Liverpool.

1854. Albion college, Michigan, destroyed by fire.

1856. JEAN PIERRE DAVID, a celebrated French sculptor, died at Paris,
aged 65.


JANUARY 5.

62. B. C. LUCIUS SERGIUS CATILINE, the Roman conspirator, killed in
Etruria. The history of his life unfolds a series of most revolting
crimes; but there is reason to believe that some of them are unreal.
Murder, rapine and conflagration, were the first pleasures of his life.
Pompey, Crassus and Cæsar favored his schemes with a view to their own
aggrandizement. Only two Romans remained determined to uphold their
falling country--Cato and Cicero. The speeches of the latter in the
Roman senate on the crisis of affairs are imperishable monuments of
eloquence and patriotism, and produced the overthrow of the
conspirators. Five of them were put to death, and Catiline being
surrounded by the army under Petreius resolved to die sword in hand. The
battle was fought with desperation, and the insurgents fell, with their
leader at their head.

1066. EDWARD the Confessor, king of England, died. He was called to the
throne 1041. He was not the immediate heir, but his claim was supported
of Godwin, earl of Kent, whose daughter Editha he married. He was a weak
and superstitious prince, and acquired the title of _Saint_ or
_Confessor_, by abstaining from nuptial connection with his queen. He
was the first English monarch who undertook to cure the _king's-evil_ by
touching the patient. With him ended the Saxon line of kings.

1477. CHARLES the Bold, duke of Burgundy, killed in battle on this or
the following day. This prince, the son of Philip the Good and Isabella
of Portugal, early displayed a violent, impetuous and ambitious
disposition; and in after life was constantly embroiled in unjust and
cruel warfare, in which he performed many daring exploits. But having
turned his arms against the Swiss, the fortune of war turned against
him; and being deserted by his allies, with his usual temerity risked a
battle with only 4000 men against a vastly superior force, was defeated
and killed by the thrust of a lance in the 44th year of his age. His
body covered with blood and mire, and his head imbedded in the ice, was
not found till two days after the battle, when it was so disfigured that
his own brother did not recognize it. With him expired the feudal
government of Burgundy.

1531. The electoral college assembled at Rome and elected Ferdinand,
brother of Charles V, king of the Romans. He was crowned a few days
after at Aix-la-Chapelle.

1536. CATHARINE OF ARRAGON, the repudiated queen of Henry VIII, died.
She was the youngest daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, born 1483. She
was first married to Arthur, prince of Wales, who died five months
after; and the king unwilling to return her dowry caused her to be
contracted to his remaining son, Henry. The prince, at the age of 15,
made a public protest against this proceeding, but finally consented to
the match. Notwithstanding the inequality of their ages and the
capricious disposition of the king, they had been married 20 years when
the division took place. This separation led to a divorce from the pope
also, and was the cause of mighty effects.

1559. CATHARINE DE MEDICIS died. She was born at Florence 1519; married,
1533, the dauphin, afterwards Henry II, of France. She was three times
regent of France, and during her administration made a conspicuous
figure in the annals of Europe by her political genius. By her was begun
the palace of the Tuilleries; but the lasting monument of her fame and
iniquity is the massacre of St. Bartholomew's, which was brought about
by her intrigues, when more than 50,000 protestants were massacred in
one day.

1621. PAUL VAN SOMER died in London. He was born at Antwerp, 1576, and
arrived at great proficiency as a painter. His pencil was chiefly
employed on portraits of royal and eminent personages, and is said to
have equalled Vandyke.

1636. DE VRIES, who had recently arrived from Holland in the capacity of
a patroon, sent his colonists over to Staten island from fort Amsterdam,
to commence the colony and buildings.

1675. TURENNE defeated the imperialists at Turkheim.

1705. Second volcanic opening of the peak of Teneriffe, in the ravine of
Almerchiga, a league from Icore. It closed on the 13th of the same
month.

1722. BELL, the Traveler, arrived at Moscow on the return from China.
(See July 14, 1719.) The account of this journey, and of what he saw and
learned at Pekin, is the most valuable part of his book, and one of the
best and most interesting relations ever written by any traveler.

1724. CZARTAN PETRARCH died, aged 184, at a village near Temeswar, in
Hungary. He was born in the year 1539; and at the time the Turks took
Temeswar from the Christians he was employed in keeping his father's
cattle. A few days before his death he had walked with the help of a
stick to the post house to ask charity of the travelers. His hair and
beard were of a greenish-white color, like mouldy bread; and he had a
few of his teeth remaining, and enjoyed a little eyesight. His son, who
was ninety-seven years of age, declared that his father had married at
an extreme age, for the third time, and that he was born in this last
marriage. He had descendants in the fifth generation, with whom he
sometimes sported, carrying them in his arms. His son, though
ninety-seven, was still fresh and vigorous. The commandant of Temeswar
on learning of his sickness, caused his portrait to be painted, and it
was nearly finished when he expired.

1757. DAMIENS attempted the assassination of Louis XV, for which he was
condemned to the most cruel tortures, and finally quartered by four
horses. (See March 28.)

1764. A comet was first seen at Tewkesbury, England, near two small
stars in the hand of Bootes.

1776. The New Hampshire provincial convention resolved to change the
form of government.

1781. ARNOLD invaded Virginia with 1500 British troops; he marched to
Richmond, destroyed the public stores and buildings, the rope-walk, and
much private property.

1781. The British ship Warwick, Capt. Elphinstone, captured the Dutch
ship Rotterdam, 50 guns and 300 men; the first material capture during
that war.

1782. Trincomalee in the island of Ceylon, taken by the British under
admiral Sir Edward Hughes.

1783. Onore, situated between Panian and Bombay, taken by assault by the
British Gen. Matthews; the garrison and many of the inhabitants were
cruelly slaughtered.

1795. The French attacked the British Gen. Dundas at Geldermalsem, and
compelled him to fall back to Buren; and afterwards the whole force of
Gen. Walmoden to cross the Leck.

1795. The British ships Bellona and Alarm captured the French ship Le
Dumas of 20 guns, off Deseada.

1796. SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, one of the signers of the Declaration of
Independence, died. He was born at Windham, Ct., 1732; his father being
a farmer could allow him only a common school education; but his own
assiduity made up the deficiency, so that at the age of 22 he commenced
the study of the law with borrowed books; in 1764 he was sent to the
general assembly; 1765 appointed king's attorney; 1774 raised to the
bench of the supreme court; 1775 sent a delegate to the general congress
of the colonies, and in 1779 succeeded John Jay as president of
congress. At the time of his death he was governor of Connecticut.

1797. British ship Polyphemus, Capt. Lumesdaine, captured the French
ship L'Uranie, 38 guns, off Ireland.

1798. A bill passed the house in congress paying Kosciusko $12,800; and
the four daughters of count de Grasse $400 each per annum for five
years.

1799. Treaty of defensive alliance between England and Turkey.

1806. Breslaw surrendered to the French under Vandamme; Lieut. Gen. De
Thile, Maj. Gen. Krafti and 5500 Prussians taken.

1807. British sloop Nautilus, Capt. Palmer, lost on a rock near Peri, in
the archipelago of the Seven islands. The captain refused to leave the
vessel, and was lost in his 26th year.

1809. The British rear guard under Sir John Moore attacked by the French
van guard under Soult. Gen. Colbert, aged 30, was mortally wounded, and
the French were compelled to fall back.

1812. The French Gen. LEVAL was compelled to abandon the siege of
Tariffa, defended by the British, Col. Skerritt.

1814. Gluckstadt surrendered to the British.

1814. British ships Bacchante and Saracen captured the fortress of
Cattaro after a cannonade of ten days.

1827. FREDERICK, duke of York, died. He was the second son of George
III, born in 1763; 1787 took his seat in the house of peers; 1789 fought
a duel, firing his pistol in the air; 1791 married the eldest daughter
of the king of Prussia, from whom he afterwards separated; 1793 went to
Flanders at the head of the British army, and in the end showed himself
unequal to the station; 1809 was called to account by the house of
commons for the follies committed in the army through the influence of a
female favorite; 1818 was appointed the _keeper of his father_, with a
salary of £10,000. Although enjoying princely salaries and pensions he
died universally lamented by his tailors and other creditors to the
amount of some hundred thousands of pounds.

1841. JAMES ABRAHAM HILLHOUSE, an eminent American poet, died at New
Haven, Ct., aged 51.

1845. The national debt of England amounted at this time to
£794,193,645.

1849. The discovery of the magnetic clock by Dr. Locke of Ohio,
announced to the secretary of the navy by Lieutenant Maury of the
National observatory.

1852. EUGENE LEVESQUE died at Paris, aged 81; author of travels in
America.

1852. BENJAMIN LA ROCHI died at Paris, aged 54; French translator of
Shakespeare.

1852. BARON KEMENYI, a Hungarian chief, eminent for his patriotism and
exploits in the struggle with Austria and Russia, died aged 53.

1853. CHARLES W. MORGAN, an American commodore, died, aged 63. He was a
nephew of Gen. Morgan of the revolution, and distinguished himself in
the action between the Constitution and the Guerriere.

1853. Revolution in Mexico; Gen. Arista resigned, and Cevallos elected
president ad interim.

1854. The steamer San Francisco, which had withstood a heavy gale, was
foundered at sea. Of 700 persons on board 247 had been washed overboard
before assistance arrived.

1855. Gen. CASTILLA defeated Pres. Echenique and entered Lima in
triumph.

1855. The entire Victoria bridge across the St. Lawrence, carried away
by the ice.


JANUARY 6.

1402. Birthday of JOAN OF ARC.

1540. HENRY VIII married Anne, daughter of John, duke of Cleves. This
was his fourth wife. He had asked her hand in marriage after having seen
a portrait of her by Holbein; and becoming disgusted with her in six
months bestowed upon her the epithet of _Flanders mare_, and sent her
home. She retired, not much disconcerted, to her own country, where she
died 1557.

1649. ANNE OF AUSTRIA, queen regent of France, obliged to fly from Paris
to St. Germain.

1698. Birthday of METASTASIO, the celebrated Italian poet.

1711. CHRISTOPHER BATEMAN, a noted English bookseller, died. He suffered
none to open a book in his shop till it was bought.

1724. The bishop of London preached a sermon against masquerades, which
produced a decree that no more than six masquerades, the number already
subscribed for, should be held.

1725. Pope BENEDICT XIII, in great state and measured ceremony, opened
with a golden hammer the _holy gates_ of the four great churches which
had been shut 25 years, for obtaining indulgences, &c.

1734. JOHN DENNIS, an English dramatist and critic, died. He was the son
of a saddler, born in London 1657, and liberally educated. His first
play appeared in 1697, and was followed by many dramatic pieces and
poems which were sufficiently worthless to procure their author an
imperishable notoriety in the _Dunciad_, where Pope has gibbeted him. He
squandered a fortune which had been left him by an uncle, and not being
able to subsist by his pamphlets and criticisms for the magazines,
depended upon his friends for a living; and even those whom he had made
his enemies joined in the benefit for him at the Haymarket theatre,
after he had become blind and partially insane. One of his plays, which
was condemned, is famous for a new kind of thunder introduced in it; a
few nights after its representation, the players made use of the
contrivance in Macbeth, when the author rose in the pit and with an oath
claimed it as his thunder. His _thunder_ is said to be that still used
in the theatres.

1738. JEAN BAPTIST LABAT, a missionary and traveler, died. He was born
at Paris 1663, and became a Dominican priest in Norway, where he taught
mathematics and philosophy also. In 1693 he embarked for Martinique as a
missionary; and during several voyages in service of the mission,
visited all the Antilles. When the English attacked the island of
Guadaloupe, he rendered his country important services as an engineer.
He afterwards traveled much in Europe, and published his travels. His
voyage to the West Indies has been translated into several languages,
and is a truly scientific work.

1763. Unsuccessful and very disastrous attack by two English ships on
Buenos Ayres. The commodore and nearly 300 of the crew were drowned.

1766. The wild man PETER taken in the Hartz forest and presented to
George II, was brought from Cheshunt and shewn to George III and his
queen. Like Shakespeare's Caliban, he could bring wood and water but not
articulate any language.

1777. The American army, under Gen. Washington, went into winter
quarters at Morristown, N. J.

1781. ARNOLD detached Lieut. Col. Simcoe, from Richmond to Westham, Va.,
who destroyed the cannon foundry and a quantity of public stores which
had been removed from Richmond.

1785. The Halsewell, East Indiaman, Capt. Richard Pearce, wrecked on the
island of Purbeck; of 240 persons but 74 were saved.

1794. The duke of Brunswick resigned his command as generalissimo of the
coalition against France.

1795. French frigate La Pique, 33 guns, captured off Marigalante by the
British frigate Blanche, Capt. Faulkner, who was shot through the heart;
also 7 of his crew killed and 21 wounded. La Pique had 76 killed, 113
wounded, and 30 were lost when her mast went overboard.

1810. JAMES RICHARD DACRES died of a fall from his horse. He was
vice-admiral of the Red, and father of the Capt. Dacres captured by
Hull.

1813. ALEXANDER issued his ukase at Wilna, directing the foundation
stone of a new church to be instantly laid in Moscow, dedicated to
_Christ our Savior_, as a perpetual monument to future generations of
the deliverance of Russia from the French, and the devotion of his
people.

1816. FRANCIS NORODSKY, a Polish gentleman, died at Warsaw, aged 125.
The Polish government allowed him a pension of 3000 florins, which the
emperor Alexander continued till his death.

1817. General THOMAS died, at Milledgeville, Georgia, of cancer in the
mouth.

1823. The siege of Missolonghi raised. Mavrocordato, the commander in
chief, had thrown himself into the town on the 5th of November with 380
men, and 22 Suliots under Marco Botzaris, and though almost destitute of
artillery and ammunition, defended it against the Turkish forces. On the
23d November it was relieved by sea, and the enemy were repulsed in
several assaults, when they finally abandoned the walls.

1831. Died at Geneva, RODOLPHE KREUTZER, a distinguished violinist and
musical composer.

1836. ABRAHAM VAN VECHTEN died at Albany, aged 75. He was a highly
respected man, an eminent lawyer, and one of the fathers of the New York
bar.

1839. A tremendous gale or hurricane in the west of England, which did
great damage at Liverpool.

1840. Madame D'ARBLAY, the well known novelist, Miss Burney, died at
Bath. Lord Chancellor Thurlow said her _Cecilia_ was worth all the books
in his library.

1841. Great freshet in the Hudson river and tributaries.

1849. GEORGE SINNET, a native of Germany, the last survivor of Gen.
Wolfe's army, died at Brighton, Nova Scotia, aged 120.

1854. Russians defeated at Citale, near Kalafat, with a loss of 2500
men.


JANUARY 7.

1328. EDWARD II of England deposed by parliament, and his son, Edward
III, proclaimed king.

1558. Calais, in France, retaken by the French after a short siege of
one week, having been in the possession of the English 200 years, during
which it had become a thriving place, and the seat of a considerable
trade in wool.

1610. GALILEI discovered the satellites of Jupiter.

1657. THEOPHILUS EATON, first governor of the colony at New Haven, died.
Before coming to America he was employed by the king as an agent at the
court of Denmark. He was one of the original patentees of Massachusetts.
On the settlement of New Haven he was chosen governor, for which office
his integrity, dignity and wisdom peculiarly fitted him, and which he
filled till his death.

1681. The commons of England resolved that till a bill be passed,
excluding the duke of York from the throne, no supplies could be
granted without danger to the state.

1692. The philosophical ROBERT BOYLE died leaving a sum of money for a
monthly sermon against atheism.

1715. FRANCOIS DE SALIGNAC DE LA MOTTE FENELON, died. He preached his
first sermon at the age of 15; and he was distinguished for learning and
piety. The celebrated romance, _Telemaque_, was published against his
will by the treachery of his servant, and involved him in difficulties
with the king, who considered it a satire upon his reign. During the
revolution of 1793 his coffin was dug up to furnish lead for bullets. In
1819 a monument was erected to his memory by public subscription, and in
1826 a statue by the sculptor David was placed at Cambray. The age in
which he lived could not appreciate his worth.

1740. A rock fell on a large number of young people while at play on the
first Monday of the year, at Kirkaldy, Scotland.

1758. ALLAN RAMSAY, a Scottish poet and author of the _Gentle Shepherd_,
died.

1767. THOMAS CLAP, an American mathematician and natural philosopher,
died. He graduated at Harvard college, and by singular industry made
great acquisitions in almost every branch of learning. In 1739 he was
elected president of Yale college, and continued in that office till the
year before his death. He constructed the first orrery in America.

1779. LAFAYETTE embarked at Boston, in the frigate Alliance, for France.

1779. _The Mirror_, appeared at Edinburgh, to which Mackenzie the
novelist was a principal contributor.

1782. The Bank of North America opened for business in Philadelphia. It
was the first bank regularly established in America.

1785. Mr. BLANCHARD, the æronaut, accompanied by Mr. Jeffries, an
American gentleman, made the bold attempt to cross the British channel,
from Dover to Calais, in a balloon filled with inflammable air, then
beginning to be used. They left the English coast at 10 o'clock, and at
half-past two, reached the French side, a distance of twenty-three
miles.

1798. The French army under General Menard, entered Switzerland with a
design to revolutionize the cantons after the model of the French
republic.

1806. PAULINUS, better known as John Philip Werdin, died at Rome. He was
one of the first Europeans who acquired a knowledge of the Sanscrit
language.

1807. British order in council prohibiting neutrals from trading from
one port of France or her allies to another, or to any other where Great
Britain was refused that privilege.

1811. Ship Rapid, of Boston, Capt. Dorr, with $280,000 on board, totally
lost off the coast of New Holland; captain and crew saved.

1812. JOSEPH DENNIE, an American editor, died. He was born at Boston
1768, and educated for the bar; but his literary taste and habits
interfered with his profession, which he resigned and established at
Boston a weekly paper called _The Tablet_; and subsequently edited the
_Farmer's Museum_ at Walpole, in which he published a series of popular
essays under the signature of The Lay Preacher. He was afterwards editor
of the _Port Folio_ at Philadelphia, where his superior endowments would
have procured him an independence, but for some unfortunate propensities
which deprived him of health and happiness.

1817. First paper in Chautauque co., N. Y.

1822. Liberia in Africa colonized under the direction of Dr. Ayres. Cape
Montserado with a large tract of adjoining country was purchased of the
natives by the American colonization society, and a settlement commenced
by 28 colonists; in six years the number had increased to 1200 under the
care of Ashmun.

1830. THOMAS LAWRENCE, a distinguished English portrait painter, died.
By industry and force of talent he rose in his profession, till on the
death of Sir Joshua Reynolds he was made painter to the king, and in
1815 was knighted. His income for the last twenty years of his life was
from 10,000 to 20,000 pounds; but he died poor, owing to his purchasing
the best productions at the most extravagant prices.

1841. LOUIS EDWARD BIGNON, Napoleon Bonaparte's historian, died.

1843. Mrs. WINGATE, died at Stratham, N. H., aged nearly 101 years.

1850. JOHN H. KYAN, a native of England, and inventor of Kyanized wood,
died at New York.

1850. SAMUEL MILLER, an eminent American theologian and sometime
president of Princeton college, died, aged 91.


JANUARY 8.

1167. EDGAR, king of Scotland, died, and was succeeded by his younger
brother, Alexander I.

1536. CATHARINE OF ARRAGON, died; queen of Henry VIII and mother of
Mary, queen of England.

1642. GALILEO GALILEI, the astronomer, died, aged 78.

1676. French Admiral Duquesne defeated the Dutch and Spanish fleets
under De Ruyter, who had both legs shattered.

1704. LAURENTIO BELLINI, a Florentine anatomist, died, aged 61. He was
held in great estimation by prince and pontiff. His theory and practice
are out of date now, and his works also, in consequence of the vast
improvements in medicine and surgery since his day.

1775. JOHN BASKERVILLE, an English printer and type founder, of rare
celebrity, died. As a philanthropist he was also well known to large
circles.

1777. British evacuated Elizabethtown, N. J.; Gen. Maxwell fell on their
rear, and took 70 prisoners and a schooner loaded with baggage.

1780. British Admiral Rodney captured 22 sail of Spanish ships. One of
these, the Guipuscaio, of 64 guns, was named the Prince William, from a
son of George III who was in the action.

1784. Whitestown, N. Y., settled about this time.

1795. French ship Esperance, 22 guns, captured off Cape Henry by British
ship Argonaut, Capt. Ball.

1796. SAMUEL HUNTINGDON, governor of Connecticut, and one of the signers
of the Declaration of Independence, died aged 64.

1796. French took by surprise the British camp at Mount William, island
of St. Vincent, West Indies. British lost 54 killed, Brig. Gen. Strutt
and 109 wounded, and 200 missing.

1799. French privateer cutter La Rancune, from St. Maloes, captured, by
the British cutter Pigmy, Capt. Shepheard, who at the same time
recaptured two British brigs, prizes to La Rancune.

1815. Battle of New Orleans. The city was attacked by the British under
Packenham, consisting of 15,000 disciplined troops, and was defended by
6000 militia and volunteers, under Gen. Jackson, prepared to die in its
defence. The result was a brilliant victory over the British. Packenham
was killed, and 5,000 men surrendered--the rest fled to their vessels.
The loss of the Americans was trifling, 13 killed and wounded, that of
the British 2,600.

1815. Total loss of the Americans in this war up to the last battle,
1344 killed, 2673 wounded, 651 missing, 1351 taken prisoners.

1817. Two shocks of earthquake at Charleston, S. C, and at Savannah, Ga.

1825. ELI WHITNEY, inventor of the cotton gin, died.

1848. The lives of thirty persons lost by the bursting of the boilers of
the steamer Blue Ridge on the Ohio river. The boilers had been in use
nine years.

1849. The pope threatened all who should take part in electing a new
assembly, with excommunication.

1850. First ship in the United States dry dock at Brooklyn.

1853. CHARLES HUMPHREY ATHERTON, an eminent New Hampshire lawyer, died,
aged 79.

1854. WILLIAM CARR BERRESFORD, a distinguished British field officer and
nobleman, died, aged 85.

1854. Metropolitan hall and Lafarge hotel, two of the finest buildings
in New York destroyed by fire.


JANUARY 9.

1514. ANNE OF BRETAGNE, queen of France died, aged 37.

1584. WILLIAM CARTER, a daring London printer, hanged, boweled, and
quartered at Tyburn, for printing lewd pamphlets, popish and others, and
particularly a _Treatise on Schisme_.

1596. FRANCIS DRAKE, the English navigator, died. He served with
distinction under his relative Sir J. Hawkins; and having lost all his
property in an action with the Spaniards, he conceived an inveterate
hatred against them. He signalized himself in the destruction of the
Spanish Armada; and finally died on the coast of America in a war
against the Spanish settlements. He made the first voyage round the
world. To him is attributed the introduction of the potatoe into Europe.
The day of his death is differently stated.

1621. The Plymouth colonists commenced the erection of their projected
town, which they built in two rows of houses for greater security. The
same street still exists, leading to the water side.

1658. Birthday of NICHOLAS COUSTON, a famous French sculptor, from whose
labors the art of statuary received a noble impulse. He died at Paris
1733.

1757. BERNARD LE BOVIER DE FONTENELLE, a French author of great repute,
died. He was born at Rouen 1657; his mother was the sister of Corneille.
Although his works are now obsolete in consequence of the advancement of
science, no learned man exerted a more decided influence on the age in
which he lived than Fontenelle.

1766. THOMAS BIRCH, an English historian and biographer, died. He was of
quaker parentage, and by unwearied industry educated himself. His
literary labors were prodigious, which early rising and a strict economy
of time enabled him to perform. He bequeathed his library to the British
museum; it contained an incredible number of MSS. in his own
handwriting.

1770. CATHARINE TALBOT, authoress of _Reflections on the Seven Days of
the Week_, and a contributor to the _Rambler_, died.

1779. JOHN REINHOLD FOSTER, author of _Northern Voyages_, and who
circumnavigated the globe with Cook, died in his 70th year.

1788. Connecticut, the fifth state which adopted the constitution of the
United States without amendments.

1792. Treaty of peace signed at Jassy between Russia and Turkey.

1793. MR. BLANCHARD, the French æronaut, made the first balloon
ascension in the United States, at Philadelphia, in the presence of
General Washington.

1795. Thiel in Holland taken by the French under Macdonald.

1799. The habeas corpus act suspended in Great Britain.

1805. NOBLE WIMBERLY JONES, a revolutionary character, died. He came to
America under Gen. Oglethorpe, and at the breaking out of the war was a
practicing physician in Savannah. He was elected to the Georgia
legislature a number of years and then resumed his practice again, at
the solicitation of many of his former patients.

1809. Congress passed laws to enforce the embargo.

1810. The Diocesan court of the officiality of Paris pronounced a
nullity of marriage between Bonaparte and Josephine.

1811. The Spanish cortes published a manifesto declaring their
determination not to enter into a treaty with Bonaparte until his troops
should have entirely evacuated the Peninsula.

1811. The whole militia of New Orleans ordered into immediate service by
Gov. Claiborne to suppress a negro insurrection.

1812. Valentia in Spain surrendered to the French under Suchet, with 374
cannons, 18000 troops and stores of all kinds.

1813. British manifesto against the United States.

1815. Truce between Gen. Jackson and Gen. Lambert to bury the dead of
the battle of the previous day.

1815. The British began the bombardment of the American fort St. Philip,
defended by Major Overton, which was kept up daily until the 17th.

1816. A society instituted at Trenton, N. J., for forming a colony of
blacks.

1818. OLD JOHN died. During eighty years, from the premiership of
Walpole to that of Liverpool, he acted as messenger in the Royal
printing office, London. He styled himself King's messenger.

1827. ELIZABETH OGILVY BENGER, an English authoress, died. In her 13th
year she wrote a poem, and afterwards attempted the drama. Her
reputation is based upon her _Historical Biographies_, which were
originally published in 10 vols.

1828. FRANCIS DE NEUFCHATEAU, a French statesman, died. He was born
1750, and in his 13th year published a volume of poems, which indicated
more for the future than was realized. He took part in the affairs of
the revolution, but was condemned for his moderation. Napoleon took him
into favor; his pursuits were chiefly literary, however.

1843. Great fire at Port-au-Prince; 600 houses burnt and property to an
immense amount destroyed. The blacks who inhabited the mountains rushed
down and completed the work of destruction, by firing and plundering
such houses as the fire had not reached, and committing every sort of
excess.

1854. The Astor library in New York opened to the public.


JANUARY 10.

1640. MAURICE ABBOT, a distinguished London merchant, died. He acquired
great consequence by his own efforts in commercial affairs, and was
employed in 1624 in establishing the settlement of Virginia. At the time
of his death he was mayor of London.

1645. WILLIAM LAUD, archbishop of Canterbury, beheaded on Tower hill,
aged 70. Sentenced to be hung for political misdemeanors, he was
pardoned by the king; but parliament overruled the pardon, and
substituted the _privilege_ of being beheaded instead of hanging. He
acquired so great an ascendency over Charles as to lead him, by the
facility of his temper, into a conduct which proved fatal to that
prince, and by which he lost his kingdom, and met the same fate four
years after at Whitehall.

1661. A proclamation issued by the king of England prohibiting
conventicles for religious meetings.

1661. The fifth monarchy men, headed by Venner, a wine cooper, arose to
proclaim "King Jesus against all the powers of the earth." But King
Charles's power was found too strong for them.

1754. EDWARD CAVE died, an English printer and founder of the
_Gentleman's Magazine_. When his indentures expired as a printer's
apprentice, he was employed in the post office, and occupied his leisure
in writing for the newspapers. In 1731 was first published the Magazine,
and it has continued to this day, more than a century, amid the crowd of
magazines which have perished around it; and is one of the most
successful and lucrative periodicals that history has upon record.

1756. FRANCOIS, marquis de Beauharnois, died at Paris. He was a member
of the national assembly, and took part in the king's favor;
subsequently joined the army under Conde; and was banished by Napoleon
in 1807. The heroic wife of Lavalette was his daughter.

1757. The British under Admiral Watson took by assault, Houghley,
situated about thirty miles above Calcutta.

1761. EDWARD BOSCAWEN, the English admiral, died. He was born 1711, and
entered the navy at an early age. He acquired honorable distinction
under Vernon, and afterwards signalized himself in many important
contests with the French, in which he had the singular fortune to take
the French commander, M. Hoquait, a prisoner three times, viz. in 1744,
1747 and 1755. On his return to England in 1759, after destroying the
Toulon fleet in the Mediterranean, he was rewarded with a pension of
£3000 a year.

1763. CASPER ABEL, a voluminous German historian and antiquary, died.

1765. Stamp Act passed the British Parliament. How little did that body
anticipate the consequences that were to follow their decision on that
subject.

1776. The New Hampshire convention dissolved itself and assumed
legislative powers, chose twelve counselors as an executive branch, and
delegates to Congress, which were recognized.

1782. GEORGE COSTARD died. A classical, mathematical and oriental
scholar, whose reputation as an author is chiefly derived from a
_History of Astronomy_, highly appreciated in Europe.

1791. Vermont, the last of the thirteen original states which composed
the Union, adopted the constitution and took her place in the
confederacy.

1795. The French frigate Iphigenie, 32 guns, captured by the Spanish
fleet off Catalonia.

1797. French sloop Atalante, 16 guns, captured off Scilly by the British
frigate Phœbe, 36 guns, Capt. Barlow.

1800. The first soup establishment for the poor was opened at
Spitalfields, London.

1806. The Dutch surrendered the cape of Good Hope to the British.

1808. PHILLIPS COSBY, British admiral of the Red, died aged 78.

1809. Samana taken by the British, together with two privateers, and
four vessels laden with coffee.

1812. London involved for several hours in impenetrable darkness. The
sky, where any light pervaded it, showed the aspect of bronze. It was
the effect of a cloud of smoke, which, from the peculiar state of the
atmosphere, did not pass off. Were it not for the peculiar mobility of
the atmosphere, this city of a hundred thousand chimneys would be
scarcely habitable in winter.

1815. The British under Gen. Lambert having abandoned the enterprise on
New Orleans began to re-embark their artillery and munitions,
preparatory to a general retreat.

1816. The schooner Eliza cast away near Newport; the captain and crew
saved by Com. Perry, who with part of the crew of the frigate Java, went
five miles in a boat to their relief.

1824. THOMAS EDWARD BOWDITCH, the African traveler, died. He went to
Africa at the age of 21, and engaged in a series of expeditions into the
country. In 1822 he went out from England with a view of devoting
himself to the exploration of the African continent. He had only arrived
at the mouth of the Gambia when a disease occasioned by fatigue and
anxiety of mind put an end to his existence.

1833. ADRIEN MARIE LEGENDRE, so well known as a profound mathematician,
died at Paris. His life work on geometry is much used.

1840. The uniform penny postage commenced in England; the number of
letters despatched from London on this day being 112,000; the average,
for January, 1839, being 30,000.

1840. Battle between the Russian and Khivian cavalry; the latter
commanded by the khan in person were completely routed and pursued to
the city of Khiva.

1848. MISS CAROLINE HERSCHEL, member of the Royal astronomical society,
London, died at Hanover.

1855. MARY RUSSEL MITFORD died, aged 68; a distinguished English
authoress.

1856. THOMAS H. PERKINS, a wealthy and liberal Boston merchant, died
aged 89. His was the first American firm engaged in the China trade.


JANUARY 11.

395. THEODOSIUS THE GREAT, emperor of Rome, died. He was born about the
year 346, and on coming to the throne distinguished himself by his
orthodoxy, and his zeal against heresy and paganism. His public and
private virtues, which procured him the name of _The Great_, will
scarcely excuse the fierceness of his intolerance, or the barbarity of
his anger and revenge.

1569. The first English lottery drawn at London. It continued day and
evening four months. The prizes were money, plate and merchandise. It
had been advertised two years at the time it took place.

1698. PETER, the czar of Russia, arrived in England and wrought as a
mechanic in the dockyard at Deptford, as well as in the workshops of
various mechanics, with view of carrying the English arts into his own
country. He was well received by William III.

1751. A globular bottle of glass was made at Leith measuring 40 by 42
inches, the largest ever made in Britain.

1753. SIR HANS SLOANE, the eminent English naturalist, died, aged 93. He
was born at Killileagh in Ireland; studied medicine in London, and
settled there in the practice of his profession. He was the second
learned man whom science tempted to America. His museum, composed of the
rarest productions of nature, he bequeathed to the public, on condition
of the payment of £20,000 annually to his family, and was the foundation
of the British Museum.

1775. The first provincial congress of South Carolina met at Charleston.

1778. CHARLES LINNE (or Linnæus), the Swedish botanist, died, aged 71.
In his twenty-fourth year he conceived the idea of a new arrangement of
plants, or a sexual system of botany. In 1732 the Academy of Sciences at
Upsal appropriated 50 Swedish dollars to send him on a tour through
Lapland, and with this small sum he made a journey of more than 3500
miles, unaccompanied, traversing the Lapland desert, and enduring many
hardships. A series of offices and honors were conferred upon him, till
in 1753 he was created a _Knight of the Polar Star_, an honor never
before conferred on a literary man; and in 1761 he was elevated to the
rank of nobility.

1778. A collection amounting to £3815 was made for the 924 American
prisoners in England. Dr. Franklin, at Paris, applied to the British
ambassador for an exchange of prisoners, but his lordship was pleased to
return only the following answer: "no application received from rebels
unless they come to implore his majesty's pardon."

1782. Ostenburg, near Trincomalee, in the island of Ceylon, taken from
the Dutch by the British Admiral Hughes.

1795. The French, under Pichegru, crossed the Waal on the ice at
different points.

1800. WILLIAM NEWCOME, archbishop of Armagh, died, aged 79. He rose
gradually in the church to the primacy of Ireland; was a worthy man, and
author of a great number of theological works.

1801. CIMAROSA, the celebrated Italian musician, died.

1803. The Hindostan, East Indiaman, lost on the Culvers, off Margate, in
a dreadful storm.

1805. Letters of marque and reprisal issued by Great Britain against
Spain.

1807. Breig in Silesia surrendered to the French and Bavarians; 3
generals, 1400 Prussians, and considerable magazines were captured.

1810. In the night the mercury in three thermometers froze at Moscow and
withdrew into the ball. At Iraish it was observed at -44½° of
Fahrenheit immediately before it froze.

1811. MARIE JOSEPH DE CHENIER, a French poet, died. By flattering the
passions of the people he soon gained great popularity, and during the
revolution was one of the most violent democrats.

1815. Cumberland island, Georgia, taken possession of by Capt. Barrie of
the British ship Dragon. Same day British sloop of war, Barbadoes, Capt.
Fleming captured privateer schooner Fox, of 7 guns and 72 men from
Wilmington.

1817. TIMOTHY DWIGHT, president of Yale college, died, aged 65. He
entered Yale college at the age of 13, and became a tutor at 19. His
health becoming impaired, by the advice of his physicians he traveled,
walking 2000 and riding 3000 miles in the course of a year. It had the
effect to restore his constitution completely. His published works
consist of theology, poetry and travels. His biography is interesting;
he was an uncommon character.

1829. GREGORIO FUNES, a patriot of La Plata, died at Buenos Ayres. He
was actively engaged in the South American revolution from its
commencement. He was also an author.

1839. ALEXANDER COFFIN, the last survivor of the original proprietors
who settled the city of Hudson in 1784, died, aged 99. He was highly
respected for his talents, integrity and usefulness.

1839. Earthquake at Martinique, which did great damage, particularly at
Fort Royal, where only 18 houses were left standing, of 1700, and 900
hundred sufferers were dug out of the ruins.

1843. FRANCIS S. KEY, district attorney of the United States and author
of the national song, the _Star Spangled Banner_, died in Baltimore.

1853. Russia, Austria and Prussia, after considerable delay, finally
acknowledge Napoleon III as emperor of France.

1853. The caloric ship Ericsson made her trial trip from New York to the
Potomac.


JANUARY 12.

400. B. C. XENOPHON, with the 10,000, forced a passage through the
defiles of Armenia.

1519. MAXIMILIAN I, emperor of Germany, died. He was elected king of
the Romans 1486, and ascended the imperial throne 1493. Under him the
Turks were checked in their enterprises against Germany, and repelled
from his hereditary territories.

1598. The Marquis DE LA ROCHE received from Henry IV a commission to
conquer Canada. He sailed from France with a colony of convicts from the
prisons. He landed them on the Isle of Sable, and sailed for Acadie,
from whence he returned to France. The survivors of the colony, twelve
in number, were taken off seven years afterwards, and presented to the
king in their sealskin clothes and long beards. He gave them fifty
crowns each and pardoned their offences.

1640. An engagement of four days' duration near the Island Tamaraca,
Brazils, between the Dutch and Portuguese, in which the latter were
defeated and the Dutch admiral killed.

1678. A remarkable darkness at noon in England.

1777. General MERCER died of the wounds of the battle of Princeton.

1781. The states general of Holland issued letters of marque and
reprisal against England.

1793. ARTHUR LEE, a distinguished American statesman, died at Urbana,
Va. The long and faithful services which he rendered his country during
his arduous struggles for independence, in the alternate character of
ambassador and statesman, are universally known and acknowledged.

1794. JOHN GEORGE ADAM FORSTER died, aged 40. He was of Scotch descent,
born in Prussia, studied at St. Petersburg, taught German and French in
England, accompanied Cook in his voyage round the world, accepted the
professorship of natural history at Hesse Cassel, was appointed
historiographer of a Russian expedition round the world; this project
being frustrated by the Turkish war, he went to Germany, and residing at
Mentz when the French took that city 1792, was sent by the republicans
to request a union of that city with France. During his absence the
Prussians retook the city, by which he lost all his property, including
his books and papers, and died soon after. The Germans number him among
their classical writers.

1795. In consequence of a great thaw, the communication of the main army
of the French under Pichegru and the four divisions that crossed the
Waal the day before on the ice, was totally interrupted during two days.

1795. Mr. PITT recommended in the British parliament that a premium be
given by government to large families.

1805. British frigate Doris, Capt. Campbell, lost on the Diamond rock,
Quiberon bay. The crew saved themselves and blew up the frigate.

1805. The thermometer at Danbury, Ct., stood at 19° below zero; being
the coldest weather known there since 1780.

1807. A fatal explosion at Leyden, in Holland. A vessel containing
40,000 pounds of powder, moored before the house of Prof. Rau, exploded
with a tremendous crash. Upwards of 200 houses were overthrown, besides
churches and public buildings, 150 persons killed and 2000 wounded.

1809. Cayenne surrendered by the French, to the British and the
Portuguese under Capt. Yeo.

1815. National fast in the United States.


JANUARY 13.

857. ETHELWULF, son of Egbert, sometimes styled the first king of
England, died. In his reign the tax called Peter's pence was levied.

1399. The Tartars, under Tamerlane, pillaged the imperial city of Delhi,
and two days after wantonly massacred the entire Indian population.

1400. RICHARD II of England murdered. He came to the throne at the age
of 11, and after a turbulent reign of 22 years, was deposed and
imprisoned.

1404. It was enacted at this short parliament of Henry's that no chemist
shall use his craft to multiply gold or silver.

1560. JOHN DE LASCI, a learned Pole, died.

1618. GALILEO discovered the fourth satellite of Jupiter.

1669. JOHN BOCHIUS, a Dutch poet, died. He excelled in Latin, and is
called the Virgil of the Low Countries.

1691. GEORGE FOX, founder of the sect of quakers, died, aged 67. His
father was a poor weaver, and George was apprenticed to a shoemaker; but
he left his employment and wandered about the country in a leather
doublet, and finally set up as a teacher. He visited different
countries, and had the satisfaction to see his tenets taking deep root
in his life time.

1705. A house in London where fireworks were manufactured, blew up, and
destroyed 120 houses, and killed 50 persons.

1711. The last No. of the _Tatler_ appeared (No. 271).

1715. Great fire in Thames street, London; many lives lost.

1716. ELIZABETH PATCH died at Salem; the first female born in the old
colony of Massachusetts.

1717. MARIA SYBILLA MERIAN, the distinguished painter, and writer on
entomology, died at Amsterdam.

1738. The famous convention of Pardo signed.

1759. Execution of the conspirators against the life of the king of
Portugal. The whole family of the Marquis Tavora was executed, and the
name suppressed for ever.

1797. British ships Indefatigable, 44 guns, and Amazon, 42 guns, had a
night action of six hours, in the bay of Audierne, with the French 74
gun ship Les Droits des Hommes, 1600 men; the latter was driven on
shore, and the crew made prisoners; Gen. Renier and 750 men were lost in
the action. The Amazon was also lost in the action.

1798. Lieut. Lord Camelford shot Lieut. Charles Peterson, at English
harbor, Antigua, for disobedience of orders, was afterwards tried and
acquitted.

1798. The Swiss cantons armed against France.

1809. The French under Marshal Victor defeated the Spanish under
Castanos at Cuenca.

1811. The British merchant ship Cumberland, Captain Barrat, beat off 4
French privateers, and took 170 men who had boarded her.

1814. British and Prussians repulsed in an attack on Antwerp; part of
the suburbs were burnt.

1814. The emperor of Russia and king of Prussia crossed the Rhine to
invade France; the emperor of Austria, who had arrived the evening
before at Cassel, went out to meet them, and they entered Basil, in
Switzerland.

1814. General thanksgiving throughout Great Britain for the successes
gained over Bonaparte.

1814. Capt. Barrie of the British ship Dragon, took the fort on Point
Peter and the tower of St. Mary's, in Georgia; they afterwards destroyed
the fort.

1817. The ship Georgianna, of Norfolk, experienced a tremendous shock in
the Gulf stream supposed to be by earthquake; the day was calm.

1822. JOHANN GOTTLIEB SCHNEIDER, a German philologist and naturalist,
died, aged 72; a voluminous author.

1836. KARL CHR. TRAUG. TAUCHNITZ, an eminent German printer, died, aged
75. At the age of 35 he commenced business for himself with a single
press; but his establishment soon became very extensive, including a
letter foundry and book store. He was most indefatigable in improving
and perfecting whatever he undertook, as his publications attest. His
founts of oriental type were unsurpassed in Germany.

1838. Chancellor ELDON died.

1840. Steam boat Lexington burnt, on her passage from New York to
Stonington. Of 145 persons on board, only four escaped with their lives.
Among the sufferers were many highly esteemed and valuable members of
society.

1848. A severe battle took place at Chillianwallah between the British
and Sikh forces without decisive results.

1854 An earthquake at Finana in Spain, crumbling down the Alcazaba, an
ancient Moorish castle, prostrating houses and causing chasms in the
streets, and loss of lives.


JANUARY 14.

1526. Treaty of Madrid between the emperor Charles V, and Francis I of
France, by which the latter obtained his liberty.

1604. The episcopal divines and puritans held a conference at Hampton
court in the presence of King James.

1611. EDWARD BRUCE, a Scottish statesman, died. He occupied some of the
highest offices under the government, and his services were important in
establishing the peaceable accession of James to the English throne.

1622. PIETRO SARPI, better known as Father Paul of Venice, died, aged
90. He employed the latter part of his life in writing a history of the
council of Trent, in which he has developed the intrigues connected with
the transactions of that famous assembly, with a degree of boldness and
veracity, which renders the work one of the most interesting and
important productions of the class to which it belongs.

1634. Of seven sailors left at Spitzbergen in the fall of 1633, by the
Dutch fishermen, for the purpose of wintering there, the first of the
number died. The journal which they kept relates that they sought in
vain for green herbs, bears and foxes, in that desolate region. In
November the scurvy appeared among them. Their journal ended February
26, and they were all found dead on the return of their countrymen in
spring. (See April 16.)

1696. MARIE DE RABUTIN SEVIGNE, a French woman of quality, died, aged
70. Her _Letters_ (11 vols. 8vo.) are models of epistolary style, and
have been translated into English.

1738. The famous convention of Pardo signed.

1739. The pope issued an edict against the assemblies of freemasons,
under penalty of the rack and condemnation to the galleys.

1742. EDMUND HALLEY the astronomer, died, aged 86. He devoted himself
to mathematics with great success, and spent much time abroad in
astronomical observations and experiments. His astronomical pursuits
tended greatly by their results to improve the art of navigation.

1753. GEORGE BERKLEY, bishop of Cloyne in Ireland, died, aged 85. He
appeared as an author before his twentieth year. He devoted seven years
and a considerable part of his fortune in an effort to establish a
college at Bermuda, for the education of Indian preachers, which
miscarried. He published several philosophical, mathematical and
theological works, and is said to have been acquainted with almost every
branch of human knowledge.

1781. French took the island of Nevis.

1783. CERVETTO, an Italian of extraordinary musical genius, died at
London, aged 103. He was a member of the orchestra of Drury lane
theatre.

1784. Congress ratified the definitive treaty of peace.

1792. JOSEPH JACKSON, a celebrated English type founder, died. While an
apprentice his master had carefully kept from his view the mode of
making punches, but by boring a hole through the door he got an
occasional glimpse of the art, and succeeded.

1795. Intense frost in Holland, which enabled the remainder of the
French army to cross the Waal.

1795. The French were repulsed in an attack on all the posts of the
allies, from Arnhem to Amerongen. In the night the allies retreated to
Amersfoort, leaving 300 sick behind them.

1797. Battle of Rivoli in Italy. The contest was continued three days,
and decided the fate of Mantua. The French under Joubert were victorious
over the Austrians.

1798. Five English gentlemen who had been sent to investigate the title
of Vizier Ally, were by his orders assassinated at Benares in India.

1801. ROBERT ORME died, aged 73; historiographer to the East India
company.

1801. An embargo laid in England on all Russian, Swedish and Danish
ships. More than 100 Swedish and Danish vessels were immediately seized.

1809. Formal treaty of peace, friendship and alliance between Great
Britain and Spain.

1813. An engagement off Pernambuco between the United States privateer
schooner Comet, Capt. Boyle, 14 guns and 120 men, and three British
vessels of 24 guns, convoyed by a Portuguese ship of 32 guns and 165
men. The Portuguese were beaten off, and the British vessels captured.
She also captured three other vessels on the passage.

1814. Treaty of peace signed at Kiel between Denmark and England.

1814. CHARLES BOSSUT, a French mathematician, died, aged 84. He studied
under D'Alembert, and rose to eminence. On the breaking out of the
French revolution he lost the offices he had acquired, and subsisted by
his writings. He was a contributer to the _Encyclopedie_.

1815. Com. DECATUR, sailed from New York in the frigate President.

1822. The Grand Duke CONSTANTINE declined, by letter to his brother
Alexander, the succession to the throne of all the Russias.

1831. HENRY MACKENZIE, the novelist, died, aged 86. He studied the law,
at the same time cultivating elegant literature. His first effort was a
tragedy, which was favorably received; his first novel appeared in 1771,
in which he was eminently successful. Scott entitles him the Scottish
Addison.

1834. WILLIAM POLK, a revolutionary officer, died. He held the rank of
colonel at the close of the war, and was the last surviving field
officer of the North Carolina line. He was among the small band of
patriots who declared independence in Mecklenburg county, N. C., May
20th, 1775.

1838. Navy island evacuated by the Canadians, &c., under Mackenzie and
Van Rensselaer, 510 in number. The arms belonging to the United States
were surrendered, as also the cannon belonging to the state of New York.

1852. T. HUDSON TURNER died, aged 37; one of the ablest of the British
archæologists.

1854. JOSHUA BATES, a distinguished New England clergyman, died, aged
77. He was twenty-three years president of Middlebury college.


JANUARY 15.

69. SERGIUS GALBA, the Roman emperor, assassinated, at the age of 72. He
was the successor of Nero, and reigned but three months.

936. RODOLPH, king of France, died, in the 14th year of his reign, and
was succeeded by Lewis the Stranger.

1549. The liturgy of the English church established by parliament. All
the divine offices were to be performed according to the new liturgy,
and infringements were to be punished by forfeitures and imprisonments,
and for the third offence imprisonment for life. Visitors were appointed
to see that it was received throughout England. From this time we may
date the era of the Puritans.

1655. DANIEL HEINSIUS, a Dutch philologist, died. He made great progress
as a student, under Scaliger, and was appointed to a professorship at
Leyden. He was also successful as a Greek and Latin poet.

1559. Queen ELIZABETH, crowned at Westminster, by the bishop of
Carlisle, who was the only person that could be prevailed upon to
perform the ceremony.

1672. JOHN COSIN, bishop of Durham, died; a lover of literature and
prodigal in his expenditures on book-binding. He ordered that all his
books should be rubbed once a fortnight to prevent their moulding.

1693. An army of six or seven hundred French and Indians set out from
Montreal to invade the Mohawk castles. (See Feb. 6.)

1730. Gov. MONTGOMERIE granted the city of New York a new charter.
Although that city had been put under the government of a mayor in 1665,
it was not regularly incorporated until 1686.

1773. At Duff house, the residence of the countess dowager of Fife, the
first masquerade ever seen in Scotland was exhibited.

1777. Vermont declared itself a free and independent state. It had been
settled as a part of New Hampshire, but was claimed as a part of New
York, and so decided to be by the British crown. But by the dissolution
of the bonds which had held America in subjection to the crown of
Britain, they considered themselves free from New York, to which the
most of them had never voluntarily submitted; and being, as they said,
reduced to "a state of nature," they assumed the right to form such
connections as were agreeable to themselves. Accordingly they formed a
plan of government and a code of laws, and petitioned congress to
receive them into the Union.

1778. Nootka sound and the Sandwich islands discovered by Captain Cook.

1780. First exportation of woolen goods from Ireland to a foreign
market.

1780. Unsuccessful attack by the Americans under Lord Stirling on the
British at Long island.

1781. The traitor ARNOLD succeeded in burning some stores at Smithfield.

1783. WILLIAM ALEXANDER, Lord Stirling, an officer in the revolutionary
army, died at Albany, aged 57. He was of Scotch descent, and from early
youth a mathematician. Throughout the war he acted an important part,
and was warmly attached to Washington. He left behind him the reputation
of a brave, discerning and intrepid officer, and an honest and learned
man. He was generally styled Lord Stirling, and was considered the
rightful heir to the title and estates of that earldom in Scotland.

1794. A desperate engagement off the island of Corsica between three
Sardinian ships and two Barbary xebecs. One of the xebecs was captured,
but the other, rather than surrender, was blown up; upon which the
prisoners taken, Turks and Algerines, 92 in number, were put to death.

1795. The French attacked the British outposts at Rhenen.

1795. The French national convention liberated Gen. Miranda and Capt.
Lacrosse from prison.

1799. A revolution at Lucca in Italy, without bloodshed. Titles and
exclusive privileges were abolished, the sovereignty of the people
proclaimed, and a contribution of two millions of livres levied on the
nobility alone, which was immediately presented to the French general
Serrurier.

1805. ABRAHAM HYACINTHE ANQUETIL DU PERRON, the French orientalist,
died, aged 74. He studied theology, but afterwards devoted himself with
ardor to the study of the eastern languages. In 1754 he embarked for
India, and with difficulty succeeded in finding some priests to instruct
him in the sacred language of the Parsees. He returned to Paris in 1762
with a number of manuscripts, and proceeded to arrange them for
publication. During the revolution he shut himself up with his books;
but continued labors and an abstemious diet exhausted his constitution.
He was a learned and excellent man.

1807. Battle between the forces under Christophe and Petion for the
governorship of Hayti, which had been assumed by Christophe as the
oldest general, on the death of Dessalines; but Petion had been
subsequently duly elected. Christophe was defeated after a fierce
encounter. A separation of the republic followed. Petion instituted a
pure republic, while Christophe founded a monarchy.

1810. Masquerades and masked balls prohibited in the city of New York.

1815. The United States frigate President, Com. Decatur, captured by
four British vessels, after a sharp action, and a chase of 18 hours.
Loss of the Americans 22 killed, 59 wounded; British loss 11 killed, 14
wounded.

1825. ROBERT GOODLOE HARPER, an American statesman, died. He was born in
Virginia, of poor parentage; acquired the rudiments of a classical
education; served a campaign in the revolutionary army; after which he
entered Princeton college. He subsequently settled in South Carolina, in
the practice of the law, and acquired great reputation as a professional
man and a politician.

1827. JEAN DENIS LANJUINAIS died. He was a staunch defender of liberal
principles, and opposed first the arrogant pretensions of the privileged
class, although himself one of their number: afterwards he arrayed
himself against the intrigues of Mirabeau, the violence of the mountain
party, and the usurpations of Bonaparte, in the face of destruction. The
object of his wishes was constitutional liberty. He escaped the axe of
the revolution, and was even promoted to office by Napoleon.

1834. The city of Leira, in Portugal, taken by Count de Saldanha, and
the garrison, of Miguelites about 1500 in number, made prisoners.

1836. CHARLES LEWIS, one of the most eminent book binders in Europe,
died. The splendidly bound books in the duke of Sussex's library are of
his workmanship.

1842. JOSEPH HOPKINSON died. His speeches in congress on the Seminole
war were much admired. He was author of the song, _Hail Columbia_.

1844. The Fontaine Moliere, a monument to the great French dramatist, at
Paris, inaugurated. It combines a public fountain with a monument, and
stands opposite the house in which Moliere died.

1849. Reporters excluded from an adjourned meeting of a convention of
the southern states.


JANUARY 16.

1543. An act of the English parliament was passed forbidding women,
apprentices, &c., &c., to read the New Testament in English.

1556. CHARLES V of Germany, (Don Carlos I of Spain) resigned the crown
of Spain to his son Philip, after a reign of 40 years. Of all his vast
possessions he only reserved to himself an annual pension. It was under
him that Cortez conquered Mexico.

1580. An act of the English parliament inflicting a penalty of 20 pounds
for absenting from church.

1599. EDMUND SPENCER, the English poet, died, aged 46. His first poem,
the _Shepherd's Calendar_, appeared in 1576. He went to Ireland as
private secretary to the lord lieutenant, and commenced the _Faery
Queen_ while in that country. The rebellion took place with such fury
that he was obliged to leave the country in so great confusion, that an
infant child was left behind, and burnt with his house. The unfortunate
poet died soon after his arrival in England, in consequence of these
misfortunes.

1643. Parliament of England forbid free commerce, and ordered no wagon
or carriage to go to Oxford without a license.

1668. The earl of SHREWSBURY slain in a duel by the duke of Buckingham,
who had lived in open adultery with Shrewsbury's wife. It is said that
she, in the habit of a page, held Buckingham's horse when he was
fighting with her husband.

1706. Articles of union between England and Scotland ratified by the
Scottish parliament 110 to 69.

1715. ROBERT NELSON died, an English gentleman of fortune, which he
employed in works of benevolence and charity. Few works on devotional
subjects were more popular than his.

1748. The bottle conjuror imposed on a great multitude at the Haymarket
theatre, by announcing that he would jump into a quart bottle.

1760. Pondicherry, defended by the French under General Lally, taken by
the English under Colonel Coote.

1772. A revolution in Denmark which terminated in the imprisonment of
the royal family, and finally the banishment of the queen, sister to
George III of England.

1780. The Spanish fleet of 11 sail, under Langara, destroyed off St.
Vincent by the British fleet of 19 sail, under Rodney. Langara was
dangerously wounded and taken prisoner. One of the Spanish ships with
600 men on board was blown up, and all perished. The British lost 32
killed and 102 wounded.

1790. The bean-fed friars ejected from their convents by an augean labor
of the French revolution.

1794. EDWARD GIBBON, the historian, died, aged 57. During his visit to
Rome in 1764, he formed the plan of writing the _Decline and Fall of the
Roman Empire_. In 1774 he obtained a seat in parliament, and two years
after appeared the first quarto volume of his history. A disorder which
he had endured twenty three years terminated in a mortification.

1795. Retreat of the British from Utrecht, in Holland, upon which the
inhabitants capitulated to the French.

1796. The first theatre at Botany bay opened by the convicts at Sydney
cove.

1809. Battle of Corunna in Spain, between the French and English, and
death of Sir John Moore, who fell mortally wounded by a cannon shot, at
the moment of victory achieved by the troops under his command. His men
buried him in his cloak, and the French, in testimony of his gallantry,
erected a monument over his remains. He was unmarried and in his 47th
year.

1812. The king of Sicily, on account of ill-health, abdicated the throne
in favor of his son, until he should recover. It is remarkable that
Great Britain, Spain, Portugal and Sweden were governed by regents or
viceroys at the same time.

1813. LEWIS BARNEY died at Champlain, New York, aged 105. He had 24
children by one wife.

1815. HENRY THORNTON, founder of the Sierra Leone company, and a writer
on the credit of Great Britain, died.

1816. The bridge at the falls of the Schuylkill fell with the great body
of snow upon it.

1816. JOHN WRIGHT, the first constable of Cumberland county, Virginia,
died, aged 107.

1817. ALEXANDER JAMES DALLAS, an eminent lawyer of Philadelphia, died.
He filled the office of secretary of state in Pennsylvania many years;
and also that of secretary of the treasury of the United States a short
time previous to his death.

1838. DOROTHY TORREY died at Windsor, Conn., aged 107.

1843. State lunatic asylum, at Utica, New York, went into operation.

1854. ALDEN PARTRIDGE died at Norwich, Vt.; nearly fifty years engaged
in military instruction, and some time principal of West Point academy.


JANUARY 17.

86. B. C. CAIUS MARIUS, the Roman consul, died. He was the son of a
farmer in indigent circumstances; but by his talents and energy raised
himself to the highest dignity of the greatest state in the world.

395. The EMPEROR THEODOSIUS died at Milan, soliciting his heirs
faithfully to execute his will.

1009. ABD-EL-MALEK, a Moorish prince, crucified by his conqueror.

1380. An act of parliament passed, by which foreign ecclesiastics were
incapacitated from holding benefices in England.

1467. JOHN CASTRIOTTO, (or Scanderbeg) prince of Albania, died. His
father placed him as a hostage with the sultan of Turkey, by whom he was
educated in the Mohammedan faith, and at the age of 18 placed at the
head of a body of troops. He afterwards deserted to the Christians, and
on ascending the throne of his fathers renounced the Mohammedan faith.
He obtained repeated victories over the Turks. After his death, when
Albania submitted to the Moslem dominion, the Turks dug up his bones
which they wore to transfer his courage to themselves.

1524. VERRAZANO sailed from a desolate rock near Madeira, with fifty men
and provisions for eight months, arms, munitions and other naval stores,
on his voyage westwardly, expecting to reach Cathay.

1546. MARTIN LUTHER preached his final sermon at Wittemberg.

1556. PHILIP NERLI, the Florentine historian, died.

1684. WENTWORTH DILLON, earl of Roscommon, died at Rome. The early part
of his life was spent in dissipation, but he afterwards conducted with
more discretion, and became distinguished among the wits of the day.
Johnson calls him the most correct writer of English verse before
Dryden.

1694. A powder magazine of 218 barrels exploded at Dublin, doing much
damage.

1701. ROGER MORRIS, an English chaplain, died, aged 73. He was a
diligent collector of ecclesiastical manuscripts relating to the history
of the English church, whereof, says Strype, "he left vast heaps behind
him."

1705. JOHN RAY, an English naturalist, died. He was the son of a
blacksmith; received a liberal education at Cambridge, and devoted
himself to science and literature. His publications were numerous.

1706. Birthday of BENJAMIN FRANKLIN.

1733. GEORGE BYNG, an English admiral, died. He entered the navy at the
age of 15, and gradually rose to the highest honors and distinctions.

1746. Battle of Falkirk, in which the forces of the Pretender were
victorious over the royal army.

1750. The singular ceremony of the Greek church of consecrating the
water in memory of Christ's baptism, performed at St. Petersburg.

1766. FREDERICK V, king of Denmark and Norway, died.

1781. Battle of the Cowpens, in South Carolina, and defeat of 1100
British under Tarleton, by an inferior force of Americans under Morgan.
British loss 100 killed and wounded, and 500 prisoners; 800 muskets, 2
field pieces, 35 baggage wagons, and 100 dragoon horses fell into the
hands of the conquerors. The loss of the Americans was 12 killed and 60
wounded.

1783. Action between the British frigate Magicienne and the French
frigate Sybille. The latter lost her masts, and was captured a few days
after by the Hussar.

1789. JOHN LEDYARD, the traveler, died. He was born at Groton, Conn.,
1751; entered Dartmouth college at the age of 19, but for some reproof
resolved to escape: accordingly he felled a tree on the bank of the
Connecticut, of which he constructed a canoe, and descended the river
140 miles to Hartford: studied theology a while, and then enlisted as a
common sailor for a voyage to Gibraltar; accompanied Capt. Cook in one
of his voyages, of which he published an account. Not meeting with
assistance to prosecute any of the daring enterprises he proposed, he
finally determined to make the tour of the globe from London east, on
foot; and had proceeded as far as Yakutsk in Siberia, when he was
arrested by order of the queen as a French spy and hurried back to the
frontiers of Poland. He returned to London, he says, "disappointed,
ragged, pennyless, but with a whole heart." He had scarcely taken
lodgings when Sir Joseph Banks proposed an African expedition. He
accepted the offer and proceeded as far as Cairo, where he was attacked
by a disease which carried him off.

1789. CHARLES IV proclaimed king of Spain.

1791. Lord DUNGARVON, an Irish peer, was tried at the Old Bailey,
London, for stealing three and a half guineas from a poor woman in town,
but was acquitted.

1792. GEORGE HORNE, bishop of Norwich, died. His _Sermons_ and
_Commentary on the Psalms_, are well known.

1795. The stadtholder, WILLIAM V, obtained permission from the States
General to withdraw from Holland.

1800. The church at Chelmsford, England, fell; it was first built in
1424.

1804. CHARLES NISBET died, aged 67. He was a Scotch clergyman, and the
first president of Dickinson college in Pennsylvania.

1806. An iris or lunar rainbow was seen for one hour (9¼ to 10¼)
at Wakefield in Yorkshire, England.

1810. Masquerades and masked balls prohibited by the authorities in the
city of Philadelphia.

1811. The Mexican patriots under Hidalgo totally defeated near
Guadalaxara by the Spaniards under Calleja.

1813. Capture of the United States brig Vixen, 12 guns, Capt. Henley, by
the British frigate Narcissus.

1815. The king of Spain issued an edict against freemasonry.

1817. At Philadelphia and Albany the singular phenomena of snow, clear
weather, rain, snow, thunder and lightning, hail and snow, was observed
in succession.

1836. Two engagements in the mountains of Arlaban, between the forces of
the queen of Spain under Gen. Cordova and the Carlists, in which the
latter were defeated.

1841. REZIN P. BOWIE died at New Orleans, aged 48; "well known in the
southwest by his many deeds of valor in its early history, among the
Mexicans and savages."

1851. SPENCER COMPTON, marquis of Northampton, died, aged 61. He was
president of the Royal society; was associated with Wilberforce in the
anti-slavery cause, and with Macintosh as a criminal law reformer.

1854. Two rail road bridges and crossings at Erie, Pa., destroyed by a
mob of women, who were afterwards escorted through the town with
banners, headed by a band of music.

1856. ZADOCK THOMPSON died, aged 59; author of several historical works
relating to Vermont, and a naturalist.


JANUARY 18.

1486. HENRY VII married the princess Elizabeth, eldest daughter of
Edward IV. Thus uniting the houses of York and Lancaster, blending the
Roses.

1534. Lima, the present capital of Peru, founded by PIZARRO; thirty
years before a single town was founded within the limits of the United
States, St. Augustine, Florida, being founded 1565.

1546. The council of Trent assembled and agreed upon a confession of
faith.

1561. The first English tragedy performed, at Whitehall, before the
queen. It was entitled _Gorboduc_, from the name of a supposed ancient
British king, and was written by Thomas Sackville and Thomas Norton. It
consists of five acts, each preceded by a dumb show, prefiguring what is
to occur; the first four acts close by choruses in rhyme, and the fifth
by a didactic speech of nearly two hundred lines. Sir Philip Sydney
pronounced it "full of stately speeches and well-sounding phrases,
climbing to the height of Seneca his stile, and full of notable
morality, which it doth most delightfully teach."

1701. FREDERICK III of Brandenburgh crowned first king of Prussia, by
the title of Frederick I.

1703. THOMAS HYDE died. He was an Oriental interpreter during the reigns
of Charles II, James II, and William III.

1713. ARCANGELO CORELLI, an Italian composer, died. He became so great a
master in the science of music, that his countrymen bestowed on him the
cognomen of _Il Divino_.

1718. SAMUEL GARTH, an English poet and physician, died. He settled in
London where by his professional skill he soon acquired a very extensive
practice; and by his wit and conversational powers distinguished himself
among the literati of the day.

1739. SAMUEL BERNARD, one of the richest and most celebrated financiers
of Europe, died at Paris. His funeral procession equaled that of a
prince in point of magnificence and in the train of distinguished
attendants.

1775. JOHN BASKERVILLE, an eminent English printer, died. He was a man
fertile in invention, and effected improvements in the art which could
scarcely have been expected from the exertions of a single individual.

1777. Battle of Kingsbridge, N. Y., between the Americans under Gen.
Heath and the Hessians.

1782. DUMITER RADULY died at Haromszeck, at the remarkable age of 140.

1793. GEORGE GORDON, an English nobleman, after five years'
imprisonment, appeared to give bail; but the attorney-general refused to
accept of it. He was therefore remanded.

1795. The French under Salm took Utrecht in Holland, and Gen. Van Damme
took Arnhem; the prince of Orange and his family escaping to England.

1797. FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE, an American statesman, died at his
residence in Virginia, aged 63.

1804. Goree taken by the French from the English.

1806. EUGENE NAPOLEON BEAUHARNAIS married to Augusta Amelia, daughter of
the king of Bavaria.

1810. LYON LEVY, a jeweler, threw himself from the monument in London.

1811. Gen. JUNOT wounded in the face by a musket ball, while
reconnoitering the British lines.

1813. Battle at Frenchtown in Michigan, between the United States troops
and the British and Indians, when the latter were defeated. American
loss, 12 killed, 55 wounded.

1815. The British decamped from before Fort St. Philip, on the
Mississippi, which they had bombarded from the 9th. About 12 o'clock at
night they took to their boats, leaving 80 of their wounded, 14 pieces
heavy artillery, and a great quantity of shot.

1815. STANISLAUS, chevalier de Bouffleurs, died at Paris, aged 78. He
was the son of the marchioness de Bouffleurs, mistress of Stanislaus,
king of Poland. He distinguished himself in the army, which however he
left to give his attention to literature. He was considered one of the
most ingenious men of his time, and was noted for the elegance of his
manners and conversation. The epitaph on his tomb, written by himself,
is characteristic of him: _Mes amis, croyez vous que je dors?_

1816. Thanksgiving throughout England on the restoration of peace.

1819. JOHN WILLSON, died in London, aged 52. He sometime held the chief
command at Ceylon, and subsequently administered the government of Upper
Canada.

1826. OMMEGANCK, one of the most celebrated Dutch landscape painters,
died at Antwerp. His pieces are distinguished for good taste, and for
freshness and warmth of coloring.

1829. JOHN GEORGE HENRY HASSEL, a distinguished German geographer and
statistical writer, died at Weimar.

1834. NATHANIEL AMES died at Providence. He was the son of Fisher Ames,
and a seaman by profession. He is the author of _Mariners' Sketches_,
_Nautical Reminiscences_, and _Old Sailor's Yarns_.

1848. JOHN DEIDRICH PETERSON died at Markham, Canada. He was the pioneer
pastor of that town.

1854. JUDAH TOURO died at New Orleans, aged 78; bequeathing nearly two
millions of dollars to the public institutions of that city.

1854. WILLIAM WALKER proclaimed the republic of Sonora.


JANUARY 19.

1472. Birthday of COPERNICUS, at Thorn in Prussia.

1514. VASCO NUNEZ DE BALBOA returned to his colony at Darien, after
having made the discovery of the Pacific ocean. His expedition occupied
four months and a half; his triumph was complete. The whole population
poured down to the shore to meet him, to hail him as the author of their
fortunes, as less a man than a gift of heaven, to guide them into the
possession of glories and riches incalculable. The expedition had been
undertaken in consequence of the extravagant representations by the
Indians, of a people who lived on the borders of that ocean, six suns
distant, who owned large ships, and whose eating and drinking vessels
were of pure gold. They referred to the Peruvians.

1535. Date of the probate of the will of the famed early English
printer, Wynkyn de Worde.

1547. HENRY HOWARD, earl of Surrey, a soldier, scholar and poet,
beheaded on Tower hill for treason. In his youth he made the tour of
Europe, and at Florence signalized his courage and romantic spirit, by
publishing, in the style of a knight-errant, a challenge to all comers,
Christians, Jews, Saracens, Turks and Cannibals, in defence of the
surpassing beauty of his mistress, the fair Geraldine; and was
victorious at the tournament instituted by the grand duke on the
occasion. He served in the army sent against Scotland in 1542, and in
1544 accompanied the troops with which the king invaded France. For his
services he was promoted, but being defeated in an attempt to seize a
convoy, he was superseded. This unmerited disgrace was the beginning of
his ruin. He is said to have aspired to the hand of the Princess Mary,
and on some frivolous charges was tried by a common jury, by whom he was
obsequiously found guilty of treason. Thus perished a man "no less
valiant than learned, and of excellent hopes," aged 27.

1565. JAMES LAYNEZ, one of the founders of the Society of Jesus, died.
He was born in Castile, 1512. His intimacy with Loyola was formed in
Paris, where they matured the plan of the society. Loyola was chosen the
first general, and in 1558 was succeeded by Laynez.

1576. HANS SACHS, the famous German master-singer, died. He was born at
Nuremberg 1494; his occupation that of a shoemaker. At the age of 14 he
began to write poetry, and made verses and shoes, plays and pumps, with
equal assiduity, to the age of 77, when he took an inventory of his
literary stock in trade. It consisted of 4200 songs, 508 comedies, and
other pieces, in all 6048, making 32 folio volumes written by his own
hand. From these a selection was published in 5 volumes folio. His poems
are distinguished for _naïveté_, feeling, and striking description.

1643. Battle of Liscard, in Cornwall, England.

1657. MILES SYNDERCOMBE and others convicted of plotting the death of
Oliver Cromwell.

1706. CHARLES SACKVILLE, earl of Dorset and Middlesex, died. He was an
accomplished scholar and a good speaker, but declined all public
employment, being wholly engrossed in gallantry and pleasure. He was the
patron of poets and men of wit: his own productions are those of a man
of wit, vigorous, gay and airy. He served in the Dutch war of 1665 as a
volunteer, and on the night before an engagement, composed the
celebrated song, beginning, "To all you ladies now at hand."

1728. WILLIAM CONGREVE, the English dramatist, died. He was educated for
the bar, but like many others similarly situated, gave up the law for
the pursuit of polite literature, in which he was eminently successful.
His first work, _The Incognita_, was written at a very early age, and he
produced his first comedy at the age of 21.

1730. PETER II of Russia died of the small pox. He was the grandson of
Peter the Great, and ascended the throne by the will of Catharine, when
but 13 years old.

1757. THOMAS RUDDIMAN, a celebrated Scottish printer and grammarian, and
who excelled in many learned treatises, died.

1776. Great eruption of mount Vesuvius.

1777. HUGH MERCER, an officer of the revolution, died. He was a
Scotchman by birth, and was in the memorable battle of Culloden. Soon
after, he emigrated to America, and was engaged with Washington in the
Indian wars of 1755. He joined the patriots of the revolution, and
distinguished himself at Trenton and Princeton; was wounded in the
latter engagement, of which he died. His funeral was attended by 30,000
people.

1778. FRANCIS FURGLER, the New Jersey recluse, died. During 25 years,
without fire, he lived in a cell in the form of an oven, about four
miles from Burlington.

1782. The emperor JOSEPH pardoned all those who kept out of his
dominions on account of religion, provided they returned within a year;
he also abolished several religious orders, and absolved the monks and
nuns from their vows, and at the same time disclaimed all subordination
to the pope in secular affairs.

1795. Insurrection in the island of Granada.

1795. The French under Devinther took Amersfoort in Holland, and the
advance of the French army entered Amsterdam.

1796. The brass coffin, containing the bones of Columbus and the chains
with which he had been loaded at Cuba, were removed from St. Domingo to
Havana, by the direction of his descendants. They are now preserved in a
silver urn on the left of the altar of the cathedral.

1806. JAMES JACKSON, an officer of the revolution, died. He came from
England only two years before the war, and although but 19 years of age
in 1776, he displayed great intrepidity at the attack upon Savannah. He
continued in the service throughout the war, and in 1782 was presented
by the legislature with a house and lot in Savannah. He held various
civil offices in the state, and at the time of his death was a senator
in congress.

1809. The French entered Corunna.

1812. Ciudad Rodrigo, a town and fortress in Spain, eight miles from the
Portuguese line, garrisoned by 1700 Frenchmen, taken by storm by the
British under Wellington, after a siege of 11 days.

1817. Riot and rebellion of the students of Princeton college.

1819. CHARLES IV, king of Spain, died. He was born at Naples 1740, and
came to the throne of Spain 1788. Too imbecile to govern, he was always
ruled by his wife and ministers. He was dethroned by Napoleon 1808, and
died a pensioner at Naples of a relapse of the gout.

1836. JOHN BUTLER, "the celebrated huntsman," died, in Wake county, N.
C. He was supposed to be at least 110 years of age, and left a wife
surviving equally as old.

1840. The United States exploring expedition under Lieut. Wilkes
reported the discovery of a new antarctic continent on this day. A
subsequent British expedition sailed over its site without being able to
discern any vestige of it. It is supposed to have been a series of
icebergs.

1843. THOS. W. WHITE, editor of the _Southern Literary Messenger_, died
at Richmond.

1847. PETER R. LIVINGSTON, a prominent man in the counsels and politics
of the state of New York, died at Rhinebeck.

1848. ISAAC D'ISRAELI, author of the _Curiosities of Literature_, died
aged 82.

1853. C. B. ADAMS, an eminent American naturalist, and professor in
Amherst college, died.

1854. GEORGE MCFEELY, died at Carlisle, Pa., aged 73. He distinguished
himself on the Niagara frontier in 1813.


JANUARY 20.

1265. The earl of Leicester having defeated Henry III, summoned a new
parliament, in which the commons were first represented.

1546. FREDERICK, elector palatine, established without any acts of
violence, the protestant religion.

1662. Three women condemned at Hartford, Conn., as witches, one of whom
was hanged.

1706. HUMPHREY HODY died, an eminent English writer. A dissertation on
the resurrection of the body asserted is one of his most useful works.

1745. CHARLES VII of Germany died at Munich, aged 48.

1764. MR. WILKES was expelled from the British house of commons for
writing the _North Briton_ No. 45. This famed individual was
subsequently outlawed; disregarded his outlawery; was three times
elected for Middlesex, and his election as often voted void by the
commons, though returned by large majorities.

1770. Lord Chancellor YORKE committed suicide in the 48th year of his
age. He was a distinguished English politician, and his death is
ascribed to remorse for neglecting a promise he had made to his brother
to accept of no office from court.

1776. Gen. SCHUYLER disarmed the Highlanders at Johnstown, N. Y., and
took six hostages.

1777. Gen. DICKINSON, with 400 militia and 50 Pennsylvania riflemen,
defeated a British foraging party, took 9 prisoners, 100 horses, 40
wagons and a number of cattle.

1779. BENEDICT ARNOLD condemned to be reprimanded by the
commander-in-chief, for misdemeanor at Philadelphia.

1779. DAVID GARRICK, the actor, died. He formed a new era in the English
stage, a reform both in the conduct and license of the drama, which was
honorable to the genius that had the power to effect it.

1781. A revolt of 160 of the Jersey line at Morristown. It was
suppressed and two of the ringleaders executed.

1783. The Independence of the United States acknowledged by Great
Britain.

1788. GEORGE JOACHIM ZOLLIKOFER, a Swiss divine, died. He was born 1730,
and became one of the most eminent preachers of the last century. His
sermons have been published in 15 vols.

1788. Australia first colonized, nearly three centuries after the
discovery of the Ladrones by Magellan, which constitute a part of it.
Governor Philip arrived with a number of convicts from England, and
established a colony at Port Jackson in preference to Botany Bay.

1790. JOHN HOWARD, the philanthropist, died at Cherson in Russia, aged
63. He had taken up his residence at this settlement on the Baltic sea;
a malignant fever prevailing there, he was prompted by humanity to visit
a patient laboring under the contagion, when he received the infection,
and died in consequence.

1790. LAFAYETTE, in the assembly of the states general supported the
motion for the abolition of titles of nobility, from which period he
renounced his own, and never afterwards resumed it.

1795. The French under Pichegru entered Amsterdam, and Geertruidenberg
capitulated to Gen. Bonneau.

1795. A great fire occurred at Bergen in Norway, when 60 houses and a
great many stores were burnt.

1796. PICHEGRU attacked Kaiserslautern, but was repulsed with the loss
of 2000 men and several cannon. Austrian loss about 700 killed and
wounded.

1798. The frigate Crescent sailed from Portsmouth, N. H., as a present
from the United States to the dey of Algiers; she also carried out
presents to the amount of $300,000.

1800. THOMAS MIFFLIN, an officer of the revolution, died. He was a
member of the first congress, and for many years governor of
Pennsylvania.

1813. CHRISTOPHER MARTIN WIELAND, a German author of great repute, died
aged 80. He was the father of 14 children, and 42 quarto volumes of
books by the sale of which last he was enabled to purchase an estate. He
was knighted by Alexander of Russia, and by Napoleon.

1817. The weather had been so moderate that up to this time no ice had
been seen on the Delaware at Philadelphia.

1817. JAMES ANTHONY, of Hanover co., Va., died, aged 104.

1823. The British government received advice that a Bengalee newspaper
had been issued, edited by a learned Hindoo. Its title was _Sungband
Cowmuddy_, or the _Moon of Intelligence_.

1835. The city of Mocha taken by the Egyptians under Achmet Pacha; by
which the whole of Arabia was rendered subject to Mehemet Ali, pacha of
Egypt.

1836. XAVIER SAUBERT, the celebrated fire-king, being engaged in making
some experiments in chemistry, with phosphoric ether, it exploded and
scattered his body into a thousand pieces.

1836. Treaty of peace and commerce signed between the United States and
the republic of Venezuela.

1839. The army of the confederation of Bolivia and Peru, commanded by
Santa Cruz in person, was entirely defeated and destroyed, at Yungay,
with a loss of 2,600 killed and 3,400 prisoners. Santa Cruz immediately
resigned his office.

1843. A report fully approving of the conduct of Com. McKenzie and his
officers on board the United States brig of war Somers, was brought in
by the court appointed for that purpose.

1848. CHRISTIAN VIII, king of Denmark, died in the 62d year of his age
and 9th of his reign. A constitution was offered the same day by his
successor.

1854. A tornado in Ohio half a mile in width demolished every thing it
encountered, and almost entirely destroyed the town of Brandon.

This day in the calendar of Hesiod, is most propitious for the birth of
men.


JANUARY 21.

988. ADALBERO, archbishop of Rheims, died. He assisted in placing Hugh
Capet on the throne of France.

1582. FERDINAND ALVAREZ DE TOLEDO, duke of Alva, a Spanish general and
minister of state, died, aged 74. It is said of him that during nearly
sixty years of warfare against different enemies, he never lost a
battle, and was never taken by surprise. He was undoubtedly the ablest
general of his age; had a proud mien, a noble aspect and a strong frame;
slept little, labored and wrote much. But pride, severity and cruelty
tarnished his renown, so that he became odious even to his own
countrymen.

1609. JOSEPH JUSTUS SCALIGER died, aged 69. His education commenced
early, and he was one of the most indefatigable students through a long
life, that was ever known. So entirely immersed was he in his studies,
that he passed whole days in his chamber without eating or drinking, and
paid very little attention to the common affairs of life. He may be
called the founder of the science of chronology.

1647. The plague broke out at Edinburgh. A writer of the time says, that
the last plague they had raged so violently that the fortieth person
lived not of those who dwelt there four years before, but that it was
peopled with new faces.

1666. SHAH JEHAN, a Mogul emperor, died, aged 74. He was the son and
successor of Jehangir, but did not inherit much of the talent and spirit
of that powerful ruler. During a severe illness the government was
usurped by his son, and on his recovery he was removed from Delhi to
Agra, where he died, probably by poison.

1692. King WILLIAM and his court issued a proclamation against vice and
profaneness.

1702. The affirmation allowed by Queen Anne to the quakers in England,
extended to those of Pennsylvania.

1707. AURUNGZEBE, (_ornament of the throne_,) died; the last powerful
and energetic sovereign that ruled over the Mogul empire of Hindostan.
From his 20th year, military duties devolved upon him; he raised a body
of troops, and obtained the government of the Deccan. He invited his old
friends the fakirs, or religious mendicants, to a feast, and compelled
them to put on new and decent clothing. The gold and silver pieces which
he found on burning their old garments, was of great service to him in
prosecuting the war against his elder brother for the sovereignty. He
stirred up dissensions among his brothers, by which they were put out of
his way, shut up his father in his harem, and in 1659 ascended the
throne. Notwithstanding his cruelty he governed with much wisdom, and
consulted the welfare of his people. Two of his sons endeavoring to form
a party in their own favor, he caused to be put to death by slow poison.
In the midst of his activity he died at Ahmednagar, and with his death
terminated the brilliant epoch of the Moguls.

1721. FRANCIS PAGI died, author of a chronological history of the popes.

1733. BERNARD DE MANDEVILLE, an English author, died. He was born at
Dort in Holland, and went to England to practice medicine. Meeting with
poor encouragement, he turned author; but his topics, though professedly
intended for the promotion of the public morals, introduced him to the
notice of the grand jury. His pen procured the means of subsistence, but
acquired for him an unenviable notoriety.

1750. JOHN BLAND, the renowned writing master, died at his academy in
London.

1759. Battle of Wandewash, in India. The French under Lally defeated
with the loss of 800 killed and wounded, by the British under Col.
Coote, who lost 262 do.

1769. The first letter of JUNIUS appeared in Woodfall's _Public
Advertiser_; and the last number was also published on this day, 1772.

1773. ALEXIS PIRON, a French dramatist, died. His first effusions were
satires, which procured him so many enemies that even in the latter part
of his life he could not get admission into the Academy. He revenged
himself by calling them _les invalides du bel esprit_, and composing his
own humorous epitaph:

     _Ci-git Piron, qui ne fut rien,
     Pas même académicien._

1774. MUSTAPHA III, emperor of Turkey, died, and was succeeded by his
brother Abdul Hamet.

1775. PUGATCHEF, the daring chief of the Tartars, defeated by the
Russians, into whose hands he fell and was put to death.

1780. Admiral RODNEY of the English fleet arrived with his prizes and
transports for the relief of Gibraltar; the garrison was short of
provisions.

1782. Grand fete in Paris on the birth of the dauphin.

1793. LOUIS XVI beheaded at Paris, aged 38. He had reigned 17 years and
7 months, and is now represented as an amiable and benevolent man,
anxious to make his subjects happy; who in turn treated him in the
vilest manner, and executed him as a tyrant and a traitor. His behavior
on many trying occasions vindicated him effectually of timidity, and
showed that the unwillingness to shed blood by which he was particularly
distinguished, arose from benevolence, and not from pusillanimity. Upon
the scaffold he exhibited a firmness that became a noble spirit.

1814. JACQUES BERNARDIN HENRY DE ST. PIERRE, a French philosophical
writer, died, at his estate near Paris. He is best known as the author
of _Paul and Virginia_, which appeared in 1788, and passed through fifty
editions in one year. It has been generally translated in Europe.

1815. MATTHIAS CLAUDIUS, a German poet, died. His prose and poetry are
said to bear a peculiar stamp of humor, frankness and cordiality, and
many of his songs, set to music by the first composers, have become a
part of the national melodies. He filled several public offices.

1816. Day of general mourning in France, on account of the death of
Louis XVI, twenty-three years after his execution.

1820. AMBROISE MARIE FRANCIS JOSEPH PALISOT DE BEAUVAIS, a French
naturalist, died. He came to America in the pursuit of science, and
while at Philadelphia learnt that he had been proscribed by the
revolutionists as an emigrant. He supported himself as a teacher of
music and languages until the arrival of the French minister, who
afforded Palisot the means of prosecuting inquiries into the natural
history of America. He was employed to arrange Peale's collection. On
returning to France with his rich collections, he was admitted into the
Institute, in the place of Adanson.

1824. CHARLES MACARTHY killed. He commanded at the Cape-Coast against
the Ashantees. Whilst making preparations to repel these savages in
1821, the king sent his compliments to him, and said he hoped to have
his head as an ornament to their great war drum. Subsequently Sir
Charles marched against the enemy with a mixed force of Europeans and
blacks; the latter ran away, and the whites being defeated and their
commander captured, the ferocious menace was realized. The trophy
however was afterwards recovered.

1839. Great conflagration at Constantinople, in which the grand vizier's
palace, called the Sublime Porte, including the ministerial and
administration offices, was destroyed. Loss estimated at 20,000,000
piasters.

1847. Major JAMES MORTON, died at High Hill, Virginia, aged 90. In the
revolutionary war he acquired the cognomen of _Solid Column_, by which
soubriquet he was recognized by La Fayette in 1824, at Richmond.

1854. The magnificent British vessel Tayleur on its voyage to Melbourne,
wrecked on the Irish coast, and 370 persons lost.


JANUARY 22.

     The _Catagogia_, an erotic and bacchanalian festival
     celebrated at Ephesus by its licentious devotees, about the
     first century.

97. TIMOTHY, to whom St. Paul addressed several epistles, is said to
have been killed at Paris (Ephesus).

1265. First English parliament constituted of members from counties,
&c., as at present, met.

1528. HENRY VIII and FRANCIS I declared war against Charles V of
Germany.

1552. The duke of SOMERSET beheaded on pretence of inciting others to
imprison Dudley, the duke of Northumberland. He was a distinguished
writer of that age.

1561. Birthday of FRANCIS BACON, the English philosopher.

1562. The two houses of convocation subscribed the 39 articles of the
English church.

1575. Queen ELIZABETH granted to Thomas Tallis and William Birde an
exclusive patent for printing music, for the term of twenty-one years.

1683. ANTHONY ASHLEY COOPER, first earl of Shaftsbury, died. The career
of this able, but dubious and versatile statesman was cast in a stormy
period, and his acts have been severely reprehended. Yet much of it is
to be attributed to the odium excited by opposing party feelings. His
vices appear to have been redeemed by corresponding virtues, and had he
appeared in a different age, it is likely he would have developed a
different character.

1689. The British parliament having met under the name of a convention,
declared that the king, James II, had abdicated the throne. William and
Mary succeeded him.

1696. Birthday of JAMES BRUCKER, a German scholar, remembered by his
_Critical History of Philosophy_, 6 vols. 4to. He gives an account of
every school, from the Hebrew, Chaldaic and Egyptian, down to the Huron
in America.

1749. MATTHEW CONCANEN, some time attorney-general of Jamaica, and a
dramatic writer, died.

1788. Birthday of Lord BYRON.

1795. The French under Macdonald entered Naarden, Holland.

1800. GEORGE STEVENS died, best known as the editor of Shakspeare,
though to the versatility and richness of his talent there are numerous
testimonials. His literary collections were extremely curious, and as
regards the days that are gone, of great value.

1809. Naval action off Guadaloupe between the British frigate Cleopatra
and sloop of war Hazard, and the French frigate Topaz, 40 guns. The
engagement lasted 45 minutes, and resulted in the capture of the Topaz,
which was laden with provisions to relieve the garrison at Cayenne.

1810. The French forced the passage of the Sierra Morena, in Spain.

1812. Madame REICHARD ascended in a balloon to a great height at
Kœnigsberg in Prussia. The balloon was totally destroyed by a
hurricane, and the aeronaut precipitated to the earth, yet escaped with
life.

1813. Second battle of Frenchtown in Michigan. The van of Gen.
Harrison's army, about 750 men, was attacked at day break by 2000
British and Indians under Proctor and Tecumseh. Notwithstanding the
superiority of the latter in numbers, the Americans fought with
desperation six hours, when they surrendered. British loss, as stated by
Proctor, 24 killed, 128 wounded; the loss of the Indians is supposed to
have been greater. American loss, 200 killed, 522 prisoners, 27 escaped.
Proctor was promoted.

1815. The remains of LOUIS XVI and his queen taken up from the burial
ground, and deposited with much solemnity in the royal church of St.
Denis.

1815. American commodore PATTERSON captured a British transport
schooner, and took 63 prisoners. His own force was 53.

1815. United States privateer schooner Tomahawk 9 guns and 84 men,
captured by the British ship Bulwark.

1818. CASPAR WISTAR died, a distinguished physician of Philadelphia. He
was of German parentage, and a member of the society of Friends; became
eminent as an anatomist, and corresponded with Cuvier and other eminent
naturalists of Europe. He held scientific meetings at his own house, and
was an active contributer to knowledge of all kinds. He died of a slow
fever, caught by attending a poor family in a close apartment.

1822. JOHN JULIUS ANGERSTEIN died, celebrated as the founder of the
British national gallery, which was purchased by the government after
his death for £40,000, (_Cyclopedia Americana_ says £60,000) and was
first exhibited in May, 1824. He was born at St. Petersburg, 1735.

1830. Great fire at Pera, Constantinople, extinguished by the exertions
of the crew of an English ship.

1834. Great earthquake in South-America; the cities of Popayan and Pasto
almost entirely destroyed, and many lives lost.

1835. ANDREW WALLACE died at New York, aged 105. He emigrated from
Scotland in 1752, enlisted in the American army in 1776, and continued
in it till 1813, when he was honorably discharged, on account of his
disability, having suffered a stroke of paralysis.

1840. JOHN FREDERICK BLUMENBACH died at Göttingen, aged 88. He was long
a distinguished professor at the university, and a very eminent
naturalist. His collection of skulls was said to be the richest in the
world. The 50th year of his professorship was celebrated in 1826.

1849. JOHN C. CALHOUN'S draft of an address to the people of the United
States adopted in preference to Berrien's, and the Southern convention
adjourned sine die.

1854. PATRICK O'DONAHOE died at Brooklyn, N. Y.; one of the Irish exiles
who escaped from Van Diemen's Land.


JANUARY 23.

1401. TAMERLANE introduced his troops into the city of Damascus, in
violation of a truce; and after levying an enormous contribution in
gold, massacred the inhabitants, and reduced the city to ashes, in
revenge of the murder of the grandson of Mahomet, seven centuries
before, by the Syrians.

1516. FERDINAND V of Spain died. He inherited the crowns of Aragon and
Sicily, and united to them the kingdom of Castile by marriage. In 1492
he added to these the kingdom of Granada, the last possession of the
Moors, by conquest; at the same time Columbus was discovering for him
the new world. By force and treachery he acquired the kingdom of Naples,
and by similar means Navarre was also added to his dominions. Thus the
whole of Spain was united under him; so that he may be considered as the
restorer if not the founder of the Spanish monarchy. He was the most
powerful monarch of his time; but his conduct was characterized by a
total want of faith, and a recklessness of principle of which he made no
scruple of boasting. He was the founder of that fearful tribunal, the
Inquisition.

1570. Earl MURRAY, regent of Scotland, shot by Hamilton of
Bothwellhaugh. The latter, after the battle of Langside hill, had been
condemned to death as a rebel, and pardoned. A part of his estate,
however, was bestowed upon one of the regent's favorites, who seized
Hamilton's house and turned his wife out into the fields naked in a cold
night, by which she became deranged. This injury induced him to seek
revenge on the regent, after which he escaped to France.

1722. HENRI DE BOULAINVILLIERS, count of St. Saire in Normandy, died.
Having finished his studies he entered the army, which however, he soon
left to devote his attention to literature. A marked antipathy to
revelation pervades his writings, and exhibits itself in singular
contrast with a superstitious reverence for judicial astrology, and the
mystic sciences, which he cultivated with much diligence.

1733. O. S. Birthday of BENJAMIN LINCOLN, a revolutionary general, at
Hingham, Mass. Great reliance was placed in his abilities by Washington,
and many important commissions entrusted to him. In 1781 he was
appointed secretary of war, which office he held three years, and then
retired to his farm. He died 1810.

1761. Action between the British frigate Minerva, 22 guns, Capt. Hood,
and French ship Warwick, 34 guns, M. de Bellair, near cape Pinas, which
resulted in the capture of the latter. French loss 14 killed, 32
wounded; British loss 14 killed, 33 wounded, 3 of whom died.

1765. The British under Capt. Byron colonized the Falkland islands.

1766. WILLIAM CASLON, an eminent English type founder, died. He was
induced to attempt letter-cutting by a friend, and such was the
perfection to which he carried the art, that the beauty of his type
exceeded all others of the day, and was sought for from other countries
on the continent. He was employed to cut characters for several
languages of Asia.

1772. Mrs. CLUM died near Litchfield, England, aged 138. She had lived
103 years in one house.

1775. The Pennsylvania convention declared their determination, in case
the arbitrary laws of England were attempted to be executed by force, to
repel the same by the most determined resistance.

1780. The British ship Culloden of 74 guns lost off Long island.

1789. FRANCES BROOKE died, an English lady, remarkable for her literary
accomplishments. Her works consist of novels, periodicals, tragedies,
musical dramas, and translations.

1789. JOHN CLELAND died; author of the notoriously immoral romance,
_Fanny Hill_.

1790. The mutineers of the ship Bounty having arrived at Pitcairn's
island, and landed all their effects, set fire to the vessel and
destroyed every vestige that could lead to the discovery of their
retreat. The island was then divided into nine equal portions between
them, and the natives were reduced to the condition of slaves. (See Oct.
3.)

1795. JOHN SULLIVAN, a distinguished general in the revolutionary army,
died. He was of Irish descent, and before the revolution practiced law
in New Hampshire. He was among the first to take an active part in the
contest; resigned his seat in the first congress to enter the army; was
conspicuous at several engagements; and terminated his military career
in laying waste the country of the Six Nations, in order to put a stop
to their depredations. After the peace he filled several important state
offices.

1795. The French took possession of the Hague and Helvoetsluis, made 800
Englishmen prisoners, and liberated 600 Frenchmen.

1799. The French under Championnet entered Naples.

1800. A convention signed between Gen. Kleber and the grand vizier for
the evacuation of Egypt by the French troops.

1800. EDWARD RUTLEDGE, one of the signers of the Declaration of
Independence, died. He was a member of the first congress and acted a
conspicuous part during the war. While the British beleaguered
Charleston, his native city, he commanded a company of troops, and was
taken prisoner. On the restoration of peace he returned to the practice
of law, and a short time previous to his death was elected governor of
the state of South Carolina.

1802. HUMBOLDT and his companions ascended Chimborazo to the height of
18,576 feet above the surface of the sea. The blood started from their
eyes, lips and gums, and they became almost torpid with cold. A narrow
deep valley prevented them from reaching the summit, which was 1344 feet
higher.

1806. WILLIAM PITT, second son of the earl of Chatham, died. He was born
1759, and at the age of 23 became chancellor of the exchequer and the
next year prime minister. It was during the early part of his career
that the American war was concluded. Notwithstanding the emoluments of
his offices were great, so far from acquiring wealth, he died involved.
Parliament decreed him a public funeral, and £40,000 to pay his debts.

1813. GEORGE CLYMER, one of the signers of the Declaration of
Independence, died. By the death of his parents he was left an orphan at
the age of 7 years; but he was taken care of by his uncle, who left him
a large fortune, with which to continue the business of a merchant in
Philadelphia. His services to the country during the revolution, in
raising supplies and devising ways and means to continue the struggle,
were of incalculable importance.

1813. Horrible massacre of the United States prisoners taken by the
British and Indians at the battle of Frenchtown the day before. The
houses in which the helpless wounded lay were set on fire, and those who
were too feeble to continue the march were shot or tomahawked on the
road. It is morally certain that the British generals Proctor and
Elliott were culpable for this wanton sacrifice of human life to satiate
the revenge of the savages.

1813. ROBERT JAMISON died in South Carolina, aged 104. His eyesight,
which had failed him some years previous to his decease, returned again
just before his death in all its strength.

1815. Thanksgiving day in New Orleans, and a solemn _Te Deum_ on account
of Jackson's victory.

1820. EDWARD, duke of Kent, died. He was the fourth son of George III.
In 1802 he was appointed governor of Gibraltar, but his rigid discipline
produced a mutiny, and he was recalled. The present queen of England is
his daughter.

1824. STEPHEN ACOUR KOVER, an Armenian writer of distinction, died, aged
84.

1833. BANASTRE TARLETON died, aged 78. He commanded the British cavalry
in the Carolinas, in the revolution.

1841. SARAH ANN DAVIS sentenced at Philadelphia for murder; the first
capital conviction of a female in Philadelphia.

1844. WILLIAM GASTON died at Raleigh, the capital of his native state.
The prudence and energy of his mother made a disposition, naturally
volatile and irritable, become a pattern of patience and perseverance.
His speeches when a member of congress were highly finished.

1853. JUNIUS SMITH died, aged 74; having devoted a considerable portion
of his life to the establishment of transatlantic steam-navigation, and
the naturalization of the teaplant in the United States.

1854. ALEXANDER DE BODISCO died at Georgetown. He was seventeen years
Russian minister at Washington, and was very popular with the American
people.

1855. There was an earthquake in a part of New Zealand, by which the
surface of the earth was raised between three and four feet, and the
shellfish attached to the rocks died.


JANUARY 24.

41. CAIUS CALIGULA, the Roman emperor, assassinated. He commenced his
reign with every promise of becoming a good monarch. But at the end of
eight months he was attacked with a fever, which appears to have left a
frenzy upon his mind, for his disposition was totally reversed. After
committing the most atrocious acts of cruelty and folly, he was
assassinated by a tribune as he came out of the amphitheatre, in the
29th year of his age, and the 4th of his reign.

76. Birthday of PUBLIUS ÆLIUS ADRIAN, the Roman emperor. He was a
renowned general and great traveler; who, on a visit to Britain, built
the famous wall or rampart, which still retains his name, extending from
the mouth of the Tyne to the Solway frith, 80 miles, to prevent the
incursions of the Caledonians into England.

1559. CHRISTIAN II, king of Denmark, died. His history affords a series
of cruelties and usurpations almost without a parallel, from 1515, when
he ascended the throne, until 1523, when he was deposed. The remainder
of his life was passed in imprisonment.

1709. GEORGE ROOKE, an English admiral, died. He took the fortress of
Gibraltar, by surprise, 1704; since which it has continued in the hands
of the British, and is considered impregnable.

1712. Birthday of FREDERICK the Great of Prussia.

1727. PHILIP DE VENDOME, a French general, died. He distinguished
himself in the army of Louis XIV.

1762. JAMES RALPH, a voluminous writer of poetry, politics and history,
died. He was an American by birth, but went over to England about 1729.
He wrote a history of England, commencing with the Stuarts.

1781. The British garrison at Georgetown, South Carolina, surprised and
taken by General Lee.

1793. The French minister, M. CHAUVELIN, ordered to quit England before
the 1st of February.

1795. Lord HOOD sailed from England, on an expedition against Corsica.

1797. At a dinner complimentary to Charles J. Fox, the chairman, the
duke of Norfolk, gave as a toast, "Our sovereign's health, the majesty
of the people;" for which offence he lost all his offices.

1812. DANIEL MCDONALD died at Canajoharie, aged 102. He was a native of
Ireland, born in the reign of Queen Anne, and had seen four monarchs on
the English throne. He took an early and active part in the
revolutionary war; and was possessed of a most remarkable degree of
activity, both of body and mind, until the morning he expired.

1834. WILLIAM DONNISON, an officer of the revolution, died. He was
appointed adjutant and inspector-general of the Massachusetts militia by
Gov. Hancock in 1788, which office he held until 1813.

1838. JOSEPH GOUGE, a revolutionary soldier, died, aged 109.

1838. Defeat of the Indians at Loche-Hatchee by the United States troops
under Gen. Jessup; loss of the latter, 7 killed and 32 wounded.

1841. MATTHIAS DENMAN, an enterprising western pioneer, and in early
life one of the first owners of the land on which Cincinnati now stands,
died at Springfield, N. J., aged 91.

1851. G. L. P. SPONTINI died in Italy; a celebrated dramatic composer,
in the line of opera.

1857. Dr. MEDHURST, English missionary to China, died, aged 71. He was
also a noted linguist, and author of a work on China, a Chinese
dictionary, and a Japanese and English vocabulary.


JANUARY 25.

275. LUCIUS DOMITIUS AURELIANUS, emperor of Rome, assassinated. He was
the son of a peasant; his mother a priestess of the Temple of the Sun.
He enlisted as a common soldier, and rose from that humble station to
the highest military offices during the reigns of Valerian and Claudius,
the latter of whom, on his death bed, recommended Aurelian to the choice
of the troops. He delivered Italy from the barbarians, and conquered the
famous Zenobia queen of Palmyra. He had planned an expedition against
Persia, and was waiting in Thrace for an opportunity to cross the
straits when he fell a victim to a conspiracy.

1327. EDWARD II of England, then a prisoner in Kenilworth castle,
compelled to resign his crown in favor of his son, Edward III.

1533. HENRY VIII privately married to Ann Boleyn in a garret at
Whitehall.

1640. ROBERT BURTON, an English divine, died. He is known principally by
his _Anatomy of Melancholy_, a rare book, which it is said he wrote to
divert his own thoughts from that feeling.

1692. The Indians, accompanied by some French, attacked the town of York
in Maine, killed 50 and carried away 100 of the inhabitants, and
destroyed the town.

1717. The episcopal clergy of Scotland, who had before been fined for
not praying for King George by name were forced to abscond or fly their
country.

1726. WILLIAM DE LISLE, a distinguished geographer, died at Paris. His
maps are still of great authority.

1730. A fire which broke out in the archduchess's apartments at
Brussels, consumed the palace, with the national records and state
papers.

1745. Action in the Straits of Banca, (Sumatra) between the British
ships Debtford and Preston, Com. Barnet, and three French company ships,
in which the latter were captured.

1759. Birthday of ROBERT BURNS.

1782. DE GRASSE attacked the van of the British fleet under Admiral
Hood. The French were drawn from their anchorage ground, and by a
masterly manœuvre the British succeeded in obtaining it.

1786. CHARLES PRICE, one of the most successful counterfeiters ever
known, committed suicide in prison, London. He had continued to practice
forgeries on the Bank of England to an incredible amount during six
years, contriving all the while to elude the most cunning devices of the
police to detect him, although the notes were traced in every quarter to
have proceeded from one man, always disguised and always inaccessible.

1787. Battle with the insurgents under Shays, at Springfield, Mass., who
retreated with the loss of 3 killed.

1791. GEORGE SELWYN, a noted English wit, died, aged 72.

1804. JEAN JACQUES DESSALINES declared emperor of Hayti.

1807. Battle at Mohringen, in Prussian Poland, in which Bernadotte
defeated the Russians under Pahlin and Salitzin, who lost 1200 killed
and 300 prisoners.

1813. Concordat signed at Versailles, by which Napoleon allowed the pope
to exercise the pontificate in France and Italy, in the same manner as
his predecessors.

1834. Castle of St. Louis at Quebec, the residence of the British
governor-general, destroyed by fire.

1836. General PAEZ gained a victory over the rebels at Venezuela near
Porto Cabello.

1838. Earthquake in the eastern part of Europe. Seven severe shocks
occurred during a few days, by which 300 houses were thrown down in the
city of Bucharest, and 60 persons killed.

1841. The shock of an earthquake was felt in the city of New York and
vicinity to such a degree as to excite considerable alarm.

1843. EDWARD DRUMMUND, private secretary to Sir Robert Peel, was
assassinated in the streets of London. For nearly 20 years he discharged
duties second to those of a cabinet minister, because less conspicuous.

1845. ABIGAIL LEONARD died at Raynham, Mass., 101 years old. She was the
fifth in descent from John Alden, who first landed from the Mayflower on
the Plymouth rock.

1849. The usual convention of the two houses of congress declared that
the people had elected Zachary Taylor their president and Millard
Fillmore vice-president.


JANUARY 26.

477. Subterranean thunders were heard simultaneously from the Black to
the Red sea, and the earth was convulsed without intermission for the
space of six months after. In many places the air seemed to be on fire.
Towns and large tracts of ground were swallowed up in Phrygia, during
this convulsion, the particulars of which would seem incredible, were
they not corroborated by contemporary historians.

1564. The pope confirmed by a bull the decrees of the Council of Trent.

1630. HENRY BRIGGS, an English mathematician, died.

1679. Keel of the Griffin, the first vessel in the western waters, laid
6 miles west of Niagara falls, by La Salle.

1679. The invaluable library of Elias Ashmole destroyed by fire at his
chambers in London, together with his collection of coins and other
curious antiquities.

1681. Two Cameronian women hanged at Edinburgh for calling the king and
bishops "perjured, bloody men."

1699. Peace of Carlowitz concluded between Leopold I of Austria, and
Mustapha II sultan of Turkey, after fifteen years of hostility.

1721. PETER DANIEL HUET, a celebrated French critic and classical
scholar died. He was engaged twenty years in publishing an edition of
the Latin classics, which extended to 62 vols.

1730. A leaden pot containing a human heart preserved in spirits dug up
at Waverly in Surrey, England, supposed to have been there 700 years.

1733. A negro for an assault upon a white woman was burnt alive in New
Jersey.

1737. All the prisoners for debt in White Chapel jail, England, were
discharged by the executors of the will of the late Mr. Wright who paid
their debts.

1769. JOHN WHITE, printer and publisher of the _Newcastle Courant_,
died, aged 81. At his decease he was the oldest master printer in
England.

1779. ARNOLD sentenced by court martial to be reprimanded by Gen.
Washington.

1782. DE GRASSE with the French fleet, 29 sail, attacked the British
under Hood, 22 sail, but was repulsed with the loss of 1000 killed and
wounded. British loss trifling.

1787. The assembly of notables met at Paris, having been called together
to assist the king, Louis XVI, and M. Calonne, to raise a revenue to
meet the exigencies of the times. M. Calonne presented his new plan of
reform and taxation, imposing a share of the burden upon the privileged
classes: but as the assembly was composed of these classes they could
not make up their minds to impose taxes upon themselves which had
hitherto been borne by the lower classes. The assembly was called to
help the king and his minister out of a dilemma, but plunged them deeper
in trouble, and accelerated the revolution.

1793. The stadtholderate of Holland abolished, and the Batavian republic
under the protection of France established.

1793. The senate of Venice acknowledged the French republic.

1795. The French national convention declared Marseilles in a state of
siege.

1795. The assembly of the states of Holland met and chose Peter Paulus
their president for the term of fifteen days.

1814. The Russians under Blücher passed the Marne and marched upon
Troyes. Bonaparte at the same time entered Vitry.

1820. HENRY ANDREWS, a self-taught English mathematician, died. For more
than forty years he produced an almanac for a company of stationers
under the name of Francis Moore, physician, and astonished the simple
and ignorant by his marvelous predictions. His prophecies were as much
laughed at by himself as by the worshipful company of stationers for
whom he annually manufactured them in order to render their almanacs
salable among the ignorant, with whom a lucky hit covered a multitude of
blunders. A few years before his death he predicted that the people
would soon know better than to be influenced by the prophecies which his
employers required him to write. He did not live to see the publication
of the _British Almanac_, which effected the downfall of _Poor Robin_
(the title of one of his almanacs), which ceased to exist in 1828.

1823. EDWARD JENNER died, aged 74, celebrated for having introduced the
practice of vaccination as a preventative of the small pox. He was the
youngest son of a clergyman, born in England 1749. He commenced his
investigations concerning the cow pox about the year 1776, and twenty
years afterwards the practice was introduced into London hospitals. The
success of this discovery procured him honorary titles, and a grant from
parliament of £20,000.

1838. JOHN O'NEIL died at Havre de Grace, Md., distinguished for the
resistance which he made at that place, to the British under admiral
Cockburn, during the last war.

1839. STEPHEN VAN RENSSELAER died at Albany. He was born in the city of
New York 1764, and graduated at Cambridge, Mass. He was the fifth in
descent from Kilian Van Rensselaer, the original proprietor and patentee
of the colony of Rensselaerwyck, a territory 48 miles long and 24 broad.
He filled several offices, civil and military; was a man of great
wealth, and distinguished for his magnificent charities and Christian
virtues.

1839. Tremendous gale and heavy rain in the United States. The river at
Philadelphia rose 17 feet above low water mark, and at Kenebec 13 feet
above high water mark. New York and Albany were considerably flowed.

1850. FRANCIS JEFFREY, a Scottish jurist, celebrated by his long
connection with the _Edinburgh Review_, died, aged 77.

1853. SYLVESTER JUDD died, aged 40; a unitarian clergyman at Augusta,
Me., author of several works which found many admirers.


JANUARY 27.

438. St. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, one of the Fathers and archbishop of
Constantinople, died.

1673. JEROME LALLEMANT, superior of the Jesuits in Canada, died, aged
80; leaving behind him a high reputation in his order. He furnished
seven of the _Relaçons_.

1676. The Narragansetts, in retreating from their country in Rhode
island, drove off from one of the inhabitants of Warwick, 15 horses, 50
oxen and 200 sheep.

1696. The Royal Sovereign burnt by accident. She was the first great
ship built in England, and became one of the best men of war in the
world. For sixty years she was so formidable to her enemies that none of
the most daring of them willingly ventured an engagement. The levies of
money for building this noble vessel caused the rebellion.

1733. THOMAS WOOLSTON, an English divine, died in prison. He imbibed a
fondness for allegorical interpretations of scripture from reading some
of the early writers--particularly Origen. His speculations finally led
to an indictment for blasphemy, and being unable to pay the fine
imposed, he was retained in prison. He was a learned man, but held
notions peculiar to himself, which was a high offence in those days.

1760. The ice carried away one of the dykes of the Rhine, in consequence
of which the neighboring country was inundated.

1783. The British under Gen. Mathews took possession of Bednapore and
Candapore, without firing a gun, and the whole country, except
Mangalore, yielded in consequence.

1795. PICHEGRU made a requisition upon the Dutch for the French army of
200,000 quintals of corn, 5,000,000 rations of hay, 5,000,000 measures
of oats, 200,000 rations of straw, 150,000 pairs of shoes, 20,000 pairs
of boots, 20,000 cloth coats and waistcoats, 40,000 pairs of stocking
breeches, 150,000 pairs of linen pants, 200,000 shirts, 50,000 hats, to
be furnished within a month, and 12,000 oxen to be furnished within two
months.

1800. King John's castle, at Old Ford near Bow, in England, was blown
down by a storm. It was built in 1203 and afforded the king a sleeping
place after signing the magna charta.

1807. BURR'S conspiracy communicated to congress.

1807. BONAPARTE confiscated the possessions of Ernest Frederick Anthony,
hereditary prince of Saxe Coburg, for holding a commission in the
Russian service.

1807. Action between the British ship Caroline and the Spanish ship St.
Raphael, which resulted in the capture of the latter, bound from Lima to
Manilla, with 500,000 Spanish dollars, 1,700 quintals of copper, and a
valuable cargo.

1814. Camp Defiance attacked by the Indians at day break. The United
States troops and friendly Indians were commanded by Gen. Floyd, who
repulsed the assailants with great slaughter.

1823. CHARLES HUTTON, an eminent English mathematician, died. He was
born 1737; his father, a viewer of mines, intended him for the same
employment; but he rose by his own energy and application to a high
degree of fame and fortune.

1832. AUGUSTIN DANIELS, count de Billiard, died, a French statesman and
soldier. He fought at Jemappes, was with Bonaparte through the Egyptian
campaign; at Austerlitz; in all the great battles in Prussia; at Moskwa;
and lost an arm at Leipsic. He made himself useful under Louis XVIII and
Louis Philippe.

1832. ANDREW BELL, founder of the Bell or Madras system of education,
died. It has been made a subject of dispute whether Bell or Lancaster is
the progenitor of the monitorial or mutual system of instruction. In
1796 Dr. Bell returned from Madras, and submitted his system to the
public. It has since been widely diffused over the civilized world.

1836. FREDERICK DAVID SCHAEFFER died, pastor of the German Lutheran
church in Philadelphia. He was born and educated in Germany, but came to
this country in early life. He was a man of learning, and distinguished
for his knowledge of languages.

1840. ISAAC CHAUNCEY, a distinguished American commodore, died at
Washington.

1841. MCLEOD arrested within the limits of the state of New York. Though
engaged in burning the steamboat Caroline in 1837, yet being a British
subject and that government having assumed the responsibility of that
act, his arrest threatened a rupture of the peace between the two
nations.

1850. WILLIAM ATKINS COLEMAN, for more than thirty years connected with
the literature of New York, died.

1856. CHARLES MORRIS, a commodore in the United States navy, died, aged
71. He was the acknowledged chief of the navy in administrative wisdom
and in varied professional attainments; had displayed great heroism and
intrepidity in the capture of the Philadelphia and Guerriere; in the
latter action he was shot through the body by a musket ball.


JANUARY 28.

814. CHARLEMAGNE, or Charles I of France, died. He was an illustrious
sovereign, as well in the cabinet as in the field; and though he could
not write his name, was the patron of men of letters and the restorer of
learning. He wanted the virtue of humanity.

1547. HENRY VIII of England having grown so unwieldy and corpulent that
he was raised up and let down the stairs by a machine, after an illness
of some weeks, sank under his disease, and died in the 38th year of his
reign, and the 56th of his age. He repudiated his first wife 20 years
after marriage, and in the course of about ten years espoused five
others. Henry's reign was one of the most remarkable in the annals of
the kingdom. He made himself so much feared, that no English king had
fewer checks to his power. No hand less strong than his could have
snapped the chain which bound the nation to papacy, and have resisted
successfully the power and influence of the pope.

1588. THOMAS CARN died in London, aged 207; an instance of longevity
exceeding any other on modern record, but well authenticated in the
parish register of St. Leonard, Shoreditch. An old man died at
Ekaterinoslaf, Russia, in 1813, between 200 and 205 years of age; and
Don John Taveira de Lima died in Portugal, 1738, aged 198.

1596. FRANCIS DRAKE, the first Englishman that circumnavigated the
world, died on board his own ship. (See Jan. 9.)

1612. THOMAS BODLEY died. He was actively employed during the last
fifteen years of his life in collecting manuscripts and books for the
library at Oxford which bears his name, and which by his perseverance
came to be one of the most celebrated in Europe.

1687. JOHN HEVELIUS died, an eminent German astronomer.

1725. PETER the Great, of Russia, died, aged 53. He devoted his life
time to civilize his subjects, and raise the nation from barbarism and
ignorance, to politeness, knowledge and power. He spared no pains or
fatigue to obtain knowledge which he thought would be beneficial to his
subjects.

1732. The protestants of Saltzburg being driven out of their country,
settled by invitation of the king of Prussia in Brandenburg.

1738. The first stone of Westminster bridge over the Thames laid.

1782. JOHN BAPTISTE BOURGUIGNON D'ANVILLE, the French geographer, died.
He was esteemed as well for the gentleness and simplicity of his
manners, as for his extensive knowledge. He labored at his maps fifteen
hours a day for fifty years.

1782. JAMES MURRAY, a very eminent historical writer, and pastor, died
at New Castle upon Tyne, England.

1790. The Jews of Spain, Portugal and Avignon admitted to the privileges
of French citizens.

1794. JOHN GOTTLOB IMMANUEL BREITKOPF died at Leipsic. He acquired great
celebrity as a printer and type founder. His foundry contained punches
and matrices for 400 alphabets. He improved the printing press, and
discovered a new method for facilitating the process of melting and
casting. From his foundry types were sent to Russia, Sweden, Poland, and
even America. With the interruption of only five or six hours for sleep,
his whole life was devoted to study and useful employment.

1796. Prince of Wales, regent of England, attacked in his carriage by
the populace.

1797. Battle of Unroomster, in India; Zemaun Shah attacked the Seicks at
8 o'clock in the morning, by opening his _shutah renauls_, or wall
pieces mounted on camels, and a heavy fire was kept up until 2 o'clock,
when the Seicks gave a signal for a general charge, and agreeable to
their mode in close combat, flung away their turbans, let loose their
hair, put their beards in their mouths, and dashed into the midst of the
Huddalah army. The two armies continued engaged in close combat four
hours, when Zemaun's troops gave way, and were pursued to the very gates
of Lahore. The loss of the Seicks was 15,000; that of the Shah 20,000
killed.

1803. Madame CLAIRON, a French actress, died. She evinced when very
young a predilection for the stage, and adopting the theatrical
profession, soon became the first tragic performer of her age, and long
remained without a rival. She published _Mémoires et Réflexions sur la
Déclamation Théatrale_.

1804. JOSEPH NICHOLAS D'AZARA, a Spanish diplomatist, died, aged 73. He
became acquainted with Napoleon in 1796, who conceived great admiration
of him. He was an ardent admirer of the arts and sciences, and collected
an elegant library and a rich collection of paintings and antiques,
which however he lost in the political changes of the times.

1816. RICHARD JOACHIM HENRY VON MOELLENDORF, a Prussian general, died.
He commanded the Prussian troops employed in 1793 in the disgraceful
dismemberment of Poland, on which occasion he did every thing consistent
with his commission to alleviate the misfortunes of the Poles.

1818. NATHAN BIRDSEYE died at Stratford, Conn., aged 103. His funeral
was attended by 100 of his descendants; the whole number of which was
258.

1836. WILLIAM SCOTT, Baron Stowell, died. He filled the office of judge
of the court of admiralty in England, thirty years with distinguished
ability. He is represented to have been the charm and ornament of every
society of which he formed a part; and his unbounded charities acquired
for him universal regard and esteem.

1841. WILLIAM HOGG died at Brownsville, Pa., aged 86, leaving an estate
of one million dollars to his heirs. Fifty years previous to his death,
he crossed the Alleganies with a pack of goods on his back, which was
his whole property, and opened a small store soon after at Brownsville,
the first in that region of country.

1842. The first stone of the Anglican cathedral at Jerusalem laid, at a
depth of 35 feet from the surface. It stands upon mount Zion, and the
state of the rubbish which had accumulated since the time of David,
rendered it necessary to excavate to the depth of 42 feet to the natural
rock.

1854. LEWIS W. CHAMBERLAYNE, a Virginia physician, died; one of the
founders of the Richmond medical college, of which he was a
distinguished professor.

1854. A ball-cartridge manufactory at Ravenswood, L. I., blew up killing
20 workmen and destroying 50,000 ball-cartridges.

1854. The steamer Georgia, from Montgomery, Ala., having 200 passengers
and 1000 bales of cotton on board, took fire at New Orleans, and 60
passengers lost their lives.

1855. The Panama railroad being completed, the first train passed over
it this day.


JANUARY 29.

164 B. C. ANTIOCHUS EPIPHANES, the great enemy of the Jews, died.

1559. THOMAS POPE, the founder of Trinity college, Dublin, died.

1597. ANTHONY SHIRLEY, commanding a British squadron, landed at Jamaica,
and marched six miles to the principal town, _which submitted to his
mercy_.

1720. JOHN ADAMS, a celebrated English preacher, died.

1728. Dean Swift's STELLA died at Dublin.

1743. ANDREW HERCULE DE FLEURY, cardinal and prime minister of Louis XV,
died, aged 90. He was 73 years of age when he was placed at the head of
the ministry, at which time the state was in a miserable condition. He
healed the wounds of his country, and without bloodshed or cruelty
established and increased the internal happiness of France, and its
national glory.

1762. From Christmas to this day the weather was severely cold in
England. The ice on the Thames it is said was over five feet thick!

1780. The coldest day for 25 years at Philadelphia.

1812. Desperate attempt by a black man, a negro, to fire the British
privateer Speedwell. He was killed after 7 shots had been fired at him.

1814. Battle of Brienne, in which the French under Napoleon gained an
inconsiderable victory over the allies under Blücher, who narrowly
escaped being taken prisoner. It was at this place that Bonaparte
acquired the rudiments of that skill in the military art with which he
had almost prostrated the world.

1820. GEORGE III died. It was during his reign that the discontents in
America burst into an open flame, and an empire was lost to the British
throne. In 1810 he retired from the government, and the interval which
elapsed from that time until his death was a period of insanity. He died
in the 82d year of his age and the 59th of his reign.

1824. LOUISA MARIA CAROLINE, countess of Albany, died at Florence, aged
72. She was the daughter of a German prince, and married Charles Stuart,
the English pretender, whence she derived the title of countess of
Albany. They resided at Rome, and had a little court, and were addressed
as king and queen. The connection, however, was an unhappy one, and to
escape from the barbarity of her husband she retired to a convent, and
afterwards went to France. On the death of Charles, 1788, she returned
to Italy. She was then secretly married to Alfieri, the poet; the French
court conferred on her an annuity of 60,000 livres. Alfieri confesses
that to her he owed his inspiration, and that without her friendship he
should never have achieved anything excellent. Their ashes repose under
a common monument in the church of Santa Croce, between the tombs of
Machiavelli and Michael Angelo.

1829. PAUL FRANCIS JEAN NICHOLAS DE BARRAS, a French revolutionist,
died. As a member of the national convention, he voted for the king's
death; and subsequently, having offended Robespierre, he headed the
force that captured the tyrant. As commander-in-chief of the troops of
the convention, he entrusted Bonaparte with the post in which he first
distinguished himself, on the 5th Oct., 1795. His political career ended
1799, when he received a passport to his estate from Napoleon, then
first consul.

1829. TIMOTHY PICKERING, an American soldier and statesman, died.
In public life he was distinguished for energy, ability and
disinterestedness; as a soldier he was brave and patriotic; and his
writings bear ample testimony to his talents and information. He was
one of the leaders of the federal party.

1834. Duel at Paris between Gen. Bugeaud and M. Dulong, members of the
chamber of deputies; Dulong was killed.

1855. NICHOLAS ordered the formation of a general militia of the Russian
empire.


JANUARY 30.

422 B. C. A census of the inhabitants of Athens was taken, and reported
the number of males to be 20,000.

405 B. C. Sophocles died at Athens.

1560. A phenomenon observed at London, called the _burning spears_,
being one of the earliest records of that appearance now well known by
the name of aurora borealis.

1601. SCIPIO AMMIRATI, an Italian historian, died. He wrote a history of
Florence, published in 2 vols, folio.

1606. EVERARD DIGBY hanged, drawn and quartered at the west end of St.
Paul's church, London. He was concerned in the gunpowder plot, having
offered £1500 towards defraying the expenses of that dreadful affair. He
also entertained Fawkes, who was to have executed it in his house, and
was taken in open rebellion with other papists after the plot was
detected and had miscarried.

1644. WILLIAM CHILLINGWORTH died; celebrated for his skill as a
religious controversialist, and a defender of protestantism against
popery.

1647. King CHARLES I delivered up to parliament by the Scots for
£200,000. Some think it unworthy of the nation.

1649. CHARLES I beheaded. He was born in Scotland 1600, and succeeded to
the British throne 1625. His reign was signalized by a struggle with his
parliaments, in procuring supplies, which finally ended in his
execution. He was tried for treason against the people, and condemned
with only three days' grace.

1660. WILLIAM OUGHTRED, an English divine and mathematician, died, it is
said, in consequence of excess of joy at the restoration of Charles II,
whom he called Christ's anointed.

1661. The heads of Oliver Cromwell, John Bradshaw, and Henry Ireton set
on poles at Westminster hall, and their bodies buried under the gallows
at Tyburn, where their disinterred bodies had been hung.

1678. The expense of the equestrian statue of Charles I at Charing
Cross, London, was defrayed with part of £70,000, voted for his funeral
celebration.

1691. Pope ALEXANDER III died, after a reign of only 15 months.

1735. GEORGE GRANVILLE, viscount Lansdowne, an eminent English poet,
died. Having vainly endeavored to get employment in arms for the defence
of James II, to whose cause he was warmly attached, he retired to
private life, enjoying the company of his muse, which he employed in
celebrating the reigning beauties of the age, in imitation of Waller.

1757. Calcutta retaken by Col. Clive.

1766. JAMES BARTHOLOMEW BECCARIA, an Italian physician and professor of
natural philosophy, died. His writings are highly esteemed.

1766. SUSANNA MARIA CIBBER died. She was not only considered the best
actress in England, but supposed by many to excel the celebrated Madame
Clairon, of Paris, her contemporary.

1805. JOHN ROBINSON, a celebrated Edinburgh mathematician, died.

1809. Assault upon Saragossa in Spain by the French under Junot, Lannes
and Mortier. The Spaniards made a most desperate resistance; a corps of
women even being formed for its defence. The houses were taken one by
one; they were compelled to undermine upwards of 600 in order to get
possession of them.

1810. Several meteoric stones fell in Caswell county, North Carolina.

1826. The mails were first carried over the Menai suspension bridge,
which connects the island of Anglesey with the Welch shore.

1833. JOSEPH BLUYDENBURGE died at Smithtown, L. I., aged 101, retaining
the vigor of perfect health to the last week of his life.

1834. Attempt to assassinate the president of the United States, Andrew
Jackson, made by Richard Lawrence.

1834. RUDOLPH ACKERMAN, who so much improved lithography, and the first
to use gas-light in England, died.

1837. Explosion of the magazine of the French garrison at Bona in
Algiers, containing 12,000 pounds of powder and 1 million musket
cartridges. The commandant with 108 men were killed, and 102 wounded.

1837. The town of Jaffa in Palestine destroyed by an earthquake. Of
15,000 inhabitants, only 2,000 escaped burial in the ruins.

1837. ADAM AZELIUS, the last remaining pupil of Linnæus, died;
celebrated for his travels in Asia and Africa.

1841. The town of Mayaguez, Porto Rico, consisting of about 600
buildings, was consumed by fire. Loss estimated at from two to four
millions of dollars.

1852. The king of Naples by decree confiscated the property of
Neapolitan emigrants.

1855. HERMAN KNICKERBACKER died, aged 75; known as the prince of
Schaghticoke, being the third in descent from the original settler
there.


JANUARY 31.

1000 B. C. It is usual to fix the finishing of the temple of _Hercules_
at _Tyre_ on this day, and the death of _Anchises_, 183 years earlier.

1574. Birthday of BEN JONSON.

1578. Battle of Gemblours, in the Netherlands, by which the Spanish
recovered their superiority in the Walloon provinces which were
zealously catholic.

1606. GUIDO FAWKES executed. He was an officer in the Spanish service,
concerned in the gunpowder plot, and discovered in the vault below the
House of Lords, prepared to fire the train which was to involve the
enemies of the catholic religion in one common ruin.

1616. JACOB LE MAIRE, a Dutchman, discovered cape Horn, the southern
extremity of the American continent.

1686. In Norway, Courland and Pomerania, there fell a great quantity of
a membraneous substance, friable, and blackish, somewhat like burnt
paper. Baron Grotthus analyzed a portion of this substance, which has
been preserved in a cabinet of natural history, and it is found to
consist of silex, iron, lime, carbon, magnesia, a trace of chrome and
sulphur, but not a particle of nickel.

1692. Massacre of Glencoe, Scotland. King William, whose chief virtue
was not humanity, signed and countersigned the warrant, which was
transmitted to the secretary for Scotland, who particularly charged the
ministers of destruction to take no prisoners. The population was
barbarously massacred, and the spot disemboweled of every social
appearance.

1718. ASHTON LEVER died at Manchester, England. He was a collector of
specimens in natural history, and possessed one of the finest museums in
the world.

1750. The _Student_, a paper of much merit, issued at Oxford, England,
appeared this day.

1754. The 1st number of the _Connoisseur_ appeared, conducted by
Coleman, Bonnell Thornton, Chesterfield and others.

1775. Capt. COOKE discovered Southern Thule, soon after Sandwich land
which from the vast quantities of ice seen he conjectured might be a
continent.

1737. The attorney general stated to the Irish parliament that an
insurrection existed in the county of Kerry, the people having taken an
oath to obey the laws of _Captain Right_ (a fictitious name), and to
starve the clergy.

1788. CHARLES STUART, the pretender to the throne of England, died at
Rome. He was the grandson of James II, born at Rome 1720. In 1745 he
landed in Scotland, with only seven companions, and marched south
gaining strength and carrying every thing before him till he arrived
within 100 miles of London. Here his career was arrested, and the battle
of Culloden decided his fate. He wandered about the wilds of Scotland
five months, often without food, and the price of £30,000 set upon his
head. He finally escaped in a French vessel, and ended his days in
dissipation.

1795. The assembly of the states of Holland passed at the Hague the
first public instrument in the shape of a declaration of rights.

1801. Sale of fine wheaten bread prohibited in London and that of brown
substituted.

1813. SAMUEL M'KEEHAN, surgeon's mate in the Ohio militia, ordered by
General Harrison, with a flag of truce, and money for supplies, for the
wounded prisoners taken January 22d, put up for the night in a cave at
the foot of the Miami, leaving his horse and cabriole at the entrance,
and the flag stuck up; about midnight a party of Indians fired on them,
wounded the doctor in the foot, killed and scalped his companion, Mr.
Lamont, and stripped him, they took the money, horse, blankets, &c., and
compelled the doctor to travel 20 miles that night on foot.

1826. FRANÇOIS D'ETIENNE LANTIER, a dramatic writer of no small
celebrity in France, died at Marseilles.

1828. ALEXANDER YPSILANTI, a Greek patriot, died at Vienna, aged 36. He
attempted the liberty of his country, but was discountenanced by the
emperors of Russia and Austria, and imprisoned by the latter seven
years. His early death is attributed to his incarceration.

1833. OTHO, prince of Bavaria, arrived at Napoli di Romania as the first
king of restored Greece; at which time he had not attained his 18th
year.

1838. OSCEOLA, the celebrated Seminole chief, died at Charleston, S. C.,
aged 35. From a vagabond child he became the master-spirit of a long and
desperate war. He was a subtil and sagacious savage, who established
gradually and surely a resistless ascendancy over his adopted tribe, by
the daring of his deeds, the constancy of his hostility to the whites,
and the profound craft of his policy.

1839. JAMES BYLES died at Oyster bay, N. Y., aged 118. He was a native
of France, came to this country while a boy, was a soldier under Wolfe,
and in the battle of Quebec.

1843. Was living at Caraccas, South America, MARIA DE LA CRUZ CARVALLO,
aged 144. Her hair, which had been white with age, returned to black at
the age of 133; and her sight, which was entirely lost at the age of
118, returned, at the age of 138, so that she could thread a needle.

1854. The rail road track at Erie, Pa., torn up the second time by a
mob.

1855. The western rail roads blocked with snow, and travel almost wholly
obstructed for several days. No communication was had between St. Louis
and Chicago for eleven days. Seventeen locomotives were frozen in or
buried by the snow on the Chicago and Mississippi rail road.




FEBRUARY.


FEBRUARY 1.

107. ST. IGNATIUS died, or was murdered.

1461. Battle of Mortimer's Cross, in which Edward, duke of York
(afterwards Edward IV), revenged his father's death by a signal victory
over the royalists, commanded by Jasper, earl of Pembroke.

1642. EDWARD FINCH died. He was vicar of Christ church, London, from
which he was expelled for preaching in a surplice and associating with
women.

1681. JOHN EDWARD NIDHARD, an Austrian jesuit, died. He was appointed
inquisitor-general and minister of Spain.

1684. ROBERT LEIGHTON, a Scotch prelate, died. He for a number of years
employed his talents and influence in a vain endeavor to bring about a
reconciliation between the presbyterians and episcopalians. As a
preacher he was admired beyond all his contemporaries, and his works
have not yet lost their popularity.

1686. FRANCIS BLONDEL died; eminent for his knowledge of geometry and
belles-lettres; was professor of mathematics and architecture, and tutor
to the dauphin of France.

1702. Marshal VILLEROY, general of the French and Spanish armies in
Italy, surprised in his bed at Cremona, and taken prisoner by the
imperialists under Prince Eugene.

1708. Captain ROGERS discovered Alexander Selkirk on the island of Juan
Fernandez, where he had lived alone four years and four months.

1718. DANIEL FRANCIS VOISIN, chancellor of France, died. He was eminent
for his talents, integrity and virtue.

1733. FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, elector of Saxony and king of Poland, died.
His court was one of the most splendid and polished in Europe, and he
filled with dignity his station among the European powers. In his
character generous ideas were united with despotic feelings; a taste for
pleasure with the cares of ambition; and the restlessness of a warlike
spirit with the effeminacy of a luxurious life. Instances of his
prodigious strength are recorded, which appear almost incredible.

1775. The new congress of Massachusetts met at Cambridge and chose John
Hancock their president.

1781. Lord CORNWALLIS with the British army, passed the Catawba at
M'Cowan's ford. His passage was disputed by Wm. Davidson, lieut. col.,
commandant of the North Carolina line, and brigadier general of militia,
with 300 militia. Davidson was overpowered, and killed by a ball in the
breast. Cornwallis had his horse killed under him.

1789. The first president of the United States elected.

1793. War declared against England and Holland by the French.

1796. A stone was thrown at the carriage of George III, king of England,
as he was returning from Drury lane theatre. It hit the queen in the
face.

1800. Battle between the United States frigate Constellation, Capt.
Truxton, and the French frigate La Vengeance of 54 guns. The action
lasted from 8 o'clock in the morning until after noon, when the
Vengeance was completely silenced; but taking advantage of a squall made
her escape to Curacao, where she arrived in a shattered condition,
having lost 160 men killed and wounded.

1801. DANIEL NICHOLAS CHODOWIECKI, a German painter and engraver, died.
He practiced miniature painting with great assiduity to support his
mother. His first trials at engraving excited the astonishment of
connoisseurs; and at length scarce a book appeared in Prussia for which
he did not engrave at least a vignette. He was universally esteemed for
his integrity.

1804. J. PACKER died at Spinningfield, England, aged 33, weighing 29
stone.

1813. American privateer schooner Hazard, Capt. Le Chartier, of 3 guns
and 38 men, captured the British merchant ship Albion of 12 guns and 15
men; on the 23d she was re-captured by the British cutter Caledonia of 8
guns and 38 men; on the 26th the Hazard fell in with and took both of
them; but succeeded in bringing the Albion only into St. Mary's. The
Hazard had her first lieutenant and 6 men wounded, but she was much
shattered. Great part of the Caledonia's crew were killed or wounded.

1814. BONAPARTE defeated by the allied army near Chaumenil.

1814. A destructive eruption of Albay in Luconia, one of the
Phillipines.

1815. Eruption of the volcano of Albay, in the province of Camarines, on
the southern part of one of the Phillipine islands, in the Indian ocean;
by this awful catastrophe five populous towns were entirely destroyed
and more than 1200 of the inhabitants perished.

1824. HENRY BATE DUDLEY died. He was born in England 1745, educated for
the pulpit, and succeeded to his father's benefice. He established the
_Morning Post_, and subsequently several other papers, and manifested
his literary abilities by the production of several successful comedies.
He obtained a baronetcy, and at the time of his decease was a magistrate
for eleven counties.

1824. JOHN LEMPRIERE died, author of the _Biographical Dictionary_. He
was an English prelate, and an excellent classical scholar.

1833. ELIZABETH MOORE died, in Pitt county, North Carolina, aged 101.

1837. A memorial was presented to congress, signed by 56 authors of
Great Britain, praying that body to secure to them the exclusive right
to their respective writings in the United States.

1837. EDWARD DONOVAN died, near London, a celebrated author on natural
history.

1837. SIMPSON, in the service of the Hudson Bay company, reached
Athabasca, having completed since the first of December a journey of
1277 statute miles, the _preliminary_ step of the expedition.

1845. SAMUEL MCGWINN, known as the _Caithness Veteran_, died at Andover,
New-Hampshire, aged 110.

1851. MARY WOLSTONECRAFT, widow of Percy Bysshe Shelley, died, aged 53;
known in authorship by her _Travels_ and _Frankenstein_.

1852. Ohio state house burnt, and a large mass of valuable papers
perished with it.

1854. SILVIO PELLICO died near Turin in Italy. In 1820 he was seized by
the Austrians as a carbonaro, while employed as a tutor, and confined in
the fortress of Spielberg ten years. On his release he was employed as
librarian by the Marchesa Barolo until his death.

1854. The splendid Parliament house at Quebec, with the government
library and philosophical apparatus, were destroyed by fire.

1855. The United States surveying steamer Water Witch, ascending the
Paraguay in violation of the ordinance that no man of war should enter
that river, was fired at from the fort, and one man killed. The Water
Witch returned the fire and backed down the stream.

1856. IVAN FEDOROWITCH PASKIEWITSCH, vice-roy of Poland, died, aged 74.
He distinguished himself in all the wars of the Russian empire,
beginning with that of the invasion of 1812.


FEBRUARY 2.

1141. Battle of Lincoln, and defeat of Stephen, king of England, by the
earl of Gloucester. The king, whose valor deserved a better fortune, was
taken prisoner, loaded with irons, and Matilda proclaimed queen.

1421. HENRY V entered London from the complete conquest of France, which
had been accomplished in about five years, and was received by the
people amidst such pageants and popular rejoicings as that capital had
never witnessed.

1461. Battle of Mortimer's Cross near Ludlow, where the king's forces
were defeated, Owen Tudor taken and beheaded.

1529. BALTHAZAR CASTIGLIONE, an Italian nobleman and poet, died. He was
also so well skilled in painting, sculpture and architecture, that it is
said Raphael and Michael Angelo, though incomparable artists, never
thought their works perfect unless they had his approbation.

1626. CHARLES I of England crowned at Westminster. He wore the white
rather than the purple robe, and to prevent the increase of the plague
omitted the usual ceremony of riding in state.

1643. Prince RUPERT took Cirencester for Charles, by storm; 200 slain.

1653. New York city incorporated.

1682. JOHN PAUTRE died; an eminent French designer and engraver. His
works were published in 3 vols. folio, and contained more than 1000
engravings.

1688. ABRAHAM DU QUESNE died. He was a native of Normandie in France,
and distinguished himself in the navy by a series of valorous and
successful engagements.

1705. A new eruption of the peak of Teneriffe, forming the third
volcanic mouth.

1723. RICHARD SARE, an eminent printer, died. A sermon preached at his
death was well received and went through many editions.

1745. A conspiracy of 900 negroes to murder their masters in Jamaica was
discovered by a negress to her mistress, because the plotters would not
save a child she had nursed.

1752. The contributors to the Pennsylvania hospital, having rented a
house, admitted their first patients.

1768. ARTHUR ONSLOW died. He was 33 years speaker in the English house
of commons and the third of his family that had been nominated to that
office.

1771. JOHN LOCKMAN, an English dramatic writer, died.

1787. Gen. ARTHUR ST. CLAIR elected president of the American congress.

1788. JAMES STUART died; sometimes called Athenian Stuart, a very
celebrated traveler and delineator of Athenian architecture.

1794. The French convention decreed it treason for any officer to
surrender his ship to a force less than double his own!

1797. Mantua surrendered to the French, who now became entire masters of
the pope's dominions; whereupon Napoleon dictates to his holiness those
pious terms of pacification signed ten days after.

1798. The Federal street theatre, in Boston, entirely destroyed by fire.

1799. THOMAS PAINE, often called the _Literary Merchant_, died. Few
mercantile men become literary men.

1799. ELIZABETH WOODCOCK, an English woman, returning home from market
in one of the most stormy nights ever known in England, was overwhelmed
in a snow drift, where she remained eight days without sustenance. When
discovered her mental faculties were unimpaired, but she had lost the
use of her feet, and died some months after.

1801. The first imperial parliament of Great Britain assembled in
London.

1804. GEORGE WALTON died, one of the signers of the Declaration of
Independence. He was a native of Virginia, served an apprenticeship to a
carpenter, removed to Georgia and studied law. He was foremost among the
patriots of that state who assembled to devise measures of resistance to
the acts of parliament in relation to American taxations.

1806. MIRANDA sailed from New York on his expedition to revolutionize
South-America.

1806. THOMAS BANKS died. He was bred a wood carver, to which he served
an apprenticeship. But having taken several premiums for models of
sculpture he turned his attention to that art, and was sent to Rome to
study at the academy's expense. From Italy he repaired to Russia, where
he stayed two years; but not meeting with any adequate encouragement, he
returned to his own country. A colossal statue of Achilles mourning the
loss of Briseis is his masterpiece. He closed a life of arduous
exertion, at the age of 70; and there are monuments, both in Russia and
England that will long attest his skill.

1807. Battle of Bergfried near the lower Vistula. Bonaparte defeated the
Russians after a severe and sanguinary contest, in which Soult,
Augereau, &c., distinguished themselves very highly. The French took
four pieces of cannon and 1700 prisoners. Same day, the French general
Guyot captured the whole of the Russian magazines at Guttstadt.

1808. The French subverted the papal government at Rome.

1814. BONAPARTE defeated at Brienne with the loss of 173 cannons and
4000 men.

1817. The Scottish regalia, which had been deposited in a chest in 1707,
(see March 26) was examined by a deputation. The doors were removed, and
the floor was found covered with 6 inches of dust. No keys being found,
the oaken chest was forced open, and found to contain the ancient crown,
scepter and sword of state, as they had been deposited 111 years
previous.

1820. BENJAMIN TRUMBULL died, aged 92, author of a _History of
Connecticut_.

1831. A. BONPLAND, the celebrated traveler, permitted to leave Paraguay,
where he had been detained about nine years, by the dictator Francia.

1834. RICHARD LANDER, the enterprising traveler and discoverer of the
course of the Niger, died at Fernando Po, in Africa, of wounds received
from the natives. All his papers were lost. The British government
allowed his wife and daughter a pension of £150.

1834. LORENZO DOW died, aged 57; an eccentric traveling preacher. He was
born in Connecticut and had a good elementary education; but in his
youth acquired vicious habits which however he overcame at about the age
of 14. At an early age he believed himself called to preach, and in
obeying the impulse he commenced a career which has probably never been
equaled; and in spite of acute bodily disease performed an amount of
labor in traveling and preaching never before known. Before he had
completed his twenty-fifth year, he once rode 1500 miles and held 184
meetings in ten weeks and two days; and about a year afterwards,
traveled 4000 miles in the southern states, constantly preaching, in
seven months, and finished his tour without stockings, shoes, or outer
garment, and almost without a horse. For several years after he traveled
from seven to ten thousand miles and held six or seven hundred meetings
annually. It is thought that during the thirty-eight years of his public
life he must have traveled two hundred thousand miles, including three
voyages to England and Ireland. During these flying journeys he
constantly refused donations and contributions, except for immediate
want; and his traveling expenses exceeded his receipts more than one
half, the first eighteen years. Afterwards, however, his books became a
source of profit to him, and finally he became the maker and vender of a
_family medicine!_ which was a matter of speculation purely. He was
twice married; his second wife survived him. He was familiar to every
body throughout the United States, for there were few places however
obscure which he had not visited.

1839. DEBORAH LOGAN died at Stanton, Pa. She was a member of the
Pennsylvania historical society, and more intimately acquainted with the
early history of that state, than any other person living.

1840. OLINTHUS GREGORI, an English mathematician, died, aged 67. He was
more than thirty years professor of mathematics in the royal military
academy at Woolwich, and had the whole of the general superintendence of
the almanacs published by the stationers' company, which had been for a
long period conducted by Dr. Hutton. He published mathematics, biography
and religion.

1841. WILLIAM BARTLETT, an eminent and wealthy merchant of Newburyport,
and a munificent benefactor to the theological seminary at Andover,
died, aged 93.

1851. JOANNA BAILLIE, a Scottish dramatic authoress, died, aged 85.

1852. A priest, aged 63, attacked the queen of Spain with a dagger, as
she was returning from church; for which he was executed.

1855. G. FLETCHER, an English Wesleyan preacher, died, aged 108. Until
within six months of his decease he preserved an astonishing activity of
mind and body, often preaching without fatigue three times a day.

1856. The house of representatives at Washington elected a speaker after
a contest of nine weeks.


FEBRUARY 3.

1014. SWEYN, king of Denmark, died.

1399. JOHN OF GAUNT, duke of Lancaster, died. He was the son of Edward
III; was a prince of distinguished valor and prudence, and a patron of
the poet Chaucer.

1497. "Johannes Cabotus Venetus et Sebastianus illius filius,"
commissioned by Henry VII of England to take six ships of 200 tons
burden from any port in the kingdom for the purpose of making a western
voyage of discovery. This expedition was got ready by the beginning of
May, and consisted of two caravals freighted by the merchants of London
and Bristol, and some smaller craft.

1619. By letters patent dated this day, James I granted Ben Jonson a
pension of 100 marks during life, "in consideration of the good and
acceptable service heretofore done and hereafter to be done by the said
B. J."

1649. CHARLES II proclaimed king by the Scots.

1660. CHARLES X of Sweden died. He ascended the throne 1654, and was a
prudent though a warlike monarch.

1698. ERNEST AUGUSTUS, duke of Hanover, bishop of Osnabruck, and father
of George I of England, died.

1700. FILIPPO ACCIAGUOLI, an Italian dramatic poet and composer, died.
He effected many improvements in the machinery and internal arrangements
of theatres.

1730. ELIZABETH THOMAS, an English poetess, died. She is known by the
name of _Corinne_.

1761. RICHARD NASH, commonly called _Beau Nash_, died, aged 87. He was
the most accomplished _gentleman_ in England.

1779. The American Gen. Moultrie defeated 200 British at Port Royal
island, South Carolina, and drove them off that island. Moultrie had 1
lieutenant and 7 privates killed and 22 wounded. The British lost most
of their officers.

1779. Mutiny suppressed on board the United States frigate Alliance,
bound to France with M. de Lafayette and several French gentlemen of
distinction on board. Half the crew were concerned in it, and measures
were taken to quell it but a few hours before it was to have been
carried into effect. Great inhumanity was meditated towards the officers
and the French. This was the first organized mutiny ever known in the
American service. The mutineers were 36 in number.

1781. The Americans, closely pursued by the British after the battle of
the Cowpens, crossed the Yadkin and secured their boats on the north
side, when a sudden rise of the river arrested the pursuit of the enemy.
In this retreat the Americans endured extreme hardships with admirable
fortitude, and their remarkable escape confirmed them in the belief that
their cause was favored of heaven.

1781. St. Eustatia, one of the West-India islands, taken by the British
under Rodney. The plunder amounted to above £3,000,000, besides 6 Dutch
armed frigates and 150 vessels, many of them richly laden. The British
kept the Dutch colors hoisted, by which means several Dutch, French and
American vessels were decoyed and captured.

1782. Demerary and Essequibo surrendered by capitulation from the
French.

1783. The ratification of the preliminary articles of peace exchanged at
Paris.

1786. GASPARD RISBECK, a German author, died.

1794. GEORGE III and Queen CHARLOTTE went to Hay Market theatre, which
attracted so great a crowd, that more than 15 persons were trampled to
death.

1794. The French convention received the deputies from St. Domingo, one
of whom was a black, one a mulatto, and one a white; and at the same
time decreed that all men of color whom a tyrannical force had made
slaves, were still free and equally citizens with whites.

1795. A tableaux of the victories of the French from Sept. 8th, 1793, to
this date, presented to the convention by Carnot, gives the following
result: 27 victories, 6 of which were gained in pitched battles; 120
combats of less importance; 80,000 enemies killed, and 91,000 taken
prisoners; 117 important fortresses, 36 of which were taken after a
close blockade; 230 forts; 38,000 pieces of artillery; 17,000 muskets;
19,000 pounds of powder, and 90 stands of colors.

1797. Faenza in Italy carried by assault by the French under Victor,
afterwards duke of Belluno.

1800. Four British ships, carrying in all 106 guns, captured off Seven
islands, after a close action of 2 hours 10 minutes, the French frigate
Pallas of 42 guns and 350 men. British loss, 10 killed, 34 wounded.

1807. Montevideo taken by storm by the British.

1808. The Neapolitan garrison of Reggio surrendered to the French.

1809. The French national ship l'Iris, 24 guns, captured by the British
ship, l'Amiable.

1809. The Spanish junta in Seville issued orders to their troops to give
no quarter to the French found in Spain.

1810. British ship Valiant of 74 guns captured the French frigate
Cannoniere, 14 guns, with a cargo worth $800,000.

1810. The French destroyed the quicksilver mines at El Almoden del
Azoque, near Seville.

1810. Guadaloupe surrendered to the British.

1813. The Spanish cortez abolished the inquisition.

1814. BONAPARTE entered Troyes. Same day the Russians and Prussians
bombarded Vitry, defended by the French under Gen. Montmartre.

1831. The duke of Nemours elected king of Belgium.

1832. GEORGE CRABBE died; one of the most popular of the modern British
poets.

1832. CHARLES VICTOR DE BONSTETTEN died, aged 87; a distinguished Swiss
moralist, politician, metaphysician, geologist and traveler.

1836. MARIE LETITIA BONAPARTE, mother of Napoleon, died. She was born at
Ajaccio 1750; her maiden name Romolini; was one of the most beautiful
women of Corsica; married, in the midst of civil discord, Charles
Bonaparte, an officer who fought with Paoli; was left a widow 1785,
having borne 13 children, of whom 5 sons and 3 daughters survived their
father, and became celebrated. Madame Bonaparte was a woman of great
force and energy of character.

1844. Continued cold weather in the northern parts of the United States.
Long Island sound was frozen over a few miles above New York, and a
canal, seven miles in length, was cut through the ice at Boston to allow
the British steamer to go to sea.

1852. Battle of Santos Lugares, near Buenos Ayres, between the army of
Urquiza, 30,000 men and 50 cannon, and Rosas, 25,000 men and 90 cannon.
Rosas was defeated, and took refuge on board an English steamer. The
city was saved from pillage by ships of war of all nations then in the
harbor.

1856. Thermometer at 30° below zero in Kansas; and the cold extended
over the United States, in some parts to a degree unknown before.


FEBRUARY 4.

211. LUCIUS SEPTIMUS SEVERUS, emperor of Rome, died at York, England.
His sons, Geta and Caracalla, were by this event recalled from Scotland,
where they were debating with Fingal over heath and mountain, her
ancient stubborn independence.

836. EGBERT, the last king of the Saxon heptarchy, and the first of
England, died.

856. MAGNENTIUS MAURUS RABANUS, a learned German divine, died. His works
on theology are numerous.

1194. RICHARD, _Coeur de Lion_, released from his imprisonment.

1536. The parliament of England abolished every thing relative to the
pope's power in their realm.

1555. JOHN ROGERS, prebendary of St. Paul's, and the protomartyr, burned
at Smithfield.

1607. JAMES MENOCHIUS died; a civilian of Pavia, of distinguished
abilities.

1644. A very large comet which had terrified the straight-bodied folks
of New England with its prodigious length of tail, disappeared on this
day, to their great relief.

1648. GEORGE ABBOT, an English statesman and religious author, died. He
was one of the judges who sat at the trial of Charles I, and signed his
death warrant.

1660. Gen. MONK, famous as the restorer of Charles II, marched into
London and recommended a government moderately presbyterian.

1665. The first number of the _London Gazette_ appeared, published by
Sir Roger l'Estrange.

1687. FRANCIS DE CREQUI, marshal of France, died. He was distinguished
for his military enterprises and heroic courage.

1692. Goree taken from the French by the English under Gen. Booker.

1693. Earthquake of Sicily, which swallowed up Catania and 1800
citizens.

1746. ROBERT BLAIR, a Scottish clergyman and poet, died. The only
production of his, which we possess, is _The Grave_, a poem, striking
and vigorous.

1749. JOHN JAMES HEIDEGGER died at London. He was born in Switzerland,
and came to England, where by his taste and judgment in operatic
amusements, he was appointed to the management of the opera house and
the masquerades. He was the ugliest featured man in the kingdom, but
good-humored, benevolent and charitable.

1756. A mummy disinterred near Auvergne in France.

1762. SAMUEL DAVIES, an American divine, died, aged 36. He labored some
years as a presbyterian pastor in Virginia, where the act of uniformity
was enforced with great rigor, and was the founder of the first
presbytery in that state. His sermons have passed through many editions
on both sides of the Atlantic.

1774. CHARLES MARIE DE LA CONDAMINE died. He was possessed of a daring
spirit, which led him to enter the army. But the restoration of peace
cut off his hopes of promotion, and he traveled in Turkey and Asia. On
his return to Paris, the academy were making arrangements to send a
deputation to the equator for scientific purposes. The very desire of
being connected with so perilous an undertaking made him an astronomer.
The fatigues and hardships which he encountered in South-America, were
heightened by the discord and jealousy which arose among his companions.
He died while undergoing an operation for the removal of a malady
contracted in Peru. He bore an excellent character, and left many
valuable works.

1779. JOHN HAMILTON MORTIMER, an eminent English historical painter,
died.

1783. Cessation of hostilities with Great Britain, and final conclusion
of the seven years' war of the revolution, which freed the American
colonies from the claims of the mother country, and gave a new nation to
the world.

1787. JACOB WISMER died, aged 103. He was a German by birth, came to
America in Queen Anne's reign, and settled in Pennsylvania; here he
married his third wife, with whom he lived 67 years, and left 170
descendants.

1790. LOUIS XVI took the oath to maintain the new constitution.

1793. An embargo laid on all French vessels in Great-Britain.

1794. The legislature of Massachusetts having repealed the law against
theatrical amusements, the Federal street theatre was opened as a
regular, lawful theatre, with _Gustavus Vasa_ and _Modern Antiques_.

1796. British ship Aurora, one of Admiral Christian's fleet, having 160
men on board, who had kept her afloat three weeks by manual labor, was
rescued by Capt. Hodges of the American ship Sedgley. The troops were
principally Germans and offered Capt. Hodges 1000 guineas for his
exertions in saving their lives, which he nobly refused.

1797. Earthquake at Quito, which threw down many valuable edifices, and
destroyed several neighboring towns and plantations. A great number of
persons were swallowed up.

1800. WILLIAM TASKER died, aged 60. He was 30 years rector of a church,
but deprived of its income by unmerited persecutions and litigations,
until near the close of his life. The works which he published added to
his reputation with the learned, but contributed nothing to his support,
and he continued to struggle against poverty and oppression.

1804. CHRISTIAN JOSEPH JAGEMANN, librarian to the duchess Amalia of
Weimar, died. He was destined for the cloister, but escaped from the
monastery, and became a distinguished writer on the fine arts and
literature of Italy.

1804. The boats of the British ship Centaur cut out of Martinique the
French corvette Le Curieux.

1805. The British sloop of war Arrow, 28 guns, and bomb vessel Acheron,
8 guns, having a fleet of merchantmen in convoy, were captured by two
French frigates, but most of the convoy escaped.

1806. Gen. PHILEMON DICKINSON, who was in the battle of Monmouth, died
at Trenton, New Jersey, aged 69.

1808. First legislative proceedings in relation to the New York canals.

1811. JONATHAN LAMBERT, of Salem, Massachusetts, took possession of the
uninhabited island of Tristan d'Acunha, south of St. Helena. The British
took possession of it in 1817, and fortified it.

1812. Peniscola, in Valencia, surrendered to the French under Suchet.

1813. The United States frigate Constellation chased into Norfolk,
Virginia, by a British squadron.

1814. The ice formed on the Thames at London, above the bridges, and a
fair was held upon it during eight days.

1817. LEWIS PENNOCK died at West Marlborough, Pennsylvania, aged 92; 11
of his survivors, within a mile, arrived at 83½ years.

1834. JOHN O'KEEFE, a British dramatic author, died at Southampton,
England, aged 68.

1835. WADE HAMPTON died at Columbia, S. C., aged 81. He distinguished
himself in the war of the revolution under Sumpter and Marion; and
during the last war commanded a brigade on the northern frontier. He was
reputed the most extensive planter in the United States; one of the
wealthiest men in the whole southern country; and perhaps no other man
in this country ever amassed so large a fortune by agriculture.

1836. WILLIAM GELL died at Naples. He was a classical antiquary, the
illustrator of the ruins of Herculaneum and Pompeii, and author of
various works on classical antiquity. He was admired alike for the depth
and versatility of his erudition, the benevolence of his heart, and the
suavity of his manners.

1850. Seventy-five persons killed by a steam explosion in Hague street,
New York.

1854. Eight steamboats destroyed by fire at New Orleans, and 37 persons
perished in the flames.

1856. Fort Nicholas at Sebastopol blown up by the allies, with the aid
of 106,000 pounds of powder.

     This day in the calendar of Hesiod, is auspicious for
     marriages and the repairing of ships; but a day of _troubles_.


FEBRUARY 5.

46 B. C. MARCUS CATO killed himself, at the age of 48. He was a lover of
philosophy, in which he rigidly followed the doctrines of the stoics. He
was a soldier, and his first campaign was against Spartacus; afterwards
he led 1000 foot into Asia, where he was ridiculed for the small number
of his attendants, but was wholly unmoved by it. He sided with Cicero
against Catiline, and opposed Cæsar in the senate on that occasion. He
endeavored to bring about a reconciliation between Cæsar and Pompey, but
finding it in vain, sided with the latter. When Pompey was slain he fled
to Utica, and Cæsar pursuing him, he advised his friends to be gone, and
his son to trust to Cæsar's clemency; then lay down upon his bed, read
Plato on the immortality of the soul twice over, and rose and thrust
his own sword through his body.

41 B. C. AUGUSTUS, by a vote of the senate, in full assembly, their
brows crowned with laurel, saluted with the title of _Father of his
Country_.

1444. An eruption of Vulcano, one of the Lipari islands, which changed
the entire face of the local navigation. Aristotle records a dreadful
explosion, which is supposed to have formed the island as it stood in
the time of Pliny.

1552. JAMES MEYER, a Flemish historian, died, aged 61.

1556. A truce for five years was concluded between Charles V, emperor of
Germany, and Henry II of France.

1617. PROSPERO ALPINI, a famous Venitian physician and botanist, died,
aged 64.

1626. Three new committees, viz., one on religion, one on grievances,
one on secret affairs, were appointed in the parliament of Charles I.

1664. CHRISTIAN AAGAARD died, a distinguished Danish poet of the 17th
century, aged 48.

1674. A parhelion or mock sun observed near Marienburg in western
Prussia. It appeared in the horizon beneath the material sun, of a red
color.

1679. JOOST VAN VONDEL, a Dutch poet of considerable eminence, died,
aged 91.

1684. PHILIP DE MONTAULT, duke of Noailles, died. He renounced the
protestant faith, and rose to a high rank in the army.

1684. About the beginning of December commenced a frost at London, which
continued till this day. Coaches were run, oxen roasted, bulls baited,
&c., on the Thames.

1693. The Mohawk castles burned by the French.

1718. ADRIAN RELAND died; a learned orientalist and professor at
Utrecht.

1721. JAMES, earl of Stanhope, died. He distinguished himself in the
field and in the cabinet, under George I.

1729. JOHN TRUCHET died at Paris. He was distinguished for his knowledge
of geometry and hydraulics.

1751. The coffin and remains of a farmer were interred at Stevenage,
England. He died in 1721, bequeathing an estate worth £400 a year to his
two brothers, to be enjoyed by them during 30 years, at the expiration
of which time he expected to return to life, when the estate was to be
given up to him again. In order to his convenience on his reappearance,
he ordered his coffin to be placed on a beam in the barn, with the key
enclosed, that he might liberate himself. Four days grace being allowed
him for his resurrection, beyond the time specified in the will, and not
then presenting himself, his bones were consigned to the earth and his
estate forfeited.

1757. Battle of Plassy, in Hindostan, in which the British under Col.
Clive achieved an important victory.

1776. Georgia adopted a new government.

1780. The first shock of the earthquakes in Sicily and the two
Calabrias, was felt at Scylla on the same day. In the night a tremendous
wave swept from the coast 2473 inhabitants, with the prince of the
place. The work of destruction and terror continued for almost four
months, accompanied by incessant rains and bursts of thunder. Of 375
villages in Calabria, 320 were destroyed. It is estimated that 35,521
persons lost their lives in 33 towns only.

1782. The garrison at Minorca, 2692 men under Gen. Murray, surrendered
to the French and Spanish, 16,000, under the Duc de Crillon.

1788. Massachusetts adopted the federal constitution, proposing some
amendments. This was the sixth state in the list (ratified on the 6th,
q. v.)

1790. WILLIAM CULLEN, a celebrated Scottish physician and medical
writer, died, aged 77. He settled at Glasgow, and was for some time a
professor of the university there, which he left on an invitation to
Edinburgh. He successfully combatted the specious doctrines of
Boerhaave, depending on the humoral pathology; founding his own views on
an enlarged view of the principles of Hoffman.

1791. JOHN BEARD, an eminent and popular English theatrical vocalist,
died. He ultimately became joint proprietor and acting manager of Covent
Garden theatre, and continued on the stage till the loss of his hearing
forced him to leave it.

1792. JOHN EARDLY WILMOT, an English miscellaneous writer, died.

1795. Report of the committee of the assembly of the states of Holland,
respecting the state of the bank of Amsterdam, by which it appeared that
the bank had been for 50 years receiving as securities for large sums
advanced by it, a very considerable number of bonds instead of specie.

1795. The royal assent was given to the bill for suspending the habeas
corpus in Great Britain.

1796. Negombo, in the East Indies, captured by the British under Admiral
Elphinstone.

1797. The post of Corne, at the bridge head of Hueningen, was
surrendered to the Austrians by the French general, Sisce, Gen.
Abbatucci having died a few days before. Two days were allowed to
withdraw the garrison and every movable appertaining to the place.

1799. LEWIS GALVANI, an Italian philosopher, died, aged 62. His favorite
studies were anatomy and physiology. In his pursuits he was led
fortuitously to the discovery of a new branch of science, called
_Galvanism_. His manners are said to have been most unostentatious and
retiring, and his mind of a melancholy turn.

1802. The French and Spanish troops landed at Hayti and captured forts
Dauphin, Bizoton and St. Joseph. Christophe, the black general, set the
town on fire and massacred many of the white inhabitants.

1805. The East Indiaman, earl of Abergavenny, wrecked on the shambles
off the bill of Portland, and sunk in twelve fathoms of water. Of 402
persons on board, only 139 were saved. Her cargo was valued at £200,000,
exclusive of 275,000 ounces in dollars.

1807. PASCAL DE PAOLI, a celebrated Corsican general, died near London.
While endeavoring to rescue his native island from the tyranny of the
Genoese government, and defending its liberties against Gallic
encroachments and invasion, being overpowered by the French, he retired
with a few of his followers to England, where in a few years he ended
his illustrious career.

1807. The French under Soult, Davoust and Ney, surrounded and cut to
pieces a Russian column of 9000 men, took 1000 prisoners and 16 cannon.

1809. British ship Loire, Capt. Schomberg, captured the French national
ship Hebe, 20 guns, with 600 barrels of flour.

1810. The French under Sebastiani and Milhaud defeated the Spaniards and
took Malaga with its immense stores, 171 cannon, &c. The same day two
French frigates of 40 guns each, full of troops, destroyed off
Guadaloupe.

1811. Royal assent given by commission to the act appointing a regent of
Great Britain, in the person of the prince of Wales.

1813. British Admiral WARREN declared the ports and harbors of the bay
of Chesapeake to be in a state of blockade.

1814. Seventeen British officers put in close confinement at Chilicothe,
on the principle of retaliation.

1814. The advance of Gen. De York made a successful charge upon the rear
of Macdonald's army at La Chaussee, between Vitry and Chalons, took 3
cannon, and 100 Frenchmen prisoners.

1815. British ship Grannicus, Capt. Wise, captured the American
privateer brig George Little, 8 guns, 58 men.

1816. RICHARD, Viscount Fitzwilliam, died, leaving to the university of
Cambridge his splendid library and £60,000 for the erection of a museum
for its reception and exhibition. In his collection there are more than
10,000 proof prints of the first artists, a very extensive library of
rare and costly works, among which are nearly 300 Roman missals, finely
illuminated. There is also a very curious collection of the best ancient
music, containing the original _Virginal_ book of Queen Elizabeth, and
many works of Handel in the handwriting of that great master.

1818. CHARLES XIII of Sweden died. He was the second son of Adolphus
Frederick, and appointed at his birth high admiral of Sweden. His
education was directed chiefly to naval tactics, but the revolutions of
the time called him finally to the throne, where he conducted with great
prudence, and gained the confidence of the people.

1822. ALI, pacha of Yanina, generally called Ali Pacha, killed. He was a
bold and crafty rebel against the Porte; an intelligent and active
governor of his province; as a warrior, decided and able; as a man, a
very fiend. His early life was unfortunate, but his extraordinary
strength of mind, which shrank from no danger or crime, united to great
address, raised him to princely independence. His enormities at length
attracted the wrath of the sultan. Finding it vain to withstand so
powerful a foe, he sued for pardon, gave up his fortress, and was
treacherously cut down, with six of his companions.

1823. Yates county, New York, erected.

1823. JUAN ANTONIO LLORENTE died. He was induced by Bonaparte, who
placed in his hands the papers of the inquisition, to write a history of
that tribunal. When the fortunes of the Bonapartes declined, he was
banished from his country, and lived in France in indigence, supporting
himself by teaching Spanish in the boarding schools; but the university
at last forbid him that means of support. The rage of his enemies was
raised to the highest pitch by the publication of his _Portraits
Politiques des Papes_, and the old man was ordered in the middle of
winter to leave Paris in three days, and France in the shortest possible
time. He was not allowed to rest one day, and died exhausted, a victim
to the persecutions of the 19th century, a few days after his arrival in
Madrid.

1824. HENRY CALLISEN, a German physician and surgeon, died. He was the
son of a poor clergyman; educated himself; served in the army and in the
fleet; afterwards in the hospitals in Copenhagen; and finally accepted a
professorship in the university.

1831. The Russian army of 160,000 men enter Poland at several points,
Count Diebitsch commander-in-chief.

1835. Tremendous eruptions of volcanoes, attended with destructive
earthquakes, occurred in Central America, sinking several towns and
villages, and destroying a large part of St. Miguel and St. Salvador.

1837. JAMES CERVETTO the younger died, aged 90. He first brought the
violincello into favor in England. He excelled his father as a musician,
was leader of the orchestra of Drury lane theatre in the time of
Garrick, and 72 years member of the royal society of musicians.

1839. ASAHEL STEARNS, professor of law at Cambridge, died, aged 64. He
published a learned and accurate work on real actions, and was one of
the revisers of the statutes of Massachusetts.

1841. The Pennsylvania bank of the United States, after having, from the
time of the resumption of specie payments on the 15th January, paid out
an amount little if at all short of six millions of dollars in coin or
specie funds, again suspended specie payments. The exhibition of its
affairs, which soon followed, were so unfavorable as to cause great
surprise. The suspension was followed by that of nearly all the banks
south and west of New York and New England.

1851. JOHN PYE SMITH died, aged 77; a religious controversial author of
note, and nearly half a century principal of a dissenting college in
England.

1853. The Sloo treaty signed at Mexico, for opening a communication
across the isthmus of Tehuantepec.

1854. JAMES B. COOPER, an American naval officer, died, aged 94. He was
a member of Lee's legion in the war of the Revolution, and served in the
navy during the war of 1812.

     A day of dire calamity, says Hesiod, in which certain _Greek_
     ladies, called "the Furies," make their round, "_about, about,
     about_."


FEBRUARY 6.

129 B. C. Three ambassadors from John Hyrcanus, the Jewish pontiff, were
received at Rome, when the senate decreed a renewal of the league of
amity and assistance with that "good and friendly people," and dismissed
the delegates with presents.

1554. JOHN WYATT and a number of others executed for an insurrection and
riot, on account of Queen Mary's marriage with Philip II of Spain.

1593. JAMES AMYOTT, grand almoner of France, died; a writer on various
subjects, but chiefly known as the translator of _Plutarch's Lives and
Morals_.

1623. JUAN MARIANA, a Spanish historian, died. He wrote several works,
theological and historical; the most considerable of which is his
_History of Spain_.

1649. The Rump parliament voted the house of peers to be useless and
dangerous, and accordingly that branch of the legislature and the office
of king, were abolished by two brief resolutions.

1685. CHARLES II, king of England, died. At the time of the death of his
father he was a refugee at the Hague, on which he immediately assumed
the royal title. In 1660 he entered London amidst the universal
acclamations of the people. He was a confirmed sensualist and
voluptuary, says Lardner, and owing to the example of him and his court,
his reign was the era of the most dissolute manners that ever prevailed
in England. His career was terminated by a fit of apoplexy, at the age
of 55. It was during this reign that the great plague and the great fire
of London occurred. He was the twenty-sixth king of England.

1693. A party of about 700 French and Indians fell upon the Mohawk
villages near Schenectady, and took about 300 prisoners in the English
interest, without doing much other damage. They were pursued by Col.
Schuyler with a party from Albany, and several skirmishes ensued. The
French escaped by crossing the north branch of the Hudson, on a cake of
ice. They lost in this enterprise 80 men killed, and were reduced to
great want before they got home.

1696. A plot to assassinate WILLIAM III of England, was discovered.

1736. Earthquake in New England.

1738. JOSEPH MITCHELL, a Scotch dramatic poet, died.

1740. CLEMENT XII (Laurence Corsini), pope of Rome, died. He was very
popular, and corrected many abuses in the church.

1755. MAURICE JOHNSON, a noted English antiquary, died.

1756. Birthday of AARON BURR, at Newark, N. J. His father was the Rev.
William Burr, second president of New Jersey college at Princeton, and
his mother a daughter of the celebrated Jonathan Edwards, third
president of that institution. His wife is well known.

1777. Great Britain granted letters of marque and reprisal against
America.

1778. The French avowed the independence of the United States, by
concluding a treaty of defensive alliance with them.

1778. New York acceded to the confederation.

1783. LAUNCELOT BROWN died. He invented a new system of horticulture,
and carried ornamental gardening to a high degree of perfection. Many
delightful places of resort in England will stand for ages as memorials
of his superior taste and abilities.

1783. The first ship which displayed the thirteen stripes in any British
port, was recorded at the London custom house. She was loaded with 587
butts whale oil, belonged to the island of Nantucket, and was manned
wholly with American seamen.

1788. Massachusetts adopted the constitution of the United States, being
the 6th state which ratified that instrument. The vote stood 187 to 168.

1792. The city of Morocco, which had shut its gates against the emperor
Muley Yazid, was attacked by his forces and carried. The greatest
excesses were committed by the soldiery, against friends as well as
foes, and the Jews were as usual given up to be plundered. (See 12th and
16th.)

1796. The state of Vermont adopted its constitution.

1798. The bank of England subscribed £200,000 to assist government to
repel the threatened invasion. By the assistance of manufacturers, &c.,
this sum was increased to £1,500,000.

1799. British ship Arago, Capt. Bowen, captured off Mahon, at midnight,
the Spanish frigate Santa Teresa, 42 guns and 350 men.

1800. The duke of ORLEANS (Louis Phillip, afterwards king,) asked pardon
of Louis XVIII, and swore that he was ready to shed the last drop of his
blood in his service. He was graciously received.

1803. GIAMBATTISTA CASTI, a Florentine historian, died, aged 82. His
works are full of wit and originality, and some of them have been
translated into English.

1804. JOSEPH PRIESTLY died. He was the son of a Calvinistic clothier, in
whose rigid principles he was educated. His heresy ripened into
unitarianism. His publications had already made him extensively known,
when in 1766 he became acquainted with Franklin, by whom he was
encouraged to compose a work on electricity. This was followed by
several scientific works, till in 1794, on the anniversary of the
capture of the Bastile, the mob at Birmingham, where he then resided,
proceeded to his house, which, with his library, manuscripts and
apparatus, fell a prey to the flames. Finally, goaded by party enmity,
he sought an asylum in the United States, and took up his residence at
Northumberland, Pa. Here his devotion to his favorite pursuits brought
on a disease, which hastened the end of his existence, in the 71st year
of his age. His works amount to about 70 volumes, octavo.

1806. Action between the British fleet under Admiral Duckworth, and the
French under Lessiegues, off St. Domingo, which resulted in the
destruction of the latter, consisting of four large ships of war.

1807. The French under Murat, defeated the Prussians under Hoff, in
Prussian Poland.

1811. The prince regent of Great Britain took the oath prescribed by the
regency act, and was installed.

1813. The United States government ordered all alien enemies to report
themselves to the marshals of the districts in which they resided.

1814. Lord CASTLEREAGH, with other diplomatic characters, met at
Chartillon-sur-Seine, for the negotiation of peace.

1815. Full pardon granted to the Barratarian pirates by the president of
the United States, in consequence of their fidelity and courage in the
defence of New Orleans.

1832. The crew of the United States frigate Potomac, made an attack upon
Qualla Battoo, in Sumatra. The town was destroyed and 150 Malays killed;
loss of the Potomac 2 killed, 14 wounded.

1833. PIERRE-ANDRE LATREILLE, a French naturalist, died at Paris. He
particularly distinguished himself in entomology.

1834. The celebrated and enterprising traveler, Lander, died of a shot
wound in Africa.

1853. President CAVALLOS resigned, and Gen. Lombardini chosen president
of Mexico with dictatorial powers.

1853. The insurrection of Mazzini at Milan, which was unsuccessful.

1853. WILLIAM PETER, British consul at Philadelphia, died. He translated
the _Prometheus_ of Æschylus, was an accomplished scholar and talented
poet.


FEBRUARY 7.

1451. B. C. The Jews place the death of Moses on this day.

1642. WILLIAM BEDELL, bishop of Kilmore, died; one of the most exemplary
prelates of the 17th century. He was so greatly respected even by the
papists, that when the Irish rebellion of 1641 broke out, his was for
some time the only English house in the county that stood unviolated.
But refusing to submit to the orders of the council of state,
interfering with his religious duties, he was thrown into prison, and
his death was occasioned by the rigors of confinement. He translated the
old testament into Irish.

1674. MARGARET LUCAS, dutchess of Newcastle, died; authoress of plays,
poems, letters, essays, and philosophical fancies, filling 12 folio
volumes, and the biography of her husband, William Cavendish, earl of
Newcastle. She was a very singular character, and has been both
ridiculed and extolled by the best English authors.

1693. PAUL PELISSON FONTANIER died. He gave a history of the French
academy from its establishment.

1778. DANIEL BOONE, the first settler of Kentucky, taken by the French
and Indians near the Blue licks. This was the second time he had fallen
into the hands of the Indians. He made his escape about ten days after,
and reached home in safety.

1788. The settlement at Botany bay abandoned, and this day the regular
form of government was adopted, under Gov. Arthur Philip, and settlement
made at Sydney cove, Port Jackson, New South Wales.

1791. Saratoga and Rensselaer counties in New York, erected.

1792. ATHANASE AUGER, a celebrated linguist, died. He was born at Paris,
1734, and became a clergymen. His studies of the Greek and Roman writers
were indefatigable; the study of Cicero and of Roman history occupied
the last thirty years of his life. His translations, &c., were published
in 30 vols. Learning proved its worth in his character and life.

1796. The British admiral, Sir FRANCIS GEARY, died, aged 86.

1799. JOHN HEDWIG died; a German botanist, whose researches respecting
the cryptogamia class of plants have established his name.

1807. Schweidnitz in Silesia surrendered to the French general Vandamme.

1810. British General PICTON tried for ordering Louisa Calderon to be
put to the torture. He was killed at the battle of Waterloo.

1812. Earthquake at Philadelphia; duration 30 seconds. It was also
observed in various parts of the United States to a less extent.

1813. Capt. FORSYTHE with 200 volunteers from Ogdensburgh, crossed at
Morristown to Elizabethtown, surprised the British guard and took 52
prisoners, 140 guns and some munitions, and liberated from jail 16
British deserters.

1821. The Caxton printing office, on Copperas-hill, Liverpool, the
property of Henry Fisher, totally destroyed by fire. It was the largest
periodical warehouse in Great Britain.

1823. ANNE RADCLIFFE died. She was born in London, 1764, and married at
the age of 23, William Radcliffe, editor of the _British Chronicle_. The
_Romance of the Forest_, her third novel, gave her much celebrity, and
the _Mysteries of Udolpho_ placed her at the head of a department of
fiction then rising into esteem. These works still maintain their place
among the more modern and fashionable productions of the kind.

1828. HENRY NEELE, an ingenious English poet and novelist, died by his
own hand, in a fit of insanity, supposed to have originated from too
intense an application to study. He was the son of an engraver, and
educated for the bar. His literary remains were published after his
death.

1834. CADWALLADER D. COLDEN, so favorably known as a philanthropist and
scholar, died at Jersey city.

1837. GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS IV, ex-king of Sweden, died. He came to the
throne at the age of 14, on the assassination of his father, 1792; but
on account of his violent and impolitic conduct, he was deposed in 1809,
and his heirs excluded from the throne. He afterwards traveled in
different countries of Europe under different names, and died at St.
Gall in Switzerland. The latter years of his life were spent in poverty;
he was badly clothed and fed, and possessed only an annuity of £300.

1837. The royal palace at Naples took fire and was partially destroyed.
The library and the magnificent collection of paintings belonging to the
king were burnt.

1839. KARL AUGUST NICANDER, a recent Swedish poet of no small celebrity,
died.


FEBRUARY 8.

293 B. C. PAPIRIUS CURSOR dedicated a temple to Quirinus, on which he
placed a sun-dial, the first ever seen in Rome.

291 B. C. ESCULAPIUS, the Sanitary god, as it was fabled, was enshrined
as a serpent on an island in the Tiber. As a physician he used the
probe, cathartics, bandages, &c., hence the respect.

1250. ROBERT, count of Artois, killed. He was brother to Louis IX of
France, refused the empire of Germany offered him by the pope, and
accompanied his brother to the Holy Land, where he conducted himself
with great valor. He fell in the battle of Massourah.

1574. GEOFFREY VALLEE, a French writer, author of _Béatitude des
Chrétiens_, which drew upon him the censure of the inquisition, burnt at
Paris.

1587. MARY STUART, queen of Scots, beheaded in the great hall of
Fotheringay castle, at the age of 44. She was the daughter of James V,
of Scotland. The misfortunes which it was the destiny of this beautiful
and accomplished woman to undergo are well known. After an imprisonment
of 19 years in England, she was brought to the scaffold on a conviction
of conspiracy against the queen, Elizabeth.

1594. EDMUND BONNEFOY, a writer on oriental law, died at Geneva in
Switzerland, at the age of 38. He was appointed professor in the
university of Valence, in France, where he narrowly escaped
assassination at the massacre of St. Bartholomews. He bore an excellent
character, independent of his talents and learning.

1637. FERDINAND II of Germany, an enterprising monarch, died.

1664. MOSES AMYRAULT, an eminent French divine, died. He was a man of
such remarkable benevolence, that he bestowed the whole of his salary
upon the poor, without distinguishing between catholics and protestants.

1674. A resolution was adopted by the house of commons in England, that
a standing army is a grievance; that the king should have no other guard
than the militia.

1690. A party of about 300 French and Indians made an assault on
Schenectady about 12 o'clock at night. The inhabitants were taken by
surprise, and 60 men, women and children massacred, and the town
destroyed. They took 27 prisoners, the remainder of the inhabitants fled
to Albany, nearly naked through a deep snow, of whom 25 lost their limbs
from the severity of the frost.

1716. Earthquake in Peru.

1724. PETER I, emperor of Russia, died.

1727. GEORGE SEWELL died; an English dramatic poet, physician and
miscellaneous writer.

1750. An earthquake in London.

1750. AARON HILL, a celebrated dramatic and miscellaneous writer in the
time of Garrick, died.

1752. GASPER DE REAL died at Paris, author of a valuable work on
government.

1772. The princess dowager of Wales died in her 53d year. She is said to
have given the peculiar tone to the first years of her son's
administration by her laconic exhortation "George be king."

1779. MOSES ALLEN, chaplain to the Georgia brigade, was drowned in
attempting to escape from a British prison ship. He was a native of
Northampton, Mass.; his age 31.

1807. Battle of Preussish Eylau, between the French army of 90,000 under
Bonaparte, and 60,000 Russians under Benningsen. The battle commenced at
the dawn of day. At noon a storm arose, which drifted the snow in the
eyes of the Russians. The contest ended at 10 o'clock at night, when
each army, after 14 hours hard fighting, occupied the same position as
in the morning. Twelve of Napoleon's eagles were in the hands of
Benningsen, and the field between was strewed with 50,000 dead, dying
and wounded. The Russians finally retreated, leaving 15,000 prisoners in
the hands of the French.

1815. The congress of Vienna determined to abolish slavery.

1817. FRANCIS HORNER died, aged 39. He was distinguished alike for his
spirited report of the bullion committee, and his rich contributions to
the _Edinburgh Review_.

1819. JOHN DAVID ACKERBLAD died; a Swedish scholar, who distinguished
himself by his researches in Runic, Phœnician, Coptic and
Hieroglyphic literature.

1820. CHARLES JUSTUS GRUNER, a Prussian police officer, died. He was an
active opponent of Napoleon during the whole of his career, and was
finally imprisoned to appease the French. After the second fall of
Bonaparte he was made Prussian director of the police for Paris and the
environs, in which capacity he counteracted with great decision and
dexterity, the cunning of Fouche, who employed every means to retain the
works of art which had been collected at Paris. He wrote several
valuable works on subjects connected with politics and the police.

1820. ROBERT COWLEY, an African, died at Richmond, Va., aged 125. He had
been for many years door-keeper to the Capitol of Virginia, which office
was bestowed upon him as a reward for revolutionary services.

1827. WILLIAM MITFORD, an eminent historical and philosophical writer,
died. He is best known as the author of a popular history of Greece.

1842. Great earthquake at the Windward islands. Point Petre, in
Guadaloupe, totally destroyed, and 10,000 lives lost. It extended over
46 degrees of latitude.

1851. NICHOLAS VAN SITTART, a British statesman, died, aged 85.

1856. M. CHACORNAC discovered the thirty-ninth asteroid.


FEBRUARY 9.

1450. AGNES SOREL died. She was the mistress of Charles VII, of France,
distinguished for her beauty, strength of mind, and the influence she
possessed over the king, whom she incited to deeds of glory.

1547. HENRY VIII was succeeded on the throne of England by his only son,
Edward VI, in the ninth year of his age, who was crowned with great
state at Westminster.

1555. JOHN HOOPER bishop of Gloucester, burnt. He was a dissenter in the
time of Mary, and refusing to recant his opinions, was burnt in the city
of Gloucester, and suffered death with admirable constancy.

1555. ROWLAND TAYLOR burnt at Hadleigh, in England, for resisting the
establishment of papal worship in his church. Great efforts were made to
induce him to recant, which he firmly rejected, and proceeded on his
way to the stake with great courage and apparent unconcern. During the
burning he stood without crying or moving, till one of the executioners
struck him on the head with a halberd, when his corpse fell down into
the fire.

1577. PHILIBERT DE LORME, an eminent French architect and antiquary,
died. He left several works on architecture greatly esteemed.

1636. PHILEMON HOLLAND died at Coventry, England. He was a laborious
translator of the Greek and Latin authors.

1660. The gates and portcullis, of London destroyed by Monk, who soon
discovered his error.

1670. FREDERICK III, of Denmark, died. He succeeded his father,
Christian IV, and improved the condition of his people by making them
more independent of the nobles; the crown he also made hereditary.

1671. A speech on the enormous subsidies granted to Charles II, by Lord
Lucas; though delivered in the king's presence, it was published, and
burned by the common hangman.

1674. The city of New York surrendered to the British by the Dutch
governor, Anthony Colve.

1674. Treaty of peace between England and the States General.

1675. The French fleet, under the duke of Vivonne, of 9 men-of-war and
several fire ships, defeated the Spanish blockading fleet at Messina,
and entered that port in triumph.

1680. J. CLAUDE DABLON, a Jesuit missionary in Canada, died. He
contributed the two last volumes of the _Relacions_, which were sent to
Europe; valuable for the geographical information they contain.

1734. PETER POLINIERE died at Coulonces in France. He was a
mathematician, philosopher and chemist, and the first who read lectures
on those sciences at Paris.

1751. HENRY FRANCIS D'AGUESSEAU, a French statesman, died. At the early
age of 21 he was appointed to the office of advocate-general, ten years
after solicitor general, and finally, in 1717, succeeded to the
chancellorship. He retired from this office 1750, at the age of 82, when
an annuity of about $25,000 was settled upon him. Voltaire pronounced
him the most learned magistrate that France ever produced. His published
speeches and pleadings form 13 quarto volumes.

1752. FREDERICK HASSELQUIST, a Swedish botanist and natural historian,
died at Smyrna.

1765. The peruke makers, distressed that people wore their own hair, and
that foreigners were employed, petitioned the king for redress. But the
populace, not seeing the consistency of being compelled to take off
their hair while the peruke makers wore their own, rose upon them, and
cut it off.

1767. HUBERT DROUAIS died; a painter of Normandy, who by pencil raised
himself from obscurity to fame and opulence.

1773. JOHN GREGORY, an eminent physician of Edinburgh, died. He taught
that the medical art, to be generally admired and respected, needed only
to be better known; and that the affectation of concealment retarded its
progress, rendered it a suspicious art, and tended to draw ridicule and
disgrace on its profession. His writings are spirited and elegant; among
them _A Father's Legacy to his Daughter_ is well known and appreciated.

1778. Two clergymen having preached in a chapel in Clerkenwell street,
London, without leave of the bishop, were prosecuted, and the chapel
shut by a writ of monition.

1779. WILLIAM BOYCE died; an eminent English musician and composer,
chiefly of sacred pieces.

1782. BENJAMIN MARTIN died in London; one of the most celebrated
mathematicians and opticians of the age in which he lived.

1795. FERDINAND III of Austria recognized the French republic, and made
peace with it. This was the first power that acknowledged the new
dynasty.

1795. The first parliament opened in Corsica, then subject to England.

1795. Treaty of peace signed between France and Tuscany.

1799. A naval action between the United States frigate Constellation, 36
guns, Capt. Truxton, and the French frigate Insurgent, 48 guns and 410
men. The engagement resulted in the capture of the Frenchman in one hour
and a quarter. French loss, 29 killed, 44 wounded; American, 1 killed, 2
wounded. This was the first opportunity offered to an American frigate
to engage an enemy of superior force.

1799. British ship Dedalus, captured the French frigate La Prudente in
57 minutes. French lost 27 killed, 22 wounded; British had 2 killed, 12
wounded.

1801. Definite treaty of Luneville signed.

1810. The French occupied Zafra in Estramadura.

1811. NEVIL MASKELYNE died at London, aged 79. This eminent
mathematician and astronomer ardently devoted a long life to science,
and mariners owe to his discoveries the method of finding the longitude
at sea by lunar observations.

1815. CLAUDIUS BUCHANAN died. In scriptural erudition he had very few
superiors. Deeply versed in oriental literature, he conceived the plan
of giving every man to read the scriptures in his own tongue, and died
while superintending an edition of the Bible in the Syriac language.

1834. BENJAMIN B. WISNER, a distinguished Calvinistic clergyman, of
Boston, and for several years secretary to the A. B. C. F. M. died.

1845. JOB PALMER, one of the fathers of the city of Charleston, S. C.,
and a worthy of the revolution, died, aged nearly 98.

1849. On account of revolutionary movements the grand duke of Tuscany
fled from Florence. The glorious Roman republic proclaimed.


FEBRUARY 10.

1024. ABDURRAHMAN IV, sultan of Cordova, dethroned by a relative and put
to death. He was a patron of science, which he cultivated with success,
and a poet.

1306. JOHN COMYN murdered by Robert Bruce in the convent of the minorite
friars. They were rival nobles, who had recently settled their
differences, and agreed upon a revolt from the dominion of England.
Comyn had treacherously revealed the matter to Edward. Bruce hastened to
accuse him of it, and after some altercation struck him with his dagger,
and he was immediately despatched by Bruce's attendants.

1402. WALLERAN, count of St. Pol, issued against Henry IV, of England,
his famous cartel of defiance.

1519. HERNANDO CORTEZ sailed from Cuba for the conquest of Mexico. His
armament consisted of 11 ships, 508 soldiers and 109 mariners. This
force was divided into 16 cavalry, 13 musketeers, 10 brass field pieces,
4 falconets, and 32 crossbows. This miniature army was destined to
oppose more than 500,000 warriors before it reached the capital of the
great Montezuma.

1539. JOHN STEPHEN DURANTI killed. He was the first president of the
parliament of Toulouse; and made himself conspicuous by his efforts to
preserve that city from the plague of 1538. He was killed by a mob.

1567. HENRY STUART, Lord Darnley, murdered, aged 21. The house in which
he lay sick was blown up, it is supposed with the privity of his wife,
Mary queen of Scots, by her favorite, the earl of Bothwell. Darnley had
murdered Rizzio, the queen's musician, before her own eyes, whose blood
was thus avenged. Mary perished on the scaffold, and Bothwell was taken
by the Norwegians, and died insane after ten years' imprisonment.

1640. DE VRIES commenced a plantation about four miles above the fort at
New Amsterdam, and complains that the director of the West India company
had failed to send him people for his colony on Staten island, as had
been agreed upon.

1658. GERARD LANGBAINE, an English writer, died. He acquired literary
celebrity by his edition of Longinus.

1676. Attack on Lancaster, Mass., by the Indians under Pocanoket. The
village contained 60 families; most of the houses that were not
garrisoned were burnt; and the house of the clergyman, although defended
by a competent number of inhabitants, was fired by the Indians, the
women and children carried away, and the men either killed on the spot
or reserved for further misery. Mrs. Rowlandson and her children, the
family of the clergyman, were afterwards redeemed. The town was saved
from entire ruin by the appearance of a company of 40 men from
Marlborough.

1676. ALEXEI MICHAELOWITZ, czar of Russia, died. He was father of Peter
the Great; distinguished for his wars, his munificence, and his
improvements in the state.

1680. A great comet, which had alarmed the inhabitants of New England
since the 18th November, disappeared. It was also observed in Europe,
and Henault says that it was the largest which had ever been seen, and
struck terror into the minds of the people of France. It was by the
observation of this comet that Newton ascertained the parabolic form of
the trajectory of comets, and demonstrated their orbits. This discovery
contributed to the removal of those terrors with which the phenomenon
had always been attended, in all ages, and among all nations, who viewed
it as the presage of some direful event.

1686. WILLIAM DUGDALE, an eminent English antiquary and historian, died.

1689. ISAAC VOSSIUS, a German scholar, died. He is the author of various
learned works in German, and edited several Latin and Greek works. In
1670 he visited England, was admitted to the degree of LL. D., and
presented to a canonry at Windsor by Charles II, who afterwards took
occasion to say that he was a strange divine, for he believed every
thing but the Bible.

1711. RICHARD DUKE died. He was a poet of some credit in the last
century, and by Dr. Johnson included among the classics.

1743. British sloop Squirrel captured the Spanish ship Pierre Joseph,
with 195,000 pieces of eight on board and a valuable cargo of cochineal,
indigo, &c.

1747. THOMAS CHUBB died. He was bred a glover, but when he arrived at
the age of manhood, devoted great attention to the sciences and
divinity, and gained great celebrity by a work on the latter subject.

1755. CHARLES DE SECONDAT, Baron Montesquieu, an illustrious Frenchman,
died. His _Spirit of Laws_ has immortalized his name.

1763. Treaty of peace signed at Paris between France, Spain and Great
Britain, by which the latter retained possession of Canada and Florida,
besides many important islands in the West Indias, and along the coast,
which had been recently captured by the British.

1773. JAMES FORTHON died at Grenada, one of the West India islands, aged
127.

1775. Lord NORTH, the prime minister, introduced a bill to restrain the
trade and commerce of the New England states, which finally passed by a
large majority on the 30th.

1783. JAMES NARES, a celebrated English musical composer, died. His
anthems manifest great power of genius, and with his other works will
perpetuate his name, and ever rank him with the first of his profession.

1786. JOHN CADWALLADER, an officer of the revolution, died, aged 44. He
commanded the Pennsylvania troops, and was in several important
engagements as a volunteer; he enjoyed the confidence and esteem of
Washington.

1786. Cardinal DE SOLIS died, aged 110. He was a native of Andalusia in
Spain, and at the time of his death was in the enjoyment of every
faculty but strength and quickness of hearing.

1787. CHARLES CHAUNCEY, a Boston divine, died. He was eminent for
learning, independence and attachment to the civil and religious liberty
of his country. His productions are numerous.

1790. The celebrated chess-player PHILLODOR won two games which he
played with skilled players while he was blind folded. The moves being
made by his directions.

1794. The British under Admiral Jarvis took Pigeon island, Martinique.

1795. The English garrison at Bergen-op-Zoom disarmed and sent prisoners
to France. The French also took Groningen the same day.

1795. The tower of Martello in Corsica taken by the British under
Admiral Hood.

1797. The French pillaged Loretto, a fortified town in Italy. The
soldiers entered the cathedral which contains the _holy house_, in which
it is said the Virgin Mary lived at Nazareth, and laid their republican
hands upon the madonna, the famous _Lady of Loretto_, which they found
standing upon an altar, in a niche of silver, surrounded by numerous
gold and silver lamps, and adorned with jewels. She was sent to Paris.

1799. BONAPARTE set out from Cairo on his disastrous expedition to
Syria.

1802. Port au Paix in Hayti taken by the French. The blacks set it on
fire and blew up two forts.

1803. JEAN FRANCOIS DE LA HARPE, an eminent French orator, critic, poet
and dramatic writer, died.

1804. His catholic majesty, CHARLES IV, renounced his protest against
the alienation by France of Louisiana to the United States.

1807. Bill for abolishing the British slave trade passed the house of
lords.

1808. Russia declared war against Sweden.

1809. Portugal invaded by the French under Soult.

1809. GEORGE ZOEGA, a celebrated Danish antiquary, died.

1818. THOMAS MORRIS, a British officer, died, aged 74. He fought by the
side of Montgomery in Canada during the French war, was taken by the
Indians, and narrowly escaped burning at the stake. On quitting the army
he published an account of his captivity, and in the retirement of a
small cottage passed some years in the pursuits of literature.

1841. Union of Upper and Lower Canada; Lord Sydenham taking the oath of
office as governor of the united provinces.

1852. Gold medal presented to Henry Clay at Washington by New York
friends.

1854. Gen. HERRERA, ex-president of the republic of Mexico, died. He was
one of the veterans of the war of independence, and as a statesman, had
given proofs of the loftiest patriotism and disinterestedness.

1856. President RIVAS decreed the annexation of the whole Mosquito
territory to Nicaragua.


FEBRUARY 11.

641. HERACLIUS, emperor of the East, died. He was the son of a governor
of Africa, conspired against Phocas, whom he beheaded, and ascended the
throne of Constantinople.

1225. HENRY III subscribed the great charter of English liberties, which
was witnessed by 13 bishops, 20 abbots, and 32 earls and barons.

1451. AMURATH II, emperor of the Ottomans, died. He was the first Turk
who used cannon in battle.

1502. ELIZABETH of York, queen of Henry VII, died in childbirth, in the
tower of London, on her birth day, aged 36. She married Henry in 1486,
by which the antagonist houses of York and Lancaster were united.

1503. JAMES TYRELL supposed to be one of the murderers of Edward V,
executed as a traitor. He is said to have confessed his agency in the
death of both the young princes.

1543. An alliance was formed between Henry VIII of England, and the
emperor Charles V.

1573. DRAKE the navigator was conducted by the Symerons to a tree
notched with steps, which served them for a watch tower, and from the
summit of which he had a view of the two oceans, one of which no English
vessel had ever yet navigated.

1650. RENE DESCARTES, a celebrated French philosopher and mathematician,
died, aged 54. His superior intellect early manifested itself. He
embraced the military profession, and served in various countries, the
better to make observations and form satisfactory conclusions on
scientific subjects. He finally settled in Holland, where during the
last 20 years of his life, the greater part of his works were written.
It is said of him that he extended the limits of geometry as far beyond
the place where he found them, as Sir Isaac Newton did after him.

1659. FRANCIS OSBORNE died; an English writer of great abilities.

1733. JOHN PERRY, a celebrated English engineer, died. He was patronized
by czar Peter of Russia, of which country he wrote a history.

1761. A usurer fined at Guildhall, London, £300 for having exacted six
guineas to discount £100 for six weeks.

1763. PETER CARLET DE MARIVEAUX, a French romancer, died. The great
characteristic of his works, is to convey a useful moral under the veil
of wit and sentiment.

1763. WILLIAM SHENSTONE died, aged 50. His father was a gentleman
farmer, who cultivated a moderate estate, called the _Leasowes_, which
were rendered celebrated by the taste of the son. Having finished his
studies, and come into possession of the paternal property, he gave
himself up to rural embellishments and the cultivation of poetry. He
wrote for fame, which was not awarded him by his cotemporaries and he
died broken hearted. "He was a lamp that spent its oil in blazing." His
principal poem is _The Schoolmistress_.

1771. JEAN DE BEAURAIN died; a French negotiator and geographer. He was
made geographer to Louis XV at the age of 25.

1771. JOHN BURTON, a learned English divine, died, leaving some
ingenious writings, collected under the title of _Opuscula Miscellanea_.

1780. The British under Sir Henry Clinton landed in St. John's Island,
about 30 miles from Charleston, S. C.

1793. Great Britain issued letters of marque and reprisal against
France.

1797. FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE, one of the signers of the declaration of
independence, and a brave officer in the American revolution, died at
Richmond, Va., aged 63.

1807. Revolution in St. Domingo, in which a profusion of blood was shed.

1810. The spire and part of the tower of St. Nicholas' church at
Liverpool, fell through the roof and killed several in the church.

1811. Battle of Laffesat, in which the Prussians defeated the Turks,
after a sanguinary contest.

1814. Battle of Montmirail between the French under Bonaparte, and the
Russians under D'Yorck.

1815. Fort Boyer, Mobile, with a garrison of 375, surrendered to 5,000
British under Lambert, with a fleet of 13 ships of the line and 25
smaller vessels. Col. Lawrence received a wound, and seeing that it was
useless to contend against such odds, struck his flag. British loss 31;
American 10.

1821. ADAM WALKER died. He was apprenticed to a weaver; but ultimately
became a lecturer on philosophy, which he adopted as a profession, and
traveled in England for the purpose of lecturing on that science.

1827. JOSE MARIA ABRANTES, a Portuguese nobleman died in exile. He was
the friend of Don Miguel, of infamous memory.

1828. DE WITT CLINTON died at his residence in Albany, aged 59. He was
born in the town of Little Britain, Orange county, N. Y., 1769, and
educated for the bar. He was at an early age elected to a seat in the
legislature, and continued to hold offices of honor and emolument until
the day of his death, at which time he was governor of the state of New
York. It is to his perseverance in a great measure, that we owe the
construction of the Erie canal. As a public character he is entitled to
durable renown, and no one was ever more ambitious of a reputation for
science and literature.

1837. JOHN LATHAM, an eminent English naturalist and ornithologist,
died, aged 97. He was one of the founders of the Linnean society, and
commenced the publication of his last work at the age of 82.

1844. HENRY KIFER, a soldier of the revolution, died at North Woodbury,
Pa., aged 110½ years.

1856. CAROLINE LEE HENTZ, a well known American novelist, died.


FEBRUARY 12.

590. PELAGIUS II, pope of Rome, died. In his time a plague raged at Rome
of so strange a nature, that persons seized with it died sneezing and
gaping.

1401. WILLIAM SAWTRY, a Lollard, condemned and burned to death at London
for heresy.

1448. A general poll tax of 6d. with 6s. 8d. on every merchant stranger,
and 20d. on their clerks, granted by parliament to Henry VI.

1542. CATHARINE HOWARD, fifth wife of Henry VIII, beheaded. The
execution of this ungrateful woman excited no commiseration, as she had
been the principal instrument in the accusations against Anne Boleyn,
her predecessor.

1554. JANE GREY beheaded, at the age of 17. She was the daughter of
Mary, youngest sister of Henry VIII, and a woman of uncommon beauty,
talents and learning, for her years, to which she added great amiability
of disposition, and fortitude of mind. Her disastrous fate created an
extraordinary interest in her favor, which has continued unabated. "Good
Christian people, you come here to see me die; not for any thing I have
offended, for I will deliver to my God a soul as pure from trespass, as
innocence from injustice."

1589. BLANCHE PERRY died, chief gentlewoman to Queen Elizabeth, and a
great lover of antiquities, besides a very tasteful writer.

1640. WILLIAM ALEXANDER, Lord Stirling, died; a dramatic poet and
statesman in the time of James and Charles I. His poetry, for purity and
elegance, is far beyond the generality of the productions of the age in
which he lived.

1660. General MONK, now reconciled to the citizens of London, drew up
his forces in Finsbury fields, makes an apology which is the signal of
rejoicing. Burning lamps the principal pastime.

1689. The parliament of England chose William and Mary king and queen.

1706. Battle of Fraustadt, in Prussia, in which the Saxons and
Muscovites under Gen. Schullemberg, were defeated by the Swedes under
Marshall Renschild.

1733. The colony of Savannah commenced, under Gen. Oglethorpe. This was
the first settlement in Georgia.

1744. The elector of Bavaria chosen emperor of Germany under the title
of Charles VII.

1746. Birthday of THADDEUS KOSCIUSKO, the Polish warrior.

1757. Peace concluded between the English and Sourajah Dowlah.

1771. ADOLPHUS FREDERICK II, king of Denmark, died. He was the founder
of the academy of belles-lettres at Torneo.

1782. The British surrendered the island of St. Christophers to the
French, under the marquis de Bouille.

1787. JOSEPH ROGER BOSCOVICH, an Italian mathematician, died at Milan.
He was also an elegant poet.

1789. GABRIEL BROTIER died at Paris; an illustrious and amiable
Frenchman, and one of the most distinguished ornaments of the
belles-lettres in that country.

1792. Battle on the plain of Morocco, between Yezid and Ishem, two
brothers, contesting for the throne. The forces of the latter, about
30,000, were defeated by about half the number under the former. Both
commanders were badly wounded. Ishem lost 1,300 killed, and 800
prisoners, who were all put to death by being nailed to the walls and
floors and left without food.

1793. JOHN MANLEY died, aged 60. He was appointed by Washington a
captain in the navy, was very successful in his captures, but was
finally taken prisoner by the British and confined in the Mill prison.

1797. ANTHONY D'AUVERGNE died at Lyons. He was director of the opera at
Paris, and an eminent composer.

1799. LAZARUS SPALLANZANI, an Italian writer, died. He is considered as
one of the greatest naturalists of that age.

1802. A messenger from England to lord Cornwallis was attacked by two
wolves near Boulogne, which tore off the lips of his horses.

1804. IMMANUEL KANT, a Prussian metaphysician, died. He was the son of a
harness maker in the suburbs of Koningsberg. He continued by persevering
industry to obtain a good education, and at the age of 22 successfully
attacked the doctrines of the most eminent metaphysicians of the day. He
was an original and profound thinker, as his numerous works attest: and
his philosophy has been taught in all the German universities except
some Catholic ones.

1807. Battle of Marienwerder, in Polish Prussia, in which the Prussians
were defeated by the French under Lefebre.

1808. Remarkable duel at Bonnau, in Austria, between the Bavarian
general Von Wrede, and a former Swedish minister, Von Duben. It was
occasioned by the latter having cast reflections upon the Bavarian
troops in 1805, in his dispatches to the Swedish government, and was
fought in presence of a vast number of people.

1810. Badajos in Spain summoned to surrender by the French marshal,
Mortier. The governor returned the summons unopened.

1814. Battle of Chateau Thierry, between the French and Russians, in
which the general of the latter, Fredenrich, was taken prisoner.

1814. General WILKINSON burned his barracks at French Mills.

1817. Battle of Chacabuco, in Chili, in which the patriots under San
Martin and O'Higgins, gained a decisive victory over the Spaniards under
Maroto. This, with the victory of Maypu, which occurred afterwards,
achieved the independence of the country.

1826. DEODATUS BYE, died. He edited _Cruden's Concordance_, _Diversions
of Purley_, &c. Some fugitive pieces in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ bear
his signature.

1831. Great solar eclipse (annular), visible in most parts of the United
States.

1832. The cholera made its appearance in London.

1834. FREDERICK SCHLIERMACHER, a celebrated Prussian divine, died. He
was professor of theology at Halle, and distinguished for the energy of
his character and the extent of his acquirements.

1837. EDWARD TURNER, professor of chemistry, London, died, aged 40. He
was an eminent chemist, a popular and much esteemed professor, and a
very exemplary and benevolent character.

1840. ASTLEY PASTON COOPER, a highly distinguished English surgeon, died
at London, aged 72. He was one of the first operators of his time, and
carried on a practice unexampled for extent and emolument in the annals
of surgery. His income from his practice was nearly one hundred thousand
dollars per annum. In one instance he received a fee of one thousand
guineas for an operation for the stone.

1855. The island of Cuba declared by the captain-general to be in a
state of siege, and the coasts and circumjacent waters in blockade.


FEBRUARY 13.

     This day was kept by the Jews as a fast, instituted by Esther
     in memorial of the day appointed by Haman for the extirpation
     of her countrymen. The same day was afterwards decreed as a
     feast for the death of Nicanor, the Syrian captain, who was
     slain at Bethhoron, B. C. 161.

1098. London bridge carried away by a flood and tax imposed to erect
another.

1570. BENVENUTO CELLINI, a Florentine sculptor, engraver and goldsmith,
died. His works in gold and silver are sold now at immense prices. In
his autobiography, which has been translated, he claims to have aimed
the balls which killed the constable of Bourbon, and the prince of
Orange, at the siege of Rome.

1579. JOHN FOWLER, an eminent English printer, died at Louvain, in
Belgium, where he had a press and issued various controversial
treatises, leveled at protestantism. He was well skilled in languages,
a tolerable poet and orator, a theologist not to be contemned, and well
versed in criticism, and polite literature.

1585. ALPHONSUS SALMERON, of Toledo, died. He wrote commentaries on the
scriptures, was a zealous follower of Loyola, the founder of the Jesuits
and distinguished for his learning.

1602. ALEXANDER NOWELL, an English divine, died. His _Catechism_,
published 1572, was in extensive use and much admired.

1662. ELIZABETH, queen of Bohemia, and eldest daughter of James I, of
England, died and was buried in Henry VII's chapel.

1689. Revolution in England; William, prince of Orange, and the princess
Mary, a daughter of the abdicating monarch, were proclaimed, by the
lords and commons, sovereigns of England. (Holmes says 16th.)

1694. The highland massacre at Glencoe, in Scotland.

1699. The government of England sent an order to the play-houses that
nothing should be enacted contrary to religion or good manners.

1726. WILLIAM WATTON died; an English divine, critic, historian, and
miscellaneous writer of great learning.

1727. The British under Col. Campbell precipitately evacuated Augusta,
Georgia, in the night.

1727. The Spaniards under the marquis de la Torras, commenced the siege
of Gibraltar. This was the twelfth siege, and proved unsuccessful.

1727. COTTON MATHER died at Boston, aged 65. He was the most learned man
in America, and one of the most superstitious. His achievements in one
year were 72 sermons, 60 fasts, 20 vigils and 14 books. His publications
amounted to 382, some of them being of large dimensions. The _Magnalia_
is his chef d'œuvre. He lived in the age of witchcraft, and fell in
with the delusion, hand, heart and pen.

1752. SAMUEL CROXALL, an English author and translator of good repute,
died.

1781. A troop of Tarleton's dragoons, under Capt. Miller, were cut to
pieces by Lieut. Col. Lee: the captain and all were taken, except two;
18 were killed. Lee had ordered his Lieut. Lewis, to give no quarters,
on account of Miller's having refused quarter to Lee's bugler, an
unarmed boy, whom they had overtaken and sabred. Lee halted his men at a
farm, was suddenly come upon by the advance of Cornwallis, but escaped
by a sudden and bold movement.

1784. JEREMIAH MILES died; an eminent English divine and antiquary. He
was ardently engaged in the Chattertonian controversy, and the author of
the supposed Rowley's poems.

1787. CHARLES GRAVIER, count de Vergennes, a French statesman, died. As
secretary of state for foreign affairs to Louis XVI, he assisted the
Americans in their struggle for independence.

1789. ETHAN ALLEN, an officer in the revolutionary army, died. He took
Ticonderoga and Crown-Point; was himself captured near Montreal, sent to
England, and after experiencing much cruelty, exchanged. He sustained
the character of an infidel, and in his writings ridiculed the
scriptures.

1790. The French convention abolished monastic establishments, and
confiscated their lands. (See Jan. 16.)

1794. The French convention ratified the treaty of peace with the grand
duke of Tuscany.

1794. The canal of Merthyr Tydvil, in Wales, opened, another great
improvement.

1798. CHRISTIAN FREDRICK SCHWARTZ, an eminent German missionary to
Hindostan, died. His labors were of nearly half a century's duration,
and had a great influence over the affairs of the country.

1801. British frigate Success, 40 guns, captured by a French squadron.

1805. Action between the British ship St. Fiorenza and the French
frigate Psyche, 36 guns, and the prize ship Thetis, which resulted in
the capture of the two latter. French loss 57 killed and 70 wounded;
British 12 k., 36 w.

1814. General WILKINSON burned his boats in Salmon river, and broke up
cantonment at French mills; Gen. Brown went to Sacketts harbor, and Gen.
Macomb to Plattsburg; the snow being 2 feet 10 inches deep.

1817. GEORGE ROGERS CLARKE died; an officer in the service of Virginia
against the Indians in the revolutionary war, where he distinguished
himself greatly, and was for some time the protector of the people of
the frontiers of Virginia and Pennsylvania against the inroads of the
tribes.

1817. The elegant sword voted by the state of New York to Com.
McDonough, was presented to him at Hartford.

1820. CHARLES FERDINAND duc de Berri, assassinated. He was the youngest
son of Charles X., a man of talents and intrepidity, and popular with
the army. His assassin was actuated to the deed by a desire to
exterminate the Bourbon family, which he had vowed to accomplish, and
had begun with the duke, in whom the line was to be perpetuated. (See
July 7, Louvel.)

1833. STANISLAUS PONIATOWSKI died at Florence. He was a nephew of
Stanislaus Augustus, the last king of Poland. Having defended the
interests of his country with manly eloquence in the diet of Poland, he
retired to Florence, and was noted as a liberated patron of the arts and
literature. This prince was the first who set the example of a useful
and glorious reform by emancipating the serfs of his extensive domains.

1840. WILHELM WILLINK, a friend of Washington and of the United States,
died at Amsterdam, aged 91. He furnished the first loan to the colonies
after their revolt from the British dominion.

1843. Gen. ROBERT PORTERFIELD died at Augusta county, Va., aged 90. He
served in the Revolutionary army.

1843. ISAAC HULL, a distinguished American commodore, died, aged 68.


FEBRUARY 14.

1543. The parliament of Paris caused the _Institutiones Religionis
Christianæ_ of Calvin, to be publicly burned at Paris.

1554. BRETT the commander of the London train bands with 58 others,
hanged for joining with sir Thos. Wyatt and his Kentish men, who tried
to resist the Spanish influence.

1623. The floor of Black friars' church broke down while the people were
at mass, killing 100.

1668. LOUIS XIV took Dole, in Franche Compte.

1696. English assassination plot to favor the interests of James II,
discovered by Pendergrass.

1713. ANTHONY ASHLEY COOPER, earl of Shaftsbury, and author of the
_Characteristics_, died. He was grandson of the earl who figured so
conspicuously in the reign of Charles II; and possessed a spirit of
liberty which displayed itself in his political character throughout his
life, and by which he uniformly directed his conduct on all occasions.

1713. WILLIAM HARRISON, an elegant English poet, died.

1737. CHARLES TALBOT, an eminent English statesman and chancellor, died.

1756. Three hundred recruits sailed from New York for the army, under
the command of Gov. Shirley, quartered at Albany; the river being free
of ice.

1760. ISAAC HAWKINS BROWNE died. One of the most popular productions of
this ingenious poet, is his _Pipe of Tobacco_, in imitation of Cibber,
Ambrose, Philips, Thompson, Young, Pope and Swift, who were all living.

1762. Martinique and the other Caribee islands delivered up to the
British under Monkton and Rodney, by the French governor, M. de la
Touche. The entire reduction of Martinique was effected with the loss of
107 killed and 150 wounded. The French lost 1000 of their best men.
Before its reduction the island could raise 10,000 white inhabitants fit
to bear arms and 40,000 negroes.

1764. PETER RESTAUT died; an advocate at Paris, distinguished for his
learning and integrity.

1764. Mr. WILLIAMS a printer was put in the pillory for republishing the
North Briton, No. 45, at London. But the spectators made a contribution
for him of over 200 guineas.

1779. JAMES COOK, the English navigator, killed by the natives of
Owhyhee. He was born 1728, of indigent parentage; entered the royal navy
in 1755; had the command of a vessel sent against Quebec 1759, after the
capture of which he assisted at the taking of Newfoundland. After making
several voyages for scientific purposes, he sailed in 1776 on his grand
enterprise for the discovery of a northwest passage, during which he met
his fate.

1779. Battle of Cherokee Ford, in which Col. Pickens attacked and
defeated a body of tories, killed 39 of them and their leader, Col.
Boyd, and took about 70 prisoners. Of the last 5 only were executed.
Pickens lost 9 killed.

1780. WILLIAM BLACKSTONE died. He was born in London, 1723, and was
called to the bar 1746. In 1765 he published the first volume of his
_Commentaries on the laws of England_, a production by which his name
will descend to all posterity. His private character is said to have
been exceedingly mild and amiable, and he was throughout life
assiduously addicted to business.

1780. A Russian manifesto announced the coalition called the "armed
neutrality," formed on the basis that free trade makes free goods.

1781. The American army under Gen. Greene, which had continued to
retreat since the battle of the Cowpens, crossed the Dan, leaving the
whole of North Carolina in the hands of the enemy. So close was the
pursuit, that the van of the British reached the river, as the rear of
the continentals had crossed, after a march of 40 miles that day.

1782. The island of Nevis surrendered to the French, under count de
Grasse.

1785. KIENLONG, emperor of China, made a feast for the ancients of his
kingdom. Those who had attained 100 years, received 50 bushels of rice
and 2 pieces of silk; those who had reached 90 years, received 30
bushels rice and 2 pieces of inferior silk, and others in the same
proportion, down to 50 years. Presents, to a large amount, were also
made to the poor throughout the empire. He likewise exempted all the
people from taxes that year, which was the 50th of his reign. On the
occasion of the feast, 3000 aged men of quality sat down to it, and the
emperor sat at the head of the table to do the honors.

1793. BRASS CROSBY died. He rose from a humble attorney to be lord mayor
of London. Being implicated in some difficulties with the printers, in
1771, and stoutly avowing his partialities, he was sent to the tower,
notwithstanding the dignity of his office; but his liberation was
attended with great marks of respect and attention from the citizens.

1797. Action between the Spanish fleet of 27 sail and 12 frigates,
admiral Langara, off St. Vincent, and the British under Admiral Jervis,
15 ships and 6 frigates. Four of the Spanish ships were captured, (two
of 112 guns each) and the remainder completely defeated. British loss,
300 killed and wounded; Spanish loss 603.

1808. JOHN DICKINSON, an American political writer, died. He practiced
law in Philadelphia until 1765; was deputed to attend the first congress
at New York, and prepared the draft of the bold resolutions of that
congress. He opposed the Declaration of Independence, believing that
compromise was still practicable; but soon after entered into it with
ardor. His public services were eminent.

1814. Battle of Vauchamp, between the French and Russians, in which the
latter were defeated. At 8 in the evening Marmont attacked and defeated
the Russians at Etoges, who lost 9 cannon and 1300 men killed.

1831. Insurrection at Paris in consequence of an attempt by the priests
to celebrate a funeral mass for the duke de Berri. Several churches were
destroyed or injured.

1831. GUERRERO, ex-president of Mexico, shot.

1834. JOHN SHORE, Lord Teignmouth, died, aged 82. He went to India in
his youth, in the service of the East India company and succeeded Lord
Cornwallis as governor, there. He returned to England 1798; and on the
formation of the British and Foreign Bible society, he was chosen the
first president, and held the office during life.

1843. Mr. JOHN MARTIN, aged 105, died at Augusta, Georgia. He came with
a company of salt buyers to Georgia, under the direction of Oglethorpe.

1852. Dr. RAE, the arctic explorer, arrived at St. Paul, Minnesota,
having returned from a search for Sir John Franklin, without discovering
any trace of that ill-fated adventurer.


FEBRUARY 15.

     Feast of Supercalia at Rome, in honor of the god Pan, the
     defender from wolves.

1564. Birthday of GALILEO GALILEI, at Pisa, in Italy.

1600. JOSEPH D'ACOSTA, the Spanish historian, died. He was born in Leon,
1539, and became remarkably efficient in literature and science at an
early age. In 1571 he was despatched as a missionary to South America,
where he remained till 1588. During his residence at Peru he wrote the
_Historia Natural y Moral de las Indias_, which has been translated into
nearly all the European languages, and is valuable for its information
on the early condition of the continent.

1632. DUDLEY CARLETON, an English statesman and political writer, died.

1664. JOHN TWYNNE was convicted of high treason and executed. His
offence was printing the matter called libelous written by Milton and
others.

1682. CLAUDE DE LA COLOMBIERE, a famous Jesuit, died. He became very
popular as a preacher before James II, of England, and was the inventor
of "The Solemnity of the Heart of Jesus."

1694. BRADFORD paid for printing the first book in the city of New York.

1708. JOHN PHILLIPS, an elegant English poet, died, aged 32.

1730. THOMAS BRAY, an English divine, died. He made himself eminent by
his unwearied attention to the practice of benevolence; many charitable
societies and good designs in London are formed on plans which he
projected.

1732. FRANCIS ATTERBURY died. He was the son of a parish rector,
educated for the ministry, and made himself conspicuous by his eloquence
as a preacher. His ambition was gratified by preferments, honors and
emoluments, till, in the reign of Anne, 1713, he reached the seat of the
bishop of Rochester, the acme of his greatness. On the accession of
George I, his prospects began to wane; and being suspected of some
treasonable acts, he was condemned to perpetual exile. He settled in
Paris, and died there. His literary fame rests on his sermons, and his
correspondence with Pope.

1763. Peace of Hubertsburg concluded at the electoral palace of that
name, which concluded the seven years' war between Austria, Prussia and
Poland.

1765. CHARLES ANDREW VANLOO, a highly distinguished French painter,
died.

1766. JOHN HELLOT, a French philosophical writer, and distinguished
chemist, died.

1781. GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM LESSING, one of the most distinguished German
authors, died. He contributed more than any other individual to the
regeneration of German literature, and was remarkable for the
versatility of his genius.

1782. Battle off Fort St. George, East Indies, between the British under
Admiral Hughes, and the French under Admiral Suffrein.

1784. SCIPIO BEXON died at Paris. He assisted Buffon in his natural
history, and was also an author in his own name.

1788. GEORGE ANN BELLAMY, an English actress of the time of Garrick,
died at Edinburgh, aged 55. She drew the attention of the town for a
number of seasons, particularly when she played Juliet with Garrick at
Drury-Lane, against Mrs. Cibber and Barry at Covent Garden. She
published her own memoirs in 6 vols.

1794. JOHN FENN, a learned antiquary, died. He greatly distinguished
himself by his application to the study of natural history and
antiquities; and made a large collection of curious original letters,
written during the fifteenth century, which were published in 4 vols.
quarto.

1796. The British under Admiral Elphinstone, captured Colombo in the
East Indies, which is at present the seat of the British government in
the island of Ceylon.

1798. Rome declared a republic.

1801. Concordat between Bonaparte and Pius VII, for the reestablishment
of religion in France, signed at Paris.

1804. A squadron of the East India company ships under Capt. Dance,
convoying the China fleet, beat off in the China seas, the French ship
Marengo, 80 guns, Admiral Linois, 2 heavy frigates, a corvette of 28
guns, and a Dutch brig of 18 guns.

1806. JOSEPH BONAPARTE entered Naples, upon the capitulation of the
garrison, and was soon after chosen king.

1808. The king of Prussia renounced all connection, political and
commercial, with Great Britain, in compliance with the treaty of Tilsit.

1810. Birthday of LOUIS XV, of France, under whose reign the corruption
of morals and principles spread to an alarming extent among all classes,
and were followed by a general poverty, national humiliation, and ruined
finances, which prepared the way for the explosion that took place under
his unfortunate successor.

1813. Battle of Pietra Nera, on the coast of Calabria, between the
French and the Sicilians.

1814. Battle of Montmirail in France, between the French under Bonaparte
and the Russians under Blucher, in which the former gained a small
advantage after a hard contest.

1815. British sloop of war Barbados, captured the United States letter
of marque brigantine Vidette, 3 guns, 30 men.

1817. Cold day throughout the United States; thermometer 8° below zero
in Philadelphia, and 20° at Salem, Mass. Heavily laden teams crossed
from Boston to Fort Independence.

1817. A wagon loaded with specie for the bank of Pennsylvania,
overturned near Pittsburgh, and Thomas Wilson was killed by a box of
coin falling upon him.

1818. FREDERICK LOUIS, prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, a general in the
Prussian service, died. He acquired distinction in the almost constant
scene of war in Europe, from 1793 to 1806, and contributed greatly by
his superior skill and valor to several important victories.

1820. WILLIAM ELLERY, one of the signers, expired in his chair while
reading Cicero, aged 92. He was born at Newport, R. I.; graduated at
Harvard in his 20th year; and practiced law at Newport until he was sent
to the first congress. His house at Newport was burnt by the British. He
had filled the office of collector of the customs since the term of
Washington.

1826. SCIPIONE BREISLAK, an Italian geologist, died at Milan,
universally regretted, both for his scientific merit and his personal
qualities. His rich collection of minerals passed into the hands of the
Borromeo family.

1832. The legislature of Maryland appropriated $200,000 for the removal
of free blacks over the age of 18; and enacted penalties against the
settlement of colored persons in that state.

1835. NATHAN DANE died at Beverly, Mass., aged 82. He was the framer of
the celebrated ordinance of congress of 1787, for the government of the
territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio river, an admirable
code of constitutional law, by which the principles of free government,
to the exclusion of slavery, were extended to an immense region, and its
political and moral interests secured on a permanent basis.

1836. JOHN GILLIES, historiographer to the king for Scotland, died, aged
90; author of a popular history of Greece, besides many other valuable
works.

1836. MARGARET BURGEOIS died, on Prince Edward Island, aged 110.

1836. FIESCHI and his accomplices, Pepin and Moray, who attempted to
take the life of the French king by the explosion of an infernal
machine, executed at Paris.

1840. HARRIETT CAMPBELL, a Scottish author of distinguished talents,
died at Montrieux in Switzerland, aged 34.

1843. NATHANIEL CHIPMAN, some time justice of the supreme court of
Massachusetts and a senator of the United States, died in the 91st year
of his age. He was a vigorous writer.


FEBRUARY 16.

309. PAMPHILIUS, presbyter of Cæsarea, died. He was of an eminent
family, of great wealth and extensive learning, and ardently devoted to
the scriptures. He collected a library of 30,000 volumes, solely for the
promotion of religion. Traces of this library still remain at Paris and
elsewhere.

1009. ABDURRAHMAN, hajib, or chamberlain, of Hisham, king of Cordova,
beheaded. He was entrusted with the civil and military powers of
government, but aspiring to the throne itself, was destroyed by the
people.

1279. ALONZO III of Portugal, died. From an exile in poverty he was
raised to the throne by the pope, who had deposed his brother for
attacking the immunities of the church.

1497. Birthday of PHILIP MELANCTHON, at Britten, in the palatinate of
the Rhine His proper name was Schwartzerd (black-earth), but according
to the custom of the learned of that time, he changed it into the Greek
term for the same word, _melancthon_.

1510. The Portuguese under Alphonso Albuquerque entered Goa in
Hindostan.

1532. RICHARD ROUSE, the bishop of Rochester's cook, poisoned the soup
and caused the death of several persons. An act was immediately passed
making poisoning treason, and the punishment boiling to death. Rouse was
boiled.

1560. JOHN DU BELLAY, bishop of Paris, died. He was engaged as a
negotiator between Henry VIII and the pope, with respect to the divorce
of the former.

1639. TEIXEIRA having ascended the Amazon and arrived at Quito,
reembarked on his return this day, in a fleet of 45 canoes, with 70
soldiers, and 1200 native rowers.

1656. Spain declared war against England.

1736. Owing to an unprecedented tide, the council at Westminster hall,
London, were carried out in boats to their coaches.

1741. GEORGE RAPHAEL DONNER, an Austrian sculptor, died. His works, to
be seen in many Austrian churches and palaces, are masterpieces.

1749. Great riot at the Hay Market, London, occasioned by the failure of
a conjurer to leap, as he promised, into a quart bottle.

1754. RICHARD MEAD died, aged 81. He studied at the German universities
at the same time its Bœrhaave, with whom he was intimate, and
distinguished himself as a practitioner on his return to England. He
introduced inoculation for small pox about the year 1720; his
preliminary experiments were made upon condemned criminals. He did not
live to see the great improvement by vaccination, introduced by Jenner.

1760. The Cherokees under Ocunnastota attacked Fort Prince George in
Virginia, garrisoned by the British and Americans. The Indians were
repulsed, and 20 hostages residing in the fort, and who attempted to
rise on the garrison, were put to death.

1770. BRUCE, the traveler, entered Gondar, the capital of Abyssinia, and
was introduced into the palace of the emperor.

1784. PETER MACQUER, a physician and chemist of great reputation, died
at Paris.

1791. Herkimer and Otsego counties, N. Y., erected.

1792. MULEY YEZID, emperor of Morocco, died of wounds received in battle
on the 12th; when an end was put to a scene of slaughter which had
continued since the 6th, such as the city had seldom known. It was
computed that 20,000 of every age and sex, were destroyed.

1794. Tioga county in New York erected.

1795. The stadtholdership abolished in Holland. The stadtholder, Prince
William of Orange, was then in England.

1796. JOHN ROMILLY died at Paris. He was an ingenious mechanic and
clockmaker at Geneva, and author of the articles on clockmaking in the
_Encyclopedie_.

1796. AMBOYNA, the Dutch metropolis of the Moluccas, taken by the
British under Admiral Rainer.

1798. STEPHEN CHARLES LOMENIE DE BRIENNE, archbishop and minister of
state of France under Louie XVI, died. He early associated himself with
the instigators of the revolution; but while he attempted to reduce the
power and wealth of the monasteries, he was liberal in assisting those
who were in need. Failing to keep pace with the ultra party, he was
thrown into prison, where he died of ill treatment.

1802. TOUSSAINT L'OVERTURE and CHRISTOPHE, black generals of St.
Domingo, declared rebels by the French general, Le Clerc.

1804. United States frigate Philadelphia burnt in the harbor of Tripoli.
This splendid action was achieved in 15 minutes by 70 volunteers under
Lieut. Stephen Decatur, in the ketch Intrepid, with the loss of 1
killed. Decatur was promoted, and a sword and thanks voted him.

1807. Battles of Rossega and Ostrolenka, between the French and
Russians, in which the former were victorious in both instances.

1810. St. Martins surrendered to the British.

1812. Battle of Cartama in Spain; the French under Gen. Maransin
defeated by the Spaniards, under Ballasteros.

1813. An elegant sword and thanks voted to Decatur and Biddle, by the
legislature of Pennsylvania, for their distinguished gallantry and
skill. They were presented to those officers at New London, on board
their respective ships.

1826. LINDLEY MURRAY, the grammarian, died in England, aged 81. He was
born in Pennsylvania, of quaker parentage, and studied law; but during
the revolutionary war he turned merchant, and before its close acquired
sufficient property to retire upon. He visited England for the benefit
of his health, where he finally settled, about a mile from the city of
York, and employed his leisure in the production of those works of
education, which acquired such popularity as to have maintained their
places more than forty years.

1826. The _Liberia Herald_ appeared at Monrovia, the first paper printed
in Africa. It was edited by Charles L. Force, from Boston, and like the
early newspapers of New England, was printed on one side only.

1829. FRANCIS JOSEPH GOSSEC, an eminent music composer, died, aged 96.
He was first attached to the cathedral at Antwerp; but in 1751 went to
Paris, where he passed the remainder of his life, and acquired a
reputation seldom surpassed.

1839. JAMES BOADEN, an English dramatic author and biographer, died,
aged 70.

1843. Great land slide at Troy, N. Y.; 18 persons killed.

1852. Homeopathic college at Cleveland, Ohio, mobbed, and the windows
and interior of the building destroyed, in consequence of the discovery
of the remains of subjects which had been taken from the burial ground
there.

1852. State lunatic asylum at Lexington, Ky., destroyed by fire, in
which one of the inmates perished.

1853. GEORGE MANNERS died, aged 75; many years British consul at Boston,
and author of several dramas of merit, and other poetical works.

1853. WILLIAM GIBBS MCNEIL died, aged 51; a military officer, who,
during the Dorr excitement in Rhode Island, commanded the state troops,
acting throughout with great prudence and judgment.

1853. The steamer Independence from San Juan del Sud to San Francisco,
wrecked on Margaretta island, and also took fire, by which 140 lives
were lost.

1854. The boiler of the Kate Kearney bursted at Louisville, Ky., killing
and wounding a great number of people.

1856. JOHN STODDARD, an English author, died, aged 84. He for many years
contributed leading articles to _The Times_ newspaper, and was some time
chief-justice of Malta.

1857. ELISHA K. KANE, the arctic explorer, died at Havana, Cuba.


FEBRUARY 17.

364. FLAVIUS CLAUD JOVIANUS, the Roman emperor, died at Dadastana, aged
33. He was elected by the army, on the death of Julian, and accepted the
throne upon the assurance that the soldiers would embrace Christianity.
He was suffocated in his bed by the fumes of a fire which had been made
to dry the chamber, after a reign of only eight months.

1461. Battle of St. Albans, 21 miles from London, between the
Lancastrians headed by the queen, Margaret, and the Yorkists under the
earl of Warwick. The latter were defeated.

1564. MICHAEL ANGELO BUONAROTTI, the painter and architect, died at
Rome, aged 89. He was of an illustrious family; studied painting and
sculpture; and for a great number of years was employed by the popes in
decorating the most superb edifices of Rome. At the age of 60 he was
induced to attempt the _Last Judgment_, which is his master-piece. In
architecture, St. Peter's and the Capitol are monuments of his ability.
As a sculptor and poet also he is entitled to no mean place in the niche
of fame. He was one of those favorites of nature, who combine in their
single persons the excellence of many highly gifted men.

1571. An earthquake in Herefordshire, England, removed a hill containing
26 acres to a considerable distance, overturning every thing before it
and continuing in motion several days.

1600. GIORDANO BRUNO, an Italian philosopher, burnt at Rome. He entered
the order of the Dominicans, but his satires upon the lives of the monks
drew upon him their persecutions, and he fled to the Calvinists. These
in turn were excited against him by his paradoxes. After visiting Paris,
London and Wurtemberg, he returned again to Italy, and fell into the
hands of the inquisition, by whom he was condemned to be burnt, and
suffered death, which he might have averted by a recantation, with the
greatest fortitude. His philosophical writings, which have become very
rare, display a classical cultivation of mind, a deep insight into the
spirit of ancient philosophy, wit and satire, as well as a profound
knowledge of mathematics and natural philosophy. With all his talent and
erudition he was a pantheist.

1621. The Plymouth colonists met for the purpose of settling military
affairs, and chose Miles Standish their captain.

1673. JEAN BAPTISTE POQUELIN DE MOLIERE died. At Narbonne, where the
French theatre at that time began to flourish, through the talents of
the great Corneille, he imbibed a strong passion for the stage. He
became a distinguished comedian and dramatic writer, and died within
four hours after personating a character in his play of the
_Hypochondriac_.

1680. DENZIL, Lord Hollis, an eminent English patriot, died. He nobly
maintained and defended the rights and privileges of the house of
commons, of which he was a member, against the arbitrary measures of
Charles I and his favorites. He was also a political writer.

1710. GEORGE BULL, an eminent English writer and preacher, died.

1720. JOHN HUGHES, an English poet and dramatist, died. He was a
contributor to the _Tatler_, _Spectator_ and _Guardian_. His last
production, the _Siege of Damascus_, was performed with splendid success
on the very night the author died suddenly. He was eulogized by Pope.

1735. NICOLO FORTIGUERRA died, an Italian prelate, and one of their best
poets of the early part of the last century.

1739. GEORGE WHITFIELD, the celebrated Methodist, preached from a field
pulpit to coalliers in Kingswood, near Bristol.

1758. JOHN WATKINS died at Bristol, England, aged 78. He was heir to a
considerable estate, which being denied possession of, he made a vow
never to shave till he enjoyed it; and kept his promise to the day of
his death. He went by the name of Black John; after his death there was
found upwards of 200 weight of half pence and silver, besides a quantity
of gold, which he had amassed as a public beggar.

1759. THOMAS SIDDAL, a gardener at Chester, England, dug up a potatoe
weighing 17 lbs. 4 oz., measuring 38 inches in circumference, and 47½
in length.

1772. Convention between Frederick II of Prussia and Catharine II of
Russia signed, for the partition of Poland. This was afterwards acceded
to by Austria, and ratified by the Polish diet.

1773. An appearance similar to the aurora borealis first witnessed in
the southern hemisphere, by Mr. Forster, who accompanied Capt. Cook.

1782. Action between the British fleet, Admiral Hughes, and the French
fleet, M. de Suffrein, in which the British suffered severely.

1794. Fornelli in Corsica attacked and carried by the British under Lord
Hood.

1796. JAMES MACPHERSON, the Scottish poet, died; distinguished for his
translations and imitations of Gaelic poems, the principal of which is
Fingal.

1797. The Spanish Admiral APODACA compelled to burn several large battle
ships in the gulf of Paria, to prevent their falling into the hands of
the British fleet under Harvey.

1804. Gen. MOREAU arrested at Paris, on an accusation of being concerned
in the conspiracy of Pichegru and Georges.

1805. Action between the British frigate Cleopatra, 32 guns, and the
French frigate Ville de Milan, pierced for 52 but mounting 26 guns. The
Cleopatra was captured, with the loss of 20 killed and 38 wounded.

1810. Amboyna, the capital of the Moluccas, surrendered to the British,
together with 49 merchant vessels in the harbor. It was not the first
time it had fallen into the hands of the British.

1810. Rome annexed to France; the city to rank as the second in the
French empire.

1814. Battle of Nangis, between Napoleon and the Russians under Count
Witgenstein; same day, the Russians under Pahlen attacked the French at
Marmont under Georges.

1814. The castle of Jaca in Arragon capitulated to the Spanish chief
Francisco Espoz y Mina, who took 84 brass cannon.

1818. HENRY OBOOKIAH, a Sandwich islander, died at Cornwall, Ct., aged
26. He was a member of the foreign mission school and has been made the
subject of a memoir.

1827. JOHN HENRY PESTALOZZI, one of the most distinguished men of modern
times for his efforts in the cause of education, died at Brugg. He was
born at Zurich, in Switzerland; and devoted his life and property to the
education of poor children. His system is not the best in use.

1828. HENRY GOTTLOB TSCHIRNER died, aged 50; an eminent German
theologian.

1835. Five volcanoes burst forth simultaneously in Central-America,
attended with tremendous earthquakes, which sunk three large towns,
besides many villages. The air was so obscure with smoke, that the
inhabitants were obliged to grope their way with torches for eight days.
The lava in some places ran the distance of 60 leagues, destroying every
thing in its course. In Alancho they thought the day of judgment had
come, and more than 300 marriages took place among people who had
previously lived in a state of concubinage.

1836. CORNPLANTER, (_Garyan-wah-gah_,) a celebrated Indian chief, died
at the Seneca Reservation, aged about 100. At an early period of the
revolutionary war he took an active part on the side of the Americans,
and ever after manifested great friendship for the whites. He and his
associate Red-Jacket, were for many years the counsellors and protectors
of the interests of their nation.

1839. WILLIAM ADAM, a Scottish statesman, died. As member of parliament
he opposed conciliatory measures with the refractory American colonies.

1840. JOSEPH CHITTY, a very eminent special pleader and author of many
laborious and learned works in the profession of the law, died in
London, aged 65.

1843. In British India 2,800 British troops defeated 22,000 Beloochees.

1862. WILLIAM THOMPSON, a distinguished naturalist, died, aged 46. He
published the _Birds of Ireland_, and had undertaken to write the
natural history of that country.

1852. Eruption of Mount Loa, Sandwich islands, which continued a long
time undiminished.

1855. The Russians under Osten Sacken attacked Eupatoria, defended by
the Turks under Omar Pasha, and were repulsed with loss.

1856. JOHN BRAHAM, a celebrated English vocalist, died, aged 82. He was
the son of a German Jew, and his proper name was Abraham. He made his
first appearance at Covent garden in 1787.


FEBRUARY 18.

3102. B. C. According to the tables of Trivalore, the great Hindostan
epoch, _Callyhougham_, began at sunrise this day; that is, A. M. 902,
and before the death of Adam!

1478. GEORGE, duke of Clarence, executed by drowning in a butt of
Malmsey wine. He was the brother of Edward IV, against whom he had been
induced to take up arms. He had the privilege of choosing the mode of
his death.

1519. CORTEZ sailed from cape St. Antonio where he had stopped to
complete his preparations. When all were brought together the vessels
were found to be 11 in number; one of them of 100 tons burden, and three
others from 70 to 80 tons; the remainder were caravels and open
brigantines. His forces now amounted to 110 mariners, 553 soldiers,
including 32 crossbowmen, and 13 arquebusiers, besides 200 Indians of
the island, and a few Indian women for menial offices. He was provided
with 10 heavy guns, 4 lighter pieces, called falconets, and a good
supply of ammunition. He had besides 16 horses.

1546. MARTIN LUTHER, the reformer, died at Wittemberg. He was born at
Eisleben in Saxony, 1483. His father was a miner, and Martin, to
support himself at school, sung songs at the doors of the citizens. Yet
this humble individual was destined to shake the papal throne to its
foundations. His translation of the Bible, completed in 1534, was a
labor of 13 years, amidst dangers and difficulties of every kind.

1639. THOMAS CAREW died; one of the wits of the court of Charles II. In
the midst of a life of affluence and gaiety he found time to cultivate
his taste for polite literature; and finally became a repentant devotee.
He has been coupled with Waller as an improver of English versification,
and was esteemed by Jonson and Davenant.

1645. RICHARD BAKER, an English historian, died. Having become security
for the debts of some of his wife's relatives, he was thereby reduced to
poverty, and thrown into the Fleet prison. During this imprisonment, and
as a means of subsistence, he wrote his _Chronicle of the Kings of
England_, and various other works, mostly devotional. He died in prison,
where he had spent the last twenty years of his life, at the age of 77.

1652. GREGORIO ALLEGRI, an eminent musical composer, died at Rome. His
compositions, the chief of which is the _Miserere_, are still performed
in the pontifical chapel.

1653. Naval action off Portland, England, between the British, under
Blake, Dean and Monk, and the Dutch under Van Tromp and De Ruyter. The
latter was defeated, with the loss of 2000 killed, 1500 prisoners, and
11 ships of war, besides a number of other vessels, principally
merchantmen.

1654. JOHN LEWIS GUEZ DE BALZAC, historiographer of France, died. He
acquired great celebrity by his publications.

1662. An unprecedented storm in severity passed over England, chiefly
felt at London.

1672. JOHN LABADIE died at Altona; a celebrated French enthusiast.

1694. Several ships of war, &c., lost in a storm east of Gibraltar. The
Sussex on board of which was Sir Francis Wheeler, the admiral, foundered
with the whole of her crew.

1695. WILLIAM PHIPPS died at London, aged 45. He was born at Pemaquid,
Maine; was apprenticed to a ship carpenter, and afterwards went to sea.
Hearing of a Spanish wreck near Bahama, he gave such an account of it in
England that he was fitted out in 1683 to search for it, but was
unsuccessful. The duke of Albemarle fitted him out a second time, and he
returned with a treasure of £300,000, of which his share was 16,000. He
was subsequently sent over as governor of Massachusetts, but his
administration was short and unpopular.

1702. THOMAS HYDE, an eminent English divine and orientalist, died. He
published a work on the religion of the ancient Persians, which threw
many new lights on the most curious and interesting subjects.

1709. Sir EDWARD SEYMOUR died. He had been a member of every parliament
since 1661.

1710. PHILIP VERHEYEN, a medical author, died at Louvain, in Belgium,
where he was professor of anatomy.

1712. LOUIS, duke of Burgundy, died, aged 30. He was educated under
Fenelon, and as heir to the throne and counsellor of state, France
expected to enjoy a long rest from her troubles, under this
administration. He died suddenly of a disease which had taken away his
wife and eldest son only a few days before.

1719. GEORGE HENRY GOERTZ, a Swedish statesman, beheaded. He joined
Charles XII on his return from Turkey, and was placed at the head of
affairs. The desperate state of Sweden gave full employment to his
extraordinary talents; but on the fall of the king he was sacrificed to
the hatred of the nobility and condemned without a trial.

1724. GEORGE WHEELER, an English traveler and antiquary died. He visited
Greece and Asia, for the purpose of copying inscriptions and to describe
antiquities, in company with Dr. Spon, an account of which was published
in 6 vols. folio. The work is highly valued for its authenticity and
antiquities.

1730. CHARLES BECKINGHAM, an English dramatic writer, died. His pieces
were received with much applause.

1750. GEORGE BERNARD BILFINGER, professor of philosophy at Petersburg,
and afterwards at Tubingen, died at Stutgard. He was eminent as an
author.

1758. JOSEPH ISAAC BERRUYER, a French Jesuit, died; author of some
theological works.

1772. JOHN HARTWIG ERNST, count Bernstorff, died at Hamburg. He settled
in Denmark, where he became prime minister, and in this office devoted
the whole energies of his powerful mind to the improvement of his
adopted country. He set the example of manumitting the peasantry, who
were in a state of bondage and gave the fourth part of his income to the
poor. He is represented as a model of intelligence, wisdom and
benevolence.

1777. Col. NIELSON of New Jersey, with a party of American militia,
defeated the British Major Stockton, killed 4 and took him and 59 of his
men prisoners.

1778. JOSEPH MARIE TERRAY, minister of state of France, died. He was a
man of great integrity and patriotism; and on retiring from office,
carried with him the gratitude of his country.

1791. Vermont admitted into the Union. (see March 4).

1793. Action between British ship Juno, Capt. Hood, and the French
privateer schooner, L'Entreprenant, Capt. Vaniere. The latter was taken,
together with a prize which she had captured. Vaniere shot himself.

1795. British squadron under Warren captured near the isle of Aix, 8
French vessels, and destroyed 10 brigs and a lugger, laden with
provisions and clothing for the French fleet and army.

1797. Trinidad, another of the West India isles, surrendered to the
English under Sir R. Abercromby.

1800. Action off Malta, between the British squadron under Nelson, and
Le Genereux, a French 74, and a frigate which resulted in the capture of
the two latter.

1800. LOUIS LE FROTTE, the Vendean chief, with 7 of his officers, shot
by order of the French convention. They all refused to have their eyes
covered.

1808. Austrian declaration of non-intercourse with England.

1811. French port of Tametivi, in Madagascar, surrendered to a British
force.

1812. The prince regent of England, afterwards George IV, invested with
full legal powers.

1814. Battle of Montereau, in France; Chateau, who commanded the French,
was repulsed and mortally wounded; but Gen. Gerard, the second in
command, sustained the combat until 2 P. M., when being reinforced by
Bonaparte, the Russians were in turn discomfited.

1815. The king of Candy, in Ceylon, surrendered to the British under
Gen. Brownrigg.

1815. Treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain
ratified by President Madison.

1834. WILLIAM WIRT died, aged 62. He early became acquainted with
Jefferson, Madison and Monroe, and filled several important offices
under them with distinguished reputation. As a public and professional
man, he was ranked among the first of his time.

1843. The Ameers of the punjaf in India wholly defeated by the British
troops under Sir Charles Napier.

1851. VICTOR FALCK, a distinguished French ornithologist, died at
Stockholm.

1852. CHRISTOPHER ANDERSON died, aged 73; known by his _Annals of the
English Bible_.

1853. An attempt made to assassinate the emperor of Austria by a
Hungarian named Lebenyi, who was executed.

1856. HEINRICH HEINE, the celebrated German poet, died at Paris.


FEBRUARY 19.

198. DECIUS CLAUDIUS ALBINUS, a Roman who assumed the imperial purple in
opposition to Severus, was slain in battle on the river Rhone.

1401. WILLIAM SAUTRE, an English clergyman, was burned for heresy, by
the clergy, with the permission of Henry IV. This is said to have been
the first execution in England on account of religion. (Timperley says
March 10.)

1549. A bill passed the English parliament allowing clergymen to marry,
on the ground that it was a less evil than compulsory chastity.

1553. ERASMUS REINHOLD died; an eminent German astronomer and
mathematician, and professor at Wittemberg.

1567. MILES COVERDALE, bishop of Exeter, buried. He was ejected from his
see by queen Mary, and thrown into prison, from which he was liberated
by Elizabeth. He assisted Tindal in the English version of the Bible,
1537.

1592. EDWARD COKE chosen speaker of parliament.

1597. THOMAS BENTHAM, an English bishop, died; celebrated for his
knowledge of the Chaldee and Hebrew tongues.

1619. LUCILIO VANINI, a learned Italian, burnt. He early devoted himself
with ardor to letters, studying philosophy, law, theology and astrology,
at Rome and Padua. He traveled throughout every country of Europe,
occupying himself with instruction; but wherever he appeared, he became
obnoxious to suspicion on account of his religious views. In 1617 he
went to Toulouse, where he was accused of atheism and sorcery, and
condemned to the flames. He was drawn to the place of execution, when
after his tongue was torn out, he was strangled, and burnt at the age of
34. His punishment appears to have been entirely undeserved, and has
given him more celebrity than his writings.

1622. HENRY SAVILE died, a learned English divine, historian and critic;
Greek tutor to Queen Elizabeth.

1638. Insurrection of the Edinburgh presbyterians, who threw off their
allegiance, and entered into a covenant or association against the
government, which they compelled all people to subscribe; several Scotch
bishops were forced to fly to England.

1644. The Scots, consisting of 18,000 foot, 2,000 horse, and above 500
dragoons, passed the Tweed at Berwick in behalf of the parliament.

1671. CHARLES CHAUNCEY, president of Harvard college, died, aged 80. He
was a nonconformist divine, who emigrated to America; a learned and
venerated man.

1697. FRANCIS BERNARD, an English physician, died; eminent for his
learning, and his valuable collection of books.

1717. PETER ANTHONY MOTTEUX, died in London on his birthday (supposed to
have been murdered). He was a French refugee, settled in England, where
he became an eminent dramatic writer, and translated Don Quixotte.

1734. Battle of Gaustalla between the French and the imperialists under
count Konigsegg; the latter of whom were defeated with the loss of 5,000
men including the prince of Wirtemberg.

1743. La Guaira, in South America, attacked by the British under
Knowles. He captured one ship, and blew up a magazine but did not
succeed in his principal object, which was the total destruction of the
shipping. Spanish loss 700.

1767. FRANCIS BOISSIER DE SAUVAGES, a French physician and botanist,
died. His reputation was so great that he was called the Boerhaave of
Languedoc.

1778. Capt. JAMES WILLING took possession of Natches in the name of the
U. S.

1788. THOMAS CUSHING, of Massachusetts died. He was early engaged in
political life, and in 1763 appointed speaker of the council where, by
his moderate and conciliatory conduct he was enabled to effect a great
deal of good as a mediator between the contending parties. On the
breaking out of disturbances he was sent to the first congress, and
continued to fill some office till his death, when he was lieutenant
governor.

1790. Marquis DE FAVRAS executed. His judges were intimidated by the mob
shouting during the trial, _a la lanterne_.

1792. MATTHEW TAIT died at Auchinleck, aged 123.

1793. Lieuts. GIBBS and MOUNTESY with 21 men of the Lowestoffe frigate
seized the tower of Martelli in Corsica, and hoisted the British flag
for the first time in that island.

1794. French frigate La Fortunee burnt to prevent her falling into the
hands of Lord Hood.

1797. JAMES DODSLEY the renowned and rich London bookseller died. He
sold 18,000 copies of Burke's _Reflections on the French Revolution_.

1798. The Irish rebellion, as the discontents were called, commenced.

1799. JEAN CHARLES BORDA, a French mathematician, died. He made many
improvements in hydraulics, and his experiments for the advancement of
science were numerous and successful.

1801. Action off Gibraltar between the British frigate Phebe 36 guns,
and the French frigate L'Africaine, 44 guns and 715 men. The Frenchman
lost 200 men killed and 143 wounded, and was captured. British loss 1
killed and 12 wounded.

1802. NICHOLAS JOSEPH SELIS, a distinguished French poet, died.

1806. ELIZABETH CARTER, an English poetess, died, aged 89. She acquired
nine foreign languages; but the reputation of this learned lady was
established by a complete translation from the Greek of the works of
Epictetus, with notes.

1807. Admiral DUCKWORTH, with 8 ships of the line and 4 frigates,
together with fire ships and gun boats, effected the daring pass of the
Dardanelles, without loss, and appeared before Constantinople, which
until then had never seen an enemy's fleet. The Turks fired stone shot
from their batteries upon the fleet, some of them weighing upwards of
800 pounds. The Turkish squadron, consisting of a 64 gun ship, 4
frigates, 3 corvettes, a brig and 2 gun boats, were burnt.

1811. Duke of Albuquerque, ambassador to England from the regency of
Spain, died at London.

1816. WM. REESE died in Dublin district, Md., aged 108.

1816. A bridge of wire, 400 feet in length, for foot passengers having
been constructed over the Schuylkill, was passed for the first time.

1821. Florida ceded to the United States by Spain.

1837. THOMAS BURGESS, bishop of Salisbury, died. He was the son of a
grocer, and rose by his own merits. He was a man of extensive learning,
and a voluminous author; was instrumental in founding the royal society
of literature; and St. David's college founded by him for the education
of Welsh ministers, is an enduring monument of his benevolence. To this
institution, he bequeathed the whole of his extensive library.

1843. MICHAEL J. QUINN, well known to general readers as the author of
_A Visit to Spain_, &c., died at Boulogne-sur-mer, France.

1844. GILBERT, a servant of Washington at the great battle of the
Monongahela, died at Stanton, Va., aged 112. He was also with the
general at the surrender of Cornwallis, and was accustomed on holidays
to appear in regimentals during his life, to the great edification of
the boys.

1852. WILLIAM WARE, an eminent unitarian scholar and divine, died at
Cambridge, Mass., aged 54.

1856. The ship John Rutledge from Liverpool to New York encountered an
iceberg and sunk. Of five boats which left the ship, only one was picked
up, with but one living man on board, the survivor of thirteen who had
died one by one of cold and starvation.


FEBRUARY 20.

1413. THOMAS ARUNDEL, archbishop of Canterbury, died. He was consecrated
bishop of Ely at the age of 21, and became infamous by the severity of
his conduct towards the reformers.

1437. JAMES I, of Scotland, murdered, at the age of 44. He fell a martyr
to his attempts to abolish the anarchy and disorder which prevailed
throughout his kingdom. He was the first of the Stuarts, and stands on
the catalogue of royal authors. (Is also dated 21st.)

1494. MATTEO MARIE BOIARDO, count of Scandiano, died. In his _Orlando
Innamorato_ he immortalized his own peasants and the charms of the
scenery at Scandiano in the persons of his heroes and the beauties of
nature.

1571. LEWIS CASTELVETRO, an Italian critic, died. He was famous for his
parts, but more famous for spleen and ill nature. He distinguished
himself chiefly by his _Commentary upon Aristotle's Poetics_, where,
Rapin assures us, he always made it a rule to find something to except
against in the text.

1579. NICHOLAS BACON, an English statesman, died. He was appointed lord
keeper of the great seal on the accession of Elizabeth, and was an able
and judicious counsellor of that queen during 20 years.

1579. DRAKE, after many profitable captures in the Pacific, arrived at
Lima, where he plundered all the ships in the harbor, in one of which
was found a chest full of reals of silver, and a good store of silks and
linen cloth.

1648. THOMAS DAMME buried at Minshull, England, "being of the age of
seven score and fourteen" (154 years).

1725. A party of 40 New Hampshire volunteers on an excursion for hunting
Indians, discovered a party of ten encamped for the night round a fire.
Advancing cautiously at midnight, the enemy were found asleep and the
whole shot. They were marching from Canada well furnished with new guns
and ammunition, and a number of spare blankets, moccasins and snow
shoes, for the accommodation of the prisoners they expected to take, and
were within two miles of the frontiers. The party entered Dover in
triumph, with the ten scalps stretched on hoops and elevated on poles;
and received a bounty of £100 for each scalp, at Boston, out of the
public treasury.

1736. A bill was introduced into the British parliament, placing a duty
of 20 shillings a gallon on spirituous liquors, and £50 license for
selling them, in order to prevent their excessive use; but was defeated
so far as to tolerate punch at a low rate, the merchants of Bristol and
Liverpool fearing the lessening of consumption on rum and other things
distilled from molasses.

1737. ELIZABETH ROWE died; an English lady distinguished for her piety
and literary talents.

1745. British ship Chester, Capt. Geary, captured the French ship
Elephant with $24,000 on board.

1749. USHER GAHAGAN, executed at Tyburn. He was a gentleman by birth,
and a scholar; he edited a beautiful edition of the classics, and
translated Pope's _Messiah_ and _Temple of Fame_ into Latin verse. His
crime was that of clipping coin!

1762. TOBIAS MAYER, a distinguished mathematician, died at Gottingen.
His lunar and solar tables, as well as his original suggestions on the
repeating circle are of much value.

1771. JOHN JAMES DE MAIRAN, a French philosopher, died. He succeeded
Fontenelle as secretary to the academy of sciences, and is the author of
a _Treatise on Phosphoric Light_, &c.

1772. The royal marriage act of England was passed. This was another of
those attempts to perpetuate regal domination.

1778. LAURA BASSI died; she was honored with the degree of doctor of
philosophy, for the great mental acquirements displayed in her lectures
on that subject, and was distinguished as possessing every amiable
virtue.

1780. British under General Clinton invaded South Carolina.

1781. ROBERT MORRIS appointed by congress superintendent of finance.

1790. JOSEPH II, emperor of Germany, died. He was an able and benevolent
monarch, who devoted his attention closely to the affairs of the
kingdom, and introduced many useful institutions.

1790. At Blackwall, England, while excavations were being made for a wet
dock several hazel trees, with nuts, were found deeply imbedded below
several strata of sand and clay.

1797. Treaty of Tolentino between Bonaparte and the pope.

1799. El Arish, and subsequently Gaza, with most towns in western
Palestine, were taken by the French.

1799. LEOPOLD II, died; grand duke of Tuscany 25 years, and elected
emperor of Germany, 1790. He evinced great abilities.

1802. JOHN MOORE, a distinguished Scottish physician, and popular
author, died. He wrote on the society and manners of different countries
in Europe, which his acute discernment and lively imagination enabled
him to describe with great accuracy and pleasantry.

1803. British evacuated Egypt.

1808. GERARD LAKE died. He was made a peer of Great Britain for his
successes as a general in India.

1809. RICHARD GOUGH, a learned and eminent English antiquary, died.

1809. Saragossa surrendered to the French. The garrison was reduced to
12,000 men, who, when they marched out of the city, had more the
appearance of spectres than of human beings. During this second siege
54,000 perished, of whom one fourth were soldiers.

1810. ANDREW HOFER, the leader of the Tyrolese insurrection, executed.
He was a brave patriot, and met his fate with heroic firmness.

1811. Battle of San Christoval in Spain, in which general Mendizabal was
defeated with the loss of about 12,000 killed and prisoners, by the
French under Soult, whose loss was stated at 400 only.

1811. FRANCIS II, of Germany, issued an edict, fixing the current value
of bank paper at one fifth of its nominal value.

1817. SAMUEL MEREDITH died at his seat in Wayne county, Pa.; first
treasurer of the United States under the federal constitution, which
office he resigned in 1801.

1820. ARTHUR YOUNG died; a distinguished English author on agriculture.

1822. JOHN STEWART, commonly called _walking John_, died in London; to
gratify the "amor videndi," he had perambulated much of the globe.

1835. A tremendous earthquake in Chili. The city of Conception,
containing 25,000 inhabitants, was reduced to a heap of ruins, not a
single house left standing; many other towns and villages were
demolished. At first the sea retired and left the vessels in the harbor
aground; but it soon rushed violently back 30 feet above its level.

1836. MARY CRAWFORD, died at Castine, Me., aged 100 years and six
months; widow of Dr. Wm. Crawford, chaplain and surgeon at Fort Point
during the revolution.

1841. JAMES G. BROOKS died; known in early life as an American poet, and
later as an editor of several newspapers.

1843. PETER AUGUSTUS JAY, well known in the state of New York as a
statesman and historian, died.

1846. The first legislature of Texas under the U. S. met at Austin. Gen.
Henderson was elected the first governor.

1849. NEWTON M. CURTISS, author of a number of popular novels, died at
Charlton, N. Y., aged 34.

1854. ELLIOTT CRESSON, president of the Pennsylvania colonization
society, died, leaving $127,000 to charitable institutions.

1854. The most violent snow storm that had occurred since 1831,
commenced at Washington, and extended over the Middle and New England
states.

1855. JOSEPH HUME, the English statesman died, aged 78. He was a member
of the house of commons 37 years.


FEBRUARY 21.

1340. The king of England assumed the title of the king of France,
quartering his arms with the motto, "Dieu et mon Droit."

1513. GIULIANO DELLA ROVERA, (pope Julius II,) died. He was originally a
fisherman. He built St. Peter's at Rome, to procure means for which he
ordered the sale of indulgences, which was one of the immediate causes
of the reformation; so that it may be said without paradox, that St.
Peter's is the great monument of protestantism. He is considered one of
the most immoral of the popes, though a generous patron of the polite
arts.

1595. ROBERT SOUTHWELL, called sometimes the English Jesuit, died. He
was esteemed no inferior poet in his day.

1633. Order of the privy council to stay several ships in the Thames,
ready to sail for New England with passengers and provisions. The
jealousy of the government was early directed towards the infant colony
of Massachusetts. It was observed by one of the kings, that the _wheat_
of the population was sifting across the Atlantic. These orders were
ineffectual, for great numbers continued to emigrate, and scarce a
vessel arrived in the colony that was not crowded with passengers.

1660. The secluded members of the long parliament again took their seats
and voted Monk to be general of the English, Scotch and Irish forces.

1668. JOHN THURLOE, secretary of state to the two Cromwells, died. He
was a man of very amiable character, and exercised all possible
moderation towards persons of every party.

1676. Two or three hundred Indians principally Narragansetts, surprised
the town of Medfield, Mass., killed 18 men, women and children, and
burnt half of the town.

1682. The following appears in the minutes of the governor and council
of Virginia: "John Buckner called before the Ld. Culpepper and his
counsel for printing the laws of 1680, without his excellency's license,
and he and the printer ordered to enter into bond in £100 not to print
anything hereafter until his majesty's pleasure shall be known."

1684. CHARLES SPON, an ingenious and learned French physician, died at
Lyons. He wrote Latin verse with ease and elegance, and corresponded
with most of the learned men of Europe.

1717. PETER ALIX, a French protestant of eminent piety and learning,
died. He resided in England, where he was greatly esteemed and honored.

1730. BENEDICT XIII, pope of Rome, died. He was a Dominican of Venice,
and before his elevation bishop of Benevento, where his palace was
destroyed by an earthquake, and he narrowly escaped. He filled the
pontifical office six years, and sustained an excellent character.

1746. Le Bourbon and La Charite, French ships, captured by Com. Knowles
in a heavy gale. The military chest belonging to the French vessels
contained £5,000.

1759. Action between the British frigate Vestal, Capt. Hood, and the
French frigate Bellona, which resulted in the capture of the latter,
with the loss of 42 killed. British loss 2 killed and 22 wounded.

1760. The neighborhood of Mt. Vesuvius overflowed by burning lava.

1760. Commodore THOUROT arrived in the bay of Carrickfergus with a 43
gun ship and two sloops of war, and having landed 800 men, attacked the
town, which, with the castle, he carried after a smart action. The
French embarked a few days after, and meeting with a British squadron,
an action ensued in which Thourot and 300 of his men were killed.

1792. JACOB SCHNEBBELIE died at London. From the profession of a Swiss
confectioner, he rose to be one of the best draughtsmen in England, but
too intense application to his studies hastened his death.

1796. Field Marshal CLAIRFAIT, the Austrian general, resigned, and was
succeeded by the Archduke Charles, for whom a new rank was created, that
of field-marshal-general, being the highest military rank in the empire.

1799. GILBERT WAKEFIELD was fined £100 and condemned to two years
confinement, for his pamphlet against the bishop of Landaff.

1805. Dominica attacked by a French squadron, which was repulsed by the
British under Gen. Provost.

1810. Action between the British ship Horatio, and French frigate
Necessity, 21 guns, which last was captured in one hour.

1812. Action between the British ship Victorious, Capt. Talbot, and the
Venitian ship Rivoli, 74 guns. The latter was captured, after an
engagement of 5 hours, with the loss of 400 killed and wounded; British
loss 42 k. 99 w.

1813. Ogdensburgh, N. Y., taken by the British.

1814. The British, about 2000 in number, under Col. Scott, crossed over
to the French mills, burnt the arsenal at Malone, N. Y., pillaged the
town and carried off some provisions. The enemy retreated in great
haste, and lost 200 men by desertion. Gen. Wilkinson endeavored to come
up with him, but was prevented by the weather.

1818. DAVID HUMPHREYS, an officer of the revolution, died. He was a
native of Connecticut, and successively aid to generals Putnam, Greene
and Washington. He is also known as a poet of very fair pretensions.

1824. EUGENE DE BEAUHARNAIS, duke of Leuchtenberg, died. He was the son
of Josephine Tacher de la Pagerie, afterwards wife of Napoleon. He
distinguished himself in the army, and was made viceroy of Italy, the
government of which he managed with great prudence. With the fall of
Napoleon he lost his titles and offices, but was in a measure
indemnified by the articles of Fontainbleau, the congress of Vienna, and
the duke of Bavaria. Under a simple exterior prince Eugene concealed a
noble character and great talents.

1831. ROBERT HALL died at Bristol, England; a very eminent man and a
celebrated preacher.

1838. ANTHONY ISAAC SYLVESTRE DE SACY died, aged 80; renowned
principally for his extensive critical knowledge, particularly in
oriental languages and literature; esteemed, in this department of
learning, the first scholar of his age.

1839. CHARLES ROSSI, a celebrated sculptor, died at London, aged 77.

1840. WILLIAM FREND, died in London, aged 84; a writer on algebra,
taxation and various other subjects.

1845. SYDNEY SMITH, canon of St. Paul's in London, and well known to
Pennsylvania repudiators, died in London.

1855. CHARLES ROGER DOD, assistant editor of _The Times_ newspaper, died
aged 62.

1856. The students of South Carolina college, armed with rifles,
surrendered to the governor of the state and a posse of armed citizens.


FEBRUARY 22.

1371. DAVID II of Scotland died. He was the son of Robert Bruce, was
taken prisoner by the English in 1346 and detained in the tower 10
years.

1609. FERDINAND I, grand duke of Tuscany, died. He was eminent for the
wisdom and energy of his government.

1630. The first day of public thanksgiving in Massachusetts. The day
had been appointed, for a general fast. No ship had arrived in a great
length of time, and their stock of provisions was nearly exhausted. At
this critical moment a vessel arrived from England laden with
provisions; and they immediately changed the day of public fasting into
one of public feasting. And it is quite probable that the day was
observed with something more than an outward show of thanksgiving on
that occasion.

1644. CHARLES I, having summoned a royal parliament, they met this day
at Oxford to the number of 44 lords and 118 commoners; the session was
opened with a speech from the king.

1674. JEAN CHAPELAIN, died. He attracted the notice of Cardinal
Richelieu by a preface which he wrote for the _Adonis_ of Marini.
Chapelain was talented and learned, obsequious and discreet, and these
made his fortune, for he could be of service to the cardinal, who had
the weakness to set up for a _bel esprit_. He became one of the first
members of the _Academie Francaise_, received a large pension, and
became the oracle of the poets of the time, and was universally
esteemed. It would have been better if he himself had not set up for a
poet. In 1630 he commenced an epic, _La Pucelle_. It was announced
twenty years before its appearance, and the public expectation was
greatly disappointed; it soon became an object of ridicule.

1717. Great snow in New England; 6 feet deep in Boston. It commenced on
the 20th, on which day Dr. Brattle was buried, and many who attended his
funeral were unable to get home for several days.

1731. FREDERICK RUYSCH, an eminent Dutch anatomist, died.

1732. Birthday of GEORGE WASHINGTON. He was the third son of Augustus
Washington, and was born at Bridges Creek, Va.

1744. Partial action off Toulon between the combined French and Spanish
fleets under M. De Court, and the British fleet under admirals Matthews
and Rowley. The Poder, a Spanish 60 gun ship, was burnt. British loss 92
killed, 185 wounded.

1746. WILLIAM COUSTON, director of the French academy of painting and
sculpture, died.

1766. British stamp act repealed.

1770. A mob, principally boys, attacked the house of Mr. Richardson,
Boston, owing to his having attempted to remove the mark set against the
house of one Lille, who had contravened the non-importation law.
Richardson fired upon the mob and killed Christopher Snider, a boy 11
years of age, who was recorded in the public prints as the first martyr
to American liberty.

1780. An ox roasted on the ice at Philadelphia, the ice being 17 inches
thick.

1782. The island of Montserrat surrendered to the French, under Count De
Grasse.

1787. The assembly of notables of France assembled.

1797. The French made a descent on Wales.

1806. JAMES BARRY, an Irish painter, died. He was patronized by Burke.
His greatest effort is a series of allegorical pictures in possession of
the Society of arts, London.

1809. LOUIS, count of Cobentzel, died at Vienna. He was born at Brussels
1753. He entered into the military service of Austria at an early age,
and was employed as an embassador to the court of Copenhagen before he
had attained his twentieth year; and was continued in that capacity at
some one of the European courts during the whole of his life.

1810. CHARLES BROCKDEN BROWN, an American novelist, died aged 39. He
holds a distinguished rank among American authors.

1810. The island of St. Eustatia surrendered by the Dutch to the
British.

1811. The British ships Cerberus and Active captured 22 vessels from
Otranto, with provisions and troops.

1812. Ogdensburg, New York, attacked by the British and Indians under
Frazer and McDonnell. Forsythe was compelled to evacuate it. The British
took 12 cannons, 1400 stands of arms, 300 tents, some provisions, and
all the vessels and boats. American loss 27; British loss 64 killed and
wounded.

1814. BLUCHER defeated by the French under Boyer; the former set the
bridge and town of Mery on fire and fled.

1816. ADAM FERGUSON, an eminent Scottish writer, died. He was sent to
America as secretary to the mission in 1778 to effect a reconciliation
between the two countries.

1835. JANE JARMON died near Wadesborough, N. C., aged 105.

1836. JOICE HETH died at New York; a blind negro woman, who had been
carried about the country as a show, under the pretence that she was 162
years of age and had been the nurse of General Washington. On a post
mortem examination it was found that she could not have been more than
80 years old.

1841. A land slide in the commune of Gregano in Italy, by which 113
persons lost their lives. The town of Reggio, in Calabria, nearly
destroyed by an earthquake.

1855. The San Francisco bankers suspended payment, causing a panic.


FEBRUARY 23.

303. The soldiers of Diocletian demolished the principal church of
Nicomedia, and committed the sacred volumes to the flames.

1447. GABRIEL CONDOIMERO (Pope Eugenius IV), died. He was elected to the
papal throne 1431, afterwards unjustly deposed, and again restored.

1545. FRANCIS DE BOURBON, Count Enghien, killed. He was a celebrated
general in the service of Francis I, and was killed by accident.

1555. THOMAS WYAT beheaded. He took the lead in an unsuccessful
insurrection against the "bloody Queen Mary."

1589. ANDREW DUDITH, a Hungarian divine, died. He was employed by
Ferdinand II, in important affairs of state, wrote on physic, poetry,
&c., and was a highly esteemed character.

1603. ANDREAS CÆSARALPINUS, an Italian philosopher and physician, died
at Rome.

1619. BARTHOLOMEW ZIEGENBALG, a celebrated German missionary, died. He
was sent to India by the king of Denmark, but meeting with some
opposition from the Danish authorities there, he placed himself under
the countenance of the British East India company, published a
dictionary of the Malabar language, and was fulfilling the object of his
mission with great zeal and success, when he was suddenly interrupted by
death at the age of 36.

1679. THOMAS GOODWIN, a theological writer of the puritan school, died,
aged 80. He was one of the members of the assembly of divines at
Westminster, and attended Cromwell on his death bed.

1717. MAGNUS STEINBOCK, an illustrious Swede, died at Frederickshaven.
He distinguished himself by his valor under Charles XII, and in the
absence of the king from Sweden, he managed the affairs of the
government with uncommon wisdom and moderation.

1750. A brilliant borealis appeared at Cork, about seven in the evening.
The tide at the same time rose far above its ordinary height.

1766. STANISLAUS I, king of Poland and elector of Saxony, died. He was
an author, and a good ruler, though an unfortunate one.

1775. The daily consumption of _pulque_, the fermented juice of the
maguei, in the city of Mexico, according to the custom house record, was
6000 arrobas (150,000 lbs.), and the daily consumption of tobacco for
smoking, was reckoned at 1250 crowns. The population then exceeded
200,000.

1779. St. Vincents surrendered with considerable stores, to the
Americans under Col. Clarke. British taken, 79.

1780. Action between the British ship Resolution, 74 guns, and French
ship La Prothee, 64 guns, which resulted in the capture of the latter.

1792. JOSHUA REYNOLDS, the English painter, died in London, aged 69. He
rapidly acquired opulence by his profession, and on the institution of
the royal academy, was elected president. The lectures which he
delivered before this society have become a standard work.

1796. NICHOLAS STOFFLET, the celebrated Vendean chief, shot at Angers.
At the beginning of the French revolution he was a private soldier, but
became one of the most intrepid and daring chiefs of the royal army of
La Vendee, and had been in no less than 150 actions, 10 of them pitched
battles; and in more than 100 of them he proved victorious. He met his
fate with characteristic fortitude.

1796. BONAPARTE appointed commander-in-chief of the army of Italy.

1798. Rockland county N. Y., erected.

1798. The pope withdrew from Rome to Sienna, having been deprived of his
temporal possessions by the French.

1800. JOSEPH WARTON, an English prelate, died. He was also an ingenious
poet and critical writer.

1805. British frigate Leander, fell in with and captured the Ville de
Milan, and her prize the Cleopatra, captured a few days previous. (See
17th.)

1814. The blacks under Christophe, took by assault fort Sabourin, in St.
Domingo.

1821. The counties of Monroe and Livingston N. Y., erected.

1822. BENAVIDES executed; an outlaw and pirate, who for several years
proved the scourge of the southern part of Chili, where he perpetrated
the most horrid cruelties upon every age and sex that fell in his way.
In 1818 he had been condemned to be shot, and was supposed to have been
killed; but although shockingly wounded and left for dead, he recovered
and became a fiend incarnate.

1827. WALTER SCOTT disclosed himself publicly for the first time as the
_Great Unknown_, at a dinner of the Edinburgh theatrical fund, himself
in the chair.

1831. GERTRUDE ELIZABETH MARIA, a favorite German vocalist, celebrated
the anniversary of her 83d year at Reval, where Goethe offered her a
poetical tribute.

1836. Battle of fort Alamo in Texas, in which the Mexican army of 4000,
who made the assault, were repulsed.

1840. JAMES MAURY died at New York, aged 95. He was the first consul
from the United States to Liverpool, to which office he was appointed by
Washington, and which he held for nearly half a century.

1847. Battle of Buena Vista in which the Mexican army, numbering more
than four to one of the Americans, was completely defeated. Many of the
American officers were slain.

1848. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, ex-president of the United States, died in the
Capitol at Washington. It may well be questioned whether any statesman
in the world was better informed.

1851. JOANNA BAILLIE, the Scottish poetress, died, aged 89. She was born
at Bothwell, near the Clyde, and lived in seclusion with her maiden
sister.

1854. The steamer from Stonington arrived at New York, having been
detained in the sound by ice during three days.

1856. A freshet commenced in the Ohio, which caused great destruction of
property, among which were several steam boats.


FEBRUARY 24.

303. DIOCLETIAN issued the first general edict of persecution against
the Christians, by which all their religious edifices in the empire were
to be leveled to their foundations, and the church property confiscated
and sold to the highest bidder. This abominable decree was instantly
torn from its column by a Christian of rank, who for his audacity was
burnt or rather roasted, by a slow fire.

1383. JOHN WICKLIFFE presented seven articles to parliament containing
his doctrines.

1468. JOHN GUTENBERG, the inventor of printing, died. In connection with
Faust he contributed greatly to the improvement of the art, then in a
very rude state.

1495. JEM, son of Bayazid I the Osman sultan, died. He was defeated by
his brother in a contest for the throne, and took refuge with the
knights of St. John at Rhodes, who sent him to France, where he was kept
in confinement several years, and then delivered up to the pope,
Alexander VI, by whom he was poisoned.

1525. Battle of Pavia in Italy. The imperialists under Bourbon, Pescara
and Lannoy defeated the French and captured their king, Francis I, whom
they sent prisoner to Madrid. The king fought with heroic valor, killing
7 men with his own hand.

1540. CHARLES V of Germany entered Ghent, which had been in a state of
insurrection; 26 of the principal citizens were put to death. He was
born at this place on this day 1500.

1541. PEDRO DE VALDIVIA, having been sent by Pizarro with 200 Spaniards
and a numerous body of Peruvians to Chili for the purpose of settling
such provinces as he should conquer, succeeded in overcoming the
resistance of the natives and founded the city of Santiago.

1563. FRANCIS of Lorraine, duke of Guise, assassinated. He distinguished
himself in the wars with Charles V and the English; and in the reigns of
Henry II and Francis II of France, completely governed the kingdom.
After the death of Francis, he espoused the side of the catholics in the
civil wars.

1587. THOMAS CAVENDISH passed the straits of Magellan.

1645. A treaty of peace, which was begun at Uxbridge on the 30th
January, between the commissioners of Charles I, and those of the
parliament, was broken off.

1665. A Dutch impostor whipped thro' the streets of London; possibly
only a little eccentric.

1665. Deerfield, Mass., purchased of the Indians. The deed, which is
still extant, was given "for the use and behoof of Major Eleazar Lusher,
Ensign Daniel Fisher, and other English at Dedham, their associates and
successors," by Chauk alias Chague, the sachem of Pocomptuck, and his
brother Wassahoale, and witnessed by Wequonnock. It reserves to the
Indians the right of fishing in the rivers, hunting wild animals, and
gathering nuts. It is capable of proof, that the early settlers in New
England, as well as New York, made it a matter of course to purchase the
lands upon which they settled, in nearly all instances, and at prices
which were considered a fair equivalent at the time by the Indians. It
may be mentioned as a matter of curiosity, that the salary of the first
minister settled at this place was £60, to be paid in wheat at 3s. 6d.,
peas at 2s. 6d., corn at 2s. per bushel, and salted pork at 2½d. per
pound.

1667. THOMAS ADAMS died. He was born at Wem in England; went to London,
where he established himself in business as a draper; and in 1645 rose
to the high honor of lord mayor of that city.

1676. Attack on Medfield, Mass., by a party of about 300 Indians. The
loss of Lancaster, a short time previous, had put the neighboring towns
on their guard, and Medfield had obtained a small garrison of soldiers
for greater security, although within 22 miles of Boston. The Indians
during the night had secreted themselves, according to custom, under the
fences and behind trees about the villages, so that the people were shot
down as they came out of their doors and their houses immediately set on
fire. The soldiers being lodged in different parts of the town, could
not get together until about 50 buildings were on fire. Some were killed
as they attempted to pass to their neighbors for shelter, and in some
instances, the husband flying with one child and the wife with another,
one of them fell into the hands of the savages or was killed, while the
other escaped. Two or three discharges of a field piece put the whole
horde to flight, who as they passed the river fired the bridge to
prevent pursuit. Loss 18 killed, and many wounded and carried away for
torture. (Holmes says Feb. 21.)

1684. Birthday of HANDEL, the music composer, at Halle.

1684. Boundary line between New York and Connecticut partially run.

1716. The earls of DERWENTWATER and KENMUIR beheaded on Tower hill, for
treason in favoring the cause of the Pretender.

1721. JOHN SHEFFIELD, duke of Buckingham, died; a celebrated general,
critic and poet.

1724. A great storm attended with an uncommon tide, was experienced in
New England. The tide in some places rose ten feet higher than it was
ever known before, and rendered many of the streets of Boston navigable.

1740. Providential delivery from death of a society of monks at Palermo.

1752. ISAAC WOOD, an English painter, died. His principal pieces are in
oil and black lead upon vellum.

1758. Battle of Hoya in Westphalia, between the allies and French.

1762. Tremendous hurricane and fall of snow in England. Nearly 50
persons perished in the fields, and several whales were driven on the
Essex and Kentish coasts.

1766. STANISLAUS, the last duke of Lorrain and Bar, as an independent
Duchy, died in consequence of burns from his robes de chambre having
accidentally caught fire.

1777. WILLIAM DODD, an English divine, convicted of forgery, and
sentenced to be hanged.

1777. JOSEPH, king of Portugal, died. He was of the house of Braganza,
ascended the throne in 1750; his reign was turbulent and unfortunate.

1781. EDWARD CAPELL died; known as the editor of an edition of
Shakspeare in 10 vols., and 4 large quarto vols. of "Notes and various
readings of Shakspeare."

1785. CHARLES BONAPARTE, father of Napoleon, died, leaving his family in
straightened circumstances.

1797. Resumption of hostilities in Italy between the French and
Austrians.

1799. GEORGE CHRISTOPHER LICHTENBERG, a famous German writer, died. His
commentary on Hogarth is said of itself to immortalize his fame.

1809. Drury-lane theatre burnt. It had been previously burnt, and
rebuilt 1671 by Sir Christopher Wren at a cost of £200,000.

1810. HENRY CAVENDISH, an English philosopher, died. He made the
important discovery of the composition of water. Of diffident and
retiring manners, he devoted his days to experiments and improvements in
the arts and sciences. It has been said that he was the richest among
the learned, and the most learned among the rich men of his time. He
left a fortune of £5,000,000.

1813. Action between United States sloop Hornet, Capt. Lawrence, and
British man-of-war brig Peacock, Capt. Peake, off Demarara. The action
commenced at half past 5 P. M. and continued 15 minutes, when the
Peacock showed signals of distress. Exertions were made to keep the
vessel afloat till the prisoners could be got off, but she sunk carrying
down 13 of her crew and 3 Americans. The loss of the crew of the Peacock
could not be ascertained; but the captain was killed in the latter part
of the engagement, and the vessel was literally cut to pieces. The
Hornet lost 1 killed and 4 wounded; and the vessel received trifling
damage, except in her rigging.

1815. ROBERT FULTON died, aged 50. He was born at Little Britain, Pa.,
and early discovered a genius for painting and mechanics; and he
subsequently studied painting in London, under Benjamin West. He also
resided several years in Paris; after which he returned to America, and
presented to the world the phenomenon of the steam boat.

1821. JOHN KEATS, an English poet, died, aged 25. He was of humble
origin, but was possessed of a fine genius. His productions were made
the subject of severe and unmerited criticism by Gifford, who had leaped
from a cobbler's bench into an editor's stool, and presided over the
pages of the _Quarterly Review_. These gross attacks preyed upon his
mind and hastened his death.

1821. ITURBIDE issued his proclamation, called the plan of Iguala, for
the pacification of the state of Mexico. It contemplated the
independence of Mexico, and still to preserve its union with Spain.

1826. RICHARD DALE, an American naval officer, died. He was born in
Virginia, 1756, and at the age of 12 went to sea. During the war of the
revolution he was captured, and imprisoned, but found means to escape,
and joined the celebrated Paul Jones. Under Jones he distinguished
himself in the sanguinary and desperate engagement between the Bon Homme
Richard and the British frigate Serapis, and was the first who reached
the deck of the latter when she was boarded and taken. In 1802 he
settled in Philadelphia, where he passed the remainder of his days.

1828. JACOB BROWN, who acted so prominent a part in the war of 1812
between England and the United States, and for some time
commander-in-chief of the United States army, died at Washington.

1838. CARL HEINRICH LUDWIG POLITZ, died at Leipsic. He was professor in
the university, and an eminent writer on statistics, history and
politics.

1843. JOHN OWENS, a soldier of the old French war and also of the
American revolution, died, aged 107.

1848. Revolution at Paris.

1852. DAVID KENNISON, the last of the Boston tea party, died at Chicago,
aged 117.

1854. ROBERT ARMSTRONG died, aged 64; proprietor of the _Washington
Union_ newspaper.

1854. At Niagara falls two men fell from the suspension bridge, a
distance of 240 feet and were dashed to pieces.


FEBRUARY 25.

52 B. C. POMPEY elected sole consul of Rome.

1030. ADALBERO, a French ecclesiastic, died. He has left a character
suited to bold and unscrupulous intrigue.

1464. The Lancasterians defeated by the Yorkists at Heagley Moor, the
_white rose_ triumphing over the _red_.

1523. WILLIAM LILY, an English grammarian, died at London of the plague.
He is highly praised by Erasmus, who revised the syntax of his grammar,
for his uncommon erudition in the languages, and admirable skill in the
instruction of youth.

1601. ROBERT DEVEREUX, earl of Essex, executed. He obtained the favor of
the queen, Elizabeth, and distinguished himself on many occasions. But
having committed some indiscretions which required reprimanding, his
pride was wounded, which led him to open rebellion. His fate has formed
the subject of four tragedies.

1634. ALBERT, count Wallenstein, generalissimo of the Austrian army
during the thirty years war, assassinated.

1643. A barbarous massacre in the night of the Indians who were encamped
at Pavonia, opposite the Dutch fort of New Amsterdam, instigated by Gov.
Kieft. About 80 Indians lost their lives, and many enormities were
enacted by the Dutch.

1676. The Indiana assaulted the town of Weymouth, Mass., and burned
several houses and barns. This was a disastrous year with the
colonists. The Indians had risen in their utmost power, with the
determination of utterly extirpating the English, and almost every day
witnessed the smoke of town or cluster of dwellings on fire.

1703. DANIEL DE FOE prosecuted as the author of a book entitled, _The
shortest way with the dissenters_, and his book burned by the hangman.

1712. NICHOLAS CATINAT, an illustrious French general under Louis XIV,
died.

1713. FREDERICK I, of Prussia, died. He was elector of Brandenburg, and
ambitious of raising his duchy into a kingdom. To accomplish this
object, he joined Leopold, emperor of Germany, in a war against several
states.

1723. CHRISTOPHER WREN, the English architect, died, aged 91. He built
St. Paul's and fifty other churches and monuments, which had been
destroyed by the great fire of 1666.

1724. POPE INNOCENT XIII died.

1754. RICHARD MEAD, an eminent English physician and patron of learning,
died, aged 81. His library sold for about $75,000. His income from his
profession was about $25,000 a year.

1761. JOSEPH FRANCIS DESMAHIS, a French author of great celebrity, died.

1768. Mangalore, a seaport belonging to Hyder Ally, taken by the
British.

1776. Battle of Trenton. The American army under Washington crossed the
Delaware in the night during a violent storm of snow and rain, and
attacked the British on the north and west parts of the town. A
detachment had been ordered to cross the river and secure a bridge to
prevent the escape of the enemy; but owing to the extreme difficulty of
crossing, this part of the plan failed, and about 500 escaped. British
loss 20 killed, 1000 prisoners; American loss 2 killed, 2 frozen, 5
wounded.

1779. The splendid bridge at Puerto Santo, in Spain, fell and killed a
great number of persons while the priests were in the act of
consecrating it.

1781. Battle near Haw river in North Carolina, between the Americans
under Pickens and Lee, and a considerable body of royalists under Col.
Pyle. The latter were cut to pieces, without the loss of a man by the
former.

1781. The French and Spanish fleets encountered a furious storm off cape
Francois in the West-Indies. Several ships sunk or foundered, and about
2200 men perished.

1782. Denmark acknowledged the independence of the United States.

1798. The French under Brune entered the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

1799. El Arish in Egypt surrendered to the French under Bonaparte.

1805. WILLIAM BUCHAN, an eminent Scottish physician, died near London.
He was educated for the pulpit, but made choice of the medical
profession, which he pursued during a long life. In 1771 he published
his _Domestic Medicine_; it has been attended with a degree of success
scarcely equaled by any other book in our language, and is translated
into every European tongue.

1807. Battle of Peterswalde, between the French and Russians, in which
the latter were defeated, with the loss of their general, Baron De
Korff, his staff and 400 men prisoners.

1814. Action between the British frigate Erotas and French frigate
Clorinde, 44 guns. The captain of the Erotas and 4 men were wounded and
22 killed. The Clorinde was captured the next day by the British ships
Dryades and Achades, her loss supposed to have been 120 men.

1816. A number of sailors belonging to the American squadron in the
Mediterranean, having been permitted to go on shore at Port Mahon, were
attacked by the Spanish guard and several killed and wounded.

1816. FREDERICK WILLIAM BULOW, count von Dennewitz, a Prussian general,
died. He is famous for his victories in the last French and German war,
the art of which he had learnt scientifically in early youth. He was
also devoted to literature and the fine arts, and esteemed as a citizen
and a man.

1817. Schooner Ocean of New York sunk at sea. Isaac Roget, a merchant of
high standing in New York, was convicted in conjunction with others, of
having loaded her at Havre de Grace with 97 boxes of stones, with a view
to defraud the insurance officers of $58,000.

1819. FRANCESCO MANUEL, a Portuguese poet, died. His opinions being
rather too liberal for the times, he was summoned to appear before the
inquisition, but instead of obeying the mandate he resisted the officer
sent to arrest him, and fled to Paris, where he resided till his death.
It has been said of him that no poet or writer since the time of Camoens
had done so much for the language.

1822. WILLIAM PINCKNEY, a distinguished American statesman, died. It is
said that he possessed almost unequaled legal science and eloquence.

1829. A violent hurricane in the island of Barbadoes, by which the whole
of the eastern end of the island was devastated, and great damage done
to the shipping.

1831. The Poles defeated near the walls of Warsaw by the Russians, with
the loss of 5000 men. Russian loss 4,500.

1841. PHILIP P. BARBOUR, an eminent American statesman and judge, died
at Washington, aged 60.

1841. The Bogue forts and the city of Canton captured by the British.
The number of Chinese killed and wounded was very great; 1000 were
captured. Canton was almost deserted by its inhabitants.

1850. TAU KWANG, emperor of China, died, aged 69.

1856. Peace congress met at Paris, and agreed upon an armistice till the
31st of March.


FEBRUARY 26.

747 B. C. The era of Narbonassar (a king of Babylon) called also the
Egyptian year, began on the first day of the month Thoth, corresponding
with this day in the Julian calendar. The years are vague, containing
365 days without intercalation, so that in the year 31 B. C. the
beginning of the year fell on the 29th August, and at the end of 1460
years it ran through all the Julian months.

The Mexican year began also on the 26th February. It is also certain
that the Mexican calendar conformed greatly with the Egyptian.

387. In consequence of a sermon preached by John Chrysostom on
drunkenness and blasphemy, a sedition broke out at Antioch. The statues
of Theodosius and the imperial family were thrown from their pedestals
and demolished by the tumultuous citizens.

398. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, or the preacher with the golden mouth, elected
archbishop of Constantinople.

1426. JOHN DE BROGNI died; originally a swine herd in Savoy; he
distinguished himself for learning, virtue and piety, and was raised to
the dignity of cardinal.

1512. ROBERT FABYAN, an English historian, died. He was brought up to a
trade, became a merchant, and an alderman of London. His _Chronicle_ was
burnt by Wolsey.

1553. Four English noblemen, namely, RALPH VANE, MILES PARTRIDGE,
MICHAEL STANHOPE and THOMAS ARUNDEL, were executed as accomplices to the
duke of Somerset.

1611. ANTHONY POSSEVIN, a Jesuit, died at Ferrara. He was distinguished
as a preacher, and employed by the pope in embassies to different
countries.

1616. GALILEO appeared before Cardinal Bellarmine to renounce his
heretical opinions; and having declared that he abandoned the doctrine
of the earth's motion, and would neither defend nor teach it, in his
conversation or his writings, he was dismissed from the bar of the
inquisition.

1638. CLAUDE MEZIRIAC, a Jesuit, died; known as a poet in several
languages.

1686. GODFREY, count d'Estrades, died.

1696. CHARLES SCARBOROUGH, an eminent English physician and
mathematician, died. He succeeded Dr. Harvey as lecturer on anatomy and
surgery.

1723. THOMAS D'URFEY, an English poet, died. He was a man of sparkling
talents, but his poetic and dramatic pieces are now forgotten. His
_Pills to Purge Melancholy_ is yet upon the shelves of many English
libraries.

1726. EMANUEL MAXIMILIAN, elector of Bavaria, died. He distinguished
himself under the emperor Leopold, was placed at the head of the
Hungarian army, and made governor of the Low Countries by the king of
Spain.

1729. The British parliament resolved that it was an indignity and a
breach of privilege for any one to publish the debates or report the
proceedings of the house.

1767. HYDER ALLY and the nizam of Deccan defeated by the British at
Errour, near Trincomalee, in Ceylon.

1769. WILLIAM DUNCOMBE, an English dramatic author, died. He translated
Horace.

1770. JOSEPH TARTINI died at Padua; an Italian musician, distinguished
for his extraordinary performances on the violin.

1774. JOHN TICE died at Hagley, England, aged 125.

1775. Gen. GAGE despatched 140 soldiers under Col. Leslie to seize the
military stores collected at Salem. The people foiled the expedition by
drawing up a bridge and causing other delays till it was too late to
effect any thing, and they returned bootless.

1789. The Cayugas sold their lands to the state of New York.

1802. ALEXANDER GEDDES died at Paddington, England. He was a catholic
and is represented as a man of profound research in biblical literature,
and employed himself many years in a new translation of the Bible, which
he did not live to finish.

1807. Battle of Braunsberg in Prussian Poland, in which a division of
10,000 Russians were overthrown by the French, who took 2,000 prisoners
and 16 cannon.

1810. JOHN DALRYMPLE, a Scottish author, died, aged 84. He was for many
years baron of the exchequer in Scotland.

1813. ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON, an American statesman, died. He was one of
the committee which drew up the Declaration of Independence. He was
afterwards chancellor of the state of New York, and minister to France.
He assisted Fulton with means to carry his experiments into effect,
which gave to this country the honor of the first successful steam boat.

1815. BONAPARTE escaped from the island of Elba, accompanied by 1000 of
his old guards, who had followed him into exile.

1823. JOHN PHILIP KEMBLE died; one of the most eminent tragedians of the
British stage since the days of Garrick. He possessed talent and
learning, and was an author.

1826. JOHN KAY, caricaturist, engraver, barber, and miniature painter,
died in Edinburgh. His small shop in Parliament close, was a great
lounging place for the idlers of the town.

1827. WILLIAM KITCHENER, an English physician, died. He is distinguished
for his experiments in cookery; he treated eating and drinking as the
only serious business of life, and promulgated the laws of the culinary
art, under the title of the _Cook's Oracle_, professedly founded on his
own practice. He possessed an ample fortune, which enabled him to follow
the bent of his eccentricities.

1831. JOHN BELL, who gave direction and name to _Bell's Weekly
Messenger_ at London, died.

1833. ELIZABETH PEARCE died in Johnson county, North Carolina, aged 111.

1833. The spasmodic cholera appeared at Havana, and in about one month
from that time had destroyed 7000 persons.

1834. ALOYS SENEFELDER, inventor of lithography, died at Munich, aged
63.

1852. THOMAS MOORE, the celebrated Irish poet, died, aged 73.

1854. The gallery of the French opera house at New Orleans fell during
the performance, carrying away the second tier, by which the occupants
were precipitated into the parquette, killing 3, and badly wounding 56
persons.

1854. Three shocks of an earthquake at Manchester, Kentucky, by which
the houses were violently shaken.

1855. Gen. JACKSON'S sword presented to congress by the heirs of Gen.
Armstrong.

1855. HENRY PIERPONT EDWARDS, an American judge, died at New York, aged
46.

1856. At the breaking up of the ice on the Mississippi at St. Louis, 23
steam boats were wrecked.


FEBRUARY 27.

212. GETA, emperor of Rome, slain by his brother Caracalla, who was
incited to the deed by jealousy.

1411. The charter of the university of St. Andrews, at Aberdeen in
Scotland, granted.

1642. TOBIAS CRISP died; a controversial writer on divinity, and a
great champion on antinomianism.

1697. JOHN BERKLEY, baron of Stratton, died; a noted commander in the
English fleet.

1706. JOHN EVELYN, the English diarist, died. He is ranked among the
greatest philosophers of England, who turned his pen readily to almost
every topic. His _Diary_ is a curious book, extending nearly from his
childhood to his death, and contains much information not elsewhere to
be found.

1735. JOHN ARBUTHNOT, a Scottish physician, died. He was attached to the
court of Queen Anne, was eminent in his profession, and distinguished as
a wit in an age abounding with men of wit and learning.

1738. HENRY GROOVE, an English divine, died. He belonged to the
dissenters, and wrote several valuable theological treatises.

1746. THOMAS FAUNCE died at Plymouth, aged 99. He knew the rock on which
the pilgrims landed, and learning that it was covered in the
construction of a wharf, was so affected that he wept. His tears,
perhaps, saved it from oblivion.

1776. Battle of Moor's creek bridge, in which the tories and Highlanders
under McDonald, were defeated with the loss of their bravest officers.
They fled leaving 350 guns, 1500 rifles, 13 wagons, and 150 swords in
the hands of the victors, as well as their general. This defeat
depressed the spirits of the royalists in North Carolina, and prevented
their making any farther efforts.

1794. Of the crews of 13 American vessels captured by the Algerines,
four were redeemed, leaving 126 still in the hands of their captors as
slaves. Two of these vessels were captured in 1785, and the rest in
1793. A great effort was made throughout the land to raise money for
their redemption by charitable contributions.

1797. Bank of England suspended specie payments. Twenty years after it
resumed on one and two pound notes.

1806. Action between the British ship Hydra, and French brig La Furet,
off Cadiz, in which the latter was captured.

1814. Battle of Orthes, in France, between the British under Wellington
and the French.

1817. Two shocks of an earthquake felt at Kingston, Upper Canada.

1829. Battle of Tarqui between the Colombian army of 5000, and the
Peruvian of 8000, in which the latter were defeated with considerable
loss. Articles for the cessation of hostilities were signed on the field
of battle, and mutual differences referred to the arbitration of the
United States government.

1844. NICHOLAS BIDDLE, celebrated as the president of the United States
bank for a number of years, died near Philadelphia, aged 58. He
graduated at Princeton at the early age of 15, and was a man of great
ability, of rarely equaled scholarship, and of the most polished and
courtly manners. On the ruin of the bank he retired into private life,
where however the creditors of the bank did not allow him undisturbed
repose.

1853. PAUL FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, reigning duke of Oldenburgh, died, aged
70.


FEBRUARY 28.

509 B. C. Battle of the Œsuvian fields, in which the Tarquins were
vanquished and expelled from Rome, with the loss of more than 11,000
citizens on the side of the victors.

509 B. C. LUCIUS JUNIUS BRUTUS, the avenger of the rape of Lucretia, and
founder of the Roman republic, fell at the battle of the Œsuvian
fields. So great was the fury of the encounter between him and his
adversary, that their shields were mutually pierced, and each fell dead
from his horse transfixed by the lance of his enemy.

628. CHOSROES II, king of Persia, died. He carried his arms into Judea,
Libya and Egypt, and made himself master of Carthage. He forced the
Roman emperor Heraclius, to sue for peace; but his country was soon
after penetrated by the Romans, his palace pillaged and burnt, and
himself dethroned and cast into prison by his own son, after witnessing
the massacre of 18 other sons.

1408. Battle of Bramham Moor.

1447. HUMPHREY, duke of Gloucester, murdered. He was the rival of
Cardinal Beaufort, as the head of affairs in England, and was the friend
and patron of learning. The cardinal lived to enjoy his triumph but six
weeks.

1582. GEORGE BUCHANAN, a Scottish poet and historian, died. He occupied
the last twelve years of his life in writing a history of his country in
Latin.

1594. WILLIAM FLEETWOOD, an English lawyer, died. He was recorder of the
city of London in the reign of Elizabeth, and the author of several law
treatises.

1604. JOHN WHITGIFT, archbishop of Canterbury, died. He was unwearied in
his efforts to make the puritans conform to the national church.

1610. The house of commons complained of the king's profusion,
especially in the immense sums lavished on Scotch favorites.

1642. CHARLES I of England sent to the house of commons his reasons for
refusing the militia bill; the house declared his advisers public
enemies, and passed a vote of approval on the counties which had put
themselves in a posture of defence.

1648. CHRISTIAN IV of Denmark, died. He sustained the character of an
able and wise sovereign.

1680. DECAN and HENNESSIN were sent out from fort Crevecoeur on the
Illinois, to trace the Mississippi to its source. They ascended the
river to the 46th degree, where they were stopped by a fall, to which
they gave the name of St. Anthony.

1703. JOHN BAPTIST THIERS, died; a doctor of the Sorbonne, and professor
of the belles lettres at Paris.

1734. Battle in Syria between the Turks, 45,000, and the Persians under
Kouli Khan. The Turks were marching to succor Babylon, but were defeated
with the loss of 20,000 killed on the field or taken prisoners. The
victory cost the Persians 10,000 men.

1735. Large statute of GEORGE II set up in the royal hospital at
Greenwich, Eng., at the expense of Sir John Jennings and sculptor Mr.
Rysbrack.

1736. A proposal submitted to the house of commons in England, to levy a
duty on distilled spirituous liquors, so as to prevent the ill
consequence of the poorer classes drinking them to excess. It was stated
that some signs where they were sold had the following inscription:
"Drunk for a penny; dead drunk for two pence; clean straw for nothing!"

1757. EDWARD MOORE died; an English fabulist and dramatic writer of
considerable note.

1758. Action between the French fleet under Du Quesne and the British,
under Saunders, near Carthagena. The British captured the Foudroyant, 80
guns, and Orphee, 64 guns; the Oriflamme, 50 guns, was driven on shore
under the castle of Aiglos, coast of Spain.

1759. The pope permitted the Bible to be translated into all the
languages of the Catholic states.

1760. Action between the French fleet under Thourot and the British,
Capt. Elliot. Three French frigates were captured and Thourot killed. So
great a terror had he created in the seaports of Great Britain, that his
defeat was celebrated with the greatest rejoicings.

1771. RICHARD GREY, a learned English divine, died. He was a polemical
and miscellaneous writer.

1781. WILLIAM STOCKTON died; a signer of the Declaration of Independence
from New Jersey.

1783. JOHN BAPTIST D'ESPAGNAC, a French general, died. He signalized
himself in the campaign of Italy.

1795. Five hundred emigrant sleighs passed through the city of Albany
between sunrise and sunset, on their way to the Genesee country. It was
estimated that as many as 1,200 sleighs, freighted with men, women,
children and furniture, had passed up State street in the space of three
days, destined for the Genesee valley, the _far west_ of the emigrants
of that day.

1799. BONAPARTE reached the city of Gaza in Palestine.

1799. Action between the British frigate Sybille, and French ship La
Forte, 50 guns. The later was captured in 1 hour 40 minutes. The British
lost two of their highest officers.

1804. PICHEGRU, the conquerer of Holland, arrested at Paris by order of
Bonaparte.

1815. Action between the United States frigate Constitution, 44 guns,
Capt. Stewart, and British frigate Cyane and sloop Levant, 54 guns,
Capt. Falcon; British loss, 40 killed, 80 wounded; Constitution lost 4
killed, 11 wounded. The Cyane and Levant were captured.

1823. WILLIAM W. VAN NESS, an eminent judge of the N. Y. supreme court,
died.

1834. MODESTE MALHIOT, the Canadian giant, died. His height was 6 feet 4
inches, and his weight 619½ pounds.

1837. ADAM BINKLEY, died in Davidson co., Pennsylvania, aged 138. He was
an officer of the revolution and served throughout the war, at which
time he had a wife and 11 children.

1843. A remarkable comet first observed in the northern states, which
caused considerable controversy whether it was a comet or the zodiacal
light. It was first seen at noon, and was distinctly observed with the
naked eye from 7 to 9 o'clock in the evening during the month of March.
Its train extended about 70° to 100°.

1851. The Spanish government of Manilla, totally destroyed the forts of
the pirate Sultan of Sooloo.

1853. Doncaster church, England, built in 1070, destroyed by fire.

1854. Earthquake at Lexington, Ky., and surrounding country, attended by
a loud roaring noise.

1854. American steamer Black Warrior, seized by the Cuban authorities at
Havana.

1855. An earthquake at Broussa killed or wounded about 800 people, and
was succeeded by a fire which destroyed nearly one-third of the houses.


FEBRUARY 29.

1631. The president and counsel for New England, made a grant to Robert
Aldworth and Giles Elbridge of a hundred acres of land for every person
whom they should transport to the province of Maine within seven years,
who should continue there three years; and an absolute grant of 12,000
acres as their proper inheritance for ever, to be laid out near the
river commonly called Pemaquid.

1704. Deerfield, in Massachusetts, burnt. Hertel de Rouville with 200
French and 140 Indians, after a tedious march through deep snow from
Canada, made an attack upon this place, which was the northern frontier
on Connecticut river. A watch had patrolled the streets until about two
hours before day, when he incautiously fell asleep, and the snow was of
such depth as to admit of an entrance over the pickets of the fort. The
whole settlement was burnt with the exception of one house, which was
standing until quite recently; 47 were slain, 112 carried into
captivity, including among the latter, the Rev. John Williams and his
family. Of the captives, 17 died or were killed on the march; 57 were
redeemed, among whom were the minister and his family (his wife was
killed soon after the capture), except one daughter who could not be
persuaded to return; but adopted the manners and customs of the Indians,
became a catholic, and married a savage. The bell taken from the church,
it is said, still hangs in an Indian church at St. Regis.

1744. JOHN THEOPHILUS DESAGULIERS died. He was the son of a French
protestant clergyman, who resided in England. Having been educated for
the ministry, he settled in London; there he acquired a turn for natural
philosophy, and was the first person who lectured on experimental
philosophy in the metropolis. He was a man of rare ability, and his
income enabled him to keep an equipage. His coachman, Erasmus King, from
the force of example, became a kind of rival to the doctor; for he also
undertook to read lectures, and exhibit experiments in natural
philosophy. The terms of admission to the _lyceum_ of the latter
philosopher were in proportion to the humble station he had filled.

1793. The French convention passed a decree of accusation against Marat,
and by so doing tore off the cloak of inviolability which covered its
members, and constituted itself its own jury of accusation.

1808. Denmark declared war against Sweden.

1810. Battle of Vique, in Spain, in which the Spanish General O'Donnel
attacked the French under Souham. The impetuosity of the charge made by
the Spanish troops lost them the battle.

1844. Fatal explosion of the great gun, Peacemaker, on board the
American war steamer, Princeton, by which several government officers
lost their lives, and many persons were seriously injured.




MARCH.


MARCH 1.

509. B. C. VALERIUS PUBLICOLA pronounced a funeral oration over the body
of Junius Brutus, which was the first institution of that generous
tribute to the memory of the virtuous dead.

1554. In the household expenses of Queen Mary 15 shillings are given to
a yeoman for bringing her majesty a leek on this day.

1562. The catholics under the duke of Guise fell upon a body of
Calvinists at Bassi in France, who were singing the psalms of Marot in a
barn. The latter were insulted, and induced to come to blows: when
nearly 60 of these unhappy people were killed and 200 wounded. This
unexpected event lightened the flame of civil war throughout the
kingdom.

1564. Printing introduced again into Moscow. Some 12 years previous it
had been used there, but the burning of the city by the Poles suspended
it.

1625. JOHN ROBINSON died; minister of the first English church in
Holland, to which the first settlers of New England belonged. He fled to
Holland with his congregation to avoid persecution, and at the time of
his death was preparing to follow with the remainder of the brethren to
America. He was distinguished for his learning, liberality and piety.

1645. Battle of Pontefract, in which Sir Marmaduke Langdale defeated the
lord Fairfax.

1663. ADAM ADAMI, a French ecclesiastic, statesman and historian, died.

1682. THOMAS HERBERT, an English author of _Travels in Asia and Africa_,
died. He was engaged in the civil wars between the parliament and the
royalists, and on the restoration was created a baronet.

1689. The odious hearth stone tax ordered to be taken off by William,
prince of Orange.

1711. The _Spectator_, a daily critical, satirical and literary paper
made its appearance in London, under the conduct of Addison and Steele
principally, with the assistance of some of the master spirits of the
day, and had a reputation which has never been equaled by any other
periodical of the kind.

1733. That mysterious person, the _oldest_ inhabitant, witnessed a great
flood in the north of England, wholly unprecedented in his life time.

1766. ZABDIEL BOYLSTON, an American physician, died. He was the first to
introduce inoculation for small-pox into New England. This mode of
treating a virulent disease brought upon him the ridicule of his medical
brethren; but he outlived these prejudices and realized a handsome
fortune by his profession.

1774. Prince A. D. KANTEMIR, died; a Turk by birth, but subsequently a
distinguished oriental scholar.

1781. Maryland ratified the articles of the confederation of the United
States being the last state to do so.

1786. The first No. of the _Observer_ appeared, conducted by Cumberland,
the dramatist.

1791. The annual masquerade held at Rutland square rooms, Dublin, was
the cause of a great riot and the death of many of the police.

1792. LEOPOLD II of Germany, and I of Tuscany, died. He made the latter
the happiest and best governed state of Italy. In 1790 he succeeded to
the imperial crown, and was noted for the wisdom of his measures, his
affability, strict justice and kindness to the poor.

1793. Battle of Aldenhoven, between the French under Dumourier, and
40,000 Austrians under Gen. Coburg. The French were defeated with the
loss of 6,000 killed and 4,000 prisoners.

1799. Essex county, N. Y., erected.

1811. Massacre of the Mamelukes in Egypt by order of the pasha.

1814. Treaty of Chaumont, between Austria, Russia, Prussia and Great
Britain, against Napoleon.

1815. BONAPARTE landed at Frejus in France from Elba, and resumed the
imperial crown.

1816. Ontario co., N. Y., erected.

1838. The Patriots of Canada, about 600 in number, under Nelson and
Cote, surrendered to Gen. Wool of the United States army, near Alburg
Springs, Vt., and the frontier became tranquilized.

1845. Texas admitted into the Union as an independent State.

1854. The steam ship city of Glasgow left Liverpool for Philadelphia
with more than 300 passengers, and was never more seen.

1855. THOMAS DAY, an eminent Connecticut jurist died, aged 78. He
published 26 volumes of law reports, and his entire works number about
40 volumes.

1856. The colossal bronze statue of Beethoven, the gift of Charles C.
Perkins, inaugurated at the music hall, Boston.


MARCH 2.

986. LOTHAIRE, king of France, died of poison, said to have been
administered by his wife Emma.

1492. The Jews banished from Spain by an edict of Ferdinand V. They
numbered 800,000 souls.

1585. Dr. PARRY executed for a design to assassinate Queen Elizabeth.
She had formerly released him from imprisonment, on a charge of
justifying Romanism.

1611. BARTHOLOMEW LEGGAT, convicted of the Arian heresy and delivered
over to the secular power.

1617. ROBERT ABBOTT, bishop of Salisbury, died, aged 58. He was active
and pains-taking in his office; a profound scholar, and an industrious
author.

1619. QUEEN ANNE, consort of James I, died at Hampton Court.

1622. JOHN MARION AVANTIO, a learned Italian civilian, died at Padua.

1629. The speaker of the house of commons, in England, refusing for fear
of the king's displeasure to put the question of reading the
remonstrance against the king's usurpations, is held in his chair, the
doors of the house shut, and the remonstrance read.

1711. DESPREAUX NICHOLAS BOILEAU, the French poet, died. He was born
1636, and in early youth gave indications of the future bent of his
genius, by his fondness for the great poets of antiquity. His works are
frequently republished in France, though some of his satires are little
to the taste of the present day. Bruyere has said of him, that his
verses will be read when the language is obsolete, and will be the last
ruins of it!

1713. The first No. of the _Guardian_ appeared, conducted by Steele
during the temporary suspension of the _Spectator_.

1714. Peace proclaimed with Spain, and a special privilege granted to
the English of supplying the West Indies with negro slaves at the rate
of 4800 a year.

1714. Gibraltar and Minorca also ceded to the English.

1715. EMANUEL THEODOSIUS BOULLION, a cardinal and ambassador of Louis
XIV of France, died.

1729. FRANCESCO BIANCHINI, an Italian antiquary and astronomer, died. He
devoted his life to intense study, and in his character extensive
learning was united with great modesty and amiability of manners. He was
patronized by the pope, and received marks of respect from the Roman
senate.

1738. JOHNSON and GARRICK started from Litchfield for London as literary
adventurers. The former had two pence half penny in his pocket, and the
latter something less.

1767. JAMES DRAKE, an English political and medical writer, died. He is
chiefly known now by his _System of Anatomy_.

1768. The extensive copper mine in the isle of Anglesey was discovered.

1776. The Americans cannonaded Boston from Cobble hill and Lechmere
point.

1786. JOHN JEBB, an eminent English non-conformist divine and physician,
died. His publications, theological, medical and political, gained great
approbation.

1788. SOLOMON GESNER, a Swiss bookseller, poet and painter, died at
Zurich. Of his writings the best known, in English, is the _Death of
Abel_.

1791. JOHN WESLEY, founder of the methodists, died, aged 88. He was born
at Epworth, England, and at the time of finishing his studies, was
distinguished for his classical attainments, skill in dialectics, and
talent for poetry. The origin of the sect called methodists is to be
attributed to the circumstance of a club of kindred spirits, who used to
meet on week days and read classics, and on Sundays divinity, but
shortly their meetings became exclusively religious. This society
consisted of fifteen members, who from the strictness of their manners
and deportment, obtained the name of _Methodists_, an appellation which
they sanctioned and retained. He visited America, and afterwards
Germany, and on his return commenced the systematic labors by which he
became the founder of a numerous religious sect. He joined with
Whitfield in field preaching, but their opinions being at collision on
some point, they finally separated. He continued his active labors till
within a week of his death. His works on various subjects amount to
upwards of thirty volumes octavo.

1793. Breda, a city of Holland, noted for its numerous sieges, was taken
by the French.

1793. Congress passed a law making appropriations for purchasing two
lots of ground with buildings, and other materials and necessaries for
a mint, $1,279·78; and for the salaries of its officers from July to
Dec. 1792, $2,694·88.

1794. Great scarcity of provisions in Paris.

1797. Battle of Monte di Savaro, between the French and Austrians, in
which the former under Joubert attacked and carried the posts of the
latter.

1797. HORACE WALPOLE, an English author, and son of Robert Walpole the
statesman, died.

1799. Corfu, one of the Ionian islands, taken by the Turco Russian
squadron.

1799. Manheim, a strong German city, taken by the French.

1801. CHARLES ALBERT DEMOUSTIER, a French poet, died. He was first a
successful lawyer, but subsequently turned his attention to literature,
and wrote comedies, operas and poems. His pieces are distinguished for
spirit, delicacy and ease, and some of them have maintained a place upon
the stage.

1802. FRANCIS RUSSEL, duke of Bedford, died, aged 37. He distinguished
himself by his endeavors to improve every branch of agriculture, and was
a worthy man.

1830. Great freshet at Vienna, in Austria; the Danube rose twenty-three
feet, and the houses of 50,000 inhabitants were inundated.

1835. FRANCIS I of Austria (II of Germany), died. His disposition was
mild; his dress plain and homely; his manners gentle and familiar; and
he was greatly beloved by his German subjects.

1835. SAMUEL BLACKBURN died; an officer of the revolution, an eminent
lawyer and for many years a conspicuous member of the Virginia
legislature. At his death he liberated his slaves, 46 in number,
charging his estate with the expense of transporting them to Liberia.

1839. ZERAH COLBURN died at Norwich, Vt., aged 35. At the age of 6 years
he attracted great attention in Europe and America by his marvelous
powers of calculation. At that time he was unable to read or write, and
ignorant of the name or properties of a single figure traced upon paper.
Yet his talent for mental arithmetic was so extraordinary as to be
wholly incredible, were it not supported by unquestionable evidence.
This faculty he lost before he left England, which was in 1824; and on
his return he became a methodist preacher, having acquired a respectable
education while abroad.

1840. HENRY WILLIAM MATTHEW ALBERS, a celebrated astronomer, and
practicing physician at Bremen, died, aged 81. He acquired a lasting
reputation by the discovery of the planet Pallas, in 1802, and of
Vesta, in 1807.

1841. First daily paper in Brooklyn published.

1843. ASA PACKARD, aged 84, died at Lancaster, Mass. He was a soldier of
the revolution, and for nearly 70 years carried a musket bullet in his
body.

1845. JUDAH ALDEN, a distinguished officer of the American revolutionary
army, died at Duxbury, Mass.

1849. JAMES MORIER, the celebrated author of _Hajji Baba_, and other
works, died.

1852. The town of St. Bartholomew, one of the Antilles, nearly destroyed
by fire; 120 houses and stores having been burned in the space of four
hours.

1852. MARMONT, duke of Ragusa, died at Venice, aged 78. He was the last
of Napoleon's marshals.

1855. NICHOLAS I, emperor of Russia, died, aged 59. He came to the
throne in 1826, and his reign was devoted to strengthening the power and
extending the domain of Russia.

1856. An earthquake in the island of Great Sangor, one of the Moluccas,
by which 2,806 lives were lost.


MARCH 3.

1589. JOHN STURMIUS, a learned German grammarian and rhetorician, died.
He was called the Cicero of Germany.

1633. GEORGE HERBERT, an English divine and poet, died. Lord Bacon had
so high an opinion of his judgment that he would not suffer his works to
be published until they had been submitted to Herbert's examination.

1634. First colony arrived at Potomac for the settlement of Maryland,
under Lord Baltimore. It consisted of 200 Catholics from England. The
soil was purchased of the natives, and the foundation of the province
was laid on the broad basis of security to property and of freedom in
religion.

1703. ROBERT HOOKE, an English mathematician and philosopher, died. He
is noted for many useful inventions and improvements in mechanics; and
his writings are numerous and valuable.

1722. CAMPEGIO VITRINGA died; a learned author of Friesland, in the
Netherlands.

1728. CAMILLO D'HOSTUN, count de Tallart, died. He was a brave general
of the French, taken prisoner by the duke of Marlborough.

1760. Unsuccessful attack on the fort at Ninety-Six, by 200 Cherokee
Indians.

1776. The Americana under Col. Bull burnt the British ship Inverness and
six other vessels, near Savannah, laden for England.

1779. Battle of Briar Creek, when the Americans were surprised by the
British under Provost, and lost 150 killed and 162 prisoners.

1780. JOSEPH HIGHMORE, an eminent English painter, died. He was also a
writer of considerable merit.

1791. The church plate in France was sent to the mint for coinage.

1792. ROBERT ADAM, a Scotch architect, died. In connection with his
brother, he built some of the first mansions in London; but the work for
which they are chiefly celebrated, is the elegant range called the
_Adelphi_, a Greek word denoting the relationship of brothers.

1796. Civic festival at the Hague on occasion of the installation of the
Batavian national assembly.

1799. The advance guards of the French army arrived before Jaffa (the
ancient Joppa) in Syria, and invested the city.

1802. County of St. Lawrence, in New York, erected.

1808. JOHANN CHRIST FABRICIUS died, one of the most celebrated
entomologists of the eighteenth century. He was born 1742 at Sleswic in
Denmark; studied medicine; but was afterwards induced to make an
especial study of entomology, a science at that time in its infancy. He
adopted a new arrangement of the insect tribe by choosing for his
divisions the modifications observable in the parts of the mouth.

1808. The French West India island Marigalante taken by the British. It
was colonized by the French, 1647; twice taken by the Dutch, and twice
before by the British, and restored to the French, 1763.

1810. The great Elm tree at Kensington, Philadelphia, under which
William Penn held his first treaty with the Indians in 1682, was blown
down.

1815. War declared between the United States and Algiers.

1817. LESCURE died at Beaulieu in France, aged 118. He enjoyed, at the
time of his death, the vigorous use of his intellect.

1843. Com. PORTER, a gallant American naval officer, died at
Constantinople, where he was minister from the United States to the
Sublime Porte.

1845. Florida admitted into the Union as an independent state.

1846. HENRY PURKITT, one of those who assisted in the destruction of the
tea in Boston harbor, died, aged 91.

1855. ROBERT MILLS died, a civil engineer and architect, under whom the
Washington Post office, Treasury building and Patent office were
erected.


MARCH 4.

1193. SALADIN the Great died at Damascus.

1530. CHARLES V granted to the knights of St. John, who had recently
been expelled from the island of Rhodes by the Turks, the ownership of
all the castles, fortresses, and isles of Tripoli, Malta and Gozo. Malta
at the time was a shelterless rock, and the inhabitants, 12,000 in
number, in a wretched condition.

1583. BERNARD GILPIN, an eminent English prelate, died. He came near
falling a victim to the fury of Bonner, and was only saved from the
stake by the death of the queen. His life was spent in well doing.

1629. Massachusetts patent confirmed by CHARLES I, by the name of "the
governor and company of Massachusetts bay in New England," Matthew
Cradock first governor.

1674. The governing charter of Dundalk, in the county of South Ireland,
bears this date. This town was the Dundalgan of the Irish _Ossianic_
poems, and is of great antiquity.

1681. The charter of Pennsylvania signed and sealed by Charles II,
constituting William Penn and his heirs true and absolute proprietaries
of the province, saving to the crown their allegiance and the
sovereignty.

1744. JOHN ANSTIS died; an English antiquary, and a very eminent writer
on heraldic subjects.

1765. WILLIAM STUKELEY, an English antiquary, died. He wrote ably as a
divine, physician, historian and antiquary; was profound in British
antiquities; a good botanist; erudite in ancient coins; drew well, and
understood mechanics. The footsteps of the Romans were traced by him,
and the temples of the ancient Britons explored. His antiquarian
researches acquired him the name of Arch Druid.

1776. The Americans took possession of Dorchester heights, which were so
far completed by day light as to excite the astonishment of the British,
and render their position in Boston extremely hazardous.

1776. New Providence taken from the British by the American Commodore
Ezekiel Hopkins. The governor, together with considerable military
stores, fell into the hands of the victors.

1778. American frigate Alfred, 20 guns, taken by the British ships
Ariadne and Ceres.

1782. The house of commons resolved that it would "consider as enemies
to his majesty and the country, all those who should advise or attempt
the further prosecution of offensive war on the American continent."

1789. The first congress of the United States assembled at New York.

1791. Vermont admitted into the Union. (See Feb. 18.)

1794. HENRY DE LA ROCHEJAQUELIN, the hero of La Vendee, killed. The
peasants of the neighborhood having risen in the royal cause, he placed
himself at their head, with this laconic harangue, "_Allons chercher
l'ennemi; si je recule, tuez moi; si j'avance, suivez moi; si je meurs,
vengez moi_." After gaining sixteen victories, he fell in single combat
with a republican soldier.

1797. One pound or 20 shilling notes first issued by the bank of
England. They were designed to take the place of the specie drained from
the vaults to pay the foreign contracts.

1806. Action between the British fleet, Com. Popham, and the French
frigate La Voluntaire, 46 guns. The latter was captured with 360 men and
217 British prisoners.

1811. First report of canal commissioners in New York.

1811. The French under Massena retreated before Lord Wellington upon
Santarem, in Portugal, leaving their killed and wounded behind.

1812. The charter of the first bank of the United States expired by its
own limitation.

1814. Battle of Longwood, about 100 miles from Detroit, in which the
United States troops defeated a superior British force. British loss 80;
American loss 8.

1814. Battle of Troyes, between the French under Oudinot and the Allies
under Schwarzenberg, in which the former were defeated, with the loss of
10 cannon and 3,000 prisoners.

1815. United States letter of marque brig Aspasia, 3 guns and 25 men,
captured by the British ship Voluntaire.

1815. FRANCES ABINGTON, a celebrated English actress, died. She was the
original Lady Teazle.

1832. JOHN FRANCIS CHAMPOLLION, the French archæologist, died at Paris,
aged 42. Having devoted much attention to the study of Egyptian
antiquities, he was, in 1826, appointed to superintend that department
in the royal museum at Paris, and in 1828, went with an expedition of
learned men to Egypt, at the expense of the king, Charles X. The results
of this journey were regarded of so great importance in relation to the
hieroglyphics, that his manuscripts on that subject were purchased by
the French government at about $9,300.

1838. Carlists under Cabanero, entered Saragossa, but were driven out by
the national guards with the loss of 120 killed and 700 prisoners.

1847. A telescopic comet was discovered at the Cambridge university at
7 P. M. by G. P. Pond, assistant observer, being the fourth first
discovered in this country by this young gentleman.

1856. The free state legislature of Kansas assembled at Topeka.


MARCH 5.

13. B. C. MARCUS EMILIUS LEPIDUS, one of the Roman triumvirs, with
Augustus and Anthony, died at Cerceii.

493. ODOACER, chief of the Heruli, murdered. It was reserved for him, at
the head of a tribe of barbarians almost unknown, to strike the decisive
blow that overthrew the great mistress of the world--imperial Rome.

1223. ALONZO II of Portugal died. His career was begun by an attempt to
deprive his sisters of their estates, and ended by robbing the church.
The pope, however, interfered, and compelled him to promise to be civil
to the ecclesiastics; but death overtook him before he had time to
fulfill his engagements by making restitution.

1495. HENRY VIII granted a patent to John Cabot and his three sons
Lewis, Sebastian and Sanchius, empowering them to sail under the flag of
England in quest of countries yet unoccupied by any Christian state, to
take possession of them in the name of Henry, and plant the English
banner on the walls of their castles and cities, and to maintain with
the inhabitants a traffic exclusive of all competitors, and exempted
from customs; under the condition of paying a fifth part of the free
profit on every voyage to the crown. They embarked two years after.

1534. ANTONI ALLEGRI, an illustrious Italian painter, died. He lived at
Parma, where without any instruction he executed some of the most
perfect pictures in the world. He is better known as Corregio, from his
birth place.

1546. ISABELLA LOSA died; a native of Cordova in Spain, so illustrious
for her acquirements that she was honored with the degree of D. D.

1605. CLEMENT VIII (Hippolitus Aldobrandi), pope of Rome, died. He was a
liberal minded and benevolent pontiff.

1660. MONK'S parliament ordered the printing and setting up in churches
the solemn league and covenant.

1686. JAMES II forbade the bishops to preach on controverted points.

1695. HENRY WHARTON died; an English divine and historian of uncommon
abilities.

1701. ROBERT, earl of Bellamont, governor of the province of New York,
died, two years after his installment into that office.

1708. WILLIAM BEVERIDGE, an English divine, and bishop of St. Asaph,
died, leaving many learned and valuable works.

1710. JOHN HOLT died. He had been for more than 20 years lord chief
justice of the king's bench court in England.

1737. The servants called footmen occasioned a riot at Drury lane
theatre, London, alleging that they had been shut out of the gallery, to
which they were entitled.

1744. At Huddersfield, Yorkshire, a Roman temple was discovered and an
altar inscribed to Antonius Modestus of the sixth conquering legion.

1770. Boston massacre. This occurrence, which is variously stated, is
supposed to have arisen as follows: a crowd surrounded a corporal's
guard in the evening, and commenced pelting them with snow balls, which
exasperated his majesty's legions to such a pitch of valor, that they
turned their muskets upon the citizens. The leaden balls of the soldiers
were more than a match for those of the people, and five men fell
mortally wounded. Their names were Mattucks, Gray, Caldwell, Maverick,
and Carr.

1773. PHILIP FRANCIS died at Bath, England; distinguished as a
translator of Horace and Demosthenes.

1775. PETER LAURENCE BUYRETTE DU BELLOI died; a French comedian and
tragedian, who by his own pieces became extremely popular in his day.

1775. The citizens of New York held a town meeting, in which it is said
the question of congress or no congress was carried in the affirmative
by the aid of hoop poles obtained from a neighboring cooper's yard.

1778. THOMAS AUGUSTUS ARNE died; an English musician and opera writer.
He received the degree of doctor of music.

1785. JOSEPH REED died at Philadelphia, aged 43. He was one of
Washington's aids in the revolutionary war, and subsequently an
adjutant-general, member of congress, and governor of Pennsylvania.

1794. County of Onondaga, in New York, erected.

1798. An Algerine barque arrived at Baltimore, 85 days out, manned by
Algerines; being the first that ever entered an American port.

1811. Battle of Barrosa in Portugal, between the French under Victor,
and the English, Spanish and Portuguese allied army, under Graham. The
French were defeated with the loss of 3,000; allied loss 2,742.

1827. PIERRE SIMON LAPLACE, the French mathematician, died. His
principal work, which will render him an object of admiration to
posterity, the _Mechanique Celeste_, has been translated by our
countryman Nathaniel Bowditch, in a manner creditable alike to the
author, to himself and the literature of his country.

1827. ALESSANDRO VOLTA died. He was born at Como, Italy; devoted his
attention to experiments in electricity, and made many important
discoveries.

1829. Battle near the river Natonebi, in Asiatic Turkey, between the
Turks and Russians, in which the former lost 1,000 and the latter 200
men.

1837. OLIVER ELLIOT died at Mason, N. H., aged 103. He was a soldier of
the French war of 1756, and of the revolutionary war.

1846. JOHN PICKERING, president of the American Oriental society, &c.,
&c., died at Boston.

1849. The emperor of Austria, after a series of decrees, promulgated a
new constitution.

1853. GERVINUS tried at Manheim for high treason, published in a work on
the history of the nineteenth century, was found guilty of exciting to
sedition, and sentenced to ten months imprisonment, and his book ordered
to be destroyed.

1856. Covent garden theatre, London, burnt at the close of a masked
hall.


MARCH 6.

13 B. C. AUGUSTUS CÆSAR assumed the office of high priest, in which
capacity he destroyed 2,000 books of prophecy, for want of authority!

1393. JOHN HAWKWOOD, an Englishman, died at Florence. He was bred a
tailor, but signalized himself so greatly in the wars in Italy, that he
was promoted to the highest posts; and after his death the Florentines
erected a block marble statue as an acknowledgment for the services he
had done them.

1521. MAGELLAN, in the service of the king of Spain, on his voyage round
the world, discovered the Ladrone, or Marian islands, and may be
considered as the first discoverer of that portion of the world called
Australia. This opened the way for the subsequent discoveries made in
that quarter.

1557. Lord STOURTON hung at Salisbury in a halter of silk, to mark his
dignity. His crime was the murder of two persons whom he had decoyed to
his house.

1577. REMI BELLEAU, one of the seven poets called the Pleiades of
France, died. He excelled as a pastoral writer.

1615. The yacht Halve Maan, 80 tons burden, in which Hudson entered the
river which bears his name, was wrecked and destroyed on the island of
Mauritius.

1716. Aurora Borealis first seen in England, and was gazed upon with
every degree of alarm till nearly three o'clock in the morning.

1754. PELHAM, premier of England, died suddenly in the meridian of life.
He was much opposed to the German alliances of the kingdom, but had not
influence enough in the face of a hostile court to break them up.

1762. The ghost that had for so long a time alarmed the people of
Cocklane, London, was detected.

1767. JAMES MALFILLASTRE, a French poet, died.

1781. Battle of Whitsell's mill, an important pass of Reedy fort creek,
in which the British were worsted.

1784. FRANCIS XAVIER HALL, a Jesuit, professor of belles lettres and
ecclesiastical law in several German universities, died.

1796. WILLIAM FRANCIS RAYNAL died. He was a French Jesuit, who
distinguished himself as a historian of the European settlements in both
Indias, and as a political writer.

1799. The French under Bonaparte took Jaffa by assault. The garrison
consisted of 1,200 Turkish artillery and 2,500 Magrubins or Arnauts who
were put to the sword.

1812. JAMES MADISON, an eminent American prelate, died, aged 63. His
great attainments placed him in the presidential chair of William and
Mary college at the early age of 28, and the reputation of the
institution advanced under his charge.

1815. LEWIS XVIII declared Napoleon Bonaparte a traitor and a rebel, for
having entered by main force the department of the Var.

1815. A great riot around the British parliament house, on account of
the corn bill. A great many lives lost.

1817. Insurrection at Pernambuco, Brazils, headed by Domingos Jose
Martins. The insurgents took possession of the town, and the governor
fled to Rio de Janeiro.

1822. Owing to a strong south-west wind the tide in the Thames near
London bridge was so low, that several persons forded the river and
picked up many valuable articles that had laid for years on the bottom
of the river.

1825. SAMUEL PARR, an eminent English divine and critic, died. He was
possessed of a prodigious memory, and in curious and elegant classical
knowledge he seems to have been at the head of the English scholars of
his day.

1838. VILETTE EASTON, a colored woman, died at Providence, Rhode Island,
at the age of 110.

1854. The block of marble sent by the pope as a contribution to
Washington's monument, was destroyed by unknown persons at night.


MARCH 7.

161. ANTONINUS PIUS, emperor of Rome, died at Lorium, aged 23.

1274. THOMAS AQUINAS died. He was descended from the counts of Aquino,
in Italy. There was a great contest for him between his family and the
monks when he was a youth; but he eluded the vigilance of his keepers,
became a theologian, and was called the evangelical doctor. His works
have been often reprinted in 17 vols, folio.

1575. The general assembly of Scotland enacted that no comedies, nor
tragedies, or such plays, shall be made on any history of canonical
scriptures, nor on the Sabbath day.

1589. WALTHER RALEIGH, having expended £40,000 in attempting the
colonization of Virginia, without realizing the expected gain, made an
assignment of his patent to Thomas Smith and others, with a donation of
£100 for the benefit of the colony.

1661. Goffe and Whalley, the regicides, arrived at New Haven, where by
the connivance of the deputy governor and clergyman, they effectually
eluded discovery during the remainder of their lives.

1755. THOMAS WILSON died; bishop of Sodor and Man, an excellent prelate
and an eminent writer on theology.

1769. SAMUEL DERRICK died; originally a linen draper in Dublin;
subsequently a writer of pamphlets in London, and finally master of
ceremonies at Bath and Tunbridge.

1771. THOMAS MARTIN, an English antiquarian, died. He wrote a history of
his own native town, and made a valuable collection of antiquities, &c.

1777. JAMES AITKEN, alias John the painter, was hanged on a gallows 60
feet in height for setting fire to the rope yard at Portsmouth. He
confessed his having set fire to the vessels at Bristol quay and that he
was stimulated to these acts by Silas Dean of the American congress.

1778. American frigate Randolph, Capt. Nicholas Biddle, 36 guns and 305
men, blown up about 9 at night, in an action of fifteen minutes with the
British ship Yarmouth, 64 guns. Capt. Biddle perished, at the age of 27;
only 4 of the crew were saved.

1781. A British soldier jumped over the pallisades at Gibraltar, and
notwithstanding 1143 musket balls were fired at him, succeeded in
reaching the Spanish lines, waving his hat.

1788. Clinton county, in New York, erected.

1794. Revolution at Warsaw. The Russians with Gen. Inglestrom and their
ambassador, driven out of the city by the Poles.

1794. The mulatto Gen. Bellegarde and his second, Pelocque, with 300
followers, surrendered to the British at St. Domingo. The chiefs were
sent to the United States.

1795. The British squadron, Sir Edward Pellew, captured near the
Penmarks, 8 French vessels, burnt 2 ships, 3 brigs and 2 sloops.

1801. The British expedition under Lord Keith, consisting of nearly 200
sail and an army of 15,330 men, arrived in Aboukir bay, Egypt.

1803, FRANCIS EDGERTON, duke of Bridgewater, died. He was the projector
of the Medway canal in England.

1804. British and Foreign Bible society founded in London. A clergyman
of Wales, whom the want of a Welsh Bible led to London, occasioned its
establishment.

1808. The Portuguese royal family arrived in Brazil, fleeing before the
arms of Napoleon to the colonies.

1809. Schenectady county, New York, taken from Albany.

1810. CUTHBERT COLLINGWOOD, the English admiral, died in his ship off
Minorca. He entered the British navy at an early age, and by his talents
rose to the highest rank. His most distinguished service was the part he
bore at the battle of Trafalgar. On the fall of Nelson in that conflict,
the command devolved on him. The victory on that occasion was
attributable to the nautical skill, prudence and courage of Collingwood;
and his ship was the first to break through the French line.

1814. Battle of Craonne in France, in which the French under Victor and
Ney defeated the allies, took 6 generals and about 6,000 prisoners.

1828. RICHARD STOCKTON, a son of the signer of the Declaration of
American Independence of that name, died at Princeton, New Jersey. He
was one of the foremost supporters of Washington's administration.

1844. Florida admitted into the Union.

     (Query 3d.)


MARCH 8.

1096. WALTER the Pennyless departed from France with the van of the
Crusaders.

1639. DUDLEY DIGGES, master of the rolls under Charles I, died. He was
noted for his patriotism, and was the author of several literary
performances.

1663. The great frost at Paris, which had endured three months, broke up
on this day.

1702. WILLIAM III of England, died. He was celebrated as a politician,
and formidable as a general. (16th?)

1721. Pope CLEMENT XI died, aged 72. He reigned over twenty years.

1748. The British squadron, Admiral Knowles, attacked and carried Port
Louis, in St. Domingo, which he also destroyed. The French lost about
130 killed; British loss 20 killed and 50 wounded.

1750. An earthquake at London which shook the whole city. It occurred at
half past five in the morning, awoke people from their sleep, threw some
persons out of bed and rung the bells.

1757. THOMAS BLACKWELL, an eminent Scottish writer, died. His modesty
was such that he published his works anonymously.

1766. The bill repealing the American stamp act received the royal
assent, and was passed.

1766. WILLIAM CHAMBERS, the architect, died. He was born in Sweden, but
was brought over to England at two years of age. As an architect, the
building of Somerset house will place his name with the best of the
British schools. He was the author of several works, principally on
architecture.

1775. An inhabitant of the town of Billerica, Mass., tarred and
feathered by the British troops. The British were the first to introduce
this practice, which, afterwards became a popular mode of punishing
tories.

1793. The French national convention abolished imprisonment for debt,
and decreed that all actually confined for debt in the republic should
be set at liberty. From this law however were excepted all defaulters in
public money.

1793. The city of Liege in Belgium, taken by the Austrians.

1796. A viscid and resinous substance fell near Bautzen, in Upper
Lusatia, composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Several distinguished
men of science examined specimens of it. It had the smell of the
yellowish and very much dried gum of the juniper.

1796. Banda, an East India island, taken by the British under Admiral
Rainer. A large quantity of spices and considerable money fell into the
hands of the victors.

1799. Cayuga county, New York, erected.

1799. MASSENA took by assault the fortress of Luciensteig, cut out of
the rock in the channel of the Rhine. This opened a passage through the
Rhætian Alps.

1801. The British effected a landing in Egypt, at Aboukir bay, with the
loss of 700 men. The French under Menou opposed their landing with great
bravery.

1803. FRANCIS EGERTON, duke of Bridgewater, died. He is styled the
father of canal navigation in England. He planned the Worsley canal,
near Manchester, which he completed with the assistance of Brindley. He
died immensely rich.

1804. Goeree, an island of the Netherlands, which had fallen into the
hands of the French a few weeks previous, was retaken by the British on
this day.

1807. SAWREY GILPIN, an English painter, died. He excelled particularly
in delineating animals. His masterpiece is a group of tigers.

1808. Third day's action between the British frigate St. Fiorenza and
the French frigate Piedmontaise, 50 guns, off cape Comorin. The action
lasted one hour and twenty minutes, when the French struck, having 48
killed and wounded. The British lost 17 killed besides their commander,
Capt. Hardinge.

1814. Lord WELLINGTON defeated the French and entered Bordeaux.

1814. Unsuccessful attack by the British under Gen. Skerret upon
Bergen-op-Zoom. Of 4,500 British it is supposed that not more than 1,500
escaped.

1815. Action between the British ship Tiber, Capt. Dacres, and the
American privateer Leo, 7 guns, 93 men, Capt. Hemes, which resulted in
the capture of the latter.

1819. REGNAULT DE ST. JEAN D'ANGELY, a French statesman under Bonaparte,
died at his ancient seat, on the day following his return from exile, of
gout in the stomach.

1844. CHARLES JOHN BERNADOTTE, king of Sweden, died, aged 81. He rose
from the humble rank of a sergeant in the army, to the highest rank
under Bonaparte; and in 1810 founded a new dynasty in Sweden. Having
fortunately joined the allied powers in 1812 against Napoleon, he
survived the overthrow of the other newly erected dynasties, and
transmitted the crown to his son, Oscar I.


MARCH 9.

1403. BAJAZET I, sultan of Turkey, died. He was celebrated as a warrior,
but his disposition was cruel and tyrannical. Being conquered by
Tamerlane, and exposed by him in an iron cage, he dashed his head
against the bars of his prison, and killed himself.

1405. Battle of Grosmont, in which Henry IV defeated the Welch under
Griffith Glendowr.

1566. DAVID RICCI (or Rizzio), an Italian musician, residing at the
court of Mary, queen of Scots, assassinated in her presence. His
skillful performance of the national melodies of Scotland, tended not a
little to their general improvement with the higher classes.

1609. WILLIAM WARNER, an English poet, died; author of _Albion's
England_.

1615. FRANCIS BEAUMONT, an English dramatist buried. He was jointly
concerned with Fletcher in the production of several excellent plays,
and assisted Jonson in some of his. He died under 30 years of age.

1649. The duke of Hamilton, earl of Holland, and Lord Capel beheaded
with others who were suspected of royalism. Bad faith is attributed to
their judges.

1661. JULIUS MAZARIN died; cardinal and prime minister of France under
Louis XIV. His name is identified with the history of his time.

1678. Ghent surrendered to Louis XIV of France.

1679. A declaration forbidding pardon to be granted to any who killed
another in a duel, issued by the council of England.

1694. GASPARD SAGITTARIUS, a German historian, died. He was an able
supporter of the doctrines of the reformation.

1735. Violent hurricane occurred at Kilverton in Norfolk rolling the
lead of the roofs of houses and doing in the few minutes it lasted,
incredible damage. A strong smell of sulphur followed.

1762. JOSEPH CALAS, a merchant of Toulouse, executed on the wheel. He
was unjustly condemned for the murder of his own son. His innocence was
confirmed by a public _arret_, on this day the next year.

1770. WILLIAM GUTHRIES, a voluminous Scottish writer, died. He became
celebrated as a bookmaker, and lent his name to the works of less
popular authors.

1778. Great council at Johnstown between the Six nations and New York
company.

1782. Mangalore, a seaport of Hindostan, surrendered to the British
under General Matthews.

1783. MICHAEL ETMULLER, a German physician, died. His works have been
published in 5 vols. folio.

1793. Congress passed the act to organize the militia; enacting the
enrollment of every able bodied white male citizen between the ages of
18 and 45.

1795. The Fingal, or 118th regiment, mutinied at Birmingham, England.

1796. CHARETTE, the famous Vendean chief, tried and shot at Nantes, aged
about 33. He refused to have his eyes bandaged, and gave the signal to
fire himself.

1801. JOHANN CHRISTIAN ACKERMANN, a celebrated German physician and
bibliographer, died, aged 45.

1810. London rendered impassable for several hours by a heavy rain.

1811. Battle of Pombal, in Portugal, in which the French were defeated
with the loss of 470, by the British.

1812. JOHN HENRY'S plot to dismember the Union disclosed to congress.
Henry received $50,000 public money for disclosing it, and sailed
immediately for France.

1814. Battle of Laon, in which Napoleon was defeated by Marshal Blucher.

1822. EDWARD DANIEL CLARKE, professor of mineralogy at Cambridge and a
celebrated traveler and tourist, died.

1823. JOHN HENRY VAN SWINDEN, a Dutch philosopher, died. He was an
author on various subjects, and a man of great erudition.

1825. ANNA LETITIA BARBAULD, an English authoress of great reputation in
her day, died. She was early taught the languages, and became
distinguished for her learning. She retained great vigor of mind and
body to the extreme age of 90.

1834. Snow fell at Rome, the first event of the kind on record in 240
years. (See March 25, 1595.)

1840. GEORGE GLEIG died at Stirling, Scotland, aged 87; distinguished
for more than half a century as a scholar, critic, metaphysician and
theologian.

1847. Battle of Vera Cruz.


MARCH 10.

222. HELIOGABALUS, emperor of Rome, assassinated. He was a cruel,
vindictive and licentious tyrant.

1333. LADISLAUS III of Poland died. He oppressed the people till they
revolted and placed Wenceslaus upon the throne. On the death of the
latter he was reinstated and governed with justice and moderation.

1668. JOHN DENHAM, a British poet, died. One of his poems, _Cooper's
Hill_, is commended by the ablest critics.

1673. HENRIETTA COLIGNI, a French poetess of much celebrity, died.

1683. The first council and assembly of Pennsylvania met at Chester. The
session occupied 22 days.

1686. JAMES II granted a general pardon to many of his subjects,
excepting among others the girls of Taunton who gave a Bible and sword
to Monmouth. James never favored the Bible.

1726. The Lyford giant born; when five years of age he could lift one
hundred weight with one hand.

1736. WILLIAM COSBY, captain general and commander in chief of the
province of New York, died, almost universally detested.

1774. WILLIAM BROWNE, an English physician, died. The active part he
took in the contest against the licentiates, occasioned his being
introduced by Foote into his play of the _Devil upon Two Sticks_. He is
distinguished by many lively essays in English, and Latin prose and
verse.

1776. ELIAS CATHERINE FRERON, a French _litterateur_, died. He was the
constant subject of Voltaire's satire, who called him the tyrant, rather
than the king of literature.

1776. The British soldiery, contrary to orders, plundered Boston.

1783, ANTHONY LOYDI, a farmer of Amezquet, Spain, died, aged 114. He had
never been sick until a few days before his death, always abstained from
wine and tobacco, and retained his senses, his teeth and hair until he
died.

1785. N. SABLIER, an eminent French author, died at Paris.

1789. The city of London brilliantly illuminated on account of the
convalescence of the king.

1792. JOHN, earl of Bute, died. He was made prime minister of England,
from which he voluntarily retired to enjoy a life of learned leisure.

1797. The city of Albany made the capital of the state of New York.

1797. Delaware county, in the state of New York, erected.

1812. BONAPARTE issued a decree _denationalizing_ all flags that should
submit to the British orders in council.

1813. Action at night in Chesapeake bay between the United States
schooner Adeline and the British schooner Lottery; the latter it is
supposed was sunk.

1819. FREDERICK HENRY JACOBI, a German philosophical writer, died.

1820. BENJAMIN WEST, the painter, died at London, aged 82. He was born
at Springfield, Penn., 1738. The first indications of his genius were
elicited at the age of seven years, by drawing the portrait of his
sleeping sister in red and black ink. He began painting as a profession
at the age of 18, and four years after went to England. He was
subsequently induced by Sir Joshua Reynolds to take up his residence in
London, where he acquired a reputation seldom attained, and at the time
of his death was president of the Royal academy.

1826. JOHN PINKERTON, an eminent and voluminous Scottish author, died at
Paris, aged 68.

1829. The William and Anne, a British trading vessel, wrecked at the
mouth of Columbia river, on the north-west coast of America, and the
whole crew, 16 Europeans and 10 Sandwich islanders, murdered by the
natives.

1833. SAMUEL TUCKER, an American revolutionary commodore, died at
Bremen, Maine. He was distinguished as a brave and able commander, and
at the time of his death, was supposed to have been, next to Lafayette,
the highest surviving officer of the revolution.

1855. JAMES BROWN, an eminent book-publisher of Boston, Mass., died,
aged 55. He not only was eminent in his profession, but possessed the
taste and spirit of a scholar.

1855. CARLOS, the claimant of the Spanish throne from the time of the
death of Ferdinand in 1833, died at Trieste, where he was known as the
conde de Molina.

1855. The college building at Princeton, N. J., known as Nassau hall,
was destroyed by fire. It was built in 1756 and in the Revolutionary war
was used for barracks, by both the British and Americans.


MARCH 11.

1302. The marriage of ROMEO MONTOCCHIO with JULIET CAPELLETTO was
solemnized at the church of the Minorites, at Citadella. These were
Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.

1444. The university of Paris issued a circular addressed to all the
French clergy, expressing the opinion of the church, that the _feast of
fools_, about the calends of January, was a well imagined institution,
connected with Christianity, and that those who attempted to suppress it
should be curst and excommunicate.

1513. JOHN MEDICI elected pope and assumed the title of Leo X. From his
grave appearance it was often said he seemed never to have been a child.

1544. Birthday of TORQUATO TASSO, styled the prince of Italian poets.

1669. The memorable eruption of Mount Etna began at sunset.

1722. JOHN TOLAND, a very famous English political, polemical and
miscellaneous writer and antiquary, died at Putney.

1732. PETER CHIRAC, a French author and physician to the king, died.

1732. KOULI KHAN, usurped the Persian throne.

1738. It was ascertained that 12,000 persons were convicted in London in
a few months for selling gin without a license, and 3,000 paid a fine of
£10 rather than be committed to the house of correction.

1744. Action off Toulon between part of the British fleet under Matthews
and Lestock, and the combined French and Spanish fleets.

1797. Two discharged servants informed the police that Ladies
Buckinghamshire, Luttrel and Stuart played faro, in consequence of which
their ladyships were fined.

1800. The Royal institution of London for the promotion of the fine arts
held their first sitting.

1808. Franklin, Chatauque, Cattaraugus and Niagara counties in the state
of New York, erected.

1809. HANNAH COWLEY died, aged 66. She was born at Tiverton, England,
and distinguished as a poetress, and a dramatic writer.

1811. Badajos in Spain surrendered to the French under Soult. About
9,000 prisoners were taken, 170 cannon, 80,000 quintals of gunpowder, a
large quantity of infantry cartridges, and two complete bridge
equipages.

1812. PHILIP JAMES DE LOUHTERBOURG, a distinguished landscape painter,
died at London. He was born at Strasburgh, 1740, and studied under
Casanova. He gained considerable reputation by his paintings at Paris,
after which he went over to England. Here he got up under the name of
_Eidophusikon_, a novel and highly ingenious exhibition, displaying the
changes of the elements and their phenomena, in a calm, a moonlight, a
sunset and a storm at sea.

1813. Action off Surinam river between the United States privateer
schooner Gen. Armstrong, 18 guns, and a British 24 gun frigate. The
privateer sustained the attack 45 minutes within pistol shot, and
succeeded in escaping with the loss of 6 killed and 16 wounded.

1848. HENRY WHEATON, an American statesman, philanthropist and classic
writer, died at Roxbury, Mass.

1856. President RIVAS, of Nicaragua, declared war against Costa Rica.


MARCH 12.

1470. Battle of Erpingham, in England, and defeat of the rebels under
Sir Robert Welles.

1507. CÆSAR BORGIA killed by a cannon shot before the castle of Biano.
He was the natural son of Pope Alexander VI, and by him invested with
the purple. He was a man of such conduct and character that Machiavel
has thought fit to propose him, in his famous book, called _The Prince_,
as a pattern to all princes who would act the part of wise and polite
tyrants. He allowed no one to stand in his way to promotion from any
scruples to removing them by the foulest means.

1578. ALEXANDER PICCOLOMINI died; author of dramatic and other pieces.
He was the first who used the Italian language in philosophical
subjects.

1581. WILLIAM FULKE preached a sermon within the tower of London in the
hearing of such obstinate papists as were there imprisoned.

1612. The third charter of Virginia granted, by which new privileges and
immunities were given for the encouragement of the colony.

1664. CHARLES II, of England, granted to his brother the duke of York,
all Mattawacks, now Long Island; all Hudson's river, and all the lands
from the west side of Connecticut river to the east side of Delaware
bay, together with the royalties and rights of government.

1676. Action between the French fleet under Duquesne, and the Spanish
and Dutch fleets under De Ruyter, who was mortally wounded.

1682. Chelsea hospital, England, founded.

1683. The first assembly of Pennsylvania was holden at Philadelphia, two
years from the time that Penn obtained the charter.

1697. LUDOVICK MUGGLETON, a schismatic English tailor, died. He
entertained notions peculiar to himself, and damned all who differed
from him. He was pilloried and imprisoned, and his books burnt by the
hangman.

1703. AUBREY DE VERE died. His father was the valiant Robert de Vere,
who married the daughter of a Friesland boor, named Beatrix Van Hemims.
He was lord of the bed chamber to Charles I; was found so passive under
Cromwell, that he escaped even the fine; conformed to the manners of the
court of Charles II; went over from James II to William the conqueror;
and was graceful in old age at the court of Queen Anne. He had been
privy councilor to each of these sovereigns, and was hereditary lord
chamberlain, senior knight of the garter, and premier earl of England.

1713. STEELE commenced his paper _The Guardian_.

1716. ISAAC BRIAND was fined £2000 by the court of aldermen, London, for
marrying Miss Elizabeth Watson, an orphan of 13 years of age and a great
fortune, without their consent.

1761. The shock of an earthquake felt in Massachusetts and the adjoining
states, at half past two in the morning.

1768. Six students of Edmund hall, Oxford, were expelled the university
for methodism. Their crime was praying, expounding the scriptures and
singing psalms.

1772. Montgomery (originally Tyron) county, N. Y., erected.

1775. The earl of Effingham resigned his command in a regiment ordered
to America. He refused to bear arms against his fellow subjects in the
colonies.

1780. The British garrison at Mobile, Capt. Durnford, capitulated to the
Spaniards under Don Bernardo de Galvez. The garrison consisted of 284
regulars, 54 inhabitants and 51 armed Indians.

1797. The French under Serrurier crossed the Piave, having defeated the
Austrians who opposed their passage.

1801. The British fleet sailed from Aboukir bay, Egypt, and the army
under Abercrombie, having effected their landing, took up their line of
march for Alexandria.

1807. British order in council, interdicting all trade between port and
port in France.

1809. GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS IV, king of Sweden, dethroned, and the reigns of
the government assumed by his uncle the duke of Sudermania, afterwards
Charles XIII. (By some authorities, March 15.)

1811. The French under Massena attacked at Redinha, Portugal, by the
duke of Wellington, and compelled to fall back.

1813. Warren county, N. Y., erected.

1814. The allied British and Portuguese, under Marshal Beresford, took
possession of Bordeaux in France, in the name of Louis XVIII.

1819. ROBERT WATT, author of the _Bibliotheca Britannica_, died. His
family were severe sufferers by the failure of Constable & Co., of
Edinburgh.

1837. M. DE PRADT, archbishop of Malines, died at Paris, aged 78. He
bore a conspicuous part in the political history of France, was often
employed in important missions, and was the author of many political
publications.

1843. LITTLETON HUNT, aged 107, died at Guinett, Ga. When a soldier of
the revolutionary army he was severely wounded at the battle of Eutaw
springs.

1844. EDWARD R. SHUBRICK, a brave and accomplished American naval
officer, died on board his ship, the Columbia, off the coast of Brazil,
aged 50.

1846. JONATHAN ELLIOT, a well known newspaper editor and political
writer, died at Washington, D. C.

1854. HUGH MACPHERSON died, aged 86; for 61 years professor of Greek at
the university of Aberdeen.

1857. Rail road accident on the Great Western railway in Canada, by
which a great number of persons were killed at a bridge over the Des
Jardins canal.

1857. JOHN JOHNSON, an old revolutionary soldier, died in Alleghany
township, Westmoreland county, Penn., aged 103. He served in the
continental army during the whole of the revolutionary war; fought at
the battles of the White plains, Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine,
Germantown, Monmouth, Stony point, Guilford court house, and Yorktown
where Lord Cornwallis capitulated and surrendered to Gen. Washington, in
all the battles and skirmishes of Gen. Anthony Wayne; and at the
storming of Stony point by Wayne, he formed one of the _forlorn hope_.


MARCH 13.

565. BELISARIUS, a distinguished Roman general, died. He is memorable
for his signal and momentous victories, and for his misfortunes. He was
degraded to beg alms at the gates of Constantinople by the ungrateful
emperor Justinian, to whom he had rendered the most important services.

1470. Battle near Stamford, England, in which Edward IV gained an
important victory over his adversaries.

1493. COLUMBUS arrived at Palos, from his first voyage of discovery.

1519. CORTEZ, on his expedition for the conquest of Mexico, landed at
the mouth of the river Tabasco, and prepared to attack the town of the
same name, in which about 12,000 warriors had assembled. Calling upon
_St. Jago_, he fell upon the Indians, who were repulsed.

1521. MAGELLAN discovered the Phillipine islands, on one of which he was
killed by the natives.

1573. MICHAEL DE L'HOSPITAL, chancellor of France, died. He was
distinguished for the ability, integrity and mildness of his
administration, which was cast in the midst of turbulence and faction.

1604. ARNAUD D'OSSAT, a celebrated French cardinal and statesman, died.
His _Despatches_ is highly recommended to the ambassador who hopes to
succeed in his object.

1614. BARTHOLOMEW LEGAT burnt at Smithfield for the heresy of Arianism,
under the reign of James I.

1676. Attack on Groton, Mass., by a body of 400 Indians, who had
concealed themselves as usual in every part of the town during the
night, in order to shoot down the inhabitants as they issued from their
doors. The town was gathered into five garrisons, as those houses were
called which were palisaded and otherwise protected from assault. Every
man went constantly armed; and thus on a moment's warning, two of the
enemy having been accidentally discovered, pursuit was made until they
were drawn into an ambush and compelled to retreat. Another ambush in
the meantime fell upon the opposite part of the town, and the flames
arose from every unprotected building. Having pillaged every thing that
fell in their way, and cast every indignity upon the bodies of their
victims, they gave the garrison two or three volleys and disappeared.
About 40 dwellings were burnt, with their outhouses; the town soon after
broke up, and the inhabitants scattered to other settlements of greater
safety.

1695. JOHN DE LA FONTAINE, the French poet, died. His compositions are
characterized by a faithfulness to nature, and are totally unaffected.

1695. PETER MIGNARD, an eminent French painter, died. He was director
and chancellor of the royal academy of painting.

1717. JOHN BELL, the traveler, arrived at Ispahan, the residence of the
Persian court, being in the retinue of the Russian ambassador, in the
quality of physician. They were nearly two years on their journey from
St. Petersburgh.

1726. MICHAEL BERNARD VALENTIN, a German botanist and professor of
medicine at Giessen, died. He was an author on both sciences.

1775. GEORGE III gave his assent to the act restraining the commerce of
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and South Carolina.

1778. CHARLES LE BEAU, an eminent French scholar, died. He was professor
of belles lettres at Paris, and author of a history of the lower empire,
in 22 vols.

1779. KERIM KHAN, king of Persia, died a natural death, an extraordinary
circumstance in the modern history of that country. He was of the family
of an obscure tribe of robbers, the Zunds of Kirdistan.

1781. HERSCHEL discovered the planet which bears his name, then the most
distant of all the known planets, its revolution round the sun occupying
a period of not less than 83 of our years. He had devoted 18 months in
surveying the heavens star by star, with a seven feet reflector when he
made the discovery of this primary planet.

1798. The body of a hair dresser at Newport, England, was buried in the
highway; reason assigned, his gluttonous eating, whereof he died.

1799. A fire broke out at Constantinople which destroyed 1300 houses,
including the hotels of the British minister, and Austrian internuncio,
and several other magnificent edifices.

1801. Battle near Lake Maadie in Egypt, between the British and French
forces, in which the former were the greatest sufferers, losing 143
killed and 946 wounded.

1808. CHRISTIAN VII of Denmark, died. He may be said to have been
virtually dead for many years.

1813. EDWARD LONG died. During a residence in the West Indies he
collected materials for his _History of Jamaica_, in 3 vols. quarto. It
contains a large mass of valuable information, and many spirited
delineations of colonial scenery and manners. He returned to England and
spent the remainder of his long life in literary pursuits.

1815. The allied powers engaged to aid Louis XVIII and declared
Bonaparte to be without the pale of social and civil relations.

1815. General JACKSON having received the ratification of the treaty of
peace, revoked his order relative to martial law, ordered a final
cessation of hostilities, and granted a general pardon for all military
offences. The British took with them 199 negroes.

1824. SOPHIA LEE, an English dramatic writer and poetess, died, aged 74.
The profits of her comedy of the _Chapter of Accidents_, were of great
benefit to herself and sisters.

1835. A remarkable eruption of Vesuvius took place.

1845. JOHN FREDERICK DANIEL, who contributed so much to lighting the
cities of Europe with gas, died of apoplexy while attending a meeting of
the royal society, in London.

1848. AMBROSE SPENCER died at Lyons, Wayne co., N. Y.; one of those
jurists who gave such a preeminence to the supreme court of the state of
New York.

1852. Ninety-five Americans who were engaged in the Lopez expedition
against Cuba, and captured and sent to Spain, arrived in New York,
having been pardoned by the queen and sent home.

1853. The funeral of Madame RASPAIL, at Paris was the occasion of a
formidable socialist demonstration; 40,000 persons marching in
procession to Pere la Chaise.

1854. A convention signed between England, France and Turkey, against
Russia.

1855. The floor of the new town hall, at Meredith, N. H., gave way,
while 800 persons were present attending an election; 300 were
precipitated below, several killed and a large number had their bones
broken.


MARCH 14.

1262. HUGO DE ST. CARO, a Dominican, died. He deserves to be placed in
the first rank of sacred critics and patrons of literature. The
Dominicans are indebted to him for their celebrated _Correctorium
Bibliorium_, and the first concordance of the Bible, that is of the
Latin Vulgate; a comment on the old and new testament, and for the
division of the Bible into chapters. He undertook to procure a union of
the Greek and Roman churches.

1369. PETER THE CRUEL, king of Castile, killed. He manifested the most
wanton inhumanity in his private and public life, by which he became
odious to the people, and was killed by his brother.

1471. EDWARD IV of England returned from exile, and landed at Ravenspur;
in his bonnet he wore an ostrich feather as prince of Wales; and his
Fleming followers carried hand-guns, which is the first account of them
in England.

1519. FERNANDO CORTEZ, having taken possession of the Indian town of
Tabasco on the day of his landing in the country of Mexico, now marched
out with his troops to a plain, where he was attacked by an immense body
of Indians, who wounded above seventy of his soldiers at the first
discharge of their weapons. The Spanish artillery did great execution,
but when the cavalry came to the charge, the Indians, imagining the
horse and rider to be one, were extremely terrified, and fled to the
woods and marshes, leaving the field to the Spaniards.

1640. MANASSES DE PAS died; a French general, distinguished for his
valor. His abilities were equally displayed in the cabinet, as
ambassador to the courts of Sweden and Germany. He died of the wounds he
received at the siege of Thionville.

1644. ROGER WILLIAMS having been sent to England as agent for Rhode
Island and Providence, obtained of the earl of Warwick a patent for the
incorporation of the towns of Providence, Newport and Portsmouth, with
the power of governing themselves, but subject to the laws of England.

1660. WILLIAM LEDRA, a quaker, hanged by the puritans of Massachusetts,
on conviction of having returned from banishment, to which he had been
condemned for his faith.

1676. Attack on Northampton, Mass., by a body of Narraganset Indians, of
Philip's party. The town had been fortified by palisades, set up a
little while before for their better security against the savages. The
Indians broke through these in three places, and succeeded in killing
six persons and firing a few dwellings; but a company of soldiers being
at that time quartered in the town, the enemy were speedily repulsed
with the loss of many of their lives.

1710. MICHAEL BEGON, a French _avocat_, died. He also distinguished
himself in the marines, and as governor of the French West India
islands.

1712. MARY, countess of Falconberg, daughter of Oliver Cromwell, died.
She possessed great beauty, spirit and activity; and on the deposition
of her brother, exerted herself for the restoration of Charles II.

1745. Fort Augustus blown up by the forces of the pretender to the crown
of England.

1754. PETER CLAUDE NIVELLE DE LA CHAUSSE, an admired French poet, died.
Though favored by fortune, he preferred the honors of literature to all
other distinctions, and acquired celebrity by his dramatic pieces, which
possess great merit.

1757. JOHN BYNG shot at Portsmouth. He served under his father admiral
George Byng, and rose to the same rank himself. His attempt to relieve
Fort St. Philip in Minorca proving abortive, when blockaded by a French
fleet under La Glassionere, and his hesitation in engaging the enemy
when a bold attack might perhaps have gained him the victory, excited
the clamor of the nation against him, and he was doomed to meet the
penalty of cowardice.

1758. GENERAL WADE died. In 1715, he commanded against the forces of the
pretender to the throne, and remained in Scotland as commander-in-chief
after the war was ended. It was during this period that he cut the
celebrated military road through the highlands, which facilitated the
improvement and civilization of the country more than all the measures
resorted to before the reign of George I. It was he who introduced the
bill into parliament which disarmed and changed the dress of the
highlanders.

1793. Battle of Tirlemont, in which the prince of Saxe Coburg defeated
the French under Dumourier, who lost 33 cannon and 3,000 men.

1795. Action off Genoa between the British and French fleets, in which
the latter were defeated, with the loss of the Caira, 80 guns, 3,000
men, and the Censeur, 74 guns, 1,000 men.

1799. WILLIAM MELMOTH died. He distinguished himself as the translator
of the Epistles of Pliny and Cicero, and was the author of poems,
letters and memoirs.

1800. DAINES BARRINGTON, an English lawyer, antiquary, and miscellaneous
writer, died. He abandoned his offices, which he discharged with great
dignity, to devote himself to literary pursuits, which he loved. His
writings are numerous.

1803. FRIEDRICH GOTTLIEB KLOPSTOCK, died. He was born at Quedlinburg,
1724; studied the languages, became familiar with the classic writers,
and formed the resolution of writing a great epic poem. In 1745 he
studied theology at Jena, where he commenced in solitude the first canto
of _The Messiah_. This work he finished about 1790. It procured him
great celebrity in the north of Europe, so that he was received with
great respect and veneration wherever he went. His funeral was attended
by the principal men of Hamburg, in 126 carriages.

1813. Delaware river blockaded by the British ships Poictiers,
Belvidere, &c.

1813. On this and the preceding day snow and hail of a red color, with
much red dust and red rain fell over all Tuscany.

1823. General DUMOURIER, a name that fills some interesting pages of
modern history, died in his 85th year, at Turville park, near London.

1835. Treaty with the Cherokee Indians, by which they ceded all their
lands east of the Mississippi, and agreed to retire to a territory
guarantied to them in Arkansas, in consideration of the sum of
$5,262,251.

1836. JOHN MAYNE, a Scotch poet, died near London, at an advanced age.
His chief poem is _The Siller Gun_, four cantos.

1854. Steam boat Reindeer burst a flue at Cannelton, Indiana, by which
50 persons were killed.

1855. The new suspension bridge at Niagara falls crossed for the first
time by a locomotive and train of cars.


MARCH 15.

44 B. C. CAIUS JULIUS CÆSAR, the Roman general, assassinated in the
senate house. He perished at 5 o'clock in the afternoon by 23 wounds. As
a _soldier_, he was unquestionably the greatest except one in the
history of mankind; his character as a _citizen_ is variously stated by
different factions. He is said to have fought 500 battles, conquered 300
nations, taken 800 cities, defeated 3,000,000 men, and slain 1,000,000
on the field of battle.

35. LONGINUS, the penitent, who is said to have pierced the side of
Christ, was killed at Cappadocia, probably in this year.

1079. A reformation in the Persian calendar effected by a general
assembly of the Eastern astronomers. It is called the Gelalean era, but
is only a renovation of that of Zoroaster, which had been neglected
after the fall of the Magian empire.

1527. Pope CLEMENT VII concluded a treaty with Lannoy, viceroy of
Naples, which the duke of Bourbon disregarded, and marched for Rome.

1573. MICHAEL DE L'HOSPITAL died. Few French statesmen were more liberal
than him. He narrowly escaped the Bartholomew massacre, and his
daughter, who had embraced the reformed religion was saved by the widow
duchess of Guise, who concealed her.

1617. THOMAS EGERTON, an eminent and learned English lawyer, died. He
was chancellor under James I.

1655. THEODORE MAYERNE, an eminent physician, died. He was born in
Switzerland, studied in France, and settled in England in the service of
James I, where he died.

1660. Dr. WREN, bishop of Ely, released after fifteen years'
imprisonment.

1665. JAMES, duke of York, established at Gunfleet the first regular
system of naval warfare in England.

1672. The famed act of indulgence, passed by Charles II, containing a
clause for liberty of conscience.

1743. JOHN BAPTIST MOLINIER died; a distinguished preacher and
theological writer of Toulouse.

1754. DENYS FRANCIS SECOUSSE, a learned Frenchman, died. He was one of
the first pupils of Rollin, and left the bar for the study of
literature.

1781. Battle of Guilford court house, in North Carolina, in which 4,400
Americans, principally militia, under Gen. Greene, were defeated by
2,400 British regulars under Cornwallis. Loss of the Americans 400
killed; British loss 532 killed.

1784. THOMAS FRANKLIN, an English scholar and divine, died. He was
possessed of no inconsiderable share of learning and poetical abilities,
and was long a favorite in the literary world; translated Sophocles,
Phalaris, Lucian and Voltaire, and is the author of a comedy and two
tragedies, which were received with great applause.

1798. Chenango co., N. Y., erected; and the following year (1799) Oneida
was formed.

1804. The Duke D'ENGHIEN seized by a party of French cavalry and hurried
away to Paris, where he was tried in the night by a military tribunal,
and condemned on vague and unsubstantial charges of carrying on a
correspondence with the enemies of the republic, and shot immediately.

1809. GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS IV, king of Sweden, arrested and deprived of his
functions of government. (By some authorities, March 12.)

1818. HECTOR MCNEIL, a most deservedly popular poet of Scotland, died.
_Scotland's Scaith_ or the _Waes of War_, met with the unprecedented
sale of 10,000 copies in one month.

1820. Maine entered the confederacy of the United States.

1823. JOHN JERVIS, earl of St. Vincent, an English admiral died, aged
90. He entered the navy at the age of 10, and gradually arose to the
highest rank, and was raised to the peerage. His courage, skill and
activity rendered him an admirable officer.

1838. The city of Bahia, in Brazil, taken from the rebels or insurgents,
by the imperial troops, with loss of blood on both sides. The rebels
fired the city; about 3000 of them were taken prisoners.

1839. Battle of Tuspan; the Mexican government troops, (Centralists)
under Gen. Cos, defeated at Tuspan by the Federalists under Gen. Mexia,
with a loss of 300 killed and several hundred prisoners.

1840. JAMES RILEY, an American sea captain, died at sea, aged 63. He is
well known as the author of _Riley's Narrative_, which contains an
account of his captivity and sufferings in Northern Africa.

1856. The steam ferry boat, New Jersey, while crossing the Delaware from
Philadelphia to Camden, took fire and a large number of persons
perished.


MARCH 16.

404 B. C. Athens was taken by Lysander and the tyranny of the 30
commenced.

37. CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO TIBERIUS, emperor of Rome, died. On his
accession to the throne, he gave promise of a wise and happy reign, but
soon became unrestrained in his conduct, and after a reign of 23 years,
died in odium with the people.

455. FLAVIUS PLACIDUS VALENTINIAN, emperor of Rome, assassinated. He was
a profligate and licentious ruler.

1190. The Jews of York lawlessly massacred for their wealth by the
citizens.

1286. ALEXANDER III king of Scotland, killed. He succeeded his father,
Alexander II, at the age of eight years. An enterprising and virtuous
ruler; he introduced many good regulations of government, and under his
sway the country seems to have enjoyed a tranquility to which she had
long been a stranger. As he was riding in a dark night between
Bruntisland and Ringhorn, on the banks of the frith of Forth, he was
thrown with his horse over a precipice and killed on the spot.

1532. JOHN BOURCHIER died at Calais in France, of which he was the
English governor. He translated Froissart's _Chronicle_ into English.

1621. The Plymouth colonists received the first Indian visit to their
town. This was Samoset, sagamore of a country lying five days' journey
from thence, called Patuxet. He informed the English that all the
inhabitants had died of an extraordinary plague about four years before,
and that there was neither man, woman or child remaining. Of course
there was no one to dispute their possession.

1649. An army of 1000 Iroquois armed with guns fell upon the Huron
village at the eastern extremity of the lake, and nearly massacred the
entire population. The Hurons defended themselves bravely, but were
forced to yield before the fire arms and superior numbers of the
Iroquois, who lost more than a hundred of their best warriors. The
French missionaries, Brebeuf and Lallemant, who labored with the
Hurons, were taken, and suffered death by torture.

1660. The long parliament dissolved by its own act.

1675. Under a pair of stairs in the tower of London two bodies were
found, supposed to be those of Edward V and his brother, whom their
uncle Richard III murdered nearly two hundred years before.

1680. The first assembly of New Hampshire met at Portsmouth; John Cutts
first president.

1689. The Habeas corpus act suspended for the first time in England.

1691. JACOB LEISLER, who had exercised the office of governor of New
York nearly two years by the election of the freeholders and the consent
of the British ministry, was barbarously executed by some malcontents,
as a traitor.

1738. Captain JENKINS, the master of a Scottish ship, exhibited his ear
in a piece of cotton, which he affirmed had been torn off by a guarda
costa. This is alluded to by Burke as the fable of Capt. Jenkins.

1751. JAMES MADISON, fourth president of the United States, born.

1781. Action off cape Henry between the British fleet, admiral
Arbuthnot, and French fleet under d'Estouches. Both sides claimed the
victory. British loss, 30 killed and 73 wounded.

1781. French surrendered the island of St. Bartholomews to the British.

1782. Action off cape Spartel, between British frigate Success and
Spanish frigate Santo Catalina, 34 guns. The latter was captured, having
25 killed. British loss 1.

1792. GUSTAVUS III, king of Sweden, shot by Count Ankerstroem at a
masquerade.

1795. CLAUSEL, adjutant general of the army of the Eastern Pyrennes,
presented to the national convention 25 pairs of colors and a standard
taken from the Spaniards at Figuieres.

1797. Battle of Cainin in Italy. The French under Murat passed the
Tagliamento and attacked the Austrians, who were driven from the
village, where the archduke had established his head quarters.

1799. JOHN DUSSAULX died. He distinguished himself in the war of Hanover
under Richelieu, after which he devoted himself to literary pursuits. He
took part in the French revolution, and was among the 73 proscribed
deputies.

1799. A portion of the pavement in front of the Royal exchange, London,
suddenly sank and a well of water was discovered which had not been used
in 600 years.

1802. A military institution established by government at West Point,
which was the origin of the present academy there.

1808. JOSEPH BONOMI, an Italian artist, died at London. He was
distinguished particularly by his architectural knowledge and genius,
was an associate of the royal academy, and patronized by Sir Joshua
Reynolds.

1810. On a pane of glass at an inn near London, under this date, is the
following inscription. "Thomas Mount Jones dined here, ate six pounds
bacon, and drank nineteen pots beer." It is a question for discussion,
whether in this frail memorial, the love of distinction and desire for
fame were not as great as the love of brutal gluttony.

1813. Captain BERRESFORD of the British ship Poictiers, 74 guns,
demanded of the inhabitants of Lewistown, Delaware, 25 oxen and
vegetables and hay, otherwise he threatened to destroy the town. The
demand was refused.

1817. WILLIAM THOMPSON, an industrious Scottish writer and compiler,
died. He possessed ability, but his writings bear the marks of haste and
want of care.

1838. NATHANIEL BOWDITCH died at Boston, aged 65. His father and
ancestors in several generations were by profession shipmasters.
Notwithstanding the very limited advantages of his education, and his
laborious employment through life for the support of his family, yet by
his extraordinary genius and economy of time, he made great acquisitions
in learning and science, gained most of the languages, and made himself
the most eminent mathematician and astronomer that America has produced.
He published the _Practical Navigator_, a standard book; but the great
work on which his fame will rest, is the copious and profound commentary
upon the _Mechanique Celeste_ of La Place, of which he made the first
entire translation, and published at his own expense in 4 vols. quarto;
saying that he preferred spending a thousand dollars a year in that way
to keeping a carriage.

1853. ANTHONY DUMOND STANLEY, an American mathematician, died, aged 42.
Profoundly versed in the science, he had begun a series of works which
would have placed his name high on the scroll of fame.


MARCH 17.

49 B. C. POMPEY abandoned Italy, and took the sea with his legions, at
Brundusium.

45 B. C. Battle of Munda, in Spain, between the armies of Cæsar and
Pompey, which decided the fate of the Roman republic. These men did not
consider the Roman empire sufficiently large for two of them.

180. MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS, surnamed the philosopher, died on an
expedition against the Marcomanni. He was so extremely popular with his
Roman subjects, that they placed him among the gods, and kept his statue
in their houses.

464. ST. PATRICK, the tutelar saint of Ireland, died. He was carried
away with many of his father's vassals by pirates, from whom he made his
escape to Gaul and Italy. He received a commission from Pope Celestine
to convert the Irish to Christianity, in which mission he was eminently
successful.

807. A large spot noticed upon the sun's disc, which continued there
eight days.

1072. ADALBERT, archbishop of Bremen, died. He became very powerful in
Denmark, and even obliged the king to divorce his wife Gutha, because
she was somewhat allied to him. Though intriguing and violent, he
possessed some good qualities, and formed many wise regulations in civil
and ecclesiastical affairs.

1562. DIEGO ESQUIVEL ALAVA, a learned Spanish bishop, died. He was at
the Council of Trent, and published a work on councils.

1565. ALEXANDER ALES, a Scottish theologian, died. He first opposed the
tenets of Luther, but afterwards embraced them, and suffered
persecution. He wrote commentaries on some of the books of the old and
new testament.

1632. Treaty of St. Germain, by which Canada and Nova Scotia were
restored to the French. The capture of Quebec was unknown at the time
peace was re-established, or perhaps those territories would not have
been so generally given up.

1634. THOMAS RANDOLPH, an English poet, died. He was the friend of
Jonson, and his works have been several times reprinted.

1640. PHILIP MASSINGER, an English dramatic poet, died. Some of his
comedies still keep the stage. He was courted by the wits and learned
men of his time.

1657. An offensive and defensive league concluded between France and
England.

1676. Warwick, R. I., destroyed by the Indians. Only one house was left
unburnt.

1677. Valenciennes, in France, taken by assault by the army under Louis
XIV, in person.

1681. The members of the English parliament from London came to Oxford,
the place of their meeting, armed and with ribbons on their hats
inscribed with "No popery, no slavery."

1695. AUGUSTIN LUBIN, an Augustine friar, died. He was geographer to the
French king, and author of various works.

1715. GILBERT BURNET, bishop of Salisbury, died. He was a zealous
promoter of the revolution in England, which placed the present family
on the throne, and of which he wrote the history.

1740. Mrs. STEVENS received £5,000 from the English parliament for
making public her medicine for the stone.

1741. JOHN BAPTIST ROUSSEAU, an eminent French poet, died. He possessed
a fine genius, but an unhappy temper embittered his life by stimulating
him to abuse those whose friendship would have procured him a place
above dependence.

1767. Birthday of ANDREW JACKSON, seventh president of the United
States.

1776. Boston evacuated by the British. By four in the morning the king's
troops, with those Americans who were attached to the royal cause, began
to embark, and before ten all of them were under sail. As the rear
embarked, General Washington marched into the city, where he was
joyfully received as a deliverer. The British left 250 cannon and 25,000
bushels of wheat.

1781. JOHANNES EVALD died: the most distinguished poetical genius of
Denmark, in the eighteenth century. Being left to his own reading by his
tutor, his imagination was captivated with _Tom Jones_ and _Robinson
Crusoe_. Proposing to himself the latter hero for a model, he eloped at
the age of thirteen with a view of proceeding to Batavia, but was
overtaken, and his project frustrated. He next conceived the scheme of
entering the Prussian army, and enlisted at Magdeburg; but being
received only as a foot soldier, instead of a hussar, he deserted to the
Austrians. On quitting the army he devoted himself to the study of
theology, but having suddenly become violently enamored with a young
lady, who regardless of his passion, bestowed her hand on another, a
permanent melancholy settled upon his mind, and under this influence he
took up his pen. His first work _Fortune's Temple_, a vision, at once
stamped his reputation. In 1772 he executed his literary
chef-d'œuvre, _Balder's Död_, a drama of extraordinary poetical
beauty, and greatly superior to anything which had then appeared in the
Danish language. His after life was embittered by poverty and sickness;
and it was under the hospitable roof of Madame Skou that he breathed his
last, after having been confined to his bed or armchair two years, and
almost deprived of the use of his limbs.

1782. DANIEL BERNOUILLI, a German philosopher, died. He studied medicine
as a profession, but was at the same time engaged with mathematics. At
the age of twenty-four, he was offered the presidency of an academy at
Genoa, but gave the preference to an invitation from St. Petersburgh. He
returned to Basle in 1733, where he spent the remainder of his days, so
much respected by the inhabitants, that to bow to Daniel Bernouilli,
when met in the street, was one of the first lessons which every father
gave his children.

1790. The government of France issued assignats to the amount of
170,000,000 francs. This system of assignats, while it gave more
strength to the public, yet was the source of more private suffering
than any other measure during the French revolution.

1793. Battle of Neerwinden, or Linden, between the French under
Dumourier, and the Austrians under Coburg and Clarifayt. Dumourier was
obliged to retreat.

1794. French sloop Avenger, 16 guns, taken by Admiral Jervis's squadron
off Martinique.

1795. A number of the Parisians complained to the national convention of
the _scarcity of bread_ in Paris.

1798. THOMAS JACKSON, an English actor, died. His epitaph is ingenious:
"Sacred to the memory of Thomas Jackson, comedian, who was engaged 21st
December, 1741, _to play a comic cast of characters_ in the great
theatre, the world; for many of which he was _prompted_ by nature to
excel. The _season_ being ended, his _benefit_ over, the charges all
paid, his account closed, he made his _exit_ in the _tragedy of Death_
on the 17th of March, 1798, in assurance of being called once more to
_rehearsal_, where he hopes to find his _forfeits_ all cleared, his
_cast of parts_ bettered, and his situation made agreeable by him who
paid the great _stock debt_, for the love of _performers_ in general."

1799. The French army arrived before St. Jean d'Acre, and to their no
small chagrin and astonishment, beheld the town prepared for a siege,
and the English colors flying in the harbor.

1800. The British ship Queen Charlotte, 110 guns, destroyed by an
explosion off Leghorn. More than 800 persons perished with her.

1806. WILLIAM ROWLEY, an eminent British physician, died. He was a man
of great skill and experience in his profession, and his benevolence and
humanity were conspicuous; yet was he one of the most obstinate
opponents to the introduction of vaccination as a preventive of small
pox that ever impeded the might of his authority to that experiment.

1808. Rupture of the negotiation at Washington between the British
minister and the American government.

1811. Charles IV, of Sweden, resigned the government of his kingdom in
favor of his adopted son, Bernadotte.

1828. JAMES EDWARD SMITH, an eminent English naturalist and physician,
died. He was one of the founders of the Linnean society, and published
several valuable works on natural history and botany.

1843. GEORGE TURNER, aged 93, died at Philadelphia. He was a native of
England, but joining the American revolutionary army, he distinguished
himself in many severe actions and endeared himself to Gen. Washington.

1849. WILLIAM II, king of Holland, died.

1855. The French and Russians at Sebastopol contended fiercely for the
rifle pits which the latter had established between the French advance
and the Mamelon.


MARCH 18.

251. ST. CYRIL, archbishop of Jerusalem, died.

979. EDWARD THE MARTYR, died. He was the son of Edgar, and succeeded his
father as king of England at the age of 15. The young king paid little
attention to any thing but the chase; and hunting one day, he got
separated from his attendants, and repaired to Corfe castle, where his
step-mother, Elfrida, resided. Having procured a draught of liquor, he
was drinking it on horseback, when one of Elfrida's servants gave him a
deep stab behind. He immediately spurred his horse, but fainting from
loss of blood, was dragged in the stirrup till he died. The pity caused
by his innocence and misfortune induced the people to regard him as a
martyr.

1350. In the national roll of accounts for glazing St. Stephen's chapel,
Westminster, Edward III ordained that the wages for artists be from 5d.
per day to one shilling, except for John Barnaby, his wages should be
twopence.

1552. MAURICE of Saxony took up arms against the emperor Charles V.

1629. CHARLES JAMES, prince of Great Britain, born, baptized and died.

1629. CHARLES I, of England, issued a proclamation that he would account
it presumption in any one to prescribe a time for him to call a
parliament.

1635. PATRICK FORBES, a Scotch prelate, died. He was a great and a good
man; a benefactor particularly to Aberdeen university, of which he
revived the professorship of law, physic and divinity.

1696. BONAVENTURE BARON, professor of divinity at Rome, died. He was a
native of Ireland, but spent 60 years of his life in Rome; and was a
learned and voluminous writer.

1718. MARY WORTLEY MONTAGUE made the first experiment of inoculation for
small pox upon her own son at Belgrade, in Turkey. It was tried in
England upon criminals, with complete success, about nine years after.
This disease first made its appearance at Mecca, where it is stated to
have destroyed the invading Ethiopian army, and thus terminated in 360,
what is denominated _the war of the elephant_.

1728. GEORGE STANHOPE, an able English divine, died. His theological
works were numerous and popular.

1741. Conflagration of the chapel and buildings in the fort at New York,
which was followed immediately by the _negro plot_.

1745. ROBERT WALPOLE died, aged 69. He became heir to the family estate
by the death of his elder brother, and in the jovial life of a country
gentleman, soon lost his early inclination to literature. In 1700 he was
returned to parliament, and warmly espousing the whig interest, rose to
a high promotion in the offices of the government, and in 1742, was
created earl of Oxford, on his resignation of the premiership. He is the
reputed author of the saying that "all men have their price."

1754. The first theatre established in the city of New York, closed with
the _Beggar's Opera_ and the _Devil to Pay_, when the following notice
appeared in the prints, which managers now-a-days have little occasion
to repeat: "Lewis Hallam, comedian, intending for Philadelphia, _begs
the favor_ of those who have any demands against him to bring in their
accounts and receive their money."

1766. Stamp act repealed by the British government, reserving however,
the right to make laws binding on the colonies in all cases whatsoever.
News of this repeal excited great joy in America, where it was
celebrated by the ringing of bells, fireworks and festivals.

1768. LAURENCE STERNE, an eccentric English author and divine, died. His
romance of _Tristram Shandy_ and the _Sentimental Journey_, are well
known.

1775. British Gen. GAGE seized 13,425 musket cartridges and 3000 pounds
of ball, all of it private property, stored on Boston Neck.

1776. The British troops having evacuated Boston, Sir Archibald
Campbell, unaware of this movement, on entering the harbor with 1700
men, was made prisoner by Washington.

1780. Congress resolved to call in by taxes in one year and burn all the
continental money emitted prior to that time, and to issue ten million
dollars new money, redeemable in specie within six years.

1781. ANNE ROBERT JAMES TURGOT, an eminent French statesman, died. He
studied divinity, but his talents recommending him to the notice of the
government, he was appointed to a civil office, where he displayed so
great ability that he was appointed comptroller of the finances. His
measures were grand, liberal and useful: but being ridiculed by the
profligate and the vicious, who rioted on the miseries of the people, he
retired from public life.

1796. Steuben county erected in south western New York.

1797. Palma Nuova, a frontier town in Italy, evacuated by the archduke
Charles, who had wrested it from the Venitians only ten days before. The
French under Bernadotte and Serrurier, on entering it found 30,000
rations of bread, and a million quintals of flour.

1805. BONAPARTE assumed the title of king of Italy.

1814. JOHN VINT, editor of the _Isle of Man Gazette_, and a
distinguished philanthropist, died.

1817. An earthquake in Spain, Portugal, and Sicily, destroyed whole
villages.

1817. CHARLES COMBE died; an eminent English physician and critic, and
highly distinguished as a medalist.

1836. ABATE FEA, a celebrated archæologist, died at Rome, aged 88. He is
known as the translator of Winckelman.

1839. The Chinese imperial commissioner, Lin, issued a proclamation at
Canton, ordering the foreign opium dealers to deliver up all the opium
in their possession, to have it burnt and destroyed, and forbidding its
importation to all eternity, under pain of death.

1840. Dr. PARISH, favorably known to the medical world, died in
Philadelphia.

1846. First steam boat arrived at Austin, Texas.

1846. WILLIAM M. CRANE, of the United States navy, died by his own hand.

1848. The emperor of Austria published by proclamation, at Milan,
abolition of censorship, and a convention of the states. But the people
wanting more, troubles began.

1854. A terrible gale at Albany, N. Y.; fifty houses unroofed, many
chimneys and walls blown down, and great damage done.

1856. HENRY POTTINGEN, lieutenant general in the East India company's
service, died aged 67. He distinguished himself in the Afghanistan war,
and settled the opium difficulty with the Chinese.

1856. The Cunard steamer Curlew, from Halifax, ran on a reef north of
the Bermudas, and was lost, with a part of her mail.


MARCH 19.

720. B. C. The first eclipse of the moon on record (by Ptolemy) happened
on this day.

478. B. C. The history of Herodotus terminates with the siege of Sestos.

235. ALEXANDER SEVERUS, emperor of Rome, murdered by his soldiers. He
was a Phœnician by birth, led an exemplary life, and governed ably
both in peace and war.

717. CHILPERIC, king of France, surprised in his camp, in the forest of
Arden, by the duke of Austrasia, afterwards Charles Martel.

1355. Pressing for seamen to man the English navy, commenced in the
reign of Edward III.

1521. Insurrection and massacre in the island of Majorca, in the
Mediterranean sea.

1584. IWAN IV, VASSILIVITZ, first czar of Muscovy, died. He was
denominated by the Russians the terrible, and by foreigners the tyrant.

1621. The complaint against lord BACON for corruption, drawn up by Sir
Edward Coke and others, presented to the house of lords. The chancellor
was sick, but addressed a letter to his peers, requesting them not to
prejudge his case from "any number of petitions against a judge that
makes two thousand decrees and orders in a year; but that he may answer
them according to the rules of justice, severally and respectively."

1626. PETER COTON, a French Jesuit, died. He was confessor to Henry IV,
whose confidence he possessed, and it was a common expression that the
king was good but that he had _cotton_ in his ears. He was distinguished
for eloquence and zeal.

1628. Patent for Massachusetts sold to Sir Henry Roswell, Sir John Young
and "four other associates in the vicinity of Dorchester, England."

1631. The original patent of Connecticut made by Robert, earl of
Warwick, to William, Viscount Say and Seal, Robert lord Brook and their
associates.

1643. Battle of Hopton-Heath, between the forces of Charles I, and those
of the parliament, in which the latter were defeated with the loss of a
great part of their artillery.

1643. SPENCER COMPTON, the friend of Charles I, killed at the battle of
Hopton-Heath. He was the only son of William, first earl of Northampton;
and refusing to accept quarter, was despatched by the parliament forces.

1687. DANIEL GOOKIN died; for many years superintendent of the Indians
in Massachusetts, whose interests he watched with so much zeal as to
draw upon himself the abuse of the populace, whose outrages he
constantly opposed. He published some historical collections of the
Indians in New England.

1688. JOHN DENHAM, one of the minor British poets, died. He was born at
Dublin, in 1615, and first became known in 1641 by his tragedy of _The
Sophy_. In 1643 appeared his first addition of _Cooper's Hill_, a
justly celebrated poem, of which Dryden says, for majesty of style is,
and ever will be, the standard of good writing.

1691. Col. HENRY STOUGHTER published his commission from the Duke of
York, appointing him governor of the province of New York.

1711. THOMAS KEN, chaplain to Charles II of England, died. He survived
several reigns, and in all, his firmness and consistency, added to his
piety and learning, procured him respect and patronage.

1719. An extraordinary meteor seen from all parts of Great Britain about
8 o'clock in the evening. Its light exceeded that of the sun at
noon-day. It exploded over the sea near the coast of Britany, at an
altitude it is supposed of about 30 miles. It broke like a skyrocket
into sparks of red fire, and was succeeded by a tremendous report.

1736. NICHOLAS HAWKSMOOR, died; an English architect of fame, pupil of
Sir C. Wren.

1755. A cluster of houses in the village of Bergemoletto, near Piedmont,
Italy, was overwhelmed by two vast bodies of snow that fell from the
neighboring mountain. Three women, the only occupants of the houses at
the time of the catastrophy, were dug out alive seven days after.

1759. NICHOLAS VERDIER, a French anatomist, died. His character as an
author and a man, are entitled to respect.

1781. CORNWALLIS retreated from Guilford court house, where he had
defeated Greene on the 15th; leaving at the quaker meeting house all the
wounded Americans he had taken, and about 70 wounded British officers.

1786. HUGH PELLISER, an English admiral, died. He was at the storming of
Quebec; and at the battle of Ushant, 1778, on which occasion a dispute
between him and admiral Keppel saved the French fleet from destruction.

1788. FRANCIS JOSEPH DESBILLONS, a French Jesuit, died. He devoted many
years to study, and at the abolition of his order published his
_Fables_, and some other works, and left in manuscript a history of the
Latin tongue.

1796. STEPHEN STORACE, an English music composer, died. His productions
are confined to the drama, and are remarkable for their spirit.

1797. Gradisca, a strong town in Austria, capitulated to the French
under Bernadotte and Serrurier; 3,000 prisoners, 60 cannon and 8
standards fell into the hands of the French.

1801. NOVALIS, (the literary name assumed by Frederick Von Hardenberg,)
died. He belonged to the religious society of Hernhutters.

1808. CHARLES IV, abdicated the throne of Spain in favor of his son
Ferdinand VII.

1809. GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS IV, the deposed king of Sweden, signed a formal
deed of abdication. He assumed the title of count Gottorp.

1812. Constitution of the Cortez signed and proclaimed in Spain.

1814. SIMON SNYDER, governor of Pennsylvania, rejected the bill
establishing 40 banks. It however became a law, two-thirds of the
legislature having agreed to it.

1814. Rheims, in France, taken by the Russians.

1842. First newspaper at Flushing, Long Island.

1853. Nankin taken by the rebels; the Tartar garrison of 20,000 men
massacred, except 100, who effected an escape.

1853. Battle of Donabew, Burmah; the British under Gen. Cheape defeated
Mea Toon.

1855. An explosion took place in the Midlothian coal pits in Virginia;
of fifty persons in the pits 35 were killed and 10 wounded beyond
recovery.


MARCH 20.

268. PUBLIUS GALLIENUS, emperor of Rome, assassinated at Milan.

1413. HENRY IV of England, died. He usurped the throne 1399, and thereby
excited the civil war between the houses of York and Lancaster, called
the war of the roses.

1516. BAPTIST SPAGNOLI, a general of the Carmelites, died. He was a
native of Mantua in Italy, and distinguished himself by the sound and
virtuous regulations which he attempted to introduce among the corrupted
members of his order. His works have been published in 4 vols.

1549. THOMAS SEYMOUR, lord high admiral of England, attainted and
beheaded without being heard. His offence was alleged to be equal if not
superior in power to his brother the protector.

1586. RICHARD MAITLAND, lord of session in Scotland, died. He reported
the decisions of that court till he became blind at about the age of 60;
when he commenced writing and collecting Scottish poetry. He sustained
the character of "a maist unspotted and blameless judge, and valiant,
grave and worthy knight;" but it is in his character of a writer and
collector of Scottish poetry that he is now chiefly remembered.

1643. JOHN KIRCHMAN, a learned German, died at Lubeck.

1677. GEORGE DIGBY, an English nobleman of great ability, died. During
the civil wars he espoused the cause of Charles I; but though
romantically brave, was always an unsuccessful commander.

1687. SAMUEL PARKER, an English prelate, died. He was educated a
puritan, but for the reward of place, it is believed, became an
anti-puritan and was made bishop of Oxford. He wrote a history of his
own times, which appeared in Latin and English.

1727. ISAAC NEWTON, the celebrated philosopher and mathematician, died,
aged 84. He was so small and weak at the time of his birth, that his
life was despaired of; and in his youth, his mother, finding him of no
service in the management of the farm, sent him to finish his studies.
From the success of his pursuits in after life, he has been styled the
_creator_ of natural philosophy. The last few years of his existence
were spent in utter neglect of those studies which had engrossed fifty
years of his life.

1730. ADRIENNE LA COUVREUR, a French actress, died. She is one of the
few of her profession whose reputation has survived the age in which
they lived.

1737. NICHOLAS HOOKER, _gentleman_, died at Conway, North Wales;
celebrated as being the forty-first child of his father; and being
himself the father of twenty-seven children. His tombstone, attesting
the above facts, is to be found in the churchyard adjoining Conway
castle.

1741. PETER BURMAN the elder died. He was professor of history and
eloquence at the university of Leyden, and published editions of many of
the Latin classics.

1744. France declared war against England.

1750. The first No. of the _Rambler_, by Dr. Johnson, appeared.

1750. FREDERICK, prince of Wales, and father of George III, died
suddenly in his 45th year. He died in the arms of his violin player, who
was playing for his amusement.

1767. FIRMIN ABAUZIT, a learned French writer, died. He became
distinguished for his superior progress in every branch of polite
learning, but particularly in mathematics and natural history; and was
consulted in difficult questions by the most learned men of the age.

1775. DANIEL BOONE, employed, in forming a settlement in the then
wilderness of Kentucky, was attacked by the Indians, near where
Boonsborough now stands, and two of his men killed and two wounded.

1780. Action between the French fleet, admiral Piquet, and 3 British
ships, off Monte Christie. The action continued till the next day, when
the French suffered so much that they were compelled to lie by and
repair.

1792. The French government adopted the instrument since known as the
guillotine; it had been in use in various countries several centuries
before.

1793. WILLIAM MURRAY, lord Mansfield, died. He was eminent as a lawyer,
and dignified as a judge; as an elegant scholar, of highly cultivated
and vigorous intellect, he shone in the constellation of great men which
arose in the reign of queen Anne; in eloquence and beauty of diction he
outrivaled his predecessors, and has not been excelled by any successor
in the high office he held.

1797. Battle of Larvis, between the Austrians and the French under
Joubert, in which the former were defeated, after an obstinate battle.
Austrian loss 2,000 k., 4,000 taken.

1799. BONAPARTE opened the siege of St. Jean d'Acre, in Palestine.

1799. Battle of Pfullendorf, in Germany, in which the French under
Jourdan sustained the attack of the Austrians under the archduke, who
had the advantage in point of numbers and artillery, having no less than
300 pieces.

1800. Battle of Heliopolis, Egypt, in which the French under Kleber
defeated the Turks under the grand vizier.

1801. The British, under admiral Duckworth, took the island of St.
Bartholomews, in the West Indies. It was again restored on the
dissolution of the armed neutrality.

1809. The populace rose and plundered the French in the Havana.

1811. MASSENA gave up the command of his army to Marmont, and retired
into France.

1811. Birthday of NAPOLEON, duke de Reichstadt, son of the emperor of
France. He was christened emperor of Rome.

1812. JOHN HORNE TOOKE, an English politician, died. He was educated for
the ministry, with a great predilection for politics. In 1771 he induced
the printers of two newspapers to publish the debates of the house of
commons in violation of their rules, which led to proceedings that
finally resulted in the defeat of the house, and the practice of those
publications ever since. He was a warm opponent of the American war, and
was prosecuted for sedition, for the wording of a resolution by which
the Constitutional society voted £100 to the relief of the widows and
children of the Americans who fell at the battle of Lexington, and was
sentenced to a year's imprisonment and a fine of £200. In 1786, appeared
his _Diversions of Purley_, which raised him to a high rank as a
philologist. His political life ended with the dissolution of
parliament, in 1802, and the remainder of his days were spent in the
society of his friends.

1814. Battle of Arcis, in which the prince of Wirtemberg defeated the
French and captured that place.

1815. BONAPARTE ascended the throne of France on his return from Elba.

1831. The Austrian troops entered Bologna, and in a few days overrun the
revolted part of Italy.

1831. Insurrection of the slaves at Antigua. Suppressed on the 25th.

1843. CHARLES G. CORLISS was shot dead in a street near Broadway, New
York, by a woman who escaped.

1844. PETER B. PORTER died, aged 71. His name is connected with most of
the important events in the history of western New York; and as an
officer in the army during the last war with great Britain he rendered
important services to his country. He was some time secretary of war of
the United States.

1849. NEWTON M. CURTISS, author of a number of novels, died, aged 34. He
some time printed a political paper at Ballston, before his talent as a
writer of fiction was developed. His subjects were mostly of Indian and
revolutionary scenes and incidents.

1853. The French fleet sailed for the Turkish waters, to act against the
Russians, if necessary.

1854. Two shocks of an earthquake at Macon, Ga.

1856. DAVID CONNER, a United States commodore, died. He entered the
service in 1809, and was wounded in the action between the Hornet and
Penguin.

1856. A party of 500 Costa Ricans attacked Col. Schlessinger who
commanded 400 of Walker's men, at the hacienda Santa Rosa, and entirely
defeated them. Mora had 16 killed and 25 wounded; of Gen. Walker's men
90 were killed and several perished in the woods. The action lasted but
14 minutes. The Costa Ricans shot 19 prisoners.


MARCH 21.

1140. A remarkable eclipse of the sun in England, which caused total
darkness.

1491. The new epoch and sacred year of the Jews established,
corresponding with the first day of Abib, (Nisan) the day of Pharaoh's
overthrow.

1512. JUAN PONCE DE LEON landed in Florida, and claimed the honor of the
discovery; although Sebastian Cabot sailed along the coast in 1497. He
was led to undertake the expedition by the Indian tradition in Cuba,
that in the interior of the country was a spring which made those who
drank it young and perpetuated their youth. At a great loss of his men
in the swamps and marshes, he penetrated into the interior, but was
driven back by the Indians without discovering the miraculous fountain.

1556. THOMAS CRANMER, archbishop of Canterbury, burnt for heresy at
Oxford. He was born 1489, and educated for the ministry. His first
promotion arose from his remarking that the meditated divorce of Henry
VIII from his first wife, Catharine of Arragon, might be decided by
learned divines without an appeal to the pope. The king, on hearing of
it exclaimed "by G----d, the man has got the sow by the right ear!" He
was sent for to court, and immediately preferred. On the accession of
Mary, he was tried before commissioners, sent from Rome on charges of
blasphemy, perjury, incontinence and heresy, and sentenced to be
degraded and deprived of office, and finally burnt for the confessions
he was induced to make with the hope of pardon. He contributed far more
than any other individual to the establishment of the independence of
the English church, and was a great patron of learning and the
universities.

1604. PETER ERNEST, count de Mansfield, died at Luxembourg. He was an
able statesman in the service of the emperor of Germany. His conduct was
considered so meritorious that he was appointed governor of Brabant.

1639. THOMAS CAMPANELLI, an Italian philosopher of great eminence, died
at Paris. So great was his learning and eloquence, that his rivals and
enemies procured the interference of the inquisition on an accusation of
sorcery and magic. He was afterwards put to the rack and condemned to
perpetual imprisonment, but found means to escape to France, where he
was protected.

1644. PRINCE RUPERT defeated the parliament forces in England, and
relieved Newark.

1656. JAMES USHER, archbishop of Armagh, died. He enjoyed a reputation
seldom acquired, in every department of knowledge, and received pressing
invitations to France and Germany, at a time when his own country was in
a state of anarchy, and his property falling a prey to the fortunes of
war.

1663. CHARLOTTE TREMOUILLE, countess of Derby, died. She was the wife of
the earl of Derby who was treacherously beheaded during the civil war of
England, and imitated his heroic conduct by defying the attacks of the
parliament forces, and was the last person who submitted to them.

1673. The castle formerly standing at the entrance of Boston harbor,
accidentally destroyed by fire. It was constructed of timber, since
replaced by a new one of stone.

1676. A hissing, detonating meteor passed over Italy two hours after
sunset. Its apparent diameter was greater than that of the moon; its
real diameter about three quarters of a mile; and the velocity was
calculated at 160 miles a minute.

1684. NATHANIEL HIGHMORE, an eminent English anatomist, died. He is the
author of the first systematic treatise on the structure of the human
body, in the English language, and was indefatigable in the pursuit and
improvement of anatomical science.

1733. STANISLAUS, king of Poland, sent his abdication by express, to
Warsaw.

1766. RICHARD DAWES, an English scholar, died; celebrated as the author
of the _Miscellanea Critica_.

1772. JAMES NICHOLAS BELLIN, a learned and laborious geographical
engineer of Paris, died.

1776. The duke of Bridgewater's canal from Manchester to Liverpool
completed, a great achievement for the time.

1778. The American ministers, Franklin, Dean and Lee, were publicly
received at the French court.

1788. A fire occurred at New Orleans, by which seven-eighths of the city
was laid in ashes.

1797. JOHN PARKHURST, an English divine, died aged 69; well known as a
lexicographer.

1797. The French entered Goritz in Austria, where they found 1500 sick,
and a great quantity of provisions and stores.

1799. Battle of Asterach, between the French under Jourdan, and the
Austrians under the archduke, in which the latter were defeated.
Austrian loss 2160.

1800. The Ionian republic, formed under the protection of the porte.
Corfu, Zante and other Venitian isles formed the confederation.

1801. Battle of Aboukir, or Alexandria, in Egypt, between the French
under Menou, and the British and Turks under Abercrombie. The French
were defeated with the loss of 3000 killed, and the standard of the
invincible regiment taken, the officer bearing this famous banner being
killed, and nearly the whole of those celebrated soldiers annihilated.
British loss 1376, and their commander, Abercrombie, mortally wounded.

1803. EDWARD MARCUS DESPARD, an Irish officer, executed for treason. He
was appointed superintendent of the English colonies in the West Indies,
where his conduct led to a recall; out of his subsequent treatment grew
a desire for revenge, which led him on to his fate.

1804. DUKE D'ENGHIEN, shot at Vincennes by torch light. (See p. 104.)

1806. Madison county, New York, was formed.

1815. BONAPARTE entered Paris, the Bourbons having previously evacuated
it, on the news of his landing from Elba.

1821. MICHAEL BRYAN, an eminent connoisseur in the fine arts, died. He
is the author of a biographical and critical dictionary of painters and
engravers.

1829. Duel at London between the duke of Wellington and the earl of
Winchelsea.

1829. Great earthquake in the provinces of Murcia and Oriheula, in
Spain. Upwards of 20 churches and 4,000 houses destroyed, and great
numbers of the inhabitants killed. A considerable portion of the former
province was converted into a barren waste.

1839. LOUISA, the last surviving daughter of Linnæus the naturalist,
died at Upsala, aged 90.

1843. HERARD, the successful general of the insurgents in Hayti, made a
triumphal entry into Port au Prince.

1843. ROBERT SOUTHEY, an eminent English poet, died, aged 68, in a state
of mental darkness, from an excess of labor.

1845. BENJAMIN BUSHE died at Greensboro, Vt., aged 115.

1849. BENJ. F. THOMPSON, the historian of Long island, died, aged 64. He
was distinguished by an ardent love for historical research, and left a
large collection of materials for the illustration of the local history
of New York state.

1852. ARMAND MARRAST, one of the leading and ablest journalists of
France, died. His name was conspicuous in the revolution of February,
1848, which made him mayor of Paris, and a member of the provisional
government. He was the author of the French constitution of 1848.

1856. The fortieth asteroid, named Lætitia, discovered by Mr.
Goldschmidt, at Paris.


MARCH 22.

387. THEODOSIUS degraded Antioch, the metropolis of the east, from the
rank of a city, and subjected it to the jurisdiction of Laodicea, on
account of a sedition.

1270. LOUIS IX, king of France, died. He displayed the magnanimity of
the hero, the integrity of the patriot, and the humanity of the
philosopher. By his order a translation of the whole Bible was made into
French.

1312. The order of Knights Templars suppressed by a papal decree.

1520. LEO X gave permission for the publication of the _Complutensian
Polyglott_, a magnificent edition of the Bible, prepared and printed at
the expense of Cardinal Ximenes of Toledo. The work was commenced in
1502, and prosecuted without interruption fifteen years, at an expense
of more than 50,000 crowns of gold.

1530. Diet of Augsburg, in Germany, at which Melanchton drew up a creed
known by the name of the _Augsburg Confession_.

1595. WALTER RALEIGH, in search of the fabulous golden city of Manoa del
Dorado, arrived at Trinidad. He had fitted out a fleet at great expense;
leaving his ships at Trinidad he proceeded with 100 men in boats 400
miles up the Oronoque; but the river beginning dangerously to swell, he
returned without effecting the great discovery.

1621. The colonists at Plymouth received a visit from Masassoit, the
greatest king of the neighboring Indians. A league of friendship was
agreed upon which was inviolably observed more than fifty years.

1646. Battle of Stowe, in which the royalists under Lord Astley, 3000 in
number, were defeated by Col. Morgan. This was the last body of men that
appeared on the field for King Charles.

1687. JEAN BAPTISTE LULLY, an Italian musician, died at Paris. He was
born of obscure parentage, and at the age of ten was sent by the
Chevalier Guise to France as a page to Mad'lle de Montpensier. The lady,
however was so little pleased with him, that she sent him into the
kitchen, where he officiated as under-scullion, till his musical talent
became accidentally known. From this time he rose rapidly, and
contributed much to the improvement of the science of music in France.
He is said to have been the inventor of the overture.

1717. MATTHEW HUBERT, an eloquent French preacher, died. His sermons are
published in 6 vols. and highly esteemed.

1740. Porto Bello, on the isthmus of Darien, taken by the English under
Admiral Vernon.

1758. JONATHAN EDWARDS, the most celebrated of American metaphysicians
and theologians, died of small pox, aged 55. There have been three great
editions of his works published, one in England and two in this country.

1765. Stamp act passed by the British parliament, the first attempt to
tax America without allowing her a representation in the parliament.

1772. JOHN CANTON, an English natural philosopher, died. He was a
cloth-weaver, and first devoted his leisure moments to mathematics. He
became a member of the royal society, and obtained their gold medal by
his experiments on the Leyden phial.

1797. Battle of La Chinse, in Austria. The French under Guieux drove
the imperialists before them until they fell in with Massena at Tarwis
and were defeated. The French took 5000 prisoners, 400 wagons and 30
cannon.

1797. The French under Joubert crossed the Adige at Newmark, in Saxony,
defeated Gen. Laudohn, entered Botzen, and matched directly for Claufen.
The French took 1500 prisoners.

1806. MURAT proclaimed at Dusseldorf, "Prince Joachim, duke of Cleves
and Berg."

1821. STEPHEN DECATUR, a distinguished American commodore, died at
Washington, aged 41.

1828. LOUIS CHORIS, an eminent Russian painter and draftsman to
Kotzebue's circumnavigating expedition, was killed in company with his
traveling companion, near Vera Cruz in Mexico.

1832. The bill banishing the families of Napoleon and Charles X, passed
the chamber of peers by a vote of 80 to 30.

1832. JOHN WOLFGANG VON GŒTHE, "the patriarch of German literature,"
died, aged 83. He early gave indications of genius and a taste for the
fine arts; acquired several languages, and made some proficiency in
drawing, engraving, &c.; and first attracted attention as an author by
the drama of _Gœtz_ in 1773, and the _Sorrows of Werther_ the next
year. The activity and versatility of his genius were prodigious, and
his productions amounting to 50 vols., embrace every branch of
literature and science. He died at Weimar, quietly seated in his
armchair, and apparently without suffering.

1842. CONDY RAGUET, author of the _Free Trade Advocate_, and many other
political productions, died at Philadelphia.

1851. MORDECAI MANASSEH NOAH, for over forty years connected with the
press of New York and prominent as a writer and politician, died.

1851. ISAAC HILL, one of the most influential political writers in
America and for many years editor of the _New Hampshire Patriot_, died.

1851. JOHN STUART SKINNER, editor of the _Plow, the Loom and the Anvil_,
died at Baltimore, aged 63. He was the pioneer in the establishment of
American agricultural journals, although he had been educated for the
law.

1855. RAMON PINTO, an eminent Cuban lawyer, suffered death by the
garotte, at Havana, for conspiring to take Concha's life and overthrow
the existing government.

1855. The Russians, in a night sortie upon the French lines at
Sebastopol, were driven back after a contest of two and a half hours.


MARCH 23.

1208. The pope laid the churches of England under an interdict. King
John in retaliation banished the bishops that obeyed.

1534. CLEMENT VIII issued his bull rescinding Cranmer's sentence, and
confirming Henry VIII's marriage with Catharine; in consequence of which
the pope's authority was abolished in England, and the king declared the
supreme head of the church.

1556. JULIUS III (John Marie du Mont), pope of Rome, died. He is
notorious for having dissolved the council of Trent, and is
characterized as a weak and narrow-minded pontiff, little calculated to
uphold the dignity and power of his office.

1606. JUSTUS LIPSIUS died; a most acute and learned Flemish critic and
commentator on ancient authors. His works were published in 6 vols.
folio.

1621. JOHN CARVER, first governor of Plymouth colony, died. He was among
the English emigrants to Leyden; and when a removal to America was
contemplated, he was sent over to negotiate for a suitable territory. He
conducted the affairs of the colony with great prudence, and discovered
great address in the management of the natives.

1650. The English army commanded by Oliver Cromwell, laid siege to the
town of Kilkenny in Ireland. The defence was obstinate, but the garrison
surrendered in a few days.

1776. ROBERT JAMES, an English physician, died; known as the inventor of
James' Fever Powders, a preparation which has acquired great celebrity
and proved an inexhaustible source of opulence to his family, and
benefit to the public.

1776. Congress issued letters of marque and reprisal against England.

1777. The British under Bird landed at Peekskill on the Hudson river for
the purpose of seizing the military stores; but on the news of his
approach the guard stationed there under Gen. McDougal, fired the
principal store houses and retired.

1793. Spain declared war against England.

1797. The French under DUGUA entered Trieste, the most important seaport
town of Austria; at the same time another French army took possession of
the mines of Ydria.

1801. PETROWITZ PAUL, emperor of Russia, assassinated. He was the son of
Catharine II, who treated him with great rigor, during her life. In 1780
he traveled with his wife through the southern part of Europe under the
title of _Count of the North_. In 1796 he ascended the throne, and
among the first of his acts were the discontinuance of the Persian war,
and the liberation of the Poles confined in Russia. But his conduct was
suddenly reversed, and his indiscretions and tyranny finally produced a
conspiracy among the nobles, by which it is supposed his sons were
accessory to his death. In the official publication of his death, it was
ascribed to apoplexy.

1806. The exploring party under Captains Clarke and Lewis, left fort
Clatsop on their return up the Columbia river to the United States.

1808. MURAT, at the head of 40,000 French soldiers, taking advantage of
a faction among the populace, entered Madrid and took possession of it.

1809. THOMAS HOLCROFT, an English dramatic writer, died. His father was
a shoemaker in low circumstances, which occupation the son also followed
till he resolved to try his fortune on the stage. Besides his dramas he
produced several novels and translations from the German and French. He
suffered imprisonment for republicanism, with Tooke and others.

1815. Action off the island of Tristran d'Acunha, between the United
States brig Hornet, 16 guns, Capt. Biddle, and the British brig Penguin,
18 guns and a 12 pound carronade, 132 men, Capt. Dickinson. Capt.
Dickinson was killed and the Penguin captured in 22 minutes; she was so
much injured that it was found necessary to sink her. Penguin had 14
killed, 28 wounded; Hornet 1 killed, 11 wounded. After the surrender a
British soldier wounded Capt. Biddle in the neck with a musket ball; he
was immediately shot by two of the marines.

1819. AUGUST FREDERICK VON KOTZEBUE, a celebrated German dramatist,
assassinated at Manheim. _The Stranger_ and _Pizarro_ are translated and
popular at our theatres. His works are numerous. He was assassinated by
a fanatical student named Sandt, who at the same time stabbed himself;
but recovered and was beheaded.

1840. WILLIAM MACLURE, a distinguished naturalist, formerly of
Philadelphia, and twenty years president of the academy of natural
sciences in that city, died near the city of Mexico. He wrote on the
geology of the United States and the West Indies.

1849. BENJAMIN SIMPSON died at Saco, Maine, aged 94; one of the party
engaged in throwing the tea overboard in Boston harbor, at the opening
of the revolution.

1849. CHARLES ALBERT, king of Sardinia, in consequence of his defeat by
the Austrians, abdicated his crown in favor of his eldest son, the duke
of Savoy.

1849. ELIZABETH HUGHES, well known in England as a fortune-teller and
familiar with angels, died at Fowdon in her 89th year.

1850. JOHN W. WEBSTER, professor of chemistry in Cambridge university,
found guilty of the murder of his friend Benjamin Parkman; a case which
excited community for a long time.

1854. A treaty of commerce concluded between Commodore Perry of the
United States squadron, and the emperor of Japan.


MARCH 24.

1426 B. C. The 24th Nisan is marked as a feast in the Jews' calendar for
the death of Joshua. He was buried, full of honor, on the border of his
capital in Mount Ephraim.

1455. POPE NICHOLAS V, the friend of ancient literature and the
protector of the learned exiles of Greece, died.

1495. COLUMBUS with an army of 200 men, 20 horses and 20 dogs! commenced
a campaign against the natives of Hispaniola, who in consequence of the
excesses of the Spaniards had raised an army of 100,000 men to destroy
the colony at Isabella. The admiral spent a year in ranging the island;
and reduced it to such obedience that every inhabitant was subjected to
a quarterly tribute to the king of Spain in gold dust or cotton.

1545. Diet at Worms assembled. The protestants disclaimed all connection
with the council of Trent.

1564. PIUS IV issued a bull denouncing the perusal of certain books, and
establishing new rules by which to judge books.

1581. JAMES DYER, an eminent English judge, died. He was distinguished
for his learning and excellence; a volume of law reports which he left
in manuscript and were not published till 20 years after his death, have
been often reprinted.

1588 (1580?). Bombs first used at the siege of Wachtendonk in Holland.
The invention of bombs is disputed among several countries, and there
are good reasons for believing that some contrivance of the kind had
been made use of long before this event. Galen, bishop of Munster, is
said to have been the inventor of bombs; while Strada in his account of
the wars of the Low Countries, attributes the invention a few days
before this siege to an inhabitant of the town of Venloo, and that the
people of the city, wishing to exhibit it in presence of the duke of
Cleves, discharged a bomb, which falling on one of the houses, set fire
to it, and three-fourths of the town were destroyed before the flames
could be extinguished.

1603. ELIZABETH, queen of England, died, aged 70. She was the daughter
of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. On the death of Mary, 1558, she was
proclaimed queen, at the age of twenty-five, and held the sceptre
forty-five years with uncommon ability. Her reign was a period of great
prosperity for England. Her treatment of the queen of Scots can never be
defended, and some other foibles tarnish her fame; but the splendor of
her reign and the strength of mind displayed in the conduct of the
government overbalance those weaknesses which few crowned heads are
devoid of.

1638. CANONICUS and MIANTONIMOH gave Roger Williams a deed of
Providence.

1645. The parliament voted that the clause for the preservation of his
majesty's person should be left out of Sir Thos. Fairfax's commission.
This was a bad omen for King Charles.

1674. JONATHAN GODDARD, an English physician and chemist, died. He was a
favorite with Cromwell; but on the restoration his abilities were not in
sufficient estimation to preserve him from being disgraced. He was an
able writer and a liberal patron of learned men, and one of the
promoters of the royal society.

1698. JOHN EVELYN, distinguished as a poet and translator, died, aged
45. At the age of 15 he wrote the elegant Greek poem which accompanies
the second edition of the _Sylva_, written by his father.

1718. On the island of Lithy, India, there fell a ball of fire,
containing gelatinous matter.

1720. JOHN PERINGSKIOLL, a Swedish antiquary and historian, died. He was
professor of antiquities at Upsala, and secretary and councilor to the
king. His works amount to 17 vols. folio.

1726. DANIEL WHITBY, an English prelate, died. He was, like many of his
profession, totally unqualified for the common pursuits of business; but
was engrossed with matters of religion and learning. His publications
are more than 40 in number; one of which gave offence to the clergy and
was publicly burnt.

1730. The British parliament passed an act prohibiting any subject
lending money to a foreigner or other nation.

1740. The English Capt. KNOWLES took from the Spaniards the castle of
St. Lorenzo in South America; a large amount of spoil fell into the
hands of the conquerors.

1742. PETER SABBATHIER, a French Benedictine, died. He was engaged 23
years in making a collection of the Latin versions of the Bible, which
was published 1743 in 3 vols. folio.

1744. War between France and Great Britain declared.

1751. FREDRICK, prince of Wales, died.

1754. JOHN JAMES WETSTEIN, a learned Swiss divine, died. He traveled
through several countries of Europe to examine the various manuscripts
of the Greek Testament, and on his return to Basel published his
_Prologomena_; he was immediately persecuted as a Socinian, and
compelled to flee his country. He found protection at Amsterdam, where
he died.

1764. THOMAS SLACK commenced the _New Castle Chronicle_, a paper still
well sustained in England.

1773. PHILIP DORMER STANHOPE, earl of Chesterfield, died, aged 79. He
was one of the most celebrated wits of his age, an eminent statesman,
political, epistolatory and miscellaneous writer. His _Letters_,
containing advice to his son, prove him to have been an excellent
scholar; but the critical reader will find that they insidiously
inculcate the loosest principles.

1773. STEPHEN LEAKE, an ingenious writer on coins and heraldry, died at
Thorp, England.

1776. JOHN HARRISON, an eminent English mechanic, died. He was the son
of an obscure mechanic, but made himself famous by the invention of a
time-keeper, in the form of a watch, for ascertaining the longitude at
sea, for which he received from parliament about $90,000.

1782. Spain acknowledged the Independence of the United States.

1782. A blockhouse situated on Toms' river, New Jersey, attacked by a
body of royalists. Capt. Huddy defended the place while his ammunition
lasted, and on surrendering was executed without a trial.

1783. ROBERT SAUNDERS, a self created LL. D., died. His _Notes on the
Bible_ profited him very little, though in a pecuniary point of view
they profited others.

1794. Insurrection of the Poles. The Russian troops evacuated Cracow,
and the patriot Kosciusko took possession.

1794. CHARLES PHILIP RONSIN, with a number of his _confreres_,
guillotined at Paris. The revolution brought him out from obscurity only
to display the natural deformity of his character. He was promoted to
the office of minister of war, and then to the command of an army. He
met his fate at the hands of Danton and Marat, who had raised him up.

1797. Battle in the passes of Eisach in Saxony, between the Austrians
under Gen. Laudohn, and the French, who captured 8 cannon and 1500
soldiers.

1801. PAUL, emperor of Russia, assassinated. His reign was remarkable
for its caprice and eccentricity.

1804. The county of Seneca, in Western New York, formed.

1838. THOMAS ATTWOOD, an eminent English musical composer, died, aged
73.


MARCH 25.

1409. The schism of the church was ended by the council of Pisa.

1519. First regular battle of the Spaniards under Cortez with the
Indians, on the plains of Ceutla, near Tabasco. The Spaniards were
victorious, with the loss of 1 killed and more than 60 wounded. The loss
of the Indians was very great; 800 were left dead on the field; the
Indians being unable to carry off all their dead, as was their custom.

1595. Snow fell at Rome. There is no other record of such an event
occurring there till 1834--exhibiting the curious phenomenon of a space
of 240 years without snow.

1609. HENRY HUDSON sailed from Amsterdam on the voyage in which he
discovered the North or Hudson river, and explored it as far as Albany.

1661. The Savoy conference, concerning the liturgy, between 12 bishops
with 9 assistants, and a like number of presbyterians appointed by King
Charles II.

1678. Ypres, in Belgium, surrendered to the French after a siege of 7
days.

1688. First establishment of charity schools in England.

1693. Printing ordered to be introduced into New York.

1711. NEHEMIAH GREW, a London physician, died. His merits and skill
procured him a very extensive practice; he was also author on subjects
connected with his profession.

1741. The British under Admiral Vernon took the castle of Bocca Chicca,
in Carthagena, by assault.

1751. The commencement of the year in England was altered from this day
to the first of January, to conform with the custom of other European
countries, which had long before adopted the Gregorian calendar. For
this purpose there was passed an act of parliament, directing that the
year should commence on the first of January, and that eleven days, from
the 2d to the 14th September, 1752, should be omitted, so that the 3d of
September should be dated the 14th. This occasioned great perplexity and
confusion of dates, arising from the computations by the old and new
styles.

1754. WILLIAM HAMILTON, an ingenious Scottish poet, died. His pieces are
distinguished for liveliness of imagination and delicacy of sentiment.

1761. The first tree cut towards clearing land for cultivation in the
town of Bennington, Vt. The honor of the act belongs to Samuel Robinson,
who on that day began the settlement of the town. In 1790 it contained
4,000 inhabitants, and by actual return their industry produced 26,000
yards of linen cloth, made in private families from flax of their own
raising.

1763. ELIAS FARNEWORTH, an English prelate, died; distinguished as the
translator of Machiavelli and several other European authors.

1792. Lake Harantoreen, in the county of Kerry, Ireland, sunk into the
earth.

1792. The British under Gen. CAMPBELL carried by storm the batteries at
Port Royal in Grenada.

1793. HEBERT, ANACHARSIS CLOOTS and 18 others, chiefs of the _Cordelier
Club_, executed at Paris.

1799. Florence and Leghorn in Italy, fell into the hands of the French.

1799. Battle of Stockach in Germany. The princes of Furstenberg and
Anhalt-Bernburg killed.

1800. The county of Greene, in New York, erected.

1801. The British army in Egypt reinforced by the Turks.

1808. CHARLES IV of Spain wrote to Bonaparte protesting against his
abdication in favor of Ferdinand VII, as having been extorted from him
by force, at the same time offering to place himself and the royal
family in Bonaparte's power.

1809. ANNA SEWARD, an English poetess, died. She exhibited an early
taste for poetry, and her poems were popular in their day, and often
republished. She held a correspondence with the literati of her time,
and her letters were published in six volumes, octavo.

1810. BONAPARTE issued a decree giving liberty to all state prisoners in
France, and a free pardon to all deserters.

1811. Battle of Campo Major in Portugal, in which the British under Gen.
Beresford defeated the French, took 600 prisoners, and drove them to
Badajos.

1811. British frigate Amazon destroyed off cape Barfleur by part of the
Cherbourg squadron.

1811. Every printing press in Paris obnoxious to Bonaparte, suppressed
by the police.

1812. GEORGE FREDERICK COOKE, an eminent English actor, died. He was
first engaged as a printer, and afterwards in the navy; but left these
for the stage, and acquired a reputation seldom attained, in the highest
walks of the drama.

1815. Confirmatory pact signed at Vienna, by which the allied powers
solemnly united their forces to maintain the treaty of Paris against
Bonaparte.

1815. RICHARD DOWELL, the famed organist at Dulwich college, died.

1820. ALEXANDER of Russia banished all Jesuits from his dominions,
because they interfered with the government and the peace of families.

1836. HENRY ROSCOE died, near Liverpool, England. He was distinguished
for his legal and various abilities and learning, and was the author of
several professional and other works.

1843. Ceremony of opening the Thames tunnel. Its length is 1200 feet,
its cost about two and a half millions of dollars, and it was 18 years
in building, under Brunel. The number of persons who visited it during
the two following days was about 50,000, at a revenue of one penny each
is nearly $1000.

1849. GEORGE COOKE, an artist of some note in the south, died of Cholera
at New Orleans.

1852. JANE WEST died, aged 93; a very fruitful authoress, in the
beginning of the present century, of poems, tales and novels, long since
forgotten, though much in vogue for a time.

1855. An unsuccessful attempt at revolution made in San Domingo with the
intent to recall ex-president Paez.


MARCH 26.

1546. THOMAS ELYOT, an eminent English scholar, died. He published the
first _Latin and English Dictionary_ in that country.

1602. BARTHOLOMEW GOSNOLD sailed from England in a shallop with 32
persons to effect a colony in the northern part of Virginia. He was the
first Englishman who came in a direct course to this part of America,
instead of making the circuit by the Canaries and the West Indies. After
a passage of 7 weeks they made land in 43 degrees.

1630. CHARLES I renewed the patent granted by his father to Ben Jonson,
as poet laureate. The pension was augmented from 100 marks to 100
pounds, with the grace cup of "one tierce of Canary Spanish wine," to be
delivered annually from the royal cellars at Whitehall.

1644. The English parliament made an ordinance to enjoin every family
one meal per week, and to contribute the value thereof to the kingdom.

1649. JOHN WINTHROP, first governor of Massachusetts colony, died at
Boston, aged 63. He came out to America 1630, as governor of the colony;
to which he continued to be re-elected, with a few years intermission,
till his death. He kept an accurate journal of the events of the early
colony from its foundation to the time of his death, two volumes of
which were published at Hartford 1790; and the third, which had been a
long time lost, appeared in 1826.

1662. BRIAN DUPPA, an English bishop, died. He was distinguished for his
learning and virtues, and the firmness of his adherence to the cause of
the Stuarts during their misfortunes.

1676. Marlborough, Mass., destroyed by the Indians. So completely did
the enemy finish their horrid purposes here, that the inhabitants
deserted their dwellings and sought shelter elsewhere. On the following
evening a party of about forty men went out in search of the Indians;
and coming upon them towards morning lying around their fires to the
number of about three hundred, fired in upon them. Although it was so
dark at a short distance from the fires that "an Indian could not be
discerned from a better man," yet they discharged several volleys upon
them, and came off without the loss of one of the band. The few houses
which escaped the brand on this occasion were razed by the enemy soon
after.

1688. WINSTON CHURCHILL, an English historian, died; better known as the
father of the great duke of Marlborough.

1699. "After an extraordinary storm," says Evelyn, "there came up the
Thames a whale which was 56 feet long. Such and a larger of the spout
kind, was killed there 40 years ago. _That year died Cromwell._" The
reverend antiquary probably considered this a _prodigious_ omen of the
usurper's dissolution.

1702. WILLIAM COURTEN died; a collector of whatever was curious and
important in medallic and antiquarian history. He left 38 vols. folio,
and 8 quarto, which together with his collection were purchased for the
British museum at £20,000; scarcely the value of the coins and precious
stones.

1707. The _regalia_ of Scotland deposited in an oaken chest, at the
Edinburgh castle.

1711. Engagement between the British ship Lion, 60 guns, Capt. Walpole,
and 4 French ships, in which the latter were beaten off. Walpole had his
right arm shot off; and it may be mentioned that Lord Nelson had the
same sword in his hand when his right arm was shot off, 1797.

1719. A Spanish fleet under the duke of Ormond, intended for the
invasion of England in favor of the pretender, was dispersed by a storm.

1726. JOHN VANBRUGH, an English dramatist and architect, died. He was
knighted by Queen Anne, and held several lucrative offices; but a want
of economy in the management of his income kept him in indigence, and
his dramas were produced in rapid succession to retrieve his credit.
Few of his pieces, although popular at the time, still keep the stage.

1729. ROBERT MOSS, a popular London preacher, died. His sermons have
been published in 8 vols.; and he is the author of some poems, and small
tracts.

1730. The landgrave of Hesse Cassel, father of the king of Sweden, died.
The Swedish monarch was declared successor.

1756. GILBERT WEST, an English poet, died. He was a man of polished
manners and great erudition.

1772. CHARLES DINEAU DUCLOS, historiographer of France, died. He was
also a distinguished member of the French academy, and was engaged in
the _Dictionary_ and _History of the Society_.

1784. THOMAS BOND, a distinguished American physician, died. After
spending considerable time in preparatory study at Paris, he returned
and commenced practice in Philadelphia, where he acquired a great
reputation in his profession, and as a man of letters.

1794. Congress passed an embargo law.

1799. Battle of Verona, between the French and Austrians. The battle
continued from morning till night, and the loss on both sides was so
great, that each army found it necessary to retreat.

1806. Broome county, in New York, erected.

1812. Earthquake in Venezuela, South America; the town of St. Philip
with a population of 1,200 souls was entirely swallowed up, and it is
supposed that about 20,000 persons perished in the whole province.
Caraccas, with a population of 40,000, was destroyed, and from 10,000 to
40,000 persons perished, authorities differ.

1813. The American batteries at Black Rock opened their fire on the
British, and silenced their lower battery.

1814. Gen. HULL, tried at Albany by court martial for surrendering
Detroit, was found guilty and sentenced to be shot. His punishment was
remitted by the president.

1814. Battle of St. Dizier in France, in which Bonaparte defeated
Winzingerode.

1814. Engagement in the bay of La Hogue, between the British ship Hebrus
and French frigate L'Etoile. French loss, 40 killed, 71 wounded; British
13 killed, 25 wounded.

1832. The Asiatic cholera appeared in Paris. During its prevalence 1 in
33 of the population died. In the whole of France 229,534 persons were
attacked, and 94,665 died.

1838. WILLIAM H. ASHLEY died near Boonville, Missouri. He was the first
lieut. governor of that state, and a man highly respected for his great
enterprise, talents, integrity and principle. He emigrated from
Virginia at the age of 30, and settled near the lead mines. In 1822 he
projected the scheme of uniting the Indian trade of the Rocky mountains
with the hunting and trapping business; and having enlisted about 300
hardy men, they, after various successes and reverses, realized handsome
fortunes.

1839. POWER LE POER TRENCH, archbishop of Tuam and primate of Connaught,
in Ireland, died. He was distinguished for his talents, eloquence and
learning, and greatly revered for his benevolence and piety.

1850. SAMUEL T. ARMSTRONG, a distinguished American bookseller, died in
Boston.

1852. While the engineer Maillefert and his assistants were engaged in
submarine blastings at Hellgate, New York harbor, by accident a charge
exploded and instantly killed Capt. Southard and 2 others. Maillefert
and others were raised several feet, and fell into the water; but were
rescued with few injuries.

1854. JONATHAN HARRINGTON died, aged 85; a fifer for the minute men who
assembled on Lexington Green on the morning of the 19th of April, 1775,
and the last survivor of the gallant band who were engaged in that first
conflict of the American revolution.


MARCH 27.

47 B. C. PTOLEMY DIONYSIUS, king of Egypt, drowned in the Nile. His name
is rendered execrable to the latest posterity for the murder of Pompey,
his benefactor.

1306. ROBERT BRUCE crowned king of Scotland at Scone. Edward had carried
off the national diadem, so that one was manufactured for the occasion,
which was placed upon the head of the liberator by Isabella, countess of
Buchan, a descendant of Macduff.

1350. ALPHONSO II of Castile died at Gibraltar. He is famous for his
wars with the Moors, in which 200,000 of them were slain.

1546. JOHN DIAZ, a Spaniard, murdered at Neuberg, Germany. He embraced
the doctrines of the reformers, and while on a visit to Calvin was met
by his brother, who, being unable to reconvert him, hired an assassin to
dash out his brains with an axe while in bed at night.

1563. A bill brought into the house of commons, permitting the Bible and
church service to be translated into the Welsh or British tongue and
used in the church of Wales. The New Testament in Welsh appeared in
1567, in quarto, 339 pages in black letter.

1614. An octroy passed the States General of the United Netherlands, for
regulating voyages to America, under which Adrian Block, Hendrick
Corstiaensen, and Cornelis Jacobsen Mey, distinguished themselves by
their adventures.

1617. FRANCIS BACON made lord chancellor of England, in place of
Ellesmere, who died within a fortnight of his resignation. The new
chancellor soon disgusted the public by his vanity, love of show,
meanness and corruption.

1622. The Indians, by a preconcerted conspiracy, fell upon the Virginia
colony, 347 of whom, unresisting and defenceless, were massacred with
indiscriminate barbarity. This massacre was plotted by Opecancanough,
and was followed by an exterminating war between the parties.

1625. JAMES VI of Scotland (I of England) died, aged 59. He was the son
of Mary and Lord Darnley, and succeeded to the throne at an early age.
In 1603 he succeeded to the crown of England, on the death of Elizabeth.
It was during his reign that the famous plot was concerted for blowing
up the king and parliament. It was also during his reign, and through
his weakness, that Walter Raleigh lost his life. He was an encourager of
learning, though a pedant himself. The translation of the Bible in
present use bears his sanction and authority.

1634. LEONARD CALVERT, having been appointed governor of Maryland by his
brother Lord Baltimore, arrived with two hundred settlers, and settled
the town of St. Marys, establishing religious liberty and granting lots
of fifty acres to each emigrant.

1654. Monsieur BOURDEAUX, ambassador extraordinary from the king of
France to Cromwell, arrived in London, and on obtaining an audience,
recognized the principle that God shows his love to men by giving them
wise rulers.

1660. TOBIAS VENNER, an English physician, died. His medical works were
popular, and for talent are above mediocrity.

1669. Mount Trumento formed of an indurated mass of lava by the great
eruption of mount Etna.

1676. Battle of Patuxet, between fifty English and twenty friendly
Indians under Capt. Pierce, and six hundred of Philip's Indians. The
English were drawn into an ambush, or deceived in the force of their
enemies, and making an error in drawing down by the side of the river to
prevent being surrounded, the Indians crossed over, and galled them from
the opposite side, so that they were constrained to fight it out to the
last.

1699. EDWARD STILLINGFLEET, an eminent English prelate, died. His first
work was entitled _Weapon Salve for the Church's Wounds_, which was ably
written, notwithstanding the quaintness of the title. His works were
principally polemical, and were published in 6 vols. folio.

1710. SACHEVERELL'S two sermons burnt before the Royal Exchange in the
presence of the lord mayor of London, and he himself forbid to preach
for 3 years.

1718. MARY BEATRIX ELEONORA D'ESTE, queen dowager to King James II of
England, died at St. Germain en Laye.

1729. LEOPOLD, duke of Lorrain, died. He was noted for his military
abilities, by which he recovered his country, and governed his subjects
with wisdom and justice. He was also a liberal patron of the arts and
sciences.

1756. French burnt fort Bull, Oneida county, New York.

1771. A. MCDOUGAL discharged by the supreme court of New York, after
having been subjected to imprisonment as the author of a newspaper
article signed _A Son of Liberty_.

1778. NICHOLAS SEBASTIAN ADAM, a French sculptor, died. He was the
second of three brothers who enjoyed some reputation as sculptors in
France in the early part of the last century. His principal works are
the tomb for the wife of Stanislaus of Poland, and Prometheus chained.

1782. CARACCIOLI, the viceroy of Sicily, abolished the inquisition
there, and destroyed the archives.

1793. The French Gen. DUMOURIER, in a conference with Austrian Col.
Mack, at Ath, resolved to march back on Paris and establish the
constitutional monarchy of 1791.

1794. JACOB NICHOLAS MOREAU, historiographer of France, guillotined at
the age of 77. He was also librarian to the queen, an able writer, and
attached to the royal cause.

1794. Convention between Denmark and Sweden, for the mutual defence of
their rights.

1802. Treaty of Amiens signed between England, Spain, France and the
Batavian republic.

1805. The county of Lewis, in northern New York, erected.

1809. Sullivan county, New York, erected.

1809. An eruption of mount Etna.

1811. Battle of Anhalt in the Cattegat strait. The island was attacked
by 4000 Danes, who were repulsed by 350 British, with the loss of 6
cannon and 500 prisoners.

1814. Battle of Horse-Shoe, at the bend of the Tallepoosie river,
between the United States troops under Gen. Jackson, and the Creek
Indians. The latter were defeated with the loss of about 800 killed; U.
S. loss 91 killed, 268 wounded.

1829. The zoological society of London in Bruton street incorporated.

1839. All the opium belonging to British subjects in China, amounting to
20,283 chests, valued at about $9,000,000, was surrendered up to Capt.
Elliot, superintendent of the British trade, for the purpose of being
destroyed, in obedience to the orders of the Chinese government.

1847. METHUSELAH BALDWIN died at Scotchtown, New York, aged 84; he was
licensed to preach in 1791 by the presbytery of Newark.

1854. WILLIAM HENRY CAVENDISH SCOTT BENTINCK, duke of Portland, a
British statesman, died, aged 84.

1856. N. S. PRIME, a New York divine, died, aged 70; known as the author
of a history of Long Island.

1857. CHARLES III, duke of Parma, aged 31, died at Turin of a wound
given by an assassin in the streets the night previous.


MARCH 28.

168 B. C. The Roman senate assembled at eight o'clock in the morning, a
few days after Paulus Emilius had assumed the immortal consulate. The
English house of commons usually sat at the same hour five centuries
ago.

193. PUBLIUS HELVIUS PERTINAX, emperor of Rome, assassinated. He was of
obscure origin, and was elected on the death of Commodus. His virtues
were too great for the time in which he lived, and he was destroyed by
the same hands which had raised him up; and the imperial diadem was
offered at public auction.

1134. STEPHEN HARDING, an Englishman, and one of the founders of the
Cistercians, died. In the year 1098, he retired with twenty companions
to Citeaux, a marshy wilderness in France, where they founded a
monastery. A valuable manuscript copy of the Bible in four volumes,
still preserved, attests the assiduity of the monk.

1318. The town and castle of Berwick taken by the generals of Bruce.

1380. Gunpowder is said to have been first used in Europe on this day,
by the Venetians against the Genoese. The discovery of the power of
powder is attributed to Berthold Schwartz, a monk of Mayence, about
1300, though it is said to have been known in India very early, and
obtained from them by the Arabians, who employed it in a battle near
Mecca in 690. The use of gunpowder at the battles of Cressy and Poitiers
in 1346 is questioned. Rabelais says that the art of printing was
invented about the same time by divine inspiration, as a match for the
devil's suggestion of artillery.

1480. WILLIAM CAXTON, the first English printer, finished the _Cordial_
in folio. The fact is thus set forth in his own words: "_The Book named
Cordyale: or Memorare Novissima: which treateth of The foure last
Thinges. Began on the morn after the Purification of our blessid Lady
(2d Feb. 1478), &c. And finisshed on the even of thannciacion of our
said blessid Lady, fallying on the Wednesdaye the xxiiij daye of Marche
In the xix yere of Kyng Edwarde the fourthe._"

1520. SANZIO RAPHAEL, an illustrious Italian painter and architect,
died. He is by general consent called the prince of modern painters, and
was probably the best painter the world ever produced.

1636. JAMES CALLOT, an eminent French engraver, died. He carried the art
to a greater state of perfection than any other before him, and attained
all that it then seemed possible for human industry to reach.

1638. WILLIAM KIEFT arrived at New Amsterdam as governor of the colony.

1663. At Laucha, near Naumburg, in Prussia, there fell a great quantity
of a fibrous substance, represented as resembling blue silk.

1676. The Indians attacked Rehoboth, Mass., and burnt 40 houses and
about 30 barns.

1677. WENTZEL HOLLAR, a Bohemian engraver, died. His talents were
noticed by Arundel, the English ambassador, by whom he was induced to
visit England, where he executed a great number of portraits and views;
but though his graver gave celebrity to so many, he was himself the
victim of want, and was barely permitted by his creditors to die on his
own bed.

1678. JAMES DIXWELL, one of the regicides, died at New Haven, Conn.

1678. CLAUDIUS FRANCIS MILLIET DECHALES, a French mathematician, died.
His works, published in 3 vols. folio, are a complete course of
mathematics.

1741. The British Capt. KNOWLES destroyed the batteries at Passa
Cavallo, Carthagena.

1745. Ventilators, invented by the Rev. Dr. Hales, ordered by the
council of England to be introduced into Newgate.

1757. ROBERT FRANCIS DAMIENS executed at Paris for an attempt to
assassinate Louis XV. He was the son of a poor farmer, and from his
vicious inclinations acquired the title of _Robert le Diable_. As the
king was getting into his carriage at Versailles, surrounded by his
train, Damiens stabbed him in the right side with a knife. He was
seized, tried and condemned to a death of torture. Being drawn on a
sledge to the Place de Greve, he there had the flesh of his thighs and
arms torn off with red hot pincers, and the hand which held the knife
cut off. Afterwards his body was drawn and quartered by four horses, his
members and corpse burnt and the ashes thrown into the air.

1758. Action in the North Sea between 2 French and 2 British frigates;
one of the former escaped, the other was captured with 40 guns and 340
men.

1760. MARGARET WOFFINGTON, an eminent Irish actress, died. Her talents
and good sense were greatly aided by extraordinary beauty of features
and form.

1778. LOUIS XVI issued letters of marque and reprisal against England.

1783. A hill 500 feet in height was carried four miles from its site by
the great Calabrian earthquake.

1791. HONORE GABRIEL RIQUETTI, count DE MIRABEAU, the distinguished
French revolutionist but debauched man, died. The French directory
decreed a public mourning of eight days; and all the places of amusement
in Paris were shut on the day of his death.

1794. J. B. V. GUILLOTINE was beheaded at Lyons. There is some mistake
about this event; the authority from which it is derived stating that he
was the inventor of the guillotine. (See March 20, and April 25, 1792;
also May 26, 1814.)

1794. JOHN ANTHONY NICHOLAS CARITAT, marquis de Condorcet, died. His
mathematical essays at an early age procured him a seat in the academy
of sciences, of which he was afterwards elected secretary. He published
the lives of several eminent men of his day, and was an active
contributor to the famous _Encyclopedie_. He unfortunately took part in
the revolution, and failing to keep pace with the ultra views of the
Robespierre party, was proscribed, and died in prison either from want
or by his own hand.

1801. RALPH ABERCROMBY died. He rose from a common soldier, through all
the gradations, to the highest rank in the army; was appointed commander
in chief of the expedition to Egypt, and landed after a severe contest
at Aboukir bay. He was wounded and unhorsed at the battle of Alexandria,
notwithstanding which he disarmed his antagonist, and kept the field
during the day and was victorious. He was conveyed on board the
admiral's ship where he lingered a few days, and died. He was buried
beneath the castle of St. Elmo, in Malta.

1802. The planet Pallas discovered by Dr. Olbers, at Bremen. Its
revolution round the sun occupies 4 years, 7 months and 11 days.

1805. The county of Jefferson, in northern New York, erected.

1811. A hereditary monarchy established in Hayti, and Christophe
declared king, by the title of Henry I.

1814. Action in the neutral port of Valparaiso between the United States
frigate Essex, Capt. Porter, 52 guns, 255 men, and the British ship
Phebe and sloop of war Cherub, in all 81 guns and 500 men. After a most
sanguinary conflict of more than 2 hours, the Essex was captured, with
the loss of 58 killed.

1818. ALEXANDER SABES PETION, president of Hayti, died. He joined the
revolution at the age of 20, and when the blacks had succeeded in
gaining their independence, he was appointed governor of the western
province, and in 1807 elected president.

1836. RICHARD VALPY, an eminent Greek and Latin scholar, died, aged 82,
at Kensington, England.

1838. THOMAS MORTON, one of the most successful of modern dramatists,
died at London, aged 74.

1849. The king of Prussia elected emperor by the German parliament at
Frankfort. He did not accept.

1852. JOHN HAVILAND, an eminent architect, died at Washington, aged 60.
He was born in England, and commenced his career in Russia. He came to
this country highly recommended by J. Q. Adams, and constructed many
public works. He paid especial attention to the construction of jails
and prisons.

1853. A peace address signed by 4000 English merchants, bankers and
traders, presented to Napoleon III at the Tuilleries.

1854. War formally declared against Russia by Great Britain and France.

1855. The United States marshal at Philadelphia arrested 12 men who had
enlisted in that city for a foreign legion.


MARCH 29.

403. Battle of Pollentia and defeat of the Huns under Alaric their
leader.

1069. ABBA'D ABU' AMRU, surnamed the ornament of the state, died; a
Moorish king of Seville, who made extensive conquests of the neighboring
states, and was an extraordinary character in his day.

1208. Notwithstanding the pope's interdict, King John gave a receipt to
the sacrist of Reading, for books which had been in the custody of the
abbot of that monastery.

1315. RAYMOND LULLY stoned to death by the natives of Mauritania, in
Africa, whither he had gone to convert the Mohammedans, at the age of
80. He was born at Majorca, 1235, and became attached to the gay court
of James I of Arragon. He afterwards became the most celebrated chemist
and alchymist of his time. At the age of 30 he commenced the study of
theology for the purpose of converting infidels. He went over to Africa
to convert the Mohammedan doctors to Christianity, from whence he
narrowly escaped with his life. He made a second attempt several years
after, which resulted in his banishment from that region; but he
returned a third time, and was stoned to death.

1405. Prince JAMES of Scotland, on his passage to France, was seized by
an English corsair at Flamborough head, and conducted to the English
court.

1461. Battle of Towton, which decided the fate of the houses of York and
Lancaster. The battle commenced at break of day in a snow storm, and was
maintained with deadly obstinacy till three in the afternoon. It is said
38,000 bodies were left dead on the field, of whom the herald appointed
to number the slain, returned that 28,000 were Lancastrians. The duke of
York, who won the day, made a triumphal entry into York, where he
ordered the death of several prisoners, while Henry who lost his crown,
escaped with difficulty to the borders.

1562. PHILIP II of Spain and the Netherlands to prevent the circulation
of the scriptures and books favorable to the reformation, issued a
placard ordering the officers not only to visit the houses of
booksellers, but diligently to watch that no pedler went about with
books for sale.

1629. TOBIAS MATTHEWS, an able divine in the reign of James I, died. His
talents and worth raised him to the office of archbishop of York.

1644. Battle of Cherington, where the forces of Charles I, 14,000
strong, under Hopeton, were defeated by the parliament forces under
Waller.

1672. The test act of England passed, which required all officers of
government to receive the sacrament according to the church of England.

1675. A large body of Indians attacked the town of Providence, R. I.,
and burnt 29 houses. The records of the town were partially saved by
being concealed in a mill pond. The town did not recover from this
disaster in more than sixty years.

1689. THEOPHILUS BONET, a noted Swiss physician, died. He spent several
years at the best universities of Europe, in the study of his
profession, and became eminently successful. He published several
medical treatises in his old age, valuable in their day, for the facts
and observations which they contained.

1710. HENRY BASNAGE, a French lawyer, died at the Hague. He was a
member of the parliament of Rouen, who upon the proscription of the
protestants fled to Holland.

1726. JAMES PIERCE, an eminent English divine, died. He was attached to
a congregation of presbyterians; but becoming an Arian was expelled from
the desk.

1730. VINCENT HOUDRY, a French Jesuit, died, aged 99. He was an eloquent
preacher, and his writings comprise about 30 vols. His last moments were
embittered by the reflection that he could not be permitted to reach his
100th year!

1751. THOMAS CORAM, projector of the foundling hospital, died. He was
captain of a colonial trading vessel, and was prompted to this
charitable project, by frequently seeing children exposed in the streets
of London by the cruelty of their parents. He persevered in this humane
design 17 years, and at last obtained a charter by his sole application.
He was accustomed to spend so much of his time and money in charitable
services, that in his old age he was dependent upon the charities of
others, when his principal benefactor was the prince of Wales.

1772. EMANUEL SWEDENBORG, founder of the New-Jerusalem church, died in
London, aged 84. His father was a Swedish Lutheran bishop, and the son
received a scientific education, and became eminent as a mathematical
and philosophical writer, was ennobled, and shared the favor of the
king. From the pursuit of philosophy he subsequently turned his
attention to heavenly things, and became equally celebrated for his
mystical reveries. His followers have multiplied in Europe and America
since his death.

1792. GUSTAVUS III, king of Sweden, died. He succeeded to the throne
1771. His reign was a turbulent one, in which all the arts and
stratagems to which he was obliged to resort, scarcely secured him in
power. He formed a plan for uniting Sweden, Russia, Prussia and Austria,
with himself at the head of the confederacy. While he was maturing his
plans, a plot was formed among his nobility for assassinating him. A
masquerade at Stockholm was chosen for the perpetration of the deed. He
was shot in the back by Ankerstroom, a disbanded officer.

1796. LA CHERETTE was executed; this closed the Vendean or civil war at
the commencement of the French revolution.

1797. The Mohawks relinquished all their claims to land in the state of
New York.

1799. The legislature of the state of New York passed a law for the
gradual abolition of slavery in that state, providing that every child
born of a slave after the fourth of July in this year, should be free
at the age of 28 if a male, and 25 if a female.

1807. The planet Vesta discovered by Dr. Olbers. Its revolution is
completed in 3 years, 66 days and 4 hours.

1809. Oporto, in Portugal, taken by the French under Soult, and pillaged
in spite of that general's endeavors to prevent it.

1814. BONAPARTE had his head quarters at Troyes, from whence he moved by
forced marches to Paris, by the road of Sens.

1815. BONAPARTE abolished the slave trade in the French dominions.

1829. The castle of Rumelia in Turkey surrendered to the Greek army
under Capo d'Istria.

1837. The _Akhbar Vekai_, (News and Events) the first Persian newspaper,
made its appearance at Teheran. It consisted of two closely written, and
lithographed pages, one devoted to oriental, the other to foreign
intelligence. Its conductor had been an envoy to London, whence he
carried home with him and executed the idea of a newspaper--the most
efficient missionary for the spread of civilization and intelligence the
world has ever known.

1844. E. PENDLETON KENNEDY, of the United States navy and commander of
the battle ship Pennsylvania, died at Norfolk, Va.

1848. JOHN JACOB ASTOR, founder of the Astor library, died in New York,
aged 80. He was a native of Germany, and during a residence of nearly 60
years in America, amassed a fortune of about twenty millions of dollars.
He landed in this country with a trifling sum in his pocket, and early
commenced business as a trader in fur, and when the state of New York
was a wilderness, made frequent voyages up the Mohawk, to trade with the
Indians. As his wealth increased, he enlarged his business until by the
formation of the American Fur Company, he was a competitor with the
great capitalists of Europe, the proprietor of the North Western and
Canadian fur companies. Such was his enterprise, that he extended his
business to the mouth of the Columbia river and formed the first fur
establishment there, known as Astoria. Several expensive expeditions
were fitted out by him, of overland journeys, to the Pacific, some of
which were executed by individuals with great suffering. For many years
previous to the war of 1812, and subsequently, Mr. Astor was extensively
engaged in the Canton trade, and during the war was so fortunate that
several of his ships arrived here with valuable cargoes in safety. The
profits on those ships were enormous. Mr. Astor made large investments
in American stocks, which he purchased during the war with Great
Britain, at sixty to seventy cents on the dollar, and which after the
peace, went up to twenty per cent. above par. His great estate, however,
accumulated more from the purchase of real estate, than from any other
source.

1849. The Lahore war being finished, the Punjaub was formally annexed to
the British crown.

1849. LOURIANA THROWER died in Georgia, aged 137. Her sight had failed,
20 years before her death, but returned, so that she could read the
finest print, and her faculties remained almost unimpaired.

1853. The Jail at Chesterfield, S. C., destroyed by fire, and 8
prisoners burned.

1853. A democratic conspiracy discovered at Berlin, in Prussia, and 86
persons arrested.


MARCH 30.

1756 A. M. The ark of Noah grounded on the 17th of 2d month, Marchesvan
(corresponding with this date), after the waters had prevailed upon the
earth 150 days, (_See Nov. 2._)

317 B. C. PHOCION, the Athenian general, executed by poison. He was of
an obscure family, and rose by his own merits. He was placed at the head
of the Athenian armies 45 times, and on all occasions displayed great
ability; nor was he less illustrious for his virtues. Yet neither his
virtues nor his services could shield him from the malice of his
enemies, and he was condemned on a false accusation of treason.

1280. HUGH BALSAM, bishop of Ely, endowed his foundation of Peterhouse,
the first college in the University of Cambridge.

1282. Massacre of 8,000 French by the people of Sicily. It began at
Palermo as the bell was tolling for evening service, and hence it has
taken the quaint title of the _Sicilian Vespers_.

1296. Berwick, on the borders of Scotland, taken by assault by the
English under Edward I, and about 17,000 of the inhabitants put to the
sword.

1323. A truce for 13 years concluded at Thorpe, between Edward II, who
had been recently defeated at Biland Abbey, and Robert Bruce.

1327. EDWARD III, then newly inaugurated, in his fifteenth year,
convoked his splendid and gallant rendezvous at York, of 60,000 men at
arms, including 500 belted knights, animated by the presence of the
queen mother, and fifty ladies of the highest rank, to revenge the
breach of the treaty made by the Scots with his father.

1363. EDWARD III first distributed the Maunday for the purification of
the poor.

1587. RALPH SADLER, an English statesman, died. He filled some of the
highest offices of state under Henry VIII and Elizabeth, with ability.

1601. HENRY CUFFEE, celebrated for his wit, learning and misfortunes,
was executed at Tyburn. An epigram alluding to his Greek, says:

     Thy alpha was crowned with hope,
     Thy omega proved but a rope.

1612. JOHN WOWER, a distinguished German politician and literary
character, died at Gottorp.

1621. JOHN KING, an English prelate, died. He was chaplain to Queen
Elizabeth, and so popular a preacher, as to acquire the title of "the
king of preachers." Coke declares him "the best speaker in the star
chamber of his time."

1638. JOHN DAVENPORT, a celebrated preacher of Coleman street, London,
and several of his followers, having purchased of the natives all the
lands lying between the rivers Connecticut and Hudson, sailed from
Boston for Quinnipiack, now New Haven. The colony was organized under a
tree, and they agreed to be governed in civil matters by the laws of God
until they could make better!

1647. Mutiny in the parliamentary army on account of arrearages of pay
due to the soldiery, many of them having twelve months' pay due.

1669. WILLIAM SOMNER, an English antiquary, died. He was indefatigable
in his researches, and acquired the old Gaelic, Irish, Scotch, Danish,
Gothic, Saxon, and other northern dialects, that he might with greater
accuracy and success develop the records of ancient times. He published
a Saxon dictionary and some other works.

1707. SEBASTIAN LE PRESTRE, seigneur de Vauban, a celebrated French
engineer, died. He was taken prisoner in the service of Spain, and
persuaded to enter the French army, in which he distinguished himself by
a most unexampled career. During his life he had been engaged in 140
actions, conducted 53 sieges, assisted in repairing 300 ancient
citadels, and erected 33 new ones. His publications were principally on
fortifications, and he left 12 large volumes in manuscript, containing
observations, thoughts, &c., which he called his _oisivétés_
(idlenesses).

1756. STEPHEN DUCK, an English poet, committed suicide. He was a
persevering character, entirely self taught, and his poems were above
mediocrity. The queen bestowed upon him a pension, which enabled him to
take orders, and he obtained "a living;" in which office he sustained
himself with credit. Notwithstanding his good fortune, his spirits
became depressed, and he was led to cut short his existence by throwing
himself into the Thames.

1761. At Tregony, in Cornwall, was discovered a coffin 11 feet 3 inches
long, 3 feet 9 inches deep, inclosing a skeleton of gigantic size.

1781. Mutiny disclosed on board U. S. frigate Alliance, Capt. Barry, on
return from France to Boston. The plot was disclosed by an Indian named
Mahomman, on the eve of its being carried into effect. It was intended
to murder the officers and take the ship to England or Ireland. This was
the second mutiny in the service, the first having occurred on the same
vessel, two years before (see Feb. 3d). The third was seasonably
disclosed on board the Somers in 1842.

1783. WILLIAM HUNTER, an eminent British anatomist, died. He was
educated at the University of Glasgow, and in 1746 established himself
in London as a teacher of anatomy, where he distinguished himself; and
his works on medical subjects, which appeared at short intervals, added
to his reputation. He built an anatomical theatre and museum, and
ultimately collected there a library of Greek and Roman classics, and a
valuable cabinet of medals, now deposited in the university of Glasgow.

1793. The English under General McBride took possession of Ostend in
France.

1796. The French army under Beaulieu entered the Genoese territory.

1798. Ireland declared in a state of rebellion, and orders issued for
disarming the United Irishmen, and all disaffected persons, by the most
summary and effectual measures.

1799. Second battle of Verona (March 26). The French under Moreau were
again successful, but the division under Scherer having been beaten
again by the imperialists were obliged to halt to cover the main body of
the army.

1800. Action between the French ship Guilleaume Tell, Admiral Dacres, 84
guns, 1000 men, and three British ships of 180 guns, Capt. Berry. The
Frenchman was the last ship of the Nile fleet that remained uncaptured,
and was taken after a most determined resistance, with the loss of 200
killed. British loss, 101; among the wounded was Capt. Berry.

1801. Jail liberties for the first time established in the state of New
York, and prisoners entitled to the benefit of them, on giving a bond
and sufficient sureties to the sheriff, that they would remain true and
faithful prisoners, and not at any time or in anywise escape.

1806. JOSEPH BONAPARTE proclaimed king of Naples.

1810. LUIGI LANZI, a modern Italian archæologist and writer on art, died
of apoplexy.

1813. The prince regent of England notified to foreign ministers in
London, that efficient measures had been pursued to place New York,
Delaware, Port Royal, Charleston, Savannah, and the river Mississippi in
a state of blockade.

1814. Battle of La Cole Mills, Canada; Gen. Wilkinson was repulsed with
the loss of 13 killed and 123 wounded; British loss, 13 killed, 45
wounded.

1814. The allied army after a sanguinary resistance from Marmont, and
Mortier, advanced to the gates of Paris, and offered terms of
capitulation, which were agreed to.

1834. RUDOLPH ACKERMAN died; the originator of the British annuals, and
the first to introduce the lithographic art into England, and lighting
by gas into London.

1844. THORWALDSEN, the sculptor, buried at Copenhagen with regal honors;
the king and princes and chief officers of state acting as mourners,
followed by troops and processions of the different guilds and orders of
citizens, and a concourse of thousands. The streets were lined with
soldiers as at a royal funeral; and the queen and princesses attended
the service in the church. At the end of the ceremony, the king headed a
subscription for a monument on a magnificent scale by the regal donation
of $25,000.

1849. General HAYNAU assaulted Brescia, which, after great slaughter,
was taken and sacked.

1854. A fight took place 12 miles from Loar, between a company of 60
dragoons under Lieut. J. W. Davidson, and a party of nearly 300 Apache
and Utah Indians. The dragoons lost 21 killed and 18 wounded; the Indian
loss unknown.

1856. Treaty of peace between the French, English, and Turks on one
side, and the Russians on the other, signed at Paris.


MARCH 31.

32 B. C. TITUS POMPONIUS ATTICUS, a distinguished Roman, died. He
understood the art of conducting himself so well, that amidst the civil
wars and party strife of the time in which he lived, he preserved the
respect and esteem of all parties. He reached the age of 77 without
sickness; but finding himself at last attacked by a slight disease, he
resolved to put an end to his life by abstaining from food, and expired
in five days.

1474. The first book printed in England finished by Caxton as appears by
the following entry: "_The Game and Playe of the Chesse_; translated out
of the French and emprynted by William Caxton. Fynished the last day of
Marche, the yer of our Lord God a thousand four hundred and lxxiiij."

1547. FRANCIS I of France died. He was the rival and opponent of Charles
V of Germany, with whom he was involved in war during almost his whole
reign, with various success, and to whom he was once a prisoner, with
his two sons. He was a patron of literature and the arts.

1605. An expedition fitted out by the earl of Southampton and Lord
Arundel, under the command of George Weymouth, sailed from the Downs
with a view to the discovery of a north-west passage to India, the
passion for which was now in its full vigor.

1621. PHILIP III of Spain died. He ascended the throne of his father at
the age of 20. The war with Holland, which had revolted, was continued
with great spirit, and the siege of Ostend maintained three years, at
great expense, and the loss of 80,000 men before it was reduced. He
imprudently banished the Moors from his kingdom, and thus deprived
himself of a million of peaceable and useful artists; a loss which the
country has never recovered from.

1631. JOHN DONNE, an English poet and divine, died. He embraced
protestantism at an early age, which together with his shining talents,
procured him favors and emoluments. Dryden styles him "the greatest wit,
though not the greatest poet, of the nation," and his eloquence as a
divine is also attested to.

1654. Cockfighting prohibited in England by the parliament (called an
act of the usurpation).

1656. JAMES USHER, archbishop of Armagh, died, aged 76. He was advanced
by James I and Charles I, and courted by Cromwell.

1665. The English authorities issued an order to imprison George Fox,
the founder of the sect called Quakers, for his sermons against the
awful crime of building meeting houses with steeples.

1698. PETER JOSEPH D'ORLEANS, a French Jesuit, died. He professed
belles-lettres, and wrote several valuable histories and biographies.

1713. Peace of Utrecht concluded, which placed England at the head of
the European states, and humbled the ambition of France.

1763. Mr. HARRISON was granted £5,000 for the construction of a
chronometer to determine with more accuracy the longitude at sea.

1765. The Jesuits expelled from Madrid and all Spain. The order was
finally suppressed by the pope, 1773.

1774. The bill for closing the port of Boston received the royal
assent.

1783. NAKITA IVANOWITZ, count de Panin, a Russian statesman, died. He
was raised from the rank of a horse soldier, under Elizabeth, became a
general under Peter, and prime minister of the great Catharine. He
possessed great powers of mind, and other qualifications for the high
places which he occupied, but his business habits were lax, his conduct
haughty, and his manners dissolute.

1791. MATTHIAS OGDEN, a revolutionary patriot, died. He was one of the
first that joined Washington at Cambridge; he penetrated the wilderness
with Arnold to Canada, and was wounded in the attack on Quebec. On his
return he was promoted by congress, and remained in the army through the
war.

1794. The national convention of France, in the plenitude of
omniscience, decreed _that there was no God_!

1795. The British museum purchased the oriental manuscripts of Mr.
Halstead, the disciple of the prophet Brothers.

1797. DANIEL BULL MACARTNEY, an Irish gentleman, died, aged 112. He
married his fifth wife, who survived him, at the age of 84, when she was
14, by whom he had 20 children in 20 years. His constitution was so
hardy that no cold affected him, and he could not bear the warmth of a
sheet in the night time for the last 70 years of his life. In company he
drank freely of rum and brandy, which he called _naked truth_; and
retained his activity to the time of his death.

1797. BONAPARTE, from his head quarters at Klagenfurth, offered peace to
the archduke Charles.

1801. The island of Santa Cruz, in the West Indies, surrendered to the
British under Admiral Duckworth. It was afterwards restored.

1806. GEORGE MACARTNEY, a celebrated British statesman, died. He was
employed in several important embassies and other offices, till in 1792
he was selected as ambassador extraordinary to China, a mission which
occupied three years, and engaged much attention in Europe; and an
account of which has been published in 3 vols. quarto by Sir G.
Staunton.

1807. Slave trade abolished by the British government.

1812. WELLS, the pedestrian, undertook for 5 pounds, to walk from
Westminster bridge, London, to Croydon and back, in two hours, a
distance of 19 miles. He performed it in 2 minutes less than the time,
but dropped down with fatigue, and was unable to walk home.

1813. Battle of St. Antonio, Mexico, between the royalists and patriots.
The former were defeated with the loss of 100 killed, their camp
equipage, 6 cannon, and great quantities of stores, &c.

1814. Paris capitulated to the allied army, about 2 o'clock in the
morning, and the French troops evacuated it at 7, hostilities to
commence in 2 hours. At 11, the conquerors entered the city with the
emperor of Russia and the king of Prussia at their head.

1827. LUDWIG VON BEETHOVEN, a German musical composer, died. His works
are numerous, and universally known and admired. His musical talents
procured him wealthy patrons among the nobility, by whom he was
munificently supported. He was extremely deaf, and eccentric in his
manners.

1831. EDWARD AUGUSTUS HOLYOAKE, a venerated New England physician, died,
aged 100. He was born at Salem, Mass., 100 years after its settlement,
and was a practicing physician there 79 years. He enjoyed uninterrupted
good health during life, and at a dinner given by a number of the
profession on his centennial anniversary, he appeared among them with a
firm step. On a post mortem examination, all the vital organs appeared
to have been unimpaired by age and capable of sustaining life much
longer, except the stomach, which was divided by a stricture, leaving an
aperture less than an inch in diameter.

1831. Battle of Praga, between the Poles under Skrzynecki, and the
Russians of 8000 under Geismar, in which the latter were almost totally
destroyed, with the loss of 4000 prisoners and 1600 cannon.

1831. An Irish scholar and divine, Rev. HYNES HALLORAN, chaplain to the
Britannia in the battle of Trafalgar, was transported for seven years,
for forging a frank, value 19 pence.

1835. JOHN WHITCOMB, a soldier of the revolution, died at Swanzey, N.
H., aged 104.

1836. MATTHEW LUMSDEN died; an eminent orientalist.

1837. The president at interim of Mexico protested "in the most solemn
manner, before all civilized nations, against the acknowledgment of the
pretended republic of Texas made by the United States."

1839. Battle of Pago Largo in South America, between the troops of
Corrientes and Entre Rios, two provinces of the Argentine republic. The
former were defeated with a loss stated at 1960, including the
commander-in-chief.

1851. JOHN CALDWELL CALHOUN, one of the most distinguished American
statesmen, died, aged 68, a senator from South Carolina.

1852. Tremont Temple, Boston, entirely destroyed by fire.

1854. THOMAS NOON TALFOURD, an English judge and dramatist, died, aged
57. He cultivated literature as a refreshing relief from the labors of
his profession. He died while charging the jury.

1854. Gen. CANROBERT and more than 1000 French troops landed at
Gallipoli.

1854. The artisans of Barcelona, Spain, to the number of 1500 proceeded
to the municipality and demanded that the price of provisions should be
reduced and wages increased.




APRIL.


APRIL 1.

168 B. C. EMYLIUS PAULUS passed from Brundusium to Corcyra (the modern
Corfu) on his famous Macedonian expedition, and on the 6th, sacrificed
at the shrine of Delphi.

1386. JAMES AUDLEY, an English warrior, died. He distinguished himself
under Edward III in the wars with France, and on their return was
liberally rewarded by his sovereign for the deeds of heroism he had
displayed in the service.

1405. TAMERLANE, chan of the Tartars, died. He is supposed to have been
the son of a shepherd, and raised himself by his courage and prudence to
the sovereignty of nearly three quarters of the world. He was preparing
for the invasion of China when death put a stop to his career at the
early age of 36.

1506. ERASMUS was entertained at London by the great and learned men of
the day.

1614. HENRY DE MONTMORENCY, constable of France, died. He distinguished
himself in several famous battles. Catharine de Medici found means to
disgrace him, when he retired to Savoy, and made successful war upon his
country. He lived to be promoted to the highest office under the king.

1672. ARCHIBALD ARMSTRONG, privileged jester or fool of Charles V, died.
There is a little book high priced and of little worth entitled
_Archibald's Jests_.

1696. Père GERBILLON, the Jesuit missionary (see May 30th), accompanied
the imperial Chinese army into Tartary, in the suite of the emperor,
being his fifth journey into that country.

1696. JOHN BIGG, an English hermit, died, aged 97. He begged pieces of
leather, which he nailed to his clothes, till he became a truly
grotesque figure. One of his shoes is preserved in the Bodleian museum,
and is made up of about a thousand patches of leather.

1712. Lord BOLINGBROKE stated in parliament, that in the great contest,
called "the glorious wars of Queen Anne," the duke of Marlborough had
not lost a single battle, and yet the French had carried their point,
the succession to the Spanish monarchy, the pretended cause for so great
an enterprise. Dean Swift called this statement "a due donation for _all
fools day_."

1720. JOHN LEAKE, an English admiral, died. He fought against the far
famed Van Tromp, but the battle at La Hogue most distinguished him.

1729. The grand jubilee began at Rome.

1732. JOHN BURCHARD MENCKE, a learned German author, died at Leipsic,
where he had conducted the _Acta Eruditorum_ 25 years, a valuable work
begun by his father in 1682, and which established a correspondence with
the learned men of Europe.

1764. An annular eclipse of the sun was observed at London.

1764. At Monmouth assizes a girl, aged 18, was burned for murdering her
mistress. This was among the last punishments by burning in England.

1775. Col. DANIEL BOONE, the Kentucky pioneer, began to erect the fort
of Boonsborough, at a salt lick, 60 yards from the Kentucky river.

1779. JOHN LANGHORNE, an English poet and divine, died. Besides poems,
sermons and miscellanies, by which he is favorably known, the
translation of Plutarch in common use bears his name.

1789. First meeting of congress under the federal constitution.

1794. The British under Sir John Jervis took the island of St. Helena.

1794. JOHN LEWIS LOMBARD, a German professor of artillery, died. He
wrote several works on the movement of projectiles and the principles of
gunnery.

1797. The French under Bernadotte entered Lauback, the capital of
Carniola. At the same time Massena, commanding the advance guard of the
French army, attacked the imperialists in the defiles near Neumark; the
strife being between the flower of the Austrian army and the French
veterans of Italy, was most obstinately contested. The French, however,
carried the day.

1799. Assault upon the works of St. Jean d'Acre, in Palestine. The
French were repulsed with great loss.

1808. Russian ukase prohibiting the introduction of British goods into
the Russian ports.

1810. State marriage of Napoleon Bonaparte with the archduchess Maria
Louisa of Austria celebrated at St. Cloud. The emperor caused a medal to
be struck on the occasion, with the singular device of Love bearing a
thunderbolt.

1826. ISAAC MILNER, an English mathematician and theological writer,
died. He was brought up to the weaving business, but occupied his
leisure with the classics and mathematics. He was the tutor of
Wilberforce and Pitt.

1832. War broke out between the Winnebago and other Indian tribes and
the United States.

1832. The London _Penny Magazine_, under the superintendence of the
society for the diffusion of useful knowledge, commenced.

1833. JOHN HOOKER ASHMUN, professor of law in Harvard university, died.
He had not attained his 33d year, yet he had gathered about him all the
honors which are usually the harvest of a riper life.

1837. ROBERT HAWKER, an English divine, died at Plymouth, England. In
1814 he published the holy scriptures in penny numbers for the use of
the poor.

1843. JOHN ARMSTRONG, aged 84, died at Red Hook, N. Y. He was the author
of the celebrated _Newburgh Letters_, and a prominent soldier in the war
of the American revolution, and for some time secretary of war under
President Madison.

1844. PETER S. DUPONCEAU so favorably known as a scholar and statesman,
died at Philadelphia, aged 84. In his 78th year he published his
_Dissertation on the Chinese Language_.

1853. SANTA ANNA arrived at Vera Cruz, having been elected president of
Mexico by the vote of 19 out of 25 states.

1856. ISAAC MCKEEVER, an American commodore, died at Norfolk, Va., where
he commanded the navy yard.

1856. The Emperor ALEXANDER published at St. Petersburg a proclamation
announcing the signing of the treaty of peace with England, France and
Turkey which terminated the struggle between Russia on the one side, and
England, France and Turkey on the other, and prolonged the salvation of
the latter country.


APRIL 2.

1081. Constantinople besieged by Alexius Commenus.

1507. FRANCIS, of Paula, founder of the order of Minims, died.

1512. Florida discovered by Ponce de Leon.

1594. A skirmish at Edinburgh between the earl of Bothwell and the
cavalry of King James.

1640. MATTHIAS SARBIEUSKI CASSIMIR, a Polish Jesuit, died. He was so
excellent a Latin poet that his poems have been thought to be equal to
some of the best Latin authors, not excepting Horace and Virgil. He had
begun an epic in the style of Virgil, called _The Lesciades_, but died
before it was completed. Many editions of his poems have been published.

1640. PAUL FLEMMING, one of the best German poets of the 17th century,
died.

1683. WILLIAM PENN gave his colonists in Pennsylvania a new charter.

1696. There fell in many parts of Ireland a thick dew, which the country
people called butter, from the consistency and color of it, being soft,
clammy, and of a dark yellow. This phenomenon had for some time been of
frequent occurrence; it fell always in the night, and chiefly in moorish
low grounds, on the top of the grass, and on the thatch of the cabins.
It frequently lay a fortnight without changing its color, and had a bad
odor, like that of church yards or graves.

1698. The earl of Bellemont arrived at New York to succeed Fletcher as
governor.

1736. JACOB TONSON the elder, a noted English bookseller, died.

1743. Birthday of THOMAS JEFFERSON, third president of the United
States.

1747. JOHN JAMES DILLENIUS, a German botanist, died in England. He is
considered as the father of cryptogamic botany. His works were
illustrated with plates, admirably drawn and engraved by himself.

1754. THOMAS CARTE, an English historian, died. He was engaged several
years in writing a history of England, which was published in four vols.
folio, and esteemed a work of great merit.

1755. Severndroog castle, on the coast of Malabar, the rendezvous of the
celebrated pirate Angria, taken by the British under Com. Jones.

1768. JOHN BAPTIST BOYER, a French physician, died. He distinguished
himself by the skill which he displayed during the plague at Marseilles.

1784. County of Washington, in the state of New York, erected.

1791. HONORE GABRIEL RIQUETTI, count de Mirabeau, the French
revolutionist, died. He was an extraordinary character, of great talent
and ambition, but whose genius was controlled by the worst propensities.
He was the master spirit of the revolution, and had he lived might have
given it a different character. His funeral was conducted with great
pomp by the enthusiastic populace.

1793. DUMOURIEZ, the French general, arrested the minister of war and
the commissioners of the convention, who had been sent to arrest him,
and delivered them to the Austrian general, Clairfait.

1794. The British took the island of St. Lucia, in the West Indies,
belonging to the French. It was ceded to the British in 1814.

1794. WILLIAM JONES, a distinguished oriental scholar, died in India.

1801. Battle of Copenhagen, between the Danish and British fleets, the
latter under Nelson and Parker. The Danish ships and batteries were
entirely destroyed, with the loss of 1600 men killed and wounded.
British loss, 254 killed, 689 wounded. Nelson was created viscount on
his return home, and his honors made hereditary, even in the female
line.

1804. JEAN MOSSEQUIN died at Portieu, in France, aged 103. He was
married the day before to his ninth wife, Marie Vascois, aged 19. He
left twenty-nine children.

1817. MRS. MCCOWEN, aged 77, died at Lewistown, Pa. She was one of the
first white women that came up the long narrows to that wilderness which
is now a fruitful field.

1817. KOSCIUSKO abolished servitude in his domain of Siechnowieze, in
Poland, and declared all ancient serfs free, exempted from all charges
and quit-rents, and fully entitled to their chattels and lands.

1821. Erie county, New York, erected.

1823. First paper in Syracuse.

1839. HEZEKIAH NILES died, at Wilmington, Delaware, aged 63. He is known
as the founder, and for twenty-five years the intelligent and laborious
editor of _Nile's Weekly Register_, a valuable journal published at
Baltimore. In private life he was one of the most amiable of men.

1840. RICHARD PHILLIPS, a self-educated English author, and editor of
various publications, died, aged 73. His original name is said to have
been Philip Richard, and he was many years an eminent London bookseller.
He established the _Monthly Magazine_, which at one time had a great
circulation. He was afterwards elected sheriff, and received the honor
of knighthood.

1855. GEORGE BELLAS GREENOUGH, an English geologist, died, aged 77. He
was one of the founders of the Geological society, of London, and
constructed several valuable maps, the most celebrated of which is a
geological and physical map of all India, giving the geological
attributes of each district between the plateaux north of the Himalaya
and cape Cormorin.


APRIL 3.

13. AUGUSTUS, emperor of Rome, signed his will, bequeathing to the Roman
people 40,000,000 sesterces, (about $1,600,000,) and divorced the two
Julias, his daughter and grand-daughter, from his sepulchre. It was
written upon two skins of parchment.

33. JESUS CHRIST, our Savior, crucified.

68. GALBA accuses Nero before the people of his enormities, and elects
himself lieutenant of the state.

1068. WILLIAM, the conqueror, again imposes the tax of Danegelt which
occasioned an armed opposition at Exeter.

1143. JOHN II (_Commenus_), emperor of the East, died. He ascended the
throne of Constantinople on the death of his father; was victorious over
the Mohammedans and other foes; and swayed the sceptre with wisdom and
ability.

1367. Battle of Navarette, and victory of Edward the black prince, by
which Peter the cruel was replaced on the Castilian throne.

1421. Battle of Beauge, in France, when the duke of Clarence and 1500
English were slain.

1617. JOHN NAPIER, baron of Merchiston, died. He was born in Scotland,
in 1550, and after completing his education traveled on the continent.
On his return he devoted himself to the cultivation of science and
literature, became a distinguished mathematician, and was regarded by
Kepler as one of the greatest men of the age. He is known as the
inventor of logarithms for the use of navigators.

1646. THOMAS LYDIAT, an English chronologer, died. He early devoted
himself to literature, became an able scholar, and was deservedly
esteemed by the learned of the times.

1707. EDMUND DICKINSON, a learned English physician, died. He was
appointed physician to Charles II and his successor; and retired from
practice to become an author.

1717. JAMES OZENHAM, an eminent French mathematician, died. He taught
mathematics at Paris, and acquired property; but the Spanish war reduced
his finances, and the death of his wife and twelve children embittered
his last days. His works are numerous and valuable.

1736. JOHN ALBERT FABRICIUS, a learned German, died at Hamburgh. He was
an indefatigable scholar, of great modesty and simplicity of manners,
and so highly esteemed by the citizens of Hamburgh, that when invited
elsewhere, the senate prevailed on him by a superior salary, not to
relinquish his residence among them.

1760. JAMES BENIGNUS WINSLOW, an eminent Danish anatomist, died. He went
to Paris, where his talents were appreciated and rewarded.

1763. All the gibbets on the Edgeware road, on which many malefactors
were hung in chains, near London, were cut down by unknown persons.

1764. The archduke JOSEPH chosen and crowned king of the Romans.

1775. New York colonial legislature held its last session.

1783. Treaty of amity and commerce for fifteen years between the United
States and Sweden concluded by Franklin.

1791. JOHN BERKENHOUT, a literary and medical character, died. He was
the son of a Dutch merchant, and experienced many vicissitudes; first
served in the Prussian and afterwards in the English army; studied
medicine at Leyden; and in 1778 came with certain commissioners to
America, where he was imprisoned by congress, on which account he
enjoyed a pension from the British government.

1792. GEORGE POCOCKE, an English admiral, died. He signalized himself by
the capture of Havana, and many other important services.

1793. DUMOURIEZ, the French general, who escaped from the lines, under
the repeated fire of three battalions, joined the Austrians, accompanied
by several other officers.

1811. Partial action on the Coa, near Sabugal, between the advanced
posts of the British, and a division of the French army under Massena,
who was defeated, and the French expelled from Portugal.

1813. Action near Urbanna, on the Chesapeake, between 17 British barges
and 2 schooners, and 3 letters of marque and 1 privateer of Baltimore;
the latter were captured.

1814. The French conservative senate solemnly decreed that Bonaparte had
forfeited the throne, and released all persons from their oaths of
allegiance to him.

1815. Eruption of mount Tomboro, on the island of Sumbawa, distant about
800 miles from Batavia, in the Indian Ocean.

1816. Treaty of peace concluded by Lord Exmouth, commanding a British
fleet before Algiers, between the Dey and Sardinia, and 51 Sardinian
prisoners liberated.

1816. THOMAS MACHIN, an officer of the revolution, died at his residence
in Schoharie county, N. Y., aged 72. He was a British officer at the
battle of _Minden_, and an American officer during the whole war of the
revolution. The chain across the Hudson at West Point was constructed
under his direction, and he was wounded at Bunker Hill and Fort
Montgomery.

1826. REGINALD HEBER, bishop of Calcutta, died. He was zealous in his
calling, and no doubt accelerated his death by his devotion to the cause
of his master. He ranks high among the British poets.

1829. Safety banking fund in the state of New York established.

1833. NICHOLAS IPSILANTI, an officer of the Greek revolution, died, at
the age of 35.

1838. M. ANTOMARCHI, physician of Napoleon at St. Helena, died at St.
Jago de Cuba. He was a native of Corsica, and left a professorship at
Florence, in order to accompany the exiled emperor. He attended him in
his last moments, of which he has given an account, and received a
legacy of 100,000 francs. He afterwards practiced medicine in Paris,
where he published a series of beautiful and expensive anatomical
plates. On the revolt of the Poles he hastened thither, and took the
direction of the medical establishments.

1854. JOHN WILSON, a Scottish author, died, aged 69. He is well known as
the Christopher North of _Blackwood's Magazine_.

1856. GORHAM A. WORTH, a New York financier, died, aged 72.

1856. President COMMONFORT returned to the city of Mexico after a
triumph at Puebla, where the rebel army surrendered to him, and where
the rebel generals were reduced to the rank of privates.


APRIL 4.

357. B. C. A transit of the moon over the planet mars observed by
Aristotle.

397. AMBROSE, archbishop of Milan, died. He was famous for the zeal
which he manifested in the cause of the church, and the severity with
which he censured the emperor Theodosius, who had barbarously ordered
several innocent persons to be put to death at Thessalonica. The _Te
Deum_ is attributed to him.

1284. ALPHONSO X, of Castile, died. He was elected emperor of Germany
1258, but neglecting to visit the empire, Rodolphus was chosen in his
place. He was dethroned by his own son, and compelled to seek protection
among the Saracens. His fame as an astronomer and a man of letters, is
greater than as a monarch. He is the first Castilian king who had the
public laws and the scriptures drawn in the vulgar tongue.

1581. DRAKE, the navigator, was knighted on board his famous ship, the
Pelican, at Deptford.

1588. FREDERICK II, of Denmark, died. He was a liberal and enlightened
ruler, who enlarged the happiness of his people and patronized learning.
The astronomer Tycho Brahe, particularly, was indebted to him for
munificent protection and advancement.

1589. Lady BURLEIGH, eldest daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke, and a highly
distinguished literary character, died, aged 63. This age was prolific
of literary women.

1593. Three Samuels of Warboys condemned for bewitching the children of
Mr. Throgmorton at Huntington, England.

1594. SYLVESTER WYET, of Bristol, England, made a voyage up the gulf of
St. Lawrence, for the barbs or fins of whales and train oil. He met with
60 sail of French, and 28 sail of Englishmen, engaged in fishing at this
early day.

1634. ROBERT NAUNTON, an English statesman, died. He was secretary of
state to James I, and published some curious anecdotes of the reign of
Elizabeth, under the title of _Fragmentia Regalia_.

1638. Massachusetts patent demanded. A quo warranto having been brought
by the attorney general of England against the governor and corporation
of Massachusetts, and judgment given that the liberties and franchises
should be seized into the king's hand, the council made an order
requiring that the charter should be returned by the next ship.
Arbitrary measures were pursued in reply to the petitions of the colony,
and 8 ships prepared to sail for New England were detained in the Thames
by order of the privy council. By this order, Oliver Cromwell, Arthur
Hazelrig, John Hambden and other malcontents, were forcibly prevented
from emigrating to America. How little did Charles anticipate that by
this high-handed measure he was detaining the very men who were destined
to overturn his throne, and terminate his career by a violent death.

1643. SIMON EPISCOPIUS, an able Dutch divine, died. He embraced the
doctrines of Arminius in relation to predestination, which exposed him
to much persecution and obloquy, and finally led to his banishment from
the commonwealth: he afterwards was permitted to return, and became
minister of the remonstrant church. His death happening at the moment of
an eclipse of the moon, was considered as an emblem of the departure of
the brightest ornament of the church.

1656. ANDREW RIVINUS, (alias Barchmann) a Saxon physician, died. He
became professor of poetry and philosophy at Leipsic, and published
several works of considerable merit.

1669. JOHANN MICHAEL MOSCHEROSCH, a German writer, died. His celebrity
consisted chiefly in some satirical pieces entitled _Wunderliche und
wahrhafte Geschichte Philanders von Sittewald_.

1704. The first newspaper printed in the United States, appeared at
Boston, called the _Boston News Letter_.

1706. JOHN BAYLES, an English buttonmaker, died, aged 130. He used to
walk to the neighboring markets with his buttons till he was 120 years
of age.

1720. KNIGHTLY CHETWODE, dean of Gloucester, died. He wrote several
poems, and a life of lord Roscommon.

1743. ROBERT AINSWORTH, an English teacher, died. In 1714 he was invited
by the English booksellers to undertake the compilation of an English
and Latin dictionary, on the plan of Faber's _Thesaurus_. The task
proved to be more difficult than had been anticipated, and was not
completed till 1736.

1747. Number Four (Charlestown, N. H.) attacked by a large body of
French and Indians under M. Debeline, and gallantly defended by 30 men,
under major Stevens. The enemy kept up a brisk assault night and day;
when, on the third day, being in a starving condition, and finding it
impracticable to force or persuade a surrender, they retired and were
seen no more. This was considered one of the most chivalrous feats of
the time.

1764. MICHAEL LOMONOZOF, a Russian poet, died. From the occupation of a
fishmonger he rose to be the "father of Russian poetry," and a
philosopher of no mean pretensions. He published a history of the
Russian sovereigns, and an ancient history of Russia, from the origin of
the nation. His odes are greatly admired for the originality of
invention, sublimity of sentiment, and energy of language.

1769. HYDER ALLY, the adventurous East India chief, compelled the
English to form a treaty with him.

1770. JAMES PARSONS, an eminent English physician, died. He was the
correspondent of Buffon and other learned characters on the continent,
and an able writer on physic, anatomy, natural history, antiquities,
language, and the fine arts.

1774. OLIVER GOLDSMITH died, aged 46. He received a partial education at
Dublin college, after which he strayed from home, and making a tour on
the continent, afoot and alone, with a flute in his hand, fixed himself,
on his return, in London, as a _builder of books_. The details of his
life are interesting, chequered as they are with vicissitudes. As a
bookseller's hack he was particularly successful; but the liberality of
his disposition and want of economy, contributed to keep him in want,
and sometimes brought him to starvation. He died about £2,000 in debt.
His works, though most of them were produced on the spur of the moment,
to procure the necessaries of life, are still found in almost every
library.

1777. JOHN SWINTON, an English antiquary, died. His literary
productions, which are numerous, appeared originally in the
Philosophical Transactions, and relate principally to antiquities.

1786. Columbia county, in the state of New York, erected.

1793. General DUMOURIEZ, accompanied by General Valance and young
Egalite (Louis Philip), afterwards king of France, narrowly escaped to
the Austrians.

1794. Battle of Raclawice, Poland, between the Russians and 4,000 Poles
under Kosciusko, mostly armed with scythes. The battle lasted five
hours, and ended in the defeat of the Russians, who left 3,000 killed on
the spot.

1795. BARRERE a lawyer, VARENNES a monk, COLLOT DE HERBOIS a comedian,
and VADIER a counsellor, members of the French convention, sentenced by
a decree of that body to be transported to Guiana. Barrere was president
of the convention, and as such passed sentence of death upon the king;
and they all voted for the king's death.

1799. Battle of Tauffers and St. Marie, in Germany. The French under
Jourdan lost upwards of 4,000 men, and fell back to the heights of
Villengen.

1802. LLOYD KENYON, an English judge, died. He filled the offices
entrusted to him with distinguished integrity, and to him England is
indebted for much of that reform which has been introduced into the
practice of the law.

1807. JOSEPH JEROME LA FRANCAIS DE LALANDE died at Paris, aged 70. He
received a minute religious education, and displayed his abilities while
quite young by his sermons and mystical romances. His attention was
first drawn to astronomy by the remarkable comet of 1744; and he pursued
the study with so great success that he was sent to Berlin by the
academy at the age of 19, to make some observations on the moon's
parallax, when Frederick the Great could not conceal his astonishment at
the phenomenon of so young an astronomer. He became editor of the
_Connaissance des Temps_, published several works on astronomy, and
wrote all the astronomical articles for the great _Encyclopedie_. In
1778 he published a folio volume on canals, containing a general
history of all the ancient canals which had been previously undertaken,
accomplished and even projected. Although a sceptic, he is said to have
been "religious, in his own way."

1809. The legislature of Pennsylvania passed a law directing the poor to
be sent to the most convenient school and their tuition paid.

1812. Congress passed an embargo law for 90 days.

1814. Bonaparte having received the opinions of his marshals abdicates
the imperial throne in favor of his son, only to be succeeded the next
day by a relinquishment in favor of his heirs also.

1815. Hostilities between France and the allied powers ceased. Alexander
I, in the name of the allies, recommended Bonaparte to choose a place of
retreat for himself and his family.

1817. ANDREW MASSENA, prince of Essling, one of the ablest of
Bonaparte's field marshals, died. He commanded in chief in the memorable
campaign in Switzerland; when at the battle of Zurich he had to contend
against the archduke Charles and prince Suwaroff; yet the fruits of this
campaign were 70,000 prisoners. He ended his military career in 1810, by
the command of the army of Portugal, where he was defeated by
Wellington.

1831. ISAIAH THOMAS, a distinguished American printer, died. He was born
in Boston, 1749, served an apprenticeship of 11 years, and commenced
business at a very early age at Newburyport. In 1770 he printed the
_Massachusetts Spy_ at Boston, where he annoyed the provincial officers
by the boldness and freedom of his articles on the difficulties that
agitated the country. He was also one of the most active and dexterous
of the skirmishers on the plains of Lexington. A few days after that
affair he removed his paper to Worcester; and gradually established
presses and book-stores in different parts of the Union, to the number
of twenty-four; so that he nearly supplied the entire country with
books. His Bibles, school books and almanacs, were in great repute for a
long time. He was the founder of the American antiquarian society, and
author of the _History of Printing in America_, a valuable work to the
profession and the antiquary.

1841. WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, president of the United States, died at
Washington, aged 69. He was a distinguished patriot of the revolution,
one of the signers of the declaration of independence, governor of
Virginia, and long a leader of the United States armies in the severe
contests with the British and Indians.

1855. The Baltic fleet, fitted out by the French and British governments
to act against the northern ports of Russia, sailed from Portsmouth.


APRIL 5.

2348 B. C. The ark of Noah rested on mount Ararat.

347 B. C. PLATO, the Athenian philosopher, died. He was the pupil of
Socrates, and on the death of his master went into foreign countries in
search of knowledge. His works have come down to us, and confirm the
opinions of his contemporaries by whom his talents and learning were
highly appreciated.

33. The day of our Savior's resurrection called Easter.

1242. Battle of lake Peipus, in Russia; the Russians under Alexander
Jaroslawitz gained a decisive victory over the Swedes under Eric XI. The
battle was fought on the ice; 400 Teutonic knights were slain, and 50
made prisoners. The German knights were pardoned, but the Esthonians
were ordered to be hung as Russian rebels.

1470. An instrument similar to a warranty deed given to William
Tourneville, bishop of Angers, with a copy of Faust and Schoeffer's
Bible for the sum of 40 crowns, bears this date.

1605. JOHN STOW, an English antiquary and historian, died, aged 80. He
was born in London, 1525, and initiated by his father into all the
mysteries of tailoring as practiced at that period. But he discovered a
penchant for musty relics and antiquarian lumber, and finally quitted
his business to compose a history of England. He at length got together
such a medley of antique and diabolical books and parchments, that he
became suspected of some heretical designs against religion, so that the
bishop of London ordered an investigation of his library. He published
_A Summarie of the Englyshe Chronicles_, and in 1598 a _Survey of
London_, on which he was long employed, and which has been often
reprinted. He was reduced to live by charity, and at length fell a
victim to poverty and disease. His labors formed a rich legacy to future
historians.

1621. JOHN CARVER, first governor of Massachusetts, died. He conducted
the colonists over from Leyden, and managed the affairs of the
settlement with great prudence and address.

1676. JOHN WINTHROP, first governor of Connecticut, died. He was the
eldest son of the governor of Massachusetts, and a man of great learning
and talents. He was one of the founders of the Royal society,
distinguished as one of the greatest chemists and physicians of the day,
and one of the most noted men in New England. In 1635 he came over to
settle a plantation on Connecticut river, and began the town of Saybrook
at the mouth of that river.

1677. Cambray, a fortified city of France, surrendered to Louis XIV, who
commanded in person.

1684. WILLIAM BROUNCKER, an English mathematician, died. He is
celebrated for his attachment to the royal cause during the civil wars.
On the institution of the Royal society, he was the first president, and
adorned the office by his polite manners and extensive erudition.

1707. Battle of Almanza, in Spain; the allied British, Dutch, and
Portuguese army defeated with the loss of 1000, attributed to the bad
conduct of the Portuguese troops.

1725. BENJAMIN IBBOT, an eloquent English divine, died. A selection of
his sermons was published after his death by his friend Dr. Samuel
Clarke.

1735. WILLIAM DERHAM, an able English philosopher and divine, died. He
accomplished much in the advancement of science by a long life of
industry; his publications amounting to not less than 40, mostly on
philosophical subjects.

1746. THOMAS HANMER, an English statesman, died. He was for 30 years a
distinguished member of Parliament, from which he retired to devote
himself to literary pursuits.

1748. Unsuccessful attempt by the British under admiral Knowles on St.
Jago de Cuba.

1753. Parliament passed an act to raise £20,000 by lottery to purchase
the library of Sir Hanse Sloane, of his daughters, for the public use.
It formed the basis of the British museum.

1758. The first number of Johnson's _Idler_ appeared.

1762. Granada surrendered to the British.

1776. GRAINGER, vicar of Shiplake and author of the _Biographical
History of England_, died suddenly while administering the sacrament.

1779. The refugees plundered Nantucket and carried off with them two
loaded brigs, and several other vessels.

1780. ALEXIS HUBERT JAILLOT, a French geographer, and sculptor to the
king, died.

1790. ELIZABETH WELSH died at New York, aged 104.

1794. GEORGE JAMES DANTON, a French Revolutionary Leader, guillotined.
Robespierre, dreading the dauntless intrepidity of Danton, Fabre
d'Eglantine, Bazire, Chabot, and others of the most noted of his fellow
desperadoes in the convention, caused them to be arrested as
conspirators against the republic, and after a summary trial, they were
executed by the guillotine on this day. The government of France was
now almost entirely vested in one man, under whose sanguinary
administration the prisons of Paris contained at one time more than
seven thousand persons, and a day seldom passed without sixty or eighty
executions by the revolutionary axe.

1794. MARIE JEAN HERAULT DE SECHELLES, a French statesman, guillotined.
He conducted before the revolution as an able and upright officer; but
as the scene progressed he became identified with the terrorists, and
went to the scaffold with Danton, Desmoulins, (q. v.) and others. The
two conducted with as much levity in their last moments as if they had
been going to a party of pleasure.

1794. BENEDICT CAMILLE DESMOULINS, one of the founders of the Jacobin
club in France, guillotined. He was the friend of Danton, and one of the
most bloody and reckless of the revolutionists. When arraigned by order
of Robespierre, he was asked his age, to which he replied "_33 ans,
l'age du sans culotte Jesus Christ_." His wife, whom he adored, a
beautiful, courageous and spirited woman, desired to share her husband's
fate, which Robespierre seems not to have been slow to grant.

1795. Treaty of peace concluded at Basle, Switzerland, between France
and Prussia.

1795. County of Schoharie, in New York, erected.

1797. The first Turkish ships arrived at London.

1799. The British forces under Gen. Harris, called the Madras army,
arrived at Seringapatam, within Tippoo Saib had retreated after the
defeat of Seedasere.

1799. Battle of Villingen and Rothweil in Germany; the French under
Joubert defeated by the Austrians under the archduke Charles.

1800. British captured Goeree; admiral Duckworth's squadron on the same
day, fell in with and captured two Spanish frigates and eleven
merchantmen from Lima. The admiral's share of the spoil amounted to
£75,000.

1804. ROBERT RAIKES, an English printer and philanthropist, died. He
succeeded his father in the printing business and having realized a good
property, he employed it, with his pen and his influence, in relieving
such objects as stood in need of his benevolent assistance. He is
however best known as the originator of sabbath schools.

1811. HENRY I (Christophe), king of Hayti, created an hereditary
nobility, consisting of 4 princes, 7 dukes, 21 counts, 9 barons and
chevaliers, and appointed persons to those ranks.

1811. JAMES TRAQUAIR died; the first man in America who procured busts
to be carved in American marble. They were likenesses of Washington and
Penn, and executed by an Italian.

1814. BONAPARTE accepted the island of Elba as his residence, and
renounced for himself and heirs the throne of France.

1815. Continued eruption of Tomboro, which began April 3. (See April
12.)

1817. Battle of Maypu, which sealed the independence of Chili. The
patriots under San Martin and Las Heras defeated the royalists, 5000,
under Osorio; 2000 were killed and 2500 taken.

1830. The bill to remove the civil disabilities of the Jews introduced
into the British parliament.

1832. Ratification of the treaties of commerce, navigation and limits,
between the United States and Mexico, exchanged at Washington.

1837. HENRY BATHURST, bishop of Norwich, died in London, aged 93. He was
distinguished for the liberality of his principles, and was exemplary in
the exercise of his duties--the father of 36 children, 22 by his first
wife, 14 by his second.

1842. PATRICK KELLY died at Brighton, England. He is well known for his
valuable writings on science, but his great work the _Universal Cambist_
entitles him to lasting distinction.

1843. VALNIER, a native of St. Domingo, died at Merida, Yucatan, aged
117. He retained his sight until the age of 105, and his intellect was
unimpaired till the time of his death.

1844. JOHN SANDERSON of Philadelphia, who wrote an account of the lives
of the signers of the declaration of American independence, died. He had
some reputation for wit.

1852. FELIX VON SCHWARTZENBERG died at Vienna, aged 52. He represented
the Austrian empire at various courts, at different periods, the
earliest being at the age of 15. In a military capacity he took the
field in 1843 against Charles Albert of Sardinia, and half a year later
succeeded prince Metternich, on his fall, as prime minister of the
empire.

1853. A new planet was discovered by Prof. de Gasparis, at Naples.


APRIL 6.

323 B. C. ALEXANDER (_the Great_,) of Macedon, died of intemperance. The
death of this famous hero took place at Babylon, on the 6th day of the
Athenian month Thagelion, which then corresponded with the 28th of the
Macedonian month Dæsius. He lived 32 years and 10 months, and reigned,
computing from the Olympiad six months prior to the death of Philip, 12
years and 10 months--a brief career of extraordinary, but profitless
glory.

1190. RICHARD I (_Cœur de Lion_), killed at the siege of Chalus, in
France. He commenced his career by rebellion against his father. On
ascending the throne of England, he plundered and massacred the Jews,
and set sail for Palestine with the bravest of his subjects. Taking the
lead in the crusade, he gained a series of victories over the Moslem. On
his way home he was seized and imprisoned, and ransomed by his subjects
with 150,000 marks. He was preparing for another crusade, when his
career was suddenly terminated by a wound from a cross-bow, in the 42d
year of his age.

1348. LAURA DE NOVES, Petrarch's mistress, died. She was descended of a
Provencal family which became extinct in the 16th century, inherited a
large fortune by the death of her father, and married Hugh de Sade of
Avignon. She was considered the most beautiful woman of the city.
Petrarch says it was 6 o'clock in the morning of the 6th April, 1327,
that he first saw her in the church of the nuns of St. Clara; and it was
at the same hour of the same day, 1348, that she died of the plague.
Nearly two centuries after, some antiquarians obtained permission to
open her grave. They found a parchment enclosed in a leaden box,
containing a sonnet bearing Petrarch's signature.

1453. MOHAMMED II besieged Constantinople, which terminated in the
overthrow of the Christian empire.

1528. ALBRECHT DUERER, a celebrated German painter and engraver, died.
He is still esteemed in Germany as one of the brightest jewels in her
crown of fame. He was the reformer if not the founder of the German
school of painting, and was the first to bring the art of engraving to
any degree of perfection.

1574. PAUL MANUTIUS, a learned Venetian printer, died, aged 62. He wrote
valuable commentaries on Cicero, and four treatises on Roman
antiquities.

1580. Earthquake which was felt throughout England. The bells rang, and
chimneys toppled down.

1590. FRANCIS WALSYNGHAM, an English statesman, died, aged 90. He
flourished in the reign of Elizabeth, and was of infinite service to the
state, by the energy and zeal with which he performed the duties of his
offices. Yet he died so poor that his remains were privately buried by
night, without any ceremony.

1609. HENRY HUDSON departed from the Texel on his famous voyage of
discovery, the object of which was to find a northern passage to India.
Meeting with obstructions he determined to attempt a north-west passage;
and this also being attended with disasters, he shaped his course south
along the American continent, and discovered the noble river which bears
his name, and gave him immortality.

1645. WILLIAM BURTON, an English antiquary, died. He published a history
of the county of Leicestershire, which is valuable.

1655. DAVID BLONDEL, a French protestant minister, died. He had the
misfortune to lose his sight by close application to study, but even
under that calamity he dictated two folio volumes on the genealogy of
the kings of France. He was a man of great learning.

1686. ARTHUR ANNESLEY, earl of Anglesey, died. He was a statesman of
great utility, sagacity and learning, under Charles I.

1695. RICHARD BUSBY, a celebrated English schoolmaster, died. He was
educated by the bounty of the parish, and became head master of
Westminster school, which place he held during half a century. He
educated most of the eminent men who flourished about the period of his
death. They regarded him as a father, though a severe one.

1707. WILLIAM VAN DER VELDE (the younger), a Dutch painter, died. He was
an admirable artist, distinguished for his excellence in marine
subjects, painted in black and white, on a ground so prepared on canvas,
as to give it the appearance of paper. It is said he has had no equal in
his line.

1717. JAMES PERIZONIUS, a German professor at Leyden, died. He published
various works in Latin, on history, classical literature and
antiquities; and was a man of extensive erudition, great application and
sound judgment.

1739. The workmen at Stocks market, England, disinterred a grave stone
with antique letters, supposed to have been buried 297 years.

1743. WILLIAM MELMOTH, (the elder,) a learned English lawyer, died. He
is better known by a treatise on religious life, of which immense
editions have been published.

1751. FREDERICK, king of Sweden and landgrave of Hesse Cassel, died.

1755. RICHARD RAWLINSON, an English antiquary, died. He was an
indefatigable collector, and made himself useful to his cotemporary
antiquaries in the completion of their works. The sale of the printed
books and pamphlets of his library occupied 60 days.

1760. CHARLOTTE CHARKE, the last surviving daughter of Colley Cibber,
died.

1776. Action between the British ship Glasgow, of 20 ninepounders, and
her tender, Capt. Howe, and American brigantine Cabot, 20 nines and 10
sixes; Columbus, 18 nines, 10 sixes; Annodine brig, 6 guns, and
Providence sloop, 12 sixes, under Com. Hopkins. The British made the
attack, and continued the engagement 3 hours, when the tender was
captured, but the Glasgow escaped.

1793. The French army evacuated Antwerp and Mons in Belgium, and
retreated towards Valenciennes and Lisle.

1794. The French took Oneglia, in Sardinia, where they captured 2
frigates and a few galleys.

1796. DAVID ALLAN, a Scottish painter, died. He practiced history,
portrait and landscape; but exercised his talents chiefly on works of
humor. Some of his pieces have been engraved.

1796. DAVID CAMPBELL, a Scottish divine, died. He was professor of
divinity at Aberdeen, translated the gospels, and answered Hume on the
miracles.

1799. CLAYTON MORDAUNT CRACHERODE, an English antiquary, died. He was a
man of great wealth and literary attainments, and his library and
cabinet was one of the most select and valuable in the kingdom. His
immense collection of books, medals, drawings, &c., &c., he bequeathed
to the British museum.

1804. CHARLES PICHEGRU, the French general, died. He was born 1761, of
poor parents, educated in a monastery, and was a tutor of Bonaparte at
Brienne. He came to America with a French regiment near the close of the
revolution. At the outbreak of the revolution in France he distinguished
himself so much that he rose to be the first in command, and achieved a
series of most brilliant and important victories, which resulted in the
conquest of Holland. He was detected in a plot for the restoration of
the Bourbons, which cut short his career, and he died in prison by
strangulation.

1808. Corner stone laid of the vault prepared for the relics of the
American seamen, soldiers and citizens, who perished in the British
prison ships at the Wallabout, during the war of the revolution.

1810. Three days' rioting commenced in London on account of Francis
Burdett's budget.

1811. French privateer Revance de Cerfe, burnt at Norfolk, Va. She was
fired by 15 men in 2 boats, at about 2 A. M.

1812. Badajos, in Spain, taken by storm, at ten at night, by the British
and Portuguese troops under Wellington; loss of the allied army 4000;
the defence made by the French governor was brave, determined and
noble.

1813. Lewistown, Delaware, cannonaded about 20 hours by the British
frigate Belvidere. The defence was conducted in such a manner that but
little injury was done.

1814. The French provisional government proposed, and the conservative
senate adopted the form of a constitution; a limited monarchy, founded
on the French and American constitutions, and declared Louis XVIII king.

1815. The American prisoners in Dartmoor prison fired upon by their
guard, and many of them killed and wounded. The prince regent pointedly
disapproved of their conduct, censured the officers and soldiery, and
offered to make provision for the widows and families of the sufferers;
this, however, was rejected by president Madison.

1829. HENRY NICHOLAS ABEEL, one of the most acute mathematicians of the
present age, died.

1831. Revolution in Brazil. Don Pedro abdicated in favor of his son, who
was proclaimed Don Pedro II.

1853. The Mexican Governor TRIAS issued a proclamation at Chihuahua,
relative to the possession of the Mesilla valley, threatening to resist
the occupation of New Mexico by the United States.

1855. An asteroid was discovered by M. Chacornac, at the imperial
observatory of France.

1856. The constitution of the new state of Deseret was established by a
people's convention at Salt Lake city, Utah territory.


APRIL 7.

1118. BALDWIN I, king of Jerusalem, died, and was buried on mount
Calvary. He accompanied his brother, Godfrey de Bouillon, to Palestine
during the crusades, and on the death of Godfrey was made king.

1141. MAUD declared queen of England in a national synod.

1196. WILLIAM LONGBEARD, a factious priest, executed. He was notorious
for raising seditions in London, during the reign of Richard I. He was
torn to pieces by horses, and then hung upon a gallows.

1498. CHARLES VIII, (_the affable_,) king of France, died. He was
crowned king of Naples, and emperor of Constantinople, but afterwards
met with reverses, and was driven back into France.

1521. MAGELLAN erected the Spanish standard on one of the Philippine
islands.

1656. JEROME BIGNON, a French statesman, died. He was born 1590, and his
attainments were so rapid that at the age of 10 he published a
description of Palestine, and at the age of 14 a treatise on the
election of the popes.

1668. WILLIAM DAVENANT, an English poet and dramatist, died. He
succeeded Ben Jonson as poet laureate, and obtained a patent for a
theatre in Lincoln's Inn fields, which was in operation a number of
years.

1684. Dublin castle in Ireland burned.

1710. THOS. BETTERTON, the actor, died. He was esteemed the greatest
master of tragic action in his time.

1710. EDWARD CODRINGTON died at Barbadoes. He was a native of the West
Indies, and distinguished himself by his learning, and by his courage in
defence of the British islands against the French.

1712. RICHARD SIMON, a French critic and historian, died. His works are
numerous, and evince extensive learning and strong judgment.

1766. TIBERIUS HEMSTERHUYS, a Dutch critic, died. He was appointed
professor of mathematics and philosophy at Amsterdam at the early age of
19, and is the author of several learned works.

1776. CHARLES PETER COLARDEAU, a French poet, died. He translated a part
of Pope and Young with great spirit and elegance, and also wrote for the
stage.

1780. ROBERT WATSON, a Scottish historian, died; author of _Philip III
of Spain_.

1785. First paper issued in Hudson, Columbia county, New York.

1786. The celebrated catacombs of Paris consecrated, with great
solemnity. They lie under a part of the city which was undermined some
centuries ago, to furnish stone for the ancient edifices of Paris, and
at length became closed up. This cemetery had been used more than a
thousand years by twenty parishes, and it is estimated that more than
three millions of people had been inhumed within its inclosures. In
process of time, as the city extended, palaces and churches were built
over the subterranean caverns, and were in imminent danger of sinking
into the pit below, before it was again discovered. The mighty city of
Paris had until now but one burial place, where a pit was dug, and the
bodies laid side by side, without any earth being put over them, till
the first tier was full; then a thin layer of earth covered them, and
another tier of dead came on; thus by layer upon layer, and dead upon
dead, the hole was filled up. These pits were emptied every thirty or
forty years to receive new tenants. The last grave digger, Francis
Pontraci, had by his own register, in less than thirty years, inhumed
more than 90,000 bodies in that ground. The great increase of burials
rendered the cemetery still more inconvenient, and it was at last
happily thought of converting the quarries under the city into a
receptacle for the dead.

1788. The first settlement in Ohio began, at Marietta, by 47 persons
from New England.

1789. PETER CAMPER, a Dutch physician and naturalist, died. He was
distinguished for the extent of his knowledge. A splendid edition of his
works was published in 6 vols. accompanied by 100 folio plates.

1789. ACHMET IV, one of the most enlightened of the Turkish rulers,
died. The first act of his successor Selim was the execution of the
grand vizier, on the pretext that he had occasioned the loss of Oczakov.

1796. The British squadron under Warren captured 3 French brigs and 1
sloop, laden with provisions.

1797. Suspension of arms between Napoleon and the Archduke Charles.

1797. WILLIAM MASON, an English poet, died. He was chaplain to the king
till the American war, when his name was erased from the list in
consequence of the sentiments he entertained in regard to the liberties
of the subject.

1800. Action between the British ship Leviathan, admiral Duckworth, and
the Spanish frigates Carmen and Florentia, 36 guns each, and 650 men,
with 3000 quintals of quicksilver on board. The Spaniards were captured,
together with 7 vessels under convoy.

1806. Alleghany county in western New York erected.

1807. LALANDE (see April 4: by some authorities his death is put down on
the 7th.)

1812. Capt. AGAR, a celebrated English pedestrian, undertook to walk a
distance of 59 miles in 8½ hours, for 200 guineas. He won the match 3
minutes within the time.

1812. Mrs. BUMBY died at Ekring, England, aged 80; remarkable for a horn
growing from her forehead in a spiral form to the length of nearly six
inches.

1814. About 200 British marines and sailors landed at Saybrook, in
Connecticut, spiked the cannon and destroyed several vessels, and
escaped in the night to their shipping.

1817. The county of Tompkins in the state of New York erected.

1835. JAMES BROWN, an American statesman, died. He rose to a high rank
at the bar, and was several years minister to France.

1836. WILLIAM GODWIN, an English novelist, and political and
miscellaneous writer, died, aged 81. He commenced his career as a
dissenting minister, which station he relinquished to gain a
subsistence by literature. His works are numerous, and acquired him
much celebrity, though tinctured more or less with skepticism.

1844. MORGAN LEWIS, a distinguished American military officer and
statesman, died at New York, aged 90. He served with fidelity under the
colonial government, and with honor and gallantry in the war of the
revolution, and in the war of 1812. He held various important civil
offices from 1791 to 1810.

1849. IRVINE SHUBRICK, an American naval officer, died. He had been
thirty-five years in the service, and fought under Decatur and Downes.
He commanded the expedition against the island of Sumatra in 1832, which
captured Qualla Battoo, and broke up a horde of pirates who molested
vessels there.

1850. JAMES EMOTT, a distinguished member of the New York bar, died at
Poughkeepsie, aged 80.

1854. All English and French vessels were ordered out of the port of
Odessa.

1856. The steamship Adriatic, the largest vessel of the kind that had
ever been built, was launched at New York.


APRIL 8.

431 B. C. A body of 300 Thebans surprised the town of Platæa, in Greece,
in the dead of night, and were all destroyed or captured by the
inhabitants.

46. Battle of Thassus, in Africa; Scipio and Juba defeated by Julius
Cæsar.

217. CARACALLA, the Roman emperor, assassinated at Edessa.

1341. PETRARCH crowned with laurels at Rome, with great pomp. This
distinction was awarded him on the appearance of his Latin poem entitled
_Africa_, in which he celebrates Scipio, his favorite hero. This poem he
considered his best, yet it was never finished. His reputation now rests
as a poet, on his Italian poems.

1364. JOHN I, king of France, died. He was taken by Edward III at the
battle of Poictiers, and conducted to England, where he was retained in
captivity four years. He returned from France in 1363, which he had
visited on parole, and died at his palace in London, aged 45, after a
reign of 14 years, which had been extremely calamitous to France.

1492. LORENZO DE MEDICIS, surnamed _the Great_, and the father of
letters, died at Florence. He was a great merchant, and an eminent
statesman; whose public services so recommended him to the Florentines
that he was declared chief of the republic; and whose wisdom and
judgment were so conspicuous, that foreign princes made him the arbiter
of their differences.

1546. The council of Trent declared against the Lutheran system, and
adopted the Latin or vulgate translation of the Bible by St. Jerome.

1663. The first play bill issued from Drury Lane theatre. The play was
advertised to be acted "by his majesty's company of comedians," and was
entitled the _Hvmovrovs Lievtenant_, and was to commence at three
o'clock precisely.

1679. Bosia, a village near Piedmont, in Italy, suddenly sunk into the
earth, by which about 200 persons perished.

1702. THOMAS GALE, an English divine, died. Though engaged the best part
of his life in active and laborious employments, he yet found much time
to devote to literature and classical learning. His publications are
numerous and display great ability.

1704. JOB LUDOLPHUS, a German linguist, died, aged 80. He was one of the
most eminent orientalists of his time, and the first European who
acquired the Ethiopic language, of which he published a grammar and
dictionary, and a history of the country. He was well versed in
twenty-five languages.

1704. HENRY SIDNEY, earl of Romney, died. He was brother to the famous
Algernon Sydney, and an accomplished statesman.

1731. ELIZABETH CROMWELL, grand-daughter of the lord protector of
England, Oliver Cromwell, died at Bedford row in her 82d year.

1735. FRANCIS LEOPOLD RAGOTZKI, prince of Transylvania, died. He wrote
an interesting memoir on the revolutions in Hungary.

1793. EDMUND C. GENET, first minister from the French republic to the
United States, arrived at Charleston. He was superseded by Fauchet at
the request of Washington the next year.

1801. The French surrendered Rosetta, in Egypt, to the British troops
under Col. Spencer.

1803. LOUIS FREDERICK ANTOINE ARBOGAST, a French mathematician, died. He
was a member of the national convention, but appears not to have taken
any active part in politics, his name appearing only to some report on
scientific subjects. His works place his name high among the
distinguished men of the day; his character was blameless.

1806. HERRING, aged 60, and his wife, executed at Newgate, London, for
coining money.

1808. County of Cortland in New York state erected.

1811. First law passed by the New York legislature respecting the Erie
canal.

1812. Louisiana became a member of the United States confederacy.

1821. SIMON ASSEMANNI, one of the most learned of Maronites in modern
times, died at Padua, where he had long been a professor. His
explanation of the Arabian antiquities is much esteemed.

1832. ROBERT SIMSON died at Montreal, aged 101. He was at the attack on
Quebec under Wolfe.

1835. Mr. CLAYTON, an American æronaut, made an ascension at Cincinnati,
which proved an extraordinary affair. The spot at which he came to the
earth was on Stevenson's knob, a mountain in Virginia, 3000 feet above
the level of the sea, and 350 miles from Cincinnati, which distance he
was wafted in 9½ hours.

1835. WILLIAM VON HUMBOLDT, a distinguished philologist, died, near
Berlin, Prussia. He was elder brother of the celebrated traveler of that
name, and distinguished as a statesman and a scholar.

1838. JOHN, a negro, drowned at Washington, aged 115.

1854. An explosion on the steam boat Gazelle, at Canemah, Oregon,
destroyed the boat and killed 21 persons.

1854. A fire at Salonica, in Greece, destroyed 600 houses and
warehouses.

1854. The Ganges canal, a work of vast magnitude, was opened by the
lieutenant-governor of Agra, with great ceremony and a display of
troops.


APRIL 9.

1483. EDWARD IV, of England, died. He disputed the crown with Henry VI
and involved the kingdom in war and bloodshed, till the death of the
latter, when he ascended the throne unmolested. He became a voluptuary,
and died from excessive eating.

1483. Dr. SHAW, brother to the lord mayor of London, preached a sermon
on the text "_Bastard slips shall not thrive._" It was not productive of
many converts.

1547. EDWARD VI succeeded to the throne of England on the death of Henry
VIII.

1589. THOMAS SAMPSON, a noted English nonconformist divine, died. During
the reign of Mary, he fled to Geneva, where he was engaged in the
translation of the _Genevan Bible_.

1609. HUDSON left the Texel on his memorable voyage of discovery, in the
yacht "Halve Maan," of forty lasts (80 tons) burden; a size which easily
admits the supposition that he ascended the river as far as Half-Moon,
or Waterford.

1626. FRANCIS BACON, an English philosopher, died, aged 66. At the age
of 13 he entered the university, where he made the most astonishing
progress in all the sciences then taught, and at the age of 16 attacked
the Aristotlean philosophy. He succeeded rapidly in office under
government, and in 1619 was appointed lord high chancellor of England
and baron of Verulam. Here, unfortunately, he sullied his name, and was
fined, imprisoned and degraded, for bribery and corruption. This
extraordinary man is justly entitled to the appellation of "the father
of experimental philosophy."

1648. A great insurrection of the people of London by reason of the
parliament abolishing holydays.

1670. SAMUEL SORBIERRE, a French writer, died. He was educated for the
protestant ministry, but abandoned that faith for popery, without much
advantage to himself, as his sincerity was suspected. His literary
reputation is also somewhat tarnished.

1697. WILLIAM, earl of Craven, died in his 89th year. The nobility of
England are famed for longevity.

1747. SIMON FRAZER, Lord Lovat, executed on Towerhill, aged 80. He was a
Scottish statesman, educated among the Jesuits in France. His life was a
scene of treachery and misdemeanor, which compelled him to fly from one
country to another. Finally, joining the rebellion of 1745, he was
seized and condemned, and died like a martyr.

1754. CHRISTIAN WOLFF, a Prussian philosopher, died. In consequence of a
Latin oration on the Chinese, which gave offence to the clergy, he was
expelled from the country; but the honors conferred upon him by other
countries, led to his recall by the king, when his merits were duly
rewarded, and his former injuries obliviated. His whole life was devoted
to advance the interests of science and virtue.

1759. NICHOLAS HARDINGE died, an eminent English scholar, and author of
some Latin poems.

1761. WILLIAM LAW, an English dissenting divine, died. He is well known
as the author of the _Serious Call_.

1780. Charleston invaded by the British land and naval forces under Sir
Henry Clinton.

1790. NICHOLAS SYLVESTER BERGIER, a French ecclesiastic, died. He is the
author of several learned and valuable works. His talents and worth
commanded preferments, until he declined any more, replying that he was
rich enough!

1795. An act for the encouragement of common schools passed by the
legislature of New York.

1796. A British squadron under Sir Edward Pellew captured a large French
convoy, under the protection of La Volage, 26 guns, which was driven on
shore.

1804. JAMES NECKER, a Swiss statesman, died. He was sent as ambassador
to France, where his abilities were so much respected, that he was twice
elevated to the rank of prime minister. But the revolution destroyed his
popularity, and he retired to Copet, where he died. He is the author of
a work on the finances of France.

1807. JOHN OPIE, an eminent English painter, died. He was the son of a
humble carpenter, and was drawn from obscurity by the patronage of Dr.
Wolcott (alias _Peter Pindar_). He not only became an excellent artist,
but also an admirable writer on the art.

1813. The Chesapeake frigate, Capt. Evans, returned to Boston from a
cruise, having captured during an absence of four months, 2 British
brigs and 1 ship, 1 American brig with a British license, and a
schooner.

1831. Battle near Siedlce, in Poland, in which the Russians were
defeated.

1854. The English and French vessels on the coast of Thessaly were
directed to search all vessels suspected of having munitions of war on
board, and to seize such as were so found.

1855. All the English and French batteries opened on Sebastopol, and
continued incessantly through the night and following day. The Russian
loss was acknowledged by Gortschakoff at 833 killed and wounded.


APRIL 10.

879. LOUIS II. of France, died. He is characterized as a weak prince,
who had not sufficient firmness to maintain his rights.

1534. JAMES CARTIER sailed from France with two small ships and 122 men,
with a view to the establishment of a colony. He arrived at Newfoundland
in May, and named the gulf St. Lawrence, from his entering it on the day
of that festival. He returned without effecting a settlement.

1563. The city of Goa in India introduced printing.

1599. GABRIELLE D'ESTREES, a mistress of Henry IV, died. She was
descended from an illustrious house, and was 20 years of age when her
beauty captivated the king. He procured a divorce from Margaret of
Valois, in order to raise Gabrielle to the throne; but her sudden death,
probably by poison, frustrated the plan, and plunged him in excessive
grief. Her amiable disposition, gentleness of character and modesty, won
her general favor, and she was universally lamented by the French.

1603. A couple of vessels, fitted out by the mayor and aldermen of
Bristol, under the command of Martin Pring, to make discoveries on the
north of Virginia, and collect sassafras, sailed for the American coast.
The sassafras, which was greatly overrated for its medicinal virtues,
formed a profitable article of traffic, and is still extensively
exported to Great Britain. Of this, they procured a cargo near Bristol,
Rhode Island.

1606. The colony of Virginia, as it was called, divided by the king into
two colonies. Although 109 years had elapsed since the discovery of the
country by the Cabots, in the service of Henry VII, the English had made
no effectual settlement in the new world. Twenty years had elapsed since
Walter Raleigh attempted the settlement of a colony in Virginia, but not
an Englishman was now to be found in the country.

1630. WILLIAM HERBERT, earl of Pembroke, died. He was the son of the
illustrious Mary Sidney, and united in himself the virtues of his mother
with the manners and accomplishments of a scholar. He is the author of a
volume of poems.

1651. Birthday of EHRENFRIED WALTER VON TSCHIRNHAUSEN, an ingenious
Lusatian mathematician, and founder of the celebrated Dresden porcelain
manufactory. He also constructed, about the year 1687, an extraordinary
burning mirror.

1653. OLIVER CROMWELL, having turned out the long parliament, locked the
doors upon them.

1703. ANDREW MOREL, a Swiss antiquary died. He was a diligent and
curious collector of medals, and in a work published in 1683 promised to
give a description of twenty thousand medals, exactly designed. A part
of this great work appeared after his death, in two vols., folio,
describing 3,539.

1728. ROBERT WOODCOCK, an eminent English musician and composer, died.
He also excelled as a painter of sea pieces.

1736. FRANCIS EUGENE, prince of Savoy, died, aged 73. He was born at
Paris, and destined for the church, against his own inclinations. He
applied to the king for a company of dragoons, and on being refused,
entered the Austrian service. His first campaign was in capacity of a
volunteer against the Turks; where he acquitted himself with so much
distinction, that he was appointed to the command of a company of
dragoons. He finally rose step by step to the rank of commander in chief
of the Austrian army, and achieved a succession of brilliant victories
and enterprises in Europe, which humbled the arms of the French, and
rendered his name immortal in the annals of fame. His successful
campaign in conjunction with the duke of Marlborough, rendered him so
popular in England, that a maiden lady bequeathed him £2500, and a
gardener £100. [By some authorities, 21st.]

1741. Battle of Molwitz, between the Prussians and Austrians. The latter
were defeated with the loss of 7000 men and 180 officers. The Prussians
took 1200 prisoners; their loss was 1500 killed, and 3000 wounded.

1752. WILLIAM CHESELDEN, an eminent English surgeon and anatomist, died.
He acquired great professional reputation, and published several popular
works. He was the first foreigner admitted into the French royal academy
of surgery.

1756. JOSEPH VAISSETTE, a French ecclesiastic, died. He published a
_History of Languedoc_, and a _Universal Geography_.

1774. JOHN SAAS, a French canon and librarian, died. He wrote an
abridgment of the French _Historical Dictionary_, and other works.

1786. JOHN BYRON, the English admiral, died. He enjoys a high and
merited reputation for courage and professional skill.

1794. The islands of the Saints, in the West Indies, captured by the
British.

1795. Action between the British ship Astrea, Capt. Pawlet, and French
ship La Glorie, 24 guns: the latter was captured.

1796. Battle of Montenotte, which was attacked by the Austrians under
Beaulieu, and defended by the French under Rampon, with such desperate
resistance that Bonaparte had time to come up and obtain a victory,
taking 2000 prisoners.

1797. Miss FARREN, the actress, took leave of the stage, after the
performance of her part in the _School for Scandal_, to marry the earl
of Derby.

1798. BERNADOTTE, the French ambassador at Vienna, in obedience to the
Directory, displayed the tri-colored flag at his lodgings; but the
populace in a rage tore it down. Not receiving the satisfaction he
desired, he left the court.

1806. HORATIO GATES, a distinguished officer in the revolutionary war,
died. He came over from England as a soldier, and at the defeat of
Braddock, 1755, was shot through the body. He joined the American army
in 1775, and in 1777 captured Burgoyne. He was afterwards defeated by
Cornwallis, at Camden. In 1790 he liberated his slaves in Virginia, and
removed to New York, where he died.

1813. VON BERGER and FINK executed at Oldenberg, Germany. When the
Russians approached the town, the French magistrates fled, leaving a
committee of regency of which the above were members. This committee
were summoned before a court martial, at which Vandamme presided, and
these two excellent men were unjustly condemned to death, although their
accuser had only proposed their imprisonment.

1813. JOSEPH LOUIS LAGRANGE, a Sardinian mathematician, died. He went to
Paris 1787, where he met with great favor, and under Bonaparte was
invested with honors and dignities. His chief work is the _Méchanique
Analitique_.

1814. Battle of Toulouse, at which the French under Soult were defeated
by Wellington.

1816. The bank of the United States incorporated by act of congress,
with a capital of $35,000,000.

1818. JOHN CLEVES SYMMES, "of Ohio, late captain of infantry,"
promulgated "to all the world," his theory that the earth is hollow,
containing a number of solid concentric spheres, one within the other,
and that it is open at the poles 12 or 16 degrees. His theory amused the
world for a number of years.

1823. CHARLES LEONARD REINHOLD, an Austrian philosopher, died. He was
sent to study with the Jesuits, whose order was abolished while he was a
student. In 1787 he settled at Jena, which owes much of its reputation
to him, and in 1797 at Kiel, where he died. His works are numerous.

1835. JACOB SCHMUCK, a distinguished officer in the war of 1812 with
England, died. He was a native of Pennsylvania, died at St. Augustine.

1842. JOHN SUTHERLAND, commonly called _Killyman_, died at Merigonisbe,
aged 116. He was born in the last year of the reign of George I, and
consequently lived under all the sovereigns of the house of Hanover, six
in number. He emigrated to Nova Scotia about 1822, and continued to wear
the kilt to the end of his life, declaring that he would never disgrace
his country by adopting a foreign garb.

1856. The Americans under Lieut. Green attacked 200 Costa Ricans, killed
27 of them and dispersed the rest. American loss 1 killed and 2 wounded.

1856. A company of 208 men left New York to join Gen. Walker in
Nicaragua.


APRIL 11.

52 B. C. Trial of MILO for the murder of Clodius, in the consulship of
Pompey. All the unwashed industry of the city was crammed within the
forum on that momentous day; but neither Cato's candid ballot, nor the
splendid labors of Tully, were sufficient to save the tyrant-killer; so
that he was banished to Marseilles, and his estate confiscated.

44 B. C. MARC ANTONY recorded in the senate a decree of Julius Cæsar,
on behalf of the Jews, made thirty-four days before his assassination.
The decree is addressed to the senate of Paros, who had forbidden the
Delian Jews to worship in the manner of their forefathers.

1415. PIERRE PLAONT, bishop of Senlis, died. A large quarto Bible fairly
written on vellum was presented by him to the House of the Sarbonne for
the use of the poor, valued at £15.

1447. HENRY BEAUFORT, brother of Henry IV of England, died. He held the
highest ecclesiastical and civil offices in England, under the king; was
created cardinal and pope's legate in Germany; and is characterized as
proud, haughty and ambitious.

1512. Battle of Ravenna, in Italy, between the Spanish and papal troops,
and the French under the brave Gaston de Foix. The French were
victorious, with the loss of their general, who was killed in
endeavoring to cut off the retreat of the Spaniards. He was but 24 years
of age.

1544. Battle of Cerisoles, between the imperialists under the marquis
del Geasto, and the French, count de Enguin, who obtained the victory.
The marquis was wounded, and 10,000 of his men slain; his tents, baggage
and artillery, and many prisoners taken.

1555. THOS. WYATT beheaded; acquitting with his last breath the princess
Elizabeth and the earl of Devonshire.

1585. GREGORY XIII, (Hugh Buoncompagno), pope of Rome, died, aged 83. He
was an able pontiff, and has rendered his name immortal by the
reformation of the calendar, and the adoption of the style which bears
his name. This plan, necessary and useful, was long pertinaciously
rejected by the protestants, and not adopted by them generally till
about two centuries after, and not yet by Russia.

1644. The parliamentary forces under the two Fairfaxes victorious at
Selby; 1600 common soldiers, 2000 stand of arms and 500 horses, the
result. The parliament ordered a day of thanksgiving.

1669. CLIFFORD, ARLINGTON, BUCKS, ASHLEY, LAUDERDALE, constituted the
cabinet council of Charles II. From the initials of their names, this
was called the king's _cabal_.

1713. The celebrated peace of Utrecht concluded, and with it the twelve
years' war for the throne of Spain, in which the principal powers of
Europe had been engaged, at a vast expense of life and treasure.

1733. The sheriffs of London and eminent merchants in 200 carriages,
went to the house of parliament with a petition against the excise bill,
then pending.

1737. PHILIP HECQUET, a French physician, died. He is the original of
the immortal Sangrado of _Gil Blas_. He was a man of great simplicity of
diet, and a friend to bleeding and the use of warm water at proper
times, whence the caricature. He published several medical works.

1758. The wooden bridge over the Thames at London was burned down.

1766. Above 100 convicts left Newgate, in London, for the American
colonies. They passed along with music playing before them.

1786. The first commencement of Columbia college, New York, when, the
papers of the day say, "the public with equal surprise and pleasure,
received the first fruits of reviving learning, after a lamented
interval of many years."

1798. STANISLAUS AUGUSTUS PONIATOWSKI, the last king of Poland, died. He
was elected to the throne in 1764 under the influence of Russian
bayonets; was an elegant and accomplished gentleman, with good
intentions, but without the energy and firmness of purpose necessary to
sustain a tottering throne, and bridle a licentious nobility. The three
great robbers, Russia, Prussia and Austria, divided his kingdom between
them, and he retired to private life at St. Petersburgh, on a pension,
where he died.

1799. Battle of Ledjars, in Syria; the French under Kleber defeated the
Turkish and Arabian army, consisting of 4000 cavalry and 5000 foot, and
compelled them to retreat across the river Jordan.

1801. ANTHONY DE RIVAROL, a French author, died. He was a man of great
acquirements, and associated with the learned men of France before the
revolution.

1804. JAMES THOMAS died in Tatnal county, Georgia, aged 134.

1805. Treaty signed between Great Britain and Russia, the basis of the
anti-Gallican alliance.

1808. British order in council encouraging evasions of the United States
embargo law.

1812. Four British barges taken in Hampton roads by the frigate
Constellation and revenue cutter Jefferson; prisoners 80.

1814. NAPOLEON subscribed the treaty of abdication at Paris. On the same
day the white banner was advanced by lord Wellington on the ramparts of
Toulouse.

1816. Act of the British parliament regulating the intercourse with St.
Helena during Bonaparte's confinement there. It legalized the detention
of the fallen emperor as a prisoner of war during the king's pleasure;
British subjects aiding or assisting him to escape, to suffer death.

1817. WILLIAM BELOE, an English divine and critic, died. He is
principally known as the translator of Herodotus and Aulus Gellius,
though his works are numerous and highly creditable.

1817. At Dartmoor, England, a man sold his wife in the market place. She
stood as in olden times, with a rope round her neck. Her first lover was
the purchaser at the price of two guineas.

1823. County of Wayne erected in western New York.

1824. JEAN BAPTISTE DROUET, who arrested Louis XVI in his flight, and
was expelled from France as a regicide, died under the assumed name of
Meyer, at Macon in France.

1829. The catholic relief bill passed the house of peers, in the British
parliament after much discussion.

1832. RAFFAELE MORGHEN, a celebrated Italian engraver, died at Florence,
aged 72.

1833. ROWLAND HILL, an able and eccentric preacher, died, aged 89. He
usually spent a considerable part of the summer in visiting various
parts of England, preaching in churches of every denomination that would
admit of his services, and occasionally to large assemblies in the open
air. He preached for the last time to an immense audience, but three
days before his death.

1837. KIRK BOOTT died at Lowell. He was a native of Boston, and received
an excellent education, partly in England; went to Spain, and joined the
British army as an officer under Wellington; spent two years at the
military school at Woolwich, Eng.; on his return to Boston he engaged in
mercantile pursuits, and subsequently was called to superintend the
erection of manufacturing establishments at Lowell, where, by his
enterprise, energy and extraordinary talent, his name became identified
with the prosperity of that new and flourishing city.

1840. ALEXANDER NASMITH, the father of the Scottish school of landscape
painting, an eminent artist, and author of numerous productions, died at
Edinburgh, aged 83.

1844. JAMES STEWART, commonly known as Jimmey Strength, died in England,
aged 116. He was born at Charleston, S. C., 1728, and at the age of 20
enlisted as a soldier--was at the battle of Quebec and Bunker's Hill. He
had five wives and 27 children. Ten of his sons were killed in battle.
His strength was remarkable. During the last 60 years of his life he
traveled the _borders_ as a wandering minstrel, scraping upon a wretched
violin.

1854. One of the college buildings of the Indiana University was
destroyed by fire; it contained a library of 2700 volumes.

1854. The emperor NICHOLAS issued a manifesto to all his Russian
subjects, stating the object of the war with Turkey and the allied
powers.

1855. Broussa, in Asia Minor, again visited by an earthquake, and the
wooden buildings in the place were mostly destroyed by fire.

1856. The great bridge over the Mississippi at Rock Island completed,
and locomotives passed from the Illinois to the Iowa side.

1856. Battle of Rivas; General WALKER, with 400 Americans and 300
natives, attacked the Costa Ricans, numbering 3000 men, who after a long
contest left the city. The latter acknowledged a loss of 200 killed and
400 wounded; Walker's loss, 80 killed and disabled, including almost all
of his official staff.


APRIL 12.

205 B. C. The shrine of the potent goddess Cybele received at Rome from
Pessinus, and deposited in the temple of Victory; Scipio Africanus and
Crassus Dives, consuls. This was done in pursuance of an oracle in the
sybilline books, which affirmed that if a foreign enemy invaded Italy,
they might be vanquished by introducing the goddess Cybele into the
capital.

65. LUCIUS ANNÆUS SENECA, the Roman philosopher, destroyed himself by
order of Nero. He was born in the first year of the Christian era,
received a careful education, and became a disciple of the stoic school
of philosophy. He was the tutor of Nero, who, listening to the calumnies
of his enemies, had him accused of treason and condemned. He professed a
contempt for luxuries, but was not indifferent to wealth, for he
acquired an immense estate. His _Morals_ have often been republished in
English.

276. MARCOS CLAUDIUS TACITUS, emperor of Rome, died, at Tyana upon
Saurus. He claimed descent from Tacitus the historian, was a wise,
benevolent and patriotic ruler, and had reigned but six months when he
was snatched away by assassination or some violent disease.

1204. Siege of Constantinople by the French and Venitian crusaders. In
the pillage which followed the conquest of this superb city, all the
admirable monuments of Grecian art were demolished, including a colossal
Hercules, by Lysippus. This deed by Christians is a great offset to the
wanton depredations upon works of art of which the Turks and pagans are
so often accused.

1443. HENRY CHICHELEY, archbishop of Canterbury, died. His talents
fitted him for the office; and the office enabled him to exercise his
benevolence and charity with munificence. He founded the college of All
Souls.

1520. FRANCIS ALVARES, a Portuguese priest, arrived at the court of
David, king of Abyssinia, where he remained six years, and on his return
published an account of his embassy.

1549. JOAN of Kent, an anabaptist, condemned to be burned.

1646. FRANCIS DE BASSOMPIERRE, marshal of France, died. He was one of
the most distinguished and the most amiable men of the court of Henry
IV. Incurring the displeasure or the jealousy of Cardinal Richelieu, he
was sent to the Bastile, where he remained 12 years, until the death of
the cardinal. He wrote his own memoirs and a history of his embassies,
while in prison.

1655. FRANCIS GUYET, an eminent French critic, died. He employed many
years in traveling and study, and finally settled in Paris, where he
became so much esteemed that he might have risen to the highest honors,
had he not preferred retirement.

1678. THOMAS STANLEY, a learned English writer, died, aged 34. He
published a _History of Philosophy_, containing the lives and opinions
of philosophers, of every sect, a work of great merit and popularity,
and which was translated into Latin for the use of the German literati.

1695. Votes of the assembly of New York first published.

1695. JOHN KITTLEWELL, an English divine, died. He acquired great
reputation previous to the revolution, but refusing to take the oath of
allegiance after that event, was deprived of his living, and devoted his
time to writing.

1704. JAMES BENIGNUS BOSSUET, bishop of Meaux, in France, died. He
distinguished himself as a preacher and a writer of great erudition. His
works were published in 12 vols. quarto.

1709. First number of the _Tatler_ appeared.

1734. THOMAS FAUTET DE LAGNY died at Paris. His mathematical efforts and
researches were directed more to subjects of curiosity than utility. He
carried the quadrature of the circle to 120 decimal places.

1743. GEORGE CHEYNE, a Scottish physician, died. He was studious and
abstemious in his youth, but on coming to London, cultivated the society
of free livers for the advantages of trade! till he became at length
extremely asthmatic, lethargic, listless, and corpulent, exceeding 32
stone in weight. Finding the power of medicine unavailing, he returned
to a milk and vegetable diet, and recovered his strength, activity and
cheerfulness, with the free and perfect use of his faculties; and by a
regular observance of this regimen, reached the mature age of 72. His
writings are numerous, and principally on health and longevity.

1749. British ships Namur, 74 guns, 700 men; Pembroke, 60 guns, 400 men;
Apollo, 40 guns, 300 men; and a great many merchantmen, lost on the
coast of Coromandel; 23 men only saved from the Namur.

1749. FRANCIS BELLENGER, a learned doctor of the Sarbonne, died at
Paris. He translated some of the ancient historians, and wrote
criticisms on Rollin's works, to show his ignorance of Greek.

1757. Subsidiary treaty between England and Prussia; England to pay
annually 4,000,000 crowns to Frederick II.

1765. EDWARD YOUNG, the English poet, died, aged 84. He was educated for
the church, but was unfortunately induced to abandon it for politics, in
which he was unsuccessful. His _Night Thoughts_ had their origin in a
melancholy state of mind, produced by his misfortunes.

1770. GEORGE III gave his assent to the act for repealing the duties on
glass, paper and colors, in America; but the duty was continued from a
point of honor, and as a badge of sovereignty over the colonies.

1780. The British opened their fire upon the American batteries at
Charleston, which they continued until the 20th.

1782. PIETRO METASTASIO, an Italian poet, died. He supplied the opera
for a number of years with popular operas and oratorios. He has been
styled the poet of love. In all his works he stands high; in his operas
he is unrivaled.

1782. The French fleet under count de Grasse defeated by the British
under Rodney, with the loss of 9,000 killed and wounded. A French 74 gun
ship was blown up, and one of the same rate sunk; two 74's, one 64, and
the Ville de Paris, of 110 guns, having on board the French admiral,
were taken. Thirty-six chests of money, the whole train of artillery,
battering cannon, and traveling carriages, were on board the captured
vessels--a circumstance which totally disabled the French from carrying
on offensive operations against the British possessions in the West
Indies. British loss 1,050 killed and wounded. A new system of tactics
for breaking through the line of an enemy was here made use of for the
first time. It was invented by John Clerk, of Eldin, a country
gentleman, unacquainted with navigation. His principles have since been
applied by all the English admirals, and Howe, St. Vincent, Duncan and
Nelson, owe to them their most signal victories.

1782. Action off Ceylon, between the French under Admiral Suffrein, and
the British under Hughes. British loss, 144 killed and 400 wounded.

1784. JOSEPH RAULIN, an eminent French physician, died. He was induced
by Montesquieu to remove to Paris, where he acquired great reputation,
and was employed by government to write medical works.

1788. The first power loom began to work at Philadelphia, and on the
first of November following the quantity of cloths manufactured was
3,719 yards jean, 580 corduroys, 67 federal rib, 57 beaver fustian,
3,672 plain cottons, 123 birdseye, and 2,879 linen; total 11,197,
besides the quantity then in the looms.

1800. FREDERICK CONRAD HORNEMANN, a celebrated German teacher, who had
undertaken a journey into Africa for discovery, wrote that he was on the
point of setting out with the great caravan of Bornou, since which
nothing certain has been learned of him.

1804. JOSEPH DACRE CARLYLE, an English orientalist, died. He devoted
much attention to the study of Arabic, traveled in the east, and on his
return was employed in the publication of the Bible in Arabic, when his
constitution gave way under the task imposed upon it.

1809. The French fleet in Basque roads destroyed by the British under
Admiral Cochran. The British lost but 10 killed and about 40 wounded.
The loss of the French in vessels and men was tremendous.

1810. The French captured the East India company's settlement at
Tapanooly, in Sumatra.

1814. Count D'ARTOIS, brother of Louis XVI, entered Paris; Bonaparte set
off for the island of Elba; intercourse between France and England
opened; and a grand illumination in London, on account of the
restoration of the Bourbons, and peace with France, which was continued
three days.

1814. CHARLES BURNEY, an English musical composer, died. He commenced
the study of music as an organist. At the age of 31 he undertook to
write a _General History of Music_, upon which he bestowed nearly 40
years of labor and travel. He visited all the institutions of Europe at
which he could obtain important information for his work. He furnished
the musical articles for Rees' _Encyclopedia_, and is the author of
several other valuable works.

1815. Great eruption of Tomboro, which commenced on the 5th. The
explosions resembled the firing of cannon, and were heard at Sumatra,
not nearer than 900 miles. Such were the tremendous effects of the
burning lava, the overflowing of the sea, the falling of houses, and the
violence of the whirlwind, that out of 12,000 inhabitants on this
island, only 26 survived. At Java, 300 miles distant, the air was so
full of ashes, as to produce profound darkness at mid-day; and at Bima,
40 miles distant, the roofs of many houses were crushed by the weight of
ashes falling on them.

1816. Hamilton county in northern New York erected.

1829. FELIX NEFF, a Swiss preacher, died. He undertook to improve the
education and domestic habits of the peasants of the dreary regions
called the High Alps of France. He persevered a number of years with
much success; but his unremitting labors destroyed his constitution, and
led to a premature death.

1834. N. G. DUFIEF, a French linguist, died. His mother was
distinguished for her heroism in the Vendean war; and the son was driven
to America by political disturbances, and resided at Philadelphia. He
just survived the publication of his great work, the _Pronouncing
Dictionary_.

1839. JOHN GALT, the novelist, died at Greenock, Scotland, aged 60.
Being unsuccessful in business in London, he visited the south of Europe
in 1809, and soon after commenced an active literary career, which
continued till near the close of his life.

1839. The justly celebrated Dr. Black, of Mareschall college, Aberdeen,
Dr. Keith so well known as a writer on prophecy, with the devoted
Messrs. McCheyne and Bonar of the Scottish church, sailed from Dover in
England to inquire into and devise measures for the amelioration of the
state of the Jews in Palestine. This mission proved of much benefit.

1840. FRANCIS ANTHONY, chevalier de GERSTNER, a distinguished Austrian
engineer, died at Philadelphia, aged 44. He commenced at his own risk,
the first rail road on the continent of Europe, from Budweis on the
Moldau, to Lintz on the Danube, 130 miles. He suggested to the emperor
Nicholas the project of a rail road from St. Petersburg to Moscow, a
portion of which was undertaken under his direction, and first opened in
1837, and since prosecuted by the government.

1848. New code of New York laws adopted.

1849. Signor GASPARIS, at Naples, discovered a new planet, making the
fourth added to our system in four years.

1850. ADONIRAM JUDSON, a celebrated baptist missionary died at sea.

1854. A review of 25,000 troops in Paris, before the British officers.

1854. The French squadron under Admiral Parseval-Deschenes, sailed from
Brest to join the British fleet in the Baltic.

1855. The United States gave the twelve months' notice to Denmark of
their intention to terminate the treaty of 1826, by which the payment of
sound dues was recognized.


APRIL 13.

58 B. C. JULIUS CÆSAR finished his famous wall of entrenchment, 16 feet
in height and 17 miles in length, from Geneva to St. Claude; being a
labor of only 6 days.

1436. Paris surrendered to the French under Charles VII, having been
almost 14 years in the possession of the English.

1517. Cairo taken by the Turks under Selim, after a gallant resistance,
and 50,000 of its inhabitants barbarously massacred. The sultan was
hanged on one of the gates, Egypt was reduced to a province, and the
power of the Mamelukes crushed, who for more than 260 years had swayed
the land.

1584. An expedition fitted out by Sir Walter Raleigh took possession of
Wowoken, on the coast of America, since called Virginia. A colony was
left there, but they were cut off by the Indians, and every one put to
death.

1598. HENRY IV of France published at Nantes the memorable edict of
toleration; it was revoked 1685, by Louis XIV.

1605. BORIS GODOONOFF, czar of Moscow, died. He was called to the throne
by acclamation, on the death of Fedor, the last of the dynasty of Ruric.
In abilities and vigor of character, he resembled Peter the great; and
might be called one of the greatest of princes, was not his name
tarnished by a crime that led his way to the throne.

1638. HENRY, duke of Rohan, a French warrior and historian, died. He
signalized himself under Henry IV, both in the field and in the cabinet,
but the jealousy of Richelieu drove him to Geneva. He joined the duke of
Saxe Weimar against the imperialists, and was wounded in the battle, of
which he died.

1640. The English parliament again met by royal mandate, after a refusal
on the part of the king to call one for 12 years.

1641. RICHARD MONTAGUE, a learned English prelate, died. He published
several controversial works.

1684. NICOLAO ANTONIO, a Spanish author, died. He published an account
of all the Spanish writers, in 4 vols. folio, entitled _Bibliotheca
Hispania_. He spent his income, which was large, in acts of charity, and
in collecting a library, which at his death, amounted to 30,000
volumes.

1686. ANTONIO DE SOLIS, a Spanish author of note, died, aged 76. He was
appointed historiographer of the Indies, and wrote the _Conquest of
Mexico_, on which his fame as an author principally rests.

1699. Birthday of MARIA CATHARINA WALTER, in Germany. She died in
Philadelphia, 1802, aged over 103, having lived in three centuries.

1722. CHARLES LESLIE, an Irish theologian, died. He was a magistrate
under James II, and respected for his talents and integrity. His
writings were numerous, and sought for with avidity.

1726. VELASCO Y. PALOMINO, a highly admired Spanish painter, died at
Madrid.

1742. OLIVER REYLOF died at Ghent, eminent as a Latin poet.

1743. CHRISTOPHER PITT, an English poet, died. His translation of
Virgil's _Æneid_ is said to be superior to Dryden's.

1759. GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL, the illustrious German musical composer,
died at London, aged 75. His grand oratorio, the _Messiah_, appeared in
1741.

1759. Battle of Bergen, in which the duke of Broglio defeated the allies
under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, who lost 2,000 men and the
Hanoverian prince Ysemberg.

1777. Battle of Boundbrook, New Jersey, in which 500 Americans under
Gen. Lincoln were attacked by 2000 British under Cornwallis, and
effected a retreat with the loss of 60.

1782. Third action off Ceylon, between the British under Admiral Hughes,
and the French under Suffrein; latter defeated.

1787. Board of regents of the university of the state of New York
established.

1788. Great riot in New York, occasioned by the imprudent manner in
which the physicians procured subjects from the burying grounds; several
lives lost.

1794. PETER GASPARD CHAUMETTE, a French revolutionist, executed. He was
the son of a cobbler, displayed great courage at the taking of the
Bastile, and became one of the most sanguinary and reckless characters
of the time, till his career was arrested by the guillotine.

1795. Riots in England on account of the high prices of food.

1796. Battle in the defiles of Millesimo, Italy, in which the French
under Augereau and Joubert defeated the imperialists, who retreated to
the mountains of Cossaria.

1799. Schaffhausen, on the Rhine in Switzerland, taken by the
imperialists.

1801. The canal at Alexandria, Egypt, cut by the British, and the
country inundated.

1804. Makey, a Malay settlement on the coast of Sumatra, destroyed by
the British.

1807. ROBERT HERON, an erudite and popular writer, died. By unwearied
industry he raised himself from an obscure to a prominent situation in
society.

1813. Battle of Castilla, in Spain; the British under Sir John Murray,
defeated the French under Suchet.

1815. The bill for the construction of the Erie canal from the Hudson
river to lake Erie, passed the house of assembly, 84 to 15.

1818. THOMAS HATCHCOCK died in Richmond county, North Carolina, aged
125, leaving a son aged 93 and another 16, and a great progeny besides.

1827. HUGH CLAPPERTON, a Scottish traveler, died. He was employed by the
British to explore the interior of Africa, and died at Sackatoo, on his
second journey thither.

1832. SHADRACH BOND, first governor of Illinois, died at Kaskaskia.

1839. ROBERT HILLHOUSE, an English poet, died. He was a stocking-weaver
of Nottingham, and had no advantages of education but such as were
afforded by Sunday schools. His works "will insure his celebrity as a
poet of no mean grade."

1850. Pope PIUS IX returned to Rome.

1853. WILLIAM R. KING, vice-president of the United States, died. He was
for many years a diplomat abroad, and his career furnished a remarkable
instance of the eminent and deserved success of probity, fidelity,
industry, gentlemanly spirit and bearing, and inflexible honor.

1855. HENRY THOMAS DE LA BECHE, an eminent English geologist, died, aged
59. He was the author of many geological works, and director-general of
the geological survey of the united kingdom, and was knighted in 1848,
in recognition of his valued and long-continued services.

1856. Philadelphia visited by a tornado, 150 houses unroofed.


APRIL 14.

979. ETHELRED II, crowned at Kingston by the famous Dunstan, then
archbishop of Canterbury. This was the first king in England who took a
coronation oath, and the first it is said to institute trial by jury. In
this reign priests were forbidden to marry.

1040. HAROLD I (_Harefoot_), king of England, died. He was succeeded by
his brother Hardicanute, whose first act was to order the body of Harold
to be dug up and thrown into the Thames.

1293. Naval engagement in the British channel, between the French and
English fleets, by mutual agreement, with the whole of their respective
forces. The English, under Edward I, were victorious, carrying off more
than 250 sail of their opponents.

1293. The mariners of Portsmouth and the Cinque Ports captured the
Norman fleet, of 200 ships, off Brittany, and massacred the crews.

1322. FITZ-SIMEON and HUGH the illuminator, two friars of Dublin,
commenced their pilgrimage to the holy sepulchre.

1345. RICHARD AUNGERVILLE, an English scholar and statesman, died;
better known as Richard de Bury. He may be classed as the first
bibliomaniac upon record in England. He purchased thirty or forty
volumes of the _Abbot of St. Albans_, for fifty pounds weight of silver;
and so enamored was he of his collection, which became very large for
that period, that he expressly composed a treatise on the love of books,
entitled _Philobiblon_.

1471. Battle of Barnet, between Edward IV and the great earl of Warwick,
in which the latter was defeated and slain, together with his brother
and 10,000 men. Margaret (the queen of Henry VI, who was confined in the
tower,) landed from France on the same day with troops, only to hear the
tidings of the disaster which had befallen her cause.

1558. Marriage of the dauphin of France with Mary Stuart, queen of
Scots, to whom he had been affianced ten years.

1619. JOHN VAN OLDENBARNEVELDT, a statesman in the time of Elizabeth,
beheaded for his praiseworthy attempts to limit the power of the
stadtholder Maurice, which were construed into crimes. His noble lady,
who witnessed his death without emotion, was afterwards solicitous for
the pardon of a son, telling the astonished Maurice that she did not ask
pardon for her husband for he was innocent, but she entreated for her
son for he was guilty.

1662. WILLIAM FIENNES, Lord Say and Sele, died. He was a troublesome
subject under Charles I and Cromwell; but became tractable under Charles
II (as he had been under James I), and was promoted, instead of others
who had been more devoted to the royal cause.

1685. THOMAS OTWAY, an English dramatist, died. His tragedy of _Venice
Preserved_ still keeps the stage; and though his pieces were generally
successful, he died at a public house (where he had secreted himself
from his creditors) in a state of great destitution, at the early age of
34.

1707. Battle of Almanza, in which the combined English and Portuguese
armies were totally defeated by the French and Spaniards under the duke
of Berwick, with the loss of 5,000 killed and wounded, and 10,000
prisoners.

1711. LOUIS, the dauphin of France, died of smallpox, aged 50.

1743. THOMAS RUNDLE, a learned English prelate, died. He was the
intimate friend of the learned and polite of his age. A volume of his
letters has been published.

1760. LOUIS SILVESTER, an eminent French painter, died. He was ennobled
by the king of Poland.

1769. JOHN GILBERT COOPER, an English miscellaneous writer, died. He was
a man of wealth, who made literature his amusement. His works, original
and translated, are lively and elegant.

1780. Battle of Monk's Corner in South Carolina; the American cavalry
surprised and defeated by Tarleton.

1783. MICHAEL FRANCIS DANDRE-BARDON, a French painter, died. He was
professor in the academy of painting, and admired for his historical
writings.

1785. WILLIAM WHITEHEAD, an English poet, died. His principal works are
the _Roman Father_ and _Creusa_, dramas, which were received with great
applause.

1793. Action between the British ship Phæton and French privateer
Dumourier, with a Spanish prize in tow. The prize was taken; her cargo
was valued at £1,300,000, and £935,000 was adjudged salvage for her
recapture.

1793. JOHN BAPTIST GOBEL, a French bishop, guillotined. He took an
active part in the revolution, abjured religion, and was _condemned by
Robespierre for atheism_, and executed.

1795. A cargo of boards arrived at Newburyport, the first arrival
through the locks and canals on Merrimack river--an expensive project of
inland navigation, which was the best then in vogue.

1796. Battle of Millesimo, Italy; the French under Napoleon defeated the
Austrians and Sardinians, who lost 2,500 killed, about 8,000 prisoners,
and 22 cannon.

1801. LEMUEL HOPKINS, a Connecticut physician and poet, died. He was
singular in his appearance and habits, but possessed great skill and
assiduity in his profession; and as a man of learning and a poet
entitled to more fame than is awarded him.

1803. JOHN F. HAMTRAMCK, an officer of the revolution, died at Detroit,
where he was stationed as colonel of the first regiment of United States
infantry, and commandant of Detroit and its dependencies. He served
during the whole war of the revolution, with such distinguished merit as
to receive the particular approbation of Washington.

1809. BEILBY PORTEUS, bishop of London, died. His talents and
acquirements procured him honors and wealth; and his writings will
perpetuate his name.

1814. Congress repealed the embargo law of Dec, 1813.

1855. The office of the _Industrial Luminary_ in Parkville, Missouri,
was broken into, and ransacked, and the press thrown into the Missouri
river, and the editors ordered to leave the state. The mob voted that no
person belonging to the northern methodist church should preach in
Platte county under "the penalty of tar and feathers for the first
offence, and a hemp rope for the second."


APRIL 15.

1491 B. C. The Israelites arrived at the wilderness of Sin, on the 15th
of Jiar, just a month after their departure from Ramasses.

43 B. C. First battle of Mutina, the modern Modena, in which Marc Antony
was repulsed by the two consuls Hirtius and Pansa, assisted by Octavius
Cæsar. Pansa died of the wounds he received in this conflict, and
Hirtius was slain after he had achieved a second and more decisive
victory.

1053. GODWIN, earl of Kent, died. He was a powerful Saxon baron, who
distinguished himself under Canute in the war with Sweden.

1205. BALDWIN I, emperor of Constantinople, defeated by Joannices, king
of the Bulgarians, and taken prisoner.

1415. EMANUEL CHRYSOLORAS, a learned Greek, died. He was employed by
John Palæologus as ambassador to different courts of Europe, where he
acquitted himself with honor.

1513. The English fleet under sir Edward Howard defeated off Brest by
the French.

1521. The faculty of divines of the university of Paris, after many
meetings held in the Sorbonne, drew up a _censure_ of the heresies of
Luther, which was solemnly proclaimed in a general assembly on this day.

1558. A volcano burst out near a spring in the isle of Palma, one of the
Canaries.

1570. WILLIAM ALLEY, bishop of Exeter, died. During the reign of Mary he
retired, and kept a school and practiced physic, in order to avoid
persecution; but on the accession of Elizabeth he was promoted. He wrote
the _Poor Man's Library_, and other works.

1611. RICHARD MULCASTER, a celebrated scholar and English writer, died
at Stanford Rivers, where he was rector.

1632. GEORGE CALVERT, lord Baltimore, died. He was a learned, amiable
and accomplished man, who resigned his offices under James I on
embracing the catholic faith. The king, however, raised him to the Irish
peerage of Baltimore. He obtained a grant for a plantation in
Newfoundland; but the invasions of the French obliged him to abandon
it, after he had spent £25,000 in its settlement. In the place of it, he
received a territory on the continent, now known as the state of
Maryland.

1642. Battle of Killrush in Ireland, in which the Roman catholic army
was signally defeated by the duke of Ormond.

1659. SIMON DACH, a German poet, died. He lived in a humble condition
until he was appointed professor of poetry in the university of
Konigsberg. His secular songs are said to be lively and natural; his
sacred songs distinguished for deep and quiet feeling.

1670. JOHN DAILLIE, a distinguished French protestant divine, died. His
works evince great learning and judgment, and excited much interest.

1697. CHARLES XI of Sweden died. He was successful in war, and respected
as a just prince.

1702. The proprietaries of East and West Jersey surrendered the
government to queen Anne, after which it continued under one government,
called New Jersey.

1715. The Yamasses, a powerful tribe of Indians in South Carolina,
having meditated the extirpation of the English settlements in that
state, fell upon Pocataligo and the neighboring plantations, and
massacred all who fell into their hands.

1719. FRANCES D'AUBIGNE, madame de Maintenon, a celebrated French lady,
died. From a state of want and dependence she rose to be the wife of the
king of France, though not publicly married. Her exemplary life and
extensive charity after that event, made amends for many errors
committed in reaching the height of her ambition.

1720. LUKE MELBOURNE, an English divine, died. He was a prose and
poetical writer of considerable ability, and his name is frequently
introduced by Dryden and Pope in their works.

1754. The first theatre opened in Philadelphia, at the west corner of
Cedar and Vernon streets, with the _Fair Penitent_ and _Miss in her
Teens_.

1755. The counters of the bank of England were broken down by the crowd
in their eagerness to obtain lottery tickets.

1756. JAMES CASSINI, a French astronomer, died. He succeeded his father
as astronomer royal, and made many important discoveries.

1758. The strong fortress of Schweidnitz, in Prussia, taken by assault,
by the Prussians, and count Theirhaimb with 5,000 Austrians surrendered.

1761. JAMES CAWTHORNE, an English poet, died. His poems were collected
and published quarto, in 1771.

1761. WILLIAM OLDYS, a famous English antiquary, died. He was well
versed in English antiquities, a correct writer and a good historian.

1764. JANE ANTOINETTE POISSON, marchioness de Pompadour, died. She was
the favorite of the licentious Louis XV. The patronage she extended to
literature and the arts in some degree atoned for the follies she
committed.

1764. ARCHIBALD LAIDLIE, having accepted a call from the reformed
protestant Dutch church in New York, preached the first English sermon
before that congregation.

1768. The populace at Peterborough, England, demolished a house that had
been opened for the inoculation for small pox. The pretence was to
prevent the spreading of a new disease.

1776. JAMES GRANGER, a learned and ingenious English divine, died. He is
the author of a valuable _Biographical History of England_, 4 vols,
quarto.

1777. A party of 100 Indians attacked the settlement of Boonesborough,
in Kentucky, and killed 4 of colonel Boone's men.

1777. Congress resolved that no distinction be made between the troops,
and that the titles of Congress's Own Regiment, Washington's Life
Guards, &c., be abolished.

1777. British picket near Bonumtown, N. J., stormed by a detachment
under captain Patterson.

1786. ANDREW WILSON executed at Edinburgh. This execution occasioned the
subsequent Porteous mob.

1788. MARY DELANY, an ingenious Irish lady, died, aged 88. She
corresponded with some of the learned men of the day; but is chiefly
known by an ingenious _Flora_ which she commenced at the age of 74, and
labored at with taste and assiduity nearly ten years, when her sight
began to fail her. It was constructed of paper, cut and painted to
resemble nature, with great accuracy of form and color.

1791. The first corner stone in the district of Columbia was laid at
Jones's point, near Alexandria, with the imposing masonic ceremonies of
the time, and a quaint address by Rev. James Muir. By the retrocession
of Alexandria, a little more than fifty years after, the corner stone
was no longer within the district.

1793. FORSTER POWELL, the celebrated English pedestrian, died, aged 59.
His favorite walk was from the monument in London to the cathedral in
York and back again, a distance of 340 miles, in less than six days.

1793. PHILIBERT FRANCIS ROUXELLE DE BLANCHELANDE executed; distinguished
in the American war, and at the taking of Tobago.

1796. Second battle of Dego, Italy. The Austrians under Beaulieu
surprised the French and carried the village. Massena, who attempted to
stop their progress, was repulsed; Bonaparte with Victor and Lannes
finally succeeded in driving them out.

1813. ALEXANDER MURRAY, a Scottish linguist, died. His _History of
European Languages_, which was published after his death, is a work of
great research and merit. His application hastened his death, which took
place at the early age of 37.

1816. A brick-red snow fell on Tonal and other mountains in Italy.

1817. The memorable law upon which the system of internal improvement of
the state of New York is based, passed the legislature.

1820. JOHN BELL, an eminent surgeon of Edinburgh, died at Rome. He is
well known for his valuable works on surgery and anatomy.

1825. HENRY FUSELI, a Swiss painter, died. He was induced to visit
England, where he distinguished himself.

1828. MICHOFSKY, a Russian farmer, died at Pleskow, in the government of
Novogorod, aged 165. He led a very sober life, though occasionally he
partook of ardent spirits. He never ate meat more than twice a week. At
120 he still labored in the field. His mother lived to the age of 117,
and one of his sisters 112, but his father died at 52.

1834. AYLET HAWES, a distinguished philanthropist, died in Culpepper
county, Virginia. He manumitted his slaves, 110 in number, and provided
for their removal to Liberia.

1840. JAMES BROWNE, a Scottish author, died at Edinburgh; a man
distinguished for his learning and research, for several years editor of
the _Caledonian Mercury_, and a writer of valuable articles in the
_Encyclopedia Britannica_, particularly on grammar, history, biography,
&c.

1843. CHARLES BULFINCH, an eminent American architect, died in Boston,
Mass. The state house at Boston and the capitol at Washington were built
after his designs.

1846. At an eruption of mount Hecla the pillars of fire rose from a new
crater to the height of 14,000 feet. The ice and snow which had covered
the mountain for many centuries were wholly melted, and pieces of scoriæ
weighing 200 pounds were thrown a league and a half.

1852. ALEXANDER MACKAY, an English political economist and reformer,
died, aged 33. He was many years connected with the _Morning Chronicle_
newspaper; traveled in the United States in 1846-7, and published his
observations in three volumes, under the title of _Western World_.

1854. JAMES MOORE died at Metrechin, N. J., aged 100. His death was
occasioned by a fall, before which he was accustomed to walk 12 miles a
day.

1854. The steam boat Secretary, while crossing San Pablo bay, from San
Francisco to Petaluma, burst her boiler, by which the boat was blown to
pieces, and more than 50 persons perished.

1856. An affray occurred at Panama between the passengers of the
American transit company and the natives, in which 30 passengers were
killed and 20 wounded.


APRIL 16.

29 B. C. OCTAVIUS CÆSAR entered Rome and celebrated the grand triple
triumph of nine days, for his victories at Dalmatia, at Actium and
Alexandria, and shut the gates of the temple of Janus Quirinus the
second time. This is also the anniversary of his being saluted
_Emperor_. The city at this time was 50 miles in circumference,
containing 4,000,000 inhabitants, and the annual revenue of the state
amounted to about $180,000,000,000!

66. The massacre and crucifixion of 3600 Jews took place at Jerusalem,
on the 16th Artemisius, (Jiar) under the procuratorship of Gessius
Horus.

1546. Paul III excommunicated the bishop of Cologne for heresy in
countenancing Lutheranism. The bishop resigned rather than expose his
people to the miseries of war.

1548. Evening prayer began to be read in English in king Edward VI's
chapel.

1551. A pestilence broke out at Shrewsbury, in England. It reached
London in July, and the weekly mortality was upwards of 700. It ravaged
the eastern and northern parts of the kingdom till September, when it
stopped suddenly.

1564. Birthday of WILLIAM SHAKSPEARE, at Stratford-upon-Avon.

1629. The lord treasurer's warrant issued, giving liberty for 60 women
and maids, 26 children, and 300 men, with victuals, arms, apparel and
tools, 140 cattle, some horses, sheep and goats, to go to America. They
sailed in 6 ships, and landed at Naumkeak, in Massachusetts, now Salem,
a name which was chosen in place of the aboriginal one, as expressive of
the peaceful asylum they found in the American wilderness.

1634. Of seven sailors left by the Dutch on the coast of Greenland, for
the purpose of establishing a wintering place, the first one died. These
sailors were amply supplied with every article of clothing, provisions
and utensils thought necessary or useful in such a situation. A journal
was kept by them, by which it appears that on the ninth October they
began to make a constant fire to sit by; and soon after it was remarked
that they experienced a considerable change in their bodies, with
giddiness in their heads. At the time of the death of this man, they
were all disabled but one person. This poor wretch continued the journal
till the last day of April, when they were praying for a speedy release
from their miseries. On the return of their countrymen in the spring,
they were all found dead. (See Jan. 14th for a similar event.)

1639. WILLIAM KIEFT having become governor of New Netherland, took the
affidavit of sundry persons to the effect that under the administration
of his predecessor the public interests had been neglected, and the
fortifications allowed to go to decay.

1644. WILLIAM BREWSTER, one of the leading members of the Plymouth
colony, died. He possessed a large property in England, which he lost in
escaping from ecclesiastical tyranny, and supported himself in Holland
by teaching a school.

1662. Three of the judges who condemned Charles I, namely Miles Corbet,
John Ohey and John Barstead, were arrested in Holland, and sent to
England for execution.

1681. The province of New Jersey offered for sale, at about $25,000. An
original letter is still in existence, from the earl of Bath to lord
Norbury, since sold by auction as a curious manuscript, containing a
proposal for the sale, in which it is represented as "a country almost
as large as England, belonging to the late George Carteret."

1689. APHARA BEHN (alias _Astrea_) an English authoress, died. At
Surinam, where her family resided, she became acquainted with the
African prince Oroonooko, on whose story she founded a novel, which
Southey has dramatized. Her works consist of novels, poems and 17 plays.

1743. CORNELIUS VAN BYNKERSHOEK, an eminent Dutch lawyer, died. He
published several law works, which display great talents and research,
and is characterized as "one of the most learned among modern
civilians."

1746. Battle of Culloden, which terminated the Scottish rebellion. The
forces of the pretender were defeated, with the loss of 1,200 slain, by
the English under the duke of Cumberland, second son of George II, and
the pretender himself compelled to flee to France.

1781. Naval action in the harbor of St. Jago, Cape de Verde, between the
British fleet under Johnstone, and the French under admiral Suffrein, in
which the latter were compelled to retire with considerable loss.

1788. GEORGE LOUIS LECLERC, count de Buffon, died. He was the greatest
naturalist of the 18th century. His _Natural History_, to which he
devoted fifty years of his life, was published in 36 vols. and opened a
new science to the world.

1796. SAMUEL PINNOCK, a negro, died at Kingston, Jamaica, aged 125.

1796. Battle of Cera; the entrenched Piedmontese camp attacked by the
French under Augereau and Joubert; the former fought all day, and then
evacuated their camp.

1799. Battle of Esdrelon and Mount Tabor; the Syrian army defeated by
Bonaparte, with the loss of 5,000 men.

1811. A plantation at Port-Royal mountains, Jamaica, on which were about
thirty acres of coffee, sunk down and disappeared, so that only the
ridge of the house was discernible.

1812. HUGH WHITE, founder of Whitestown, near Utica, New York, died.

1813. Part of the British squadron anchored off Petapsco river, within
sight of Baltimore.

1814. CHARLES PHILIP, count d'Artois, declared the Capetan, or French
monarchy, to be re-established.

1820. ARTHUR YOUNG, a celebrated English agriculturist, died. He
traveled extensively in Great Britain and on the continent with a view
to the improvement of husbandry. Besides his works on agriculture he
published his tours.

1823. WILLIAM ASPINWALL, an American physician, died, aged 80. He was a
surgeon in the revolutionary army, and was famous for his skill in the
treatment of smallpox. He erected hospitals, where he received patients
to be inoculated for the disease; but on becoming convinced of the
efficacy of vaccination, he closed them.

1830. Earthquake in Central America; several towns destroyed.

1831. National congress of Belgium dissolved.

1832. MUZIO CLEMENTINO, the father of pianoforte music, died in England.
He was born at Rome, 1752, and practiced in his profession as a musician
with great applause in the principal cities of Europe.

1840. WILLIAM PITTS, an eminent sculptor, died at London, aged 50.

1847. JOHN BURNHAM, aged 93, and his wife, Mehitable, aged 90, died in
Essex, Mass., and were buried in one grave. Two days previous Benjamin
Burnham, aged 92, died at the same place. They were the three oldest
inhabitants of that town.

1854. The city of San Salvador was wholly destroyed by an earthquake,
causing the loss, in less than one minute, of more than 200 lives, and
four millions worth of property.

1854. The ship Powhatan, from Havre for New York, having on board 311
emigrants, went ashore in a gale on Long Beach, near Egg Harbor, was
totally wrecked, and not a single passenger was saved.

1856. THACHER MAGOUN, a noted American ship builder, died, aged 81. He
laid the first keel of a ship at Midford, Mass., in 1802, and during
half a century built a fleet.


APRIL 17.

1013. ABDULLAH, a Moorish historian, was killed at the taking of
Cordova, his native city.

1421. An inundation of the rivers at Dort, in Holland, which swept away
100,000 persons, and destroyed 72 villages.

1434. The ice broke up at Paris, which had continued from the first of
January. Snow fell in Holland forty days successively during the same
winter.

1492. The Spanish sovereigns, Ferdinand and Isabella, signed at Granada
their grant to Columbus, constituting him hereditary admiral and viceroy
over all the islands and continents he should discover during his
expedition, with the benefit of a tithe of the profits arising from the
merchandise found within his admiralty.

1537. The river Simeto, in Sicily, overflowed its banks, and destroyed
500 houses with the neighboring castles, and all the wood was uprooted
by a storm.

1575. WILLIAM DAVENANT, a learned German, died. He was the friend and
confidant of the leaders of the reformation, as well as of every man of
learning and consequence of the age. His works are numerous.

1610. HENRY HUDSON sailed on his last voyage.

1613. A "prodigious monster" born at Adlington, England, with two bodies
joined to one back. It was described by a reverend gentleman, in a
pamphlet entitled _Strange News_.

1670. ERIC DANIEL ACHRELIUS, a Swedish philosopher and professor at Abo,
died, aged 66.

1688. GEORGE VILLIERS, duke of Buckingham, died. He distinguished
himself as a statesman, a poet and dramatic writer; but his character
both in public and private life was extremely reprehensible.

1697. CHARLES XI, king of Sweden, died; successful as a warrior and
accounted a just prince.

1704. _The Boston News Letter_, the first newspaper printed in the North
American colonies, was commenced at Boston, by John Campbell, who was a
bookseller and postmaster, and printed by B. Green.

1711. JOSEPH I, 15th emperor of Austria, died. He was crowned king of
Hungary, 1687; elected king of the Romans, 1690, and succeeded to the
empire of Germany, 1705.

1761. BENJAMIN HOADLEY, bishop of Winchester, died, aged 85. He was a
great controversialist, and started a question which occupied the press
a number of years. His works comprise 4 volumes folio.

1765. Lord BYRON convicted before the house of peers in London of
manslaughter in slaying Mr. Chaworth in a duel. Being a privileged peer,
burning in the hand was dispensed with, and he was discharged on the
payment of fees.

1770. Great illumination of the city of London, on account of the
liberation of the celebrated politician, Mr. Wilkes, from prison.

1777. HENRY WOODWARD, a celebrated English comedian and harlequin, died,
aged 60. His death was occasioned by an accident as he was jumping upon
a table in the character of Scrub!

1780. Engagement between the British fleet under Rodney, and the French,
admiral De Guichen, in the West Indies. The French took shelter under
Guadaloupe, where the British were too much crippled to follow.

1784. Universal religious equality created by law in New York.

1790. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, the American printer, statesman and
philosopher, died. He was born at Boston, 1706, and went to Philadelphia
at an early age, where he spent the remainder of his life. His public
career is well known; his private life, written by himself, is full of
counsel, and cautions, and examples of prudence and economy, and is the
largest work he ever composed.

1794. The Russians expelled from Warsaw by the Poles.

1796. The French convention decreed that all printers of journals should
be personally liable for the contents of their papers, as well as the
hawkers, sellers and posters of periodical papers.

1816. An act for improving the internal navigation of the state of New
York, embracing the Erie and Champlain canals, became a law. Stephen Van
Rensselaer, De Witt Clinton, Samuel Young, Joseph Ellison, and Myron
Holley, were created commissioners, and seventy thousand dollars
appropriated to the purpose.

1817. Seven Luddites hanged at Leicester, England. Luddites was a name
given to malcontents who went about destroying labor-saving machinery.

1830. Navigation of the Black sea opened to American vessels.

1834. IVAN PETROVITCH MARTOS, died; formerly director of the academy of
fine arts at St. Petersburg, and one of the most eminent sculptors of
the age. His works are found in the principal cities of Russia.

1835. WILLIAM HENRY IRELAND died. He rendered himself notorious by an
attempt to impose on society some dramatic compositions of his own, as
relics of those of Shakspeare. He confessed himself the author, and
fully exonerated his father who had been implicated in the fraud.

1837. JOSEPH ANDERSON, an American statesman, died at Washington, aged
80. He was a native of Pennsylvania, and served in the New Jersey line
throughout the revolutionary war.

1837. HENRY VOSE died at Woodville, Mississippi, of small pox. He was
distinguished at the West Point school as a proficient in mathematics,
and was subsequently connected with the press in Mississippi, to which
he contributed extensively in geography, statistics and history.

1837. United States sloop of war Natchez captured a Mexican brig of war,
after having made a formal demand upon the Mexican authorities to
release six American vessels which had been illegally captured.

1838. JOHN REILAY died at Troy, aged 104.

1843. ALEXANDER PROUDFIT, pastor of the Associate reformed church at
Salem, Washington co., N. Y., and secretary of the New York Colonization
society, died, aged 75.

1849. The steamer General Pike burnt on the Mississippi, when Col.
Butler of Texas, with several others, perished in the flames.

1850. JAMES THOM, the sculptor, died at New York.

1852. ETIENNE MAURICE GERARD died in Paris, aged 74. He entered the army
in 1791, and was engaged in the battles of Fleurus and Austerlitz, and
in those of the disastrous Russian campaign; became a marshal and peer
of France, and twice held the place of minister of war.

1854. Riot at Saginaw, Michigan; some 300 armed men attempted to burn
the jail, and rescue certain prisoners. The sheriff and others were
killed.

1854. The Winchester, an emigrant ship from Liverpool for Boston, was
wrecked, and a large number of passengers lost.

1855. A new planet of the eleventh magnitude was discovered by Luther,
at the observatory of Bilk, near Dusseldorf.

1855. Petropaulowski deserted by its inhabitants, and its fortifications
destroyed, and what stores could not be removed were burned.

1856. The peace conference at Paris terminated, for the settlement of
the war in the Crimea between Russia on the one side, and England,
France and Turkey on the other.


APRIL 18.

515 B. C. The Jewish passover, a festival in commemoration of the
destruction of the first born of the Egyptians, while the houses of the
Jews were spared, was celebrated in the new temple.

1551. NICHOLAS UDALL obtains a patent to print the works of Peter Martyr
and the English Bible.

1552. JOHN LELAND, styled the father of antiquaries, died in London. He
applied himself to his favorite pursuit with so much ardor as to impair
his reason. He was the most accomplished writer of the age.

1556. LEWIS ALEMANNI, a Florentine statesman, died. He was at the head
of the faction that sought to expel the Medici; but finding himself
unable to keep his popularity, he fled to France, where he was employed
as a diplomatist.

1587. JOHN FOX, the martyrologist, died, aged 70. His attention was
early turned to the reformation, and he studied the early writers with
so much devotion that his seclusion and frequent absence from church
excited the persecution of his enemies, and occasioned him a great deal
of misfortune.

1593. Shakspeare's poem of _Venus Adonis_ entered in the books at
Stationer's Hall.

1610. ROBERT PARSONS, an English Jesuit, died at Rome. His abilities
procured him the patronage of the pope, and he was employed in educating
missionaries to convert protestants in England. He possessed the
elements of turbulence and intrigue to a great extent, but his
operations were entirely unsuccessful.

1630. Manors in America created.

1640. PETER KIRSTENIUS, a German physician, died at Upsal. He applied
himself with great assiduity to literature and science, acquired 26
languages, and published among other things an Arabic grammar.

1676. Sudbury, Mass., attacked by the Narragansetts. Several houses and
barns were burnt, and a small party who had hastened from Concord to
their relief were intercepted and cut off. Another party of 50, sent
from Boston for the relief of Marlborough, which the Indians had totally
destroyed the day before, went in pursuit of the enemy, were drawn into
an ambush and suddenly surrounded by a body of 500. The gallant leader
and his brave band fought with desperate valor to the last man: but
they fell a prey to the numbers, the artifice, and the bravery of their
enemies. The Indians lost about 120.

1689. Sir EDMUND ANDROS, governor of Massachusetts, seized and
imprisoned by the people, and the old magistrates reinstated. This
revolution was brought about after the colonists had borne the
impositions of the new administration about three years, on the
circulation of a rumor that a massacre was intended by the governor's
guards.

1689. GEORGE JEFFREYS, baron Wem, the infamous lord chancellor under
James II, died. He was never formally admitted to the bar, yet continued
to practice unrestrained until he attained the highest employments in
the law. He was one of the advisers and promoters of all the oppressive
and arbitrary measures of the reign of James II, till the revolution
transferred him to the tower, where he died.

1710. ALEXANDER LAINEZ, a French poet, died. His pieces possess great
vivacity and elegance.

1710. Four Indian chiefs from eastern New England and Canada, arrived at
London and were carried in the royal coaches to their audience with the
queen.

1768. Madame BONTEMS, a French poetess, died at Paris. She was respected
for her wit and knowledge; she published a translation of Thompson's
_Seasons_.

1781. British evacuated Camden, S. C., after burning the jail, mill,
several houses, the greater part of their baggage and stores, and a
large quantity of private stores. They left 31 American and 58 British
soldiers, and 3 officers, all too badly wounded to be removed.

1782. Naval action between the French and British fleets, in which
Rodney of England defeated and took prisoner Count de Grasse of France.

1791. LOUIS XVI and the royal family arrested by the populace, while on
their way to St. Cloud, and compelled to return to Paris.

1794. CHARLES PRATT, earl of Camden, died, aged 80. He was an eminent
English statesman and judge, and particularly distinguished himself by
his animation and eloquence in parliament.

1794. JEAN JOSEPH DE LABORDE, a wealthy French merchant, guillotined. At
the breaking out of the American revolution, he alone furnished the
government with twelve million livres in gold at Brest, which enabled
the expedition under Rochambeau to set sail. He sustained an admirable
character and bestowed immense sums for charitable and benevolent
objects. He fell a sacrifice to the fury of the revolution, at the age
of 70, for no offence but that of being rich.

1796. SIDNEY SMITH was taken prisoner on the French coast, and sent
strongly guarded to Paris.

1797. Austria made peace with France, ceding the Netherlands, free
navigation of the Rhine, &c., to France.

1802. ERASMUS DARWIN, an English poet, died. He studied medicine at
Edinburgh, and first appeared before the world as a poet in 1781, by the
publication of the _Botanical Garden_. He has left behind him the
character of an able man of great eccentricity. His publications tended
to materialism, and although popular for a time, have nearly fallen into
oblivion.

1831. JOHN ABERNETHY, an eminent English surgeon, died. During his
studies he was remarkable rather for the oddity of his conversation and
manners, than for any indications of genius; and passed by the name of
the _ostler_, on account of his attending the lectures in the dress of a
groom. His medical and surgical works are numerous, and his eccentricity
was proverbial.

1838. Enactment of the New York general banking law.

1842. CHARLES BELL, a distinguished medical author, and brother to the
anatomist, John Bell, died at Edinburgh.

1847. The American army carried the heights of Cero Gordo with much
loss, but took many prisoners.


APRIL 19.

481 B. C. An eclipse of the sun noticed by Herodotus.

1110. ROBERT, abbot of Molesme, founder of the Cistersians, died. The
Cistersian monks allotted several hours of the day to copying books, or
sacred studies and manual labor. (See March 28, 1134.)

1390. ROBERT II, of Scotland, died, aged 84. He was the first of the
house of Stuart who reigned, and was crowned in 1371. On the accession
of Richard II of England a war commenced which continued during the
greater part of his reign.

1529. The elector of Saxony, marquis of Brandenburg, landgrave of Hesse,
dukes of Lunenburg, prince of Anhalt, together with 14 imperial cities,
entered a solemn protest against the decree of the diet of Spires
condemning their nonconformity to the Romish church by abolishing the
mass, &c., declaring the decree unjust and impious. Hence they were
distinguished by the name of _protestants_.

1560. PHILIP MELANCHTHON, a celebrated German divine, died. He was a
coadjutor with Luther in the reformation, and one of the wisest and
greatest men of his age.

1593. GILES BAYS died; a celebrated Parisian printer, and the first
after Ramas to make a distinction between j & i and u & v in printing.

1598. HENRY IV of France published the memorable edict of Nantes, by
which protestantism was tolerated in his dominions.

1608. THOMAS SACKVILLE, an English statesman and poet, died. He
distinguished himself as a writer by the tragedy of _Gorboduc_, the
first regular play on the English stage. As a statesman he has left a
fair character.

1618. THOMAS BASTARD died, a poet and preacher of England, of
considerable learning and ability.

1669. GEORGE BATE, an English physician, died. He had the talent and
address to keep his situation as court physician to Charles I, Cromwell
and Charles II. He wrote an account of the civil wars in Latin.

1684. The Synod of Edinburgh changed the year of confirmation for
children from 8 to 16 years.

1689. CHRISTINA, queen of Sweden, died. She resigned the sceptre, 1654,
became a catholic, and resided at Rome. She was a woman of great
abilities and learning, and corresponded with the learned men of the day
in different languages.

1689. The toleration act, so famous among dissenters and others in
England, was passed.

1710. The 5 Mohawk chiefs, who were taken to England by Col. Schuyler,
attended an audience of great state with the queen, and made a speech.

1739. NICHOLAS SAUNDERSON, an English mathematician, died. He lost his
sight from smallpox, at the age of one year; notwithstanding which he
acquired a knowledge of Greek and Latin, pursued his studies with the
assistance of friends, and was sent to Cambridge University, where he
became acquainted with Newton, and was finally chosen professor of
mathematics. His eminence in the science of certainties has rarely been
equaled.

1747. THOMAS COXETER, an English antiquary, died. He was a faithful and
industrious collector of old English literature, amassed materials for a
biography of the English poets, and assisted Ames in his _History of
English Typography_.

1751. JOHN BANKS, an English author, died. He was originally a weaver's
apprentice.

1751. LA CAILLE arrived at the cape of Good Hope, for the purpose of
observing the southern hemisphere. He remained there three years, during
which period he determined the exact position of ten thousand stars, and
fixed the situation of the isles of France and Bourbon.

1765. While at dinner with his family at Redriffe, in England, a
blacksmith was killed by a cannon ball projected from an old cannon
thrown into a neighboring furnace for fusion.

1775. Battle of Lexington, which commenced the revolutionary war. About
800 British grenadiers and light infantry, proceeding to destroy the
military stores at Concord, fell in with about 70 militia, upon whom
they fired and killed 8. The British proceeded to Concord, where they
partially effected their purpose, but were compelled to retreat before
the gathering provincials, although reinforced by 900 men and 2 pieces
of cannon. In this excursion the British lost 65 killed, 180 wounded,
and 28 prisoners. The provincials lost 88 killed, wounded and missing.

1779. Col. VAN SCHAICK marched from fort Schuyler and destroyed
Onondaga, N. Y., killed 12 Indians, took 34 prisoners, together with a
large quantity of stores, arms, horses, &c. He returned without losing a
man.

1782. Holland acknowledged the independence of the United States.

1783. Cessation of hostilities was proclaimed in the American army, just
eight years from the day on which the war commenced. The loss of lives
to the Americans during this war was estimated at 70,000 men, vast
numbers of whom died on board of prison ships; not less than 11,000 died
in the Jersey prison ship alone.

1787. Dr. HERSCHEL observed three lunar volcanoes.

1791. RICHARD PRICE, an eminent English divine, died; celebrated for his
great abilities in arithmetical calculations, and for very numerous and
valuable writings, theological, political and scientific.

1797. Battle of Diersheim, between the Austrians under the veteran Gen.
Kray, and the French under Hoche, &c. The former were defeated with the
loss of 4000 prisoners, and all their cannon, baggage, ammunition, &c.

1797. The French under Moreau defeated the Austrians and entered Kehl.
The Austrians fled, abandoning everything to the enemy.

1813. BENJAMIN RUSH, a distinguished American physician and statesman,
died. He was a member of Congress in 1776, and a signer of the
declaration of independence. Few men have been greater ornaments to the
country, and very few have acquired greater reputation both at home and
abroad.

1824. GEORGE GORDON, lord Byron, died aged 36. At the age of 19 he
published a volume of his juvenile poems, which were the precursors of
some of the rarest productions which the language affords. His career
was marked by singularities and dissipation. Having embarked in the
struggle of the Greeks for liberty, he was attacked by fever and died at
Missolonghi.

1833. JAMES GAMBIER, a British admiral died. He commanded the fleet
which took possession of the Danish navy in 1807. He was characterized
by great piety and benevolence.

1837. M. ANCILLON, a Prussian minister, died at Berlin, aged 70; eminent
as a statesman, philosopher and publicist.

1839. AARON OGDEN, an American statesman and patriot, died. He served as
an officer during the whole of the revolutionary war; after which he
practiced law for many years with great reputation, and held important
civil offices.

1854. JOHN DAVIS, a Massachusetts statesman of great ability, died, aged
67.

1856. THOMAS ROGERS, a noted manufacturer of cotton machinery, died in
New York, aged 64. He early turned his attention to the construction of
iron work and machinery for rail roads, and in 1835 began the
manufacture of locomotives, in the construction of which he became
greatly distinguished.


APRIL 20.

69. MARCUS SALVIUS OTHO, emperor of Rome, died. He ascended the throne
after the murder of Galba and Piso, and three months after, being
defeated by Vitellus, killed himself, rather than fall into the hands of
the conqueror.

332. Battle of Mæsia, in which Constantine defeated the Goths under
Alaric, and compelled them to recross the Danube.

1314. CLEMENT V (Bertrand de Goth), pope of Rome, died. He was a
Frenchman, bishop of Bordeaux, elected pope, 1305; was accused of
licentiousness and extravagance.

1534. ELIZABETH BARTON (_the Holy Maid of Kent_), and several other
persons, hanged at Tyburn, and their heads set up in several parts of
London, for practicing an imposture.

1558 (or 9). JOHN BUGENHAGEN, a learned coadjutor of Martin Luther in
translating the scriptures, and author of commentaries thereon, died.

1566. JOHN MASON, an English statesman, died. He rose from obscurity to
places of honor under Henry VIII, and maintained his influence at court
under Edward, Mary and Elizabeth.

1579. A man named Hammond was burnt in a ditch at Norwich, England, for
the crime of obstinate heresy, as charged by the bishop of Norwich.

1626. St. Salvadore, capital of Brazil, surrendered by the Dutch to the
Portuguese.

1657. Naval battle in the harbor of St. Cruz, Teneriffe, in which
Admiral Blake attacked and destroyed the Spanish fleet of 16 ships,
under the protection of the batteries on shore. This was his last and
greatest achievement.

1708. DAMARIS MASHAM, a learned English lady, died. She was an
authoress, and deservedly respected, not only for her learning, but for
every virtue.

1718. JAMES PETIVER, an English botanist, died. He collected a valuable
museum, and wrote several works on botany.

1743. French seigniories on Lake Champlain.

1750. JOHN LEWIS PETIT, a celebrated French surgeon, died. He was
invited to visit the king of Poland, and afterwards went to Spain to
attend on Ferdinand. He invented some valuable surgical instruments, and
published several works on surgery.

1775. General PUTNAM joined the patriot band at Concord, having rode his
horse about 100 miles in 18 hours.

1777. First constitution of New York state adopted.

1792. French declared war against Francis I, as king of Hungary and
Bohemia.

1795. Treaty between the French convention and the Chouans.

1798. JENKINS, known in London as the _tall clerk_, died. His outer
coffin measured 8 feet. He was buried under the floors of the banking
house which covered a part of St. Christopher's burying ground. £200 had
been offered for his body.

1798. Engagement between the British ship Mars, 74 guns, Capt. A. Hood,
and French ship L'Hercule, 74 guns, and 700 men. The British captured
the Frenchman, but with the loss of Capt. Hood killed.

1809. Battle of Abensburgh; the Austrian army defeated by Napoleon, who
took about 10,000 prisoners and 40 cannon. This defeat broke the lines
of the Austrians, and exposed them to farther misfortunes.

1810. Great fire at Constantinople, 8,000 houses burnt.

1812. GEORGE CLINTON, vice-president of the United States, died. He was
a member of the colonial assembly at the breaking out of the revolution,
when he received the appointment of brigadier-general. He was selected
governor of New York five times.

1813. The advance of the British and Indians appeared before Fort Meigs.

1821. FREDERICK CHARLES ACHARD, a Prussian naturalist and chemist, died.
He is principally known as the inventor of a process of manufacturing
sugar from beets, which has since been brought to great perfection.

1835. SAMUEL SLATER, "father of the cotton manufacturing business in the
United States," died. The first cotton manufactory in this country was
built by him at Pawtucket, R. I.; it was standing and in operation at
the time of his death.

1838. A meteoric shower observed at Knoxville, Tenn.; 154 meteors being
counted by two observers between the hours of 10 at night and 4 in the
morning.

GEORGE NUGENT, general and field-marshal, died in England at the age of
ninety-two. He was the oldest field officer in service, having entered
it in 1773. He served throughout the American revolutionary war, and was
employed in the expedition up the Hudson for the relief of Burgoyne's
army. He was also present at the capture of Forts Clinton and
Montgomery.

1842. BERTRAND CASSEL, who for a time was a resident of the United
States, and during that period was sentenced to death by the French
government, died at Toulouse.

1845. WILLIAM READ, a member of Gen. Washington's staff, died at
Charleston, S. C., aged 91.

1847. Battle of Cherubusco.

1854. An offensive and defensive alliance was signed between Austria and
Prussia.

1854. The bill of Miss Dix, the philanthropist, granting ten millions of
acres of the public lands to be distributed among the states, to
ameliorate the condition of the indigent insane, was vetoed by the
president.

1856. ROBERT L. STEVENS died at Hoboken, N. J., aged 68. He devoted much
time to the improvement of steam machinery and steam boat models; was
one of the projectors of the Camden and Amboy rail road, and at the time
of his death was engaged by government in building an immense steam
battery for harbor defence.


APRIL 21.

753 B. C. Anniversary of the foundation of Rome, in the 3d year of the
6th olympiad, 431 years after the destruction of Troy, and 116 years
from the building of Carthage. Romulus was in his 17th year when he
received the regal title, and his subjects consisted of a legion of
3,000 foot and 300 horse.

753 B. C. REMUS, the brother of Romulus, slain by the workmen who were
building Rome, for ridiculing the weakness of the walls. Thus marked
with blood at the outset, the city became the sanctuary of refugees and
criminals, and to increase the population, neighboring females were
dragged within its boundaries.

323 B. C. DIOGENES, _the cynic_, died at Corinth, aged 90. He was
expelled from his native city, Synope, for coining false money. His
smart sayings and repartees were taken for wisdom, and his misanthropy
and residence in a tub for philosophy! He _snarled_ at the follies of
men--wherein he differed from two other _great philosophers_, one of
whom laughed at, the other wept for, the foibles of the world.

248. The thousandth anniversary of the foundation of Rome celebrated, in
the reign of the emperor Philip, when Pompey's famous theatre was burnt.

1073. ALEXANDER II, pope, died. He possessed _one_ Christian virtue,
that was charity for the Jews, whom he protected from murder and rapine.

1109. ANSELM, archbishop of Canterbury, died. He was no sooner invested
with the robes, than he began a quarrel with the king, in which he was
worsted. He was a haughty prelate, and the first who insisted on the
celibacy of his clergy in England. He was canonized under Henry VII.

1143. PETER ABELARD, a learned Frenchman, died. His love and misfortunes
have saved his memory from oblivion; and the man whom his own century
have admired as a profound divine, is now celebrated as the martyr of
love. The letters of Abelard and Heloise are frequently republished, and
there is a voluminous life of the lovers by Berington.

1284. ALFONZO X (_the wise_), king of Castile and Leon, died. He was a
man of great learning, and was the first king who had the public
documents written in Spanish, which he did with a view to polish and
enrich the language. His son usurped the throne, and it was with the
greatest difficulty that he got it back again, by calling in the troops
of the Moors; and the excommunication of the pope.

1480. WILLIAM CAXTON, the first English printer, finished the
translation of _Ovid's Metamorphoses_, as we learn from his own
memorandum, as follows: "_Ouyde his booke of Metamorphose Translated and
fynnysshed by me William Caxton at Westmestre the xxii day of Apryll,
the yere of our lord m.iiijc.iiijxx. And the xx yere of the Regne Kynge
Edward the fourthe._" This work is not known to have been printed, but
there are several fragments of the work preserved in manuscript.

1519. The armament under Cortez arrived on the coast of Chalchiucuechan,
a part of the Mexican empire.

1526. Battle of Paniput, in Hindostan, between Ibrahim Lodi, sultan of
Delhi, and the Tartar prince Raber. Ibrahim was defeated and killed,
which decided the conquest of Hindostan by the Tartars.

1545. The mines of Potosi opened. They were discovered by an Indian
peasant, while hunting. A shrub which he had laid hold of to support
himself, was torn up by the roots, and disclosed to the hunter a rich
mass of silver. The population of the city increased so rapidly that in
1611, a little more than half a century afterwards, there were 160,000
inhabitants, but in 1826 they had decreased to 12,000. There are at
present less than 100 mines worked, and these conducted with great
ignorance and disadvantage.

1671. ANTHONY GODEAU, a French divine, died. He was one of the first and
brightest ornaments of the academy of belles-lettres, an active and
attentive prelate, and exemplary in every part of his conduct. He wrote
a valuable _Ecclesiastical History_, 3 vols. folio.

1679. The council of 30 constituted by Charles II. They consisted of 15
whigs and 15 tories--chosen by their property to balance the commons,
the former valued at £300,000, that of the latter at £400,000.

1696. Brigadier AMBROSE ROCKWOOD with two others, convicted at Tyburn
for high treason and executed on the 29th. They were the first prisoners
having the benefit of council, &c.

1718. PHILIP DE LA HIRE, a French mathematician, died, aged 78. He is
characterized as a great and good man whose days were employed in study,
and his nights frequently in astronomical observations. His scientific
pursuits were various, and his works numerous and valuable.

1757. Battle of Reichenberg, in Bohemia; the Prussians under Schwerin
defeated the Austrians under Count Konigseg. Austrian loss 1,000 killed,
400 prisoners; Prussian loss, 100 killed and wounded.

1765. DAVID MALLET, a Scotch poet, died. His name is familiar as an
author, although his place is not very high on the roll of fame; there
is no species of composition in which he was eminent.

1770. Marriage of Louis XVI and Maria Antoinette, archduchess of
Austria; when 4,000 persons perished in the crowd that assembled to
witness the procession.

1773. ALI BEY, governor of Egypt, died. He was the son of a Greek sold
by a band of robbers to the Janisaries, who raised him to power; and was
finally enabled to throw off his obedience to the Porte. He was humane
and generous, and possessed an elevated mind.

1794. Guadaloupe and its dependencies, Marigalante and Deseada,
surrendered to the British.

1809. Battle of Landshut, in Bavaria, when Napoleon following up his
victory of the previous day, attacked the Austrian army and defeated
it. The Austrians lost 30 pieces of cannon, 9,000 prisoners, baggage,
&c., and retreated to concentrate their forces at Eckmuhl.

1818. New York state library established.

1836. Battle of San Jacinto, in Texas, between the Mexicans, 1,500,
under Santa Anna, and the Texans, 783, under Gen. Houston. The Mexicans
were defeated, with the loss of 630 killed, 208 wounded, and 730
prisoners, among whom were Santa Anna and Gen. Cos; also 600 muskets,
390 sabres, 260 pistols, several hundred horses, and $12,000 in specie,
fell into the hands of the victors, who lost 2 killed, 23 wounded.

1843. AUGUSTUS FREDERICK, duke of Sussex, died in London. He was an
untiring patron of the deserving aspirants in any art.

1844. HENRY BALDWIN, one of the judges of the United States supreme
court, died at Philadelphia.

1853. LEWIS C. BECK, noted for his attainments in natural science, died
at Albany, aged 53. He published works on botany and chemistry, and one
on the mineralogy of New York.

1855. A riot broke out at Chicago, occasioned by the license question;
the military were called out.


APRIL 22.

1369. Corner stone of the bastile, (a name used to denote a fortress or
prison,) laid at Paris, by Hugues d'Aubriot, provost des marchands, and
the founder of the Huguenots. It was not completed till 1383. It was
demolished 1789.

1509. HENRY VII of England died. The victory of Bosworth field and the
death of Richard III left him in peaceable possession of the throne. He
was an able and wise king, but insatiably covetous.

1519. Cortez arrived at San Juan Ulloa, in Mexico, where he received
ambassadors from Montezuma, with rich presents, offering his services to
the Spaniards, but declining to receive their visits at his court; and
finally, after mutual messages and presents, refused to consent that
foreign troops should appear nearer his capital, or remain longer in his
dominions. "Truly this is a great monarch, and rich," said Cortez to his
attendants; "with the permission of God we must see him."

1522. Battle of Villalar; count de Haro defeated Padillo, chief of the
holy junta. Padillo was taken and executed next day, with John Bravo and
Francis Maldonado, two of his chiefs.

1555. Sienna, in Tuscany, reduced by famine, surrendered to the
Florentines, after a siege of 10 months.

1608. HUDSON sailed from England on his second voyage of discovery; but
returned after spending about four months in the search of a northwest
passage to England.

1638. WOUTER VAN TWILLER, having been superseded in the government of
New Netherland, leased the farm or bouwery No. 1, belonging to the West
India company, for three years, at an annual rent of 250 guilders
($100).

1697. Birthday of BELINDA CRAUFORD, who died in the beginning of June,
1812, aged 115, at Richmond, Galway county, Ireland. It is said that at
the time of her death she could read and sew without spectacles, and
what was more remarkable, looked as youthful as a girl of eighteen
years, had a blooming complexion, her eyes animated and lively, and
walked occasionally a distance of two miles to church.

1699. HANS ASSMAN VON ABSCHATZ, a German statesman and poet, died.

1699. JEAN RACINE, a French tragic poet, died. His pieces were received
with great applause, and he came to be generally preferred to his
contemporary Corneille, who had been previously looked upon as
inimitable.

1702. FRANCIS CHARPENTIER, a Frenchman of learning and abilities, died.
He greatly contributed to the noble series of medals struck in the reign
of Louis XIV.

1715. Total eclipse of the sun in England. It occurred at 9 in the
morning, when the stars appeared, and the birds sunk within their nests.

1730. A public library founded in New York.

1741. MATTHEW ELIAS, a painter, died; who, under the patronage of
Corbeen, rose to great eminence in his profession.

1751. One, OSBORNE, and his wife accused by a publican at Tring, in
Hertfordshire, England, of witchcraft, were brutally murdered by the
populace.

1758. ANTHONY DE JUSSIEU, an eminent French botanist, died. He traveled
over several countries of Europe in the pursuit of his favorite science,
which he greatly improved.

1764. EDWARD COBELEN, an eminent English divine and theological writer,
died. Although he enjoyed several clerical offices, he restricted
himself to a small income, on which he lived with simplicity and
contentment.

1792. ISAAC RENE GUY DE CHAPELLIER, a native of Rennes, in France, and a
zealous advocate of liberty, died.

1794. CHRISTIAN WILLIAM DE LAMOIGNON MALESHERBES, an able French
advocate and author, beheaded. After serving his country 25 years he
retired; but was recalled by Louis XVI to be minister of the interior.
When the unfortunate king was dragged before the revolutionary tribunal,
Malesherbes boldly appeared to defend him. He was himself condemned by
the same tribunal, and ascended the scaffold with his daughter and a
grandchild.

1796. Demerara and its dependencies in Guiana, surrendered to the
British.

1801. MURAD BEY, the celebrated Mameluke chief, died of the plague,
while descending the Nile to join the English. He was succeeded by
Tambourji, so named from having been a drummer.

1809. Battle of Eckmuhl, in which Bonaparte, having routed one division
of the Austrian army two days in succession, executed a variety of
movements, considered as among the most admirable displays of his
science, by which he brought the whole of his force upon the army of the
archduke Charles, which he had concentrated at Eckmuhl. The battle is
said to have been one of the most splendid which the art of war could
display. The Austrian army, of upwards of 100,000 men, were dispossessed
of all their positions, by the combined attack of the French, whose
divisions appeared on the field, each in its due place and order, as
regularly as the movements of the various pieces in the game of chess.
The battle commenced at two in the afternoon and continued till
nightfall. It resulted in the complete overthrow of the Austrians; all
their wounded, a great part of their artillery, fifteen stands of
colors, and 20,000 prisoners, remained in the power of the French to
which their loss in the field may be added. Their retreat was also
attended with corresponding loss.

1826. Missolonghi taken by the Turks. It had been besieged several
months, and was reduced to a heap of ruins by continued bombardments.
The heroic garrison forced a passage through the besiegers, leaving the
sick, aged and wounded in a mill containing a quantity of powder. An old
wounded soldier took his seat on the mine, and fired it as soon as the
Turks entered.

1829. Lepanto surrendered by capitulation to the Greeks.

1839. THOMAS HAYNES BAYLY, an English lyric poet, died. He is the author
of about 30 plays, and many beautiful and popular songs.

1846. The Chilian ship Maria Helena arrived at Edgartown, Mass., from
Valparaiso Dec. 7th; said to have been the first Chilian ship that ever
visited the United States.

1850. The last publication of the bans of marriage in Massachusetts. It
was the case of a black man who declared his intention to marry a white
woman.

1853. An insurrection attempted at Freiburg, in Switzerland, by the
Jesuit party; but was soon suppressed, with some loss of life.

1854. Odessa was bombarded by the allied fleets, and in ten hours a
large part of the city was laid in ruins.


APRIL 23.

997. ADALBERT, the apostle of Prussia, murdered. He was archbishop of
Prague, preached the gospel among the Bohemians, and afterwards among
the Poles, where he was killed.

1016. ETHELRED II, king of England, died. To deliver himself from the
heavy tribute which he paid the Danes, called _Danegelt_, he caused them
to be put to death; whereupon England was invaded by Sweyn, and Ethelred
obliged to fly to Normandy, where he remained till Sweyn's death.

1349. The order of the Garter instituted by Edward III.

1408. The heroic earl of Warwick, RICHARD BEAUCHAMP, on his way to the
Holy Land, is challenged at Verona by Pandulph Malet, whose shoulder the
English knight cleaved with his battleaxe.

1500. Brazil discovered by PEDRO ALVAREZ CABRAL, a Portuguese
adventurer; who immediately sent home a ship with the intelligence, and
the king took possession of it. But as the pope had given all the
western infidels to the Spaniards, it is probable a great deal of
trouble would have arisen out of the case, had not the two monarchs been
kinsmen and friends.

1547. Battle of Mulhausen, in which the emperor Charles V defeated the
Saxons, who lost 1200 killed, and the elector was wounded and taken
prisoner.

1557. PETER DANES, professor of Greek at Paris, died. He was a prelate
of great eloquence and extensive learning.

1616. WILLIAM SHAKSPEARE, the English dramatist, died, aged 52. His
history is shrouded in obscurity; but the success of his dramas, with
the sobriety and moderation of his views, enabled him to retire early
with a competence. The writings of this great poet of nature are found
in the libraries of the greatest foes of the drama. This is also the
anniversary of his birthday, 1564.

1616. MICHAEL DE CERVANTES SAAVEDRA, the Spanish novelist, died, aged
67. His life was attended with poverty and misfortune. The immortal _Don
Quixote_, which wrought so great a change in the fashionable literature
of the day, is still read and admired in almost every language.

1625. MAURICE of Nassau, prince of Orange, died. He succeeded his father
in the government of the Low Countries, added to his dominions by
conquest, and was considered the ablest general of his time.

1662. Charter of Connecticut granted, with ample privileges, by Charles
II. John Winthrop was appointed governor until a new election should be
made. The colony of New Haven was included in the charter, but did not
consent to be united with the other colonies under one government. The
fact was, they considered their civil and religious code rather superior
to any thing else of the kind in the world, and were exceedingly jealous
of contamination.

1676. Engagement off Aosta, in Sicily, between the French fleet under
admiral du Quesne, and the Dutch fleet under De Ruyter, who was mortally
wounded.

1709. The first number of the _Tatler_ was published by Steele, Addison
and Swift.

1729. JEAN BARBEYRAC, an eminent French jurist, died. He has
distinguished himself by many learned works, which show a high degree of
erudition and a liberal spirit.

1740. THOMAS TICKELL, an English poet, died. He was the friend of
Addison whose works he published, and translated the Iliad in opposition
to Pope.

1750. ANDREW BAXTER, a Scottish metaphysician, died. His writings are
highly lauded by Warburton. By one of them we learn that dreams are
caused by the agency of separate immaterial beings.

1774. Battle between the forces of Rohilcund in Afghanistan, and the
subahdar of Oude backed by a British force. The Rohilcas showed great
bravery and resolution, and exhibited a considerable share of military
knowledge; but after a cannonade of two hours and twenty minutes, they
retreated with the loss of 2000 killed, including many of their chiefs;
the country became tributary, and the people robbers and plunderers.

1775. A captain Sears and Mr. Lamb assembled the citizens of New York,
shut up the custom-house, and prevented the sailing of vessels to
Boston, Quebec and Georgia. They sent an express to Philadelphia, where
the same measures were adopted.

1781. Fort Watson, in South Carolina, taken from the British, by the
provincials under colonel Lee. The fort was built on an Indian mound 30
feet high; but the besiegers speedily erected a work which overlooked
the fort, and fired into it with such effect that the garrison
surrendered.

1794. JAMES DUVAL D'EPREMENIE, a French advocate, executed. He was
remarkable for the violence of his proceedings during the revolution,
and was sent to the scaffold with his old opponent Chapellier.

1795. WARREN HASTINGS acquitted after a trial of 7 years. His crime as
charged by the house of commons to the peers was maladministration in
India.

1808. MURAT, at the head of 40,000 French soldiers, taking advantage of
a faction among the people, entered Madrid and took possession of it.

1809. Battle of Ratisbon. The Austrians, having sustained defeat and
losses four days successively, made some attempt to fortify this city,
in order to protect the retreat of the army. The French, who had
advanced to the storm, were cut down by the musquetry of the besieged.
There was at length difficulty in finding volunteers to renew the
attack, when the impetuous Lannes, by whom they were commanded, seized a
ladder and rushed forward to fix it himself against the wall. "I will
show," exclaimed he, "that your general is still a grenadier." The
French rallied and carried the ramparts--the contest was renewed in the
street, and the city fired. The Austrians were driven out of Ratisbon,
leaving cannon, baggage and prisoners in the hands of the French. Thus
in five days, in spite of the inferiority of numbers and the imperfect
manner in which his troops were combined, Bonaparte, by the sole energy
of his genius, triumphed over the main forces of his opponent, and
opened the road to his capital. At no period of his momentous career,
says Scott, did the genius of Napoleon appear more completely to
prostrate all opposition; at no time did the talents of a single
individual exercise such an influence on the fate of the universe.

1810. Fort Matagorda, having bean reduced to a heap of ruins, was
evacuated by the British, in consequence of which the French were
enabled to bombard Cadiz; 500 officers and 900 men fell into the hands
of the French.

1810. DINAH, a black woman, died in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, aged
116.

1823. AARON ARROWSMITH, hydrographer to the king of Great Britain, died.
He was distinguished as a constructor of maps and charts, and published
a new _General Atlas_ to accompany the _Edinburgh Gazetteer_.

1823. JOSEPH NOLLEKINS, an eminent sculptor, died. He gained great
reputation as an artist during his residence in Italy, and on his return
to England was so extensively patronized that he acquired a large
fortune.

1833. The foundation laid of the first protestant episcopal church ever
built in France.

1838. The English steam packets Great Western and Sirius arrived at New
York, forming a new era in navigation, and commencing a new and
expeditious mode of intercourse between England and the United States.
The Great Western, measuring 1,340 tons, made the passage in 14½
days, against head winds and a rough sea.

1839. H. V. DUCOUDRAY HOLSTEIN died at Albany; formerly a distinguished
officer under Bonaparte. After the fall of the emperor he came to this
country, and gained a subsistence by teaching the French and German
languages.

1847. N. P. AMES, the celebrated manufacturer of fire arms, swords, &c.,
died at Cabotville, Mass.

1848. The United States exploring expedition reached the Dead sea, which
was circumnavigated for the first time in a boat. It was sounded to the
depth of 600 fathoms, and the bottom found to be crusted with
crystalized salt.

1850. WM. WORDSWORTH, an eminent English poet, died, aged 80.

1852. SOLOMON VAN RENSSELAER, an officer in the war of 1812, died at
Albany, aged 78. He commenced his military career at the age of 18, and
was with Wayne in the battle of Miami, where he was dangerously wounded.
He received six balls at the battle of Queenstown, one of which he
carried to the time of his death. He also held several civil offices
with distinction.

1852. ARTHUR CONDORCET O'CONNOR died in France, aged 87. He was a native
of Ireland, and one of the most conspicuous leaders of the rebellion in
1798, which made him an exile in France. He married a daughter of
Condorcet, and adopted the name of the philosopher within his own.

1854. Fifteen firemen lost their lives by the sudden fall of a large
store in Broadway, New York, while in the discharge of their duty.

1854. Great tornado at Burmah, which swept over several hundred miles of
country, causing great loss of life on the Irrawaddy.

1856. A grand review of the fleet took place off Plymouth, England; it
consisted of 240 ships of war, all but 2 being steamers.

1856. JOSEPH ROBERTS died, aged 81. He was cashier for the trustees of
the first bank of the United States, the affairs of which institution he
conducted to its final winding up.


APRIL 24.

1184 B. C. The conquest and destruction of the city of Troy by the
Greeks, took place on the 24th of Thargelion.

339 B. C. TIMOLEON defeated the Carthagenians at the river Crimesus,
near the mount Giuliano, in Sicily.

1016. ETHELRED II buried in St. Paul's, London.

1254. LOUIS IX of France, embarked from Acre, in Palestine, on his
return from the crusade, with his queen, children and troops, in 14
vessels, and arrived in Vincennes in September, after an absence of six
years, and a most disastrous campaign.

1345. RICHARD AUNGERVYLE, bishop of Durham, died. He was the tutor of
Edward III, a learned man, and the author of a work on the right use of
books.

1474. In Edward prince of Wales's procession there was a station with
three patriarchs standing with Jacob's 12 sons, and many other
personifications of scripture characters,--such was the amusement of the
times.

1500. Brazil discovered by Pedro Alvarez de Cabral, who left two
convicts.

1556. OSEP NAPEA, the first ambassador from Russia to England, made his
appearance at the court of Elizabeth, and delivered his master's
presents.

1557. GEORGE RORAR (Rorarius), a learned corrector of the press at
Wittemburg, died, aged 65. He had been the amanuensis of Luther, and
assisted in editing some of the works of the great reformer.

1599. Birthday of OLIVER CROMWELL.

1603. JAMES BEATON, bishop of Glasgow, died. He was raised to the see
before the age of 25; when the reformation broke forth, he fled to
France, with the records and sacred vessels of his cathedral, which were
deposited with the Scotch college of Paris. He left a history of
Scotland in manuscript.

1617. D'ANCRE CONCINI, marechal of France, assassinated. He was a
Florentine by birth, and acquired his offices by intrigue. The day
following his burial, the body was taken from the grave, mutilated and
dragged through the streets of Paris.

1645. CROMWELL defeated the king's forces at Islip bridge, near Oxford,
taking the king's standard and 200 prisoners.

1667. MATTHEW WREN, bishop of Hereford, died. During the civil wars his
property was confiscated and himself confined in the Tower 18 years
without being brought to trial.

1704. The _Boston News Letter_, the first paper printed in America, made
its appearance at Boston, published by John Campbell, the postmaster.
It was printed on a half sheet of writing paper. It was continued until
the British evacuated Boston, in 1776.

1731. DANIEL DEFOE, a popular English author, died. He is best known as
the author of _Robinson Crusoe_, which was supposed at first to be a
true narrative, and afterwards as erroneously to have been founded upon
the papers of Alexander Selkirk. It still enjoys an old age of honor and
renown, which it is impossible for any eulogium to exalt. Like its hero,
it has traveled into the most distant regions, and worn the costume of
literature and the garland of fame in almost every civilized country of
the globe.

1735. "Here lyes inter'd ye remains of deacon CHRISTOPHER HUNTINGTON of
Norwich, November 1st, 1660, and ye first born of males in ye town. He
served near 40 years in ye office of a deacon, and died April ye 24th,
1735, to ye 75th yr. of his age. Memento mori."

1763. CHARLES STEPHEN PESSELIER, a French dramatist and financier, died.
He was early assiduously devoted to literature and the muses; but when
entrusted with the finances of the kingdom, his application ruined his
constitution, and he fell a victim to excessive mental fatigue.

1773. PHILIP DORMER, earl of Chesterfield, died. He was a polished
courtier, and a writer on, rather than a practicer of, good manners.

1775. JOSIAH QUINCY, Jr., an eminent American patriot, died. He was
employed by the British officers, together with John Adams, to defend
their cause in the case of the Boston massacre, and although warmly
opposed to the measures of the British ministry, he conducted the
defence with great propriety. He fell a victim to intense application,
at the age of 31, and died at sea on his return from England.

1778. Action in the roads opposite the town of Carrickfergus, in
Ireland, in which the British sloop of war Drake was captured by the
United States ship Ranger, under Paul Jones.

1780. CLAUDE JOSEPH DORAT, a French poet, died. He entered the military
service as a musketeer, but abandoned it to pursue his favorite study.
His works comprise 20 vols.

1780. JOHN NOURSE, a distinguished bookseller and mathematician, died.

1799. WILLIAM SEWARD, an English antiquary, died. He was the son of a
brewer, and being possessed of a competency devoted himself to
literature. He published 7 volumes of anecdotes and notices of
distinguished characters, compiled from scarce and curious books.

1799. PETER AUGUSTIN CARON DE BEAUMARCHAIS, a French dramatist, died.
He was a watchmaker, and made some improvement in the escapement of a
watch. His dramas are numerous, and some of them still popular.

1814. The British army took the city of Washington by surprise, and
burnt the public buildings. The library of congress consisting of 3000
volumes of rare books was destroyed.

1824. RICHARD PAYNE, died at London; an eminent Greek scholar and
antiquary.

1841. GEORGE BAXTER, one of the most eminent of Presbyterian ministers,
died at his residence in Virginia, aged 77.

1856. The sheriff of Kansas, who had been engaged in arresting some Free
State men, as they were termed, was shot while sitting in his tent.


APRIL 25.

68. Saint MARK, the evangelist, died at Alexandria.

1199. JOHN, the 6th son of Henry II of England, seized the treasures of
his late father, preparatory to taking possession of his throne and
dukedom.

1284. EDWARD II born at Caernarvon, and styled the _prince of Wales_,
the first who received that appellation.

1342. BENEDICT XII (James de Nouveau, _the baker_), died. When elected,
unanimously, by the cardinals, pope of Rome, he had so little confidence
in himself that he told them they had chosen an ass. His conduct,
however, was firm and dignified, and gained him universal respect.

1513. EDWARD HOWARD, an English admiral, celebrated for his bravery,
killed in an action with a French ship.

1520. FERDINAND MAGELLAN, the Portuguese navigator killed in one of the
Phillipine islands, fighting for the king of the country, who had become
his ally. Of all his fleet, only one ship and 18 men returned to Spain,
from whence the expedition sailed.

1536. Conflagration of mount Ætna, which overwhelmed the church of St.
Leon, and the physician Piazzi.

1576. Treaty between Holland and Zealand, being the two first provinces
that united for their liberty. William of Nassau, prince of Orange, drew
up the treaty, and may be considered as the founder of the United
Provinces.

1595. TORQUATO TASSO, an illustrious Italian poet, died. He was
excellent in every kind of composition, but the _Jerusalem Delivered_
procured him the offer of the laurel crown. He expired on the day
appointed for the coronation.

1636. JAMES HAY, earl of Carlisle, died. He was the first Scotchman
raised to the English peerage, and was employed by James I in various
embassies.

1660. HENRY HAMMOND, an English divine, died. He published a commentary
on the New Testament; and began a paraphrase and commentary on the Old
Testament, which he did not live to finish.

1671. The city of Oxford, England, nearly destroyed by a great fire.

1728. JOHN WOODWARD, an English natural philosopher, died. He was bound
apprentice to a linen draper, but was attracted from the business by the
charms of science.

1732. The corpse of bishop Atterbury who died in France arrived in the
Thames. Four pieces of French silk brocaded with silver were found with
the body, which the custom house officers seized!

1734. JOHN CONRAD DIPPEL, a German chemist and physician, died. He was
an eccentric character, who pretended to have discovered the
philosophers' stone, and yet was confined for debt. In pursuing his
alchemical researches, he discovered Prussian blue, and the animal oil
which bears his name.

1735. SAMUEL WESLEY, an English poet, died. His writings made up in
quantity what they lacked in quality. He wrote the _Life of Christ_, a
heroic poem, in folio, and a history of the Bible in verse, 3 vols.

1764. JUDAH MONIS, an Italian Jew, died at Northborough, Mass., aged 82.
He was converted and baptized, and was the first Hebrew instructor at
Harvard college.

1770. JOHN ANTHONY NOLLET, a learned Frenchman, died. His writings are
valuable, and his experiments contributed much to the advancement of
science.

1775. The Baltimoreans received the news of the battle of Lexington, and
immediately seized upon the provincial magazines, containing 1500 stand
of arms, &c.

1781. Battle of Camden, between the provincials, about 1200, and the
British under lord Rawdon. In the beginning of the action the Americans
had essentially the advantage; but the premature retreat of two
companies occasioned a total defeat. Greene retreated in such order as
to bring off all his wounded and cannon, and took 50 prisoners.

1781. British under Arnold and Philips took Petersburg, Va., after a
smart action with baron Steuben. They burnt 400 hogsheads of tobacco, a
ship, and several small craft.

1782. ADRIAN BALBI, the Venitian geographer, was born at Venice. The
work by which he is best known is his _Abrégé de Géographie_.

1792. The convention having determined on adopting the proposition of
M. Guillotin, to substitute decapitation for hanging, the first criminal
was executed by this mode on this day. M. Guillotin was actuated by
benevolent motives in proposing the machine, which was called from him
_guillotine_, and from which himself narrowly escaped.

1800. WILLIAM COWPER, an excellent English poet, died. He commenced
publishing at the age of 50, and three years after produced the _Task_,
which excited universal admiration. He was subject to religious
delirium, and died in a state of absolute despair.

1805. THOMAS POWNALL, an English antiquary, died. He was successively
governor of New Jersey, Massachusetts and South Carolina under the
crown. His works are numerous, and display a great deal of information.

1810. Sweden excluded British goods, conformably to the continental
system established by Bonaparte.

1812. Baltimore privateer schooner Surprise, Capt. Cothell, of 10 guns,
captured the British brig Kutousoff, of 12 guns, laden with coffee, &c.,
and brought her safe to port.

1820. PATRICK COLQUOHUN, a distinguished Scottish magistrate, died. He
was a writer on police and political economy, and his works possess
great merit.

1832 & 1833. Spring navigation of the Erie canal opened.

1835. JONATHAN P. CUSHING, president of Hampden Sidney college, died,
aged 40. The institution, over which he had presided 14 years, was
greatly indebted to his services, and he was highly esteemed for his
virtues.

1838. The second centennial celebration of the settlement of New Haven.

1838. The steamboat Moselle burst her boiler with a tremendous
explosion. She had just left the wharf at Cincinnati for Louisville,
with 225 passengers on board, of whom but 124 were saved.

1839. SAMUEL SMITH, an officer of the revolution, died at Baltimore,
aged 87. His name is connected with some of the most important events of
that struggle for freedom, and is identified with the history of the
city of Baltimore for a great number of years; that city being indebted
to his enterprise for a large share of its commercial thrift.

1840. M. POISSON, a peer of France, and president of the academy of
sciences, died at Paris, aged 58. His life was devoted to analytical
discovery and scientific investigation, and he was styled the first
geometrician of Europe.

1849. The parliament house and library of the British provinces, at
Montreal, burned by a mob.

1849. The French republican armament against republican Rome reached
Civita Vecchia.

1854. The slaves of Venezuela became freemen by virtue of an act
previously passed for their emancipation.

1855. Lieut. Col. ST. VRAIN, with a detachment of United States troops,
came up with and captured a camp of Apache Indians, on the Purgatory,
near the Raton mountains.


APRIL 26.

871. ETHELRED I defeated the Danes, but died of his wounds. In his reign
a great plague occurred.

1478. LORENZO DE MEDICI, duke of Florence, rescued by the populace from
the hands of assassins. His brother Julian was less fortunate; he fell
beneath their daggers. The duke was conducted back to his palace by the
multitude with every demonstration of regard, while the archbishop, who
became the tool of the pope for executing this foul and impious
conspiracy, was suspended in his pontifical robes from the window of his
own sanctuary.

1566. DIANA DE POITIERS, duchess of Valentinois, died. She captivated
the heart of the king of France, Henry II, and for many years remained
sole mistress, not only of his affections, but of the kingdom. Her
unusual powers of mind, and firmness and dignity, constituted her the
fittest sovereign of the two.

1595. MICHAEL NEANDER, a learned German protestant, died. He was rector
of the university of Ilfeldt 40 years, and published several learned
works.

1607. CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT, with three vessels and 100 emigrants, forming
the first permanent English colony, stood into Chesapeake bay, "which
seemed to invite his entrance."

1616. JOHN SOMERS, an English statesman, died. He was a patriot of the
noblest and most extensive views, and justly celebrated as a man of
learning, eloquent and refined.

1665. The great plague of this and the subsequent year broke out at St.
Giles, London.

1726. JEREMY COLLIER, an English divine, died. In 1698 he made an
attempt to reform the stage, which engaged him in a controversy, and
exposed him to the satire of the wits of the day; but after a ten years'
struggle he accomplished his object, and actually produced an amendment.

1734. JOHN BAPTIST MORVAN DE BELLEGARDE, a French Jesuit, died. He was
expelled from the order at Nantes, for being a Cartesian.

1777. Danbury, Conn., burnt, and the military stores destroyed, by a
detachment of 2,000 British under Tyron. The place was guarded by 100
soldiers, who retired to await reinforcements. Eighteen houses, 800
barrels of flour, 800 barrels of pork and beef, 2,000 bushels of grain,
and 1,700 tents were destroyed. The enemy were pursued and annoyed by a
few hundred of the citizens under Wooster and Arnold; the former was
killed.

1783. EYRE COOTS, a celebrated commander of the East India Company's
forces, died. He gained great renown by his victories over Hyder Ally;
in one of which, near Porto Novo, with 10,000 men he defeated Hyder's
army of 150,000.

1794. The Vendeans under Charette defeated by the French.

1794. Battle of Prisches; Austrians defeated by the French.

1794. Grand attack of the French upon the allies, from Trevers to the
sea.

1805. WILLIAM WOODVILLE died; a distinguished English physician and
medical writer.

1807. The planet Vesta observed in England by Groombridge, an ingenious
and active astronomer, who had successfully devoted his leisure and
fortune to the advancement of astronomy.

1815. CARSTEN NEIBUHR, a Danish traveler, died, aged 82. He was employed
by the Danish government in 1761, with four other learned men, to
explore Arabia; was the only one of the company who returned, after an
absence of six years, and was liberally rewarded. His publications were,
_Travels in Arabia_ and _Description of Arabia_.

1816. GEORGE HARDINGE, an eminent English lawyer, died. He rose rapidly
in his profession, became council for the East India Company, and
attorney-general to the queen, and had a seat in parliament. His
speeches and writings were numerous.

1831. Imprisonment for debt abolished in the state of New York.

1835 HENRY KATER died at London. His experiments on the pendulum and
Geodesic surveys rendered him famous.

1836. St. Jean d'Arc, in Palestine, surrendered to the Egyptian troops
under Ibrahim Pasha. The governor of the fortress was provided with a
safe residence in Egypt, and an annual pension of 75,000 piasters.

1837. The trial of MEUNIER for an attempt to assassinate the king of the
French, terminated in his conviction. His sentence was commuted to
perpetual banishment.

1838. Battle near Brugos, between Gen. Espartero and the Carlists under
Negri, in which the latter were defeated, with the loss of 2,000
prisoners, their baggage and artillery.

1840. BACCHUS, a negro slave, died at Friedland, in Virginia, aged 110.
He had been in the family of his last owner more than 40 years; was
employed as a teamster during the war of the revolution; and was in
attendance with his team at the glorious and final siege of Yorktown. He
saw Gen. Braddock as he passed on to his defeat, and could give a
succinct account of that sanguinary action. The evening previous to his
death he was walking about the farm, in the full possession of all his
faculties of mind and body.

1840. JOHN THORNTON KIRKLAND, president of Harvard university, died,
aged 70. His father was more than 40 years a missionary among the Oneida
Indians, during which he was born at Little Falls, 1770. His rank was
with the most eminent among the constant and serviceable friends of good
principles, good learning and good men. Some of his productions will
continue to be esteemed among the gems of our literature.

1843. HODIJAH BAYLIES died; a soldier of the revolutionary war, and for
some time an aid to Gen. Washington. Like others of that noble band, he
too was a distinguished civilian.

1853. RUSSELL JARVIS died in New York, aged 63; widely known as a
politician, and co-editor with Duff Green, of the _United States
Telegraph_, at Washington.

1854. A day of humiliation was observed throughout England; divine
service was performed in all the places of public worship, and
collections taken for the benefit of the wives and children of the
soldiers engaged in the war of the east.

1854. GABRIEL ROSETTI, an Italian poet and painter, died, aged 71.
Setting up for a reformer, he was obliged to fly to England, where he
spent the remainder of his days in teaching Italian.

1854. HENRY T. COCHRANE, a Scottish jurist, died; known as the
biographer of his friend Lord Jeffrey.

1855. The emperor and empress of the French, having visited the queen of
England, returned to France on this day.


APRIL 27.

1124. ALEXANDER I of Scotland, son of Malcom Canmore, died. He ascended
the throne on the death of his brother Edgar, 1107, and from the energy
and impetuosity of his character he was called the _fierce_. There were
several rebellions and insurrections against his reign, which he put
down with vigor. A conspiracy was formed against his life, and the
traitors got admission into his bed chamber at night. He cut his way
through them, and after killing six made his escape.

1192. CONRAD DE MONTFERRAT assassinated at Tyre.

1296. Battle of Dunbar, in which Edward I, of England, defeated the
Scots under the king, John Baliol, who lost 20,000 slain. Baliol was
taken prisoner to England, and confined in the tower.

1404. PHILIP (_the bold_), duke of Burgundy, died. He was a just and
brave prince, but so profuse in his expenses, that his body was seized
after death by his creditors, and it was with difficulty that his
duchess could redeem it.

1573. The army or the States General seized Flushing, and hanged the
Spanish commander.

1603. King JAMES I, on his way to take possession of the English crown,
was magnificently entertained at Winchinbrook by Sir Oliver Cromwell.

1610. Patent for Newfoundland granted to the earl of Northampton and 44
other persons, by the name of the treasurer and company of adventurers
and planters of the cities of Bristol and London, for the colony or
plantation of Newfoundland, from lat. 46 to 52 deg., together with the
seas and islands lying within ten leagues of the coast.

1667. MILTON disposed of the copy right of the _Paradise Lost_ for £5!
It was with much difficulty that he could find any one to undertake the
publication of it.

1702. JOHN BARTH died; who by his bravery and skill rose to a high rank
in the French navy.

1717. The Dissenters received £5,000 for damages done their meeting
houses during the rebellion on account of the pretender to the English
throne.

1742. NICHOLAS AMHERST, an English political writer, died. He for a
considerable time published the _Craftsman_, a paper conducted with
unusual spirit and success, which guided the public taste and awed the
administration.

1762. The Irish levelers suppressed by Lord Halifax.

1775. The Bostonians delivered up a large quantity of guns, &c., to the
British general Gage.

1782. EDWARD CHAMBERLAYNE, an English statesman, died. He was one of the
best scholars of his age.

1785. Prince LEOPOLD of Brunswick, son of the reigning duke, having gone
to the relief of the inhabitants of an inundated village on the Oder,
near Frankfort, was upset in his boat and drowned. Thus dying as he had
lived, in the highest exercise of humanity.

1792. JOHN JAMES ANKERSTROOM, a Swedish officer, executed for the
murder of Gustavus, king of Sweden.

1794. WILLIAM JONES died, a man who rose by the superiority of his
genius, from a low station to a high judicial office in Bengal. By his
unwearied industry and skill in the Asiatic languages, he successfully
explored the hidden sources of oriental science and literature, and to
whose translations we are indebted for many beautiful effusions of the
Persian muse. As a linguist he has seldom if ever been surpassed. He was
master of almost every language of Europe and Asia.

1794. JAMES BRUCE, the celebrated Scottish traveler, died. Being consul
at Algiers, he found leisure to study the oriental languages, and formed
the project of exploring the interior of Africa. He discovered the
sources of the Nile.

1796. CHARLES TOWNSEND, an English nobleman, was found dead in a post
chaise on his return from Great Yarmouth, for which borough his brother
Frederick had been elected to parliament. They both had exhibited marks
of insanity, and in one of these paroxysms Charles shot himself.

1799. Battle of Cassano, in Italy; the French under Moreau totally
defeated by the Russians and Austrians under Suwarrow.

1803. TOUSSAINT L'OVERTURE, a mulatto chieftain of St. Domingo, died. He
possessed unbounded influence over the blacks of that island, and became
the head of all power, civil and military, among them. He was
treacherously betrayed by the French, and thrown into prison where he
died.

1804. JONATHAN BOUCHER, an English archæologist, died. He was an
episcopal preacher in America, till the revolution drove him back to
England. He prepared a glossary of provincial and archæological words,
intended for a supplement to Johnson's Dictionary.

1806. The squadron under Miranda, intended to begin a revolution in
South America, engaged two Spanish guardacostas. The Spaniards captured
two schooners, having on board 22 officers and 30 men, all of whom were
hanged or sent to the mines.

1813. The American army under Gen. Pike took York, the capital of Upper
Canada. The British blew up the works, by which Gen. Pike was killed, as
well as about 50 of the British, and 200 American soldiers killed or
wounded.

1830. City of Guatemala nearly destroyed by an earthquake.

1834. THOMAS STOTHARD died; celebrated for his illustrations to the
_Canterbury Tales_, _Rogers' Italy_, _Pilgrims' Progress_ and _Robinson
Crusoe_.

1836. JOHN HART, an American physician, died. He joined the army at the
outbreak of the revolution, and continued in it until it was disbanded.
He was afterwards a member of the Massachusetts senate, and much
esteemed as a physician and a patriot.

1836. Battle near Fort Brook, Florida, between the United States
volunteer troops and the Indians. The Indians were defeated with the
loss of 200 killed. Loss of the U. S. troops, 2 killed, 24 wounded.

1836. The celebrated Bible presented by Alcuin to Charlemagne, was sold
at auction in London for £1,500 ($6,666). See Dec. 1, 801.

1838. Baroness SCHOPENHAUER died at Jena; a woman of talent and
celebrity, and author of various works, which were collected in 24 vols.

1838. Great fire at Charlestown, S. C., "which laid waste 145 acres of
the most populous part of the city."

1849. WILLIAM B. COOPER, ex-governor, and a highly respected citizen of
the state of Delaware, died at his residence, Laurel hill.

1850. The Atlantic, first steamer of the Collins line, sailed from
Liverpool.

1855. Col. KINNEY arrested in New York on a bench warrant, for beginning
a military enterprise against Nicaragua.

1856. Ratification of the treaty of peace between England, France and
Turkey, and Russia, which terminated the Crimean war.

1856. ROBERT KELLY, a New York merchant, died, aged 47. Having acquired
a fortune and a high reputation as a merchant, he devoted his attention
to science, acquired eight languages, and filled many important offices.
His superior talents and untiring industry were under the direction of
philanthropic and Christian impulses.


APRIL 28.

1060 B. C. The 28th Jiar is kept as a fast by the Hebrews for the death
of Samuel, which took place two years before the destruction of Saul.

492 B. C. MENENIUS AGRIPPA, a Roman patrician died; celebrated for
appeasing a sedition by a fable of the belly and the limbs.

357. CONSTANTIUS, the third and surviving son of Constantine the great,
visited Rome for thirty days, when he displayed the magnificence of a
triumph.

1489. HENRY PERCY, earl of Northumberland, murdered.

1494. JOAN BOUGHTON, a widow, was burned for heresy; said to be the
first female martyr of England.

1521. CORTEZ having constructed 13 brigantines with sails and oars, and
transported them on the backs of 8000 Tlascalans, they were launched on
this day in the lake of Mexico, with religious ceremonies under a
discharge of the artillery and small arms, followed by the singing of
_Te Deum_ to the music of military instruments. They were provided with
sails and twelve oars each, and a falconet, or small brass cannon. The
final success of the enterprise was greatly indebted to these vessels.

1535. ALBERT PIO, a Spanish ecclesiastic buried with extraordinary pomp
at Paris, in the church of the Cordeliers.

1552. The council of Trent was prorogued for two years; it did not
assemble again until 1562.

1636. JULIUS CÆSAR, an English statesman under Elizabeth, died. He was a
man of great learning and integrity, charitable and benevolent.

1710. THOMAS BETTERTON, an English, tragedian, died. He was a bookbinder
previous to going upon the stage; and acquired a high degree of
reputation as an actor.

1721. An order of the English council was issued to suppress Hellfire
clubs.

1738. Shakspeare's tragedy of _Julius Cæsar_ performed at Drury Lane
theatre, for the purpose of raising a fund for the erection of a
monument to his memory at Westminster.

1751. THOMAS GIBSON, an eminent English painter, died.

1752. FRANCIS OUDIN, a French Jesuit, died. He was professor of theology
at Dijon, and an author.

1754. WASHINGTON attacked a French encampment at the confluence of the
Alleghany and Monongahela. The night was dark and rainy, and the enemy
completely secure. His troops having surrounded the camp, fired and
rushed upon the French, who immediately surrendered.

1760. Battle of Sillery, in Canada, between the British garrison at
Quebec, 3000, under Gen. Murray, and the French under Levi, consisting
of 10 battalions of regulars, 6000 Canadian militia, and a body of
Indians. The British general finding himself in danger of being
outflanked, retreated to his fortifications, with the loss of 1000 men.
The French loss was still greater, and they reaped no essential
advantage from the victory.

1772. The counts STRUENSEE, and BRANDT, the favorite of the king of
Denmark, executed at Copenhagen. Their alleged crime was an intrigue
with the queen of Denmark, princess Caroline Matilda, sister of George
III, of England.

1779. SIMON BARNARD, a celebrated aid-du-camp of Napoleon, and for some
time chief of the engineer corps of the United States, was born at Dôle,
in France.

1786. GUSTAVUS, king of Sweden, read the eulogy of Creutz, the poet and
statesman, who died a short time previous. Creutz signed with Franklin a
treaty of amity between the United States and Sweden, 1783.

1788. Maryland, the 7th state in succession, adopted the constitution of
the United States; votes 63 to 12.

1789. Mutiny on board the ship Bounty on her voyage from Otaheite,
whither she had sailed to procure fruit trees to stock the West India
islands. The vessel had on board 1015 plants of the bread fruit tree.
Lieut. Bligh and 19 of the crew were compelled to go into an open boat;
"they reached the island of Timor in June, after a perilous voyage of
1200 leagues."

1789. THOMAS HUTCHINS, geographer-general of the United States, died. He
was a native of New Jersey, and was in England at the commencement of
the revolutionary war, where he refused some excellent offers, and was
subsequently imprisoned and lost £12,000 on suspicion of holding
correspondence with Franklin in Paris. He afterwards returned to
America, served under Greene in South Carolina, and published several
historical and geographical works, with charts and maps.

1793. Battle of Duren; the French defeated by the Austrians under
Clairfait, with a loss of 2000, and their military chest, 12 cannon, and
13 ammunition wagons.

1796. Action off Lizard point, between the British ship Indefatigable,
sir Edward Pellew, and French frigate La Virginia, 44 guns; the latter
captured.

1796. CHARETTE, the Vendean chief, executed at Nantes. This afforded
General Hoche an opportunity to subdue the royalists in France.

1797. ROBERT PARKER hanged for burglary at Knoxville, Tennessee.

1799. The French ambassadors were assassinated at Radstat. The infamy of
this base action is shared by the French emigrants and Austrians.

1799. Battle of Adda, in Italy; the Russians under Suwarrow defeated the
French under Serrurier, who, with his division, was taken prisoner.

1804. Surinam, or Dutch Guiana, in South America, taken by the British;
the Dutch surrendered 2000 prisoners, 282 cannon, and several vessels.

1813. Spesutie island taken possession of by the British, situated near
the head of Chesapeake.

1813. Privateer Yorktown, Capt. Riker, of New York, captured the British
brig Avery, with a valuable cargo, and brought her safe to port.

1813. MICHAEL LAVRIONOVITCH GOLENITCHEFF KUTUSOFF-SMOLENSKI, the famous
Russian field-marshal, died. He commanded the Russian army destined to
oppose the invasion of Bonaparte in 1812.

1814. BONAPARTE embarked for Elba from Frejus. He had landed at this
place on his return from Egypt, when about to commence that astonishing
career, which will be remembered in the history of Europe to the end of
time; but which now, to all appearance, was about to terminate, and that
at the very point from which it had started.

1851. EDWARD CODRINGTON, a British admiral, died, aged 81. He
distinguished himself under Howe and Nelson, but his name is chiefly
renowned by the famous action of Navarino, where he had chief command.

1854. The American barque Hespar, bound for Antwerp, came in collision
with the Bremen barque Favorite, for Baltimore, having 180 passengers on
board, all of whom perished.

1854. WILLIAM HENRY PAGOT, marquis of Anglesey, died, aged 86. He
distinguished himself in several campaigns, especially in the Peninsular
war, and was raised to the rank of field marshal.

1855. GIOVANNI PIANORI, a hired bravo, attempted to shoot Louis Napoleon
while riding in the Champs Elysees.

1856. The receipt of the ratification of the treaty of peace by all the
foreign powers was announced officially in England, and a day of
thanksgiving throughout the United Kingdom was appointed.

1857. FREDERICK EMERSON, an eminent American instructor, died, aged 68.
He was the author of a popular arithmetic used in the public schools.


APRIL 29.

997. ADALBERT, archbishop of Prague, murdered. His zeal led him among
foreigners as a missionary; after visiting Bohemia, he went among the
Poles, by whom he was killed. Boleslaus purchased his body for its
weight in gold.

1075. WALTHEOF, earl of Huntingdon and Northampton, executed by William
the conqueror. He had married Judith, William's niece; and being
considered by the English as the last resource of their nation, they
most grievously lamented his death.

1205. King JOHN, along with wine of various kinds to be transmitted to
Windsor, ordered to be sent immediately the romance of the _History of
England_.

1594. THOMAS COOPER, an English prelate, died; highly commended for his
great learning and eloquence.

1643. FERDINANDO, lord Fairfax, the father of the famous General
Fairfax, defeated at Bramham moor, by the earl of Newcastle.

1649. DOCKIER, a prominent leader of the _Levelers_, in the times of the
English commonwealth, was shot by order of the government.

1652. A great eclipse of the sun in England. The almanacs of the day did
not let so favorable an opportunity escape for exercising their power
over the ignorant, and accordingly their prognostics created such a
terror among the inhabitants "and so exceedingly alarmed the whole
nation," says Evelyn, "that hardly any one would work, nor stir out of
their houses. So ridiculously were they abused by ignorant and knavish
star-gazers."

1659. JOHN CLEVELAND, an English poet, died. He was contemporary with
Milton, and preferred before him by critics of the day, but has now sunk
into oblivion.

1676. MICHAEL ADRIAN DE RUYTER, the famous Dutch admiral, died. He began
his military career at the age of 11, and continued in the service
nearly 60 years.

1685. LUC D'ACHERI, a French ecclesiastic, died. He displayed great
learning as an antiquary and an author.

1688. FREDERICK WILLIAM, elector of Brandenburg, died. Posterity awards
to him the character of a brave, generous and patriotic prince, who
devoted his attention to the commerce and general welfare of his people.

1735. The Turks defeated by the Persians under Thomas Kouli Khan, 60,000
slain.

1740. CHARLES DREW, executed at St. Edmundsburg, in Suffolk, for the
murder of his father.

1740. The English parliament prorogued. It was at this parliament that
the famous acts against horse racing and deceitful gaming were passed.

1743. CHARLES IRENÆUS CASTEL DE SAINT-PIERRE, a French ecclesiastic,
died; distinguished as a politician, a man of letters, and an author.

1746. CURTIS BARNET, a British commodore, died.

1758. Action off fort St. Davids, East Indies, between the British under
admiral Pococke, and the French fleet under count d'Ache. British loss,
29 killed, 89 wounded; French loss, 600 killed and wounded, and one of
their vessels sunk.

1762. The book of Cornelius Nepos in Latin was issued from the Russian
press, being the first in that language ever printed in Russia.

1779. JOHN ASH, an English dissenting minister, died. His _Complete
English Dictionary_, until the appearance of Mr. Todd's octavo edition
of Johnson's, was the best compendium of words that could be referred
to.

1783. BERNARD DE TANUCCI died; professor of jurisprudence in the
university of Pisa, and prime minister of Naples, an office which he
sustained with dignity, ability and integrity, for 50 years, when he
resigned.

1788. Election of representatives from New York to consider the federal
constitution held.

1793. A French privateer with her prize, the Spanish ship San Jago, was
captured by the English. Cargo valued at £1,500,000.

1805. The constitution of the Batavian republic changed for the third
time; the state was divided into 8 departments, and a legislative body
of 19 members, with a pensionary (Schimmelpenninck), chosen for the term
of five years, who administered the executive power.

1810. AUGUSTENBURGH, crown prince of Sweden, and heir to the throne,
seized with an apoplexy while reviewing some corps of cavalry, fell from
his horse and expired immediately.

1813. United States frigate Essex, Capt. Porter, captured, near
Albemarle island, in the Pacific, British ships Montezuma and Policy, of
10 guns each, and Georgiana, of 6 guns and 4 swivels.

1813. British admiral Cockburn burnt the store-houses at Frenchtown,
Chesapeake bay, in which was a great quantity of goods belonging to
Philadelphia and Baltimore merchants. He also burnt two vessels, and
plundered the private houses.

1814. Action between the United States sloop of war Peacock, 20 guns,
160 men, and British king's brig of war Epervier, 18 guns, 128 men, off
cape Carnaverel. The Epervier was captured in 42 minutes, with the loss
of 8 killed and 15 wounded; the Peacock had 2 wounded. The Epervier had
on board $118,000, exclusive of $10,000 which the crew plundered before
she was boarded. The Epervier was sent in 1815 from Algiers, with
American prisoners, liberated there, but never arrived.

1827. RUFUS KING, an American statesman, died. He was many years a
senator in congress, and twice minister to England. All parties have
borne testimony to the value of his services, and the eminence of his
talents.

1849. The republicans at Rome repulsed the French republicans under the
city walls.

1849. The emperor NICHOLAS of Russia declared, by ukase, his purpose to
assist Austria. (See April 26th.)

1851. C. C. PEPYS, earl of Cottenham, died in Italy, aged 70. He passed
through all the honors of the law, and in 1836 became lord chancellor.

1854. Great excitement at Louisville, occasioned by the acquittal of
Matthew F. Ward, who murdered Prof. Butler.

1855. ROBERT HAMILTON BISHOP died, aged 78. He was a native of Scotland,
was licensed to preach in 1801; on coming to this country, he assisted
in rearing several institutions of learning in the western states.

1855. JOHN WILSON, a celebrated landscape and marine painter, died at
Folkstone, aged 81.

1855. The United States troops under Col. Fauntleroy, attacked a camp of
Utah Indians near the Arkansas river, twenty miles north of the Puncha
pass, killed 40, captured 6, and took a large amount of Indian property
and plunder.


APRIL 30.

65. MARCUS ANNÆUS LUCANUS, the Latin poet, died. He was the friend and
favorite of Nero, but afterwards joined a conspiracy with Piso against
the tyrant, and was compelled to destroy himself, which he did by
suffocation in a bath.

313. Battle of Heraclea, in which the emperor Galerius Maximus was
defeated by Lucinus.

534. AMALASONTHA, queen of the Ostrogoths, murdered by her husband
Theodatus. She was universally regretted; as for learning and humanity
she had few equals.

711. TARIK, a freed man of the Arabian viceroy of Africa, landed at the
foot of the rock Calpe called afterwards by his name Gebal-Tarik
(Gibraltar), and two days after by a great battle fought on the banks of
the Guadalete put an end to the Gothic empire in Spain.

1156. The city of Moscow founded by Duke George I. Its present
population is about 400,000.

1262. ALEXANDER NEWSKI, grand duke of Russia, died. He signalized
himself by a great victory which he obtained on the banks of the Neva,
over the northern powers.

1439. RICHARD DE BEAUCHAMP, the famous earl of Warwick, died at Rouen,
in Normandy. He was the most distinguished warrior in the reign of Henry
VI.

1483. The duke of Gloucester (afterwards Richard III), arrested the
lords Rivers and Gray at Stony Stratford, on their passage with the
young king to the capital.

1513. EDMUND DE LA POLE, earl of Suffolk, on account of his near
relationship to the house of York, beheaded.

1519. A skirmish at Edinburgh, called "Cleanse the Causeway," between
the earls of Arran and Angus.

1524. PIERRE DU TERRAIL, chevalier de Bayard, buried. He was a
distinguished warrior under Francis I, mortally wounded at the battle of
Marignan.

1542. The new creed, called the _King's Book_, approved by the houses of
convocation, and made the standard of English orthodoxy.

1544. THOMAS AUDLEY, an English statesman, died; appointed chancellor in
the place of sir Thomas More.

1572. PIUS V (Michael Ghisleri), died. He was an Italian of the
Dominican order. It was under his auspices that the battle of Lepanto
was fought, in which the Turks were so signally defeated.

1598. The edict of Nantes signed and sealed by Henry IV of France,
re-establishing the protestant religion where it had been interrupted,
and restoring its churches, houses and revenues.

1614. Captain JOHN SMITH arrived on the coast of New England, it being
his first voyage to North Virginia, as the country was then called. He
explored the coast in open boats, from Penobscot to Cape Cod, and
trafficked with the Indians. It was on his return from this voyage that
he presented a map of the country to prince Charles, who declared that
it should be called New England.

1632. Battle of Ingolstadt, in Bavaria; the imperial troops of Germany,
under count de Tilly, defeated by the Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus,
and the general mortally wounded in defending the pass of the Lech.

1632. JOHN TZERCLAES, count de Tilly, died; a Dutch officer, who
distinguished himself in the wars with the Turks, and with Denmark.

1637. The puritans forbid by royal proclamation to emigrate to New
England.

1655. EUSTACHE LE SUEUR died; one of the best French historical painters
of his time.

1655. CHRISTOPHER BENNET died; a distinguished London physician, and
writer on medical subjects.

1667. The Dutch fleet attacked Burnt island, in Scotland, but were
repulsed.

1690. RENE LE PAYS, a French poet, died; well known at court by his
miscellanies.

1696. ROBERT PLOT died; an eminent English philosopher and naturalist.

1707. GEORGE FARQUHAR, an ingenious comic writer, died. He was the son
of an Irish clergyman, and held a commission in the army. His comedies
are sprightly and diverting.

1712. PHILIP LIMBORCH died; a Dutch professor of divinity, and author of
a history of the inquisition.

1724. WILLIAM DAWES, an English nobleman and prelate, died. He was
learned, benevolent and pious, and author of several religious works.

1735. DANIEL DUNCAN died; one of the most eminent physicians of his
time. He was known in almost every part of Europe as a practitioner and
an author.

1745. Battle of Fontenoy, in Belgium, between the British and
Hanoverians, under the duke of Cumberland, and the French under count de
Saxe. The allies were defeated with great loss.

1758. German Flats in the colony of New York attacked by French Indians.

1762. The celebrated JOHN WILKES committed to the tower as the author of
the _North Briton_, the 45th number of which was burnt by the common
hangman.

1769. Battle of Choczine between the Russians and Turks.

1776. The eccentric EDWARD WORTLEY MONTAGUE died. He was the son of Lady
Mary the author of the celebrated letters.

1781. ARNOLD, the traitor, made war upon 1,200 hogsheads of tobacco at
Manchester, Va., and on his return to Petersburg conflagrated a large
range of rope walks, a magazine of flour, all the vessels on the stocks,
a number of warehouses, &c., and several fine mills. His progress was
like that of the cannibal!

1789. WASHINGTON inaugurated first president of the United States.

1795. JEAN JACQUES BARTHELEMI, "the Nestor of French literature," died,
aged 80. His principal work is _Travels of Anacharsis in Greece_.

1796. GEORGE ANDERSON, an English self-taught mathematician, died. His
parents were peasants and he wrought as a day laborer till he attracted
attention. He translated Archimedes' treatise on measuring the sands,
and wrote a general view of the variations which have taken place in the
affairs of the East India company. His intense application proved fatal
to him at the age of 36, after which his widow received a pension, as a
reward due to the merits of her husband.

1802. Lotea, in Spain, destroyed by the bursting of a reservoir, which
inundated more than twenty leagues of the surrounding country, and
"upwards of 1,000 _persons_ perished, _exclusive of cattle, &c._"

1810. The prince regent of Portugal prohibited the exportation of wine.

1812. Eruption of the Souffriere mountain, in St. Vincent, one of the
Caribee islands. It was preceded by repeated earthquakes for 11 months.
No flames had been emitted since 1718.

1812. SAMUEL ABBOT, a Boston merchant, died. He was one of the founders
of Andover theological seminary, and contributed altogether about
$125,000 to that institution.

1812. HENRY LEMOINE died. He was a bookseller, but better known as a
translator of the German contributor to the _Gentleman's Magazine, &c._

1816. A spot on the sun visible with the naked eye at Philadelphia. It
was seen for several days.

1840. GEORGE BRUMMELL, the celebrated _Beau Brummell_, died at Caen, in
France, aged 62. He was the associate of George IV when prince of Wales,
and was for a long time at the head of fashion and manners in England.
He passed the latter part of his life in poverty, and towards the close
of it, was confined in a madhouse.

1843. JACOB RIDGWAY, a wealthy mechanic, died at Philadelphia. He was in
early life a shipcarpenter, and subsequently American consul at Antwerp.
His property was estimated at $6,000,000. He was noted for liberality to
mechanics and tenants.

1854. The first rail road opened in Brazil, the emperor and empress
being present at the inauguration.

1854. JAMES MONTGOMERY, the poet and journalist, of Sheffield, died,
aged 82.

1855. HENRY ROWLEY BISHOP, a noted English music composer, died, aged
68. He was the most distinguished representative of the English school
of composition, and was knighted in 1842.

1857. W. B. BUCHANAN, an American poet, died, aged 63. He was long a
correspondent of the _National Intelligencer_ and other papers, residing
in Virginia.




MAY.


MAY 1.

305. DIOCLETIAN, the Roman emperor, abdicated the throne in the presence
of the soldiery and a multitude of people, at Nicomedia, in the 21st
year of his reign. When afterwards solicited by a friend to resume the
purple, he calmly replied, that if he could show the _cabbages_ which he
had planted at Salona with his own hands, he should no longer be urged
to relinquish the enjoyment of happiness for the pursuit of power.

475. HENGHIST, the Saxon, caused 300 English noblemen to be murdered.

1119. HENRY I of England obtained a great victory over the Normans at
Brenville.

1291. All the Italian merchants in the realm of France, called money
lenders, seized by order of Philip the fair, for their ransoms.

1308. ALBERT I, emperor of Germany, assassinated by his nephew, John,
duke of Swabia. The Swiss were led by his oppressions to assert their
liberty.

1515. HENRY VIII and queen attended by nobles went a maying and were
entertained by the noted forester Robin Hood.

1517. A riot among the London apprentices, against foreign artisans,
which resulted in the death and mutilation of many of the latter,
principally Frenchmen. It commenced at 9 o'clock in the evening, and
continued till 3 in the morning. The exertions of the city authorities,
who had notice of the meditated riot, were unable to prevent or quell
it. The next morning, several hundred youths, from 13 years upwards,
were arrested, and ten gallows, constructed to move from street to
street, prepared for their execution. The ring leaders were drawn,
hanged and quartered; when an order came from the king to suspend the
execution, and the remainder were pardoned.

1557. England made her first commercial treaty with Russia.

1607. HENRY HUDSON sailed from Gravesend on his first voyage for the
discovery of a northwest passage to India. In this voyage he discovered
the island of Spitzbergen.

1619. The famous Calvinistic convocation, the synod of Dort, caused
their decrees to be publicly read, and dissolved the council. (May 9?
29?)

1637. A court was summoned at Hartford, Conn., to take measures to
secure the colony against the depredations of the Pequot Indians. They
determined that an offensive war should be carried on against them, and
voted to raise 90 men! The Pequots then numbered 5000 fighting men.

1660. The convention parliament having heard Charles's letters read by
sir John Granville, voted that the government of England should be by
king, lords, and commons.

1683. ROBERT FITZGERALD received a patent in England for making salt
water fresh.

1701. JOHN DRYDEN, an illustrious English poet, died. "What he has done
in any one species or distinct kind of writing would have been
sufficient to have acquired him a great name."

1703. Battle of Pultusk, in Poland, in which the Swedes under Charles
XII defeated 10,000 Poles.

1707. Union of England and Scotland consummated.

1708. CLAUDE DE VERT died; he devoted much attention to the ceremonies
of the church of Rome, of which he wrote a history.

1727. FRANCIS PARIS, a French ecclesiastic, died. He retired from
office, bestowing his property upon his brother, in order to devote
himself to the austerities of a religious life. After his death crowds
flocked to his grave to touch his holy monument, till the authorities
caused the church yard to be shut.

1737. JOHN ALPHONSUS TURRETINI died; professor of ecclesiastical history
at Geneva, distinguished for his learning.

1755. JOHN BAPTIST OUDRI died; an admired French painter.

1760. WILLIAM DUNCAN died; an ingenious Scottish critic, professor of
philosophy at Aberdeen, and translator of _Cæsar's Commentaries_.

1771. LOUIS PETIT DE BACHAUMON died; a native of Paris, known as the
author of several literary works.

1772. GOTTFRIED ACHENWALL, an eminent German lecturer on statistics,
history and the laws of nature, died at Göttingen.

1774. WILLIAM HEWSON died; an eminent English anatomist, and medical
author.

1775. ISRAEL LYONS died; a celebrated English mathematician.

1776. Dr. ADAM WEISHAUPT, professor of canon law at Ingolstadt, founded
the secret society of the illuminati.

1785. MILES COOPER died; a learned English divine and poet.

1786. GIBBON concluded the fourth volume of his _History_, immortal as
its subject.

1789. The states general of France met at Paris, convened by the king to
calm the troubles of the state, which he had not power to quell, and
which had now assumed a menacing appearance towards royalty itself.

1790. Indian war commenced between the British and Tippo Saib, sultan of
Mysore.

1807. Slave trade in the West Indies proscribed in the British
parliament.

1808. A volcano broke out in the island of St. George, one of the
Azores. A crater was formed in the centre of the island, amidst fertile
pastures, 3,500 feet in height, and this beautiful island, before rich
in cattle, corn and wine, became a scene of ruin and devastation.

1809. GOTTLIEB CONRAD PFEFFEL, one of the best poets of Germany, died.
He became blind at the age of 21, a misfortune which he bore more than
80 years, and rendered himself a useful citizen by conducting a school
where many excellent scholars were educated.

1813. British and Indians opened their fire upon fort Meigs, from a 24,
a 12 and a 6 pounder, and a howitzer. They fired 260 shot, and wounded 8
men, 1 mortally.

1813. JOHN BAPTIST BESSIERS, duke of Istria, killed. He distinguished
himself under Napoleon, by whom he was greatly lamented. He was killed
in the combat that preceded the battle of Lutzen.

1813. JAMES DELILLE, one of the most celebrated of modern French poets,
died.

1814. PIERRE VAN CORTLANDT, a distinguished revolutionary patriot, died
at his seat at Croton river, aged 94. He was a member of the first
provincial congress, and eighteen years lieutenant governor of the state
of New York.

1823. The skeleton, entire, of a mammoth, was discovered at Ilford, in
Essex, England.

1830. The Comet started on her first trip up the Arkansas, being the
first steam boat that ascended that river.

1837. An official return stated that there were 70,000 English residents
in France, and over 24,000 in Paris alone.

1838. Battle of Rio Pardo, in Rio Grande, between the troops of the
emperor of Brazil, about 1,800 in number, and the republican forces; the
former were completely routed.

1839. HERBERT MARSH, professor of divinity in the university of
Cambridge, England, died. He was the author of many learned theological
works and controversial publications.

1848. Insurrectionary movements at Rome in consequence of the pope's
refusal to declare war against Austria.

1854. Great flood in the Connecticut valley; the water was 29½ feet
above low water mark, and 2½ feet higher than during the great flood
of 1801. Hundreds of persons were driven from their dwellings and
drowned.

1855. The French under Gen. Pelissier carried the Russian works at
Sebastopol, in front of the central bastion, and held them against
vigorous sorties, taking eight small mortars, and 200 prisoners.

1855. An extraordinary eruption of mount Vesuvius commenced, which in
ten days had advanced ten miles from its original source.

1856. OGDEN HOFFMAN, a distinguished member of the New York bar, died,
aged 62. He served as a midshipman in the last war with Great Britain,
after which he studied law, and took the front rank in his profession,
and showed an eminent fitness for the public offices which he filled.

1856. GEORGE JAMES GUTHRIE, an eminent British surgeon, died in London,
aged 71. He published several valuable works on surgery.


MAY 2.

373. ATHANASIUS, patriarch of Alexandria, died. His parents were pagans;
he became a Christian, and distinguished himself by his learning, and
the zeal with which he opposed the Arian heresy.

1450. The duke of Suffolk, prime minister to Henry VI of England,
beheaded in a boat at Calais. During his ministry England lost most of
her possessions in France. Yet his murder was resented by the formidable
rebellion of _Jack Cade_.

1487. LAMBERT SIMNEL, an impostor, crowned at Dublin, by the title of
Edward VI.

1494. COLUMBUS discovered the island of Jamaica.

1519. LEONARDO DA VINCI, a celebrated Italian painter, died. He
distinguished himself in early youth by the variety of studies which he
accomplished. He afterwards became the head of the Florentine school of
painting.

1520. SEBASTIAN BRANDT died; counsellor of Strassburg, a lawyer, and
author of a curious poem.

1550. JOAN BOCHER, of Kent, England, burnt for heresy.

1568. MARY, queen of Scots, aided by the gallant George Douglass,
escaped from the castle of Lochleven, where she was confined after the
murder of Darnley.

1595. ANTHONY, titular king of Portugal, died at Paris, a fugitive from
the victorious arms of the Spaniards.

1606. FERNAND DE QUIROS discovered the New Hebrides islands.

1611. The Half Moon, in which HUDSON made his memorable voyage of
discovery, sailed in company with another vessel to the East Indies,
under captain Laurens Redel, and was lost. (March 6.)

1635. HORACE VERE, an English general, died. He was created baron
Tilbury by Charles I for meritorious services.

1667. GEORGE WITHERS, an English pastoral poet, died. He was so zealous
a partisan of democracy, and of Cromwell, that the authorities
frequently placed him in a straight jacket. His poems were numerous and
quaint.

1679. JAMES SHARP, archbishop of St. Andrews, assassinated for his zeal
in the cause of the episcopacy in Scotland.

1691. GEORGE MACKENZIE, a Scottish lawyer, died. He figured
conspicuously in trials of witchcraft, which puzzled the best heads in
those days, and it is probable that he dealt with that sin most
thoroughly, for he received the appellation of "the blood thirsty
advocate." He was a literary character, however, of no small note, and
was among the first Scotchmen who wrote the English language in a style
approaching to purity.

1711. LAWRENCE HYDE, earl of Rochester, died; deservedly respected as an
able statesman.

1753. LEONOR JEAN CHRISTINE SOULAS D'ALLAINVAL died; a native of
Chartres, in France, and author of several comedies of merit.

1774. Permission was given to the society of antiquaries to open the
stone coffin of Edward I, and it was found that the body was in a
perfect state of preservation, and measured 6 feet 2 inches. It had been
placed in wax.

1777. DAVID WOOSTER, a revolutionary officer, died of a wound received
in pursuing the British from Danbury (April 27). He graduated at Yale
college, and at the commencement of hostilities was appointed to the
chief command of the Connecticut troops.

1785. JOHN LEWIS MOREAU DE BEAUMONT, a French political author, died.
His works are much and deservedly admired.

1795. The number of prisoners confined in the 12 prisons of Paris
amounted to 2338.

1802. BONAPARTE constituted first consul for a second term of ten years.

1808. Embargo laid on American shipping in France.

1808. The royal family of Spain sent prisoners to France. At the sight
of this procedure, there was a general insurrection of the inhabitants
of Madrid, who attacked the French soldiers with knives, and a bloody
contest took place, which was only quelled by scouring the streets with
grape shot. The Spaniards finally desisted on seeing their resistance
fruitless. It is estimated that 4,000 French and 6,000 Spaniards lost
their lives.

1808. JOHN COLLINS died; author of _The Evening Brush_, an oral
entertainment of story, song and sentiment, which he delivered many
years with great success, in all the principal towns in Great Britain.
In this sort of entertainment he has had many followers, among whom the
most noted was Charles Matthews.

1809. Battle of Amaranta, in Portugal, in which the Portuguese were
defeated by the French under Soult.

1813. Battle of Lutzen, between the French army under Bonaparte, and the
allies, under the kings of Russia and Prussia. The attack was commenced
by the allies under Blucher upon the French centre, with a fury
irresistible. The battle was for a long time maintained by both armies
with obstinate energy. It was the more desperate and deplorable, says
sir Walter Scott, that on the one side fought the flower of the Russian
youth, which had left their universities to support the cause of
national honor and freedom; and on the other, the young men of Paris,
many of them of the best rank, who bravely endeavored to sustain their
country's long pre-eminent claim to victory. Both combatted under the
eyes of their respective sovereigns, maintained the honor of their
country, and paid an ample tribute to the carnage of the day. The
victory finally resulted to the arms of the French, by the superior
generalship of their great leader, and the determined bravery of his
troops. The allies sustained a loss of 20,000, and among them several
experienced officers. The French loss was severe.

1817. CATHARINE RUSH died at Philadelphia, aged 110 years, 11 months.

1821. HESTER LYNCH PIOZZI, an English authoress, died. She is known as
Mrs. Thrale, the friend of Dr. Johnson.

1825. ADAM SEYBERT, an American statistical writer, died at Paris. He
was a member of congress from Philadelphia, and a man of science.

1836. JEREMIAH HOLME WHIFFEN, an English poet, died. He belonged to the
society of friends, published a variety of miscellaneous poems, a
translation of the Spanish poet Garcilasso de la Vega, and of Tasso.

1840. THOMAS MANNING, an eminent English linguist, died, aged 67. Having
made several ineffectual attempts to penetrate China, his services were
solicited by the British government, to accompany lord Amherst in his
embassy to that country. He made himself one of the first Chinese
scholars in Europe, and collected one of the finest Chinese libraries to
be found in that quarter of the world.

1844. WILLIAM BECKFORD, author of the Arabian tale entitled _Vathek_,
with many other works, died at Fonthill, England.

1855. GEORGE HEAD, a British commissariat, died, aged 73. He published
several valuable works, relating to different parts of the world, where
his duties called him, and was knighted in 1831.

1856. JAMES GATES PERCIVAL, an eminent American poet and philosopher,
died in Wisconsin, aged 60. He was a native of Connecticut, graduated at
Yale college, and studied medicine, but devoted himself to the
cultivation of poetry, and the pursuit of science. He assisted in
preparing _Webster's Dictionary_ for the press, and superintended the
publication of _Malte Brun's Geography_. He afterwards made a geological
survey of Connecticut, and in 1854 was appointed state geologist of
Wisconsin, in which service he died. Although distinguished for his
attainments in philology and general science, he will be chiefly
remembered as one of the eminent American poets.


MAY 3.

1324. A poetic festival at Toulouse called _jeux floraux_, to which all
the poets of the _Langue d'Oc_ were invited, where the composer of the
best poem was to receive a violet of fine gold. The celebrated
troubadour, Arnaud Vidal, won the prize.

1381. JOHN BALL, a priest and compeer of the notorious Wat Tyler,
preached to Tyler's army from the proverbial rhyme:

     "When Adam dalfe and Eve span,
     Who was then a gentleman?"

1410. ALEXANDER V, pope, died. He was originally a beggar, but found
means to cultivate his mind, and rose by degrees in the church till he
reached the pontifical chair. He is distinguished as a man of great
firmness, liberal and munificent.

1481. MAHOMET II, sultan of Turkey, died. He took Constantinople from
the Christians, thereby driving many learned men into the West, which
was a great cause of the restoration of learning in Europe.

1493. The pope issued a _great bull_, by which the infidel world was
divided between Ferdinand and Isabella on the one hand, and the
Portuguese on the other. That is, the Spanish were granted the full
right to all countries inhabited by infidels which they should discover
west of an imaginary line drawn from pole to pole, at a distance of 100
leagues westward of the Azores, while the Portuguese were to have all
east of that line.

1568. DOMINIQUE DE GOURGES, having destroyed the Spanish settlements in
Florida, embarked for France. The Spaniards had seized the French
settlements in the same places, and murdered the inhabitants. Gourges
fitted out three vessels and 150 soldiers at his own expense to revenge
their death, and repair the honor of his nation. The Spaniards were well
fortified to the number of 400 in their forts; but de Gourges resolutely
pressed forward, and after a desperate assault carried the forts. Those
who escaped the massacre were hung upon the same trees on which the
Frenchmen had previously been hung. The Spaniards had placed over their
victims a label, signifying, "_I do not this as to Frenchmen, but as to
Lutherans_." De Gourges replaced it with a tablet of fir wood, on which
was graven the following: "_I do not this as to Spaniards, nor as to
mariners, but as to traitors, robbers and murderers_."

1573. A border feud at Reedsquair, between the English and Scottish
marchmen, in which the former were completely beaten. This skirmish was
the last of any note between the two nations.

1621. Sentence of fine and imprisonment passed upon lord Bacon in the
house of peers for bribery.

1649. ISAAC DORISLAUS assassinated; a Dutchman who went from Leyden to
England and read lectures on history at Cambridge. He was alternately
royalist and republican during the civil wars; and was stabbed to the
heart by some enthusiastic royalist while on an embassy to Holland.

1655. The English took the island of Jamaica from the Spanish.

1664. The earl of Tiviot, governor of Tangier, surprised and defeated by
the Moors.

1697. KALDAN, khan of the Eleuts, who had for several years eluded the
formidable armies sent against him annually from China, accompanied by
the emperor himself, being finally reduced to the last extremity, and
abandoned by his best subjects, put an end to his life by poison.

1702. Lord CORNBURY commenced his administration of the government of
New York.

1711. RICHARD CHISWELL, a noted English printer and an extensive
publisher, died.

1733. RICHARD COX, lord chancellor of Ireland, died. He published a
history of that kingdom.

1747. Naval battle between the English fleet under Anson and Warren, and
the French fleet under M. de la Jonquiere, which was convoying six East
India ships and a number of transports and merchantmen to Canada. After
a regular and well fought battle, the French struck their colors. The
loss of the French killed and wounded was 700; that of the British 500.
The trophies of the victory were six men of war and all of their East
India ships, and between four and five thousand prisoners. The treasure
taken on board these vessels was afterwards conveyed to the bank of
England in 20 wagons. The French loss by this defeat was estimated at
one million and a half.

1759. A young woman in England who had laid a considerable wager that
she could ride 1000 miles in 1000 hours, finished her match in a little
more than two-thirds of that time. At her coming in the country people
strewed flowers in her way.

1763. GEORGE PSALMANAZAR, a literary impostor, died. He was a native of
France, and obtained a thorough education. After various adventures he
arrived at London under the character of a Japanese converted to
Christianity, was patronized by the great, and undertook to translate
the catechism into Japanese, and wrote a history of the country. Some
absurdities were detected, when he confessed himself an impostor, and
afterwards subsisted by turning his pen to better employment.

1765. Sujah ul DOWLAH defeated at Calpy, in India, by the British.

1776. Sir PETER PARKER'S squadron of 20 sail arrived at Cape Fear river,
with lord Cornwallis.

1784. ANTHONY BANEZET, a philanthropist of Philadelphia, died. He was a
native of France, and early engaged in mercantile pursuits, which he
abandoned to devote his attention to objects of benevolence and
philanthropy, in which he continued during a long life.

1793. Battle of Famars, in which the allies drove the French from their
camp with great loss.

1794. JAMES WILLIAM THOURET guillotined; he was president of the
national assembly when Louis XVI accepted the constitution of 1791.

1797. The first commencement of Union College for conferring degrees in
the arts and sciences.

1797. BONAPARTE invaded Venice pretending that the Venetians had
illtreated the French. This issued in republicanizing Venice and Genoa.

1799. BENJAMIN FLOWER, printer of the _Cambridge Intelligencer_, was
fined £100 and ordered by the house of lords to be imprisoned 6 months,
for some freedom with the speech of bishop Llandaff.

1802. PETER ELMSLY, a partner of the celebrated Paul Valliant, and
himself an importer of books and no mean critic and linguist, died.

1810. Lord BYRON, in emulation of Leander, swam the Dardanelles, from
Abydos to Sestos. The distance, including the length he was carried by
the current, was upwards of four miles; though the actual breadth is
barely one.

1813. Havre de Grace, Maryland, burnt by the British.

1814. BONAPARTE arrived at the island of Elba, and Louis XVIII made his
entrance into Paris.

1814. THOMAS COKE, a methodist bishop in the United States, died. He
became one of the assistants of Mr. Wesley, and was active in the
service of the church. He wrote a _Commentary on the Bible_, _History of
the West Indies_, _&c._

1816. JAMES MCHENRY, confident of Gen. Washington, and for some time
secretary of war, died at Baltimore.

1818. Capt. Ross sailed from Shetland, on his first voyage for the
discovery of the north-west passage.

1839. FERNANDO PAER, an Italian dramatic composer, died at Paris. He was
a native of Parma; his pieces have been performed in Germany, France and
Italy, with success.

1840. JAMES MORISON, self-styled _The Hygeist_, died at Paris, aged 70.
He was the inventor of the vegetable universal medicines, known as
_Morison's Pills_, from which he realized great profits, and is said to
have paid the English government in ten years £60,000 for medicine
stamps.

1849. A serious insurrection occurred at Dresden, in Saxony, but was in
a few days put down.

1852. SARAH COLERIDGE died; the accomplished and only daughter of S. T.
Coleridge. She translated from the Latin the curious works of
Dobrizhoffer on Paraguay, 3 vols., and completed the editorial care of
her father's _Literary Remains_, begun by her husband.

1853. JOHN B. GIBSON, an eminent Pennsylvania jurist, died at
Philadelphia, aged 73; at which time he was judge of the supreme court.

1856. ADOLPHE CHARLES ADAM, the noted French music composer, died at
Paris, aged 54.


MAY 4.

1471. Battle of Tewkesbury, between the York partisans and the
Lancastrians, in which the latter were defeated, and queen Margaret and
her son Edward taken prisoners. The young prince was basely murdered on
the spot, by the dukes of Gloucester and Clarence.

1605. ULYSSES ALDROVAND, a Bolognese philosopher, died. He was the most
celebrated naturalist of the 16th century, and spent his life and
exhausted his resources in the pursuit of science. He lost his sight,
and ended his days in a hospital at the age of 80.

1643. LOUIS XIII (_the just_), king of France, died. He was guided in
his conduct by the celebrated cardinal Richelieu, who, from motives of
ambition, kept him at war during most of his reign.

1655. GIOVANNI FRANCESCA ABELA, a historian and ecclesiastic of Malta,
died.

1668. A riot in London under pretence of destroying brothels. Four of
the leaders taken and executed for treason. In the reign of some of the
English kings the demolition of such houses would not have been adjudged
treason.

1673. RICHARD BRATHWAITE, an English poet and miscellaneous writer,
died. His works are numerous.

1677. ISAAC BARROW, an eminent English mathematician and divine, died.
His writings are numerous and valuable, and chiefly on mathematical
subjects; his sermons are highly esteemed, and have been frequently
edited.

1702. War declared against France and Spain, by England, Germany and
Holland.

1729. LEWIS ANTHONY DE NOAILLES, a French cardinal, died. Though by
birth duke of St. Cloud, he preferred the ecclesiastical state to
political distinction.

1734. JAMES THORNHILL died; an English historical painter.

1737. EUSTACE BUDGELL, the friend of Addison, drowned in the Thames. He
turned his attention to polite literature, contributed to the
_Spectator_, _Tatler_, _Guardian_ and _Craftsman_, and published two
volumes of biography.

1768. CHARLES STEPHEN LOUIS CAMUS died, a learned French mathematician.

1786. GEORGE GORDON, an English nobleman, who it is said submitted to
circumcision, avowed Judaism, and was excommunicated from the church of
Mary le Bone.

1791. The pope burnt in effigy at Paris.

1799. Seringapatam, a city of Hindostan, taken by storm by the British,
under Gen. Harris. Tippoo Saib was slain, with 8,000 of his men. The
treasure found in the city amounted to £3,000,000; 2,200 cannon, and an
immense booty, fell into the hands of the conquerors, and the once
powerful kingdom of Mysore was extinguished.

1804. The conservative senate sent a deputation to Bonaparte, expressing
their desire that he would accept the title of emperor.

1813. Heavy rain retarded the firing on fort Meigs; 220 cannon shot were
fired; 2 killed, several wounded. The rifle was more used this day than
on any other.

1831. MEHEMET ALI, pasha of Egypt, employed upwards of 70,000 men in
excavating, cleansing and lining canals in his territories.

1842. Great fire at Hamburg, in Germany, destroyed 2,000 houses.

1843. JAMES P. PRESTON, formerly governor of Virginia, died at
Smithfield, aged 69. He commanded a regiment in the war of 1812, and was
maimed for life in the battle of Chrystler's fields.

1854. ALEXANDER WITHERSPOON, a New York physician, died at Washington,
aged 37; a medical writer remarkable for the exactness of his
observations and the clearness of his statements.

1854. JOHN MATTHEWS died, aged 70. He served with distinction as a
general officer in the war of 1812-15; and for a period of fifteen years
was a representative in the state legislature of Maryland.

1856. JOHN COLLINS WARREN, a distinguished Boston physician, died, aged
77. He was the first successful competitor for the Franklin medal. He
had a long and brilliant career as a physician, and during the latter
years of his life devoted much time to the study of the natural
sciences, and collected a valuable museum, among which was the most
perfect skeleton of the mastodon known to exist.


MAY 5.

1421. A holy convocation at Canterbury decreed that a bishop's barber
should not receive a fee from any one on whom the bishop had conferred
holy orders.

1432. FRANCESCO BUSSONE DI CARMAGNOLA, count de Castlenuovo, executed.
He was a celebrated Italian general, first in the service of the duke of
Milan, afterwards led the Venetian army to repeated victories. His
fortune at length turned, when the senate suspecting him of treachery,
he was tortured and condemned to death.

1526. FREDERICK (_the wise_), elector of Savoy, died. He was one of the
first and most zealous friends of Luther.

1529. PAULUS ÆMILIUS, a learned Italian, died. He was invited to France,
where he employed a great number of years in writing a history of the
French kings, but did not live to finish it.

1556. The company of London stationers received their first charter from
Philip and Mary, under the title of "The master and keepers or wardens,
and commonalty, of the mystery or art of the stationers of the city of
London."

1586. HENRY SIDNEY, an English statesman, died. He was the favorite of
Edward VI, and afterwards employed by Mary and Elizabeth.

1618. One WILLIAMS, a barrister, arraigned for libeling the king, was
executed.

1643. Parliament of England ordered the _Book of Sports_ to be burned by
the common hangman.

1670. FRANCIS ANNIBAL D'ESTREES, a French statesman, died, aged 98. He
distinguished himself by several military exploits, and wrote some
valuable historical works.

1682. WILLIAM PENN, published in England his frame of government for the
colony of Pennsylvania.

1687. A proclamation was issued by government to establish a manufactory
for white paper in England.

1700. STEPHEN MORIN, a French protestant divine, died at Amsterdam. He
was professor of oriental languages; his dissertations on various
subjects of criticism and antiquity were highly esteemed.

1705. LEOPOLD I, emperor of Germany, died. He was long engaged in
sanguinary war with the Turks and the French, who pillaged and destroyed
his frontier towns.

1706. Lateral eruption of the peak of Teneriffe. A volcano opened at the
south side, towards the port of Garachico, and in a few hours not an
edifice of that populous city was left standing.

1710. NICHOLAS JOSEPH POISSON, a French priest, died. He was the friend
of Descartes, and a philosopher; distinguished for his eloquence and as
an author.

1751. JOHN PICHON died; a French Jesuit and an author.

1757. Battle of Prague, between the Prussians under Frederick the great
and the Austrians. The Prussians were victorious, after a bloody
contest, in which the distinguished general, count Schwerin, was killed.
Austrian loss 24,000; Prussian loss 18,000.

1760. LAWRENCE SHIRLEY, earl of Feraro, executed at Tyburn for the
murder of his steward. He was a man of no mean mental acquirements, but
passionate and often inflamed by inebriety.

1776. Congress declared the authority of England over the thirteen
colonies abolished.

1785. THOMAS DAVIES (alias _Honest Tom Davies_), an English author,
died. He was educated at the university of Edinburgh, became an actor,
afterwards a bookseller, turned strolling player, married Miss Yarrow,
an actress of great beauty, returned to bookselling, became bankrupt,
was relieved by the assistance of Dr. Johnson, wrote the _Life of
Garrick_, several other biographies and innumerable miscellanies, and
was entrusted with the publication of Granger's _Biographical History of
England_.

1789. JOSEPH BARETTI, an Italian lexicographer, died. He emigrated to
England, where he published an Italian and English dictionary, and
assisted Dr. Johnson in compiling his dictionary.

1789. Assembly of the states general of France, at Versailles. This may
be called the first day of the revolution, although the object of the
meeting was to prevent such a catastrophe.

1795. The law went into operation in England imposing a tax on wearing
hair powder.

1802. Cleopatra's coffin, head of the Theban ram, and other Egyptian
curiosities, arrived in England.

1804. France formed into an empire.

1808. PETER JOHN GEORGE CABANIS, a French physician, died. He was the
friend of Mirabeau, sat in the council of 500, and in the senate of
Napoleon acquired great reputation for talent, learning and benevolence.
His works are published in 7 volumes.

1811. Battle of Fuentes d'Onor, in Portugal; the French repulsed with
great loss, by the British under Wellington.

1813. Battle at Fort Meigs; Gen. Clay arrived with 1,000 Kentucky
militia and volunteers, attacked the British, carried their batteries
and spiked their cannon; but having pressed too far in pursuit, were met
by a reinforcement of Indians, and in turn defeated, so that only 150
escaped. The British had fired 143 cannon shot into the fort before the
arrival of Gen. Clay. American loss, 64 killed, 124 wounded, exclusive
of Clay's loss. British stated their loss at 103, killed, wounded and
missing, and that they had taken 495 American prisoners.

1814. NAPOLEON landed at Elba at an early hour in disguise, with a
sergeant's company of marines. He made a formal landing at 2 in the
afternoon, and was welcomed by the people with acclamation.

1821. NAPOLEON BONAPARTE died at St. Helena, in the 52d year of his age,
and the 6th of his exile, to the great relief of the British nation. He
commenced in 1795 that unparalleled career of military achievements,
which continued to agitate Europe for 20 years, and terminated with the
battle of Waterloo, 1815.

1822. THOMAS TRUXTON, an American naval officer, died. He distinguished
himself in the revolutionary war, and also in the war with France of
1799, after which he retired from the navy, and died in Philadelphia.

1827. FREDERICK AUGUSTUS I, king of Saxony, died, aged 77; a wise and
benevolent monarch, who devoted the energy of his mind to promote the
welfare of his subjects.

1846. JOHN PICKERING, an eminent American philologist, died at Boston,
aged 60. He commenced the practice of the law, and distinguished himself
as a jurist; but his reputation rests chiefly on his attainments as a
scholar, and on his literary and scientific labors, which were of great
service to the cause of learning in this country. He published a
vocabulary of Americanisms, and a Greek and English lexicon.

1848. Opening of the national assembly of France, after the abdication
of Louis Philippe.

1853. His other demands having been conceded, prince Menschikoff sent in
an ultimatum to the Turkish divan, demanding for the emperor of Russia
the protectorate of the Greek church Christians in Turkey.

1853. A new planet was discovered at the observatory of Bilk, at
Dusseldorf, by Prof. Luther.


MAY 6.

356. B. C. MARCIUS RUTILUS, the first dictator elected from the
plebeians, entered Rome in triumph from his victories over the
Etrurians.

1527. The imperialists under the duke of Bourbon, took Rome by assault
and plundered it. The duke was killed by a musket ball. He had been
disgraced at the French court, and was now in the service of Charles V
of Germany.

1540. JOHN LEWIS VIVES, a learned Spaniard, died. He resided some time
at the court of Henry VIII of England, where he was imprisoned for
opposing the divorce of Catharine of Arragon.

1562. PAUL DE LA BARTHE, lord of Thermes, a French general, died, aged
80. He was distinguished in the wars of his country by several important
victories.

1569. The first English lottery, which commenced drawing on the 11th
January (q. v.), and had been continued day and night, finished on this
day. It consisted of 400,000 lots of 10s. each. The prizes were plate,
and the profits were to be expended in repairing the havens of the
kingdom.

1631. ROBERT BRUCE COTTON, an eminent English antiquary, died. His
writings are numerous and valuable, and he did great service to learning
by leaving his valuable library to the use of posterity, in the British
museum.

1643. Battle of Stratton, in which the parliamentary army under the earl
of Stamford was attacked by the Cornish royalists, who, although far
inferior in numbers, gained a complete victory, taking the camp of the
enemy, all their artillery, baggage and provisions, and many prisoners.

1667. SAMUEL BOCHART, a learned French protestant divine, died. He was
distinguished as an oriental scholar, and died while delivering an
oration at the academy of Caen.

1673. The island of St. Helena retaken by the English.

1712. GARIEN DE SIEUR DE SANDRAS COURTLITZ, a French author, died. His
works were numerous, and some of them political, for which he was
confined in the bastile nine years.

1739. KOULI KHAN, after pillaging the capital of Hindostan, and
slaughtering 150,000 of its inhabitants, departed from the city, leaving
his son Mohammed Schah on the throne.

1743. ANDREW MICHAEL RAMSAY, a Scottish historian and philosopher, died.
He spent much of his time in France, with Fenelon and Turenne, where he
died.

1763. JOHN WILKES released from the tower by the memorable sentence of
chief justice Pratt. (See April 30).

1766. SAMUEL SQUIRE, bishop of St. David's died; a poetical, historical
and antiquarian writer of note.

1766. Lord HOWE and Gen. HOWE appointed commissioners for restoring
peace to the British colonies.

1766. THOMAS ARTHUR LALLY, an Irish officer in the service of France,
executed. He fought against the British in the East Indies with great
bravery, but had become so unpopular, that on being defeated he was
imprisoned and condemned for treason.

1780. Fort Moultrie, on Sullivan's island, surrendered to the British,
who bombarded Charleston at the same time.

1782. STEPHEN MIGNOL DE MONTIGNI died at Paris; eminent as a mechanic
and a man of science, who introduced several useful manufactures into
France.

1790. JOHN JAMES GESNER died; professor in the university at Zurich, and
a noted Swiss author.

1796. ADOLPHUS F. F. L. KNIGGE, a German author, died. His works were
various, and his novels once popular. He was a member of the
illuminati, and implicated in some of the disputes relating to that
order.

1801. Action of Barcelona, between British ship Speedy, 14 guns 54 men,
lord Cochrane, and Spanish frigate El Gamo, 32 guns 319 men. British
loss, killed and wounded 11, Spanish loss, 55.

1802. SAMUEL MCDONALD died, aged 40. He served under the British with
the Sutherland fencibles, and afterwards as fugleman in the royals. He
was six feet ten inches in height, and his strength is represented to
have been prodigious. He continued active till his 35th year, when he
began to decline, and died of water in the chest.

1811. WILLIAM BOSCAWEN, an English poet and miscellaneous writer, died.
His translation of Horace is preferred by some critics to that of Dr.
Francis.

1814. Battle of Oswego. The town was attacked the second time by the
British, 1,600 soldiers and sailors, and two companies of Glengarians,
under Gen. Drummond. The Americans, about 300, under Col. Mitchell,
gallantly defended the place, till they were compelled to retreat before
an overwhelming force, after securing their stores. American loss,
killed 6, wounded 38, missing 25; British, 94.

1839. WILLIAM LENOIR, an officer of the revolution, died. He bore a
distinguished part in the war in South Carolina, and was closely
identified with the early history of the state. He held various civil
offices, was a justice of the peace about 60 years, and for many years a
member of the state legislature. He was distinguished for integrity,
firmness and patriotism.

1840. DEMETRIUS AUGUSTINE GALITZIN, son of prince de Galitzin, one of
the first nobility of Russia, died in poverty at Loretto, Pa., aged 70.
He left the princely halls of his ancestors, and spent thirty years in a
rude log cabin in America, almost denying himself the comforts of life,
that he might devote his days to religion, and assist the poor and
distressed. Few have left behind them such examples of charity and
benevolence.

1840. FRANCISCO PAULA DE SANTANDER, formerly president of the republic
of New Granada, died at Bogota, aged 48. When the revolution began to
agitate the country he embarked in the cause of independence, and soon
rose to distinction as an officer in the army.

1844. Fearful rioting in Philadelphia between the native Americans and
Irish.

1848. Engagement between the Austrians and Piedmontese before Verona;
great loss on both sides.

1848. Gen. FOLQUE, a veteran officer, died at Lisbon, Portugal, aged
102.

1853. The drawbridge of the New York and New Haven rail road having been
carelessly left open at Norwalk, the cars were thrown into the water;
forty-five persons were killed, and many severely injured.

1856. An accident occurred on the Panama rail road, recently put in
operation, by which 43 persons were killed, and 60 wounded.

1856. WILLIAM HAMILTON, a distinguished Scottish metaphysician, died at
Edinburgh, where he was professor of logic and metaphysics, and became
more widely known by his volume of _Essays_.


MAY 7.

431 B. C. The war which wasted the Athenians for 27 years, commonly
called the Peloponnesian war, began May 7th.

399 B. C. SOCRATES, the greatest of the ancient philosophers, died. He
was put to death by the Athenians on a charge of atheism, and corrupting
the youth.

973. OTHO (the great), emperor of Germany, died. He was an active and
valiant prince, who made himself respected by the powers of Europe.

1253. RUBRUQUIUS (or Ruysbroeck) landed at Soldaia, on the Black sea, on
his way to discover a Christian people, who were said to inhabit the
centre of Tartary. On this embassy he explored that country, and though
unsuccessful in the object of his mission, he brought back a fund of
curious information, which after the lapse of centuries is still about
the best picture we possess of Tartar life. But few have been among them
in their native wilds since then, and those who have, like Marco Polo,
John Bell and Timkowsky, confirm most of his details.

1402. Battle of Nisbeth, between the English and Scottish forces, in
which 10,000 of the latter were slain.

1588. Lord BURLEIGH, as chancellor of Cambridge, issued rules for
reforming the apparel and other "disorders" of the scholars: "and that
the excess of colored shirtbands and ruffs, exceeding one inch and a
half (saving for the sons of noblemen), be avoided presently; and that
no scholar do wear any long locks of hair upon his head, but that he be
polled after the manner of the gravest scholars, under pain of 6s. 8d."

1621. JOHN GUILLIM died; rouge-croix pursuivant at arms, and author of a
celebrated work called _The Display of Heraldry_.

1621. JOHN SUCKLING, an English poet, died. He also signalized himself
as a soldier under Gustavus Adolphus.

1660. The king's statue was again set up in Guild hall, London, and the
states arms taken down.

1768. PATRICK DELANY died; an eminent divine and theological writer of
Ireland, better known now as the friend and correspondent of Dean Swift.

1676. HENRY DE VALOIS (Henricus Valesius) died; a French critic of great
abilities and learning.

1776. The American army under Gen. Thomas, on their retreat from before
Quebec, took up their line of march at 1 in the morning, and reached
Point de Chambault. At Jaques Cartier they had but one batteau to cross
the army over with, and were fired upon during the whole time by two
frigates.

1777. CHARLES DE BROSSES, president of the parliament of Burgundy, died.
He is the author of several useful works.

1778. British took possession of Bordentown, N. J. They burnt 4
store-houses and about 40 vessels.

1794. ROBESPIERRE appeared before the French convention as the _Champion
of the Supreme Being_! It was thought advisable to found a religion, and
it was necessary first to enact a supreme being, for _God had been
abolished by a decree of the convention_. The tyrant made an eloquent
speech, and concluded by declaring the real temple of the supreme being
to be the universe; his worship, virtue; his festivals the joy of a
great nation. His propositions were carried by acclamation, and a solemn
festival proclaimed, which under the arrangement of David, the painter,
was a magnificent affair.

1795. ANTHONY QUENTIN FOUQUIER TINVILLE, a notorious French
revolutionist, guillotined. As public accuser, he caused the death of
immense numbers, of all ages and either sex.

1796. BONAPARTE and the army of the French republic crossed the Po at
Placenza.

1800. NICHOLAS PICCINI, an eminent musical composer, died at Naples.

1811. RICHARD CUMBERLAND died; eminent as a British poet, essayist,
novelist and dramatic writer. The number of his works is very
extraordinary, as was also his vanity.

1825. JOHN GABRIEL CHASTELER, governor of Venice, died. He was a Spanish
grandee of the first rank, entered the Austrian service, and
distinguished himself in several engagements with the French. He
possessed a chivalrous and cultivated mind, and spoke 12 languages.

1830. Treaty between the United States and Turkey signed at
Constantinople, securing to the United States the free navigation of the
Black sea, and the trade of the Turkish empire.

1838. MARY SPROUSE died in Albemarle county, Va., aged 99. She was in
the practice of carrying poultry, vegetables, &c., to market at
Charlottesville, a distance of 8 miles, on foot, till within a few weeks
of her death.

1838. THOMAS BRADFORD, the oldest master printer in America, died at
Philadelphia, aged 94. He was the successor of Dr. Franklin as editor,
and entered upon the business in 1763. During the revolutionary war he
was commissary-general to the Pennsylvania division, and printer to
congress. He was long known as a distinguished printer, editor and
publisher.

1840. A tremendous tornado passed over the city of Natchez, very
destructive to life and property. Almost every building in the city was
more or less injured, many being utterly demolished. The amount of
property destroyed was estimated at $1,500,000; and 317 persons were
killed.

1840. THOMAS BARNES, principal editor of the _Times_ newspaper, died in
London, aged 56. He was unquestionably the most accomplished and
powerful political writer of the day, and particularly excelled in the
portraiture of public men.

1842. The island of Hayti destroyed by an earthquake. Not a single town
escaped without some casualty. Thousands of lives were lost, and
property to an incalculable extent was destroyed. Cape Haytien was
entirely leveled with the ground, and of 12,000 inhabitants, one half
were buried under the ruins, and of those which escaped, a great part
perished by fire and other disasters which followed. Bands of armed
negroes came in the next day to plunder, and stabbed and shot the
wounded wherever they found them, for the jewels and clothing they wore.

1844. It was discovered that all the watches on board the British
schooner Henry Curwen, and the chronometer, had stopped, and on
referring to the three compasses on board, they were found to point
different ways, and were entirely useless. In about two hours afterward
the watches and chronometer recommenced going, and the compasses resumed
their position. This occurred in 44° north, and 32° 35´ long., at 4 A.
M.

1848. The Polish insurgents surrendered to the Prussian troops, after
great slaughter, at Posen.

1848. Insurrection at Madrid, when many lives were lost.

1848. The Indians, who were in a state of insurrection in Yucatan
against the Spanish population, entered the town of Marie, and butchered
200 of the inhabitants, besides committing other outrages.

1849. Gen. WORTH died at San Antonio de Bexar of cholera.

1849. MACREADY, the English tragedian, hissed from the stage of the
Astor opera house in New York.

1852. JAMES SAVAGE, a distinguished London architect, died, aged 74. The
_Gentleman's Magazine_ contains a long list of the bridges and churches
which attest his reputation and skill.

1854. The gallery of the Catholic church at Erie, Pa., fell, crushing
the people below, and killing and wounding several persons.


MAY 8.

685. Pope BENEDICT II died.

1360. The treaty called the _great peace_ signed at Bretigni, by which
Edward III renounced all his claims to the French crown and its
territories.

1429. The siege of Orleans was abandoned. At dawn, the English army was
discovered at a small distance from the walls, drawn up in battle array,
and braving the enemy to fight in the open field. After waiting for some
hours, the signal was given; the long line of forts, the fruit of 7
months' labor, was instantly in flames and the soldiers, with mingled
feelings of shame and regret, turned their backs to the enemy. This was
one of the inexplicable feats of Joan d'Arc.

1493. FERDINAND and ISABELLA confirmed, at Barcelona, the appointment of
Columbus, on his return from the new world. "The office of admiral of
the said ocean, _which is ours_, commences by a line, which we have
ordered to be marked, passing from the Azores to the cape de Verd
islands, from the north to the south, from pole to pole; so that all
which is beyond the aforesaid line to the west is ours, and belongs to
us; and of all this we create our admiral, you and your children."

1532. FRANCIS ALVAREZ PAEZ died; a Portuguese divine of the order of the
Cordeliers, and an author.

1535. HENRY VIII of England had his _head shaved_, and commanded all
about his court to follow his example.

1538. EDWARD FOX, an English prelate and statesman, died. He was the
principal pillar of the reformation in England.

1572. Dame DOROTHY PACKINGTON sent the trusty and well beloved Thos.
Lichfield and George Borden to be her burgess in parliament, informing
the queen that whatever they might do in her service in parliament
should receive her (Dorothy's) approval.

1638. CORNELIUS JANSENIUS died; founder of the Jansenists, who gave the
pope and the Jesuits much trouble in Europe.

1655. EDWARD WINSLOW died; one of the first settlers of Plymouth colony,
Mass., and afterwards its governor. He joined the fleet sent over by
Cromwell to attack St. Domingo, the only place of strength which the
Spaniards had in Hispaniola, and died at sea, aged 60. His marriage was
the first that was celebrated in the colony.

1657. CROMWELL refused the title of king of England.

1659. A remnant of the long parliament assembled during the anarchy, and
has been termed the _rump_.

1662. PETER HEYLIN, an English historian, died. He was an able and
indefatigable writer, principally known by his _Description of the great
World_, and _History of the Reformation_.

1676. Bridgewater, Mass., invaded by the Indian enemy, and 17 buildings
laid in ashes.

1703. VINCENT ALSOP died; a presbyterian clergyman, who attacked Dr.
Sherlock with great wit and some seriousness.

1725. Capt. JOHN LOVEWELL, with a party of 36 men, encouraged by his
former success against the Indians (see Feb. 20), undertook an
expedition against Pigwacket, on Saco river, was ambuscaded, and himself
and a great part of his men killed. They made a brave resistance,
determined to die rather than yield, and by their well directed fire
thinned the number of the savages so that their cries became fainter,
and they finally left the field, carrying off their dead.

1729. WILLIAM KING, archbishop of Dublin, died; author of a celebrated
treatise on the origin of evil.

1744. GILES JACOB died; an English law writer, biographer, and
lexicographer.

1758. BENEDICT XIV (Prosper Lambertini), pope, died. His character was
that of a learned, liberal-minded and benevolent man. His works fill 16
vols. folio.

1775. The great tunnel at Norwood hill, through which the Chesterfield
and Trent canal was to pass, was opened; its length nearly 1¾ miles.

1779. CHARLES HARDY, an English admiral, died. He was two years governor
of New York, and was appointed commander in chief of the western
squadron, 1779.

1782. SEBASTIAN JOSEPH CARVALLO DE POMBAL, a Portuguese statesman, died.
He displayed great wisdom and abilities in the offices to which he was
promoted; and under his munificence and patriotism the city of Lisbon
rose from her ruins by the earthquake, in new splendor and increased
magnificence.

1793. Battle of Vicogne, the French defeated by the Austrians under
Clairfait, after an obstinate action and great carnage.

1793. JAS. RIDGWAY and H. D. SYMONDS, booksellers in London, severely
fined and sentenced to 4 years imprisonment for selling the books of
Thomas Payne.

1794. ANTHONY LAWRENCE LAVOISIER, a French chemist, guillotined. His
philosophical researches were of great service to science, and of
practical utility to his country; he was condemned on the most frivolous
pretexts.

1799. BONAPARTE made an unsuccessful attempt to carry St. Jean d'Acre by
assault.

1806. ROBERT MORRIS, one of the signers of the Declaration of
Independence, died. He was one of the most extensive merchants in
America, and in 1781 was appointed to the control of the government
finances, where the services he rendered the country were of the utmost
importance. The army was frequently supplied by his own personal credit.
It is painful to add, that the latter years of his life were passed in
prison, where he was confined for debt.

1813. The Americans evacuated York, Upper Canada, after burning the
blockhouses, barracks and king's stores.

1815. DAVID RAMSAY, an American physician and historian, died. By
unwearied industry and economy of time he was enabled, amidst an
extensive practice, to publish several important histories, and left
others in manuscript.

1815. Saxony dismembered, and a great part of the kingdom given to
Prussia.

1816. The United States ship Washington, 74 guns, put to sea, being the
first American ship of the line afloat.

1822. JOHN STARK, a major general in the revolutionary army, died, aged
93. By his skill and intrepidity the first step was achieved towards the
capture of Burgoyne, by the defeat of colonel Baum in the battle of
Bennington.

1829. CHARLES ABBOT, lord Colchester, died; a British statesman.

1842. More than 70 lives lost by a rail road accident between Versailles
and Paris among whom were the celebrated navigator, admiral Dumont
d'Urville and his wife and children.

1846. Battle of Palo Alto. The Americans, 2,000, under Gen. Taylor, were
attacked on their return from Point Isabel, by 5,000 Mexicans. The
former fought their way through the Mexican lines, dispersing the enemy,
capturing their baggage and artillery, and several of their superior
officers.

1848. Great hail storm at Charleston, S. C.; some of the stones that
fell were 7½ inches in circumference.

1852. The emperor of Russia visited the emperor of Austria at Vienna,
and two days afterwards reviewed the Austrian troops, consisting of
20,000 infantry and 10,000 artillery and cavalry.

1853. JOHN FARRAR, a distinguished American mathematician, died, aged
54. He gave the active portion of his life to the service of Harvard
college, to which he brought great natural tastes and aptitudes, habits
of persevering labor, and deep conscientiousness.

1854. The sultan of Turkey gave a grand banquet in honor of Napoleon.

1855. JANE DAVY, widow of sir Humphrey Davy, died in London; conspicuous
in literary circles for her accomplishments, unwearied conversation and
physical activity.


MAY 9.

1502. COLUMBUS sailed from Cadiz, with four vessels and 140 men and
boys, in search of a passage to the South sea, being his fourth voyage
across the Atlantic. It was a disastrous expedition for the admiral,
against whom the elements seem to have joined his countrymen, to
complete the ruin of his fortunes.

1657. WILLIAM BRADFORD, second governor of Plymouth colony, died. He
removed to America with the first settlers of the colony, and was their
governor thirty years. He wrote a history of the colony from 1602 to
1646, which was deposited in the library of the old south church in
Boston, where it fell a sacrifice to the fury of the British, 1775.

1657. A secret treaty signed at Paris between Louis XIV and Cromwell,
for "the ruin and destruction of the proud and tyrannical monarchy of
Spain."

1760. NICHOLAS LEWIS ZINZENDORF, a German count, died; founder of the
sect of Moravians, or Hernhutters.

1767. CASSINI observed, by the position of certain spots, the revolution
of the planet Venus on its axis.

1768. BONNELL THORNTON died; an English poet, essayist and miscellaneous
writer, and translator of Plautus.

1776. ELLEN ELLIS at Beumaris in Anglesey gave birth to a child in her
72d year.

1781. British generals Arnold and Philips took Wilmington, Va.

1781. Spaniards took Pensacola and all Florida.

1791. FRANCIS HOPKINSON, one of the signers, died. He was judge of the
admiralty court of Pennsylvania; his writings abound with wit, humor and
satire.

1794. CHARLES HENRY D'ESTAING, a French admiral, guillotined. He was
commander of the French squadron in the American war; and at the
revolution in France became member of the assembly of notables.

1799. Sally from the garrison of St. Jean d'Acre, when they succeeded in
spiking 4 cannon within the French lines.

1803. ROBERT CHAMBERS died at Paris; a learned English judge and
orientalist.

1805. FREDERICK SCHILLER, an eminent German dramatist, died. He is also
the author of a history of the revolt of the Netherlands from Spain.

1813. The siege of fort Meigs raised. It had continued 13 days, and it
was computed that 1760 cannon balls and shells had been fired at the
fort, by which 17 were killed and 66 wounded.

1832. ISRAEL THORNDIKE, a Boston merchant, died. He possessed a talent
for business which enabled him to accumulate the largest fortune ever
acquired in New England, amounting to nearly two millions. In 1818 he
purchased the valuable library of professor Ebeling, of Hamburg, 4,000
vols., and presented it to Harvard university. This library is
considered the most valuable and extensive in American history and
antiquities, ever collected.

1832. CAMILLO PHILIP LOUIS BORGHESE, an Italian prince of immense
wealth, died. He was an officer under Bonaparte, whose sister he
married. After the abdication of the emperor, he broke up all connection
with the Bonaparte family, and separated from his wife.

1836. CALEB P. BENNETT, governor of the state of Delaware, died, aged
78. He was the last surviving officer of the Delaware regiment in the
revolutionary army.

1846. Battle of Resaca de la Palma and death of major Samuel Ringgold,
whose place of sepulture in Baltimore is surrounded by an inclosure of
Mexican bayonets.

1846. CHARLES TURNER TORREY died in the jail at Baltimore, Maryland,
while sustaining an imprisonment for a breach of the laws of Maryland in
relation to kidnapping slaves.

1853. An earthquake completely destroyed Schiraz in Persia; 12,000 lives
were lost.

1854. An imperial ukase in Russia called for nine men out of every
thousand souls of the "eleventh ordinary partial levy in the eastern
portion of the empire," and, independently of this, three recruits out
of every thousand souls to bring up arrears; the Jews furnishing ten men
out of a thousand.


MAY 10.

664. The memorable pestilence in Ireland began.

1307. Battle of Loudown hill; Bruce defeated Aylmer de Valence, earl of
Pembroke.

1422. HENRY V reduced Meaux, after a siege of 7 months.

1503. COLUMBUS discovered the Tortugas islands.

1547. CHARLES V summoned Wittenberg, defended by Sibylla, wife of the
elector of Saxony; refusing to surrender, he ordered a court-martial who
condemned her husband, then a prisoner, to death.

1574. Queen ELIZABETH issued her royal license under seal, for the
performance of stage plays; the first establishment of a regular company
of players in England.

1611. Sir THOMAS DALE arrived at the Jamestown colony, with 3 ships, 300
people, 12 cows, 20 goats, and all things needful. Lord Baltimore had
previously left for England on account of his health, and Dale took
command. Sir Thomas Gates arrived in August following, with 6 ships, 280
men, 20 women, 100 cattle, 200 hogs, and military stores, and assumed
the government. These added to the 200 left by lord Baltimore, swelled
the number to 800.

1631. Magdeburg taken by the Austrians under general Tilly, by assault,
and given up to pillage, massacre and fire, only two churches and some
ruins remaining.

1632. LOUIS DE MARILLAC, marechal of France, beheaded. He conspired
against Richelieu, to whom he was indebted for much of his good fortune,
and to whose resentment he fell a victim.

1641. JOHN BANNIER died; a Swedish general under Gustavus Adolphus.

1646. MANUEL D'ALMEIDA, a Portuguese Jesuit, died; a missionary to India
40 years, and author of a work on Ethiopia.

1649. Governor ENDICOTT, and other influential men in Massachusetts,
formed an association against wearing long hair!

1671. The English admiral Sprague destroyed 12 Algerine pirate ships at
Bugea, a seaport of Algiers.

1696. JOHN DE LA BRUYERE, a noted French author, died. His _Characters_,
in imitation of Theophrastus, is a work of established excellence, and
descriptive of the manners of that age.

1733. BARTON BOOTH died; a celebrated tragedian in the reign of queen
Anne, author of some songs and minor pieces.

1773. An act of parliament passed, authorizing the East India company to
export their own tea, duty 3d. per pound; in consequence of this act
they determined to send it to New York, Philadelphia and Boston. In
October of the same year the Americans refused to receive it.

1774. LOUIS XV of France died, in the 60th year of his reign. He
outlived the respect of his subjects.

1775. Colonels ALLEN and ARNOLD surprised Ticonderoga, which
surrendered, without the loss of a man. Crown-point was taken by them
the same day.

1775. CAROLINA MATILDA, the divorced queen of Denmark, died at Zell,
aged 24: youngest sister of George III.

1779. Portsmouth and Norfolk, Va., taken by the British, and many
vessels, stores and houses destroyed.

1781. Lord RAWDON evacuated Camden, after destroying the public and
private houses, and much of his own baggage.

1784. ANTHONY COURT DE GEBELIN, a French writer, died; celebrated as the
author of _The Primitive World compared with the Modern_, a work which
the French academy were so well satisfied with that they twice decreed
him the annual prize of 1,200 livres for the best work.

1790. The _Gabelle Tax_ in France was abolished. This was a duty on salt
capricious and unequal in its operation, which notwithstanding had
continued since the beginning of the 14th century.

1793. CLAIRFAIT attacked and carried the wood of Hasnon; the slaughter
of the French was great.

1794. Battle of Tournay and defeat of the French by the British and
Austrians under the duke of York.

1794. ELIZABETH of France, sister of Louis XVI, guillotined.

1796. Battle of Lodi, in which Bonaparte gained an important victory
over the Austrians, under the veteran general Beaulieu. The long narrow
bridge which led to the city, was defended by 30 pieces of cannon. The
French generals put themselves at the head of 3000 grenadiers, and in
the face of a murderous fire crossed the bridge over the dead bodies of
their comrades, who were mowed down by hundreds, and took possession of
the Austrian batteries. The loss was about 3,000 men on each side. This
was one of the most striking military achievements of Bonaparte. It was
on this occasion that he received the title of _the little corporal_.

1796. The Babeuf conspiracy was discovered by the council of 500 in
Paris. Babeuf and Darthe, the principal leaders were secured and
executed, which completely crushed the Jacobin power.

1809. The Swedish diet renounced all allegiance to Gustavus IV, and
deprived him and his heirs of the crown.

1811. French evacuated Almeida, after destroying everything, and the
next day they abandoned Portugal entirely.

1824. JOHN GUTHRIE, the celebrated Edinburgh bookseller of the firm of
Guthrie & Jait, died. Like Benjamin Franklin he wheeled home his own
purchases.

1831. JOHN TRUMBULL, an American poet, died. He was for many years judge
of a court in Connecticut, and is known as the author of the popular
poem, _McFingal_.

1831. Battle of Terlepe; 20,000 Albanians under the pasha of Scodra
defeated by the Turks under the grand vizier.

1837. All the banks in the city of New York without exception, and by
common consent, stop specie payments. The banks throughout the Union
adopted the same course.

1848. A very destructive fire occurred in Detroit, Michigan. The houses
were of wood principally on leased land.

1849. The city of Leghorn taken by the Tuscan troops.

1849. Astor house opera riot in the city of New York.

1853. ASHBEL STRONG NORTON, an American preacher, died, aged 87. He was
born in Farmington, Ct., graduated at Yale college in 1790; filled the
pastoral office at Clinton, N. Y., with distinguished usefulness and
success forty years, during which he was largely concerned in laying the
foundations of social and religious institutions in central New York.

1853. The pope prohibited the circulation of _Uncle Tom's Cabin_, an
American novel, in his dominions.

1855. A mob of armed men destroyed the Birch creek reservoir, in Clay
county, Indiana, connected with the Wabash and Erie canal.


MAY 11.

1491 B. C. The Egyptians under Pharaoh drowned in the Red sea.

1153. DAVID I, of Scotland, died. He was earl of Northumberland and
Huntington, and married the daughter of the king of England, for whom he
claimed the throne on the death of her father. He was a mild and popular
king.

1310. JAMES DE MOLAI, grand master, and 54 knights of the temple,
publicly burned at Paris, under the decree of an archiepiscopal council.
They were condemned on confessions of Islamism and paganism, extorted by
the rack, and afterwards retracted.

1537. A terrible and destructive eruption of Mount Ætna.

1553. Three vessels sailed from England, under Sir Hugh Willoughby, to
explore the northern seas. By this voyage an inlet was discovered to the
White sea and the bay of Archangel, and an almost exclusive commerce
established with Russia in that quarter.

1554. FRANCISCO DE ORELLANA sailed from St. Lucar, in Spain, with 4
ships and 400 men, for the purpose of exploring the river Amazon. He
forced his way up about 120 leagues, and meeting with disasters by which
he lost his ships and the greater part of his men, he turned about and
died on his way back. "Orellana was very _warmly_ received by armed
swift-footed females, which originated the fanciful name _Amazonia_."

1676. The Indians assaulted the town of Plymouth, Mass., and burned 11
houses and 5 barns; and two days after they burned 7 houses and 2 barns,
and the remaining houses in Namasket.

1686. OTHO GUERICKE, a Prussian philosopher, died. He was the most
celebrated mathematician of his time, and invented the air pump.

1690. Charlemont, in Ireland, taken by the English.

1696. The Reformed Dutch church at New York incorporated.

1723. JEAN GUALBERT DE CAMPISTRON, a French poet, died. He is thought to
be little inferior to Racine in the merit of his dramatic compositions.

1743. Several tons of leaden pipe were dug up in Fleet street, London,
laid down 300 years before.

1749. CATHARINE COCKBURN, an English poetress, died. She produced the
tragedy of _Agnes de Castro_ in her 17th year, which was followed by
several others. She possessed also a great and philosophic mind, and
wrote an able defence of Locke.

1776. At an action near Charleston, S. C., between count Pulaski and the
British, Major Huger of the American army was killed by mistake.

1778. WILLIAM PITT, earl of Chatham, a most illustrious English
statesman, died. He was the friend of liberty and justice, and eloquent
in their cause.

1781. Orangeburgh surrendered to the American Gen. Sumpter; prisoners
taken, 82.

1782. RICHARD WILSON died; an English landscape painter of great merit.

1799. PHILIP NICHOLAS PIA, a French chemist, died. He was sheriff of
Paris, 1770, and employed his leisure in objects of benevolence, till
the revolution overwhelmed him.

1807. Action in the Dardanelles, between the Russian and Turkish fleets;
3 of the latter stranded.

1810. Hastalrick, in Catalonia, evacuated for want of provisions; the
garrison cut their way through the French troops.

1813. SPENCER PERCEVAL, prime minister of Great Britain, shot in the
lobby of the house of commons.

1814. ROBERT TREAT PAINE, one of the signers, died. He was a
distinguished lawyer, of learning and integrity, member of the first
congress, and judge of the supreme court of Massachusetts.

1821. GEORGE HOWE, editor of the _Sydney Gazette_, died. His paper
commenced in March, 1803, in the 15th year of the colony, and was the
first Australian periodical.

1838. ANDREW THOMAS KNIGHT died. His horticultural writings were
exceedingly beneficial, as well to the gardeners as farmers.

1839. THOMAS COOPER, president of South Carolina college, died, aged 80.
He wrote on law, medical jurisprudence and political economy, and
translated Justinian and Broussais.

1844. STEPHEN WOOD, died at Miami, Ohio, aged 82. He was the last
survivor of those who were associated with John Cleves Symmes in the
settlement of North Bend.

1848. An expedition under Sir James Ross, sailed for the Arctic regions,
in search of Sir John Franklin.

1853. PETER HITCHCOCK, an eminent civilian, died at Painesville, Ohio,
aged 70. He was a member of the Ohio senate, and of the house of
representatives at Washington; also for twenty-five years a judge of the
supreme court of Ohio.

1854. The packet Pike, from St. Louis to Louisville, struck a snag, and
sank in a few minutes, by which about fifty passengers lost their lives.

1854. J. DELIUS, of Bremen, assistant professor of English literature at
Berlin, fell into the crater of Vesuvius, and perished there.


MAY 12.

48 B. C. Battle of Pharsalia, between Cæsar and Pompey, in which the
latter was defeated, and escaped on foot. This battle forms an important
era in the history of the world.

824. PASCHAL I, pope, died; distinguished for his benevolence and
toleration.

1264. Battle of Lewes and defeat of Henry III by Leicester.

1294. EDWARD I of England met at Norham the states of Scotland, when
they acknowledged his sovereignty, and engaged to deliver up to him
their castles.

1430. The famous JOAN OF ARC, or maid of Orleans, pretended to be sent
from God to save the kingdom of France.

1539. FERDINAND DE SOTO sailed from Havana with ten ships for the
conquest of Florida.

1618. The Calvinists of Bohemia entered the castle of Prague, cast the
leading members of the council from the windows, and took possession of
the capital.

1621. The first marriage in the colony at Plymouth took place, between
Edward Winslow and Susanna White.

1641. THOMAS WENTWORTH, an English statesman under Charles I, beheaded
on a false charge of treason. The king was compelled by the clamors of
the populace to order his execution.

1663. The books of the London stationers company record the names of 59
persons exercising the trade as master printers.

1690. JOHN RUSHWORTH, an English writer, died in the king's bench
prison, where he had been confined 6 years; author of _Historical
Collections_, in 7 vols. folio.

1763. JOHN JACKSON died; an English divine and historian, author of
_Chronological Antiquities_.

1763. JOHN BELL, the distinguished anatomist of Scotland, was born at
Edinburgh.

1771. CHRISTOPHER SMART, an English poet and miscellaneous writer, died;
known by a popular translation of Horace. By some authorities his death
is placed in 1770.

1780. Charleston, S. C., surrendered to the British; 2,500 prisoners and
400 cannon fell into the hands of the enemy.

1781. Fort Motte surrendered by the British to the American generals
Marion and Lee.

1785. Mr. MCGUIRE having ascended from Dublin in a balloon, was carried
with great velocity towards the sea, into which he descended, and was
taken up nearly lifeless.

1791. FRANCIS GROSE died; author of the _Classical Dictionary of the
Vulgar Tongue_, a complete collection of British technicals, vulgarisms,
and billingsgate used by gamblers, ostlers, servants, fishwomen, &c.,
which, though not very popular, or creditable to him, is yet quite a
curiosity. He produced some other works of great merit, which mark him a
profound antiquary.

1795. EZRA STILES, president of Yale college, died. He was eminent as a
divine, and an indefatigable scholar. His publications were few, but he
left 40 vols. in manuscript.

1796. The French under Bonaparte defeated the Austrians with great
slaughter, who were compelled to abandon their guns and baggage, and
take refuge under the cannon of Mantua.

1797. BONAPARTE took possession of Venice, boasting an independence of
fourteen centuries.

1798. SIDNEY SMITH escaped from France after two years imprisonment.

1809. Vienna capitulated to the French, and Napoleon established his
head quarters in the imperial palace of Schoenbrunn. The emperor had
already quitted it, with all his family except his daughter the
archduchess Maria Louisa, afterwards wife of Napoleon, who was confined
to her chamber by sickness--on learning which, Bonaparte ordered that
there should be no firing in that direction.

1809. Lord WELLINGTON took Oporto by assault, and the French under
Soult were compelled to retreat to Amarante.

1809. Alcantara, in Spain, taken by a division of the French under
Victor, together with the British garrison.

1848. ALEXANDER BARING, lord Ashburton, died in England, aged 78. He
passed much of his youth in America, and was British embassador at
Washington, to settle the Maine boundary in 1842. He acquired great
wealth, and was a highly accomplished man.

1848. Posen incorporated with Germany, and the insurgent Poles
disarmed.--Violent earthquake at Sienna, Italy.

1849. A crevasse was made in the levee above New Orleans flooding much
of the city.

1854. The British ship Tiger, 16 guns, was captured near Odessa by the
Russians, with 226 prisoners.

1855. D. J. MCCORD, an American lawyer, died at Columbia, S. C. He
published law reports, and edited the _Statutes at Large_, on the death
of Dr. Cooper, to whom the work was first entrusted.


MAY 13.

432. B. C. METON, the Athenian astronomer, began his famous _lunar
cycle_ of 19 years (then marked by successive letters in gold, which are
now called the golden numbers), with the new moon nearest to the summer
solstice falling upon the 16th of Scirophion.

48 B. C. POMPEY, in passing through the Archipelago, stopt at Mitylene
to receive his wife, the exemplary Cornelia, and there conversed with
Cratippus, the philosopher, _on the nature of providence_.

1213. King JOHN received Pandulph, the pope's legate, in whose presence
he subscribed an instrument by which the sentences of interdict,
excommunication and deposition were revoked, conditionally that he
reversed all his former acts of oppression.

1520. Massacre of the Mexicans by Alvarado, during the absence of
Cortez. This happened on the great festival of their god
_Huitzilopochtli_, in the month Toxcatl, the emperor being then a
prisoner of the Spaniards in his palace, and the principal nobles
gathered there for the dance, when the Spaniards fell upon them with the
utmost fury. The victims were unable to defend themselves or escape by
flight, and the slaughter was terrible. An insurrection immediately
followed, and the quarters of the Spaniards were assaulted with such
determined energy that they were compelled to hasten the return of
Cortez, and led to the disaster of the 1st July (q. v.)

1539. A bill brought into the English parliament vesting in the crown
all the property of the monastic institutions. This was followed by the
fall of 644 monasteries, 90 colleges, 2,374 chantries, and 110
hospitals. The revenue of these establishments amounted to £161,000.

1568. Battle of Langside hill, Mary queen of Scots defeated by the
regent Murray, and fled to England.

1607. Jamestown, Virginia, settled. Three small ships, with 105 persons
intended to form a settlement, under Sir Christopher Newport, took
possession of a peninsula in Powhatan river, and gave it the name of
Jamestown. Though they had to strive against appalling difficulties, and
were several times on the verge of losing or abandoning the enterprise,
they were ultimately established, mainly through the great exertions and
talents of Capt. John Smith, one of the most remarkable persons
connected with the early history of the country, and indeed one of the
most remarkable of an age prolific of memorable men. Jamestown was for a
long time the capital of the state, but has sunk into ruin, and is
almost desolate. Two or three old houses, the ruins of an old steeple, a
churchyard, and faint marks of the rude fortifications, are the only
memorials of its former importance.

1614. MARGUARD FREHER died. His books on law, criticism and history are
numerous and respectable.

1619. JOHN VAN OLDENBARNEVELDT, a Dutch statesman, beheaded. Zeal for
his country led him to oppose the arbitrary measures of the stadtholder,
for which he was accused of treason and condemned at the age of 72. (See
April 14.)

1625. CHARLES I issued a proclamation for "settling the plantation of
Virginia." The colony was reduced under the immediate direction of the
crown, and the commission to the new governor and council was
accompanied with arbitrary instructions. "The commerce of the colony was
restrained, and the persons of the colonists enslaved."

1649. WILLIAM CHAPPEL, bishop of Cork, died. His works have been
translated into English. To him is ascribed, among others, the
authorship of the _Whole Duty of Man_.

1704. LOUIS BOURDALOUE died; esteemed the best preacher that France ever
produced.

1728. Counsellor HAGEN, formerly secretary to the famous baron Gortz,
shot himself through the head. He left a letter to king George II, and a
paper stating "I am quite weary of eating and drinking, of shunning my
creditors, weary of being burthensome to my friends, weary of being
vexatious to my enemies, and lastly tired with myself."

1734. JAMES THORNHILL, an eminent English historical painter, died.

1736. The foundation of the Ratcliffe library laid at Oxford, England.

1781. ROGER BYRNE, the Irish giant, was buried. He weighed with his
coffin 578 lbs., and died of no other disease than suffocation
occasioned by a superabundance of fat, which stopped the play of his
lungs, and put a period to his life in the 54th year of his age. His
height, it is believed, was nearly 8 feet.

1760. A copy of Tendall's testament sold at Oxford for 20 guineas,
supposed to be the only copy of that edition unburned by Tonstall. This
book occasioned some prelates to say that they must root out printing or
printing would root out them.

1783. Society of Cincinnati established; originated by Gen. Knox, and
composed exclusively of officers who had served in the regular army
during the revolutionary war.

1790. Action in the port of Revel, between the Swedish fleet of 23 ships
and 18 frigates, and the Russian fleet of 11 sail and 5 frigates,
protected by several batteries and fortifications. A furious storm raged
at the time, which destroyed two Swedish ships.

1799. BARTHOLOMEW MERCIER, abbot of St. Leger, died; a learned French
author and a worthy man, whom the revolution reduced to poverty and
wretchedness.

1806. Broome county in the state of New York erected.

1814. Madam MURAT surrendered the fleet and arsenal at Naples, and
Ferdinand returned to his capital.

1814. British cannonaded and bombarded the town of Charlotte at the
mouth of Genesee river. It was successfully defended by Gen. Peter B.
Porter, with 150 volunteers and 350 militia.

1816. Treaty between the United States and the Sac Indians of Rock
river.

1825. CHARLES WHITWORTH, an English earl, died; employed by the
government as ambassador to different courts of Europe--a man of much
private worth and unquestioned talent.

1832. GEORGE LEOPOLD CUVIER, the French naturalist, died. His grand
work, the _Animal Kingdom_, forms an imperishable monument of his
genius.

1835. ELIZABETH COOK, widow of Capt. James Cook, the circumnavigator,
died near London, aged 94. She survived her husband 55 years, and was
highly esteemed for her virtues.

1835. JOHN NASH, the architect of Regent street, Buckingham palace, &c.,
London, died.

1836. Sir CHARLES WILKINS, an eminent oriental scholar, died.

1838. ZACHARY MACAULEY, a distinguished philanthropist, died at London,
aged 70. He edited the _Christian Observer_ from 1802 to 1816, with
ability, and for more than 40 years dedicated his eminent talents and
active energies in conjunction with other distinguished men to the
abolition of African slave trade.

1839. JOSEPH FRESCH, archbishop of Lyons, died. He was the uncle of
Bonaparte, and after the fall of the emperor resided at Rome in the
enjoyment of immense wealth, and one of the first picture galleries in
that city.

1841. The American Bible Society celebrated its 25th anniversary at New
York. The whole amount of receipts during the year preceding, was
$118,860·41; the number of Bibles and testaments published and
circulated through the efforts of the society since its organization,
_three millions_.

1849. A revolution at Carlsruhe, and the grand duke of Baden fled.

1852. GEORGE DOLLAND, an English astronomer and optician, died, aged 78.
His father and grandfather followed the same pursuits. He is the author
of the _Atmospheric Recorder_.


MAY 14.

1097. The siege of Nice, the Turkish capital of Soliman, sultan of Roum,
opened by the French crusaders, whose camps formed an imperfect circle
of more than 6 miles.

1501. AMERIGO VESPUCCI sailed with three ships furnished him by Emanuel
of Portugal. This was his third voyage, which he extended as far as
Patagonia.

1602. BARTHOLOMEW GOSNOLD, after a passage of 7 weeks direct west from
England, discovered land on the American coast, and fell in with a
shallop with sails and oars, manned by Indians, with whom they had
friendly intercourse. They are represented as naked, "save neere their
wastes seale skins tyed fast like to Irish dimmi trouses;" and the chief
wore a few things of European fabric, described the coast with a piece
of chalk, and "spake diverse Christian words." Their vessel is supposed
to have belonged to some wrecked fishermen of Biscay.

1610. HENRY IV of France assassinated by Ravaillac. Above 50 historians
and 500 panegyrists, poets and orators, have spoken in his praise; but
the _Henriade_ of Voltaire is the most likely to immortalize him.

1652. British commodore YOUNG fell in with a Dutch convoy, and demanded
that according to an act of king John (A. D. 1200) they should strike
their flag to the British flag. This being refused, a severe action
ensued, which ended in the Dutch flag being struck, after which they
were permitted to proceed!

1667. JOAN HENRY URSINUS died; a Lutheran divine, eminent for his
learning in sacred and profane history.

1692. Sir WILLIAM PHIPS arrived at Boston with the new charter by
William and Mary, where he was received with great pomp, and conducted
by the military, magistrates, ministers, and principal men of the
country to the town-house, where the charter was published. This charter
included the whole of old Massachusetts, Plymouth colony, the provinces
of Maine and Nova Scotia, the islands of Elizabeth, Nantucket and
Martha's Vineyard, as the province of Massachusetts, of which Phips was
appointed governor.

1731. A final settlement was made of the boundary line between New York
and Connecticut; 60,000 acres called the Oblong being ceded to New York
in exchange for lands near the sound.

1761. THOMAS SIMPSON, an eminent English mathematician, died. He was a
weaver in the lowest circumstances, who raised himself to distinction by
close application to science.

1780. PETER MONTAN LE BERTON died; an eminent French musician, and
manager of the operas at Paris.

1781. Lieut. col. CHRISTOPHER GREENE (the conqueror of count Donop) and
major FLAG, surprised and murdered at Croton river, by a party of
refugees.

1785. Canal opened between the Baltic and North seas.

1796. Vaccination for cowpox first applied by Dr. Jenner.

1796. BONAPARTE made his public entry into Milan under a triumphal arch.

1798. DAVID RUHNKENIUS died; professor of belles-lettres and history,
and librarian in the university at Leyden, and a learned and able
critic.

1805. ROBERT BISSET died; a Scottish historian, biographer, and
novelist.

1810. Lerida, in Spain, surrendered to the French general Suchet, who
found large quantities of stores. Same day, Catalonians defeated the
French, whose loss is stated at 45,000, and that of the Catalonians
25,000.

1814. British fleet on lake Champlain commenced a heavy cannonade on the
American batteries under colonel Davis, at the mouth of Otter creek. The
British were compelled to retreat.

1814. French defeated at Madrid by lord Wellington.

1814. Spanish squadron belonging to Monte Video, defeated by the Buenos
Ayrean squadron under com. Brown.

1820. HENRY GRATTAN, an Irish statesman, died. He warmly espoused the
interests of his country, and many important measures were effected by
his eloquence.

1826. State prison at Sing Sing, New York, commenced.


MAY 15.

164 B. C. The Jews, upon the 15th Sivan, celebrate a feast for the
victory of Judas Maccabæus over the people of Bethsan, or Scythopolis.

67. VESPASIAN invested Jotopata, in Galilee, defended by Josephus, the
historian, a very interesting siege as it respects the latter.

392. VALENTINIAN, emperor of Rome, strangled at Vienne, in Milan, by
order of Arbogastes, his rebellious general.

1213. King JOHN, oppressed with guilt and despair, resigned the kingdoms
of England and Ireland to the pope, to be held of him and of the Roman
church in fee, by the annual rent of 1,000 marks.

1464. Battle of Hexham, on the banks of the Dilswater, and defeat of the
Lancastrians under the duke of Somerset, by Edward IV. The fate of the
royal family after this defeat was extremely singular and distressing.

1494. COLUMBUS discovered a great number of small islands in the West
Indies, which he called the _Queen's Garden_. These were in his opinion
the 5,000 islands which Marco Polo and Mandeville described as the
boundary of India.

1548. The emperor CHARLES V laid before the diet of Augsburg a _rule of
faith_, which he compelled them to acquiesce in, notwithstanding that it
was disapproved by both protestants and papists.

1567. Marriage of Mary, queen of Scots, and the earl of Bothwell.

1571. Moscow burnt by the Tartars, who had surrounded the city, and set
it on fire at all points. The entire city was burnt down, and upwards of
200,000 of the inhabitants perished in the flames.

1602. BARTHOLOMEW GOSNOLD, in search of a suitable place to settle a
plantation, discovered a head land in 42 deg., where he came to anchor;
and taking a great number of cod at this place, they called it cape Cod,
which name it still retains.

1618. The celebrated KEPLER discovered his canon for the periodical
motion of the planets.

1645. Battle of Alderne, in which the earl of Montrose defeated the
Scots under Urrey with great slaughter.

1664. The Dutch governor surrendered the island of Cayenne to the
French, by treaty.

1674. Besançon, an ancient city of France, taken by Louis XIV.

1679. The Ashmolean museum, at Oxford, England, founded for the purpose
of receiving the antiquary's "twelve cartloads of rarities."

1716. JOHN BAGFORD, an English antiquary, died. He was originally a
shoemaker, became a bookseller, and an amateur of old English books and
curious prints, with which he enriched several famous libraries.

1719. FRANCIS MALAVAL died; a Frenchman, who, although he lost his sight
when 9 months old, acquired celebrity as a mystical writer on quietism.

1737. ALEXANDER CUNNINGHAM, a Scottish historian, died. He wrote a
valuable _History of Great Britain_ in Latin, which remained in
manuscript till 1787, when it was translated by Thompson, and published
in 2 vols. quarto.

1740. EPHRAIM CHAMBERS, an English encyclopedist, died. He was
apprenticed to a globemaker, and during his minority projected his
_Dictionary of the Arts and Sciences_, which appeared in 1728 in 2 vols.
folio. It was extended by Dr. Rees to 45 vols. quarto.

1747. British fleet under Anson captured 1 French ship of 74 guns, 5 of
64, 4 of 60, 1 of 50, and 20 merchantmen.

1766. JOHN ASTRUC, a French physician, died; author of several useful
and curious works.

1772. ANTONY FRANCIS RICCOBONI died; an Italian actor, author of _Art du
Théatre_, a work of great merit.

1773. ALBAN BUTLER died; director of the English college of St. Omer's,
and author of the _Lives of the Fathers, Saints and Martyrs_, with
valuable notes.

1775. Congress resolved to issue paper money.

1776. American fort at the Cedars, 43 miles above Montreal, surrendered
by maj. Butterfield, with 390 men, to capt. Foster, with 650 British and
Indians. (See May 20, 27.)

1781. Fort Granby surrendered by the British to col. Lee.

1789. The number of emigrants which had passed through Muskingum to
settle in Kentucky since the first of Aug., 1786, (not including those
who passed in the night unnoticed) was 19,882. These were accompanied by
8,884 horses, 2,297 cattle, 1,920 sheep, 627 wagons, and 1,067 boats.

1800. JAMES MALLET DU PAN died in England, where he took refuge from the
revolutionary mania of France. He was a literary and political writer,
distinguished by the extent of his knowledge and vigor of style, as well
as probity and independence of character.

1800. BONAPARTE crossed the mount St. Bernard. Each man, says sir Walter
Scott, carried from sixty to eighty pounds, up icy precipices, where a
man totally without encumbrance could ascend but slowly. Probably no
troops but the French could have endured the fatigue of such a march;
and no other general than Bonaparte would have ventured to require it at
their hands.

1802. The Portuguese frigate Cine captured by the Algerines, after a
smart action. The crew having ran below, the officers were all cut to
pieces.

1814. The British plundered Poultneyville, on lake Ontario. They were
driven off by general Swift.

1817. DAVID IRVING died at Philadelphia. He was taken prisoner on board
the United States frigate Philadelphia at Tripoli and imprisoned there
two years.

1821. JOHN WALL CALLCOTT died; an English musical composer, and author
of a _Musical Grammar_.

1821. JOHN BONNYCASTLE died; an English mathematician, whose works are
in use in this country. He contributed the mathematical articles for
_Rees's Cyclopedia_.

1830. An extensive shower of red dust extending over Italy, Malta,
Sicily, Sardinia, &c., observed by Dr. John Davy.

1833. EDMUND KEAN, a celebrated English tragedian, died. It is
ascertained that the total sum which he received for acting from 1814,
was £177,000, averaging nearly $40,000 per annum for 19 years; yet he
died poor.

1836. The village of Roanoke, on the Chatahoochee, Ga., attacked and
stormed by 300 Indians, and burnt to ashes.

1838. JOHN MURPHY died in Fauquier county, Va., aged 106.

1847. DANIEL O'CONNEL, the Irish agitator, died at Genoa, on his way to
Rome. His heart was sent forward and his body carried back to Ireland.

1848. Attempted communist counter revolution in Paris.

1848. RICHARD H. TOLER, a distinguished writer and for 23 years editor
of the _Lynchburgh Virginian_, died at Richmond.

1854. GEORGE PERKINS, a retired Boston merchant, was murdered by the
Chinese crew of a boat which he had engaged to take him ashore at Macao,
whither he had just arrived from San Francisco.

1854. The ship Townsend, from Boston to San Francisco destroyed by fire,
and several lives lost.

1854. An explosion took place in the Blackheath coal mines, Virginia; by
which of the twenty-three workmen only one escaped death.

1855. The universal industrial exhibition was opened at Paris by Louis
Napoleon.

1855. A destructive tornado swept over a portion of Lapeer county,
Michigan.


MAY 16.

1277. JOHN XXI, pope, killed by the fall of a building. He was a
Portuguese, and wrote on philosophy, medicine, &c.

1525. THOMAS MUNZER, a Saxon divine, executed. In conjunction with
Stork, he pulled down all the images in the churches which Luther had
left standing, and finally at the head of 40,000 men, commenced leveler
of all ranks and distinctions, as usurpations on the rights of mankind.
He was at length defeated in battle, when 7,000 of his followers were
slain and himself captured.

1568. MARY, queen of Scots, crossed the frith of Solway, the _irremeable
stream_, and landed in England.

1681. Female dancers first introduced on the Parisian stage, in a court
opera, called _Le Triumphe de l'Amour_.

1691. LEISLER and MILBOURNE hung as the cause of the Schenectady
massacre.

1710. THOMAS SMITH died; a learned English writer on the manners and
religion of the Turks, &c.

1725. PAUL DE RAPIN DE THOYRAS, an eminent French historical writer,
died. He served in the English army, and devoted 17 years to a _History
of England_, which was published in 10 vols. quarto.

1747. M. BUFFON, the celebrated naturalist, communicated to the Academy
of sciences the results of some experiments on burning glasses,
asserting the account of Archimedes burning the Roman ships at Syracuse,
were neither absurd nor false.

1770. LOUIS XVI of France espoused Maria Antoinette, archduchess of
Austria. A violent tempest on that day was regarded as an omen of future
misfortunes.

1776. The French navigator, DE PAGES, passed the 81st degree of north
latitude, in an attempt to reach the pole.

1776. JOHN HOADLEY, an English poet and dramatic writer, died. He was
the son of bishop Hoadley, took orders and was loaded with preferments.

1782. DANIEL CHARLES SOLANDER, a celebrated Swedish naturalist, died. He
was the pupil of Linnæus; visited England, and went with Cook on his
voyage round the world.

1793. EDMUND C. GENET, the French minister, arrived at Philadelphia. He
was received with much enthusiasm by the citizens. (See July 14.)

1795. The Batavian republic formed, by the aid of the French, in
imitation of France; being governed by a legislature and a directory of
five.

1796. Earthquake in Syria; Lataka, the ancient Laodicea, was laid in
ruins, and more than 3,000 persons buried under the fallen mass. The
village of Gibel was totally destroyed, and many houses in Tripoli were
tumbled down.

1801. Battle of Heliopolis; the French under Belliard defeated by the
Turks under the grand vizier.

1806. Blockade of the Elbe and of Brest, a coast of 1000 miles, with no
place invested by land, and before many of the ports no blockading
ships.

1809. The rear guard of the French army attacked at Salamonde in
Portugal, and compelled to retreat before superior forces, with the loss
of their artillery and baggage; having lost about 8,000 men, 2,000 of
whom were slaughtered by the Portuguese. The army was a fortnight
without clothing, shoes, provisions, &c., excepting those procured by
marauding, and they must all have been destroyed but for the great
military talents of Soult.

1811. Battle of Albuera, in Spain; the allies defeated by the French
under Soult; about 20,000 men fell in this battle.

1811. Action between the United States frigate President, Rogers, and
British ship Little-Belt, which was captured.

1813. Battle of Mignano, Italy, and defeat of the French.

1828. WILLIAM CONGREVE, a British officer, died; inventor of the
Congreve rocket, a hydro-pneumatic canal lock, and a new method of
manufacturing gun powder, &c.

1830. The bill to remove the civil disabilities of the Jews rejected in
the British parliament by a vote of 288 to 165.

1830. Great eruption of mount Ætna; seven new craters were formed, and
eight villages were destroyed, to which the lava had never before
extended.

1835. FELICIA DOROTHEA HEMANS, a celebrated English poetess, died. Her
poems were extremely popular during her lifetime, and have been
published in 2 vols.

1838. New York state banks resumed specie payment.

1841. A constitution of the republic of Yucatan decreed by the
legislature and published at Merida, the capital; Yucatan having
declared its absolute independence of the republic of Mexico.

1842. Count DE LAS CASAS, author of the _Memoirs of Napoleon_, died near
Paris.

1849. The city of Bologna capitulated to the Austrians after a conflict
of eight days.

1850. WILLIAM HENDRICKS, for some time governor of Indiana, died at
Madison, aged 67.

1854. Tornadoes occurred in Alabama, Missouri and Illinois, accompanied
with extensive damage to property.

1855. General CANROBERT resigned the command of the French troops in the
Crimea, and was succeeded by general Pelissier.


MAY 17.

1039. HAROLD I, the second Danish monarch of England, died, at Oxford. A
heavy tax which he imposed on his people made him unpopular. He was
buried at Winchester; but by the cruel edicts of his brother the body
was dug up, beheaded and thrown into the Thames; recovered and again
buried only to be a second time disinterred and committed to the Thames;
found and privately buried at Westminster.

1163. HELOISE, abbess of the Paraclete, died; celebrated as the mistress
of Abelard, and for her learning. She was entombed with her husband. At
the dissolution of the monasteries in 1792, the principal inhabitants of
Nogent-sur-Seine went in grand procession to the Paraclete, to transfer
the remains of the lovers to a vault in their church. In 1800 they were
transported to Paris, and one of the most picturesque and interesting
ornaments in the cemetery of Pere la Chaise, is the sepulchral chapel
covering their remains, constructed from the ruins of the Paraclete.

1498. VASQUEZ DE GAMA discovered the continent of India. On his return
he again doubled cape Good Hope, which had long been regarded as the _ne
plus ultra_ of navigation.

1536. GEORGE BOLEYN, an English statesman, beheaded. He was a man of
learning and ability, whose elevation followed that of his sister Anne
as queen; and when she fell, he too was degraded and unjustly condemned.

1575. MATTHEW PARKER, second protestant archbishop of Canterbury, died.
He was deeply versed in Saxon literature and published a work on the
antiquity of the English church.

1610. GERVASE BABINGTON died; bishop of Worcester and an eminent
theological writer.

1617. JACOB AUGUSTUS THUANUS (alias De Thou) died; an illustrious French
statesman and historian.

1664. The English conventicle act was passed forbidding more than five
persons meeting for religious purposes except those regulated by the
book of common prayer.

1690. A party of French and Indians under the sieur Hertel, returning
from a marauding excursion among the English settlements, attacked and
destroyed the fort at Casco, Me.

1723. JOSEPH BINGHAM, an English ecclesiastic, died; author of
_Antiquities of the Christian Church_, a learned and laborious work, in
10 vols.

1727. CATHARINE ALEXIEVNA, empress of Russia, died. She was the daughter
of a peasant of Livonia, married a Swedish dragoon, who was killed on
the same day in battle. The Russian general Bauer made her his mistress,
after which she lived a short time with prince Mentschicoff. In her 17th
year she became the mistress of Peter the Great, who afterwards married
her and presented her with the diadem and the sceptre. After his death
she was proclaimed sovereign empress of all the Russias, and showed
herself worthy of her high fortune.

1729. SAMUEL CLARKE, a famous English divine, died; celebrated also for
his writings on mathematics, &c.

1732. WILLIAM LOWTH died; a celebrated English theological writer and
commentator.

1738 O. S. BELL, the Scottish traveler, returned to St. Petersburg from
his embassy to Constantinople, whither he went at the earnest
solicitation of the Russian cabinet, and the British minister. This was
the last of his expeditions, and was undertaken in the midst of winter,
through a country exposed to all the horrors of a barbarous warfare,
attended by only one servant, who understood the Turkish language.

1740. PETER JULIAN ROUILLE, a French Jesuit, died; professor of theology
and philosophy to his order, and co-editor of the _Roman History_, 21
vols. quarto.

1742. Battle of Czaslau, or Chatusitz, in Bohemia; the Prussians
defeated the Austrians, who lost 7,000; Prussian loss, 3,000.

1749. SAMUEL BOYSE, an Irish poet, died. His talents were amply
rewarded, but he unfortunately had a disposition to practice the meanest
deceptions to procure benefactions, which brought him to wretchedness
and contempt.

1767. ROGER WOLCOTT, governor of Connecticut, died. He never attended
school a single day of his life, yet gradually rose by his own efforts
to the highest military and civil honors.

1772. The theatre at Amsterdam, in Holland, took fire and burned to
death 31 persons.

1774. At a town meeting of the inhabitants of Providence, R. I., the
subject of a general congress was acted upon, being the first act of the
kind by a public assemblage.

1776. Captain MUGFORD in a vessel of 4 guns captured British ship Hope,
4 guns, with 1,500 barrels powder and military stores, and brought her
into the port of Boston.

1794. Battle of Surcoign; British defeated by the French after a
sanguinary conflict.

1797. Revolution in Venice, and a democratic government formed under the
direction of the French general Angereau.

1797. Louis XVIII compelled to quit the Venetian territory.

1797. MICHEL JEAN SEDAINE, a French dramatic writer, died, aged 78. Bred
to the occupation of a stone mason, by application to study he won a
place in the French academy.

1801. A French convoy of 560 men with 1 cannon and 550 camels, in Egypt,
captured by the British.

1801. WILLIAM HEBERDEN died; an English physician and medical writer.

1809. BONAPARTE issued from Vienna a decree declaring the temporal
sovereignty of the pope to be wholly at an end, and incorporating Rome
with the French empire. The "holy father" instantly fulminated a bull of
excommunication against the daring emperor, but it did not avail; his
holiness was taken in his palace and conveyed away at midnight, under
pretence that a life so sacred in the eyes of all Christians, might be
endangered!

1817. SAMUEL JESSUP died; an opulent English grazier, of pilltaking
notoriety. An apothecary's bill, which was given in evidence on a trial
a short time previous to his death, affords a table of statistics which
will not be exceeded by the memorabilia of the life of any man. In 21
years he took 226,934 pills. He began with a moderate appetite, which
increased as he proceeded, so that in the last five years he took them
at the rate of 78 a day, and in the year 1814 swallowed not less than
51,590. Notwithstanding this, and an addition of 40,000 bottles of
mixtures, he attained the advanced age of 65 years.

1829. JOHN JAY, a distinguished American statesman, died, aged 84. His
public services commenced in 1774, and continued till 1801, when he
retired to private life; distinguished as a man of great discernment,
extensive information, and fine talents as a writer.

1829. Battle between the Russians under general Diebitsch, and the
Turks; the latter of whom, 5,000 in number, were defeated and driven
into Silistria, with heavy losses on both sides.

1829. Battle of Pravadia, between the Russian army under general Roth,
and the Turks under the grand vizier. The Turks are said to have lost
2,000, and the Russians 1,000. The latter maintained their ground, but
no important advantage was gained by either party.

1831. NATHANIEL ROCHESTER, an officer in the revolution, died at
Rochester, New York, from whom the town took its name.

1838. CHARLES MAURICE DE TALLEYRAND PERIGORD, one of the most
distinguished statesmen and diplomatists of modern times, died at Paris,
aged 84. His namdee was intimately associated with French politics, from
the commencement of the revolution in 1789.

1841. About 250 feet of the cliff on which the defences of the city of
Quebec stand, fell away, causing the ruin of several buildings, and the
death of about 30 persons.

1843. PETER W. GALLAUDET died at Washington, D. C., aged 88. The
Washington manual laborer school and the Howard institution can bear
testimony to his industry and patriotism.

1848. Massacre in Naples, justified by the king, on the ground of
necessity; 1777 bodies were found, 400 troops killed, and the city given
up to pillage.

1849. A severe and very destructive fire at St. Louis, Missouri.

1850. Gallinas, the noted slave factory on the west of Africa, purchased
by the Liberian republic.

1856. REDWOOD FISHER, an American author, died, aged 73. He began
business as a merchant in Philadelphia; subsequently edited a daily
paper in New York, and took an active part in public affairs. He
published several volumes on political economy, and was much interested
in statistics.


MAY 18.

975. EDWARD (the martyr), murdered by his step-mother. He was the son of
king Edgar who enacted laws against excessive drinking, ordaining a size
with pins in the cup with penalties on any who should presume to drink
_deeper_ than the mark. Hence the phrase _drinking deep_.

1291. The city of Acre, in Palestine, taken by the Turks; after a siege
of 30 days the double wall was forced by the Moslems, the principal
tower yielded to their engines, the Mamelukes made a general assault,
the city was stormed, and death or slavery was the lot of 60,000
Christians, and the Holy Land was again in the hands of the Turks.

1410. ROBERT, emperor of Germany, died, just as a powerful combination
had been formed to deprive him of the crown.

1539. FERDINAND DE SOTO, governor of Cuba, sailed for the conquest of
Florida with nine vessels, 900 men besides sailors, 213 horses and a
herd of swine. He landed on the west coast of the peninsula, with 300
men, and pitched his camp; but about day break the next morning they
were attacked by the natives, and obliged to retire.

1565. The Turks under Mustapha, pasha, to the number of 30,000 choice
troops, landed on the island of Malta, with a view to extirpate the
knights. But the desperate resistance they encountered compelled them to
abandon the island with the loss of 25,000 men. Loss of the knights
7,000.

1596. HEEMSKERK, accompanied by Jan Cornelissen Ryp, with two vessels
again attempted the discovery of a northern passage to India. In this
voyage he became embayed in ice, and passed the winter in the arctic
regions, exposed to the rigors of the climate, and other perils. The ill
success of this expedition destroyed all hope with the Dutch of finding
a northern passage to China.

1652. Naval action near Dover, England; admiral Van Tromp refusing to
pay honor to the British flag by lowering his own, brought on a furious
battle between him and admiral Blake. One of the Dutch ships taken, and
one sunk.

1663. SAMUEL DES MARETS, a French protestant divine, died; celebrated
for his controversies, in which he was diligently engaged 18 years, and
displayed astonishing knowledge and erudition.

1664. "His sacred majesty," Charles II, advertised that he would attend
to healing his people of the king's evil, by _touching_, during the
month of May.

1675. STANISLAUS LUBIENIETSKI, a celebrated Polish Socinian, died in
exile at Hamburg. His theological works are numerous, but he is better
known by a work on comets, entitled _Theatrum Cometicum_, which was
written to show that comets portend both good and evil, in opposition to
the prevailing notion that they were the harbingers of misfortune only!
It contained an elaborate account of all the comets recorded in history
(415), down to the year 1665.

1676. Indian battle at Turner's falls, on Connecticut river above
Greenfield. The Indians having planted nothing, were unwilling to lose
the fishing season also, and had encamped here in great security; when
three of the towns below hearing of their position mustered about 150
men, mounted on horses, and set out for their camp. Arriving towards
morning, they tied their horses, and proceeding about a quarter of a
mile farther, found them sleeping in their huts, without any sentinels
or guard. The attack was so sudden and unexpected that they fled, many
into the river where they perished, and others were killed under the
banks where they had concealed themselves. The Indians at first supposed
they had received a visit from their _friends_ the Mohawks, but the
daylight disclosing the error, and the fewness of their assailants, they
rallied and turned upon their pursuers. The English retreated in turn,
unable to resist the superiority of numbers, and not managing their
retreat well, thirty-eight were cut off and lost. The Indians
acknowledged a loss of 300.

1692. ELIAS ASHMOLE, a noted English antiquary, died. His valuable
collection of coins, to the number of 9,000 besides books and other
curiosities, were destroyed by fire; but his most valuable gold coins
and manuscripts escaped. He was an indefatigable laborer in the cause of
science.

1701. FREDERICK SPANHEIM died; a noted divinity professor at Leyden, and
a voluminous writer.

1724. Cardinal VINCENT MARIA ORSINI elected pope and took the name of
Benedict XIII.

1733. EDMUND CHISHULL, an English traveler, died; author of a book of
travels in Turkey.

1742. RICHARD JOY (_the English Samson_), died; a man of wonderful
strength.

1769. Virginia entered into the non-importation agreement.

1773. Boundary line between New York and Massachusetts agreed upon.

1787. First attempt made to engrave on glass by M. de Puymaurin, at
Toulouse.

1794. Battle of Bullion; French under Jourdan defeated by the Austrians
under Beaulieu with the loss of 1,200 killed.

1794. Battle of Tournay; British defeated by the French.

1794. Battle of Lannoy, in France, between the French under Pichegru,
and the British under the duke of York; the latter defeated with the
loss of sixty pieces of cannon.

1800. PETER ALEXIS WASILIOWITSCH, count Suwaroff-Rimnitskoy, died; a
Russian general, known in the wars of Europe as Gen. Suwarrow;
distinguished for his bravery and abilities, and equally so for his
inhumanities.

1803. War was again declared between France and England. Who, asked
Bonaparte, is responsible for the consequences. Ah! who indeed.

1804. The conservative senate of France declared Bonaparte emperor.

1805. Battle of Derne, in Barbary, which was attacked by the Tripolitan
army, and defended by the American general Eaton, who repulsed the
assailants with great slaughter.

1807. JOHN DOUGLAS, bishop of Salisbury, died. He was one of the first
literary characters of the age, and the last surviving member but one of
the _beef steak club_, celebrated by Goldsmith in his poem of
_Retaliation_.

1821. TIMOTHY BIGELOW, an eminent lawyer of Massachusetts, died. He was
11 years speaker of the assembly, and during a practice of thirty-two
years, argued 15,000 causes.

1822. ITURBIDE declared emperor of Mexico by the army under the title of
Augustin I.

1832. CASSIMIR PERRIER, prime minister of France, died. He left the army
in 1800 to become a banker, in which capacity he acquired an immense
fortune, with the advantages of which he combined great mental capacity,
talent for business and habits of public speaking. He was one of the few
victims of cholera in the higher ranks of life.

1843. CHARLES BAGOT, governor-general of the British North American
provinces, died at Kingston, in Canada.

1848. Commander HENRY PINCKNEY, of the United States navy, was drowned
by the swamping of a boat.

1850. Great fire at the village of Corning, Chemung county, New York.

1855. JOHN C. SPENCER, an American statesman, died at Albany, aged 67.
He was a man of intellect and energy, and was in public life from an
early age. He achieved his highest fame from his connection with the
revision of the statutes of New York.


MAY 19.

804. FLACCUS ALCUINUS, an English ecclesiastic, died in France. He may
be considered as one of the learned few whose genius dissipated the
gloom of the 8th century. His writings, most of which are extant, were
published 1617. (See Dec. 1.)

1122. Lincoln in England destroyed by fire.

1217. Battle of Lincoln; the French defeated, and England effectually
secured from the dominion of Lewis the Dauphin, who was then holding his
court within the walls of London.

1218. OTHO IV (_the proud_), emperor of Germany, died. He laid claim to
some of the territories of the pope, by whom he was excommunicated and
deposed.

1242. HENRY III of England embarked for France, taking with him 30 hhds
of silver.

1494. COLUMBUS, proceeding towards Cuba, named the headland Cabo de Cruz
on this day. He now ascertained from the natives that Cuba was an
island, but after coasting it 335 leagues from the eastern point,
renounced the idea; and but for the scarcity of provisions, would have
attempted to return to Europe by way of the Red sea, under the
impression that he was on the coast of India.

1536. ANNE BOLEYN, queen of England, executed. She was crowned at
Westminster 1533 with unparalleled splendor, and in a few weeks after
became the mother of the famous Elizabeth.

1610. THOMAS SANCHEZ, a Spanish Jesuit, died, and was buried with
extraordinary magnificence. His works are ingenious.

1613. King JAMES issued _farthing tokens_ by proclamation.

1622. OSMAN I, sultan of Turkey, strangled by his soldiery. He undertook
an expedition against Poland, in which he lost 80,000 men and 100,000
horses: these misfortunes were attributed to the Janizaries, who
thereupon hurled him from the throne.

1643. Battle of Rocroy, between the French and Spaniards, in which the
French under the duke d'Enghien gained a signal victory.

1651. PETER WRIGHT, chaplain to the marquis of Winchester, executed.
Romanist priests were viewed in the same light as highway robbers.

1656. JOHN HALES died; an English author, so much admired for his wit
and learning, that he is called the _ever memorable_.

1670. FERDINANDO UGHELI, a Florentine monk, died; distinguished for his
learning and his virtues.

1676. JOHN GREENHILL died; an eminent English painter.

1692. Battle of La Hogue; the combined English and Dutch fleets defeated
the French of 50 sail, who lost 20 of their largest men of war, and were
prevented from making a descent on England.

1715. CHARLES MONTAGUE, earl Halifax, died; an eminent English
statesman, orator and poet.

1769. Cardinal GANGANELLI proclaimed pope under the title of Clement
XIV.

1776. Captain MUGFORD having secured his prize (see May 17) and put to
sea again, was attacked by 13 British boats, whom he beat off; but was
himself killed, being the only person injured.

1780. Dark day in New England, occasioned by a thin cloud or vapor. The
people dined by candlelight, and the darkness of the night is
represented as _Egyptian_.

1788. SAMUEL BADCOCK, an English divine and writer, died; admired as a
pulpit orator and a man of literary talent.

1788. Congress ordered two cannon to be named, one John Hancock, and the
other Adams; being one moiety of four cannon which constituted the whole
train of artillery possessed by the colonies at the commencement of the
war. The other two were taken by the British.

1795. JAMES BOSWELL, died, aged 55; a Scottish lawyer, rendered famous
as the friend and biographer of Dr. Johnson, with whom he lived in the
closest intimacy.

1795. JOSIAH BARTLETT, one of the signers, died. He was a delegate from
New Hampshire in the first congress, and his was the first name called
on the vote of the declaration of independence.

1798. BONAPARTE with an immense armament sailed from Toulon for the
conquest of Egypt. The sunrise was splendid and similar phenomena were
called the suns of Napoleon.

1798. Intelligence having been received by the British that a number of
transports fitted out at Flushing were intended to be sent round by the
canals to Ostend and Dunkirk, for the purpose of invading England, an
expedition was despatched to destroy the sluices and basin of the Bruges
canal at Ostend. The direction of the enterprise was entrusted to
general Coote and captain Home Popham, who on this day disembarked their
troops, and in a few hours the sluices were blown up, and several
vessels in the canals destroyed; but on returning to the beach, the wind
and surf were so high, that it was impossible to re-embark; meanwhile
the country being alarmed, the enemy advanced upon them with a superior
force, and the British, after a spirited resistance, were compelled to
capitulate. Of 1000 forces landed more than 100 were killed or wounded,
among whom was general Coote.

1808. Action in the night between British ship Virginia, and Dutch
frigate Gelderland; the latter captured.

1810. Explosion of a powder magazine at New Haswell in Hungary, which
destroyed 300 houses, killed 80 persons, and 300 were dug out of the
ruins alive.

1831. FRANCIS MASERES, an English mathematician, died, aged 93. He was
not only an author, but devoted a part of his income to reprinting such
works as he thought useful either in illustration of mathematical
history or of that of his country. Penny Cyclopedia says 1824, which
agrees with the 93 years from the date of his birth.

1838. THOMAS T. BIDDULPH, an eminent English clergyman, died. He was the
author of various publications, one of which, _Sixteen Short Sermons_,
has been translated into 15 languages.

1850. A body of Americans under gen. Paredez landed on the island of
Cuba, with a view to revolutionize it, and took the town of Cardenas.

1853. The Chinese rebels captured the city of Amoy.

1854. WILLIAM HULME COOPER, a lieutenant in the British navy, died, aged
26, from the effects of exposure and privation during four years arctic
service in search of sir John Franklin. He commanded a cutter in an
expedition from Icy cape to the Mackenzie; for three days he was lost in
a snow storm, and for two winters he and his boat's crew were isolated
near the northern shores of America. The hardships he endured caused the
pulmonary disease of which he died.

1856. JOHN KEATING died at Philadelphia, aged 96. He was a native of
France and in early life was an officer in the service of Louis XVI. He
came to the United States after the death of that monarch, with about
thirty families of the French noblesse and military, and founded the
colony of The Asylum, near Towanda, in Pennsylvania.


MAY 20.

526. Earthquake at Antioch, by which 250,000 persons are said to have
perished.

1499. ALONZO DE OJEDA sailed from Cadiz on a western voyage of
discovery, accompanied by Amerigo Vespucci. It is uncertain in what
station Amerigo sailed, but he appears to have had a chief share in
directing the voyage, and on his return published an amusing account of
the country they visited; which having a rapid circulation, he was
supposed to be the discoverer, and it came gradually to be called by his
name.

1506. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, the discoverer of the new world, died at
Valladolid in Spain, aged about 70. He had devoted his whole life to the
study and accomplishment of his grand enterprise, and its complete
success embittered the remainder of his days by exciting the perfidy and
ingratitude of a base and treacherous nation.

1521. CORTEZ mustered his army in the great market place of Tezcuco, to
make a division of it, appoint commanders, assign to each the station
where they were to form their camps, in order to invest the city of
Mexico. (See May 30.)

1610. NICHOLAS SERARIUS, a French Jesuit, died. His works, 16 vols.
folio, display great labor and extensive erudition.

1618. King JAMES publicly declared his pleasure, "that after the end of
divine service, the people should not be letted from any lawful
recreation on Sundays, such as dancing, archery, vaulting, May-games,
Whitsun-ales, morris-dances, and the setting up of May-poles, and other
sports therewith used."

1690. JOHN ELIOT, the apostle of the Indians, died, aged 86. He was the
first protestant clergyman who preached the gospel to the North American
Indians.

1713. THOMAS SPRAT, an English prelate and poet, died; he was
distinguished as a writer, and rewarded with preferments.

1726. NICHOLAS BRADY died; an Irish divine of good ability and learning,
translated Virgil and wrote a new version of the Psalms in conjunction
with Tate.

1728. JAMES LE QUIEN DE LA NEUFVILLE, a French historian, died; author
of an excellent history of Portugal, &c.

1732. THOMAS BOSTON, a Scottish divine, died; author of the well known
book, _Human Nature in its Fourfold State_.

1735. The Turks defeated by the Prussians, and more than 60,000 killed
and wounded.

1736. The body of one Samuel Baldwin, of England, in compliance with his
will, immersed in the sea at Lymington. His motive for this
extraordinary mode of interment was to prevent his wife from dancing
over his grave, which she had threatened to do in case she survived him.

1756. Naval action at Fort Philip, Minorca, between the French fleet, 12
ships 5 frigates, and the British, 13 ships 5 frigates. Admiral Byng was
afterwards shot in England, on an unjust charge of cowardice in this
affair.

1758. The scenery and wardrobe of the Bath theatre burned by the wagons
taking fire on which it was being transported over Salisbury plain.

1774. British parliament passed an act for transporting Americans to
England for trial.

1775. Articles of confederation and union agreed on by the American
colonies.

1776. Major SHERBURNE, with 140 Americans, marching to relieve the post
at the Cedars, in Canada, was attacked by 500 Indians, and after an
obstinate battle, the party surrendered. The Indians having lost a chief
and 21 warriors, massacred as many prisoners.

1778. Gen. GRANT with 7000 British, made an attempt to surprise La
Fayette, then posted at Barren-hill, Pa., with 2500 men. The latter
escaped by a masterly retreat.

1783. WILLIAM ROBERTSON, the Scottish divine, died.

1789. The French clergy renounced their privileges.

1793. CHARLES BONNET, a noted Swiss naturalist, died at Geneva.

1796. BONAPARTE passed the river Po; MARCEAU and CHAMPIONNET drove the
Austrians from Hunsruch; they were also defeated on the Sieg, with the
loss of 2400.

1799. BONAPARTE raised the siege of St. Jean d'Acre; it had lasted 60
days.

1799. JOSEPH TOWERS died; a printer, bookseller, and afterwards a
preacher with the title of LL. D. He wrote _British Biography_, 7 vols.
and other works of merit.

1800. BONAPARTE passed mount St. Bernard, among the Alps, after
astonishing efforts.

1813. Battle of Bautzen, between Russians and Prussians under Barclay de
Tolly, and French under Bonaparte.

1813. American frigate Congress, capt. Smith, captured British brig
Jean, 10 guns, took out 40 tons copper and sunk her.

1815. MURAT, king of Naples, left the city in disguise, while his queen
sought the security which had been promised her on board a British man
of war.

1820. CHARLES LOUIS SAND executed; the murderer of Kotzebue.

1840. JOSEPH BLANCO WHITE, an English preacher and controversial writer,
died, aged 67. He was the author of various works, and distinguished
himself by the zeal and ability with which he opposed the catholic
religion.

1841. WILLIAM P. DEWEES, a distinguished medical writer, died at
Philadelphia.

1848. A treaty of peace made with the Navajo Indians and the United
States.

1855. The king of Hanover issued an ordinance annulling the constitution
settled in 1848, and the provincial electoral law of 1850.

1856. JAMES KING, editor of the _Evening Mirror_, at San Francisco,
California, died of a pistol wound inflicted in the street a few days
before by Casey, editor of the _Sunday Times_. Casey was arrested and
conveyed to jail under great popular excitement. Subsequently the
vigilance committee, numbering 3000 men, proceeded to the jail, and took
Casey and another murderer to the committee rooms, where they were
tried, and soon after hung.


MAY 21.

216 B. C. Battle of Cannæ, in Italy, in which the Roman consuls were
vanquished by Hannibal, with a loss of 40,000 men, including Paulus
Æmylius, and 5,630 knights. The Carthaginians seemed not to know the use
of victory.

987. LOUIS V (_the lazy_), king of France, poisoned by his wife,
Blanche.

1342. JOHN CANTACUZENUS, the historian of his own times, and a defender
of the faith, inaugurated emperor of Constantinople.

1420. Treaty of Troyes, by which Henry V of England was to marry Kate,
daughter of Charles VII of France, and the two kingdoms to be united
under Henry on the death of Charles.

1502. The island of St. Helena discovered.

1542. FERDINAND DE SOTO, a Spanish adventurer, died at the confluence of
the Guacoya and Mississippi. He was a companion of Pizarro in his
Peruvian expedition, and amassed great wealth; after which he became
governor of Cuba. He fitted out an expedition to search Florida for more
gold, and lost his life.

1643. Battle of Wakefield; the forces of Charles I defeated by the
parliamentary troops.

1647. PETER CORNELIUS HOOFT, one of the most eminent poets and prose
writers of Holland, died.

1649. The commonwealth of England proclaimed.

1650. JAMES GRAHAM, marquis of Montrose, executed. He fought with great
bravery in the royal cause; but being at length captured he was hung on
a gallows 30 feet high at Edinburgh, and his quartered remains exposed
over the city gates.

1682. MICHAEL ANGELO RICCI, an Italian cardinal, died; celebrated as a
mathematician.

1718. GASPARD ABEILLE, a French poet and wit, died. His writings are not
much esteemed.

1723. JAMES MABOUL, an eloquent French preacher, died; author of
_Orationes Funebres_.

1724. ROBERT HARLEY, earl of Oxford, died; an English statesman and
literary character.

1745. British squadron captured French ship Vigilant, 64 guns, and 560
men, with a cargo valued at £60,000.

1762. British ships Active and Favorite captured the Spanish ship
Hermione from Lima, with a cargo of $2,308,700. The four highest British
officers shared $288,000 each.

1780. Village of Johnstown, New York, burnt by the tories.

1781. British fort Dreadnought surrendered to the Americans under Gen.
Lee.

1782. American general Wayne defeated a considerable body of British
under Col. Brown, near Savannah.

1789. JOHN HAWKINS, an English writer, died; author of a _History of
Music_ in 5 vols. quarto.

1790. THOMAS WARTON, an English poet died; author of a _History of
Poetry_, 3 vols.

1794. French under Dumas scaled mount Cenis.

1794. Bastia, in Corsica, surrendered to lord Hood.

1796. Battles of Tombio and Codogno; the French defeated the Austrians;
the gallant French gen. La Harpe killed.

1799. Archduke CHARLES crossed the Rhine into Switzerland.

1804. The first interment in the cemetery of Pere la Chaise; it was
laid out and prepared by order of Bonaparte.

1807. Dantzic surrendered to the French after a siege of 51 days. Its
garrison at first consisted of 16,000; 4000 deserted; only 9000 were
taken; 800 cannon and immense stores fell into the hands of the French.

1809. Battle of Essling, in Austria. It began by a furious attack upon
the village of Asperne, which was taken and retaken several times.
Essling sustained three attacks also. Night interrupted the action; the
Austrians exulting in their partial success, Napoleon surprised that he
should not have been wholly successful. On either side the carnage had
been terrible, and the pathways of the village were literally choked
with the dead.

1813. British attacked Sacketts Harbor.

1813. Battle of Bautzen, which had continued two days; the Prussians
were driven from their position, and Napoleon advanced to Breslaw,
leaving 12,000 Frenchmen in the searching claws of their
_executors_--the crows.

1826. GEORGE REICHENBACH, a distinguished mechanical artist, died at
Munich, where he had a noted manufactory of astronomical instruments,
unsurpassed in the world.

1830. LEOPOLD of Saxe Coburg declined the throne of Greece, except on
terms which the allied sovereigns would not accede to.

1832. GEORGE W. ROGERS, an American commodore, died on board ship
Warren, off Buenos Ayres.

1849. MARIA EDGWORTH, the popular and distinguished authoress, died at
her residence in Edgworthstown, Ireland.

1855. The ship canal round the falls of St. Mary's river, Michigan, was
completed and accepted.

1855. The allied fleet of the French and English entered the Russian
port of Petropaulowski, and found it deserted.


MAY 22.

334 B. C. Battle of the Granicus, in Bythinia, in which Alexander of
Macedon defeated the Persians.

337. CONSTANTINE (_the great_), emperor of Rome, died. He was an able
general and a sagacious politician; celebrated as the builder of
Constantinople on the site of Byzantium, and as the first emperor who
embraced Christianity.

1424. JAMES I, of Scotland, crowned 18 years after his accession, since
which he had been in captivity.

1498. VASCO DE GAMA landed at Calicut, the first Indian port visited by
a European vessel.

1542. PAUL III, summoned the council of Trent; but was compelled to
prorogue it, his own ecclesiastics only attending.

1555. JOHN PETER CARAFFA elected pope, and assumed the title of Paul IV.

1604. The first settlement made on the coast of Guiana, by captain
Charles and sir Oliver Leigh.

1611. JAMES I, instituted the order of Baronets, and elevated 75
families to that dignity.

1659. RICHARD CROMWELL'S parliament dissolved by commission under the
great seal, at the instance of Desborough.

1661. The solemn league and covenant burned by the common hangman at
London, and afterwards throughout the country.

1667. ALEXANDER VII (Fabio Chigi), pope, died; characterized as little
in great things, and great in little ones. He was liberal towards men of
letters, and embellished Rome with some splendid edifices.

1680. A vast luminous meteor appeared at Leipsic.

1688. JOHN ANDREW QUENSTEDT died; a German divine, author of a Latin
account of learned men down to 1600.

1690. Naval action at Cherbourg; British admiral Ashby destroyed 3
French ships of the line and several frigates, being part of Tourville's
squadron.

1692. Action off La Hogue, commenced the night previous, between the
combined English and Dutch fleets, admiral Russell, and the French
fleet, which lost 16 sail.

1707. Battle of Stolhoffen, on the Rhine; French under Villars forced
the lines of the allies.

1722. SEBASTIAN VAILLANT, a French botanist, died. He was originally
organist to a convent.

1725. ROBERT MOLESWORTH, an able English statesman, died. He rendered
himself obnoxious to the clergy by insinuating that "religion is a pious
craft, a useful state engine, but far inferior to the principles which
in the school of Athens and Rome, incited their attentive youth to the
love of their country, and to the practice of the moral virtues."

1734. KOULI KHAN, defeated the Turkish army in Persia.

1745. Battle Jagernsdorf; Prussians defeated the imperialists.

1773. JOHN ENTICK, an English clergyman and schoolmaster, died; author
of the _Spelling Dictionary_, and other works.

1775. Meeting of provincial congress at New York.

1780. Sir JOHN JOHNSON, with a party of British and tories, burnt a mill
and 33 houses at Johnson Hall, killed about a dozen persons, destroyed
all the sheep and cattle, and having dug up his silver plate decamped.

1781. JOHN BAPTIST BECCARIA, a learned Italian monk, died.

1782. Formosa, a large island in the Chinese sea, almost wholly
inundated by volcanic agency, during a storm.

1794. Battle of Esperes; French defeated by the British, who took 500
prisoners and 700 cannon.

1795. MUNGO PARK, sailed from England on his first expedition to Africa,
for the purpose of tracing the course of the Niger, and procuring
information relative to the city of Timbuctoo, of which little more than
the name was known.

1798. BONAPARTE and the French fleet sailed from Toulon; at the same
time lord Nelson's fleet was in a storm in the gulf of Lyons, not many
leagues distant.

1809. Second battle of Essling; French recrossed the Danube.

1810. CHARLOTTE GENEVIEVE LOUISA AUGUSTA ANDREA TIMOTHEE DU BEAUMONT
D'EON, a French diplomatist, died, aged 82; memorable as a politician,
but more so for having been discovered to be a female while on an
embassy to England, in the year 1777.

1812. Action off the coast of France, between 2 British ships and 2
French 44 gun frigates, and a brig of 18 guns; the latter were
destroyed.

1813. Battle of Reichenbach; 1500 French cavalry charged and overthrew
the allied cavalry; but many divisions coming to their aid, the French
were reinforced by 14,000 horse and cuirassiers and the allies compelled
to retreat.

1813. MICHAEL DUROC, a distinguished French general, killed by a cannon
ball, which struck him as he stood conversing with Mortier and Kirgener,
the latter of whom was also killed instantly.

1813. United States frigate Congress, Capt. Smith, captured the British
brig Diana 10 guns.

1814. JOSEPH WHITE, an eminent English divine, and oriental scholar,
died. He was a weaver in humble life till his self-acquired attainments
attracted patronage.

1819. The steamship Savannah, started from Savannah, Ga., for Liverpool,
being the first passage of the Atlantic attempted by steam. She arrived
in Liverpool on the 22d June, having consumed her fuel in ten days. She
visited Stockholm and St. Petersburg before her return, which was in
December following.

1819. HUGH WILLIAMSON, an American physician, scholar and statesman,
died, aged 83. He assisted in framing the federal constitution, and made
himself useful to his country in various ways.

1854. Rail road inaugurated in Sardinia, running between Turin and Susa;
the king and queen, the government officials, and a great concourse of
people participating.

1855. The convent suppression bill passed the Sardinian senate.

1856. PRESTON S. BROOKS, a South Carolina member of congress, wickedly
and cowardly assaulted Charles Summer, senator from Massachusetts, while
seated at his desk in the senate chamber, and felled him to the floor
with a cane, in retaliation for abusive language in debate.


MAY 23.

1270 B. C. LARCHER places the chronology of the fall of Troy upon this
day.

63 B. C. Jerusalem taken by Pompey on the 23d day of the Hebrew month
Sivan, in the consulate of Cicero, a day that was then observed as a
fast, in remembrance of the defection and idolatry of Jeroboam, _who
made Israel to sin_.

37 B. C. Jerusalem fell into the hands of Herod, in the consulate of
Agrippa; it being one of those septenniary periods called sabbatic
years.

683. LEO II, pope, died; an able and resolute pontiff; established the
kiss of peace at the mass, and the use of holy water.

1125. HENRY V of Germany died; leaving an odious character.

1430. The town of Compiegne in France was besieged by the combined
forces of England and Burgundy, and defended by Joan of Arc.

1455. Battle of St. Albans (first of the roses), between the
Lancastrians under Henry VI, and the Yorkists. The former were defeated
with the loss of 3 earls, 49 barons and about 5,000 men killed, and the
king himself was wounded in the neck and taken prisoner. Loss of the
other party 500.

1498. GERONIMO SAVANAROLA, an Italian monk, burnt. His influence was so
great at Florence, that for several years he guided the state as its
sovereign; but when he attacked the corruptions of the church of Rome
and the infamous conduct of pope Alexander VI, neither his purity nor
his popularity could save him from destruction.

1533. CRANMER pronounced sentence of divorce between Henry VIII and
Catharine of Arragon.

1609. The company of South Virginia not realizing the expected profit
from its colony, obtained from king James a new charter, with more ample
privileges. Their territory extended 400 miles on the Atlantic coast,
and "from the Atlantic westward to the South sea."

1610. The English wrecked on the island of Bermudas (see July 24),
having built two small vessels and paid the seams with lime and tortoise
oil, arrived in them at the settlement of Jamestown; they found the
inhabitants reduced from 500 to 60, by famine; and seeing no other means
of preserving them than by abandoning the country, they took them all on
board, with the intention of returning to England. At this juncture lord
Delaware arrived with three ships, 150 men, and plenty of provisions,
and settled the colony.

1679. It was discovered that 27 members of the English parliament had
been pensioners on the government.

1692. Third action off La Hogue, between the British and French fleets;
6 ships of the latter burnt.

1701. WILLIAM KIDD with others executed at Execution dock, London, for
piracy. In America every reminiscence of Kidd has yet an air of romance.

1706. Battle of Ramilles, in Belgium, between the French under Villeroy,
and the allies under the duke of Marlborough, in which the latter were
signally victorious. The armies contained about 60,000 men each; the
loss of the French was 15,000, that of the allies 4,000.

1720. The French Mississippi scheme, projected by John Law, dissolved,
like those bright floating circles which amuse and vex the hopes of
children of a lesser growth.

1752. WM. BRADFORD, a noted American printer, died, aged 94. He
established the first printing office in Philadelphia, and also in New
York. He was government printer more than fifty years, and is said to
have walked over a great part of the city of New York on the day he
died.

1764. FRANCIS ALGAROTTI died; an Italian, eminent as a connoisseur and
critic in every branch of belles-lettres, and an author of repute.

1783. JAMES OTIS, an American patriot and statesman, killed by
lightning. He was one of the most zealous and active promoters of the
revolution.

1785. WILLIAM WOOLLET, a celebrated English historical and landscape
engraver, died. The death of general Wolfe from West's painting is
probably his best.

1786. MAURITIUS AUGUSTUS BENYOWSKY, an extraordinary Hungarian
adventurer, killed on the island of Madagascar in an action with the
French.

1783. South Carolina adopted the federal constitution, recommending
amendments, being the 8th state in succession; votes 149 to 73.

1793. Battle of Famars; the French defeated by the allies, consisting
of Austrians, Prussians, British, Hanoverians, Hessians and Dutch.

1794. CECILE REGNAULT attempted to assassinate Robespierre and Collot
d'Herbois.

1798. The rebellion of the united Irishmen commenced.

1798. Lady EDWARD FITZGERALD, the celebrated Pamela, daughter of the
duke of Orleans, ordered to quit the kingdom.

1808. Riots among the English weavers on account of wages.

1812. LOUIS DUTENS, a French miscellaneous writer, died.

1815. G. HENRY ERNEST MUEHLENBURGH, an American Lutheran divine, died.
He was a man of extensive science, particularly eminent as a botanist.

1816. Massacre of the Christians by the Turks at Bona in Algiers.

1836. EDWARD LIVINGSTON, an eminent American jurist, died. He was a
native of New York, and after holding various offices, removed to New
Orleans, where on the invasion of Louisiana by the British, he offered
his services to general Jackson, and acted as aid. He was afterwards
secretary of state at Washington and minister to France, in which
offices he manifested distinguished ability.

1841. SAMUEL DALE, an eminent pioneer in the settlement of the
southwest, died in Lauderdale county, Mississippi. He was remarkable for
his courage and bodily strength, and distinguished for his contests with
the Indians, and as an officer in the last war with England.

1848. Freedom of the negroes proclaimed at St. Pierre, Martinique; an
insurrection followed, and several houses and 32 persons were burnt.

1850. GRINNELL'S ships of discovery sailed from New York in search of
sir John Franklin.

1851. RICHARD LALOR SHEIL, a British statesman and dramatist, died at
Florence, aged 59. He was minister of queen Victoria at the court of
Tuscany.

1855. The state of siege and blockade of the island of Cuba was
withdrawn.


MAY 24.

1085. GREGORY VII (Hildebrand), pope, died. He was the son of a
carpenter, and when raised to the papal throne embroiled himself in
disputes and dissensions till he was compelled to retire.

1153. DAVID I, king of Scotland, died. He married Maud, daughter of
William the conqueror, and is characterized as a mild and popular king.

1276. A capitation tax of three pennies laid on every Jew in England
above the age of 12 years, and all above the age of 7 to wear a yellow
badge.

1357. EDWARD the _black prince_, conducted his captive, John, king of
France, through the city of London, in triumph.

1430. JOAN OF ARC, after performing prodigies of valor, deserted and
alone, was taken prisoner by the English, after her horse was slain, in
a sally from Compiegne.

1543. NICHOLAS COPERNICUS, the great astronomer, died, aged 70. After a
constant devotion of 43 years to the study, he produced his immortal
work, _De Orbium Cœlestium Revolutionibus_. The work was
excommunicated by the pope, and although the planets continued their
revolutions, it was not till 278 years after, namely, in 1821, that the
papal court annulled the sentence!

1551. VON PANNIS, an eminent surgeon of England, burnt to death for
denying the divinity of Christ.

1572. DRAKE sailed from England on his voyage of reprisal to the
West-Indies, against the Spanish.

1612. ROBERT CECIL, earl of Salisbury, died; an English statesman, the
ablest minister of his time.

1651. LOUIS XIV of France purchased of the West-India company, for the
benefit of the knights of Malta, the islands of St. Christopher, St.
Bartholomew, St. Martin and San Cruz, for the sum of 120,000 livres
turnois. (See August 10, 1665.)

1663. South Carolina erected into a separate province. First permanent
settlement began in 1669; original charter included North Carolina and
Georgia.

1686. An eruption of mount Ætna, which extended its ravages four leagues
around, and buried several persons alive.

1689. Passage of the well known toleration act of England, which so
greatly relieved the dissenters.

1692. Four days' action off La Hogue; the remainder of the French ships,
seven in number, and a great many transports and ammunition ships burnt.

1698. Pere GERBILLON, a Jesuit missionary, set out on his eighth and
last journey to Tartary, in the train of the Chinese grandees, sent by
the emperor to hold an assembly of the Kalka Tartars, who had been
several years in rebellion, and to regulate the affairs of the country.
(See April 1, Oct. 13.)

1715. WILLIAM READ died; originally a cobbler, became a mountebank, and
practiced medicine by the light of nature! Queen Anne and George I
honored him with the care of their eyes! He could neither write nor
read, but such was the success of his practice, that he rode in his own
chariot, and "dispensed good punch from golden bowls."

1775. JOHN HANCOCK elected president of congress; he succeeded Peyton
Randolph in that office.

1777. Colonel MEIGS made a successful attack on the British stores at
Sag harbor, destroyed 12 British brigs and schooners, and great
quantities of stores, and brought away 90 British prisoners, without
sustaining any loss.

1786. CHARLES WILLIAM SCHEELE, an eminent Swedish chemist, died. His
discoveries were numerous, though his experiments were made under great
disadvantages.

1792. GEORGE BRYDGES, lord Rodney, a celebrated British admiral, died,
aged 74.

1794. Battle of the Sambre, in the Netherlands, in which general Kaunitz
defeated the French, who lost 3,000 taken prisoners, and 50 cannon.

1798. Several battles were fought at different places between the
English troops and United Irishmen, in which the latter were generally
defeated.

1811. The Seringapatam, prize to the United States frigate Essex, capt.
Gamble, captured by the British sloop of war Cherub, at the Sandwich
islands.

1814. Pope PIUS VII, whose powers had been abridged by Napoleon, made
his grand public entry into Rome, to resume the throne.

1822. Battle of Pichinca, fought near the volcano of that name. The
Columbians under Sucre succeeded in gaining the vicinity of Quito by
marching over the frozen mountains of Cotopaxi, by which, and several
other daring movements, the Spaniards were compelled to hazard a battle,
and sustained a total defeat. The patriots thus became possessed of the
entire province, with all the Spanish magazines and stores, and the road
to Peru was left open to Bolivar.

1833. JOHN RANDOLPH, of Roanoke, an American statesman, died, aged 60.
He was a descendant in the 7th generation, from Pocahontas, the Indian
woman who saved the life of capt. Smith, and was distinguished for
genius, eloquence and eccentricity.

1839. WILLIAM LEGGET, an American poet, and miscellaneous writer, died.
He was a man of talent, and employed by government as charge d'affaire
to Central America.

1844. JAMES THATCHER, a surgeon of the revolutionary army and author of
the _Military Journal_ and _History of Plymouth_, died at Plymouth,
Mass.

1845. WILLIAM RAMSAY died in Boone county, Mo., aged 104. Early a
pioneer and Indian fighter in Kentucky.


MAY 25.

535 B. C. The foundations of the second temple at Jerusalem, laid by the
_children of the captivity_, by permission of Cyrus, on the twenty-fifth
of Sivan.

67 B. C. TITUS VESPASIAN took the city of Joppa, in Galilee, by assault,
on the 25th of the month Dæsius.

337. CONSTANTINE the Great died, having divided the empire among his
children and nephews.

709. ALDHEM, an English divine, died; said to have been the first
Englishman who cultivated poetry.

1261. ALEXANDER IV, pope, died. He bestowed the crown of Sicily on
Edmund, son of the king of England, and attempted to unite the Greek and
Latin churches.

1315. EDWARD BRUCE invaded Ireland with 6000 men. "He fought many
battles and gained them all," and was for a brief period king of the
country.

1427. ALEXANDER, lord of the isles, performed penance of submission to
king James in his shirt and drawers, before the congregation of Holyrood
church.

1510. GEORGES D'AMBOISE a French cardinal and statesman, died; a great
benefactor to France.

1622. PETRUS PLANCIUS, who with others contributed so much to the
discovery of New Netherland and other countries, died at Amsterdam.

1625. WILLIAM BARLOWE, died; celebrated as the discoverer of the nature
and properties of the loadstone.

1630. Eight Englishmen left by mischance in Greenland by their ship,
were found on this day by their countrymen, having by good economy and
wise expedients, succeeded in passing the winter without loss of life.
(See Jan. 14, 1634, and Ap. 16, 1634.)

1681. DON PEDRO DE LA BARCA, a noble Spanish dramatist, died; who
together with Lope de Vega, gave law to and polished the Spanish
theatre. His works comprise 10 vols. quarto.

1743. JAMES ANTONY ARLAUD, a celebrated Swiss painter, died.

1760. Insurrection of the negroes in Jamaica. The loss to the island, in
human flesh and blood, was $500,000.

1775. Sir GUY JOHNSON, called an Indian council at Guy Park, where the
Mohawks alone attended; his object being to provide against a rumored
attack upon his person by the revolutionists.

1775. Generals Howe, Clinton and Burgoyne, arrived at Boston.

1776. Congress resolved to engage the services of the Indians.

1778. About 500 British and Hessians from Rhode Island destroyed at
Kickmut river, 70 boats and other property; burnt the church and
several dwellings at Warren, and a church and 22 houses at Bristol.

1780. Two regiments of Washington's troops mutinied; but were persuaded
to return to their duty.

1798. CHARLES JAMES FOX, had his name stricken by the king from the list
of privy councillors, for giving as a toast at the meeting of the Whig
club, "The sovereignty of the people."

1798. ASMUS JACOB CARSTENS, a distinguished German artist, died. He was
the son of a miller, and raised himself to eminence by his great talent
and genius as a painter.

1798. A party of United Irishmen defeated near Dublin with great
slaughter; many of those taken were executed.

1802. GEORGE FORDYCE, died; an eminent Scottish physician and writer on
medicine and chemistry.

1803. BONAPARTE constituted all Englishmen between 18 and 60 years of
age, found in the French territory, prisoners of war, and ordered the
capture of British vessels.

1805. WILLIAM PALEY died; a learned English divine and writer on ethics.
His _Evidences of Christianity_ is one of the ablest defences of the
Christian religion that has ever appeared.

1812. EDMUND MALONE, an Irish attorney, died. He is celebrated as the
editor of Shakspeare, and published several biographies.

1818. DAVID MITCHELL, a major-general in the war of the American
revolution, died, aged 77. He was the friend of Logan, the Indian, and
had fought the Indians in 27 battles.

1830. The French expedition against Algiers sailed from Toulon,
consisting of 34,160 men, under the command of General Bourmont, and
succeeded in reducing that barbarous kingdom to a French province.

1840. Singular phenomenon in lake Erie, at Toledo; the water rising to
the height of four feet above its ordinary level in the space of a few
hours, without any apparent cause. The water and the weather were calm
and still, and no unusual commotion was observable, as the bay gradually
rose nearly a foot higher than ever before known.

1843. One hundredth anniversary of the Am. Philosophical Society,
founded by Franklin at Philadelphia. It is the oldest scientific
association this side of the Atlantic.


MAY 26.

604. AUGUSTINE (_alias Austin_), first archbishop of Canterbury, died.
He was originally a monk, and was sent into Britain with 40 others to
convert the English Saxons to Christianity.

735. BEDE (_the venerable_), a learned English monk, died. He passed his
life in severe study, and wrote an ecclesiastical history from Julius
Cæsar to his own age.

946. EDMUND I, king of the Anglo Saxons, killed by an outlaw named Liof,
at the age of 23. He was distinguished for personal courage, as well as
taste for elegance and splendor, whence he was called _the munificent_.

1416. JEROME of Prague made the fearless declaration that he was a
supporter of the doctrines of Wickliffe and Huss, for which he suffered
martyrdom.

1512. BAYAZID II, sultan of Turkey, died on the journey to Denitoka, his
birth place, whither he was retiring, having resigned the government to
his son, Selim, who had rebelled against him.

1536. FRANCISCO BERNI, a Tuscan poet, died. He is the principal writer
of Italian jocose poetry, which has ever since retained the name of
poesia Bernesca.

1568. An _estoddfod_ of the Welsh bards and minstrels held at Cayroes by
commission of queen Elizabeth, when the great prize of the silver harp
was adjudged to Simon ap Williams ap Sion.

1595. PHILIP NERI, founder of the oratorians, died. He was noted for his
benevolence, and established a _hospice_ for the accommodation of
pilgrims, which has become one of the finest in Rome.

1608. Sir THOMAS SACKVILLE, that great servant of Apollo and the state,
interred with pomp at Westminster. "There never was a better treasurer,"
observes sir Richard Baker, "both for the king's profit and the good of
the subject."

1623. FRANCIS ANTHONY, an English chemist, died; who took advantage of
his knowledge to impose upon the credulous and unwary, by selling his
panacea of potable gold.

1637. Fort Mistic, garrisoned by a large body of Indians under their
grand sachem Sassacus, taken by assault, and about 70 wigwams burnt.

1689. Battle at the pass of Killicrankie, remarkable for the defeat of
king William's troops by the Highlanders under lord Dundee.

1685. JOHN MARSHAM died; a learned English chronologist.

1703. SAMUEL PEPYS, a learned Englishman, died; celebrated for his
collection of valuable documents, &c.

1746. THOMAS SOUTHERN, an English dramatist, died.

1766. JOHN LAURENCE BERTI, a learned monk of Tuscany, died; author of
about 20 quarto volumes of divinity.

1781. Congress resolved to establish the bank of North America, being
the first regularly established bank in the country.

1782. WILLIAM EMERSON, an eminent English mathematician, died. His
knowledge was very extensive, and his works accurate.

1784. Musical festival in Westminster abbey, in commemoration of the
birthday of Handel. This was the greatest concert ever known; the number
of performers was 525; 275 vocal, 250 instrumental. The sum produced was
over $12,000.

1794. The French convention decreed that no quarters be given to British
and Hanoverian soldiers. But the French troops refused to execute the
decree.

1795. The Ottoman Porte acknowledged the French republic.

1798. Battle of Tarah and defeat of the United Irishmen.

1799. JAMES BURNETT, lord Monboddo, died. He was one of the lords of
session in Scotland, and a philosophical writer of considerable
learning, but of peculiar notions.

1809. FRANCIS JOSEPH HAYDN, the celebrated musical composer, died. His
works are numerous and highly valued.

1811. JAMES PULTENEY, a wealthy English baron, died; whose income was
$250,000 per annum.

1813. Cannonade between forts George and Niagara, and bombardment from
all the batteries.

1814. JOSEPH IGNACE GUILLOTIN, a French physician, who revived the use
of the instrument known as the maiden, died at Paris, aged 76.

1824. CAPEL LOFFT, an English poet and miscellaneous writer, died in
Italy. He was the patron of Bloomfield.

1831. Battle of Ostrolenka, between 55,000 Russians and 20,000 Poles, in
which the latter were defeated.

1836. WILLIAM YOUNG OTTLEY, keeper of the prints in the British museum,
died. He was for half a century actively devoted to his favorite pursuit
of the fine arts, and is honorably known as an artist, a collector, and
an author.

1838. WILLIAM BUTLER died at Philadelphia, aged 108.

1840. WILLIAM SIDNEY SMITH, admiral of the red, died at Paris, aged 76.
He was one of the most celebrated naval officers of the last age, and
distinguished himself on various occasions by his talents and courage.

1844. JACQUES LAFITTE, the French banker, died.

1848. By a fire which occurred in the omnibus establishment of Kip &
Brown, New York, 130 horses were burnt.

1852. SAMUEL NOTT, for a long time regarded as the patriarch of the
clergy of New England, died in Franklin, Conn., aged 98. He graduated at
Yale college in 1780, and two years after settled at Franklin, where he
spent the remainder of his protracted life. He was also engaged in the
business of instruction, and was a maker of public men. He was injured
by a burn, and died of the effects of the accident.

1853. The yellow fever made its appearance at New Orleans; the number of
victims during the season was 8,186, the greater part of whom died in
August and September.

1854. ANGUS PATTERSON, for a long time president of the senate of South
Carolina, died at Barnwell, in that state.

1854. A great crowd in Boston, excited by inflammatory speeches,
attacked the court house and attempted to rescue the negro, Anthony
Burns, under arrest as a fugitive from servitude. A special assistant of
the United States marshal was killed, but the object of the riot was not
effected.

1855. An imperial ukase ordered that all the serfs in certain of the
Russian states, between the ages of 30 and 35, should be enrolled.


MAY 27.

346 B. C. PHILIP of Macedon took possession of Phocis upon the 27th
Scirophorion, and the towers were soon after dismantled, which
terminated the ten years' war.

1199. HUBERT, archbishop of Canterbury, made lord chancellor in
consideration of his services in crowning king John.

1257. RICHARD, brother to Henry III, crowned at Aix la Chapelle, king of
the Romans.

1520. CORTEZ, with 250 men, without horses, or any other arms than
pikes, swords, shields and daggers, attacked the well appointed
expedition under Narvaez, sent against him by the governor of Cuba,
consisting of about 1400 men, which was defeated and gained over to his
party. Thus the almost dispirited adventurer suddenly found himself
again at the head of a more numerous army than ever, consisting of
nearly 2000 Spanish troops, about a hundred horses and 18 vessels, and a
great sufficiency of ammunition.

1538. ANTHONY FITZHERBERT, an able English judge, died; author of
several works on the law.

1541. MARGARET, countess of Salisbury, beheaded in the tower, at the age
of 70. She was the mother of the celebrated cardinal Pole, and the last
of the royal line of Plantagenet.

1564. JOHN CALVIN, the great reformer, died. He was a man of eminent
talents, solid judgment and extensive learning. His great rigor,
however, procured him many enemies; indeed it ill became a reformer to
defend, as he did, the burning of heretics.

1600. Matins of Moscow, so called from the time of the day when prince
Demetrius and all his Polish adherents were massacred at 6 in the
morning.

1602. The colony accompanying Gosnold fixed upon a place of settlement,
on the western part of Elizabeth island in Narraganset bay. On a rocky
islet in the centre of a fresh water pond two miles in circuit they
commenced erecting a fort and store house. (See June 18.)

1610. FRANCIS RAVAILLAC, the fanatic who assassinated _Henri Quatre_,
(see May 14,) was executed by being drawn and quartered by four horses.

1647. PETER STUYVESANT, a man of learning and a soldier, the last Dutch
governor of New York, arrived at New Amsterdam, and superseded Kieft.

1648. VINCENT VOITURE, an elegant French writer, died. He wrote verses
with elegance in French, Spanish and Italian, and was a polisher of his
native language in a barbarous age.

1679. English act of habeas corpus passed; the act suspending it was
repealed, probably forever, 1818.

1681. "The sweet singers" of the city of Edinburgh renounced the printed
Bible at the Canon gate tolbooth, and all unchaste thoughts, words and
actions, and burned all story books, ballads, romances, &c.

1694. The French under marshal de Noailles defeated the Spaniards near
the river Ter, and took Gerona.

1702. DOMINIC BOUHOURS, a French Jesuit, died; celebrated as a learned
writer and critic.

1703. St. Petersburg founded by Peter the great. Its present population
is about one-third that of London.

1721. The _Weekly Journal or Saturday's Post_ of this date adjudged to
contain libelous matter against the government of England.

1723. GEORGE I assented to the bill for the banishment of bishop
Atterbury, whose great virtues are now remembered.

1725. CHARLES DE LA RUE, a French Jesuit, died; distinguished as an
orator and poet and a professor of belles-lettres.

1728. CHARLES LEOPOLD, duke of Mecklenburgh, deposed by the emperor of
Germany.

1775. Battle at Noddle's island, near Boston; the British defeated by
the Americans under Putnam and Warren, who had but 3 men wounded.
British loss 200, together with an armed schooner and some stores.

1776. ARNOLD with about 900 Americans captured the British post at the
Cedars without any resistance, and retook 500 American prisoners.

1777. BUTTON GWINNETT, one of the signers, died of a wound received in a
duel.

1779. THOS. NUGENT, a distinguished lexicographer, died. His French and
English dictionary has much merit.

1781. Lord CORNWALLIS, with a vastly superior force, compelled the
marquis La Fayette to evacuate Richmond.

1794. Battle of Kaiserslautern, in which the Prussian general Mollendorf
surprised the French camp, killed 1000, and took 2000 prisoners, and 20
cannon.

1798. Battle of Oulart Hill; the United Irishmen under father Murphy
defeated the English, and massacred all but five. Same day, a large body
of Irishmen defeated at Kilthomas hill, 150 killed, and 100 cabins and 2
chapels burnt.

1799. Addison's library sold by auction in London on this and the three
following days, 70 years after his death, when it brought about $2,000.

1811. RICHARD PENN, one of the proprietors, and governor of Pennsylvania
before the revolution, died in England.

1811. HENRY DUNDAS, lord Melville, a distinguished British statesman,
died.

1813. The American army landed in Canada under cover of the fire from
Chauncey's fleet, and carried fort George by assault. The vanguard
landed first, consisting of Forsyth's riflemen, and the Albany and
Baltimore volunteers, under Col. Scott.

1817. A Tunisian corsair of 12 guns, with two prizes, under Oz Maney,
were captured near Dover, England, by two British revenue cutters.

1832. St. Jean d'Acre in Palestine taken from the Turks by the pasha of
Egypt.

1840. Great freshet in the Savannah river; the city of Augusta and town
of Hamburgh entirely submerged; the water rising 35 feet above low water
mark. The destruction of property was very great.

1840. Baron PAGANINI, the most celebrated violinist the world ever
produced, died at Nice, in Italy, aged 57, leaving a large fortune. (See
June 27, 1819.)

1848. The princess SOPHIA, 12th child of George III of England, died,
aged 71; an amiable and benevolent lady.

1850. The temple of Nauvoo, erected by the Mormons, finished in 1845,
partially burnt in October 1848, having but its four walls left--all its
timber works having been consumed by the flames--was destroyed by a
hurricane.


MAY 28.

812. St. WILLIAM, of Aquitaine, died. He distinguished himself by his
valor against the Saracens, under Charlemagne.

1089. LANFRANC, archbishop of Canterbury, died. He was an Italian, and
has the character of a great statesman, as well as a learned prelate.

1220. Pope HONORIUS issued a decree that no person in England should
keep in his hands more than two of the royal castles; intended to check
the encroaching barons.

1357. ALPHONSO IV, of Portugal, died. He was an able prince, benevolent,
and warred with the Moors.

1500. DE CABRAL'S fleet encountered a violent storm; 4 of his vessels
ran foul of each other and sunk. Bartholomew Diaz, the Portuguese
navigator, who first doubled the cape of Good Hope, was lost here.

1576. The first newspaper printed in England was the _Liverpool Times_
of this date; it is said to be published at the present day.

1583. The printing of the _Vandalie Bible_ commenced at Wittemberg, by
Samuel Seelfish, at the expense of the state of Carniola, which paid
8,000 florins for 1,500 copies.

1661. The marquis of ARGYLE beheaded at Edinburgh and his head set upon
the Tolbooth.

1672. Battle of Southwold bay, in which the Dutch admiral De Ruyter with
91 ships of the line and 44 frigates and fireships, engaged the combined
fleets of France and England, consisting of 130 sail, under the command
of the duke of York, afterwards James II, and the admiral count
d'Estrees. The conflict was terrible. The allies had a trifling
advantage, and the Dutch retired to the coast of Holland.

1672. EDWARD MONTAGUE, earl of Sandwich, drowned in the confusion of the
battle of Southwold bay. He was distinguished as a statesman, general,
admiral, and writer.

1672. War declared in Boston against the Dutch; the first declaration of
war in the colonies.

1673. Action between the English and French fleets, under prince Rupert,
and the Dutch under De Ruyter, at Schonvelt; both sides claimed the
victory.

1701. ANNE HILARION DE COSTENTIN DE TOURVILLE, a French admiral, died.
He distinguished himself against the Algerines and the Spaniards, but
the battle of La Hogue was fatal to his glory.

1708. Com. WAGER attacked and destroyed the Spanish fleet near
Carthagena.

1736. Madamoiselle SALLE, a famous _danseuse_ at Paris, who piqued
herself upon her reputation, instituted an order there, of which she was
president, by the name of the _Indifferents_. Both sexes were
indiscriminately admitted, after a nice scrutiny into their
qualifications. They had rites, which no one was to disclose. The badge
of the order was a ribbon, striped black, white and yellow, and the
device something like an icicle. They took an oath to fight against
love, and if any of the members were particular in their regards, they
were excluded the order with ignominy.

1745. JONATHAN RICHARDSON died; a celebrated English painter of heads,
and an author.

1754. Battle at fort Duquesne; the French and Indians defeated by the
Americans under Washington.

1781. American frigate Alliance, 32 guns, Capt. Barry, captured British
sloops of war Atalanta, 16 guns, and Trespasser, 14 guns.

1793. ANTHONY FREDERICK BUSCHING, a distinguished Prussian geographer,
died.

1794. Lord HOWE'S first action with the French fleet under Joyeuse.
British ship Russell captured the Revolutionaire, 110 guns.

1795. WILLIAM, prince of Orange, issued a manifesto against the French
and Batavian republics, protesting against their right to abolish the
stadtholdership.

1797. Toulon, which had been seized by the French royalists, surrendered
to the conventional troops.

1798. JAMES DUNBAR, professor of philosophy at Aberdeen, died; author of
an essay on the history of mankind in the rude and uncultivated ages.

1798. Father MURPHY, at the head of the United Irishmen, took
Enniscorthy, killed 90 of the king's troops, and set the town on fire.

1803. British ship Victory captured the French frigate Ambuscade,
formerly belonging to the British.

1803. RICHARD HOLE, an English poet and divine, died. He published
Ossian in a poetic dress and other works.

1808. The bones of the American prisoners who had perished on board the
Jersey and other British prison ships at New York during the
revolutionary war, solemnly inhumed in a vault erected at the
Wallabout.

1808. RICHARD HURD, bishop of Worcester, died, aged 89. He was a learned
man, author of several literary productions, and was offered the
primacy, which he declined.

1810. The crown prince of Sweden killed by a fall from his horse. A
circumstance which led the way for the elevation of Bernadotte.

1818. First steam boat on lake Erie (Walk in the Water), launched at
Black Rock.

1839. MICHAEL BUFF, a soldier of the revolution, died in Oglethorpe co.,
Ga. He was under Gen. Forbes, 1758, and fought at the battles of
Brandywine and Germantown.

1840. THOMAS HARVEY, a distinguished officer in the British navy, died
at Bermuda, aged 65.

1841. Capitulation of the city of Canton, which had forfeited previous
stipulations with the British and resumed hostilities. The Chinese
agreed to pay six millions of dollars in one week as a ransom for the
city, and that their troops should be withdrawn 60 miles into the
interior, and that all losses sustained by the partial destruction of
the factories, should be paid. The sum was paid as stipulated.

1843. NOAH WEBSTER, the American lexicographer, died, aged 85.

1850. JOHN N. MAFFIT, the well known and eccentric methodist preacher,
died at Mobile.

1852. THOMAS FRANCIS MEAGHER, a political exile from Ireland, and
convict at Van Dieman's land, arrived at New York.

1853. The French legislature passed an act restoring capital punishment
for attempts on the life of the emperor, or to subvert the imperial
government.

1854. A riot occurred at the park in New York, between a party of
Catholics and the friends of a street preacher; several persons were
badly injured.


MAY 29.

71 B. C. The range of embankments thrown up by Titus against the wall of
Jerusalem, the work of 17 days, was undermined and consumed, or buried
in a pit of fire, with all the Roman engines. This was effected by the
skill and conduct of John, the high priest.

1379. HENRY II, of Castile, died. He ascended the throne by the murder
of Peter the cruel, which he perpetrated with his own hand. He was one
of the bravest princes of his time, and won the good will of his
subjects.

1405. Battle of Shipton moor; prince Henry dispersed the 8,000
insurgents under Scroop, by seizing the persons of their leaders.

1453. Constantinople taken by the Turks under Mohammed II, which
terminated the Greek empire, after an existence of ten centuries.
Constantine XIII (Paleologus), was killed, and the beautiful Irene,
whose fate is dramatized by Johnson, was one of the captives.

1545. DAVID BEATON, archbishop of St. Andrews, assassinated. He was a
great persecutor of heretics, and united with great talents equally
great vices.

1588. The Spanish armada, intended for the annihilation of England,
sailed from the Tagus, under the duke of Medina Sidonia. The armament
consisted of 92 galleons, or large ships of the line, 4 galliases, 30
frigates, 30 transports for horse, and 4 galleys; on board whereof were
8,350 marines, 2,080 galley-slaves, and 19,290 land-forces. The fleet
was dispersed by a storm, and compelled to rendezvous at Corunna for
repairs.

1593. JOHN PENRY, an English controversial writer, executed for heresy
against the episcopacy.

1660. CHARLES II made his entry into London, after a long series of
misfortunes and exile, and re-established the royalty, which had been
suspended about 12 years.

1672. The new conduit erected in London by sir Thomas Vyner, ran with
wine for a few hours in honor of the birthday and restoration of Charles
II.

1691. CORNELIUS TROMP died; a Dutch admiral in the service of the
republic, succeeded de Ruyter, 1670, as admiral of the fleets of the
United Provinces.

1700. MICHAEL ANTHONY BAUDRAND, a French ecclesiastic, died; author of a
_Geographical Dictionary_, 2 vols. folio.

1715. Great riot in London; the whigs complaining that unless they
shouted high church and the duke of Ormond, they were insulted by the
tories.

1758. Action between the French ship Raisonable, 64 guns, prince di
Mombazon, and British ship Dennis, 70 guns. The Frenchman was captured
with the loss of 61 killed, 100 wounded.

1762. The duke of Newcastle on resigning his premiership in the British
ministry being offered a pension declined, saying, "if he could no
_longer_ serve he could not _burden_ his country."

1780. Battle of Waxhaws, S. C., col. Tarleton, with 700 cavalry and
infantry, came up with 300 continentals under col. Buford, who
surrendered after a short action. A few continuing to fire after the
main body had surrendered, an indiscriminate slaughter ensued. Tarleton
states that 113 Americans were killed, 153 too badly wounded to
proceed, and 53 taken prisoners.

1780. Great meeting of the protestant association was held in
Coachmakers' hall, London, lord George Gordon presiding, saying that he
would not present the petition unless signed by 20,000.

1785. ANDREW COLTEE DUCAREL, a French antiquary, died. His researches
were confined to England.

1790. ISRAEL PUTNAM, a revolutionary officer, died. He was one of the
most daring, brave and intrepid officers of the army, and his adventures
almost border on romance.

1790. Rhode Island adopted the constitution of the United States, adding
the 13th pillar to the federal edifice, by a majority of only 2--34
ayes, 32 noes; recommending amendments.

1793. The general assembly of Corsica, consisting of 1,009 delegates,
unanimously expelled the Bonaparte family.

1796. The floor of the methodist meeting house at Leeds, England, gave
way during service, and 18 persons were killed, and about 80 dreadfully
wounded.

1811. Battle of Taragonna, in Spain, which was assaulted by the French
under Suchet. The garrison consisted of 2,500 men, of whom only 903
prisoners were taken; the remainder were put to the sword.

1813. Attack on Sacketts Harbor, by the British under Yoe and Provost:
they were repulsed with the loss of 260; American loss 156.

1814. British repulsed by maj. Finney of the Accomac militia, at
Pongoteague creek.

1814. JOSEPHINE, ex-empress of France, died.

1820. CHRISTIAN WILLIAM VON DOHM, a Prussian statesman and scholar,
died.

1823. JOHN PHILLIPS, an eminent lawyer in Boston, died, aged 53.

1829. HUMPHREY DAVY, the noted English chemist, died. He made several
important discoveries in the science, and invented the miner's safety
lamp.

1832. GEORGE BURDER, an English divine, died, aged 80; author of the
_Village Sermons_, now so popular.

1837. JOHN AFZELIUS, an eminent Swedish chemist, died at Upsal, aged 84.

1839. DAVID KIRKPATRICK, an officer of the revolution, died. He entered
the army at the commencement of the war, was in the battles of Monmouth,
Germantown, Brandywine, Trenton, Cowpens, &c., and was the last
surviving officer of the Delaware line.

1840. WILLIAM LEGGET, a well known political writer, died at Rochelle,
near New York, when preparing for a diplomatic mission to Guatemala.

1848. THOMAS DICK LANDER, a distinguished Scottish literary writer,
died.

1849. SARAH J. HOWE, an American poetess and literary writer, died at
Louisville.

1855. JESSE CHICKERING, an American statistician, died at Roxbury,
Mass., aged 57. He studied theology, and afterwards medicine, but after
a practice of ten years devoted himself to literature, and produced
works on population and immigration.

1856. The president transmitted to congress the announcement that he had
ceased to hold diplomatic intercourse with the British minister, Mr.
Crampton, on account of his attempting to make enlistments for the
British service among the citizens of the United States.


MAY 30.

542. ARTHUR, a British prince, died. He was a victorious warrior against
the surrounding nations, and is celebrated as the founder of the knights
of the round table at Winchester.

1216. LOUIS of France, at the invitation of the rebel English barons,
crossed the channel with 680 sail, and landed at Sandwich.

1252. The epoch of the Alphonsine tables, constructed by Hazan, a Jew,
by order of Alphonso the wise, commencing with the day of his accession
to the throne of Leon and Castile.

1416. JEROME OF PRAGUE, burnt for the heresy of protestantism, at
Constance, and suffered with great fortitude.

1431. JOAN OF ARC, the Maid of Orleans, burnt at Rouen, for sorcery and
intercourse with infernal spirits, by the English. Chapelaine celebrated
her in 12 times 1200 verses; Southey has made her the subject of an
epic, and Schiller of a tragedy.

1484. CHARLES VIII (_the affable_), inaugurated at Rheims, in his 15th
year. He was met at the gates by a young damsel, habited as Flora, who
delivered him the keys of the city.

1498. COLUMBUS sailed from the port of St. Lucar de Barrameda, with a
squadron of six vessels, on his third voyage of discovery, with
additional powers. The Indians were to wear a mark of brass or lead coin
about their necks, which were to be _exchanged_ for others on the
payment of their tribute money.

1521. The Spaniards under Cortez, invested Mexico with 917 Spaniards and
75,000 Indians, which were soon increased to 200,000. He had 86 horses,
3 large iron cannons, and 15 smaller of copper, 1000 Castilian pounds of
gun powder and a large quantity of balls and arrows, the strength of
his little army having doubled by the supplies from Spain and the
Antilles. The Spanish troops, in proceeding to their posts, in
commencing the siege, had several engagements with the Mexicans. In
attempting to break the aqueduct of Chapoltepec to cut off the water
from the city, a powerful resistance was made. At one assault, so thick
was the shower of arrows, darts and stones, which were shot at them,
that 8 Spaniards were killed, and more than fifty wounded, and they were
with difficulty able to retreat to Tlacopan, where they encamped.

1539. FERDINAND DE SOTO, landed on the West coast of Florida, in search
of gold. He is supposed to have wandered over many of the southern
states; but being disappointed in his great object, he returned without
effecting a settlement.

1574. CHARLES IX, of France, died, aged 25. It was during his reign that
the fatal massacre of St. Bartholomews took place, which renders his
name odious.

1577. MARTIN FROBISHER, the English navigator, sailed on his second
voyage for the discovery of a north-west passage to India. He coasted
Greenland and Labrador, and returned with 200 tons of glittering stones
and sand, which he had mistaken for gold ore.

1640. PETER PAUL RUBENS, the celebrated Flemish painter, died. He was
also a statesman, and a man of learning.

1654. CHRISTINA of Sweden abdicated the throne, on which occasion she
caused a medal to be struck, with the motto, "Parnassus is worth more
than a throne."

1658. Prince of Conde, at the head of 2000 cavalry, threw himself into
Cambray, then besieged by marshal Turenne.

1663. DENIS DE SALLO, the inventor of literary journals, published the
first number of the French _Journal des Savans_.

1676. Hatfield, Mass., burnt by the Indians. The town was attacked by
about 600 of the enemy, while the men were all out in the fields at work
except one who was very old. They burnt 12 houses and barns without the
fortification, and drove away the cattle and sheep. The news of this
affair having reached the neighboring town of Hadley, 25 resolute young
men hastened to the scene of desolation, and charged the savages with
such undaunted courage, that five or six of them fell at the first shot;
and making their way through the thickest of the Indians, they threw
themselves into the garrison, with the loss of five of their number, who
fell as they were entering the town. The enemy, amazed at the resolution
of this little band, and having lost 25 of their number, fled from the
place immediately, with their booty.

1688. Pere GERBILLON, one of the French Jesuit Missionaries who
accompanied Du Halde to China, set out on his first journey into
Tartary. His travels are published at length in the great work of Du
Halde. (See Ap. 1, 96; May 24, 98; Oct. 13, 98.)

1718. BERNARD NIEUWENTYD, a Dutch writer on mathematics, died.

1744. ALEXANDER POPE died: the celebrated English poet and epistolary
writer.

1756. ELIZABETH ELSTOB, an English literary lady, died. She was skilled
in eight languages, and published a Saxon grammar.

1764. SIMON SACK, died at Trionia, aged 141.

1770. Fire works in honor of the marriage of Louis XVI, of France, when
about 1100 persons were crushed to death in the crowd.

1775. Americans burnt the mansion house on Noddles island, and carried
off the cattle.

1778. MARIE FRANCIS AROUET DE VOLTAIRE, the celebrated French
philosopher, died. He was an extraordinary man, of whom it has been
said, he was a free thinker in London, a Cartesian in Versailles, a
Christian in Nancy, and an infidel in Berlin. In society, he was
alternately an Aristippus and a Diogenes. For versatility of talent, his
equal has, perhaps never appeared.

1796. Battle of Borghetto; Bonaparte defeated the Austrians.

1799. The editor, printer and publisher of the _London Courier_, were
fined and imprisoned for saying that the emperor of Russia was a tyrant
among his own subjects and ridiculous to the rest of Europe.

1801. JOHN MILLER, who wrote a historical view of the English
government, died at Glasgow.

1804. JEFFERSON issued a proclamation erecting the district of Mobile.

1806. Bonaparte issued a decree calling an assembly of Jewish deputies,
for the purpose of forming a Sanhedrim.

1813. American privateer Yankee, 16 guns, captured British brig Thames,
14 guns; cargo sold for $180,000.

1814. Treaty of Paris, between Louis XVIII, and the allied sovereigns.
The latter left Paris the same day, on a visit to England.

1826. JOHN BEATTY, a general officer in the war of the American
revolution, died.

1832. JAMES MACKINTOSH, an English statesman, died; known by his
_History of England_. He was employed principally in the affairs of
India, during which he found time for literary pursuits.

1833. JOHN MALCOLM, a general in the India service, died. He
distinguished himself as a soldier, statesman and scholar. He
contributed much information respecting the history and present
condition of Persia.

1837. CHRISTOPHER BROWNE, a soldier of the revolution, died at
Philadelphia, aged 107.

1844. The Irish agitator DANIEL O'CONNEL, sentenced to fine and
imprisonment.

1848. Battle of Goito, Italy; the Austrians defeated by the king of
Sardinia.

1848. Ratifications of the treaty between the United States and Mexico
exchanged with the latter government at Quaretaro.

1848. General HERRERA elected president of Mexico by 11 states against
5.

1854. Three British steamers destroyed the ships, dockyards and stores
at Brahestadt, in the north of the gulf of Bothnia.

1854. The Turks made a sortie from Silistria, and killed 3000 Russians
in the trenches.

1854. PEREGRINE MAITLAND, a British officer, died, aged 76. He served at
Walcheren, in the Peninsula at Corunna, and at Waterloo. For his
services on the Nive as commander of the first brigade of guards, he
received a medal. He had been lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada and
Nova Scotia, and commander-in-chief of the Madras army.

1856. The ship Pallas, sailing from Cork to Quebec, struck the breakers
off St. Paul's island and bilged; of 120 passengers 72 were drowned.


MAY 31.

1434. LADISLAUS IV, king of Poland, died, aged 80; universally respected
for all those virtues which should grace a throne.

1521. The siege of Mexico having been begun by Cortez, Sandoval with a
division of the Spaniards and more than 35,000 allies marched to the
assault of the city of Iztapalapan, situated about 8 miles from Mexico,
on the eastern border of the lake. Great havoc was made upon the people
and the city, devastated by fire. The inhabitants attempting to escape
by water, were met by Cortez, who rushed among their frail boats with
his brigantines, and destroyed immense numbers of them.

1589. WALTER MILDMAY, an English statesman, died; founder of Emanuel
college.

1658. Kingston, Ulster county, N. Y., founded.

1672. Union between the colonies of Massachusetts, Connecticut and
Plymouth.

1680. CHRISTOPHER DAVENPORT, died; a learned Englishman, who became a
Franciscan, and published several theological works.

1707. SIMON PATRICK, an English bishop, died, aged 80. He rose from the
lowest condition by his own worth.

1723. WILLIAM BAXTER, an English critic and grammarian, died, aged 73.
Few _litterateurs_ have commenced their career more unpromisingly; for
at the age of 18 he could neither read a word, nor could he speak any
thing but Welch; yet he became a noted linguist, translated several
Latin authors, and compiled a _Dictionary of British Antiquities_.

1731. PHILIP WHARTON, died; an English nobleman, remarkable for his
eccentricities.

1740. FREDERICK WILLIAM, king of Prussia, died. He was a wise and
politic monarch, who sought the prosperity of his subjects and the
kingdom.

1745. Shah NADIR, defeated the Turks at Erzeroum.

1775. The Americans landed on Pettick's island, near Boston, and carried
off 500 sheep and 30 cattle.

1778. Col. ETHAN ALLEN arrived from England, and was received with
discharges of cannon.

1779. Stoney Point evacuated by the Americans, and taken possession of
by Gen. Clinton.

1791. Punishment by the wheel abolished in France.

1793. An armed force beset the palace of the Tuilleries, and demanded
the arrest of the Brissotine party.

1796. BONAPARTE dissolved the great council and took possession of
Venice.

1830. FREDERICK A. WILSON, inventor of gaslight, died at Paris.

1832. MAXIMILIAN LAMARQUE, died at Paris; a distinguished French
officer, and defender of liberal principles.

1833. JOHN MALCOLM, a distinguished philanthropist and faithful servant
of the English East India Company, died. A tasteful obelisk 100 feet
high is raised to his memory in his native Eskdale, Scotland.

1835. WILLIAM SMITH, an English statesman, died. He was 46 years a
member of the British parliament.

1839. Great Western steamship arrived in New York from Bristol, in 13
days 8 hours, the shortest voyage from Europe to America theretofore
made.

1847. THOMAS CHALMERS, the eminent Scottish divine, whose powers of
oratory were the admiration of the world, died at Edinburgh, aged 67.

1853. THOMAS M. PETIT, director of the United States mint, died at
Philadelphia.

1853. The second American arctic expedition left New York in search of
Sir John Franklin, and for scientific purposes.

1854. The British transport Europa, having troops on board, was totally
destroyed by fire opposite Brest, and 21 lives lost.

1854. Three wagon loads of powder, 11,250 pounds, exploded in the street
at Wilmington, Delaware, killing several persons, and badly injuring 75
houses in the vicinity.

1855. CHARLOTTE NICHOLLS, died; an English authoress under the _nom de
plume_ of Currer Bell. Her fame was established by the novel of _Jane
Eyre_.

1855. The propeller Arctic and barque Release, left Brooklyn navy yard
under command of Lieut. Hartstein, in search of Dr. Kane and his
companions in the Arctic sea.

1856. JOHN M. NILES, a Connecticut statesman, died, aged 68. He
commenced the practice of the law in Hartford, in 1816, and was
concerned in establishing the _Hartford Times_, which he principally
edited. He held various offices with distinction; among others that of
post master general under Mr. Van Buren.




JUNE.


JUNE 1.

67 B. C. Jotopata, in Judea, captured by the Romans under Vespasian, on
the first of Panemus, in the 13th year of Nero. The city was demolished,
entombing 40,000 Jews, the number of slain.

1205. HENRY DANDOLO, duke of Venice, died. He was a brave admiral, who
took Constantinople, 1203, and had the moderation to refuse the imperial
dignity.

1204. Rouen, the capital of Normandy, conquered by the French, which
with the Dutchy had been separated from France for 300 years.

1450. JACK CADE'S rebellion broke out in England.

1533. ANN BOLEYN crowned queen of England.

1571. Dr. JOHN STORY, an unrelenting persecutor of the protestants, was
executed at Tyburn. On the accession of Elizabeth he fled to Flanders,
and used all the influence he possessed to injure the trade of his
native country.

1572. _Ovid's Elegies_ burned at Stationer's hall by the order of the
bishops of Canterbury and London.

1572. THOMAS, duke of Norfolk, executed for high treason. He was the
first subject in England by rank, and the qualities of his mind
corresponded with his high station. He fell a victim to love and
ambition, in attempting to marry Mary Stuart.

1593. CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE, an English dramatist and poet, murdered in an
affray. He was accounted an excellent poet in his time.

1603. A man was whipped through London for going to court when his house
was infected by plague. In this visitation 30,244 persons died. James I,
to avoid this plague retired to Wilton.

1638. Earthquake in New England; it occurred in the afternoon, and was
so violent as to shake down movable articles in houses, and formed a
memorable epoch in the annals of the country.

1660. MARY DYER executed. She was a quakeress, who had been banished
from Massachusetts, and on her return was sentenced to death for
"rebellious sedition and obtruding herself after banishment on pain of
death."

1666. Great naval action between the Dutch under de Ruyter and Tromp,
and English prince, Rupert, which continued four days with great fury,
and the victory was claimed by both parties.

1679. GRAHAM of Claverhouse defeated by the Scottish covenanters at
Drumclog, Scotland.

1740. SAMUEL WERENFELS, a Swiss professor and author, died; respected
for his learning and many virtues.

1743. ROBERT LE LORRAINE, a celebrated French sculptor, died.

1764. The French carried off all the inhabitants of Turk's island, in
the West Indies, with 9 English vessels.

1769. EDWARD HOLYOKE, president of Harvard college, died; an excellent
mathematician and natural philosopher.

1774. Boston port bill went into operation. Business closed at noon, and
the harbor was shut against all vessels. The citizens, on a short notice
of 20 days, were deprived of the means of gaining a subsistence.
Contributions were raised in other cities for their relief, and the
inhabitants of Marblehead offered the merchants the use of their
wharves. Universal indignation spread through the colonies against this
high handed measure of the British king and parliament.

1780. American privateer Pickering, 16 guns, Capt. Harridon, captured
British ship, Golden Eagle, 22 guns.

1783. CHARLES BYRNE, the Irish giant, died. His height was 8 feet 2
inches. (See May 13, 1781, Roger Byrne).

1785. JOHN ADAMS, the first minister of the United States of America to
England, was presented to the king.

1791. The United States army under gen. Chas. Scott entered the Kikapoo
villages, on the Wabash, and taking the Indians by surprise,
exterminated their villages, killed and took many prisoners. He returned
without the loss of a man killed by the enemy. These savages committed
great depredations on the frontiers, and refused all terms of peace.

1792. Kentucky admitted into the Union with the consent of Virginia.

1793. The armed Parisians again assembled with cannon around the
convention, and demanded the arrest of the Brissotine party. The decree
of accusation was passed.

1793. The death of Richard Crutwell, the well known editor of the _Bath
Chronicle_, took place at Cheltenham, England.

1794. Action between the French fleet, 26 ships of the line, under
Joyeuse, and the British fleet, 25 ships, under lord Howe. The French
were defeated with great loss.

1795. PETER JOSEPH DESAULT, a noted French surgeon, died.

1796. Tennessee admitted into the Union.

1797. Desperate engagement between an Algerine cruiser of 18 guns, well
manned, and a Corsican frigate of 26 nine and twelve pounders. The
action began at 7 in the morning, and was continued with unremitted
obstinacy until 3 in the afternoon, when a sloop and cutter coming up,
the frigate was towed off in a disabled condition, and the pirate being
completely riddled, they fired the magazine, and blew themselves up. The
Algerine had a number of Christian captives on board, and was commanded
by Sidney Beder, the terror of the Spanish coast.

1805. Detroit destroyed by fire. The houses on 25 streets were consumed;
16 persons lost their lives, and the cattle, generally shared the same
fate.

1807. Niesse, a Prussian fortress in Silesia, taken by the French under
Jerome Bonaparte, with 3,000 prisoners, and about 300 cannon.

1811. WILLIAM EATON, an American general, died; celebrated for his
heroic achievements in the expedition against Tripoli, 1798.

1813. Action between the United States frigate Chesapeake, 36 guns,
Capt. Lawrence, 2 days out from Boston, with a raw crew, and British
frigate Shannon, 38 guns, and a picked crew. The Chesapeake was
captured, with the loss of Capt. Lawrence and 146 killed and wounded,
British loss 84.

1815. ALEXANDER BERTHIER, a distinguished French officer, killed. He
served in America during the revolutionary war, and afterwards
signalized his talents and bravery under Bonaparte, who placed unlimited
confidence in him.

1832. THOMAS SUMTER, a distinguished officer of the revolution, died,
aged 97.

1833. RENE SAVARY, duke of Rovigo, died; one of the ministers of France
under Bonaparte.

1833. OLIVER WOLCOTT died; a statesman under Washington, and 10 years
successively governor of Connecticut.

1833. Cholera broke out at Lexington, Ky., number of deaths to August
1st, 502.

1835. OTHO, king of Greece, his minority having ended, ascended the
throne at Athens, with appropriate ceremonies.

1839. Port Gibson, Miss., destroyed by fire.

1841. DAVID WILKIE, an excellent Scottish painter, died at Gibraltar, on
his return from Egypt, aged 56. He was the author of many celebrated
works in his profession.

1843. Dr. JAMES HAGAN, a native of Ireland, but for several years a
citizen of the United States, fell in a street fight in Vicksburgh,
Miss., provoked by the violence of his language as an editor.

1846. Pope GREGORY XVI died. His pontificate was 15 years.

1846. A convention of delegates to revise the constitution of New York
met at Albany.

1847. The steamer Washington, first of the Collins or American line,
sailed from New York.

1848. Defeat of the Danes by the Germans.

1852. A submarine telegraph wire coated with gutta percha, was laid
across the channel, from Holyhead, a distance of 80 miles, by which
telegraphic communication was completed from London to Dublin.

1854. Four British steamers attacked and destroyed the ships, dockyards
and stores at Uleaborg.

1854. EMILY CHUBBUCK, widow of Adoniram Judson, died at Hamilton, N. Y.;
better known as Fanny Forrester, an accomplished woman, and a writer of
considerable celebrity.

1855. The republic of Nicaragua issued a manifesto, proclaiming "martial
law and prohibiting the adventurers Kinney and Fabens," on pain of death
from entering the republic for any cause.


JUNE 2.

193. DIDIUS JULIANUS, emperor of Rome, executed after a reign of 60
days, which he purchased of the soldiers.

1581. JAMES DOUGLAS, earl Morton, was guillotined at Edinburgh for the
supposed murder of lord Darnley.

1609. Seven ships, attended by two small vessels, with 500 people,
sailed for Virginia, under sir Thomas Gates, sir Geo. Somers, and
Christopher Newport. (See May 23.)

1627. CHARLES I granted to James Hay, earl of Carlisle, by letters
patent, all the Caribbean islands.

1653. Action between the English fleet under Monk, and the Dutch under
Tromp. The action continued 2 days, and resulted in the defeat of the
Dutch, who lost 20 ships taken or destroyed.

1656. Corner stone of the Dutch church, laid in the centre of State
street, in the city of Albany, N. Y., by Rutger Jacobsen, one of the
magistrates.

1671. EDWARD LEIGH, a learned Englishman, and member of the long
parliament, died.

1676. Indian battle near Mount Hope. About 300 of the English, mounted
on horses, with a number of friendly Indians, in pursuit of Philip and
his regiment of Wampanoags, came upon their camp, which had been newly
pitched in a swamp. The friendly Indians upon a given signal ran down
upon them from one side, while the mounted soldiers attacked them from
the opposite side, so that many of those who fled were taken prisoners.
The fruits of this expedition were 3,000 of the enemy killed and taken,
and among the prisoners a Narraganset squaw called the old queen. None
of the English, and but few of the allies were hurt in this assault.
Philip escaped this pursuit, although it was an irreparable blow to his
plan of a general extermination of the English settlements, and nearly
completed his ruin.

1754. Earthquake at Cairo, in Egypt, which nearly destroyed the city,
and buried 40,000 of its inhabitants in the ruins.

1779. Verplank's point, with a garrison of 70, and 4 cannon, surrendered
to the British gen. H. Clinton.

1780. Great riots in London. Lord Gordon, at the head of 50,000
protestants, went to parliament to present a petition against popery.

1781. French under BOUILLE took Tobago.

1782. Battle of Arnee, in India, and defeat of Hyder Ally, by the
British under sir Eyre Coote.

1783. WASHINGTON furloughed the soldiers of the war.

1789. Baron KNYPHAUSEN, a Hessian general in the British service during
the war of the American revolution, died at Berlin, in Prussia, aged 59.

1791. The city of Anapa, in Asia, stormed and taken from the Turks by
the Russians. In the assault many were put to the sword, and a pasha and
14,000 made prisoners.

1793. BRISSOT and several other members of the convention arrested in
Paris.

1795. M. DAMBOURNEY died at Rouen; distinguished as a merchant and a man
of science.

1802. British house of commons voted Dr. Jenner £10,000 for his
discovery of the vaccine inoculation.

1803. THOMAS PETT, an English miser, died. He went to London at the age
of 10, with a solitary shilling in his pocket. He lodged 30 years in
one gloomy apartment, which was never lighted up with coal, candle, or
the countenance of a visitant. It is said he never eat a morsel at his
own expense, and left about $35,000 to relatives whom he had never seen.

1805. British surrendered Diamond rock, Martinique, to the French.

1811. CHRISTOPH, and MARIA LOUISA, his sable consort, crowned at Cape
Francois, sovereigns of Hayti.

1812. JOHN WILLIAM DE WINTER, a noted Dutch admiral, died at Paris.

1814. Peace between Great Britain and France proclaimed in London.

1843. JOHN CARY, a negro, died at Washington, aged 114. He accompanied
Washington as his personal servant in the old French war, and preserved
a dress coat presented to him by the general, which he had worn at the
siege of Yorktown.

1854. The military force of Boston was called out to protect the
government marshal in delivering Anthony Burns, a fugitive slave, on
board a Virginia vessel. No serious outbreak occurred, though crowds
thronged the streets, and hooted and hissed and groaned, and threw
missiles at the military, and at the marshal and his assistants.

1855. There was a riot at Portland, Me.; a crowd attempted to seize with
violence certain liquors, claimed to be owned by the city; and,
persisting, the military were called out and fired, killing one man and
wounding others.


JUNE 3.

1098. Capture of Antioch, the capital of Syria, by the first crusaders.
The sword of Godfrey, says an eye witness, divided a Turk from the
shoulder to the haunch; and one half of the infidel fell to the ground,
while the other half was carried by his horse to the city gates.

1137. Cathedral of Rochester, in England, burned.

1162. THOMAS A BECKET made archbishop of Canterbury.

1594. JOHN AYLMER, a learned and benevolent English prelate, died. He
was tutor to lady Jane Grey, and more noted for his severity against the
Puritans than for his learning.

1609. MARY ELLIS died at Leigh, England, aged 119. Her inscription
informs the reader that "she was a virgin of virtuous courage and very
promising hopes."

1611. Lady ARABELLA SEYMOUR escaped from confinement in the tower of
London by stratagem.

1647. King CHARLES I of England arrested by Joyce with 500 cavalry, at
Holdenby.

1649. FARIA E. SOUSA, a Castilian historian and lyric poet, died. He
devoted himself with great ardor to literature, and wrote, by his own
account, 12 sheets daily. He labored 25 years on a commentary on the
_Lusiade_, which was prohibited by the inquisition.

1657. WILLIAM HARVEY, an English physician, died; celebrated as the
discoverer of the circulation of the blood.

1665. Naval action between the British fleet, 114 sail, besides fire
ships, under the duke of York and prince Rupert, and the Dutch under
admiral Opdam. The latter were defeated, with the loss of 19 ships sunk
or taken. The admiral's ship was blown up with himself and all the crew.
The English lost but one ship.

1689. Six captains with 400 men in New York, and a company of 70 men
from East Chester, joined Leisler in holding the fort at New York for
the prince of Orange.

1694. The duke of SAVOY, at the instance of England and Holland decreed
the free exercise of their religion to the Vaudois.

1732. EDMUND CALAMY died; an eminent English divine among the
non-conformists.

1740. JETHRO TULL died; celebrated as the first Englishman who bestowed
particular attention on agriculture, and endeavored to reduce it to a
science.

1759. Admiral RODNEY bombarded Havre de Grace, France, 52 hours without
intermission.

1769. Transit of Venus over the sun's disc. Capt. Cook sailed from
England to Otaheite with scientific men, to take an observation there.
As it had never been seen but twice before by any inhabitant of our
planet, and could never be seen again by any person then living, it
caused considerable excitement among the scientific in Europe. It was
also observed by our countryman David Rittenhouse, at Philadelphia.

1770. The city of Port-au-prince, St. Domingo, destroyed by an
earthquake.

1776. During the celebration of a wedding at Mantua, the floor of the
house gave way, and 66 persons were killed, among whom was the bride.

1780. THOMAS HUTCHINSON, a governor of Massachusetts, died. He published
a valuable history of the colony from 1628 to 1749, and a third volume
has been compiled from his manuscripts, extending it to 1774.

1788. Lord MANSFIELD, of England, resigned his chief justiceship of the
king's bench, a station he had occupied with distinguished reputation
for 32 years.

1789. PAUL EGEDE died, aged 81; author of an _Account of Greenland_, and
a zealous missionary there.

1790. Action between the Swedish and Russian fleets, in which the former
were defeated with great loss.

1802. Madame MARA, the celebrated vocalist, took leave of the English
stage.

1805. Peace concluded between the United States and Tripoli; the
American prisoners to be liberated.

1808. PHILIP SCHUYLER, an officer of the revolution, died at Albany,
aged 73. He possessed a mind of great vigor and enterprise, and was
characterized by integrity and amiableness.

1826. NICHOLAI MIKHAELOVITCH KARAMSIN died. He was one of the most
eminent Russian writers that country has yet produced.

1832. JEAN PIERRE ABEL REMUSAT died; a distinguished French orientalist,
and professor of the Chinese and Tartar languages in the college of
France.

1836. BARRY EDWARD O'MEARA died; formerly surgeon to Napoleon, and
author of _Napoleon in Exile_, and other works.

1840. The steam packet Unicorn, the first steam vessel from England to
Boston, arrived in the latter port in 18 days from Liverpool.

1844. ALEXANDER J. DALLAS, an American commodore, died on board his
frigate in Callao bay, having been in the naval service 39 years.

1848. Gunpowder explosion at Vera Cruz, by which several buildings were
injured and 20 persons killed, mostly women.


JUNE 4.

1137. The greater part of the city of York, its cathedral, and 39
churches burned.

1453. ALVAREZ DE LUNA, a Spanish statesman, executed. He acquired such
an ascendancy over the king that he was himself the monarch more than 30
years.

1520. A famous interview between the kings of England and France, near
Guisnes.

1561. St. Paul's, London, burnt, having stood nearly four centuries. Its
dimensions were 960 feet in length, 130 in breadth, and surmounted by a
spire 520 feet high.

1585. MARK ANTHONY MURETUS died; a French critic and poet.

1663. WILLIAM JUXON, archbishop of Canterbury, died. He was the friend
of Laud, by whose influence he was promoted, and by whose fall he was a
great sufferer. He was exemplary in his conduct and irreproachable in
the discharge of his duties; and on the restoration was raised to the
see of Canterbury.

1665. JOHN LAWSON, an English admiral, killed.

1691. Baltimore in Ireland taken by the English under general Ginkle.

1711. The fleet of transports containing 5,000 troops from England and
Flanders, designed for the reduction of Canada, arrived at the port of
Boston, under sir Hoveden Walker, after a passage of one month's
duration.

1725. A general assembly of the kirk of Scotland met at Edinburgh.

1731. A person sentenced at the old Bailey court of London to be hanged
for forgery; said to have been the first capital punishment for that
offence.

1737. FRANCIS LE MOINE, an excellent French painter, ran himself through
with a sword in a fit of lunacy.

1738. Birthday of GEORGE III of England. He began his reign at the age
of 22, and occupied the throne 60 years.

1744. ANSON arrived in England after a voyage of three years round the
world.

1745. Battle of Hohenfriedberg, between the army of Frederick II of
Prussia, and that of prince Charles of Lorrain, in which the latter was
defeated with the loss of 4,000 killed and 7,000 prisoners.

1745. ALEXIS NORMAND, advocate of the parliament of Paris, died; justly
celebrated for his love of justice.

1746. Battle of San Lazaro; the French defeated in an assault upon the
Austrian camp, with the loss of 15,000 killed, wounded, and prisoners,
60 colors and 10 cannon.

1792. First legislature of Kentucky met.

1792. Route between Pennsylvania and the Genesee country in New York
explored.

1792. JOHN BURGOYNE, a British officer and dramatist, died. He was "tint
at Saratoga."

1794. Port-au-prince, St. Domingo, taken by the British. They found 131
cannon, &c., 13 ships and 9 brigs laden, and other vessels.

1796. Battle of Altenkirchen; the French under Kleber defeated the
Austrians and took much booty.

1798. Battle of Tubberneering; the united Irishmen defeated the English
under colonel Walpole, who was shot through the head.

1799. Battle of Zurich between the French under Massena, and the
Austrians under the archduke Charles.

1800. Cisalpine republic re-established by Bonaparte.

1800. The English squadron under Pellew attacked Quiberon in France,
destroyed the forts and brought off several vessels.

1800. FRANCIS BULLER, an eminent English judge, died.

1801. Genoa united to France; Eugene Beauharnais appointed viceroy of
Italy, by Bonaparte, who at the same time appointed the order of the
_iron crown_.

1803. FRANCIS XAVIER TALBOT died; a French ecclesiastic, and author of
some poems.

1804. Vaccination for the cowpox introduced with great success in
Persia.

1805. The American prisoners at Tripoli liberated.

1807. EDWARD DILLY, a benevolent and distinguished bookseller, died. His
purse and advice were always at the service of the deserving.

1808. A new constitution formed for Spain by Bonaparte.

1813. The French under Joseph Bonaparte and Jourdan evacuated
Valladolid, Spain.

1816. Treaty between the United States and Weas and Kickapoo Indians.

1817. CLOTILDA TAMBRONI, an Italian poetess, died.

1819. Washington lodge of independent order of Odd Fellows organized at
Baltimore, Md., the first lodge of the order in the United States.

1823. LOUIS NICHOLAS DAVOUST, duke of Auerstadt and prince of Eckmuhl,
died; one of Napoleon's bravest generals.

1829. Steam frigate Fulton blown up, and 26 persons killed.

1835. OWEN PUGHE died in Wales; author of a _Welsh and English
Dictionary_, and styled the Johnson of Wales.

1837. ABIEL HOLMES, a learned American clergyman, died, aged 74; known
principally by his _American Annals_, one of the most valuable
historical publications that has been written in this country.

1843. ANDREW BELL died at Perth Amboy, N. J., for many years surveyor
for the proprietors of that state.

1844. JESSE SMITH died at Salem, Mass., aged 88. He fought at Bunkers
hill, and also at almost every other scene of conflict during the war of
the American revolution.

1848. MATTHEW GREGORY died at Albany, aged 91; a revolutionary soldier,
who was at the capture of Cornwallis; the noted keeper of the Tontine in
the early part of the century.

1854. A riot occurred at Brooklyn, N. Y., between the advocates of
street preaching and the catholics, when many persons were killed and
wounded, and quiet was only restored by the aid of the military.

1856. ALEXANDER CRICHTON, an English physician, died near London, aged
93. He was for many years physician in ordinary to the emperor Alexander
I, of Russia, and was the oldest member of the Royal society.


JUNE 5.

1402. HENRY IV tried to dispel by proclamation the rumors of Richard VI
having appeared in Scotland.

1465. ENRIQUE IV, a weak king of Castile, deposed and solemnly degraded
in the public square at Avila, and his brother Alonzo proclaimed king in
his stead.

1480. CAXTON completed the printing of the history of England, which he
thus announced: "_The Chronicles of England, &c. Enputed by me William
Caxton. In thabbey of Westmynstre by London, &c., the v day of Juyn the
yere of thincarnacion of our lord god m.cccc.lxxx, &c._," folio.

1508. LAMORAL EGMONT, count of Holland, beheaded by order of the Spanish
duke of Alva, at Brussels. He was a renowned general in the Spanish
armies, but they were jealous of his partialities for his own country's
liberty.

1594. Three ships fitted out by some Amsterdam and Zealand merchants,
for the purpose of discovering a passage to India by the Northern ocean,
sailed from the Texel under Willem Barentszoon and Jacob Heemskerk,
shaping their course around Nova Zembla.

1603. The English merchants trading to the Levant surrendered their
patent to the king. They paid £4,000 annually for this commercial
monopoly.

1667. JOHN HENRY HOTTINGER, a learned Swiss orientalist, drowned in the
Limmat. Notwithstanding the assiduity with which he applied himself to
his numerous avocations he found time to write several works.

1672. An Indian deed under this date granted to the inhabitants of
Schenectady a territory of three miles (12 English miles) all around
that town.

1690. THOMAS BAKER, an English mathematician and general scholar, died
at Bishops Nymmet, where he lived a retired and literary life.

1716. ROGER COTES, an English mathematician and astronomer, died, aged
33. He was rapidly acquiring distinction in science, and his loss was
much regretted.

1724. HENRY SACHEVERELL, a notorious English prelate, died. He made
himself obnoxious to parliament by the intemperance of his sermons. The
mob took up his cause, and the ministry was overturned. He does not seem
to have deserved much of the adulation bestowed upon him.

1745. Battle of Placentia, in which the Spaniards and French were
defeated.

1757. CHARLES VINER died; an eminent English law writer.

1781. Fort Cornwallis, at Augusta, Ga., surrendered with 300 men to the
Americans under Pickens and Lee. The latter had 40 killed during the
siege which lasted 17 days.

1783. First public ascension of a balloon. It was made at Annonay, in
France, by John and Stephen Montgolfier. An immense bag of linen lined
with paper, and containing 23,000 cubic feet, was provided for the
occasion. It was inflated by burning chopped straw and wool under the
aperture of the machine, which immediately began to swell; and on being
set at liberty ascended 6,000 feet into the air. As yet no individual
had ascended.

1790. The steam boat constructed by John Fitch, left the city of
Philadelphia at 4 o'clock in the morning for Trenton landing; from which
place she returned to Philadelphia again at 5 in the afternoon,
performing 80 miles against a strong head wind all the way down, and 16
miles against current and tide. It was propelled by 12 oars, and was the
first successful experiment in America, and the most successful one in
the world at that time--16 years before the triumph of Fulton.

1792. DAVID HENRY, an English printer, died. He was for more than half a
century an active manager of the _Gentlemen's Magazine_, and published
several other valuable works.

1794. Battle near Schecketschine, beyond the Vistula, in which the
Russians defeated the Poles under Kosciusko.

1794. A small island emerged from the sea near the island of Tenedos. It
was about half a mile in circumference.

1798. United Irishmen repulsed with great loss in an attack on New Ross.
The British, on the score of retaliation put to death 221 prisoners,
men, women and children.

1799. Bonaparte reached Jaffa on his retreat from St. Jean d'Acre, where
he remained three days; during which time the French burnt the
neighboring villages, carried away all the grain and cattle; they also
destroyed all the fortifications at Jaffa, and threw the artillery into
the sea.

1799. The archduke CHARLES compelled the French under Massena to
evacuate Zurich.

1800. A signal defeat of five columns of Austrians by two French, on the
Iller.

1806. NAPOLEON proclaimed his brother Louis Bonaparte king of Holland.

1807. Battle of Spandau, in which the Russians attacked the French under
Bernadotte, and were repulsed with the loss of 1,200 killed.

1811. Venezuela in South America declared itself independent.

1813. Battle of Stoney creek, Canada, in which the Americans were
attacked by the British in the night. American loss 30 killed and about
180 taken. British loss about 250.

1816. JOHN PAISIELLO, an Italian composer, died at Naples. His
reputation extended over the whole continent, and his presence was
courted by the sovereigns of Europe. His works are numerous and in high
repute.

1826. CARL MARIA VON WEBER, the celebrated German musical composer, died
at Paris. He is one of the best of the modern authors.

1827. The academy of sciences at Paris had presented to them at their
sitting this day, the phenomenon of a woman with a breast in her left
thigh, with which she suckled her own and several other children.

1828. HARRY STOE VAN DYCK, a poetical and miscellaneous writer, of Dutch
descent, died near London. In conjunction with Bowring he translated
specimens of the Dutch poets, under the title of _Batavian Anthology_,
which procured each of them a handsome medal from the king of Holland.

1847. The celebrated African farmer of Cedar creek, Del., died, almost
118 years of age.

1852. JACQUES PRADIER died near Paris, aged 54; the most distinguished
sculptor of his day in France.

1852. JOHN HOWARD PAYNE died at Tunis, Africa, aged 60. He was a native
of New-York, and long styled on English boards the American Roscius. He
was British consul at Tunis at the time of his death.

1854. A large elephant attached to a menagerie, while going from
Providence, R. I., to Fall River, Mass., broke loose from his keeper,
and before he could be captured attacked all the carriages that he
encountered on the road, killing the horses, tearing the wagons to
pieces, and severely injuring several persons.

1854. JOHN FRYALL SNODGRASS, a distinguished and successful Virginia
lawyer, died at Parkersburg, aged 50. He was an influential and valuable
member of the convention for revising the constitution in 1850, and fell
dead in court while trying a cause.

1855. The National Know-nothing, or American convention assembled at
Philadelphia.

1855. The British frigate Cossack appeared off Hango Udd, and sent a
boat on shore under a flag of truce, and the men landed; when the boat
was fired on and sunk, and the crew killed or wounded and taken
prisoners.

1856. Governor JOHNSON, of California, declared San Francisco to be in a
state of insurrection.

1856. ASA CUMMINGS, an American divine, died at sea, aged 65. He was
editor of the _Christian Mirror_ at Portland, Me., from 1826 to 1855,
and was deeply interested in the cause of missions and education.


JUNE 6.

356. B. C. Birthday of ALEXANDER, _the Great_, on the sixth day of
_Lous_ (_Hecatombæon_) during the Olympic games, in the first year of
the 106th Olympiad, at Pella. This joyful _deliverance_ was notified to
Philip at the falling of Potidæa; and two other messengers reached his
camp on the same day, announcing that his race horse had gained the
prize at the games, and that Parmenio his captain had defeated the
Illyrians. It was on the night of this very day that the celebrated
temple of Diana was burnt to the ground by Eratostratus, an Ephesian
youth who fondly panted for an infamous reputation.

1210. King JOHN, landed in Ireland, and received the homage of twenty
native princes.

1439. The act of union between the Greek and Latin churches, took place
in the cathedral of Florence, where the contracting parties met, at the
instigation of John Palæologus; but was sundered by the act of Russia.

1481. BATTISTA FRESCOBALDI and others engaged in a conspiracy to
assassinate Lorenzo de Medici, executed at Florence.

1487. Battle of Stoke; the earl of Lincoln defeated and slain by the
king Henry VII.

1527. Pope CLEMENT VII, surrendered the castle of St. Angelo, and gave
up himself a prisoner to the imperialists, under Philbert de Chalons,
prince of Orange, who succeeded the duke of Bourbon.

1533. LUDOVICO ARIOSTO, the Italian poet, died. His _Orlando Furioso_
procured him the laurel crown at Rome, which was placed upon his brow by
the emperor Charles V.

1577. On Corpus Christi's Eve, the usual celebration greatly aggrieved
the perth weekly assembly. The play being judged idolatrous.

1597. WILLIAM HUNIS, one of the contributors to the metrical theology of
the times of Edward VI, died. Edward himself was no mean writer. Hunis
versified the whole book of Genesis, calling it a hive full of honey.

1650. ANTHONY ASCHAM a friend of Cromwell, and member of the long
parliament, assassinated. He was at the time envoy to Spain, and the
deed was perpetrated by six exiled royalists there.

1660. CHARLES II, issued a proclamation for the regicides to surrender,
that they might not be excepted from the general pardon: 19 availed
themselves of the proclamation, but 19 others doubting the sincerity of
the government, disobeyed the summons.

1693. Dr. PITCAIRN, published at Leyden his dissertation on the
circulation of the blood through the veins.

1710. LOUISE FRANCOISE VALLIERE, wife of the duke of Orleans, and
mistress of Louis XIV, died. She spent the last 35 years of her life in
a cloister in acts of piety and devotion.

1745. A body of Silesian peasants, at Landshut, 2000 in number, sought
permission of the king, Frederick II, to massacre the Roman catholics.
He refused to allow the barbarous demand.

1749. Conspiracy of the Turkish slaves at Malta to exterminate the order
of knights.

1761. British under lord Rolla took Dominica.

1762. GEORGE ANSON, the circumnavigator, died, aged 62. His life was
spent upon the ocean, and he rendered important services to his country,
for which he was rewarded.

1780. Riots in London continued, occasioned by the property act. The
rioters liberated the prisoners confined in the prisons, and totally
destroyed Newgate by fire.

1794. Point a Petre, Guadaloupe, stormed by the French.

1799. PATRICK HENRY, an eminent Virginian patriot, orator and statesman,
died, aged 63. He was chosen the first governor of Virginia, on the
abdication of lord Dunmore.

1800. Sir EDWARD PELLEW'S squadron landed and destroyed the forts at
Morbihan, in France, blew up the magazines, destroyed the guns, took 100
prisoners, 2 brigs of 18 guns, 2 sloops and 2 gun vessels.

1807. Battle of Deppen, in which the French cut to pieces a body of
Russians.

1807. Battle of Eylau, between the French and Russians; 30,000 of the
latter were killed.

1808. Spanish Junta declared war against Bonaparte. Same day he issued a
degree at Bayonne, declaring his brother Joseph king of Spain and the
Indies.

1832. Riots commenced in Paris between the Carlists and republicans
united, and the National guards. The rioters were finally overpowered,
after several days' resistance and great slaughter.

1832. JEREMY BENTHAM, a celebrated English jurist, died, aged 85. He
was a man of great learning and eccentricity, and devoted his long life
to laborious study.

1853. The Italian ecclesiastic Gavazzi, lectured at Quebec, and gave
rise to a riot.

1854. JOHN SPEED SMITH, a highly intelligent and cultivated Kentucky
gentleman, died. He was repeatedly a member of the Kentucky legislature,
and served two years in congress.

1855. The bombardment of Sebastopol was reopened with 157 guns and
mortars on the part of the British, and above 300 on the part of the
French.


JUNE 7.

218. MARCUS OPILIUS SEVERUS MACRINUS, emperor of Rome, beheaded by his
soldiers. He was an African, and rose from the obscurest situation to
the throne on the death of Caracalla.

632. MAHOMET (or _Mohammed_), founder of the Islam religion, died, aged
62. His followers are now computed at one hundred millions.

1099. The army of Christians comprising the first crusade, encamped
before Jerusalem. The first army led on by Peter the Hermit, numbered at
the outset 300,000; another of 600,000 followed, burning with zeal to
rescue the holy land from the Moslem dominion. Battle, desertion and
disease had thinned their ranks so that now there remained scarce 22,000
fit for the field, of all that vast host that had marshaled in Europe.

1329. ROBERT BRUCE, king of Scotland, died. He succeeded by repeated and
arduous efforts in freeing his country from the English yoke, and when
he had accomplished his purpose, he devoted himself to advance the
prosperity of his subjects.

1520. Famous interview between HENRY VIII of England and Francis I of
France, upon "the field of the cloth of gold," on English ground. It
continued eighteen days.

1546. Archbishop CRANMER and the queen accused of heresy, but protected
by Henry.

1565. Sir THOMAS GRESHAM, laid the foundation of the Royal Exchange,
London, on the model of the Mart at Antwerp, then the centre of
commerce.

1593. LOPEZ, a Jew, the queen's physician, convicted and with others
executed, for conspiring to destroy Elizabeth.

1629. Charters granted to patroons in the colony of New Netherland, now
New York.

1660. An order of council that the Stationers' company do seize and
deliver to the secretary of state, all copies of Buchanan's _History of
Scotland_, and _De Jure Regni apud Scotus_, "which are very pernicious
to monarchy, and injurious to his majesty's blessed progenitors."

1663. Second war at Esopus, now Kingston, in Ulster county, New York.

1673. Action between the Dutch admiral de Ruyter, and the French and
English fleets, commanded by d'Estrees.

1692. Great earthquake in Jamaica; nine-tenths of Port Royal buried
under water, and terrible devastations were made over the whole island.
About 1000 acres were sunk northward of the city, and 2000 persons
perished; and 3000 white inhabitants perished of pestilential diseases
ascribed to the putrid effluvia issuing from the apertures.

1711. HENRY DODWELL, a learned English writer, died, aged 70. His
writings, which are very numerous, and which prove him to have been a
man of indefatigable diligence and extensive learning, are on
controversial, theological and classical subjects.

1731. WILLIAM AIKMAN, an eminent Scottish painter, died. He was the
intimate friend of the most distinguished characters of the day in
England, whose portraits he painted, and thus unwittingly added much to
their celebrity.

1751. JOHN MACHIN, a noted English astronomer, died. He is the author of
a method of determining the quadrature of the circle.

1753. ARCHIBALD CAMERON, brother of Lochiel, executed; recently the
estates of this attainted family have been restored. The execution of
this gentleman has always been held as a specimen of ministerial
cruelty.

1761. Belleisle, on the coast of Brittany, surrendered to the British.
Its reduction cost an immense sum, besides the loss of 2000 choice
troops, who perished in the expedition. British had 313 killed and 494
wounded.

1769. ANTHONY ALEXANDER HENRY POINSINET, died; a French dramatic writer.

1775. The general court of Massachusetts met at Salem, and chose
delegates to the first congress.

1779. WILLIAM WARBURTON, bishop of Gloucester, died; an English prelate
of great abilities.

1780. London riots continued. King's bench, Fleet prison, New Bridewell,
and the toll gates on Blackfriar's bridge, &c., burnt. The military
fired on the rioters, killed 210 and wounded 258.

1780. Unsuccessful attempt of the Spaniards with 10 fire ships to burn 3
British ships in the new mole, Gibraltar bay.

1780. About 5000 British under Knyphausen, Tryon and Stirling, left
Staten Island and entered Elizabethtown, N. J.; continuing their march
five miles farther to Connecticut farms, they shot the minister's wife
in the midst of her children, burnt the house and church, and had much
other pastime of the like character.

1786. A small manuscript volume of prayers composed and written by queen
Elizabeth, sold at auction for 100 guineas.

1794. Battle of Chelm; the Poles defeated by the Russians.

1795. The royalist expedition against Quiberon, assisted by English
munitions and money, terminated disastrously for the royal cause. The
Republicans obtained possession of clothing and equipments which had
been landed for 40,000 men.

1795. Luxemburgh, in Belgium, under marshal baron de Bender, surrendered
to the French under Gen. Hatry.

1798. Battle of Antrim; lord O'Niel killed with a pike.

1805. The Antigua convoy for England, captured and burnt by the combined
French and Spanish fleets.

1811. Tremendous hail storm at Alexandria, Virginia.

1826. JOSEPH VON TRAUNHOFER, died; a celebrated German optician.

1831. SARAH SIDDONS, a celebrated English tragic actress, died. She was
the daughter of Roger Kemble, manager of a strolling company, married
Siddons in her 18th year, and in 1782, appeared at Drury Lane in the
character of Isabella. Her course from that time was a perpetual
triumph, and in 1812 she retired to private life with an ample fortune.

1836. NATHAN DRAKE, an English physician, died; also a highly
respectable and voluminous author.

1836. JOHN PRINCE, an American clergyman, died at Salem, Mass., aged 85;
distinguished for his talents and literary acquirements, and for his
improvements in the air pump.

1840. FREDERICK WILLIAM III, king of Prussia, died, aged 70. He is
characterized as an honest, just and economical ruler. Destined to take
an active part in the great events which followed the French revolution,
his reign was distinguished by great vicissitudes of ill fortune and
success. He left a fortune of nearly twenty millions of dollars.

1848. GEORGE TRIPNER, an officer of the revolution, died at
Philadelphia, aged 87. He was at many of the severest battles of the
war, and throughout the entire campaign rendered no little service to
his country.

1848. Whig convention at Philadelphia nominated Gen. Zachary Taylor for
the presidency.

1852. HOSEA BALLOU, a distinguished universalist preacher, died, aged
80. He was excluded from the baptist church, and began to preach in
1791.

1853. Important amendments were made to the New York city charter,
restraining the power of municipal officers in money matters, which were
adopted by a vote of 36,672 against 3,351.

1855. The allies attacked and carried some of the Russian outworks at
Sebastopol; the French, those in front of the Mamelon, and the British
the quarries of the Redan. The Russians made six front attempts in the
course of the night to recover them, but without success. British loss
in killed and wounded 30 officers and 433 men; French loss in killed and
wounded estimated at 400; 75 guns and 502 prisoners were taken from the
Russians.

1856. CHRISTIAN WULF, a Danish naval officer, died at Beaufort, N. C.,
aged 46. He was sometime at the head of the naval academy at Copenhagen,
and inheriting the literary taste of his father, admiral Wulf, he
translated Shakspere, and Bancroft's _History of the United States_, and
at the time of his death was making the tour of the United States.


JUNE 8.

68. CLAUDIUS DOMITIUS NERO, emperor of Rome, destroyed himself at the
age of 32, and the 14th of his dominion. He had committed every
enormity, and finding himself at last the inevitable victim of a
conspiracy, he was doomed to see his own grave prepared, and died with
his eyes standing out of his head, to the terror of all that beheld him.

1042. HARDICANUTE died at a nuptial feast of a Danish lord. By his death
the connection between the kingdoms of England and Denmark was severed.

1316. LOUIS X (_Hutin_), king of Navarre, died, aged 26. During his
short reign the Jews were protected and encouraged in his dominions.

1376. EDWARD, prince of Wales (called the _black prince_ from the color
of his armor), died, aged 46. He distinguished himself as a warrior
under his father Edward III in the war with France, in several famous
battles, and was the idol of the nation.

1405. Archbishop SCROOP beheaded at York, England, for insurrection.

1536. HENRY VIII'S new parliament passed an act of attainder against
Anne Boleyn, and declared both divorces legal, and the issue
illegitimate.

1590. THOMAS RANDOLPH, an English diplomatist under Elizabeth, died. He
wrote an account of his embassy in Russia, 1568, which may be found in
_Hakluyt's Voyages_.

1683. JOHN DURELL, an eminent English divine, died. His writings are
chiefly controversial.

1692. HENRY ARNAULD, a French ecclesiastic, died. He was nearly half a
century bishop of Angers, and devoted himself incessantly to the duties
of his office.

1695. CHRISTIAN HUYGENS, a celebrated Dutch mathematician, died. He made
several astronomical discoveries, and improved the air pump. His works
comprise 6 vols. 4to.

1709. Paper money first authorized and issued in New York.

1711. CATHARINE LASCAILLE, daughter of the celebrated Holland printer,
James Lascaille, who herself was so famed as a poet, as to be called the
Dutch Sappho, or the _tenth muse_, died in Holland.

1714. The princess SOPHIA died; fourth daughter of the king of Bohemia
by Elizabeth, only daughter of James I, of England. She was the mother
of George I.

1727. AUGUSTUS HERMAN FRANCKE died; professor of oriental languages and
of divinity at Halle, and distinguished for his learning and piety.

1747. THAMAS KOULI KHAN, the Persian conqueror, assassinated. He rose
from the humble rank of a shepherd boy, to be the captain of a band of
robbers, which in time became sufficiently formidable to place him on
the throne of Persia. He extended his conquests into India, and overran
some of its richest provinces.

1755. Action off Newfoundland, between the British ship Dunkirk, 60
guns, and 420 men and boys, and the French ship Alcide, 64 guns, 700
men. The Alcide struck in about 30 minutes; the slaughter on board of
her was very great, the first broadside killing 47 men and officers. The
governor of Louisburg and 4 officers of note were taken, and £30,000.

1764. WILLIAM PULTENEY, an English statesman, died. He was many years
the friend of Walpole, finally opposed his measures and was disgraced.
He continued his opposition with so much zeal and spirit, that Walpole
was in turn disgraced, and himself rose in his place.

1768. ABBE JOHN WINCKELMAN, a celebrated German antiquary, assassinated
at Trieste. He was the son of a shoemaker, and sometime engaged in the
same business himself. His labors were indefatigable, and his works
possess great merit.

1768. ANDREW MILLAR, the most distinguished bookseller of his times,
died in London. Dr. Johnson said he had raised the price of literature.

1776. Unsuccessful attempt of 800 Americans to surprise the British at
the village of _Trois Rivieres_, Canada; 200 were taken prisoners. Same
day the Americans under col. De Haas, burnt St. Annes, on the St.
Lawrence.

1781. A reinforcement of 1,500 French troops landed at Boston, and
marched to join Rochambeau at White plains.

1782. HYDER ALLY surrounded and cut off the advanced body of the British
army under sir Eyre Coote.

1788. £1,340,000 voted on motion of Mr. Pitt for the benefit of American
loyalists.

1793. British order in council to capture vessels bound to France with
corn meal or flour, the cargoes to be paid for.

1794. Festival in Paris dedicated to the Supreme Being.

1794. Corsica united to England.

1794. GODFRED AUGUSTUS BURGER, a German poet, died, aged 46.

1795. LOUIS XVII (_the dauphin_), died. The unhappy prince was put in
charge of a wretch, on the execution of his father, by the name of
Simon, a cobbler, with the instructions that he was to be got rid of.
Accordingly, by the most severe treatment, by beating, cold, vigils,
fasts, and ill usage of every kind, he sank to the grave.

1806. GEORGE WYTHE, a signer from Virginia, died, aged 81. He was a
learned and upright man.

1807. Battle of Gutstadt, in which the French under Bonaparte defeated
10,000 Russian cavalry, and 15,000 infantry, taking 1,000 prisoners.

1809. THOMAS PAINE, a political writer of great force during the
revolution, died, aged 72. His writings were deemed of so much service
that the legislature of Pennsylvania voted him £500, and New York made
him a grant of land. His life and conduct subsequently was extremely
imprudent and reprehensible.

1809. Battle of Viga; the French, 8,000, under Ney, attacked 12,000
Spaniards under Carera, and were repulsed.

1810. Mequienza, in Arragon, surrendered to the French under Suchet.
This terminated the fourth campaign in the north of Spain.

1811. Extraordinary agitation of the sea and earthquake at Cape Town.

1813. Americans under general LEWIS broke up their encampment by order
of general Dearborn, and returned to Fort George. The British succeeded
in dispersing the boats with the baggage belonging to his command, and
captured 12 of them.

1832. The first case of cholera asphixia in America occurred on this day
at Quebec.

1838. JOHN LUSK, a soldier of the revolution, died, aged 104 years. He
was born on Staten island, of Dutch parentage, and was a soldier in the
regular service nearly 60 years. He died in Warren county, Tennessee,
and was the last survivor of the old French war in Canada.

1842. HENRY BROOK PARNELL, famed as a political writer and liberalist,
died by his own hand.

1842. JAMES BARBOUR, a distinguished American statesman, died in Orange
co., Virginia.

1844. JAMES WADSWORTH, a distinguished and wealthy citizen of western
New York, died at Geneseo.

1845. ANDREW JACKSON, an American general and statesman, died, aged 78.
He was the seventh president of the United States.

1854. GEORGE H. TALCOTT, a captain of ordinance in the United States
army, died at Indian springs, aged 43. He was a native of Maryland, and
graduated at West-point in 1831.

1856. HENRY WARE WALES, an American linguist, died at Paris, aged 37,
bequeathing a large and valuable library to Harvard college.

1857. DOUGLAS JERROLD, an English dramatist and journalist, died, aged
54. He was an extraordinary genius, and contributed to almost every
department of literature.


JUNE 9.

587 B. C. On the 9th _Thammug_, an especial fast of the Jews was
observed for the taking of Jerusalem under Nebuchadnezzar, king of
Babylon, on that day.

597. COLUMBA, the founder of the famous monastry of Iona, or Icolmkill,
in the Scottish Hebrides, died. This island was in that age the luminary
of the Caledonian regions.

911. LEO VI (_the philosopher_), emperor of the east, died. He was a
politic monarch, the patron of men of letters, and an excellent author
himself.

1075. HENRY IV defeated the Saxons at Thuringia.

1099. The siege of Jerusalem opened by the first crusaders. Godfrey of
Bouillon erected his standard on the first swell of mount Calvary; to
the left as far as St. Stephen's gate the line of attack was continued
by Tancred and the two Roberts, and count Raymond established his head
quarters from the citadel to the fort of mount Sion.

1496. COLUMBUS returned to Spain from his second voyage.

1536. Dr. HEYLIN says: On this day the clergy of London agreed upon the
form of a petition to king Henry, for permission to the people to read
the Bible.

1553. Battle of Sieverhausen in the Duchy of Lunenberg, in which Albert
of Brandenburgh was defeated by the confederates. His camp equipage
taken and 4,000 killed.

1586. Great earthquake in Lima.

1625. First child of white parents born in Brooklyn, New York.

1674. The English parliament prorogued on account of the differences
between the lords and commons. It is said more than £200,000 was spent
in bribing the commons.

1681. WILLIAM LILLY, a famous English astrologer, died. He made quite a
snug fortune out of the cavaliers and roundheads by predicting for both
parties. The parliament under Cromwell gave him £100 a year for
flattering their prospects, and he was complimented with a gold chain
and medal by the king of Sweden. He also made a handsome business by his
almanacs and other publications.

1696. ANTOINE VARILAS, a French historian, died. His works were popular
for a time, until they were discovered to be very inaccurate, and
carelessly compiled.

1724. BENEDICT PICTET, a Swiss professor of theology at Geneva, died. He
possessed great abilities and learning, and published several valuable
works.

1758. The English effected a landing at Louisbourg.

1770. British settlers expelled from the Falkland islands by a large
Spanish force. They were restored the following year, when the dispute
was ended.

1775. Force of the American army assembled at Cambridge, 1,581 officers,
6,063 privates; total 7,644.

1776. JOHN IVES, an eminent English antiquary, died, aged 25. He had
accomplished much at his early age, but had published only three papers
from his collection.

1779. WILLIAM KENRICK, an English dramatist and miscellaneous writer,
died. He was originally a mechanic, and became an author of great
popularity and merit.

1790. ROBERT ROBINSON, a self-taught English preacher, died. He was an
apprentice to a wig and curl maker, when Whitefield attracted his
attention, and he became a methodist preacher. He soon after became a
baptist, and preached that doctrine a number of years, and was extremely
popular. He finally became a unitarian, and died at Birmingham while on
a visit to Priestly, before he had time to shift his opinions to any
thing else.

1795. The only son of the unfortunate king LOUIS XVI died in the Temple
in his 12th year. The convention agreed to exchange his sister for the
commissioners, betrayed by Dumourier to Austria.

1798. Battle of Arklow, in Ireland, between the United Irishmen and
British. More than 20,000 of the insurgents, under father Murphy,
advanced against the town, which was defended by only 1,600 men. The
contest was continued with great obstinacy till nightfall, when the
rebels retired. Father Murphy was killed by a cannon ball.

1798. An eruption of the peak of Teneriffe. It continued 4 months and 6
days, had 4 mouths, and projected rocks 3,000 feet.

1811. Second unsuccessful attack on fort San Christoval, Badajos, by the
British under lord Wellington.

1814. United States brig Rattlesnake, lieut. Renshaw, captured and
destroyed British brig John, laden with English goods.

1824. WILLIAM OXBERRY, the comedian, died by apoplexy, the consequence
of over living. This was acting tragedy.

1825. ABRAHAM REES, the cyclopedist, died. He was born in Wales, and
educated for a dissenting minister, and officiated as such more than 40
years. He published sermons, and contributed to the _Monthly Review_,
but is best known as the editor of the _Cyclopedia_, 47 vols, quarto.

1826. JEDEDIAH MORSE died, aged 65; author of the geography so well
known.

1829. Battle of Oriva, in Turkey; the Russians, under general Geismar,
assaulted and took the town.

1834. WILLIAM CAREY, the devoted and pious missionary, died.

1836. Battle of Micanopy; about 200 Indians defeated by a detachment of
United States troops under Heilman.

1839. War declared by the sultan of Turkey against Mehemet Ali of Egypt,
and his son Ibrahim, deposing them from the government of Egypt and
Syria.

1846. The water in lake Ontario had fallen 14 inches since the 24th
March. (See Aug. 21.)

1849. CHARLES ALBERT, ex-king of Sardinia, died on his arrival at
Portugal, soon after his abdication.

1850. JOHN MELCHER, the oldest printer in N. H., died at Portsmouth,
aged 90.

1853. Father GAVAZZI, an emissary of the pope to America, caused a riot
by his preaching at Montreal. A mob attacked him in the pulpit; the
military fired upon the people, and 10 persons were killed and 16
wounded.

1854. The emperor and empress of France attended the first agricultural
exhibition ever held in Paris.


JUNE 10.

312. CONSTANTINE (_the Great_) called the first council of Nice to
determine on the Arian heresy.

1190. FREDERICK I (Barbarossa), emperor of Germany, died in Syria, in
consequence of bathing imprudently in the Cydnus. He was frequently
engaged in quarrels with the popes, but was at last persuaded to turn
his arms against the Saracens. He marched a numerous army into Asia and
was victorious over all that opposed him.

1429. Battle of Jargeau; the place was carried by storm by the French,
who were lead on by Joan of Arc. On reaching the top of the wall she
received a blow on the head, which precipitated her into the ditch.
Being unable to rise, she continued to exhort her friends, assuring them
that the Lord had delivered the English into their hands.

1530. The college of Bologna determined that the marriage law in the
book of Leviticus, being a part of the law of nations, as well as of the
law of Moses and of God, is binding on the whole Christian church, as
well as infidels; and therefore, gave their decision against the
legality of Henry's marriage with Catharine of Arragon.

1584. Two barks fitted out by Raleigh, under the command of Barlow and
Amidas, arrived in the West Indies, upon a voyage of discovery. They
returned to England about the middle of September, having taken
possession of a new country, which so pleased the queen, Elizabeth, that
she named it Virginia.

1593. Date of the Leghorn or Livorno indulto, by which merchants of all
nations and of every religion were invited to settle in the town. Many
Jews from Spain availed themselves of this privilege.

1604. ISABELLA ANDREINI, a famous Italian actress, died. She
distinguished herself equally as a poetess, and possessed, with great
personal beauty, wit and genius in a superior degree.

1610. The first Dutch emigrants to America landed at Manhattan, now New
York.

1654. ALEXANDRE ALGARDI, a Bolognese sculptor, died. He was employed to
restore the garden of Sallust; many of his original pieces have been
engraved.

1667. The Dutch fleet, commanded by de Ruyter, sailed up the river
Medway, in England, as far as Chatham, and destroyed several men of war.

1692. BRIDGET BISHOP hanged at Salem, Mass., for witchcraft.

1692. An army of French and Indians made a furious attack on the
garrison at Wells, in Maine, commanded by captain Wells, who, after a
brave and resolute defence, drove them off with great loss.

1710. The German emigrants, who fled from the devastations committed in
the palatinate of the Rhine, by Louis XIV, arrived in New York.

1719. Battle of Glenshields in Scotland, which ended the Spanish
invasion.

1724. A party of volunteers at Oyster river, in New Hampshire,
discovered an Indian ambush, which they attacked, killed one, and
wounded two others, who made their escape, though pursued and tracked by
their blood to a considerable distance. The slain Indian was a person of
distinction, and wore a kind of coronet of scarlet-dyed fur, with an
appendage of four small bells, by the sound of which the others might
follow him through the thickets. His hair was remarkably soft and fine,
and he had about him a devotional book and a muster-roll of 180 Indians.
His scalp produced a bounty.

1726. ANTHONY ALSOP, an English prelate and poet, died.

1735. THOMAS HEARNE, an English antiquary, died. He edited nearly forty
works, some of them classics, but principally relative to ancient
English history and antiquities.

1739. Grosvenor square centre house valued at £10,000, was raffled for
and won by Mrs. Hunt, a grocer's wife in Piccadilly.

1761. Indian battle; the Cherokees defeated by the British under colonel
Grant, and their town Etchoe utterly destroyed, together with their
magazines and cornfields.

1768. Riot in Boston, headed by captain Malcom, on account of the
seizure of the sloop Liberty, belonging to Mr. Hancock, by the
commissioners of the king's customs.

1772. The Gaspee, an armed British schooner, having exacted some
degrading terms of the American vessels entering the port of Providence,
a body of the inhabitants boarded her, put the officers and crew ashore,
and burnt the vessel with all her stores.

1792. Russians attacked a detachment of Poles, under general Judycki,
between Mire and Swierza; but were defeated, with the loss of 500 dead
on the field.

1798. BONAPARTE attacked Valetta, in Malta, and in a sortie the Maltese
lost the standard of their order.

1800. Battle of Montebello, in Italy, in which the Austrians were
defeated, and compelled to retire to Voghera.

1801. The pasha of Tripoli declared war against the United States of
America.

1806. The British house of lords resolved to abolish the slave trade.

1807. Battle of Heilsburg, in Prussia. The French, under Bonaparte,
defeated the Russians, who fell back into their entrenchments. About
4,000 Russians were taken prisoners. Roussel had his head carried off by
a cannon ball, and Murat had two horses shot under him. The Russians
retreated the next night.

1809. Pope PIUS VII excommunicated Bonaparte.

1811. Lord WELLINGTON raised the siege of Badajos. The French governor,
Phillipon made a brave and noble defence.

1831. FRANCIS ABBOT, the _Hermit of Niagara Falls_, drowned while
bathing in the river. He was a native of England, of quaker parentage.
He arrived at the falls in June, 1829, on foot, in a very singular
costume, and after a week's residence became so fascinated with the
place that he determined on fixing his abode on Goat island. He sought
seclusion, and wished to erect a hut, but the proprietor not thinking
proper to grant his request, he took a small room in the only house,
where he was occasionally furnished with bread and milk by the family,
but more generally providing, and always cooking his own food. In the
second winter of his residence, the house changed tenants, at which he
quitted the island and built himself a small cottage on the main shore,
about thirty rods below the fall. He was a person of highly cultivated
mind and manners, a master of languages, and deeply read in the arts and
sciences, and performed on various musical instruments with great taste;
his drawings were also very spirited. He had traveled over Europe, and
parts of the East, and possessed great colloquial powers when inclined
to be sociable. On entering his hut, his guitar, violin, flutes, music
books and port folio were scattered round in profusion; but not a single
written paper of any kind was found to throw the least light on this
extraordinary character.

1831. General DIEBITSCH, commander of the Russian forces in Poland,
died, by the official accounts of cholera; it is supposed by poison.

1836. JEAN MARIE AMPERE, famed as a mathematician and natural
philosopher, died. Near the close of his life he busied himself with a
classification of the sciences, a work from which great minds before him
had shrunk.

1837. The plague at Smyrna committed great ravages; about 300 died daily
for some time.

1839. JOHN RIDGE, a Cherokee, murdered. He was educated at the Cornwall
school in Connecticut, where he married a respectable white woman. He
was a practicing attorney among the Cherokees, and a man of talents.

1851. ROBERT DUNDAS, viscount Melville, British statesman, died, aged
80. He was for many years in the ministry, especially as first lord of
the admiralty.

1854. The Crystal palace at Sydenham, England, was opened by the queen,
Victoria; 40,000 persons being present.


JUNE 11.

1656 A. M. The tops of the mountains were seen, 73 days after the waters
of the deluge began to subside, 1st of 10th month, answering to this
day.

1184 B. C. The destruction of Troy is placed commonly by English
chronologists in the night of this day; an event which Homer has
invested with unrivaled importance, and a gorgeous immortality. (See
April 24.)

534 B. C. SERVIUS TULLIUS, sixth king of Rome, assassinated. He is
celebrated for his laws on the subjects of rank and property. He was
murdered by his son-in-law, the second Tarquin.

90 B. C. The consul RUTILIUS LUPUS was destroyed with his forces, by an
ambuscade, near the river Livis, during the social war.

816. LEO III, pope, died. A conspiracy was formed against him in 799,
and it was only through the power of Charlemagne that he was enabled to
keep the pontifical chair. He was an able pontiff.

1183. Prince HENRY, son of Henry II of England, died, aged 27. He is
sometimes called Henry III, on account of his rebellion against his
father.

1258. The great council of reform, called the mad parliament, assembled
at Oxford. Every member was sworn to allow no consideration, "neither of
gift nor promise, profit nor loss, love nor hatred, nor fear," to
influence him in the discharge of his duty.

1289. Battle of Campaldino, in Italy, in which the Florentines defeated
the people of Arezzo. The poet Dante, then in his 24th year, was
present, and served in the foremost troop of cavalry. He says, "the
Uberti, Lamberti and Abati, with all the ex-citizens of Florence who
adhered to the Ghibelline interest, were with Aretini; while those
inhabitants of Arezzo, who, owing to their attachment to the Guelph
party, had been banished from their own city, were ranged on the side of
the Florentines."

1294. ROGER BACON, an eminently learned monk of the Franciscan order,
died, aged 80. He was a miracle of the age in which he lived, and the
greatest genius, perhaps, for mechanical knowledge, that ever appeared
in the world since Archimedes. (1292 by some authorities.)

1381. WAT TYLER assembled his followers at Blackheath, amounting to
100,000 men.

1520. A grand tournament between Henry VIII of England and Francis I of
France, at Guines. "At the houre assigned," says Holinshed, "the two
kings, armed at all peeces, mounted on horssebacke, and with their
companies, entered the field; the French king on a courser barbed,
covered with purple sattin, broched with gold, and embroidered with
corbin's feathers. All the parteners of the French king's chalenge were
in like apparell, everie thing correspondent in cloath of silke
embrodered. On his person were attendant on horssebacke noble persons,
and on foot foure persons, all apparelled in purple sattin."

1526. Holy league against the emperor Charles V.

1543. NICHOLAS COPERNICUS, the astronomer, died on this day, according
to Lalande, who says, in his _History of Astronomy for 1798_, "The death
of the great Copernicus was, till lately, a problem. I resolved it in my
tour. Copernicus died on the 11th of June, 1543, although Gassendi and
Weidler date this circumstance on the 24th May, and Planche the 11th of
July." (See May 24.)

1567. Flight of MARY, queen of Scots, and her husband, Bothwell, from
Borthwick castle to Dunbar.

1576. ANTHONY COOKE, preceptor of Edward VI, died. He also educated his
own daughters, who were "learned above their sex in Greek and Latin."

1576. MARTIN FROBISHER was despatched with three pinnaces to discover a
northwest passage, but compelled by the ice to return. He was the first
navigator who attempted to find a northwest passage to China.

1578. Queen ELIZABETH granted letters patent to Humphrey Gilbert for the
discovery and settlement of "barbarous lands in America, undiscovered by
any Christian prince or people." This was the first charter granted by
the crown of England to a colony.

1665. KENELM DIGBY, an eminent English philosopher, died. He was also in
the employ of the government as a soldier and a statesman. He was brave,
learned and eloquent, but somewhat visionary.

1685. The duke of MONMOUTH landed at Lyme, Dorsetshire with men and arms
in opposition to James II.

1693. An expedition fitted out in England against Canada and Martinique,
arrived in Boston. During the voyage, 1,300 out of 2,100 sailors, and
1,800 out of 2,400 soldiers, had died of a malignant disease. On the
arrival of the fleet the disease spread into the town, and proved more
malignant than any other epidemic which had ever been known in the
country.

1695. ANDREW FELIBIEN, counselor and historiographer to the king of
France, died. He was also celebrated for his taste and judgment in the
fine arts, and his _Dialogues upon the Lives of the Painters_ has done
him great honor.

1698. BALTHAZAR BEKKER, a Dutch divine, died. His writings got him into
trouble with the church, which was alarmed at some very harmless notions
he entertained about spirits and devils.

1712. LEWIS JOSEPH, duke de Vendome, died. He was a descendant of Henry
IV of France, and distinguished himself under Philip V of Spain, whom he
succeeded in raising to the throne, in opposition to the claims of
Charles III, archduke of Austria.

1719. A terrible earthquake happened at Pekin, in China, throwing down
houses and burying more than 1,000 inhabitants in the ruins.

1727. GEORGE I, king of England, died in his carriage near Osnabruck, in
Germany, aged 68. He was the first king of England of the house of
Brunswick, and had reigned 13 years.

1756. CÆSAR CHESNEAU DU MARSAIS, a French grammarian, died. He was
engaged in the _Encyclopedie_, and his articles on grammar are drawn up
with great precision, correctness and judgment.

1776. Congress appointed Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin
and Robert R. Livingston, a committee to prepare a Declaration of
Independence.

1783. Great eruption of the Scaptar Jokul, in Iceland, commenced, and
continued several days (see 18th).

1792. The first bank in New Hampshire commenced discounting at
Portsmouth.

1792. Battle of Mire; the Polish general Judycki, surrounded by the
Russians, defeated, and compelled to retreat.

1793. N. GOUVION, a French officer, killed at Maubeuge, on the Sambre.
He served in America in the war of the revolution, and at the time of
his death was a general in the army of the north.

1793. WILLIAM ROBERTSON, the Scottish historian, died. His works are
popular, and the _History of Charles V_ will be long read with
admiration.

1796. St. Vincent, Grenada, and St. Lucia islands in the West Indies
were taken by the British.

1798. BONAPARTE seized Malta, the key of the Mediterranean, which he
garrisoned, and proceeded with the fleet, carrying 20,000 regular
troops, to the Egyptian coast.

1800. SAMUEL IRELAND, an ingenious English mechanic, died. He
distinguished himself by his skill in drawing and engraving. He was
unjustly accused of an attempt to impose upon the world a spurious
volume of letters and papers in the name of Shakspeare. (See April 17th,
1835.)

1812. A great skirmish of cavalry in Estremadura, Spain, between the
English under general Slade, and the French under general Lallemand.

1825. DANIEL D. TOMPKINS, a distinguished New York statesman, died, aged
51. He was vice-president of the United States under Mr. Monroe, and
governor of the state of New York.

1828. DUGALD STEWART, an eminent Scottish philosopher and writer, died.
His philosophical works are well known.

1829. Battle of Schoumla; the Turks under the grand vizier defeated by
the Russians under general Diebitsch, with the loss of 6,000 killed,
1,500 prisoners, and 60 pieces of cannon. Russian loss, 1,400 killed,
600 wounded.

1842. ALEXANDER CROMBIE died at London. As a scholar and a critic, a
metaphysician and a theologian, his name stands high among the first
writers of the age.

1845. THEODORE DWIGHT, secretary of the Hartford convention, died, aged
81. He was editor of the _Connecticut Mirror_, published at Hartford,
and in 1815 established the _Albany Daily Advertiser_, the first daily
paper in that city. In 1817 he became editor of the _New York Daily
Advertiser_.

1849. Great excitement at Paris, and a proposition to impeach the
president for his aiding the cause of the pope, signed by Ledru Rollin
and 141 others.

1849. Ancona capitulated to the Austrians after a very destructive
bombardment.

1853. GUERAZZI, ex-minister of Tuscany, tried for high treason at
Florence, and found guilty, was sentenced to fifteen years'
imprisonment, which was subsequently commuted to perpetual exile.

1854. THOMAS H. BOTTS died at Fredericksburg, Va., aged 54; a lawyer,
and one of the leading men of his profession.


JUNE 12.

456 B. C. HERODOTUS recited his celebrated _History_ at Athens, during
the Olympic games, in his 29th year, on the 12 Hecatombæon. He had
traveled with his work from Caria. Thucydides was then a boy; Æschylus
died in that year; Cimon was recalled from exile, and the Athenians
completed their long walls.

455. MARCUS CLODIUS PUPIENUS MAXIMUS, emperor of Rome, murdered by the
soldiery, after a reign of 15 months. He was of humble birth, but rose
by his merits to the most eminent posts of the state, and was raised to
the imperial dignity on the death of Gordian. He made salutary laws and
reformed abuses.

1099. The army of crusaders who had encamped before Jerusalem, made a
furious attack on this city, and amid a storm of arrows and fire balls,
burst the first barrier, and strove to surmount the walls by escalade.
The want of proper instruments rendered the assault abortive, and the
followers of the cross were driven back with shame and slaughter to
their camp. This defeat was followed by suffering and privations, from
the scarcity of provisions and water.

1211. Battle of Tolosa, in Spain, between the Christians and Moors.
Mohammed Abu Abdallah, at the head of a powerful army, one of the five
divisions of which, according to the Arabic and Spanish historians,
amounted to 160,000 men, made a descent from Africa, with the design of
conquering the whole Spanish peninsula. Such was the terror which this
vast armament inspired among the Christians, that Innocent III,
proclaimed a crusade, and several bishops went from town to town to
rouse the Christian princes. The kings of Castile, Arragon and Navarre,
with a numerous body of foreign volunteers, advanced to stop the
progress of the Moslems. The two armies met in Las Navas de Tolosa,
between Castile and Andalusia. The result of the engagement was so
complete a victory over the Africans, that Mohammed had a narrow escape,
and left no less than 170,000 men in the field; the rest fled for
safety.

1268. BILBARS, the sultan of Syria, took possession of Antioch. The
Latin principality was extinguished, and the whole existence of the
Franks was now confined to the city of Ptolemais.

1402. Battle of Melienydd, in Radnorshire, Wales, in which Owen
Glendour, the last of the native Welsh princes, defeated and captured
sir Edmund Mortimer.

1418. Massacre at Paris, at night, by the direction, if not under the
eye of John, duke of Burgundy, called the fearless. In the course of
three days, 3500 persons were sacrificed.

1488. JAMES III, king of Scotland, killed. He put his brother John to
death, and attempted the life of his other brother, Alexander; he
escaped, however, and levied war against the tyrant, who had rendered
himself odious by his cruelties. James was defeated in battle, and put
to death in a mill, by the daggers of his own subjects.

1565. ADRIAN TURNEBUS, a French critic, died. Great encomiums have been
passed upon his genius and learning, as well as the amiability of his
private character.

1630. JOHN WINTHROP, the first governor of Massachusetts, arrived at
Salem, with the charter of the colony. He settled at Shawmut, which was
finally determined upon for the metropolis, and named Boston.

1647. THOMAS FARNABY, an English grammarian, died. His works display
great erudition.

1660. WILLIAM OUGHTRED, an English divine and mathematician, died. He
was disturbed in his retirement by the partisans of Cromwell, and
escaped sequestration only by the interference of influential friends.
His works were small, but of great value to subsequent mathematicians.

1665. The city of New York incorporated by governor Nichols; a mayor, 5
aldermen and a sheriff were appointed. Prior to this, it had been
governed by a schout, burgomasters and schepens.

1672. The French under Louis XIV, crossed the Rhine. The prince de Conde
was wounded for the first and only time during all his campaigns; but
the young duke de Longueville was killed.

1672. The government of England issued a proclamation to restrain the
spread of false news and licentious talking of matters of state and
government.

1676. Attack on Hadley by the Indians, to the number of 700, who were
resolved on a grand effort to carry this post. The attack was commenced
at day-light, with great spirit; they gained possession of a house, and
fired a barn; but were in a short time driven back with loss. The attack
was renewed on other points, the enemy appearing to be determined on
carrying the place; but the discharge of a piece of ordnance cooled
their ardor, and they drew off; and on assistance coming from
Northampton, the foe was driven into the woods, with a loss of two or
three of the English. It is supposed to have been on this occasion that
general Goffe, one of the judges of Charles I, who was at that time
concealed with the minister at Hadley, made his appearance in so
mysterious a manner. At a moment when the people were in the greatest
consternation, there appeared a man of venerable aspect, differing from
them in his apparel, who assumed the command, put them in order for
defence, and by advice and example animated them throughout the attack.
When the scene was over, on looking about for the stranger, he had
disappeared, and was seen no more--leaving the inhabitants to form the
strangest conjectures.

1683. The Rye house plot discovered. It was headed by Monmouth, Essex,
and lord John Russell, and their object seems to have been to oppose
the succession of the duke of York. Russell and many others suffered on
the scaffold, Essex was found with his throat cut in prison, and
Monmouth was in a short time reconciled to the king.

1734. JAMES, duke of Berwick, killed by a cannon shot at the siege of
Phillipsburgh, in Germany, while standing between his two sons. No
general of his time excelled him in the art of war, except his uncle,
the duke of Marlboro'.

1759. WILLIAM COLLINS, an English poet, died. He was entirely neglected,
and his _Odes_, which possessed great merit, failed to attract any
attention during his life time.

1775. General GAGE, issued a proclamation at Boston, offering the king's
pardon to all who would lay down their arms and return to their
peaceable occupations, excepting Samuel Adams and John Hancock, and at
the same time he proclaimed martial law.

1778. PHILIP LIVINGSTON, a signer and a strenuous advocate for the
declaration of independence, died. He was a New York merchant, and
became a prominent character in that city before the revolution.

1788. Settlement made at Sierra Leone by blacks from England. The town
lots were drawn for and apportioned this day.

1794. Couthon reported, and the French convention decreed, the
organization of the revolutionary tribunal, consisting of a president, 3
vice-presidents, a public accuser, 4 deputies, 12 judges and 50 jurors.

1796. Battle between the Chinese and Eleuths, in a desert which the
Chinese had attempted to penetrate in pursuit of the retreating army.
The Tartars under Kaldan, taking advantage of the exhausted state of
their enemy, gave them battle; but were defeated and totally routed,
with the loss of 2000 killed, and all their women, children, baggage and
cattle, taken by the Chinese.

1798. The French troops took possession of the fortifications of Malta,
and the fleet anchored in the ports. They found two line of battle ships
belonging to the Maltese, a frigate, three galleys, two galliots, and
several guard boats; 1500 pieces of artillery, 35,000 stand of small
arms, 12,000 barrels of powder, and a large quantity of shot and shell.
The order of knights from this day became virtually extinct; from a
position of political importance it fell to the level of an obscure
association, and such, as far as human foresight goes, it is destined to
remain.

1798. The Irish rebels defeated with great slaughter at Ballynahinch by
general Nugent. This quelled the insurrection in the north.

1799. A division of the French army, under Olivier, took Modena, and
drove the Austrians beyond the river Po.

1805. American ship Atahualpa, captain Porter, treacherously attacked by
the Indians while bartering for skins in Sturgis's cove. Captain Porter
and 8 of the crew were killed, and 11 wounded.

1812. Putnam county in New York erected.

1813. Major CHAPIN and other American prisoners taken at the head of the
lake, and sent in boats for Kingston, when arrived near York rose upon
the guard, and after a short struggle took the boats and returned to
Niagara.

1816. PIERRE FRANCOIS CHARLES AUGEREAU, duke of Castiglione and marshal
of France, died. He was the son of a fruit merchant, and served as a
carabineer in the French army. He first distinguished himself in 1794,
after which his career for a number of years was brilliant, and full of
honor and glory.

1829. A large body of Turkish cavalry and infantry defeated near
Kuganoff, and 600 killed.

1843. HENRY R. CLEVELAND, aged 34, died at St. Louis, Mo. He was an
elegant and graceful writer, and the author of the well written life of
Henry Hudson, in Sparks' Biography.

1843. SAMUEL KIDD, professor of oriental and Chinese literature in
University college, London, died, aged 42.

1846. More than 6000 persons driven from their houses by a disastrous
fire in St. Johns, Newfoundland.

1848. GEORGE POZER, a wealthy merchant of Quebec, died, aged 95.

1848. Insurrection at Prague; the princess of Windichgratz shot by the
insurgents.


JUNE 13.

1483. ANTHONY WIDVILLE, earl Rivers, beheaded at Pontefract.

1502. OLIVER MAILLARD, a French divine of the order of Cordeliers, died.
He was an eminent preacher, and published several volumes of Latin
sermons.

1584. JOHN SAMBUCUS, a learned German physician, died. His learning
attracted the attention of the emperor Maximilian II, and he was
appointed counselor of state and historiographer of the German empire.
He wrote several learned and useful works.

1605. Riot at Moscow, when Fedor Godonoff, the reigning czar, who had
been but two months on the throne, was dragged with his family from the
palace, and shut up in one of his own private houses, where he was
murdered a few days after.

1633. Lord Baltimore obtained a grant for a tract of land in America,
now the state of Maryland, which was first settled by a colony of
catholics.

1666. Second charter granted to South Carolina by Charles II. It was an
enlargement of the previous charter, making the colony independent of
any other province.

1678. HENRY SCOUGAL, an eminent Scottish divine, died, aged 28. His
great exertions to sustain himself as a professor of theology at St.
Andrews, and as a preacher, threw him into a consumption, and he died
greatly lamented.

1710. Second great immigration of Palatines.

1721. A treaty concluded at Madrid with Great Britain. The ships
employed for the traffic of negroes by the Royal company of Great
Britain, were to be admitted, without hindrance, to trade freely.

1757. Decree of pope Benedict XIV, prohibiting the use of any version of
the Bible in the common language.

1767. JAMES WORSDALE died; an English painter and dramatic writer.

1769. Corsica seized by the French. General Paoli fled, and embarked at
Corsica for England, where he remained until 1790.

1770. WOODFALL, the publisher of the _Letters of Junius_, was prosecuted
and found by the jury guilty of printing and publishing only, which was
tantamount to an acquittal.

1777. WILLIAM BATTIE died; an eminent English physician and medical
writer.

1780. Major-general Gates ordered by congress to take command of the
southern department.

1780. A society formed in Philadelphia, under the name of the American
daughters of liberty, for the purpose of supplying the soldiery with
clothing. The city was divided into 10 districts, and four appointed to
each district to solicit subscriptions. Their donations amounted to 2030
shirts, and they obtained 77 shirts and 380 pairs of stockings from New
Jersey.

1788. GEORGE LUKINS dispossessed of seven devils by the same number of
clergymen, in the Temple church, Bristol, England.

1794. Battle of Ghent; the Austrians defeated by the French.

1794. Violent earthquake and eruption of Mt. Vesuvius, which did much
damage.

1796. Action between British ship Dryad, lord Beauclerc, and French
frigate La Proserpine, 45 guns; which last was captured in 44 minutes,
with the loss of 30 killed, 45 wounded. British loss 2 killed, 7
wounded.

1797. SIMON ANDREW TISSOT, a celebrated Swiss physician, died. He was
the advocate of experimental rather than theoretical systems of
medicine, and early adopted the practice of inoculation. His fame was
not confined to his own country.

1810. BONAPARTE prohibited the exportation of grain.

1813. Battle of Carcagenta, in Valencia; the Spaniards under general
Elio attacked the French, and were defeated with the loss of 1500 men,
of whom 700 were taken prisoners.

1817. RICHARD LOVELL EDGEWORTH, an English philanthropist and practical
philosopher, died. He invented the telegraph, which was generally
adopted during his lifetime. He spent a great part of his life in
improving and experimenting on various instruments used in agriculture
and the arts.

1833. JAMES ANDREW died; principal of the East India company's seminary
at Addiscombe, and author of a Hebrew grammar and dictionary.

1843. CHARLES STERNS WHEELER, of Massachusetts, a good scholar, died at
Leipsic, Germany, aged 23.

1848. PIERRE VAN CORTLAND died, aged 86; a gentleman who filled many
important public stations, civil and military, in the state of New York.

1848. GAMALIEL S. OLDS, a distinguished American scholar, died at
Circleville, Ohio, aged 71.

1855. The anti-slavery branch of the American party, called the
Know-somethings, assembled in convention at Cincinnati.

1857. Whirlwinds occurred in several parts of the state of New York, and
in other states. This was the day in which the astrologers of Europe had
predicted the destruction of the earth by a comet, and much alarm
existed even in this country, insomuch that deaths actually occurred
from fear. The village of Pania, Ill., was wholly destroyed.


JUNE 14.

510 B. C. The Roman republic established and the first consuls elected,
according to the Capitoline marbles. This noble political fabric
subsisted for a period of 462 years, until the battle of Pharsalia.

1631. FRANCIS GARASSE, a French Jesuit, died. As a preacher he was
eloquent and popular, but his writings were gross, and kindled a violent
feud between his order and the Jansenists. He lost his life by attending
the sick during the pestilence at Poictiers.

1636. HUMPHREY LYNDE, an English author, died. He wrote various books
against popery, one of which was translated into several languages, and
often reprinted.

1636. JOHN CAYLARD DE ST. BONET, marquis de Toiras, a French general,
killed before the fortress of Fontanette, in Italy. His services were
important to his country, but he was nevertheless disgraced by
Richelieu, and found in Italy a just respect for his abilities and
merits.

1637. BURTON, a clergyman, BASTWICK, a physician, and PRYNNE, yet a
prisoner in the Tower, ordered to be pilloried, lose their ears, and be
fined £5,000 each, for a libel on the government of Charles I of
England.

1645. Battle of Naseby, in which the forces of Cromwell obtained a
bloody victory over the army of Charles I, under prince Rupert, and
obliged him to retire into Wales.

1654. Battle of Dunes; the French defeated the Spaniards under prince de
Conde and don John of Austria.

1662. HENRY VANE, an English statesman, beheaded. He was vascilating in
his politics, and characterized as a dangerous man.

1683. The Rye house plot to assassinate king Charles II of England,
discovered by Joseph Keeling.

1704. RALPH BATHURST, an English physician, divine and Latin poet, died.
He was a man of great erudition.

1710. Gen. HUNTER arrived at New York from England in the capacity of
governor of the province, bringing with him 3000 Palatines, who formed a
Lutheran church in New York.

1723. CLAUDE FLEURY, a French advocate, died, aged 82, greatly respected
for his learning and virtues. His works are numerous and valuable.

1743. JAMES VILLOTTE, a French Jesuit, died. He traveled in Armenia, and
published commentaries on the gospels.

1746. COLIN MACLAURIN, an eminent Scottish mathematician and
philosopher, died. His writings are very numerous, and highly valuable
for the purposes of navigation and geography.

1754. A convention was held at Albany, for the purpose of concluding a
treaty with the Six Nations. It was attended by about 150 Indians.

1756. PROSPER MARCHAND, a French author, died in Holland, at a great
age. He left France on account of religious views, and published a
_Journal Litéraire_. He also wrote a history of printing, and published
a new edition of Bayle's _Dictionnaire_.

1769. The general court of Massachusetts having remonstrated to governor
Hutchinson against their place of meeting being surrounded with an
armed force, and Boston being invested by sea and land, he adjourned the
court to Cambridge.

1776. Americans evacuated Sorel, in Canada, and the British under Gen.
Burgoyne entered it.

1776. The Americans cannonaded the British fleet from Moon and Long
islands, and compelled it to leave the bay and open the intercourse with
Boston.

1777. Congress resolved that their flag should consist of 13 stripes
alternate red and white; that the union be 13 stars, white on a blue
field, representing a new constellation.

1787. ABDULWAHLAB, an Arabian reformer, and founder of the Wahabbites,
died, aged 95. He founded a temporal empire, which ceased A. D. 1818,
but his religious doctrines are still cherished.

1792. Battle of Lubar on the river Sluez, in which the Polish cavalry
under Joseph Poniatowski defeated the Russians.

1792. A plot was discovered in London to blow up the King's bench
prison.

1792. The stockholders of the Hartford bank held their first meeting for
the choice of directors. John Caldwell was the first president. This was
the first bank in Connecticut.

1799. The French, commanded by Gen. Macdonald, on the Trebia, were
defeated with immense loss by Suwarrow.

1800. JEAN BAPTIST KLEBER, commander in chief of the French army in
Egypt, assassinated while walking in his garden, by a Turk named
Souliman. He had conquered the country and was forming plans for its
peaceful government and improvement.

1800. Battle of Marengo, in Italy; Bonaparte defeated the Austrians, who
lost 1700 killed and prisoners. The French acknowledged the loss of 500
killed and wounded.

1800. LEWIS CHARLES ANTHONY DESSAIX, a distinguished French general,
killed at the battle of Marengo. He arrived on the field of battle with
a fresh battalion at a moment that decided the victory for the French,
but received a shot in the breast, of which he instantly died.

1801. BENEDICT ARNOLD, the traitor, died in England. He was a brave
officer in the American service, from the commencement of the war of the
revolution; but some imprudent conduct subjected him to a reprimand from
the commander-in-chief, after which he sought an opportunity to desert.
He joined the British army, and committed great cruelties upon his
countrymen during the remainder of the war.

1807. Battle of Friedland, in ancient Prussia; the Russians and
Prussians were defeated, with the loss of 17,500 men and 80 cannon, by
the French under Bonaparte. The battle commenced at 10 in the morning,
and the Russians withstood the superior force of the French till nearly
5 in the afternoon; when Bonaparte, putting himself at the head of the
army, commanded a general assault, which was executed with overpowering
effect. Benningsen was compelled to retreat, destroying the bridge
behind him.

1829. Battle of the defile of Pozzoy; the Turkish troops, 15,000,
entirely defeated, and their camp taken by storm by the Russians.

1833. ABRAHAM BOGARD died in the poor-house, Maury county, Tennessee,
aged 118; a native of the state of Delaware.

1846. Nearly 50 persons killed by the burning of the theatre at Quebec.

1848. A revolt at Hayti, and a tumult at Berlin.

1851. THOMAS MOULE died in London, aged 67; a well known writer to the
extent of many volumes on topographic and heraldic antiquities.

1854. A great fire occurred at Worcester, Mass., destroying property
valued at half a million of dollars, and throwing a thousand mechanics
out of work.

1856. Mr. MARCY, secretary of state, formally notified the Danish
minister that the United States would not make forcible resistance to
the collection of the Sound dues for a year from this day.


JUNE 15.

1381. WAT TYLER treacherously killed at Blackheath, where he had
assembled the malcontents in great numbers, and the insurrection was
suppressed.

1467. PHILIP (_the good_), duke of Burgundy, died. His life was spent in
war; and the title which he acquired seems to have been forfeited by his
last act, the burning of the town of Dinan, which he was carried on his
bed to witness, at the age of 72.

1520. MARTIN LUTHER excommunicated by Leo X.

1530. CHARLES V made a public entry into Augsburg, where the members of
the diet had assembled. The famous decree, called the _Confession of
Augsburg_, drawn up by Melancthon, was then read.

1560. The massy spire of St. Paul's church, London, was burned down by
lightning.

1568. GILES CORROZET died at Paris; a French bookseller, and author of
several works of merit.

1643. ABEL JANSEN TASMAN, the Dutch navigator, arrived at Batavia,
after having sailed round the southern side of the globe. He started in
September, 1642, and discovered Van Dieman's land and the island of New
Zealand, which he called Staten island.

1735. RENE AUBERT DE VERTOT D'AUBŒUF, an elegant French historical
writer, died, aged 80. He united the virtues of private life to great
intelligence, deep penetration, and an elegant taste.

1744. ANSON arrived at Spithead, after a voyage of three years and nine
months round the world. The treasures of the famous Acapulco galleon
were conveyed to London in 32 wagons, and the booty divided among those
brave men who had shared his glory and toils.

1746. Battle of Placentia, between the allies and Spaniards.

1749. The fleet of sir Edward Cornwallis, having on board over 3000
British colonists, dropped anchor in the spacious harbor of Halifax,
Nova Scotia.

1756. The nabob of SURAJAH DOWLA invested Calcutta at the head of 70,000
horse and foot, and 400 elephants.

1768. JAMES SHORT, a celebrated Scottish optician, died. He was of
humble origin, but became a noted and wealthy man. His telescopes were
long surpassed only by those of Herschel.

1768. The commissioners of the customs at Boston requested Gen. Gage to
support them in the execution of their office with a military force.

1775. WASHINGTON appointed commander in chief of the American army.

1776. The legislature of New Hampshire voted unanimously that their
delegates in congress should join with the other delegates in declaring
the 13 united colonies a free and independent state.

1776. The British under sir Henry Clinton attacked Sullivan's island,
and were repulsed by Gen. Lee.

1785. PILATRE DE ROSIER, a French æronaut, killed. He was attempting to
cross the English channel from Boulogne; but the balloon took fire soon
after its ascent, and he was precipitated to the earth.

1794. A memorable eruption of mount Vesuvius.

1811. A marine volcano burst through the sea in 40 fathoms of water, at
the west end of St. Michaels, one of the Azores, about three miles from
land.

1815. Battle of Fleury, in which Bonaparte with 150,000 men, attacked
the Prussians and English of 200,000, and drove them back, and the next
day defeated them at Ligny.

1826. The sultan of Turkey defeated and abolished the ancient corps of
Janizaries. This military body, consisting of trained captives, was
first instituted by the third Amurath, in 1362.

1836. Arkansas admitted into the Union.

1840. FRANCIS BEAUGUARD died at Grey Nun's hospital, Montreal, aged
nearly 108.

1841. The town of Praia, in the island of Terceira, completely destroyed
by an earthquake. Much damage was also done to other places in the
island by a series of earthquakes.

1844. THOMAS CAMPBELL, a distinguished British poet, author of the
_Pleasures of Hope_, died at Boulogne, in a state of imbecility, aged
67.

1852. Queen VICTORIA issued a proclamation against "Roman catholic
ecclesiastics wearing the habits of their order, exercising the rites
and ceremonies of the Roman catholic religion in highways and places of
public resort."

1852. ROGER JONES, an American military officer of distinction, died at
Washington. He commenced his military career in 1809, and as a
lieutenant of marines, and served in the war of 1812. His zeal and
activity in the arduous campaigns on the Niagara frontier, and his
distinguished gallantry as a major of the staff in the memorable
conflicts of Chippewa, Lundy's Lane, and the sortie of fort Erie, won
for him universal respect and admiration, and the marked approbation of
the government.

1854. JAMES KENDLE BROWNE died in Mark lane, London, aged 82; the father
of the corn exchange.

1856. JOHN DICKS ECCLES, an eminent North Carolina lawyer and orator,
died at Fayetteville, aged 64.

1857. The citizens of Halifax, Nova Scotia, celebrated the 108th
anniversary of the settlement of that place.


JUNE 16.

632. The Persian era began, recording the fall of the Sassanian dynasty,
and the religion of Zoroaster. This famous era, as amended by the sultan
Geluleddin, is now in use by the parsees of India.

1381. JOHN BALL, in order to be chancellor under Wat Tyler, gave his
followers a sermon.

1487. Battle of Stoke, England. Lambert Simnel, who had been crowned in
Ireland, received the king's pardon, and was made a scullion in the
royal kitchen.

1575. ADRIAN JUNIUS, a learned Dutch author, died; he is quoted by the
people of Harlem to establish the right of Lawrence Coster to the honor
of being the inventor of printing in that city, about 1430.

1658. EDWARD CAPELLUS, a learned French protestant divine, died. He was
engaged in a long and learned controversy concerning the antiquity of
the Hebrew points, his adversary maintaining that they were coeval with
the language, while he showed that they were unknown before the
dispersion of the Jews, and were invented about 600 years after Christ.
He was engaged 36 years on the _Critica Sacra_, a work of prodigious
labor and great merit.

1666. RICHARD FANSHAWE, an English statesman, died. He was actively
engaged in political affairs, yet found time to produce several works of
much credit.

1719. LEWIS ELLIS DUPIN, a learned French critic, died. He devoted
himself to a biographical dictionary of ecclesiastical authors, which
was brought down to the end of the 16th century, and has been translated
into English. His works are numerous.

1722. JOHN CHURCHILL, the renowned duke of Marlborough, died. He stands
unrivaled among the British generals, and during several years gained a
series of the most splendid victories. It has been said that he gained
every battle which he fought, and took every town which he besieged.

1743. Battle of Dettingen, in which the French suffered a severe defeat,
losing 6000 men; the allies, under George II, 1000.

1752. JOSEPH BUTLER, an eminent prelate and theological writer, died. He
is celebrated as the author of the _Analogy of Religion_.

1755. Fort Beausejour, in Nova Scotia, surrendered to the British, the
French garrison being permitted to march out with the honors of war.

1760. At Glen, in Leicestershire, England, the populace threw two old
women into the water to try by their sinking or swimming whether or not
they were witches.

1772. The banking house of Neal and Fordyce, in London, failed, and it
was counted an extraordinary feat to carry the intelligence to
Edinburgh, a distance of 425 miles, in 43 hours.

1777. JOHN BAPTIST LOUIS GRESSET, a celebrated French poet, died. His
poems were elegant, lively and interesting, and obtained for him, among
other honors, letters of nobility.

1779. Manifesto presented to the British court, announcing that Spain
had taken decided part with France and America against Great Britain.

1789. The states general of France formed themselves into the national
assembly.

1793. Unsuccessful attack of the British on Martinique.

1794. Battle of Josselies; the hereditary prince of Orange attacked and
defeated the French, who lost 7000 men and 22 cannon, and were
compelled to retreat across the Sambre.

1806. Total eclipse of the sun at Philadelphia and other cities in the
United States.

1808. JOSEPH BONAPARTE proclaimed king of Spain. "Your princes," said
Napoleon, "have ceded to me their rights to the crown of Spain. Your
nation is old; my mission is to restore its youth."

1810. LEWIS AUGUSTUS PHILIP AFFRAY, first magistrate of Switzerland
under Napoleon, died. He was in early life an officer in the Swiss army;
and when elevated to civil office, he conducted with the ability, the
intelligence and the experience of a thorough statesman.

1812. BONAPARTE joined his great army on the Vistula, destined to invade
Moscow.

1813. Action off Presque isle, between the United States schooner, Lady
of the Lake, lieut. Chauncey, and the British schooner, Lady Murray,
laden with provisions and ammunition, for York, Canada, which was
captured.

1814. The editors of the _Gazette Universal_ having said something about
the constitution of the Cortes, were condemned by their monarch,
Ferdinand VII, to the galleys.

1815. BONAPARTE attacked the Prussian posts of Sombref, St. Amand and
Ligny, under prince Blucher. The contest was very severe, and the
Prussian loss very great; they notwithstanding kept their position until
after night, when they retreated upon Wavre. Blucher had a horse killed
under him, and narrowly escaped with his life. Ligny was taken and
retaken several times. At the same time Bonaparte attacked the British
troops under Wellington, at Quartre Bras, and compelled him to fall back
upon Gemappe. The loss of the allies was very severe.

1818. The village of Bagnes, in Switzerland, overwhelmed by the giving
away of an ice barrier.

1818. Irruption of lake Mauvoisin, in the Alps, occasioned by the
bursting of its icy mound, by which six hundred millions cubic feet of
water were in an instant let loose upon the beautiful valley of the
Drana, carrying before its overwhelming torrent every vestige of
civilized life which stood within its reach.

1819. An earthquake near Poonah, in the East Indies, swallowed up a
large district and more than 2000 persons.

1821. JOHN BALLANTYNE, the confidential printer of sir Walter Scott's
Waverly novels, died at Edinburgh. He also established the _Kelso Mail_,
a respectable provincial paper, yet in existence.

1830. An eruption of mount Etna, which destroyed eight villages, and
buried many of the inhabitants under the ruins of their houses.

1831. The president of Hayti ordered all the French white inhabitants to
leave the island before the 15th July.

1843. Died at Boston, whither he had accompanied president Tyler to
attend the Bunker Hill celebration, HUGH S. LEGARE, a distinguished
American statesman.

1843. Count WITTGENSTEIN, the Russian field marshal, who distinguished
himself in the wars with Napoleon, died at St. Petersburg, aged 87.

1851. TOM JOHNSON, a Norwegian, died at the Naval asylum, Philadelphia,
aged 100; the last survivor of the gallant crew who fought with Paul
Jones, in the desperate conflict with the Serapis in 1799.

1852. The sultan of Turkey issued a firman granting new rights and
privileges to his Christian subjects.

1854. The siege of Silistria raised; the Turks made a sortie, causing a
complete defeat of the Russians, forcing them to recross the Danube in
all haste, took several standards and a great quantity of baggage, and
killed or severely wounded five Russian generals.

1857. A riot took place in the city of New York, occasioned by a dispute
about the public offices, there having been two sets appointed by
different authorities. Mayor Wood was arrested for assault and battery.


JUNE 17.

431 B. C. The dictator TUBERTUS POSTHUMUS gained a victory over the Æqui
and Volsci, inconsiderable but noxious enemies of the commonwealth.

1081. ROBERT GUISCARD opened the famous siege of Durazzo, now in
European Turkey, on the gulf of Venice.

1272. An attempt made to assassinate Edward I of England in his tent at
Acre, by a messenger of the emir of Joppa. He received the blow on his
arm, grappled with the assassin, and throwing him on the ground
despatched him with his own dagger. The life of the prince was saved by
his wife, who sucked the poison from the wound.

1458. ALFONSO V, of Arragon (_the magnanimous_), died. He made himself
master of Naples and Sicily; aside from his exploits as a warrior, he
was a learned man and the patron of learning, and the father of his
people.

1614. WILLIAM BATHE, an Irish Jesuit, died. He was rector of an Irish
school at Salamanca, and a writer on music and divinity.

1639. The king and his Scottish subjects met at Dunse, in Scotland, and
agreed that matters ecclesiastical should be decided by an assembly,
civil matters by parliament.

1658. Dunkirk surrendered to the French, and by them put into the hands
of the English.

1673. Father MARQUETTE, and JOLIET a citizen of Quebec, employed by M.
Talon for the discovery of the Mississippi, entered that noble river.
They descended to within three days' journey of the gulf of Mexico.

1685. The unfortunate duke of Argyle taken in a morass.

1696. JOHN SOBIESKI, king of Poland, died. He distinguished himself on
many occasions in the Polish wars but the greatest of his exploits was
the raising of the siege of Vienna, by which Europe was saved from the
calamities consequent upon an irruption of the Turks.

1719. JOSEPH ADDISON, editor of the _Spectator_, died. He was the
ornament of his age and country, and his writings will long continue to
be read and admired.

1734. LOUIS HECTOR VILLARS, peer of France, died, aged 82. He early
adopted the profession of arms, and distinguished himself through a long
life as a brave and efficient officer.

1740. WILLIAM WYNDHAM, an eminent English statesman, died. His abilities
led to his promotion to the highest offices in the state.

1745. Louisbourg, cape Breton, taken from the French by the British and
Massachusetts forces, under governor Shirley and admiral sir Peter
Warren.

1761. The first English "navigation canal" opened, extending from
Worsley to Manchester, 18 miles. It originated with Scroope, duke of
Bridgewater.

1775. Battle of Bunker's hill, and burning of Charlestown by the
British. The Americans were defeated with the loss of 453 killed,
wounded and missing. The killed, and those who died of their wounds were
139, including general Warren. British loss, 1,054, of whom 226 were
killed, and among them colonel Abercromby and major Pitcairn, who
occasioned the first shedding of blood at Lexington.

1776. British transports, George and Arabella, captured in Boston bay by
six American privateers. Among the prisoners taken was the honorable
Archibald Campbell, and 271 Highlanders.

1780. Bank opened in Philadelphia for supplying the army with
provisions, and £189,000 subscribed, payable in gold and silver.

1788. Convention at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., to consider the federal
constitution.

1789. The tiers etat, of France, were joined by the whole body of
inferior clergy with some nobles. They constituted themselves into a
legislative body, and took the name of national assembly.

1791. SELINA, countess of Huntington, died. From habits of gaiety and
dissipation, she became suddenly grave and pious, and was distinguished
by very extensive charities.

1792. Battle of Zielime, in which the Polish army was defeated by a
superior force of Russians. The action lasted from 7 in the morning till
5 in the evening. Loss of the Russians 4,000; that of the Poles 1,100.

1794. Ypres, in Belgium, surrendered to the French under Moreau. Four
battalions of Austrians, 6 of Hessians, 2 of Baden, 200 horse chasseurs,
150 Austrian cannoniers, were taken prisoners, with 140 cannon.

1799. First day's battle of the Trebia, between the French under
Macdonald, and the Russians and Austrians under Suwarrow. The French
were compelled to fall back.

1807. Konigsberg, the capital of Prussia proper, taken by the French
under Soult. Immense stores, with nearly 300 loaded vessels, 160,000
stand of arms, &c., were taken.

1810. JAMES CHALMERS, printer to the city and university of Aberdeen,
and proprietor of the _Aberdeen Journal_, died.

1812. The _Decameron_ of Boccacio, a single volume small folio, printed
in 1471, sold at the sale of the duke of Roxburgh's library to the
marquis of Blandford, for £2,260.

1814. HENRY TRESHAM died; an Irish poet and painter of merit.

1815. The allied army under Wellington fell back on Waterloo, and
Blucher to Wavre. The earl of Uxbridge made a brilliant charge of
cavalry at Gemappe.

1815. British order in council, forbidding the Americans to use the
British territories for purposes connected with the Newfoundland
fisheries.

1825. Corner stone of Bunker hill monument laid with great and
enthusiastic ceremonies; Lafayette being present.

1839. WILLIAM BENTINCK, an English statesman, died. He had sustained
many high public offices, was a general in the army, and ten years
governor-general of India.

1850. The steamer Griffith on lake Erie was burnt and 300 lives lost.

1852. THOMAS BUFFUM died, aged 75; an active man in the political
history of Rhode Island, who had filled with credit many offices of
honor and trust.

1852. JOHN TRIMBLE, a Kentucky judge, died, aged 69; having sustained
the character of an able and upright man.

1852. WILLIAM KING, first governor of Maine, died, aged 84. He removed
to Bath early in the present century, and his name is identified most
intimately with all that relates to the separation from Massachusetts,
and the adoption of the state constitution. He held various civil
offices with ability and fidelity.

1852. The city of Sonora, in California, was nearly destroyed by fire.

1854. SEWARD BARCULO, a New York jurist of distinction, died, aged 50.
He was chosen justice of the supreme court at the first judicial
election held under the new state constitution.

1854. JOSIAH HOLBROOK, a distinguished advocate of popular education,
died, aged 65. He was a native of Derby, Ct., and graduated at Yale
college in 1810. He was very successful in diffusing among the young a
love for the study of mineralogy and geology. He lost his life by
accidently falling into Blackrock creek, near Lynchburg, Va., while on a
geological excursion.


JUNE 18.

64. The conflagration of Rome, attributed by Nero to the Christians,
which was the ostensible cause of the first persecution. (See 24th
June.)

741. LEO III (_Isaurian_), emperor of Constantinople, died. He was the
son of a cobbler, and disgraced the imperial dignity by acts of
barbarity and tyranny. He was the enemy of learning and learned men, and
set fire to the valuable library of his capital, by which 30,000 volumes
were destroyed, besides many of the choicest paintings and medals.

1053. Battle of Civitella; the forces of the pope, Leo IX, routed by
Robert Guiscard, the Norman.

1314. EDWARD II marched upon Scotland from Berwick, with his vast army.

1429. Battle of Patray, in France; the English under Talbot defeated by
Joan of Arc, with the loss of 1,500 slain, and 1,000 taken. It was in
this conflict that the notable sir John Falstaff, considering discretion
to be the better part of valor, dropped his _thirsty lance_, and ran
away.

1538. Truce for 10 years between Charles V of Germany, and Francis I of
France. Hostilities were renewed three years after.

1580. The colony of Virginia discouraged with their losses and various
misfortunes embarked for England.

1588. ROBERT CROWLEY, a scholar, preacher and printer, died. One of his
principal works was in metre, entitled:

     Pleasure and pain, heaven and hell,
     Remember these four and all shall be well.

1602. The fort and store house built by Gosnold on Elizabeth island for
a settlement, was abandoned in consequence of discontents arising among
those who were to have remained in the country, and the whole company
returned to England. The ruins of this ephemeral settlement were seen as
late as 1797.

1616. THOMAS BILSON, a celebrated English divine, died. He was
distinguished for his eloquence as a preacher, and his learning as a
theological writer and controversialist. He was one of the two final
correctors of the present translation of the Bible.

1621. The first duel in New England fought by two servants with sword
and dagger, both of whom were wounded. For this outrage they were
sentenced to lie 24 hours with their heads and feet tied together.

1633. CHARLES I, of England, crowned king of Scotland at Holyrood house,
by the archbishop of St. Andrews.

1667. WILLIAM RAWLEY, an English divine, died. He was chaplain to
Charles I and II, and also to Bacon, whose works he edited.

1675. Battle of Fehrbellin; the elector Frederick William, at the head
of 6,000 cavalry, attacked the Swedish invading army under the
celebrated Wrangel, and gained a complete victory.

1684. The English court of chancery gave judgment for the king against
the governor and company of Massachusetts; their charter was declared
forfeited, and their liberties were seized into the king's hands.

1697. RICHARD, earl of Bellomont, was appointed to succeed colonel
Fletcher as governor of New York.

1718. An earthquake extended through several inland provinces of China,
by which the gates and walls of cities were thrown down. The city of
Yong-ning-tchin was entirely swallowed up, and several mountains were
thrown over a plain to the distance of about two leagues.

1741. FRANCIS POURFOUR died; a French physician and skillful herbalist.

1749. AMBROSE PHILIPS, an English poet, died. He wrote also for the
stage with some success, although his performances were ridiculed by
Pope.

1756. Calcutta, in India, taken by Surajah Dowla: of 146 prisoners put
into a dungeon called the "black hole," 123 were suffocated.

1756. Minorca surrendered to the French by the British general Blakeney.
The British had taken it from the Spaniards in 1708.

1757. Battle of Kolin; the Prussians under Frederick II defeated by the
Austrians under count Daun, with the loss of 8,000 killed and wounded.
Frederick lost his battle through the rash bravery of one of his
generals.

1764. Lighthouse at Sandyhook first put in operation.

1772. GERARD VAN SWIETEN, a Dutch physician, died. He settled in Vienna,
where he became a distinguished practitioner, and his memory is still
held in great veneration by the profession there.

1776. Gen. BURGOYNE entered St. Johns, Canada, the Americans having
evacuated it, and burnt the fort and barracks.

1779. British West India island St. Vincent, surrendered to the French
under Romain and d'Estaing.

1783. The volcano of Skaptar Jokul, in Iceland, which had recently
become very active, poured out an immense amount of lava, which, taking
a new direction, dammed up the streams, and caused great destruction of
property and lives. After flowing several days it was precipitated down
the cataract of Stapafoss, where it filled a profound abyss, which that
great waterfall had been excavating for ages, and thence the fiery flood
continued in its course.

1783. WASHINGTON announced to the governors of the several states his
intended resignation of the command of the army.

1793. British frigate La Nymphe, capt. Pellew, captured French frigate
Cleopatra, after an action of 55 minutes. French captain and about 60 of
his men killed or wounded. The British loss 25 killed, 27 wounded. This
was the first capture made after the declaration of war.

1795. Russian manifesto issued by gen. Thimothie Tutomlin, on taking
possession of Russian Poland.

1799. Second day's battle of Trebia; French under Macdonald obliged to
retire across the river by the Russians under Suwarrow.

1805. ARTHUR MURPHY, an English dramatic writer of eminence, died. Many
of his plays still keep the stage. His translation of Tacitus is also in
common use.

1811. RUTH PIERCE, the mother of sir Benjamin Thompson, count Rumford,
died at Baldwin, Maine.

1812. United States declared war against England.

1815. Hostilities ceased between England and the United States
throughout the world.

1815. Battle of Waterloo, in the Netherlands. The forces of the two
armies are differently stated, but are supposed to have been about
75,000 each. The battle began about noon, and continued with great
obstinacy till night, when the French were completely defeated with the
loss of more than 30,000 men, 210 cannon, several military chests, and
all Napoleon's baggage. The loss of the allies was probably upwards of
20,000. This great battle gave peace to Europe.

1823. WILLIAM COOMBE, a British author of considerable merit, died. He
did not attach his name to his works.

1832. The duke of Wellington attacked by a mob in the streets of
London--the anniversary of his victory at Waterloo.

1835. WILLIAM COBBETT, an English poetical and miscellaneous writer,
died. He was a self-taught and self-made man, who for many years made a
conspicuous figure in the politics of England, and was finally elected
to parliament.

1841. The constitution of the newly constituted state of the isthmus of
Panama publicly sworn to, and Dr. Thomas Herrara elected president.

1848. HENRY TOOLEY, a consistent member of the methodist episcopal
church, the first masonic grand master in Mississippi, and a son not
only but the father of temperance in Natchez, died there, aged 75.

1848. The city of Prague, which had revolted on the 12th, was bombarded
and reduced to ruins.

1848. The Austrians defeated by the Piedmontese near Rivoli.

1848. Venice garrisoned by 13,000 Romans.

1848. Carlowitz bombarded.

1854. HENRIETTA SONTAG, one of first lyric artists of the day, died at
Mexico, aged about 50.

1855. The allies made a combined attack upon the Malakoff and Redan
towers, at Sebastopol, without success, and with a loss of 56 officers
killed, 146 wounded and 17 prisoners; and 1,694 men killed or missing,
and 2,690 wounded.


JUNE 19.

325. The first council of Nice began and continued to 25th August;
present 318 bishops.

1215. JOHN, king of England, signed the famous magna charta, and the
charter of the forests, in a meadow at Runnimede between Staines and
Windsor. (See 29th.)

1312. PIERS GAVESTON, the favorite of Edward II, executed. In his
elevation he was proud, overbearing and cruel, and the barons rose up
against him, and accomplished his destruction.

1566. JAMES VI of Scotland and I of England, was born in a small room in
Edinburgh castle.

1579. Maestricht, in Holland, taken by the Spaniards under the duke of
Parma, after a siege of four months, during which about 8000 persons
perished miserably. It was given up to pillage.

1619. The first assembly of Virginia met at Jamestown. The settlements
had now become so numerous that 11 corporations appeared by their
representatives to exercise the noblest function of freemen, the power
of legislation.

1690. EZEKIEL HOPKINS, a learned English prelate died, aged 57.

1707. WILLIAM SHERLOCK, an eminent English divine, died, aged about 66;
famous for his controversial works, in which he took sides against the
dissenters, as also against Dr. South on the subject of the trinity.

1709. ISAAC PAPIN, a French divine, died. His views differed a hair from
those of his sect, and persecution followed him from one country to
another, till he finally took refuge with the catholics.

1715. NICHOLAS LEMERY, a French chemist, died, aged 70. He was ardently
devoted to the science, and contributed much to spread a correct
knowledge of it among the people by his lectures.

1720. JOHN MATTHEWS, aged about 18, was executed at Tyburn, for, while
an apprentice, printing a political work.

1729. ROBERT KNELL, the compositor, and JOHN CLARK, the pressman, of
_Mist's Journal_, were pilloried, but protected by their friends from
being pelted by the mob.

1741. Admiral VERNON seized the castles of Carthagena, South America.
The British were afterwards compelled to retire on account of
pestilence.

1754. A convention of the states at Albany proposed a union for defence
against the common enemy. Delegates were present from New Hampshire,
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Maryland and New
York.

1755. WILLIAM HAY died in England; remarkable for his deformity, on
which he wrote an essay. He was a member of parliament, and an author of
some merit.

1757. Action between British ship Experiment, 20 guns, 142 men, and
French ship Telemaque, 26 guns, 460 men, in which the latter was
captured with the loss of 125 killed, 110 wounded. It had been fitted
out expressly to capture the Experiment, which had 12 killed, 36
wounded.

1781. Assault on fort Ninety-six, by the Americans under Gen. Greene,
who were repulsed with the loss of 185. The Americans then abandoned the
siege. British loss 85.

1783. HENRY LOYD, a military officer and writer, died. He was born in
Wales, entered the service of Austria, and afterwards served in the
armies of Prussia and Russia. On his return to England he produced
several military works of great merit.

1786. NATHANIEL GREENE, an officer in the revolutionary army, died, aged
46. He was of quaker descent, born in Rhode Island. He distinguished
himself at the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Germantown and Monmouth,
and finally covered himself with glory at the battle of Eutaw Springs,
which closed the war in South Carolina.

1794. French general DUMOURIER, arrived in London on his escape from the
convention, but was ordered to depart the British dominions immediately.

1794. The Corsicans accepted their new constitution, and acknowledged
George III their king.

1794. RICHARD HENRY LEE, a revolutionary patriot, died. He originated
the first resistance to British oppression, and during the struggle
continued to hold some important civil office, where his talents were
conspicuous.

1798. BONAPARTE left Malta at the head of the French expedition which
was destined for Egypt, leaving behind him 4,000 men under Gen. Vaubois,
to regenerate the island after the pattern of the French republic.

1799. Third day's battle of Trebia. The French under Macdonald crossed
the river and attacked the Austrians and Russians. But after an
obstinate and bloody conflict they were compelled to fall back with a
loss of 1700 killed and 500 prisoners.

1799. Five French frigates bound from Jaffa to Toulon, with 1340 men,
were captured by a British squadron.

1800. Battle of Blenheim; the French under Moreau, after a short but
obstinate action, defeated the Austrians under Gen. Starray, and obliged
them to abandon Ulm and retire into Franconia.

1807. Naval action off Lemnos between the Russians and Turks, in which
the latter were defeated with the loss of an 80 gun ship and two other
ships of the line taken, and five burnt.

1808. Action off the Nase of Norway; the British sloop Seagull sunk by a
Danish brig and several gun boats. Several of the Danes went down with
her.

1809. Congress renewed the non-intercourse act.

1811. SAMUEL CHASE, a judge of the United States supreme court, died. He
was a distinguished member of the congress of 1774.

1813. British landed from their shipping on lake Ontario, and destroyed
the public stores at Sodus; they burnt several of the best houses and
stores in the village.

1818. PATRICK BRYDONE, a Scottish traveler, died. He published a
narrative of his travels in Sicily and Malta, which has been often
republished.

1820. JOSEPH BANKS, an eminent English literary and philosophical
writer, died. He made several voyages in pursuit of science, one of
which was with captain Cook.

1821. Battle of Dragashan, in Turkey, between the Greeks and Turks. The
Greeks were commanded by the brave Ypsilanti; but owing to the treachery
of the Arnauts, who abandoned their posts, the Greeks were totally
defeated, and the "sacred band" of the _hetaireia_, the flower of the
Greek youth, were annihilated. This affair nearly proved fatal to the
cause of the Greek revolution.

1829. JOHN CLEVES SYMMES, an American officer, died. He is to be
remembered for the enthusiasm with which he maintained the theory that
the earth was hollow, with an opening at each of the poles.

1830. Battle of Strouli, between 50,000 Algerines, Turks and Arabs, and
25,000 French under Gen. Bourmont, in which the former were defeated.

1853. RICHARD TAYLOR, second chief of the Cherokee nation, died at
Tahleguah, Arkansas. He commanded under Gen. Jackson in the war against
the Creek Indians.


JUNE 20.

404. The illustrious JOHN CHRYSOSTOM banished from his patriarchate to
the remote and desolate town of Cucusus, among the ridges of mount
Taurus, by a command of the empress Eudoxia. The day of this his final
exile was marked by the conflagration of the cathedral, senate-house,
and the adjacent buildings, and by the destruction of the incomparable
statues of the Muses from the temple of Helicon.

840. LOUIS I (_Debonnaire_), king of France and emperor of the West,
died. He had not sufficient ability to manage the conflicting interests
of his large dominions, and was harrassed by the rebellion of his
brothers and sons.

981. ADALBERT, bishop of Magdeburg, died. He converted the Sclavonians,
and penetrated far into Pomerania as a Christian missionary.

1333. Battle of Halidon hill. The regent of Scotland, six earls, and
many barons fell in the field; the fugitives were pursued by king Edward
and a party of horse, and also by lord Darcy and his Irish auxiliaries.
The slaughter is said to have exceeded that of any former defeat.

1472. King HENRY VI of England murdered in the Tower by order of the
duke of Gloucester, afterwards Richard III, as is supposed.

1632. The patent of Maryland, designed for George Calvert, lord
Baltimore, was on his decease, filled up to his son, Cecilius Calvert.
When king Charles signed it, he gave to the new patent the name of
Maryland in honor of his queen Henrietta Maria. Lord Baltimore held it
of the crown of England as part of Windsor manor, paying yearly forever,
two Indian arrows, which may now be seen at the castle.

1649. RICHARD BRANDON, the hereditary hangman, and the executioner of
Charles I and the earl of Strafford, died in misery. He was interred the
next day amidst execrations and vulgar insults, which he could not feel.

1698. The summit of Carguairazo, a burning mountain near Quito, 1800
feet high, crumbled together, so that nothing more than two enormous
rocky horns of the crater's edge remained, and the country for nearly
two square miles, was desolated with liquid tufa, and argillaceous mud,
enclosing dead fishes.

1719. The Spaniards defeated the Imperialists at Franca-Villa in Sicily,
with the loss of their general, Merci, and 4000 men.

1743. JOHN GEORGE KEYSLER, a German traveler and antiquary, died. On his
visit to England he was admitted fellow of the Royal society, and
deserved it by his explication of Stonehenge.

1743. Action near Manilla, between the British ship Centurion, lord
Anson, and the Acapulco ship, the _Nostra Signora de Cabadonga_, 36 guns
and 550 men, commanded by don Geronimo de Montoro, a Portuguese officer.
The cutter was captured, with the loss of 67 killed, 84 wounded; British
loss 2 killed, 17 wounded. The property on board this prize amounted to
$1,500,000.

1747. NADIR SHAH, for some time monarch of Persia, was assassinated by
his men, whom he had designed the next day to massacre.

1752. The trustees of Georgia, finding that the province languished
under their care, and weary of the complaints of the people, surrendered
their charter to the king.

1756. Calcutta taken by Surajah Dowla, and 145 Englishmen incarcerated
in the _black hole_, including Holwell, the governor of Bengal; all of
whom were suffocated but 23. (See June 18.)

1779. Battle of Stono-Ferry, in which the Americans under Gen. Lincoln
were defeated, owing to the mismanagement of a part of the forces, who
did not come up. Loss 146.

1781. CORNWALLIS evacuated Richmond, Virginia.

1787. CHARLES FREDERICK ABEL died; an eminent musician, whose
performances attracted much attention in Europe.

1789. The national assembly of France having been refused admission into
the usual place of meeting, assembled in the rain in a tennis court.

1790. Titles of nobility and feudal right abolished in France.

1791. LOUIS XVI and the royal family made their escape from Paris with
the intention of proceeding to Germany, to avoid the disturbances which
threatened the country.

1792. The assembly of the sans culottes appeared in Paris with their
arms and colors.

1793. The negroes and mulattoes of cape Francois began an indiscriminate
massacre of the whites. A company of 2000 men were sent on shore from
the French fleet to arrest their depredations, but were compelled to
embark again. (See 23.)

1794. FELIX VICQ D'AZIR, an eminent French physician and anatomist, died
at Paris.

1798. JEREMY BELKNAP, a Boston divine, and historian of New Hampshire,
died, aged 58. He also published two volumes of _American Biography_, a
work which his death abridged.

1813. British made an attack on Oswego, but were repulsed by the militia
under Col. Carr.

1815. That questionable monster, the sea-serpent, observed at Plymouth,
Mass. Its extension above the surface of the water was supposed to be
more than a hundred feet. The serpentine animal noticed in the Norway
seas is of much larger proportions, with large blue eyes, "which looked
like a couple of _bright pewter plates_."

1818. JOSEPH ADAMS, an eminent London physician and medical writer,
died.

1819. The first steam vessel which crossed the Atlantic arrived at
Liverpool.

1830. Battle between the French and Algerines, near Sidi Khalef; the
latter were defeated.

1836. EDMUND JOSEPH DE SIEYES, a French statesman, died, aged 88. He
long acted a conspicuous part in the affairs of France, but on the fall
of Napoleon was banished, and some years previous to his death was
reduced to a state of idiocy.

1837. WILLIAM IV of England, died, aged 72. His reign was brief, but was
distinguished for various important measures of reform, and the
abolition of colonial slavery.

1837. Michigan entered the United States confederacy.

1840. PIERRE CLAUDE FRANCOIS DAUNOU, peer of France, and eight years
editor of the _Journal des Savants_, died at Paris, aged 79. He was a
laborious writer, in which he was distinguished by his great learning
and elegance of style.

1843. HENRY DOGGETT, an officer of the revolutionary army, died at New
Haven, aged 86. He was the son of Naphtali Doggett, president of Yale
college during the revolution, and was the oldest surviving graduate of
the college.

1843. HUGH S. LEGARE, attorney-general of the United States, died at
Boston, aged about 50. He was eminent for his acquirements as a scholar,
his fine taste as a writer, and his learning and eloquence as a lawyer
and advocate. He was acting secretary of state at the time of his death,
and experience showed that he was amply fitted for the highest trusts,
and adorned every station which he was called to fill.

1844. JOHN PINTARD died in New York, aged 87. He was one of the
originators of the New York historical society, and of the Savings bank.

1848. PAREDES raised the standard of revolt in Mexico, assisted by padre
Jurauta.----A portion of Washington's library, consisting of 450 bound
volumes, and about 1000 pamphlets, presented to the Boston athenæum by
the citizens.----A loan negotiated at Washington by the government, of
sixteen million dollars, at a premium of half a million.

1852. WILLIAM BIDDLE SHEPARD, a noted lawyer and politician, died at
Elizabeth City, N. C., aged 51. He distinguished himself, by his
abilities, and was ten years in congress.

1854. GEORGE W. MARTIN, an efficient military officer, died at
Tallahatchie, Missouri. He served in the war of 1812, and accompanied
Gen. Jackson throughout the campaigns of three years, and in the Creek
war.

1856. TANCRED FLORESTAN ROGER LOUIS GRIMALDI, prince of Monaco and duke
of Valentinois, died at Paris. On the death of his brother in 1841 he
became sovereign prince of Monaco, under the title of Florestan I.


JUNE 21.

545 B. C. THALES, a Grecian philosopher, died. He was the chief of the
seven sages of Greece, and founder of the Ionic sect of philosophers. He
divided the Grecian zodiac into seasons, and the year into 365 days.

1339. Battle of Laupen; the citizens of Bern, in Switzerland, defeated
an army of 18,000 from its rival cities, headed by 700 of its own
nobility and 1,200 knights, who were totally vanquished.

1377. EDWARD III, of England, died, aged 65, having reigned 51 years.

1529. Trial of CATHARINE, first queen of Henry VIII of England.

1529. JOHN SKELTON, an English poet, died. He wrote sonnets and satires,
and was invested with the laureate.

1585. HENRY PERCY, the 8th earl of Northumberland (exclusive of Dudley),
was found in the tower, dead, his breast pierced with three pistol
bullets--alleged suicide, but supposed violence.

1596. Naval victory of the English over the Spaniards, at Cadiz, when
the earl of Essex, in a fit of delight, threw his hat into the sea!

1611. HENRY HUDSON, having wintered in the bay which bears his name, and
pursuing the object of his voyage, a north-west passage, a conspiracy
broke out on this day among the ship's crew, when Hudson, his son, and
five others, most of whom were sick and lame, were forced into the
shallop, with a small quantity of meal, one gun and ammunition, two or
three spars and an iron pot, and with the most savage inhumanity turned
adrift. This is the last account of Hudson.

1631. JOHN SMITH, one of the early settlers of Virginia, died. He was a
brave and daring man, and it was mainly owing to him that the colony was
made permanent.

1652. INIGO JONES, a celebrated English architect, died. He surpassed
most of the great men of his age in learning and ability.

1675. Foundation laid of the cathedral of St. Paul's, London. It stands
upon upwards of two acres of ground, and its height is 404 feet.

1738. GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK, the young English prince, _re-baptized_
by the bishop of Oxford, with great pomp. Private baptism at his birth
was first administered, fearing his immediate death.

1747. British fleet under commodore Fox captured 48 sail of French
West-Indiamen.

1759. Fort George erected at the head of lake George.

1764. British commodore Byron sailed from the Downs in the Dolphin, on
his voyage round the world.

1768. JOHN LINDSAY died; a learned English divine, and a historical and
theological writer.

1770. Fete on account of the marriage of Louis XVI of France, when
15,000 persons were trampled to death.

1770. WILLIAM BECKFORD, one of the most popular mayors of London, died.

1773. GEORGE JUAN, a Spanish knight of Malta, and an able mathematician,
died. His writings have been translated into various languages.

1782. The British government sent Mr. Woodyear in the Tiger man-of-war,
to the West Indies to determine the longitude.

1783. About 300 American troops with fixed bayonets, surrounded the
house in which congress was sitting, and demanded a redress of
grievances.

1788. New Hampshire adopted the federal constitution, recommending
amendments, being the ninth state to do so; votes 57 to 46.

1791. A flood near the Havanna, swept away 3,000 persons.

1792. An immense body, headed by Santerre, forced their way into the
Tuilleries, and compelled Louis XVI to wear the red cap.

1797. ANDREW PETER BERNSTORFF died; a German who settled in Denmark,
became a distinguished statesman, and a great favorite with the people.

1797. PETER THELLUSSON, a rich London merchant, died. His will, devising
lands to the amount of £4,500 per annum and £600,000 personal property
to be funded to aid in liquidation of the national debt, gave rise to
the act regulating devises.

1798. Battle of Vinegar hill, at which the Irish rebels were completely
routed and the insurrection crushed.

1809. DANIEL LAMBERT, an English giant, died at Stamford, aged 36. His
weight was 739 lbs. when last weighed, but at the time of his death, it
was supposed to have been full 800. His coffin contained 112 superficial
feet of Elm timber.

1813. Battle of Vittoria, in Spain, between the French under Joseph
Bonaparte and Jourdan, and the allies under Wellington. French met with
a disastrous defeat, losing 15,000 killed and wounded, and 3,000
prisoners, 150 cannon, 400 wagons of ammunition, 14,000 cattle, and the
military chest, containing 42,000,000 reals. Loss of the allies 4,645.

1814. JOHN MARTIN MILLER, a professor of oriental languages, and poet of
some note, died at Ulm.

1816. The king of the Netherlands acceded to the holy alliance.

1828. LEANDRO FERNANDEZ MORATIN died at Paris. He was a dramatic writer
of much merit.

1832. SIMON WARONZOW, a Russian statesman, died in London. He had been
for 30 years Russian ambassador to Great Britain.

1832. ANNA MARIA PORTER, an English novelist, died. Her works, together
with those of her sister Jane, had gained a great degree of popularity,
which was in a measure swept away, with every thing else, before that
splendid series, the Waverly novels.

1848. About 3,000 houses destroyed by fire in Constantinople; damage
estimated at $100,000,000.

1850. MATTHEW L. DAVIS, a distinguished citizen and printer in New York,
died.

1850. JACOB HAYES, long a leading police officer of New York, died. His
notoriety was very great.

1852. MARY ANN CLARKE died at Boulogne, in France, aged 74; the
notorious mistress of the duke of York, to whose name, for a time, much
consequence was given, in parliament and in London society, by the
charges against the duke in 1809.

1853. A boat's crew from the Austrian brig-of-war Huzzar, lying in the
harbor of Smyrna, seized in that port a Hungarian refugee, named Martin
Koszta, and carried him to the ship. The populace, excited by the
outrage attacked three Austrian officers, of whom two were slain. Koszta
having protection, in virtue of his primary declaration of an intention
of becoming an American citizen, captain Ingraham, of the American
sloop-of-war St. Louis demanded his release. The affair caused a good
deal of excitement throughout the civilized world. (See July 2.)


JUNE 22.

168 B. C. Battle of Pydna; Perseus, the last king of Macedon, defeated
by the Romans under Paulus Æmylius, who brought to Rome a great number
of books and manuscripts. The date is settled by an eclipse which
happened the preceding night. This battle terminated the independence of
a country which had seen a succession of thirty legitimate monarchs and
eight usurpers, since its foundation by Caranus 814 B. C., six years
after the fall of Assyria.

431. Third Œcumenical council assembled at Ephesus, to execute the
decree of pope Celestine as to the heresy of Nestorius. He was deposed
from his see and banished to an oasis.

1191. A remarkable eclipse of the sun, when the crusaders were at Acre,
at 8 o'clock in the morning. In that year a parhelion appeared
undistinguishable by the naked eye from the real sun.

1298. Battle of Falkirk; Edward I with 80,000 English defeated the
Scottish army under Wallace, with great slaughter.

1415. JOHN HUSS, a Bohemian clergyman who had adopted the opinions of
Wickliff, was burnt at the stake.

1476. Battle of Morat, in Switzerland, and defeat of Charles the Bold,
duke of Burgundy. Philip de Comines, speaking of this celebrated
conflict for liberty, mentions arquebusiers as troops.

1483. Accession of the usurper Richard III.

1527. NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI, a Florentine writer, died. His works are
numerous, but that called _The Prince_ is the most famous, and has
generally given him a bad character, though defended by Bacon and
Clarendon.

1535. JOHN FISHER, an English prelate, beheaded at the age of 77. He
pertinaciously opposed the measures of the king, in relation to his
wives. He was the opponent of Erasmus, who, however, gives him a
superior character.

1596. The combined English and Dutch fleets under lord Effingham and
admiral Van Duvenwoord, attacked the Spanish fleet in Cadiz bay, burnt 3
galleons, captured two, and drove a great number on shore. To save the
latter the Spaniards agreed to pay 2,500,000 ducats.

1602. "Lent unto Benjamy Johnsone, at the apoyntment of E. Allen and
William Birde, in earnest of a booke [play] called _Richard Crook-back_,
and for new adycions of _Jeronimo_, the sum of x_lb._"--_Henslowe
Manuscripts._

1632. GALILEO and his books condemned by the inquisition.

1664. CATHARINE PHILIPS, an English poetess, died.

1679. Battle of Bothwell bridge; the Scottish covenanters defeated by
the English under the duke of Monmouth.

1691. MAHOMET IV, of Turkey, assassinated in prison. In the beginning of
his reign he was eminently successful in war; but the resistless valor
of John Sobieski drove the Turks within their own dominions. These
calamities were attributed to the sultan, and the janizaries deposed
him.

1691. SOLYMAN III, of Turkey, brother of the preceding, died. He was
taken from prison and placed on the throne, on the deposition of his
brother, Mahomet, 1687. He was indolent and superstitious.

1714. MATTHEW HENRY, an eminent English dissenting divine, died. His
writings are highly valued, particularly the _Expositions of the Bible_,
5 vols. folio.

1734. EDMUND POURCHAT died; a French professor of philosophy, and a man
of extensive learning.

1741. This day is memorable for the impressment of seamen into the
British service. Nothing could protect the unhappy individuals; in 36
hours the names of 2370 were enrolled.

1763. JOHN PETER DE BOUGAINVILLE died; a French author, of great
acquirements, whose application hastened his death, at the age of 41.

1770. PHILIP CARTERET WEBB died; a distinguished English lawyer and
antiquary.

1772. Chief-justice MANSFIELD, of England, gave judgment that the master
of a negro slave which had been brought to England had no right to send
him back to the plantations.

1775. Congress resolved to emit $2,000,000 in bills of credit.

1777. British evacuated New Brunswick and retired to Amboy; they
suffered severely from Morgan's riflemen and Wayne's brigade.

1780. The forts on Licking river attacked by 600 Indians and Canadians
under colonel Bird, with 6 field pieces; they took all the inhabitants
captives, and loaded them with heavy baggage; such as failed on the
journey were tomahawked and scalped.

1803. WILLIAM HEINSE, a German author, died. His works are in 10 vols.,
and manifest great ability.

1807. British ship Leopard, 50 guns, attacked American frigate
Chesapeake, 36 guns, captain Barron. The Chesapeake struck in 30
minutes; 3 men killed, 18 wounded. Four men were taken out of the
Chesapeake, when she was permitted to proceed. One of these was hanged.
Barron was suspended for five years.

1813. Battle of Craney island, in Chesapeake bay. British under sir
Sidney Beckwith and admiral Warren defeated by 480 Virginia militia and
150 sailors. British loss 1200 killed, wounded or drowned. None of the
Americans were injured.

1815. BONAPARTE'S second abdication. He announced that his political
life had terminated, and proclaimed his son, Napoleon II, emperor of the
French.

1835. CHARLES BUTLER, the reminiscent, died.

1834. FERDINAND WILHELM BECKER died; a distinguished German physician.

1835. FRANCISCO TACON Y ROSISQUE died; a Spanish statesman, and minister
from Spain to the United States. He had filled many distinguished
offices, and was greatly respected and esteemed for his talents and
amiable qualities.

1839. DEBORAH KNIGHT died at Sumner, Me., aged 105.

1848. The difficulties and disturbances occasioned by the disbanding of
the operatives in the national workshops at Paris began.

1848. Civil war in Paris; barricades erected, and a terrible slaughter
of the people; general Cavaignac declared dictator.

1848. MARTIN VAN BUREN nominated for president of the United States at a
convention at Utica.

1849. ELIZABETH GRINDELL died in Goshen, N. H., aged 104¼ years,
leaving a descendant of the _fifth_ generation.

1852. CHARLES C. BERRY, commander of the steamship United States, died
at Brooklyn, N. Y., aged 39. He had been connected with the mercantile
marine of New York from an early age.

1854. JEREMIAH M. SCARRITT, a United States military engineer, died at
Key West. He was a native of New Hampshire, graduated at the military
academy of West Point in 1838, served with distinction in the war with
Mexico, and was brevetted for gallant and meritorious conduct.

1855. SAMUEL SUMNER WILDE died, aged 84. He was one of the delegates to
the Hartford convention, and the last survivor of that assemblage; he
also held the office of a justice of the supreme court of Massachusetts
35 years. His judicial career was distinguished by great legal learning
and stern integrity.

1855. WILLIAM HENRY STONE, the correspondent of the _London Times_ from
the seat of war, died at Balaclava, aged 30. He was employed by the
British government in administering the fund for the relief of the sick
and wounded, and was a young man of brilliant promise.


JUNE 23.

217 B. C. Battle of Thrasymene, in Italy, between the Romans under Caius
Flaminius, and the Carthaginians under Hannibal. The Romans were
defeated, and Flaminius killed.

303. ST. ALBAN, the first martyr for Christianity in England, beheaded
at Verulam in Hertfordshire. Nearly five hundred years after his death
his memory was honored by Offa, king of the Mercians, who built a
stately monastery over him, whence the town of St. Albans receives its
name.

1137. ALBERTUS, archbishop of Mentz, died. He abused the confidence and
liberality of the emperor, Henry V, by raising a conspiracy, for which
he was imprisoned.

1281. A terrible convulsion of Mount Etna, about sunset.

1485. RICHARD III published his famous proclamation, stating that Henry
Tudor intended to "change and subvert the laws of the realm, and to do
the most cruel murders, slaughters, robberies and disherisons, that were
ever seen in any Christian country."

1579. The famous union of Utrecht effected. It included Gelderland,
Holland, Zealand, Friesland and Utrecht. Ghent and Ypres afterwards
acceded.

1596. Cadiz surrendered to the English by capitulation. A ransom of
120,000 crowns was paid by the inhabitants for their lives, and the town
and merchandise were abandoned to the rapacity of the conquerors.

1606. HENRY GARNET, provincial of the Jesuits, executed for the
_gunpowder_ plot.

1645. VIERA'S plot discovered, to deliver Olinda and the other Dutch
possessions into the hands of the Portuguese. He was originally a
butcher's boy.

1650. CHARLES II arrived on the coast of Scotland, but was compelled to
take the covenant before landing.

1654. SOUTHWORTH, a catholic clergyman, executed in his 72d year. He
reproached his persecutors for arming themselves for liberty of
conscience, and killing him for differing with them.

1664. The duke of York conveyed a part of his tract in North America to
John lord Berkley, baron of Stratton, and sir George Carteret, by the
name of Nova-Cæsarea, or New Jersey. Thus the New Netherlands became
divided into New York and New Jersey.

1687. M. DENONVILLE, with 1,500 French and 500 Indians marched from
Canada for the purpose of humbling the Seneca Indians. When he had
reached the foot of a hill about a mile from the principal village of
the Senecas, he aroused an ambush of 500 Indians, which at first threw
his army into confusion, but they soon rallied again and the Senecas
were defeated, with the loss of 80, and laid their own village in ashes.
The French found only two old men, whom they cut in pieces and boiled to
make soup for their allies.

1707. JOHN MILL, a learned English divine, died; editor of a _Greek
Testament_, with various readings and critical notes; a labor of thirty
years, and which was published only a fortnight before his death.

1728. GABRIEL DANIEL, a learned French Jesuit, died. His books were
rapidly republished, and several translated.

1736. ACHMET III, ex-emperor of Turkey, died, aged 74. He waged war with
Russia, Persia and Venice successfully, and is entitled to some regard
for the hospitality he showed to that unfortunate madman, Charles XII of
Sweden.

1757. Battle of Plaissey, in Hindostan; the British under lord Clive
defeated Surajah Dowla, and took his camp, baggage, and 50 cannon.

1758. Battle of Crefelt; French defeated with the loss of 600 by the
allies under Ferdinand of Brunswick, who lost 1,500.

1759. Battle of Kay, on the Oder; the Prussians under Wedel attacked the
Russians, and were defeated with the loss of 4,000.

1760. Battle of Landshut; the Austrians assaulted and carried the town
with great loss on both sides.

1764. JOSEPH BARRY, a French ecclesiastic and author, died. His
_History of Germany_, 11 vols. quarto, is reckoned the best work in
French on the subject.

1770. MARK AKENSIDE, an English poet, died. He wrote also on medicine;
and possessed an original and powerful mind.

1780. Battle of Springfield, N. J.; the British took the town and burnt
it, and retreated.

1791. CATHARINE MACAULEY (Graham), an English historian, died. She wrote
several histories, essays and political works, which are now nearly
obliviated.

1793. New declaration of the rights of man by the French convention.

1793. Cape François burnt by the negroes and mulattoes, after an
indiscriminate massacre of the whites, which had been in progress since
the 7th, by which several thousands perished. (See 20th.)

1795. Action between the British and French fleets off L'Orient, in
which the latter were defeated, with the loss of several large ships.

1824. STEPHEN AIGNAN, a French poet and dramatic writer, died. He filled
several offices under Napoleon.

1824. WILSON LOWRY, an English artist, died. He made many improvements
in the art of engraving.

1836. JAMES MILL, a Scottish divine, died; celebrated for his literary
and philosophical works, author of a _History of British India, &c._

1839. HESTER STANHOPE, a learned English lady, died at D'Joun, in Syria.
She had resided in Syria nearly thirty years, and was celebrated for her
eccentricity and singular mode of life. She was a niece of William Pitt,
and abandoned civilized society to reside among Arabs, over whom she
acquired great command.

1854. A terrible hurricane occurred at Manteno, Illinois, extending from
six to eight miles in width, prostrated many houses, and caused much
other damage.

1854. DANIEL WELLS, chief justice of the court of common pleas of
Massachusetts, died at Cambridge, aged 63. He was born in Greenfield,
Mass., and in 1837 was appointed district attorney for the western
district, the duties of which office he discharged with marked ability,
propriety and success until appointed chief justice.

1855. The Russians, 30,000 men, under general Mouravieff, invested Kars
in the Crimea; the Turkish garrison was commanded by general Williams,
an Englishman.

1856. Prince ESTERHAZY, an eminent Austrian ambassador, died at Berlin,
in Prussia, where he was envoy.


JUNE 24.

64. The first Christian persecution under Nero.

79. TITUS FLAVIUS VESPASIANUS, emperor of Rome, died, after a popular
reign of 10 years. He was the first of the Roman emperors who died a
natural death.

1203. The third, or Boniface's crusade, reached Chalcedon.

1314. Battle of Bannockburn in Scotland. The English army of 100,000 men
under Edward II totally defeated by the Scots, 30,000, under Bruce. The
loss of the English was 154 earls, barons and knights, 700 gentlemen and
upwards of 10,000 common soldiers.

1340. Battle of Sluys: the English under Edward III, with 240 ships,
defeated the French fleet of 400 ships. The French lost 230 vessels and
30,000 men killed.

1450. Battle of Seven Oaks, in England, when Cade, the rebel, turning on
his pursuers, put them to flight, killed sir Humphrey Stafford, and
arrayed himself in the knight's panopli and spurs.

1497. JOHN CABOT and his son SEBASTIAN, in the service of England, first
descried land on the continent of America, which they called Prima
Vista, and is generally supposed to have been some part of Newfoundland.
No one had yet reached the continent.

1534. JOHN BOCCOLD (of Leyden) a journeyman tailor, crowned king of Sion
at Munster, in Germany, by the anabaptists. The German princes took the
city by surprise on this day the year following, and deposed the king,
and afterwards put him to death.

1577. SEBASTIAN III of Portugal embarked at Lisbon against the Moors in
Africa, with 1,000 sail.

1637. NICHOLAS CLAUDE FABRI PEIRESC, a distinguished French antiquary,
died. He was a learned man, and highly esteemed by his cotemporaries.

1643. JOHN HAMPDEN, an English statesman, died. He was a leader of the
parliamentary forces, and mortally wounded at the battle of Chalgrove
field.

1675. King PHILIP'S war began at Swanzey, in the Plymouth colony, not
far from mount Hope. Having sent their wives and children to the
Narragansetts for safety, a party of the Wampanoags advanced to Swanzey,
where they menaced the people, and proceeded to rifle their houses, and
even to kill the cattle. An Indian was shot, whereupon the party rushed
forward and slew eight or nine of the inhabitants; thus opened the
bloody scene, which for more than a year spread terror and devastation
over the New England colonies, and shed a deluge of human blood. It was
a contest for extirpation, and ere it ended the flower of the English
and the chivalry of the Indians were laid low.

1711. Queen ANNE'S fleet, sent to reduce Canada, arrived at Boston, New
England.

1724. Great tumult in Glasgow, occasioned by a tax on malt. Preparations
of malt liquor were at that time deemed essential articles of comfort.

1736. English act of parliament against witchcraft, passed in the reign
of James I, repealed.

1741. A daily mail first instituted in London.

1750. Pension of £30 per annum conferred on Hannah Snell, the female
soldier, who under the name of James Gray, served king George more than
5 years.

1762. Battle of Graebenstein; the allies under prince Ferdinand,
defeated the French under Soubisse, and d'Estrees, who lost 300 men.

1770. CHRISTOPHER DRAKENBERG died in Norway, aged 146.

1782. JOHN BLAIR, a Scottish chronologist, died. His principal work is a
chronology and history of the world.

1796. DAVID RITTENHOUSE, an American natural philosopher, died. From a
manufacturer of clocks and mathematical instruments he became, by his
own exertions, one of the most scientific men of the day.

1799. Division of the territory and treasures of Tippo Saib, by the
English.

1803. MATTHEW THORNTON, a signer of the declaration, died. He was a
practicing physician in New Hampshire, when the war of the revolution
broke out.

1804. The spire of Hanslope church, Buckinghamshire, England, fell
immediately after divine service and crushed down the roof also; no
lives were lost.

1810. Battle of Beaverdams; 570 Americans surprised and taken by the
British.

1812. The grand imperial army of Napoleon, consisting of 470,000 men,
consolidated into three masses, began the Russian campaign by the
passage of the Niemen.

1817. THOMAS M'KEAN died; a signer of the declaration, and governor of
Pennsylvania.

1821. Battle of Carabobo, in Colombia; the royalist army totally
defeated by the republicans, with the loss of their artillery, baggage,
and 6,000 prisoners.

1839. Battle of Nezib, in Syria, between the Turks, 70,000, under the
seraskier, Hafiz pasha, and the Egyptians, 80,000, under Ibrahim. The
Turks were defeated, with the loss of 6,000 killed and many prisoners.

1840. The 400th anniversary of the discovery of the art of printing
celebrated at Boston and various places in Europe.

1848. ANTONIO GAGNA, a Mexican military officer, died at Puebla, aged 64
years, 52 of which he had spent in the service, and acquired the
reputation of a gallant, benevolent and courtly gentleman.

1852. CHRISTOPHER EDWARDS GADSDEN, bishop of the episcopal diocese of
South Carolina, died at Charleston, aged 68.

1852. The first national agricultural convention assembled at
Washington, consisting of 151 members, representing 22 states; Marshall
P. Wilder, of Massachusetts, president.

1853. A courier arrived at St. Petersburg, bringing the refusal of the
sultan of Turkey to the note of the czar, whereupon orders were issued
for the invasion of the Danubian principalities.

1855. Forty-seven Russian ships, of from 200 to 700 tons each, were
destroyed near Nystadt, in the gulf of Bothnia, by boats from the allied
squadron.


JUNE 25.

1208. PHILIP, duke of Swabia, assassinated. He was elected emperor of
Germany, but was obliged to give room to Otho, who had the most powerful
supporters. His memory is still respected in Germany.

1520. The assaults of the Mexicans upon the Spaniards in the centre of
their capital, which had continued without intermission since the
massacre of the 13th May, (q.v.) was made with increased fury on this
day. The Spaniards defended themselves with 12 pieces of artillery,
which made terrible havoc upon their enemy; but as the number of them
was infinite, they covered the sight of their dead with fresh numbers.
The Spaniards with Cortez at their head made a sally into one of the
principal streets, carrying fire and sword among the dense mass,
destroying men and houses before them.

1526. An imperial diet assembled at Spires, and observed the rites of
the reformed church. It was at this sitting that Charles V proposed the
meeting of a general council for reforming the abuses of the church.

1634. JOHN MARSTON died; an English dramatic author. He was a chaste and
pure writer, avoiding the ribaldry and obscenity of the age.

1644. THOMAS WESTFIELD died; a learned English divine, whose eloquence
and pathos procured him the appellation of the weeping prophet.

1663. JOHN BRAMHALL, lord primate of Ireland, died. He was highly
serviceable to the royal cause during the English civil wars.

1667. JOHN HARMAN with 16 ships defeated a French fleet of 30, near
Martinico.

1672. The king of France at the head of 120,000 choice troops, commanded
by the ablest generals in the world, entered Utrecht in triumph, and
advanced within 9 miles of Amsterdam. At this crisis the inhabitants of
Amsterdam opened the sluices and laid the country under water. Fertile
fields, numerous villas and flourishing villages were overwhelmed by the
inundation. They even formed the design of migrating to their
settlements in the East Indies, and erecting a new empire in the
southern extremity of Asia. It was found that there were vessels in the
harbor sufficient to transport 150 families, but a favorable turn in
their affairs, prevented the necessity of having recourse to that
desperate expedient.

1689. WILLIAM THOMAS, an English bishop, died; author of an _Apology for
the Church of England_, and other works.

1695. Namur in Belgium taken from the French after a long and bloody
siege.

1725. JONATHAN WILD, the noted thief catcher, hanged at Tyburn. The
evening previous he tried to poison himself, but lived to be stoned and
hooted by the populace on his way to the gallows.

1744. ROGER GALE, an English antiquary, died; esteemed one of the most
learned and polite scholars of the age.

1767. GODFREY SELLIUS, a Prussian historian, died.

1781. The wives, children and dependents of those inhabitants of
Charleston, who resided in the rebel colonies, ordered by the British to
quit the place by the 1st of August. More than 1,000 persons were thus
exiled.

1782. Action between the French and Spanish fleet, 25 sail, and the
Newfoundland and Quebec fleets; 18 of the latter, laden chiefly with
provisions, were captured.

1784. Judge WHITE, with his family, having ascended the Mohawk river,
landed at the mouth of the Sauquoit. Hence the origin of Whitestown. The
country then was an unbroken wilderness.

1788. Virginia, the tenth state, adopted the federal constitution, 89 to
79, the least majority of any state except New York.

1794. CHARLES BARBAROUX, a noted French revolutionist, guillotined. He
attacked the usurpations of Robespierre and the machinations of the
Jacobins, by which he fell.

1794. Charleroi surrendered to the French under Jourdan, seven days
after the trenches had been opened. General Reinach and 3,000 Austrians
who defended the fortress, were made prisoners of war.

1795. WILLIAM SMELLIE, a Scottish naturalist, died. He was a printer by
profession, wrote for the _Encyclopedia Brittannica_, translated
_Buffon_, and conducted the _Edinburgh Review_ and _Magazine_.

1807. An armistice between the emperors of France and Russia, when they
held a personal conference upon a raft moored in the river Niemen, near
Tilsit. The sovereigns embraced each other, and retiring under a canopy,
had a long conversation, to which no one was a witness.

1813. British under admiral Cockburn, with 2,000 troops, took Hampton,
Va., and pillaged it for two days.

1815. BONAPARTE'S farewell address to his soldiery.

1816. HUGH HENRY BRACKENRIDGE, a Pennsylvania judge, died; known as the
author of _Modern Chivalry_, a poem, and by other works.

1823. ALEXANDER GRIFFITHS, at once a parricide and suicide, was buried
in the cross roads near London; the last so interred, as the act giving
suicides Christian burial then took effect.

1841. ALEXANDER MACOMB, commander in chief of the army of the United
States, died at Washington. He entered the service of the United States
in 1799 as cornet of dragoons; was raised to the rank of brigadier
general in 1814, and commanded at the successful battle of Plattsburgh.

1842. M. SISMONDI, the historian, died near Geneva, aged 69.

1844. JARVIS CUTLER, the first white man that cut down a tree for a
settlement in Ohio, died at Evansville, Indiana.

1852. DUDLEY MARVIN, an eminent lawyer of western New York, died, aged
65, at Ripley, Chautauque county. He was a native of Lyme, Ct., studied
at Canandaigua, and was several times returned to congress.


JUNE 26.

285 B. C. DIONYSIUS of Alexandria began his astronomical era. He was the
first to find the exact limits of the solar year, which he made to
consist of 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes.

44 B. C. The memorable conference between Brutus and Cassius, and Cicero
at Antium.

363. JULIAN, emperor of Rome, died, aged 32. He was elected by his
soldiery, on the death of Constantius, and soon declared himself a
pagan. He was learned and in his private character respectable.

1276. INNOCENT V (Peter de Tarantaise), pope of Rome, died.

1541. FRANCISCO PIZARRO, the Spanish adventurer, assassinated in his own
palace, at noonday, by the friends of Almagro, at the age of 63.

1569. VICTORIUS STRIGELIUS died; a learned professor at Leipsic, and one
of Luther's first disciples.

1574. GABRIEL DE MONTGOMERY, a zealous protestant nobleman, beheaded at
Paris by order of Catharine, who sacrificed him to her unjust revenge.
(See June 29, 1559.)

1657. OLIVER CROMWELL solemnly inaugurated lord protector.

1685. RUMBOLD, the maltster who contrived the Rye house plot taken and
executed at Edinburgh.

1688. RALPH CUDWORTH, a celebrated English divine, died. He was a man of
extensive erudition, well skilled in the languages, an able philosopher,
an acute mathematician and a profound metaphysician.

1691. JOHN FLAVEL died; an English divine, author of _Navigation and
Husbandry Spiritualized_, &c.

1696. Portsmouth plain, N. H., attacked by the Indians; five houses were
assaulted at once, early in the morning, and 14 persons killed on the
spot. One was scalped and left for dead, but afterwards recovered.

1708. The act vacating extravagant grants of land in New York confirmed.

1719. ALEXIS PETROVITZ, only son of Peter the great of Russia, died in
prison. His intemperance alienated him from his father, and he died in
prison under sentence of death.

1748. Indian battle of Marlborough, Vt. Captain Hobbs with 40 men from
No. 4, (Charlestown) on his march through the woods was attacked by a
large body of Indians. Without the least knowledge of their force, Hobbs
instantly gave them a well directed fire, which checked their
impetuosity. A sharp action ensued of four hours, without either side
yielding an inch of their original ground. Sacket, who led the Indians,
finally ordered a retreat, carrying off the dead and wounded. Three of
the English were killed, and as many wounded. This defence was
considered at the time a masterpiece of bravery; the Indians being
estimated four to one of the English.

1749. A conspiracy discovered at Malta against the knights; 125 slaves
suffered death.

1752. GIULIO ALBERONI, a Spanish statesman, died, aged 89. He was the
son of a gardener, and became a great and ambitious man.

1782. Slavery entirely abolished in Austrian Poland.

1784. CÆSAR RODNEY, president of Delaware, died, aged about 54. He voted
for the declaration of independence, and was enabled to afford efficient
aid to Washington in the prosecution of the war. His death is usually
placed in 1783.

1793. GILBERT WHITE, an English naturalist and antiquary, died.

1794. Battle of Fleurus, in Belgium; the allies defeated by the French
under Jourdan, after a contest of 15 hours. On this occasion, Coutel, an
æronaut, with 2 officers, reconnoitered the contending armies in an air
balloon.

1795. PETER DEMOURS died; a French surgeon and oculist, known for his
dexterity, and author of some professional works.

1799. The first newspaper at Brooklyn, New York, issued.

1799. Naples surrendered to lord Nelson; on which occasion Ferdinand
created him duke of Bronte. _Bronte_ was the forge of Cyclops, on which
he forged the thunder of Jove. He also presented him with an estate
worth $18,000 per annum, and a sword valued at 60,000 ducats.

1807. British order in council, blockading the Ems and rivers on the
Baltic.

1807. Conference on the river Niemen between Bonaparte, Alexander of
Russia and Frederick William of Prussia.

1810. JOSEPH MONTGOLFIER, the celebrated inventor of balloons, died.

1814. Attack of the American flotilla and marines under commodore
Barney, upon two British frigates moored at St. Leonard's creek, which
were compelled to retire.

1830. GEORGE IV, of England, died.

1831. Cholera made its appearance at St. Petersburg. The number of cases
in the first 18 days, 4,916; deaths, 2,219.

1834. GILBERT BLANE, a distinguished Scottish physician, died, aged 85.
His career was marked by a zeal for the mitigation of the evils of war
and a sea life, and a diligent cultivation and exertion of solid
talents.

1835. ENOCH CROSBY, the _Harvey Birch_ of Cooper's _Spy_, died. His
services were of great benefit to the commander in chief during a part
of the revolutionary war.

1848. JOHN J. DE GRAFF died at Schenectady; formerly a representative in
congress.

1848. EDWARD B. PHILLIPS died at Brattleborough, leaving an immense
fortune, which he did not know how to enjoy. He bequeathed Harvard
university $100,000.

1849. Panama rail road stock ($1,000,000) subscribed, without effort, in
New York city.

1849. The great crevasse in the levee of the Mississippi river was
stopped.

1852. RALPH WORMLY, a British admiral, died at Utica, New York. He was
retired from actual service, and had resided for some time in Boston.

1853. The czar of Russia issued a manifesto respecting the Turkish
question to his own subjects, pretending to act as the champion of
Christianity.

1855. JOHN J. GUION, a Mississippi jurist, died, aged 54. He held
various important offices of state with ability.


JUNE 27.

432 B. C. The estival solstice of Meton, the Athenian, corresponds with
this day, in the 87th Olympiad. From the time of Solon the Attic months
were lunar, composed alternately of 30 and 29 days.

1137. The city of Bath in England destroyed by fire.

1299. Pope BONIFACE VIII issued an authoritative rescript, directed to
Edward I, claiming the feudal sovereignty over Scotland. Edward received
it in his camp, and in reply formally deduced his claim to the
superiority, from _Brute the Trojan_. His holiness rejoined that the
Scots cared not for Brute the Trojan, as they were derived from _Scota_,
the daughter of Pharaoh, who landed in Ireland, and whose descendants
became kings of Albany by conquest.

1506. FERDINAND of Arragon resigned the government of Castile, and
Philip and Joanna were enthroned.

1534. The University of Oxford unanimously determined that the
jurisdiction of the pope of Rome did not exceed the ministry of any
other English bishop.

1627. VILLIERS, duke of Buckingham, sailed from England on his
expedition against the French coast, from which he returned in disgrace,
with the loss of the flower of his army.

1627. JOHN HAYWARD, an English historian, died. He wrote also
biographies of some of the kings, and several religious works.

1630. FREDERICK MOREL, a learned French printer, died. Some of his
predecessors had been directors of the king's printing house, and his
descendants were also distinguished for their learning, and as elegant
printers.

1651. "Milton's book" burnt at Toulouse by an _arrêt_ of the parliament.
The famous _Defence of the People of England_, was twelve days later
burnt by the common executioner, at Paris, under a judicial sentence.

1689. Dover, N. H., attacked by the Indians. The houses were garrisoned,
but some squaws got permission to sleep by the fire in two of them, who
gave the Indians admission in the night. Several houses were burnt, 23
persons killed, and 29 captivated.

1694. The French under Du Casse, attacked the island of Jamaica, and
laid it waste.

1699. SEBASTIAN JOSEPH DE PONTCHASTEAU, a French author, died;
remarkable for the singularity of his acts of devotion and charity.

1709. Battle of Pultowa in Russia, between the Russians under Peter the
Great and the Swedes under Charles XII, in which the latter were totally
defeated, after a desperate conflict of two hours.

1720. The _Mississippi bubble_ burst in France; amount about
$450,000,000.

1724. A party of 13 Indians, called French Mohawks, attacked the house
of John Hanson, a quaker, in Dover, N. H., killed and scalped two small
children, and carried off his wife, three children and the nurse. The
quakers could not be persuaded to use any means for their defence though
equally exposed with their neighbors to an enemy who made no distinction
between them.

1725. CHRISTIAN HENRY HEINECKEN, an extraordinary German boy, died. He
spoke his maternal tongue fluently at ten months; at one year old he
knew the principal events of the Pentateuch; in two months more he was
master of the entire histories of the Old and New Testament; at two
years and a half he answered the principal questions in geography, and
in ancient and modern history. He spoke Latin and French, German and Low
Dutch, with great facility, before the commencement of his fourth year,
1725, in which he died. His constitution was so delicate that he was not
weaned till a few months before his death.

1742. NATHAN BAILEY, the English lexicographer, died. Besides his well
known dictionary, he was the editor of school editions and translations
of several of the ancient classic poets and historians.

1774. NICHOLAS TINDAL, an English historian, died; known as the
translator of Rapin's history.

1777. WILLIAM DODD, an English divine, hanged for forgery.

1780. I. H. WASER, a Swiss ecclesiastic, executed at Zurich, for some
strictures in a newspaper on the administration of justice in that city.

1785. SAMUEL MATHER, a learned New England divine, died, aged 79. He
wrote the life of his father, Cotton Mather.

1788. Virginia adopted the constitution of the United States,
recommending amendments; tenth state which ratified that document.

1789. Union of all the orders in the national assembly of France.

1794. SIMON NICHOLAS HENRY LINGUET, a French writer, guillotined. The
freedom of his writings drove him from one country to another to escape
prosecution, till he finally came under the revolutionary axe at Paris.
The number of his works is thirty-five.

1794. The populace of Warsaw put eight of their principal noblemen to
death as traitors to their country.

1800. WILLIAM CUMBERLAND CRUIKSHANK, an eminent Scottish anatomist, died
in London, where he distinguished himself as a surgeon and medical
writer.

1801. Cairo surrendered by the French to the Anglo-Turkish army;
conditioned to be sent to France. The army consisted of 13,754 men, of
whom 600 were Greeks and Copts, and 100 Mamelukes.

1806. The British took possession of Montevideo only to be made
prisoners of war.

1817. Fort Bizoton, Port-au-Prince, blown up by its commandant, in
revenge of some supposed injuries received from his superiors. He was
the only one killed.

1819. The commune of Grignoncourt, in the arrondissement of Neufchateau
in France was desolated by a hail storm. M. Jacoutot, the mayor,
collected and melted several weighing upwards of a pound each and having
a transparent stone in the centre, flat, round and polished, and
perforated in the centre. Wherever the hail had fallen, there were
found, when it had melted, many similar stones, hitherto unknown in
Grignoncourt.

1820. JOSEPH VON HAGER, an eminent Chinese scholar, died. He was born in
Italy, studied in Germany, and resided some time in London. He published
several works on Chinese literature, and detected the historical fraud
of Vella, a Sicilian monk.

1826. PETER EDWARD LEMONTEY, a French dramatist, died. He was also an
able statesman, and censor of the theatre.

1828. ABIEL ABBOT, an American clergyman, died; author of _Letters
written in the Interior of Cuba_, and various pamphlets.

1829. Erzeroum, in Turkey, captured by the Russians. Among the prisoners
were the seraskier and 4 pashas, 150 cannon.

1832. Cholera appeared in New York.

1840. LUCIEN BONAPARTE, younger brother of Napoleon, died at Viterbo, in
Italy, aged 66, of a cancer in the breast, the same disease of which
Napoleon died.

1843. JOHN MURRAY, a distinguished London publisher, died. He not only
maintained an eminent position in his profession for a long series of
years, but was much esteemed in private life.

1849. The steamer Europa came in collision with the American bark
Charles Bartlett, on the ocean; the latter was sunk with the loss of 134
persons.

1857. ---- MITCHELL, a North Carolina geologist, was killed by a fall
into the Caney river, while engaged alone in scientific explorations.


JUNE 28.

1059. ABDULLAH, founder of the dynasty of the Almoravides, which ruled
Africa and Spain during a century, died of a wound received in battle.

1598. ABRAHAM ORTELIUS, a Dutch geographer, died. He traveled over a
considerable portion of Europe, and for his knowledge was styled the
Ptolemy of his age.

1632. The original charter of Maryland granted to Cecil, lord Baltimore.
The draft being in Latin, the country was called _Terra Mariæ_, in honor
of the queen.

1650. JOHN DE ROTRON, a distinguished French poet, dramatic writer and
magistrate, died. He lost his life by administering to the necessities
of the poor at a time of plague.

1675. An attack on the head quarters of king Philip, the celebrated
sachem, by a body of the Plymouth colonists, who succeeded in routing
the savages.

1681. First general yearly meeting of the quakers in America, held at
Burlington, New Jersey.

1700. THOMAS CREECH, an eminent English translator, died by his own
hand.

1734. General OGLETHORPE arrived in London from the colony of Georgia,
with several Indian chiefs, among whom was Tomo Chichi.

1748. JOSEPH DE MAILLA, a French missionary, died at Pekin. His great
knowledge of Chinese led to his employment at Pekin, where he became a
great favorite with the emperor, at whose request he constructed a map
of China and Chinese Tartary, and had it engraved in France.

1776. British under Clinton and admiral Parker made an unsuccessful
attempt upon Sullivan's island. The American force was 344 regulars and
a few volunteers. The British made the attack in 10 ships, one of which
was abandoned and burnt. After the action was over 7,000 balls were
picked up.

1778. Battle of Monmouth, between the British under Cornwallis, and the
Americans under Washington. Owing to some mistakes on both sides, the
action was delayed and the day far spent without much fighting. The
Americans were prepared to renew the engagement in the morning, but the
British had retreated during the night in great silence. British loss
246 killed, 59 died of fatigue; American loss 142 killed, 160 wounded.
The day was excessively hot, and many died of fatigue on both sides.

1785. Treaty of fort Herkimer, between the Oneidas, Tuscaroras and the
state of New York.

1794. Battle of Fleurus and capture of chateau de Namur, by the French.
The allies lost more than 7000 men killed, and 1500 prisoners. The
conquest of the Netherlands was greatly influenced by the result of this
battle.

1794. The Poles under Kosciusko, armed with scythes rose upon the
Russians at Cracow and defeated the regular troops.

1796. Battle of Renchen; Moreau victorious over the Austrians.

1797. GEORGE KEATS died; author of _Ancient and Modern Rome_, a poem,
and an account of the Pelew islands.

1802. THOMAS GARNET died; an English physician and chemist, and an
author on chemistry, &c.

1802. M. GARNERIN ascended in a balloon from Chelsea, England, and made
an ærial voyage of more than 50 miles at the rate of 70 miles an hour.
This was the most memorable ascent in England from the time of Leonardi.

1808. Valencia, in Spain, assaulted by the French under Moncey; they
were repulsed with the loss of 1000 men.

1809. First steam boat on lake Champlain, arrived at St. Johns, Canada,
from Burlington, Vt. She was 120 feet long, 10 wide, and drew 3½ feet
water.

1811. Battle of Tarragona, in Spain; the city carried by the French
under Suchet, with horrible slaughter; 10,000 prisoners taken, 384
cannon, 40,000 balls, and 500,000 quintals powder, &c.

1814. United States sloop of war Wasp, 20 guns, Capt. Blakeley, captured
in 19 minutes British sloop of war Reindeer, 19 guns, 118 men. British
loss Capt. Manners and 24 killed, 42 wounded; American loss 9 killed, 17
wounded.

1815. Commodore DECATUR arrived off Algiers with the American squadron.

1815. Russians under Blucher defeated the French at Villers Coterets,
took 1500 prisoners and six cannon.

1815. Allies under Colloredo engaged the French near Befort; allies lost
300.

1815. French 8000 strong driven through Chevannes at the point of the
bayonet.

1815. General CRENEVILLE attacked Carouge, crossed the Arve near Geneva,
which was also taken.

1815. Troops of Gen. Bubna passed mount Cenis, one of the loftiest peaks
of the Alps, in Savoy.

1815. The head of the bridge of Arly in Savoy carried by assault by the
allied Sardinians, Piedmontese and Austrians, with the loss of 1000 men.

1835. CHARLES MATTHEWS, an eminent English comedian, died, aged 79;
author of a monodramatic entertainment called _Matthews at Home_, which
was extremely popular in England and America.

1836. JAMES MADISON, 4th president of the United States, died, aged 86.
He was distinguished for his great talents and acquirements, for the
important offices which he filled, and for his virtues in private life.

1838. Coronation of Victoria celebrated in London with great splendor
and parade.

1839. Indian battle in Arkansas between the Ross and Ridge parties of
Cherokees; about 50 were killed on both sides, and among them John Ross,
head of the Ross party; John Ridge the leader of the other party, having
been previously killed. (See June 10.)

1847. ALEXANDER HILL EVERETT died at Canton, China. He was some time
editor and principal proprietor of the _North American Review_, and at
his death commissioner of the United States to China.

1848. The revolution in Wallachia ended in the flight of the prince and
the establishment of a provincial government.

1854. A military insurrection broke out in Spain.

1855. Battle of Rivas, in Central America. Col. Walker arrived in brig
Vista and landed his forces and those of Gen. Castillon; but was forced
to retire.

1855. FITZROY JAMES HENRY SOMERSET, baron Raglan, commander of the
British forces in the Crimea, died of cholera at Sebastopol, aged 66. He
served with Wellington on the Peninsula, and lost his right arm at the
battle of Waterloo. During the arduous duties of the campaign in Turkey,
he won the confidence of the army by his calmness, quick perception and
fortitude, and performed great and brilliant services. He was succeeded
by Maj. Gen. James Simpson.


JUNE 29.

65. PETER, the apostle, crucified at Rome, in the reign of Nero. On the
evening of this day, St. Peter's church at Rome is splendidly
illuminated.

455. The sack of Rome under Genseric, the Vandal, terminated. It had
continued 14 days. The spoils of Jerusalem were removed to Carthage.

794. OFFA, a powerful English king, died. He corresponded on flattering
terms with Charlemagne, and fixed a seal to his charters.

1033. A great eclipse of the sun was observed. In France it caused
almost midnight darkness at noon.

1215. King JOHN signed magna charta, or the great charter of liberties,
which is esteemed the basis and palladium of British freedom, on this
day, at Runemede, a meadow on the banks of the Thames, between Staines
and Windsor, now occupied as a race course. Of 26 barons who subscribed
this document, only 3 could write their own names. (This event is
attributed to various days.)

1450. WILLIAM ASCOUGH, bishop of Sarum, murdered at the altar by Jack
Cade and his followers.

1502. COLUMBUS arrived at Hispaniola on his fourth voyage.

1509. MARGARET OF LANCASTER, mother of Henry VII, died. She was a
munificent patron of learning, and the founder of St. John's and
Christ's colleges at Cambridge. She sustained an excellent character.

1519. CHARLES V declared emperor by the electoral voices.

1559. HENRY II of France wounded in the eye with a spear, at a famous
tournament, by the English count de Montgomery, of which he died. (See
July 10.)

1573. GASPARD SANLY DE TAVANNES, a distinguished French general, died.
He was an honor to the military profession, and by his exertions the
king of Navarre and the prince of Conde escaped the massacre of St.
Bartholomews.

1586. PRIMUS TRUBER, a Lutheran minister, who gave the first edition of
the Vandalie scriptures, died.

1612. A lottery drawn in London for the benefit of the Virginia
plantations, the profits of which amounted to nearly £30,000.

1644. Battle of Cropredy bridge; the parliament forces under Waller,
defeated by the royalists.

1667. The French, Dutch and Danes concluded a peace with England at
Breda.

1674. CHARLES II granted to his brother, the duke of York, the territory
of the state of Delaware, then a part of New Netherland.

1678. Grenadiers introduced into England.

1716. ERNESTUS AUGUSTUS, duke of Brunswick, Lunenburg, and bishop of
Osnabruck, brother to George I, created duke of York and Albany, in
Great Britain, and earl of Ulster in Ireland.

1734. Battle of Parma, in Italy; the imperialists defeated by the
French, and their general and 5,000 men killed.

1754. Lieutenant-governor DELANCEY opened at Albany a treaty with the
Indians, who had been tardy in assembling at the convention of the
provinces. A preconcerted speech was delivered, and the presents were
distributed in the name of all the colonies.

1779. ANTHONY RAPHAEL MENGS, an eminent Bohemian painter and author,
died at Rome.

1793. FRANCIS CHARLES VIVOT DE SOMBREUIL, a French general, guillotined
at Paris, together with his eldest son, for their attachment to the
king.

1794. MOREAU entered Bruges--British quitted Ostend--French defeated at
Guadaloupe.

1810. British ships Amphion, Cerberus and Active, burnt 26 vessels in
the harbor of Grao, Spain, and brought off 26 with their cargos.

1811. French took fort Olivo by stratagem, and captured 900 Spaniards
without firing a gun.

1813. British sloop of war Persian, wrecked on the Silver keys, in
chasing the American privateer Saucy Jack.

1813. VALENTINE GREEN, an English mezzotinto engraver, died. Besides his
great merit as an artist, he is also known as the author of a valuable
work on antiquities.

1816. Pope PIUS VII issued his bull against Bible societies, and
prohibited the circulation of Bibles published by heretics, as eminently
dangerous to souls.

1816. DAVID WILLIAMS, an English miscellaneous writer, died. He founded
the literary fund.

1836. EDWARD SMEDLEY, prebendary of Lincoln, died; author of several
poems, a history of the reformed religion in France, and editor of the
_Encyclopedia Metropolitana_.

1837. HOFRATH ALOYSIUS HIRT died at Berlin, Prussia, aged 78; an eminent
archæologist, distinguished for his attainments in literature and the
fine arts, one of whose chief works was on the architecture of the
ancients.

1840. THOMAS SIMPSON, companion of Mr. Dean in the discovery of the
north-west passage, died by his own hand at Turtle river, aged 32. He
was a native of Scotland, and for four years had been actively engaged
in the prosecution of the discoveries which will immortalize his name,
and for which he is represented to have possessed uncommon
qualifications.

1848. Croton aqueduct bridge over the Harlem completed; 1,400 feet long,
resting on 15 arches, 8 of them 80 feet span; a work of surpassing skill
and magnitude.

1850. Part of the Table rock at Niagara falls gave way.

1852. HENRY CLAY, an eminent American statesman, died, aged 75. Having
received a common school education, he commenced the study of the law at
the age of 19, and became one of the most distinguished orators of his
day. He was an earnest supporter of the colonization society, and twice
an unsuccessful candidate for the office of president of the United
States.


JUNE 30.

1513. HENRY VIII embarked with his forces at Dover for the invasion of
France, appointing his "most dear consort, queen Catharine, rectrix and
governor of the realm."

1520. MONTEZUMA, the Mexican monarch, died. The situation of the
Spaniards becoming desperate, Cortez persuaded the captive monarch to
address his people from a terrace, and request them to desist from their
attacks and allow the Spaniards to evacuate the city. The Indians were
silent while he spoke, but answered that they had promised their gods
never to stop till the Spaniards were totally destroyed. A shower of
stones and arrows then fell about the spot where he stood, which were
warded off by the shields of the soldiers. At the moment they removed
their shields, that the king might renew his address, three stones and
an arrow struck him to the ground. He died, less of his wounds than of
sorrow and indignation, at the age of 54.

1543. Battle of Atherton moor, in England; lord Fairfax defeated by the
royalists, and totally routed.

1607. CÆSAR BARONIUS, an Italian cardinal, died. His works are numerous
and valuable, especially the _Ecclesiastical Annals_, 12 vols. folio.

1666. ALEXANDER DE BROME, an English poet, died; author of innumerable
odes and sonnets written during the English revolution, in which the
round heads are treated with great keenness and severity.

1670. HENRIETTA, duchess of Orleans, and sister to king Charles II, died
in her 26th year. Suspicions were entertained that she had been poisoned
by her husband for infidelity.

1685. ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL, duke of Argyle, beheaded at Edinburgh for
seditious measures. His father was also beheaded there 24 years before,
as a traitor.

1690. Battle of Fleurus, in the Netherlands; the allies defeated by the
French under Luxembourg, with the loss of 6,000 killed, 8,000 prisoners,
and all their artillery and baggage.

1690. The Dutch and English fleets under Torrington, engaged the French
fleet off Beachey head, and were defeated. English loss 2 ships, 400
men; Dutch loss 2 admirals, 6 ships; the king, William, was wounded by a
cannon ball.

1694. ADAM LITTLETON, an excellent English philologist and grammarian,
died.

1697. THOMAS POPE BLOUNT died; an eminent English writer and a man of
great learning and research.

1703. Battle of Eeckeren, between the French and confederated armies of
the English and Dutch, in which the slaughter on both sides was very
great.

1733. Twenty sail of merchant ships destroyed by a hurricane at St.
Christophers.

1734. Dantzic, in Prussia, surrendered to the Russians.

1777. British evacuated Amboy, N. J., and encamped opposite, on Staten
island.

1785. JAMES OGLETHORPE, the first governor of Georgia, died in England,
aged 97. He took an active part in the settlement of Georgia, and
founded the town of Savannah. He displayed great courage and address in
protecting the colony from incursions of the Spaniards.

1797. RICHARD PARKER hanged; author of the noted rebellion in the
English fleet at the Nore.

1797. The chief officers of the Cisalpine republic installed by
Bonaparte. This like the French republic, was but of short continuance.

1802. Treaty of Buffalo creek, when the Senecas sold their land west of
Genesee river to the state.

1803. Two British ships captured off St. Domingo the French frigate
Creole, 44 guns, having on board 100 blood hounds for the French army
against the blacks.

1815. Action in the strait of Sunda, between United States sloop of war
Peacock, and British king's ship Nautilus. The latter was captured in 15
minutes, but was given up next day, as hostilities had ceased twelve
days before between the two countries.

1815. Treaty of peace concluded between the United States and Algiers,
in which the dey relinquished the payment of tribute to the Algerines,
released the prisoners, and made restitution for American property
captured by his cruisers.

1815. Allied army from the heights of Belleville, commenced their
attacks on Paris.

1817. The Prussian government prohibited the further use of the term
_protestant_ in the country, as being obsolete and unmeaning, since the
protestants did not any longer protest, and ordered the word
_evangelical_ to be substituted for it.

1817. CHRISTOPHER DANIEL EBELING, a German geographer, died. His great
work, the _Geography and History of North America_, was completed and
published at Hamburg 1799, in 5 vols. His collection of books in
relation to America, nearly 4,000 in number, were purchased by Israel
Thorndike of Boston, and presented to Harvard college.

1821. JOSE FERNANDEZ ABASCAL died, aged 78; long engaged in the military
service of Spain, and viceroy of Peru during the early part of the war
of independence in South America.

1831. WILLIAM ROSCOE, an English biographer and miscellaneous writer,
died. He was of humble parentage, but his lives of Lorenzo the
Magnificent, and Leo X, give him an exalted and enduring reputation.

1832. Silistria, in Bulgaria, surrendered to the Russians. The trophies
were 8,000 prisoners, 2 three-tailed pashas, 250 cannon, &c.

1835. BENJAMIN PRITCHARD, the Kentucky giant, died. His disease was
dropsy; his weight 525 pounds.

1840. The sub-treasury, or independent treasury bill passed the house of
representatives in congress, by a vote of 124 to 105.

1855. The yellow fever became epidemic in New Orleans.




JULY.


JULY 1.

1452 B. C. AARON, the Jewish high priest, died on the first day of the
month Ab, at the age of 123.

1190. The crusaders under Richard Plantagenet and Philip de Valois,
amounting to 100,000 warriors and pilgrims, assembled in the plains of
Vezelai.

1270. LOUIS IX of France sailed from Aigues Mortes, on his fatal crusade
against the infidels of Tunis.

1413. PIERRE DES ESSARS, a French nobleman, executed. He served in the
Scottish army against England, 1402, and was taken prisoner. On his
return to France he became a statesman, but was suspected of some
political heresies, which forfeited his life.

1450. JACK CADE took possession of Southwark, and two days after entered
London, cutting the ropes of the draw bridge with his sword.

1520. CORTEZ secretly evacuated the city of Mexico with the remains of
his army. The Spaniards commenced their retreat a little before
midnight, which was soon discovered by the Mexicans, who assailed them
on all sides, so that it was with the utmost hazard of entire
destruction that they effected their escape, with the loss of 600
Spaniards and 4,000 allies. All their artillery, all the riches they had
amassed, the manuscripts of Cortez, were lost; together with 40 horses,
most of their prisoners, and the men and women in the service of the
Spaniards, were killed. It was one of the most horrible and disastrous
scenes on record, and acquired the name among the Spaniards of the
_noche triste_.

1555. JOHN BRADFORD, an English martyr in the reign of queen Mary, and
an eloquent preacher, burnt at Smithfield for heresy.

1582. JAMES CRICHTON (_the admirable_) assassinated at Mantua. He was a
native of Scotland, and altogether a most extraordinary character, about
whom authors differ also most extraordinarily, some even treating his
existence as fabulous. Urquhart places his death on the 27th February,
at the carnival.

1614. ISAAC CASAUBON, a celebrated Swiss critic and theologian, died at
London. Nearly all the ancient classics are indebted to his valuable
researches.

1626. Chaplains first appointed to each ship in the British navy.

1627. King CHARLES I of England dismissed his queen's French servants,
which occasioned a war with France.

1643. The great assembly of divines met at Westminster in the Jerusalem
chamber; 118 preachers and 26 laymen.

1676. New Jersey divided into East and West Jersey; the former granted
to George Carteret, the latter to William Penn and others.

1681. OLIVER PLUNKET, primate of Ireland, executed at Tyburn. It was
afterwards discovered that he was guiltless of the crimes imputed to
him, and that he fell a sacrifice to the intrigues of some of his
priesthood.

1690. Battle of the Boyne, in Ireland, which decided the fate of James
II and the Stuart dynasty, and established William III on the British
throne. The duke of Schomberg, one of the ablest generals of the time,
was killed, at the age of 82. Also the Irish rector, George Walker,
famous for his heroism. The forces of James were but 27,000, opposed to
36,000 strong.

1709. EDWARD LHUYD died; a celebrated antiquary and linguist, and keeper
of the Ashmolean museum.

1731. JOHN MONTGOMERY, governor of New York, died. He possessed a kind
and human disposition, and his death was much lamented.

1743. Action between the British ship Centurion, 60 guns, 400 men, Com.
Anson, and Spanish ship Acapulco, 64 guns, 550 men. The latter was
captured, with above a million and a half of dollars on board. Spanish
loss 67 killed, 84 wounded; British loss 2 killed, 17 wounded. (See June
15, 1744.)

1762. JOHN BAPTIST NOLIN, a French geographer, died at Paris.

1766. JOHN FRANCIS LEFEVRE DE LABARRE, a young French nobleman,
executed. A wooden crucifix had been defaced on a public bridge, at
which the bishop of Amiens was greatly enraged, and demanded a
disclosure of the perpetrators. Labarre was arraigned on the false
accusation of his enemy, Duval de Saucourt, and the indictment also
charged him with having passed a procession of monks without taking off
his hat. He was sentenced to have his tongue cut out, his right hand cut
off, and to be burnt alive. This sentence the parliament of Paris
commuted, by a small majority, into decapitation before burning. Labarre
was scarcely nineteen years old, and was one of the latest victims of
that religious fanaticism in France which led to the revolution.
Voltaire exerted himself as warmly against this infamous act, as he had
against the execution of Calas.

1780. Action off cape Finisterre between British ship Romney, 50 guns,
and French frigate Artois, 40 guns, 460 men. The Artois was captured in
45 minutes, 20 killed, 40 wounded; British 2 wounded.

1780. JOHN BELL, a celebrated Scottish traveler, died, aged 91. He
commenced his travels about the year 1714, in the employ of Peter the
Great of Russia, with whom he was on terms of great intimacy; and
extended his travels into many different countries; was afterwards for
several years a merchant at Constantinople, and finally in 1747 returned
to his native country to spend the remainder of his life in ease and
affluence on his estates of Antermony.

1781. Battle of Porto Novo, in Hindostan; 7,000 British under sir Eyre
Coote defeated Hyder Ally and 150,000 men. English loss about 400 killed
and wounded; Hyder lost many of his best officers and 4,000 killed.

1782. The marquis of ROCKINGHAM, first lord of the English treasury,
died. His merit was his patriotism, and his patronizing such men as
Burke, and bringing them into influence.

1798. Alexandria, in Egypt, taken by the French under Bonaparte, who
issued a proclamation, stating that he venerated God, the prophet, and
the koran, and more than the Mamelukes did.

1800. JEAN CLAUDE D'ARCON, a French general and engineer, died. He
invented the floating batteries, which were intended to reduce
Gibraltar.

1810. LOUIS BONAPARTE abdicated the throne of Holland, and retired to
Austria as a private individual.

1814. Peresque Isle surprised by the United States troops under
lieutenant Gregory.

1818. THOMAS BERNARD, founder of the British gallery, died. He was
eminent as a philanthropist.

1820. Toll first demanded and received on the Erie canal.

1832. Rite of suttee abolished in Hindostan by the British authorities.

1835. JAMES GIBBON, the hero of Stony point, died at Richmond, where for
several years he had been collector of customs.

1839. MAHMOUD II, sultan of Turkey, died in the 54th year of his age and
31st of his reign.

1839. About 150 Chippewa Indians treacherously massacred at the falls of
St. Anthony, and 20 on the St. Croix, by the Sioux, who had invited the
Chippewas to meet for the purpose of forming a treaty of peace. About 50
of the Sioux were killed.

1850. SERGEANT S. PRENTISS, a distinguished American lawyer, died, aged
40.

1853. ARTHUR LIVERMORE, a New Hampshire jurist, died at Campton, N. H.,
aged 87.

1854. WALDO J. BURNETT died at Boston, aged 25; a distinguished
physician and naturalist, and author of several tracts on medical
subjects.

1855. There was a second Sunday demonstration in Hyde park, London, by a
large and excited mob, against sir Robert Grosvenor's Sunday bill.

1856. A heavy gale on the coast of Labrador, when of a fleet of 30
vessels, 29 were driven on shore and lost.


JULY 2.

928. JOHN X, pope of Rome, suffocated in prison. Better fitted for
heading an army than governing the church, he was victorious over the
Turks in battle.

936. HENRY I (_the fowler_), of Germany, died. He was successful in his
wars, strengthened his empire, and promoted harmony and union among the
German princes.

1296. JOHN BALIOL subscribed his abdication at Kincardin. For three
years he had the tower of London and a circuit round the walls for
twenty miles for his possession; and in 1299 was permitted to retire
into Normandy, where he died forgotten six years afterwards.

1491. Madeira, an island in the Atlantic, covered with wood (whence its
name), discovered by John Gonzales Zarco, in the service of Portugal. It
was the next year colonized, and planted with the Cyprian vine and sugar
cane of Sicily.

1492. ADOLPHUS, emperor of Germany, killed. He was a poor count, elected
partly through intrigue, and his reign was a series of intrigues to
maintain himself in power. The throne was finally given to Albert of
Austria, and when the two emperors met in battle, they fought hand to
hand, and Adolphus was killed by the lance of his rival. His abilities
were inadequate to his station.

1566. MICHAEL NOSTRODAMUS died; an able French physician and celebrated
astrologer.

1609. HUDSON on his first voyage, after various vicissitudes, through
storm and ice, loss of foremast and sails, arrived off the banks of
Newfoundland, and refreshed his men by a heavy _catch_ of cod.

1644. Battle of Marston Moor; the parliament army under Cromwell and
Fairfax, defeated the royalists under prince Rupert, who lost the whole
of his artillery and left the northern counties in the hands of the
confederates.

1692. ADRIAN DE VALOIS (or Valesius) died; a learned French historian
and critic.

1704. Battle of Donauworth, in Bavaria; the French and Bavarians
defeated by the duke of Marlborough. Loss about 6,000 on each side.

1730. LAURENCE CORSINI was elected pope by the conclave, after it had
sat four months. He took the name of Clement XII.

1740. THOMAS BAKER, a learned and ingenious English antiquary, died. He
wrote with great purity of style.

1741. THOMAS MORECROFT died; the person who figures in the _Spectator_
as _Will Wimble_.

1775. WASHINGTON arrived at Cambridge, and took command of the American
army, then consisting of 14,500 men.

1776. The memorable resolution, declaring the North American colonies
independent, passed by congress, without one dissenting colony. It was
proclaimed on the 4th, and hence that day is celebrated, instead of
this, which is, perhaps, better entitled to the honor.

1778. A fanatic calling herself queen Beck, assaulted king George III as
he was alighting from his carriage.

1778. JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU died at Paris. He was the son of a
watchmaker at Geneva, and strayed to Paris while young, where he became
one of the most celebrated authors of the day. His works are collected
in 33 vols.

1782. DIONYSIUS DIDEROT, a noted French philosopher, died. He was the
son of a cutler, educated by the Jesuits. Rejecting the ecclesiastical
profession for literature, he became an author, and conceived the
stupendous design of the _Dictionnaire Encyclopédique_, on which he
labored 20 years. He was a Jacobin, and contributed his full share to
the revolution.

1800. Bill for the union of Great Britain and Ireland signed by order of
the king, George III.

1802. Colonel BARRE, so noted in the British parliament as an opponent
to the American war, died. He had been blind for many years.

1805. PATRICK RUSSELL, a British physician, died at London; author of a
valuable treatise on the plague, and several estimable works on natural
history.

1807. JEFFERSON issued his proclamation forbidding all intercourse with
British ships of war, and ordering all those within the American waters
to withdraw therefrom. (See June 22.)

1812. American embargo expired by its own limitation. On the same day
the frigate Essex, captain Porter, sailed from New York on a cruise
against the British, on which occasion he hoisted a white flag, bearing
the motto, "Free trade and sailor's rights."

1812. PETER GANSEVOORT, a distinguished American officer, died at
Albany, aged 63.

1816. BENJAMIN THOMPSON died; formerly a timber merchant, translator of
the _German Theatre_, and author of several other productions. His death
was caused by extreme sensitiveness at the manner in which his play of
_Oberon's Oath_ was received. It was hissed on the first representation,
at which he was extremely dejected; at its second representation it was
received with universal applause, which elated him so much that he died
of the excitement.

1830. Battle near Milliduse between the Turks and Russians. The Turks
were defeated with considerable loss, and their general, Hadki pasha,
taken prisoner.

1840. The port of Canton, in China, blockaded by the British under
commodore Bremer.

1849. The city of Rome surrendered to the French.

1851. CAROLINE AMELIA HALSTED, an English authoress, died. Of three or
four works which she published the principal one is a _Life of Richard
III_, in 2 volumes, octavo.

1851. WILLIAM BERRY, an English author, died at Bristol, aged 77; author
of various works on genealogy and heraldry.

1853. The Russian troops under prince Gortschakoff crossed the Pruth and
invaded Turkey.

1853. A controversy having arisen between the consuls of Austria and
America at Smyrna about Martin Koszta, an Austrian refugee, captain
Ingraham of the American sloop of war St. Louis, hearing of a design to
convey him to Trieste, demanded the surrender of Koszta before 4
o'clock, and brought his guns to bear on the Austrian brig. An
engagement was prevented by the compromise that Koszta be delivered to
the French consul at Smyrna for safe keeping.

1855. The legislature of Kansas met at Pawnee and organized; Thomas
Johnson, president of the council, and John H. Stringfellow, speaker of
the house.

1855. THOMAS WEAVER, an eminent English geologist, died at Pimlico, aged
82.

1855. CHARLES ELKINS, a British admiral of the red, died, aged 87. He
published a review of the naval battles from 1744 to 1814.

1856. ROWLAND STEPHENSON, for many years a London banker, and also a
member of parliament, died at Bristol, Pa., aged 83. He had resided in
this country about thirty years.


JULY 3.

237. ANTONIUS AFRICANUS GORDIAN, killed near Carthage by a general of
Maximinus, during whose reign he had been elected emperor, much against
his will.

323. Battle of Adrianople and overthrow of Lucinius, when Constantine
took possession of Byzantium, which he afterwards made the seat of his
empire, and named it Constantinopolis.

987. Inauguration at Rheims of Hugh Capet, son of Hugo, duke of
Burgundy, and founder of the third race in the French monarchy--the
Capetan.

1437. The sacred play of _The Passion_ represented in the park of
Vexmeil, attended by the French nobility.

1521. CORTEZ attempted to retake the city of Mexico by storm, but was
repulsed with the loss of 60 Spaniards, 1000 allies, 7 horses and 1
cannon. The Mexicans made prisoners of 40 Spaniards, who were
immediately sacrificed in their great temple to the war god.

1608. CHAMPLAIN, who took the charge of conducting the French colony in
Arcadie, after examining all the eligible places on the St. Lawrence,
selected a spot at the confluence of that river and the St. Charles,
about 320 miles from the sea, where he erected barracks, cleared the
ground for tillage, and on this day laid the foundation of Quebec.

1642. MARY DE MEDICIS, of France, died; the promoter of the massacre of
St. Bartholomews.

1672. FRANCIS WILLOUGHBY, an English naturalist, died. To rank and
fortune he added great application, and had traversed the principal
countries of Europe in pursuit of his favorite study, the history of
animals, when he was cut off at the early age of 37.

1676. Indian battle near Narraganset; the main body of the Indians were
surprised at a large cedar swamp, and attacked so suddenly that a
considerable number were killed or taken on the spot, and those who fled
into the thicket were surrounded. They lost 171 on this occasion.

1743. GABRIEL ROMANOVITCH DERSHAVIN, a celebrated Russian poet, died.

1769. The first theatrical performance enacted in Albany, by a company
from New York, having gained permission "for one month only" from "his
excellency the governor." The play was _Venice Preserved_; the place,
the hospital.

1776. Three towns in Turkey, containing 10,000 inhabitants, destroyed by
an earthquake.

1779. Grenada, in the West Indies, taken by the French under count
d'Estaing.

1789. JAMES BERNOUILLI II, a learned German mathematician, died of
apoplexy while bathing in the Neva at St. Petersburg.

1794. Earthquake in Natolia, Asia Minor, destroyed several large and
populous towns and villages, one of which was Amasia, the birth place of
Strabo.

1795. British squadron off St. Maloes captured a French brig and six
merchantmen.

1797. Admiral NELSON, in his barge, captured a Spanish launch, after a
severe engagement, in the course of which he narrowly escaped death, by
the assistance of his coxswain.

1807. British Capt. DOUGLAS threatened to capture all vessels from
Norfolk, unless the magistrates permitted him to have communication with
the British consul at that place; they refused.

1811. American government resolved to occupy West Florida; the British
government remonstrated against it.

1814. United States troops under Gen. Brown, effected a landing on the
Canadian frontier, between Chippewa and Fort Erie, which latter
surrendered.

1815. Commercial treaty between England and America signed at London.

1833. Naval battle between the fleet of Don Pedro, under the command of
admiral Napier, and that of Don Miguel, in which the latter was defeated
with the loss of 6 vessels.

1838. SAMUEL THORNTON, an English gentleman, distinguished for his
benevolence and usefulness, died, aged 83. He was 53 years a director of
the bank of England, and 40 years a member of parliament.

1849. The French republican army, commanded by Gen. Oudinot, entered
Rome.

1851. EDWARD QUILLINAN, a British author, died. He married a daughter of
the poet Wadsworth, and was particularly accomplished in Portuguese
literature.

1853. SAMUEL PUTNAM, a Massachusetts judge and senator, died at
Somerville, aged 85.

1853. The American expedition under commodore Perry, left Loo Choo for
Japan.

1854. Princess DE LA MOSKWA, widow of marshal Ney, died in Paris.

1854. THOMAS RITCHIE died, aged 75; celebrated as the editor of the
_Richmond Inquirer_ and the _Washington Union_. He wielded great
political influence in Virginia, his native state.

1855. The Cunard steamer Persia was launched at Glasgow.


JULY 4.

1097. Battle of Dorylæum, in Phrygia, and rout of the Moslems under
Soliman.

1450. Lord SAY and SELE beheaded by order of Jack Cade, at Cheapside,
London.

1533. JOHN FRYTH, an English preacher, burnt at Smithfield for the
heresy of Lutheranism.

1563. Leeds bridge school was founded in the time of Henry VIII.

1584. AMIDAS and BARLOW, two experienced commodores sent out by sir
Walter Raleigh for the purpose of discovering and taking possession of
the American continent north of Florida, arrived at the coast on this
day. Sailing along the shore 120 miles, they entered the mouth of a
river and took formal possession of the country for the queen of
England, delivering it over to the use of sir Walter. (See June 10,
1584.)

1623. WILLIAM BIRD, a celebrated English musical composer, died, aged
80. His music outlived his history, few particulars of his life being
known.

1653. The parliament, commonly called _Barebone's_, from a zealot of
that name who was one of the 120 members, assembled at Whitehall, and
Cromwell delegated to them their chairs for fifteen months.

1663. CHARLES II of England, reviewed his 4000 guards, then the whole
regular force of the kingdom, yet deemed dangerous to liberty. The king
and his brother imputed the misfortune of their father, Charles I, to
the want of a regular army.

1669. ANTHONY ESCOBA DE MENDOZA, a Spanish Jesuit, died. He was for many
years a popular preacher, and bequeathed to posterity 40 vols. folio of
his own writings.

1670. GEORGE, duke of Albemarle, captain-general of his majesty's
forces, died at the cockpit. Possibly some lessons of ferocity might be
learned there.

1671. MERIC CASAUBON, a Swiss _literateur_ and critic, died in London.
Considerable offers were made him by Cromwell to write the history of
the civil war, which he refused.

1744. Thirty-two wagons, variously decorated, loaded with the treasure
brought home by Anson, guarded by his seamen, passed St. James's in
London to the Tower.

1749. JOSEPH VANAKEN, a celebrated Dutch painter, died.

1754. The commissioners of the American colonies met at Albany for the
purpose of holding a conference with the Indians, (see June 19,)
proposed a plan for the union of the colonies, which was agreed to this
day, exactly 22 years before the declaration of independence. Its fate
was singular. It was rejected in America because it was supposed to put
too much power into the hands of the king; and it was rejected in
England, because it was supposed to give too much power to the
assemblies of the colonies.

1757. JOHN JOSEPH VADE, an excellent French poet, died. His youth was
spent in dissipation, for which he made some amends in the brief space
allowed him by his impaired constitution.

1761. SAMUEL RICHARDSON, an English printer, died; known as the author
of a series of moral romances, among which _Pamela_ and _Sir Charles
Grandison_ are the most noted. The former suggested to Fielding his
famous _Tom Jones_.

1776. Declaration of American independence adopted by congress. It was
39 times before that body previous to its adoption. It may be added that
this event took place 264 years after the discovery of America by
Columbus, 160 from the first effectual settlement of Virginia, and 150
from the settlement of Plymouth.

1777. Boonesborough attacked by 200 Indians, who killed and wounded 2 of
the pioneer's men. All the settlements were attacked at the same time.

1778. FRANCESCO MANOEL, the most celebrated lyric poet of modern
Portuguese literature, escaped the inquisition by disarming the officer
sent to arrest him, and fled to Paris. He became obnoxious to the holy
office by some expressions concerning toleration and monks, in his
translation of Moliere's _Tartuffe_.

1780. British admiral GEARY captured 12 French merchantmen from
Port-au-Prince.

1781. Williamsburg, Va., evacuated by the British under Cornwallis.

1789. GOSEN VAN SCHAICK, a brigadier general in the United States
continental army, died at Albany.

1790. Action between the Swedish and Russian fleets, in which the former
under the king, Charles XII, were defeated with great loss.

1793. Action off the capes of Virginia, between the French privateer,
Citizen Genet, and two armed English vessels with a convoy. The convoy
was captured and the two vessels much damaged. The Genet had 30 men, not
one of whom was wounded by the enemy.

1800. A Mr. RUSBY was found guilty of reselling grain (technically
regrading) in the market of Mark Lane. The judge, lord Kenyon, remarking
to the jury, "You have conferred by your verdict almost the greatest
benefit on your country that ever was conferred by any jury!"

1803. A remarkable ball of fire fell upon a public house at Wapping,
England. It was accompanied with thunder.

1804. Mail stage commenced running once a week from Pittsburg and
Philadelphia.

1806. Battle of Maida, in Italy; the French defeated by the British and
Sicilians, with the loss of 800 killed and 1000 taken prisoners; British
loss 45 killed 282 wounded.

1808. FISHER AMES, an American orator and statesman, died, aged 50. He
possessed a mind of great and extraordinary character.

1813. United States smack Yankee captured by boarding, without any loss,
British sloop Eagle.

1814. A part of the United States forces under Gen. W. Scott, advanced
from fort Erie towards the British works at Chippewa. A smart action was
had with the British at Street's creek. The division which crossed under
Capt. Turner was attacked by a very superior force; but they gallantly
cut their way through to a house, where they made a stand until
relieved.

1816. RICHARD WATSON, bishop of Landaff, died; known by his _Apology for
the Bible_, in answer to Paine's _Age of Reason_.

1817. The construction of the Erie canal commenced, in the neighborhood
of Rome, Oneida county, New York.

1826. THOMAS JEFFERSON, third president of the United States, and author
of the _Declaration of Independence_, died, just 50 years from the date
of that document, aged 83.

1826. JOHN ADAMS, second president of the United States, died, aged 91.
He was one of those patriots who most warmly advocated the declaration
of independence in congress, and was an able statesman.

1831. JAMES MONROE, fifth president of the United States, died, aged 73.
He joined the revolutionary army in 1778, and after the close of the
war was constantly in the service of his country, as a statesman, till
the close of his life.

1845. Texas finally annexed to the United States, by a convention of its
citizens ratifying the action of the United States senate.

1845. An Englishman by the name of SPEER, accompanied by three chamois
hunters, set out from Interlachen to ascend the Wetterhorn, or peak of
tempests, one of the highest of the Oberland Alps, which had never been
trodden by the foot of man. They reached the summit on the 8th, after a
tedious and dangerous effort. The height of the peak ascended is 12,000
feet and upwards.

1848. DE CHATEAUBRIAND, a distinguished French savan, died at Paris,
aged 80.

1848. Treaty of peace with Mexico proclaimed at Washington.

1848. Ceremony of laying the corner stone of the Washington monument at
Washington, conducted with great pomp.

1849. Two thousand and seventy-four immigrants arrived in the steerage
at New York.

1850. KIRBY, an eminent entomologist, died at Suffolk, England, aged 91.
His work on the bees of England described upwards of 200 wild species in
that country.

1853. The first Norwegian rail road opened.

1854. A collision on the Susquehanna rail road, near Baltimore, by which
30 persons were killed, and a large number badly wounded.

1854. JAMES MURRAY, mayor of Alexandria, La., was killed while
attempting to suppress a disturbance at a barbecue.

1855. WILLIAM TERRELL, an accomplished and useful citizen of Georgia,
died at Sparta in that state. He took great interest in the promotion of
agricultural science, and bestowed $20,000 for the establishment of an
agricultural professorship in the University of Georgia.

1855. A convention of cotton planters assembled at Cooper's Well, Miss.,
to hear the report of a committee upon the subject of a direct trade
between the southern states and Europe. They adjourned to meet at
Jackson, in January.

1855. Svartholm, a fort of great strength, commanding the approach to
Lovisa, on the gulf of Finland, which had been deserted by its garrison,
was destroyed by the allies.

1856. The members of what was termed the Kansas free state legislature,
assembled at Topeka, but were dispersed by the U. S. troops, by
direction of Col. Sumner.

1856. The statue of Washington, in Union square, New York, was
inaugurated.

1857. ANTON SCHMIDT, a German literary celebrity, died at Salzburg, aged
71. He was custos of the imperial library at Vienna, and was a popular
author.

1857. WILLIAM L. MARCY, an American statesman, died, aged 71. He filled
the offices of comptroller and governor of New York with ability; but
distinguished himself as secretary of war under president Polk, and
secretary of state under president Pierce.


JULY 5.

394 B. C. AGESILAUS crossed the Hellespont, on his recal from the
Persian satrapy, a march of thirty days, which had occupied Xerxes
twelve months.--The great battle fought by the Spartans against their
countrymen happened about the same day.

965. BENEDICT V, pope, died. He was elected in opposition to Leo VIII.
His short reign was stormy, and he was carried to Hamburg by Otho, who
favored the cause of his rival.

1044. ABA, king of Hungary, defeated by his own subjects and killed in
battle.

1100. Jerusalem taken by the Crusaders, after a siege of five weeks, and
given up to massacre and pillage. Every inhumanity was practiced; those
who had surrendered upon terms of safety, were butchered in cold blood
to the number of 10,000; and among the inhabitants, also, neither age
nor sex escaped the merciless fury of the Christian swords.

1529. PAULUS ÆMILIUS, a Veronese historian, died at Paris. He had begun
a Latin history of the kings of France, and although he spent many years
at it, was able only to reach the reign of Charles VIII. (May 5?)

1535. THOMAS MORE, a celebrated English statesman, beheaded. He was
doomed, for his adherence to the papal supremacy, to descend from the
highest office under the king to an apartment in the tower, and suffered
death rather than yield his opinions. He wrote several works, the most
noted of which is the _Utopia_.

1566. ROBERT CARNEGIE, a Scottish statesman, died. He was a lord of
session, and often sent on important embassies to France and England.

1582. At Rockhausen, not far from Erfurth, in Prussia, there fell a
great quantity of a fibrous matter resembling human hair. It was at the
close of a great tempest, such as usually precede an earthquake.

1614. PETER DE BOURDEILLES (or _Brantome_), a French abbot and courtier,
died. His memoirs are printed in 15 vols.

1623. WILLIAM BRIDE, an English music composer, died. The grace _non
nobis Domini_, composed by him, was first sung on the second anniversary
of the gunpowder plot, 1607.

1641. SIMON BASKERVILLE, a learned and wealthy English physician, died.
He obtained great distinction, honors and a large fortune, by his
success in the practice of medicine.

1641. Battle of Lansdowne, between the parliamentary and king's forces;
a sanguinary action.

1644. York taken by the armies of the parliament.

1685. Battle of Sedgemoore; the duke of Monmouth's rebel army defeated.
The misguided nobleman was taken _napping_ in a dry ditch, with the
George and 200 guineas in his pocket.

1715. CHARLES ANCILLON, an eminent French lawyer, died. He was made
inspector of the French courts of justice in Berlin, and historiographer
to the king.

1758. The English and provincials under Abercrombie embarked on lake
George against Ticonderoga and Crown point, on board 125 whaleboats and
900 batteaux. The army consisted of nearly 16,000 effective men, of whom
about 9,000 were provincials, and was attended by a formidable train of
artillery.

1758. General lord HOWE was killed in a skirmish before Ticonderoga.
With him it is said "the soul of the army expired."

1767. JOHN KEY, said to have been the first person born in Philadelphia,
died at Kennet, Pa., aged 85.

1770. A naval action between the Turks and Russians took place, and
while two of the leading ships of each party were grappled together,
they took fire and blew up, carrying destruction and death to all
around.

1775. Birthday of WILLIAM CROTCH, a musical prodigy, who excited
universal astonishment at London by his performances on the organ, at
the age of three years.

1779. New Haven, Conn., entered by the British under sir George Collier,
and subjected to almost indiscriminate ravage and plunder till night.

1780. Action off cape Ortegal between British ships Prudent and Licorne,
and French ship Capricieuse 32 guns. The latter was captured, but so
much damaged that they were obliged to burn her.

1782. Fifth action between the British fleet, admiral Hughes, and the
French, admiral Suffrein, in the East Indies.

1788. MATHER BYLES, a Boston divine, died; a man of talent and wit, who
corresponded with Pope, Lansdowne and Watts. He was suspected of tory
principles during the revolution, and frequently, on complaint,
sentenced to be confined to his own house, with a sentinel over him; on
one of these occasions he induced the sentinel to go on an errand for
him, promising to take his place, and was seen very gravely marching
before his own door, the musket on his shoulder, keeping guard over
himself.

1792. ROBERT STRANGE died; styled the father of historical engraving in
England. He studied in France, and had the first knowledge of the dry
needle, an instrument which his genius improved and used with great
success.

1797. Second bombardment of Cadiz by the British.

1807. Buenos Ayres assaulted by the British under general Whitelocke.
They were forced to retire with the loss of 2,000 men, and soon after
compelled to withdraw the armament.

1808. Cuenca, Spain, taken by the French under Caulincourt, and given up
to pillage.

1809. Battle near Enzersdorff and Wagram. Massena having crossed the
Danube during the night, which was stormy and tempestuous, compelled the
Austrians under the archduke Charles to give Bonaparte battle. The
action continued the whole day, but neither party gained any decided
advantage.

1811. The seven provinces of Venezuela made declaration of independence.

1814. Battle of Chippewa; the United States troops under general Brown,
defeated the British, and compelled them to retire within their works.
British loss 198 killed, 100 wounded, and 137 taken prisoners--435;
American loss 60 killed, 257 wounded, and 20 missing--337.

1816. DOROTHEA JORDAN, an eminent English actress, died. Notwithstanding
her popularity and patronage, she died in France in great obscurity and
penury.

1817. The golden sovereign of England first put in circulation.

1830. Algiers surrendered to the French under general Bourmont, after a
siege of six days. A rich booty fell into the hands of the conquerors,
of gold and silver, besides 1,500 cannon, and 12 ships of war lying in
the harbor. Loss of the French previous to effecting this conquest,
2,400 men; that of the Algerines 10,000.

1836. DANIEL COLE, a native of Long island, N. Y., died in Canada, aged
106.

1839. The third centennary of the protestant reformation was celebrated
with great parade and splendor at Dresden, in Saxony.

1848. The negroes at St. Croix revolted and compelled the governor to
proclaim their freedom. The whites thereupon formed a provisional
government, deposed the governor, attacked the negroes, and having
captured 300, shot them immediately.

1852. The British minister at Washington, gave notice that to prevent
encroachments of fishing vessels belonging to the United States and
France, upon grounds reserved by the convention of 1818, directions had
been given for stationing a force of vessels and steamers off New
Brunswick, Prince Edward's island, and in the gulf of St. Lawrence, as
would be deemed sufficient to prevent the infraction of the treaty.

1852. The steam boat St. James exploded her boilers on lake
Ponchartrain, and burnt to the water's edge. About 20 persons were
killed and 19 wounded.

1852. The convention for revising the constitution of Louisiana met at
Baton Rouge; Duncan F. Kenner president.

1852. ISAAC T. PRESTON, a distinguished jurist, died near New Orleans,
aged 59. He was a native of Virginia; graduated at Yale college in 1812,
and suspended his legal studies to serve as captain of a company in the
war with Great Britain. He rose to high distinction in the legal
profession, and was elected judge of the supreme court of Louisiana,
which office he held at the time of his death. He was killed by the
explosion of a steam boiler on lake Ponchartrain.

1854. A fire at Philadelphia consumed the National theatre, Chinese
museum, and other edifices.


JULY 6.

63 B. C. The Roman capitol fired during the night by an incendiary and
consumed. The famous _sibyline verses_ perished with it.

1189. HENRY II, of England, died. He added Brittany and Ireland to his
dominions, attempted to repress the ambition of the clergy, and died of
a broken heart at the rebellion of his children.

1303. BENEDICT XI (_Nicholas Bacosin_), pope, died. He was the son of a
shepherd, succeeded Boniface VIII, and was poisoned by his cardinals.

1439. The solemn act of reunion between the Greek and Latin churches
subscribed in the cathedral of Florence, after a separation of 600
years, by the pope, the emperor of Constantinople, and principal members
of both churches.

1483. RICHARD III, with his consort (Anne Beauchamp, widow of Edward,
prince of Wales), inaugurated at Westminster. The train of the king was
borne by the duke of Buckingham, that of the queen by the countess of
Richmond, both of the opposing houses of Lancaster.

1553. EDWARD VI, of England, died of consumption, aged 16, and was
succeeded by his sister Mary.

1568. JOHN OPORINUS, one of the most learned and eminent of the early
German printers, died. He employed 6 presses and 50 men, and printed
only his own works.

1583. EDMUND GRINDAL, archbishop of Canterbury, died; an able
theological writer.

1630. A fleet of 14 sail, with men, women and children, and provisions,
intended to make a firm settlement in New England, arrived in
Massachusetts bay. There were on board about 1,500 passengers of various
occupations, principally from the vicinity of London; among whom was
governor Winthrop and his lieutenant Dudley, with several other
gentlemen of wealth and quality. The expense of this equipment and
transportation was £21,200.

1653. CROMWELL'S first parliament met.

1660. CHARLES II, of England, resumed touching for scrofula; placing his
hands on the neck of the patient, the chaplain saying "He laid his hands
on them and healed them."

1759. WILLIAM PEPPERELL died; an officer in the British service before
the American revolution, and 32 years a member of his majesty's council.
He was born in Maine, rose to the highest military honors, and in 1745
commanded the expedition against Louisburg, which was reduced. He was
rewarded with the title of baronet of England.

1767. MICHAEL BRUCE, an elegant Scottish poet, died, aged 21.

1775. Congress issued a manifesto, setting forth the causes and
necessity of taking up arms in defence of their rights, against England.

1777. Ticonderoga and mount Independence evacuated by the American
general St. Clair, who retreated to fort Edward. At the same time the
Americans at Skeenesborough were obliged to burn their vessels, and
retreat to the same place. The British under Burgoyne had advanced their
works so far as to threaten a complete inclosure of the continental
army.

1779. Action off Granada between the British fleet, admiral Barrington,
21 ships, and French fleet, 27 ships, admiral d'Estaing. Although the
French avoided a close action, it is supposed that their loss was 1,200
killed, owing to their ships being crowded with men. British loss 529
killed and wounded.

1781. Battle of James river; general Wayne with 800 men, intending to
strike Cornwallis's rear guard, was deceived by a countryman, and met
the whole army of 4,000 regulars, drawn up to receive him. He instantly
attacked them and retreated. Cornwallis, from the daring singularity of
the manœuvre, concluded it to be a feint to draw him into an
ambuscade, therefore did not pursue him. Wayne, however, lost his
artillery.

1782. Sixth action between the British fleet, admiral Hughes, and
French, admiral Suffrein, in the night, in close action. Both fleets
suffered much; French lost the Orient, crew saved.

1790. Some workmen engaged in digging near Donadea, Ireland, discovered
a vault, 12 feet by 8, and 6 f. 3 in. deep, containing a stone coffin in
which rested a skeleton measuring 8 feet 3½ in. in length, by the
side of which was a spear 7 feet in length and two brass urns, having
the sun and moon engraved on them in a most curious, though antique
manner. The vault was seventeen feet from the surface of the ground and
no clue could be found to the identity of the body, or the time of its
deposit there.

1790. GEORGE AUGUSTUS ELIOTT, lord Heathfield, died. He gained much
celebrity in the Prussian service, and during the seven years' war in
Germany; but his constancy and talent in defence of Gibraltar during
three years of constant investment, in which all the powers of Spain
were employed, excited the admiration of the world.

1796. ADAM STANISLAUS MARUSZEWICH, a Polish poet and historian, died.

1801. Action off Algesiras between the British and French fleets. A
British 74 grounded and was captured.

1809. British sloop of war Bonne Citoyenne captured in 6 hours 50
minutes French frigate La Furieuse. British loss 1 killed, 5 wounded;
French loss 35 killed, 37 wounded.

1809. Battle of Wagram, between the French army of 180,000 under
Napoleon, and the Austrians under the archduke Charles, of about half
the force. The battle commenced on the 5th, and was decided on the 6th.
The Austrians were compelled to retreat, after having taken 7,000
prisoners and 12 eagles, and retired fighting three days in succession,
leaving the field of battle covered with their slain. It is stated that
27,000 fell on both sides. The French reckoned their loss 15,000 killed,
about 4,000 wounded. Of the Austrians 12,000 were wounded, and 20,000
taken prisoners; 19 generals were killed or taken, and 40 cannon lost.

1813. GRANVILLE SHARP, a learned English philanthropist, died. He
interested himself in the abolition of slavery, and to his exertions
"England owes the verdict of her highest court of law, that the slave
who sets his foot on English ground becomes that instant free."

1815. SAMUEL WHITBREAD, member of the British parliament and one of the
most extensive brewers in the world, died by his own hand.

1823. PIUS VII (_Gregory Barnabas Chiaramonti_), pope, died. He was a
prisoner under Napoleon from 1808 to 1814, during which time he rejected
with firmness the offers of the emperor.

1835. JOHN MARSHALL, chief justice of the United States, died, aged 80.
He was an extraordinary man, and the object of universal respect and
confidence, on account of his extraordinary talents, his unsuspected
integrity, his exemplary private virtues, and his important public
services, which by some are deemed second only to those of Washington.
He wrote the _Life of Washington_, 5 vols.

1838. ALEXANDER AIKMAN, late printer of the _Jamaica Royal Gazette_,
died. His exertions spread much light in that island.

1839. Great fire at Eastport, Me., by which the larger portion of the
business part of the town was destroyed.

1849. Successful sortie of the Danes besieged in the fort of Frederick
by the Schleswig Holsteiners, of whom 3,112 were slain and taken
prisoners.

1851. DAVID MACBETH MOIR, a Scottish writer, died at Dumfries, aged 53.
He was the _Delta_ of _Blackwood's Magazine_, to which he was long a
contributor, and in whose pages first appeared _Mansie Wauch_, which was
long ascribed to Galt.

1857. JOHN LAURIS BLAKE, an American divine, died at Orange, N. J., aged
68. His principal work is a _Biographical Dictionary_, of which several
editions were printed.


JULY 7.

715 B. C. ROMULUS, founder and first king of Rome, disappeared on the
_nones_, during the _quirinalia_, in a chariot of fire, _patriis equis_,
as he was reviewing his people. There seems to be no other way of
explaining this account, than that he was a victim of some of the
elements.

587 B. C. The city of Jerusalem, with the temple, palaces and walls,
razed to the ground, the inhabitants carried into captivity, and the
entire Israelitish monarchy terminated (after it had stood 468 years
from the accession of David), in the 11th year of Zedekiah, on the
seventh day of the Hebrew month _Ab_. It is still observed as a day of
lamentation.

1307. EDWARD I, ninth king of England, died in the 35th year of his
reign, aged 69. He was distinguished for his wisdom and the equity of
his laws, as well as for his military abilities. (See Jan. 2, 1774.)

1415. JOHN HUSS, a celebrated German reformer, burnt by the council of
Constance. He was the first opposer of the doctrine of transubstantiation,
and the defender of Wickliffe.

1520. Battle of Otumba; the retreating army of Cortez being hotly
pursued by the Mexicans, that general resolved to halt and risk a
battle. The Tlascalan allies were of incalculable service to the maimed
and wretched band of soldiers, who now faced about to resist the whole
Mexican force, determined not to leave a trace of the Spaniards upon the
earth. This battle lasted four hours; the Spaniards performed prodigies
of valor, and were victorious. The cavalry penetrated the masses of
Mexicans and struck down the chiefs when they began to give way, and the
Tlascalans mowed down all before them with the arms which were thrown
away by the fugitives.

1572. SIGISMUND II, king of Poland, died, and with him the Jaghellon
race became extinct.

1573. JAMES BORAZZIO VIGNOLA died; an eminent Italian architect.

1607. The national anthem, _God save the King_, written by Ben Jonson,
and composed by Dr. Bull, first _vocalized_ in Merchant Taylor's hall,
by the choir of the royal chapel, the king being present.

1640. The inhabitants of Providence, 40 in number, united in forming a
civil government, after their own model.

1647. Revolt in Naples against the Spanish authorities, headed by the
famous Thomas Aniello (_Massaniello_) a fisherman.

1647. THOMAS HOOKER, an English dissenting divine, died. He emigrated to
Holland to escape persecution, and thence to America, and settled in
Connecticut. In 1647 he removed with his whole congregation to the banks
of the river, and may be considered the founder of the town of Hartford.
He was a rigid puritan, and a man of learning and talent.

1648. Battle of St. Neots in England.

1667. The British admiral sir JOHN HARMAN destroyed the entire French
fleet, 33 sail, at Martinique, and left the vessels to rot on the
strand.

1696. A party of French and Indians under count Frontenac left the
island of Montreal to invade the country of the Five Nations with a
great army. The expedition was unsuccessful.

1708. CONRAD SAMUEL SCHURTZFLEISCH died; professor of history, poetry
and Greek at Wittenberg, and counselor and librarian to the duke of
Saxe-Weimar.

1713. WILLIAM COMPTON, bishop of Oxford, died. He was a dissenter, and
took a conspicuous part in the politics of the day, particularly in the
cause of William of Orange, whom he crowned.

1721. Sir WILLIAM KEITH, governor of Pennsylvania, held a council with
the Indians at Connestogo.

1725. Treaty of Vienna between the emperor Charles VI and Philip V of
Spain concluded by the baron de Ripperda, of Pragmatic sanction memory.

1776. JEREMIAH MARKLAND died; a very learned and acute English critic.

1777. Action between the United States frigate Hancock, 32 guns, captain
Manley, and three British ships, under sir George Collier. The Hancock
was captured; she wanted upwards of 60 of her complement, they being on
board her prize, the British frigate Fox, which was soon after
recaptured.

1779. British under governor TRYON plundered and burnt at Fairfield,
Conn., 2 churches, 82 dwellings, 55 barns, 15 stores and 15 shops; and
at Green Farms 1 church, 15 dwellings, 11 barns, and several stores; and
sailed thence to Norwalk.

1784. Fort Dauphin, St. Domingo, entered by a negro, Jean Francois, a
lieut. general in the Spanish service, with several hundred men, who
massacred the white French, about 771 in number. The town had been
delivered to the Spaniards for protection, conditioned that the negroes
should not be permitted to enter it.

1791. THOMAS BLACKLOCK, an eminent Scottish poet and divine, died. His
talents and acquirements were the more extraordinary, when it is
considered that he lost his eye sight at the age of six months, by small
pox.

1797. Congress declared the existing treaties with France no longer
obligatory.

1798. WASHINGTON appointed lieutenant general of the armies of the
United States.

1799. WILLIAM CURTIS, a distinguished English botanist, died. His great
work, the _Flora Londinensis_, gave him an enduring reputation.

1799. The Kennet and Avon canal in England was opened.

1808. Desperate action, at night, between the British ship Sea Horse and
Turkish frigate Badere Zaffer, 52 guns and 500 men, and another Turkish
ship of 24 guns. At daylight the Badere struck, having 165 killed and
195 wounded; the other escaped. Sea Horse had 5 killed, 9 wounded.

1809. Cuxhaven, a fortified town of Hanover, taken by storm, by the
boats of a British squadron.

1809. St. Domingo surrendered to the British and Spaniards.

1814. The three estates of the British realm offer public thanksgiving
at St. Paul's for the peace of Europe.

1814. The United States troops under major general Brown, attacked the
British at Chippewa; the latter retreated, and in the evening the
Americans occupied their works.

1816. RICHARD BRINSLEY SHERIDAN, an English dramatist, wit and orator,
died. His dramas were undertaken for a subsistence; afterwards, for
thirty-two years, he pursued a splendid parliamentary career, but died
in great poverty.

1820. PIERRE LOUIS LOUVEL executed for the murder of the duke de Berri.

1843. JOHN HOLMES died at Portland, Me. He was the first United States
senator sent from that state.

1844. The disgraceful riots of Philadelphia again commenced; many were
killed.

1848. JULIA RUSH, widow of Dr. Rush, died, aged 90.

1848. OLIVER W. P. PEABODY died; an accomplished scholar, and able
contributor to the _North American Review_.

1849. During the week closing with this day, 21,297 immigrants arrived
at the port of Quebec, Lower Canada.

1853. A plot to assassinate the emperor of France while on his way to
the opera, was discovered. Many armed conspirators were seized near the
theatre, of whom 21 were convicted on trial.

1854. Battle of Giurgevo; the Turks defeated the Russians, and drove
them from their position, with a loss in the conflict of 1,700 killed
and wounded.

1855. WILLIAM EDWARD PARRY, the noted Arctic explorer, died at Ems, aged
64. He succeeded in extending his expeditions beyond those of his
predecessors, for which he received the parliamentary reward, and was
knighted in 1829.


JULY 8.

17. The isle of Thia, one of the scattered cluster called the Sporades,
in the Grecian archipelago, rose brightly from the sea.

1117. ADAM DE ST. VICTOIRE, a French ecclesiastic and writer, died.

1174. HENRY II of England performed severe penance before the shrine of
Thomas a Becket in the cathedral of Canterbury.

1497. The Indian expedition of Emanuel, king of Portugal, sailed from
the Tagus. It consisted of three vessels, under Vasco de Gama.

1520. The retreating and almost annihilated army of Cortez entered the
dominions of their faithful allies, the Tlascalans. Here the Spaniards
rested to repair their fortunes, and the Mexicans meanwhile employed
themselves in restoring their devastated capital.

1524. JAMES VERRAZZANUS, the Florentine discoverer, dated his letter to
the king of France from Dieppe, giving an account of his voyage along
the coast of the United States, in which he is supposed to have visited
the outer harbor of New York.

1533. LUDOVICO ARIOSTO, the Italian poet, is by some authorities said to
have died on this day. (See June 6.)

1550. The king of Denmark entered into a written contract to bind the
Danish Bible in whole leather with clasps, for two marks Danish a copy
and lodging; and to complete 2,000 copies in a year and a day. It was a
middle sized folio, of 1,090 pages and sold for three rix dollars a
copy.

1560. A peace between England, France and Scotland concluded.

1623. GREGORY XV (Alexander Ludovisio), pope, died. He erected the see
of Paris into an archbishopric, and assisted the emperor and the king of
Poland in their wars.

1639. BERNARD, duke of Weimar, a German officer in the 30 years' war,
died, supposed to have been poisoned by Richelieu. With him fell one of
the chief supports of the protestants.

1709. Battle of Pultowa, in Russia, between the Swedes under Charles
XII, and the Russians under Peter the Great. The Swedes were entirely
routed, and forced to take refuge within the dominions of the sultan of
Turkey. The czar had his hat pierced by a ball, and prince Menzikoff had
three horses killed under him.

1716. ROBERT SOUTH, a celebrated English divine, died, aged 83, and was
buried with great honors to his memory. He shone as a polite scholar and
a wit, and is famous for his controversy with Dr. Sherlock on the
subject of the trinity. His sermons were published in 11 vols. octavo.

1721. ELIHU YALE, the benefactor of Yale college, died. He was descended
from an ancient and wealthy family in Wales; born in New Haven 1748;
acquired an estate in the East Indies, and on his return was chosen
governor of the East India company.

1738. JOHN PETER NICERON, a popular French preacher, died; also author
of _Memoirs of Men illustrious in the Republic of Letters_, of which the
39th volume was finished in the year of his death. He addicted himself
to laborious studies and had an extensive knowledge of ancient and
modern languages.

1747. Unsuccessful attempt of the French and Spaniards to force the pass
aux Exiles in Dauphiny; the chevalier Belleisle and 5,000 men were left
dead on the field of battle.

1758. Battle of Ticonderoga, in which the British and provincial troops
of 16,000 men under Abercrombie, were repulsed in attempting to storm
the fort, then under the command of Montcalm. The British general was
induced to this rash attack by the favorable report of the engineer, and
from having learned that a reinforcement was expected from Canada. The
French had felled a breastwork of trees in front of the fort with their
branches pointing outward and sharpened, so as to form an almost
impenetrable abatis: in this the assailants became entangled, and were
exposed to a murderous fire. Abercrombie, finding the attack fruitless,
ordered a retreat after a contest of near four hours. Nearly 2,000 of
the British were killed or wounded. Of the Highland regiment nearly half
were either killed or desperately wounded. The loss of the enemy, who
were covered by their works, was inconsiderable.

1760. Action in the bay of Chaleur, between the British and French
fleets, in which the latter were defeated with the loss of 3 large ships
of war and 20 sail of schooners, sloops and small privateers.

1768. Thirty men boarded a schooner at Boston that had been seized by
the officers of the customs, for having 30 hogsheads of molasses on
board; they confined the officers and carried off the molasses.

1775. Lord DUNMORE, the royal governor of Virginia, with his family,
took refuge on board the Fowey, British man-of-war, at Yorktown.

1776. The Declaration of Independence of the United States proclaimed
from the steps of the state house at Philadelphia, and read to the army
in the city of New York.

1777. Battle of fort Ann; the British defeated the Americans under
colonel Livingston, who retreated to fort Edward. The Americans lost 128
cannon and considerable stores.

1778. The French fleet under count d'Estaing arrived off the Delaware,
having been at sea 87 days.

1779. The British under governor TRYON plundered and burnt Norwalk,
Conn. Two churches, 80 dwellings, 87 barns, 22 stores, 4 mills and 5
vessels were destroyed.

1784. TORBERN BERGMAN, a Swedish chemist and natural philosopher, died.
He was the friend of Linnæus, and an able and successful investigator of
the secrets of nature.

1790. RENWICK WILLIAMS, known in London as the _Monster_, was convicted
of cutting the garments of Miss Porter. The judge reserved the case till
he could determine whether the crime was felony or only a misdemeanor.
Williams was a dancing master and for years a great nuisance in London.

1793. The dauphin, LOUIS XVII, taken from his mother and placed in the
care of the _sans culotte_ cobbler, Simon, under whose tender mercies
he soon yielded up his life.

1797. EDMUND BURKE, a British writer, orator and statesman of great
eminence, died. His complete works have been published in 16 vols.
octavo.

1813. Outposts of the American encampment at fort George attacked by the
British and Indians. A company under lieutenant Eldridge was sent to
support the posts, but fell into an ambush, and after an obstinate
struggle 13 were killed, 5 escaped; the remainder, including lieutenant
Eldridge, were taken prisoners and put to death by the Indians with
great barbarity. In consequence of this event and similar outrages,
general Brown received into the service of the United States a party of
Seneca and Tuscarora Indians, under young Cornplanter.

1814. The Americans under Gen. SCOTT succeeded in throwing a bridge over
the Chippewa, and compelled general Riall to retreat to Ten-mile creek.
General Brown occupied the British works the same evening.

1822. THOMAS FANSHAW MIDDLETON, bishop of Calcutta, died. He was the
first to hold that office, and was distinguished for talents and
acquirements, zeal and fidelity.

1838. Treaty of peace concluded between Russia and Turkey.

1847. The canal from the Durance to Marseilles in France completed. More
than one-fifth of its length is through the Alps in tunnels.

1848. To test the effect of an eclipse upon animals five healthy linnets
were put in a cage together and fed; at the end of it three of them were
found dead; a dog which had long been kept fasting, and which was eating
hungrily when the eclipse commenced, left his food as soon as the
darkness set in; a colony of ants which had been working actively,
suddenly ceased from their labors at the same moment.

1850. The Alabama historical society was organized at Tuskaloosa.

1852. A destructive fire at Montreal laid waste a considerable portion
of the city.

1853. The American expedition under commodore Perry arrived at Japan.

1856. PRESTON S. BROOKS, indicted at Washington for an assault upon
senator Sumner, was sentenced to pay a fine of $300.


JULY 9.

597 B. C. An eclipse of the sun, foretold by Thales.

518. ANASTASIUS I, the silentiary, died; who from obscure birth became
emperor of the East by marrying the widow of the emperor Zeno.

551. The city of Berytus overthrown by an earthquake. It gave birth to
Sanconiatho, the Phœnician historian, about the period of the Trojan
war, in the time of Hercules.

552. The Armenians commenced their era, Tuesday. The year, like the
Noetic, consists of twelve months of thirty days, with an insertion of
five, or (in leap year) six days, after the 5th of August, when their
ecclesiastical year commences. In their correspondence with Europeans,
they usually adopt, as in Russia, the old Julian style, and the months.

1228. STEPHEN LANGTON, archbishop of Canterbury, died. He was a man of
great abilities as a writer and a politician. He was nominated to the
office of archbishop by the pope, 1207, which being considered as an
usurpation of the rights of the king of England, lead to a quarrel
between those dignitaries, which terminated disastrously to the king.

1386. Battle of Sempach, in the canton of Lucerne, which established the
independence of Switzerland. Leopold II, duke of Austria, was killed in
this battle.

1535. ANTHONY DUPRAT, a very eminent French statesman, died. He was
president of the parliament of Paris, and a man who, to increase his
fortune or enlarge his power, did not hesitate to sacrifice either fame
or virtue.

1546. ROBERT MAXWELL died. He was chiefly instrumental in bringing and
procuring the passage of an act in the Scottish parliament permitting
the reading of the scriptures in the vulgar tongue.

1598. DAVID BOUCHARD, governor of Perigord, killed at the siege of
Lisle. He was a famous chieftain under Henry IV of France.

1669. The encenia, or dedication of the incomparable theatre at Oxford,
endowed and founded 1664, by archbishop Selden. The first act held in a
secular building was kept there on the same day. Wren adopted his ground
plan from the theatre of Marcellus at Rome.

1693. The English or confederated army defeated by the French at Landon.

1742. JOHN OLDMIXON, an English historian and poet, died. He was a man
of learning and abilities, but a violent party writer, and a severe and
malevolent critic.

1746. PHILIP V of Spain, died. His accession to the throne was opposed
by the archduke of Austria, and gave rise to one of the most bloody wars
on record.

1755. Memorable defeat of BRADDOCK on his march to fort Du Quesne. The
English army of 1,200 was ambuscaded, the general having neglected all
precautions against such an event, and totally routed by the French and
Indians, about 900 in number. Of 85 officers 64 were killed, and about
half the privates. The remains of the army were brought off by
Washington, who was the only officer on horseback that escaped.

1762. Revolution in Russia, followed by the abdication of Peter III. The
empress Catharine was declared autocratrix, and Peter imprisoned, where
he died seven days afterwards.

1762. A substance called honey dew fell in the neighborhood of
Rathiermuc, Ireland, which loaded the trees and long grass in such a
manner that quantities of it were saved by scoops.

1766. JONATHAN MAYHEW died; a distinguished American clergyman, and
missionary among the Indians.

1776. The leaden statue of George III, in New York, thrown down by the
revolutionists, and sent to Litchfield, Conn., where the women
manufactured it into bullets.

1781. Captain EGGLESTON, of Lee's legion, routed a British foraging
party at Friday's ferry, Congaree river, and took 45 dragoons.

1785. WILLIAM STRAHAN, an eminent Scottish printer, died. Having served
a regular apprenticeship, he settled in London, where he rose to great
eminence in his profession, and finally sat in parliament.

1790. Action off cape Musalo, between the Swedish fleet under the king
in person, and the Russian fleet. It continued into the following day,
and resulted in the destruction of 5 Russian frigates, 15 galleys, 2
floating batteries, 9 galliots, and 2 other floating vessels. The Swedes
lost but one of their galleys burnt.

1794. Seventy-one persons were guillotined at Paris.

1805. GEORGE WOLFGANG PANZER, a distinguished German bibliographer,
died. He published a catalogue of all the works known to have been
printed from the invention of the art of printing to the year 1536. The
works in all languages are chronologically arranged, the place of
printing given, also a short account of them, and the libraries and
publications in which they are contained.

1806. Confederation of the Rhine signed at Paris, between Bonaparte and
several of the smaller German states, who placed themselves under the
protection of France, and renounced their connection with the German
empire.

1810. The kingdom of Holland annexed to France; Amsterdam to rank as the
third city in the empire, Paris being first and Rome second.

1814. United States army under general Brown left Riall's works on the
Chippewa, and pursued the British to Queenstown, and encamped there.

1816. Rio de la Plata declared itself independent of Spain, and took the
title of the United Provinces of South America.

1818. RICHARD BEATNIFFE, the well known author of the _Norfolk Journal_,
died at Norwich, England.

1830. Erzeroum, the capital of Turkish Armenia, surrendered to the
Russians.

1831. The Belgian congress acceded to the articles agreed on at London
by the plenipotentiaries of the five great powers, and declared Leopold
of Saxe-Coburg king of Belgium.

1838. ROBERT GRANT, governor of Bombay, died; a man greatly respected
for his talents and his public services.

1843. WASHINGTON ALSTON, the great historical painter of South Carolina,
died.

1850. ZACHARY TAYLOR, president of the United States, died, aged 65. He
was a general in the United States army, and won laurels in the Mexican
war.

1853. CHARLES CALDWELL, a medical writer and teacher of great celebrity,
died at Louisville, Ky., aged 90.

1854. RICHARD SHUBRICK PINCKNEY, a naval officer of the United States,
died at Charlestown, S. C., aged 57. He entered the navy in 1814, and
was engaged in the operations against the Algerine pirates of the
Mediterranean, where he was severely wounded. He commanded the Decatur
during the Mexican war.


JULY 10.

70. Conflagration of the second temple of the Jews, in the night
following the ninth day of Lous (Ab) the second year of Vespasian.

138. PUBLIUS ÆLIUS ADRIAN, emperor of Rome, died. He was a renowned
general and great traveler; and on a visit to Britain built the British
wall, extending from Newcastle to Carlisle, 80 miles in length.

983. Pope BENEDICT VII died.

1024. BENEDICT VIII, pope, died. To the arts of the politician he added
the valor of the warrior, and exterminated the Saracens who invaded
Italy. He also defeated the Greeks, who were ravaging Apulia.

1212. Burning of London bridge, when 3000 persons inhabiting that
borough perished in the flames.

1440. An anniversary was held in Haarlem for two days, commemorating the
invention of printing on movable wooden types in this year, by Lawrence
Coster. The emblems on his monument are a branch of beech, a winged A,
a wreathed snake and a lamp. It was also celebrated by the printers of
Dortrecht and Rotterdam.

1460. Battle of Northampton, England; the forces of Henry VI defeated by
earls Warwick, Salisbury and March, with great slaughter among the
gentry and nobility on both sides, and Henry was taken prisoner.

1472. The siege of Beauvais, France, raised by Charles the Bold, duke of
Burgundy, who had invested it with an army of 80,000 men. An anniversary
is still held on this day in memory of the heroine Jeane Hachette, and
her regiment of women, who signalized themselves at this famous siege.

1559. HENRY II, of France, died. He was a persecutor of the protestants,
and during the thirteen years of his reign, much embroiled in war. He
recovered Calais from the English, and was wounded at a tournament, of
which he died. (See June 26, 1574; 29, 1559.)

1579. WILLIAM WHITTINGHAM, dean of Durham, died. He was one of the
translators of the Genevan or German Bible, usually called the _Breeches
Bible_.

1584. WILLIAM I, prince of Orange, assassinated. He is styled the father
of the Dutch republic, having brought about the union of the provinces.
He was shot in the breast with three balls by an assassin supposed to
have been employed by the king of Spain, who claimed the sovereignty of
the Netherlands.

1634. DE VRIES sailed from the Texel in the ship King David, 14 guns,
with 25 head of cattle, and 30 planters, intending to form a colony on
the coast of Guyana.

1680. LEWIS MORERI, a learned French writer, died, aged 37; author of
the great historical dictionary, which appeared 1674, and was afterwards
enlarged to 10 vols. folio, and greatly improved in the numerous
editions it underwent.

1683. FRANCIS EUDES DE MEZERAI, a French historian, died. He entered
upon the laborious character of historian of France at the age of 26,
and his work was received with universal applause. Several other books
were also published by him, reflecting great honor upon his integrity,
candor and faithfulness.

1686. JOHN FELL, an English prelate, died. During the civil war he bore
arms for the king, and lost his offices by his loyalty. He was
distinguished for learning and assiduity, and published many excellent
works.

1688. The city of Smyrna in Asia destroyed by an earthquake.

1689. "Here lyeth the Body of Mr. David Gardiner, of Gardiner Island,
deceased IVLY 10, 1689, in the Fifty-fourth year of his Age. Well,
sick, dead, in one hour's space. Hartford, Con." He was the first white
child born in Connecticut.

1704. The fortress of Gibraltar in Spain taken by the British.

1733. Nearly 800,000 quarters of grain exported from England to
Portugal; cost, £1,000,000 sterling.

1767. ALEXANDER MONROE, a Scottish physician, anatomist and writer,
died. His _Osteology_ has been translated into several languages.

1776. New York declared an independent state.

1777. Major-general Prescott, commander of the British army at Newport,
surprised at night in his quarters, and carried off by a party of 40
Americans.

1780. French fleet under admiral Ternay, arrived at Rhode Island, having
on board 6000 French troops under count Rochambeau, intended for the
American service.

1791. Battle of Maclin; a body of 70,000 Turks under the grand vizier,
defeated by the Russians. The Turks lost 4000 killed, and the whole of
their camp; 30 cannon, and 15 standards were taken. The flower of the
Asiatic troops, with their chiefs were in this battle.

1792. CHABANON, a French dramatist and translator, died. His best works
belong to a species of criticism which is characterized by learning and
taste.

1794. Battle in India between the British army, and the Hindoos under
Viziaram Rauze, rajah of Vizigapatam. The rajah and most of his officers
were killed; British loss 10 killed, 50 wounded.

1796. Island of Elba seized by the English under Duncan and lord Nelson.

1799. The French under LA GRANGE surprised the Mamelukes at Sababier, in
Egypt, took their baggage, 50 horses and 700 camels.

1799. Action between American ship Planter, captain Watts, 18 guns and
43 men, and a French privateer of 22 guns, which was beaten off "after
an action of 5 glasses." Two female passengers, Mrs. MacDowell and Miss
Mary Harley, dressed the wounded and supplied cartridges. The Planter
had 4 killed, 8 wounded.

1804. FRANCIS AMBROSE DIDOT, a learned and ingenious French printer,
died. He made some important improvements in the printing press and
paper mill, and is supposed to have hastened his death by a too close
application to the revision of an edition of Montaigne's works.

1810. Ciudad Rodrigo surrendered to the French under Massena, with a
garrison of 6000, after having been bombarded 25 days, a great quantity
of artillery, ammunition and rich stores were taken. This fortress was
built by the Spanish as a rampart against Portugal, from which it is
distant only 8 miles. (See Jan. 19.)

1810. Holland incorporated with the French empire, by which all the 17
provinces of the Netherlands were united under the dominion of Napoleon.

1826. LUTHER MARTIN, an eminent lawyer and one of the delegates from
Maryland in forming the constitution of the United States, died, aged
82.

1828. LOUIS AUGUSTIN GUILLAUME BOST, a well known French naturalist and
professor at the Jardin du Roi, died.

1834. Abolition riots in New York.

1850. JAMES LOVEL, oldest member of the society of the Cincinnati, died
at St. Matthews, S. C., aged 92.

1852. A fire in Boston destroyed the Mariner's church, the Sailor's
home, the Boylston school house, and many dwellings and stores.

1855. The British bombarded the Redan tower at Sebastopol, for one day.

1856. JOHN LOCKE, an American physician and naturalist, died at
Cincinnati, aged 64. He was a native of Maine, but spent a considerable
portion of his life in Cincinnati; was connected with the geological
survey of the state, and of lake Superior, and seems to have had a
knowledge of various other sciences.


JULY 11.

472. PROCOPIUS ANTHEMIUS, emperor of Rome, murdered. He acquired the
title of Augustus by his valor. Ricimir, a general to whom he had given
his daughter in marriage, burst the gates of Rome, and imbrued his hands
in the blood of his father-in-law, while his barbarian followers were
indulged without control, in the three-fold license of murder, rapine
and indiscriminate pillage.

1103. ERIC (the good), king of Denmark, died at Cyprus.

1191. Acre, in Palestine, surrendered by the Saracens to the crusaders
under Richard of England and Philip of France, who had besieged it two
years. Nine battles were fought in the vicinity of mount Carmel, with
such vicissitudes of fortune, that in one attack the sultan forced his
way into the city, while in a sally the Christians penetrated the royal
tent. There were slain, by the computation of the minister of Saladin,
100,000 Christians.

1450. JACK CADE, an Irishman who headed a rebellion in England, was
slain near Lewes, and his head placed on London bridge.

1576. MARTIN FROBISHER, the navigator, descried Friesland "rising like
pinnacles of steeples and all covered with snow;" and entered, with his
two small barks, the strait which bears his name.

1628. WILLIAM DANIEL died; a famed Greek and Hebrew scholar, translator
of the New Testament and liturgy into Irish.

1708. Battle of Oudenarde, in Belgium, between the French and the allied
army under the duke of Marlborough and prince Eugene. The French were
defeated with the loss of 15,000; loss of the allies 5000.

1724. MARY MANLEY died; an English authoress, of considerable reputation
as a writer, but of a wanton and licentious character. She wrote
principally plays and romances.

1754. The Indians, who had been assembled to attend the congress of the
colonies at Albany, were dismissed apparently well pleased and had
engaged their coöperation with the colonies against the French. One of
the sachems chalked out a sketch of the interior forests, rivers and
lakes, with a clear discernment of their relations, and made the
judicious remark, that Louisburg was one key of the inland country, and
New York another, and that the power which had both, would open the
great chest, and have Indians and all.

1763. PETER FORSKAL died; a celebrated Swedish naturalist and oriental
traveler.

1764. ANDREW CANTWELL died; an Irish practitioner and writer on medicine
of considerable abilities.

1782. JOHN JAMES FLIPART, a French engraver of great merit, died.

1782. Savannah, Georgia, evacuated by the British, and taken possession
of by general Wayne.

1789. JAMES NECKER, the prime minister and great financier, ordered to
leave France.

1797. CHARLES MACKLIN, an Irish actor and dramatic writer, died, aged
107. His name was M'Laughlin, which he changed for one more euphonious.
His last performance was at the age of 90, when his memory failed him,
and he took leave of the audience forever. His comedies still keep the
stage.

1804. A duel fought between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton, at
Hoboken, opposite New York. On the first fire Hamilton fell mortally
wounded, on the same spot where, a short time previous, his eldest son
had been killed in a duel. He lingered until the afternoon of the
following day, when he expired.

1807. MICHAEL NEKITITCH MINAVIEW, a Russian author of much distinction,
died. One of his most admired productions is _Oskold_, which describes
the march of the northern nations against Constantinople.

1809. Battle of Znaim; the French under Marmont, duke of Ragusa,
defeated the Austrians, took 2 standards, 3 cannon and 3000 prisoners.

1811. Earthquake at St. Michael's one of the Azores; an island was
formed where the water had been 30 fathoms in depth.

1812. United States frigate Essex captured a British transport with a
detachment of the first regiment of Royal Scots on board.

1813. Blackrock taken by the British, who burnt the barracks,
blockhouse, and other buildings, spiked several cannon, and took off a
quantity of provisions, leaving on the shore a part of their killed and
wounded.

1814. United States brig Rattlesnake captured by a British 50 gun ship.
The Rattlesnake had some time previous thrown overboard all her guns
except two, to escape another British man-of-war.

1814. The fort at Eastport, Moose island, mounting six 24 pounders,
commanded by major Putnam with about 80 men, surrendered to a large
British force. In consequence of this capture, the whole of the islands
in Passamaquoddy bay fell into the hands of the enemy.

1818. The use of the French language in judicial proceedings and by the
public authorities abolished in the Netherlands, only allowing advocates
to make use of it for a certain time.

1853. An earthquake destroyed the city of Teheran, the capital of
Persia, having a population of 60,000.

1853. SAMUEL APPLETON, one of the most opulent, benevolent and public
spirited citizens of Boston, died, aged 87. His charitable donations for
many years exceeded $25,000 per annum.


JULY 12.

100 B. C. Birthday of JULIUS CÆSAR, the Roman emperor. Pliny says of him
that he could employ at the same time his ears to listen, his eyes to
read, his hand to write, and his mind to dictate.

1174. King WILLIAM of Scotland taken by the famous chief-justiciary,
Glanville. This success of the arms of king Henry has been attributed to
his having, on the Thursday previous, done penance at the tomb of Thomas
a Becket.

1191. The Christians took possession of the city of Acre. The two
western kings planted the royal standard each in his own portion of the
conquest, and divided the booty of the Saracens between them.

1212. The Christians defeated the Moors at Toulouse.

1536. DESIDERIUS ERASMUS, the celebrated Dutch philosopher, died. He was
the most learned man of the age in which he lived, and greatly
contributed to the restoration of learning in Europe. The _New
Testament_ in Greek (of which he was the first actual publisher, 1516),
written with his own hand, is, with other relics, including his sword
and pencil, to be seen at Basil, where he died.

1543. Marriage of HENRY VIII with the protestant lady, Catharine Parr,
his sixth queen. Kate was a _doctor_, and a lover of learning; and
survived the queen-killer.

1566. First stone of the walls of the Tuilleries at Paris laid, in the
presence of Charles IX and his mother, Catharine de Medicis. The site of
this famous palace had been occupied by a manufactory.

1581. MAURICE CHAUNCEY died at Paris; a French historian prior of the
Carthusians, and confessor to queen Mary.

1609. HUDSON having continued his course westward for some days, first
obtained sight of the American continent, and on the 17th, the fog
having cleared up, ran into Penobscot bay, in the state of Maine.

1625. PAUL BENI, a learned Italian author, died. He censured the
dictionary of the della crusca academy at Florence, and refuted its
opinions in his defence of Tasso and Ariosto. His works were collected
in 5 vols. folio.

1676. HENRY STUBBE, a learned English author, drowned. His writings are
very numerous and instructive, and evince great research; at the same
time they abound in abuse, satire and malevolence.

1691. Battle of Aghrim in Ireland; the French under Gen. St. Ruth
defeated and himself killed by the forces of William III under Gen.
Ginckle. Of the French and Irish catholics 4000 were slain and 600
taken, with their baggage, artillery, &c.; English lost 800 on the
field.

1691. Cardinal PIGNATELLI elected pope, and took the name of Innocent
III.

1712. RICHARD CROMWELL died, aged 82. He assumed the protectorate of
England on the death of his father, but found himself inadequate to
sustain the office, and resigned it to retire to more peaceful pursuits.
He inherited little of his father's ambition.

1637. JOHNSON, "a stranger in London," addressed Cave, editor of the
_Gentleman's Magazine_, "having observed in his papers very uncommon
encouragement to men of letters." In this letter he proposed a
translation from the Italian of Sarpi.

1730. LAWRENCE CORSINE elected pope, the conclave having sat four
months.

1776. Lord HOWE arrived from Europe with a formidable squadron and
30,000 men, chiefly Hessians, and joined his brother Gen. Howe on Staten
island.

1776. Capt. COOK sailed on his third and last voyage of discovery.

1779. BIŒRNSTAHL, a learned Swedish professor of the oriental
languages, died at Salonica in Turkey.

1780. SUMPTER with 133 men attacked and defeated a detachment of British
at Williamson's plantation, South Carolina.

1791. BABA MAHOMET, dey of Algiers, died, aged 80. He was one of the
most singular characters of the age; raised himself from a common
soldier to the throne, and governed a nation of barbarians more than 25
years with uncommon reputation. He was succeeded by Sidi-Hassan, his
prime minister, whose succession was accomplished, for the first time,
without bloodshed.

1793. The first official trial of the Clauda Chappe telegraph was made
with complete success; transmitting despatches forty-eight leagues in 13
min. 40 sec.

1794. Battle of Edikhoffen commenced, which continued three days. The
French lost 1000 killed, and 6000 prisoners fell into the hands of the
Prussians; notwithstanding which the French finally obtained the
victory, and obliged Moellendorf to retreat 60 miles.

1796. Ninety-four prisoners taken by the Algerines on board American
vessels, were redeemed by the United States consul at Algiers.

1798. The knights of St. John at Malta surrendered to Bonaparte. They
had possessed the island nearly 270 years, and under them it had risen
from a state of destitution to a place of great opulence and luxury; and
the military works which remain to this day, are a monument of their
perseverance and power.

1801. Action off the coast of Spain between the British fleet, 5 sail of
the line, and the combined French and Spanish fleet of 13 sail, and a
considerable number of gun boats. Two of the Spanish ships, of 112 guns
each, blew up, another of 74 was taken, and the remainder made their way
into Cadiz.

1803. CHARLES JORDAN died in Anson county, North Carolina, aged 114. His
favorite amusement was hunting, and only four days before his death he
killed two deer at a shot.

1804. ALEXANDER HAMILTON, an American statesman, died of a wound
received in a duel with Col. Burr. Hamilton was born on the island of
St. Croix 1757, and came to New York in 1773. At the commencement of the
war he joined the army, and was an aid-de-camp to Washington, and
afterwards a major-general. He continued in the service until the
surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, where the troops under his command
stormed and took the British works. He afterwards commenced the
practice of law in New York, and rose to the highest eminence in the
profession. He was appointed secretary of the treasury under Washington.
As a statesman and a financier he revived the public credit, and placed
the United States revenue on a permanent footing. Of all the coadjutors
and advisors of Washington, Hamilton was doubtless the one in whose
judgment and sagacity he reposed the greatest confidence, whether in
military or civil career; and of all the American statesmen, he
displayed the most comprehensive understanding and the most varied
ability, whether applied to subjects practical or speculative. A
collection of his works was issued in New York some time after his
death, in 3 vols. octavo.

1807. Ratification of the peace between Bonaparte and the king of
Prussia at Tilsit.

1812. The United States frigate Constitution completely manned and
equipped, under the command of Com. Isaac Hull, left Annapolis in
Chesapeake bay, for New York, and made a singular escape from the
British squadron, consisting of a sixty-four gun ship, three frigates
and a schooner, by running into Nantucket harbor. She was chased sixty
hours, and escaped by _kedging_, an invention of Chas. Morris.

1812. Gen. HULL, with an army of United States volunteers invaded
Canada.

1814. JOHN SWIFT, a revolutionary soldier and brigadier general in the
United States army, killed whilst reconnoitering the British positions
at Queenstown. He had surprised an outpost, and was most basely shot in
the breast by a soldier who had begged and received quarters. Swift
however, killed the soldier himself.

1816. A slide from the bank of West Canada creek, near the village of
Herkimer, carried nearly five acres of land into the creek.

1816. A dreadful storm burst upon the town of Worchestz, in Hungary,
which injured every house in the place; damage estimated at four
millions of florins.

1823. The Diana steam boat, built at Kidderpore, near Calcutta,
launched; and on the same day she made her first voyage on the Ganges
between Calcutta and Chinsoorah in six hours and a half. This was the
first appearance of these boats in the east.

1832. The monolithic column, in honor of Alexander of Russia, was
debarked at St. Petersburg. It measures 12 feet in diameter at the base,
and is 84 feet in length; being the largest pillar of modern erection.
It was raised upon its pedestal in September following.

1836. WILLIAM MURRAY died near Jonesborough, Tenn., aged 111.

1838. JOHN JAMIESON, an eminent Scottish seceder, died, aged 80. He is
the author of several theological and miscellaneous works, and of a
celebrated _Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language_.

1841. WM. JAMES MCNEVEEN, so celebrated as a physician and author, died
at New York.

1851. DAGUERRE, inventor of the daguerreotype, died at Paris, aged 61.

1854. LOUIS DWIGHT died at Boston, aged 61. He was a native of
Stockbridge, Mass., and graduated at Yale college in 1813. On the
formation of the Prison discipline society, he was appointed
corresponding secretary, and devoted the remainder of his life to the
promotion of the interests of this important institution of public
economy and Christian philanthropy.

1855. A convention of the friends of slavery was held at Lexington, Mo.

1855. A mob at Jonesville, Mo., seized a prisoner whom a jury had found
guilty of murder, for which the statute punishment was imprisonment for
life, and hung him on a tree.

1856. The Crimea was evacuated by the last of the allied forces of Great
Britain and France.

1856. The submarine telegraph cable was laid across the St. Lawrence
gulf, from cape Race cove, Newfoundland, and Ashby bay, cape Breton, a
distance of 85 miles, and messages transmitted from place to place.


JULY 13.

325. The first œcumenical council, that is, council of the whole
habitable earth, assembled at Nice, now Isnick, in Bythinia, where 318
fathers of the church subscribed the ordinances regulating the festival
of Easter, and establishing the Godhead, in opposition to the dogmas of
Arius.

573. Pope JOHN III died.

1024. HENRY II, emperor of Germany, died. He was successful in arms
against the Greeks and Saracens, whom he drove from Calabria, restored
peace and tranquility in Italy and Germany, and increased his popularity
by various deeds of benevolence and kindness wherever he went.

1377. Isle of Wight taken by the French and plundered.

1568. ELIZABETH committed MARY queen of Scots to the castle of Bolton, a
prisoner.

1571. GEORGE FABRICIUS, a learned German poet and historian, died, aged
55.

1621. THOMAS HARIOT, an English mathematician, died. He accompanied sir
Walter Raleigh to America, and wrote an account of Virginia. It is said
that Descartes drew from his works many of his improvements in algebra.

1629. GASPARD BERTHOLIN, a Swedish physician and divine, died. He is
said to have learned to read perfectly in 14 days at the age of 3, and
to compose with correctness Greek and Latin orations at the age of 13.
His works are on anatomy, metaphysics, logic and rhetoric.

1637. Battle with the Pequods, in which the last body of that formidable
tribe was exterminated. They had secreted themselves in a swamp near
where Fairfield now stands, in Connecticut; when some of the rangers who
were in pursuit of them discovering their lurking place, rushed in upon
them, in defiance of their arrows, and the hazard of being swallowed in
the miry bogs. After a fruitless parley, the Indians refusing to come to
terms, the soldiers were ordered to cut through the swamp with their
swords, in order to hem them in, till they were begirt in a narrow space
and remained all night sorely galled by the fire of their besiegers.
Taking advantage of a dense fog, some of the stoutest made their escape,
leaving the rest to the mercy of their conquerors. They were discovered
in the morning sitting in crowds, sullenly refusing to ask for their
lives, and were shot by dozens or cut in pieces. The male children which
were taken were sent to the Bermudas, and the females distributed to the
English towns. This overthrow of a great and powerful nation, cast a
terror upon the arms of the colonists, which brought other tribes to a
lasting peace.

1650. Dr. LEVINS, a civilian, was hanged for having in his possession
blank commissions from Charles II, against the commonwealth.

1677. WILLIAM BERKELEY, governor of Virginia, died in England, after
having administered the office nearly 40 years. His measures were
generally bigoted and revengeful.

1730. ELIJAH FENTON, an English poet and divine, died. He assisted Pope
in the translation of the _Odyssey_.

1750. The excessive heat of the weather at this time caused the fish in
the Thames to assemble in shoals under the bank, where they were readily
caught.

1759. Battle of Zullechan, in which the Prussians were defeated by the
Russians.

1762. JAMES BRADLEY, an English astronomer, died. He made some important
discoveries, and greatly improved the instruments which enrich the
celebrated observatory at Greenwich.

1772. Captain JAMES COOK sailed on his second voyage round the world.

1774. CHARLES FREY DE NEUVILLE, a French Jesuit, died, aged 81. He was
long known as an eloquent preacher; but on the suppression of his order
he retired into privacy.

1774. WILLIAM JOHNSON, Indian agent, died at his seat near Johnstown,
during the sitting of a convention at his place. He was a man of stern
and determined purpose, but urbane and conciliatory when necessary, and
held a greater controlling influence over the Indians than any other
individual since the settlement of the province.

1785. STEPHEN HOPKINS, a signer from Rhode Island, died. He was a man of
learning and a powerful speaker. His signature to the declaration is
indicative of a tremulous hand, owing to a nervous affection, which
compelled him, when he wrote, to guide his right arm with his left.

1788. An extraordinary and destructive hail storm happened in France,
converting many of the richest autumnal prospects into arctic
desolations.

1793. JEAN PAUL MARAT, a notorious leader of the French revolution,
assassinated. He was a humble physician in Paris when the storm of
anarchy burst forth, and became the most insatiable advocate of human
slaughter of all the blood-thirsty demons by whom he was surrounded. He
endeavored to get up a general massacre, and publicly demanded 270,000
executions.

1795. Action between the British fleet, admiral Hotham, and the French
fleet. French ship Alcide struck, but took fire and blew up with several
hundred of her crew on board, who perished.

1807. JAMES BERNOUILLI 3d, a Swiss astronomer, died. He was one of an
illustrious family of scientific men.

1809. Senegal, in Africa, taken by the British.

1810. FRANCIS JAMES JACKSON, British minister, burnt in effigy before
the door of his lodgings in Albany.

1813. A British fleet of 11 ships, captured and plundered Portsmouth and
Ocracoke, in North Carolina, and took the privateers Anaconda of New
York, and Atlas of Philadelphia, then lying in port.

1831. JAMES NORTHCOTE, an English artist of some celebrity, died in
Argyle st. London.

1843. JOHN ROWAN, an eminent statesman and jurist, of Kentucky, died at
Louisville.

1851. JOHN LINGARD, the well known catholic historian of England, died
at Hornby, aged 82.

1854. San Juan bombarded by the United States sloop of war Cyane,
captain Hollins; and a party landing from the sloop burnt the entire
town, with the exception of two small buildings. A demand had previously
been made upon the authorities, by Capt. Hollins, for satisfaction for
alleged injuries, but without effect. A considerable portion of the
property destroyed belonged to Americans. One British vessel of war in
the harbor protested against the act.

1854. Battle of Gaymas, between some Frenchmen under count Raousset de
Boulbon, and the Mexicans under Col. Yanez. The former were defeated,
the count taken prisoner, and shot on the 12th August.

1854. A riot occurred at Buffalo growing out of street preaching.


JULY 14.

66. It was on the 14th of _Lous_, during the festival of Zylophory, or
wood carrying, at Jerusalem, to feed the perpetual fire at the sacred
altar, that the zealots destroyed the house of Ananias the chief priest,
and the palaces of Agrippa and Berenice, with all the public archives,
containing the bonds of debtors, "the nerves of the city."

1099. Jerusalem taken by the crusaders.

1420. Battle of Prague; 4000 Hussites under their celebrated leader
Zisca, repelled the Bohemian army of 30,000 under the emperor Sigismund.

1514. CHRISTOPHER BAINBRIDGE, an English archbishop, poisoned at Rome.
He was the envoy of Henry VIII to the pope, where he distinguished
himself.

1584. BALTHAZAR GERARD, the assassin of William prince of Orange, whom
he shot through the breast with a pistol as he was going out of his
palace at Delft, was executed in the same manner as Damiens (q. v.) and
died, in his own conceit, a martyr of the church of Rome.

1675. Mendon, Mass., attacked by the Nipmuck Indians, and several
persons killed. Mather says: "blood was never shed in Massachusetts, in
the way of hostility, before this day."

1678. The expedition under M. de la Salle set out from Rochelle,
consisting of thirty men, among whom were pilots, smiths, carpenters,
and other useful artists.

1683. MUSTAPHA, the grand vizier, sat down before Vienna with an army of
150,000 Turks, and opened the trenches.

1694. Bombardment and destruction of Dieppe, in France, by the English.

1699. WILLIAM BATES, an English non-conformist divine, died. He was
chaplain to Charles II, a man of great learning, and the intimate friend
of the first men of the kingdom.

1711. The prince of Nassau, stadtholder of Friesland, was drowned in his
coach while ferrying over the Hollandsdiep, near Moerdyk.

1719. BELL, the traveler, left St. Petersburg with Ismayloff the
ambassador and a numerous retinue for China. They took the route by
Moscow, Siberia and the great Tartar deserts, and did not reach Pekin
until sixteen months after their departure from the Russian capital,
having undergone great fatigue during the journey.

1741. EDWARD SYNGE, an Irish bishop, died. He distinguished himself for
above twenty years as an active and laborious parish priest; and his
tracts, written in a popular style, have been considered of so much
value as to require frequent editions.

1742. RICHARD BENTLEY, a celebrated English divine and classical
scholar, died. His editions of the ancient classics procured him a great
reputation for learning, but they were made the medium for retorting
upon his contemporaries, who assailed him on all sides.

1748. An eclipse of the sun observed at London. 10 digits eclipsed, and
Venus seen in a crescent form through a telescope.

1762. PETER III (_Fedrowitch_), emperor of Russia, died in prison. He
acquired the enmity of the nobility and clergy by trenching upon their
privileges, and introducing foreign customs, and was hurled from his
throne by a conspiracy, after a reign of six months, and probably
murdered.

1766. The grand junction canal commenced, uniting the Trent with the
Mersey, and opening a water communication with both the east and west
coasts of England. This great improvement was originated with Brindsley,
who is represented to have "handled rocks as you would plum pies, and
made the four elements subservient to his will."

1774. Captain FURNEAUX, who sailed in the discovery ship Adventure with
captain Cook, returned with the ship, having reached 67° 10´ north, and
circumnavigated the globe.

1776. WASHINGTON refused to receive a letter from lord Howe, addressed
to "George Washington, Esq.," and afterwards another addressed to
"George Washington, &c., &c., &c." The British lion, on further study,
gave his message the proper direction.

1780. CHARLES BATTEUX, a French philosopher, died; eminent for his
erudition and his private virtues, and author of several works on
classical literature.

1788. Congress ratified the constitution framed by the convention of
which Washington was president, and it went into operation the ensuing
March.

1789. Marquis DE MIRABEAU, an advocate of Quesnay's sect of political
economists, and author of _Ami des Hommes_, died. He was father of the
fiery orator, count Mirabeau.

1789. Destruction of the Bastile, at Paris. This awful fortress of
despotism, of which the name had for ages inspired terror, and which had
withstood a vigorous siege about two centuries previous, was invested by
a mixed multitude of citizens and soldiers. De Launay, the governor,
displayed a flag of truce and demanded a parley, but abusing the
confidence which that signal inspired, he discharged a heavy fire of
cannon and musketry on the besiegers. This act of treachery, so far from
intimidating the people, inflamed their rage and rendered them
desperate. They renewed the attack with frenzy, and carried the prison
by assault. The governor was seized and massacred, and his head carried
in triumph through the streets. The Bastile was razed to the ground, and
with it the despotism of the French monarchy fell prostrate in the dust.
It cost 200,000 livres to demolish this edifice to its foundations, and
the materials were sold for 36,000.

1790. GIDEON ERNEST LAUDOHN, an Austrian field marshal, died. He was
commander-in-chief of the Austrian forces, and so high was his
reputation, that Frederic the Great of Prussia admitted that he feared
nobody so much as Laudohn.

1790. Grand national confederation of France, at Paris, in the field of
Mars, when the civic oath was administered. Accommodations were made for
exhibiting at one view 350,000 persons on this occasion, in a vast
amphitheatre.

1791. Commencement of the Birmingham riots, which were occasioned by the
celebration of the anniversary of the French revolution, by some private
individuals. The destruction of property was very great; Dr. Priestly's
house, library, manuscripts and philosophical apparatus were totally
consumed.

1794. British squadron captured, on the American station, 14 sail of
French ships laden with provisions.

1795. The British took Simonstown, cape of Good Hope.

1796. The British post of Oswego delivered up to the Americans,
agreeable to treaty stipulations. The British had continued to occupy
stations within the state of New York since the revolution. As they
marched out the United States troops marched in, planted a standard on
the ramparts, and fired a salute of 15 guns.

1798. Congress passed the famous act for the punishment of sedition,
&c., against the United States, commonly called the _gag law_.

1798. Battle of Chebriessa, in Egypt, the French under Bonaparte
defeated the Mamelukes by land and water.

1807. GEORGE SAVILLE CAREY, an English dramatist and poet, died. He was
bred to the profession of a printer, which he left for the stage. His
writings all tend to awaken patriotic, generous and amiable emotions.

1808. Battle of Riosecco, in Spain; the French under Gen. Bessieres,
came upon the united armies of Castile and Leon, and defeated them in a
desperate action, in which 20,000 Spaniards perished. This calamitous
battle opened the gates of Madrid to Joseph Bonaparte.

1813. The United States schooner Asp, of twenty men and two guns,
attacked by five British barges; after a gallant resistance, in which
she lost ten of her men and her commander, she was abandoned to the
enemy.

1814. The British schooner Balaboo, of six guns, captured by the
American privateer schooner Perry of five guns, after a running fight of
fifty, and a close action, of ten minutes.

1817. ANNA LOUISA GERMAINE NECKER, baroness de Stael Holstein, died. Her
talents were so early displayed that she was said never to have been a
child, and she became distinguished at an early age as a writer, and by
the spirit of her conversation. She was banished twice by Napoleon for
attempting to thwart his government. Her works form 17 vols.

1834. EDMUND CHARLES GENET, a French statesman, died. He was a minister
to the United States in 1793, and when superceded he remained in the
country, and settled on the Hudson river.

1836. ISABELLA JAMES died at Montego bay, Jamaica, aged 110.

1848. A portion of the levee fell in at New Orleans, by which a number
of persons were drowned and much property destroyed.

1852. The college of the Holy Cross, at Worcester, Mass., destroyed by
fire, partially damaging the library, which was otherwise wholly saved.

1853. Com. PERRY landed at Japan, and delivered to the imperial
commissioners the letter from the American president.

1853. The crystal palace opened at New York, in presence of the
president of the United States, and many other dignitaries.

1854. Duc D'ECKLINGEN, second son of marshal Ney, died at Gallipoli. He
commanded a brigade of cavalry in the French army of the east.

1854. ABBAS PASHA, viceroy of Egypt, died at Benha, a small town on the
Nile. He had reigned over Egypt since 1848. He was very unpopular, and
under his rule the population decreased, and those that remained lived
in great wretchedness. The only remarkable work of his reign was the
commencement of the railway from Cairo to Alexandria.

1856. ENOCH LEWIS, a prominent member of the society of Friends, died at
Philadelphia, aged 81. He wrote much in explanation of the principles
and practice of his sect, was for many years editor of the _Friend's
Review_, and was also noted for his attainments in mathematics.


JULY 15.

496 B. C. Battle of Regillum, in which it is said the twin knights
Castor and Pollux appeared upon white horses and assisted the Romans. In
memory of this event an annual cavalcade was instituted at Rome, during
which the knights, robed in purple, and crowned with olive wreaths, rode
in solemn procession from the temple of Honor to the Capitol, where the
censor, seated on his curule chair, passed judgment on their characters.

238. MAXIMUS and BALBINUS, emperors of Rome, murdered by the prætorian
guards.

1099. Jerusalem taken by the crusaders on the 39th day of the siege. Two
huge movable towers had been constructed, and rolled with great labor to
the foot of the fortifications. From the tops of these they fought the
besieged on even terms till afternoon, when a warrior named Letolde
leapt upon the ramparts and was followed by all the other knights, and
drove the Saracens down into the city. The standard of the cross was
planted in triumph on the walls, and after 460 years of bondage, the
holy city passed from under the Moslem yoke. The victory thus bravely
won, was tarnished by the ferocity of the conquerors. The number who
were slain in the city amounted to 70,000, and the Jews were burnt in
their synagogues.

1535. TRAJAN'S floating palace (which was sunk at a great depth in lake
Nemi, Italy, 1340 years before) explored by Marchi in a diving machine.
It was found in a tolerable state of preservation, measuring 500 feet in
length, 270 in breadth and 60 in depth. This magnificent work was
designed for the retirement of a prince celebrated for his magnificent
taste, and were it possible to rescue it from its present position, or
examine the interior, many valuable relics might be brought to light, to
enrich the cabinet of the antiquarian if not to subserve the use of the
sciences.

1546. The protestants having assembled a force of 70,000 foot, 15,000
horse, and 6,000 pioneers, with 120 cannon, 800 ammunition wagons, 8,000
beasts of burden, determined to support their cause by the force of
arms. They issued a manifesto, and sent a letter to Charles V. (See July
20.) They were, however, overcome without battle, in consequence of
having separated themselves into small bodies early in 1547.

1557. ANNE OF CLEVES, one of the queens of Henry VIII of England, died.
The king demanded her in marriage after having seen her picture. But the
painter had flattered the beauty, and the king becoming disgusted with
what he termed a _Flanders mare_, obtained a divorce and sent her home
again. She retired, seemingly unconcerned, and no doubt considered it a
matter of great good fortune to have escaped with life.

1557. A great dearth of breadstuffs in England; wheat £2 13s. 4d.; malt
£2 4s.; peas £2 6d. per quarter.

1567. MARY, queen of Scots, unable by entreaties or threats, to induce
her followers to fight any longer in her cause, surrendered herself up
to her disaffected subjects, by whom she was imprisoned.

1570. IGNATIUS AZEVEDO, a Portuguese Jesuit, murdered. He relinquished
the enjoyment of a large fortune to embark as a missionary to India, was
captured by pirates, and with nineteen of his companions, barbarously
massacred, near Palma.

1575. HENRY, duke of Anjou, divested of the Polish crown, in full diet,
and the throne declared vacant.

1610. The Halve Maan, in which the first white man sailed up the Hudson
river, arrived at Amsterdam on her return, having been detained in
England since Nov. 7 of the previous year.

1614. PETER DE BOURDEILLES, lord-abbot of Brantome, in France, died. He
served an apprenticeship in arms under Francis of Guise, and is supposed
to have visited most of the countries of Europe, either in a military
capacity or as a traveler. His memoirs or works were published in 1666,
and several editions have since been printed. It is represented to be a
rare work, but has never been translated into English. (_Biog. Univer._
says July 5, q. v.)

1685. JAMES, duke of Monmouth, beheaded. He was the natural son of
Charles II, against whom he rebelled; and on the accession of James II,
he invaded England, was defeated, (See July 5,) imprisoned and finally
brought to the scaffold, after having made the most humiliating
petitions for his life.

1715. BELL, the Scottish traveler, left St. Petersburg for Persia, with
the Russian embassy, in the quality of physician. They were obliged by
the severity of the weather to halt at Cazan and pass the winter, and
were detained there till June 4, 1716. They then proceeded by Astraken,
the Caspian sea and Tauris to Ispahan, where they arrived in 1717.

1716. The island of Corfu, besieged by 80,000 Turks, and defended by
the Venetians, was attacked by the Turkish admiral with 22 ships, and
an attempt was made by the land forces to storm the citadel; but the
Venetian fleet destroyed that of the Turks, and the garrison, making a
counter sally with 2000 men, took the Turks by surprise in the rear, who
fled, leaving 4000 dead in the trenches.

1751. JOHN WILSON, an eminent English botanist, died. His occupation was
that of a shoemaker, and he ranks among the self-elevated men, who
without a liberal education have distinguished themselves by scientific
and literary abilities. He became an expert and accurate botanist before
Linnæus's method of discriminating species improved the science, and
published a _Synopsis of British Plants_. He was the first writer that
attempted a systematic arrangement of indigenous plants in the English
language.

1761. DOMINICO PASSIONEI, a learned Italian cardinal, died. He made a
valuable collection of books and manuscripts, and was particularly
distinguished as the friend and patron of literature.

1769. The general court of Massachusetts refusing to make provision for
the support of the British soldiery, with whose presence they were
favored, governor Bernard prorogued that assembly.

1776. British king's ships Phœnix, Rose and two tenders, effected
their passage to Tarrytown, on the Hudson, under a heavy cannonade from
the New York batteries, &c.

1778. France declared war against England, and 40,000 men were assembled
in Normandy for the invasion of England. The plan was not carried into
effect, because the French and Spanish fleets, which were to protect the
landing, were dispersed by contrary winds.

1782. WILLIAM DE BURE died; a Paris bookseller, famous for his knowledge
of old, curious and valuable books.

1785. A new mufti of Constantinople prohibited the reading of foreign
gazettes and newspapers, in whatever language they might be written,
under severe penalties.

1789. LOUIS XVI, accompanied by his two brothers, went to the states
general of France, and declared his determination to act in concert with
the _national assembly_, a title which he then employed for the first
time. They returned on foot to the palace, amid the shouts and blessings
of an immense crowd.

1791. Great riot in Birmingham, England. Dr. Priestley's house and
library destroyed by the mob. His philosophical apparatus was the best
in the world, and his library and manuscripts above price, and not
capable of being restored.

1795. Desperate engagement between a British private armed lugger of 12
guns, and 9 French vessels of 65 guns altogether. The French were
beaten off after an incessant action of 18 hours.

1797. The exiled French ministers were permitted to return to France on
taking an oath to support the constitution.

1800. BRYAN EDWARDS died; a British West India merchant, author of an
elegant _History of the West Indies_, and other lesser productions,
connected with the islands in that part of the world.

1802. THOMAS DERMODY, an Irish poet, died, aged 28. He was employed as
Greek and Latin assistant in his father's school, at the age of 9 years;
and is said to have written as much genuine poetry at 10, as either
Cowley, Milton or Pope had produced at nearly twice that age. He was, at
the same time, a depraved wretch, and died of intemperance.

1807. JOSEPH MCKEEN died; an American mathematician, and first president
of Bowdoin college.

1808. MURAT placed upon the throne of Naples by Bonaparte, under the
title of _king Joachim Napoleon_. He governed with prudence and vigor.

1815. BONAPARTE surrendered himself to captain Maitland, of the British
ship Bellerophon.

1819. "A steam vessel entered one of our ports from America," says a
British writer under this date.

1834. The inquisition again abolished in Spain.

1839. WINTHROP MACWORTH PRAED, an eminent English orator and statesman,
died.

1853. An earthquake at Cumana, in Venezuela, South America, destroyed
many edifices and killed 600 persons.

1855. The first legislature of the new state of Panama, formed of the
provinces of Panama, Azuen, Veraguos and Chiriqui, met at Panama. Justo
Arogemena was appointed superior chief.


JULY 16.

523 B. C. One hour before midnight at Babylon the moon was eclipsed 6
digits on her northern disk. This is believed to be the 5th eclipse on
record.

622. The Hegira, or Mohammedan era, commenced. It was instituted by
Omar, the second caliph, in imitation of the era of the martyrs,
beginning with the first appearance of the new moon (the crescent), 68
days before the flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina.

1054. MICHAEL CERULARIUS, the Greek patriarch, excommunicated at
Constantinople by the pope's legates. "Shaking the dust from their feet,
they deposited on the altar of St. Sophia, a direful anathema, which
enumerates the seven mortal heresies of the Greeks, and devotes them to
the eternal society of the devil and his angels." The Greeks have never
abandoned their errors, the popes have never repealed the sentence, and
from this thunderbolt we may date the consummation of the schism between
the two churches.

1212. Battle of Tolosa in Spain; the Moors defeated by Alphonso of
Castile. This day became an anniversary festival called _The triumph of
the Cross_.

1216. INNOCENT III died; he was a steadfast friend of king John of
England.

1377. The baron PERCY created earl of Northumberland, by Richard II at
his coronation.

1429. The town of Rheims in France was taken from the English by Joan of
Arc, and on the following day the dauphin was crowned, an exploit which
Joan had sworn to accomplish.

1439. Commencement of a direful pestilence and famine, which scourged
England and France for two years, and caused an intermission of
hostilities between the two countries.

1519. The first embassy sailed from Cortez to the king of Spain. He
accompanied his letter by a present of all the gold he had received from
the king of Mexico, including the two great wheels, one of gold,
representing the Mexican century, curiously wrought, valued at 10,000
sequins, and the other of silver, representing the Mexican year, also
wrought with figures in bas-relief. His object was to prepossess the
king against the representations which might be made by the governor of
Cuba.

1546. ANNE ASKEW (or _Ascough_), an accomplished protestant lady, after
having been tortured, was burnt for heresy. It is remarkable that her
husband was _accuser_, the lord chancellor _extortioner_, and the mayor
of London _incendiary_, in that unmanly work.

1640. CORNELIUS VAN TIENHOVEN, secretary of New Netherland, at the head
of one hundred men, made a rash attack upon the Raritans, who lived at a
small river five miles behind Staten island; the soldiers committed
excesses, which the Indians resented the following year.

1647. THOMAS ANELLO (or _Massaniello_), a fisherman of Naples, killed.
He headed an insurrection, caused by the viceroy's laying a new tax on
fruit, fish, &c. The sedition continued for ten days, when all kinds of
barbarity were practiced, and Anello became supreme dictator over
150,000 people. He gave himself up to debauchery, and was despatched by
four assassins and his body dragged through the streets with every mark
of indignity.

1676. MARIA MARGARET DE BRINVILLIERS, a French lady known for her
intrigues and crimes, executed at Paris. She cut off her relatives by
poison, and spared her husband only because he looked upon her crimes
with indifference.

1691. FRANCIS MICHAEL LE TELLIER, a French statesman, died. He was a
great favorite with Louis XIV, who on a certain occasion treated him
with so much coolness that he returned home from the levee and died in
his own apartment of vexation and grief. He was endowed with splendid
talents, which he exerted for the benefit of his country.

1696. JOHN PEARSON, an English prelate, died; known by his valuable
_Exposition of the Creed_.

1710. Battle of Alamanza, in Spain; Philip V of France defeated by the
allies under Stanhope, with the loss of 1500 killed.

1717. Battle under the walls of Belgrade; the Austrians under prince
Eugene defeated the Turks.

1719. JAMES KEILL, a Scottish physician, died in England; author of
several valuable medical works.

1736. THOMAS YALDEN, an English poet and physician, died. His works are
not the most polished, yet deserving of perusal.

1760. Battle of Exdorff; the prince of Brunswick defeated the Prussians,
and took their commander Glaubitz, the prince of Anhalt-Cothen, and five
battalions prisoners.

1761. Battle of Fillinghausen in the palatinate, between the allies
under the hereditary prince Ferdinand, and the French under Broglio and
Soubise. The French were defeated with the loss of 5000 and 9 cannon;
loss of the allies 1200.

1767. CHARLES MOLLOY, an English dramatic writer, died. He also
conducted _Fog's Journal_, and _Common Sense_.

1779. Stony point taken by the Americans. The assault was made at
half-past 12 at night, when both columns rushed forward under a
tremendous fire of musketry and grape shot, entered the works at the
point of the bayonet. American loss 98 killed and wounded; British loss
63 killed, 543 prisoners, with 15 cannon and a considerable quantity of
military stores.

1780. JOHN NICHOLAS HUBERT HAYER, a French ecclesiastic, died. His works
display great zeal and learning.

1794. MARK ANTHONY CHARRIER, a French lawyer, beheaded at Paris. He was
a member of the states general, and boldly opposed all innovations.

1786. Treaty of peace between the emperor of Morocco and the United
States.

1789. The parliament of Paris insulted the king by a vote of thanks, but
communicated their resolution only to the national assembly. The same
day a great number of the nobility left France.

1794. Battle of Wigoya; the Poles defeated the Russians.

1795. Attack on the heights of St. Barbe at Quiberon, by the French
emigrants, who were defeated by the French under Hoche, with the loss of
300.

1799. Aboukir in Egypt attacked and carried by assault by the Turks
under Seid Mustapha Pasha, and the whole garrison, 700 in number, put to
the sword. The castle of Aboukir with a garrison of 400, also
surrendered immediately after.

1808. Battle of Baylen, in Spain, which terminated in the defeat and
capture of general Dupont and his division, one of the first serious
reverses of Napoleon in the peninsula.

1812. Colonel CASS with 280 men attacked and carried the bridge over the
river Aux Canards, four miles from Malden. It was defended by a part of
the British 41st regiment and some Indians.

1815. BONAPARTE sent a flag of truce and entered the Bellerophon
man-of-war, captain Maitland, who proceeded with his illustrious _ruin_
to Torbay.

1832. The German diet, at Franckfort, issued a protocol suppressing the
liberty of the press in Baden.

1833. Corner stone of New York University laid.

1838. GEORGE DOMBERGER, a soldier under prince Eugene, died, aged 130.
He married for the first time when in his 100th year. He was a special
pensioner of the emperor of Austria.

1843. SAMUEL HAHNEMANN, founder of the homeopathic system of medical
practice, died at Paris, aged 88.

1849. DAVID B. OGDEN, an eminent New York attorney, died. For more than
half a century he was associated with the councils of the state and city
of New York.

1849. Frost was seen at Pittsfield and vicinity, although the
thermometer had been at 90° the day before.

1852. LOUIS KOSSUTH, the Hungarian revolutionist, left New York in the
steamship Africa, for Liverpool, under the assumed name of Alexander
Smith.

1854. NATHANIEL BOWDITCH BLUNT, an eminent New York attorney, died at
Lebanon Springs.

1854. A day of humiliation and prayer observed at Bombay, and all over
India, by the natives as well as the Europeans, for the success of the
British arms.

1856. A formidable insurrection which had broken out at Madrid in Spain
two days before, was suppressed after a sanguinary contest of 30 hours.

1857. PIERRE JEAN DE BERANGER, a French lyric poet, died, aged 77. His
songs are at once a storehouse of gayety and satire, and a record of the
history of his time.


JULY 17.

855. LEO IV, pope, died. He was a wise and courageous pontiff, who, when
the Saracens approached Rome to pillage it, boldly marched out to meet
them, unsupported by the emperors of the east or the west. The Saracens
were defeated with great slaughter, and the captives employed to adorn
and fortify the city they had come to destroy. The famous pope Joan
succeeded for a few days to the papal chair.

1085. ROBERT GUISCARD, duke of Apulia, died at Corfu. He was a famous
Norman knight, who assisted in the conquest of Naples from the Saracens.

1429. CHARLES VII, of France, crowned at Rheims. Joan of Arc, his
supporter, was seated on horseback, helmeted, at his right side, with
her triumphal banner unfurled.

1453. JOHN TALBOT, earl of Shrewsbury, killed. He distinguished himself
in the reduction of Ireland, of which he was made governor by Henry V.
This brave warrior, who was the terror of the French, and acquired the
title of the English Achilles, accompanied the English army to France,
and took several towns; but was finally killed in battle, near
Castillon.

1525. An act of the English parliament was passed prohibiting the
importation of any of Luther's books into England.

1530. TINDAL'S translation of the _Pentateuch_ was published at
Marlborow (Marburg), in the land of Hesse. The violence of the times
rendered concealment necessary.

1652. EDWARD SACKVILLE, earl Dorset, an English statesman, died. He was
also sent with an army into Bohemia, and fought at the battle of Prague
1620.

1755. The British East India ship Doddington lost, and only 23 out of
273 persons saved.

1656. Battle of Valenciennes; the prince of Conde and don John of
Austria, defeated the French under Turenne and La Ferte; the latter was
captured. The French army was saved by the masterly manœuvres of
Turenne.

1679. JAMES DUPORT, an English divine, died, whose great erudition as a
classical scholar is evinced in the learned works which he published.

1786. Thirteen elm trees removed by a storm in Devonshire, Eng., 200
yards where they afterwards took root.

1791. The first bank in Albany began to discount, being the present bank
of Albany.

1793. MARIE JOSEPH CHALIER, a French revolutionist, guillotined. He was
an admirer of the sanguinary character of Marat, whom he determined to
imitate at Lyons, where he was a merchant. He erected a guillotine, and
had already marked 900 victims for sacrifice, when he fell into the
snare himself.

1793. MARIE ANNE CHARLOTTE CORDAY D'ARMANS, the assassin of Marat,
executed. She gained admittance to him while bathing, and when he
declared some of his bloody designs, she plunged a dagger to his heart.
She was 24 years of age, possessed rare charms of person, united with
great courage, and was actuated by a sense of duty in ridding the world
of a monster, at the expense of her own life.

1793. The crown revenue of Poland sequestered by order of the Russian
ambassador.

1796. JOHN CHRISTIAN HARTWICK, a Lutheran divine, died at Clermont, N.
Y., aged about 90. He was eminent for his classical knowledge and
literary abilities, and spent 62 years in the gospel ministry. He left a
large estate for the promotion of religious purposes.

1796. JOHN BAPTIST SECONDAT DE MONTESQUIEU, died. He was a son of the
celebrated Montesquieu, and devoted himself to agricultural pursuits. He
published several agricultural and scientific works.

1806. RICHARD JOSEPH SULLIVAN, an English writer, died. His works
consist of travels, history, &c., &c.

1812. American privateer schooner Dolphin, 2 guns, captain Endicott,
captured a British ship of 14 guns. She took six other prizes.

1812. _Fort Michilimackinac_ with a garrison of 57 United States troops,
capitulated to the British, 306 men, 715 Indians.

1812. United States frigate _Constitution_ fell in with a British
squadron, from which she effected her escape by the masterly seamanship
of captain Hull, after a chase of 60 hours.

1813. A small number of volunteers with 40 soldiers from fort George, in
two row-boats, captured at the head of the river St. Lawrence, a British
gun-boat, mounting a 24 pounder, and 14 bateaux laden with 230 barrels
of pork, and 200 bags of bread, and took 4 officers and 61 men.

1813. British and Indians made an attack on an outwork of the garrison
at fort George, but were repulsed.

1832. JOHN CARR, an English tourist, died at London; well known as a
writer of tours and travels.

1853. An exhibition of relics was made at Aix-la-Chapelle, when more
than 60,000 pilgrims entered the city to see them.

1854. The first party sent out under the auspices of the Massachusetts
emigrant aid society, left Boston for the territory of Kansas.

1854. The American steamer Franklin, from Cowes for New York, went
ashore on Long island beach, and was lost; the mails and passengers were
safely landed.

1854. GEORGE C. WASHINGTON, a nephew of general Washington, died at
Georgetown. He had been twice a member of congress, from his district in
Maryland, was president of the Ohio and Chesapeake canal, and
commissioner for the settlement of Indian claims. All his duties were
performed with faithful attention and marked ability.

1854. An insurrection broke out at Madrid, and barriers were erected by
the people in all parts of the city.

1856. A collision occurred on the North Pennsylvania rail road, near
Philadelphia, when a Sunday school excursion on one of the trains had 60
killed and 78 wounded.

1856. The steam boat Northern Indiana was burnt on lake Erie, and over
30 persons lost.

1856. While a fire was raging at Salonica, Turkey, a terrific explosion
of gunpowder occurred, killing and wounding 700 persons, among whom were
the Dutch, Russian and Sardinian consuls.


JULY 18.

390 B. C. Battle of Allia, a river in Italy; the Romans defeated by the
Gauls under Brennus, who destroyed the city, except the capitol.

1009. JOHN XVIII, pope, died. He was a Roman; after him the right of
election passed from the Roman people to the clergy. He resigned the
dignity some time before his death, and died in the obscurity of a
monastry.

1100. GODFREY DE BOUILLION, one of the heroes of the crusades, died. He
was the son of a French count, defeated the armies of the sultan with
great slaughter, and made himself master of all Palestine. He was
elected king of Jerusalem, as a reward for his activity and heroism,
which he declined for the humbler appellation of the duke of the holy
sepulchre.

1390. On this and the two following days the parish clerks of London
played interludes before Richard II and his queen, at Skinnerswells.

1566. WILLIAM RONDELET, a French anatomist, died. He wrote a Latin
treatise on fishes, 2 vols. folio, and various tracts on medicine,
afterwards collected into a volume. His death was occasioned by eating
figs to excess.

1639. BERNARD, duke of Saxe-Weimar, died. He waged an active war with
Austria, in which he was successful, till death stopped his career.

1656. Battle of Warsaw, which continued three days.

1675. The Narragansets, posted in a swamp were attacked by the colonists
and defeated. They retreated to their recesses, where they remained till
they discovered that it was determined to surround and starve them out,
when they found means of escape.

1694. A body of 250 Indians under the sieur de Villieu fell with great
fury on a village at Oyster river, in New Hampshire, and killed and
captivated about a hundred persons, and burnt 20 houses.

1683. Battle under the walls of Vienna; the Turks defeated by the
combined armies under John Sobieski of Poland. The vanquished fled with
precipitation, leaving behind them the standard of Mahomet.

1705. The duke of MARLBOROUGH defeated the French near Tirelemont, for
which victory a thanksgiving was ordered in England.

1761. THOMAS SHERLOCK, an eminent English prelate, died. His
controversial works and sermons are well known. His private virtues were
adorned with the purest acts of benevolence and humanity.

1775. A party of Americans under col. Ashe entered fort Johnson, on cape
Fear river, in the dead of night, and burnt it, with the houses and
other buildings. The governor, Martin, retired on board the king's ship
Cruzier.

1782. GABRIEL FRANCIS COYER, a French writer, died. He was originally a
Jesuit, but abandoned the society for literature. He wrote bagatelles,
morals, history, biography, travels, &c., all in a popular style, and
translated Blackstone.

1786. JOHN BASEILLAC DE ST. COSME, an eminent lithotomist, died at
Paris. His instruments were much used formerly.

1790. ADAM SMITH, a celebrated Scottish philosopher, died. His _Wealth
of Nations_ procured him immediate fame and emolument. His _Life of
Hume_ marks him a deist.

1792. KOSCIUSKO at the head of 5,000 Poles, gave battle to the Russians,
14,000 in number, and was defeated with the loss of 1,100.

1792. JOHN PAUL JONES died in Paris. He was distinguished as a seaman.
Yet though both in the United States and Russian service, he died in
neglected poverty.

1794. The French under Moreau took Nieuwpoort, in Belgium; 300 emigrant
prisoners taken were shot.

1802. DUMARESQ, a British admiral, died, aged 73. He boasted that he had
never employed a physician or a lawyer.

1806. Sale of the Leverian museum concluded. It was pronounced by those
who had visited the most celebrated museums of Europe to be superior to
any of them. The sale occupied 65 days. It was founded by sir Ashton
Lever.

1806. The strong fortress of Gaeta surrendered to the armies of France,
after a desperate resistance.

1814. AKIM NICHOLAEVITCH MAKHIMOV, a Russian poet, died. His poem called
the _Speaking Monkeys_, composed in derision of Napoleon's attempt to
take Moscow, is much admired.

1817. JANE AUSTEN, an English authoress, died. Her writings were
principally novels, which have lately been republished.

1820. The first chain bridge in England thrown over the Tweed, captain
Brown architect. The river 437 feet wide.

1835. WILLIAM COBBETT, a powerful and original English writer, died. He
was editor of the _Register_ more than thirty years, during which time
he made himself sufficiently conspicuous as a violent and somewhat
fickle politician. He was an extraordinary man, and the oracle of a
multitude of his countrymen.

1839. Rev. WILLIAM WHITE, bishop of Pennsylvania, died. He was one of
the first elected as chaplain to the United States congress.

1844. JESSE BUSHYHEAD, a person of great distinction among his tribe,
and chief justice of the supreme court of the Cherokees, died. He was a
correct translator.

1848. The Mexican agitator, PAREDES, defeated by Bustamente at
Guanajanto, and totally routed. The belligerent priest, padre Jurauta
was captured and immediately shot.

1848. The Indians, in Yucatan, repulsed at all points, and the towns in
their possession retaken by the whites. The Indians at this time were
waging a war of extermination against the whites.

1853. The Atlantic and St. Lawrence rail road, from Portland to
Montreal, was opened throughout its whole length of two hundred and
ninety miles.

1854. A tremendous hurricane prevailed at Davenport, Ill., causing great
destruction of life and property.

1854. A negro woman died in Virginia, aged 140.

1855. W. R. HENRY, a late captain of the Texas volunteers, issued a
proclamation to the people of Texas and the Mexicans, that he and his
companions intended to cross the Rio Grande, to aid in overthrowing
Santa Anna, and in establishing a government more favorable to the
interests of Texas.


JULY 19.

64. The firing of Rome in the reign of Nero is placed by des Vignoles on
the 19th July; the day also on which it was sacked by the Senonian
Gauls. (See June 18.)

1203. Fall of Constantinople to the Venitian crusaders, when Isaac
Angelus, feeble and blind, was solemnly reseated, with his son Alexius,
upon the imperial throne.

1242. Battle of Taillebourg, upon the Charente, in France. The French
king, at the head of a vast and superior force, carried the bridge, and
the English under Henry, the royal palmer, after a desperate stand, gave
way, and were driven with rapidity to Saintes.

1333. EDWARD III defeated the Scots at Halidown with great slaughter,
which defeat was followed by the surrender of Berwick which Edward
annexed to England.

1374. FRANCESCO PETRARCA, the celebrated Italian poet, died, aged 70.
His talents and learning contributed greatly to the revival of
literature, and he has been justly styled the father of modern poetry.

1573. JOHN CAIUS, an English physician, died. He visited the most
learned institutions in Europe to improve himself in his profession, and
when he finally settled in London became extremely popular as a
practitioner. He endowed a college, which bears his name.

1610. The foundation of the famed and valuable Bodleian library was laid
at Oxford.

1629. Quebec capitulated to the English under Louis and Thomas Kerth.
This was 130 years before its final conquest by Wolfe.

1693. Battle of Landon in which the confederates were defeated by the
French with great slaughter.

1701. The confederated tribes of Indians surrendered to the English, at
Albany, their beaver hunting country, lying between lakes Ontario and
Erie, to be by them defended for the said confederated Indians, their
heirs and successors forever.

1743. WILLIAM SOMERVILLE, an English poet, died. On the completion of
his education he settled on his paternal estate, became known as a
magistrate and a country gentleman, and devoted his leisure to the
muses.

1763. NATHANIEL HOOKE, an English historian, died. He is little known,
except by his _History of Rome_, 4 volumes 4to.

1777. Logan's fort, Kentucky, besieged by 200 Indians. The garrison
consisting of 16 men, who repelled the savages.

1779. Battle of Paulus Hook; the British garrison surprised and made
prisoners by the Americans under general Lee. The commandant of the fort
and a few Hessians escaped; 30 were killed and 161 taken. American loss
6 killed or wounded.

1783. JOB ORTON, an excellent English dissenting divine, died; author of
many valuable works, among which is a life of Dr. Doddridge.

1794. A revolution commenced at Geneva in Switzerland, headed by two
commissioners of the French revolution residing there.

1806. Action off Feroe islands, between British frigate Blanche and
French frigate Guerrier, 50 guns, 317 men. The latter was captured in 45
minutes, with the loss of 26 killed, 30 wounded; British loss, 4
wounded. The Guerrier was taken from the British by captain Hull, in
1812.

1808. Battle of Baylen, in Spain; the French under Dupont defeated by
the Spaniards. Dupont and 2,600 fell, after a desperate action from 3
o'clock in the morning till noon, when the French sued for terms. A
convention was agreed upon, by which they were to lay down their arms,
and be conveyed to France; accordingly 14,000 soldiers defiled before
the Spanish army, laid down their arms, and all their military
accoutrements, and were conducted to Cadiz. The officers were sent home,
but the soldiers were placed in hulks, where they remained some years;
until the few that survived the miseries of their confinement, driven to
despair, cut the cables of their prison-ships, drifted out of the
harbor, and were saved by their countrymen then besieging Cadiz.

1810. The king of Prussia issued a decree forbidding American vessels to
enter his ports.

1812. Battle at the bridge Aux Canards. 150 volunteers under colonel
M'Arthur while reconnoitering fell into an ambush and were fired upon by
a party of Indians under Tecumseh. The Indians were routed.

1812. United States brig Nautilus, 12 guns, captured by a squadron of
British frigates.

1814. Action off Sandy hook, between the United States privateer Gen.
Armstrong and British sloop Henrietta; the latter was captured, laden
with stores for the fleet in Chesapeake bay.

1814. MATTHEW FLINDERS, an English navigator, died. He explored a part
of the coast of New Holland; but lost his ship in that enterprise, and
on his return home was held a captive in the isle of France 6 years, and
deprived of his papers.

1824. AUGUSTIN ITURBIDE, emperor of Mexico, shot. He entered the army at
a very early age. In 1820 he took up arms for the cause of freedom, and
led his army on to a series of splendid victories. He became suddenly
popular, and was raised to the throne; but was as suddenly deposed and
banished. His execution was occasioned by his return.

1836. LEFEBURE DE CHEVERUS, arch bishop of Bordeaux, died. He came to
America after the French revolution, and was consecrated first catholic
bishop of Boston, 1810. He was a man of distinguished talents, and
extensive scientific and literary acquirements. He returned to France at
the invitation of Louis XVIII.

1848. ROBERT SWARTWOUT died; quartermaster general in the war of 1812,
and afterwards known as a politician.

1849. HARMANUS BLEECKER, a prominent and universally respected citizen
of Albany, died, aged 70. He was minister for the United States at the
Hague for several years.

1849. GEORGE TIBBITS of Troy, well known in the councils and commerce of
the state of New York, died.

1849. The excavation for the passage of the double track of the Utica
and Schenectady rail way through the rock at Little Falls, Herkimer
county, New York, was completed. 30,000 yards of granite were taken out
and 1,600 kegs of powder consumed in the operation.

1853. The Danish parliament was prorogued, and a fundamental law issued,
by which the government became an absolute one.

1854. The insurrection at Madrid (see 17th) triumphed, and the Rivas
ministry resigned.

1855. JOSEPH L. FOLSOM, first collector of the customs at San Francisco,
died, aged 38. He was educated at West Point, and after serving in
Florida, went to California with a New York regiment in 1847. He was
reputed the richest man in California.

1857. A fire broke out in Taiefa, Portugal, which spread over an immense
district of agricultural country, consuming a vast quantity of standing
grain, country houses, barns, &c.


JULY 20.

1322 B. C. The great Canicular cycle of the Egyptians, consisting of
1460 years, began with the sun in Cancer, 15 days after the summer
solstice. Its first revolution was just completed with the reign of
Adrian, 138 A. D.; its second in the time of Shakspeare, 1598. The
famous expedition of the Argonauts, and the foundation of the Pythian
games, are events which chronologists have placed _sixty years_
afterwards.

44 B. C. The customary games in memory of Cæsar's victories were
exhibited by Octavius upon this day, dedicated to Venus Mater, when he
produced the hero's golden spectatorial chair. The anniversary is
interesting from the fact of a comet having appeared near the _Great
Bear_, which was visible for seven days.

1031. ROBERT (_the Wise_), king of France, died. He refused the crown of
the empire and of Italy, satisfied to rule his own subjects, for whose
happiness he labored earnestly.

1164. PETER LOMBARD, bishop of Paris, died; called _Master of the
Sentences_, from a work of his by that name, which has been ably
commented on by succeeding divines.

1546. The emperor CHARLES V placed the protestant confederates under the
ban of the empire; whereupon they declared war upon him. (See July 15.)

1553. Lady Jane Grey's _nine days' usurpation_ terminated.

1620. Massacre of the protestants in the Valteline in Switzerland. It
began on this day and extended to all the towns of the district; it was
a labor of three days.

1650. JOHN PRIDEAUX, an English prelate, died. He rose from the ranks of
poverty and dependence to be bishop of Worcester; and sunk back again to
his original level rather than compromise with the republicans.

1655. ROBERT BROOKE died; he was the first settler in Patuxent,
Maryland.

1691. ADRIAN AUGUSTIN DE BUSSY DELAMET, a French ecclesiastic, died. He
was of a noble family, and wrote among other things a _Dictionary of
Cases of Conscience_, 2 volumes folio.

1704. PEREGRINE WHITE, the first-born of Plymouth colony, died at
Marshfield, aged nearly 84.

1752. JOHN CHRISTOPHER PEPUSCH, an eminent Prussian musician, died in
England. His abilities were so early displayed, that at the age of 14 he
was employed to teach music to the prince royal at Berlin.

1759. The English general, PRIDEAUX, commanding the enterprise against
Niagara, while directing the operations of the siege, was killed by the
bursting of a cohorn.

1779. DOUGAL GRAHAM (_the Rhymer_), chronicler of the events of the
rebellion of 1741, died.

1788. Action off Hoogland between the Russian fleet of 17 ships, and
Swedish fleet of 15. It continued from 5 P. M. till near midnight, and
ended in the defeat of the Russians, who had one ship sunk and one of 74
guns and 780 men captured. The Swedish fleet was inferior to the
Russian in the size of the vessels as well as in number.

1794. A revolutionary tribunal established at Geneva, in Switzerland;
about 2,000 persons arrested; 200 on the proscription list escaped.

1814. General BROWN moved his whole force upon fort George, but not
being supported by the fleet on account of Com. Chauncey's illness, fell
back on the 22d to Queenstown.

1814. The British fort St. Joseph taken possession of by colonel
Croghan.

1814. Privateer general ARMSTRONG arrived at New York, having captured
11 vessels.

1819. JOHN PLAYFAIR, a celebrated Scottish mathematician, died. He was
also eminent as a geologist and geographer. His largest work is a system
of geography in 5 volumes.

1825. WILLIAM BROWN, a celebrated gem engraver, died. He was first
patronized by Catharine of Russia, and subsequently by the king of
France; but the storm of the revolution drove him from Paris to London,
where he executed many excellent works.

1843. The Chinese city Chin-keang-foo was captured by the British forces
under sir H. Pottinger.

1844. JOHN HALSAM, a British author on insanity, died in London.

1852. The obsequies of Henry Clay celebrated with the greatest pomp and
magnificence in New York. The city was shrouded in mourning, business
was suspended, and the shipping wore their colors at half-mast.

1854. CAROLINE BOWLES, widow of Southey, died at Buckland, England; a
poetess of some merit.

1855. A great portion of the village of Chamouni, in Savoy, destroyed by
fire.

1857. THOMAS DICK, a Scottish astronomer, died near Dundee, aged 83. His
_Christian Philosopher_ and some other works are popular in both
continents.


JULY 21.

1756 A. M. The window of the ark opened 40 days after the appearance of
the tops of the mountains, 1st of 10th month, (June 11). See Nov. 2.

330 B. C. DARIUS III (_Codomanus_), the last king of the ancient Persian
empire, assassinated. He was conquered by Alexander the Great, and
treacherously slain by Bessus, governor of Bactria, his own general, who
hoped to succeed to the sovereignty. With his death the Persian empire
became extinct, after a lapse of 228 years from its establishment by
Cyrus.

365. A memorable earthquake which shook the greatest part of the Roman
world, and deluged the lower shores of the Mediterranean. The city of
Alexandria annually commemorated the fatal day, in which 50,000
inhabitants lost their lives in that inundation.

1403. Battle of Shrewsbury, between Henry IV and Henry Percy (Hotspur).
Their numbers were matched and the mutual slaughter was immense; several
earls, 2,300 gentlemen, and 6,000 privates were slain. Hotspur was
brained by an English _cloth yard_, and his rival in execution, Douglas,
was taken prisoner. But for the disparity in prudence, the dynasty upon
the English throne would probably have been reversed. (20th? 22d?)

1575. FRANCIS MARULLO, or Maurolico, abbot of Messina and an eminent
astronomer, died. Owing to the illiberality of the age in which he lived
much of his treatise on comets was suppressed.

1586. THOMAS CAVENDISH sailed upon an American expedition, at his own
expense, in three ships, with 123 persons, victualed for 2 years, and
circumnavigated the earth. It was the second English voyage round the
world, and was effected in two years and two months, with the loss of
two of his ships. On his voyage he pillaged and burnt several Spanish
settlements on the west coast of America.

1667. Treaty of Breda, between the English, French and Dutch, when New
York was exchanged for Surinam, and Antigua and Montserrat restored to
the British.

1601. PETER AIRAULT died; a magistrate of Paris of great integrity and
firmness, by which he acquired the title of _the rock of the accused_.

1637. DANIEL SENNERTUS, a learned German physician, died. He was the son
of a shoemaker, rose to great celebrity, and was one of the first to
introduce the study of chemistry among his pupils.

1683. WILLIAM RUSSEL, duke of Bedford, executed. This was one of the
arbitrary measures of the reign of Charles II. An attempt was afterwards
made to satisfy the ends of justice in this affair by seeking out the
instigators of the deed, and restoring his family to their privileges
and estates.

1688. JAMES BUTLER, duke of Ormond, died; a celebrated statesman and
warrior in the reign of Charles II, to whose restoration he materially
contributed.

1772. PETER BARRAL, a French ecclesiastic, died. He distinguished
himself by the production of several useful works, and among them a
historical dictionary.

1773. Pope CLEMENT XIV signed the famous bull which pronounced the
extinction of the society of Jesuits.

1788. GAETANO FILANGIERI died at Naples; one of the most celebrated
political economists of the last century.

1789. M. FOULON and his son-in-law, BERTHIER, massacred at Paris; they
are numbered as the 8th and 9th victims of the revolution.

1796. ROBERT BURNS, the Scottish poet, died. In the humble employment of
a ploughman, he discovered a most extraordinary genius, which has given
to his productions an enduring fame.

1797. PETER THELLUSON, a Swiss resident in London, died. He accumulated
an immense property, the bulk of which he left to be funded till it
should amount to £140,000,000, when, if he should have no lineal
descendants, it was to be applied to the _sinking fund_ of Great
Britain.

1798. Battle of the Pyramids in Egypt. Murad with 22 other beys were
defeated by the French under Bonaparte, with the loss of 40 cannon, 40
camels, and their whole baggage and provisions. Cairo surrendered to the
_king of fire_, as the Mamelukes termed the combative Corsican, and the
whole of Lower Egypt submitted to his arms.

1814. The inquisition reestablished in Spain by Ferdinand. It had been
suspended during the reign of Bonaparte.

1815. HARRIET ACKLAND died in England, aged 66. Her husband was wounded
and taken prisoner at Saratoga in 1777, and the interest felt for her on
the occasion, and the hardships and dangers she encountered have made
her the subject of history.

1827. ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE, if not the most fortunate by far the most
eminent publisher that ever adorned the Scottish capital, died. He
directed the printing and publishing of the _Edinburgh Review_, &c.

1831. LEOPOLD, king of Belgium, made his entry into Brussels, and took
the oath of the constitution.

1832. The sultan of Turkey gave his assent to the extension of the Greek
frontier, as required by the London conference, from the gulf of Arta to
that of Volo, and recognized the independence of the Greek states.

1838. JOHN MAELZEL, an ingenious German mechanist, died. He visited many
countries of Europe and America with Kempelin's automaton chess-player,
which he improved by giving it the powers of speech. He also invented
several automata of surprising powers, which are familiar throughout the
country.

1848. The cities of Dublin and Waterford proclaimed by the lord
lieutenant of Ireland to be under the coercion act.

1849. ELIZABETH DODD died at Stephens, New Brunswick, aged 111.

1849. EBENEZER MACK, long and favorably known as a distinguished printer
and the conductor of the largest book establishment in western New York,
died at Ithaca.

1853. THOMAS P. MOORE died at Harrodsburg, Ky., aged 57; an officer in
the war of 1812, member of congress, minister to Colombia in 1829, and
lieutenant-colonel in the regular army in Mexico.

1855. The fortress of Frederickshamm was attacked by the allied fleet,
and its garrison driven out.


JULY 22.

310 B. C. The Carthaginians defeated Agathocles, who nevertheless
carried the war into Africa.

711. RODERICK, the last of the Goths, is overthrown by Tarik, or Xeres,
upon the Guadelete, in Spain.

1298. Battle of Falkirk; the Scots under Wallace defeated with great
slaughter by the English under Edward I. Wallace escaped, but his sun
had now sunk forever, and the remainder of his life was spent in his
native forests, a fugitive. The number of slain in the Scottish army is
by some represented as high as 50,000. Guy, earl of Warwick, "the black
dog of Arden," then a young adventurer for fame, signalized his prowess
in the ranks of Edward on this occasion.

1403. Battle of Shrewsbury, in which the forces under Douglas, Percy and
Owen Glendower were defeated, and the earl of Northumberland's son,
Henry Hotspur, slain.

1461. CHARLES VII, king of France, died. He succeeded in driving the
English from his kingdom, by the assistance of Joan of Arc; but having
restored peace he relapsed into sensuality, and died of anguish and
starvation at the undutiful conduct of his son.

1534. JOHN FRITH and ANDREW HEWET burnt at Smithfield for heretical
opinions relative to the sacrament; Henry VIII king.

1575. PETERS and TURWERT, two anabaptists, burnt at Smithfield, in
presence of an immense crowd of spectators.

1581. RICHARD COX, bishop of Ely, died. He was the chief framer of the
liturgy, and translator of the Bible, called _The Bishop's Bible_, made
in the reign of Elizabeth.

1589. HENRY III, of France, assassinated. His reign was distracted by
the quarrels between the catholics and protestants, till he fell a
victim to the zeal of a priest named Clement, and the house of Valois
became extinct.

1674. GERBRANT VANDEN EECKHOUT, a Dutch painter, died. He was a pupil
of Rembrant, whom he rivaled in merit and popularity.

1676. Pope CLEMENT X died. He was a Roman, and in disposition mild.

1686. City of Albany incorporated.

1698. CLAUDE BOYER, a dramatic writer, died at Paris.

1704. Gibraltar (_Gebel al Tarik_, the mountain of Tarik, where the
Saracens landed), taken by the British under sir Geo. Rooke, in whose
possession it has ever since continued.

1706. Treaty for the union of Scotland with England signed. It was
ratified by parliament and queen Anne, and went into operation May 1,
the following year.

1734. PETER KING, chancellor of England, died. He was a grocer and
salter in his boyhood, that being the trade of his father; but his
genius soared to higher occupations, and he became a student. His
abilities were appreciated and rewarded by a succession of high and
responsible offices.

1763. JOHN DALTON, an English divine, died. He prepared Milton's masque
of _Comus_ for the stage; sought out the poet's grand-daughter, then
overwhelmed with age and poverty, and procured her a benefit which
produced £120. His works consist of sermons, poems, &c.

1776. The foundation stone of the far-famed observatory on Calton hill,
near Edinburgh, Scotland, was laid.

1779. Battle of Minisink.

1793. The city of Mentz surrendered to the Prussians.

1794. JOHN BENJAMIN DE LA BORDE, a French writer, guillotined. He was
valet to Louis XV, upon whose death he was appointed farmer-general.

1802. Action between the United States frigate Constellation, captain
Murray, and 9 Tripolitan gun boats. Four of them were driven on shore,
and the remainder took shelter in Tripoli.

1802. MARIE FRANCIS XAVIER BICHAT, an eminent French physician and
author, died, aged 31.

1805. Action off Feroll, between the British fleet, 11 sail, and the
French and Spanish fleets, in which the latter were defeated with the
loss of two large ships captured.

1807. Battle of Novoleski; the advance of the Russians under prince
Bagration defeated a strong body of French chasseurs with great
slaughter, taking only 150 prisoners. Bagration rushed on, and near
Mohiloff a sanguinary action took place. French loss 4,000; Russians
lost 3,000.

1812. Battle of Salamanca, in Spain; the British under Wellington
defeated the French under Marmont, who lost an arm. Of the French, 7,000
were taken prisoners, and it was owing to the night and Clausel's skill
and science that the army was saved from destruction. British loss
5,220.

1813. GEORGE SHAW died; an eminent English naturalist and writer on
zoology, and principal keeper of natural history in the British museum.

1823. WILLIAM BERTRAM, a distinguished American botanist died, aged 82.
His father was the first American who conceived and carried into effect
the design of a botanical garden, for the cultivation of American plants
as well as exotics.

1826. JOSEPH PIAZZI, a celebrated astronomer, died at Palermo. He made a
new catalogue of the stars, consisting of 7,646, and in 1801 discovered
an eighth planet, which he named Ceres Ferdinandia. He is the author of
several scientific works.

1832. FRANCIS CHARLES JOSEPH BONAPARTE, duke of Reichstadt, died, aged
21. He was the only son of Napoleon Bonaparte and Maria Louisa; is said
to have possessed distinguished talents, united with great kindness of
disposition, and early gave indications that his ruling passion was
military ambition.

1833. WILLIAM THOMPSON died at Hickory hill, Baltimore county, Md., aged
112.

1836. ARMAND CARREL, a French republican, killed in a duel. He was
principal editor of the _Nationel_ of Paris. A monument by David is over
his grave.

1839. Ghuznee, one of the strongest places in Asia, defended by a
garrison of 3,500 Afghans, under a son of the ex-king of Cabul, was
taken by the British under general Keane; 500 of the garrison being
killed and the rest taken. British loss about 200.

1850. SARAH MARGARET FULLER D'OSSOLI, a distinguished American
authoress, with her husband and child, perished near Fire island, on
their homeward passage to New York.

1852. EXCELMANS, a noted French general, died at Paris, aged 77. He
first gained distinction under Oudinot, in 1799; commanded a part of the
cavalry at Waterloo, and was raised to the dignity of marshal of France.

1854. A new planet was discovered by the astronomer Hind, from the
observatory at Regents park, London.


JULY 23.

1401. The city of Bagdad sacked by the Tartars under Tamerlane (_Timour
the Lame_,) who erected on her ruins a pyramid of 90,000 heads.

1531. Treaty of Nuremberg between Charles V and the reformers, and soon
after solemnly ratified by the diet of Ratisbon.

1562. GŒTZ VON BERLICHINGEN (_with the iron hand_), a bold, restless
and warlike German knight, died. He placed himself at the head of the
rebellious peasantry in the war which they waged against their
oppressors, but was soon taken prisoner.

1584. ELIZABETH RUSSEL died; an English lady, distinguished for a well
cultivated mind and a taste for literature.

1584. JOHN DAY, an eminent English printer, died. He was the first who
printed in Greek and Saxon characters in England, and is deserving of
remembrance for his enterprise in the publication of many extensive
works, the effect of which was to facilitate the progress of the
reformation.

1588. Date of the oldest preserved newspaper in England, the _English
Mercurie_, by queen Elizabeth. It had been printed at intervals before,
as this was the fiftieth number, and is still preserved in the British
museum. It is printed in the Roman character. (May 28.)

1602. The _lacteals_ discovered by Caspar Asselli, while dissecting a
dog. The discovery was accidental.

1627. ROBERT SHIRLEY, a native of England, died in Persia. He made a
visit to Persia, and was induced to settle there; became a favorite with
the emperor, who gave him his niece in marriage, and sent him as his
ambassador to Poland and England.

1637. The _cuttie_ stool thrown by a woman at the head of the bishop, in
St. Giles's church, Edinburgh.

1691. HENRY SLOUGHTER, governor of the province of New York, died, after
a short, weak and turbulent administration, and was buried in
Stuyvesant's vault, next to the old Dutch governor.

1692. GILES MENAGE, a learned French author, died. He acquired the title
of the Varro of his time, and became so popular that Mazarin even was
jealous of him. He left numerous valuable works.

1712. ACHILLE DE HARLEY died; first president of the parliament of
Paris, and an upright magistrate.

1741. Battle of Williamstadt, in Sweden, between the Russians and
Swedes.

1752. ALEXANDER POLITI, an Italian professor of great learning, died at
Pisa. He published an edition of Eustathius's _Commentary on Homer_,
with a Latin translation, and notes, 5 vols. folio; a labor of great
value.

1757. Zittau, in Saxony, bombarded, taken and destroyed by the
Austrians; the inhabitants, as well as the Prussian troops who defended
it were put to the sword.

1758. Battle of Sangershausen; the Hessians defeated by the French under
Soubise; who, although victorious, lost 2,000 men.

1765. In Lapland, 120 reindeer were struck dead by lightning.

1773. GEORGE EDWARDS, styled the father of ornithologists, died, aged
81. He was apprenticed to a trade, but as soon as his indentures expired
he began to travel, and extended his researches into various countries
of Europe. The first volume of his work appeared in 1743, and the whole
was completed in 1764, in 7 vols. 4to, containing engravings and
descriptions of upwards of 600 subjects in natural history never before
delineated.

1779. The Minisink settlements in Orange co., N. Y., attacked by the
Indians under Brant, by whom it was also plundered and burnt, and the
inhabitants either killed or carried away.

1780. Battle in North Carolina, between 300 militia under colonel Lock,
and the British and tories under Moore. The latter proposed a cessation
of hostilities for one hour, which being agreed to, he decamped with his
party.

1785. The Germanic union concluded; the last act of importance of the
life of Frederick II.

1793. ROGER SHERMAN, one of the signers, died.

1794. ALEXANDER BEAUHARNAIS, a French general, guillotined. He served in
the American war under Rochambeau, was some time president of the
national assembly of France, afterwards commanded the army of the Rhine,
and in 1793 was minister of war. He was condemned on a false accusation,
and perished at the age of 34. His widow, Josephine, was the first wife
of Bonaparte.

1800. JOHN FRANCIS VAUVILLIERS, a learned Greek scholar, died. He was
for 20 years professor of Greek at Paris, but finally driven out by the
revolution, and invited to St. Petersburg by the emperor, where he died.

1816. ELIZABETH HAMILTON died; an English lady of great talents and
acquirements, who left several excellent works on various subjects.

1816. The Enterprise arrived at Charleston from Savannah; being the
first steam boat ever seen in that city it excited a great deal of
curiosity.

1832. Battle near Coimbra, Portugal, between the forces of Don Pedro,
8,000 men, and those of Don Miguel, 12,500, in which the latter were
defeated.

1836. HUGH SHAW died, aged 113.

1838. FREDERICK CUVIER, the well known French naturalist, died at
Strasburg.

1855. JOSEPH C. HART, American consul, died at Santa Cruz, Canary
islands. He was a man of literary taste and an author.

1855. The insurgent Mexicans under general Vidauri, at Saltillo,
defeated the government forces under generals Cruz and Guitian, and
drove them from the city.


JULY 24.

634. ABUBEKIR, father-in-law of Mohammed, the Arabian prophet, died. He
was elected caliph, and supported with energy the fabric already erected
by the founder of the new religion. He subdued the disaffected tribes at
home, and turned his arms successfully against foreign invaders.

1313. RALPH DE BALDOCK, bishop of London, died. He wrote a history of
British affairs, now lost, and was a virtuous and charitable prelate,
and a man of learning and judgment.

1322. BRUCE, after ravaging the western marches in England during 24
days, returned home with his wagons filled with plunder.

1411. Battle between the Gaelic and Lowland Scottish factions, led by
the earl of Mar, and Donald of the Isles. This battle was of the highest
importance, since it decided the superiority of the more civilized
regions of Scotland over those inhabited by the Celtic tribes, who
remained almost as savage as their forefathers, the Dulriads.

1520. HENRY STEPHENS, a celebrated French printer, the founder of the
family of that name, died at Lyons.

1527. FRANCISCO ALVAREZ, a Spanish traveler, returned from an expedition
to Africa. He accompanied an embassy from the king of Portugal to David,
king of Abyssinia, in 1515. The expedition met with many obstacles, and
did not arrive till 1520. He published an account of his travels at
Lisbon, 1540, a work of great fidelity and merit.

1567. Queen MARY, a prisoner in Lochleven castle, subscribed the
instrument by which she resigned the Scottish crown in favor of her son,
James VI, afterwards king of England.

1590. STEPHEN TABOUROT (_sieur des accords_), a French writer, died.

1595. ANDREW DE BRANCAS DE VILLARS, a French general, murdered. He
espoused the interests of the league against Henry IV, but afterwards
abandoned it, was taken prisoner and despatched.

1595. CHARLES DE LORAINE D'AUMALE, a French nobleman, broken on the
wheel at Paris, _in effigy_. After the assassination of the duke of
Guise, he became the head of the league against the Calvinists, and
secretly aimed at the throne. He even took possession of Paris, sent the
members of the parliament to the Bastile, and compelled the king to fly.
But meeting with reverses, he joined the Spaniards, was outlawed, and
the parliament being unable to take him, executed their sentence upon
his effigy. He resided principally in Flanders, till his death, which
took place at Brussels, 1631, at the age of 77.

1609. The expedition under Somers, (see June 2,) overtaken by a
tremendous tempest. The admiral ship was severed from the rest "by the
_tail_ of a mighty hurricane," but at length after having _drank to one
another_, "as taking their last leaves, intending to commit themselves
to the mercy of the sea, most luckily the ship was driven and _jammed
between two rocks_."

1712. Battle of Denain; the French under Villars defeated the allies
under Albemarle, who was taken, together with four German princes, and
many other prisoners.

1722. The wearing of broadswords prohibited in Edinburgh.

1744. ALPHONSO DE VIGNOLES, a French protestant, died. He retired to
Prussia on the revocation of the edict of Nantes, where he was
patronized by the king, and wrote several learned works.

1755. ELISHA WILLIAMS, president of Yale college, died; esteemed for his
learning and great moral worth.

1756. GEORGE VERTUE, an English engraver and antiquary, died.

1758. JOHN DYER, an English poet, died. In 1727 he published the poem of
_Grongar Hill_, and soon after he went to Italy to delineate the
antiquities of that country, under the title of the _Ruins of Rome_, a
poem which places him high on the scale of merit as a writer.

1759. Battle of Niagara. The English under sir William Johnson defeated
the French and Indians with great slaughter, and took fort Niagara. The
loss of this fortress effectually cut off all communication between
Canada and Louisiana.

1768. NATHANIEL LARDNER, an eminent English divine, died. His literary
labors, which have been published in 11 vols., were translated into
various languages abroad, and procured him great distinction at home.

1779. An expedition fitted out by Massachusetts to take a British post
at Penobscot, totally defeated by the unexpected arrival of the British
fleet. The troops were dispersed in all directions, and found their way
home with difficulty; 19 vessels were taken or destroyed, and 24
transports burnt.

1797. Unsuccessful attack of the British upon Santa Cruz, Teneriffe.
Lord Nelson lost his right arm.

1804. ADOLPHUS CHARLES ADAM, afterwards a distinguished musical
performer, born at Paris.

1813. An attempt made by several United States officers to blow up the
British ship Plantagenet, in Lynnhaven bay, with a torpedo. It exploded
without effecting their purpose, though so near the vessel as to injure
it.

1817. About mid-day, after a loud detonation, the lake Canterno, or
Porciano, in Italy, totally disappeared. A large opening was discovered
in the bottom, through which the waters were supposed to have escaped
into the sinuosities of the neighboring mountains.

1822. ERNEST THEODORE WILLIAM HOFFMAN, a Prussian novelist, died. He
possessed much imagination and talent, but was an irregular and unhappy
man.

1830. The thermometer at noon in Boston stood at 95°, at sundown at 50°,
and fires were made.

1833. Lisbon surrendered to the army of don Pedro, under the duke of
Terceira.

1848. An intended insurrection at Cuba; the government becoming apprised
of it, general Lopez, the head conspirator, escaped to the United
States.

1849. JOHN L. LAWRENCE died, aged about 67. He was one of the
secretaries who assisted at the treaty of Ghent; well known in the
councils and commerce of the state, and at the time of his death
comptroller of the city of New York.

1853. HEZEKIAH C. SEYMOUR, engineer in chief of the state of New York,
died at Piermont, aged 42. His name is prominently associated with the
New York and Erie rail road, and with the Ontario, Huron, and lake
Simcoe rail road in Canada.

1854. HENRY KING, a British general, died, aged 77. He had been a
soldier for sixty years, serving in the West Indies, Egypt, Walcheren,
and the Peninsula. In Egypt he lost a leg, but that did not prevent him
from subsequently taking part in the war.

1854. The American fishing vessel Ellen Morrill, was captured by the
British cruisers, and carried into the port of Bathurst, causing much
excitement among the fishermen.

1855. Violent and repeated shocks of an earthquake destroyed the Swiss
villages of St. Nicholas and Viege, during this and the preceding day.


JULY 25.

306. CONSTANTIUS CHLORUS, emperor of Rome, died at York palace, and was
succeeded the same day by his son Constantine the Great.

811. NICEPHORUS I, emperor of Rome, died. He was chancellor of the
eastern empire, and seized the throne 807, banishing the empress Irene
to Mitylene. He overcame all opposition from his own subjects, but was
vanquished by the Bulgarians, and fell in battle.

1139. Battle of Aurique, in Portugal; Alphonse I vanquished five Moorish
kings and their barbaric heads were emblazoned in the arms of the
monarchy.

1214. Battle of Bouvines, in France, in which the forces of Otho were
overthrown by Philip Augustus, and peace restored.

1261. The Greek emperor, MICHAEL PALÆOLOGUS, expelled the Latins from
Constantinople, who had taken possession of it nearly 60 years previous.

1441. ROGER BOLINGBROKE, chaplain to the duke of Gloucester, having been
convicted of necromancy, was exposed, with his instruments, to the
public finger, at St. Paul's, in London.

1471. THOMAS A KEMPIS (_Thomas Hammerken of Kempen_), a famous German
theologian, died, aged 92. He displayed great piety and devotion, and
instead of confining himself to transcribing books of devotion, like the
rest of his brethren, composed works of divinity himself, one of which,
_De Imitatione Christi_, has been translated into nearly all languages
in the world.

1505. PHILIP BEROLDUS, a French professor of belles-letters, died. He
was extremely dissipated in youth, but reformed after marriage, and
produced several works, in prose and verse. He was a man of great
learning for that age, and is noted for his valuable edition of the
classics.

1535. CHARLES V, emperor of Germany, having assembled a powerful fleet,
landed at Tunis, and carried by assault the fortress of Goletta. This
gave him possession of Barbarossa's fleet of 87 galleys and 300 cannon.
Having reinstated Muley Hassan and liberated more than 20,000 slaves, he
returned to Europe.

1554. Queen MARY of England married to Philip of Spain at Winchester.

1564. FERDINAND I, emperor of Germany, died. He became king of Hungary
and Bohemia 1527, and was elected king of the Romans 1531. On the
abdication of his brother, Charles V, he succeeded to the empire, and
governed with great moderation and prudence.

1593. HENRY IV, of France, formally renounced the protestant faith at
St. Denys, rather than perish by the hand of an assassin.

1603. King JAMES and his queen crowned at Westminster by archbishop
Whitgift.

1653. The assembly of the Scottish church being met at Edinburgh were
dismissed by Cotterel for not having the authority of the parliament of
England, and commanded that not three of them should be seen together.

1659. The pope, ALEXANDER VII, acknowledged by a papal brief, the king
of France sovereign of the conquests and colonies which his subjects had
made in the American isles. Hitherto the court of Rome had preserved
inviolate the _universal grant_ of that infamous man, pope Alexander VI,
in 1493, to his catholic majesty, the king of Spain. (See May 3.)

1666. Engagement at the mouth of the Thames, between the English fleet
under Rupert and Albemarle, and the Dutch under Van Tromp and De Ruyter.
Each fleet consisted of about 80 sail. Three Dutch admirals were killed.

1722. New England declared war against the Indians. The small pox at
that time was waging a war with both.

1724. A violent persecution of the protestants began in France.

1757. The duke of Cumberland defeated by d'Estrees at Hastenbeck.

1759. General JOHNSON took fort Niagara in America.

1790. WILLIAM LIVINGSTON, governor of New Jersey, died. He was a member
of the New York bar, and a warm advocate of the rights of the colonies.
He removed to New Jersey, and on the deposition of the royal governor,
Franklin, he was elected to fill his place, which he held till the time
of his death.

1790. JOHN BERNARD BASEDOW died; at one time professor of moral
philosophy and belles-lettres, at Soroe in Denmark, from which he was
expelled for some irreverent remarks on religion. He was the son of a
barber at Hamburg, and acquired a reputation for learning and ability.

1794. FREDERICK VON DER TRENCK, a Prussian baron, guillotined at Paris.
For some imprudent conduct he excited the indignation of the
authorities, and was imprisoned a long time at Magdeburg. He finally
escaped to France, where he became obnoxious to the guardians of the
state, and suffered death at the age of 70. The account of his
imprisonment and adventures, written by himself, and highly spiced with
romance, is translated into English.

1795. WILLIAM ROMAINE, an eminent English divine, died; author of many
valuable theological works.

1799. Battle of Aboukir, in Egypt, between the French under Bonaparte,
and the Turks, Arabs and Mamelukes, under Mustapha. The Egyptians were
defeated, with the loss of their general and 200 taken prisoners, with
all their equipage and 20 cannon; 2,000 dead on the field, and about
10,000 driven into the sea and drowned.

1804. GEORGES and 11 of his companions guillotined at Paris for a
conspiracy against Bonaparte.

1804. The American squadron, consisting of the Constitution frigate, 3
brigs, 3 schooners, 2 bomb and 6 gun boats, arrived in sight of Tripoli.

1812. Battle of Ostrovna; the Russians under Ostermann Tolstoy defeated
by the French. The battle continued two days; the loss was about 4,000
on each side.

1814. Battle of Bridgewater, (alias Lundy's Lane,) near Niagara falls,
between the British under Riall, and the Americans under Brown. It was a
sanguinary action, and for the numbers engaged, perhaps unequaled in
modern warfare; in which both the senior generals were wounded. British
loss 878 killed and wounded and missing; American loss 860 do. The
battle commenced at 5 P. M., and ended at 12 in the defeat of the
British, 2,700 veteran regulars, exclusive of a large body of Indians.

1814. CHARLES DIBDIN, a celebrated English song writer and dramatist,
died. His songs amount to upwards of 1,200; he has scarcely an equal in
the number and merit of this species of composition.

1824. WILLIAM SHARP, an eminent English engraver, died. He rose to
distinction in his art by his own unassisted exertions, but was in other
respects a very simple character. His works are numerous and held in
high estimation.

1830. CHARLES X of France ordained that the liberty of the periodical
press was suspended, and five days after was himself suspended from the
throne.

1833. JAMES MARTIN, a soldier of the revolution, died at Knoxville,
Tenn., aged 106.

1834. SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE, an eminent English poet, metaphysician
and theologian, died. As a poet and author he was popular, but his
conversational powers captivated the most learned men of his time, who
visited him to enjoy his conversation. Two volumes of his _Table Talk_
were published after his death.

1840. A couple of officers belonging to the United States exploring
expedition having gone on shore at Malolo, one of the Fejee islands,
were murdered by the natives. Lieut. Wilkes immediately attacked and
burnt the town and fort, killed upwards of 70 of the natives, destroyed
the plantations and laid the island waste.

1840. ANDREW LAUGHLIN died at Devrock, Ireland, aged 110. He saw five
sovereigns successively ascend the British throne. The faculties of his
mind were unimpaired until the last few months of his life.

1852. Baron GOURGAUD, a distinguished French general, died at Paris,
aged 69. He entered the French service in 1801, was engaged in most of
the great battles of Napoleon, including Waterloo; attended the emperor
to St. Helena, and was afterwards near being involved in a duel with
Walter Scott, through his fervid zeal for his master.

1852. WILLIAM SCROOP, an eminent English naturalist, died at London,
aged 81.

1852. JAMES SPENCER CANNON, a talented minister of the Dutch reformed
church, died at New Brunswick, N. J., aged 60. He was 26 years professor
of metaphysics in Rutgers college, and of pastoral theology and
ecclesiastical history in the Theological seminary at that place, and
was distinguished for strong and original powers of mind, urbanity of
manners, and fervent piety.


JULY 26.

46 B. C. JULIUS CÆSAR, arrived at Rome from Utica, celebrated the
fourfold triumph in a quadriga of white horses, for the victories over
the Gauls, over Ptolemy in Egypt, over Pharnaces in Pontus, and over
Juba in Africa; entertained the people with naumachian and pentachlic or
circensian games during 40 days; rewarded and feasted them at 22,000
tables; was declared consul the fourth time, and dictator for ten years;
and to place him on the summit of human glory, his statue was erected in
the capitol opposite to that of Jupiter, with the globe at his feet. He
commenced in this year his reformation of the calendar, called, from the
long intercalation, the year of confusion.

40. PETRONIUS, in his account of Trimalchio, has preserved a _Roman
newspaper_, (diurna acta) for this day. "On the 26th July 30 boys and 40
girls were born at Trimalchio's estate at Cuma. At the same time a slave
was put to death for uttering disrespectful words of his master. The
same day a fire broke out in Pompey's gardens, which began in the night,
in the steward's apartments."

1346. The English under Edward III, captured the opulent city of Caen,
in France, and pillaged the country around.

1469. Battle of Banbury (or Hedgecote), in which the royalists under
Pembroke were defeated by the Yorkshire rebels. Pembroke was taken and
put to death, and earl Rivers beheaded.

1470. Post office first established in Paris.

1471. PAUL II (PETER BARBO), pope of Rome, died. He was a Venetian
noble, and on coming to the throne gratified the cardinals with the
purple habit, the red silk cap, and the mitre, which had hitherto been
worn only by the sovereign pontiff.

1546. Emperor CHARLES V and pope PAUL III secretly leagued against the
protestants.

1560. JAMES BONFADIUS, a polite writer of Italy, executed. He incurred
the enmity of some powerful families at Geneva by the freedom of his
remarks in his writings, who wrought his ruin.

1581. PHILIP excluded by edict from all sovereignty over the united
provinces of the Netherlands.

1592. ARMAND GONRAULT DE BIRON, marechal of France, killed. From the
humble rank of a page he rose through all the gradations of the army, to
the highest dignity under the sovereign. He distinguished himself in the
service, and was killed by a cannon ball at the siege of Epernai.

1630. CHARLES EMANUEL (_the Great_), duke of Savoy, died; an ambitious
prince and brave warrior.

1653. "This day," says Dugdalo, "the fair bell called _Jesus's bell_, at
Litchfield, was knocked in pieces by a presbyterian _pewterer_, who was
the chief officer for demolishing the Cathedral."

1659. The island of Montreal invaded by 1200 Indians, who burned all the
plantations, and made a terrible massacre of men, women and children,
upon whom they committed every barbarity. "Ils ouvrirent le sein des
femmes enceintes," says Charlevoix, "pour en arracher le fruit qu'elles
portoient, ils mirent des enfans tout vivants à la broche, et
contraignirent les mères de les tourner pour les faire rôtir." They
killed 1000 and took 26, who were afterwards burnt.

1680. JOHN WILMOT, earl of Rochester, died; a dissolute English nobleman
of the reign of Charles II, and the favorite companion of the king. He
was a poet, and one of the greatest wits of the day.

1687. A party of French built fort Niagara.

1691. RICHARD INGOLSBY, captain of an independent company, was sworn
into the office of president of the council of New York, or as
lieutenant-governor, on the decease of Sloughter, instead of the
administration coming to Dudley, as of right it should.

1738. WILLIAM THOMAS, an English divine, died; distinguished as a man of
letters and an antiquary.

1758. Louisbourg, which had been restored to the French by treaty, was
again taken by the British under admiral Boscawen and lieutenant-general
Amherst, and its fortifications have since been demolished.

1759. Ticonderoga abandoned by the French, and occupied by the British
under general Amherst.

1766. WALLIS, the navigator, sailed on his great voyage.

1772. JOHN GRÆME died; a Scottish poet and miscellaneous writer of
considerable merit.

1775. Maryland convention met at Annapolis, and resolved to support the
measures of Congress. They also ordered $266,666 in bills of credit to
be struck, and that 40 companies of minute men should be raised.

1775. Congress first established a post office: the route extended from
Falmouth, New England, to Savannah, Georgia, and Franklin was appointed
post master.

1788. The printing office of Thomas Greenleaf, in New York, was much
damaged and his types taken away by a mob. When the two great political
parties were forming, subsequent to the organization of the government,
that which opposed the administration attacked the measures of
Washington with a great degree of virulence in Greenleaf's paper. He was
opposed to the federal constitution.

1788. New York adopted the constitution of the United States,
recommending amendments. Ten states had already given their assent to
it, nine being required before it could be adopted by congress.

1789. Lafayette added to his cockade the white of the royal arms,
declaring at the same time that the tri-color should go round the world.

1793. STANISLAUS CLERMONT TONNERE, a French nobleman, massacred at Paris
for his opposition to the Jacobin club.

1798. A remarkable mirage was seen at Hastings, England. The French
coast distant 50 miles was at 5 P. M. brought close to the feet of the
observers.

1803. An iron railway from Wandsworth to Croydon, in England, was opened
to the public for the conveyance of goods.

1803. British ship Thunderer, captain Bedford, captured the French
privateer Venus, of Bordeaux, pierced for 28 guns, but mounting only 16.

1806. British frigate Greyhound and sloop Harrier captured off Macassar
the Dutch frigate Pallas, 36 guns, and two large East Indiamen, laden
with spices.

1812. Battle of Kobrine; the Saxons under general Klingel, defeated by
the Russians, and himself, together with 70 officers, 2500 men, &c.,
captured; Russian loss 1000.

1814. The Americans under general Ripley and P. B. Porter burnt
Bridgewater mills and bridge, and the British barracks there.

1830. CHARLES X, of France, issued three ordinances, dissolving the
newly elected chamber of deputies, suppressing the liberty of the
press, and altering the law of election. This gave rise to a revolution
which terminated in his dethronement, and the elevation of Louis
Philippe.

1838. The Bolivian troops under Moran having left Lima on the previous
day, Nieto and Orbegozo entered the city with about 2000 men and
declared the constitution of 1835, Orbegozo being named provisional
dictator.

1847. JOB DURFEE, a jurist of Rhode Island, and author of _What cheer;
or Roger Williams in exile, &c._, died at Tiverton.

1848. FRANCIS R. SHUNK, governor of Pennsylvania, died, aged 60.

1848. After several days of hard fighting, the Piedmontese under Charles
Albert were totally defeated by the Austrians under Radetsky, and
retreated to Milan.

1852. The Irishmen in New York made an unsuccessful attempt to rescue
Thomas Kaine, in the custody of the United States marshal, and claimed
by the British government, under the treaty, as a fugitive from justice.

1855. The pope declared the laws which had been enacted in Piedmont, to
the detriment of religion and the power and liberty of the church, to be
void and of no effect; and that all who supported them incurred the
greater excommunication; also that the recent laws in Spain concerning
the church property to be null and void.

1856. The boiler of the steam boat Empire State, exploded on the passage
from Fall river to New York, killing and wounding several passengers.


JULY 27.

1139. The country of Portugal erected into a monarchy.

1276. JAMES I (_the Warrior_), of Arragon, died. He conquered several
Moorish kingdoms, and added them to his dominions, and supported himself
against the encroachments of the papal power.

1586. Sir FRANCIS DRAKE arrived in England from a western expedition,
accompanied by Lane, the commander of Raleigh's Virginian colony, who
now first brought from his settlement, tobacco into England: that which
sir John Hawkins brought home in 1565 was considered a medicinal drug
merely, and as Stow observes, _all men wondered what it meant_.

1597. JACOB HUYCK, translator of the first authorized version of the
catholic Bible, printed in Cracow, died there, aged 57.

1627. THOMAS GOFF, an English divine, died. He wrote among various other
things, four tragedies.

1661. Schenectady purchased from the Indians.

1663. A bill for the better observation of the Sabbath, was stolen from
the clerk's table in the English house of commons, ere it had received
the assent of the king.

1675. HENRY DE LA TOUR D'AUVERGNE, viscomte de Turenne, the renowned
French general, killed by a cannon shot at the village of Saltzbach, in
Germany. He was preparing for a great battle with the Austrians under
Montecuculli.

1694. The charter of the bank of England for 12 years, determinable upon
one year's notice, signed by the dynarchs, William and Mary.

1704. STANISLAUS LECZINSKI elected king of Poland.

1706. The legislative union of England and Scotland completed; one of
the most important events of the reign of queen Anne.

1712. A disgraceful quarrel between the French and Dutch
plenipotentiaries at Utrecht.

1755. A party of Indians prowling about Hinsdale, N. H., ambushed three
men, Caleb Howe, Hilkiah Grout and Benjamin Garfield, as they were
returning from the field, only one of whom escaped. The Indians went
directly to Bridgman's fort, where their families resided, and who had
heard the report of guns. By the sounds of feet without, they concluded
their friends had returned, and hastily opened the gate, when to their
inexpressible surprise they admitted the savages and were all made
captives. An interesting account of this affair is familiar to many.

1759. The English under general Amherst took Ticonderoga without firing
a gun, the French having abandoned it on the approach of the former.

1759. PIERRE-LOUIS MAREAU DE MAUPERTUIS died at Basle. He was successful
in many trigonometrical surveys, and was instrumental in determining the
latitude and longitude of several places with much more accuracy.

1773. Captain C. J. PHIPPS, lord Mulgrave, reached nearly the 81° north
latitude.

1774. SAMUEL THEOPHILUS GMELIN, a German botanist, died. He was
professor of botany at St. Petersburg, and employed on a mission of
discovery in the provinces bordering on the Caspian sea; was detained a
prisoner by a Tartar chief, in which situation he died.

1775. Congress established a hospital for 20,000 men, and appointed
Benjamin Church director and physician-general.

1778. Action off Ushant between the French and British fleets, each of
30 sail; the British claimed the victory. British loss 133: 373. French
loss 165: 529.

1794. Overthrow of ROBESPIERRE and the Mountain party, which put an end
to the reign of terror.

1799. Mantua with a garrison of 10,000 men dishonorably surrendered to
the Austrians.

1806. The United States exploring expedition under captain Lewis, had
their guns seized while asleep, by a party of Minnetarre Indians. One of
the Indians was stabbed to the heart, and Lewis shot another in the
body, who fell on his knees and elbow, raised himself and fired; the
ball grazed Lewis's head. The remainder of the Indians fled, leaving the
explorers in possession of their baggage, provisions, and four horses.

1807. PETER AUGUSTUS MARIA BROUSSONET, a French naturalist, died. He
introduced Merino sheep and Angora goats into France.

1809. First day's battle of Talavera; Wellington made a stand against
the French army of double his number of men, under Jourdan, Victor and
Mortier.

1828. RADAMA, king of Madagascar, died. He was an extraordinary
character, and his reign constitutes the most important era in the
history of the island; the slave trade was suppressed, Christianity and
the art of printing, as well as other arts and sciences were introduced.

1830. The second French revolution began in Paris by a resistance of the
decrees of Charles X. It burst forth on the following day, and continued
three days, when the people were left undisputed masters of the capital.
About 3000 victims fell in this glorious struggle.

1833. WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE, an American commodore, died, aged 60. He was a
distinguished commander in the navy for a long series of years.

1840. CHARLOTTE OUELLET, a Canadian heroine, died, aged 100. She was one
of a number of young women of St. Anne de la Pocatiere, who put on men's
apparel and armed themselves to drive out the British regulars who were
amusing themselves by firing the houses and barns of the village, during
the siege of Quebec. She and the rest of her company fired upon the
English, who fled, making temporary barrows in their flight, to rescue
those who fell under the fire of these brave Canadian girls. A few days
previous to her death she indulged in merriment at the thought that she
was one who had made the best shots.

1843. FREDERIC HALL, of Washington, one of the most successful American
geologists, died at Peru, Illinois.

1844. JOHN DALTON, an eminent English chemist, died, aged 79. He had
devoted his whole life to laborious study. A public funeral was given
him in Manchester, his native town. He worshipped with the Friends. He
could distinguish but two colors, yellow and blue; red and green had the
same appearance to his eye.

1849. The grand duke of Tuscany reentered his capital and resumed his
authority.

1854. The cholera made its appearance in the Massachusetts state prison
at Charlestown, over 70 convicts being attacked; but one died.

1856. The steam boat John Jay, running on Lake George, took fire on her
passage from the landing near Ticonderoga to Caldwell, and was consumed,
by which several of the passengers and crew perished.


JULY 28.

2348 B. C. NOAH, the Xisuthrus of Berosus, opened the windows of the ark
and sent forth a dove and a raven, 40 days after the appearance of the
mountains.

388. MAGNUS MAXIMUS, emperor of Rome, beheaded. He was a Spaniard,
proclaimed emperor by his troops in Britain. On arriving at Aquelia, on
his way to Rome, he was defeated by Theodosius I, and beheaded.

450. THEODOSIUS (_the younger_), emperor of Rome, died. He was
successful in war against the Persians, who were defeated near their own
dominions; but the Huns compelled him to sue for peace on terms not the
most advantageous to the Romans. He was succeeded by his sister
Pulcheria, and the empire for the first time submitted to a female
reign.

1402. Battle of Angora near Constantinople, between the Tartars under
Tamerlane and the Turks under Bajazet. It was an obstinate engagement,
and continued three days. The Turks were defeated and Bajazet taken
prisoner.

1492. INNOCENT VIII (_John Baptist Cibo_), pope, died. He was a Genoese
nobleman of Greek descent; employed his influence to reconcile the
quarrels of the Christian princes with one another, and left behind him
the character of a high minded and benevolent man.

1540. THOMAS CROMWELL, earl of Essex, beheaded. He rose from the
purlieus of a blacksmith's shop to those of the palace; from the pursuit
of a humble calling to the dignity of lord chamberlain of England. But
he fell a victim to the caprice of Henry VIII.

1541. The diet of Ratisbone closed its sittings.

1592. WILLIAM HACKET, an English fanatic of the reign of Elizabeth, hung
and quartered for blasphemy.

1609. Sir GEORGE SOMERS, governor of Virginia, with his crew, who were
wrecked on the 24th, landed on Bermudas. They found "a huge and curious
sort of fish," and having remained there about nine months, and built
two cedar barks they quitted the _isle of Devils_ on the 10th May
following. (See May 23.)

1629. JOHN SPEED died; an English chronologist, historian and antiquary.

1635. RICHARD CORBET, an English bishop, died. He also wrote a volume of
ingenious poems, which were published under the title of _Poetica
Stromata_.

1667. ABRAHAM COWLEY, an eminent English poet, died. Addison observed of
him, that no author ever abounded so much in wit, according to Locke's
definition of it.

1718. STEPHEN BALUZE, a French writer, died, aged 87. He wrote the lives
of the popes of Avignon, and was an indefatigable collector of curious
manuscripts, &c.

1750. CONYERS MIDDLETON, a celebrated English divine and critical
author, died. His writings are numerous, and display profound learning
and extensive information.

1750. THOMAS GORDON, who in company with John Trenchard, for some time
managed the _Independent Whig_, died at London. His knowledge of the
classics was respectable and he translated Tacitus.

1789. The _Pittsburg Gazette_ was printed, the first newspaper west of
the Allegany mountains.

1790. The Forth and Clyde canal opened from the British to the Atlantic
ocean, in Scotland.

1793. French general SEMONVILLE arrested on his route to Constantinople
to bribe the divan; 64,000 louis d'ors and a great quantity of jewels
were found on him.

1794. MAXIMILIAN ISIDORE ROBESPIERRE, the sanguinary demagogue of the
French revolution, guillotined, aged 35. He rose from obscurity by his
talents, but the demon of destruction seemed to sway his mind and urge
him on to the most inhuman deeds that ever disgraced even a political
demagogue. Twenty others perished at the same time by the same means.

1802. JOSEPH SARTI, an Italian music composer, died. He resided at the
court of Catharine of Russia, where he was master of the chapel. He
composed a _Te Deum_ for the taking of Oczakow, the bass of which was
accompanied by cannon of different calibre.

1804. POMPEY, a negro man, died at Dover, Delaware, aged 120.

1806. Buenos Ayres taken by the British.

1809. Second battle of Talavera, between the British and Portuguese
under Wellington, and the French under Victor, in which the latter were
defeated. Loss of the allies 8,167; French supposed to have lost more.

1813. Fourth battle of the Pyrenees; the French under Soult defeated the
British under Wellington.

1813. ANDOCHE JUNOT, duke of Abrantes, died. He entered the army as a
volunteer 1791, afterwards distinguished himself under Bonaparte in the
Italian and Egyptian campaigns, and commanded in the campaign in Russia.

1817. VADAMME, a celebrated French general, a voluntary exile, arrived
at Philadelphia.

1818. GASPARD MONGE died at Paris. He was preceptor to Lacroix and other
distinguished mathematicians, and was the first to reduce the art of
fortifications, &c., to geometrical rules. His _Géométrie descriptive_
is much used.

1820. JOSEPH ZAJONCZECK, viceroy of Poland, died. He entered the army at
an early age, espoused the cause of freedom, and fought bravely for his
country. He afterwards served in the armies of Bonaparte; and was
finally appointed by Russia viceroy of Poland.

1833. WILLIAM WILBERFORCE, a celebrated philanthropist, died at London,
aged 74. He was a member of parliament and the intimate friend of Pitt.
He began his efforts for the abolition of the slave trade as early as
1787.

1835. EDWARD ADOLPHE CASIMIR JOSEPH MORTIER, duke of Treviso, killed by
the explosion of an infernal machine, intended to assassinate Louis
Philippe. He joined the army 1791, and from that time his life was
marked by combats, exploits and promotion during a term of nearly 30
years. "He is among a small number of Napoleon's generals, whose
reputation for private worth has remained unquestioned through life." It
was to him that Napoleon entrusted the hazardous undertaking of blowing
up the Kremlin at Moscow.

1836. NATHAN MAYER ROTHSCHILD, a celebrated London banker, died. He was
a Jew, whose financial operations pervaded the whole continent of
Europe. His transactions were carried on in conjunction with his
brothers in Paris, Vienna, Frankfort and Naples, all of whom possessed
colossal fortunes of their own.

1840. JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, earl of Durham, died, aged 48. He was made
governor-general of Canada in 1838, but returned the same year, and
published a valuable work on Canada. He was regarded as the leader of
the reform movement which agitated the country and his talents and
merits were very differently estimated by different parties.

1849. The late king of Sardinia, CHARLES ALBERT, died at Lisbon.

1851. HORACE SEBASTIANI, a French marshal, died at Paris, aged 80. He
was born in Corsica, and bore a part in most of the great battles during
Bonaparte's career. He was in the ministry under Louis Philippe, and
ambassador both at Naples and London.

1852. The steam boat Henry Clay, on her passage from Albany to New York,
took fire about 3 o'clock in the afternoon, near Yonkers, and was
consumed to the water's edge; 56 persons lost their lives, so sudden and
rapid was the destruction of the boat. She had been racing with the
Armenia.


JULY 29.

1108. PHILIP I, king of France, died. He came to the throne at the age
of 8 years; was ambitious and unscrupulous in his acts; engaged in war
with England and Flanders, and was defeated by both.

1218. LOUIS VAN LOON died; the husband of Ada, the expatriated queen of
Holland.

1540. A statute was made confirming the seizures of the abbeys by Henry
VIII.

1567. Prince JAMES, less than 14 months old, was crowned king of
Scotland at Stirling.

1578. SEBASTIAN, king of Portugal, killed. He was unfortunate in his
wars, and lost his life at Tangiers, in battle with the Moors. Camoens
dedicated his _Lusiad_ to this king, but he had the stupidity to treat
the intended honor with contempt.

1603. BARTHOLOMEW GILBERT, in search of the lost English colony, having
landed in a bay about the 40th degree of latitude, in a boat with four
men, was attacked by the natives and every one killed. The rest of the
crew immediately weighed anchor and returned to England.

1653. Admiral VAN TROMP killed and his fleet destroyed by the English
fleet under Monk and Blake.

1644. URBAN VIII (Maffeo Barberini), pope, died. He was an excellent
poet, and was called the _Attic Bee_.

1653. GABRIEL NAUDÆUS, a learned French author, died. He was patronized
by Richelieu and Mazarin, and Christina of Sweden.

1654. THOMAS GATAKER, an English divine, died, aged 80. He was one of
the most noted men of the age; who united to extensive erudition, great
moderation and benevolence.

1678. ANDREW MARVELL, an English poet, politician and critic, died
(_Penny Cyclopedia_ says August 16th). He supported the civil and
religious liberties of his country, against the encroachments of the
court, by his writings and parliamentary interest; and though poor,
declined the bribes of the king.

1693. Battle of Neerwinden (or Landon), in Belgium; the allies under
William III, defeated by the French, with the loss of 60 cannon, 9
mortars and about 7,000 men. The king had his clothes penetrated by
three bullets.

1714. MARTIN POLI, an Italian chemist, died at Paris. It is said that he
communicated to the king some powerful agent of destruction for military
use; but the king, at the same time that he commended and rewarded his
ingenuity with a pension and an office, insisted that the secret should
die with him.

1747. Dr. BLACKWELL, a Scotch physician and for some time a corrector of
the press to Mr. Wilkins in London, beheaded at Stockholm. Being
informed that his head was not properly laid on the block he replied as
it was his first experiment no wonder he needed some instruction.

1759. Crown point abandoned by the French on the approach of the British
and provincials under general Amherst.

1760. At Lidden near Canterbury in grubbing down an enormous ash tree
two human skeletons were found in the centre.

1773. The city of Guatemala laid in ruins by an earthquake and the
eruption of a volcano.

1794. Seventy-one members of the municipality of Paris guillotined.

1794. STANISLAUS AUGUSTUS, king of Poland, compelled by the Prussian,
Austrian and Russian coalition to annul the Polish constitution, and
deliver the army over to the Russian general Branicki.

1801. WILLIAM AUGUSTUS ERNESTI died; a distinguished German scholar and
professor of eloquence at Leipsic.

1832. JOHN ANTHONY CHAPTAL, a celebrated French chemist, died. He
produced numerous valuable works on chemistry and other practical
branches of the arts and sciences, was made minister of the interior by
Bonaparte, and successively filled many other important situations.

1839. GASPARD CLAIR FRANÇOIS MARIE RICHE DE PRONY, peer of France, died,
aged 84. He was formerly professor of mechanics in the polytechnic
school, an eminent engineer, and author of many scientific works.

1848. The long expected outbreak in Ireland; viscount Hardinge arrived
to take command of the troops from England, the whole available force of
which was sent over, supposed to be 50,000 in number.

1848. M. ELLETT, engineer of the Niagara suspension bridge, drove a two
horse carriage over that part of the bridge which was laid down and
partly finished.

1853. JONATHAN RICHMOND, one of the pioneers of western New York, died
at Aurora, aged 79. For forty years he was actively engaged in aiding
the rising fortunes of his sections of the state.

1856. A fire in Boston destroyed a block in North street, where 80
families were burnt out, and 9 lives lost.


JULY 30.

578. BENEDICT I (Bonosus), pope, died. During his pontificate the people
suffered the double calamity of famine and invasion, throughout which he
interested himself to alleviate their condition.

911. ABU ABDILLAH assassinated; the principal actor in the revolution
which established the dynasty of the Fatimites in Africa and Egypt.

1095. LADISLAUS I, king of Hungary, died. He was an able statesman and
general, and victorious in his wars with the surrounding nations. The
Huns were driven from the country by him.

1388. Battle of Otterbourne, on Thursday, "about the Lammas tide,"
between sunrise and sunset. The youthful combatants were nearly of the
same age. Douglas was slain, and the English Hotspur and his brother
taken prisoners. The ancient song called _The Hunting a' the Cheviat_,
refers to a private conflict 48 years after this, between the son of
Hotspur and William Douglas; but _Richard Sheale_, with the license of a
ballad-poet has mingled the two events together.

1540. THOMAS ABEL, a chaplain at the court of Henry VIII, executed. He
incurred the resentment of the king by his attachment to the cause of
the queen, Catharine. He was hanged, and then drawn and quartered.

1588. WILLIAM STUART killed in Edinburgh by earl Bothwell.

1609. Battle between Champlain and Indians in Essex county, New York.

1625. The week's plague bill in London returns 2,471.

1631. A French coin dated 1596, found in digging a well at Dorchester,
Mass.

1673. New York taken by the Dutch. A small expedition, fitted out to
destroy the commerce of the English in America, having effectually
performed this service on the Virginia coast, made their appearance
before New York, which submitted without exchanging a shot. New Jersey
was also humbled.

1711. The British and colonial fleet, consisting of 12 men of war, 40
transports, and 6 store ships, with 40 horses, a fine train of
artillery, and all manner of warlike stores, sailed from Boston for the
conquest of Canada.

1718. WILLIAM PENN, the founder of Pennsylvania, died, aged 74. At the
age of 24 he became a preacher among the quakers; but by the grant of
Pennsylvania he was placed in the position of a legislator, and well did
he sustain it.

1743. THOMAS EMLYN, an English dissenting divine, died. He enjoyed an
imprisonment of two years' duration, as a reward for the publication of
some religious opinions, which no man had a right to entertain in those
days.

1746. Eight of those concerned in the pretender's rebellion hung,
beheaded and disemboweled near London.

1750. JOHN SEBASTIAN BACH, a German musician, died; celebrated for his
skill as an organist, and also as a composer.

1762. Moro fort, at the entrance of the harbor of Havana, stormed by the
English under admiral Pococke; 400 Spaniards were either cut in pieces,
or perished in attempting to escape by water to the city; the rest threw
down their arms and received quarter. (See Aug. 12.)

1768. Captain COOK sailed from England in the Endeavor, on his first
voyage of discovery.

1771. THOMAS GRAY, an eminent English poet, died. He was one of the most
learned men of Europe, equally conversant with every department of
science.

1775. Captain COOK returned from his second and most important
navigation, having lost but one man by sickness, out of a crew of 118
men, during an absence of more than three years.

1777. General BURGOYNE reached fort Edward, on the Hudson river, having
with incredible labor and fatigue conducted his army through the
wilderness. General Schuyler, whose forces did not exceed 4,400 men,
retreated over the river to Saratoga.

1780. Rocky mount, a British post on the Catawba, stormed and taken by
Gen. Sumpter, after three repulses.

1784. Earthquake at Port Royal and Kingston, Jamaica. Of 150 vessels in
the harbors but 6 or 8 were saved, and the sugar works were blown down.
A scarcity of provisions attended the calamity.

1789. Battle of Putna; the Turkish army of 30,000 defeated with the loss
of 1,500 men and all their artillery, camp equipage, &c., by the
Austrian and Russian army, whose loss did not exceed 200.

1800. The grand jury of York, England, recommended the enclosing of
7,800,000 acres of waste lands as the best preventive of future famines.

1809. The British under lord CHATHAM invaded Holland with 40,000
troops.

1813. Fifth day's battle of the Pyrenees. The French under Soult
defeated by the allies under Wellington, after an obstinate engagement.
Loss supposed to have been about 8,000 on each side.

1844. ZECHARIAH POULSON, for many years editor of _Poulson's Daily
Advertiser_, died. He was the last link connecting the fraternity of
publishers with those of the days of Franklin.

1845. LYNTHIA BROWNING, the Kentucky giantess, died at Flemingsburg, Ky.
She was seven feet high.

1855. GEORGE JOHNSTON, an eminent British surgeon, died, aged 58. While
engaged in the practice of his profession, he devoted his leisure to
natural history, in which he attained great eminence.

1855. JOHN WOODS, an eminent Ohio lawyer, died at Hamilton, aged 61. As
state auditor he did much to preserve the public credit at a time of
general depression.


JULY 31.

1423. Battle of Crevant, in France, in which the armies of the infant
king of England were victorious.

1481. FRANCISCUS PHILADELPHUS, a learned Italian, died. He was at the
head of the learned men of the day, professor of eloquence at Venice,
and the personal friend of Lorenzo de Medici.

1498. COLUMBUS discovered the island of Trinidad, resembling three
mountains.

1556. IGNATIUS LOYOLA, founder of the Jesuits, died. He was a brave
officer in the Spanish army, and while under the hands of a surgeon his
mind was directed to the subject of religion by reading. After having
made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and studied theology he went to Paris,
and laid the foundation of an order, which in time became sufficiently
powerful and corrupt.

1592. Sir WALTER RALEIGH disgraced, and sent with his lady to the tower.

1602. CHARLES GONRAULT DE BIRON, a French admiral, beheaded in the
bastile. He distinguished himself by flood and field, and was a great
favorite at the court of Henry IV. His fondness of pleasure led to error
and ruin.

1627. A terrible earthquake in Apulia, by which many thousands lost
their lives.

1712. Marchiennes surrendered to the French.

1718. JOHN HUGHES and SARAH DREW, two rustic lovers, struck dead by
lightning, under the shelter of a hay cock, in England. Pope, Thomson
and Gay, have scattered flowers upon their graves.

1718. Fifteen Spanish ships destroyed near Syracuse, by admiral sir
George Byng.

1719. Colonel HUNTER, departing the province of New York, the chief
command devolved on Peter Schuyler, as the oldest member of the board of
council.

1750. JOHN V, of Portugal, died. He devoted himself to the encouragement
of commerce, literature and industry among his subjects.

1760. Battle of Warburgh; the allies under the hereditary prince
Ferdinand, defeated the French, who lost 1,500 killed, and about the
same number taken prisoners.

1777. The marquis LAFAYETTE received, by a vote of congress, the
appointment of major-general in the American army, being then but 20
years of age.

1786. A booth, at Montpelier, France, where a play was performing, fell
and killed 500 persons.

1790. JOHN EDWIN, an English comedian, died. It was to his extraordinary
talents that O'Keefe's dramas were greatly indebted for their success.

1807. The fortress of Mongal, in Spain, carried by storm and destroyed
by the British under Cochrane.

1808. JOSEPH BENCIRENNI, an Italian writer, died. He distinguished
himself in the belles-lettres and public affairs.

1813. Plattsburgh taken by the British without opposition, all the
public and much private property was destroyed.

1813. Com. CHAUNCEY took York, U. C., destroyed the public property and
brought away the stores and provisions.

1831. London bridge completed, having occupied nearly 8 years in its
construction. It is built of granite, 928 feet in length. The old bridge
had stood, with propping and patching, six centuries.

1840. MULLER, the distinguished antiquary and historian, died at Castri
Levadia.

1848. EDMUND SIMPSON died; thirty-eight years manager of the Park
theatre, New York, during which time he paid John Jacob Astor half a
million dollars rent.

1850. The great diamond called Koh-i-noor, or mountain of light, was
brought to England. It is valued at $2,000,000.

1854. The defenders of the barricades, at Madrid, 3,000 in number,
defiled before the queen's palace, her majesty appearing on the balcony,
with the king on one side, and Espartero, who had entered the city the
day before, on the other.

1855. The official announcement was made of the removal of governor
Reeder, of Kansas, and the appointment of John L. Dawson as his
successor.




AUGUST.


AUGUST 1.

30 B. C. Defection of the entire fleet of Marc Antony, at Alexandria,
which suddenly passed over to Octavius, afterwards Augustus Cæsar.

117. MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJAN, emperor of Rome, died. He admired and copied
the virtues of Nerva, his predecessor, and reigned nearly twenty years
in the hearts of his people, when Hadrian received his mantle.

432. CELESTINE I, pope, died. The doctrines of Nestorius were condemned
by him.

643. OSWALD, king of Northumberland, slain at Maserfield. Bede says he
erected in the shape of a wooden cross the first altar to Christ among
the Bernicians.

725. The old English tax called _Peter's pence_, was first laudably
imposed by Ina, king of the west Saxons, for the support of an English
college at Rome, but afterwards appropriated by the church for very
different purposes.

1137. LOUIS VI, king of France, died. He was a wise and popular monarch,
but during his reign, which continued nearly thirty years, the country
was disturbed by external quarrels and internal factions.

1202. King JOHN of England obtained a victory over his nephew Arthur,
whom with his sister Eleanor he took prisoner.

1221. The convent belonging to Westminster abbey destroyed; which issued
in several individuals being severely punished.

1464. COSMO DE MEDICIS, a Florentine merchant, died. He bestowed vast
expense and attention in the promotion of learning, and presided over
the commonwealth 34 years, with so much wisdom and popularity, as to
acquire the title of _Father of the People_. (See Oct. 4, 1434.)

1498. COLUMBUS, on his third voyage, first set his foot upon the
continent of America at Terra-Firma, mistaking it for an island. This
was more than a year after the English expedition under the Cabots had
reached its shores.

1560. The Scottish parliament assembled which overturned the Roman
church in Caledonia, and established a new ecclesiastical system on a
Calvinistic and presbyterian model.

1589. HENRY III, of France, assassinated. He was a weak and vicious
prince, during whose reign the country was desolated with factions and
civil and religious wars. He was the last of the house of Valois.

1605. EDMUND ANDERSON, an eminent English lawyer, died. He was one of
the ablest and most learned of queen Elizabeth's judges; his law works
are of great authority.

1625. The first parliament of Charles I, of England, on account of the
plague, met at Oxford.

1714. ANNE, queen of England, died, in the 50th year of her age.

1716. JAMES BOILEAU, a celebrated French theologian, died; a doctor of
the Sorbonne, and a man of great wit and learning.

1720. JOHN LEAKE, a brave English admiral, died. He signalized himself
in many important victories in different parts of the world.

1732. WILLIAM COSBY arrived at New York as governor of that province and
New Jersey.

1743. RICHARD SAVAGE, an eminent English poet, died in prison, aged 46.
His great natural abilities were over-balanced by vices and follies
which rendered him an unhappy man.

1759. Battle of Minden; the British and German forces under Ferdinand of
Brunswick defeated the French, who met with great losses.

1766. France stipulated not to aid the Pretender if England would suffer
a Romish bishop to be sent to Canada; it was acceded to.

1768. The merchants and traders of Boston entered into a non-importation
agreement against Great Britain.

1769. JEAN CHAPPE D'AUTEROCHE, a French astronomer, died at California,
whither he had gone to make an observation. He was distinguished for
learning and abilities.

1770. Battle of Cahal; the Turkish army of 150,000 defeated by 18,000
Russians under marshal Romanzow.

1772. A revolution was effected in Sweden by the army, and dissimulation
of the crown.

1774. Dr. PRIESTLY discovered _dephlogisticated air_, which has been
called the birth day of pneumatic chemistry.

1780. The village of Canajoharie laid waste by the Indians.

1790. JOHN KNOX, the book seller, and the improver of the herring
fisheries in Scotland, died.

1793. Action without the harbor of New York between the French frigate
L'Ambuscade, and British frigate Boston. The battle was severe, and both
vessels were greatly damaged; but the Boston would have been captured if
she had not been enabled to retreat. The Ambuscade had 6 killed, 20
wounded. The British lost their captain and nearly all their officers
killed. The crews of the two frigates were about the same, 350 each.

1798. Battle of the Nile; the French fleet of 13 sail and 4 frigates
defeated by the British, 13 ships of 74s, and a 50 gun ship under
Nelson. Nine of the French ships were taken and 2 burnt, and 2 of the
frigates destroyed. Admiral Brueys was mortally wounded and blown up in
the Orient, 120 guns and 1070 men. Of the French 3,105 were put on shore
by cartel, and 5,225 perished.

1801. JONATHAN EDWARDS, president of Union college, died; a man of
uncommon powers of mind.

1803. WILLIAM WOODFALL, an English printer, died. He possessed a
remarkably retentive memory, and was the first who gave a full and
immediate detail of the proceedings of parliament.

1807. JOHN WALKER, the English lexicographer, died.

1819. JAMES FORBES died; a civil servant in the East India company, and
creditably known as the author of _Oriental Memoirs_, which were
selected from a mass of manuscripts written during 17 years' residence
in India, stated to occupy 52,000 folio pages, in 150 vols. The plates,
from drawings of plants and animals made by the author, have rarely been
surpassed in spirit and beauty.

1821. WILLIAM FLOYD, one of the signers, died.

1821. ELIZABETH INCHBALD, an English dramatic writer and actress, died.
She possessed great beauty and talent, and an unsullied reputation; many
of her pieces are still _stock plays_.

1829. Capture of Jambouli and destruction of the Turkish camp by a
brigade of Hulans and Cossacks, after having defeated on the road a
body of 15,000 Turks.

1834. ROBERT MORRISON, an eminent English orientalist, at Canton, died.
He was considered the best Chinese scholar in Europe. He translated the
whole of the _New Testament_ into Chinese, which was printed in 1813;
but the great monument of his literary fame is his _Dictionary of the
Chinese Language_, 6 vols. quarto.

1834. The slaves in the British colonies emancipated, and a temporary
apprenticeship commenced.

1834. The bill admitting dissenters to the honors of the English
universities, which had passed the house of commons, rejected in the
house of lords by a majority of 102--a grand halt to the march of mind
in England.

1838. JOHN ROGERS died; a distinguished naval officer, and senior
commander in the American navy. He had been fifteen months a resident of
the naval asylum, and the greater part of the time in close confinement
as a confirmed lunatic.

1838. The entire emancipation of the negro apprentices in the islands of
Jamaica, Barbadoes, Chevis, Montserrat, St. Christophers, St. Vincent
and Tortola, took place, in compliance with the acts of the colonial
legislatures.

1848. The city of Vera Cruz delivered up to the Mexicans by the United
States; general Smith embarked for home.

1849. HENRY A. BRECKINGHAM, known as the author of several historical
sketches and other interesting reminiscences of the early days of the
American colonies, died at Brooklyn, of cholera.

1849. Queen VICTORIA embarked at Cowes on her visit to Ireland.

1851. HARRIET LEE, an English authoress, died, aged 95. Jointly with her
sister Sophia, they were the authors of various works, chiefly novels or
dramas. Harriet was almost the exclusive author of the _Canterbury
Tales_, 5 vols., perhaps the best known of their labors.

1853. The Austrian government, in a circular addressed to the European
courts, protested against the proceedings of Capt. Ingraham, in the port
of Smyrna, in rescuing Martin Koszta, claiming to be a citizen of the
United States.

1854. KENNETH MURCHISON formerly governor of Penang and Singapore, died
in London, aged 60.

1854. The yellow fever became epidemic at New Orleans. It disappeared in
November, when the number of deaths was 2441. There were 600 deaths in
Savannah from the same disease.


AUGUST 2.

338 B. C. Battle of Cheronea, on the Cephisus, and defeat of the
Athenians and Thebans by Philip of Macedon.

338 B. C. The army of Archidamus, the Spartan, overthrown in Lucania,
and himself killed.

322 B. C. Joint victory of Antipater and Craterius, near the walls of
Cranon, in Thessaly.

10. Three Roman legions under Varus cut off in Germany. "Quintilius
Varus, give me my legions again," exclaimed the father of his country.
Varus, however, had shared the fate of his legions.

44. King AGRIPPA (_the Great_), smitten with disease in the public
theatre at Cæsarea, on the second day of the games exhibited in honor of
Claudius.

1100. WILLIAM II (_Rufus_), king of England, killed by an arrow. He
possessed vigor, decision and policy, and acquired great wealth, by
which he was enabled to purchase two French provinces. He founded
Westminster hall.

1553. The _peace of religion_ signed at Passau, on the Danube, between
the confederates under Maurice of Saxony and the emperor Charles V,
which established the protestant church in Germany.

1563. That great scourge, the plague, began in London.

1651. CROMWELL, after a week's siege, erected the colors of the
commonwealth on the walls of Perth.

1675. Brookfield destroyed by the Indians. This town was situated in the
country of the Nipnets, whom Philip finally succeeded in engaging to
himself in his plan of a general extermination of the English colonies.
The inhabitants being alarmed had scarcely time to flee to the principal
house in the village, before the savages came pouring in, and fired
every other house. The whole number of people thus collected together
was about seventy. They withstood the assaults of the Indians two days,
who kept up the attack night and day, and endeavored to fire the house
by means of poles with firebrands and rags dipped in brimstone tied to
their ends. They also filled a cart with hemp and flax, and other
combustibles, and having set it on fire thrust it backward with poles
spliced together to a great length. A storm of rain defeated this last
scheme; and several companies of soldiers came to the relief of the
besieged so unexpectedly that the Indians, although they had surrounded
the town to cut off assistance, were disheartened and fled.

1676. King PHILIP, the Wampanoag, surprised in his quarters by a party
of the colonists under captain Church; 150 of his men were killed, his
wife and sons were taken prisoners, and he narrowly escaped with his
life.

1684. A treaty of peace concluded at Albany, between the colonists and
the Five Nations, who, since the peace of 1761, had extended their arms
southward, and conquered the country from the Mississippi to the borders
of the plantations; involving Virginia and Maryland in the calamities of
their Indian allies, whom they were unable to protect.

1689. INNOCENT XI died. He has been called the protestant pope.

1704. Battle of Blenheim, in Bavaria; the English and Austrians under
the duke of Marlborough and prince Eugene, obtained a famous victory
over the French and Bavarians, who lost 12,000 killed and drowned, and
13,000 prisoners, including marshal Tallard. (13th by some authorities.)

1713. MENSEN ALTING, a Dutch writer, died; author of an excellent
description of the Low Countries.

1732. RIP VAN DAM, upon whom the government of the province of New York
devolved, finished his administration, on the arrival of William Cosby,
with a commission over New York and New Jersey.

1748. Attack on fort Massachusetts by 300 French and Indians. Captain
Williams sallied with 30 men and drove the enemy before him, when an
ambuscade arose and attempted to cut off his retreat to the fort. By a
quick movement he regained the place, and returned their fire with so
much spirit that the enemy withdrew, carrying off their dead and
wounded.

1763. Battle of Nuncas Nullus; the English defeated the troops of Mir
Cossim, 28,000, took all their artillery and 150 boats laden with grain
and stores.

1770. The Russians under Romanzow, defeated the Turks with great
slaughter on the Pruth.

1776. MATTHEW MATY, an English writer, died. He published at the Hague,
during six years, the _Journal Britannique_, containing an account of
the productions of the English press, in French.

1786. MARGARET NICHOLSON, supposing herself to be queen of England, made
an attempt to assassinate George III. She was afterwards confined as a
lunatic.

1788. THOMAS GAINSBOROUGH died; one of the most celebrated English
landscape painters of the last century.

1793. MARIE ANTOINETTE, queen of France and daughter of an emperor,
taken from the temple prison in the night, and removed to a cell in the
Conciergerie, 8 feet square, and partly under ground. As a matter of
favor she was permitted to take under her arm a small bundle of
clothing.

1798. JOHN PALMER, a popular English actor, died on the stage during a
performance, immediately on uttering the words, "There is an other and a
better world."

1802. BONAPARTE declared consul of France for life.

1803. JOHN HOOLE, an ingenious English poet, died. He translated some of
the best Italian poets, wrote three tragedies, and several other works.

1811. WILLIAM WILLIAMS, one of the signers died, aged 81. He advanced
money and obtained supplies for the army, and also contributed by his
writings and speeches to arouse the spirit of freedom in his countrymen.

1813. Defence of fort Stephenson by 160 men with 1 six pounder, under
Col. Croghan, then aged 21. The British, consisting of 500 regulars
under Proctor, and about 800 Indians under Tecumseh, with 5 six pounders
and 1 howitzer, were defeated with considerable loss.

1814. The remarkable steeple of Kelwinning, in Scotland, fell. It was
built in 1140.

1815. Convention between the representatives of Great Britain, Prussia,
Austria and Russia, who declared Bonaparte to be the prisoner of the
allies, and entrusted his custody especially to Great Britain.

1830. CHARLES X, of France, subscribed his abdication in favor of his
grandson the young duke of Bordeaux.

1842. JOHN CLIFFORD, a lieutenant in the revolutionary army, died at
Bethlehem, Hunterdon co., N. J., aged 94.

1843. FRANCIS W. P. GREENWOOD, pastor of King's chapel, Boston, died at
Dorchester, Mass., aged 50. He was also an accomplished scholar and
naturalist.

1843. JAMES RICHARDS, professor of theology in the Auburn theological
seminary, died, aged 75; an eminently useful man.

1849. MEHEMET ALI, pacha of Egypt, died at Alexandria, aged 80. He was a
powerful sovereign, and gave the sultan much trouble. He did more than
any of his predecessors towards introducing improvements into his
territories.

1849. GARIBALDI, the Roman chief, escaped on board some fishing vessels
at Cesenatico, on the Adriatic, accompanied by 300 followers. The
remainder of his band surrendered to the Austrians.

1849. STEPHEN LONGFELLOW, a New England lawyer of note, died at
Portland, Me., aged 73. He was a member of the Hartford convention from
Massachusetts, and distinguished for great acuteness and penetration. He
compiled 16 volumes of the _Massachusetts Reports_, and 12 of the
_Maine_, extending over a period of thirty years.

1852. THOMAS THOMSON, a Scottish author, died, aged 60. He was
professor of chemistry in the university of Glasgow, and established a
highly scientific reputation. In 1812 he began the _Annals of
Philosophy_, in London, which he conducted ten years.

1852. A violent earthquake occurred at St. Jago de Cuba, causing a great
destruction of property.


AUGUST 3.

479 B. C. The fatal battle of Platea, between Mardonius the Persian and
Pausanius the Spartan general. The other sanguinary victory over the
Persians, on the promontory of Mycale was achieved the same day, third
of Boedromion.

431 B. C. An eclipse of the sun noticed by Thucydides, eight days after
the first invasion of Attica under Archidamus, king of Sparta, at the
head of 60,000 Peloponesian confederates, and whilst Pericles was in the
act of embarking against Epidaurus, the sacred city.

678. A morning comet, shaped like a fiery pillar, seen in England. It
was visible during three months, and caused the conversion of the South
Saxons from paganism.

1274. EDWARD I landed in England from Palestine. He sailed from his
winter mansion, Trepano, Sicily, on the 20th April, 1271.

1414. JAMES I of Scotland conveyed from the tower to Windsor; there this
bird of song was _wired in_ for three years.

1460. JAMES II (_with the fiery face_), king of Scotland, killed by the
bursting of a gun, aged 29, after a reign of 24 years.

1492. COLUMBUS embarked in the carack Santa Maria, with two other
vessels and 120 persons, from the Isle of Saltes, against Palos, in
Andalusia, to find a western continent.

1546. STEPHEN DOLET, a learned Frenchman, a painter and a bookseller,
burnt at Lyons for atheism.

1554. The first letter in Europe known to have been sealed with sealing
wax bears this date, and was written at London, addressed to the
rheingrave Philip Francis von Daun, from his agent in England, Gerhard
Hermann. The wax employed in sealing this letter is of a dark red color,
very shining, and the impress bears the initials of the writer.

1554. Battle of Marciano; the troops of Cosmo de Medici, under Medicini,
defeated the French under Peter Strozzi, a Florentine nobleman, who was
wounded.

1592. The English earl of Cumberland captured a Spanish carack, Madre de
Dios (Mother of God), valued at $150,000.

1612. JOHN BOND, a learned English commentator on the Latin classics,
died.

1645. Battle of Nordlingen; the allies under Merci, defeated by the
French under Turenne, Conde and Grammont. Merci was killed and Grammont
taken prisoner.

1672. JOHN FRANCIS SENAUDT, a Dutch theological writer, died.

1692. Battle of Steenkerken; the English under William III defeated with
great slaughter by the French.

1712. JOSHUA BARNES died; an eminent English critic and professor of
Greek. He wrote the _Life of Edward III_, and several Latin and English
poems.

1715. A cobbler of Highgate, London, was whipped from Holloway to that
place for reflecting on the government.

1720. N. HEINSIUS, an eminent Dutch statesman, died. He was 30 years
grand pensionary of Holland, and exerted the energy of his mind and the
resources of his country to abridge the power of the French monarch.

1721. GRINLIN GIBBON died, an eminent English sculptor and carver in
ivory and wood. The place or country of his birth is not known. He was
discovered by sir John Evelyn, who walking by accident near a poor
solitary thatched cottage, had the curiosity to look in at the window,
when he saw him carving a large cartoon or crucifix of Tintoret, a copy
of which Evelyn himself had brought from Venice. His performances in
marble and ivory were so very fine, that they often required to be
defended by a glass case. Many of his flower pieces are light almost as
fancy, and shake to the rattling of passing carriages. There is no
instance before him, says Walpole, of a man who gave to wood the loose
and airy lightness of flowers, and chained together the various
productions of the elements with the free disorder natural to each
species.

1732. The first stone laid of the bank of England.

1761. JOHN MATTHEW GESNER, a German scholar and critic, died. He
published several valuable editions of the classics.

1763. THOMAS GODFREY, an American poet, died, aged 27. He was a
watchmaker, and said to have been the real inventor of Hadley's
quadrant.

1768. THOMAS SECKER, archbishop of Canterbury, died; whose lectures and
sermons are masterly compositions.

1777. Fort Schuyler, at the head of the Mohawk river, invested by the
British, about 1,800, under St. Leger. The garrison consisted of 600
continentals under general Gansevoort, who maintained their position
till the British abandoned the siege and returned to Canada, leaving
their tents standing; their artillery, and ammunition and provisions
fell into the hands of the Americans.

1780. STEPHEN BONNOT DE CONDILLAC, a distinguished French philosopher,
died. His works are characterized by great clearness and sagacity, and
were published in 1798 in 35 volumes.

1783. A new eruption of the Skaptar Jokul, in Iceland, poured forth
fresh floods of lava, which taking different directions from the others,
filled the bed of a river, and formed a large lake. By this single
eruption, 9,000 persons lost their lives, being nearly one-fifth of the
whole population of the island. This volcano, which commenced on the
11th June, continued for two years, and the lava was not cooled in some
places, when visited eleven years after.

1787. JOHN BAYNES, an English politician, died, aged 29. He was
distinguished for his early attainments and devotion to the cause of
liberty.

1788. LOUIS FRANCOIS ARMAND DU PLESSIS DE RICHELIEU, marechal of France,
died, aged 93. He had the courage, the fortune and the talents of a
great general, the sagacity, prudence and penetration of a great
statesman; but with these and many amiable qualities he chose to be
nothing but a common courtier.

1792. RICHARD ARKWRIGHT died; inventor of the spinning jenny, one of the
most useful machines in the world. He was originally a barber, but his
invention enabled him at his death to leave a property worth £500,000.

1797. JEFFREY AMHERST, a celebrated English admiral, died. He assisted
in the conquest of Canada.

1802. HENRY, prince of Prussia, died. He distinguished himself at the
head of several Prussian armies, and in time of peace was engaged in
literary pursuits. On the death of his elder brother, he was excluded
from the throne by his nephew, and resided in France.

1804. The United States squadron under Com. Preble, attacked the
shipping and batteries of Tripoli. During the action the Constitution
was much injured; 13 were wounded and 1 killed; 3 of the enemy's boats
were captured and 3 sunk.

1805. CHRISTOPHER ANSTEY, an ingenious English poet, died.

1806. MIRANDA, having received a reinforcement from the British, landed
in the gulf of Paria, for the purpose of effecting a revolution.

1806. MICHAEL ADANSON, an eminent French naturalist, died, leaving an
immense mass of manuscripts which he had collected with the view of
publishing an encyclopedia. He passed several years in Africa making
collections in natural history.

1812. Privateer schooner Atlas, of Philadelphia, captured in one hour
British ships Pursuit, 16 guns, and Planter, 12 guns. The latter was
recaptured.

1814. Fort Erie invested by the British, upwards of 5,000.

1814. 1,200 British crossed the Niagara, to attack Buffalo, but were
repulsed by 250 riflemen under Morgan, and compelled to recross.

1814. Great disturbances in Spain, many members of the cortes arrested
by order of the king.

1819. Barrow's straits rediscovered by Capt. Parry. He penetrated to
Melville island. The lowest state of the thermometer was 55° below zero,
Fahrenheit.

1823. LAZARE NICHOLAS MARGUERITE CARNOT, a distinguished French general,
died. He possessed an uncommon talent for the mathematical and military
sciences, and pursued a uniform and correct course in his politics,
which enabled him to ride out the storm of the revolution, and the
subsequent changes.

1848. Women's rights convention assembled at Rochester; demanded the
rights of suffrage, property, preaching, teaching, &c., &c.

1849. AARON K. WOOLEY, a Kentucky judge, died at Lexington, aged 49. He
was a native of New Jersey, graduated at West Point, and studied law in
Mississippi. He was some time state senator of Fayette county, Ky., and
at the time of his death had been ten years professor of law in
Transylvania university.

1849. General OUDINOT surrendered the civil administration of the Papal
states into the hands of the pope's three commissioners, who entered on
the work of _reaction_.

1850. JACOB JONES, an American commodore, died at Philadelphia, aged 82.
He stood nearly at the head of the list of post captains, two names only
taking precedence. Capt. Jones, we believe, was a native of Delaware. He
is one of the number who, in the war of 1812, contributed to establish
the naval renown of our country. He fought in the Wasp one of the
bloodiest naval battles in our history, and captured in 45 minutes the
British brig-of-war Frolic of superior force, and under circumstances
highly unfavorable to success. For this action the states of Delaware,
Massachusetts and New York, each voted him a sword in commemoration of
his gallantry, which was in no wise impaired by the subsequent capture
of both the Wasp and the Frolic, when in a crippled condition, by a
British 74. He was afterwards appointed to the Macedonian. Temperate
himself, he deserves honorable mention as a promoter of temperance
among his crew; many seamen were reclaimed by him.

1851. The steamer Pampero, with about 500 troops, composing the
expedition against Cuba under general Lopez, left New Orleans at
daybreak.

1854. Colonel LORING, a receiver of public moneys at Benicia, Cal., was
murdered at the St. Nicholas hotel, New York, by Dr. Graham, of New
Orleans.

1856. EDWARD CURTIS, a prominent New York lawyer and politician, died.
He was a native of Vermont, was graduated at Union college, and began
his political career in 1834 in the New York common council. He was
collector of the port under president Harrison.

1857. EUGENE SUE, a celebrated French novelist, died, aged 49. _The
Mysteries of Paris_ and _The Wandering Jew_, are known in all Europe and
America.


AUGUST 4.

57 B. C. The decree recalling CICERO from banishment, which passed the
full senate, consisting of 417 members, was ratified in the field of
Mars, by a vote of all the centuries; it was nearly the last genuine
public act of Roman liberty.

882. LOUIS III, of France, died. He shared the throne with his brother
Carloman, and ably defended himself against his enemies.

1060. HENRY I, of France, died in consequence of taking an improper
medicine; highly respected as a good warrior and a benevolent man.

1265. Battle of Evesham; the earl of Leicester defeated and killed by
the forces under prince Edward, and the king released from confinement.
No quarter was given, and the aged king only received his life by an
unwonted energy of mind; exclaiming to his antagonist, "Hold, fellow, I
am Harry of Winchester."

1347. The conquest of Calais by the third Edward, after a siege of 11
months, when the six citizens, with halters round their necks,
surrendered the keys of their independence. The condemned lives of these
men, whose patriotism has scarcely ever been equaled, were spared
through the tears and intercessions of Philippa. The inhabitants were
removed and the city repeopled with English, in whose possession it
remained more than two centuries. The pay of the army was as follows:
the marines and archers on foot received 3d.; the black prince £1; and
the bishop of Durham, with the earls, 6s. 8d. per day.

1496. BARTHOLOMEW COLUMBUS, the admiral's brother, laid the foundation
of St. Domingo.

1578. Battle of the three kings, in the west of Africa, which was
invaded by Sebastian of Portugal, in which the Moors were victorious,
but the three kings engaged in it lost their lives.

1583. Sir HUMPHREY GILBERT landed at St. Johns, Newfoundland, and took
possession of it in the name of the queen of England.

1598. WILLIAM CECIL, lord Burley, died. He was an eminent English
statesman, memorable for his virtue and integrity, as well as his great
abilities.

1609. HUDSON discovered cape Cod, and under the supposition that it was
an island, called it New Holland, in compliment to the country of his
employers. The Dutch afterwards called it Staaten hoek. The Indians here
were observed to have green tobacco, and pipes with clay bowls and
copper stems.

1612. HUGH BROUGHTON, an eminent Hebrew scholar, died. So classical was
his Hebrew that a Jew predicted the turning of the whole Jewish race if
the New Testament would be printed in such pure Hebrew.

1633. GEORGE ABBOT, archbishop of Canterbury, died, aged 71. He rose
from humble circumstances to great dignity.

1651. Stirling castle and town taken by Monk for Cromwell.

1666. A disastrous hurricane in the West Indies. Lord Francis Willoughby
perished with his fleet of 15 sail. The poor fellows who escaped the
wreck, were seized with exultation by the French.

1696. General FRONTENAC invaded the Onondaga country.

1713. WILLIAM CAVE, an eminent English scholar and divine, died. He
published a great number of useful works.

1723. WILLIAM FLEETWOOD, an English bishop, died. "His character was
great in every respect."

1747. MICHAEL MAITTAIRE, a learned French critic and bibliographer,
died. He edited many of the classical authors, with useful indexes, and
wrote several important works.

1759. Crown point on lake Champlain, taken from the French by Gen.
Amherst.

1774. CHRISTOPHER COUDRETTE, a French ecclesiastic, died. His chief work
was a history of the Jesuits; he was an opposer of that order, and of
the pope's bull, unigenitus.

1781. ISAAC HAYNE, a patriot of the revolution, hanged at Charleston by
order of the British lord Rawdon, an act, under the circumstances,
extremely unjust and merciless, and which his lordship attempted to
justify in a pamphlet.

1783. Captain JOHN DARBY, of the Astrea, arrived at Salem with the news
of the ratification of the treaty of peace between the United States and
Great Britain. He is said to have carried out the accounts of the first
conflict at Lexington.

1789. Privileged classes abolished in France.

1792. JOHN BURGOYNE, a British general, died. He surrendered his whole
army to general Gates at Saratoga, and returned to England. He was a
member of parliament, and a successful dramatic author. (June 4, P.
Cyc.)

1799. JOHN BACON, an English sculptor, died. He was apprenticed to a
porcelain manufacturer, in which condition he devoted his leisure to
statuary, and finally rose to great eminence in his profession.

1804. ADAM DUNCAN, a gallant English admiral, died; celebrated for the
victory he gained over the Dutch fleet at Camperdown, for which he was
rewarded with a peerage.

1806. MIRANDA arrived at Coro an hour before day; the place was
abandoned, and through mistake his troops fired on each other.

1808. French assaulted Saragossa in Spain, and penetrated into a part of
the town.

1808. The commencement of Wellington's famous retreat into Portugal.

1814. United States troops under Col. Croghan attacked the British and
Indians at fort Mackinaw, but were repulsed with the loss of 50 killed.

1815. BONAPARTE delivered a written protest for the prince regent of
England, against being sent to St. Helena.

1821. WILLIAM FLOYD, one of the signers of the declaration of
independence, died at Western, New York.

1835. The Spanish ministry having suppressed the Jesuits and confiscated
their property, a royal decree to this effect was signed. By this decree
900 convents were suppressed in Spain, and their property applied
towards the payment of the debts of the state.

1836. The famous bell of Moscow, the largest in the world, raised from
the ground, where it had laid a great many years. Its weight is about
440,000 pounds, is 21 feet in height and 23 in diameter.

1842. JOHN BANIN, a popular Irish novelist, died near Kilkenny, Ireland.

1846. FISHER AMES HARDING, one of the editors of the _Detroit Daily
Advertiser_, died at Detroit.

1848. DANIEL WADSWORTH, a gentleman of highly cultivated taste and
benevolence, died at Hartford, Ct., aged 77.

1848. Capital punishment except in cases of martial law, abolished in
the Prussian assembly, also in the German parliament at Frankfort.

1851. At Leon, Nicaragua, Gen. Munoz, late minister of war, with a small
body of troops, took prisoners president Pineda and most of his cabinet,
sent them to a port in Tigre islands, and elected Justo Albuanez
president.

1852. ALFRED D'ORSAY, the mirror of fashion, letters and art, died in
Paris, aged 54.

1854. A severe battle was fought between the Chippewa and Sioux Indians.

1854. BAILEY WASHINGTON, a surgeon in the navy, died at Washington, aged
67. He was a relative of general Washington, and entered the navy in
1810 as surgeon. He was with the Enterprise when she captured the Boxer,
and was fleet surgeon under Rogers, Elliot and Patterson, in the
Mediterranean.

1854. JOSE BARUNDIA, minister from Honduras, died at New York, aged 70.
He was elected to the presidency of the confederation of Central
America, when he adopted many of the laws of the United States, and
devoted his salary to the promotion of public schools. He was the prime
mover of the liberal party, and the first to raise the standard of
rebellion against the Spanish government.

1857. JOSHUA FORMAN, founder of the city of Syracuse in New York, died
in Rutherfordton, N. C., aged 71. He was one of the early promoters of
the Erie canal, and first judge of the county of Onondaga, from which he
removed about twenty years before his death.


AUGUST 5.

57 B. C. CICERO landed from Durazzo at Brundusium, and was met there by
his excellent daughter Tullia, on the 20th anniversary of her birthday.

1100. Inauguration of Henry I, of England, who instantly granted a
charter to the nation, restoring the laws of Edward _the Confessor_ to
the same state in which they had been settled by _the Conqueror_; and
drove from his court the _effœminati_ with their enormous and
disgusting train.

1391. CHARLES VI, of France, surnamed the _Well-beloved_, seized by a
mental distemper, which, as it deprived him of the sovereign authority,
afterwards led, in bad hands to the ruin of his kingdom.

1407. ROBERT KNOLLES, so famed in the French wars of Edward III, died at
Scenethorp, Norfolk, but was buried at White Friars church, London,
which he had built.

1501. REGINALD BRAY, an English architect, died. He was also a
distinguished warrior and statesman, and in the latter capacity
acquired the title of "the father of his country."

1604. By royal proclamation this 5th day of August was appointed a
holiday in celebration of king James's delivery from the conspiracy of
the Gowries.

1633. GEORGE ABBOT, archbishop of Canterbury, died. He assisted in the
translation of the _Bible_, being one of the eight divines to whom it
was committed.

1704. Sanguinary battle at Hochstädt, in which the French, &c., were
defeated by the confederates under Marlborough.

1717. Battle of Peterwaradein; the Turks defeated by the Austrians under
prince Eugene, with great loss. (1716?)

1754. JAMES GIBBS, an ingenious English architect, died; leaving a
handsome property to public charities.

1759. Leipsic taken by the Austrians.

1778. The British burnt and destroyed their fleet off Rhode island on
the appearance of the French fleet under count d'Estaing.

1781. Action off the Dogger bank, between the British fleet, 6 ships, 4
frigates and a cutter, under admiral Parker, and the Dutch, 8 ships, 10
frigates and 5 sloops, under admiral Zoutman. Both fleets were greatly
damaged; the Dutch retired to the Texel; the British did not follow
them.

1792. LAFAYETTE accused of treason before the national assembly. He had
previously been burnt in effigy in the Palais royal by the Jacobins.

1792. FREDERIC NORTH, earl of Guildford, better known as _Lord North_,
died, aged 60. As adviser to George III in the American war, he became
and continued to his death unpopular.

1796. Battle of Castiglione, between the French under Bonaparte and the
imperialists under Wurmzer. The latter were defeated, with the loss of
500 killed, 2,000 captured, and 8 cannon.

1799. RICHARD HOWE, a celebrated English admiral, died. He entered the
navy at the age of 14; rose through the usual gradations to the highest
rank, distinguished himself on many occasions, and died at the age of
75.

1812. Battle of Brownstown; the British regulars and Indians attacked
the United States troops, 150 men, under Van Horne.

1813. American privateer Decatur, 13 guns, captured British schooner
Dominica, 16 guns, by boarding.

1814. Division of the Scheldt fleet, in virtue of the treaty of Paris,
between France and the allies.

1815. Massacre of the protestants at Nismes, in France; these enormities
continued nine days.

1816. First state election held in Indiana.

1833. GEORGE GIBBS died near New York. He was a practical mineralogist,
and the collector of the extensive cabinet of minerals in Yale college.

1835. THOMAS MCCRIE, a Scottish divine and ecclesiastical antiquary,
died. He was distinguished for his patient research, candor and ability
as a historian, and produced several works which have a high reputation.

1835. G. S. NEWTON, an eminent painter, died in England. He was a native
of Halifax, N. S., became distinguished in his profession, and produced
a number of works which are highly esteemed.

1839. The city of Cabul, Afghanistan, taken by the British, and the war
in that country brought to an end.

1840. The city and island of Chusan, belonging to China, captured after
a short resistance, by the British under brigadier general Burrell. The
Chinese lost 25 killed; the British none.

1846. JOHN WARD (_Father of the City_) died at St. Johns, New Brunswick,
aged 92. He was born near New York, and adhering to the British
interest, entered the army in 1776, and was frequently in action. At the
peace of 1783, he embarked with his regiment, the Loyal Americans, to
New Brunswick, where the corps was disbanded. He then embarked in
commercial pursuits, and at the time of his death was the senior half
pay officer, as well as the oldest merchant in the province. He filled
several civil offices, and sustained an estimable character.

1849. The number of births in Connecticut for the year ending this day
was 7,373; marriages 2,757; deaths 5,016.


AUGUST 6.

1577. Queen ELIZABETH granted a license to John Day, and Richard Day,
his son, during their lives, and that of the longest liver, to print the
_Psalms of David_ in metre.

1580. ANDREA PALLADIO, a very distinguished Italian architect, died;
many specimens of his designs yet remain.

1585. DAVIS, the navigator, reached the strait which bears his name, and
cast anchor in Exeter bay, "beneath that brave mount, the cliffs whereof
were orient as gold."

1637. BENJAMIN JONSON, the English poet and dramatist, died, aged 63. He
was a bricklayer at the outset of life; but his inclinations turned to
the building of monuments more imperishable than those of brick and
stone. (16th, N. S.)

1638. Birthday of NICHOLAS MALEBRANCHE, a distinguished French
philosopher. His works were highly esteemed for their genius and style;
and for his manners, which were amiable and simple, he was greatly
venerated.

1660. DON DIEGO VELASQUEZ DE SILVA died; a distinguished Spanish
painter.

1662. METACOM, sachem of Pokanoket, afterwards celebrated under the
English title of king Philip, made his appearance at the court of
Plymouth, and solicited the continuance of the amity and friendship
which had subsisted between the governor of Plymouth and his father and
brother; and promised for himself and his successors to remain subjects
of the king of England.

1674. THOMAS WILLETT, the first mayor of New York, died. He is buried at
Seekonk, Mass.

1695. FRANCIS DE HARLAY died; archbishop of Paris, the favorite of Louis
XIV.

1701. ULRIC OBRECHT, a learned German critic and Latin historian, died.
So extensive and various was his learning that he has been styled "the
epitome of human science."

1706. JOHN BAPTIST DU HAMEL died; a celebrated French philosopher and
divine.

1725. THOMAS RAWLINSON (_Tom Folio_), an English antiquary, died. The
sale of his collection of books and manuscripts, which were put up at
auction after his death, occupied several weeks.

1745. DAVID WILKINS died; an English librarian and antiquary, and a
learned author.

1756. EUGENE ARAM, a self-taught English scholar, executed near York,
for murder, and hung in chains on Knaresborough forest. He was a man of
consummate abilities and wonderful erudition, but appears to have been a
victim to covetousness.

1777. General HERKIMER, marching with the forces of Tryon county to
relieve Gen. Gansevoort at fort Schuyler, was ambushed by a strong
detachment of British and Indians, and defeated with the loss of 400.
The Indians lost several of their great chiefs and 70 warriors.

1778. Sieur GERARD, ambassador from France, introduced to congress. He
was the first ambassador from any nation to the United States.

1780. Battle of Hanging-rock; 600 Americans under Sumpter attacked and
defeated the British, consisting of the prince of Wales' regiment and a
large body of tories. The regiment was almost entirely destroyed; from
278 it was reduced to 9 men.

1788. The last _lit de justice_ in France, assembled at Versailles, by
Louis XVI, to enforce upon the parliament of Paris the adoption of the
obnoxious taxes proposed by Calonne.

1796. Battle of Roveredo; the French under Bonaparte defeated the
Austrians under Wurmzer, after an action of 16 hours, and entered Trent.
Austrian loss 6,000 men.

1796. JAMES PETTIT ANDREWS died; author of several English histories and
other works of merit.

1799. MARIE ELIEZER BLOCK, an able German naturalist, died. He was of
obscure parentage, and self-taught. Besides other valuable works on
natural history and medicine, he published a _History of Fishes_, 6
vols. folio, colored plates.

1806. FRANCIS II, emperor of Germany and king of Rome, resigned his
titles and annexed his possessions in Germany to the Austrian empire.
The _millenium_ of the empire, founded by Charlemagne, fell upon the
holiday of Christmas, 1800.

1815. Commodore DECATUR arrived with his fleet off Tripoli.

1817. PIERRE SAMUEL DUPONT DE NEMOURS, a French statesman, died. He was
distinguished for his knowledge and talents, as well as his excellent
character and principles. On the return of Bonaparte from Elba he came
to America, where he died.

1818. DAVID FERGUSON, a Scottish soldier, died at Dunkirk, aged 124,
very much respected and beloved.

1824. Battle of Junin, in Peru; the royalists defeated by the united
Peruvian and Colombian forces, under Bolivar. The combatants fought hand
to hand, with lance and sabre, those engaged being cavalry only.

1840. LOUIS NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, son of the late king of Holland,
accompanied by about 60 men, made an attempt to effect an hostile
descent upon France. The party landed about two leagues from Boulogne,
directed their march to that city, and were soon taken prisoners. The
prince was soon after placed in the castle of Ham.

1843. The _Thousand Years' Jubilee_ celebrated in Germany, in
commemoration of the settlement by which the empire was divided between
the three brothers, sons of Philip _the Devout_. The festival occurred
on Sunday, and was very generally and appropriately celebrated, more
particularly in the Prussian states.

1846. A revolution took place again in Mexico, in favor of the exiled
Santa Anna. The troops in Vera Cruz and its vicinity first declared in
his favor, and were soon followed by those at the capital, who deposed
and imprisoned general Paredes, the president of the republic, and
proclaimed Santa Anna, and the constitution of 1824.

1849. A treaty of peace was signed between Austria and Piedmont.

1851. An eruption having taken place in the volcanic mountains of
Martinique, columns of smoke were seen to issue from eight distinct
craters.

1855. A riot at Louisville, Ky., between the Americans and foreigners;
several were killed on both sides, and rows of houses belonging to the
foreign population were torn down and burnt.


AUGUST 7.

480 B. C. The immortal battle in the pass of Thermopylæ is placed upon
this day; when Leonidas with 300 Spartans withstood the army of Xerxes.
There was a skirmish also with the Grecian fleet at Artemisium. Diodorus
fixes the victory of Gelon, under the walls of Himera, in Sicily, upon
the same day.

445 B. C. Dedication of the walls of Jerusalem by Nehemiah, on the 7th
of Elul, in the 21st year of Artaxerxes.

44. HEROD AGRIPPA, king of Judea, died suddenly upon his throne. He was
a great builder, whose expenses exceeded his income, for his generosity
was boundless, saith Josephus. He persecuted the Christians, and was one
of those scourges of mankind who have been cut off with their vices.

461. JULIUS VALERIUS MAJORIAN, emperor of Rome, assassinated. He was
successful in his war with the Vandals, and universally respected for
his virtues.

1106. HENRY IV, emperor of Germany, died. He was a brave, but
unfortunate prince, who, having humbled his enemies in 66 battles, was
finally dethroned and reduced to indigence by his own sons.

1485. HENRY TUDOR, earl of Richmond, afterwards Henry VII, landed at
Milford haven from Normandy, for the invasion of England, with 2,000
men.

1588. The Spanish armada, becalmed before Dunkirk, completely
discomfited by the appearance of eight ships filled with pitch, sulphur
and other combustibles, and having been set on fire as the breeze sprung
up were directed by the English admiral against the different divisions
of the Spanish fleet. The darkness of the night lent terror to the awful
appearance of the approaching flames; and the crews, anxious only for
their own preservation, weighed anchor or cut their cables, and suffered
their ships to drive before the wind. In this confusion many of them ran
afoul of one another, and several of them received such damage as to be
unfit for future use.

1613. Dorchester, in England, destroyed by fire.

1667. JOHN WILSON, first minister of Boston, died. He came over with
governor Winthrop, 1630, and was ordained under a tree in Charlestown.

1679. LA SALLE sailed from the foot of lake Erie in the first vessel
built upon that lake, with a crew of thirty men. His vessel was lost on
its return from Mackinaw with its crew of six men, and a cargo of
peltries, valued at fifty thousand francs.

1771. JOHN DANIEL SCHOEPFLIN, an eminent German philosopher,
historiographer and antiquary, died. His reputation was so great, that
his residence was solicited by the sovereigns of different countries.

1793. The first patient of yellow fever in Philadelphia, which raged
there with great fury this year, died on this day. The number that died
of the disease during its prevalence was about 3,500.

1804. Second attack on Tripoli by the United States squadron under Com.
Preble. One of the prizes previously taken was blown up by the passage
of a red hot ball through her magazine.

1806. ELIZABETH SMITH, an accomplished English lady, died. She
understood most of the learned languages, and had a knowledge of the
sciences.

1807. IGNATIUS MOURADGEA D'OHSSON, an Armenian diplomatist, died. He was
in the service of the Swedish embassy at Constantinople, where he
conceived the plan of a work on the Ottoman empire. It was completed,
after a labor of 45 years, in 7 vols., and published at Paris.

1812. United States frigate Essex captured British king's brig George.

1819. Battle of Bojaca; the revolutionists of Venezuela and New Granada,
under Bolivar, totally defeated the Spaniards, whose destruction was so
complete that the viceroy fled, leaving the public treasure a prey to
the conquerors. This battle decided the independence of New Granada.

1820. ELIZA BACCIOCCHI, sister of Bonaparte, died. She married a captain
in the army, who on the conquest of Italy was created prince of Lucca
and Piombino; but she was the actual sovereign, and when she reviewed
the troops, her husband discharged the office of aid-de-camp.

1821. CAROLINE AMELIA ELIZABETH, wife of George IV, of England, died,
aged 53. She was abandoned by her husband, then prince of Wales, soon
after their marriage, and the nation was repeatedly agitated by their
disputes, for more than 20 years.

1830. The throne of France declared vacant by the chamber of deputies;
after making various important modifications in the charter, they called
to the throne Louis Phillippe, and his male descendants for ever.

1848. The great comet, whose revolution occupies 292 years, passed its
perihelion in July, and was first seen on this day by a gentleman in
Altona.

1854. The Turks entered Bucharest, which the Russians had previously
evacuated.

1855. A severe and bloody riot occurred at St. Louis, Missouri, between
the Irish and Americans, which continued for 48 hours, and resulted in
the death of 10 persons, and the severe injury of 30 more.

1855. While two companies of militia were conducting to jail a prisoner
named Debar, for the murder of a negro, at Milwaukie, the mob seized him
and killed him without resistance.

1855. RICHARD SHEEPSHANKS, a British astronomer, died, aged 61. He made
great efforts in determining the latitude and longitude of places in
England and Ireland, and contributed a series of papers to the _Penny
Cyclopedia_ on the science of astronomy.


AUGUST 8.

70. Capture of Jerusalem by Titus, the 8th day of the month Gorpieus,
(Elul) upon his daughter's birthday.

1419. PETER D'AILLY, a French ecclesiastic, died. He was of an obscure
family, and rose by his merit to the office of cardinal.

1503. ALEXANDER VI (_Roderick Borgia_), pope, died. He was of infamous
notoriety before his elevation to the pontificate, and is supposed to
have been poisoned by a draught which he had prepared for some of his
guests.

1540. Nuptials of HENRY VIII and CATHARINE HOWARD, his fifth spouse. By
"a notable appearance of honor, cleanness and maidenly behavior," she
won the heart of old Harry, whose marriage with Anne of Cleves was
annulled the 9th of July previous.

1588. EDWIN SANDYS, archbishop of York, died. He assisted in the
translation of what is called the _Bishop's Bible_, and was one of the
nine divines appointed by Elizabeth to dispute with nine catholics
before the parliament.

1588. The English fleet under lord Howard attacked the Spanish armada.
The engagement began at 4 o'clock in the morning and continued till 6 at
night, and resulted in a total defeat of the armada. The Spanish
admiral, apprehending the entire destruction of his fleet, resolved to
sail northwards and make the circuit of the British isles. When he had
rounded the Orkneys, the fleet was dispersed by a storm; horses, mules
and baggage were thrown overboard to lighten the ships, some of which
were wrecked, some sunk in the North sea, others wrecked on the coast of
Scotland, and more than thirty were driven by another storm upon the
coast of Ireland, where many of the crews were barbarously murdered. The
duke of Medina finally reached Santardu with sixty-five sail in a
shattered condition, out of 150 sail of noble vessels which entered the
British channel, many of them of the largest class.

1641. Though Sabbath, both houses of the English parliament sat to
prevent the king from going to Scotland.

1776. Force of the northern American army, under Washington, 10,514 fit
for duty, 3,668 sick, 2,946 on command, 97 on furlough--total, 17,225.
The small pox was committing great ravages at this time, 5,500 having
died of it since April; inoculation being prohibited in general orders.

1778. Fort Boonesborough invested by 450 Canadians and Indians. The fort
was garrisoned by 50 men, who defended it with great spirit against
every stratagem till the 20th, when the siege was abandoned, and its
capture never again attempted.

1780. The combined fleets of France and Spain captured five East
Indiamen and fifty merchant ships bound for the West Indies.

1792. JOHN LEAKE, an English physician, died; founder of the Westminster
lying-in hospital, and an esteemed author.

1794. The entrenchments of Pellingen, a series of redoubts raised by the
Austrians in the most advantageous situations, in order to cover Treves,
were carried by the French.

1804. ROBERT MACFARLANE, a Scottish miscellaneous writer, died. He
translated Ossian into Latin.

1805. RICHARD WORSLEY, governor of the isle of Wight, died. During a
tour in Europe he made a fine collection of statues and antiques, of
which he published a description.

1808. JOHN BROOME, lieutenant-governor of the state of New York, died,
and was buried in the presbyterian church yard in Wall street, in the
city of New York.

1811. British under admiral Stopford took Batavia and a great part of
the island of Java.

1812. The United States troops under general Hull evacuated Canada and
entered Detroit.

1814. First meeting of the British and American commissioners at Ghent,
to treat for peace.

1816. The meetings of freemasons and other secret societies prohibited
by the king of Naples under penalty of banishment, fine and
imprisonment.

1827. GEORGE CANNING, an eminent English statesman, died. He was of
humble origin, but rose to the premiership by his great talents, and
sustained himself against a powerful opposition.

1828. FREDERIC BOUTERWEK, a German litterateur, died; author of
_Geschichte der neueren Poesie und Beredsamkeit_, containing separate
critical histories of the belles-lettres of Italy, Spain, Portugal,
France, England and Germany, from the revival of letters to the close of
the 18th century, 12 vols.

1836. FREDERICK CARL LUDWIG SICKLER died at Heldburghausen; an eminent
archæologist, and author of various learned works on archæology,
antiquities and philology.

1838. The Chilian squadron of 32 vessels landed 5000 men at Ancon, and
demanded two millions of dollars, which not being granted, they advanced
and took Callao and Lima, after an action in which 2000 were killed.
Gomarra was proclaimed president, and Orbegozo fled to the mountains.
(See July 26.)

1840. CHARLES OTTFRIED MULLER, of Gottingen, died at Athens, from an
illness brought on by fatigue and exposure in copying inscriptions, and
making excavations at Delphi. The object of his investigation was
connected with a great work on which he was engaged, upon the general
history of Greece. He was buried on the summit of a little hill above
the academy. (July 31.)

1851. SAMUEL EMERSON, an eminent physician, died at Kennebunk, Me., aged
87.

1853. A strike at Stockport, England, for an advance of ten per cent in
wages, ceased, 20,000 workmen resumed their labors, having accomplished
their object.

1856. Mrs. MATTHEWS (madame Vestris), long a celebrated dancer and
pantomimist, died in England, aged 59. Her maiden name was Lucia
Elizabeth Bartolozzi; she married Armand Vestris in 1813, and it was
under this name that she was well known in Europe and America. She
married Matthews in 1838.


AUGUST 9.

357 B. C. An eclipse of the moon which preceded the departure of Dion
from Zacynthus (Zante) upon his celebrated expedition against the tyrant
Dionysius the Younger. He entered Syracuse with his little band of 800
veterans in September, and in three days became master of the empire.
The deaths of Democritus and Hippocrates, each 104 years old, and of
Timotheus, the Milesian poet and musician, took place in that year.

378. The great and disastrous battle of Adrianople, second only to that
of Cannæ, in which the Roman legions under Valens, were for the first
time defeated by the Cythian Goths. The wounded emperor was removed to a
cottage, which was fired, and he perished in the flames.

1342. Sir WALTER MANNY raised the siege of Hennebon in Brittany, so
nervously and heroically defended by Jane, countess of Montford, against
the power of France.

1611. JOHN BLAGRAVE died; an early English mathematician of considerable
eminence and a laborious author on his favorite science.

1634. NOY, attorney-general to Charles I of England, died at London. He
is supposed to have devised the plan of levying ship money, which went
into operation the day after his death.

1641. DAVID BAKER, an English Benedictine monk and ecclesiastical
historian, died. He collected the records of the ancient congregation of
the black or Benedictine monks in England, 6 vols. folio, and his
religious treatises filled 9 folio vols. in manuscript.

1694. ANTHONY ARNAULD, a French theological and philosophical writer,
died. He was one of the most learned men of his age, and did much for
the improvement of morality in the catholic church. His works were
printed in more than 100 volumes of various sizes.

1710. French and Spaniards defeated at Saragossa, with the loss of 5,000
killed, 7,000 prisoners, and all their artillery, and the allies entered
the city.

1718. Action off cape Passaro, between the British fleet, 20 sail,
admiral Byng, and the Spanish fleet, 27 sail of the line. The Spaniards
were defeated with the loss of 21 of their ships, either taken or
destroyed.

1719. DOMINICO DE ANGELIS, an Italian scholar, died. He made the tour of
France and Spain, and was everywhere received with honor by the learned.

1720. SAMUEL OCKLEY, an English divine, died; a very learned man, and
well skilled in oriental literature.

1744. JOHN BRIDGES, duke of Chandos, died. Few particulars are known of
this peer, except of his munificence. The earlier part of his manhood
was spent in reflection and observation; his middle age in business,
honorable and useful; and his advanced years in deeds of benevolence. He
erected the princely seat of Canons, near London, where he lived in a
splendor to which no other subject had ever aspired. His liberality was
equaled only by his generous forgiveness of injuries. Pope made him the
subject of his satire, which Hogarth punished by representing the poet
on a scaffold whitewashing Burlington house, and bespattering the duke
of Chandos's carriage as it passed. Yet Pope's verse respecting the
short-lived magnificence of Canons was prophetic:

     Another age shall see the golden ear
     Embrown the slope, and nod on the parterre:
     Deep harvests bury all his pride has planned,
     And laughing Ceres reassume the land.

Three years after his death the stately mansion was sold by auction,
piecemeal, such was the rage to buy something at Canons. Its site was
soon an arable.

1746. Battle of Rotto Fredo, between the allies and the Austrians; the
former defeated with the loss of 8,000; Austrian loss about half that
number.

1748. ALEXANDER BLACKWELL, a Scottish physician, beheaded in Sweden, on
suspicion of treason. His wife, to support him in prison, published a
_Herbal_ in two vols. folio, containing 500 plates, drawn, engraved and
colored by herself.

1757. Fort William Henry with a garrison of about 2600 men under Col.
Monroe, capitulated to Montcalm, who had invested the fort with an army
of 11,500. The garrison was to be allowed the honors of war, and
protected from the Indians; but with the characteristic perfidy of the
French in all these colonial wars, the Indians were allowed to pillage
and massacre the defenceless soldiers, so that their baggage was lost
and 1500 slain or made prisoners.

1759. Birthday of JEAN BAPTIST ANNIBAL AUBERT DUBAYET, in Louisiana. He
served in the American army during the war of independence, and went to
France on the breaking out of the revolution there. He was appointed
minister of war, and the next year ambassador to Constantinople, where
he died.

1775. Captain LINZEE, of the British sloop of war Falcon, attempted to
take an American schooner in Gloucester harbor, cape Ann, in two barges,
a whale boat, schooner and cutter, all of which were captured by the
Americans; in consequence of which he bombarded the town. American loss
1 killed, 2 wounded.

1778. General GREENE'S army crossed over from Tiverton to the north end
of Rhode Island.

1778. Lord HOWE'S fleet arrived off Newport, in quest of count
d'Estaing, who put to sea the next morning.

1782. DE LA PEROUSE, with a considerable French military and naval
force, took fort Prince of Wales, at Hudson's bay, and soon after forts
York and Severn; the settlements and forts were destroyed.

1787. The ship Columbia, captain GRAY, and sloop Washington sailed from
Boston for the north west coast of America and China. They returned in
1790, being the first American vessels that circumnavigated the globe.

1793. ALEXIS BRULARD DE GENLIS, marquis de Sillery, a French general,
guillotined at Paris. He was a deputy to the states-general, and an
avowed enemy to the king, on whose trial he voted for detaining the
royal family until the peace, and for their perpetual banishment after
that event.

1796. Elba surrendered to the British under commodore Nelson.

1804. ROBERT POTTER, an English prelate, died; known by his elegant
translations of Æschylus, Euripides and Sophocles, the three great
dramatists of ancient Greece.

1805. Lieutenant ZEBULON M. PIKE commenced his voyage to the sources of
the Missouri river, with a party of 22; they were taken by the
Spaniards, and returned the next year.

1808. ROMANA, with 10,000 Spanish troops, deserted the French army under
Bernadotte, and were conveyed to Spain in British transports.

1809. The president of the United States, THOMAS JEFFERSON, received
official information of the non-ratification of the British treaty, and
suspended all intercourse with that country.

1811. Battle of Baza; the Spaniards under Blake defeated by the French
under Soult; of 20,000 Spaniards not more than 7,000 rallied again.

1812. Battle of Magauga; the British and Indians under major Muir and
Tecumseh, defeated by the United States troops under general Miller, and
driven into Brownstown, whence they escaped to Malden in boats. American
loss 10 killed, 8 wounded.

1814. Bombardment of Stonington, by the British, commenced. It continued
three days. British loss 21 killed, 50 wounded; American loss 6 wounded.

1815. Commodore DECATUR settled the differences between the United
States and the dey of Tripoli. The dey made restitution of property and
prisoners.

1815. The British ship Northumberland, 74 guns, admiral Cockburn, sailed
from Torbay with the exiled Napoleon for St. Helena.

1818. Captain Ross discovered the Esquimaux tribe of Indians, situated
at the north east corner of Baffin's bay, extending on the sea shore 120
miles, and not exceeding 20 miles in breadth, and bounded on the south
by an immense barrier of mountains, covered with ice. They seemed
utterly ignorant of other nations to the south, whence they are supposed
to be the original race. They are destitute of boats, and furnish an
unique instance of a fishing tribe unacquainted with the art of floating
on the water.

1824. JOSEPH NIGHTINGALE, an English dissenting minister, died. He
possessed great literary talent, and published many excellent works.

1839. Pera, a suburb of Constantinople, nearly destroyed by fire; 3700
houses burnt.

1841. The steam boat Erie, on her passage from Buffalo to Chicago, took
fire and was totally destroyed. Of 200 persons on board, principally
Swiss and German emigrants, only 28 were saved. The boat was valued at
$75,000; merchandise $20,000; specie $180,000.

1842. Treaty establishing the boundary line between the United States
and Canada across the state of Maine; the British acquiring thereby a
good portion of the latter state that of right belonged to the United
States.

1844. Imprisonment for debt abolished in England; the act taking effect
on this day.

1853. SAMUEL JONES, a New York jurist, died, aged 80.

1855. SANTA ANNA left the city of Mexico with 2600 men, under pretence
of putting down the revolution at Vera Cruz; but signed an abdication at
Perote, and sailed to Havana. On his departure a mob destroyed a large
number of houses.


AUGUST 10.

353. MAGNENTIUS, emperor of Rome, killed. He was a German, and rose from
a private soldier to the throne.

1506. The island of Madagascar discovered by the Portuguese.

1519. FERDINAND MAGELLAN sailed from Seville with 5 ships and 234 men,
on his voyage of discovery, which was continued round the world.

1543. The Turks under Barbarossa and the French under count d'Enguein
assaulted Nice, but were repulsed by Montford, a Savoyard gentleman, and
obliged finally to raise the siege.

1557. Battle of St. Quintin; the French under Montmorency defeated by
the allies under Phillibert of Savoy and the earl of Pembroke. The duke
d'Enguein, 600 gentlemen and 4,000 French were killed; several dukes and
many other officers of distinction, 300 gentlemen and 4,000 men were
taken prisoners, and all their standards, cannon and ammunition fell
into the hands of the victors.

1607. JAMES MENOCHIUS died; an Italian author of great repute in his
day.

1630. Staten Island was purchased of the Indians by Michael Pauw, a
Dutch subject. It was the favorite spot of the primitive settlers. The
Indians sold it twice afterwards.

1633. ANTHONY MUNDAY, an English dramatic author, died.

1637. EDWARD KING, a young English poet, drowned. His death gave rise to
the beautiful poem of Lycidias, by Milton, his friend.

1653. MARTIN HARPERTZOON VAN TROMP, a Dutch admiral, killed in an
engagement with the English fleet off the Texel. He entered the navy at
the age of 8, and rose from the lowest station to the chief command.
This brave man refused all titles except that of father of the sailors.
(July 31, O. S.)

1665. The French West India company, purchased of the order of Malta,
the islands of St. Christopher, St. Cruz and St. Bartholomew, for
500,000 livres turnois.

1669. HENRIETTA MARIA, queen dowager to Charles I, died at St. Colombe,
near Paris, in France.

1672. JOHN DE WITT, the famous pensionary of Holland, killed by a mob.
"He was the zealous patron of the glory and liberty of his native
country; the greatest genius of his time; the ablest politician in war
as well as peace; the Atlas of the commonwealth."

1674. HUGH PAULIN CRESSY, an English divine, died. He became a catholic,
was much respected, and published some valuable works, particularly an
able ecclesiastical history.

1675. Corner stone for the foundation of the royal observatory was laid
at Greenwich, England. The edifice was erected by Charles II, under the
superintendence of sir Christopher Wren, and Flamsteed appointed
astronomer-royal.

1675. PETER BALES, an early and eminent English writing master, finished
a performance which contained the Lord's prayer, the creed, the
decalogue, two short prayers in Latin, his own name, motto, the date,
and the year of the reign of Elizabeth, within the circle of a penny,
and so accurately wrought as to be plainly legible. It was enchased in a
ring of gold, and presented to the queen.

1686. JOHN BAPTIST COTELERIUS, a learned Frenchman, died. He published
the works of all the fathers in the apostolic age, with learned notes.

1702. Lord CUTTS carried, sword in hand, fort St. Michael, at Venlo,
before any breach had been made. This was considered one of the
greatest exploits during the wars of queen Anne.

1709. LEWIS ANTHONY PROSPER HERISSANT died; an eminent French poet and
physician.

1723. WILLIAM DUBOIS, cardinal and prime minister of France, died. He
rose from an apothecary's shop to rank, power, and immense wealth.

1749. THOMAS TOPHAM, an Englishman of remarkable strength, died. One of
his feats was that of throwing his horse over the turnpike gate. He
possessed the strength of six ordinary men.

1757. BENJAMIN HOADLEY, an English physician, died; distinguished by
several able professional works, and a popular comedy, the _Suspicious
Husband_.

1759. FERDINAND VI (_the Wise_), of Spain, died.

1760. Oswegatchie taken by the British.

1779. A destructive eruption of mount Vesuvius commenced and lasted
several days. The country for several miles round was covered with lava.

1783. East India company's ship Antelope, wrecked on the coast of
Oorolong, and the crew protected and aided by the king of the Pelew
islands.

1790. Captain JOHN GORE, who circumnavigated the earth three times, on
the third conducting home the ships after the death of Cooke and Clark,
died, a captain in Greenwich hospital.

1791. WILLIAM CUNNINGHAM, captain of the British provost in Boston and
New York during the revolutionary war, executed in England for forgery.
He confessed to have starved more than 2,000 American prisoners in New
York, by stopping their rations, which he sold; and to have hanged
upwards of 270 in a private manner.

1792. The alarm bells rung in every part of the city of Paris, and the
drums beat to arms, when an immense multitude attacked the palace of the
Tuilleries. The Swiss guard at first repelled the populace; but the
assailants redoubling their efforts, the palace was carried by storm,
the apartments, the passages and courts soon streamed with blood. The
king, the queen, and the royal family, fled for refuge to the national
assembly. Of the besiegers 3,740 were killed, and 852 of those in the
palace. The Swiss guards, who heroically defended the king, were
inhumanly butchered by the _Marsellois_.

1792. LOUIS BOUGAINVILLE, the French navigator, massacred at Paris. His
discoveries were of importance to the French, but neither his services
nor his virtues could shield him against the fury of the mob.

1793. Destruction of the tombs of the kings of France, at St. Denis, by
order of the national convention. The body of marshal Turenne,
deposited there 1675, was found apparently as fresh as ever.

1794. Calvi, in Corsica, surrendered to the British, lord Hood, with the
whole of his army, after a siege of 51 days.

1796. Battle of Bassano, in Italy; Bonaparte defeated the Austrians
under Wurmzer, took 5,000 prisoners, 25 cannon, &c.

1802. The sea at Teignmouth and coast of Devonshire, England, rose and
fell several times two feet in _ten minutes_.

1812. The Russians under WITGENSTEIN attacked the French under Oudinot
near Klaistitzy. The action continued into the following day, when the
French were defeated with the loss of 5,000 killed, 3,000 prisoners, 2
cannon, and all their ammunition wagons.

1813. Partial action in the night, on lake Ontario, between the United
States commodore Chauncy, and British commodore Yeo. The latter
succeeded in capturing schooners Julia, 3 guns, and Growler, 5 guns.

1814. WILLIAM COWDROY, proprietor, editor and printer of the _Manchester
Gazette_, died. Some of his best editorials were set in type without
writing.

1821. Missouri became one of the members of the United States
confederacy.

1821. The remains of the ill-fated Maj. Andre disinterred and taken to
England.

1838. A papal decree issued at Rome by the congregation of the supreme
inquisition, forbidding the introduction of infant schools into the
pontifical states.

1843. ROBERT ADRIAN, a skillful mathematician, and for some time
professor in Columbia college, N. Y., died in his 68th year.

1851. M. DAGUERRE, the inventor of the daguerreotype, died near Paris,
aged 63. His peculiar process was published by him in the autumn of
1839, and the French government awarded him a pension of 6,000 francs
for his discovery.

1854. FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, king of Saxony, died at Munich, aged 57. His
carriage was overturned as he rode into the city, and he was killed by a
kick from one of the horses.

1854. A fire destroyed 180 houses at Varna, in Turkey, and destroyed
vast quantities of stores belonging to the allies.

1854. A violent tornado swept along the track of the Cleveland and
Pittsburg rail road, between Bedford and Macedonia, covering the track
with large uprooted trees, and causing great obstruction to the trains
upon the road.

1855. Delegates met at the city of Mexico, and chose general Carrera
president for six months, and ordained the freedom of the press.

1856. Last island, a summer resort in the gulph of Mexico, was destroyed
by a terrible storm of three days' duration. The island was entirely
submerged, the houses swallowed up, and 173 persons lost.

1856. JAMES MURDOCK, an eminent American linguist and theologian, died,
aged 80. He studied under president Dwight in 1802, and after preaching
sometime became a teacher, and finally an author and translator.


AUGUST 11.

50. The first of the month Thoth, in the movable Egyptian year,
corresponded, as Pliny intimates, with this Julian day (798 of the era
of Narbonasser); and with the 30th July, A. D. 97 (845 era Narb.), in
the Greek month Metagitnion, as we collect from Plutarch.

1332. Battle of Gladsmuir, near St. Johnstown, in which David of
Scotland was defeated by Baliol.

1454. NICHOLAS DE CUSA, an Italian cardinal, died. He rose from extreme
indigence and obscurity by his own merit, to great dignity and fame. His
talents and learning were extraordinary; for besides his profound
knowledge of law and divinity, he was distinguished as a natural
philosopher and geometrician.

1576. MARTIN FROBISHER entered the strait bearing his name.

1607. A party of English under George Popham landed at the mouth of the
Sagadahock or Kennebec river. It consisted of 100 men, with ordinance
and all provisions necessary until they might receive farther supplies.
Only 45 remained, who built a store house on Parker's island, and
fortified it.

1642. JOHANNES MEGAPOLENSIS, the first minister at Albany, arrived from
Holland to take charge of his church.

1654. VIRGILIO MALVEZZI, an Italian author, died. He quitted the law to
enter the Spanish service, at arms, and wrote in both languages.

1673. Sanguinary engagement off the Texel between the combined English
and French fleets under Rupert and d'Estrees, and the Dutch under De
Ruyter and Cornelius Tromp. Both sides claimed the victory. Admiral
Sprague was drowned, his boat being sunk by a cannon shot.

1693. The Indians of New Hampshire sued for peace, after a long and
bloody warfare with the English colonists, incited by the French.

1718. Action off the coast of Sicily, between the British fleet, admiral
Byng, and the Spanish fleet, under Castanats; the latter lost 21 ships,
captured and sunk.

1744. SARAH, duchess of Marlborough, bequeathed to William Pitt £10,000,
"upon account of his merit in the noble defence he had made for the
support of the laws of England, and to prevent the ruin of his country."

1766. ANN SOWERBY was burnt at York, England, for poisoning her husband;
one of the last relics of this mode of capital punishment.

1768. PETER COLLINSON died; an eminent English botanist and natural
historian.

1772. A _charged cloud_ at Java destroyed 2,000 persons.

1778. AUGUSTUS MONTAGUE TOPLADY died; an eminent English Calvinistic
divine and theological writer.

1781. The British took into New York the American frigate Trumbull.
Congress had then but two frigates left.

1782. British evacuated Savannah.

1787. First bishop appointed for Nova Scotia. First bishops in England,
694; Denmark, 939; form of consecrating bishops in England ordained,
1549; the office abolished by parliament, 1646; restored, 1660; first
episcopal bishop in America, 1784; first catholic, 1789.

1794. Battle of Wilna; the Poles defeated by the Russians, and the town
taken by assault.

1809. Battle near Almonacid; the Spaniards defeated by the French under
Joseph Bonaparte, and compelled to retreat, after nine hours' hard
fighting.

1810. Severe earthquake at St. Michaels, one of the Azores, which
continued two days; 22 houses swallowed up.

1813. HENRY JAMES PYE, an English poet, died. Having ruined his fortune,
he was gratified with the office of poet laureate, and left many poems,
original and translated.

1818. NIKOLAI I. NOVIKOV, sometimes called the Franklin of Russia, died,
aged 74. Certain it is that by his activity and taste he contributed not
a little to the improvement of Russian literature.

1822. SAMUEL AUCHMUTY, commander-in-chief of the British forces in
Ireland, died. He was a native of New York, who took the side of the
British in the revolutionary contest, and held various honorable and
lucrative stations under the British government.

1831. Barbadoes destroyed by a hurricane. It commenced at 3 P. M., and
continued two hours; 5,000 persons perished; the houses were mostly
destroyed, and the face of the country changed to a desert; neither
trees nor vegetables were left standing.

1834. The Ursuline convent at Charlestown, Mass., destroyed by a
protestant mob. The house was occupied by females, who were driven to
seek shelter where they could find it, in the midst of night, while
their valuables to a large amount were plundered.

1849. General GÖRGEY, to whom the Hungarian diet had confided its
powers, surrendered his army to the Russian general, Rudiger, at
Vilagos, and the conquest of Hungary was consumated.

1849. A proclamation was issued by the president of the United States,
warning all citizens against connecting themselves with an armed
expedition believed to be fitting out with the intention to invade the
island of Cuba, or some of the provinces of Mexico.

1853. JOHN DOWNES, an American commodore, died at Charlestown, Mass.,
aged 69. He entered the navy in 1802, was in active service during the
war of 1812, and commanded the Potomac, which bombarded the piratical
town of Quallah Battoo, in reprisal for injuries done American sailors
by the Malay pirates.

1853. Great heat from this day to the 14th throughout the United States,
and Canada; the thermometer everywhere ranging at about 100° Fahrenheit;
200 deaths in New York on the last of these days, and the total deaths
of the four days from that cause exceeded 400.

1855. SAMUEL J. PETERS died at New Orleans, aged 54. He held various
offices, and the city owed much of its prosperity to his energy and
enterprise.


AUGUST 12.

403 B. C. Act of amnesty, which restored the Athenian democracy, between
Thrasybulus and the decemvirate, in the archonship of Euclides, 12th of
Boedromion--the year when Thucydides returned from exile.

243 B. C. Liberation of Corinth, by Aratus, in his 2d prætorship.

1099. Battle of Ascalon; the Saracens under the sultan of Egypt defeated
by Godfrey de Bouillon, and totally overthrown.

1204. BONIFACE, marquis of Montferrat, disposed of the isle of Candia,
with the ruins of a hundred cities, to the Venitians, for 10,000 marks.

1241. GREGORY IX, pope, died. He incited the European powers to
undertake a crusade, which was joined by Frederick of Germany, who had
been twice excommunicated.

1332. Battle of Duplin moor; Edward Baliol defeated the Scots with
terrible slaughter. Donald, earl of Mar, the new regent, fell with the
host.

1417. HENRY V, by a letter to his chancellor, dated Tonques, in
Normandy, gave directions for the sealing annuities of £6 13s. 4d. each,
to seventeen masters of the "grete shippes, carracks, barges and
balyngers," belonging to the royal navy.

1560. THOMAS PHAER, an English physician, died. He published various
medical works, chiefly compiled from the French, and translated a part
of the _Æneid_.

1577. THOMAS SMITH died; a learned English statesman, historian, and
critic, and secretary of state under Edward VI, and Elizabeth.

1606. HENRY CHALLONS sailed in a ship of 50 tons to make farther
discoveries on the coast of North Virginia, and if it should appear
expedient to leave as many men as he could spare in the country. He was
fitted out by lord chief-justice Popham, sir Ferdinando Gorges and
others of the Plymouth company.

1652. Cardinal MAZARINE exiled the second time from France.

1652. An act of the protectorate for the _settlement of Ireland_.

1662. CHARLES SEYMOUR, "the proud duke of Somerset," died. He was in
office under several successive sovereigns.

1676. King PHILIP (or _Metacom_), killed at Mount Hope, in Rhode Island,
whither he had been driven by the English, as a last refuge. One of his
confederates proposing peace, so irritated Philip that he killed him. A
brother of the murdered Indian repaired to the English camp, and offered
to lead them to Philip's retreat. Captain Church set out with a small
body of men, accompanied by a few friendly Indians, and attacked the
chief in his den. He formed his men in extended order, placing an
Englishman and an indian together, with orders to fire on any who should
attempt to escape. At the dawn of day the sentinels alarmed the camp,
when Philip seized his arms and attempted to escape; as he approached
two of Church's guards, the Englishman leveled his gun, which missed
fire; the Indian sent two balls through his body, one of which piercing
his heart, laid him dead upon the spot. When the battle was over, the
English repaired to the place where he lay. He had fallen on his face in
a muddy spot of the ground, from which he was drawn; the head was taken
off and the body left to be devoured by wild beasts. Thus fell a
powerful chief, and a ferocious savage. It was then hailed with joy as
the extinction of a virulent and implacable enemy; but is now often
viewed as the fall of a great statesman and a mighty prince, who died in
defence of his just rights. This was a war of extermination; it was a
general rising of the Indians, under a powerful and sagacious warrior,
against the English, not a vestige of whom would have been left had they
been victorious. As it was, several of the tribes were annihilated; a
miserable remnant of the others incorporated themselves with distant and
strange nations. In this short but tremendous war, about 600 of the
white inhabitants, composing its principal strength, were either killed
in battle or murdered; 12 towns entirely destroyed, and 600 dwellings
burnt. The English triumphed, indeed, but the ravages of the enemy left
them in a deplorable condition.

1689. INNOCENT XI (_Benedict Odescalchi_), pope, died. He effected
several important and useful measures and reformations during his reign.

1712. The first stamp on English newspapers used this day.

1715. NAHUM TATE, an English dramatic writer and poet, died. He
succeeded Shadwell as poet laureate, and assisted in a version of the
_Psalms_.

1724. Battle of Norridgewock, in New Hampshire, and death of Ralle. He
was a Jesuit, and a principal agent in instigating the Indians against
the English colonies; had resided at this place twenty-six years, and
become thoroughly acquainted with the country. An expedition was fitted
out to destroy his den. The place was attacked by 240 men, and carried.
Ralle was found in his cabin firing upon the English; orders had been
given to take him alive, if possible; but refusing to ask quarter he was
shot down. Eighty were killed, among which were some of the most noted
warriors of the tribe, and the remnant scattered. Ralle was a man of
extensive learning, and of great service to the French; he wrote a
dictionary of the Norridgewock language, which was taken, and is
deposited in Harvard library. He was sent out as a missionary, had
acquired the languages of nearly all the tribes in America, and spent
thirty-seven years among them.

1728. WILLIAM SHERARD (_Sherwood_), an eminent English botanist and
antiquarian, died. He spent the greater part of his life, abroad, in the
pursuit of his favorite studies, and founded a professorship of botany
at Oxford.

1759. Battle of Kunersdorf; the Prussians under Frederick II defeated
with great loss by the Russians and Austrians. The allies by their own
confession lost 24,000 men, says Gillies (Smollet says 10,000); the
Prussians fought desperately and left 20,000 dead on the field, among
whom were several generals. The king had two horses killed under him,
and his clothes perforated by several balls. He lost his whole train of
artillery.

1759. EWALD CHRISTIAN DE KLEIST, a Prussian general and poet, killed at
the battle of Kunersdorf.

1765. The great mogul constituted the East India company receivers of
all the revenues of Bengal, Bahar, and Orissa.

1778. The French fleet under count d'Estaing dispersed in a gale off
Rhode Island, and much damaged.

1778. ROBERT GOADBY died; an English printer and bookseller, and author
of several useful publications.

1801. THOMAS HASTINGS, author of the _Wars of Westminster_, and other
political papers, died. He was an itinerant bookseller.

1803. Agra taken by the British under the duke of Wellington. Among the
trophies was an immense gun, 25 feet long, said to have carried shot
into the camp of the British, though out of the range of all ordinary
weapons, also a howitzer 14 feet long and 22 inches calibre, throwing a
shot of 1,494 lbs.

1805. Capt. LEWIS arrived at the head of the Missouri river, and having
crossed the mountain this day struck the waters of the Columbia, in the
Shoshone country, which he named Lewis's river.

1806. Spaniards recaptured Buenos Ayres, and made the British troops
there prisoners.

1811. MIRANDA reduced New Valentia, in South America.

1812. Lord WELLINGTON entered Madrid, Joseph Bonaparte having evacuated
it the day before.

1812. Sanguinary battle on the heights, near Kobrine, between the allied
French, Austrian and Saxon army, under Schwartzenberg, and the Russians
under Tormozoff. The latter retired with the loss of 4,000; loss of the
allies 5,000. Many officers of rank were wounded on both sides.

1813. SAMUEL OSGOOD, an officer of the revolution, and for a time
postmaster-general, died, aged 65. He published several works of a
religious character.

1814. LODOWICK MORGAN, major 1st U. S. rifle regiment, killed, with 10
of his men, in an attack on the British near fort Erie.

1822. ROBERT STUART, lord Castlereagh, premier of England, committed
suicide by opening the jugular vein with a penknife.

1828. WILLIAM BLAKE, an English painter, died. He is described as a
gentle visionary in shapes and fancies, and airy somethings upon paper.

1830. First American rail road, Mohawk and Hudson, between Albany and
Schenectady, completed.

1849. ALBERT GALLATIN, a statesman and scholar, died at Astoria, N. Y.,
aged 88. He was a native of Switzerland, and emigrated to America in
1780. He settled in Pennsylvania, and became soon a prominent member of
the legislature, and then of congress. He was secretary of state under
Jefferson, and spent many years abroad as American minister.

1851. The steamer Prometheus arrived in New York from San Juan, the
Atlantic terminus of the Nicaragua route, now for the first time opened.

1854. Lord JOCELYN died in London, aged 38; military secretary of the
Chinese expedition, and author of _Six Months in China_.


AUGUST 13.

582. TIBERIUS II, emperor of Constantinople, died. His character was
conspicuous for humanity, justice, temperance and fortitude.

587. RADEGONDE, the queen of Clotaire of France, died. At the age of 18
she renounced paganism, and was celebrated for her personal charms, and
devotedness to religious duties.

875. LOUIS II, king of France and emperor of Germany, died. He was a
brave and virtuous monarch.

1415. HENRY V of England sailed for the conquest of France with a fleet
of about 1,300 vessels, and landed his force at Harfleur on the second
day following, consisting of 24,000 foot and 6,500 cavalry.

1482. SIXTUS IV (_Francis Albecola_), pope, died. He was the son of a
fisherman at Geneva, became professor of divinity at Padua, and rose by
degrees to the papal chair.

1521. CORTEZ retook the city of Mexico, assisted by 10,000 Tlascalans,
and an innumerable host of other Indian allies from the neighboring
nations, whom he had attached to his service. It was not, however, till
after seventy-five days of fierce and almost daily fighting, that he
accomplished his victory. On no occasion did native Americans so bravely
oppose European troops; but the superior discipline of the Spaniards
carried the day: and thus a daring adventurer, regarded and treated by
his countrymen as a rebel, after a bloody struggle, gained possession of
a country which for more than three centuries formed one of the
brightest gems in the Castilian crown. It is computed that during this
siege 100,000 Mexicans were slain and 50,000 died of sickness and
famine. The inhabitants being ordered to leave the city without arms or
baggage, the three roads leading from it were full of men, women and
children, in the most wretched condition, for three days and nights,
seeking an asylum in the open country. The city contained at this time
50,000 houses. Sixty dangerous battles were fought in which 100
Spaniards were killed, or taken and sacrificed, and some thousands of
the allies slain.

1535. HIPPOLYTO DE MEDICIS, an Italian cardinal, died. He possessed
great talents as a negotiator and military man.

1553. The chaplain of bishop Bonner preached a sermon at St. Paul's
abusing the administration of the late Edward, whereupon the people very
much abused him; but he was rescued by two protestant ministers.

1587. MANTEO, a friendly Indian, who had been to England, was baptized,
according to a previous order of sir Walter Raleigh, and in reward of
his faithful service to the English, was called lord of Roanoke and
Desamonguepeuk.

1636. DE VRIES, who had been two years on the coast of America, with a
view to settling a colony, entered on his diary this day, that he
requested Wouter Van Twiller to put Staten island down to his name,
intending to form a colony there, which was done, and two days after he
sailed on his return to Holland.

1660. A proclamation was issued by Charles II against dueling.

1667. JEREMY TAYLOR died; an eminent English theological writer and
controversialist.

1704. Battle off Malaga, between the British fleet of 33 ships of the
line and several frigates, admiral Rooke and Cloudesley Shovel, and the
French fleet of 54 ships and 24 galleys. The action continued all day,
and at night the French bore off. No vessels were taken by either.

1743. FRANCIS PECK died; an eminent English antiquary, biographer and
critic.

1762. Cuba surrendered to the British. The booty was great; £3,000,000
in specie, large quantities of goods and munitions of war, 9 ships of
the line and 4 frigates. It was exchanged into the hands of the Spanish
again the next year for the Floridas.

1775. WASHINGTON informed congress that the whole stock of powder in New
England amounted to no more than 9,927 pounds, about 9 rounds to a man.
Although this information was communicated to the British by a deserter,
they could not believe it possible that the Americans possessed such
consummate assurance as to continue to invest them in Boston, while so
destitute of ammunition.

1778. The Languedoc of 90 guns, count d'Estaing's flag ship, having lost
her rudder and masts in the storm of the day before, was attacked by the
British ship Renown, 50 guns, which was beaten off. At the same time a
British ship of 50 guns attacked another of d'Estaing's ships, of 80
guns, having only her mainmast standing, but was also beat off.

1782. HENRY LEWIS DU HAMEL died at Paris; eminent for his knowledge of
mechanics, agriculture and commerce.

1786. GILBERT STUART, an eminent Scottish historian, died.

1794. Battle of Bellegarde, between the French and Spanish. The action
was a severe one; both claimed the victory.

1806. MIRANDA abandoned his conquests on the Spanish main, and sailed to
Aruba.

1808. The French in the night raised the siege of Saragossa, in Spain.
It had been most nobly defended since July 2d, by general Palafox and
the countess de Burita, who raised a company of ladies, that exposed
themselves to the greatest personal dangers and fatigues.

1810. JAMES FRANCIS MENON, a French general and politician, died. He was
in the employ of the national convention and of Bonaparte.

1812. The British sloop of war Alert, attacked the United States frigate
Essex, captain Porter, and after an action of eight minutes struck her
colors with seven feet of water in her hold, much cut to pieces and
three men wounded. The Alert had been sent out to capture the Hornet,
and mounted twenty 18 lb. carronades, and had 130 men.

1817. JOHN BEALE, aged 87, a member of the society of Friends, died at
his residence in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, in the same house in which
he was born, having never resided in any other.

1819. Just after a brilliant meteor a mass of gelatinous and very fetid
matter fell at Amherst, Mass.

1822. An earthquake devastated the greater part of Syria. It began about
half past nine in the evening, and in ten or twelve seconds, Aleppo,
Antioch, and every village and detached cottage in the pashalic of
Aleppo, and several towns in the adjoining territories, were entirely
ruined. There were 20,000 people destroyed by it, and as many more
maimed or wounded.

1826. LAENNEC died; author of the _Auscultation System of Ascertaining
Diseases of the Lungs_.

1838. JOHN FARMER, an American archæologist, died. He published several
works relating to the early history of the country, which evince great
patience and industry, and bring to light many important facts which
would have perished otherwise. For some time previous to his death he
was engaged in arranging the state papers in the public offices at
Concord, containing the old province and council records, and
revolutionary papers. By supplying omissions, transcribing papers that
were scarcely legible, and having them arranged and bound, the state of
New Hampshire has a very complete set of its early records.

1841. J. B. RICHSONVILLE, principal chief of the Miami nation, died near
fort Wayne, Indiana, aged 80. He is said to have left $200,000 in
specie, besides immense quantities of valuable real estate.

1842. THOMAS P. EMMET, son of Thomas Addis Emmet, and a contributor to
_Silliman's Journal_, died in New York, aged 47.

1851. The people of Litchfield county, Connecticut, celebrated the two
hundredth anniversary of its settlement.

1854. General PAIXHANS died at his estate of Jouy-aux-Arches, near Metz,
aged 72. He was renowned by his connection with the artillery, and
especially with the celebrated gun which bears his name.

1854. At Marysville, Kentucky, a powder magazine, containing 800 kegs,
was fired, and the explosion caused the entire destruction of 13 houses,
involving a great loss of property.


AUGUST 14.

394 B. C. An eclipse of the sun noticed by Xenophon, which just preceded
the battle of Coronea, where Agesilaus stood his ground against the
Greek confederates. Xenophon, who fought under the Spartan, describes it
as the most desperate conflict in his time.

376 B. C. CHABRAS defeated the Lacedæmonian fleet off Naxos, full moon
of Boedromion. The youth Phocion here distinguished himself.

1211. LLEWELLYN, prince of Wales, made his submission to king John of
England, and delivered 28 hostages at the foot of Snowdon, for his good
faith. These young noblemen were hanged the ensuing year.

1248. The great cathedral of Cologne commenced. It was prosecuted at
intervals during 200 years, and then suspended 400 years. It was taken
up again with new vigor in 1842, and became a popular enterprise of the
day to strive for its completion.

1433. JOHN I, king of Portugal, died. It was under his reign that the
Portuguese began their famous discoveries.

1457. JOHN FAUST and PETER SCHOEFFER published at Mainz the _Psalter_,
supposed to be the first printed book of any magnitude, on record.

1464. PIUS II (_Æneas Sylvius_), pope, died; celebrated for his wise and
witty sayings.

1613. JOHN HARRINGTON, an English nobleman, died, aged 22. He was
distinguished for the talents and genius which he displayed at a very
early age.

1621. An army of _fourteen men_ sent out from Plymouth colony to awe the
Indians. Corbitant, a petty chief, had seized Squanto, a friendly
Indian, and threatened Massasoit; the menaces of revenge in case of any
disturbances, are said to have settled all difficulties.

1678. Three days after the conclusion of a peace between France and
Holland, the prince of Orange fell upon the marshal of Luxemburg, by
which 4,000 lives were sacrificed.

1681. The Scottish parliament adopted a resolution asserting that
difference in religion does not bar the right of succession, or make
void the magistrate's just and lawful authority.

1711. Sir HOVEDEN WALKER, with the British and colonial fleet intended
to invade Canada, arrived at the mouth of the St. Lawrence. A succession
of untoward winds and accidents rendered it necessary to put back soon
after, without accomplishing any thing.

1756. Fort Oswego capitulated to the French under Montcalm. It was
commanded by colonel Mercer with 1,400 men. Montcalm besieged it with an
army of 5,000. Colonel Mercer was killed by a cannon ball on the 13th,
and there being no probability of aid, the fort surrendered on condition
that they should be exempted from plunder, conducted to Montreal, and
treated with humanity. The terms were agreed to, the garrison marched
out, and the fort was demolished.

1761. Action between British ships Bellona and Brilliant, and one French
ship and three frigates. The Frenchmen were captured with the loss of
240 killed and 110 wounded; British loss 6 killed, 28 wounded.

1775. The celebrated Liberty Tree of Boston _consecrated_, by exposing
on it the effigies of the men who had rendered themselves odious by
their agency in procuring the passage of the stamp act. A copper plate
30 inches by 42 was fixed upon it, bearing the inscription in golden
letters--_The Tree of Liberty, Aug. 14, 1765_. Ten years afterwards the
British cut it down, at which time it had been planted 119 years. They
left nothing but the stump above ground--the _root_ they could not
exterminate. It produced fourteen cords of wood. One of the party
engaged in demolishing it lost his life.

1775. ARNOLD left the camp at Cambridge, with a detachment of 1,000
Americans, to penetrate into Canada by way of Kennebec river and the
wilderness. They reached Quebec after great suffering from fatigue,
hunger and cold.

1776. Constitution of Maryland adopted.

1776. Lords DUNMORE and CAMPBELL, and sir PETER PARKER, joined lord Howe
at Staten island, having taken from the Virginians about 1,000 negroes.

1779. American general LOVEL raised the siege of Penobscot, having
sustained very considerable loss of stores, 19 armed vessels, besides
transports, &c.

1787. EDMUND LAW, bishop of Carlisle, died, aged 84; an eminent
theological writer.

1788. THOMAS SHERIDAN died, aged 67; an eminent English actor,
philological writer, and lexicographer, son of Thomas Sheridan, the
divine and poet.

1788. First newspaper in Goshen, Orange County.

1790. AGOSTINO CARLINI, a Genoese statuary, died at London, where he was
keeper of the Royal academy. He was celebrated for the grace and skill
with which he executed drapery.

1794. GEORGE COLMAN (_the elder_), died, aged 61; an eminent English
scholar and dramatic writer.

1794. Le Quesnoy taken by the French republican army. The garrison
consisting of 28,000 men, were made prisoners of war.

1799. Battle of Novi; between the French under Joubert and the allied
Russian, Austrian and Piedmontese armies, under Suwarrow. Joubert was
mortally wounded.

1813. Action between United States brig Argus, 20 guns, lieutenant
Allen, and British brig Pelican, captain Maples. The Argus was captured
in 43 minutes, with the loss of lieutenant Allen and 8 others killed,
mostly officers. She had taken, prior to her capture, 19 British vessels
prizes.

1814. British captured, off fort Erie, two United States schooners,
laden with provisions for the garrison of that fort. The fort was
bombarded same day.

1814. The Swedish army having obtained possession of several strong
places in Norway, prince Christian resigned his pretensions to that
crown, and his resignation was followed by the union of Norway and
Sweden.

1819. ERIK ACHARIUS, an eminent Swedish physician and botanist, died,
aged 82.

1837. A great fete for the inauguration of the statue by Thorwaldsen to
Guttenberg, one of the inventors or improvers of the art of printing, at
Mainz. It continued three days, and was attended by about 20,000
strangers from different parts of Germany.

1839. MARIE JEANNE ROBIN died at New Orleans, aged 108.

1840. The steam packet Britannia arrived at Liverpool in 10 days from
Halifax, the quickest passage hitherto made between the American
continent and England.

1846. JOSHUA L. WILSON, pastor of the first presbyterian church erected
in Cincinnati, died there, aged 72. He was born in Virginia, and brought
up in Kentucky as a blacksmith. He was a preacher of the highest
character and influence, during a ministry of 38 years.

1850. GERARD TROOST died at Nashville, Tenn., aged 74. He was a native
of Holland, who came to this country in 1810. He was first president of
the Academy of natural sciences, at Philadelphia, and for a long time
professor in the university at Nashville, and also geologist of the
state.

1856. WILLIAM BUCKLAND, an English divine, died, aged 72. He is best
known by his scientific pursuits, particularly in mineralogy and
geology, upon which subjects he published valuable treatises.


AUGUST 15.

1356 B. C. The Eleusinia, or great Grecian mysteries, founded in this
year, so celebrated throughout the classical world, were observed by the
Athenians at Eleusis, every fifth year for nine days, commencing on the
15th Boedromion; introduced in memory of Ceres.

310 B. C. AGATHOCLES landed in Africa during an eclipse of the sun, not
many weeks subsequent to his defeat by the Carthagenians at Himera.
Epicurus began in that year to teach at Mitylene and Lampsacus.

423. HONORIUS, emperor of Rome, died; who, with his brother Arcadius,
first divided the empire into east and west sovereignties.

718. The second and memorable siege of Constantinople (under the reign
of Leo the Isaurian), by the Saracens, raised. It commenced, according
to Theophanes, on the same day of the preceding year.

1038. STEPHEN I, of Hungary, died. He introduced Christianity into his
kingdom, and enacted wise laws for the benefit of his people.

1096. The princes of the crusade began their march through Germany.

1118. ALEXIUS COMNENUS I, emperor of Constantinople, died. He usurped
the throne 1080, and distinguished himself in his wars with the Turks.

1279. ALBERT (_the great_), of Brunswick, died; a monk who acquired
great knowledge in an age of ignorance.

1369. PHILIPPA, of England, died; memorable for her humanity towards the
six condemned citizens of Calais, when that city fell into the hands of
Edward.

1635. Great storm in New England. The tide rose 20 feet, a great many
houses and plantations were destroyed, and the Narragansetts were
obliged to climb trees for safety; the tide of flood returning before
the usual time, many of them were drowned.

1656. JAMES BOWELS, a native of Killingworth, England, died, aged 152.

1661. THOMAS FULLER, an English historian and divine, died. It is said
of his memory, among other incredible things, that he could repeat a
sermon verbatim on once hearing it.

1702. Unsuccessful attack of the British under admiral Rooke and the
duke of Ormond, on Cadiz.

1702. Battle of Lauzara, in Italy, between the allies under prince
Eugene, and the French under the duke de Vendome.

1725. GERARD NOODT, an eminent Dutch civilian, died.

1728. The queen of Sardinia died; she was the daughter of Charles I of
England.

1729. BENJAMIN NEUKIRCH, a German poet, died. He deserves a place in
history rather as having taken the first step to reform German
literature, than as a good writer.

1733. A Roman pavement of mosaic work discovered in Little St. Helen's,
Bishop gate street, London; supposed to have lain over 1700 years.

1741. BEHRING discovered East cape, the easternmost point of Asia.

1746. NICHOLAS HUBERT DE MONGAULT, an ingenious and learned French
critic, died.

1751. THOMAS SHAW, an English divine and antiquary, died; a writer on
Barbary and the Levant.

1758. Kustrin, the capital of the new march of Brandenburg, bombarded by
the Russians, and reduced to a heap of ruins.

1758. PIERRE BOUGUER, a celebrated French mathematician, died. He was
employed to measure a degree of the meridian in Peru, a difficult task,
which he accomplished with great fidelity.

1760. LACY RYAN died; an English dramatic writer, but more eminent as an
actor.

1764. IWAN, son of prince Anthony Ulric, of Russia, massacred in prison
by his keepers. He was grandson of Peter the Great, and had been kept in
prison almost from his birth.

1769. Birthday of NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, at Ajaccio, in the island of
Corsica.

1771. Birthday of sir WALTER SCOTT, at Edinburgh.

1780. American general SUMPTER attacked and carried a redoubt on the
Wateree, and intercepted a convoy from fort Ninety-six, with 40 wagons
loaded with stores, and took 100 prisoners.

1782. Briant's Station, near Lexington, Ky., attacked by 500 Indians and
Canadians, who were repulsed, and retreated on the third day, having
lost 30 killed.

1786. THOMAS TRYWHITT, an English antiquary and critic, died; author of
several learned works, and one of the many commentators on Shakspeare.

1793. _Levée en masse_ was proposed in the French assembly which proved
the foundation of the famous but tyrannical conscription act of
Napoleon.

1794. French convention ordered the French and American flags to be
united and hung up together in the hall of their sitting. James Monroe
was received as minister from the United States.

1799. The French under MASSENA defeated the Austrians and Russians under
the archduke Charles, at Richterswyl, Etzel and Schwindelezzi, in
Switzerland. Lecourbe forced the famous pass of the Devil's bridge, took
possession of St. Gothard, and seized on the Valois.

1801. CHARLES LOUIS L'HERITIER DE BRUTELLE, a French botanist,
assassinated. He published _Stirpes Novæ_, a splendid book, and was
engaged in preparing a work on English plants.

1802. BONAPARTE invested with the sole power of nominating his successor
and of appointing two subordinate consuls, and nominating a large number
of additional senators, &c.

1812. British general BROCK summoned the city of Detroit to surrender,
occupied by general Hull.

1812. Battle of fort Chicago; the garrison, consisting of 54 regulars
and 12 militia, was attacked by the Indians and after a resolute
resistance of some hours, in which 26 of the regulars, all the militia,
2 women and 12 children, were killed, they surrendered on the promise of
protection. The survivors, however, 25 men and 11 women, were brutally
massacred.

1814. Assault on fort Erie by the British under colonel Drummond, who
were repulsed with great loss. The attack commenced at 2 o'clock in the
morning, and it was a part of the British orders that no quarters should
be given. The action was desperate and bloody; the British lost by
official report, 57 killed, 309 wounded, 539 missing--by another account
they lost 222 killed, 174 badly wounded, and 186 prisoners, besides 200
killed at Snake Hill. Colonel Drummond was killed; acting up to his
barbarous order, when a wounded American officer asked quarter, he shot
him with a pistol, whereupon a soldier leveled his piece and shot
Drummond in the breast. Total American loss, 93--killed 26, wounded 92,
missing 11.

1815. JOHN MEERMAN, a celebrated Dutch author, died. Under Bonaparte he
was made director of the fine arts and minister of public instruction,
and became a count of the empire and senator. His library sold in 1824
for 131,000 florins.

1816. Great fire at Constantinople; 1200 houses and 3000 shops and
magazines destroyed.

1844. WILLIAM LEET STONE, a New York editor, died, aged 52. He published
memoirs of Brant, and of Red Jacket, and some other works, and edited
for a long time the _New York Commercial Advertiser_. He was also
superintendent of common schools in that city.

1849. Riot at Montreal; house of L. H. Lafontaine, head of the Canadian
ministry, was assailed by a mob. Fire arms were discharged from the
building, by which one person was killed, and the rest driven back.

1851. A violent and destructive tornado occurred at St. Louis, Missouri.

1853. A conspiracy discovered in Rome; 146 persons arrested.

1854. STEPHEN SIMPSON, died at Philadelphia. He was at one period of his
life an editor, and gained considerable celebrity as a political writer,
especially against the United States bank, over the signature of Brutus,
in Duane's _Aurora_.


AUGUST 16.

1191. The Saracen hostages, 2500 in number, put to the sword beneath the
walls of Acre, by order of Richard, with the sanction of his
confederates. The galls of the murdered infidels were converted into
Christian medicines.

1380. JOHN of Gaunt erected a _court of minstrels_ at Tutbury, England,
with legal jurisdiction over the men in that profession in five
counties. It consisted of a king and four other officers, who had
sovereign authority upon this day.

1424. Battle of Verneuil, in France; the French and Scotch under Buchan,
constable of France, defeated by the English. The Scottish auxiliaries
were nearly annihilated.

1494. FERDINAND and Isabella addressed letters of approbation to their
high admiral of the Indian seas, Columbus, from Segovia, wishing "to
know all the seasons of the year, such as they take place there in each
month separately: some wish to know if there are two summers and two
winters in the same year."

1513. Battle of the Spurs, in France, between the French, and the
English under Henry VIII, at Guingette. It received its title from the
flight of the French gendarmerie, and the pursuit of the English, in
which the contest was one of speed.

1519. CORTEZ set out from his colony of Villarica on his expedition to
Mexico, with 415 Spanish infantry, 16 horses, 200 Indians to transport
his artillery and baggage, and some native troops, among which were 40
nobles, whom he took as auxiliaries in war, and hostages of the
Totonecas.

1604. HUBERTUS GIFANIUS, a Dutch critic and civilian, died at Prague. He
wrote notes and commentaries on Homer, Aristotle, Lucretius, and other
authors, and was a noted professor of philosophy.

1654. Onondaga salt springs discovered.

1677. The second ship from England arrived at West Jersey, bringing 230
passengers, most of whom were quakers, some of good estates in England.

1681. NIKON, a celebrated person in the annals of Russia, died. He was
the sixth patriarch in the Russian church.

1705. Battle between the French and Imperialists at Cassino in Italy.
Both claimed the victory and sang a Te Deum.

1718. Action off Sicily, between the British and Spanish squadrons, in
which the latter were defeated, and several large vessels taken or
destroyed.

1721. No. 1 of the _New England Courant_ was issued. James Franklin,
brother to Benjamin, was the publisher. It lived only about six years.

1730. LAWRENCE ECHARD, an English historian and divine, died. His works
were creditable performances.

1733. MATTHEW TINDAL, a celebrated English polemical writer, died.

1738. JOSEPH MILLER, better known as _Joe Miller_, died. He was an
English comedian, and the compiler of a popular jest book.

1777. Battle of Bennington; general Stark with about 1600 New Hampshire
militia, attacked and defeated a detachment of 1500 British regulars and
100 Indians, sent out by Burgoyne, under the command of the Hessian
generals, Baum and Breyman, to take a magazine at Bennington. British
loss 226 killed, and 33 officers and 700 privates prisoners; they lost
four cannon, with all their baggage, wagons and horses. Americans lost
less than 100 killed and wounded.

1780. Battle of Camden; the Americans under general Gates totally
defeated by the British under Cornwallis. Baron De Kalb received 11
wounds in this engagement, which proved mortal.

1792. First theatre opened in Boston. It was called the _New Exhibition
Room_; the statute of the state prohibiting dramatic performances, they
advertised to represent the moral lecture of _Douglas!_ One evening,
about two months after, as sir Peter, and lady Teazle were representing
their parts of the moral lecture of _School for Scandal_, the sheriff
made his first appearance on that stage, and arrested them by virtue of
a peace warrant.

1800. SAMUEL BARRINGTON died; a distinguished admiral in the British
navy.

1806. Action between the French ship Veteran, under Jerome Bonaparte,
and 6 British vessels of the Quebec fleet, homeward bound, which were
captured.

1812. Detroit surrendered by general Hull to the British under general
Brock, without firing a gun from the fort or consulting an officer. The
American force amounted to 1100 men. The British took about 40 cannon,
2500 stand of arms, 400 rounds 24lb. shot fixed, 40 barrels powder,
100,000 musket cartridges made, and 15 days' provisions.

1814. The United States fleet, employed in the expedition to Mackinaw
having failed in its object, colonel Croghan re-embarked his troops.

1824. CHARLES THOMSON, died, aged 94. He was the first secretary of
congress, in which office he continued 15 years. The Indians called him
_The man of truth_. He translated the _Septuagint_ in 4 vols. 8vo.

1825. The northern sea discovered by captain Franklin, who traced the
Mackenzie river to its source.

1844. TURHAND KIRTLAND, aged 89, died at Poland, Ohio. He was one of the
pioneers of the Northern Ohio, then called New Connecticut.

1848. An immense conflagration at Constantinople consumed about 2500
shops and 500 houses.

1848. A serious insurrection took place at Ceylon against the British
authorities, which was subdued by strong measures.

1851. GEORGE MCCLURE, a general in the war of 1812, died at Elgin,
Illinois, aged 80. He resided a long time at Bath, Steuben county, N.
Y., was many years member of assembly from that county, and at different
times judge, surrogate and sheriff.

1851. STEPHEN OLIN, an eloquent Methodist divine, died at Middletown,
where he was president of the University, aged 54. He held the
presidency of Macon college also, in 1833; and is known as an author.

1851. The division of the forces of Lopez under colonel Crittenden
having been driven to the coast, where they embarked in open boats,
were captured and shot at Havana.

1854. The Russians blew up the fortifications at Hangho, in sight of the
allied fleets; the evacuation of the Principalities by them was
continued.

1854. The allied fleets in the Baltic accomplished the final conquest of
the Bomarsund forts, situated on the largest of the Aland islands,
accompanied by the capture of 2000 Russians.

1855. Battle of Tchernaya; the Russians under Gortschakoff attacked with
great force the lines of the allies, and drove in the outposts, defended
by the Sardinians; but after a severe contest were driven back with
great loss; 4000 supposed to have been killed, and 2200 left prisoners
and wounded. Loss of the allies 1200, of whom 200 were Sardinians.

1856. HENRY COLBURN, an eminent London publisher, died. He brought out
the works of Bulwer, D'Israeli, Hook, Maryatt and James, and originated
several very popular magazines.


AUGUST 17.

1408. JOHN GOWER, an early English poet, died. He was a member of the
bar, and a severe contemner of the vices of the age.

1483. EDWARD V of England, and his brother the duke of York, smothered
in prison by order of the duke of Gloucester, their guardian.

1502. COLUMBUS sent his brother Bartholomew on shore at Orejas, and took
possession of South America in the name of Ferdinand and Isabella.

1544. St. Dizier surrendered to the emperor Charles V, after a noble
defence made by the French governor.

1590. The governor of the colony of Roanoke returned from England,
whither he had been for supplies (see August 27), and found the
settlement deserted, the houses taken down, and the word Croatoan
written upon the trees. He was compelled to return without finding the
place of their removal.

1657. ROBERT BLAKE died; one of the most intrepid and successful
admirals that have adorned the British navy.

1673. REGNIER DE GRAAF died in France, where he acquired great celebrity
as a physician and a writer; aged 32.

1679. JONAS MOORE, an English mathematician, died; noted in the reigns
of Charles I and II for his labor and enterprise in the cause of
science.

1682. A comet made its appearance before the people of New England, with
a tail of the very respectable length of 15 degrees; which that goodly
folk did not see the last of till the 15th September.

1714. GEORGE I arrived in England to succeed on the throne.

1720. ANNE LE FEVRE DACIER, a French lady of great learning, died. She
translated the principal Greek and Latin poets into her native language,
and was noted for her many virtues. (6th by some authors.)

1748. JONATHAN BAXTER performed the singular feat of crossing the Thames
at Blackfriars in a butcher's tray in 1h. 10m., paddling with his hands.

1755. GEORGE JEFFREYS, an English dramatic and miscellaneous writer,
died.

1758. RICHARD HOUSEMAN, a laborer of Knaresborough, was committed to
York castle on suspicion of having murdered Daniel Clark.

1765. TIMOTHY CUTLER, an Episcopal clergyman, died at Boston, aged 82;
formerly president of Yale college.

1779. The independence of the United States declared at New Orleans by
beat of drum.

1785. JONATHAN TRUMBULL, governor of Connecticut, died. He bore a
conspicuous part in public affairs during a period of 50 years; and
retired at the close of the revolution.

1786. FREDERICK II (_the Great_) of Prussia, died. He distinguished
himself as a warrior, and a man of letters, and was one of the most
celebrated characters of his day.

1796. The Dutch fleet under admiral Lucas surrendered to the British at
the cape of Good Hope.

1807. British army invested Copenhagen; at the same time the Danish gun
boats attacked the British with grape and round shot.

1808. Battle of Roleia, in Portugal, between the French, 6,000, under
Laborde, and a much superior force of British under Wellesley. The
French were compelled to retreat with the loss of 1,500; British loss
500.

1809. MATTHEW BOULTON, an English engineer, died. He erected an
extensive establishment at Soho, and expended £47,000 in the course of
experiments on the steam engine, before Watt perfected the construction
and occasioned any return of profit.

1812. First day's battle of Smolianovo, on the Dwina; the Russians under
count Witgenstein defeated the French under Oudinot, with great carnage.
Oudinot was dangerously wounded, and St. Cyr took the command.

1812. Battle of Smolensko, on the Boristhenes. Upwards of 100,000 men
were engaged, and the conflict was long and bloody. The French under
Bonaparte and his best generals maintained their ground; the Russians
retreated in the night, after having fired the city. The French are
supposed to have lost about 13,000, and the Russians about half the
number.

1813. Battle near lake George, between the United States troops under
Gen. P. B. Porter and a body of British and Indians; the latter were
defeated.

1818. JAMES CONSTANTINE PERIER, an able French machinist, died. He was
the greatest manufacturer of machinery in France, having at one time no
less than 93 establishments. Notwithstanding this weight of business, he
found time for literary pursuits, and was an author.

1830. LA FAYETTE created marshal of France.

1832. JEAN ST. MARTIN, an eminent French orientalist, died at Paris of
cholera. He was principal editor of the _Journal Asiatic_, and
particularly distinguished for his knowledge of the languages of western
Asia.

1836. M. DE RAYNEVAL, an eminent French diplomatist, died. He was
employed in important missions under Bonaparte, and after the
restoration had a still more distinguished career in diplomacy.

1838. LORENZO DA PONTE died in New York, aged 89. He was an Italian by
birth, but long a resident of the city of New York; distinguished for
his attainments, particularly in Italian literature and art, and author
of various publications, among which are some celebrated operas.

1840 MORDECAI MOOR, died at Clinton, Me., aged 104.

1848. Disastrous fire at Albany; several hundred buildings burned, and
one million of property destroyed.

1849. HENRY COLMAN, many years Unitarian minister at Salem, Mass., died
in London. He had for some time devoted himself to agricultural
inquiries, and published several volumes on the agriculture of foreign
countries.

1850. Ashtabula county court house, Ohio, with all papers and records,
destroyed by fire.

1852. POMPEO LITTA, an Italian author, died at an advanced age. He began
in 1819, a costly illustrated work on the genealogies of the principal
Italian families, existing and extinct.

1853. A difficulty occurred at the Chincha islands between the Peruvian
commandant and the American shipmasters in port.

1857. A block of pure chrystalline ice weighing 25 lbs. was discovered
in a meadow near Cricklewood, England. On the day previous a
destructive hail storm passed over the spot. Mezray, in his history of
France mentions a block of ice that fell of the weight of 100 lbs.,
during a thunder and hail storm in the year 1510.


AUGUST 18.

332 B. C. Gaza, in Palestine, entered by Alexander the Great, and 10,000
of her inhabitants put to the sword. This was during the Isthmian games,
and shortly after the fall of Tyre, which was taken in the month
Hecatombæon.

328. HELENA, empress of Rome, died, aged 80. She was the mother of
Constantine, and distinguished for her zeal in the cause of the
Christian religion.

852. ABDURRAHMAN II, sultan of Cordova, died, aged 65. He was the patron
of learning and scholars, though constantly engaged in war.

1187. GEOFFREY, son to Henry II, killed in a tournament at Paris.

1348. A three-fold scourge, which during this year visited the continent
of Europe, first appeared in England upon this day; earthquakes, deluges
of rain, and a vast ephemeral pestilence, traveling the belt of Asia
from Cathay to Delta; over Greece to Italy, beyond the Alps into France,
reached London in November.

1510. EDMUND DUDLEY, an English statesman, executed for treason; known
as an instrument of Henry VII in the arbitrary acts of extortion
practiced during the latter years of his reign.

1510. RICHARD EMPSON, another characteristic of the same stamp, perished
at the same time.

1559. PAUL IV (_John Peter Caraffi_), pope, died. He ascended the throne
at the age of 80, and conducted himself with so much haughtiness and
indiscretion that his death was unlamented.

1587. The first English child born in America, at Roanoke, Virginia. She
was the grand-daughter of the governor, and was baptized on the
following sabbath, by the name of _Virginia_.

1609. The Half Moon having pursued a course south and west for ten days,
arrived at the entrance of Chesapeake bay, where the first effectual
attempt to plant an English colony had been commenced only two years
before. (See Aug. 28.)

1642. GUIDO RENI, the celebrated Italian painter, died. His skill as an
artist attracted great attention, and he was loaded with honors and
wealth. His pictures are valuable, and adorn the collections of the
great.

1655. CROMWELL, as _protector_, adopted the _We_, in answering a
petition. Instead of the capital W, he had at first written the more
familiar I; then a small w, which was finally erased with his finger for
the royal character.

1670. DRYDEN created _laureate_ by royal patent.

1707. WILLIAM CAVENDISH died; first duke of Devonshire, an able English
statesman, who was active in procuring the invasion of England by
William III.

1746. WILLIAM, earl of Kilmarnock, and ARTHUR BALMERINO, beheaded in
London, as traitors for levying war against George II, in behalf of the
pretender.

1659. Action between the British fleet, admiral Boscawen, and the French
fleet, M. de la Clue, off the coast of Barbary. The French were
defeated, and on the following day, five of their largest ships were
taken or destroyed.

1765. FRANCIS I, of Germany, died. He commanded the Austrian armies in
Hungary against the Turks, and his reign of 20 years' duration was
distinguished by many memorable events.

1780. British under TARLETON attacked Sumpter on the Wateree, and
killed, captured or dispersed the whole of his party, and retook 300
British prisoners.

1780. Battle of Musgrove's mills; 500 British and tories defeated by the
Americans under colonel Williams, and 120 killed or wounded.

1783. JOHN DUNNING, lord Ashburton, died; noted for his extensive
practice as a lawyer in London. He defended Wilkes and opposed the
American war.

1783. BENJAMIN KENNICOTT died; an English prelate, well known in the
learned world for his elaborate edition of the Hebrew Bible and other
valuable works.

1798. General HUMBERT landed at Killala, Ireland, with 700 French; a few
days afterwards they were all captured.

1803. JAMES BEATTIE died; a Scottish poet and miscellaneous writer, and
professor of moral philosophy and logic.

1807. The Danish gun boats renewed their attacks upon the British army
before Copenhagen, but were finally driven back into the harbor.

1810. CHARLES PETER CLAREL DE FLURIEU, a French hydrographer, died. He
was also a statesman under Louis XVI and Napoleon.

1812. Second day's battle of Smolianovo. The French under St. Cyr
defeated with great slaughter. The battle continued 12 hours. The French
lost 2,500 killed and wounded, and 3,000 taken prisoners. Russian loss
1,000 hors du combat in both engagements.

1813. Battle of St. Antonio; the Spanish royalists under Aredonda
defeated the Mexican patriots.

1814. British admiral, COCHRANE, addressed a letter from on board the
Tonnant, in the Patuxent, to the American government, declaring his
determination to destroy and lay waste such towns and districts upon the
American coast as might be found assailable, though contrary to the
usages of civilized warfare.

1829. DAVID BAIRD, of Aberdeen, a distinguished British general, who led
the storming party at the capture of Seringapatam, died.

1834. A tremendous eruption of Vesuvius, which continued several days,
and destroyed about 1,500 houses.

1838. The first United States exploring expedition sailed, under Com.
Wilkes.

1838. Battle of Morella, in Spain; the queen's troops defeated by the
Carlists with the loss of 2,000 men; the victors left in possession of
Lower Aragon.

1840. TIMOTHY FLINT, a noted missionary in the Mississippi valley, died,
aged 60. He published an account of that region in two works, which are
interesting and valuable.

1851. EBENEZER YOUNG, a Connecticut civilian, died at West Killingly,
aged 67. He was often in public life, especially in the legislature of
his native state, and in congress.

1853. JOHN TALIAFERO, librarian of the treasury department at
Washington, died, aged 85. He had also been a member of congress
fourteen years.

1855. JABEZ D. HAMMOND, an eminent New York lawyer, died, aged 77. He
filled several important offices, and wrote a _Political History of New
York_, and some other works.

1855. THOMAS METCALFE, an American officer of the war of 1812, died in
Kentucky, aged 75. He also filled various civil offices with ability,
under the state and general government.

1855. The queen, VICTORIA, and prince ALBERT, left Osborne at day break
to visit Louis Napoleon; arrived at Boulogne, 96 miles, in 4¼ hours,
and reached Paris the same evening.

1855. ABBOT LAWRENCE, a noted Boston merchant, died, aged 63. He was a
liberal and public spirited citizen, and endowed the Lawrence scientific
school at Cambridge with $100,000.


AUGUST 19.

335 B. C. The city of Thebes demolished by Alexander, during the
mysteries.

14 (A. U. C. 766). OCTAVIUS CÆSAR AUGUSTUS, the great and virtuous
emperor of Rome, died at Nola. This day is also the anniversary of his
first exaltation to the consular dignity.

1493. FREDERICK III, of Germany, died. He was fifty-eight years emperor
of Austria, and fifty-three emperor of Germany, during which time he was
constantly embroiled in troubles, and suffered many humiliations and
indignities from the neighboring princes, who took advantage of his
imbecility. During his reign the Turks took Constantinople, and the art
of printing was discovered.

1579. LOUIS DE CLERMONT BUSSY D'AMBOISE assassinated; a French nobleman
distinguished for his bravery and his crimes.

1601. WILLIAM LAMBARDE, an eminent lawyer and antiquary, died at
Westcombe, in England. His collection and translation of the Saxon laws
was among the first of his works.

1617. Sir WALTER RALEIGH sailed from Cork on his last voyage, with
fourteen vessels.

1646. Ragland castle, in Montgomeryshire, England, surrendered to the
parliament forces. This was one of the last fortresses that held out for
Charles.

1648. IBRAHIM, son of Achmet, sultan of Turkey, assassinated.

1662. BLAISE PASCAL, a French divine, died; noted for his mathematical
abilities. His works are published in 5 vols.

1680. JOHN EUDES, the founder of the sect of Eudists, died at Caen, in
France.

1692. Five persons executed at Salem, Mass., for witchcraft.

1699. GEORGE BURROUGHS, a New England minister, hung for witchcraft. He
was a man of unblemished character, and fell a victim to one of the most
astounding delusions that ever disgraced the name of religion.

1702. Action near Santa Martha, in South America, between the British
fleet, admiral Benbow, and the French squadron, Du Casse. The cowardice
of the English lost them the battle.

1708. The British under sir John Leake and major general Stanhope took
Minorca, which was retained by the government.

1744. JOHN BAPTIST SILVA, a distinguished French physician, died at
Paris.

1763. Under cover of a severe hail storm and an unusual darkness in the
neighborhood of London, the populace attempted the rescue of a criminal
to be executed, but though they detained the execution till eight in the
evening, they were unsuccessful.

1772. GUSTAVUS, king of Sweden, effected a revolution, which totally
overturned the Swedish constitution of government, without any
bloodshed. It was a masterly stroke of policy, that placed him in the
attitude of absolute master over the laws.

1772. Revolution in Poland; the prerogatives of the crown, lost more
than half a century before, were restored.

1777. NICHOLAS HERKIMER, a brave officer, wounded at the battle of
Oriskany, died at his house near Little Falls, New York.

1782. Battle near the Blue Licks, between the Kentucky pioneers, 176 in
number, under colonel Boone, and 500 Indians. The Indians were defeated
with the loss of 71; Boone's loss 63 killed, 7 taken.

1782. British man-of-war, Royal George, 100 guns, sunk off Spithead.
Admiral Kempenfeldt, with 400 seamen and 200 women, perished. The wreck
was visited by means of a diving bell in 1817, and found to be a mass of
shapeless timber.

1792. The grand army of the allies entered France.

1807. The Danish gun boats again attacked the British before Copenhagen.
The latter gained some advantages.

1811. The French under Macdonald captured Figueras, in Spain, after a
desperate resistance by its famished defenders.

1812. Action between United States frigate Constitution, captain Hull,
and British frigate Guerriere, 49 guns, captain Dacres. The Guerriere
was sunk in 30 minutes, with the loss of 15 killed, 61 wounded, 24
missing. Constitution lost 7 killed, 7 wounded.

1812. Battle near Gedeonovo, in Russia, between the French, 90,000 and
the Russians, stated at 40,000. The French drew off at night with the
loss of 600 killed, 2,500 wounded. The Russians admitted the loss of
1,000 killed, 3,000 wounded. Not a prisoner was taken.

1814. GUSTAVUS MAURICE, count of Armfelt, a distinguished Swede, whose
chief misfortune was that of being in advance of his age, died at
Czarshoesels.

1814. BENJAMIN THOMPSON, count Rumford, died. From the humble station of
a yankee schoolmaster he rose by his talents to distinction and wealth.
His inventions and discoveries will perpetuate his name.

1823. ROBERT BLOOMFIELD, an English poet, died. He learned the trade of
a shoemaker, but was constrained to write poetry by nature. The one
sustained his body while the other was perpetuating his memory.

1825. JUAN DIAZ (or _John Martin_), a Spanish partisan officer,
executed; distinguished for his conduct during the French invasions.

1826. PAUL ALLEN, an American poet, historian and editor of considerable
merit, died at Baltimore, aged 51.

1838. The United States exploring expedition, consisting of 6 vessels,
sailed from Hampton roads.

1839. AARON OGDEN, an officer during the revolution, died at Jersey
City, aged 83. He was governor of New Jersey in 1812; was also senator
of the United States, and practiced law with reputation.

1851. "The great aggregate meeting" of Roman catholics from all parts of
Great Britain, was held at Dublin for the inauguration of the catholic
defence association.

1852. A destructive tornado, accompanied with hail, passed over an
extensive district in Hancock county, Me. Utter devastation followed its
track, which was a fourth of a mile wide, and 40 miles long.

1853. GEORGE COCKBURN, who ordered the destruction of the public
property at Washington, on the capture of the city by the English, died
at the age of 82.

1854. GRISI and MARIO, the two most renowned artistes of the old world,
arrived at New York.


AUGUST 20.

480 B. C. Battle of Salamis, in Greece, and defeat of the Persians under
Xerxes. This great achievement occurred on that day of the _mysteries_
devoted to the solemnities of Bacchus.

332 B. C. Tyre taken by ALEXANDER, which with the subsequent conquest of
Gaza, gave to him Egypt.

984. JOHN XIV, pope, died. He was imprisoned in the castle of St.
Angelo, by Boniface VIII, where he died, either of poison or grief.

1153. ST. BERNARD, of Clairvaux, died, and was cannonized on this day.
He was an extraordinary character, who obtained great influence over the
ecclesiastical affairs of Europe, by the mere force of personal
character, without any adventitious advantages, and is styled the last
of the fathers.

1485. The earl of RICHMOND, afterwards Henry VII, halted with his army
at Atherstone, two nights previous to the decisive battle of Bosworth
field. The troops encamped in a meadow to the north of the church, which
now bears the name of the Royal meadow. During the night, Henry held a
conference in the town with the two Stanleys, when the measures were
agreed upon which resulted in the defeat and death of Richard III.

1513. Norham castle taken by the Scots; its ruins yet remain about eight
miles west from Berwick.

1580. JEROME OSORIO, an able Portuguese divine and author, died.

1639. MARTIN OPITIUS, an elegant German poet, died of the plague at
Dantzic.

1648. EDWARD HERBERT died; an eminent English statesman, and writer on
history, philosophy and criticism.

1648. Battle of Lens; the French under Conde defeated the Spaniards and
imperialists, under the archduke Leopold, of whom 3000 were killed, and
general Beck and 5000 taken prisoners.

1660. JOHN LUGO died; a Spanish Jesuit, professor of theology at Rome.
He introduced _Jesuit's bark_ into France, was created cardinal, and
wrote 7 vols. folio.

1677. PETER PETIT died; a learned Frenchman, celebrated for his
mathematical and philosophical writings. (Penny Cyc. says 1667; other
authorities 1687.)

1680. WILLIAM BEDLOE, the famous witness in the Titus Oates plot, died,
charging the queen and the duke of York with being concerned in the
plot, except the assassination of the king.

1694. WILLIAM PENN was reinstated in his province of Pennsylvania, which
had been taken from him and annexed to New York.

1701. CHARLES SEDLEY, an English poet, died. He flourished at the court
of Charles II. (1703?)

1704. Battle of Narva; the town taken by assault by Peter the Great, who
on the occasion killed several of his soldiers with his own sword, for
disobedience in committing excesses upon the inhabitants. He had been
defeated here four years previous by Charles XII.

1724. LOUIS I, king of Spain, died of small pox; in consequence his
father, the abdicated monarch, resumed the throne.

1746. Fort Massachusetts, situated in the town of Adams, surrendered to
the French and Indians. It was garrisoned with 22 men under captain
Hawks, when attacked by 900 French and Indians. The little band kept the
horde at bay while their ammunition lasted, and then capitulated on
promise of protection--to be humanely treated, and none delivered to the
Indians. In violation of the terms, Vaudreuil delivered one half to the
irritated savages. Hawks lost but one man in the siege; while the loss
of the enemy was afterwards ascertained to have been 47.

1756. THOMAS WINSLOW, a native of Ireland, died, aged 146.

1760. JAMES M'DONALD, died at Cork, Ireland, aged 117, and 7 feet 6
inches in stature.

1768. JOSEPH SPENCE, an eminent English poet and critic, drowned in a
canal in his garden.

1783. JOHN DEMESTE died; chaplain and chief surgeon in the army of the
prince of Liege, and known as the author of _Letters on Chymistry_.

1785. JOHN BAPTIST PIGALLE, a eminent sculptor, died at Paris.

1794. Battle of Miami, in Ohio, between the United States troops under
general Wayne, and the British and Indians; the latter were defeated
and driven out of the United States. The most hostile tribes were the
Wyandots, Delawares, Shawnees and Miamis. The number of Indians engaged
in this battle was 2000; that of our troops did not amount to 900.

1799. Surinam surrendered to the British under admiral Seymour.

1801. The French garrison at fort Mirabou, at Alexandria, Egypt,
surrendered to the British under general Coote.

1815. RICHARD ALZOP, an American poet, died at Middletown, Ct., aged 56.

1829. Adrianople captured by 28,000 Russians under general Diebitsch.
The garrison of the city, amounting to 100,000 regular troops, laid down
their arms immediately on the approach of the Russians, abandoning all
their artillery, camp equipage, and munitions of war.

1840. MICHAEL WALSH died, aged 77; author of the _Mercantile
Arithmetic_, formerly in extensive use in this country. He was a native
of Ireland, and settled in America in early life.

1841. Dreadful explosion at Syracuse; 26 lives destroyed.

1847. The Mexican works at Contreras near the city of Mexico were
carried by general Smith's command. Falling back on Cherubusco a severe
battle was fought and the Mexicans completely routed. Many were slain on
both sides.

1849. Major EMORY, in the United States service, gave information that a
river forty feet wide and more than waist deep, with good drinkable
water, broke forth from the desert about this time, between the river
Gila and the mountains.

1852. The steam boat Atlantic came in collision on lake Erie with the
propeller Ogdensburgh, and sunk in half an hour. Of 500 passengers, 250
were lost.

1854. FREDERICK WILLIAM JOSEPH VON SCHELLING, one of the most prominent
among the philosophers of modern Germany, died in Switzerland, aged 79.


AUGUST 21.

638. Antioch in Syria taken by the Saracens.

1130. ABDULMUMEN, ibn Ali, elected sultan of eastern Africa by the
following stratagem. Having trained a parrot and a lion, he assembled
the chiefs in his tent, and urged upon them the necessity of naming a
successor to their rising empire. In the midst of their deliberations
the parrot perched himself upon one of the poles of the tent, and
pronounced distinctly "Victory and power be the lot of the khalif
Abdulmumen, commander of the faithful." The lion then made his way
through the terrified assembly, licked his hand, and lay down at his
feet. Deeply impressed with this wonder, and the manifest interference
of heaven, the simple Almohades unanimously proclaimed him sultan.

1553. JOHN DUDLEY, duke of Northumberland, beheaded. He acquired almost
unbounded authority after the death of Henry VIII, and by the abortive
attempt to place lady Jane Grey on the throne, lost his own life and
brought about the ruin of all concerned in the scheme.

1560. The great solar eclipse, which first turned the attention of Tycho
Brahe, at the age of 14, to the science of astronomy.

1561. MARY (_the Myrtle of the South_), arrived in Scotland, after an
absence of thirteen years in France. It was on her passage that she
composed that simple and touching chanson, beginning, "Adieu, plaisant
pays de France."

1621. A cargo of marriageable ladies consisting of one widow and eleven
maids, consigned at London to the colony in Virginia, to be sold for
tobacco, at the rate of 120 lbs. of the best leaf for each.

1682. WILLIAM PENN, to prevent any future claim, obtained a release from
James, duke of York, of all his right to Pennsylvania.

1703. THOMAS TRYON died. He was the son of a tiler and plasterer at
Bibury, England, and became a shepherd. At the age of 13 he learned to
read, and at 14 he gave one of several sheep he had obtained, to be
taught the art of writing. Afterwards, selling his stock, for three
pounds, he went to London and apprenticed himself to a hat maker, where
he spent the day in learning his trade, and most of the night in
reading. He commenced business, and acquired a considerable fortune. He
rejected animal food, lived in "temperance, cleanliness and innocency,"
and died at the age of 69.

1708. Haverhill burnt. A force of about 400 French and Indians made an
irruption from Canada, and shaping their course to the Merrimack, fell
upon the town in the morning, plundered and burnt the houses, killed
about 40 persons, and captured many more. The enemy were pursued, and
many of them killed, among whom was a brother of the French leader,
Rouville. Among the captives was the clergyman; his two daughters 6 and
8 years old, were preserved by the servant, who concealed them under
tubs in the cellar, which the Indians did not disturb.

1726. Great destroying earthquake at Palermo, in Sicily.

1762. MARY WORTLEY MONTAGUE, an English lady of great literary
reputation, died. She introduced the practice of inoculation for small
pox into England.

1770. A leaden equestrian statue of George III was erected in the
Bowling Green, New York, near fort George, by Wilton, a celebrated
statuary of the day. It being the birth day of the king's father, prince
Frederick.

1775. The continental army under Gen. Montgomery arrived at Ticonderoga.

1780. French king abolished the application of torture to extort
confession.

1791. The American army under Gen. Wilkinson arrived at the Rapids on
the Ohio, returning from an expedition against the Ouiattanons, having
destroyed their principal town, and a Kickapoo village, made many
prisoners, and cut down 430 acres of corn. The army sallied from fort
Washington, and made a march of 450 miles. Only 2 men were lost.

1792. LAFAYETTE abandoned the French army, of which he was commander in
chief, and with his three friends surrendered to the Austrians. They met
with a long imprisonment.

1805. Brest fleet attacked in Camaret bay, by the British under
Cornwallis, who with an inferior force compelled them to retire into the
inner harbor.

1808. Battle of Vimiera, in Portugal. The French army, 12,000, under
Junot and Kellerman, made a desperate assault on the English and
Portuguese, 20,000, under Wellesley. The French were defeated.

1810. Revolution in Santa Fe, South America.

1818. The renowned WARREN HASTINGS died.

1821. FRANCIS HARGRAVE, an eminent English law writer, died. His _State
Trials_ comprise 11 vols. folio. His library was purchased by parliament
at about $40,000.

1823. MARCO BOZZARIS, the Leonidas of modern Greece, killed. He was a
native of Souli, in the mountains of Epirus, and on the breaking out of
the revolution headed a battalion of Suliotes. The pasha of Schodra
advancing with a numerous force of Albanians to attack Missolunghi,
Bozzaris with a handful of devoted followers attacked the camp by night,
and fell.

1831. Insurrection of the negroes in Virginia, and massacre of the white
population.

1835. JOHN MCCULLOCH, distinguished for his geological writings and
other works of merit, died in consequence of being thrown from his
carriage.

1846. The water in lake Ontario had fallen since the first of December,
1845, 28 inches, and was lower than ever known before. Gulf island,
which had been submerged seven years before, again appeared above
water, and many rocks and sandbars never before known made their
appearance.

1848. A hurricane devastated the islands of Antigua, St. Kitts, Nevis,
and St. Thomas.

1849. A national convention of inventors met at Baltimore; Horace H.
Day, of New York, president.

1850. DANIEL P. PARKER, a Boston merchant, died, aged 60. He gave close
attention to the construction of merchant vessels, and had in his
service many ships of superior model and sailing qualities.

1851. A prisoner under sentence of death at Sacramento, California, was
reprieved by the governor; but was hung, notwithstanding, by some of the
disaffected citizens.

1851. New Orleans riot, growing out of the Cuban expedition. The office
of _La Patria_, the Spanish paper, was destroyed, as well as the cigar
shops kept by Spaniards; and the Spanish consul was obliged to ask
protection, and was placed in the city prison for safety.

1856. The famous Charter oak at Hartford, Conn., was blown down in a
storm.

1857. A hurricane passed over the town of Woodland, Wisconsin, and
destroyed every house in the place.


AUGUST 22.

1138. Battle of North Allerton, in England, and defeat of the Irish
under king David.

1280. NICHOLAS III, pope, died. His reign is noted for a missionary
expedition to Tartary.

1357. ISABELLA, queen of England, died in prison, where she had been
confined 28 years.

1485. Battle of Bosworth field, in which the forces of Richard III were
defeated and himself killed. The forces of Richard exceeded 16,000,
while those of Richmond did not amount to 5,000. The battle lasted
little more than two hours, and was determined by the defection of
Stanley. He is the only English king since the conquest who fell in
battle, and the second who fought in his crown.

1540. Burial of WILLIAM BUDÆUS, a learned French critic and commentator;
styled by Erasmus _Portentum Galliæ_ (the prodigy of France).

1567. Capt. GOURGES sailed from Bourdeaux to dislodge the Spaniards in
Florida. (See May 3, 1568.)

1567. MURRAY proclaimed regent of Scotland.

1572. THOMAS PERCY, earl of Northumberland, beheaded at York.

1613. DOMINIQUE BAUDIUS died; advocate of the parliament of Paris, and
author of some Latin poems.

1615. ARTHUR AGARD, a learned English antiquary, died.

1642. CHARLES I of England erected the royal standard at Nottingham. It
was supposed equivalent to a declaration of hostilities.

1650. EUSEBIUS ANDREWS, an English barrister, and colonel in the army of
Charles I, beheaded by Cromwell.

1651. CHRISTOPHER LOVE was beheaded at Tower hill. His offence was a
desire to restore monarchy, that presbyterianism might succeed.

1711. An expedition from New England against Quebec, frustrated by the
loss of a number of transports among the rocks, at midnight, about 9
miles up Canada river. About 1000 men perished.

1711. LEWIS FRANCIS DE BOUFFLERS, a distinguished French military
character, died. He was opposed to prince Eugene, and celebrated for his
defence of Lisle.

1739. JAMES VANIERE died; a French Jesuit and famous Latin poet.

1752. WILLIAM WHISTON, an eminent English divine, died. He was also a
mathematician, and succeeded sir Isaac Newton as professor of
mathematics at Cambridge.

1766. PHILIP CARTERET sailed from England in the sloop-of-war Swallow,
on his voyage round the world, in company with captain Wallis in the
Dolphin. They parted company April 10, 1767; the latter returned in
1768, the former March 20, 1769.

1773. GEORGE LYTTLETON, an elegant English poet, historian and
miscellaneous writer, died.

1776. The British troops, 24,000, under lord and sir William Howe,
landed on Long island, between Gravesend and Utrecht.

1777. The siege of fort Stanwix raised by St. Leger, who retreated in
great confusion, losing his tents, most of his artillery and stores.

1777. An unsuccessful attempt was made by general Sullivan and colonel
Ogden on Staten island. The latter took 130 privates and some officers,
burnt a magazine of hay and 7 vessels, and destroyed some stores, &c.
The general deviated from his original plan, whence his enterprise was
not so completely successful.

1778. Count D'ESTAING sailed from Newport for Boston, which compelled
general Sullivan to raise the siege of Newport and fall back; 2 or 3,000
volunteers having left him in consequence.

1779. General WILLIAMSON and colonel PICKENS entered the Indian country,
and burned about 50,000 bushels of corn in eight of their towns.

1779. CHARLES CLERKE, the English circumnavigator, died of consumption
off Kamschatka, and was buried at Paratounca. He had but a short time
previous succeeded captain Cook in the command of the expedition.

1792. Longroy, in France, captured by CLAIRFAIT, with 3,500 troops and
71 cannon.

1795. French convention adopted a new constitution, by which a council
of 500 was established, and a council of ancients consisting of 250.

1798. The French under general Humbert landed in Ireland and took
possession of Killala. (18th.)

1808. Armistice signed by the French general JUNOT and sir ARTHUR
WELLESLEY, by which the French agreed to evacuate Portugal.

1814. The inhabitants of Nantucket declared themselves neutral, under
the protection of England. Same day 27 sail of square rigged British
vessels arrived at Benedict; commodore Barney, in conformity to his
orders blew up his flotilla and retreated to Nottingham. The British
landed and marched to Marlborough.

1818. WARREN HASTINGS, an English statesman and scholar, died. He was
employed in the service of the East India company, and by oppression and
injustice raised the revenue of the company from three to five millions
pounds.

1826. A barge belonging to Beechey's expedition reached longitude 156°
21´ west. Here they were embedded in ice some days, and were about to
abandon the bark, and return on foot 120 miles, to the ship, when it was
fortunately extricated, and made sail to rejoin the ship.

1828. FRANZ JOSEPH GALL, founder of the science of phrenology, died at
Paris, aged 71. His works are voluminous; his style is characterized as
vivid and powerful; his description as accurate and striking: and he may
be looked upon as one of the most remarkable men of his age.

1848. The rail road train made the transit from Springfield to Hartford,
26 miles, in 33 minutes.

1849. The fortress of Moultan was destroyed by a freshet, "remaining an
island of mud in an expanse of waters."

1849. A convention called the Peace congress, opened its sittings at
Paris.

1849. Venice capitulated to marshal Radetsky.

1850. NATHANIEL BERRY died at Gardiner, Me., aged 94; a member of
Washington's life guard.

1851. The American yacht America, at the regatta at Cowes, England, won
the "cup of all nations."

1852. ÆNEAS MUNSON, the oldest graduate of Yale college, died at New
Haven, aged 89. He was an assistant surgeon in the war of the
revolution, afterwards became a merchant, and for a long period was
president successively of several banks.

1853. PIETRO BACHI, a Sicilian exile, died at Boston, aged 66. Being
implicated in Murat's attempt to reascend the throne in 1815, he was
banished, and arrived in America in 1825. He was highly accomplished in
ancient and modern languages, and became an instructor of Italian in
Harvard college.


AUGUST 23.

634. ABDALLAH ATIK BEN ABI KOHAFAH, better known as Abu Bekr, died. He
was the first caliph or successor of Mohammed in the government of the
faithful. He enlarged the empire, and caused the precepts of the prophet
to be collected in a volume, called _Al Koran_, which is the sacred and
classical book of the Mohammedans.

1305. WILLIAM WALLACE, "the peerless knight of Ellerslie," at the age of
about 35, executed on Tower hill, and his head set up on London bridge,
to the public gaze.

1350. PHILIP DE VALOIS, king of France, died. His crown was disputed by
Edward VIII of England, which gave rise to a disastrous war.

1400. Edinburgh, the Scottish capital, burnt by the armies of Henry IV
of England.

1481. THOMAS LITTLETON died; a celebrated English judge in the time of
Edward IV, and author of a treatise on tenures or titles, by which all
estates were anciently held in England.

1500. Don FRANCISCO DE BOBADILLA arrived at St. Domingo, a royal
commissioner to inquire into the conduct of Columbus.

1532. WILLIAM WARHAM, bishop of Canterbury, died; some time chancellor
of England, from which office he was removed to make room for Wolsey.

1622. _The Certain News of the Present Week_ is the title of a small
quarto of 18 pages published this day in London, supposed to be the
first weekly newspaper in England.

1628. GEORGE VILLIERS, duke of Buckingham, a noted English statesman,
assassinated, at the age of 36.

1630. The first court of assistants held at Charlestown, Mass. They
determined that ministers should be settled, houses built and salaries
raised for them at the public expense. They settled the price of
mechanical labor; carpenters, joiners, bricklayers, sawyers and
thatchers, should take no more than 2_s._ a day, under a penalty of
10_s._ to giver and taker. At this court Edward Palmer was sentenced for
extortion, in charging 2_l._ 13_s._ 4_d._ for the wood work of Boston
stocks, to sit in them one hour and pay a fine of five pounds.

1642. JOHN GEORGE WIRSUNGUS, an Italian anatomist, assassinated. He was
professor of anatomy at Padua, where he discovered and explained the
pancreatic duct.

1679. WILLIAM OWTRAM died; an eminent English preacher and scholar in
the reign of Charles II.

1686. Buda, the capital of Hungary, after being in possession of the
Turks for 145 years, was taken by the imperialists.

1693. The first printing executed in New York, was a proclamation of
governor Fletcher bearing this date.

1719. HENRY CLEMENTS, an eminent bookseller in London, died. His death
was memorable on account of the occasion it furnished for the
publication of his funeral sermon, entitled _the Christian's Support
under the Loss of Friends_.

1720. JAMES VERGIER, a French poet, assassinated at Paris. He possessed
great talents; but dissipation and licentiousness were unfortunately his
distinguishing characteristics.

1723. INCREASE MATHER died; a New England clergyman during the
witchcraft delusion, which he labored to mitigate. It is said that he
usually spent 16 hours a day in study; the number of his publications
was 85, the number of his years 84. (His tomb stone says Aug. 27.)

1727. HOSIER, the English admiral, died off Porto Bello. He had been
sent out the year previous with 7 ships of war to intercept the Spanish
galleons. On his arrival the galleons unloaded their treasure, and to
prevent them from sailing the fleet lay off that pestilential coast
until both the ships and their crews were desolated. Glover, author of a
little poem called _Admiral Hosier's Ghost_, represents the number of
dead at 3,000.

1756. Foundation stone of Columbia college laid at New York.

1782. HENRY LEWIS DU HAMEL died at Paris; eminent for his knowledge of
mechanics, agriculture and commerce.

1782. Cape River fort surprised and carried by assault by the British
captain Campbell with 150 negroes. He lost but 2 killed; Spanish loss 65
killed, 9 taken, mostly wounded.

1789. SILAS DEANE, minister of the United States to France in 1776, died
in England in extreme poverty.

1793. Massacre of the French in St. Domingo.

1793. The British took Pondicherry from the French.

1795. French convention decreed that all assemblies known by the name of
clubs or popular societies in France, should be suppressed immediately,
their places of meeting shut up, and the keys delivered to the secretary
of the town house.

1795. WILLIAM BRADFORD died at Philadelphia, aged 39; some time attorney
general of the United States, and known as an author and poet.

1804. Tripoli bombarded the third time by the American commodore Preble,
from 2 P. M., until daylight the next morning, without much effect.

1806. CHARLES AUGUSTIN DE COULOMB, a French engineer, died. He is noted
for his brilliant experiments and discoveries in electricity and
magnetism.

1813. Battle of Gross-Beeren, near Berlin in Prussia; the French under
Oudinot, about 80,000, defeated with considerable loss.

1813. ALEXANDER WILSON, the naturalist, died at Philadelphia; author of
the _American Ornithology_, 7 vols. 4to, a work of great accuracy and
comprehensiveness.

1818. First steamer from Buffalo to Detroit.

1820. OLIVER HAZARD PERRY, a distinguished American naval officer, died
at Trinidad of yellow fever, on the anniversary of his birth day, which
was the 23d August, 1785. His victory on lake Erie over a British force
superior in men and guns to his own, has given his name a permanent
place in the history of his country.

1826. KOLLER, an Austrian general, died. He accompanied Napoleon, where
he had to protect him against the rabble infuriated by priests and
ultras, which was done by an exchange of garments. He left a valuable
collection of antiques.

1835. ISAAC POCOCKE died; one of the most successful dramatic writers of
his day.

1835. Massacre at Para in Brazil by the Indians. The attack commenced on
the 14th. The United States consul barely escaped with his life. It is
supposed that the slaughter must have been immense, and a more complete
sack of any city probably never took place.

1850. CHARLES DYER, a midshipman in the United States navy, was drowned
at Pensacola, in nobly attempting to save the crew of a vessel in
distress. ALEXANDER HALE, assistant engineer in the service and a
graduate of Yale college, lost his life also in the same cause.

1855. HENRY LAWSON, an English astronomer, died at Bath, aged 81.


AUGUST 24.

79. First eruption on record of Vesuvius, which overwhelmed the towns of
Herculaneum and Pompeii, and destroyed the _martyr of nature_. The
younger Pliny, the nephew of that greater man, has described the
terrific catastrophe in two letters to Tacitus.

93. CNEIUS JULIUS AGRICOLA, a celebrated Roman general, died. He was
governor in Great Britain, and by doubling the northern point of
Scotland, first discovered it to be an island. (Sept. 1st?)

410. ALARIC, at the head of the Goths, entered Rome at midnight, and
gave up the town to be pillaged for six days, but with orders to his
soldiers to be sparing of blood, to respect the honor of the women, and
not to burn the buildings dedicated to religion. A part of the city was
burnt, and many ancient works of art destroyed. The treasures of the
city collected from all parts of the world fell a prey to the
barbarians, and the once proud mistress of the world experienced a
severe retribution for the sufferings which her heroes had caused to so
many cities, countries and nations.

1227. GENGIS-KHAN, a renowned Mogul prince, died. He suddenly rose from
the lowest fortunes, and in the space of 28 years subdued the greater
part of Asia.

1344. Battle of Cressy, which gained Edward, the black prince, immortal
honor. Here was slain the blind king of the Bohemians, the ornaments on
whose sword were adopted as the coat of arms of the princes of Wales,
_Ich Dien_, with three ostrich feathers.

1481. ALPHONSO V, of Portugal, died of plague. He was a great patron of
learning, and conquered several places belonging to the Moors.

1525. FRANCIS I, king of France, entered Madrid a prisoner to the
emperor Charles V.

1572. Massacre of St. Bartholomews, which commenced in the city of
Paris, and was continued throughout the kingdom during thirty days. The
number of protestants who were butchered in this bloody affair, is
estimated at 30,000, and by others at 70,000.

1572. GASPARD DE COLIGNY, admiral of France, fell at the massacre of St.
Bartholomews. He was distinguished for valor in battle, for strict
discipline, and for his conquests over the Spaniards; and was feared by
the court as the powerful leader of the Calvinist party.

1581. An assemblage of divines deputed by the states of Carniola, Styria
and Carinthia, met at Laybach, to examine and revise the translation of
the _Vandalie Bible_.

1605. The Turks having overrun the Persian provinces along the Caspian
sea, their army of 100,000 was met by 66,000 Persians under schah Abbas,
and completely overthrown.

1634. ABBASAH, pasha of Erzerum, executed. He was the untiring enemy of
the Janisaries, who succeeded in awakening the suspicions of the sultan
Murad IV.

1653. An act passed by the parliament of the commonwealth of England
permitting marriages to be solemnized by justices of the peace.

1662. The English act of uniformity in religion took effect; about 2,000
ministers were ejected from their benefices, without any provision for
themselves or their families. Soon after they were banished five miles
distant from every corporation in England. Several ultimately died in
prison, for exercising their ministry in private, contrary to law; but a
considerable number of them found an asylum in New England.

1682. The duke of York conveyed to William Penn all his right to the
three lower counties on the Delaware river, now state of Delaware.

1683. JOHN OWEN, an English non-conformist divine, died, aged 63. He
preached the first sermon before parliament after the execution of
Charles I, was promoted to high places under Cromwell, which he lost at
the restoration, by the influence of the presbyterian party. His works,
which are of a high Calvinistic character, amount to 7 vols. folio, 20
quarto and 30 octavo. (See Oct. 15, 1651.)

1702. Sixth action between the British fleet, admiral Benbow, and the
French under Du Casse. The brave English admiral had his leg carried off
by a chain shot, and received two other wounds.

1756. Eighty Acadians arrived in New York from Georgia.

1777. General WASHINGTON marched his troops through Philadelphia for the
Chesapeake.

1781. The allied French and American army under Washington and
Rochambeau crossed the Hudson river and marched for Philadelphia.

1782. JEAN DE LA PEROUSE, a distinguished French seaman and navigator,
took fort York, on Hudson's bay, from the English. Here he found a
manuscript of Hearne's journey to the Coppermine river, which Hearne
received back as his private property on condition of publication.

1793. Marseilles subjected to the French convention, against which it
had revolted.

1797. THOMAS CHITTENDEN, first governor of Vermont, died, aged 67.

1799. BONAPARTE left Egypt.

1803. GREGORY FONTANA, a Swiss mathematician, died; distinguished as a
professor and an author, during a period of thirty years, in Italy.

1811. Swiss cantons recalled their troops from the British service, and
voted 6,000 additional men for the French service.

1814. Battle of Bladensburg, and capture of Washington city by the
British under general Ross and admiral Cockburn. The capitol,
president's house and public offices were burnt in a spirit unworthy of
any nation. A dreadful retribution, however, overtook them, by the
explosion of a magazine, by which one half their number was either
killed or wounded. American loss, 40 killed, 60 wounded.

1829. REUBEN KELSEY died at Fairfield, Vt., of voluntary starvation,
after a fast of 52 days, during which he took no other nourishment than
water.

1833. ADRIAN HARDY HAWORTH died of cholera in England: a distinguished
botanist, entomologist and ornithologist; author of the _Lepidoptera
Britannica_, and various other works.

1842. BENJAMIN WRIGHT, a distinguished American civil engineer, died.
The great Erie canal afforded him an opportunity for the exercise of his
mathematical knowledge.

1844. Great outrages committed in Rensselaer county, New York, by the
tenantry on Rensselaerwick.

1845. SAMUEL HASKELL, the oldest episcopal minister of the state of New
York, died at New Rochelle.

1848. The American ship Ocean Monarch burnt in the Irish channel, and
more than 170 lives lost.

1849. JOHN PIERCE, of the Congregational church, Brookline, Mass., died.
He was distinguished as a preacher and one of the earliest advocates of
total abstinence from intoxicating drinks in the state.

1849. The chamber of representatives of Hayti, acting upon a petition
which had been circulated one day, brought in a bill conferring the
title and dignity of emperor upon Faustin Soulouque, the president of
that government.

1851. JAMES MCDOWELL, a Virginia statesman, died. He was sometime
governor of the state, and representative to congress.

1851. A fire in Concord, New Hampshire, destroyed the best part of the
business portion of the town.

1851. During devotional exercises at the jail in San Francisco, two
prisoners, Samuel Whittaker and Samuel McKenzie, were taken from the
jailer by force, and hung by the vigilance committee.

1852. JOSEPH VANCE, an Ohio statesman, died. He served the state in
various stations, being governor in 1836.

1857. THOMAS CLAYTON, a Delaware judge, died at Newcastle, aged 76. He
was sixteen years in congress and occupied the bench with ability for a
long time.


AUGUST 25.

383. GRATIANUS, emperor of Rome, assassinated at the age of 24. He was a
powerful Christian ruler, but of an unfortunate turn of mind to conduct
a government.

1170. STRONGBOW, under king Dermot, carried Dublin by storm.

1270. LOUIS IX, of France, died. He made two crusades for the recovery
of the Holy Land, and died of a contagion off Tunis, in Africa.

1313. HENRY VII, emperor of Germany, died. He entered Rome sword in
hand, at a time when the country was distracted by the war of the
Guelphs and Ghibelines, and was crowned by the pope.

1381. An eruption of Etna, which consumed all the olive yards around
Catania.

1482. MARGARET, of Anjou, queen of Henry VI, of England, died. She
became conspicuous by her heroism in battle for the rescue of her
husband, and being taken prisoner was ransomed with 50,000 crowns.

1576. The earl of ESSEX died in Ireland, suspected to be poisoned by the
earl of Leicester, who married his widow.

1585. Sir RICHARD GRENVILLE, planted the first English colony in
America, on the island of Roanoke, consisting of 107 persons. This
settlement was begun 17 years after the French had abandoned Florida, on
the same coast, but far to the north of the settlements for which France
and Spain had contended. The expedition was fitted out by Sir Walter
Raleigh, and consisted of 7 ships.

1654. Battle of Arras, in France; the Spaniards under Conti defeated by
Turenne.

1675. Battle of Sugarloaf hill, a few miles above Hatfield, on the
Connecticut river. The Hadley Indians had betrayed their conspiracy with
Philip's party, by fleeing from their dwellings, were pursued by
captains Lathrop and Beers, and overtaken at this place, where a
skirmish took place, in which 9 or 10 of the English fell, and about 26
Indians.

1725. A Hungarian picture of this date has the following inscription:
"John Roven, in the 172d year of his age, and Sarah, his wife, in the
164th year of her age. They have been married 147 years, and both born
and died at Stradovia. Their children, two sons and two daughters, yet
live; the youngest son is 116 years of age."

1758. Battle of Zorndorf between the Prussians, 30,000, under Frederick
the Great, and 50,000 Russians, under Fermor. The Russians were
defeated, with the loss of 19,000 killed, and 3,000 taken, and 103
cannon. Prussian loss, 10,000 killed. This was the bloodiest and one of
the most remarkable battles of the seven years' war.

1770. THOMAS CHATTERTON, an English poet of astonishing genius, died at
the age of 18, by taking poison, to escape hunger and misery.

1776. DAVID HUME, the Scottish historian, died. His _History of England_
is a work of great merit, and has long been the most popular work of the
kind.

1782. A large foraging party of British attacked at Combahee, in South
Carolina, by the Americans under general Gist and colonel Laurens, who
captured a schooner. Laurens was mortally wounded, and died aged 27.

1788. Archbishop SENS, premier of France under Louis XVI, seeing the
finances of the state utterly desperate, and fearing for the king and
more for himself, retired from the administration, and left the monarch,
while bankruptcy and famine threatened the kingdom, to manage as he
might, amid the storms which the measures of the minister himself had
provoked to the uttermost. He fled to Italy with the greatest
expedition, after having sent his resignation to his unfortunate
sovereign.

1789. MARY WASHINGTON, mother of the illustrious general, died at
Fredericksburgh, Va., aged 82.

1796. LAFAYETTE and other prisoners released from the castle of Olmutz,
at the requisition of the French government.

1797. JOHN BAPTIST LOUVET DE COUVRAY, a French advocate, died;
distinguished as an actor in the revolution, and an author.

1799. JOHN ARNOLD, eminent for his improvements in the mechanism of
timekeepers, died. He was the inventor of the expansion balance and
detached escapement, and was the first artist who applied the gold
cylindrical spring to the balance of a timepiece.

1800. ELIZABETH MONTAGUE died; an English lady of considerable literary
celebrity.

1803. TATE WILKINSON died; an English comedian and manager, often
noticed by the writers of his day.

1804. Fifth attack on Tripoli by the Americans under commodore Preble.

1805. JOHN SKEY EUSTACE, a distinguished officer of the revolution,
died, aged 45. In 1794 he went to France, and commanded a division of
the French army in Flanders.

1806. JOHN PHILIP PALM, a Nuremberg bookseller, shot for a publication
against Bonaparte.

1807. EDWARD PREBLE died; the brave and intrepid commodore of the
American fleet, which in 1804 subdued Tripoli.

1808. Action between the British and Swedish squadron under admiral
Hood, and the Russian squadron, in which the latter was defeated.

1810. The solemn inauguration of the column to the glory of the _grande
armée_ in the place Vendôme, Paris, took place on the 15th.

1812. The French raised the siege of Cadiz, which had long resisted
their efforts. Among the artillery abandoned, was a large mortar, which
had been employed in throwing shells the immense distance of three
miles.

1814. Washington city evacuated by the British under major general
Robert Ross and admiral Cockburn.

1819. JAMES WATT, an eminent Scottish natural philosopher, died;
celebrated for his improvements in the steam engine.

1822. WILLIAM HERSCHEL, the English astronomer, died. He discovered the
planet Georgium Sidus, which sometimes bears his name.

1830. Insurrection of the Belgians commenced at Brussels. The populace
attacked and destroyed several houses belonging to the most obnoxious
individuals, and skirmishes followed between the inhabitants and the
troops.

1834. MORRIS EVANS died at Raleigh, N. C., aged 105.

1835. Earthquake in Natolia, by which 2,000 houses were destroyed in the
city of Kaisarieh.

1836. CHRISTIAN WILLIAM HUFELAND, an eminent Prussian physician and
medical writer, died, aged 75. He was a popular lecturer, distinguished
for his profound and extensive learning, and ingenious application of
his theory to practice.

1837. The cholera raged at Rome, and was fatal to 300; the greatest
number of deaths that occurred in any one day.

1849. The French admiral, de Tromelin, took possession of and dismantled
the fortifications at Honolulu, Sandwich islands, the government having
refused to comply with the demands of the admiral. He relinquished the
possession three days after.

1854. The city of Troy, N. Y., visited by a destructive fire, which
consumed more than a hundred houses and manufactories.


AUGUST 26.

331 B. C. Battle of Arbela, the modern Irbil, on the Lycus, between the
Macedonians under Alexander, and the Persians under Darius (26th
Boedromion). The Persians were defeated and the fate of Darius sealed.

55 B. C. JULIUS CÆSAR made a landing on British ground, at a point eight
miles north of Dover.

55. A surprisingly great comet was seen by the inhabitants of China.

1278. Battle of Marchfeld, in Austria, between Ottocar and Rodolph of
Hapsburg, in which Ottocar fell. This day laid the foundation of the
house of Hapsburg, which is still seated on the throne of Austria.

1346. Battle of Crecy, in France; the English, less than 30,000 under
Edward III, defeated the French, 90,000, under Philip VI, who received
two wounds, and was one of the last who fled. It is estimated that of
the French upwards of 30,000 soldiers, 1,200 knights, 80 bannerets and 9
princes fell in the battle and pursuit.

1595. ANTONIO, a pretender to the throne of Portugal, died. He was
assisted in the struggle for the crown by several of the European
powers, but was driven out, and died in exile.

1635. LOPEZ FELIX DE LA VEGA died; a Spanish divine, poet and a dramatic
writer of great fertility of genius. His works form upwards of 70
volumes.

1693. PETER BARRIERE, a French soldier, who attempted to assassinate
Henry IV, of France, broken on the wheel.

1723. ANTHONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK, a celebrated Dutch physician, died. He
became famous throughout Europe by his experiments and discoveries with
the microscope.

1762. Valentia de Alcantara, in Spain, taken by assault by the British,
under Gen. Burgoyne.

1765. Riot in Boston occasioned by the stamp act; several private houses
destroyed, and among them that of the lieutenant governor Hutchinson,
one of the best in the province; his books and papers, which he had been
30 years in gathering, were destroyed, together with his plate,
furniture, &c., and £1,000 in money.

1766. THOMAS WINSLOW, an English military officer, died, aged 146.

1775. The Americans opened their entrenchments on Plowed hill, near
Boston. The British threw about 300 shells at them.

1775. JAMES BURGH, an ingenious English moral and political writer, died
at Islington.

1776. GERMAIN FRANCIS POULLAIN DE ST. FOIX, a French historical
tourist, died. He retired from the army to devote himself to literature,
at Paris, and was appointed historiographer.

1777. FRANCIS FAWKES, an English poet, died. He translated several of
the Greek poets, and wrote many miscellaneous poems, in a pleasing and
elegant style.

1785. GEORGE SACKVILLE, an English nobleman, died. He was an officer
under Marlborough, and present at several important engagements.

1794. Sluys, in Dutch Flanders, surrendered to the French under Moreau,
22 days after the opening of the trenches. The sudden capture of this
fortress, exceedingly strong by nature and art, and defended by the
brave general Vanderduyn, so intimidated the remainder of the Dutch and
Hanoverian garrisons, that they thought only how to escape the fate of
Sluys, and evacuated several fortresses equally strong; besides nearly
30 less important forts, and all Dutch Flanders.

1795. Trincomalee, a Dutch colony in the island of Ceylon, taken by the
British under admiral Rainer.

1795. British squadron under Nelson, captured in the bay of Alaeso, 11
French vessels.

1806. EDWARD THURLOW, an eminent English lawyer, died. He became
attorney and solicitor-general to the king, a member of parliament and
lord high chancellor of England. He possessed a vigorous and active
mind, which added to close application, gave him a high rank among the
professional men of his day.

1813. Battle of Katzbach, in Silesia; the French defeated by the
Russians and Prussians under Blucher. The day was so rainy that fire
arms could not be used, and the battle was fought hand to hand. The
French were driven into the river and perished in great numbers.

1813. Battle of Dresden. The citizens beheld a spectacle of an army of
60,000 troops marching through the streets to the field of battle, under
Napoleon. An army of 120,000 allies were drawn up around the city.

1813. THEODORE KORNER, a German poet, killed in battle. Many of his
pieces have been set to music, and become national.

1832. ADAM CLARKE, an eminent English divine, died of cholera, aged 72.
He commenced his career as a methodist preacher at the age of 18, and
became so popular that few men have ever drawn so large congregations.
He was a man of great talents and extensive learning, particularly in
the oriental languages and Biblical literature, and author of a well
known and learned commentary on the scriptures, and various other
publications.

1836. Buffalo and Niagara rail road opened.

1838. CALEB STARK, an officer of the revolutionary war, died. He entered
the army at the age of 15, and commenced his career at the battle of
Bunker hill as an ensign in his father's regiment. He remained in the
army till the close of the war, at which time he was a brigadier-general.

1848. A battle took place at the cape of Good Hope, between the British
and Boors. The former were victorious, with the loss of 54 men killed
and wounded; the Boors lost 199.

1849. The senate of Hayti, having concurred in the bill of the chamber
of representatives, Faustin Soulouque submitted to the wishes of the
people, and was crowned emperor of Hayti, under the title of Faustin I.

1849. J. A. YATES, an eloquent divine and learned professor of Union
college, died, aged 49.

1850. LOUIS PHILIPPE, the exiled king of the French, died at Claremont,
England, aged 77.


AUGUST 27.

413 B. C. The Athenian army under Nicias lost on account of the
general's fright at an eclipse of the moon.

524. FLAVIUS SEVERINUS BŒTHIUS, a celebrated Roman philosopher, died
in prison, probably executed by order of Theodoric.

1556. CHARLES V, emperor of Germany, resigned the government to his
brother Ferdinand, and set out for Spain.

1565. WILLIAM RASTAL died; an eminent English judge of the sixteenth
century, and author of a work on the statutes of England.

1587. At the urgent solicitation of the colony of Roanoke, Gov. White
returned to England for supplies; but of his countrymen whom he left
behind nothing was ever afterwards known. Thus, says Holmes, terminated
the exertions of Raleigh for colonizing Virginia.

1590. SIXTUS V (_Felix Peretti_), died; distinguished for the energy
with which he extirpated the outlaws, and opposed the overgrown power of
Spain. He embellished Rome with numerous and useful structures, among
which is the present Vatican.

1630. The first church founded at Charlestown and Boston; their pastor
was to receive a salary of £40.

1664. Articles of capitulation signed, by which the Dutch colony at New
Amsterdam became subjects of England, with the privilege of continuing
free denizens; to possess their estates undiminished; to enjoy their
ancient customs with regard to inheritance, to their modes of worship
and church discipline, and were allowed a free trade to Holland. The
doughty governor, Stuyvesant, could not be prevailed upon to ratify it
with his signature till two days afterwards.

1683. THOMAS DONGAN arrived as governor of the province of New York. He
was a man of integrity, moderation, and genteel manners, and may be
classed among the best of the provincial governors of New York.

1748. JAMES THOMSON, an eminent English poet, died; author of the
_Seasons_.

1758. Fort Frontenac surrendered at discretion, to the English and
provincials under Col. Bradstreet, after a siege of two days. They found
in the fort 60 pieces of cannon, 16 mortars, a large number of small
arms, a vast quantity of provisions, military stores and merchandise,
together with 9 armed vessels in the harbor.

1770. JOHN JORTIN, an eminent divine of the English church, and writer
on ecclesiastical history, died, aged 72.

1776. Battle of Flatbush, or Long Island; the Americans surprised by the
British and Hessians, and defeated with the loss of about 500 killed and
1,100 taken prisoners; British loss about 70 killed, 350 wounded.

1791. PLACIDUS FIXMILNER died; an Austrian ecclesiastic, and writer on
astronomy and the canon law.

1793. ADAM PHILIP DE CUSTINES, a French nobleman and general,
guillotined. He served in the seven years' war and in the American
revolutionary war.

1794. Valenciennes, after Lisle the strongest place of the famous
northern barrier of France, surrendered to the republicans at the first
summons.

1813. Second day's battle of Dresden. The allies were defeated and
forced to retreat, with the loss of 30,000. The French had 10,000
wounded; the number of killed not known. Moreau had both legs shot away
by a cannon ball.

1816. Algiers bombarded by the British and Dutch fleets, under lord
Exmouth. The dey's fleet and defences were utterly destroyed, and he was
compelled to submit to a treaty on his enemy's terms.

1825. LUCRETIA MARIA DAVIDSON, an American poetess, died before
completing her 17th year. Her pieces amount to 278, of which _Amir Khan_
is the principal; some of them written at the age of 9 years.

1834. GEORGE CLYMER, inventor and manufacturer of the Columbian printing
press, died in London. He was instrumental in improving many other
mechanical improvements.

1847. SILAS WRIGHT, an eminent American statesman, died at Canton, St.
Lawrence county, N. Y., aged 52.

1849. GABRIEL H. FORD, an American jurist, died at Morristown, N. J.,
aged 85. He was one of the most eloquent and efficient lawyers of New
Jersey, and held the office of judge of the supreme court twenty-one
years. His residence was the head quarters of Washington in 1777.

1850. BENJAMIN CHAMBERS, died, aged 86. He was a native of Pennsylvania,
who entered the revolutionary army at the age of 16, and afterwards
settled in Indiana. He held various important civil and military
appointments under the early presidents.

1854. The city of Louisville, Ky., was visited by a tornado, which blew
down and unroofed a large number of buildings; a church fell upon the
congregation while at worship; 25 were killed and 67 seriously injured.

1857. RUFUS W. GRISWOLD, a voluminous American author, died, aged 42. He
wrote for numerous periodicals, and left several unfinished works.


AUGUST 28.

430. AURELIUS AUGUSTINUS (or St. Augustin), one of the fathers of the
Christian church, died at Hippo, in Africa.

876. LOUIS I, of Germany, died. He acquired the title of the pious, at
the same time rendered himself powerful and formidable to his neighbors.

1443. JOHN V, duke of Britanny, died, and was succeeded by his son
Francis.

1595. DRAKE and HAWKINS sailed from England with six of the queen's
ships and twenty-one private ships and barks, on an expedition against
the Spanish settlements in the West Indies.

1608. FRANCIS VERE, died; an English general, who distinguished himself
in the expedition to Holland, 1585.

1609. HUDSON, having retreated his steps from Chesapeake bay, discovered
another great bay, which has since acquired the name of Delaware. He
anchored the Half Moon in eight fathom water, and took possession of the
country.

1645. HUGO GROTIUS, an eminent Dutch philosopher, died. He was a man of
great talent and laborious study, and notwithstanding he passed a stormy
life, his works are very numerous.

1654. AXEL OXENSTIERN, a Swedish statesman, died. He was placed at the
head of affairs on the death of Gustavus Adolphus, and owed his
elevation to his merit and abilities.

1686. CASSINI, an Italian astronomer, discovered the satellite of Venus.

1710. JOSEPH KEBLE, an English law writer, died. Besides his published
works, which were few, he left 100 large folio, and 50 thick quarto
volumes in manuscript.

1722. Port Royal in Jamaica, destroyed by a hurricane; 26 ships and many
lives lost.

1731. CHARLES BOYLE, earl of Orrery, died, aged 56. He made a figure
from the age of 19 up, in literary, military, and almost every other
kind of warfare.

1737. JOHN HUTCHINSON, an English author, died: founder of a well-known
philosophical sect, which opposed Newton's doctrine of gravitation. His
theories are curious, but no longer in repute.

1754. An irruption of the French and Indians upon Hoosick and
Schaghticoke, by which those settlements were broken up, two persons
scalped, and the houses fired.

1775. GEORGE FAULKNER, a celebrated Irish printer, died. He was the
first to carry the art to a high degree of perfection in that country,
and appears to have been a worthy and useful citizen.

1788. ELIZABETH CHUDLEIGH, duchess of Kingston, died at Paris;
celebrated for her matrimonial speculations.

1792. DUMOURIER took his post at the head of 20,000 men, undisciplined
and unorganized. Yet with these materials he arrested the progress of
80,000 Prussians and Hessians, and forced them to retreat with the loss
of half their army.

1794. Battle of Powassin, between the Prussians and the Poles, in which
the former lost their batteries and cannon, after a bloody engagement.

1798. JAMES WILSON died, one of the signers of the declaration of
independence. He was eminent for his talents and integrity, and
continued in the discharge of some public office till his death.

1804. MARGARET, widow of Benedict Arnold, died in London, aged 44. She
was the daughter of Edward Shippen, of Philadelphia. It was said of her,
that with a superiority and strength of mind seldom equaled, she
possessed such polished and fascinating manners, as to convert every
acquaintance into a friend.

1811. JOHN LEYDEN, a distinguished linguist, died on the island of Java,
in his 36th year. He was ordained as a minister, but never attained any
popularity as a preacher.

1814. Bombardment of fort Erie continued by the British; a shell entered
the roof of Gen. Gaines's quarters, and burst at his feet, by which he
was so severely wounded as to be obliged to resign the command of the
fort.

1816. Treaty signed between Algiers and England, by which Christian
slavery was to be abolished, and all slaves, of whatever nation, to be
delivered up. The number released was 1,033.

1839. WILLIAM SMITH, an eminent English geologist, died, aged 70. In his
employment as a land surveyor and engineer, he turned his attention to
the geology of England, and published upwards of 20 geological maps of
the counties. He is styled the _Father of English Geology_.

1839. A grand tournament appointed at Eglintoun castle in Ayrshire,
Scotland. The day was very stormy, and the multitude from all parts of
Great Britain who had assembled to witness the feats, estimated at
80,000, suffered greatly from the inclemency of the weather, and the
impossibility of procuring shelter, food, or vehicles. An immense sum
had been expended by the romantic nobleman in getting up the festival,
which proved a total failure.

1851. The yacht America beat the iron yacht Titania, on a race of forty
miles out and back, and left her eight miles astern.

1854. MARIA CHRISTINA, queen mother of Spain, left Madrid for Portugal,
under escort of a body of government troops, but against the will of the
people; she was indebted to the state 71,000,000 reals.

1855. SPENCER H. CONE, a Baptist minister, died in New York, aged 70. He
was an actor, and on the stage for the last time when the Richmond
theatre was burnt. He afterwards edited a newspaper, and finally became
one of the most distinguished of the Baptist ministers.

1855. The vessel engaged to lay the submarine cable between cape Ray in
Newfoundland and cape North in cape Breton, 55½ miles, began to pay
it out. The cable afterwards broke, and a gale coming on, it was found
necessary to let it go.

1856. The Dudley observatory was inaugurated at Albany.


AUGUST 29.

30 B. C. Conquest of Alexandria by Augustus; exactly three lustra or
fifteen years preceding the great victory of Drusus over the Rhœtians
and Vindelici, which concluded the Barbaric war.

30. St. JOHN (_the Baptist_) beheaded. The decollation of the Baptist
determines the birthday of Herod, tetrarch of Galilee, called Antipas,
who for his ambition was banished by Caligula to Spain or Lyons, with
Herodias, in the year 38.

410. Alaric evacuated Rome and ravaged the provinces of Italy.

284. Era of Diocletian (or the martyrs), commenced, still used by the
Copts and Abyssinians. It receives its name from the persecution of the
Christians in the reign of Diocletian, and was much used by the
Christian writers until the introduction of the Christian era, in the
sixth century.

1350. Great naval battle in the English channel, off Winchelsea, between
the English under Edward III and the mariners of Biscay. Fourteen
Castilian ships were carried triumphantly into port.

1353. Action between the Genoese fleet under Antonio Grimaldi, and the
combined Venitian and Catalonian fleets, under Pisani, in which the
former suffered so great a defeat that only 17 vessels escaped.

1445. PAUL, of Burgos, a learned Jew, died. He was converted to
Christianity, and was baptized at the same time with his three sons, who
all distinguished themselves.

1527. Battle of Mohatz, between the Turks under Solyman, and the
Hungarians under Louis II, in which the latter were defeated with the
loss of 20,000 killed. The Turks carried nearly 200,000 persons into
captivity.

1583. STEPHEN PARMENIUS BUDEIUS, a learned Hungarian, shipwrecked on the
coast of Newfoundland. He accompanied sir Humphrey Gilbert's squadron of
discovery, for the purpose of recording their discoveries and exploits
in Latin. He was on board the Delight, which carried down more than 100
persons with her.

1657. JOHN LILBURNE, a famous English enthusiast, died. He was the
ringleader of a party called the levelers.

1660. The act of indemnity signed by Charles II, out of which most of
those called regicides were excepted.

1692. Col. BENJAMIN FLETCHER arrived at the port of New York, with a
commission as governor of the province, which he published the next day.

1708. Haverhill, on the Merrimack, surprised by the French and Indians,
who burnt part of the town, killed about 40, and carried away 100
prisoners.

1749. MATHIAS BEL, died at Presburg; a Hungarian ecclesiastic, ennobled
for his literacy.

1750. LETITIA PILKINGTON, a lady of great wit and literary celebrity,
died at Dublin.

1764. JOHN BERNARD, a distinguished London merchant, died. He
represented the city in parliament forty years, and was so highly
esteemed by the public that his statue was placed in the Royal Exchange
during his life time.

1769. EDMUND HOYLE died; author of a celebrated treatise on whist and
other games.

1776. Americans retreated from Long Island. Gen. Mifflin commanded the
rear guard, with whom Washington remained until the retreat was
effected. The army amounted to 9,000.

1778. The rear of the American army under Gen. Sullivan attacked by the
British, who were repulsed. British loss 260; American loss 206.

1779. The Indians defeated by Sullivan at Elmira.

1780. JAMES GERMAIN SOUFFLOT, an eminent French architect, died.

1782. British ship Royal George, 108 guns, sunk while careening. Admiral
Kempenfelt and about 1,000 persons were lost, of whom 300 were women and
children. (This is put down by other authorities on the 19th, and
differently stated.)

1799. PIUS VI (_John Angela Braschi_), pope, died. He rendered his name
famous by draining the Pontine marshes. Bonaparte entered his state
twice, making him a prisoner the second time, and carried him over the
Alps to Valentia, where he died of excessive fatigue, aged 82.

1804. Com. PREBLE'S fifth attack on Tripoli. The Constitution fired
upwards of 300 rounds, besides grape and canister: sunk a large Tunisian
galliot, and silenced two of the batteries and the castle. American loss
3 killed, 1 wounded.

1816. SCHETA, the celebrated astronomer of Liliennthal, died.

1833. Great fire at Constantinople, in which a circuit of three miles,
said to comprise 12,000 houses and 50,000 inhabitants, was devastated,
and many lives lost.

1843. A treaty of peace between Great Britain and China concluded. The
Chinese to pay twenty-one millions of dollars, open 5 of their principal
ports and cede the island of Hong-Kong to the British.

1849. The fortress of Achulga, the residence of Schamyl, a celebrated
Circassian chief, was carried by assault by the Russians, after a siege
of four months.

1851. LOPEZ, who had invaded Cuba with American volunteers, after
sixteen days of reverses, and having lost nearly all his followers, was
captured in the mountains by the aid of bloodhounds.

1851. A convention of twenty-five delegates assembled in Lewis county,
Oregon, and appointed a committee to prepare a memorial to congress, to
procure a division of the territory, and the organization of a separate
territorial government.

1853. The Austrian minister, M. Hulsemann, addressed a note to the
American government, complaining of the conduct of Capt. Ingraham in the
Koszta affair.

1854. Petropaulowski, a Russian town, attacked and bombarded by the
allied English and French fleet. The town was defended by 1,200 men and
120 guns.

1854. A new asteroid, named Euphrosyne, was discovered at the Washington
observatory, by James Ferguson, assistant astronomer.


AUGUST 30.

30 B. C. CLEOPATRA, queen of Egypt, destroyed herself by the bite of an
asp, to save herself from the disgrace of captivity.

526. THEODORIC, first king of the Goths in Italy, died. He advanced
commerce and the arts, and patronized literature, but committed great
acts of cruelty.

1181. ALEXANDER III, pope, died. He was an able pontiff, beloved by his
subjects and respected by the world.

1483. LOUIS XI, of France, died. His ambition led him to the commission
of the greatest crimes, by which he acquired the title of the Tiberius
of France.

1563. WOLFGANG MUSCULUS, a celebrated German divine, died. He adopted
the tenets of Luther, and by his eloquence gained over the city of
Augsburg.

1566. SOLYMAN II (_the Magnificent_), sultan of Turkey, died. He
prosecuted war with various success in Europe and Asia, and took the
island of Rhodes from the knights of Jerusalem.

1645. Treaty of peace between the New England colonies and the
Narragansett Indians; by which the latter were to pay the expense of the
preparations already made for war, estimated at 2,000 fathoms of wampum;
restore to Uncus the prisoners and canoes taken from him; keep perpetual
peace with the English and all their allies; and give hostages for the
performance of the treaty. Formidable preparations were made for this
contest with the heathen savages. They drew up a manifesto, containing
such facts as they considered sufficient to justify them in making war
against the Narragansetts. It was entitled, "a declaration of former
passages and proceedings betwixt the English and the Narrohiggansetts,
with their confederates, wherein the grounds and justice of the ensuing
warr are opened and cleared." In this document it is affirmed that the
English colonies, "both in their treaties and converse with the
barbarous natives of this wilderness, have had an awful respect to
divine rules." It was determined immediately to raise 300 men;
Massachusetts to raise 190, Plymouth 40, Connecticut 40, New Haven 30.

1645. A formal treaty of peace between the Dutch in New Amsterdam, under
William Kieft, and the Indians in the vicinity.

1645. Parliament ordered a fast for a blessing on Scotland and sir
Thomas Fairfax's army, and a cessation of the plague.

1690. King WILLIAM forced to raise the siege of Limerick after
sustaining great loss.

1717. WILLIAM LLOYD, an English prelate, died, aged 91. He was a zealous
promoter of the revolution, and a voluminous author.

1757. Battle of Norkettin; the Prussians forced the Russian camp and
batteries, and killed 2,000 men with an equal loss on their own part.

1785. By the plague which raged at Tripoli, 30,000 persons had died up
to this date, of which 3,300 were Jews. The brother of the bey, his two
sons, and all the ministers of the bey were dead. All the Christians
established in the city as merchants had died.

1794. The Austrian garrison of Conde laid down their arms as prisoners
of war at the first summons of the French republican general Scherer.
The garrison was strongly entrenched, and might have defied the enemy as
long as their provisions lasted.

1795. ANDREW DANICAN (_Philidor_) died; noted for his musical
performances and compositions, by which he acquired the _sobriquet_ from
the king, of Philidor, after an Italian musician of that name, and by
which he is generally known as a celebrated chess player. His fondness
for the game grew into a passion, in order to indulge which he traveled
over a great part of Europe, engaging everywhere with the best players.
He remained some time in England, during which he printed his _Analysis
of Chess_, a standard work. On his return to France he devoted his
attention to the comic opera, of which he produced 21 pieces. A short
time previous to his decease he played two games blindfolded at the same
time against two excellent chess players, and won.

1797. In England, the Leeds methodist conference resolved to eject from
their communion, a brother, who should propagate opinions in opposition
to the established church.

1801. Cairo surrendered to the British, and Egypt evacuated by the
French under Menou. He was the first French general who landed with
Bonaparte, and the last who left it.

1804. THOMAS PERCIVAL, well known for his writings on moral and medical
subjects, died at Manchester, England.

1804. JOHN BLAIR LINN, an American poet, died, aged 27. He published 2
vols. of miscellaneous pieces.

1810. JOHN PHILIP DE COBENTZL, an Austrian statesman, died. He was the
last of that illustrious family.

1813. Battle of Nollendorf, in Bohemia, when Von Kleist made a daring
descent from the mountains, upon the rear of Vandamme, and gaining a
decisive victory saved Bohemia, against which Bonaparte had directed his
masterly demonstrations.

1814. Alexandria, in Virginia, capitulated to the British, and delivered
up the public stores, shipping, &c.

1814. The British under sir Peter Parker, having attacked the Americans
at Moorsfield, were repulsed with considerable loss. Among the killed
was sir Peter himself.

1832. Number of deaths in Paris from cholera since March, 18,000.

1834. HARDING, an eminent astronomer, died at Gottingen; celebrated as
the discoverer of the planet Juno.

1835. WILLIAM T. BARRY, postmaster-general under president Jackson, died
at Liverpool on his way to Spain, as minister plenipotentiary of the
United States.

1838. DAVID HUME died, aged 82; baron of the exchequer in Scotland, and
author of a celebrated work on criminal law.

1844. FRANCIS BAILEY, so favorably known as a stock broker and author,
died in England. He was instrumental in founding the astronomical
society of London.

1848. The United States district attorney of Arkansas had orders from
government to discover and prosecute all those who were engaged in
preparing a military expedition against Mexico, and establishing the
republic of the Sierra Madre.

1849. The chamber of deputies at Turin voted 100,000 livres to relieve
the refugees from different parts of Italy.

1850. JOHN INMAN, a New York editor, died, aged 46. He was educated for
the law, but commenced his editorial experience about 1830, with the
_Spirit of the Times_. He was also for a time connected with the _New
York Mirror_, and in 1834 became assistant editor of the _New York
Commercial Advertiser_, which he edited ably on the death of William L.
Stone.

1852. JOHN CAMDEN NEILD, an English barrister, died at London, aged 72.
He was privately known by his eccentricities and miserliness, and after
his death became more publicly known by the strange bequest of all his
property, estimated at $2,500,000, to the queen.

1852. GEORGE FREDERICK VON LANGSDORFF, a noted botanist and traveler,
died at Freidburg, in the duchy of Baden.

1853. The cholera, which prevailed very generally in the north of
Europe, became nearly extinct at Copenhagen, where it destroyed 4,006
lives. In St. Petersburg the deaths during this visitation were 5,609.

1854. The British admiral PRICE engaged in bombarding the Russian town
Petropaulowski, was killed by a shot from his own pistol.

1855. FEARGUS EDWARD O'CONNOR, leader of the chartists in Great Britain,
died at Notting hill, England, aged 59, in the custody of an institution
for the insane.


AUGUST 31.

1130. ABU ABDILLAH MOHAMMED, founder of the sect and dynasty of
Almohades, died. The empire founded by this imposter, lasted 140 years.

1290. EDWARD I, by a proclamation, exiled the whole race of English Jews
forever, on penalty of death.

1422. HENRY V of England died at Vincennes, in France. He had conquered
the kingdom, and was received at Paris as the future master of the
country.

1523. ULRIC HUTTEN, an eccentric German poet, died.

1568. JOHN DE LA VALETTE PARISOT, grand master of the knights of Malta,
died. He bravely defended the island against a formidable siege by the
Turks in 1557.

1578. FROBISHER embarked to return from his third voyage to the
northernmost part of the American continent. His fleet was separated the
next night, by a violent storm, but arrived safe, one ship after
another, in England. Stow, the chronicler, says, "they fraught their
shippes with the like pretended gold ore out of the mines," as on their
last voyage, "but after great charges it proved worse than good stone,
whereby many men were deceived to their utter undoings."

1615. STEPHEN PASQUIER died; an eminent French advocate and poet.

1660. JOHN FREINSHEMIUS, a learned German, died. He understood most of
the languages of Europe, and his supplements to Livy and Quintus
Curtius, go far to supply the loss of the originals.

1688. JOHN BUNYAN died, aged 60. From an abandoned youth he became a
respectable preacher; the authorship of _Pilgrim's Progress_ will
perpetuate his memory.

1733. Fifty tons of half pence and farthings sent from the Tower of
London to Ireland.

1772. WILLIAM BORLASE, an English writer on natural history, &c., died.
He also devoted much attention to antiquities.

1805. JAMES CURRIE, an eminent Scottish physician, died. He wrote on
medicine, and published an edition of Robert Burns with an excellent
memoir.

1813. Battle of St. Sebastian; Wellington having driven the French over
the Pyrennes, carried this place by storm and achieved a victory on the
heights of San Marceil. French loss 15,000.

1832. EVERARD HOME, an English anatomist, died, aged 77. He was one of
the most eminent medical men of his day, and his publications are
numerous and in high repute.

1849. The convention for framing a state constitution for California,
assembled at Monterey.

1852. JAMES L. KINGSLEY, professor of languages and ecclesiastical
history, died, aged 73. He was connected with the college in the
department of classical literature, with high reputation, for half a
century.

1853. The cholera appeared at Newcastle upon Tyne, in England, and
caused 1538 deaths before its disappearance on the 26th October.

1853. A Roman circus of great size was discovered at Tours in France,
where excavations were being made.

1853. The small pox raged at the Sandwich islands, having since May
carried off 1,805 persons out of a population of 60,000.

1855. WILLIAM H. FRY died at Philadelphia, aged 78. He was one of the
magnates of the press in that city, and the founder of the _National
Gazette_.

1855. LEWIS WESTON DILLWYN, a British naturalist, died at Swanse, Wales,
aged 77. He produced several valuable works on natural history, and
communicated various papers on fossils, shells and plants to the Royal
society.




SEPTEMBER.


SEPTEMBER 1.

5508 B. C. The world was created, according to the _Septuagint_,
followed by Julius Africanus, a chronologer of the third century, upon
the first of September, five thousand five hundred and eight years,
three months and twenty-five days before the birth of Christ. Of the
7,349 years which are thus supposed to elapse since the creation, we
shall find 3,000 of ignorance and darkness; 2,000 either fabulous or
doubtful; 1,000 of ancient history, commencing with the Persian empire
and the republics of Rome and Athens; 1,000 from the fall of the Roman
empire in the west to the discovery in America; and the remaining 349
will compose the modern state of Europe and mankind.

44 B. C. Divine honors decreed to the memory of Cæsar.

1159. ADRIAN IV (_Nicholas Brekespere_), pope, died. He was the only
Englishman ever elected to the office.

1611. The crew of HENRY HUDSON, who had mutinied and put him adrift in
an open boat, were picked up by a fisherman, in a wretched condition.
Their best sustenance left, while on their voyage, was seaweed fried
with candles' ends, and the skins of fowls. They were in such a state of
starvation that only one of them had strength to lie on the helm and
steer the ship. It appears that they had quarreled among themselves, and
met with a fearful retribution.

1620. The English pilgrims sailed from Plymouth in the Mayflower, for
the American continent, intending to find some place near Hudson's river
for a settlement.

1633. ANTONIO QUERENGHI, an Italian poet, died.

1641. The Raritans made an attack upon the colony of Staten island, and
murdered the colonists, in revenge for previous depredations by the
Dutch.

1651. Dundee, in Scotland, taken by storm by general Monk. "Mounche
commaundit all, of quhatsummever sex to be putt to the edge of the
sword. There were 800 inhabitants and soldiers killed, and about 200
women and children. The plounder and buttie they gat in the towne,
exceeded two millions and a half."

1675. The Indians under the notorious king Philip fell upon the town of
Deerfield, in Massachusetts, killed one man, and laid most of the town
in ashes.

1682. WILLIAM PENN sailed for America in the ship Welcome, 300 tons
burthen, with about a hundred other emigrants, mostly quakers.

1685. LEOLINE JENKINS, an able English civilian and statesman, died.

1687. HENRY MORE, an English philosopher and poet, died. His works once
enjoyed a high reputation.

1697. The imperialists, commanded by prince Eugene, defeated the Turks
at Zentha; the grand vizier and upwards of 20,000 men killed.

1715. LOUIS XIV, of France, died. His reign is marked as an era of
magnificence, learning and licentiousness, in France; and he left behind
him monuments of unprecedented splendor and expense, in palaces,
gardens, &c.

1715. FRANCIS GIRANDON, an eminent French sculptor and architect, died.

1720. EUSEBUS RENAUDOT, a distinguished French orientalist, died.

1721. JOHN KIELL, an eminent Scottish mathematician and philosopher,
died. His works are numerous and in high repute.

1729. RICHARD STEELE, an English writer and politician, died; "justly
celebrated as an essayist, just remembered as a dramatist, and almost
forgotten as a politician."

1730. A new volcano opened at Temanfaya, in the isle of Lanzerota.

1731. French erected a fort at Crown point, on lake Champlain.

1755. MAURICE GREENE, an eminent English music composer, died. He
undertook an important reformation in church music which he did not live
to effect.

1766. PETER ANICH, a Tyrolese peasant, astronomer and geographer, died.
He followed the occupation of a farmer till the age of 28, after which
he commenced his scientific career.

1771. CUTHBERT SHAW died; an English poet of "humble origin, but of
superior attainments, and inferior to no writer of ancient or modern
times."

1774. General GAGE seized the powder at Charlestown, in consequence of
which the people rose and compelled several officers of the king's
government to resign.

1776. LEWIS HENRY CHRISTOPHER HOLTY, an Excellent German poet, died. "In
tender elegiac or idylic poetry, he is peculiary successful."

1779. French fleet, count d'Estaing, captured off Charleston, S. C.,
British ship Experiment, 50 guns, and three frigates.

1784. JOHN FRANCIS SEGUIER, a distinguished French botanist, and
president of the academy of Nismes, died.

1787. JOHN BAKE, an eminent Dutch philosopher and Latin writer, was born
at Leyden. His last work was an edition of _Cicero de Legibus_.

1793. A fine marble bust of John Milton, the poet, was placed in the
church at Cripplegate.

1801. ROBERT BAGE, an English novelist of considerable merit, died.

1804. The planet Juno discovered by Harding, of Germany. Her diameter is
1,425 miles, and she performs a very eccentric orbit round the sun in 4
years and 128 days.

1804. JAMES NICHOLSON, an officer in the American navy during the war of
the revolution, died.

1806. PATRICK O'BRYEN, the Irish giant, died at Bristol, England. His
height was 8 feet, 5 inches.

1814. Champlain village taken possession of by the British under
Provost.

1814. Fort Castine, on the Penobscot, and several places taken by the
British under Sherwood and admiral Griffith.

1814. United States sloop of war Wasp, captain Blakely, fell in with 10
sail of British vessels convoyed by a 74, and bomb ship. He cut out of
the convoy a brig laden with military stores, and burnt her, and sunk
the brig Avon, of 19 guns.

1818. The state prison at Auburn, N. Y., opened.

1831. GEORGE FULTON, author of an improved system of education and a
popular pronouncing dictionary, died near New Haven, Scotland.

1838. WILLIAM CLARKE died; the companion of Lewis in the pioneer journey
across the Rocky mountains. He was held in the highest estimation by
nearly all the tribes of western Indians, however remote, whose
character he well understood. He was several years governor of Missouri,
and at the time of his death the oldest American settler residing in St.
Louis.

1841. JOSEPH NOURSE died; a soldier of the revolution, one of the
vice-presidents of the American Bible society, and 40 years register of
the United States treasury.

1849. The deaths registered in London for the week, were 2,796;
exceeding those of any previous week, and nearly three times the average
of the season. Of the number, 1,663 were by cholera, and 234 by
diarrhea.

1851. ANTONIO LOPEZ, who attempted to affect a revolution in Cuba, was
garotted at Havana.

1851. The rail road in Russia from St. Petersburg to Moscow, was
inaugurated.

1853. LOUIS CHITTI, an Italian exile, died in New York. He was secretary
of finance to Murat, afterwards professor of political economy at
Brussels; then commissioner to the United States from Belgium. During
the troubles of 1821 at Naples, he was expelled, and resided in this
country.

1855. WILLIAM CRANCH, an eminent American judge, died at Washington, D.
C., aged 86. He published 9 vols. of cases in the supreme court, and was
highly respected for his talents and learning.


SEPTEMBER 2.

44 B. C. CICERO delivered the first of those speeches against Marc
Antony, called his _Philippics_.

31 B. C. Battle of Actium, off the promontory of Epirus, in which the
fleet of Marc Antony was defeated and his hopes utterly prostrated.

1338. EDWARD III was invested by the emperor at Coblentz, with the title
of his vicar, but refused to kiss the imperial foot.

1483. The renowned Caxton issued from his press a book entitled,
_Confessio Amantis_: That is to saye in Englisshe, The Confessyon of the
Louer.

1504. COLUMBUS sailed from Hispaniola to Spain--his final leave of the
country which he had discovered--a discovery that had been to him a
source of unutterable vexation and the vilest ingratitude.

1519. Battle of Zehuacingo, between 400 Spaniards under Cortez, and the
whole force of the Tlascalan Indians, amounting to about 40,000
warriors. The Indians closed in upon the Spaniards in a dense mass, and
bore down with determined bravery upon the sturdy little band of
invaders. A body of them, wielding two-handed swords succeeded in
killing one of the horses at a blow; but the rider was saved, and the
saddle also at the cost of ten men wounded. The cannons and guns of the
Spaniards made terrible havoc among the dense masses of the Indians, and
they were compelled to retire with a great loss, leaving their enemy too
much fatigued to follow them, and greatly rejoiced to find that they
had escaped annihilation.

1591. RICHARD GRENVILLE, an English naval officer, died. He
distinguished himself in battle against the Turks, and on the American
coast against the Spaniards.

1592. ROBERT GREEN, an English poet, and one of the famous Grub street
writers, died in London. So infamous was Grub street at that time, that
Mr. Henry Welley says in his narrative, that he lived there 40 years
without being seen of any one.

1666. Great fire in London, which consumed 400 streets, 13,200 houses
and 89 churches--and destroyed the plague!

1685. ALICIA LISLE beheaded at Winchester. Her offence was harboring a
non-conforming minister named Hicks.

1701. The court of chancery of the state of New York organized.

1746. JOHN BAPTIST COLBERT, marquis of Torrey, died; a French statesman,
celebrated for his embassies.

1755. Sir CHARLES HARDY arrived in the port of New York, to succeed De
Lancey as governor of the province, and his commission was published on
the next day, with the usual solemnities, and was followed by an
entertainment, bonfires, illuminations and other expressions of joy.

1766. ARCHIBALD BOWYER, a learned Scottish Jesuit, died. He wrote a
_History of the Popes_, and some other historical works; but is accused
of much imposture.

1784. JOHN BAPTIST ANTHONY VISCONTI, an Italian antiquary, died. In his
researches for ancient monuments at Rome, he discovered the tomb of the
Scipios.

1792. The prisons of Paris, filled with nobles, ecclesiastics and
opulent citizens, suspected of favoring the court and aristocratical
party, were burst open, and the inmates massacred to the number of
12,487, during this and the following day. Neither age, rank nor sex
were respected by the Jacobins, who urged the expediency of destroying
these persons before the Austrians should reach the capital.

1792. MARIE THERESE DE LAMBALLE, an Italian princess, murdered in Paris.
She escaped from Paris at the same time with the royal family, by
another road, and reached England. But on hearing the fate of her friend
the queen, hastened back to share her fortune, and met with a barbarous
death from the hands of the mob.

1806. An immense rock forming the summit of the Rosenburg in Switzerland
was precipitated into the valley with a vast amount of rubbish,
overwhelming several villages, and partly filling lake Lauwertz. Upwards
of 1,000 persons perished, and three villages totally disappeared.

1813. JEAN VICTOR MOREAU, one of the most distinguished generals of the
French revolution, died of wounds received at the battle of Dresden.

1832. FRANCIS XAVIER DE ZACH died of cholera at Paris. He was a native
of Hungary, and one of the most eminent astronomers of the age.

1832. JOHN OLDING BUTLER died; an English writer, author of a _Geography
of the Globe_.

1834. THOMAS TELFORD, a distinguished architect and civil engineer, died
at London. He was a self-made man, rising from a shepherd boy in
Eskdale, Scotland, to rank with the most learned of his age.

1836. WILLIAM HENRY, a celebrated writer on chemistry, died.


SEPTEMBER 3.

1189. Inauguration of RICHARD I (_Cœur de Lion_), at Westminster, a
most splendid pageant.

1328. CASTRACANI CASTRUCCIO, a famous Italian general, died. He was
found, when an infant, in a heap of leaves, in Tuscany; and lived to
attain the highest rank in military fame.

1332. A famous bull feast in the Coliseum at Rome, after the fashion of
the Moors and Spaniards. The ladies were seated in three balconies,
lined with scarlet cloth. Every knight assumed a livery and device. The
champions who were left on the arena outnumbered the _quadrupeds_.

1588. RICHARD TARLETON, a celebrated jester and actor, and dramatic
writer, was buried at Shoreditch, London--the _Yorick_ of Shakspeare's
Hamlet.

1592. ROBERT GREENE, an English dramatic author, died; notorious for his
licentiousness.

1609. HENRY HUDSON, coasting northwardly, at 3 o'clock in the afternoon
came to three great rivers, and stood for the northernmost.

1634. EDWARD COKE, the celebrated English judge, died. He was a clear
and luminous writer on the laws and constitution of his country.

1642. Battle of Liscarrol, between the Irish army of 7,500, under
general Barry, and the British, 2,400, under lord Inchiquin, in which
the latter were victorious.

1650. Battle of Dunbar; the Scots under Leslie defeated with great
slaughter by Oliver Cromwell; 3,000 of them slain and 10,000 taken
prisoners, one half of whom were "driven, like turkeys, into England."

1651. Battle of Worcester; Cromwell defeated Charles II with great
slaughter; the whole Scottish army being principally killed or taken.

1653. CLAUDIUS SALMASIUS, a French historian and critic, died. He was a
man of most uncommon abilities and erudition, as his works, numerous and
various, show.

1658. OLIVER CROMWELL died, on the anniversary of some of his most
famous victories. The mighty conqueror, Death, snatched him in no
ordinary manner, for Dan Æolus proclaimed it in _tempest_ to all nations
of Europe.

1660. JAMES, duke of York, remarried to Ann Hyde; Clarendon, lord
chancellor, pretending on account of the dignity of royalty, he would
rather have seen her his concubine than his wife.

1662. WILLIAM LENTHALL, speaker of the parliament that levied war
against Charles I, died.

1680. PAUL RAGUENEAU, superior of the Jesuit missionaries in Canada,
died at Paris, aged 75. He was a man of wonderful confidence in God, and
of the most complete disengagement from temporal things.

1692. DAVID ANCILLON, a German divine, died; eminent for his learning,
piety and eloquence. His library at Metz was a great curiosity to the
learned.

1711. ELIZABETH SOPHIA CHERON died; a French lady who obtained great
celebrity by her talents for poetry, painting, the learned languages and
music.

1715. The pretender proclaimed king James VIII by the earl of Mar at
Aboyne, Aberdeenshire.

1729. JOHN HARDOUIN, a French Jesuit, died; who distinguished himself
for his criticism and extensive erudition, as well as by the singularity
of his opinions.

1733. At Carlton, Yorkshire, England, a vault, 8 feet by 5, was
discovered 18 feet below the surface, in which lay a skeleton of a large
body with a helmet in a niche over the head, on the wall some Saxon
characters and the date 992 were discovered.

1739. GEORGE LILLO, an English dramatic writer, died. Though a jeweler
by profession, and a man of business, he cultivated the muses, and
acquired great celebrity.

1752. New style; eleven days blotted from the English calendar; this,
the 3d, being accounted the 14th. The Julian computation, either from
ignorance or negligence, supposing a complete solar revolution in the
precise period of 365 days and 6 hours, made no provision for the
deficiency of 11 minutes per annum, which, however, in the lapse of 18
centuries amounted to a difference of 11 days.

1774. ANTONY DE FERRIOL, count Pont de Vesle, died; a French comic
writer.

1777. British under Gen. HOWE marched upon Philadelphia, and the
Americans retreated across the Brandywine.

1782. Sixth action between the British, admiral Hughes, 12 ships and a
50 gun ship, and the French admiral Suffrein, 12 ships and three 50 gun
ships, off Trincomalee. The action was bloody; the French on re-entering
the harbor in the evening, lost a 74 gun ship.

1783. Definitive articles of peace signed at Paris, between England,
France, Spain and America.

1791. New French constitution presented to Louis XVI by the national
assembly.

1796. Battle of Wurzburg; the French under Jourdan defeated by the
Austrians under the archduke Charles.

1801. British took possession of Alexandria, Egypt. They found there 312
cannon. The garrison consisted of nearly 12,000, who had subsisted a
long time on horseflesh.

1803. JOSEPH RITSON, an English writer, died. Though a man of learning,
he adopted a most singular and capricious form of orthography.

1804. Sixth attack on Tripoli by the American squadron under Com.
Preble. The Constitution brought to in a situation where more than 70
guns could be brought to bear upon her. She silenced one of their
batteries, and considerably damaged the town, castle and other
batteries.

1807. CLARA REEVE died, aged 70; an English writer of considerable
literary talent.

1816. KIA KING, emperor of China, dethroned by the guards of his palace,
on account of a sentence he passed in relation to some affairs of
religion.

1839. WILLIAM SULLIVAN died at Boston, aged 64. He was an eminent
lawyer, and sustained various civil and military offices, and was the
author of _Familiar Letters_, _Political Class Book, &c._

1852. GEORGE RICHARDSON PORTER, secretary of the board of trade, died at
Tunbridge Wells, England, aged 60. He wrote upon the sugar cane, and
other products and manufactures.

1855. Gen. WALKER with 150 men, only 80 of whom were white, took up his
quarters at Virgin bay. Gen. Mandiola attacked him with 400 men, but was
defeated with the loss of 50. Walker's loss 1 white, 4 natives.

1855. RACHEL, the noted French actress, made her first appearance in
America at New York, and was enthusiastically received.

1855. Battle of Sand Hills; the United States troops under general
Harney gained a complete victory over the Sioux Indians, killing 86
warriors, and capturing about 70 women and children, with a loss of only
4 of his own men.


SEPTEMBER 4.

1456. JOHN CORVINUS HUNNIADES died; a general in the Hungarian armies,
distinguished for his bravery and his great success in the wars with the
Turks.

1532. PIZARRO, having landed in Peru and founded a colony, now began his
march for the conquest of the country. His force consisted of 62 horse,
and 106 foot, among whom were 20 crossbowmen, with which he went forth
to encounter tens of thousands of fierce and warlike men. It is said
that Pizarro incited his followers to this dangerous enterprise by the
singular argument, that this main design was the propagation of the
catholic faith, without injuring any person.

1588. ROBERT DUDLEY, earl of Leicester, died. He was a great favorite at
the court of Elizabeth, and accounted a man of talents; but artful,
ambitious, and criminal.

1598. PHILIP II of Spain died at the Escurial of a loathsome disease. By
his own account, he expended 600,000,000 of gold ducats and sacrificed
20,000,000 of human lives.

1665. Naval action between the English and Dutch; the latter lost 12 war
and 2 East India ships.

1676. JOHN OGILBY, a Scottish writer, died. From the profession of a
dancing master he became an eminent geographer, critic and poet.

1699. CHRISTIAN V, king of Denmark, died, in consequence of a wound
received in hunting, aged 53. He was much engaged in war. (August 25?)

1727. The body of GEORGE I of England was interred in the night at
Hanover.

1745. The town of Perth occupied by the adherents to Charles the
pretender, and he himself proclaimed king of Great Britain.

1753. ANDREW FOUNTAINE, an English antiquarian, died. He traveled over
the European continent in search of pictures, medals, statues and
inscriptions, with which he enriched the cabinets of England.

1759. PAUL FRANCIS VELLI, a French Jesuit, died; author of a valuable
history of France.

1780. JOHN FIELDING, one of the police justices of London, died at
Bromton. Though blind from his youth he was a vigorous writer, and an
efficient magistrate.

1784. CÆSAR CASSINI DE THURY, an eminent French astronomer, died. He had
acquired much knowledge on the science at the age of 10. He published a
map of France in 182 sheets, which has served as a model for all
subsequent works of the kind. This family had been at the head of the
Royal observatory at Paris 113 years.

1785. A Mr. SADLER ascended at Oxford, England, in a balloon of his own
construction. He was the first Englishman who undertook an ærial voyage.

1796. A quantity of rope was brought into the office of the secretary of
state at London as the first specimen of the labor of convicts at Botany
bay. It was two inches thick.

1797. On this day the majority of the French directory overthrew the
opposite party; sixty-five deputies were condemned to deportation as
guilty of a conspiracy for the restoration of the monarchy. The councils
renewed their oaths of hatred against royalty on this occasion.

1800. Cayuga bridge over the lake finished.

1802. GARNERIN, a French æronaut, made a descent of about 8,000 feet in
his parachute. This was not so successful as a former experiment, the
parachute not opening for some time after being cut from the balloon.

1804. Great hurricane in the West Indies; 274 vessels lost.

1805. PETER FRANCIS ANDREW MECHAIN, a French astronomer, died. He was a
practical man, and accomplished much useful labor.

1808. JOHN HOME, a Scottish writer, died, aged 84. He was a preacher at
the time his admirable play of _Douglas_ appeared, which gave so much
offence to the presbytery that he resigned.

1830. DONALD MCDONALD died at Lynn, Mass., aged 108. He was born in
Scotland, 1722, and during the last years of his life wandered about the
country, a vagrant of the most intemperate habits. He was with Wolfe at
the battle of Quebec.

1834. GEORGE CLYMER, inventor of the Columbian printing press, died in
London, aged 80; formerly of Philadelphia.

1836. The sultan of Turkey released all the inmates of his seraglio from
the perpetual imprisonment within the precincts of his palace, to which
they had considered themselves to be condemned for life.

1843. Capt. ROSS landed at Folkstone on his return from a voyage of
discovery in the southern polar circle, which had occupied four years.

1844. Metamoras destroyed by a hurricane. More than two-thirds of the
houses in the city were prostrated, and 200 lives lost. This city was
devastated in the same way in 1835 and 1837.

1850. Marshal HAYNAU, who commanded the Austrian forces in the Hungarian
war, visited the brewery of Perkins & Barclay, London, and was attacked
by a mob composed of the workmen in the establishment, and the draymen
and coal heavers outside, and barely escaped with his life, by the
assistance of the police. The cruelties of his acts had excited the
indignation of all Christendom.

1852. The Hudson river steam boat Reindeer exploded, by which 28 lives
were lost, and 20 others were injured.


SEPTEMBER 5.

1548. CATHARINE PARR, the sixth and last queen of Henry VIII, died. She
was learned, and had sufficient prudence and sagacity to direct the
caprices of the monarch in his dotage.

1569. EDMUND BONNER, bishop of London, died. He was of low parentage,
and on coming to power, distinguished himself by a most cruel and bloody
persecution of the protestants, 200 of whom he was instrumental in
bringing to the stake, and is said to have whipped and tortured several
with his own hands. On the accession of Elizabeth he was committed to
prison, where he died.

1593. The river Thames in England almost dry from westerly winds and low
tides.

1618. JACQUES DAVY DU PERRON, a French cardinal, died; celebrated for
his learning and political knowledge.

1654. Cromwell's first parliament assembled at Westminster. The speech
explaining his policy occupied three solemn hours.

1655. STUYVESANT sailed from New York against the Swedes on the South or
Delaware river.

1685. FRANCIS NORTH, an English statesman, died. He rose through his
abilities, and found time amidst his arduous duties to prepare and
publish several works.

1701. EDMUND BOURSAULT, a French dramatist, died. He received little or
no education, yet became a correct and popular author.

1745. SIMON JOSEPH PELLEGRIN, a French ecclesiastic and poet, died. He
obtained the prize at the academy in 1704.

1752. The first play performed in America by a regular company of
comedians, at Williamsburgh, then the capital of Virginia. The piece was
the _Merchant of Venice_, and the afterpiece _Lethe_, written by
Garrick. Thus Shakspeare had the first place, in time as in merit, as
the dramatist of the western world, and Garrick the honor of attending
on his master. Lewis Hallam made his "first appearance on any stage" at
this performance. He had one line to speak, apparently an easy task, but
when he found himself in presence of the audience, he was panic struck;
he stood motionless and speechless, until bursting into tears he walked
off the stage, making a most inglorious exit. It is scarcely necessary
to add that he was afterwards the hero and favorite in tragedy and
comedy for nearly half a century.

1765. ANNE CLAUDE DE CAYLUS, a French writer, died. His _Collection of
Egyptian Antiquities_, 7 vols. 4to, is valuable. He also discovered,
from a passage of Pliny, the ancient mode of encausting painting, and of
tinging marble.

1774. The first congress met at Philadelphia. There were 52 members
present from eleven colonies. (Sept. 4?)

1778. British under Gen. Grey landed at Bedford or Dartmouth, and
destroyed above 70 sail of shipping, besides small craft. They burnt the
magazine, wharf, storehouses, vessels on the stocks, the dwelling houses
and mills, and levied a contribution of all the public moneys, 300 oxen
and 10,000 sheep.

1781. An indecisive engagement took place off the Chesapeake between the
British fleet, admiral Graves, and the French fleet under de Grasse.
While the two admirals were manœuvering, count de Barras with a
French fleet of eight line of battle ships passed the British at night
and got within the capes of Virginia; by this combination the French had
a decided superiority, and the British took their departure.

1785. LUNARDI made the first balloon ascent in Scotland. He ascended at
Edinburgh, and traversed a distance of fifty miles over sea and land in
one hour and a half.

1786. JONAS HANWAY, an English merchant and philanthropist, died. He
undertook a laborious and dangerous course of travels through Russia
into Persia, with a view of opening trade. The city of London owes many
useful improvements and institutions to his enterprise and benevolence.

1794. JOHN HELY HUTCHINSON, an Irish lawyer and statesman, died. He was
noted for his avidity after lucrative offices; of whom lord North
remarked, that if England and Ireland were given him he would solicit
the Isle of Man for a potato garden.

1800. The capitulation of the fortress of Valetta, at Malta, was signed,
two years after it had been taken from the knights by the French. It was
agreed that the French troops should march out with the honors of war as
far as the sea shore, where they should ground their arms, and then be
embarked for Marseilles as prisoners of war until exchanged, and Malta
has remained in the hands of the British.

1808. CLEMENT CRUTTWELL died; an English divine and author, whose
literary performances, for labor, extent and utility, have rarely been
equaled.

1812. First battle of Borodino, in Russia; the French under Bonaparte
and his favorite generals; the Russians under Koutousoff. The Russians
made a desperate resistance, till night separated the combatants.

1813. Action off Seguin between United States brig Enterprise, 17 guns,
Lieut. Burrows, and British brig of war Boxer, 18 guns, Lieut. Blythe;
the latter was captured in 40 minutes, with the loss of upwards of 20
killed and 14 wounded; American loss 4 killed and 10 wounded. Both
commanders were killed, and were buried together at Portland, on the
eighth.

1819. At Studein, in Moravia, at noonday, the atmosphere being serene
and tranquil, there was a fall of little pieces of earth from a small
cloud isolated and very bright.

1824. PETER LOUIS LACRETELLE died; a distinguished French lawyer and
writer.

1837. BOROWLASKI, a celebrated Polish dwarf, died in England, aged 98.
His height was short of 36 inches, though his person was of complete
symmetry. In former years he traveled on the continent, but for the last
40 years had resided in England. He excelled as a wit and humorist, was
acquainted with several languages, and his company was much courted. He
had brothers and sisters, some of whom were above six feet in stature.

1841. GRENVILLE MILLEN, an American poet, died at New York, aged 41. He
relinquished the profession of the law to devote himself to poetry and
literature, of which he published a volume in 1833.

1848. The city of Messina, in Sicily, was bombarded and taken by the
king's troops.

1848. An insurrection occurred at Leghorn, and the city was placed by
the insurgents in the hands of a provisional government.

1849. SAMUEL BUNCH, a congressman from Tennessee, died, aged 63. He
commanded a regiment under Gen. Jackson in the Indian war, and in the
charge of the battle of the Horse Shoe, was the first or second man over
the breast works of the enemy.

1852. WILLIAM MACGILLIVRAY died; professor in the university of
Aberdeen, who published works upon birds, and in other departments of
natural history.

1852. JOHN PITKIN NORTON, professor of agricultural chemistry at Yale
college, died, aged 30.

1853. I. L. MASON, a United States engineer, died at San Francisco. He
was born in Providence, educated at West Point, and constructed the
fortifications at fort Adams, and was one of the most skillful and
scientific officers of the engineer corps. He was sent out to
superintend the construction of the fortifications at San Francisco.

1853. GEORGE POINDEXTER, a Mississippi statesman, died at Jackson. He
was the second governor of Mississippi, and in 1811 killed Abijah Hunt
in a duel.

1854. ROBERT M. PATTERSON, director of the United States mint, died at
Philadelphia. He was president of the American philosophical society,
and had been a professor in the universities of Pennsylvania and
Virginia.


SEPTEMBER 6.

972. JOHN XIII, pope, died. He was elected by the power of the emperor,
against the wishes of the Roman people. A violent dissention was the
consequence, and the new pontiff was banished the next year by the
prefect of Rome; he was reinstated by the emperor, and his opponent in
turn sent into exile.

1492. COLUMBUS sailed from the Canaries, where he had been detained
since the 12th of August, in refitting for the voyage.

1521. JOHN SEBASTIAN DEL CANO, having on the death of Magellan, been
appointed captain of the Spanish expedition for the discovery of a
western passage to the Molucca or Spice islands, conducted the remainder
of the voyage, which was finished this day. This was the first voyage
round the world. It sailed August 10th, 1519, from Seville, and
consisted of five ships and 236 men. Only one ship of this squadron ever
reached Spain. (8th?)

1578. DRAKE having passed the straits of Magellan, entered the Pacific
ocean, on his memorable campaign against the Spanish treasure ships.

1581. WILLIAM POSTEL, a French mathematician, died. He possessed great
learning, but was a visionary. His works are twenty-six in number, on
curious and strange subjects.

1609. HUDSON having anchored at Sandy Hook, sent forward five men in a
boat, who passed through the Narrows, sounding as they went. They were
attacked by two Indian canoes, and John Colman, an Englishman, who had
accompanied Hudson in his polar voyages, was killed. This was the first
European blood that was shed in these waters. The place where he was
interred is still called Colman's point.

1620. The Mayflower, with its company, consisting of 101 passengers,
sailed from Plymouth, England, for America; having been obliged to put
back twice, on account of the leaky condition of the Speedwell, which
was to sail with her. This was the company of Pilgrims which landed at
Plymouth rock, and commenced the settlement of New England.

1645. A general thanksgiving was ordained by governor Kieft, to be
observed through the limits of New Netherland, for the restoration of
peace with the Indians; showing that this festival, which is by many
asserted to be exclusively puritanical, was also observed by the Dutch
occasionally.

1652. PHILIP ALEGAMBE died; a Dutch Jesuit whose works were in high
estimation.

1676. The Massachusetts forces, having subdued Philip, turned their arms
against the eastern Indians, and surprised about 400 of them at Cocheco,
in Maine, who were all taken; those found accessory to the late
rebellion, being about half the number, were sold into slavery, and
several who had committed murders were hung.

1678. TONGE and OATES furnished a narrative of a plot to overturn the
English government.

1683. JOHN BAPTIST COLBERT, marquis of Segnelia, died. He was an
illustrious French statesman, deservedly respected as a minister who
ably restored the navy, the commerce and finances of the country,
patronized learning and science, and invigorated genius by his mild and
active generosity.

1689. Mentz, in Germany, surrendered to the imperialists.

1748. EDMUND GIBSON, bishop of London, died; an eminent antiquarian,
theological, political and controversial writer.

1769. Great jubilee at Stratford, England, in honor of Shakspeare. The
pageant continued three days, and attracted much attention.

1775. JOHN BAPTIST BULLET, a French author, died. He possessed a most
retentive memory, and his works are learned and useful.

1781. Fort Griswold taken by the British under Arnold, and the garrison
put to the sword. Colonel Ledyard, who commanded the fort, was run
through the body with his own sword, after he had surrendered. Of the
garrison, 73 were killed, 30 or 40 wounded, and 40 taken prisoners.
British loss 48 killed, and 142 wounded.

1781. New London was set on fire, 60 dwellings and 84 stores burnt.

1781. American privateer, Congress, captured British sloop of war
Savage, 20 guns.

1783. ANNA WILLIAMS, a blind English authoress, died, aged 77.

1784. GEORGE ALEXANDER STEVENS, an English writer, died. He possessed
the rare faculty of entertaining an audience four hours at a sitting.
By his lectures on heads he realized about 50,000 dollars; but died
finally in a mad house.

1796. WILLIAM BENWELL, an elegant English scholar, died.

1808. LOUIS PIERRE ANQUETIL DU PERRON, a French divine and historian,
died. He traveled in Asia, where he acquired the language of the ancient
Persians, and became acquainted with the original writings of Zoroaster,
and brought home a large amount of literary spoil.

1810. Battle of Rudschuck; the Russians defeated the Turks, killed the
seraskir and 5,000 men, and took an immense number of prisoners, with
all their artillery and equipage.

1813. WILLIAM BURROWS, a gallant naval officer of the United States, was
slain in the action between the Enterprise, United States, and British
ship Boxer. (See 5th.)

1814. British under general Provost took Plattsburgh.

1816. THOMAS CLARKE died in London, aged 80. He came to the city at the
age of 22, and obtained the place of a porter; by the strictest economy
and well directed effort, he accumulated the fortune of one and a half
million dollars.

1821. VICESSIMUS KNOX died; a learned English divine and miscellaneous
writer.

1839. An insurrection at Zurich, in Switzerland, in consequence of the
city government having enacted a new law, enforcing a system of
government, independent of the clergy, and differed from the routine of
the old catechism, and having called from Germany to fill the
theological chair of the university, professor Strauss, whose neological
doctrines had given much offence. Several thousand peasants assembled
and marched into the city headed by their pastors. A few lives were
lost, the government declared itself dissolved, the peasants withdrew,
and the city became tranquil.

1848. The British forces under general Whish, besieged the city of
Moulton, in northern India, and were forced on the 14th to withdraw with
much loss.

1848. THOMAS TRENOR, an Irish exile, died in New York, aged 86. In 1798
he was a merchant in extensive business, joined the patriots, and became
treasurer of the United Irish society. He was arrested for treason, and
spent four years in prison. Ruined in fortune, and with impaired health,
he came to America; for 17 years was occupied in the iron manufacture in
Vermont, and for the last 15 years was employed in the New York custom
house.

1855. Colonel HENRY L. KINNEY was appointed by acclamation civil and
military governor of San Juan del Norte, or Greytown, at a mass meeting
of the citizens.


SEPTEMBER 7.

70. Jerusalem demolished, and her foundations broke up on this day,
Gregorian time. The walls were crossed on Friday, the last day of
August, the conquest was completed on the sabbath and the calends of
September, and the havoc consumed about six days. There were slain or
butchered one million _beards_. (See 8th Aug. Gorpeius is a tropical
month, beginning 25th Aug.)

1069. The Danes again made a descent on England, and landed at Dover.

1134. ALFONSO, king of Arragon, killed in battle.

1493. FREDERICK IV, of Germany, died. He was a weak, indolent and
superstitious monarch, who saw his subjects revolt with indifference,
and was afterwards reduced to beg his bread.

1533. Birthday of ELIZABETH, afterwards queen of England; daughter of
Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.

1566. NICHOLAS ZRINYI, a Hungarian Leonidas, killed. He had thrown
himself into the castle of Szigeth, with 3,000 men, and was besieged by
the Turks. This number was dwindled down to 600 by repeated sallies. The
sultan died of rage at his obstinacy, and the grand vizier made a
general assault. Zrinyi rushed out at the head of his band, and was
killed by three balls; the whole garrison shared his fate. Above 20,000
Turks had been killed during the siege.

1644. GREY BENTIVOGLIO, an Italian cardinal, died. He wrote an account
of Flanders, and a history of its civil wars.

1655. NICHOLAS ABRAM, a French Jesuit, died; distinguished for his
proficiency in the dead languages.

1671. A great training in Boston, says Winthrop's journal, which lasted
two days; 1,200 men in the field, not an oath uttered, nor any body
drunk during the whole time, though there was much wine and strong beer
in town.

1706. Battle of Turin; the French under count Marisin defeated by prince
Eugene, with the loss of 2,000 killed, and all their baggage and
ammunition, and the military chest.

1736. The door of the Tolbooth, of Edinburgh, burnt, and John Porteus,
who had been sentenced to death, but reprieved by the queen, taken out
of jail by a mob, and hanged on a lamp post.

1760. Montreal surrendered to the English. By the reduction of this
place, Gen. Amherst completed the conquest of Canada, and the subversion
of the French empire in North America, which was added to the British
possessions.

1772. An unprecedented rain and consequent flood happened in Inverary,
Scotland.

1776. GEORGE SMITH, an eminent English landscape painter and author,
died.

1779. JOHN ARMSTRONG, a celebrated Scottish poet, died.

1783. LEONARD EULER, a Swiss mathematician, died. He possessed great
erudition, and was perfect master of ancient mathematical literature;
and had the history of all ages and nations, even to the minutest facts,
ever present to his mind.

1784. ANN LEE, known by the appellation of the "elect lady," or mother
of Zion, and head of the sect called Shakers, died at Nisqueunia, near
Albany, N. Y.

1798. PETER FREDERICK SUHM, an eminent Danish historian and
miscellaneous writer, died. His histories form 16 quarto volumes, and
his other works 15 vols.

1799. JOHN INGENHOUZ, an eminent Belgian natural philosopher, died in
England. His chemical discoveries were applied to medical and
agricultural improvements.

1799. PETER CHARLES LE MONNIER, a celebrated French astronomer, died. He
was one of those who made the journey to the north in 1785, for the
admeasurement of the globe.

1805. THOMAS BUTLER died; he was a brave officer in the American
revolutionary army, but refusing to comply with the general order, to
cut the hair close to the head, he was involved in much difficulty with
general Wilkeson.

1807. Copenhagen surrendered to the British after a long bombardment, in
which six thousand were killed and wounded, and 1,800 houses destroyed.

1811. PETER SIMON PALLAS, a distinguished writer of Prussia, died. He
accompanied empress Catherine's famous expedition to Siberia, for the
observation of the transit of Venus, &c. He was subsequently tutor to
the grand dukes Alexander (afterwards emperor) and Constantine.

1812. Battle of Borodino; the Russian army consisted of 120,000, and the
French had an equal number. There were also 500 cannon employed by each.
The slaughter was dreadful; of one of the Russian divisions that
mustered 30,000 in the morning, only 8,000 survived. These had fought in
close order under a fire of 80 cannon. It is computed that not less than
30,000 Russians, and 50,000 French were killed; and night found either
army on the ground they had occupied at day break.

1820. Great solar eclipse in England.

1827. Abo, the capital of Finland, nearly destroyed by fire. Only 800
volumes of the public library escaped destruction, and nearly 100
persons perished.

1831. Warsaw captured by the Russians under Paskiewitch after two days'
fighting. Russian loss estimated at 20,000.

1833. HANNAH MORE, a celebrated English authoress, died, aged 88. Her
works are very numerous, by which she realized upwards of $140,000.

1836. JOHN POND, an eminent English astronomer, died. He was named by
Dr. Maskelyne as the fittest man to succeed him as astronomer royal,
which office he held during 25 years with consumate ability.

1838. WILLIAM COLFAX, an officer of the revolution, died. He was one of
the life guards of Washington, and supposed to have been the last
survivor of that corps.

1839. ANDREW HALLIDAY died; a Scottish medical and historical writer of
merit.

1847. Letters from St. Petersburgh of the 7th Sept. state, that that
city has been visited with the most terrific storm of wind and rain ever
experienced within the memory of the oldest inhabitant. It rained
incessantly for forty-eight hours, whilst the wind blew with intense
violence. The result of this visitation was the destruction of above 400
houses. At one period fears were entertained for the safety of the
entire city, and some timid and superstitious persons apprehended the
end of the world was at hand.

1850. The bill admitting California as a state and Utah as a territory
of the United States, passed the house of representatives.

1851. LEVI WOODBURY, an American statesman, died at Portsmouth, N. H.,
aged 64.

1855. The first Hebrew temple in the Mississippi valley was consecrated
at St. Louis.

1855. LEONARD MAELZEL, the inventor of several musical and automatic
instruments, and who exhibited the famous chess player in this country,
died at Vienna, aged 79.


SEPTEMBER 8.

70. Jerusalem taken by TITUS after a most obstinate resistance on the
part of the inhabitants. More than 1,000,000 are said to have perished.

1636. Harvard college founded at Cambridge, Mass.

1644. FRANCIS QUARLES, a celebrated English poet, died.

1650. The princess ELIZABETH, daughter of the unfortunate Charles, died
at Carisbrook castle in the isle of Wight, aged 15.

1656. JOSEPH HALL, "the first professed English satirist," died. He was
bishop of Norwich, and acquired the title of the Christian Seneca. He is
universally allowed to have been a man of great wit and learning.

1664. The colony of New York surrendered to the English.

1705. According to De Foe, it was on this day that the apparition of
Mrs. Veal appeared to Mrs. Bargrave, at Canterbury, to say that
_Drelincourt on Death_ was the very best book on that subject.

1755. Battle of lake George, between the English under colonel Johnson
and the French and Indians under baron Dieskau. The French force was
nearly 2,000; that of the provincials greatly superior. A detachment of
1,000 men and 200 Indians which were sent out from the fort were
ambuscaded and narrowly escaped destruction. A grand attack was then
made on the fort by the French regulars, the Canadians and Indians being
employed on the English flanks. After a battle of four hours, the enemy
was compelled to retreat in disorder, and were pursued by a party from
the camp, which fell on their rear and precipitated their flight.
Dieskau was taken prisoner, and the remnant of his army completely
routed by a detachment of 200 New Hampshire militia, from fort Edward,
who had been sent to the assistance of the main army. The loss of the
provincials was 327 killed and wounded--that of the enemy about 600.
King Hendrik killed here.

1756. The Indian village of Kettaning, in Pennsylvania, destroyed by the
colonists under colonel Armstrong. The Indians had fortified their
village and provided a supply of powder for 10 years, and great
quantities of arms and merchandise. The place was surprised, the chief,
colonel Jacobs, killed, and as the Indians refused to accept quarter,
they were exterminated. This affair was of so great importance that the
authorities caused a silver medal to be struck on the occasion.

1757. The duke of CUMBERLAND in behalf of England signed the convention
of Closter Seven, by which the electorate of Hanover was left in the
hands of the French and the whole army consisting of 40,000 Hessians,
Brunswickers, &c., disarmed.

1760. Canada surrendered to the British at Montreal under lord Amherst.
This was hailed with universal joy by the colonies, as the end of the
cruel wars and bloody massacres which had hung over their towns and
plantations nearly a century, in which the French and Indians had been
uniformly the aggressors, and had vied with each other in murder,
barbarity and rapine. Under the brief repose which followed the
colonies rapidly increased in number and wealth, till the gigantic
struggle for independence again plunged the country in scenes of
desolation and ruin, in which the British armies in a degree emulated
the French and Indian foe.

1761. BERNARD FOREST DE BELIDOR, a Spanish mathematician, died at Paris.
He wrote on fortifications and engineering, several valuable works.

1772. The first court of general quarter sessions of the peace for the
county of Tryon was held at Johnstown, so called after sir Wm. Johnson;
Guy Johnson, judge.

1775. JOHN LEYDEN, afterwards a poet and famed oriental scholar, was
born at Denholm, Roxburghshire.

1781. Battle of Eutaw Springs; the British regulars, 2,000 in number,
under colonel Stewart, were defeated by the Americans under general
Greene, 1,400 regulars and 500 militia. British loss in killed, wounded
and prisoners about 1,000; American loss about 500. This battle closed
the war in South Carolina.

1782. Tremendous cannonade and bombardment from Gibraltar with red hot
balls and carcasses, upon the Spanish besiegers. Two floating batteries
were consumed.

1793. The British under the duke of York raised the siege of Dunkirk, in
France, defended with great bravery and resolution by Hoche.

1794. Battle of Brescia; the Poles defeated by the Russians under
Suwarrow, with the loss of 8,000 men, and their whole park of artillery.

1795. A monument by FLAXMAN to the memory of Collins, the poet, was set
up at Chichester, England.

1797. RICHARD FARMER died; a celebrated scholar and critic. He is noted
for a single work, his _Essay on the Learning of Shakspeare_, in which
he maintains that the bard obtained his knowledge of ancient history and
mythology from translations and not from original classic authors. It is
probably the best commentary which has been produced.

1798. The first number of the _Allgemeine Zeitung_ (General Gazette)
published at Augsburg, in Bavaria. Under the charge of baron Cotta, it
is probably the most celebrated newspaper in the world. It has
correspondents in all countries of Europe, and in America.

1798. Battle of Standtz, in Switzerland. The hardy mountaineers defended
their homes against the French with clubs, spears and fragments of rock;
but were forced to retire before the regular artillery and muskets of
their enemy, their beautiful valley was destroyed by fire, and neither
age nor sex spared by the furious soldiery.

1804. Great storm at Savannah, by which the city suffered to an immense
amount in damages to buildings and other property, as well as loss of
life. The storm extended to a considerable distance, carrying
destruction with it in every quarter.

1817. JOHN CARTER, an eminent English antiquary, draftsman and critic,
died. He was many years a laborious contributor to the _Gentleman's
Magazine_.

1837. SAMUEL EGERTON BRIDGES, an English nobleman, died near Geneva, in
Switzerland. He was a man of considerable talents and learning, and a
voluminous writer in various branches of literature, but possessed of a
most unhappy temper and disposition.

1838. BENJAMIN BOOTH ROYD, pastor of the independent church,
Huddersfield, England, died. He was a lively example of piety and a life
of industry.

1846. GEORGE MIFFLIN BACHE, lieutenant commanding United States brig
Washington, died at sea off cape Hatteras. His hopes of thoroughly
exploring the Gulf stream were thus cut off.

1847. Battle of El Molino del Rey, in Mexico, where many a brave
American fell.

1847. MARTIN SCOTT fell at the battle of Molino del Rey. In early life
he was one of the sharp shooters among the _Green Mountain Boys_, and it
is storied of him that so unerring was his aim that a nail driven
partway into a board, he could drive home by his bullet.

1849. AMARIAH BRIGHAM, a distinguished physician, died at Utica, New
York, aged 51. He was superintendent of the State asylum for the insane.

1852. MARK H. SIBLEY, an eminent lawyer, died at Canandaigua, New York,
aged 56. He had distinguished himself at the bar, in the state assembly
and in congress, and on the bench.

1853. The first chamber in Holland adopted the much disputed law on
religious liberty by a vote of 22 to 16.

1854. A violent storm at Charleston, South Carolina, which continued
forty-eight hours, overflowing the wharves and damaging the shipping.

1855. ROBERT MULLER, a celebrated pianist and composer, died at
Edinburgh, Scotland.

1855. WILLIAM HOLLAND DANIEL CUDDY, an experienced and efficient British
officer, killed in the attack on the Redan, at Sebastopol, aged 41. He
had served in India until 1841, and afterwards with distinction in the
Chinese war.

1855. The allies having kept up an _infernal_ fire upon the fortress of
Sebastopol during three days and nights, attacked the works in three
columns, and captured the Malakoff, whereupon the Russians blew up the
remaining forts upon the south side of the city, sunk and destroyed
their vessels, and under cover of the explosions and of the night,
retreated to the north side of the city over a bridge recently
constructed, leaving a large number of guns, and a vast amount of
military stores in the hands of the victors, who lost 2,019 killed, and
about 7,500 wounded and missing.


SEPTEMBER 9.

905. OLGA, princess of Russia, received with great pomp and ceremony at
Constantinople by the emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus. The baptism
and nomination of the empress Helena, established the era of Russian
Christianity.

1087. WILLIAM I (_the Conqueror_), king of England, died in consequence
of a fall from his horse, near Rouen, in France. He invaded England from
Normandy, 1066, and having defeated Harold, who was slain at the battle
of Hastings, was crowned king.

1513. Battle of Flodden, in Scotland, among the Cheviot hills. The Scots
were defeated with the loss of 5,000 killed. Admiral Howard reported
10,000 Scots that fell in the field and pursuit. The English are
supposed to have lost about an equal number, but among their slain were
no persons of note. The heroic king James was struck down by an arrow a
spear's length from the feet of Surrey, the English general.

1576. TITIAN (_Tiziano Vezellio_), the Italian painter, died of the
plague, aged 96.

1583. HUMPHREY GILBERT, on his return from a voyage of discovery to
America, was foundered at sea in a violent storm when every person
perished.

1607. POMPONE DE BELLIEVRE, an eminent French statesman, died. He
enjoyed the favor of princes and the reward of office, and in turn was
disgraced.

1609. HENRY HUDSON arrived in New York harbor, which perceiving to be a
good one for all winds, the ship rode all night.

1654. PETER STUYVESANT, with 700 men, approached the Swedish settlements
on the Delaware. They were all reduced without bloodshed. (See Sept.
16.)

1677. About twenty Indians who had descended Connecticut river, fell
upon Hatfield as the people were raising a house, killed and captured
about twenty, among the latter some women and children. On their return
the same day they halted at Deerfield, where several people were
employed in rebuilding their houses. But being discovered, their
mischief was confined to killing one and capturing two. These people
were just returned to their farms which had been laid waste the year
before. They were soon compelled again to abandon them.

1681. JOHN FOSTER, the first Boston printer, died, aged 33. He graduated
at Harvard, 1667, and it having been permitted to "have a printing
presse elsewhere than at Cambridge," it was put under his charge.

1689. The famous treaty of partition was signed at the river Kerbechi,
between China and Russia.

1703. CHARLES DE ST. DENIS EVREMOND, a French nobleman, died in England,
aged 95. He signalized himself by his valor in the army, and was equally
eminent for his literary talents.

1734. An eagle whose expanded wings from tip to tip measured nine feet
eight inches, was taken at Charlton, in Kent, England.

1770. BERNARD SIEGFRIED ALBINUS, an eminent Dutch anatomist, died, aged
88. He surpassed all his predecessors in the science of anatomy, and
published 3 folio volumes of plates to illustrate the human body.

1771. ROBERT WOOD, an English traveler and writer, died.

1776. United States first so called.

1781. British colonel STEWART destroyed a great quantity of his stores
and abandoned Eutaw springs. He left 1000 stand of arms and 70 wounded
men.

1782. Grand attack on Gibraltar by the Spaniards, from a floating
battery of 64 heavy cannon, and their whole lines, together with 60
mortars and their shipping, which was continued during the whole day.

1790. Action off Codgia bay, between the Turkish and Russian fleets,
which was begun the day previous, and ended in the defeat of the Turks,
who lost two ships taken, and one in which was the admiral, blown up,
and the admiral alone escaped death.

1792. CHARLES XAVIER JOSEPH FRANQUEVILLE D'ABANCOURT, minister of Louis
XVI, perished at the massacre of the Orangery.

1797. Three men were suffocated in one of the famed Meux's brewvats at
London, not having first used the precaution to let down a lighted
candle.

1801. GILBERT WAKEFIELD died; an eminent English polemical and classical
writer.

1806. JOHN BRAND, an English antiquary, died. He was originally a
shoemaker; but found means to acquire a liberal education and left
several valuable works.

1814. Captain MCGLASSIN with 50 Americans, forded the Saranac and
reconnoitered the British works, drove in a party of 150 men, attacked
and carried their battery, killed their commanding officer and 16 men,
and having destroyed their works, returned with the loss of 1 wounded
and 3 missing.

1814. British navy with a detachment of troops, 150 sailors and 250
Indians, captured the United States schooners Tigress and Scorpion, near
St. Joseph, Michigan.

1816. KILIAN VAN RENSSELAER, a general in the revolutionary army, died
at Albany. He embarked early in defence of his country; in 1777 was
attacked by a large body of Indians at fort Anne, where he was wounded
in the thigh by a ball, which was extracted after his death, having been
carried 39 years.

1824. An expedition, fitted out at Rangoon in Burmah, consisting of
English and native troops to the number of 1,000, took the town of
Tavoy, a place of considerable strength, with 10,000 fighting men, and
many mounted guns. The viceroy of the province and many persons of
distinction were among the prisoners. A new state carriage for the king
of Ava, a magnificent vehicle surpassing anything of the kind in Europe
in splendor and costly material, was taken, and conveyed to England.

1830. WILLIAM BULMER, an English printer, whose name is associated with
all that is beautiful in printing, died.

1839. Second fire at Mobile (the first being on the 7th), by which the
best part of the city was laid in ruins.

1839. The United States Bank of Pennsylvania refused to pay its
liabilities, and all the banks in Philadelphia immediately suspended
specie payments. The whole number of banks in the Union was 959; of
which 343 suspended entirely, 62 in part, 493 did not suspend, and 56
never resumed.

1846. Magnetic telegraph between Albany and New York completed; by means
of which New York and Buffalo were brought together also.

1848. Great conflagration at Brooklyn, New York; about 200 houses burnt,
and property destroyed amounting to $750,000.

1851. THOMAS H. GALLAUDET, an American philanthropist, died at Hartford,
Ct., aged 64. He opened the first establishment in this country for the
education of deaf mutes at Hartford, in 1817, and devoted a large part
of his active and most useful life to this work of benevolence.

1851. The funeral obsequies of the Spaniards and Cubans who fell in the
contests with the forces of Lopez, was celebrated with great pomp at the
cathedral in Havana; $70,000 were subscribed by the citizens for the
benefit of their widows and children.

1852. J. D. BELIN, consul for Belgium and Switzerland, died at New
Orleans.

1853. The remnant of the famous table rock at Niagara falls broke off
and tumbled into the abyss with a tremendous crash.

1854. ANGELO MAI, an Italian cardinal, died at Albano, aged 72. He was
chief librarian of the Vatican, and a learned correspondent of the
academies at Paris and Munich; but is better known by his discoveries
from palimpsest manuscripts, which were published in two collections of
10 volumes each.


SEPTEMBER 10.

954. LOUIS IV, king of France, killed by a fall from his horse, at the
age of 38.

1167. MATILDA, of England, empress of Germany, died. She was the
daughter of Henry I of England, married Henry IV of Germany, and was
afterwards acknowledged queen of England; but her conduct not suiting
the nobles, she was deposed and Stephen placed on the throne.

1543. The small remains of the army which had sailed from Cuba in 1539
(see May 18) under de Soto, for the conquest of Florida, arrived at
Panuco on their return. This great expedition ended in the poverty and
ruin of all concerned in it. Not a Spaniard remained in Florida.

1547. Conspiracy of Placentia, when Peter Louis Farnese, son of pope
Paul III, was assassinated. The place was taken by the conspirators and
delivered to the troops of the emperor Charles V before daylight next
morning.

1547. Battle of Pinkey, in Scotland; the English under the protector
Somerset, defeated the Scots under the earl of Arran, and obtained one
of the most finished victories on record. The Scots lost 10,000 men.

1604. WILLIAM MORGAN, bishop of Asaph, formerly of Landaff, died. He
directed and superintended the translation of the scriptures into Welsh.

1621. King JAMES gave sir William Alexander a patent of the whole
territory of Acadia, by the name of Nova Scotia. It was erected into a
palatinate, to be holden as a fief of the crown of Scotland. An
unsuccessful attempt was soon after made to effect a settlement, and he
sold it to the French in 1630. Twenty years afterwards three thousand
families settled there from New England.

1649. PETER GOUDELIN, a poet of Gascony, died. He was so celebrated that
he acquired the title of the Homer of Gascony.

1691. EDWARD POCOCKE died; a most learned English critic and
commentator, and famous particularly for his great skill in the oriental
languages.

1714. An agreement between the Van Hoorn or Berbice company, and the
Dutch East India company, to furnish the former annually after this day,
240 negroes from Angola, or Ardrah (one-third to be females), at 165
florins a head.

1730. GUICHARD JOSEPH DU VERNEY died; professor of anatomy at Paris, of
great celebrity.

1738. THOMAS SHERIDAN, an Irish divine and poet, died. He published a
prose translation of _Perseus_.

1752. JOHN BAPTIST BERTRAND died; a French physician, known for his
interesting account of the plague of Marseilles.

1759. Second action off Pondicherry, between the British fleet, admiral
Pococke, and the French under admiral d'Auché. British loss 164 killed,
385 wounded. A deserter reported the French loss to have been 1500
killed and wounded.

1771. Birthday of MUNGO PARK, a celebrated Scottish adventurer. He twice
attempted the discovery of the course and outlet of the Niger, so long a
source of conjecture with geographers, in the second of which he lost
his life in the 35th year of his age.

1779. Indian village of Canandaigua burnt.

1781. Count D'ESTAING returned with his fleet to the Chesapeake, and
captured two British frigates of 32 guns each.

1782. The firing on Gibraltar from the isthmus continued by the
Spaniards, at the rate of 6,500 cannon shot, and 1,080 shells in every
24 hours.

1785. Treaty of amity and commerce between the United States and
Prussia.

1791. A great insurrection among the negroes in St. Domingo, attributed
to the new opinions of liberty and equality, called in Paris _L'Ami des
Noirs_.

1797. MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT GODWIN died; a lady of very superior literary
accomplishments, who distinguished herself by many able productions, and
the peculiarity of her views.

1802. A lunar rainbow observed at Mattock, in Derbyshire, England.

1806. JOHN CHRISTOPHER ADELUNG, a German professor at Erfurt, died;
author of a grammatical and critical dictionary of the German language,
in 5 vols. quarto. He was never married, and it was said of him that his
writing desk was his wife, and the 70 volumes which he wrote were his
children. His wine cellar, which was unique, he called his _bibliotheca
selectissima_.

1809. AUGUSTUS LOUIS VON SCHLOETZER, a German historian, died. He wrote
a _History of Lithuania_, &c.

1813. Battle of lake Erie, and defeat and capture of the entire British
fleet under Com. Barclay, by the United States fleet under Com. Perry.
The British force consisted of 6 vessels, 63 guns; Americans had 11
vessels, 54 guns. The action commenced at 15 minutes before 12, and
ended about 3 P. M. The loss of the British was estimated at 200;
Americans lost 27 killed, 96 wounded--123.

1827. UGO FOSCOLO, a distinguished Italian writer, died. His works are
numerous, but giving offence to the authorities, he was driven from
country to country, and died from disease and penury.

1845. JOSEPH STORY, one of the most distinguished American jurists, died
at Cambridge, Mass., aged 66.

1851. The steamer Pampero, which had been used in the Lopez expedition
against Cuba, was seized by the United States revenue officers, at
Dunn's lake, Florida, and subsequently condemned.

1852. URQUIZA, director of the Argentine confederation, was deposed.

1852. The Burmese evacuated and burned Prome.


SEPTEMBER 11.

1069. The Danes under Harold and Canute landed in England, at the mouth
of the Humber, and laid waste the country.

1297. Battle near Cambuskenneth, on the Forth, between the Scots under
Wallace, and the English, in which the latter were defeated with the
loss of 5,000 slain. The victors, to show their utter detestation of
that tool of Edward, Cressingham, flayed his body, and converted his
skin into thongs for their horses.

1539. Date of the will of Henry Pepwell, a distinguished book publisher,
who died this year.

1609. HUDSON while at anchor in the harbor of New York, was visited by
the natives, who made a great show of friendship, giving tobacco and
Indian corn.

1649. Drogheda, in Ireland, taken by assault by the English, under
Cromwell. A universal massacre was permitted during five days. "I
believe we put to the sword," is the general's despatch, "the whole
number of the defendants. _This is a marvellous great mercy._" The
garrison alone consisted of 2,500 foot and 300 horse. There was scarce
thirty lives saved in the whole town, and these were by Cromwell
reserved to be sent to Barbadoes.

1677. JAMES HARRINGTON, an eminent English political writer, died;
author of the political romance of _Oceana_, in imitation of Plato's
_Atlantic Story_.

1697. The famous peace of Ryswick proclaimed.

1709. Battle of Malplaquet, in Belgium; the allies under the duke of
Marlborough and prince Eugene, defeated the French army of 120,000 men,
under Villars and de Boufflers. This was a dear victory to the allies,
who lost 20,000 of their best troops.

1745. MARY CHANDLER died; an English lady, distinguished for her poetic
talent.

1776. Great tempest on the coast of Newfoundland; a large amount of
shipping, and a great number of lives lost.

1777. Battle of Brandywine; the Americans under Washington and Green
entirely defeated by the British, under Cornwallis. The Americans lost
about 1,300 killed, wounded and prisoners. This was the first battle
Lafayette was in; he was wounded in the leg.

1781. JOHN AUGUSTUS ERNESTI died; professor of theology at Leipsic, and
author of numerous literary and theological works.

1798. The Sublime Porte, incensed at the invasion of Egypt, declared war
against France, and joined with his old adversary, the emperor of
Russia.

1799. Tortona surrendered to Suwarroff. Thus was Italy nearly
reconquered.

1813. Running action between the United States commodore, Chauncey, on
lake Ontario, and the British commodore, Yeo; the latter succeeded in
getting into Amherst bay.

1814. The British, 8,000 strong, commenced disembarking their troops at
North Point, about 12 miles from Baltimore, for the purpose of attacking
that city.

1814. Battle of lake Champlain and Plattsburgh. The British fleet 95
guns, under commodore Downie, defeated and captured by the United States
fleet, Com. Chauncey, 86 guns. British loss 57 killed, 72 wounded;
American loss 52 killed, 58 wounded. At the same time the British troops
under general Provost, about 14,000 veterans, the flower of the duke of
Wellington's army, attacked the American lines at Saranac, Plattsburgh,
and were defeated by general Macomb. American loss, killed 38; wounded
64; missing 20.

1820. HOME RIGGS POPHAM died; a distinguished British naval officer.

1823. DAVID RICARDO, a celebrated English writer on finance and
statistics, died. He was of Jewish descent, and abandoned by his father
at an early age for marrying a quakeress. His talents however, procured
him wealth and distinction.

1826. WILLIAM MORGAN, a freemason in western New York, abducted by his
fellows of the craft for revealing their secrets.

1833. Deaths by cholera in the city of Mexico, from the 5th August to
this date, 10,000.

1840. LONG-KIEWA, a Chinese linguist, died at Calcutta, aged 59. He was
inspector of the tea plantations established by an English company at
Assam, but was obliged to exile himself on account of a family
misdemeanor. He is represented to have been a man of immense knowledge.
Besides his erudition in the sciences, he was proficient in all the
principal languages spoken in Europe and Asia, as well as Hebrew, Greek
and Latin. He made for the most part the Chinese translation of the
scriptures published by Marshman, and left in MS. a Chinese-Latin-English
dictionary. He bequeathed to the Asiatic society of Calcutta his
library, containing 30,000 volumes, more than 20,000 of which are in the
Chinese language.

1840. The town of Beyrout, in Syria, fired upon, reduced to a mass of
ruins, and taken, by the British and Austrian fleets.

1842. A Mexican army 1,300 strong, took possession of Texas, but soon
retreated.

1851. A riot at Christiana, Pa., upon the attempt to remove a fugitive
slave. Mr. Gorsuch, the owner of the slave was killed and his son
mortally wounded; the United States marshal and his posse were driven
from the ground by armed negroes, and the slave escaped.


SEPTEMBER 12.

284. MARCUS AURELIUS NUMERIANUS, the Roman emperor, died, or was
assassinated. He was admired for his learning and moderation, was
naturally eloquent, and was esteemed one of the best poets of the age.

1362. INNOCENT VI (_Stephen Albert_), pope, died. He was of a peaceful
disposition, and labored earnestly to reconcile the kings of England and
France.

1382. LOUIS I, king of Hungary and Poland, died. One of his acts was to
expel the Jews.

1504. COLUMBUS sailed from San Domingo--that great man's last voyage.
His crazy and shattered bark, like his body, landed at St. Lucar in
November.

1528. ANDREW DORIA, a noble Genoese, and the ablest seaman of his age,
retook Genoa from the French, and restored its independence.

1553. ALBERT, of Brandenburgh, defeated by Henry of Brunswick. He was
placed under the ban of the empire, and fled to France, where he died.

1609. HUDSON weighed anchor in the harbor of New York, and commenced
his memorable voyage up the river which bears his name.

1651. The Scots prisoners taken at the battle of Worcester, &c., brought
before Cromwell and the parliament at Acton, and sold to the West Indies
for slaves or given away as dogs.

1660. JAMES CATS, a Dutch statesman and poet died, aged 83. His poems
are much admired by his countrymen.

1665. JOHN BOLLANDUS, a Flemish Jesuit, died. His judgment, learning and
sagacity led to his appointment to collect materials for the lives of
the saints of the Romish church. He lived to complete 5 vols. folio, and
the work was continued to 47 vols. by his successors.

1672. TANNEGUI LE FEVRE, a learned French author, died. He was the
father of Madam Dacier.

1683. The allies under John Sobieski and the duke of Lorraine, routed
the vast Turkish army under the walls of Vienna, and compelled them to
raise the siege. Sobieski sent a post to his queen, saying that the
grand vizier had made him his sole heir, including 70,000 dead men.

1683. ALPHONSO VI, king of Portugal, died. His conduct displayed the
tyrant and the madman, and he resigned his crown.

1703. The emperor and king of the Romans, resigned their right to Spain
to the archduke Charles, who was thereupon declared king of Spain.

1714. Barcelona surrendered to the duke of Berwick.

1729. Birthday of MOSES MENDELSOHN, a learned Jew of Berlin. He was of
obscure origin, and became a merchant; but quitted commerce for
literature, and acquired great reputation.

1764. JOHN PHILIP RAMEAU, a French musician, died. His writings on music
procured him the title of the Newton of the science.

1776. WASHINGTON, with the remains of his army, entered Philadelphia,
after his disastrous defeat at Brandywine. The same night a party of the
British made an excursion to Wilmington, took the governor of Delaware
out of his bed, and captured a shallop richly laden with public and
private property, and the public records.

1784. The Spanish fleet under Don Barcelo, bombarded Algiers. The
Spaniards fired 600 bombs, 144 balls and 260 grenades. The Algerines
fired 202 bombs, and 1,164 balls. Great damage was done to the city.

1804. The American squadron captured near Tripoli, two vessels laden
with wheat for that city.

1806. EDWARD THURLOW, an eminent English nobleman, died. He possessed a
vigorous and active mind, added to close application, which gave him a
high rank among the professional men of that day.

1812. Fort Wayne relieved by the troops under general Harrison. The
Indians raised the siege with great precipitation.

1813. EDMUND RANDOLPH died; whose history is blended with that of his
country.

1814. Battle of fort McHenry, near Baltimore. The British, 8,000 men,
under general Ross, were arrested in their march upon Baltimore, and
general Ross was killed. The fort was bombarded incessantly 25 hours.
Total American loss in killed and wounded 173; British official loss
290.

1819. GEBBARAL LEBRECHT, prince von Blucher, a celebrated Prussian
field-marshal, died. He had been 45 years in the army, and for his
celerity in the field, was called _Marshal Forwards_.

1820. FRANCIS CHRISTOPHER KELLERMAN, a French marshal, died. He entered
the army at the age of 17 as a huzzar, and rose to the highest honors
under Napoleon.

1829. Surrender of the Spanish army at Tampico, under general Barradas,
to the Mexicans under Santa Anna. The Spaniards were to transport
themselves to Havana, and pledged not to serve against Mexico in future.
This terminated the expedition to subdue Mexico after five engagements.

1832. PRISCILLA WAKEFIELD, an English authoress, died, aged 82. She
wrote many popular and useful works for children and youth, and promoted
the institution of savings banks.

1838. HENRY RYALLS died at Darien, Ga., aged 110. He was a soldier of
the revolution, and retained his faculties to the last.

1847. First day's battle of Chapultepec.

1849. MARIANO PAREDES, ex-president of Mexico, died in that city, after
a long and painful illness.

1850. The fugitive slave bill passed by the house of representatives at
Washington, as it had come down from the senate.

1854. DAVID LANSBOROUGH, a Scottish divine, died at Ayrshire, aged 73.
He was distinguished as a naturalist, and contributed much to the
knowledge of fossils, botany and shells.

1857. Steamship Central America, from Panama to New York, having 626
persons on board, and nearly two millions in treasure, was totally lost
in a gale, and about 100 persons were saved.


SEPTEMBER 13.

507 B. C. The dedication of the Roman capital fell upon this day, about
the full moon of the Greek month Matagitnion. Horatius Pulvillus, as
supreme prætor, drove the first annual _nail_ in the wall of the temple,
near the fane of Minerva.

44. CÆSAR executed his last testament at his seat near Lavicanum. He
left the people his gardens near the Tiber, and 300 sesterces to each
man.

81. TITUS FLAVIUS VESPASIANUS, emperor of Rome, died. He was an obscure
native of Riti, who by his merits and virtues rose to consequence in the
Roman armies, and headed the expedition against Jerusalem.

335. CONSTANTINE dedicated his great church of the Resurrection at
Jerusalem, Saturday; and on Sunday exalted the relic of the cross.

1435. JOHN PLANTAGENET, duke of Bedford, regent of France, died. He was
the brother of Henry V of England, and the most accomplished prince of
Europe. He purchased and transported to London the Royal library of
Paris.

1515. Battle of Marignano, in Italy, which lasted with great fierceness
two days. The French commander, who had been in eighteen pitched
battles, exclaimed that all other fights compared with this were but
children's sports, that this was the war of giants. The French were
victorious.

1529. Vienna besieged by the Turks.

1557. JOHN CHEKE, a learned Englishman, died. He was professor of Greek
in the university, and held important state offices. On the accession of
Mary, he preferred popery to the fagot, and abjured his faith.

1565. WILLIAM FAREL, a successful French reformer, died. He labored with
great zeal against the Catholic church, and made many proselytes.

1592. MICHAEL DE MONTAIGNE died; a celebrated French writer, whose works
are still quoted.

1598. PHILIP II, of Spain, died. He was made king of Sicily and Naples,
1554; became king of England by marriage with Mary, and two years after
ascended the Spanish throne by the abdication of his father, Charles V.
(See Sept. 4.)

1629. Nine sachems came to Plymouth and voluntarily subscribed an
instrument of submission to the English, acknowledging themselves the
loyal subjects of James, king of Great Britain, France and Ireland,
defender of the faith, &c.

1629. JOHN BUXTORF, a German linguist, died. He was professor of Hebrew,
at Basil, and is placed in the first rank of men who have been eminent
for rabbinical learning.

1645. Battle of Philiphaugh near Selkirk, where the earl of Montrose was
defeated.

1694. JOHN BARBIER D'ANCOUR, a French advocate and critic, died.

1748. The scaffolding used in Westminster Hall for the trial of the
prisoners adhering to the pretender, Charles Edward Stewart, was pulled
down and sold to the builder for £400.

1759. Quebec stormed and taken by the British under Wolfe, who was
wounded and died in the arms of victory. The French lost 500 killed, and
1,000 taken; British loss 50 killed, 500 wounded.

1771. JOHN GAMBOLD, a noted Moravian preacher in London, died; a great
enthusiast, but respected for his learning and abilities, and
inoffensive manners.

1781. Combined attack on Gibraltar by 10 Spanish floating batteries, and
about 300 cannon, mortars and howitzers from the isthmus. Two of their
largest ships were burnt and 2 feluccas taken. The British saved from
one of the ships about 350 men; 8 other ships blew up or were burnt.

1787. MOSES BROWN, an English poet and divine, died.

1794. JOHN PETER CLARIS DE FLORIAN, an eminent French author, died. His
dramas, pastorals, novels and fables, gave him great popularity as a
sentimental writer.

1795. Captain VANCOUVER returned from his voyage of discovery after an
absence of four years.

1797. JOHN FELL, an English dissenting minister, died. He is known as
the author of several respectable works.

1806. CHARLES JAMES FOX, an eminent English statesman, died.

1808. XAVIER BETTINELLI, an elegant Italian writer, died. His works are
published in 24 vols., two of which are tragedies, and two poems.

1814. British approached within 700 yards of fort Bowyer, Mobile, and
opened their fire on it.

1819. Completion of the Mahmudie or Alexandria canal, in Egypt. This
vast undertaking was commenced in January of the same year by Mehemet
Ali, pasha of Egypt, under the superintendence of six European
engineers, with about 100,000 laborers, and their number, though more
than 7,000 died of contagious diseases, was gradually increased to more
than 290,000, each of whom received about 17 cents per diem. It extends
from below Soane, on the Nile, to Pompey's pillar, is 47½ miles long,
90 feet wide, and 18 feet deep.

1831. Albany and Schenectady rail road opened; the first in the state of
New York.

1839. JAMES MAITLAND, earl of Lauderdale, died, aged 80. He was the
author of various publications on finance and political economy.

1842. An Affghan army under Akbar Khan, numbering 13,000, defeated by
the British under Gen. Pollock, at Tetzeen. Three days after the city of
Cabul occupied by British forces.

1843. The town of Port Leon in Florida, was almost entirely destroyed by
an inundation and hurricane. The inhabitants selected a new site upon
which to rebuild, a few miles higher up the St. Marks, which was called
Newport.

1847. LEVI TWIGGS killed at Chapultepec, Mexico; a distinguished officer
of the United States army.

1848. ALEXANDER SLIDELL MACKENZIE, an American naval commander, died at
Tarrytown, N. Y., aged 45. In 1842 he made a cruise in the Somers, in
which he felt constrained to hang several mutineers to the yard arm. He
published several works, and was a man of integrity and devotional
feelings.

1850. The Advance and Rescue, American vessels in search of sir John
Franklin, were completely fastened in the ice.

1855. The expedition in search of Dr. Kane, who was in search of sir
John Franklin, arrived at Lievely, isle of Disco, Greenland, where they
found Dr. Kane and his companions, who had left their ship in the ice,
and traveled 83 days to a Danish settlement.


SEPTEMBER 14.

258. THASCIUS CÆCILIUS CYPRIANUS, beheaded. He was bishop of Carthage,
and a principal father of the Christian church.

407. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, one of the most illustrious fathers of the church,
died. His works were edited by Montfaucon in 13 vols. folio.

533. The Roman general Belisarius achieved the conquest of Africa, a
chaotic waste of enslaved humanity, where the image of _intelligence_ is
unknown.

1321. ALGHIERI DANTE, a celebrated Italian poet, died. His most
considerable work is the _Inferno_.

1403. Battle of Homildon hill, in which the Scots were defeated.

1499. VASCO DE GAMA landed at Lisbon from his immortal adventure.

1523. ADRIAN VI, pope, died. He was of obscure birth, but his abilities
raised him gradually to consequence.

1528. RICHARD FOX, bishop of Exeter and Durham, died. He was of obscure
origin; besides his episcopal offices he was employed on several
embassies.

1544. The English under the duke of Norfolk raised the siege of
Montreuil in France.

1646. THOMAS HOWARD, earl of Arundel, died; famous for the discovery of
the Parian marbles which bear his name, and which he gave to the
university of Oxford.

1661. The bodies of May the historian, the mother and daughter of
Cromwell, Pym and several others, were removed from king Henry VII's
chapel and buried in the churchyard.

1666. A French expedition, consisting of 28 companies of foot and all
the militia of the colony, marched from Quebec for the purpose of
destroying the Mohawks. This formidable army, entered the Mohawk
country, after a march of 700 miles, and laid waste their villages; the
Indians, retiring into the woods with their women and children, escaped.
The expedition was commanded by M. de Tracy, then upwards of 70 years of
age.

1677. RICHARD ATKINS, a typographical author, who suffered much on
account of his loyalty, died in Marshalsea prison, being confined for
debt. His writings were all of the ultra kind.

1704. WILLIAM HUBBARD, a New England clergyman and historian, died, aged
83. He was settled at Ipswich, Mass., and was one of the best writers of
the time in which he lived.

1711. The British fleet intended for the reduction of Canada having met
with numerous reverses, arrived at Spanish-river bay, a council of land
and sea officers, considering that they had but ten weeks' provisions,
and could not depend upon a supply from New England, concluded to return
home and abandon the enterprise.

1712. JOHN DOMINIC CASSINI, a celebrated Italian astronomer, died. He
was invited by the senate to teach mathematics at Bologna, at the age of
15; and before his death had enriched science with a thousand new
discoveries.

1714. THOMAS BRITTON, a celebrated musical small coal man, died. He
rented a house in London, commenced business, and occupied his leisure
hours in learning chemistry and music. He became an adept in those
sciences, and excelled in many curious arts and crafts, all which he had
acquired without neglecting his business. During the day he was seen
with his sack and measure crying small coal, and in the evening
conducting a concert at his house, where men of fashion and well dressed
ladies of high rank ascended to his room by a ladder, to regale their
ears. He was a member of a weekly society of black-lettered literati,
where leaving his sack at the door, he entered the room among noblemen
in his checked shirt, and produced his books collected from stalls and
shops in blind alleys. His death was occasioned by a ventriloquial
friend, who during a musical conversation pronounced these words
distinctly as coming from a distance: "Thomas Britton, go home, for thou
shalt die." Honest Tom, supposing the voice to have proceeded from an
angel, went home depressed in spirits, took to his bed and died. He was
twice induced to sit for his portrait. In one he is represented in a
blue frock, with a small coal measure in his hand; and in the other
tuning a harpsichord. One of them is in the British Museum.

1716. The Thames both above and below London bridge nearly dry, supposed
to be caused by a strong west wind keeping back the tide.

1726. The Senecas, Cayugas and Onondagas surrendered to the English
their habitations and country, from Cayahoza to Oswego, and sixty miles
inland.

1741. CHARLES ROLLIN, the celebrated French historian, died, aged 81. He
was the son of a cutler, and became famous not only as a writer, but
also for his eloquence.

1751. JAMES PHILIP D'ORVILLE, a Dutch critic, died; professor of
eloquence, history and Greek at Amsterdam.

1772. A bow and quiver were found in the new forest, England, supposed
to have lain since the time of William Rufus, who was killed by an arrow
in this forest in 1100.

1777. BURGOYNE, having collected about thirty days' provision, and
thrown a bridge of boats over the Hudson, crossed and encamped on the
heights and plains of Saratoga.

1778. During the celebration of mass at Bourbon-les-bains, in Bassigni,
France, the vault under the church gave way, which occasioned the death
of 600 persons.

1784. JAMES ESSEX died; an Englishman famous for his skill in Gothic
architecture.

1788. JORDAN NOEL DE VAUX, a celebrated French general, died. He was
made governor of Corsica in 1769, and completed the conquest of that
island; he was afterwards raised to the dignity of marshal of France. He
had been present at 19 sieges and 14 battles.

1792. JOHN VANDER MERSCH died. He headed the insurgents of Brabant
against the imperial forces, in 1789, and distinguished himself by his
valor and prudence.

1795. The English drove the Dutch from their camp at the cape of Good
Hope, and captured the Williamstad of 26 guns.

1811. JAMES GRAHAME, a Scottish poet and divine, died.

1814. The French advance guard under Murat and Beauharnois entered
Moscow. No defence was made except by the populace in the Kremlin, who
fired the palace, and the whole city was wrapt in flames. Of 4,000
superb stone houses, only 200 remained; of 800 churches, all were
destroyed or heavily damaged, and of 8,000 wooden houses, about 500
escaped.

1814. Gloutzk attacked and stormed by the Russians; the Poles and French
under Dombrofsky retreated with the loss of 1,000 men.

1816. WILLIAM BAWDWEEN, an English vicar, died. He was an excellent
Saxon scholar, and translated the two first volumes of that curious
national work the _Domes-day Book_, which was published by a vote of the
British parliament. He proposed to publish the whole work, and is said
to have left the other 8 vols. prepared for the press.

1835. JOHN BRINKLEY, bishop of Cloyne in Ireland, died. He was
distinguished as a mathematician and astronomer.

1836. AARON BURR, third vice-president of the United States, died, aged
81. He possessed very distinguished talents, but manifested a lamentable
want of principle.

1839. Don CARLOS abandoned Spain and retired with his family into
France, by which the long protracted civil war in Spain was regarded as
at length closed.

1847. Battle of Gareta San Cosme in Mexico, which preceded the entrance
of the Americans into the city.

1848. The British forces under Gen. Whish had besieged for several days
the city of Moultan, in northern India. After much bloody fighting, the
desertion of Shere Singh, an important ally, they were compelled to
withdraw.

1851. JAMES FENNIMORE COOPER, a distinguished American novelist, died,
aged 62. He was born at Burlington, N. J., graduated at Yale, and
adopted the navy as his profession. He stands at the head of nautical
novelists, and is the author of historical works besides.

1852. The world-renowned duke of WELLINGTON, died at Walmer Castle, in
Kent, England, aged 83; and the numerous honors concentrated upon him
were scattered in various directions. (See Nov. 18.)

1852. AUGUSTUS N. W. PUGIN, styled the _Christian architect_, died at
Ramsgate, England, aged 41. The revival of Gothic architecture in
England is associated with the names of himself and his father.

1853. The engine of a freight train on the Ohio and Pennsylvania rail
road exploded while running, lifting the locomotive from the track and
hurling it fifty feet.

1853. The first ground broken of the European and North American rail
road, at St. John, by lady Head, assisted by the lieutenant-governor in
the presence of 25,000 people.

1854. ALEXANDER W. STOWE, chief justice of the state of Wisconsin, died
at Milwaukee.


SEPTEMBER 15.

1590. GERARD BONTIUS, professor of medicine at Leyden, died. He was the
first who immortalized himself by pills, having invented a kind, the
secret of which was long unknown.

1596. Cadiz taken and plundered by Howard and Essex. Loss computed at
20,000,000 ducats.

1607. HUDSON returned to England from his first voyage of discovery,
having discovered the island of Spitzbergen, but failed in the great
object, the discovery of a north-west passage to India.

1609. HUDSON, in his first ascent of the great river, came in view of
mountains which lay from the river's side, and anchored, it is supposed,
near the present site of Catskill landing.

1613. THOMAS OVERBURY, a polite English writer, poisoned in the Tower.
He wrote in verse and prose. (See 17th.)

1623. NICHOLAS BERGIER, historiographer of France, died. He wrote a
history of the great roads of the Roman empire.

1643. RICHARD BOYLE, the great earl of Cork, died. He went to Dublin
with a small fortune, and by his great industry and ability enriched
himself and benefited his country.

1678. The expedition under La Salle arrived at Quebec from France; count
Frontenac being governor of Canada.

1712. SIDNEY, earl of Godolphin, died. He began his political life under
Charles II; voted for the exclusion of the duke of York, but became
minister to the same person when James II; voted for a regency when
James fled; became minister to William III, and under queen Anne became
premier.

1745. ARTHUR BEDFORD, a learned English clergyman, died. He made great
exertions for the reformation of the drama.

1775. ANDREW FOULIS, a learned Scottish printer, died. From his press
issued some of the finest specimens of correct and elegant printing that
were produced in the eighteenth century.

1776. The British under general Howe took possession of New York.

1777. WASHINGTON left Philadelphia and crossed the Schuylkill with the
remains of his army, determined to give battle to sir Wm. Howe wherever
he could meet him.

1784. The first ærial voyage made in England by Vincent Lunardi, an
Italian.

1793. Battle at Parmesans; the French defeated by the Prussians under
the duke of Brunswick, with the loss of 3,000 taken prisoners, and 27
cannon. Same day Wurmser advanced upon the French lines at Lauter and
Weissenburg, and carried by assault the different redoubts, took all
their tents and 26 cannon, and would have destroyed the greater part of
the army had not their retreat been favored by a fog.

1794. Battle of Boxtel; the French under Pichegru defeated the
Prussians. The French under Jourdan also defeated the Austrians under
Clairfait.

1797. LAZARUS HOCHE died; a brave and intrepid general in the French
army during the revolution.

1810. A plot discovered to massacre the British at Lisbon, though
defending the Portuguese cause.

1814. One of the large vats in the brew house of Meux & Co., London,
burst, and demolished two houses; 3,500 barrels of beer were lost and
four persons killed.

1814. British ship Hermes, destroyed in an attack on fort Bowyer, at
Mobile point, and the other three ships compelled to put to sea. The
fort was attacked at the same time by the British and Indians on the
land side. The American garrison consisted of 130 men, of whom 4 were
killed and 4 wounded. British loss, killed and wounded, 232.

1819. An edict of the king of the Netherlands required, that in certain
provinces, none other than the national language, the Flemish-Dutch,
should be used in public business.

1829. Slavery abolished in Mexico by the president.

1829. JAMES HAMILTON died at Dublin; inventor of the Hamiltonian method
of instruction.

1830. WILLIAM HUSKISSON, an English statesman, killed by a train of cars
on the Liverpool rail road.

1833. JOHN GORDON SMITH, an eminent English scholar, died. He published
a celebrated work on medical jurisprudence; became involved in pecuniary
difficulties, and terminated his short and useful life within the walls
of the Fleet prison.

1834. WILLIAM H. CRAWFORD, an American statesman, died. He was minister
to France in 1813, and in 1825 a candidate for the presidency.

1838. ADALBERT VON CHAMISSO, one of the most popular modern poets of
Germany, died at Berlin.

1843. Revolution in Athens, which, though not sufficient to eject king
Otho from the throne of Greece, yet obliged him to concede much to the
popular will.

1849. STRAUSS, the celebrated musical composer, died at Vienna.

1849. The sultan of Turkey formally refused to deliver up Kossuth and
his colleagues, Hungarian refugees, on the demand of Russia and Austria,
and diplomatic relations with the ambassadors of those powers were
broken off.

1855. GEORGE T. NAPIER, a celebrated British general, died, aged 72. He
first distinguished himself at Martinique in 1809, and afterwards in the
Peninsula, where he lost an arm. He was seven years civil and military
governor of the cape of Good Hope, where he introduced important
measures and reforms.


SEPTEMBER 16.

1757 A. M. The covering of the ark removed by Noah on the 1st day of the
1st month, answering to our Sept. 16. (See Nov. 2.)

322 B. C. DEMOSTHENES, the Grecian orator, died by poison, on the most
mournful day of the _Thesmophoria_, 16th of Pyanepsion.

36. HEROD AGRIPPA thrown into bonds at Rome by Tiberius.

655. MARTIN I, pope, died. He caused the doctrines of the monothelites
to be condemned, and was afterwards sent to the Crimea by Constantine,
where he died of ill treatment.

1186. A conjunction of all the planets at sunrise in Libra, on which
occasion the astrologers had predicted great calamities.

1380. CHARLES V (_the Wise_), of France, died. By his abilities and
energy, the English were dispossessed of nearly all their provinces in
France.

1519. JOHN COLET, an English divine, died; known as the founder of St.
Paul's school, London, for the gratuitous education of 153 pupils
perpetually. His father had 22 children, yet at the time of making the
above endowment, he had no near relative to inherit the property.

1589. MICHAEL BAIUS, an able French ecclesiastic, died. His writings are
superior to the learning of the times in which he lived.

1655. The Swedish settlement on the Delaware, called fort Casimir,
commanded by Suen Scutz, surrendered to the Dutch under Gov. Stuyvesant.
The strength of the place consisted of 4 fourteen pounders, 5 swivels
and some small arms, which were delivered to the conquered, who became
possessed of the west side of Delaware bay, and the fortress was called
New Amstel by the Dutch, and New Castle by the English.

1681. Action off cape Spartel between a British ship and an Algerine
corsair with 327 men and 88 Christian slaves on board. The battle lasted
from 2 till 8 P. M., within pistol shot, and was renewed again next
morning, when the corsair, having lost two masts, called for quarter.

1686. FYCHAN GAUNOR died at Abercowarch, in Wales, aged 140. (1786?)

1701. JAMES II, of England, died in France. He was dethroned in 1688,
and remained a pensioner on the bounty of the king of France till his
death.

1732. The tide in the river Thames, England, flowed eight hours instead
of four and ebbed five instead of eight.

1736. GABRIEL DANIEL FAHRENHEIT, a Prussian philosopher, died; eminent
for his great improvement in the construction of thermometers.

1745. Bergen-op-Zoom surrendered to the French.

1775. ALLEN BATHURST, an English statesman, died. His biographers claim
for him almost every talent and every virtue.

1776. Unsuccessful attack of the British on the Americans at Harlem
Heights. British lost 20 killed and about 100 wounded.

1779. Count D'ESTAING summoned Savannah, Georgia, garrisoned by the
British under general Provost, who amused the French until he received a
reinforcement.

1782. CARLO BROSCHI (_Farinelli_), died; an Italian singer of great
celebrity.

1784. ROBERT BELL the first who kept a circulating library in
Philadelphia, died at Richmond, Va.

1785. Darkness so great at Quebec that no person could read at noonday.
(See Oct. 16, 1783.)

1792. Three thousand French refugees had landed in England from the
revolution in France; and in the course of the following year they were
reckoned at 8000 priests and 2000 laymen. These were mostly destitute,
and down to 1806, about two million pounds had been contributed to their
support.

1795. Cape of Good Hope surrendered to the British by the Dutch.

1800. Battle of Lambach: the French took from the Austrians 1000 wagons
of provisions, equipage and ammunition.

1804. WILLIAM TINDALL, an English divine and antiquary, died.

1805. An experiment with a calamaran made on a vessel of 300 tons burden
opposite Walma castle, England, which succeeded and blew up the vessel.

1808. PETER ISAAC THELLUSON, a rich London merchant, died, leaving
500,000 pounds to accumulate till the male children of his grandsons are
dead, which may extend to 120 years from his death, when it will amount
to £140,000,000, and if there should be no lineal descendants, it goes
to the benefit of the sinking fund.

1824. LOUIS XVIII, of France, died. During the reign of Napoleon he
lived in England. He is represented as a mild and amiable prince, who
consulted the wishes and happiness of his people.

1833. CALVIN EDSON, the _living skeleton_, died. His weight was about 40
pounds.

1833. The boundary line between New York and New Jersey settled.

1834. WILLIAM BLACKWOOD died in Edinburgh; eminent as a bookseller, and
publisher of the well known periodical, _Blackwood's Magazine_.

1838. The entire rail way from London to Birmingham opened; when the
passage including stoppages of 34 minutes, was performed in 4 hours, 48
minutes.

1839. The expedition under Dease and Simpson regained the Coppermine
river after the longest voyage that had ever been performed by boats in
the Polar sea--1631 statute miles. On the return of the party from the
Red river settlement to England, Simpson perished by violence; but was
more fortunate than Parke or Hudson, in leaving behind him his own
record of his own achievements.

1848. JOHN P. CUSHMAN, an American jurist, died at Troy, N. Y., aged 64.
He was born in Connecticut, graduated at Yale, and commenced the
practice of law in Troy. He held various offices of trust, and was
eminent in his profession.

1848. The populace of Frankfort attempted an insurrection, but were
quelled. Prince Lichnowski and major von Auerswald were barbarously
murdered by insurgents outside of the walls.

1851. HENRY WHITING, an American general, died at St. Louis. He began
his military career in 1808, and was among the oldest officers of the
army. He served with reputation on the Niagara frontier, and in the war
with Mexico, sharing in the glory of the field of Buena Vista. He was a
contributor to the _North Am. Review_.

1852. Earthquake in Manilla and places adjacent, which continued until
18th October, doing great damage.

1854. LUZERNE RAE, an American poet, died at Hartford, Ct., aged 43.
After graduating at Yale, he became a teacher in the deaf and dumb
institution at Hartford, where he found time to edit the _Religious
Herald_, and the first six volumes of _Annals_ of the deaf and dumb, to
write poetry, and collect materials for a history of New England.

1855. BENEDETTO PISTRUCCI, medalist to the queen of England, died at
Windsor, aged 73. He was a member of various learned European
institutions.


SEPTEMBER 17.

1575. HENRY BULLINGER, one of the early reformers, died. He was one of
the authors of the _Helvetic Confession_, and assisted Calvin in drawing
up the _Formulary_. His works form 10 vols. folio.

1614. THOMAS OVERBURY poisoned in the Tower with an envenomed clyster
contrived by the earl of Somerset and his countess. (See Sept. 15.)

1621. ROBERT BELLARMIN died; an Italian cardinal, and one of the most
celebrated controversial writers of his time.

1651. CONSTANTINE CAIETAN (_Thomas de Vio_), an Italian cardinal, died.
He made a literal translation of the Bible from the original.

1665. PHILIP IV, of Spain, died. He was unsuccessful in his wars with
Holland and France; and the Portuguese also rebelled, and compelled him
to acknowledge their independence.

1673. JAMES BARRELIER, a celebrated French ecclesiastic and naturalist,
died. He traversed the south of France, Spain and Italy, and during a
residence of 25 years at Rome, collected plants and other objects of
natural history, with a view to their publication. Dying before the work
was completed, he bequeathed his manuscripts to the library of a
convent; but soon after his death all his collections were dispersed,
and some were burnt, except the copperplates, which were collected and
published by Jussieu.

1683. Controversy between lord Baltimore and William Penn. Lord
Baltimore appointed Col. Talbot to demand of Penn all the lands lying on
the west side of the river Delaware and south of the 40th degree, as a
part of Maryland.

1690. A fire in Boston destroyed the printing office of Bartholomew
Green, which was the best furnished in America.

1703. Gelders, a Prussian city, surrendered to the duke of Marlborough,
after having been long blockaded, bombarded and reduced to a heap of
ashes.

1720. WILLIAM BURNET, son of the English bishop, took upon him the
government of New York.

1753. The first theatre in New York opened in Nassau street by Lewis
Hallam; the third stage on which the productions of the dramatic muse
were exhibited to the inhabitants of the new world. The days of
performance were Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, and so continued for
near half a century.

1759. Quebec taken.

1762. FRANCISCO GEMINIANI, died; an extraordinary performer on the
violin, and composer for that instrument.

1767. FRANCES SHERIDAN died; an ingenious novelist and dramatic writer,
and mother of Richard Brinsley Sheridan.

1771. The Prussians under Gen. Platten, destroyed the Russian magazines
on the frontiers of Poland.

1775. Americans under Gen. Montgomery laid siege to St. John's Canada.

1782. Permacoli, in Hindostan, surrendered by the British to Hyder Ally
and the French.

1785. ANTHONY LEONARD THOMAS, a French poet and prose writer, died.

1787. The constitution of the United States adopted by the federal
convention at Philadelphia, and referred to the conventions of the
separate states for concurrence.

1795. The French national assembly directed that a copy of the
_Dictionary_ of the academy, with the notes and additions in the margin,
deposited in the library of the committee of public instruction, should
be delivered to the booksellers, and that after a new one should be
completed that it be returned; 15,000 copies to be printed.

1796. Battle of Altenkirchen, in which the celebrated French general
Merceau was killed.

1802. RICHARD OWEN CAMBRIDGE died; an elegant English poet, critic and
miscellaneous writer.

1811. A beautiful annular eclipse of the sun was observed at Richmond in
Virginia and other places adjacent.

1814. Sortie and battle of Fort Erie. The British _sine qua non_,
totally defeated, and compelled to break up the camp and retire. British
loss, killed, wounded and prisoners, 578; American loss, 82 killed, 216
wounded, 215 missing--513.

1837. HENRY BROWN, a soldier of the revolution, died at Boston, Ohio,
aged 104. He was at the battle of Bunker Hill, and other engagements.

1839. MATTHEW CAREY, a celebrated printer and bookseller of
Philadelphia, died. He was a native of Ireland, and a man of great
activity and benevolence. His writings are numerous and well known.

1840. EMMA ROBERTS, an English authoress of considerable note, died at
Poonah, in India.

1842. HENRY FLOYD, a bricklayer of Romsey, England, died, aged 47. He
was remarkable for his great bulk, being the largest man in England. His
weight was about 500 lbs. Notwithstanding the unwieldiness of his frame
he was in constant attendance upon his business, was shrewd, intelligent
and good natured, and much respected. His coffin contained nearly 200
feet of inch board.

1851. JOHN KIDD, librarian to the Radcliffe library, died at Oxford,
England, aged 76. He wrote upon medicine, mineralogy and geology, and
furnished one of the best of the Bridgewater treatises.

1854. The steamer City of Philadelphia, seven days out from Liverpool,
with 540 passengers, struck upon cape Race and became a total loss. The
passengers were saved.

1855. The corner stone of the public library laid in Boston with
appropriate ceremonies.


SEPTEMBER 18.

96. TITUS FLAVIUS DOMITIANUS, emperor of Rome, died. He was the last of
the Cæsars. Juvenal has shown him a buffoon, and history fixed his
infamy.

1014. A violent storm caused the inundation of a large portion of
Flanders.

1069. The city of New York burned by the Norman garrison.

1180. LOUIS VII, king of France, died. He made a crusade, with an army
of 80,000 men, to Palestine, but was defeated by the Saracens.

1609. HUDSON, ascending the river which bears his name, observing the
water to become shoal, cast anchor in the neighborhood of the present
town of Castleton, where he went on shore at the invitation of an old
man, who appeared to be the governor of the country; who was chief over
40 men and 17 women; and who occupied a house made of the bark of trees,
exceedingly smooth, and well finished, within and without. Here he found
large quantities of Indian corn and beans, enough to load three ships,
besides what were still growing in the fields.

1621. The Plymouth colonists sent an expedition consisting of ten men in
a shallop, accompanied by Squanto and two other Indians, to the
Massachusetts, to discover the bay, see the country, make peace, and
trade with the natives.

1674. GABRIEL COSSART died; a French writer, who assisted Labbe in his
grand collection of councils, which extended to 28 vols. folio.

1675. Battle of Deerfield, Mass., with the Indians. A company of 96 men
under captain Lathrop were escorting 3,000 bushels of corn to a place of
security, when they were so suddenly set upon by about 800 Indians, that
only 8 escaped. This was a choice company of young men culled from the
towns of Essex county. Another company, coming, though too late to their
rescue, marched through and through that great body of Indians, and
after a fight of five or six hours, came off with a loss of only two,
and eight wounded. It is thought that had Lathrop followed the same
mode of fighting, he might have escaped with a smaller loss; but his
mode was to fight the savages in their own way, by skulking behind
trees, and picking off single persons, which enabled five or six of the
enemy, which were so greatly superior in numbers, to surround a single
man, and deliberately fire at him at once. The Indians afterwards
acknowledged a loss of 96 that day.

1684. JOHN ANTONIDES (_Vander Goes_), an excellent Dutch poet, died.

1721. MATTHEW PRIOR died; an eminent English poet and statesman.

1722. ANDREW DACIER, a very celebrated French critic and philosopher,
died. He translated many of the classics.

1759. The city of Quebec surrendered to the English under brigadier
general Townshend, and was garrisoned by 5,000 men under general Murray.

1773. The Polish diet finally ratified the treaty of the partition of
their country between Russia, Austria and Prussia.

1773. JOHN CUNNINGHAM died; an ingenious pastoral poet and dramatic
writer.

1777. Americans under colonel BROWN attacked and defeated the British on
the north end of lake George and Ticonderoga, took 293 prisoners,
released 100 Americans, and retook the continental standard left there
on its evacuation in July.

1777. Congress at Philadelphia adjourned to meet at Lancaster, on
account of the approach of the British.

1790. HENRY FREDERICK, brother to George III, and duke of Cumberland,
died. His marriage with Mrs. Horton gave rise to the famed _Marriage Act
of England_.

1792. The south-east corner stone of the north wing of the Capitol at
Washington, was laid by general Washington.

1794. Bellegarde, a strong and important fortress, commanding the road
from France into Spain, surrendered at discretion to the French under
Dugommier, although abundantly supplied with every thing required to
hold out a siege of many months.

1798. NELSON being applied to for assistance by the Malthese, sent a
Portuguese squadron, consisting of 4 ships of the line and 2 frigates,
which appeared before Valetta on this day.

1800. The treaty between Bonaparte and the pope, called the _Concordat_,
ratified. This was dictated by the first consul and in every article
infringed on the pretensions of the papal dignitary.

1811. Dutch surrendered the island of Java to the British.

1811. Battle of Ximena, in Spain, and defeat of the French under Soult.

1816. BERNARD M'MAHON, an eminent botanist from Ireland, died at his
botanic garden, near Philadelphia.

1819. JOHN LANGDON died; an active and powerful advocate of the American
revolution. He was a member of the congress of 1775, and of the
convention which framed the constitution; a senator in congress, and
governor of New Hampshire.

1821. JOHN NICHOLAS CORVISART, a distinguished French physician, died.
He was physician to Napoleon, and greatly promoted the progress of
experimental medicine and pathological anatomy in France.

1830. WILLIAM HAZLITT, an elegant English writer, died. He is also known
as an artist.

1834. KEATING SIMONS died, aged 82; aid-de-camp in the revolutionary war
to general Marion.

1838. Great eclipse of the sun over the United States.

1840. C. S. RAFINESQUE, an eminent botanist, died at Philadelphia, where
he had been for several years professor of botany and natural history in
Transylvania university, and author of several works on various
scientific subjects.

1842. JOHN C. COLT under sentence of death in New York for the murder of
Mr. Adams, killed himself on the day appointed for his execution.

1853. ANDREWS NORTON, an American theologian, died, aged 68. He wrote
several theological works, was a profound and accurate scholar, and for
talent, acquirements and influence, one of the most remarkable men of
New England.

1854. The British consul at the Sandwich islands presented his protest
to the king, against the annexation of those islands to the United
States.

1854. WILLIAM PLUMER, a New Hampshire statesman, died, aged 65. He
graduated at Harvard, and while in congress opposed the Missouri
compromise. He was a man of taste, had an attachment to historical
researches, and collected a fine library. He published two small volumes
of poems.

1855. JOHN F. W. JOHNSTON, an eminent English chemist and mineralogist,
died at Durham, aged 59. He published several valuable works on
agricultural chemistry and geology, and was a contributor to the
reviews.


SEPTEMBER 19.

880. ABBATEGNIA decided the obliquity of the ecliptic to be 23° 25´.

1356. Battle of Poictiers, between the English army of 12,000 men,
under Edward, the _Black Prince_, and the French, 60,000 under king
John. The battle ended in the utter rout of the French army and the
capture of their king, who was afterwards led in triumph through the
streets of London.

1471. The first book known to have been printed in the English tongue
bears this date, and is entitled _The Recuyell of the History of Troy_,
translated from the French, and printed by William Caxton, at Cologne.
(See Oct. 4.)

1524. The imperialists under Pescara raised the siege of Marseilles and
retired with precipitation towards Italy.

1587. JAMES PAMELIUS, a learned Flemish writer, died.

1650. STUYVESANT, the Dutch governor of New-Netherland, arrived at
Hartford and demanded of the commissioners for the united colonies, a
full surrender of the lands on Connecticut river. After an altercation
of several days, articles of agreement in relation to boundaries were
settled.

1665. The number of deaths by plague in London for the week ending on
this day was reported to be 10,000; the greatest weekly mortality
reported during the scourge.

1678. BERNARD VAN GALEN, a Westphalian bishop and general died. His
ecclesiastical office was of minor importance with him, and he contrived
to keep up a perpetual war with one state or another; so that when he
died, his loss was little regretted.

1681. Desperate engagement between a Moorish vessel, the Half Moon, 32
guns, from Angier, and the English galleys James and Sapphire. Of the
Turks and Moors 93 were killed; English loss 95 killed and wounded.

1693. At St. Malo three hundred houses were unroofed by the blowing up
of a fire vessel sent in by captain Benbow.

1710. OLAUS RŒMER, a Danish astronomer, died.

1736. Mrs. MAPP, the famous bone setter, of Epsom, having set up a fine
equipage, came to Kensington and waited on the queen.

1737. Gottingen university opened.

1745. The celebrated JONATHAN SWIFT died, aged 78.

1761. PETER VAN MUSSCHENBROEK, a distinguished Dutch philosopher, died.

1777. Battle of Stillwater, between the British under Burgoyne and the
Americans under general Gates. The action was continued with great valor
on both sides during 4 hours. The Americans retired to their camp at
night, with the loss of 319 killed, wounded and missing. British loss
over 500.

1778. Action between American privateer Hancock and British frigate
Levant, 32 guns. The Levant blew up, and only 18 of her crew were saved.

1793. The new French calendar commenced. It divided the year into 12
months of 30 days each with 5 intercallary days, called _Sansculotides_.

1798. ELIHU H. SMITH, a physician and poet, died in New York.

1803. Dutch colonies of Demerara and Essequibo surrendered to the
British.

1804. GEORGE ZABIRA, a learned Greek, died.

1810. JAMES CHEETHAM, a noted political editor, died in New York, aged
37. He was the biographer of Thomas Paine, and published the _American
Citizen_.

1814. The boats of the British ship Forth, under the direction of
lieutenant Neville, carried by boarding and destroyed the American
letter of marque brig Regent, 5 guns and 35 men, at the mouth of Little
Egg harbor.

1851. Battle of Camargo, between the forces of the Mexican government
and those of Carvajal, in which the latter were victorious.

1851. FREDERICK WHITTLESEY, a New York jurist, died at Rochester, aged
54.

1852. Great inundation in the valleys of the Rhine and the Rhone.

1854. The allied forces which had landed at Old Fort, to operate against
Sebastopol, commenced their march to that fortress. They consisted of
25,000 British, 25,000 French, and 8,000 Turkish troops.

1855. A terrible gale swept lake Borgne and the Gulf coast, causing loss
of life and great destruction of property at Pass Christian, Mississippi
city, Biloxi, and other points in the vicinity.


SEPTEMBER 20.

377 B. C. On this day was fought the famous naval battle of Naxus, in
which the Lacedemonians were totally defeated.

331 B. C. ALEXANDER crossed the Tigris and entered Assyria. The army
encountered great difficulties in the passage, both from the depth and
force of the current, and the slippery nature of its bed. The cavalry
formed a double line, within which the infantry marched with their
shields over their heads, and their arms interlinked. In this manner
they crossed without loss of lives. Their entrance into Assyria was
signalized by an almost total eclipse of the moon, by which the date of
the event is determined.

92 B. C. LUCIUS LUCINIUS CRASSUS died; a Roman orator, greatly commended
by Cicero.

692. ABDULLAH IBN ZOBEYR, khalif of Mecca, having been besieged nine
months in his capital until he was deserted by his friends and family,
put himself at the head of five faithful followers, and rushed upon the
besiegers, by whom he was slain, at the age of 72.

1142. MAUD, queen of England, besieged in Oxford by the forces of
Stephen, but escaped on foot.

1384. LOUIS I, duke of Anjou, died at Paris, of a broken heart, in
consequence of the ill success of his measures.

1415. OWEN GLENDOWER, a celebrated Welch warrior, died; he opposed the
sovereignty of Henry IV of England more than fourteen years, by force of
arms, declaring him to be an usurper and the murderer of Richard II.

1527. JANUS GRUTERIUS, an eminent Dutch philologer, died. He was an able
critic, a man of extensive erudition, and a very voluminous and
respectable writer.

1581. HUBERT LANGUET, an eminent French statesman, died. He was a man of
great political knowledge, and deservedly esteemed by the wisest and
most eminent men of his age.

1586. ANTHONY BABINGTON with others cruelly executed in St. Giles's
fields for a conspiracy against queen Elizabeth.

1639. JOHN MEURSIUS, a learned Dutch scholar, died. His works were
printed at Florence in 12 vols. folio.

1643. Battle of Newbury, between the royalists under prince Rupert, and
the parliamentary forces under the earl of Essex. Night put an end to
the action, and left the victory undecided. Lucius Carey, lord Falkland,
and the earls of Sunderland and Carnaervon, were killed.

1653. The New England colonies declared war against Ninigret, sachem of
the Niantick Indians, and voted that 250 foot soldiers should be
immediately raised in the four colonies: Massachusetts to send 166,
Plymouth 30, Connecticut 33, New-Haven 21.

1662. JOHN GAUDEN, an English prelate, died. He published the _Icon
Basilike_ of Charles I, and had the good fortune to escape the search of
the parliament for the publisher of that popular book.

1668. VINCENT WING died; a famous English astronomer and astrologer, who
published _The Celestial Harmony of the Visible World_, and other works.

1736. JOHN BERNARDI died in Newgate prison, England, aged 79. He had
been confined there 40 years on a false charge of plotting the
assassination of William III.

1740. CHARLES VI died; sixteenth and last emperor of Germany of the
house of Austria, in the male line; he was succeeded by his daughter
Maria Theresa.

1746. The _Young Pretender_, CHARLES EDWARD, having been completely
defeated at Culloden, embarked for France at Lochmannoch, in a privateer
of St. Malo, and arrived safe. His followers were less fortunate.

1759. JULIAN LE ROY, a distinguished French mechanic, died. His watches
acquired great celebrity.

1761. Auto-da-fé at Lisbon; there were 54 criminals, 3 of them in
effigy.

1770. Captain PHIPPS returned to London from his voyage to the polar
seas, being stopped by ice, latitude 81° 30´ north.

1783. Captain TURNER, the traveler, was received at Jikadze, the capital
of the lama of Thibet.

1791. LOUIS XVI, for the first time after his return from Varennes,
repaired to the hall of the national assembly, in order to give his
adhesion, viva voce, to the new constitution.

1792. Battle of Valmy, between the French and allies. It is stated that
although more than 40,000 cannon shot were fired in this engagement, not
more than 400 men were killed.

1805. PIERRE FRANÇOIS ANDRE MECHAIN died at Castillon, in Spain. His
theory of eclipses and other astronomical phenomena has much merit.

1814. The British under general DRUMMOND, in consequence of the losses
sustained on the 17th, raised the siege of fort Erie.

1814. AUGUSTUS WILLIAM IFLAND, a German actor and dramatic writer, died
at Berlin, and was interred with great pomp.

1815. WILLIAM HUTTON died; the historian of Birmingham, and author of
various other works.

1831. JOHN HENRY HOBART, bishop of the protestant episcopal diocese of
New York, died; a man of vigorous intellect and great decision of
character.

1840. FRANCIA, dictator of Paraguay, died at Paraguay, at a very
advanced age.

1842. WILLIAM MAGINN died in England. He was a contributor to the London
_Literary Gazette_, and in 1818-20 to _Blackwood's Magazine_ under the
signature of O'Doherty.

1849. JONATHAN H. HUBBARD, a distinguished American statesman, of
Vermont, died, aged 81.

1852. PHILANDER CHASE, bishop of Illinois, died at Peoria, aged 76. He
was a native of New Hampshire; was bishop of Ohio 12 years, of Illinois
17 years; laid the foundation of Kenyon college, and was president of
Jubilee college.

1854. The allies attacked the Russians under Menschikoff, who 40,000 in
number, were strongly entrenched upon the heights of Alma, and after a
contest of four hours drove them from the ground with great loss. The
allies had about 500 killed and 2,500 wounded; the Russian loss said to
have been more than 7,000.


SEPTEMBER 21.

60. Saint MATTHEW, the apostle, died at Heliopolis, in Parthia.

1327. EDWARD II, 10th king of England, barbarously murdered at Berkley
castle. Less wise and firm than his father, he forfeited the confidence
of his people, and his wife Isabella joined the rebellion against him.

1520. SELIM I, sultan of Turkey, died. He came to the throne by causing
the death of his father and two brothers. He conquered Egypt and crushed
the power of the Mamelukes, which for 260 years had governed that
country.

1534. ALCAZABA sailed from Cadiz on a voyage of discovery. He was
murdered in the straits of Magellan by his crew, and the ship was
wrecked at Brazil.

1558. CHARLES V, emperor of Germany, died. He ascended the throne of
Spain 1518, and two years afterwards was elected to the empire. After a
reign of 38 years he resigned and retired to a cloister. His death was
caused by taking cold on getting out of his coffin after having gone
through with a mock funeral, to gratify an idle whim.

1576. JEROME CARDAN died; an Italian physician, and one of the most
extraordinary men of the age. His works were printed at Lyons in 10
vols. folio.

1609. HUDSON arrived in the vicinity of Albany, and having satisfied
himself by despatching a boat seven or eight miles farther up, that he
had gained the head of ship navigation, he prepared to retrace his
course.

1659. First Esopus war began.

1704. BEAT DE ZURLAUBEN (_the younger_), a Swiss general in the French
army, died at Ulm, in consequence of seven wounds which he had received
at the battle of Hochstadt.

1723. The Irish house of commons addressed king George I on the evils of
Wood's halfpence. For some time this subject was a theme for lampoons
and Dean Swift's wit.

1733. NOEL STEPHEN SANADON, a learned French Jesuit, died; professor of
rhetoric at Paris, and author of several much admired orations and
poems.

1735. PETER ARTEDI drowned; a Swedish naturalist, so intimate with
Linnæus that they made each other heirs of their manuscripts and other
literary property.

1745. Battle of Prestonpans, in England, between the forces of the young
pretender and those of the king. The former gained a complete victory
with the loss of only 50; while 500 of the king's troops were killed on
the field of battle, and lost their artillery, colors, tents, baggage
and military chest.

1748. JOHN BALGUY died; an eminent English prelate, and controversial
and metaphysical writer. He committed 200 of his sermons to the flames
in presence of his son, afterwards prebendary of Winchester, whom he
wished to excite to the same laudable application.

1757. ROBERT PARR died at Brignorth, England, aged 124. He was a great
grandson of Thomas Parr who attained the age of 152. One of the sons of
the latter attained the age of 109, and a grandson died at the age of
113. Their mode of living was simple and temperate.

1761. GABRIEL MALAGRIDA, an Italian Jesuit, burnt in Portugal as a false
prophet. His zeal and eloquence rendered him popular, but he became
obnoxious to the inquisition after the abolition of his order.

1776. Great fire in New York, then in possession of the British; 1,000
houses were burnt.

1777. British under general Grey, surprised the Americans under general
Wayne in the night, killed about 300, and took a few prisoners and some
baggage. The prudent dispositions of Wayne prevented their further
success.

1780. Americans under colonel Davie surprised a party of British at
Wahab's house, killed and wounded 60, and took 96 horses and equipments,
and 120 stand of arms, with the loss of only 1.

1780. Major ANDRE, an adjutant-general in the British army, landed in
the night from the British sloop of war Vulture, and proceeded to West
Point to confer with Arnold.

1792. Royalty abolished, and France declared a republic, by acclamation,
in the national assembly.

1795. The _Peep of day boys_, in Ireland, changed their name to _Orange
men_, and opened their first lodge.

1802. Mons. GARNERIN ascended at London in a balloon about 4,000 feet,
and descended in a parachute safely at St. Pancras. His balloon fell the
next day near Farnham, in Surrey.

1803. ROBERT EMMET hanged in Dublin for high treason in conspiring the
death of George III, and providing arms, &c., for the rebels. His
speech in his defence is a masterly piece of eloquence.

1812. The Americans under captain Forsyth attacked and carried the
village of Gananoque, in Canada.

1814. Action between the United States sloop of war Wasp, captain
Blakely, and the British brig Atalanta, formerly the Siro of Baltimore.
The Atalanta was captured, and made the 13th and last prize of the Wasp
during that cruise; for nothing is known of her fate afterwards.

1814. The British under lieut. Drummond retreated from before fort Erie
to Niagara.

1832. WALTER SCOTT, the most popular writer of his age, and the most
distinguished novelist in English literature, died at Abbotsford, in
Scotland. His fictitious prose works comprise 75 volumes, and his
complete works about 100 volumes.

1842. JEREMIAH SMITH, for many years a member of congress from and ex
governor of New Hampshire, died at Dover, aged 62, highly respected as a
statesman and a jurist, as well as a scholar.

1842. JAMES IVORY, a distinguished Scottish mathematician, died near
London. At the solicitation of lord Brougham, king William IV conferred
on him the order of knighthood, with a pension of £300.

1846. First day's battle of Monterey.

1851. The stores of Spanish residents at Key West, Florida, were
attacked and their contents destroyed, in consequence of the excitement
about the Cuban expedition of Lopez.

1852. WILLIAM BADGER, a New Hampshire jurist, died, aged 73. He had long
filled various offices of state with creditable ability.

1852. JOHN CHAMBERS, a pioneer Kentucky emigrant, died, aged 73. He was
born in New Jersey, and went to Kentucky at the age of 13. He practiced
law with success; was a volunteer aid-de-camp to Harrison at the battle
of the Thames, and was one of the foremost in the pursuit of Proctor. He
was the first governor of Iowa, and held other public offices.

1853. General PINEDA, sometime president of Nicaragua, died at Rivas.

1854. JONATHAN MAYHEW WAINWRIGHT, a New York episcopal bishop, died,
aged 63; esteemed a learned theologian and a ripe scholar.


SEPTEMBER 22.

479 B. C. Battle of Mycale, between the Greeks and Persians. This
victory happened in the 24th of the Bœotian month Panemus, observed
as an anniversary by the Greek confederates. The Persians, computed at
100,000 men, were completely defeated and despoiled.

479 B. C. The battle of Platæa is also placed on the same day, in which
300,000 Persians under Mardonius were defeated by 100,000 Greeks under
Pausanius and Aristides. The loss of the Greeks was inconsiderable; but
of the Persians Mardonius was slain and scarcely one-tenth of his army
escaped by flight. (See Aug. 3.)

19 B. C. PUBLIUS MARO VIRGILIUS, the most excellent of all the ancient
Roman poets, died.

622. Flight of MAHOMET; an imposing event, which took place, it is
ascertained with certainty, sixty-eight days _after_ the commencement of
the great Arabian era, July 16th.

1193. HENRY IV, of Germany, and his captive, Richard the Lion, addressed
letters from Spires to the primates and magnates of England, notifying
the severe terms of ransom "agreed" upon between them.

1298. Battle of Stirlingbridge, between the Scots under Wallace and the
English under Warrenne; the latter defeated and obliged to retire into
England.

1415. HENRY V took Harfleur, in France, reducing it to an English
colony.

1536. WILLIAM TYNDALE, one of the first publishers of the Bible in
English, was burnt at the stake at Antwerp.

1554. The duke of Northumberland with Sir JOHN GATES and Sir THOMAS
PALMER executed.

1559. ROBERT STEPHENS, the celebrated and learned Parisian printer,
died, aged 56.

1604. Ostend, a seaport in Flanders, surrendered to the Spanish under
general Spinola, after a close siege of upwards of three years. The
Spanish are supposed to have lost 80,000 men during this siege; and not
less than 50,000 English and Dutch perished in the town during that
time.

1632. FREDERICK BORROMEO, archbishop of Milan, died. He sustained an
excellent character, and founded the Ambrosian library.

1646. JOHN FRANCIS NICERON died; an eminent French mathematician and
optician; and author of some valuable works.

1662. JOHN BIDDLE, styled the father of the English unitarians, died in
prison, a martyr to principle.

1688. FRANCIS BERNIER, a celebrated French traveler and physician, died
at Paris. He extended his travels to the Mogul empire, where he became
physician to Aurungzebe.

1692. Two men and seven women executed at Salem for witchcraft. One of
them was pressed to death for standing mute.

1703. VINCENT VIVIANI, a famous Florentine mathematician, died. He was
the pupil and friend of Galileo.

1708. Battle near Smolensko, in which the Swedes under Charles XII,
consisting of six regiments of horse and 4,000 infantry, attacked and
defeated 10,000 horse and 6,000 Calmucks. The king killed above a dozen
with his own hand.

1735. PETER BROWNE, bishop of Cork, died. He distinguished himself by
some philosophical writings.

1738. JOSEPH AVERANIUS died; a Florentine philosopher, of great powers
of mind.

1741. In the north of Ireland wheat sold at sixpence a stone of 14 lbs.,
and beef at one penny a pound.

1742. BENOIT, a learned Phœnician, died. He became a Hebrew professor
at Pisa, and edited the works of Ephrem Syrus.

1743. GEORGE CLINTON arrived at New York, as governor of the province,
"seeking nothing more than a genteel frugality and common civility,
while he was mending his fortunes, till his friends could recall him,
and with justice to their own characters and interests, to some indolent
and more lucrative station."

1761. GEORGE III and his queen CHARLOTTE, crowned at Westminster.

1769. ANTHONY GENOVESI died; a native of Castiglione, who acquired great
celebrity as a lecturer on philosophy at Naples; and much odium by
adopting the theories of Galileo, Grotius and Newton.

1770. Convention of the people of Massachusetts, consisting of delegates
from 96 towns and 8 districts, met at Faneuil hall to consider the
grievance of standing armies, &c.

1770. THOMAS LE SUER died at Rome, where he taught theology, philosophy
and mathematics with great applause.

1774. CLEMENT XVI (_John Ganganelli_), pope, died. He was studious in
his youth, and recommended himself to office by his abilities and
merits.

1788. The Oneidas ceded all their lands to the state of New York.

1792. Commencement of the French republican era. It computes from
midnight: "the 1st of the 1st decade of the 1st month (Vendemaire) of
the 1st year of the French republic, one and indivisible."

1796. The English frigate Amphion blown up at Plymouth. Out of 220, 16
only saved.

1803. ANGIOLO FABRONI, an Italian ecclesiastic, died. He wrote an
account of the learned men in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries, in
21 vols.

1814. The celebrated colossal statue of sir William Wallace, the
Scottish chief, finished under the direction of the earl of Buchan.
This statue overlooks the grave of sir Walter Scott.

1837. DAVID UNWINS, a distinguished London physician, died. He was a man
of literature and science, and author of several valuable medical works.

1846. The battle of Monterey, in Mexico, was fought. The Americans
though signally victorious, yet lost many brave officers and men. It
began on the 21st and was concluded on the 23d.

1851. LOUIS KOSSUTH, the Hungarian chief, and thirty-five of his country
men, were sentenced to death _in contumaciam_, at Pesth, for not
appearing after citation.

1851. MARY MARTHA SHERWOOD, an English writer of juvenile books, died at
Twickenham, aged 77. Her works number about fifty, and were valuable and
popular, particularly _Little Henry and his Bearer_.

1852. PHILIP MILLEDOLER, president of Rutgers college, died at Staten
Island, aged 77. He was one of the framers of the American Bible
society, and was an eminent minister of the Dutch reformed church.

1854. JOHN PURVIANCE, a Maryland jurist, died, aged 81. He was judge of
the county court of Baltimore nearly thirty years, and left a fine
library which was dispersed by auction after his death.

1854. THOMAS DENMAN, an English judge and peer, died, aged 75. He
distinguished himself in parliament, and also in the trial of queen
Caroline. He presided in the court of queen's bench more than 17 years.


SEPTEMBER 23.

67. Gamala, supposed impregnable, fell before Vespasian on the 23d
Hyperbereteus (Tisri), nor age nor sex was spared.

768. PEPIN (_the Short_), king of France, died. He maintained respect at
home and abroad by the valor and heroic firmness of his conduct.

1459. Battle of Bloreheath, in England. The Yorkists, under the earl of
Salisbury, defeated lord Audley, who was slain.

1519. CORTEZ entered the Indian city of Tlascala; having in the short
space of twenty-four days subdued a powerful nation.

1571. JOHN JEWEL, bishop of Salisbury, died; one of the most learned and
prominent divines under Elizabeth.

1641. Irish rebellion and massacre. The number of protestants slain is
variously estimated, probably, however, not less than 150,000. O'Niel
was the instigator.

1641. The Merchant Royall, a fine ship, "having in her a world of
treasure," was wrecked near Land's end.

1642. Battle of Worcester; the parliament forces under Sandys defeated
by the royalists under Rupert.

1657. JOACHIM JUNGE died; a German philosopher of great ability, who
arrayed himself against the Aristotelian philosophy.

1675. VALENTIN CONRART died; to whose influence, taste and love for
literature, the French ascribe the origin of their academy, of which he
is styled the father.

1709. Newburgh on the west side of the Hudson river settled.

1727. JAMES ABBADDIE, a learned French protestant minister, died. He was
an elegant preacher, and his works were unusually popular.

1737. The Hebrews disfranchised by a vote of the New York legislature.

1738. HERMAN BOERHAAVE, an eminent Dutch physician, died. From his
multifarious knowledge he has been styled the Voltaire of science.

1746. Namur, in Belgium, taken by the French, and with it 7,000
Austrians surrendered.

1777. The British army under general Howe crossed the Schuylkill.

1779. American frigate Bon Homme Richard, 40 guns, 375 men, captain Paul
Jones, engaged and captured the British frigate Serapis, captain
Pearson, 44 guns. While engaged, the American frigate Alliance, 36 guns,
frequently sailed round the Serapis and poured in a raking fire, both
fore and aft, but as they were close alongside of each other, her fire
frequently did execution on board Jones's ship, 11 of whose men and an
officer were killed by one broadside. The loss on both sides was very
great. At the same time, in company, the British ship Countess of
Scarborough engaged the French frigate Pallas, and after an action of
two hours struck her colors and was made prize of.

1780. JOHN ANDRE, the British spy, intercepted near Tarrytown, about 25
miles above New York, and taken into custody.

1784. Some Americans in Savannah, not to be behind the age, fitted up a
balloon in which 6 men with 600 bushels of corn and necessaries for the
trip, started from that city for Jamaica.

1792. Dr. PRIESTLY and THOMAS PAINE were elected to the national
convention of France.

1794. French national convention decreed the formation of a company of
_ærostats_ to superintend the military balloons.

1795. The Dutch colony at the cape of Good Hope taken possession of by
the English.

1803. Battle of Assaye, in Hindostan, between the British, 4500 men,
under Wellesley, and Scindea's army consisting of 38,500 cavalry, 10,500
regular infantry, 500 matchlocks, and 500 rocket men--total, 50,000 men,
with a train of 90 cannon. The latter were defeated.

1806. The American exploring party under captains Lewis and Clarke,
returned to St. Lewis, having lost but one of their party.

1807. The British withdrew their troops from Egypt, after having
sustained a loss of more than one half by climate and combat.

1813. American frigate President, Com. Rodgers, took the British
schooner Highflyer, 5 guns, without any action.

1823. MATTHEW BAILLIE died; an eminent English physician, author of a
superior work on the morbid anatomy of the human body.

1824. Major CARTWRIGHT, an enthusiastic English reformer, died, aged 84.
So early as 1775 he published a tract entitled American Independence the
Glory and Interest of Great Britain.

1835. BELLINI, a celebrated Italian musical composer, died at Paris,
aged 29.

1836. MARIA FELICITAS MALIBRAN DE BERITAS, a celebrated vocal actress,
died. She possessed extraordinary endowments, and a remarkable
combination of fine qualities rendered her the admiration of all who saw
or heard her. She was heard to sing in one evening in six different
languages, and with unqualified admiration in all.

1842. A great fire took place in Liverpool, England; 500,000 pounds
sterling worth of property destroyed and 20 persons killed.

1846. The new planet predicted by M. Leverrier was discovered at Berlin
by Dr. Galle. On the 29th it was seen in London; 21st Oct. at Cambridge,
Mass.; 23d Oct. at Washington.

1846. Last day's battle of Monterey, in which the arms of the United
States troops were gloriously victorious.

1852. The barque Cornelia, having cleared at Havana, was brought to and
boarded at the mouth of the harbor, and the mail bags rifled in the
expectation of detecting a conspiracy.

1854. The Russians closed the passage to the harbor of Sebastopol by
sinking in the entrance five ships of the line and two frigates.

1855. The island of Guam visited by a terrific tornado, nearly every
house on the island was destroyed, and 8,000 persons left houseless.


SEPTEMBER 24.

366. LIBERIUS, pope, died. He subscribed, very reluctantly, the
condemnation of Athanasius.

867. MICHAEL III (_the Drunkard_), emperor of Rome, assassinated. His
minority was governed by his mother, a woman of great ability; but on
assuming the reigns of government, his profligate conduct led to his
death.

1143. INNOCENT II, pope, died. He was elected to the office in 1130, but
excluded by a rival for several years.

1332. JOHN BALIOL crowned king of Scotland at Scone, by the bishop of
Dunkeld.

1404. WILLIAM OF WYKEHAM, bishop of Winchester, died. He rose from
obscurity, and before his death appropriated the large possessions which
he had acquired to endow two new colleges, New College Oxford, and
Winchester.

1427. Lady RAVENSWORTH devised to her children the following things: "I
wyl yat my son Robert (bishop of London) have a sauter covered with red
velvet. My doghter Margory a primer covered in rede," &c., &c.

1635. ANTHONY BRUNI, an Italian poet, died.

1650. CHARLES DE VALOIS, duke de Angouleme, died; a French militaire.

1664. Fort Orange, now Albany, surrendered to the English under colonel
Cartwright. The title of Jeremiah Van Rensselaer to the manor of
Rensselaerwyck was confirmed.

1664. The first convention was held in Albany between the English and
the Iroquois, who were now the predominant race, holding sway over every
savage nation. The Iroquois continued the allies of the English until
the revolution.

1680. SAMUEL BUTLER, an English poet, died; author of _Hudibras_.

1693. Bayonets first used at the battle near Turin on loaded muskets,
which has been practiced ever since. In 1620 they were first constructed
at Bayonne. Hence the name.

1722. JAMES WATSON, author of the _History of Printing in Scotland_,
died at Edinburgh.

1757. AARON BURR, president of New-Jersey college, died. He was an able
divine and an accomplished scholar.

1793. Foundation laid of the Iron bridge over the river Wear, at
Sunderland, England. It was finished in 1796.

1803. Berbice, a Dutch colony in Guiana, celebrated for its fine coffee,
surrendered to the British.

1805. WILLIAM BYRNE, a distinguished British landscape engraver, died.

1811. French under general MARMONT forced Wellington to raise the siege
of Ciudad Rodrigo in Spain.

1816. EUSEBIUS VALLI, an eminent Italian physician, died a martyr to
science. He visited Smyrna and Constantinople to make observations on
the plague, and the West-Indies to study the nature of the yellow fever.
In both instances he voluntarily subjected himself to the disease, and
in the latter made a fatal experiment in exposing himself to the
infection with a dead body, so that in three days the scene closed upon
him in death.

1821. The Hetærists, a Greek brotherhood, extirpated. On the breaking
out of the Greek revolution they hastened from all parts of Europe and
formed a legion of heroes. The last band of them were attacked and
defeated at the monastery of Seck, where their leader Jordaki, being
wounded, and to escape falling into the hands of the Turks, set fire to
the monastery, and perished in the conflagration.

1825. PETER PAUL DOBREE died; an eminent professor of Greek and Latin,
who succeeded Porson at Cambridge, and was one of the most finished
classical scholars in Europe.

1831. Mount Auburn, a retired and ornamental place of sepulture about
four miles from the city of Boston and containing about fifty acres, was
publicly dedicated, the first of the kind in the United States.

1835. JOHN PITT, earl of Chatham, died. He was the eldest son of the
great earl of Chatham and brother of the prime minister. As he left no
heir, the peerage became extinct.

1839. ROBERT Y. HAYNE, a distinguished American statesman and orator,
died.

1841. Mr. BROOKE, an enterprising Englishman, became rajah, or governor,
of Sarawak, the first footing obtained by the English on the island of
Borneo, it is believed.

1842. Mrs. ELIZABETH AYLETT, daughter of the celebrated Patrick Henry,
died at King William county, Virginia.

1847. WILLIAM POPHAM, an officer of the revolution, died in New York,
aged 95.

1847. Col. DAVID FOLSOM, a chief of the Chocktaws, died.

1852. General CASTANOS, duke of Baylen, died, aged 95. He was the
companion in arms of Wellington and one of the most conspicuous and
heroic of the Spanish commanders in war against Napoleon, called the war
of independence.

1852. BENJAMIN THOMPSON, a Massachusetts congressman, died at
Charlestown, aged 75. He held many responsible offices, possessed great
business talent, and his services were especially valuable at
Washington on the committee of military affairs, during the Mexican war.

1854. GEORGE LEITH ROUSSELL, an eminent English physician and surgeon,
died in London, of cholera, aged 57. He wrote upon typhus fever,
cholera, and the effects of poisons.


SEPTEMBER 25.

275. The emperor TACITUS elected, after an interregnum of eight months.
He ordered that ten copies of his kinsman's history should be placed in
the libraries. _The_ MS. was discovered in Westphalia.

1066. Battle of Stamford Bridge, between the English under Harold, and
the Norwegians under Hafalgar and Tostig. The latter were defeated, and
Hafalgar and Tostig slain. The Norwegian fleet also fell into the hands
of the English. Judith, the wife of Tostig, afterwards married Guelph I,
and became the lineal progenitor of the present royal family of England.

1154. King STEPHEN of England, died, and his adopted son Henry
Fitzempress reigned in his stead.

1493. COLUMBUS sailed from Cadiz with a fleet of seventeen ships, great
and small, well furnished with all the necessaries for the voyage, and
having on board 1,500 people, with horses, cattle, and implements to
establish plantations.

1506. PHILIP I of Spain, died. He obtained the crown by marriage with
Jane, the heiress of Ferdinand and Isabella, was a man of very moderate
abilities, but regarded as the fairest man of his age.

1513. NUNEZ DE BALBOA, the Spaniard, discovered the sea, over Darien,
and in his transport took corporal possession of the ocean in the name
of his master.

1555. The famous _recess_, or peace of religion, established at
Augsburg, the bond of union between the German states.

1586. The attainder of GERALD FITZGERALD, 16th earl of Desmond, and
forfeiture of 574,628 acres. His head was fixed on London bridge.

1600. ANTHONY DU VERDIER died; historiographer of France, and author of
a _Biography of French Authors_.

1602. GASPARD PEUCER, an eminent German physician and mathematician,
died. He was imprisoned ten years for his religious opinions, during
which he committed his thoughts on the margins of old books, with an ink
which he made of burnt crusts infused in wine.

1621. MARY SIDNEY, countess of Pembroke, an eminent poetess and patron
of literature, died.

1626. LANCELOT ANDREWS, bishop of Winchester, died; an eminent English
prelate.

1638. DE VRIES sailed from Holland on his third expedition to America,
with colonists, to settle Staten Island, which he had secured two years
before.

1666. SCHAH ABAS, king of Persia, died. He came to the throne at the age
of 13; was valiant and enlightened, and promised by deeds of benevolence
and liberality to rival the greatest heroes of antiquity, when he was
cut off at the age of 37. He died of _lues Veneris_.

1689. Count FRONTENAC arrived at Canada to reassume the government of
the province.

1732. MICHAEL ERNEST ETTMULLER died; a German professor of anatomy at
Leipsic, and author of several learned and curious treatises on medical
subjects.

1758. ROBERT CLAYTON, a learned English prelate and antiquary, died.

1764. ROBERT DODSLEY, an eminent English bookseller and author, died. He
commenced life as a footman, but his natural abilities brought him into
notice, and recommended him to assistance.

1765. RICHARD POCOCKE, bishop of Meath, died; a celebrated traveler, and
author of the _Description of the East_, with observations on Palestine.

1777. JOHN HENRY LAMBERT, a German mathematician, died. He was the son
of a poor tailor, but became one of the most learned men of his time by
his own unaided exertions.

1777. The American colonel, Ethan Allen, captured near Montreal by the
British. He had 15 men killed, and surrendered 38, of whom 7 were put to
death.

1786. EDWARD IVES, a celebrated English traveler, died. The account
which he published of his travels through Europe and Asia contains much
information.

1791. WILLIAM BRADFORD died; an eminent printer of Philadelphia, and an
officer in the revolutionary war.

1792. JAMES CAZOTTE, mayor of Pierry, in France, guillotined. He had
previously been saved from the mob by the heroic conduct of his
daughter, a girl of 17, who shared his misfortunes.

1804. JOSEPH WILLARD, president of Harvard college, died; whose
attainments in Greek learning have been equaled by few in America.

1806. BONAPARTE left Paris, to open the campaign against Prussia.

1806. Action between the British squadron, admiral Hood, and a French
squadron. Several French frigates were captured; Hood lost his right
arm.

1808. RICHARD PORSON, an eminent English professor, died. He possessed
great reputation as a Greek scholar and critic, and yet his learning
scarcely produced him a living.

1814. The pope issued a bull prohibiting all secret societies,
particularly those of freemasons.

1815. JOHN SINGLETON COPLEY, a distinguished American painter, died in
London.

1815. First daily paper printed at Albany, N. Y.

1839. Treaty between France and Texas signed at Paris.

1840. Marshal MCDONALD, one of Bonaparte's distinguished generals, died
at his chateau near Guise, in France. He was a kinsman of the celebrated
Flora McDonald who was instrumental in aiding the escape of the
pretender from the Isle of Skye.

1842. RICHARD COLLEY WELLESLY, marquis of Wellesly, and eldest son of
the earl of Mornington, died, aged 82.

1854. WILLIAM HENRY PARTLETT, an English artist, died at sea, aged 44;
author of _Views in Switzerland_, and other similar works of merit.

1855. JOHN GIFFORD, a British admiral, died at Southampton, aged 90. He
had been in the service more than 75 years, was present at the relief of
Gibraltar in 1781, and distinguished himself in many important
engagements.


SEPTEMBER 26.

33. St. STEPHEN is said to have been stoned this day, Paul consenting.

329. Constantinople founded, about the same day that Solomon dedicated
his temple at Jerusalem, 1005 B. C.

1087. WILLIAM II, surnamed Rufus, proclaimed and crowned king of
England.

1415. Harfleur, a town in France, surrendered unconditionally to Henry V
of England, after a siege of five weeks, and their defences had been
demolished.

1417. FRANCIS ZABARELLA, an Italian cardinal, died; noted for his great
learning and virtues.

1534. CLEMENT VII (_Julius de Medicis_), pope, died. It was in
consequence of his refusing to ratify the acts of Henry VIII, and the
issuing of a bull of excommunication against that monarch, that England
was separated from the Roman church.

1635. ADRIAN METIUS died; a learned Dutch mathematician and author.

1722. WILLIAM MASSIEU died; a French writer, much admired, who after
becoming blind met his death by a stroke of apoplexy.

1747. The leaden coffin of the noted Dr. Sacheverel, and Sally
Salisbury, with 150 others, stolen from the church.

1766. The dividends on East India stock advanced in England from 6 to
10 per cent, in consequence of the success of lord Clive.

1776. Congress appointed Benj. Franklin, Silas Dean and Thomas
Jefferson, commissioners to the court of France. They were the first
persons appointed by the United States to act in the capacity of
ministers plenipotentiary, but as the country had not yet been
acknowledged by any power, they were designated by the humble title of
commissioners.

1777. The British army under lord Howe entered Philadelphia.
Washington's army lay at Skippack creek, 18 miles distant from the city.

1780. The advance of Cornwallis' army, consisting of Tarleton's legion,
engaged the Americans at Charlotte court house, under Col. Davis.

1789. EDMUND RANDOLPH commissioned the first attorney-general of the
United States.

1799. Zurich, in Switzerland, taken by the French under Massena, and
Lavater, while occupied in the streets assisting the distressed,
received a shot in the side, of which he ultimately died. (Jan. 2.)

1811. A well 400 feet deep and 5 in diameter, exhibiting a fine specimen
of ancient masonry, was discovered in the keep at Dover castle.

1812. GEORGE FREDERICK COOKE, an eminent English tragedian, died at New
York, aged 57.

1812. The Russian army under Essen, entered Miltau, the French and
Prussians under Macdonald, having previously evacuated it, leaving
behind a vast quantity of provisions, and the whole mass of pelisses,
which were the sum of the requisition upon Courland, and of vast
importance to an army in so cold a region.

1813. Privateer schooner Saratoga, of New York, 10 guns and 116 men,
captured by boarding, British packet ship Morgiana, 18 guns, 50 men, off
Surinam.

1814. American privateer brig, Gen. Armstrong, attacked in Fayal roads,
a neutral port, by the boats of three British ships. They were twice
beaten off and several of the boats sunk. Capt. Reid was obliged to
scuttle his vessel, and the British commander threatened to burn the
town if she was not delivered up. American loss, 2 killed, 7 wounded;
British loss, 120 killed, 130 wounded.

1815. Treaty of peace and alliance signed at Paris between the emperors
of Austria, Russia and Prussia.

1822. JOHN OWEN, an eminent English divine, died. He was one of the
originators of the British Foreign Bible Society, to whose establishment
and extension he devoted his life with the greatest zeal.

1828. A monument erected at Charlestown, Mass., to the memory of John
Harvard, founder of Harvard college, 190 years after his death. It is a
monolith, 15 feet high and 4 feet square at the bottom; the expense of
which was defrayed by a contribution of one dollar from each of the
graduates of the college.

1828. JOHN G. C. BRAINARD, an American poet of considerable note, died,
aged 32.

1842. RICHARD RIKER, for many years recorder of the city of New York,
died, aged 69. He was a gentleman of the old school, and much respected.

1847. The valuable library of the royal society of Icelandic literature
in Copenhagen was destroyed by fire. More than 2,000 unpublished MSS.
were consumed.

1854. The French police organized at Paris on the plan of that of
London; the number to be 2,900, to do duty day and night, under charge
of two commissioners, at an annual cost of about $1,200,000.

1855. The corner stone of the Masonic hall laid in Philadelphia with
ceremony, over 4,000 masons marching in procession.


SEPTEMBER 27.

489. THEODORIC, the Ostrogoth, defeated Odoacer, king of Italy, near
Verona, who fled to Ravenna.

642. SIGEBERT, king of the East-Angles, assassinated. He was a
munificent prince, noted as the founder of churches, schools and
monasteries; supposed to have been the founder of Cambridge university.

1087. WILLIAM II, surnamed Rufus, crowned at Westminster. In his reign
Malcolm of Scotland was slain at Alnwich by the earl of Northumberland,
whose spear piercing Malcolm's eye, gave to Northumberland the surname
of Percy (p' eye).

1106. Battle before the walls of Tinchebrai, between the two brothers,
Henry of England and Robert of Normandy, in which the latter was
defeated and imprisoned nearly thirty years.

1415. The reduction of Harfleur, in France, by Henry V, of England; he
rifled the town of its affluent stores, and dismissed the inhabitants
with five pennies.

1540. Pope PAUL III confirmed the order of the Jesuits, and authorized
its establishment.

1563. NICHOLAS EPISCOPIUS (or rather Bishop), a celebrated printer of
Basil, died at London, where he had fled from France to avoid
persecution.

1566. MARK JEROME VIDA, a celebrated Latin poet, died, aged 96. Many
tributes of praise have been paid to his genius and merits.

1615. ARABELLA STUART died insane in the Tower of London.

1700. INNOCENT XII (_Anthony Pignatelli_), pope, died. He protested
against the system adopted by his predecessors, of paying particular
honors to the relations of the popes, and condemned Fenelon's _Maxims of
the Saints_.

1715. THOMAS BURNET, a learned and ingenious English writer, died;
author of the _Sacred Theory of the Earth_, which was very popular.

1719. GEORGE SMALRIDGE, bishop of Bristol, died; an elegant theological
writer.

1729. Great fire in Constantinople, which consumed 12,000 houses. 7000
persons are said to have perished in the flames.

1730. LAWRENCE EUSDEN, an English divine and poet, died. He was
preferred to the laureateship.

1731. A gang of felons, 130 in number, were taken from Newgate, and put
aboard a ship to be transported to America, to colonize the country. In
the next century they sent their felons to Botany Bay, and their paupers
to America, several shiploads having been discharged on the coast,
entirely destitute, directly from poor-houses.

1736. RENE DUGUAY TROUIN died; a celebrated French admiral, who
displayed the greatest skill, united with the most consummate wisdom.

1741. DOMINIC PERENNIN died at Pekin; a French Jesuit, who was sent on a
mission to China, where he was well received by the emperor.

1743. The first act of governor Clinton was to dissolve the legislature,
and issue writs the same day for convening another.

1749. JOHN SARGENT, a noted missionary among the Indians, died at
Stockbridge.

1751. A mosaic pavement and other relics of Roman antiquity discovered
at Avenches, in the canton of Bern.

1759. ISAAC MADDOX, bishop of Worcester, died. He rose to preferment
from a very low station in life, and was conspicuous for the many
benevolent institutions which he promoted.

1772. JAMES BRINDLEY died; an extraordinary mechanical genius,
particularly successful in planning and executing projects of internal
navigation, which were done without any drawing or model.

1775. EDWARD LOVIBOND died; an English poet of considerable talents.

1777. The American frigate Delaware, 32 guns, anchored within 500 yards
of the unfinished British batteries at Philadelphia and seconded by
another frigate and some smaller vessels commenced a heavy fire upon
them. She grounded and struck her colors, and the other vessels were
compelled to retire.

1782. HYDER ALLY defeated by the British under sir Eyre Coote.

1783. STEPHEN BEZOUT died; a French writer on mathematics, navigation
and algebra.

1799. Rome, the eternal city, surrendered to the British.

1805. WILLIAM MOULTRIE, a distinguished officer of the revolution, died.
He was a member of congress at the commencement of the war, and made a
brave defence of Sullivan's island in 1776.

1810. Battle of Sierra Busaco, in Portugal; the French under Massena
defeated with a loss of about 5000, by the British and Portuguese under
Wellington, who lost 1000.

1811. Battle of Aldea de Ponte; the French under Marmont attacked the
British general Cole; but were unsuccessful.

1811. BONAPARTE established a maritime conscription in the Hanseatic
towns.

1812. Americans under colonel Newman defeated a party of Indians under
king Paine, who was killed. A second attack was made by 200 Indians to
recover his body, in which they succeeded, but with great loss.

1813. Americans under general Harrison landed in Canada, and in one hour
took possession of Malden, evacuated by general Proctor after burning
the fort and stores.

1832. Battle of Galeneta, in Mexico, between the partisans of general
Montezuma, 5000 men, and those of Bustamente, 3500, in which the former
were completely defeated.

1833. Deaths at Tampico, Mexico, by cholera and yellow fever, during the
season to this date 2000, out of a population of 5200.

1833. RAMMOHUN ROY, a learned Bramin, died in England. He published
works in Sanscrit, Arabic, Persian, Bengalee and English, and was
acquainted with ten languages.

1835. GERVAISE DE LA RUE, a celebrated French antiquary, died at a very
great age. He wrote various learned works relating to the poetry and
literature of the middle ages.

1841. NICHOLAS BROWN, a wealthy and munificent merchant, died at
Providence, aged 73. He graduated in 1786 at the college of Rhode
Island, of which institution he afterwards became the benefactor, in
consequence of which its name was changed in 1804 to Brown University.

1848. MICHAEL HOFFMAN, an American statesman, died at Brooklyn, N. Y.,
aged 60. He was a physician in Herkimer co., and was long a member of
congress from that district. He held other offices, and was noted for
stern integrity.

1848. Count LAMBERG, the imperial commissioner, appointed to take chief
command in Hungary, was slain by the Hungarian population at Pesth,
where he had recently arrived.

1849. Great fire at Owego, N. Y., which destroyed the place so
completely that but three shops were left standing.

1849. The fortress of Comorn, in Hungary, one of the strongest in
Europe, taken by the Austrians.

1854. The steamer Arctic, captain Luce, when about 50 miles distant from
cape Race, came in collision with the French screw steamer Vesta, in a
dense fog, by which her bows were stove in, and she filled and sunk in
about five hours. The Arctic had 410 persons on board, including the
crew, of which 22 passengers and 65 of the crew were saved, and 212
passengers and 110 of the crew were lost; of the 61 women and 19
children on board, not one was saved. The conduct of the crew is said to
have been selfish, mutinous and dastardly.

1855. JOHN ADAMSON died at New-Castle-upon-Tyne, aged 68; an English
author of a work upon the life and writings of Camoens, and devoted to
literary and scientific pursuits, and to antiquarian research.


SEPTEMBER 28.

490 B. C. Battle of Marathon is said to have occurred at the full of the
moon on this Julian day. (See Aug. 6.)

351. Battle of Murza, on the Drave, in which the emperor Constantius
defeated Magnentius in a most desperate conflict.

855. LOTHAIRE I, emperor of Germany, died. He seized the person of his
father, and confined him in a monastery, and waged a bloody war with his
brother, during which 100,000 men fell in a single battle.

1014. Nearly the whole of Flanders was immersed by a storm.

1066. WILLIAM OF NORMANDY (_the Conqueror_) arrived at the coast of
England, on his memorable invasion.

1197. HENRY VI, emperor of Germany, died. He had the meanness to detain
Richard of England, who had been shipwrecked on the coast of Dalmatia.
With the large sum of money obtained for the ransom of his illustrious
captive he made war against Sicily, and plundered and desolated the
country.

1396. Battle of Nicopolis; the Turks under Bajazet achieved a famous
victory over the king of Hungary. The greater part of an army of
100,000 confederate Christians were slain, or driven into the Danube,
and Sigismund, escaping by the river and the Black sea, returned after a
long circuit to his exhausted kingdom. A _rout_ preserved Europe.

1567. JOHN STAININGER died at Braunau, in Austria; he was remarkable for
the length of his beard, which reached to the ground.

1582. GEORGE BUCHANAN, a learned Scottish historian, has his death
placed on this day by several authorities. (See Feb. 28.)

1616. JOSHUA SYLVESTER, an English poet, died.

1667. JAMES GOLIUS, an eminent Dutch orientalist, died. He traveled into
several countries, and published some learned works.

1670. The London royal exchange, having been rebuilt, was opened.

1687. The Venetians under Morosini bombarded Athens, when a bomb fired
the powder magazine kept by the Turks in the Parthenon. This noble
building, which had stood nearly 2000 years, and was then nearly
perfect, was by this calamity reduced to a ruin, and with it perished
the ever memorable remains of the genius of Phidias. In attempting to
remove the chariot of victory, which stood on the west pediment of the
Parthenon, it fell and was dashed to pieces. Though the ancient edifices
of the Greeks suffered much from the Turks, the siege of Morosini did
infinitely more damage to the Parthenon than it had sustained during the
2000 years of its existence. A fine basso relievo, supposed to belong to
the frieze of the building, has lately been discovered.

1708. The French defeated near Wynnendale, yet by means of 2000 horsemen
each with a bag of powder behind him, contrived to throw supplies into
Lisle.

1728. HENRY BROWN obtained a patent from the English government for an
improvement in the manufacture of cannon.

1742. HUGH BOULTER, primate of Ireland, died, leaving behind him an
enviable reputation. During the great scarcity of 1741 in Ireland, 2500
persons were daily supported at his expense.

1742. JOHN BAPTIST MASSILLON, a famous French ecclesiastic, died. His
name has almost become proverbial as a powerful master of eloquence.
(18th?)

1763. JOHN BYROM, an English poet, died. He was also famous as the
inventor of a system of short hand writing.

1768. The commissioners of the customs having solicited the presence of
a regular force in Boston, two British regiments, escorted by seven
armed vessels, arrived from Halifax and took up quarters in the town.

1776. CADWALLADER COLDEN, lieutenant-governor of New York under the
British dynasty, died, aged 88. He was a Scottish physician; his
publications were numerous in botany, medicine, history and philosophy.

1777. General WAYNE, with a detachment of 1500 men, on the left wing of
the British army, was surprised and defeated with a loss of about 300.

1778. A regiment of American cavalry stationed at Tappan on the Hudson
river, was surprised while sleeping, by the British under general Gray,
who rushed upon them with their bayonets, and giving them no quarter, 67
were killed, wounded and taken.

1779. The famed Houghton collection of pictures (lord Walpole's) was
purchased by the empress of Russia, and shipped for Petersburg.

1780. Americans under general Marion attacked a party of tories at Black
Mingo; several were killed and others taken.

1789. THOMAS DAY, an eminent English writer and eloquent speaker, killed
by a fall from his horse.

1791. The French ships Recherche and L'Esperance under admiral
D'Entrecasteaux and Hunon Kermadoc, sailed from Brest in search of La
Perouse. The expedition was extremely unfortunate, both commanders dying
on the voyage, and the ships and crews were seized by the Dutch governor
at Java.

1795. The British under general Stuart took Jaffnapatam in the East
Indies.

1803. RALPH GRIFFITHS, an English writer, died; known in the republic of
letters as the projector of the _Monthly Review_, begun 1749, and which
became so popular as to procure him a comfortable independence, upon
which he retired.

1839. WILLIAM DUNLAP, a portrait and historical painter, died at New
York, aged 74. He also wrote several valuable historical works, besides
biographies and dramas.

1842. Captain ENOCH PREBLE, a skillful seaman and eminent
philanthropist, died at Portland, Me.

1843. SHOBAL L. VAI CLEVENGER, an American sculptor of high reputation,
died at sea, aged 31.

1848. EDWARD R. TYLER, editor of the _New Englander_, died in New Haven,
Ct., aged 48. He was for many years engaged with ability and usefulness
as a congregational minister at Middletown and at Colebrook.

1850. The North Star, which was sent out from England in 1849, arrived
at Spithead on her return. She was imprisoned in the ice from Oct. 1,
1849 to Aug. 1, 1850.

1852. WILLIAM FINDEN, a celebrated English engraver, died at London of
heart disease, aged 66.

1853. A deputation from the protestant alliance waited upon lord
Clarendon to state the case of Miss Cunningham, arrested at Lucca for
distributing an Italian version of the _Bible_ and _Pilgrim's Progress_,
and to urge the government to procure her immediate liberation.

1853. The ship Annie Jane, from Liverpool, was driven on the Barra
island, one of the Hebrides, and of 450 passengers 348 were drowned.

1854. The United States sloop of war Albany, James T. Gerry, commander,
sailed from Aspinwall and was never more heard of.

1854. GEORGE FIELD, an English philosopher, died, aged 77; well known
for his success in the application of science to the arts.


SEPTEMBER 29.

1066. WILLIAM (_the Conqueror_) landed in England, at Pevensey, in
Sussex, and made the conquest of the country, and revolutionized its
institutions.

1399. RICHARD II resigned his right to the crown, publicly acknowledging
his incapacity to reign.

1494. COLUMBUS met with his brother Bartholomew at the town of Isabella
in the West Indies, after a separation of fourteen years, during which
the latter had paid an unsuccessful visit to the court of England.

1513. Fall of Tournay, in Belgium, which closed the campaign of the
English under Henry VIII.

1526. Rome taken by the partisans of cardinal Calonna, when the palace
of the Vatican, the church of St. Peter, and the pope's ministers and
servants were plundered.

1560. GUSTAVUS VASA, king of Sweden, died. He recovered the kingdom from
the Danish yoke, and established the protestant religion in his country.

1564. The earl of LEICESTER was ennobled, on which occasion it is said
coaches were first brought to London.

1604. The act of king JAMES against _witches_ went into operation.

1622. CONRAD VORSTIUS died; a learned German protestant divine and
polemical writer, who succeeded Arminius in the divinity chair at
Leyden.

1720. The great _South sea bubble_, a scheme for paying off the national
debt of England, burst and involved an incredible number of people in
utter ruin. The capital of the company was about $168,000,000.

1759. Volcano of Jorullo, in Mexico, by which a mountain was thrown up
in a single night to the height of 1224 feet in the midst of a large
plain. The volcano is surrounded by numerous conical hills, from which
smoke is continually issuing.

1760. The astronomer MASKELYNE was sent by the English government to St.
Helena, and Mr. MASON to Bencoolen, to observe the transit of Venus on
the 6th June, 1761. Three astronomers were sent from France for a like
purpose.

1764. Battle between the Irish White boys and English troops near
Kilkenny. Several killed on both sides.

1772. JOHN BENJAMIN MICHAELIS, one of the minor German poets, died in
his 25th year.

1778. American frigate Raleigh, after gallantly engaging two British men
of war some time, ran on shore, and was captured.

1791. The national assembly of France dissolved itself.

1793. FRANCIS ROZIER, an eminent French agriculturist, killed by a bomb
at Lyons, which fell on his bed, while he was asleep. He published a
work on agriculture in 10 volumes quarto.

1793. The French convention decreed the incorporation with the French
republic of all the Austrian possessions on the west side of the Rhine.

1809. CHARLES FRANCIS DUPUIS, a French philosopher, died; having filled
several important professorships and civil offices. He published a work
on the origin of all modes of religious worship, in 3 volumes quarto.

1813. The Americans under general HARRISON took possession of Sandwich
and Detroit.

1825. DANIEL SHAYS, noted for the part he took in the celebrated
rebellion of 1786, which bears his name, died at Sparta, aged 64. He had
been an officer in the revolutionary army, and enjoyed a pension.

1827. Captains PARRY and FRANKLIN reached the admiralty, from the arctic
and overland American expeditions. The latitude made by Parry was 82¾
degrees.

1833. FERDINAND VII, king of Spain, died, and was buried with great pomp
in the Escurial. His reign was a period of disaster to Spain, during
which she sank rapidly into insignificance as a European kingdom. He
received a superior education, but was a superstitious and weak minded
man, the victim or the tool of artful ministers or bigoted priests. His
first wife, an accomplished woman, was poisoned in 1806, the second
died 1808; the third 1829; the fourth by whom alone he had issue,
outlived him. It was during his reign that the inquisition was
re-established and six years afterwards permanently abolished. In his
latter years he seemed to take little or no interest in public affairs,
but continued to reign, nominally, goaded on one side by the liberals,
and on the other by the absolutists, or apostolical party as they called
themselves, who were for ruling by terror.

1840. JOHN MARSHALL, author of various works on manufactures, commerce
and statistics, died at London, aged 58.

1843. RICHARD HARLAN, a noted writer on natural history, died of
apoplexy at New Orleans. His parents were among the first quaker
families that emigrated from England.

1848. GEORGE F. RUXTON, a British officer, died at St. Louis, Mo., aged
38 (Allen says 88). He wrote the series in _Blackwood's Magazine_ on
life in the far west, and also a book of adventures in Mexico and the
Rocky mountains.

1854. Marshal DE SAINT ARNAUD, a commander of the French forces in the
Crimea, died at Balaclava, aged 53. He served in Algeria, and conducted
an expedition against the Kabyles; also executed the _coup d'état_ for
Louis Napoleon. He is represented as a man of deep religious
impressions, was courted by the clergy, and had been much engaged in
building chapels.

1855. The Russians, 35,000 strong, attacked Kars, gained possession of
the redoubt four times, and were four times driven back, and at length
retreated, leaving 4,000 dead in the trenches and around the city. Loss
of the garrison about 800.


SEPTEMBER 30.

610 B. C. A total eclipse of the sun, foretold by the skill of Thales,
which determined the battle between the Lydians and Medes.

480 B. C. The Carthagenians were overthrown at Gelo by Himera.

480 B. C. The great victory of Themistocles over the Persians at
Salamis, is also placed upon this day by some authorities. (See Aug.
20.)

61 B. C. The great and unrivaled triumph of Pompey, which continued two
days, for having concluded a war of 30 years, in which he had
vanquished, slain and captured 2,183,000 men; sunk or taken 846 ships;
reduced under the empire 1538 towers and fortresses, and subdued all the
countries between the Mœotian lake and the Red sea. The golden vine
of Aristobulus, king of the Jews, a little chapel of pearl consecrated
to the Muses, surmounted by a sun-dial, and twenty kings and princes,
with a string of barbaric gods, were among the trophies which preceded
the car of the conqueror.

420. JEROME, one of the fathers of the Christian church, died. He was
famous for his eloquence, his virtue and his extensive learning.

788. ABDURRAHMAN I, founder of the dynasty of Beni Umeggah in Spain,
died, aged 62. On the defeat of his house in the east, he subdued Spain
and founded a dynasty which continued 300 years.

1139. A revolt from king Stephen in favor of the empress Maud, daughter
of Henry I, of England.

1283. DAVID, brother of Llewellyn of Wales, executed by Edward as a
traitor. This opened the way for the title of prince of Wales to the
princes of England.

1291. RODOLPH I, emperor of Germany, died. He added Austria, Styria and
Carniola to his dominions by conquest.

1400. OWEN GLENDOWER erected his standard as prince of Wales.

1435. ISABELLA of Bavaria, queen of France, died. She was a licentious
and intriguing woman, who preferred the interests of England to the
prosperity of her own country.

1517. LUTHER maintained his ninety-five propositions at Wittemberg.

1572. Pope PIUS V died. He issued the famous bull, absolving the
subjects of queen Elizabeth from their allegiance, but the lioness of
England heeded not such bellowings.

1628. FULK GREVILLE, lord Brooke, assassinated; a literary character of
considerable celebrity in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I.

1630. ISAAC JOHNSON, one of the principal founders of the city of
Boston, died. He was the first magistrate who died in the colony, and
was buried on his own lot. The first burying place in Boston was laid
out around his grave. The spot is now built upon, being bounded by
Tremont, Cornhill, Court and School streets.

1632. THOMAS ALLEN died; an Englishman, eminent for his knowledge of
mathematics and philosophy.

1659. JUAN DE PALAFOX, an illustrious Spanish ecclesiastic, died. He was
appointed bishop of Los Angelos in America, where he displayed an
admirable character.

1662. A rencontre between the French and Spanish ambassadors, at which
many were killed. The contest was precedency.

1682. Colonel THOMAS DONGAN preferred by the duke of York to the
government of his province of New York in America.

1707. JOHN REINHOLD DE PALKUL, a Livonian gentleman, who resented the
oppression his country suffered from the Swedes, was basely broken on
the wheel, by order of Charles XII.

1719. BERNARD RENAU D'ELISAGARAY, a French mathematician, died. He
obtained a pension for his improvements in the construction of ships.

1747. THOMAS HALL died, aged 6 years; four feet six inches high, and
weighing upwards of seven stone. He died as if of extreme old age.

1761. JOHN DOLLOND died; an eminent English optician and inventor of the
achromatic telescope.

1770. GEORGE WHITEFIELD, one of the founders of the sect of the
methodists, died at Newburyport, Mass., aged 55. He visited America
seven times, and preached in all parts of the Atlantic states with great
power and success.

1775. British ship Rose, captain Wallace, cannonaded Stonington. The
town was considerably injured, 2 persons killed and a loaded schooner
and two sloops carried off.

1779. Colonel JOHN WHITE, with 6 volunteers and his servant, captured a
company of 141 British, posted on the Ogeeche river, and brought them
safe to an American post 25 miles distant. He also took 5 vessels, one
of 12 and another of 10 guns. The exploit was effected by kindling large
fires round the post, and making such other parade as demonstrated a
large encampment.

1781. Yorktown invested by the American and French armies under
Washington and Rochambeau, assisted by the French fleet under count
d'Estaing.

1789. Nova Castella and several villages in Italy destroyed by an
earthquake.

1790. General HARMER with 320 regulars and 1133 militia, defeated the
Indians at Miami village, in Ohio, but with the loss of 141 killed and
31 wounded. The loss of the Indians was estimated at about 100 killed
and 300 wigwams burnt. They also destroyed 20,000 barrels of corn, and
a great quantity of other provisions.

1793. A furious riot occurred at Bristol, England, on the erection of a
new toll gate on the bridge. Several persons were killed and wounded by
the military. But the tumults were allayed by the Bristoleans' agreeing
to raise the money some other way than by toll.

1795. GEORGE BUTT, an English prelate and poet, died.

1797. The state road having been completed, the first stage started from
fort Schuyler (Utica) and arrived at Geneva in the afternoon of the
third day, with four passengers.

1811. THOMAS PERCY, a learned English prelate, died. Besides his
_Reliques of Ancient English Poetry_, a valuable work, he published
translations from the Chinese, Icelandic and Hebrew languages.

1824. WILLIAM WINDHAM SADLER, an English æronaut, killed by a fall from
his balloon. The accident occurred by the car being driven against the
chimney in the descent. He was a skillful chemist and engineer, cut off
at the early age of 28.

1826. JOSEPH PETER PICOT CLORIVIERE, director of the monastery in
Georgetown, D. C., died. He was a royalist of France, and the reputed
inventor of the infernal machine for which he had to leave his country.

1826. A magazine of powder near Ostend, containing 1,300 barrels, or
about 60 tons, exploded, damaging many houses by the concussion, and
destroyed several lives.

1830. Independence of the South American republics acknowledged by
France.

1849. SILAS JENISON, for several years governor of Vermont, died at
Shoreham, an esteemed and valuable citizen.

1849. Mrs. MAURY died in Virginia; an artist, linguist and authoress,
known in the United States by her _Statesmen of America_.

1849. ROBERT GOLDSBOROUGH, for many years president of the medical and
chirurgical society of Maryland, died at Centreville.




OCTOBER.


OCTOBER 1.

2016 B. C. The call of Abraham is placed by Eusebius upon this day, A.
M. 1921. The Cæsarian era used by the Syrians, commenced from the same
Julian day, first of their month Tisri, B. C. 48.

325. CONSTANTINE ordered that those criminals hitherto employed by a
barbarous custom in the gladiator shows, should be sent to the mines.

829. MICHAEL II (_the Stammerer_), emperor of the East, died. He was of
obscure origin, and dragged from prison to the throne on the death of
Leo. He compelled the Christians to observe the sabbath and other holy
days of the Jewish law.

1240. Dedication of the cathedral church of St. Paul's, at London.

1500. JOHN ALCOCK, a distinguished English prelate, died. His great
learning recommended him to preferment, and he was appointed president
of Wales and chancellor of England. He founded Jesus college.

1621. By an act of the British parliament, no tobacco was to be imported
after this date but from Virginia and the Somer isles, and none to be
planted in England. The merchant was to receive no more than eight, and
the retailer ten shillings the pound, but they who sold by the pipe
might make the most they could!

1664. Articles of capitulation were agreed to between the English under
sir Robert Carr, and the Dutch and Swedes, on Delaware bay and river;
which completed the subjection of New Netherland to the British crown.

1670. JAQUES DE PAULMIER, an eminent French physician, died. Besides
some prose works he wrote poems in several European languages.

1684. Review of the marines at Putney heath, which were first
established in England this year.

1684. PETER CORNEILLE, the great French poet, died. His dramas were
eminently successful, and his poems are among the sublimest effusions of
the French muse.

1728. Mr. PHILIPSE, speaker of the New York assembly, held a treaty
with the Six Nations at Albany, and renewed the ancient covenant. He
gave them great presents, and engaged them in the defence of Oswego.

1746. Battle of Roucoux, between the allies, who were defeated with the
loss of 5,000 men and prince Tingray killed, and the French, whose loss
was nearly equal.

1748. Action between the British fleet, admiral Knowles, 7 ships, and
the Spanish fleet, under Spinola, 6 ships and a frigate. The latter were
defeated with the loss of two ships.

1756. Battle of Lowositz, between the king of Prussia and the Austrians
under Braun. Each army sustained a loss of about 2,500.

1761. Schweidnitz, a strong fortress in Silesia taken from the Prussians
by a skillful coup-de-main of the Austrians under Laudohn. The governor
and about 3,000 men were made prisoners.

1768. British troops landed at Boston from Halifax, and one regiment was
quartered at Faneuil hall. (Sept. 30. ?)

1777. ALEXANDER SUMOROKOF, founder of the Russian theatre, died at
Moscow. He wrote a number of plays and historical works.

1778. WILLIAM BUTLER made a successful expedition against the Indian
towns, and returned to Schoharie on the 16th.

1795. ROBERT BAKEWELL, an eminent English agriculturist and cattle
breeder, died. His improvements in the breeds of domestic animals were
unprecedented; a single ram selling for nearly $4,000.

1796. JAMES FORDYCE died; a popular and eloquent Scottish preacher, who
left behind him several excellent moral and religious works.

1799. JOHN WILLIAM BRUGUIERES, an eminent French botanist and
mineralogist, died.

1800. Treaty of St. Ildefonso, by which Spain ceded Louisiana to France.

1802. Ratification of a treaty between Bonaparte and the bey of Tripoli,
effected by Col. Sebastiana, who the same day concluded a treaty between
the Swedes and the bey, by which the Swedes engaged to pay 150,000
piasters for the captives, and an annuity of 8,000 more.

1807. The first steam boat sailed from New York to Albany. It was 130
feet in length, called the Clermont, and made 5 miles an hour.

1831. BLACKHOOF, a chief of the Shawnee tribe of Indians, died at
Wapaghkonnetto, aged 114. He was at the defeats of Braddock, St. Clair,
Harmer and Crawford, and probably the last survivor of the former
disaster.

1838. The law abolishing imprisonment for debt in England went into
operation.

1841. The Chinese island of Chusan recaptured by the British forces
under sir H. Gough, with the loss of only 2 killed and 24 wounded.

1842. The war in Afghanistan closed by the capture of Ghuznee and Cabul,
and the withdrawal of the British troops.

1847. A telescopic comet was discovered by a lady of Nantucket, Mass.,
in the constellation Cepheus.

1847. A violent tornado unroofed the steam factory in Portsmouth, N. H.;
weight not less than 70,000 pounds. It separated into 3 sections, one
falling within 100 feet, another 200, the rafters coming down endways
and sinking 4 feet in the earth; the largest section weighing 30,000
pounds, was carried 300 feet.

1848. JAMES BIDDLE, United States commodore, died at Philadelphia, aged
65.

1849. Hudson river rail road opened to Peekskill.

1850. Whitehall and Rutland rail road opened.

1853. The Turkish divan resolved on the most vigorous measures against
Russia, and the sultan signed the declaration of war, and permitted the
allied fleets to pass the Dardanelles.

1854. The shores around the harbor of Vera Cruz strewn with an immense
number of dead fish, supposed to have been killed by the gas evolved in
some submarine volcanic eruption.

1854. The steamer Yankee Blade from San Francisco to Panama, struck a
reef of rocks, and was wrecked. Although there were 800 passengers on
board, all but 15 were saved; $153,000 of specie was lost.


OCTOBER 2.

331 B. C. DARIUS, king of Persia defeated by Alexander at Arbela, losing
300,000 men. This defeat of Darius decided the fate of Persia.

322 B. C. ARISTOTLE, the celebrated Greek philosopher, died. It is said
that he threw himself into the Euripus because he could not
satisfactorily explain the cause of the tides. He was the first person
on record who was possessed of a private library.

1346. The Scots under king DAVID took Liddel castle in Cumberland, after
a siege of six days, beheaded the governor, plundered the abbey of
Lanercrost, and then directed his march towards Durham.

1394. RICHARD II having made a truce with France, landed in Ireland with
a large force; he succeeded in reducing the natives to obedience, who in
the absence of the English barons and knights, had intercepted and
refused the revenues. The country was divided, at that time, into
different kingdoms.

1410. The heroic earl of WARWICK was _retained_ under covenant by prince
Henry, at a _wage_ of 250 marks. Whenever he should be in the king's
court, he was to have four esquires and six yeomen with him, and diet
for them all; and the prince should have a third part of what he
acquired in battle, and the third of the thirds of what should be taken
by Richard the earl's men at arms.

1629. PETER BERULLE, a French bishop, distinguished for his learning and
exemplary piety and virtues, died at the altar while performing mass.

1661. BARTEN HOLYDAY, an English divine, died; known as the author of
several literary and theological works.

1693. CHARLES PATIN, a distinguished French physician, died at Padua. At
the age of 14 he maintained a disputation for five hours in Greek and
Latin, and took the degree of master of arts.

1710. The conquest of Port Royal, or Annapolis Royal completed by the
British and colonial forces under colonel Nicholson.

1711. Memorable fire in Boston, which swept down Cornhill, and other
streets, and was attended with loss of life and limb.

1724. FRANCIS TIMOLEON DE CHOISI, a French ecclesiastic, died. He was
sent by the French government to convert the emperor of Siam, who had
expressed a wish to embrace Christianity. He wrote several historical
and other works.

1746. The French East India squadron destroyed at Madras by a hurricane.

1780. JOHN ANDRE, a British officer, hanged at Tappan, New York, as a
spy, while Arnold made his escape to the British head quarters, where he
received £10,000 and a commission in the army, as a reward for his
treachery.

1780. A violent hurricane in the West Indies, which devastated the
island of Jamaica. In one town of 200 inhabitants, not a vestige of man,
beast or habitation was left. Twelve men of war were lost, and in most
of them their entire crews perished.

1782. CHARLES LEE, a major-general in the revolutionary army, died. He
was an officer in the British army at the age of 11, and distinguished
himself in 1762 under Burgoyne in Portugal. He joined the American army
at the outbreak of the war, but was suspended after the battle of
Monmouth, for some improper conduct.

1786. AUGUSTUS KEPPEL, a distinguished British admiral, died. He
accompanied Anson in his voyage round the world.

1801. AUGUSTUS FERDINAND VELTHEIM, an eminent German mineralogist, died;
he published several valuable scientific works.

1803. SAMUEL ADAMS, governor of Massachusetts, died, aged 82;
distinguished as a writer and a patriot, and for his influence in
forwarding the American revolution; of stern integrity, dignified
manners and great suavity of temper. He and John Hancock were proscribed
when a pardon was offered to every one else.

1812. British cannonaded Ogdensburg.

1841. JAMES FRASER, the founder and publisher of _Fraser's Magazine_,
died in London; when literature lost an earnest supporter, and literary
men a generous patron.

1842. The United States sloop-of-war Concord was lost on the rocks in
the Mozambique channel, and one or two of the crew perished.

1842. WILLIAM ELLERY CHANNING, an eminent unitarian preacher of Boston,
died at Bennington, Vt. He was born 1780, and ordained 1803 at the
Federal street church. He was honored throughout Christendom, for his
learning and eloquence.

1846. BENJAMIN WATERHOUSE, an eminent American botanist, died, aged 92.
He completed his studies in Europe, and graduated at Leyden; on his
return home was elected to a professorship in Harvard university.

1848. HENRY BURBECK, an officer of the revolution, died at New London,
aged 94. He retired from the public service in 1815, having spent 38
years in almost incessant activity.


OCTOBER 3.

382. The Goths submitted to the Roman empire under Theodosius.

1003. ABDULMALIK IBN SHOHEYD executed; a poet and historian of Cordova,
who for his military services was made governor of Toledo. He wrote a
history of the Spanish Arabs in 100 vols.; was put to death by order of
Hisham II.

1187. Jerusalem acquired by the arms of Saladin the Turk.

1405. HENRY IV granted to sir John Stanley the isle of Man in the Irish
sea.

1573. The Spaniards abandoned the famous siege of Leyden; during which
Kanava obtained celebrity for her patriotism.

1594. Battle of Glenlivet, in which the forces of James V under the duke
of Argyle were defeated by the Scotch.

1689. QUIRINUS KUHLMAN, a German fanatic, burnt at Moscow for some
seditious prophecies.

1690. ROBERT BARCLAY, an eminent Scottish writer, of the society of
quakers, died. His _Apology for the Quakers_ is esteemed the standard of
their doctrines, and has been published in many of the European
languages.

1691. The English and Irish war ended by the fall of Limerick.

1733. CHARLES ST. YVES, a skillful French oculist, died; author of a
valuable treatise on the diseases of the eye.

1751. JAMES LOGAN died; a learned quaker, who accompanied Penn to
America in 1699, and assisted in the government of the colony. His
library contained 3,000 volumes, and was the largest in the colony; he
understood several ancient and modern languages, and his writings were
republished in Europe.

1768. FERDINAND WARNER, an English divine, died; celebrated for his
theological, biographical, historical and medical writings.

1793. The last two male natives of Pitcairn's island murdered by the
three survivors of the British ship Bounty.

1794. The fortress of Juliers opened its gates to the victorious French,
on the famous victory over the Austrians on the banks of the Roer, which
delivered all the German provinces on the west side of the Rhine into
the hands of the republicans.

1803. VICTOR ALFIERI, an eminent Italian dramatic poet, died. Within
less than seven years he produced fourteen dramas, besides various other
works in prose and verse, including a translation of Sallust. His
posthumous works were published in 13 vols., two of which are occupied
by his auto-biography.

1811. First newspaper issued at Buffalo, N. Y.

1813. Battle of Wartenburg, a small town on the left bank of the Elbe,
between the Prussian army of 24,000 under Blucher, and the French under
Bertrand, of 20,000. The former made a memorable march from Bautzen to
the Elbe. The river was wide and rapid, and the pontoons were thrown
over under the fire of the French, who were defeated with much loss.

1815. JUAN DIEZ PORLIER, a celebrated Spanish partisan general, hanged
at Corunna. He distinguished himself at the battle of Trafalgar, and
rendered the king important services in the war with the French.

1826. LEVIN AUGUSTUS BENNINGSEN, a German military officer of great
abilities, died. He entered the Russian service, and was in several
important campaigns against the French.

1838. BLACKHAWK (_Muck-ker-ta-me-scheck-ker-kirk_), a celebrated Indian
chief and warrior, died at his camp on the river Des Moines.

1843. LEWIS F. LINN, senator of the United States from Missouri, died at
St. Genevieve.

1848. The emperor of Austria dissolved the Hungarian diet, proclaimed
martial law for that province, and appointed the Ban Jellachich to the
supreme government.

1852. A severe gale swept over the Atlantic ocean and English channel,
causing a great destruction of property and loss of life.

1853. JAMES TALMADGE died in New York, aged 75. He was
lieutenant-governor of New York in 1824, and devoted the last twenty
years of his life to the American institute as its president.

1855. ROBERT ADAIR, a British ambassador to various courts of Europe,
died at London, aged 92.


OCTOBER 4.

633. EDWIN (_the Great_), king of Britain, killed at Hatfield. He
wielded the sovereignty 17 years, during which the _cumulus_ of
heathenism began to break up in large masses.

1226. FRANCIS, of Assisi, died; founder of the order of Franciscans, or
gray friars.

1253. ROBERT GROSSETESTE, an English prelate, died. He wrote several
voluminous works, possessed great learning, and a clear and vigorous
intellect.

1434. COSMO DE MEDICI reentered Florence from exile, and was received
with the most extravagant demonstrations of public joy, and became, in
fact, the prince of the state, accumulated enormous wealth, and lived in
regal magnificence.

1489. JOHN WESSELIUS, a Dutch ecclesiastic, died. His learning and
abilities were so great, that the pope sent for him to Rome, and offered
him what he should ask for. He merely requested a Greek and Hebrew Bible
in the Vatican.

1535. Was published the first edition of the _Whole Bible_ in the
English language, being the translation of Miles Coverdale.

1590. JAMES CUJACIUS, an eminent French lawyer, died. He rose from
obscurity, and by his indefatigable industry, without the assistance of
a master, perfected himself in Greek and Latin literature, and
particularly in civil law. His works were published at Paris, in 10
vols. folio.

1595. JOHN MAITLAND, lord Thirlstane, an eminent statesman under James
VI of Scotland, died.

1609. HENRY HUDSON, having explored the river to where it divided itself
into several branches, returned to its mouth on this day--put to sea
with all sails set, to report the tidings of his valuable discovery.

1660. FRANCIS ALBANO, an eminent Italian painter, died at Bologna, aged
82. He particularly excelled in expressing the delineations of female
and infantine beauty; his pieces are dispersed in the cabinets of
Europe, and highly esteemed.

1691. LOUIS ABELLY died; a French ecclesiastic, who devoted himself
principally to literature, and left numerous works behind him.

1692. CHARLES FLEETWOOD, lord deputy under Cromwell, died, aged 74. He
married the widow of the gloomy Ireton; hesitating to declare at once
for the king, he was allowed to end his days in obscurity.

1693. Battle near Marseilles, in France, between the French under
Catinat, and the allies under Victor Amadeus and Eugene of Savoy. The
allies were defeated, with the loss of all their artillery, and 8,000
men; the duke of Schomberg was mortally wounded.

1704. ALEXANDER SELKIRK, a Scottish mariner, put ashore on the desert
island of Juan Fernandez, by orders of captain Pradling, with whom he
had a quarrel. He was allowed a fowling piece and ammunition, and a very
few necessaries. In this desolate situation he continued three years,
subsisting on goats, fish and fruits.

1743. JOHN BAPTIST DU HALDE, a learned French Jesuit, died. He is the
author of a description of China and Tartary, a valuable work, compiled
from the curious and interesting observations of the missionaries of his
fraternity.

1744. HENRY CAREY, an English dramatic poet, and music composer, died by
suicide. Besides his poems, he wrote _Chrononhotonthologos_, to ridicule
the style of tragedy then in vogue, and produced the _Dragon of
Wantley_, as a burlesque on Italian opera.

1777. Battle of Germantown, in which the Americans were defeated, with
the loss of 200 killed, 600 wounded, and 400 taken. British loss, killed
and wounded, 600. The disastrous termination of this affair, was owing
to the darkness of the day, which embarrassed the operations of the
Americans.

1780. The ships Resolution and Discovery, the circumnavigating ships
which sailed under Cook and Clerke, returned, but without either of
their original commanders. Both were dead.

1790. ANN LETTS died, at South river, N. J., aged 107.

1794. Battle of Maciejowice, in Poland; the forces under Kosciusko
overthrown.

1795. The Parisians attacked the national convention, on account of the
re-election of two-thirds of the members of that body. They were
repulsed by the troops under Bonaparte, who now first signalized
himself. About 8,000 of the citizens were killed.

1799. Brunnen, in Switzerland, taken from the French by the Russians
under Suwarrow. This affair, however, terminated the progress of the
invaders.

1806. SAMUEL HORSLEY, a learned English prelate, died. He engaged in a
sectarian controversy with Priestley.

1812. Ogdensburgh attacked by the British, who were repulsed.

1812. American entrenched camp of Col. Newman attacked by the Indians,
who were repulsed, with the loss of 30 warriors, among them three
principal chiefs and their young king.

1813. American general HARRISON attacked by the Indians, at Chatham,
whom he repulsed, and pursued four miles. He took on this occasion 2,000
stand of arms, a quantity of clothing, and several cannon; also three
vessels laden with munitions.

1814. SAMUEL JACKSON PRATT, a once popular English novelist and
miscellaneous writer, died.

1815. CHRISTOPHER PHILIP OBERKAMPF died; founder of the manufactory of
printed linens at Jouy, and of the cotton manufacture of Essonne, in
France. He commenced a small business under great disadvantages, and in
a short time collected a population of 1500 in a spot which had been
almost a desert. His manufactures became of so much importance to the
country, that the king granted him letters of nobility, and a statue was
decreed him by the council-general, a mark of generosity which he
declined.

1821. JOHN RENNIE died; a celebrated Scottish civil engineer and
mechanist. The canals, bridges, and other public works in England,
attest his abilities.

1830. YORK, count von Wartenburg, a Prussian field-marshal, died. He was
one of the most distinguished generals in the wars against Napoleon.

1830. The independence of Belgium declared by the central committee at
Brussels: "The provinces of Belgium, violently separated from Holland,
shall constitute an independent state."

1833. RICHARD HEBER died; an Englishman of talents and learning,
distinguished for his zeal in collecting books, a business which he
followed assiduously during the last thirty years of his life. He left
immense collections of rare and valuable works in various languages, in
various cities in Europe.

1835. Third centenary, or three hundredth year from the printing of the
first English Bible, that of Coverdale, generally celebrated in the
different churches and chapels in England. This Bible, as appears from
the colophon, was finished on this day, 1535.

1835. TELESFORO DE TRUEBE Y COSIA, a Spanish dramatist, died at Paris,
aged 30. He resided principally in England, where he produced several
dramas and novels. He wrote dramas in English, Spanish, and French,
which were successfully produced at the several national theatres.

1851. EMANUEL GODOY (_Prince of Peace_), minister of Charles VI and VII
of Spain, died at Paris, in the 87th year of his age.

1853. The Great Republic, a mammoth clipper of 4000 tons, and the
largest merchant vessel in the world, was launched at East Boston, Mass.

1854. The greater part of the town of Memel, a Prussian seaport, was
destroyed by fire, including its churches, custom-house, bank, and
court-houses; loss estimated at $5,000,000.


OCTOBER 5.

678. JUSTIN II, emperor of the east, died. He was a weak prince, but had
a wife to govern him and the empire with ability.

610. PHOCAS, a Chalcedonian noble who seized on the empire of the east
by the murder of the emperor Maurice and his children, beheaded by
Heraclius, governor of Africa, who conspired against him.

1056. HENRY III, emperor of Germany, died. After making war against
Poland, Hungary and Bohemia, he passed into Italy, expelled three popes,
and was crowned by a fourth.

1540. ELIAS EOBANUS died; an elegant German scholar and good poet.

1555. EDWARD WATTON, an English physician, died. He took his decree at
Padua and practiced with great success in London. He is said to have
been the first who paid particular attention to natural history.

1571. CLAUDE D'ESPENCE, an eloquent French ecclesiastic, died.

1582. The Gregorian, or _new style_, commenced in Spain, Portugal and
part of Italy, this day being accounted the 15th.

1675. Springfield, Mass., attacked by the Indians. The Springfield
Indians had so resolutely resisted the persuasions of Philip to join his
exterminating expeditions, that the inhabitants felt the greatest
security. They were not aware of any defection, till news was received
from Windsor that 300 of Philip's Indians were concealed in their fort.
The timely arrival of forces from the neighboring towns alone saved the
village from entire destruction.

1690. Sir WILLIAM PHIPPS arrived before Quebec with a British force. He
summoned the place on the following day, but the French governor, count
Frontenac, refused to surrender; the fleet being dispersed in a storm,
the expedition failed in consequence.

1710. An expedition of British and provincials appeared before Port
Royal, in Canada, with 5 frigates and a bomb ketch. The force being
equal to its reduction, Subcrease, the French governor, only waited the
compliment of a few shot and shells as a decent pretence for surrender,
when the place fell into new hands, and was called Annapolis in honor of
the queen.

1733. _Zenger's Weekly Journal_ (2d paper at New York), was issued.

1740. JOHN PHILIP BARATIER, a German youth of most extraordinary genius,
died at the age of 20. At the age of 4, besides his native language, he
spoke French and Latin; at 6 Greek; at 8 Hebrew. He acquired also
various branches of learning, and prepared a large work on Egyptian
antiquities.

1759. Battle of St. Francis, an Indian village on the St. Lawrence, in
lower Canada. Innumerable expeditions had been fitted out from this
place to massacre and plunder the English settlements in New England,
and the village was enriched by the scalps taken at those times. Major
Rogers, an intrepid soldier, with 200 rangers, was despatched by general
Amherst from Crown point to destroy the place. After a fatiguing march
of twenty-one days he came upon the village when the savages were
holding a dance, and made a grand assault at break of day, after their
own manner. The Indians were taken so unexpectedly that little
resistance could be made.

1763. AUGUSTUS III, king of Poland, died.

1768. Great hurricane at Havana, destroyed 96 public edifices, and 4,048
houses; 1,000 inhabitants perished almost instantaneously.

1789. The estates general of France met at Versailles. This was
indisputably the first day of the revolution, although the object of
the meeting was to prevent such a catastrophe.

1803. The Constitution and Nautilus anchored in the bay of Tangiers,
within half a mile of the circular battery, and amused the emperor of
Morocco with the sound of their guns. This procured the release of the
American consul, who had been confined to his house, guarded by two
sentinels; and also the discharge of the American brig Hannah, of Salem,
which had been wrongfully seized at Mogadore.

1804. A British squadron under Com. Moore attacked and captured Spanish
ships La Medee 42 guns, La Fama 36 guns, and La Clara 36 guns; a frigate
of 36 guns, La Marcedes, blew up, on board of which were several
families returning to Spain, 280 men, and $811,000. On board the
captured ships were found, besides a very valuable cargo of merchandise,
2,538,885 dollars, 3,593 bars tin, and 774 pigs copper.

1805. CHARLES CORNWALLIS, governor-general of India, died. Although
overthrown at Yorktown, his character for courage, prudence and sagacity
was unaffected, and he was afterwards sent as civil and military
governor to Ireland.

1813. Battle of the Thames; the combined British and Indian forces under
Proctor and Tecumseh, defeated by the Americans under general Harrison.
On this occasion the celebrated Tecumseh was slain, as was believed in a
personal rencounter with colonel R. M. Johnson; the latter received five
wounds in this battle. American loss 7 killed, 22 wounded.

1813. Action on lake Ontario between the American fleet under commodore
Chauncey, and the British squadron; five schooners of the latter were
captured, and one sloop burnt.

1821. CLAUDIUS JOHN RICH, a learned English orientalist, died at Shiraz,
in Persia, a victim to his ardor in the pursuit of science. He wrote
_Memoirs of Ancient Babylon_, whose ruins he explored with indefatigable
industry. His manuscripts, coins and gems were purchased by government,
and are deposited in the British Museum.

1825. BERNARD GERMAIN STEPHEN DE LACEPEDE, a French naturalist, died. He
was unmolested during the reign of terror, and Bonaparte heaped honors
upon him. He holds a high station among modern naturalists.

1835. HORTENSE EUGENIE, duchess of St. Leu and ex-queen of Holland,
died. She was the daughter of Josephine by her first husband, and
married Louis Bonaparte.

1839. Destructive fire in Philadelphia, destroyed 52 buildings; said to
have been the greatest fire ever known in Philadelphia.

1839. A fire at Aikin, S. C., destroyed 36 houses and stores, forming
the whole business portion of the village.

1847. The first election of officers in Liberia, under the new
constitution, took place. Gov. Roberts was chosen president of the
republic.

1853. MAHLON DICKERSON, a New Jersey statesman, died, aged 83. He filled
a great variety of public offices with distinguished ability.

1855. WILLIAM HENRY PERCY, a British rear admiral, died at London, aged
67.

1855. THOMAS LIVINGSTON MITCHELL, surveyor-general of New South Wales,
died, aged 63. He surveyed the battle fields of the Peninsular war, in
which he served, and was knighted in 1839 for his discoveries and
surveys.

1855. Two asteroids, being the 36th and 37th, were discovered, one by
Luther, at Bilk, the other by Goldsmith, in Prussia.


OCTOBER 6.

877. CHARLES II (_the Bald_), of France, poisoned. He succeeded to the
French crown 840, and was elected emperor by the pope 875. The feudal
government may be said to have begun under him.

1274. The English parliament restrained usury. The Jews in consequence
were obliged to wear a badge.

1285. PHILIP III (_the Bold_), of France, died. He was proclaimed king
while in Africa with his father on a crusade, where he defeated the
Saracens, and concluded a truce with them for 10 years.

1470. HENRY VI, of England, released from the tower of London and again
proclaimed king. He was imprisoned the second time in the following year
and murdered.

1552. IVAN IV, czar of Russia, took the city of Kazan, and added that
kingdom to his empire.

1713. _The Englishman_ appeared, conducted by the same authors as _The
Spectator_, but was more political in its character.

1748. The British under admiral Boscawen raised the siege of
Pondicherry, in Hindostan, after a loss by battle and sickness of 1,065.
Loss of the French garrison 200, and 50 sepoys.

1761. WILLIAM PITT, the British statesman, having resigned the ministry,
a pension of £3,000 was settled upon him for three lives, and the title
of baroness of Chatham conferred upon his wife.

1762. The British under admiral Cornish and general Draper, took
Manilla, the capital of the Philippine islands, by storm. Several ships
and a large quantity of military stores fell into their hands. The town
was ransomed by four millions of dollars.

1767. FRANCIS WISE, an English divine and antiquary, died. His
researches led to the publication of several learned works.

1777. The British under sir Henry Clinton, about 3,000 men, attacked and
carried forts Clinton and Montgomery, defended by governor Clinton. The
post having been designed principally to prevent the passing of ships,
the works on the land side were incomplete and untenable, and were
carried by the bayonet. Most of the garrison effected their escape, with
the loss of 300; British lost about an equal number. Count Grabouski, a
Polish nobleman in the American service, was killed.

1778. WILLIAM WORTHINGTON died; an English prelate and theological
writer of merit.

1780. HENRY LAURENS, who had been taken on his passage from America to
Holland, was committed to the tower of London for high treason. He was
afterwards liberated.

1783. Treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United States
proclaimed.

1789. LAFAYETTE preserved the royal family from the popular excitement.
The king was then conducted to Paris, where he accepted the "declaration
of the rights of man."

1794. British, general Graham, surrendered Guadaloupe by capitulation to
the French.

1794. Fall of the _mountain party_ in the French national convention.

1802. SIMON DE MAGISTRIS died at Rome; well known for his deep
acquaintance with the Hebrew, Greek and Latin, and whose services to
literature were liberally rewarded by the pope.

1813. Moravian town, on the river Thames, destroyed by the Americans
under general Harrison, after which he marched to Detroit, where peace
was negotiated with a number of vanquished tribes of Indians.

1821. ALEXANDER MURRAY, a distinguished naval officer, died. He fought
in 13 battles in the army and navy during the war of the revolution. On
the organization of the navy under the new government, he was one of the
first officers recalled into service. To the highest firmness and
resolution he united a remarkable mildness and serenity of temper.

1836. WILLIAM MARSDEN, a learned English orientalist, died. He published
a dictionary and grammar of the Malayan language, and other works of
acknowledged merit.

1839. JESSE BUEL, an eminent agriculturist, died. He was several years
member of the legislature and a candidate for governor of New York in
1836. He was also a practical printer, and had filled the office of
printer to the state. He was a useful citizen, and highly esteemed in
public and private life.

1841. A revolution in Mexico; Santa Anna entered the capital at the head
of 10,000 men; displaced Bustamente, and established himself at the head
of the government.

1843. JAMES LEONARD CATHCART died at Washington, aged 77. He entered the
continental navy at an early age, was a midshipman during the
revolution, and was captured by the Algerines and held eleven years in
captivity. He turned his knowledge of that country to good account
afterwards in the service of the government in quelling piracies, &c.

1848. Insurrection in Vienna; the emperor with his family left the city,
escorted by a few troops.

1853. SIMEON GREENLEAF, a distinguished law teacher, died at Cambridge,
Mass., aged 70. His law works attest his diligence and ability in his
profession.

1857. SAMUEL HUESTON, for many years publisher of the _Knickerbocker
Magazine_, died in New York.


OCTOBER 7.

929. CHARLES III (_the Simple_), of France, died. His abilities were
unequal to his station; he was defeated in battle by Hugh, and confined
seven years in prison, in the castle of Peronne, where he died.

1492. The ship Nina, rigged with latteen sails and usually ahead of the
others, supposing she had discovered land, hoisted her flag and fired a
Lombardo. This was soon found to be an illusion; the insubordination
broke forth among the crews, when Columbus, with the two Pinzons,
commanders, was compelled to enter into an _agreement_ with those
murmurers, to return in case land was not discovered in three days.

1521. Date of king Henry VIII's diploma from the pope as Defender of the
Faith, for his treatise _De Septem Sacramentis_.

1565. THOMAS CHALONER, a noted English ambassador, died. He wrote a work
on _The right ordering of the English Republic_, and has the honor of
having discovered the first alum mines in England.

1571. Battle of Lepanto, a naval action between the Turks, and Venitians
assisted by the Germans and Spaniards under Don John of Austria. The
Turks were utterly defeated with the loss of 25,000 killed, 10,000
taken, and all their great commanders slain, and 200 galleys taken or
destroyed. The Christians lost about 10,000 men. This was the greatest
sea fight of modern times, and being the first signal victory achieved
over the Turks, diffused the greatest joy over Christendom.

1577. GEORGE GASCOINE, a celebrated English poet in the time of
Elizabeth, died. He served with credit in the wars of the Low Countries;
and wrote the first English comedy in prose.

1612. GIOVANNI BATTISTA GUARINI, a celebrated Italian poet, died. The
_Pastor Fido_ has immortalized his name.

1651. JAMES SIRMOND died; a French Jesuit and a voluminous theological
writer.

1681. NICHOLAS HEINSIUS (_the Swan of Holland_), died. He was eminent as
a statesman, poet and critic.

1708. Battle near Lesno, between 40,000 Russians under Peter the great,
and 16,000 Swedes under Lewenhaupt, who was marching with men and
supplies to relieve Charles XII. He was defeated after five engagements,
which were fought in three days, and reached Charles with only 5,000
men. The Russians took 5,000 carriages, and much of the artillery and
baggage.

1753. Sir DANVERS OSBORN arrived at New York from England, to supersede
Clinton as governor of the province. (See Oct. 12.)

1759. JOSEPH AMES, a celebrated typographical historian, died. He was
originally a ship chandler, who late in life took to the study of
antiquities, and became secretary of the society of antiquaries.

1763. The king of France, viewing the extensive and valuable
acquisitions in America secured by the treaty with Great Britain,
granted letters patent under the great seal, to erect within the
countries and islands ceded to him, four distinct and separate
governments, namely, Quebec, East Florida, West Florida, and Granada.

1765. First congress of American colonies met at New York.

1777. Second battle of Stillwater, which was an attempt of the British
to secure a retreat to the lakes. Darkness put an end to the action,
after the Americans had gained decisive advantages. A great number of
the enemy were killed; 200 taken, including several officers of
distinction; 9 cannons and the encampment of a German brigade, with all
their equipage. The loss of the Americans was inconsiderable. British
general Frazer and lieutenant-colonel Breyman were killed.

1780. Battle of King's mountain, South Carolina, in which 300 British
were killed and wounded, and 800 prisoners, and 1500 stand of excellent
arms taken. Maj. Ferguson, who commanded the British, was killed,
gallantly defending his post.

1787. HENRY MELCHIOR MUEHLENBERG died; pastor of the first Lutheran
church in Pennsylvania, and distinguished for his learning.

1788. JOHN BROWN, an English physician, died; known as the founder of
the Brunonian system of medicine, which classes all diseases under two
heads, those of deficient and those of redundant excitement.

1792. GEORGE MASON, a distinguished Virginia statesman, died at his
domain of Gunston hall.

1794. ANTOINE JOSEPH GORSAS, a Girondist, guillotined at Paris. He was a
school master, a man of letters, and the editor of a paper, through
which he became one of the first instigators of the revolution, and
actively promoted some of its important events.

1794. Bois-le-duc, one of the strongest bulwarks of the famous Dutch
barrier along the left bank of the Meuse, surrendered to the French
revolutionary army; by which several other fortresses were hemmed in and
rendered useless.

1795. JOHN GEORGE ZIMMERMAN, a Swiss philosopher, died at Hanover, where
he was first physician to his Brittanic majesty. His work on _Solitude_
is a popular book in our own language.

1796. THOMAS REID, professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow, died, aged
89; highly distinguished as a mathematician and metaphysician.

1807. BONAPARTE called for a second conscription of 80,000 men for this
year.

1810. Coimbra in Portugal, held by the French, was attacked by the
British under colonel Trant and carried. Trant took 80 officers and
5,000 men prisoners, mostly sick and wounded.

1812. Battle of the Moskwa. The French army of 150,000 under Napoleon
was opposed by a Russian army of about the same number, under Kutusoff.
The attack began early in the morning and continued until late in the
afternoon, when the Russian army retreated, no pursuit being made by the
French; while the field of battle was strewed with 50,000 dead and
dying. The Russians acknowledged a loss of 25,000, among whom was
Bagration.

1840. WILLIAM I, king of the Netherlands, published a proclamation
announcing his voluntary abdication of the throne in favor of his son
William II. He is said to have retired with a private fortune of nearly
forty-three millions of dollars, and abdicated in consequence of his
determination to marry the countess d'Oultremont, a lady of the Roman
catholic faith.

1841. FREDERICK JOHN, lord Monson, died, aged 32; a patron and amateur
of art, a lover of literature and science, and a truly benevolent and
public spirited man. A journal of his _Tour in Germany_ was privately
printed in 1839, and some beautiful views of the passes of the Tyrol
were drawn on stone from his sketches.

1841. Revolutionary movement in Spain in favor of Christina and absolute
government. By the prompt movement of the regent Espartero the
insurrection was entirely quelled, and general Diego Leon was executed.

1849. EDGAR A. POE, favorably known as an American poet and magazine
writer, died at Baltimore, aged 37.

1849. LOUIS BATTHYANYI, prime minister of Hungary, was shot at Pesth, at
the sole urgency of general Haynau.

1850. Disunion meetings were held at Natchez and Yazoo city, at both of
which the disorganizing resolutions were opposed and voted down.

1854. CALEB BUTLER died, aged 78; principally known by his history of
the town of Groton, Mass.


OCTOBER 8.

66. CESTIUS, the Syrian prefect, in his fatal retreat, was defeated by
the Jews at the pass of Bethhoron. Nero received this disastrous news at
Achaia, and called in Vespasian.

451. Fourth œcumenical council assembled at Chalcedon, where the
heretic Eutyches was finally condemned.

622. MAHOMET made his public entry into Medina. He was mounted on a she
camel, and an umbrella shaded his reverend shoulders.

1200. JOHN, king of England, and his _new_ queen, Isabella, were
inaugurated. The devil was to be released at that year's close, said the
_lipticians_ on the canon.

1202. The Venetian crusade sailed, under Boniface, of Montferrat.

1635. JOHN WINTHROP, son of the governor of Massachusetts, arrived from
England with a commission from the patentees as "governor of the river
Connecticut, and places thereto adjoining," bringing men, ordnance,
ammunition, and £2000 sterling for the erection of a fort.

1636. JOHN EVERARD, better known by his bibliographical name, Johannes
Secundus, a Dutch _Latin_ poet, died. His works have gone through many
editions, and the _Kisses of Johannes Secundus_ have been translated
into various languages. He also distinguished himself by his skill in
painting, sculpture, and engraving.

1684. GERAUD DE CORDEMOI died; a French academician, and a great
partisan of Descartes' systems.

1729. RICHARD BLACKMORE, an English physician, died. He was an
indefatigable writer, and has left a great number of works, theological,
poetical, and medical.

1744. JOHN BALCHEN, a celebrated English admiral, perished at sea, in
the Victory man-of-war, 110 guns, and 1100 seamen, all of whom were
lost.

1754. HENRY FIELDING, an eminent English novelist, died, aged 48.

1755. The remains of Braddock's army, in 33 transports, passed the city
of New York on their way to winter quarters at Albany.

1767. BURCHARD CHRISTOPHER DE MUNICH died; a German who learned the art
of war under Eugene and Marlborough, and distinguished himself in the
service of Peter I of Russia.

1774. Congress resolved to support Massachusetts, if the acts of
parliament were attempted to be carried into execution by force. The
general court of Massachusetts met at Salem on the same day, although
general Gage had ordered them not to assemble, resolved themselves into
a provincial congress, and chose John Hancock president.

1785. L'EVESQUE DE BURIGNY, a French author, died, aged 94. He wrote a
work on the authority of the pope, a learned history of pagan
philosophy, and several other works, historical and biographical.

1785. _The Lounger_ appeared at Edinburgh, conducted principally by
Henry Mackenzie.

1791. A jury at Sudberry, England, not being able to agree, oppressed by
hunger, broke open the doors and went home.

1792. PIETRO ANTONIO CREVENNA, an Italian bibliographer, died. He
collected a choice library, which he sold by auction in 1790. The
learned catalogues of his books, prepared by himself and others, have
given to the works which belonged to him, great value, in the eyes of
amateurs, and the catalogues themselves have bibliographical authority.

1793. JOHN HANCOCK, the master spirit of the American revolution, died.
He was president of the congress which issued the declaration of
independence, and his name stands out in bold relief on that document.

1793. Lyons, in France, surrendered to the republicans, and a most
terrible massacre of the inhabitants ensued. The convention decreed that
the walls should be razed, and Lyons called La ville affranchie.

1795. ANDREW KIPPIS, a very celebrated English biographer, died. His
connection with the publication of the _Biographia Britannica_, will
carry down his name with distinguished reputation to posterity.

1809. JAMES ELPHINSTONE, a Scottish grammarian, died. He undertook the
reformation of English orthography by spelling words as they are
pronounced.

1820. HENRY CHRISTOPHE, king of Hayti, shot. He was a slave, and served
in the American war. His activity in the revolution of the slaves in the
island of St. Domingo, led to his elevation.

1822. Eruption of mount Galongoon, in the island of Java. It commenced
at 2 o'clock in the afternoon of a fine day, by a loud explosion, which
was followed by a thick cloud, that wrapped the whole country in
darkness, while immense columns of mud, boiling hot, and mixed with
burning brimstone, were projected from the mountain like a water spout,
with such prodigious violence, that large quantities fell at the
distance of 40 miles. The destruction was at its height at 4 o'clock,
and had ceased at 5, having in the short space of three hours, laid a
fruitful and thickly peopled country under a crust of boiling mud, in
some places to the depth of sixty feet. Five millions coffee trees were
destroyed, 87 canals, numerous rice fields, 114 villages, and upwards of
4000 inhabitants. The scene presented a bluish, half-liquid waste, where
bodies of men, women and children, partly boiled and partly burned, were
strewed about in every variety of death. It was followed by a rain storm
of four days' duration, which inundated the country, when another
eruption took place, more violent than the first.

1822. The first boats passed from the west and the north, through the
Erie and Champlain canals, into the tide waters of the Hudson at Albany,
amidst the acclamations of thousands of spectators.

1831. Great earthquake in South America. The town of Arica was utterly
ruined, and the shock was felt along the coast, including seven degrees
of latitude, shaking to its centre the immense breadth of the main
Cordillera. It was attended by a violent vertical movement of the earth,
during about 70 seconds, which threw down or shattered the houses, and
in some cases pieces were detached from the middle of walls, leaving the
rest of the edifice uninjured.

1832. OTHO proclaimed and installed king of restored Greece, at the
palace of Preysing, in Bavaria.

1837. CHARLES FOURIER, founder of the system of social and industrial
reform which bears his name, died at Paris.

1841. JOHANN HEINRICH DANNECKER, the Nestor of German sculptors, died at
Stuttgardt, aged 82.

1848. The populace of Vienna, which had been in a state of
insubordination two days, became calm, and the emperor was invited to
return.

1851. The Hudson river rail road was opened throughout, from New York to
Albany.

1853. THOMAS CHILDS, one of the bravest and most distinguished officers
in the United States army, died at Tampa bay.

1854. GIDEON TOMLINSON, a Connecticut statesman, died, aged 74.

1854. The steam boat E. K. Collins, from Sault St. Marie to Cleveland,
took fire on the lake and was burned, by which 23 persons lost their
lives.

1855. SAMUEL DICKINSON HUBBARD, sometime post master general of the
United States, died at Middletown, Ct., aged 55.

1855. The grand jury in New York city returned indictments against
several city officers, for corruption and malversation in office.


OCTOBER 9.

1047. CLEMENT II, pope, died. He was a Saxon, elected the year previous,
and distinguished for his zeal against Simony.

1192. King RICHARD of England embarked from Palestine in a single ship
for Europe.

1253. ROBERT GREATHEAD, bishop of Lincoln, and a learned and voluminous
writer, died.

1326. HUGH SPENCER, a favorite of Edward II, hanged at Bristol, which
city he defended against the forces of queen Isabella.

1555. JUSTUS JONAS died; a learned coadjutor of Luther and the other
reformers, and author of a _Defence of the Marriage of the Priests_, and
other works.

1563. GABRIEL FALLOPIUS, a celebrated Italian physician and anatomist,
died at Padua. He possessed great powers of mind, which he cultivated by
intense application.

1642. The first commencement was held at Harvard college, when nine
candidates took the degree of A. B.

1646. The whole order of English bishops abolished by an ordinance of
parliament.

1665. GOV. STUYVESANT submitted to the states general his report in
relation to the surrender of New York to the English.

1682. HENRY BLOUNT died; an English traveler, who made the tour of
Europe and part of Asia, and published an account of his travels on his
return.

1688. CLAUDE PERRAULT, a distinguished French physician and architect,
died.

1690. JOHN MAYNARD, an eminent English lawyer, died; celebrated for his
eloquence, integrity and public spirit.

1705. JOHN CHRISTOPHER WAGENSEIL died; a learned German polemical
writer, and professor of history and oriental languages at Altorf.

1707. A fleet of English merchantmen attacked off the Lizard point; the
Devonshire man-of-war blown up.

1711. The British fleet returning from its unsuccessful expedition
against Canada, arrived at Portsmouth, N. H., when in addition to their
other misfortunes, the Edgar 70 gun ship blew up, having on board 400
men besides many persons who came to visit their friends.

1718. RICHARD CUMBERLAND, a learned English divine and mathematician,
died.

1733. Seven hundred British troops withdrawn from Gibraltar to defend
the planters of Jamaica from their runaway slaves.

1745. Ath surrendered to the French after a severe and destructive
bombardment. This gave France the command of Flanders.

1747. DAVID BRINARD, an eminent American missionary among the Indians,
died at Northampton, a victim to his extreme mortification and
inextinguishable zeal for the success of his mission. He rode about
4,000 miles in 1744, on pastoral duties.

1747. JONAS SURRINGTON died near Bergen in Norway, aged 159, retaining
the perfect use of his faculties to the last.

1759. The architect SMEATON finished the Eddystone light house; not an
accident occurred to sadden the joy.

1760. Berlin in Prussia, taken and sacked by the Russians and Austrians.

1772. CHRISTIAN JACOBSON DRACKENBURG died at Aarhus, Denmark, aged 146;
"a celebrated and well-known character."

1779. The people of Manchester rioted on account of Arkwright's
machinery for spinning.

1779. The French and Americans, about 4,500 men under count d'Estaing
and Gen. Lincoln, made an unsuccessful assault upon Savannah, and were
compelled to retreat with considerable loss. The brave count Pulaski was
mortally wounded in this affair. (Holmes says Oct. 11.)

1781. The French and Americans opened their batteries upon the British
at Yorktown.

1791. ABRAHAM J. LANSING, the original proprietor of Lansingburgh, N.
Y., died, aged 72, at his seat in that town.

1803. Deluge in the island of Madeira; the city of Funchal, with all its
inhabitants, was swept into the ocean, leaving the rocky basis of the
island bare. But one human being escaped, which was an infant. The event
is supposed to have been occasioned by a water spout, which had burst
against the side of a mountain, and discharged itself down the
declivities upon the city.

1805. Battle of Guntzburg; the Austrians under prince Ferdinand,
defeated by the French under Bonaparte, with the loss of 2,000
prisoners, besides killed and wounded.

1806. Battle of Schleitz in Saxony; 10,000 Prussians defeated by
Bernadotte; being the recommencement of hostilities between the French
and Prussians.

1809. Great storm at Boston and vicinity, by which a vast number of
vessels were lost.

1812. Lieut. ELLIOTT, of the United States navy, with 50 volunteers,
attacked and carried two British vessels, the Caledonia and Detroit, on
lake Erie. One of these was burnt, with a cargo valued at $200,000.

1813. British broke up their cantonments before fort George, and marched
rapidly for Burlington bay.

1822. RICHARD EARLOM, an English engraver of great skill, died. His
flower pieces are highly valued.

1826. CHARLES MILLS, an eminent English historian, died. His histories
of the crusades, of chivalry and of Muhammedanism, are valuable
acquisitions to literature.

1831. CAPO D'ISTRIAS, president of Greece, assassinated by one of his
own countrymen.

1836. JAMES SAUMAREZ, an English admiral, died; distinguished in the
naval history of his country, and eminent for his private virtues.

1842. JOSHUA STOW, sometime chief judge in Middlesex county court,
Conn., died at Middletown.

1845. DAVID BAILLIE WARDEN died at Paris, aged 67. He was a native of
Ireland, was sometime consul of the United States at Paris, where he
collected a valuable library of American history, was a member of the
French academy, and a man of letters and varied learning.

1847. Sweden abolished slavery in the island of St. Bartholomew and all
her dependencies.

1849. TIMOTHY DWIGHT SPRAGUE, editor of the _American Literary
Magazine_, died at Andover, Mass., aged 30.

1849. A riot in Philadelphia, between a set of whites called killers,
and some negroes. It was continued the next day, until put down. Four
houses were burned, 4 persons killed, and 11 wounded.

1854. WILLIAM DARBY, an eminent American geographer and statistician,
died at Washington, aged 79.

1855. A treaty was ratified between Japan and Great Britain, by admiral
sir James Stirling.


OCTOBER 10.

432 B. C. Battle of Potidæa, on its revolt from the Athenians, in which
Socrates and Alcibiades were nobly distinguished for their prowess and
friendship. In that year Anaxagoras, Phidias and Aspasia were
prosecuted, the first for his impiety.

324. CONSTANTIUS, the second and favorite son of Constantine, was
installed by his father _cæsar_ of the Gallic provinces.

1571. "The field of Tulliangus was stricken" between Adam Gordon and
Arthur Forbes, brother of lord Forbes, where the said Arthur was slain,
with sundry others of his kin; on the other side John Gordon of Buckie,
with divers hurt on both sides. A Scottish foray.

1582. The new style adopted in France, this day being made the 20th.

1615. Battle between Champlain and the Iroquois, in western New York.

1632. THOMAS ALLEN died; an Englishman illustrious for his knowledge of
mathematics and philosophy. He published, among other works, the second
and third books of Ptolemy on the judgment of the stars.

1706. PAUL PEZRON, a learned Frenchman, died. He occupied himself with
the study of the Greek and Latin historians, and in tracing the origin
of the language of the Goths, and made up a new system of chronology.

1710. DAVID GREGORY, an eminent Scottish mathematician, died. He
displayed great powers in the elements of optics, and physical and
geometrical astronomy, improving the discoveries of others by new and
elegant demonstrations. He proposed to publish all the works of the
ancient mathematicians, but did not live to finish the series.

1742. Sixty persons killed by the falling of the roof of the church in
Fearn Russhire, in the time of worship.

1744. JOHN HENRY SCHULZE, a German physician, died; professor of
medicine at Halle, and author of a history of medicine from the creation
to the year of Rome 535.

1747. JOHN POTTER, primate of England, died. Besides theological and
other works he wrote _Antiquities of Greece_, two vols., which have
passed through several editions.

1747. British fleet of 14 ships, admiral Hawke, engaged the French fleet
under M. de Letender, and captured 7 ships of the line, and a 50 gun
ship.

1772. WILLIAM WILKIE died; a Scottish divine and poet, and professor of
philosophy at St. Andrews.

1774. Battle between the Americans, 1400 men, from Virginia, under
colonel Lewis, and about 600 Ohio Indians. The Indians made the attack;
400 of the Virginians were killed and 100 wounded.

1775. British general GAGE sailed from Boston for Great Britain, and the
command of the army devolved upon general Howe.

1775. LOUIS NICHOLAS VICTOR MUYS, minister of war and marshal of France,
died. He signalized himself at several important engagements, which led
to his promotion.

1780. Hurricane in the West Indies, which continued about 48 hours.
Several towns were leveled with the dust, and many thousand persons lost
their lives. Several hundred vessels in the different ports were driven
to sea or dashed to pieces.

1783. HENRY BROOKE, an eminent Irish writer, died. His tragedy of
Gustavus Vasa, though forbidden the stage for its tone of freedom and
liberty, met with a rapid sale.

1787. The Prussians under the duke of Brunswick took the city of
Amsterdam by capitulation. It is said that before the surrender water
sold for an English shilling a quart.

1792. Lord MULGRAVE died at Liege, aged 48. He was captain Phipps in the
British service, and was celebrated for his voyage towards the North
pole.

1794. Battle of Fersen, or Mackowieze, between the Russians and the
Poles under Kosciusko. The contest was bloody and fatal to the patriots.
The victory was wavering, and the expected reinforcements not appearing,
Kosciusko at the head of his principal officers, made a furious charge
and plunged into the midst of the Russians. He had three horses killed
under him, and finally fell covered with wounds, and was captured.

1797. CARTER BRAXTON died; a signer of the declaration of independence
from Virginia.

1800. Explosion of an infernal machine intended to have destroyed
Bonaparte, then first consul, as he proceeded to the opera. The coachman
being intoxicated, drove faster than was his custom, and the engine
exploded half a minute after the carriage had passed, killed 20 persons,
and wounded 53, and shattered the windows on both sides of the street.

1806. JEREMIAH JAMES OBERLIN, an eminent archæologist of Strasburg,
died. He was an accurate and industrious scholar, and besides various
original works, published good editions of several of the Latin
classics.

1806. Sanguinary battle at the bridge of Saalfeld in Saxony; the French
under Suchet defeated the Prussians, and their general, prince Ferdinand
Louis, was killed.

1812. Veraya, in Russia, garrisoned by the French, taken by the Russians
under Dorochoff; 500 French were killed and 400 captured. The standard
of Westphalia and 500 muskets were taken, and the place having been made
a depot for provisions, great quantities fell into the hands of the
Russians.

1824. FRANCIS BALTHAZAR SOLVYNS, a celebrated Dutch painter and
engraver, died. He spent 15 years in Hindostan, studying the languages,
manners and customs of the east, on which he published a work in folio.

1832. JAMES STEPHEN, an English statesman and philanthropist, died. He
suggested and arranged the whole system of continental blockade, which
for a long time occasioned great embarrassment to Bonaparte.

1834. THOMAS SAY, an eminent naturalist, died at New Harmony. He early
abandoned his mercantile pursuits to devote himself to the study of
nature. Perhaps no man has done more to make known the zoology of this
country than he.

1836. MARTHA RANDOLPH, last surviving daughter of Thomas Jefferson, a
lady of distinguished talents and virtues, died in Albemarle county,
Va., aged 70.

1840. The Egyptian army under Ibrahim Pacha and Soliman Pacha defeated
near Beyrout, in Syria, by the allied British and Turkish troops under
Selim Pacha, com. Napier and colonel Hodges, with the loss of 7000 men.

1841. JOHN BAYLEY, a noted justice of the King's bench and baron of the
exchequer, died in England, aged 78.

1841. CARL FREDERICH SCHINKEL, the most eminent architect in Prussia,
died at Berlin, aged 61.

1849. A memorial for the annexation of Canada to the United States,
received in five hours the signatures of 300 merchants, land owners, and
professional men, at Montreal.

1849. The _initial point_ of the boundary line between the United States
and Mexico settled, and a monument with inscriptions erected in north
latitude 32° 31´ 59´´.58, and in longitude 119° 35´ 0´´.15 west from
Greenwich.

1854. GORDON DRUMMOND, a British officer who saw much service in the war
with the United States in 1812, died in London, aged 82. He commanded
the British troops at the battle of Niagara.


OCTOBER 11.

1347. LOUIS V, emperor of Germany, killed by a fall from his horse. This
event prevented a new civil war, which threatened the happiness of
Germany.

1441. The government of Venice prohibited the printing and vending of
playing cards by foreigners in those dominions.

1492. COLUMBUS discovered the Bahama islands, his first discovery of
land.

1521. LEO X issued a decree, conferring upon Henry VIII of England the
title of Defender of the Faith.

1531. ULRICUS ZUINGLIUS, an able and zealous Swiss reformer, killed in a
skirmish with his popish opponents.

1611. JOHN COWELL, an English lawyer and antiquary, died; author of some
works on the law.

1612. The remains of MARY, queen of Scots, removed to a vault in Henry
VIII's chapel, where a most magnificent monument was erected to her
memory.

1614. Charter granted to "the United New Netherland company," giving it
the exclusive right to visit and trade with the countries in America,
lying between the 40th and 45th degrees of north latitude. This country
was now for the first time called New Netherland.

1643. JOHN DU VERGER DE HAURANE died; an eminent French ecclesiastic,
who formed a new system of faith, which becoming popular, drew upon him
the resentment of Richelieu.

1698. Treaty between England, France and Holland, for the partition of
Spain.

1698. WILLIAM MOLYNEUX, an eminent Irish mathematician, died. He was
ardently devoted to science, founded the philosophical society of
Ireland, and invented a telescope dial.

1702. Battle of Vigo; the British admiral Rooke attacked the French
fleet and Spanish batteries. The French destroyed 8 ships, and the
British burnt 6 galleons richly laden with goods and plate, valued at
14,000,000 pieces of eight; they also razed the fortifications, and
brought off 10 ships of war and 11 galleons, with 7,000,000 pieces of
eight.

1705. WILLIAM AMONTONS, an eminent French mechanic, died. He suggested
some improvements in barometers and thermometers, and invented a method
of communicating intelligence, which has since been adopted under the
name of telegraph.

1709. Mons taken by the allies.

1727. EDWARD COLSTON, an English philanthropist, died. He acquired
wealth by commerce with Spain, with which he endowed numerous
charitable institutions.

1736. Great storm on the river Ganges; 300,000 lives are supposed to
have been lost.

1750. JOHN BAPTIST JOSEPH LANGUET died; the celebrated vicar of St.
Sulpice at Paris, who refused all preferments, and devoted the revenues
which he collected to the institution and support of judiciously planned
charitable establishments.

1752. THOMAS STACKHOUSE, a learned, pious but necessituous divine, died.

1776. The Americans under general Arnold attacked on lake Champlain by
the British under captain Pringle. Arnold lost two gondolas taken and
one blown up, and was forced to retreat, owing to the inferiority of his
force.

1779. Several individuals who had voluntarily remained in King's bench
prison, London, for the purpose of letting their rooms, were turned out.

1790. HENRY CULLEN, an eminent physician of Edinburgh, died.

1791. The bank of Providence, the first bank in Rhode Island, began to
discount.

1797. Battle off Camperdown, between the British fleet, 17 vessels,
admiral Duncan, and Dutch fleet, 23, admiral Winter. The Dutch were
defeated with the loss of 9 ships.

1808. JOHN PAGE, governor of Virginia, died; a patriot, statesman and
philosopher.

1817. ANDREW PICKENS, a distinguished revolutionary officer, died, aged
78. He commenced his military career in the French war which terminated
in 1763. He was one of those who indefatigably kept up the spirit of
resistance in South Carolina, till the enemy was expelled.

1820. The printers of London went in grand procession to Brandenburgh
house to present an address to queen Caroline. It was printed on white
satin, and was a superior specimen of typographical skill.

1837. SAMUEL WESLEY, a distinguished English musician, died. "His
compositions are grand and masterly; his melodies sweet, varied and
novel; his harmonies bold, imposing, unexpected and sublime; his
resources boundless."

1841. WILLIAM LIDDIARD, an admired and popular English writer in prose
and verse, died at Clifton, aged 68.

1841. GEORGE MAIRS, an eminent preacher of the Associate reformed
presbyterian church, died at Argyle, N. Y., aged 81.

1846. Great hurricane in Havana, which began on the previous evening,
wrecked or severely injured nearly 100 vessels, destroyed 1275 houses,
and injured as many more.

1848. The Hungarian army advanced to within six miles of Vienna; their
videttes being visible from the city towers.

1855. The propeller Arctic and the barque Release, under command of
Lieut. Hartstene, forming the arctic expedition in search of Dr. Kane
and his companions, arrived in New York, bringing with them the objects
of their search.


OCTOBER 12.

638. HONORIUS I, pope, died. He presided over the church with great zeal
and wisdom.

1303. BONIFACE III (_Benedict Cajetan_), pope, died. His ambition and
insolence were unbounded, and he hurled the thunders of the Vatican
against the kings of France and Denmark; but the former despising his
threats, had him seized.

1307. All the knights templars in France ordered to be arrested, and on
the following day the grand master, the templars and all their
possessions were seized.

1424. JOHN DE TROEZNOU ZISCA, a famous Bohemian patriot, died. He was
the formidable general of the Hussites, who undertook to avenge the
death of their leader; he also defended his country against the emperor
Sigismund, and performed prodigies of valor after he had lost both his
eyes.

1428. The siege of Orleans commenced, memorable as one of the most
extraordinary incidents in history.

1492. COLUMBUS landed on the island of Guanahani, of which he had seen
the first twinkling on the previous night; thus in the space of 36 days
completing a voyage which he had been 20 years in projecting, which
opened to Europeans a new world, which enlarged the empire of Spain, and
stamped with immortality the name of Columbus.

1573. Great naval victory of the Dutch over the Spaniards.

1576. MAXIMILIAN II died. He was elected king of the Romans 1562, and
afterwards succeeded his father as king of Hungary and Bohemia, and
emperor of Germany.

1621. PETER MATTHIEU, a French historian, died. He was historiographer
to the king, and wrote the history of France, and of several of the
French kings.

1646. FRANCIS BASSOMPIERRE, marshal of France, died; a distinguished
statesman, whom Richelieu confined 10 years in the Bastile, during which
he wrote his own memoirs.

1649. The fall and massacre of Wexford under Oliver Cromwell.

1653. HUMPHREY CHETHAM, a great patron of learning and libraries, died,
aged 73, at Manchester, England, endowing the city with munificent
bequests.

1711. KING CHARLES III, of Spain, elected emperor of Germany at
Frankfort, by the name of Charles IV.

1716. LUDOLF KUSTER, a learned German critic, died.

1753. Sir DANVERS OSBORNE, who had arrived at New York on the 7th to
succeed Clinton as governor of the province, was found in the morning
suspended by the neck in the garden, and dead.

1764. RENE MICHAEL SLODTZ, an eminent French sculptor, died.

1793. St. Domingo ceded by its inhabitants to the British.

1798. British fleet, admiral Warren, intercepted the French fleet and
captured several ships laden with troops and stores destined for
Ireland. Theobald Wolfe Tone, the founder of the united Irishmen, was on
board, and taken.

1822. The independence of Brazil, under don John, was proclaimed.

1834. THOS. S. GRIMKE, of South Carolina, died of an attack of cholera.
He distinguished himself in a speech against the test oath of his native
state.

1842. BARTLETT BENNETT, one of the early pioneers of Kentucky, and a
baptist preacher, died at Cincinnati, aged 99.

1851. LEWIS WASHINGTON, an American commodore, died, aged 69. His
services in the Tripoli war and the war of 1812 made his name familiar
to the American people, as a brave, energetic and skillful captain.

1851. SAMUEL BEAZLEY, a distinguished English architect died, aged 66.
He was not only the designer of more theatres than any other modern
architect, but also a dramatic compiler.

1855. General WALKER took possession of Grenada, with a loss to the
enemy of 15 killed and several wounded.


OCTOBER 13.

49. TIBERIUS DRUSUS CLAUDIUS, emperor of Rome, died of poison
administered by his wife. He succeeded Caligula, and became contemptible
for his vices and weakness.

409. Irruption of the Vandals into Spain, who, dividing her prolific
territories, turned their swords into ploughshares.

643. OSWY, of Northumberland, and 10th king of Britain, ascended the
throne. The great controversy for the celebration of Easter, was decided
by him.

1164. The great council opened at Northampton, England, for the trial of
Thomas Becket, by whose sentence he was placed at the king's mercy.

1269. The bones of Edward the Confessor enshrined in gold.

1417. GREGORY XII (_Angelo Corario_), pope, died, aged 92. He was
elected during the schism of the west, while the opposite party
supported Benedict XIII. They were both deposed, and another elected.

1503. THEODORE BEZA, a learned French protestant, died. He was professor
of Greek at Lausanne, in Switzerland.

1515. Battle of Marignon, in Italy; the Swiss defeated by the French
under Francis I.

1698. The French missionary GERBILLON, returned to Pekin from his eighth
and last journey, from thence into Tartary, journals of all which are
published in Du Halde's _History of China_.

1705. The parliament of Scotland convened for the last time.

1754. JACOB POWELL died at Stebbing, England. He weighed five hundred
and sixty pounds. His body was five yards in circumference, and his
limbs were in proportion. He had sixteen men to carry him to his grave.

1771. JOHN GILL, an eminent English Calvinistic divine, died. He was a
learned orientalist and voluminous writer on theological subjects; his
greatest work is a commentary on the Bible.

1777. Esopus, on the Hudson river, burnt by the British under general
Vaughan; not a house escaped.

1782. Battle in Persia for the sovereignty, between Abdul Fatcan and
Murat Kan, the lord regent. The latter and his three sons were slain,
and Abdul caused himself to be proclaimed king.

1793. The allies under Wurmzer invested Landau, and carried the lines of
Weissembourg; the French retreated with loss.

1797. BENJAMIN HAMMETT fined £1,000 sterling, for refusing the office of
lord mayor of London.

1812. Battle of Queenston, in Canada; the Americans, under colonel Van
Rensselaer, attacked and carried the heights and fort; but owing to the
refusal of 1,200 militia to cross over to their support, and the arrival
of British regulars and Indians from fort George, the Americans, to the
number of 764, were obliged to surrender. General Brock was killed in
this affair, and Van Rensselaer was wounded by four balls. American
loss, 90 killed, 82 wounded.

1815. JOACHIM MURAT, king of Naples, shot. He was a soldier of fortune,
who emerged from obscurity during the French revolution, became a
distinguished general in the armies of France, married a sister of
Napoleon, and was placed upon the throne of Naples.

1815. NAPOLEON BONAPARTE landed at St. Helena, a perpetual exile.

1822. ANTONIO CANOVA died; the most eminent sculptor of the age. His
statues are in possession of the noble and the rich throughout Europe.

1828. VINCENT MONTI died; one of the most celebrated poets of modern
Italy.

1836. JACOB SPENCER, a revolutionary pensioner, died at Washington, N.
J., aged nearly 100. He had had seven wives, and left but one child
living.

1845. DOUGLAS HOUGHTON, state geologist of Michigan, died, aged 36. He
was prosecuting a combined geological and linear survey of the region
near lake Superior, on a plan suggested by himself.

1845. W. K. ARMISTEAD, a general officer in the United States service,
died at Upperville, Va., aged about 60. He had served long in the
engineer department, and in 1840-41 had chief command in the campaign
against the Florida Indians.

1846. Right honorable HENRY STEPHEN FOX, late her Britannic majesty's
minister plenipotentiary to the United States, died at Washington, D. C.
He was much respected as well for his prudence and urbane manners, as
for his decision and diplomatic talent.

1847. A body of 200 German catholics met at the Tabernacle, in New York,
and made a public and formal secession from the Romish church.

1853. TRISTRAM BURGESS, a Rhode Island statesman, died, aged 83. He
stood in the front rank of the public men of his day.

1853. THOMAS KEMPER DAVIS died at Boston. He stood high in his
profession as a lawyer, and having acquired a fortune, devoted himself
to and became learned in English and classical literature.

1854. Howard college, at Marion, Ala., destroyed by fire.


OCTOBER 14.

1066. Battle of Hastings, and defeat of Harold by William of Normandy,
which placed the latter upon the throne of England. The battle lasted
from morning till sunset. William had three horses killed under him, and
there fell about 15,000 Normans; but on the side of the vanquished, the
loss was much greater, and included Harold and his two brothers, who
were slain.

1066. The first earl created in England. Alfred in 920 used this word as
king is now used.

1292. EDWARD I, of England, declared John Baliol king of Scotland.

1519. The Spaniards under Cortez entered without opposition the strong
and populous city of Cholula, where a plot was laid for their
destruction, but which resulted in a terrible massacre of the
inhabitants.

1529. A placard appeared at Brussels, whereby all such as had any
prohibited books in their custody, not brought forth to be burnt, should
be put to death.

1537. JANE SEYMOUR, third queen of Henry VIII, died.

1644. Birthday of WILLIAM PENN, the first proprietor of Pennsylvania,
son of admiral sir William Penn.

1645. Battle of Basing, in which Cromwell at the head of the
parliamentary forces stormed and took, after an action of only
three-quarters of an hour, the fortress of Basing house, which the
royalists considered almost impregnable. There was immense booty taken
with the place, of every kind. The plunder of treasure and furniture
amounted to more than $1,000,000; in one room was found a bed which cost
nearly $6,000. The mansion was set fire to and destroyed, with most of
the valuable paintings, papers, &c., by the roundheads, who acted up to
the scripture, "cursed is he that doeth the work of the Lord
negligently."

1656. Act of the Massachusetts authorities, prohibiting the immigration
of quakers, and subjecting such as should arrive to 20 lashes, and
imprisonment at hard labor until transported, and if they returned to
suffer death.

1660. PAUL SCARRON died; an eminent French comic writer and satirist.

1660. HUGH PETERS, chaplain to Oliver Cromwell, hanged at London. His
death was the result of the most infamous trial on record. He was 7
years in New England as minister, first at Salem then in the Great
church at Boston.

1734. Birthday of FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE, a distinguished statesman and
signer of the declaration of independence. The day of his death is not
known.

1736. GEORGE CLARKE delivered his first speech to the assembly, as
governor of the province of New York; and consented to introduce the
practice which has ever since prevailed, of absenting himself from the
council while they sit as a branch of the legislature.

1747. Six ships of war taken by admiral Hawke off the isle of Aix.

1756. JOHN HENLEY, an eccentric English writer, died. He acquired the
appellation of _orator Henley_, and entertained the public by
theological orations on Sundays, and political and miscellaneous
subjects on Wednesdays; also by a weekly paper called _The Hyp Doctor_.

1758. Battle of Hochkirchen; the Prussians under their king Frederick
II, defeated by the Austrians under marshal Daun, with the loss of
7,000 men, all their tents, and baggage, &c. James Keith, a brave and
experienced Scottish general, who had distinguished himself in the
memorable wars of the king of Prussia, was killed, and general Geist
mortally wounded.

1761. Volcanic phenomenon seen at Great Malvern in Worcestershire, Eng.

1781. Two British redoubts at Yorktown taken, and included in the second
parallel, which greatly facilitated the subsequent operations of the
besiegers.

1783. ANTONIO NUNES RIBEIRO SANCHEZ, an eminent Portuguese physician and
writer, died.

1791. GREGORY ALEXANDER POTEMPKIN, a Russian statesman, died. He was
descended from a Polish family, was the favorite of Catharine, and her
minister of war.

1805. Battle of Ulm; the French under Bonaparte captured the bridge and
the Austrian position of Elchingen.

1806. Battle of Jena, or Auerstadt, in Saxony, between the French under
Bonaparte and the Prussians under king Frederick William. The Prussian
line extended 18 miles, and numbered 150,000 strong; the total number of
men engaged on both sides was over 250,000, and the number of cannon
employed over 700. The Prussians were defeated with the loss of 20,000
killed and wounded, and 40,000 taken prisoners; together with 300
cannon, and immense magazines of stores. The French admitted a loss of
only 1,200 killed and 3,000 wounded.

1813. BONAPARTE arrived at Leipsic, in Germany, having in the course of
four days assembled there an army whose numbers are variously stated at
from 150 to 400,000 men, with 600 cannon, and commanded by the ablest
generals of the age.

1831. LOUIS PONS, an eminent Italian astronomer, died at Florence.

1836. JAMES WILD, an English geographer, died; distinguished for his
numerous maps and charts.

1841. HEYER embarked at Boston for India, as the first missionary of the
Lutheran church in the United States. He established a mission at
Guntoor.

1842. Grand celebration in New York of the completion of the Croton
water works; more than 15,000 persons joined in the procession.

1843. A check was put on the progress of Irish agitation by the arrest
of Daniel O'Connell and his son on a charge of conspiracy and other
misdemeanors.

1845. WILLIAM PRIDGEN died, in Bladen county, N. C., aged 123. He was a
volunteer in the revolutionary army, although even then exempt from
service by his age. His grand children were aged people at the time of
his death.

1850. The convention for amending the constitution of Virginia assembled
at Richmond.

1854. HUGH A. GARLAND, an eminent lawyer of St. Louis, died; author of a
life of John Randolph.

1854. SAMUEL PHILLIPS died at Brighton, England, aged 39. He was some
time the literary reviewer for _The Times_ and author of _Readings on
the Rail_.


OCTOBER 15.

55 B. C. TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS, one of the best of the Latin poets,
died.

1564. ANDREAS VESALIUS, a celebrated Dutch anatomist, died. He revived
the study of anatomy in Europe, which had been neglected, and impeded by
the prejudices of ignorance.

1608. Birthday of EVANGELISTE TORRICELLI, the Italian mathematician, and
inventor of the barometer.

1634. About sixty men, women and children, with their horses, cattle and
swine, commenced a journey from the vicinity of Boston, through the
wilderness to Connecticut river. After a tedious journey of fourteen
days through swamps and over mountains and rivers, they arrived at the
place of their destination, and commenced the settlements of Hartford,
Windsor and Weathersfield.

1644. GABRIEL DU PINEAU, an eminent French _avocat_, died; celebrated
for his genius and eloquence; his counsel was often sought by the court,
and he acquired the title of father of the people.

1651. JOHN OWEN, an eminent English divine, died. His works amount to 7
vols. folio, 20 quarto, and 30 octavo.

1651. King CHARLES II, who since his defeat at Worcester had wandered
about from one royalist family to another, sleeping in their barns at
night and concealing himself in the woods by day, escaped to France. A
large oak on which he frequently stood in the woods near White-ladies,
obtained the name of the royal oak.

1671. JOHN AMOS COMENIUS, an eminent German protestant divine and
grammarian, died.

1711. The Edgar, admiral Hovenburgh's ship, blown up with 400 seamen on
board, the officers being on shore.

1728. BERNARD DE LA MONNOYE, an elegant French poet, died. He also wrote
in Greek, Latin and Italian.

1743. JOHN OZELL, an indefatigable English writer, died; he is
immortalized by Pope in the _Dunciad_.

1760. Battle of Campen; the French defeated the prince of Brunswick,
who had a horse killed under him, and lost 1,600 men, chiefly British
troops.

1764. GIBBON says that on this day, as he sat musing among the ruins of
the Roman capitol, while the barefooted friars were singing vespers in
the temple of Jupiter, he first conceived the idea of writing the
_Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_.

1778. PULASKI'S infantry surprised in the night by the British, and 50
killed, including baron de Bose. The timely arrival of Pulaski with the
cavalry alone saved them from utter destruction.

1783. PILATRE DE ROZIER, the first aerial adventurer, made his first
ascension from a garden in Paris. The balloon was of an oval shape.

1793. Battle of Tirlemont; the French defeated by the Austrians under
Clairfait, with the loss of 2,000 killed, and 24 cannon, &c.

1793. Battle of Maubege; the French under Jourdan defeated the prince of
Coburg, being his first defeat in a pitched battle, and compelled him to
repass the Sambre.

1797. Celebration at Mantua of the birthday of the poet Virgil, when
handsome dowries, raised by voluntary contributions among the "friends
of learning and rural felicity," were distributed among fifty poor
girls, who were the same day married to fifty industrious but poor young
men.

1806. PAUL JOSEPH BARTHEZ, a learned French physician, died. He founded
the celebrated medical school at Montpellier, and acquired so great
reputation that he became a member of almost every learned society, and
some of his works were translated into most of the European languages.

1808. JAMES ANDERSON, an eminent Scottish writer, died. His first
literary productions were on agriculture, which produced a greatly
increased attention to the subject. His learning and research were
conspicuous in the various subjects on which he wrote, and he was an
original and accurate thinker.

1812. Action between United States frigate President, commodore Rodgers,
and British packet Swallow; the latter was captured, with nearly
$200,000 on board.

1814. Skirmish between detachments of the armies of the American
generals Brown and Izard, each of whom had advanced to reconnoitre the
British works. Four men were killed before the mistake was discovered.

1838. LETITIA ELIZABETH MCLEAN (better known as _L. E. L._), died at
Cape-Coast castle, Africa, of which settlement her husband was governor.
Her writings consist of poems and novels.


OCTOBER 16.

1529. The Turks under Solyman abandoned the famous siege of Vienna.

1555. HUGH LATIMER and NICHOLAS RIDLEY, English bishops, burnt at
Oxford.

1586. PHILIP SIDNEY, an English statesman, soldier and scholar, died of
a wound received at the battle of Zutphen.

1660. HUGH PETERS, a famous English prelate, executed for conspiring,
with Cromwell, the king's death.

1678. CÆSAR EGASSE DU BOULAI died; register and historiographer of the
university of Paris, of which he wrote a history in 6 vols. folio.

1679. ROGER BOYLE died; an eminent Irish general, statesman and writer.

1725. RALPH THORESBY died; an eminent English topographer and antiquary.

1725. First newspaper published in New York.

1726. The public granaries plundered by the turners of Cornwall for want
of provisions.

1756. Battle of Pirna; the Saxons defeated by Frederick II, of Prussia,
with the loss of 17,000 prisoners.

1760. NICHOLAS D'ASSAS, a French officer, killed at Klosterkamp. On
going out to examine the posts, he was captured, and threatened with
immediate death if he alarmed his regiment. Without a moment's
hesitation he summoned all his strength, and exclaimed "Onward Auverne!
here is the enemy!" The threat was immediately executed, but the patriot
had gained his object; the attack was unsuccessful. A pension of 1,000
livres was decreed to his family forever.

1767. BURCHARD CHRISTOPHER MUNICH, a German officer in the service of
Russia, died. He was promoted by Peter I and Anne; banished by Elizabeth
to Siberia, and recalled by Peter II, after an absence of 20 years, when
he appeared at court in the same sheepskin dress which he had worn in
his exile.

1774. ROBERT FERGUSON, an excellent Scottish poet, died at the age of 24
in a lunatic asylum.

1778. Pondicherry, after a gallant resistance by the French, surrendered
to the British.

1779. The fortress of St. Fernando de Omoa, in the bay of Honduras,
taken by the British by assault. In the fort was found 250 quintals of
quicksilver, and on board the vessels 3,000,000 piasters.

1780. The town of Royalton, Vt., was attacked by a party of 300 Indians
of various tribes from Canada, and many of the houses burnt.

1781. A sortie consisting of 360 men under Col. Abercrombie, at
Yorktown, forced two American batteries and spiked 11 cannon; but the
guards from the trenches immediately repulsed them and restored the
cannon. In the afternoon the Americans opened several batteries in their
second parallel; and in the whole line of batteries nearly 100 pieces of
heavy ordnance were now mounted. The works of the besieged were in no
condition to sustain the fire which might be expected next day.

1783. The inhabitants of Canada were surprised by a very extraordinary
phenomenon. About 2 o'clock P. M., an unusual darkness, equal it is said
to the darkest night, took place. Its approach was instantaneous. This
continued about 40 minutes, when there was a short interval of light,
but soon was succeeded by darkness, horrible as before, though not of so
long duration. The whole is said to have continued upwards of an hour,
and to have extended, more or less, throughout the province.

1793. The French convention constituted death only _an eternal sleep_!
It was afterwards restored, however, to its original condition!

1793. MARIE ANTOINETTE, queen of France, and sister of the emperor of
Austria, guillotined. She was tried and condemned at 4 o'clock in the
morning, dragged to the scaffold in an open tumbril, amid the scoffs and
insults of the populace, and beheaded at the age of 38.

1793. JOHN HUNTER, a very eminent British surgeon and anatomical writer,
died. From a humble assistant of his brother he became the first surgeon
in the world, both in theory and practice.

1796. VICTOR AMADEUS, king of Sardinia, died in his 71st year, and 23d
of his reign.

1806. Erfurt, the capital of Upper Thuringia, surrendered to the French;
14,000 prisoners, 28 cannon, and immense magazines of stores were taken.

1813. Battle of Leipsic, between the French under Bonaparte, Ney, Murat,
&c., and the allies under Blucher, Benningsen, Bernadotte, &c. It was a
conflict between the best disciplined armies, commanded by the ablest
generals in the world. Night alone put an end to the carnage, and the
armies retired to rest on the ground which they occupied in the morning.
The number of men engaged was 150,000 French and 230,000 allies.

1817. THADDEUS KOSCIUSKO, the famous Polish general, died in
Switzerland; one of the noblest characters of his age.

1836. FRANCIS J. M. REYNOUARD, an eminent French philologist, died. He
was one of the conductors of the _Journal des Savans_, distinguished as
a scholar, poet, historian, philologist and archæologist.

1837. MATTHIEU DUMAS, peer of France, a lieutenant-general in the French
army, and an old companion in arms of Lafayette, died at Paris, aged 84.

1839. DEASE and SIMPSON accomplished an expedition which established the
fact of a north-west passage, and gave to the world some new and
interesting discoveries respecting the geography of the northern coast
of America, and the arctic regions. The intervening space between the
discoveries of Parry and Ross were traversed, and a curious point of
science established; yet it can not be supposed that the passage can
ever be of the smallest utility to navigation.

1842. BENJAMIN EATON, said to have been the last survivor of
Washington's life guard, died at Cuddeback, Orange co., N. Y., aged 85.
He joined in the pursuit at Lexington, and served till 1779, with an
absence of only 20 days.

1848. The emperor of Austria issued a proclamation against Vienna, and
appointed count Windischgratz to command his armies in Austria.


OCTOBER 17.

940. ATHELSTAN, king of England, died. He was bountiful, wise and
affable; ascended the throne at the age of 30; became distinguished by
the titles of _conqueror_ and _faithful_, and left behind him a name of
great renown, respected at home and abroad.

1346. Battle of Nevil's Cross; the Scots under king David Bruce signally
defeated by the English under Philippa and lord Percy. Bruce was taken
prisoner and 15,000 of his men slain.

1492. COLUMBUS named the more civilized island Fernandino, now Largo.
The men wore cotton mantles, and the women a band of that manufacture
round the waist.

1509. PHILIP DE COMINES, an excellent French historian, died, leaving
behind him _Memoirs of his Own Times_.

1552. ANDREW OSIANDER died; a Bavarian, one of Luther's first disciples;
a professor at Konigsburg, and a voluminous writer.

1616. JOHN PITS, an English biographer, died. He collected the lives of
the kings, bishops, apostolical men and writers of England in four large
volumes.

1662. The seaport Dunkirk, in France, sold to the English for five
million livres. The annual charge of the place (£120,000) far exceeded
its intrinsic importance.

1678. EDMUNDBURY GODFREY, before whom Oates gave evidence of the popish
plot against the king of England, was found in a field with his sword
through his body; verdict of the jury was, that he had been strangled.

1683. An assembly of the representatives of the freeholders of the
province of New York, first met in assembly under governor Dongan.

1740. The Czarina ANNE, empress of Russia, died.

1748. Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, between England, France and Spain. The
British took, during the war, 1,249 Spanish and 2,185 French prizes;
total 3,434. The Spaniards captured 1,360, and the French 1,878 British
vessels; total 3,238.

1758. ROLAND MICHAEL BARRIA DE GALISSONIERE, a French admiral, died.
After serving with distinction in the navy, he was made governor of
Canada.

1758. JOHN WARD, an English dissenting minister, died; remembered for
the assistance he rendered to many of the learned works of his day.

1775. Two men and eleven horses killed by the lightning which proceeded
from a volcanic steam cloud of the Katlagia burning mountain, in the
island of Iceland.

1777. BURGOYNE, after losing 3,461 men at Stillwater and other places,
surrendered the remainder of his army (5,752), to the Americans under
Gen. Gates, conditioned not to serve again in North America during the
present contest. Thus was extinguished an army of 9,213 men, including
volunteers. The army of Gates amounted to 10,557 effective men.

1781. Several new batteries were opened by the Americans in the second
parallel, against Yorktown. In the judgment of Cornwallis and his
engineers, the place was no longer tenable; and in a letter to
Washington he requested a cessation of hostilities to prepare for a
capitulation.

1781. EDWARD HAWKE, a brave and intrepid English admiral, died.

1793. Battle of Cholet, the Vendeans defeated by the French. The actions
of _Hagenau_ and _Brumpt_ took place on the same day, in both of which
the allies defeated the French.

1797. Treaty of Campio Formio between Bonaparte and the emperor of
Austria.

1803. Agra in Hindostan taken by the British.

1805. Ulm surrendered by the Austrian general Mack to Bonaparte, and was
delivered up on the 20th. The archduke with a corps of 17,000 Austrians
effected his escape the night before by a masterly piece of generalship,
leaving 40,000 behind who became prisoners to the French.

1806. Battle of Halle; prince Eugene of Wirtemburg defeated by the
French under Bernadotte; 34 cannon and 5,000 prisoners were taken.

1806. JACQUES DESSALINES, the black emperor of Hayti, assassinated.

1829. The Delaware and Chesapeake canal opened.

1834. Both houses of the British parliament destroyed by fire. They were
not very remarkable for elegance or convenience; but with them was
destroyed the celebrated tapestry that hung upon the walls of the house
of lords, representing the defeat of the famous Spanish armada, a relic
of great value in the eyes of the antiquary.

1837. JOHN HUMMEL, an eminent musical composer, founder of the modern
school of pianoforte music, died at Weimar, in Germany.

1848. Vienna in a state of siege; the imperial troops drawn close around
the city, and deputations passed from the diet at Vienna to the emperor
at Olmutz. Kossuth withdrew the Hungarian army within their own
frontier.

1853. A party of 45 men under colonel Walker, sailed from San Francisco
for the purpose of establishing a republic in lower California.

1854. The allies opened their first fire from the fleet and batteries
upon Sebastopol. The loss of the Russians was 500 killed; of the allies
90, and 300 wounded.


OCTOBER 18.

447 B. C. Battle of Coronea; the Bœotians gained a great and most
important victory over the Athenians. Clinias, the father of Alcibiades,
and Tolmides, fell.

33. AGRIPPINA, the virtuous wife of Germanicus Cæsar, died in exile of
starvation. She was banished after the death of her husband.

1216. JOHN (_Lackland_), king of England, died, aged 47. No prince in
English history has been transmitted to posterity in darker colors;
ingratitude, cruelty, and perfidy, were habitual in his character.

1547. JAMES SADOLET, a polite and learned Italian writer and cardinal,
died.

1564. Captain JOHN HAWKINS sailed from Plymouth, England, with four sail
for the African coast; which was the first slave trade adventure, and
the opening of that infernal commerce. The negroes were taken to
Hispaniola, and sold to the Spaniards.

1605. JOHN RIOLAN died; a Paris physician and writer on anatomy and
medicine.

1631. Corn made a legal tender in Massachusetts, unless money or beaver
were expressly stipulated.

1633. A royal declaration ordered to be read in churches, reviving in
England, wakes, lawful sports and recreations, after divine service on
sabbaths.

1744. The duchess dowager of Marlborough died in her 85th year, leaving
many legacies. She was the famous Sarah Jennings in queen Anne's days.

1757. RENE ANTHONY FERCHAULT DE REAUMUR, a French philosopher, died. He
gave a new construction to the thermometer which bears his name, and
wrote much on the various branches of natural philosophy.

1770. JOHN MANNERS died; an English nobleman, who distinguished himself
at the head of the British forces in the German war, under Ferdinand of
Brunswick.

1775. The Americans took Chamblee, in Canada, and for the first time
captured the British colors; they also took 4 tons of powder.

1775. Falmouth, a town in the northeast part of Massachusetts, burnt.
The inhabitants had obstructed some British movements, whereupon an
armed vessel was sent to reduce the town to ashes. Of the dwelling
houses, 139 were burnt, and 278 stores.

1783. FRANCIS XAVIER D'OLIVEYRA, a Portuguese statesman, died in
England.

1783. The American army disbanded by proclamation.

1799. Treaty for the evacuation of Holland by the British and Russians.

1799. Three British frigates captured the Spanish galleon Santa Brigida,
36 guns and 320 men, with 1,500,000 Spanish dollars on board, and a
cargo of merchandise, ivory, &c., of equal value.

1801. The Batavian republic again divided into the old provinces; the
legislature was diminished to 35 deputies; the executive power extended
to a council of twelve men.

1806. The French under Davoust took possession of Leipsic, in Saxony.
They found there 15,000 quintals of flour, and British goods to an
immense amount; sixty millions were offered as a ransom for the latter.

1809. Battle of Salamanca; the Spaniards defeated the French under Ney,
and forced them to fall back with the loss of 1,500 men.

1811. The ladies of Cadiz formed a society to supply the wants of the
Spanish soldiers.

1812. Action between the United States sloop of war Wasp, 18 guns,
captain Jones, and British sloop of war Frolic, 22 guns; the latter
captured in 45 minutes, with the loss of 30 killed, 50 wounded; Wasp had
5 killed, 5 wounded. Same day British ship Poictiers, 74 guns, came up
with and captured both of them, the Wasp being too much damaged in her
rigging to escape.

1812. Battle of Poltosk; the Russians under Witgenstein and Steingel
attacked the French and Germans under St. Cyr, and compelled them to
retire within their entrenchments.

1812. Battle of Garalavitz; the Russians under Benningsen defeated the
French, 50,000, under Murat, killed 2,500, took 1,000 prisoners, 38
cannon, 40 ammunition wagons, and a large amount of spoil, besides the
great standard of honor belonging to the regiment of cuirassiers.

1812. The French abandoned the city of Moscow; Napoleon, on learning the
defeat of Murat, determined to march to his support with the whole
French army.

1813. Second day's battle of Leipsic; the two great armies had paused
one day to prepare for this grand contest. The forces of Napoleon were
not less than 180,000; those of the allies had been swelled to near
300,000. The carnage was fearful, and the French were compelled to yield
before an overwhelming superiority of numbers. The loss of Bonaparte on
this day, including defections and prisoners, was not less than 80,000
men, 200 cannon, and an immense amount of baggage.

1813. THEODORE KOERNER, the German poet, was killed in the battle of
Leipsic. He is particularly celebrated for the spirited poems which he
composed in the campaign against Napoleon, in which he fell.

1814. Union of Norway and Sweden.

1815. BONAPARTE, the exiled emperor of France, with his suit, landed at
St. Helena.

1817. STEPHEN HENRY MEHUL, an eminent French musical composer, died.

1827. The last lottery authorized by the British government, drawn in
London. In that lottery there were six prizes of $133,200 dollars each.

1833. Captain JOHN ROSS, who left England in 1829 in search of a
north-west passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean, returned on
this day, after an absence of four years, and when all hopes of his
return had been given up.

1840. The ceremony of the exhumation of the body of Napoleon Bonaparte
was performed at St. Helena, with great parade, in order to be conveyed
to Paris. The body, which had been embalmed by French physicians
previous to interment, in 1821, was found in a state of complete
preservation. (See Dec. 15.)

1841. A great flood of the Thames, caused by a succession of northerly
gales; the water rose much higher than during the inundations of 1821
and 1828, and much property was destroyed.

1843. EBENEZER ELMER, an officer of the revolution, and the last
survivor of the Jersey line, died at Bridgeton, aged 91.

1844. Destructive gale at Buffalo, carrying away part of the pier which
protected the harbor, sinking vessels, and submerging a part of the
city, by which more than fifty lives were lost.

1849. LEONIDAS WETMORE, an officer in the U. S. infantry, died on board
a steam boat in the Mississippi. He was actively engaged in the Florida
war, and participated in most of the hard fought battles of the Mexican
campaign.

1850. DANIEL CLARK SANDERS, formerly president of the university of
Vermont, died, aged 82. He published a history of the Indians, and kept
a meteorological register to the day of his death.

1852. Commodore MCCAULEY, commander of the United States naval forces in
the Pacific, by proclamation, withdrew his protection from American
vessels proceeding to the Lobos islands for guano.

1854. FRANCIS BURT, governor of the territory of Nebraska, died at
Bellevue, aged 45. He was a native of South Carolina, and resigned the
office of third auditor of the treasury at Washington for the
governorship, which he held hardly two weeks after his arrival.


OCTOBER 19.

202 B. C. Battle of Zama, in which Hannibal was defeated by Scipio.

125 B. C. The era of Tyre began, with the month Hyperberetæus. The
months are the same as those used in the Grecian era; the year similar
to the Julian.

1453. The fall of Bordeaux, after a siege of seven weeks, when Guienne,
an English province, was incorporated with the French monarchy.

1492. COLUMBUS discovered the island of Isabella.

1608. GEOFFREY FENTON, an eminent English writer, died. He served queen
Elizabeth in Ireland, where he was promoted.

1619. JAMES ARMINIUS, founder of the Arminians, died. He was professor
of divinity at Leyden; his writings are all on controversial and
theological subjects.

1630. First general court of the Massachusetts colony held at Boston.
Many of the first planters attended and were made free of the colony.
The number of freemen this year was 110.

1640. ALBERTUS MIRÆUS, a learned German writer, died.

1645. Newcastle in England, a fortress of considerable strength, taken
by the Scots under Leven. The place had been besieged ten weeks when
the Scottish general directed a furious cannonade against the walls; at
nightfall the besiegers advanced to the onset, and after two hours' hard
fighting at the breaches, forced their entry.

1655. The kirk of Scotland refused to observe the _fast day_ ordered by
the protector, on the ground that the church should receive no
directions from civil magistrates when to keep fasts.

1660. Colonels AXTEL and HACKER executed for the murder of Charles I of
England. Axtel commanded the guard that attended the king to the
scaffold.

1675. Attack on Hadley, Mass., by the Indians to the number of seven or
eight hundred. Nearly all the towns on that river had been either
totally destroyed or greatly injured during this season by the savages.
They attacked this place in all quarters, but were so warmly received at
all points, that after burning a few barns and outhouses, they hastened
away as fast as they had come on. The town happened to be garrisoned,
and the companies stationed at the neighboring towns hastened to their
relief. This was the last attempt upon these settlements this season,
the Indians retiring to their general rendezvous at Narragansett. Great
numbers of them had been killed, and a greater number had perished by
other means.

1682. THOMAS BROWN, an eminent English physician and writer, died.

1690. ISAAC BENSERADE, a French poet, died.

1745. JONATHAN SWIFT, the eccentric dean of St. Patrick's, died, aged
78, in a state of idiocy, leaving £10,000 to found a hospital for
lunatics and idiots.

1749. WILLIAM GED, an ingenious Scottish artist, died; memorable for a
new invention in the art of printing, called stereotyping.

1762. Dark day at Detroit; "one of the darkest days that ever was
known."

1763. A patrol of horse commanded by sir John Fielding, established on
the roads leading to London, to clear them of robbers and highwaymen.

1769. A terrible eruption of Vesuvius.

1780. Engagement at Palatine Bridge, N. Y.; colonel Brown killed.

1781. CORNWALLIS surrendered to the French and American army at
Yorktown. Above 7000 prisoners, the military chest, a frigate, with a
number of transports and the public stores, and 1500 seamen, fell into
the hands of the captors. The allied army consisted of 7000 French, 5500
continental troops, and 3500 militia.

1789. FRANÇOIS, a baker in Paris, murdered in the street by a mob,
because the return of the king had not lessened the price of bread. The
great barbarity shown by the actors in this affair called down on them
the severity of the national guards under Lafayette.

1794. Battle of Puffleck; the duke of York defeated by the French under
Pichegru. The emigrant legion under Rohan were cut to pieces.

1806. HENRY KIRKE WHITE, an admired English poet, died, aged 21.

1807. WILLIAM GORDON died; an English author of a history of the
American revolution, &c.

1810. The French burned all British merchandise in the country.

1812. Second battle of Poltosk; the French defeated and compelled to
retreat with great loss.

1812. BONAPARTE, at the head of the French army, left Moscow. The palace
of the Kremlin blown up.

1813. Last day's battle of Leipsic, in which above half a million of men
and at least 2000 cannon were engaged in the work of death. The French
emperor finding it in vain to stem the torrent of so vast a superiority
of force as now bore down upon him, began a retreat, which was
disastrous in the extreme. The only bridge by which the army could cross
was blown up, leaving 25,000 men to surrender at discretion. On arriving
at Erfurt, Bonaparte found his army reduced to 80,000; having lost by
death and defection since the campaign opened, 200,000.

1814. Battle of Lyon's creek; the Americans, 900 men, under general
Bissell, attacked by a select British corps of 1200 men, who were
compelled to retreat.

1825. GIROLAMO LUCCHESINI, a Prussian minister of state and author,
died. He combined the qualities of an experienced courtier with the
practical knowledge of a statesman, was learned without pedantry, and
possessed a great memory.

1826. FRANCIS JOSEPH TALMA, an eminent French tragedian and writer,
died. He was a man of great natural talent, and esteemed by men of rank
and talent; he was a great favorite with Napoleon.

1842. The town of Monterey in California was captured by the United
States squadron under commodore Jones, under the belief that war
existed. But it was soon restored to Mexico.

1845. HANNAH GOUGH died in New York, aged 110.

1847. A volcano burst forth with great violence on one of the high peaks
of Lookout mountain, in the Alleghanian chain, in Georgia.

1847. The corner stone of a monument to the memory of general Washington
laid in the city of New York.

1848. The Mormon temple at Nauvoo was fired by an incendiary, and
totally destroyed.

1849. FREDERICK STRICKLAND, a young Englishman, son of Thomas
Strickland, bart., perished in the snow near the Notch house, in New
Hampshire.

1852. A decree of the president issued for the convoking of the French
senate for the purpose of deliberating on the restoration of the empire.

1853. ICHABOD BARTLETT, a New Hampshire statesman, died at Portsmouth,
aged 67.


OCTOBER 20.

480 B. C. The battle of Salamis is, by respectable authority, placed
upon this day. (See Sept. 30.)

1422. CHARLES VI of France, died. He succeeded to the kingdom at the age
of 13, and during a reign of 42 years the kingdom, by foreign invasions
and internal factions, was ruined, and passed into the hands of the
English.

1524. THOMAS LINACRE, a learned English physician and divine, died. He
was the best Greek and Latin scholar of his age, and founded the college
of physicians.

1579. The Scottish parliament decreed that every householder, having
lands or goods worth £500, should be obliged to have a Bible, which at
this time was printed in folio, and a psalm book in his house, "for the
better instruction of themselves and their families in the knowledge of
God."

1687. The destruction of Lima in Peru by an earthquake.

1713. ARCHIBALD PITCAIRNE, an able Scottish physician, died. He disputed
the right of Harvey to the discovery of the circulation of the blood,
which he asserted was fully known to Hippocrates.

1714. Several people killed by the falling of scaffolds on which
multitudes were standing to see the coronation of George I of England.

1719. Birthday of GODFREY ACHENWALL, a Prussian traveler, historian and
political economist. He first gave a distinct character to the science
of statistics, and gave it that name. He died 1772.

1723. A fire commenced in Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, and lasted
three days; most of the city was burnt down.

1740. CHARLES VI, emperor of Germany, died. He was the sixteenth and
last prince of the ancient house of Austria, and was succeeded by his
eldest daughter, Maria Theresa.

1741. The Prussians became masters of Silesia.

1786. A basket maker contrived by a singular scaffolding of twigs to
bring down the weathercock from the old abby church of St. Albans, in
England.

1796. The university of Oxford and the marquis of Buckingham each
presented 2000 copies of the Bible for distribution among the French
clergy.

1799. Rome capitulated to the English.

1807. The ports of Portugal shut against British shipping.

1807. Copenhagen evacuated by the British, who brought off the stores in
the arsenal, amounting to 92 cargoes, and the ships of war.

1814. PHILIP ASTLEY, founder of the royal amphitheatre, London, died,
aged 72. He served seven years in Germany, in the English cavalry, and
on his return began to exhibit equestrian performances. He erected
several amphitheatres in England and Paris, wrote a treatise on
horsemanship, and two works of a military character.

1815. Great hurricane at Jamaica, which continued 3 days and wrecked one
hundred vessels.

1826. BOISSY D'ANGLAS, died at his residence in France, whose name is so
closely interwoven with the French revolution. He was a member of the
council of 500, and subsequently the president of that body. His
hostility to the Directory produced a sentence of deportation to Guiana,
but he contrived to elude the exile.

1827. Battle of Navarino, in which the fleet of the pacha of Egypt was
annihilated by the combined squadrons of Great Britain, Russia and
France, under admiral Codrington.

1841. A fire broke out in the tower at London, and entirely consumed the
building called the small armory; about 200,000 stand of arms, and a
great number of trophies of various kinds were destroyed.

1853. SELIM PASHA defeated a Russian corps of 15,000 men on the
frontiers of Georgia. The Turks at this time had a fleet of 22 ships of
the line and 9 war steamers, mounting 1116 guns, and the Egyptian
contingent consisting of 10 ships of war and 2 steamers, mounting 614
guns.


OCTOBER 21.

1097. The siege of Antioch opened by the crusaders. (See June 3.)
Baldwin founded the principality of Edessa in this year.

1217. The fortress of Alcazar-do-Sal taken from the Moors, after a hard
fought battle, by the Portuguese under Alphonso II, assisted by
William, earl of Holland, with a portion of the fleet and forces bound
for the crusade.

1439. AMBROSE of Portico, in Romania, died; distinguished by his fluency
in the Greek tongue, at the councils of Basil, Ferrara, &c.

1441. MARGERY JOURDEMAIN, the witch of Eye, condemned to be burnt for
furnishing _love potions_ to Eleanor Cobham, wife of that duke of
Gloucester so eminent as a patron of science and letters.

1558. JULIUS CÆSAR SCALIGER died; an Italian physician, eminent as a
Latin critic and poet.

1583. LAURENT JOUBERT, a French physician and medical writer, died.

1593. Nymegen, a strong city of Holland, surrendered to Maurice of
Nassau, who added a new fort to it.

1621. ANTHONY MONTCHRESTIEN DE VATEVILLE, a French poet, torn to pieces
and burnt by order of the authorities, for sedition and other crimes.

1662. HENRY LAWES, an English musician, died. He was originally a choir
boy of Salisbury church, first introduced the Italian style of music in
England, and composed the notes for Milton's _Comus_.

1687. EDMUND WALLER, an eminent English poet and political writer, died.

1692. A commission was granted by William and Mary to Benjamin Fletcher,
governor of New York, conferring on him the government of Pennsylvania,
and depriving Penn of that office. He was however, restored again in two
years after.

1716. JAMES GRONOVIUS died; a Dutch writer on the belles-lettres, and a
man of learning.

1766. Cumana, the capital of New Andalusia in South America, entirely
destroyed by an earthquake.

1771. TOBIAS SMOLLET, a Scottish physician, died; better known as a
historian and novelist.

1771. WILLIAM CLARKE, an English divine and antiquary, died.

1774. The provincial congress of Massachusetts determined to raise and
enlist men for the defence of the province for the first time, under the
name of minute men.

1777. SAMUEL FOOTE died; a celebrated English dramatist and actor,
called the English Aristophanes.

1783. Congress insulted at Philadelphia by a band of mutineers, whom the
authorities were unable to quell, adjourned to Princeton; a circumstance
which doubtless led to the agitation of the question of a permanent seat
of government.

1794. Coblentz surrendered to the French revolutionists. The
fortifications of this city, celebrated for having been the court of
the emigrant princes, had been vastly augmented during the course of the
war, but the Austrian commander evacuated it on the first appearance of
the French.

1794. ANTHONY PETIT, an eminent French physician, died. He was a copious
and learned writer.

1800. SIMEON THAYER, an officer of the revolution, died. He was in the
army led by Arnold through the wilderness to Quebec, was wounded by a
cannon ball at Monmouth, and was the brave volunteer defender of Mud
fort on the Delaware.

1803. FREDERICK CAVENDISH, an English field marshal died.

1805. Battle of Trafalgar; the British fleet, 27 sail and 4 frigates,
defeated, after an action of 4 hours, the combined French and Spanish
fleets of 33 sail. Admiral Horatio Nelson was killed, and the French
admiral Villeneuve was captured. British loss 423 killed, 1164 wounded.
The French and Spanish fleet was completely overthrown; but 14 escaped
from the battle, and nearly the whole of those were afterwards wrecked
or captured.

1841. JOHN FORSYTH, an eminent American statesman, died. As a member of
the Union convention of Georgia in 1832, he was principally instrumental
in preventing that state from pledging itself to nullification. He was a
man of talent and eloquence and long distinguished in public life by the
many important offices which he held.

1849. CHARLES E. HORN, a well known musical composer of Boston, died.

1852. SAUL ALLEY, long known as a leading merchant and capitalist of New
York, died aged 74.


OCTOBER 22.

50 B. C. The civil wars of the Romans began in which Cæsar and Pompey
were arrayed against each other.

615. COLUMBANUS, an Irish missionary and reformer of monastic life, died
in Italy. In his character he was intrepid, violent and fearless.

741. CHARLES MARTEL, duke of Austrasia, died. He was the actual
sovereign of France during 25 years, under the titles of mayor of the
palace, and duke of the Franks. He repeatedly vanquished the Suevians,
Frisons, Allemans and Saxons, and at the famous battle near Poictiers
defeated the Saracens with such great slaughter, that it is said 375,000
of them were destroyed.

1322. HUGH, the illuminator, died at Cairo in Egypt, on his way from
Dublin to the holy land.

1495. JOHN II (_the Great_) of Portugal, died. He carried war into
Africa against the Moors, and extended the settlements of the Portuguese
in Africa and India.

1658. Interment of Oliver Cromwell, with great pomp. "It was the
joyfulest funeral I ever saw," says Evelyn; "for there were none that
cried but dogs, which the soldiers hooted away with a barbarous noise,
drinking and taking tobacco in the streets as they went."

1685. Edict of Nantes revoked by the imbecile Louis XIV, who imagined
the protestants in his kingdom were nearly extirpated. The protestants
were now deprived of their religious and civil rights, which they had
enjoyed nearly a century. They were driven in great numbers into
different countries of Europe by the persecutions which followed, where
they established the silk and other manufactures, to the great prejudice
of their own country.

1707. CLOUDESLEY SHOVEL, a celebrated English admiral, wrecked off the
Scilly isles, as he was returning with his fleet from the coast of
Spain; 900 seamen also perished with him.

1708. HERMAN WITSIUS died; a learned Dutch divine, and theological
writer.

1710. Birthday of MARIE ANNE LE PAGE DU BOCCAGE, a French lady greatly
celebrated for her writings.

1724. WILLIAM WOLLASTON died; a celebrated English divine, author of the
_Religion of Nature_.

1726. The island of Jamaica visited by a fearful hurricane which
destroyed much property on the plantations and a fleet of ships.

1746. The assembly of New York brought in a bill to raise £2,250 by
lottery towards erecting a college.

1757. Alum first discovered in Ireland.

1764. Battle of Buxar, in Bengal; the British defeated Mir Cassim, who
lost 4,000 killed, 133 cannon, and all his tents, &c., taken.

1775. PEYTON RANDOLPH, first president of the American congress, died.
He was a native of Virginia, and one of the most distinguished lawyers
and patriots of that state.

1777. Battle of Red Bank; the Hessians under count Donop in their attack
upon the American fort, were defeated with the loss of about 500 killed.
Donop was mortally wounded. Fort Mifflin was attacked at the same time
by water, without success, and two British men-of-war were lost.

1784. Treaty at fort Stanwix (now Rome) between the Six Nations and the
United States.

1788. GEORGE III, king of England, became insane.

1791. JOHN DAVID MICHAELIS, a German theological writer, died. His works
are 49 in number.

1793. British took possession of Grand Ance and Nicola Mole, in St.
Domingo.

1802. SAMUEL ARNOLD, an eminent English musical composer, died in
London.

1812. VINZINGERODE, the Russian general, with his aid Narishkin, rode up
to Warsaw with a white flag to offer terms, was made prisoner, and
despatched towards Hesse; but was retaken by a party of Cossacks.

1812. The city of Moscow wholly evacuated by the French, after a
possession of 1 month and 8 days. Russian troops entered it immediately
afterwards, in time to preserve the Kremlin, which had been undermined
to be blown up; and within a few hours, so completely had the Russian
peasants baffled Napoleon, that the town swarmed with people and the
markets were stocked with provision.

1818. JOACHIM HEINRICH CAMPE, a German theologian, died. His
philosophical works, as well as those which he composed for the
instruction of youth, display a noble and philanthropic spirit; some of
them have been translated into most of the European languages.

1824. CHARLES VAN ESS, a German ecclesiastic, died. He wrote some
historical works, and a translation of the New Testament was published
under his name.

1840. HENRY RICHARD VASSALL, lord Holland, an English statesman, died.
He was a man of literary accomplishments, and particularly distinguished
for his knowledge of Spanish literature. He is characterized as a wit
without a particle of ill-nature, and a man of learning without a taint
of pedantry.

1841. ROBERT BISSETT SCOTT, an English writer on military jurisprudence
and a military advocate, died at London, aged 67.

1846. BATIS STONE, another of those long lived patriots of the
revolution of the American colonies, died at Philadelphia, aged over 103
years. Though in nearly every battle he escaped unwounded.

1846. The steamship Great Britain ran aground on the coast of Ireland,
and became too deeply imbedded to be lifted by subsequent tides. The
passengers and most of the cargo saved.

1848. ALEXANDER G. MCNUTT, an eminent Mississippi lawyer, died, aged 47.

1850. The city council of Chicago passed resolutions nullifying the
fugitive slave law, and releasing the police from the obedience of it.
They subsequently reconsidered this action.

1855. WILLIAM MOLESWORTH, a Welsh baronet, died, aged 45. He began to
make a figure before the public at a very early age, and distinguished
himself in parliament and elsewhere.


OCTOBER 23.

439. Carthage, foremost in effeminacy, and second in importance among
the western cities, was taken from the Romans and spoliated by Genseric,
the Vandal, 585 years after the destruction of her republic by the
younger Scipio.

472. FLAVIUS ANICIUS OLYBRIUS, emperor of the west, died, after a very
brief reign.

524. ANICIUS MANLIUS TORQUATUS SEVERINUS BŒTHIUS, a celebrated Roman
philosopher, executed. He fell under the displeasure of Theodoric.

1340. NICOLAS, of Lyra, a Norman Jew, died. He was converted to
Christianity, taught divinity at Paris with great reputation, and wrote
commentaries on the Bible and controversies with the Jews.

1389. The first charter to the town of Linlithgow, in Scotland, was
given by Robert II. Here yet stands the old palace in which the
unfortunate Mary, queen of Scotland, sometime resided.

1526. Date of the bishop of London's charge to his clergy, to destroy
the English copy of the New Testament, as ruinous to the souls of their
people.

1616. ACHILLE DE HARLEY, president of the parliament of Paris, died. He
acquired great respect by the learning, firmness and dignity with which
he sustained his office.

1641. Rebellion in Ireland; the catholics under Phelim O'Neil, rose
against the protestants, and cruelly massacred men, women and children
to the number of 40,000, and by some accounts more than 100,000.

1642. Battle of Edgehill, between the royalists, under Charles I and
prince Rupert, and the parliament forces, under the earl of Essex. About
5,000 men fell on the occasion, among whom was general Bertie; the
victory was undecided.

1667. The foundation stone of the first pillar in the Royal Exchange,
London, laid by the king.

1679. The _Meal Tub_ plot discovered in England.

1706. JOHN FOY VAILLANT, a celebrated French physician, medalist and
traveler, died.

1707. The first parliament of Great Britain met after the union with
Scotland.

1708. The town of Lisle surrendered, and the garrison retired into the
castle, except the horse, which were allowed to march away. The allies
acknowledged a loss of 12,000 men in taking the town only.

1713. ARCHIBALD PITCAIRNE, an eminent physician and scholar, died at
Edinburgh.

1730. ANNE OLDFIELD, a very celebrated English actress, died; and after
lying in state in Jerusalem chamber, was buried at Westminster with
great pomp.

1764. JOHN LECLAIR, an eminent French music composer, assassinated at
Paris.

1785. WILLIAM COCHRANE, a Scottish painter, died. His pieces acquired
great celebrity.

1789. Two robbers seized by the citizens of Paris, and hung on the spot,
under pretence that the authorities were too slow and dilatory.

1801. JOHN GOTTLIEB NAUMANN, an eminent German music composer, died. He
was found in obscurity at the age of 13, and taken to Italy, where he
commenced his career. His operas are very numerous.

1814. British ship Bulwark captured American privateer, Harlequin, 10
guns, 115 men.

1825. PLINY FISK, a zealous American missionary, died at Beyrout, in
Syria. Although extremely indigent, he procured a regular education,
subsisting two years upon bread and milk, and carrying his corn to mill
upon his shoulders. Yet so great was his application, that he enabled
himself to preach in Italian, French, modern Greek and Arabic.

1826. Date of JAMES SMITHSON'S will, which ultimately placed in the
hands of the United States of America, a large sum for the diffusion of
knowledge among men.

1841. GEORGE FREDERICK BELTZ, author of several works on antiquities and
heraldry, died at Basle.

1844. The steam boat, Lucy Walker, stopping at New Albany, on her route
from Louisville to New Orleans, exploded her three boilers at once,
killing between 50 and 60 persons, and wounding others.

1848. General WINDISCHGRATZ, summoned the city of Vienna to surrender.


OCTOBER 24.

996. HUGH CAPET, king of France, died. He acquired the throne by his
merits and courage, and became the head of the third race of the French
monarchy.

1553. JOHN WAYLAND, queen Mary's "allowed printer," received his
charter; yet Thomas Green, a journeyman of his, was imprisoned and
whipped, for printing a book entitled _Antichrist_.

1601. TYCHO BRAHE, the Danish astronomer, died. He chose the study of
astronomy when it was a science of small repute; and though he
immortalized his name, yet it is to be regretted that he should have
been led into so visionary a scheme as his _system_ exhibits, from a
mere spirit of opposition to Copernicus.

1612. Sir PECKSAEL BROCAS, for his adulteries, was compelled to stand at
St. Paul's cross, in London, arrayed in a white sheet with a stick in
his hand.

1644. The English parliament issued an ordinance, that no quarter should
be given to any Irish papist, who should be found in hostility to the
parliament.

1648. German thirty years' war concluded by the treaty of Westphalia. It
commenced 1618, having grown out of the reformation. It spread from one
end of Germany to the other, and left the country a scene of desolation
and disorder, wasted by fire, sword and plague, which was followed by a
great scarcity, owing to a deficiency of laborers. The art of war was
the only one that had gained any thing, and that principally by the
genius of Gustavus Adolphus, who made an era in military tactics, and
was the first who had a train of artillery in his army.

1655. PETER GASSENDI, a celebrated French philosopher, died. He was at
once a theologian, metaphysician, philosopher, astronomer, naturalist
and mathematician; eminent in some, and above mediocrity in all those
sciences.

1678. Desperate action between the English ship, Concord, captain
Grantham, and the Algerine admiral ship, Rose, commanded by Canary, a
Spanish renegado, who was beat off.

1682. WILLIAM PENN first arrived in America, and landed at New Castle,
Delaware, with 100 passengers. Next day possession of the country was
given him.

1819. Erie canal opened from Utica to Rome.

1812. Battle of Ouschatch; the Russians under Steingel and Sassanoff
defeated the Bavarians, who lost 300 killed and 200 taken.

1821. A new organization of the Spanish church introduced, abolishing
all the monasteries but ten or twelve, declaring all legacies and gifts
to monasteries, churches and hospitals, unlawful, and curtailing the
whole ecclesiastical establishment, so as to effect a saving of 44½
million dollars to the nation. The old order of things was restored to
its former footing two years afterwards, on the restoration of the king
to absolute power.

1821. ELIAS BOUDINOT, first president of the American Bible society,
died. He was president of Congress in 1782, a man of great excellence of
character, and left his large estate principally to charitable purposes.

1838. JOSEPH LANCASTER, promulgator of the Lancasterian system of
mutual instruction, died in New York, aged 68.

1842. Great storm of wind and rain in the island of Madeira; 200 houses
were swept away at Funchal, the capital.

1842. A destructive fire occurred at Canton, China, by which more than
1,400 houses were burnt.

1845. WILLIAM RUDE, of Cumberland, R. I., died, aged 98. He was at the
battle of Bunker hill, and nearly every other during the revolutionary
struggle, but escaped unhurt.

1845. England and France, having engaged by a public armed intervention
to put a stop to the war between Buenos Ayres and Montevideo, declared a
strict blockade of the port of Buenos Ayres.

1846. HENRY, an African, died in Woodford county, Ky., aged 112. At the
age of 84 he married his fourth wife, and raised a family of 7 children.

1852. DANIEL WEBSTER, the greatest of American orators, died at
Marshfield, aged 70. As a statesman, in the most complete meaning of the
term, few Americans have ever equaled and none surpassed him.

1854. PIERRE SOULE, the United States minister to Spain, on landing at
Calais from England, en route for Spain, was stopped by the French
police, and returned to London.

1855. ROBERT H. MORRIS, a distinguished New York politician, died at
Astoria, aged 51.

1855. JAMES OLIVER VAN DE VELDE, second bishop of Natchez, died, aged
63. He was a Belgian, who early united with the Jesuits, and was sent to
America. He was sometime president of the catholic college at St. Louis,
and afterward bishop of Chicago. He was held in very high estimation by
all denominations.


OCTOBER 25.

322 B. C. DEMOSTHENES, the Athenian orator, died at the isle of
Calauria, as is supposed by poison, to save himself from falling into
the hands of his enemies alive.

1154. STEPHEN, king of England, died. He usurped the throne, which
belonged to Matilda, wife of Henry IV, of Germany, whose son Henry II,
succeeded him.

1400. GEOFFREY CHAUCER, the father of English poetry, died.

1415. Battle of Agincourt, in France; the English army had been reduced
by disease and sword from 30,000 to 15,000, when on ascending the
heights of Blangi they saw the French army of 50,000 men drawn up to
oppose their progress. There was no alternative but to give battle,
which resulted in the defeat of the French, who lost 10,000 killed, and
14,000 taken prisoners; while the loss of the English was but 40 men.

1499. The bridge of Notre Dame, at Paris, fell.

1555. CHARLES V resigned the sovereignty of the Low Countries, in the
presence of the states at Brussels, in favor of his bigoted son Philip.

1691. GEORGE LEGGE, an able English naval officer, died in the Tower,
whither he had been sent on suspicion of favoring the revolution.

1692. PETER SCHUYLER was admitted by Gov. Fletcher to the council board,
his peculiar qualifications being required by the administration.

1701. Philadelphia first chartered by William Penn; Edward Shippen was
appointed mayor.

1714. SEBASTIAN LE CLERC died; a French engraver, who rose from
obscurity to eminence.

1731. Several valuable manuscripts destroyed in the Cottonian library at
Westminster, by a fire.

1735. CHARLES MORDAUNT, a renowned English naval officer, died. To
bravery and heroism he added a penetrating genius and a mind highly
polished.

1751. An extraordinary eruption of Mt. Vesuvius.

1757. AUGUSTINE CALMET, a learned French ecclesiastic, died. He was well
acquainted with the oriental languages and published several learned
works, which are still in use.

1760. GEORGE II, of England, died suddenly at Kensington from the
extraordinary circumstance of a rupture of the right ventricle of the
heart, in the 77th year of his age and the 34th of his reign.

1764. WILLIAM HOGARTH died; one of the most original of painters. He was
originally destined for a copperplate engraver, to which art he served
an apprenticeship.

1779. The British evacuated Newport, R. I.; to the honor of Gen. Pigot,
no wanton injury was committed.

1780. JOHN HANCOCK chosen first governor of Massachusetts, under their
new constitution.

1780. Gen. MARION attacked near the high hills of Santee, 200 British
and tories, under Col. Tyne; killed or took nearly half of them, and
most of their horses, &c.

1781. Americans under Col. Willett, of New York, defeated 600 British
under major Ross.

1788. WILLIAM JULIUS MICKLE, an English poet, died. He commenced life as
a brewer, but failing in business took up literature in which he
succeeded.

1793. Battle of Wazenau; the Austrians under Wurmzer defeated the
French, who lost 3,000 men, all their baggage and 10 cannon.

1794. Venlo, an important fortress on the Meuse, surrendered to the
French republicans; the commandant, Gen. Puffer, first requiring the
French Gen. Lourent to assure him upon the honor of the French nation,
that the garrison had no hopes left of being relieved by the allied
powers.

1798. NELSON arrived at Malta with 14 ships of war and summoned Valetta
to surrender, offering to transport the French home. The offer being
refused the place was invested, and the siege left in charge of Capt.
Ball, Nelson being forced to depart to refit his ships, which were
damaged at the recent battle of Aboukir.

1806. HENRY KNOX died; major-general in the army of the United States
during the war of the revolution, and secretary of war under Washington.

1806. The French under Davoust entered Berlin, the capital of Prussia,
where they found 500 cannon, several hundred thousand pounds of powder
and some thousands of muskets.

1806. Spandau, a fortress nine miles from Berlin, surrendered to the
French under Victor; they found there oats and provisions for the French
army for two months, and ammunition sufficient to double the stores of
the artillery.

1806. A battalion of Saxons under baron Hund surrendered to the French
at Little Somerda, in Thuringia.

1812. Action between American frigate United States, 54 guns, Com.
Decatur, and British frigate Macedonian, 49 guns. The latter was
captured after an action of an hour and a half, with the loss of 104
killed and wounded. American loss 12.

1813. Action between the United States frigate Congress, Capt. Smith,
and British ship Rose, in which the latter was captured and destroyed.

1813. British and Indians repulsed in an attack upon the United States
troops under Gen. Izard.

1826. First daily paper at Rochester, N. Y., issued.

1836. The Luxor obelisk erected in Paris in the Place of Louis XV, in
the presence of the royal family and about 250,000 spectators.

1842. SAMPSON SALTER BLOWERS died at Halifax, aged 100. He was born in
Boston, and studied law under Gov. Hutchinson; but adhering to the
British party was proscribed. He was nearly 40 years a supreme court
judge.

1844. The Providence theatre burnt, destroying the valuable scientific
apparatus used by Dr. Lardner in his lectures.

1847. Tobasco was bombarded by a portion of the Gulf squadron under
Com. Perry, and all the vessels in the port were captured or destroyed.
Com. Perry lost 1 killed, 3 wounded and 2 drowned.

1848. DIXON H. LEWIS, an important member of congress from Alabama
during a quarter of a century, died at New York, aged 46.

1849. TOBIAS E. STANSBURY, a revolutionary officer, died near Baltimore,
aged 93. A great portion of his long life was spent in the service of
his country.

1849. BENJAMIN ABBOT, for half a century an eminent New England teacher,
died at Exeter, N. H., aged 87. As principal of Phillips Exeter academy,
he directed the studies of pupils who became eminent men in the land.

1852. The grand duke of Tuscany refused to give audience to an English
protestant deputation in favor of Rosa and Francisco Madiai, under
confinement for distributing Bibles.

1854. LEWIS EDWARD NOLAN, a distinguished British cavalry officer, was
killed at Balaclava. He was well versed in all the languages of modern
Europe, and a military writer.

1855. The Russians under Gen. Liprandi, 30,000 strong, attacked the
allies at Balaclava, carried and maintained two Turkish redoubts, and
captured several guns; but were repulsed by the English and French.


OCTOBER 26.

1656 A. M. NOAH entered the ark on the 10th day of 2d month, answering
to this day of our month. The ark was 525 feet long, 87 broad, and 52
deep; requiring about 245,000 cubic feet of timber; its capacity two
millions cubic feet of space; was commenced about 1556 and completed
1656, having been 100 years in building.

1331. ISMAEL ABULFEDA, prince of Hamath, in Syria, died. Before he began
his reign he distinguished himself by his researches in geography, and
published in Arabic an account of the regions beyond the Oxus.

1455. The charter of the beautiful town of Kirkcudbright in Scotland was
given. This town was much frequented in time of persecution.

1522. Donna MARIA PACHECO, the widow of Padilla, retired into the
citadel of Toledo, which she defended four months against the royalists.

1594. WILLIAM ALLEN, usually called the great English cardinal, died,
and was buried at Rome.

1645. Bloody battle of Routon Heath, in which king Charles was defeated
and many of his officers slain.

1701. Birth day of HELEN and JUDITH, the united twin sisters, at Tzoni,
in Hungary. They possessed a musical genius, were exhibited in England
in 1708, and died 1723.

1703. Great storm in England, by which large tracts of country were
overflowed, trees torn up by the roots, immense numbers of cattle
perished, and 8000 human lives were lost on the Thames, Severn and coast
of Holland alone.

1723. GODFREY KNELLER, an eminent German painter, died in England, where
he was greatly honored for his skill in portraits.

1724. HILKIAH BEDFORD, who was tried and fined for publishing a work
entitled the hereditary right of the crown of England, died at London.

1727. LEWIS DE SACY died; an eloquent _avocat_ of the parliament of
Paris, and a learned member of the French academy.

1728. A dispatch was received in England that more than two thirds of
the city of Copenhagen in Denmark was burned down. The fire commenced on
the 20th and continued three days.

1751. PHILIP DODDRIDGE, an eminent English dissenting minister, died;
author of the _Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul_, a standard
work.

1773. Conspiracy of Palermo.

1774. The first congress of North America, having finished their
deliberations, adjourned.

1788. THOMAS REED died at Bordentown, N. J.; a captain in the navy of
the revolution.

1794. SUWARROW, having defeated the Polish van guard, invested Praga,
the suburb of Warsaw.

1795. The French national assembly dissolved itself, after three years'
duration.

1796. MOREAU crossed the Rhine.

1798. A violent insurrection was raised against the French at Cairo in
Egypt.

1800. Earthquake at Constantinople, destroyed the royal palace and many
other buildings.

1803. EDMUND PENDLETON, a distinguished Virginia statesman, died. He was
a member of the first congress.

1803. JOHN PENN, one of the signers of the declaration of American
independence from Virginia, died.

1807. Treaty of Fontainbleau, between Bonaparte and Spain, for the
conquest of Portugal.

1807. Russia declared war against Great Britain.

1811. Saguntum surrendered by the Spanish to the French under Suchet.
Same day the Spaniards defeated the French at Puycezda, and pursued
them into the French territories, where they levied heavy contributions.

1816. DOCTOROW, the Russian general, died at Moscow.

1822. It was ordered in the Netherlands that the national language
alone, the Dutch or Flemish, should be used in schools.

1825. Canal celebration at Albany.

1831. Cholera first appeared in England at Sunderland.

1836. GEORGE COLEMAN (_the Younger_) died in London, aged 74. He was the
author of numerous comedies which were eminently successful, but failed
to procure him a decent livelihood, so that many of the last years of
his life were spent in great poverty.

1836. CHARLES DAY, a wealthy blacking manufacturer, of the firm of Day &
Martin, died in London. He had been totally blind for many years. He
left an estate valued at about two millions of dollars, and directed
about half a million to be devoted to establish a charity, to be called
The Poor Blind Man's Friend.

1837. Harlem, N. Y., rail road completed.

1841. THOMAS CADWALLADER died at Philadelphia, aged 61. He was a lawyer
by profession, and a brigadier general in the last war with Great
Britain. He was distinguished for his military talents, and greatly
respected for his private virtues and public usefulness.

1842. DAVID TRIMBLE, distinguished as a statesman and patriot, died at
Trimble Furnace, Kentucky. Few had been more useful than he in
developing the resources of that important state.

1843. ALDEN BRADFORD, a New England historian, died at Boston, aged 78.
He was secretary of the commonwealth from 1812 to 1824.

1845. Disturbances and civil war in Hayti; the Dominicans surprised the
Haytien garrison at Laxaron, the chief frontier town on the cape side of
the island, and after killing 128 men, took the fort, which they soon
after evacuated.

1850. JOHN MCDONOUGH died at New Orleans, aged 72, who by untiring
industry and the narrowest economy amassed immense wealth, which was
principally divided between the cities of New Orleans and Baltimore.

1850. The northwest passage discovered by captain McClure, of the
Investigator.

1851. RICHARD COWLING TAYLOR, an English naturalist and antiquary, died
at Philadelphia, aged about 60.

1852. A violent storm at Athens; one of the columns of the temple of
Jupiter Olympus overthrown.


OCTOBER 27.

42 B. C. Battle of Philippi, and death of MARCUS JUNIUS BRUTUS. This
eventful day threw into the hands of two autocratical magistrates, of no
tried reputation, and rivals by nature, the universal rule, with the
liberties of their country. There were just twenty days between the
deaths of Cassius, "the last of the Romans," and his friend Brutus, in
the two great battles of Philippi.

251. VALERIAN elected in full senate to the restored Roman censorship,
an office which had dropt with the life of Titus, from the modesty of
his successors. The Roman virtue stood below correction.

1492. COLUMBUS discovered Cuba, and made a landing on the following day.

1553. MICHAEL SERVETUS, a learned and ingenious Spaniard, burnt at
Geneva by the Calvinists, for the heresy of Arianism.

1617. RALPH WINWOOD died; an English statesman, and secretary of state
under James I.

1644. Second battle of Newberry, in England; the royalists under Charles
I defeated by the parliament army. Night favored the escape of the
vanquished.

1650. The prince of Orange died of the small pox.

1675. GILES PERSONNE ROBERVAL, a French mathematician, died; author of a
work on mechanics, &c.

1722. Third immigration of Palatines to the United States.

1775. The British under lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia,
cannonaded Hampton, but were repulsed.

1795. The French directory, which succeeded the national assembly,
entered upon the duties of their appointment as the executive
government.

1802. HENRY HUNTER, an eminent Scottish divine and author, died.

1805. WALTER BLAKE KIRWAN died; an Irish divine, eminent for his
popularity as a preacher, which was so great that it was often necessary
to keep off the crowds from the churches in which he preached by guards
and palisades. He died exhausted by his labors.

1810. BONAPARTE ordered all British goods found in France to be burned.
Not the surest way to discourage manufactures.

1822. WILLIAM LOWNDES, a distinguished statesman of South Carolina,
died. He was respected and beloved even by his political enemies, and
stood in the first rank of American statesmen.

1830. Hard fighting at Antwerp, between the Dutch and Belgians; the
former were driven into the citadel, where they commenced cannonading
the town, and did great execution.

1840. JOHN THOMSON, a Scottish clergyman, died; distinguished as a
landscape painter.

1844. WILLIAM CAMPBELL died at Cherry Valley, N. Y., aged 77. He was the
only member of his family that escaped death or captivity at the
massacre of Cherry Valley in 1778. He lived to fill many important
stations with fidelity and ability.

1846. RANDOLPH RIDGELY, an officer in the Mexican war, was killed by a
fall from his horse. He had greatly distinguished himself at the battles
of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma.

1851. WILLIAM WYON, a celebrated British medalist and die sinker, died
at Brighton, aged 57. He belonged to a family of German descent, who
wrought the great seals of England, Scotland and Ireland.

1853. Captain J. W. GUNNISON, of the corps of topographical engineers,
with seven other members of the party of exploration, while attempting
to survey the lakes in Utah territory, were massacred by the Indians.


OCTOBER 28.

312. Battle of Saxa Rubra, and overthrow of the tyrant Maxentius, by
Constantine. The whole race of Maxentius was extirpated, and the
prætorian guards abolished at Rome.

900. ALFRED (_the Great_), king of England, died, aged 51, in the 28th
year of his reign. To him is ascribed the mode of trial by jury.

1216. The crown and other regalia of England being lost, Henry III was
crowned with a plain circle of gold on his temples.

1485. RODOLPHUS AGRICOLA, a Dutch author, died. He was one of the most
learned men of his age.

1541. Great storm accompanied by an earthquake, at Algiers, which
destroyed 86 Spanish ships and 15 galleys with their crews, belonging to
a powerful fleet fitted out for the reduction of that place by the
emperor Charles V. He was compelled to raise the siege and return to his
own dominions.

1572. Earl Mar, regent of Scotland, died, and was succeeded by Morton.

1592. AUGIER GHISLEN BUSBEQUIUS, a celebrated Flemish ambassador, died.
He was learned and venerated.

1597. ALDUS MANUTIUS, an eminent Venitian printer, died. He was the
third of a line of illustrious printers, celebrated for the elegance and
correctness of their editions, and in his youth bid fair to excel his
predecessors. But he met with reverses, and was compelled to sell the
excellent library collected by his ancestors, of 80,000 volumes, to
maintain himself. He wrote several learned works.

1646. WILLIAM DOBSON, an English painter, died. He was drawn from
obscurity by Vandyke, after which he rose to great celebrity; but
becoming addicted to pleasure before he had acquired a fortune, he
became involved, and died at the age of 36.

1652. WILLIAM MEAD, an English physician, died, aged 149.

1652. Action between the English fleet under Blake and Penn, and the
Dutch fleet under De Witt and De Ruyter. Three ships of the latter were
destroyed and one taken.

1670. JOHN HACKET, an English prelate, died; eminent for his learning
and exemplary virtues.

1681. Algiers bombarded by the French fleet under admiral Duquesne and
Bernard Renaud. It is said that bomb vessels were first used on this
occasion, being the invention of Renaud, who had five of them built.

1685. MICHAEL LE TELLIER, a French statesman, died. He had sufficient
influence with the king, Louis XIV, to procure the revocation to the
edict of Nantes. He lived to triumph in the cruel measures which
followed but a few days.

1687. JAMES ATKINS, a learned Scottish bishop, died. He wrote against
the presbyterians, but his writings are now almost unknown.

1699. Pope INNOCENT XII died.

1701. WILLIAM PENN granted a charter of privileges to Pennsylvania and
the counties, now state of Delaware, in which the liberty of conscience
was fully recognized.

1703. JOHN WALLIS, an eminent English divine and mathematician, died.
His works are numerous; and though his theological writings are
respectable, yet it is from his mathematical labors that he derives a
lasting celebrity.

1704. JOHN LOCKE, the illustrious English philosopher, died.

1708. GEORGE of Denmark, husband of Anne, queen of England, died; "an
illustrious instance of conjugal affection among the great."

1710. EZEKIEL SPANHEIM died; an eminent Swiss writer on history and
antiquities.

1740. ANNA IWANOWNA, empress of Russia, died.

1741. BALTHAZAR GIBERT, a French writer, died. He was 50 years professor
of rhetoric at the college of Mazarin.

1746. Earthquake at Lima, by which that city and the port of Callao were
destroyed. The sea first receded, then rushed upon the shore, carrying
everything before it. Of 23 ships in the harbor 19 were sunk, and 4
carried a considerable way up the country, and Callao became a part of
the ocean.

1748. Gov. CLINTON signed the bill reviving the act to raise £1,800 by
lottery, to build a college.

1776. Battle of White Plains. The brunt of this battle was sustained by
the troops under McDougal, 600 men, who nobly sustained their post,
though deserted by 4 regiments of militia, who fled on the approach of
the British light horse. Both armies laid on their arms awaiting another
attack.

1788. First court held at Plattsburgh, Clinton county, N. Y.

1791. GEORGE LOUIS OEDER, an eminent German physician and botanist,
died.

1792. JOHN SMEATON, an eminent English mechanic and engineer, died;
celebrated as the builder of the Eddystone lighthouse.

1793. Hurricane on the island of Cuba; several vessels driven out to
sea, and 520 houses in Havana totally destroyed.

1800. ARTEMAS WARD, the first major-general in the American
revolutionary army, died. He graduated at Harvard, was subsequently a
member of congress, and noted for incorruptible integrity.

1806. CHARLOTTE SMITH, an English poetess and novelist, died. She long
enjoyed great popularity.

1806. Battle of Prentzlow, in Brandenburg; the Prussian army of 16,000
compelled to surrender to the French under Murat. This was the remnant
of the king's guard which escaped from the battle of Jena, and included
several princes.

1823. WASSIL WASSILIJEWITSCH CAPNIST, a Russian counselor of state,
died. He is better known as a poet and dramatic writer, in which he is
entitled to much praise.

1838. The Mormons, comprising about 700 men under arms, with their
leaders, surrendered at Far-West, Missouri, to a body of 3,000 militia,
under Gen. Atchinson. The whole number captured was 5,000, miserably
destitute of the means of subsistence.

1844. The Royal Exchange at London opened in an imposing manner, the
queen being present and presiding at the ceremony.

1848. HARRISON GRAY OTIS, a Massachusetts statesman, died, aged 83;
having filled with distinguished success the principal political offices
in the gift of the people of the state.

1848. WINDISCHGRATZ, besieging the city of Vienna, entered the suburbs
and began an attack; a succession of conflicts ensued, which lasted
several days before the city was completely mastered.

1849. DAVID B. DOUGLAS, an eminent civil and military engineer, died at
Geneva, N. Y., aged 56. He distinguished himself in the war of 1812,
before he was 21 years of age. He was a man of extensive and varied
learning.

1851. A meeting of cotton planters was held at Macon, Georgia, to devise
ways and means to prevent fluctuations in the price of cotton. Little
harmony of views or concord of action was manifested.

1854. A fire at Cleveland, Ohio, consumed property to the amount of
$2,000,000.

1854. The Turks in the principalities attacked the Russians, and after a
contest of two hours compelled them to cross the Danube and destroy the
bridges.


OCTOBER 29.

1038. ANGELOTH, archbishop of Canterbury, died. He is noted for having
refused to crown Harold, although he had enjoyed the patronage of his
father Canute.

1268. CONRADINO, emperor of Germany, beheaded at Naples, at the age of
16. In a hazardous attempt to recover a part of his possessions which
had been wrested from him, he fell into the power of his enemy.

1618. WALTER RALEIGH, an illustrious English nobleman, beheaded at the
age of 66. He is memorable as a "statesman, seaman, soldier, chemist and
chronologist." He obtained the patent of Virginia in 1584.

1666. JAMES SHIRLEY, an English dramatic writer, died. His death was
occasioned by the great fire of London; both himself and his wife died
of fright, and were buried in one grave. He wrote 37 plays and a volume
of poems.

1666. EDMUND CALAMY, an eminent English divine, died, it is said by
reason of the great fire at London.

1691. MELCHIZEDEC THEVENOT died; librarian to the king of France, and a
celebrated writer of travels.

1727. Earthquake in New England. No event of the kind had been witnessed
by the English, of equal violence, since their settlement of the
country, and consequently they were greatly alarmed. It was felt along
the coast 700 miles, though of only 2 minutes' duration; and the island
of Martinique was in danger of being entirely destroyed by an earthquake
the same day, which was felt at intervals during eleven hours.

1745. Battle of Freybourg; the Prussians under prince Henry defeated the
allies, who lost 8,000 men.

1757. EDWARD VERNON, a renowned English admiral, died.

1776. The British and Hessians repulsed in an attack on the Americans
under Col. Glover, at White Plains.

1777. JOHN HANCOCK resigned his office as president of Congress.

1777. The whole force of the Americans under Washington was 12,480 men,
of whom 8,963 were regulars then called continentals.

1778. Americans under major Talbot captured the British schooner Pigott,
and brought her into Stonington.

1783. JOHN LE ROND D'ALEMBERT, a distinguished French philosopher, died.

1792. Three of the mutineers of the ship Bounty were executed at
Portsmouth.

1793. The Austrians under Clairfait defeated the French in their
intrenched camp before Mentz; the camp was carried, 106 cannon, 200
ammunition wagons, and 2,000 men were taken prisoners.

1795. The citizens of London obstructed the king on his way to the
parliament house, clamoring for bread, peace, no Pitt. A bullet pierced
the glass of the king's coach.

1804. GEORGE MORLAND died; an exquisite English painter, principally of
rustic scenes.

1810. Battle of Aculco, Mexico; the Spanish patriots under the first
Aldamo, defeated by the king's troops under Gen. Callejas, with the loss
of 6,000.

1812. MALLET, with 12 of his confederates in a plot to subvert the
Bonaparte dynasty, were tried and shot in the plains of Grenille.

1814. Holland, in consideration of its relinquishment of all its claims
to the cape of Good Hope, and to the colonies of Demarara, Essequebo and
Berbice, all the other colonies which she possessed previous to 1794, in
Asia, Africa and America, were restored by Great Britain.

1814. Steam frigate Fulton launched at New York.

1814. The sloop of war Peacock, Capt. Warrington, returned from a cruise
of 147 days, during which she had captured and destroyed 14 British
vessels.

1824. CHARLES PINCKNEY, an American orator and statesman, died. He was a
patriot of the revolution, and a member of the convention which framed
the constitution.

1825. The first boat on the Erie canal, from Albany, reached Buffalo, on
which occasion a celebration took place.

1828. LUKE HANSARD, a very eminent English printer, died; distinguished
also for his piety.

1831. Riots at Bristol, England, during which the jails were broken open
and burnt, the mansion house and custom house destroyed, the toll-gates
pulled down, and many private houses plundered and set on fire, by which
some hundreds of people were burnt to death.

1841. THOMAS PHILIPS, an eminent English vocalist, died by a rail road
accident, aged 66.

1842. ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, an eminent Scottish poet, died in London, aged
56.

1850. The statue of John C. Calhoun, which had been lost by the wreck of
a vessel, was recovered almost without injury.

1850. The Portuguese frigate Donna Maria II, of 32 guns, accidentally
blown up in the harbor of Macao, and completely destroyed; of 244 men on
board, 188 perished.

1852. The remains of DANIEL WEBSTER were buried at Marshfield, Mass.,
many thousands of citizens of Boston and adjoining towns being present.

1854. JOSIAH BUTLER, an eminent New Hampshire statesman and judge, died
at Deerfield, aged 74.

1854. W. W. FARMER, lieutenant-governor of Louisiana, died at Baton
Rouge, aged 45; for many years a prominent man in the state.


OCTOBER 30.

69. Cremona, in Italy, sacked and burned, 286 years after its
foundation.

1270. The seventh and last crusade ended by the treaty of Barbary.

1270. Conflict on London bridge, between the retainers of the bishop of
Winchester (bad Beaufort) and the duke of Gloucester.

1485. Coronation of HENRY VII, two months after Bosworth field, when was
instituted the _Yeomen of the Guard_, consisting of 50 archers. At that
time there raged in London a malady called the sweating sickness, which
terminated fatally in twenty-four hours.

1553. JAMES STURMIUS, a learned German ambassador, died. He contributed
greatly to the reformation of Strasburg, where he erected a college, and
assisted in the publication of a history of the reformation.

1574. MARY OF CLEVES, wife of Henry I, prince of Conde, died, aged 18,
probably by poison. She was loved so ardently by the duke of Anjou,
afterwards Henry III, that when he came to the throne he determined to
annul her marriage; but her sudden death intervened.

1602. JOHN JAMES BOISARD, a French antiquary, died. He pursued his
favorite study in Italy and the isles of the Adriatic; but many of his
materials were destroyed by the ravages of war.

1605. GEORGE CLIFFORD, earl of Cumberland, died; a celebrated English
navigator.

1632. HENRY DE MONTMORENCY, admiral of France, beheaded for conspiracy.
He distinguished himself by his valor, and was made admiral at the age
of 18.

1655. JOHN SELDON, the learned English antiquary, died.

1680. ANTOINETTE DE LA PORTE BOURIGNON, a celebrated French enthusiast,
died, aged 64. She was so very deformed at her birth, that a
consultation was had about stifling her as a monster. But she early
developed great powers of mind, became a traveling preacher, wandered
about incessantly, and was expelled from many countries. Her reveries
fill 22 volumes.

1732 Shipped for transportation to Virginia, 68 men and 50 women, felon
convicts.

1750. JOHN MOTTLEY died; an English dramatic writer and historian of
Peter the Great of Russia.

1760. Great earthquake in Syria and Barbary; 6000 persons killed in
Damascus.

1762. British king's ships Panther and Argo captured Spanish galleon
Santissima Trinidad, from Manilla, valued at three millions of dollars.

1781. The Oneida Indians, part of Col. Willet's force, defeated the
British, colonel John Butler; when that execrable savage, Butler, was
killed.

1782. ANTHONY TERRASSON, a distinguished French advocate, and professor
of the royal college, died. He wrote a history of Roman jurisprudence,
and other works.

1787. FERDINAND GALIANI, a noble Italian writer, died. His genius and
learning were employed on useful and practical subjects.

1793. Twenty-two deputies of the French national convention of the
Girondists, convicted and sentenced to death. De Valaze, a lawyer, on
hearing his sentence, with great sang froid, drew a poignard and stabbed
himself to the heart.

1802. CHARLES ALEXANDER DE CALONNE, a French statesman, died. He
succeeded Necker as comptroller of the finances.

1804. SAMUEL AYSCOUGH, assistant librarian in the British Museum, died.
He is chiefly memorable for his patient industry in arranging the
collections. He published a catalogue of the manuscripts, and a
catalogue of the ancient charters in that institution; the latter
amounting to 1,600.

1805. ANQUETIL DU PERRON, a learned Frenchman, died. His death is also
placed, by different authorities, in November and January. (See Jan. 15,
1805.)

1808. JOHN WHITAKER died; an able English theologian, historian,
critic, politician, and poet.

1810. Battle of Los Cruces, in Mexico, between the revolutionists under
Hidalgo, and a corps of Spaniards, in which the latter were defeated.
This was the first battle of the revolution.

1813. SARAH RODGERS, a celebrated painter, died at Philadelphia.

1822. The Caledonian canal, uniting the British sea with the Atlantic
ocean, was opened. It is a great national work, but not much in
requisition.

1822. ITURBIDE dissolved the Mexican congress in the same manner as
Cromwell dissolved the long parliament, and the same day formed a new
legislative assembly, composed of persons favorable to his plans. This
step was fatal to his reign.

1825. CHARLES ROBERT MATURIN, an Irish divine, dramatist, and poet,
died. His genius was great, but not always under the control of a pure
taste.

1840. Earthquake at Zante, which demolished 240 houses in the town, and
injured nearly all the rest. The villages and country houses of the
island were destroyed, or greatly injured.


OCTOBER 31.

1448. JOHN PALÆOLOGUS, emperor of Constantinople, died. He reigned 29
years, and resisted the invasion of the Turkish foe, who pressed upon
his borders.

1517. Commencement of the reformation by Martin Luther, who on this day
published his 95 theses against the papal indulgences, &c.

1579. JOHN STADIUS, a German historian and mathematician, died at Paris.
He tarnished his scientific knowledge with astrological calculations.

1659. JOHN BRADSHAW died; celebrated as president of the tribunal which
tried and condemned the king, Charles I. He was afterwards deprived of
his office by Cromwell, to whose usurpations he was opposed; at the
restoration his bones were dug up and hanged at Tyburn.

1665. An act called the "five mile act," passed by the English
parliament, prohibiting nonconforming ministers from going within 5
miles of a town sending a member to parliament. This was to prevent them
entering the pulpits of episcopalians vacated on account of the plague.

1678. From the evidence of Oates and others, the commons of England
passed a resolution that there existed a hellish plot of the papists to
assassinate king Charles.

1732. VICTOR AMADEUS, king of Sardinia and duke of Savoy, died.

1735. General OGLETHORPE re-embarked for America, accompanied by John
Wesley and other missionaries, with several families of settlers.

1751. JAMES LOGAN, governor of Pennsylvania after the death of the
proprietor, died. He was a native of Ireland, distinguished for his
talents and learning, and came to America with Penn.

1760. The foundation stone of Blackfriars bridge over the Thames was
laid.

1765. WILLIAM AUGUSTUS, duke of Cumberland, died. He was the second son
of George II of England, and commanded at many important battles in the
German wars.

1782. LOUIS ELIZABETH DE LA VERGNE, a celebrated French general, died.
He was the friend of learned men, and the author of numerous works.

1793. JEAN PIERRE BRISSOT DE WARVILLE, and 20 others, Girondists,
condemned on the previous day, were guillotined at Paris. They were
generally opposed to the death of the king and the violent and bloody
measures pursued by Marat and Robespierre.

1803. The United States frigate Philadelphia, captain Bainbridge,
grounded on a rock three and a half miles from Tripoli, and was taken
after an action of 4 hours, having thrown over all her guns in the vain
hope of getting off.

1806. Battle of Strelitz; the French general Savery with 600 horse took
the place, and captured the hereditary prince of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

1806. Battle of Anklan; the Bavarians defeated the Prussians under
general Bila, and took him and 4,000 men prisoners.

1806. About this time a revolution took place at St. Domingo; the black
king of Hayti, Dessalines, was killed, and succeeded by Christophe.

1812. The Cossacks under Platoff defeated the French rear guard near
Kolotsk with terrible slaughter.

1812. The French defeated by Witgenstein at Tchasniki, with the loss of
900 killed and 800 taken.

1832. ANTONIO SCARPA, professor of anatomy at Pavia, died, aged 86. He
stood, for nearly half a century, by the common consent of his
countrymen, at the head of anatomy and surgery in Italy.

1838. NOAH WORCESTER, an eminent philanthropist and founder of the
Massachusetts Peace society, died. He was an extraordinary man, and
entirely self-taught. In 1815 he published _A Solemn View of the Custom
of War_, which produced a strong impression, and has been circulated in
different languages in Europe.

1842. SOLOMON HERSCHELL, chief rabbi of the German and Polish Jews in
London, died, aged 82, and was buried with great solemnity. He was a
majestic figure, with a look of one of the old fathers, and an object of
considerable mark in the streets of London.

1847. A quarrel took place between the police in Rio de Janeiro and some
sailors belonging to the United States vessels of war lying in the
harbor. The sailors and an officer were imprisoned, which led to a
serious difficulty between the two governments.

1848. STEPHEN WATTS KEARNEY, the conqueror of New Mexico, died at St.
Louis, aged 54. He had been in the army since 1812, and his character
and bearing as an officer were unsurpassed.

1849. The French cabinet, on being informed that they were wanting in
dignity, resigned their commissions to their president.

1849. A remarkable meteoric stone fell at Charlotte, North Carolina.

1850. Queen ISABELLA opened the Cortez at Madrid in the new palace on
the Plaza de Cervantes.

1855. RIVAS sworn into office as president of Nicaragua, Walker
declining in his favor at Grenada.




NOVEMBER.


NOVEMBER 1.

51 B. C. CICERO sat down before Pindenissum, a city in Cilicia.

79. Pompeii and Herculaneum buried by an eruption of Vesuvius.

1290. The persons of all the English Jews, 16,511, were banished, and
their estates and treasures confiscated to the crown.

1399. JOHN V (_the Conqueror_), duke of Brittany, died.

1483. HENRY STAFFORD, duke of Buckingham, beheaded. He was the vile
instrument of the third Richard's usurpation, and was executed by that
king's order, without any legal process.

1596. PETER PITHOU, a learned and eloquent French civilian, died. He
visited England, and published some valuable works on law, history, and
classical literature, and restored _Phædrus_ and other ancient books
which had long been lost.

1607. Sir JAMES MELVILLE died. He was a courtier, in the strictest sense
of that word. To him the court was the world, and its rules of action
his.

1653. The parliament of the English commonwealth chose a new council of
state.

1678. WILLIAM CODDINGTON, governor of Rhode Island, died. He became
dissatisfied with the ecclesiastical government in Massachusetts, and in
1638 associated himself with 170 others, who purchased Rhode Island of
the natives. He was a man of learning, and contributed more than any
other, perhaps, to the establishment of the colony of Rhode Island, and
laying the foundation of civil and religious liberty in America.

1683. The counties of Albany, Dutchess, Kings, Orange, Queens, Suffolk,
Richmond, Ulster, and Westchester, N. Y., erected.

1700. CHARLES II, king of Spain, died. He was the last of the eldest
branches of the Austrian princes who reigned in Spain.

1710. Lord HAVERSHAM, a noted British peer, died. He was a "constant"
speaker in the house of lords.

1714. JOHN RADCLIFFE, an English physician of great eminence, died. The
university of Oxford is indebted to him for the library and infirmary
which bears his name, and for an annuity of £600 for two traveling
fellowships.

1724. HUMPHREY PRIDEAUX died; an English divine, historian, and critic.

1730. LOUIS FERDINAND MARSIGLI, an Italian nobleman, died. He was famous
in arms and in letters, and founded the academy of arts and sciences at
Bologna, called the Institute.

1755. Earthquake at Lisbon, by which it is supposed about 50,000 persons
perished. Every building worthy of notice was prostrated. Peerless pool
was lifted from its bed; the Mios lake in Norway vibrated with the
canals of Amsterdam; the fountains of Tangier were stopped, and
artificial tides flowed every fifteen minutes at Gibraltar.

1765. Stamp act went into operation in America. The great
dissatisfaction it created, was manifested by the tolling of bells, and
other solemnities.

1769. LA SALLE arrived at the mouth of the Miami, having seventeen men
in his company, the rest being dismissed, to return with furs to
Niagara, when he embarked at the bay of Puans.

1770. ALEXANDER CRUDEN died; a Scottish writer, and corrector of the
press, whose literary labors were notable. He was found dead on his
knees, in the attitude of prayer.

1771. JOHN EYRE sentenced to be transported beyond seas, for stealing a
few quires of paper. He was worth £30,000, yet committed and confessed
the deed.

1775. PETER JOSEPH BERNARD died; a French writer of operas and other
lighter pieces, which for their ease and elegance, procured for him the
name of _le gentil Bernard_.

1783. CHARLES LINNÆUS (_the Younger_) died. He succeeded his father as
professor of botany at Upsal.

1793. GEORGE GORDON died; an Englishman who led the opposition to the
papists in 1780, which gave rise to the riots of that year. His life
from that time was spent in legal censures and imprisonments, and he
finally died in Newgate prison.

1794. HENRY HOOGEVEEN died; an eminent Dutch philologist, of great
learning and industry.

1794. Rhinefield, a fortress built on a rock on the left bank of the
Rhine, abundantly provided and defended by 2000 men, surrendered at the
first summons of the French.

1805. Captain WRIGHT, of the British navy, died in the Temple at Paris.
Bonaparte is accused of having suffered him to be put to the torture and
strangled.

1806. French entered Kustrin, where they took 4000 Prussian prisoners,
90 cannon, and sufficient stores to supply the army two months.

1806. French under Mortier took Cassel and all Hesse.

1813. Four large British vessels, and a number of boats, attacked the
advance guard of the United States army, under general Wilkinson, and
were repulsed.

1815. JOHN COAKLEY LETTSOM, a distinguished London physician, died. He
was long known by his public and private benevolence, his skill, and his
numerous writings, moral and medical.

1818. The first steam boat on the lakes, called from an Indian chief,
Walk-in-the-Water, left Buffalo on her first trip. The boat cost
$70,000, including the sum paid Fulton and Livingston for patent.

1819. _The North Georgian Gazette and Winter Journal_, first published
on board the Hecla discovery ship, in Winter harbor, off Melville
island, in the Polar sea. The 21st number closed its polar existence,
but it rose again in London.

1834. JOHN HOWARD died in Fayette co., Ga., aged 103. He was in the
revolutionary army, and received five wounds at the battle of Guilford.
His sight continued good till his hundredth year, and he never used
spectacles.

1835. THOMAS TAYLOR died; an English author, long known by the
appellation of _the Platonist_. His works comprise 23 vols. quarto, and
40 vols. octavo; the greatest of which are complete translations of
Aristotle and Plato, illustrated copiously from the ancient
commentators.

1835. WILLIAM MOTHERWELL, a Scottish poet of considerable reputation,
died.

1842. LOUIS D. JOSE, usually called _Portuguese Joe_, was burnt to death
in the hotel at New Orleans in which he kept the bar. He was captain of
the maintop on board the ship Saratoga, at the battle on lake Champlain,
and nailed the colors to the mast after they had been shot away by the
British.

1843. JOHN PARISH ROBERTSON, a Scottish merchant in South America, died
at Calais. He established an extensive business, and introduced many
useful improvements, which the distracted partisans of that country
could not appreciate; he was deprived of a large property which he had
accumulated, and retired to England, where he produced two works on
South America, of some merit.

1845. SAMUEL HARRISON SMITH, well known as the editor of the
_Philadelphia New World_, and the first to establish the _National
Intelligencer_, died at Washington.

1849. JABEZ W. HUNTINGTON, of Connecticut, a distinguished senator of
the United States, died at Norwich, Conn.

1849. ELIZUR GOODRICH, professor of law in Yale college, and some time
mayor of New Haven, died, aged 88. His removal from the office of
collector of customs, at New Haven, immediately on the accession of
Jefferson, gave occasion to the famous letter of that president, in
which he avowed his principle of removal for political opinions.

1849. JEFFREY CHIPMAN died at Kalamazoo, Mich., aged 60. He was a native
of Rutland, Vt., and afterwards a magistrate at Canandaigua, N. Y.,
before whom William Morgan, the apostate free mason, was arraigned for
larceny, and committed to Ontario jail, whence he was abducted. In all
the subsequent trials, J. Chipman was the first witness called.

1852. Battle of Hermasillo; the French count Boulbon de Raousset, who
led an enterprise upon Sonora, was defeated, and his expedition wholly
overthrown.

1855. Accident on the Missouri and Pacific rail road; an excursion train
going to celebrate the opening of the road, was precipitated through a
bridge thirty feet into the river, by which the chief engineer of the
road, Thomas S. O'Sullivan, and 24 others, were killed, and a great
number injured, many of them prominent citizens of St. Louis.


NOVEMBER 2.

1656. A. M. The deluge began on the 17th day of the 2d month, answering
to our November 2, on the supposition that the original civil year of
the Hebrews began on the 16th of September, and contained 354 days.

285. B. C. PTOLEMY PHILADELPHUS, of Egypt, so memorable as a patron of
learning, commenced his reign upon this Julian day; the year following
that in which Pyrrhus was driven from Macedonia. It is the date of the
_Septuagint_.

1502. COLUMBUS entered the harbor which he named Porto Bello. The
cazique was painted black, but all his subjects red. They all wore small
golden ornaments in their nostrils; and the men a shell, and the women
a fillet of cotton about their loins.

1552. CLAUDE D'ANNEBAUT, a French admiral, died; distinguished for his
bravery and wisdom.

1600. RICHARD HOOKER, an eminent English divine, died. His _Laws of
Ecclesiastical Polity_ in 8 books, procured him great fame and
popularity.

1610. RICHARD BANCROFT died; chaplain to queen Elizabeth, bishop of
London, and archbishop of Canterbury.

1655. A committee appointed by the council of the lord protector of
England to encourage trade and commerce.

1692. ALEXANDER MENZIKOFF, a Russian prince, died in exile. He rose from
the occupation of a pastry cook, and fell back to his original level in
consequence of his pride and ostentation.

1716. ENGELBERT KŒMPFER, an eminent German botanist, died. Besides
his works on botany, he wrote a _History of Japan_.

1726. SOPHIA DOROTHEA, queen of George I of England, died at the castle
of Ahlen in Hanover, in which she had been immured since 1694 on a
charge of an intrigue with count Koningsmarke; a charge which was never
proved and generally disbelieved. She was often solicited to rejoin her
husband. To the English who also made the proposal, she said, "If I am
guilty I am not fit to be your queen; if I am innocent your king is not
fit to be my husband."

1758. The Belliqueux, a French ship of war from Quebec, driven into
Lundy road where she was taken possession of by the English; value
estimated at £150,000.

1759. CHARLES HANBURY WILLIAMS, an English poet and ambassador, died.

1772. Town meeting in Boston, at which committees of correspondence were
appointed by the "Sons of Liberty." Adams and Warren were among the
originators of this plan, which was soon followed by the other states.
These committees were undoubtedly the origin of the congress.

1783. WASHINGTON issued from head quarters, Rocky Hill, near Princeton,
his farewell orders to the American armies.

1783. CHARLES COLLE, a distinguished French comic writer, died.

1788. JOHN HENDERSON, an English scholar, died. He displayed at a very
early period of life, an uncommon thirst after knowledge, which he
gratified with unremitted ardor. "The virtues of his heart were superior
even to the astonishing powers of his understanding;" he died however,
the victim of intemperance.

1794. FRANÇOIS JOACHIM DE PIERRES BERNIS, a French ecclesiastic, and
courtier, died, aged 80. His talents and judgment were of a high order.

1812. Battle of Ghatz; the Cossacks under Platoff defeated a division of
the French, and took 70 wagons, 20 cannons and some thousands of
exhausted and helpless prisoners. Denizoff defeated another French
division the same day, captured 40 loaded wagons and 1000 prisoners.

1818. SAMUEL ROMILLY, a learned English statesman, died by his own hand,
in consequence of the death of his wife.

1825. The city of Albany celebrated the opening of the Erie canal with
great ceremony.

1828. THOMAS PINCKNEY, a general in the United States army, died. It was
under his command that the Indian war in which general Jackson
distinguished himself, was undertaken and brought to a successful issue.

1840. ANTHONY CARLISLE, an eminent English surgeon, died. He was also a
man of high literary and scientific attainments, and president of the
royal college of surgeons.

1850. SAMUEL YOUNG, a New York statesman, died at Ballston, aged 71. His
official career was illustrated by the most remarkable integrity, by
talents of the highest order, and by a character of the most marked
individuality.


NOVEMBER 3.

361. CONSTANTIUS, the last of the sons of Constantine the great, died,
after a reign of 23 years, and was succeeded by Julian.

461. LEO I (_the Great_) pope, died. Rome was pillaged fourteen days by
Genseric during his reign.

1327. JAMES II (_the Just_), king of Arragon, died, aged 65; deservedly
regretted for his moderation, courage, benevolence and magnanimity. He
conquered Sicily, and waged a long war against the Moors and the people
of Navarre. He had the good fortune to unite Valencia and Catalonia to
his crown.

1369. That famous code of Godfrey, called the _Assize of Jerusalem_,
restored by John d'Ibilen, count of Jaffa, was finished under the
revision of sixteen native commissioners for the use of the Latin
kingdom of Cyprus.

1493. COLUMBUS, on his second voyage to the new world, descried land,
which in honor of the day he called Dominica.

1580. Sir FRANCIS DRAKE returned from his voyage round the world.

1603. HENRY IV of France granted to Pierre du Gast, sieur de Monts, a
patent of the American territory, from the 40th to the 46th degree of
north latitude, with power to colonize and rule it, and to subdue and
Christianize its native inhabitants; and the exclusive right to the
commerce of peltry in Acadie and the gulf of St. Lawrence.

1611. ANTONIO PEREZ, a distinguished Spanish statesman and author, died
at Paris, where he retired when disgraced at the court of Spain. He
twice escaped the inquisition, and even eluded the emissaries sent to
murder him, but although highly esteemed by the learned men of France
and England, he died miserably poor.

1640. The long parliament of England began; Wm. Lenthal was chosen
speaker.

1643. JOHN BAINBRIDGE died at Oxford; a physician and astronomer of high
reputation.

1669. CHARLES DRELINCOURT, a French Calvinistic divine, died. His
_Consolations against the Fear of Death_ have passed through numerous
editions, and been translated into several languages.

1680. The great comet of this year approached so near the earth as in
many places to occasion no small alarm.

1710. LUKE ROTGANS, a Dutch poet, died. After being engaged two years in
the wars of Holland he retired to his country seat to devote himself to
poetry.

1739. CHARLES JERVAS, an English painter, died. He is immortalized more
by Pope's panegyric than by his own pictures.

1741. BEHRING wrecked on the island which bears his name.

1760. Battle of Torgau; the Austrians under Daun defeated by Frederick
II of Prussia, with the loss of 20,000 men, 8,000 of whom were taken.
Prussian loss 13,000.

1762. The remarkable peace between England and France was signed at
Fontainebleau.

1771. First newspaper printed in Albany, N. Y.

1771. An attempt was made by count Pulaski and some other Polish
nobleman to carry off Stanislaus Augustus, the king. They took him
prisoner, but after wandering about all night, in the morning they found
themselves near where they set out, and were obliged to liberate their
captive.

1774. GLOUCESTER RIDLEY, an eminent English divine, died. He commenced
life as an actor.

1775. St. Johns surrendered to the Americans. General Carleton in
attempting to cross the St. Lawrence with 800 men, was attacked by 300
Green Mountain boys under colonel Warren and compelled to retire; which
induced the garrison to capitulate. They found 17 brass and 22 iron
cannons, 2 howitzers, 7 mortars, 800 stand of arms, &c.

1775. VALENTINE JAIMERAI DUVAL, an extraordinary French character,
died. He at first gained his subsistence by watching poultry and sheep;
but by perseverance and labor he obtained books and maps, became one of
the most learned men of his time, and enjoyed the patronage of princes
and the notice of the learned.

1787. ROBERT LOWTH, an eminent English bishop, died; known by his
translation of Isaiah, "the sublimest poetry in the world."

1793. MARY OLYMPE DE GOUGES, a French authoress, guillotined. Becoming
disgusted with the brutalities of the revolutionists, she turned her pen
against them, and fell a victim to their vengeance.

1797. WILLIAM ENFIELD, an eminent English dissenting minister died;
known by many ingenious and useful publications.

1812. Battle near Wiazma; the French under Ney, Davoust, and Beauharnois
defeated by the Russians with the loss of 6,000 killed, and 3,500 taken
prisoners, and 28 cannon. Of the wounded French, all who fell must have
unquestionably perished, as in the night the Russian winter set in, with
a degree of iron severity almost unknown to the oldest inhabitants; on
the following morning all was buried under a deep, wide waste of snow.

1832. JOHN LESLIE died; an eminent Scottish chemist, mathematician, and
natural philosopher, inventor of the differential thermometer, and
author of various scientific works. He rose from humble life, and
received the honor of knighthood for his acquirements.

1834. DR. HORNER, died at Zurich, Switzerland. He accompanied
Krusenstern in his first Russian voyage round the world, and wrote the
_Natural History of Russia_.

1839. CARTER BERKLEY, an eminent Virginia physician, aged 72, died while
feeling the pulse of a dying patient. He was a lineal descendant of sir
William Berkley, and an excellent character.

1840. St. Jean d'Acre bombarded by the allied British and Turkish
fleets. The firing commenced at half past 2 P. M., and ceased at 6. The
magazine, containing 500 barrels of powder, was blown up, over which
about 2,000 soldiers were stationed, who were nearly all buried in the
ruins. The number of killed in the town is unknown; loss of the British
and allies 18 killed and 42 wounded. The Egyptians evacuated the place
on the following morning, and it was possessed by the conquerors, who
found 121 mounted guns and 20 mortars on the walls, and 97 brass field
pieces and 97 mortars in store, besides stores of all kinds and the
military chest, valued altogether at about one million pounds.


NOVEMBER 4.

1493. COLUMBUS discovered the island of Guadaloupe, the largest of the
Carib or Cannibal islands, called by the natives Carucueria. The
drinking vessels of this fierce people were formed of human skulls. They
here saw the pine apple.

1611. NICHOLAS LE FEVRE (or _Faber_), a learned and ingenious French
writer, died. He was more ready to assist others than to appear as an
author himself.

1613. EDWARD BREREWORD, a learned English antiquary, died.

1631. Lady MARY, eldest daughter of king Charles I, and subsequently the
wife of William prince of Orange, born.

1673. The house of commons, in England, sent for to the house of lords,
and prorogued, for addressing the king against a standing army.

1677. The marriage portion of the princess Mary was £40,000. She married
the prince of Orange.

1680. JOSEPH GLANVIL, an eminent English divine, died; celebrated for
his controversies.

1688. WILLIAM III entered Torbay with 50 sail of the line and 400
transports.

1694. The Hannibal, of London, arrived at Barbadoes with a cargo of
negroes. Of 692 captives, 320 died on the passage; the rest, Philips,
the master, says, "came out £19 per head, one with another." The
official return of the population, four years afterwards was, 2,330
whites, 42,000 slaves.

1698. A colony from Scotland settled at New Edinburgh, on the coast of
Darien.

1702. JOHN BENBOW, a brave English admiral, died in the West Indies,
after an inglorious defeat, owing to the cowardice of his officers.

1702. EDWARD SHERBURNE, an English writer, died, aged 85. Besides his
original works, he translated Seneca's tragedies and other Latin
authors.

1713. FRANCIS PETIT DE LA CROIX, a French ambassador, died. He was an
expert linguist in Turkish and Arabic, and rendered great services to
literature by his dictionaries and other works on those languages.

1749. A ball of fire burst about 40 yards above the British ship
Montague, admiral Chambers, knocking down five men, shattering the
maintop mast, and otherwise injuring the ship. The ball was first
visible about three miles from the ship, at mid-day, and rose before it
burst.

1749. At Stoke, in Glocestershire, about 6 P. M., the inhabitants were
surprised by a brilliant light surpassing that of the sun. It was seen
but for a few minutes.

1764. CHARLES CHURCHILL, an eminent English poet, died. He was endowed
with great natural abilities, and his poems, though they have lost
something by time, are still preserved from oblivion.

1788. DEBORAH GODFREY died at Stepney, England, aged 80; celebrated as
the mother of 34 children, all of whom lived to the age of maturity.

1791. The United States army, 1,400 men, under general St. Clair,
defeated by the Indians, near the Miami villages. The Indians made the
attack immediately after the soldiers had been dismissed, from the
parade, and with so much intrepidity, that most of the officers were
killed before they could form their men. The loss of the Americans was
894, being nearly two-thirds of the force. The Indians took 7 cannon,
200 oxen and a great number of horses. Their force was between three and
four thousand, and their loss only 56. (Other and more reliable accounts
say 1,500 Indians instead of 3,000.)

1793. RICHARD TICKELL, an eminent English writer, was killed by a fall
from a window of his apartments.

1794. Praga carried by storm by the Russians under Suwarrow; upon which
Warsaw was compelled to surrender, and a massacre of the Poles followed,
which issued in blotting out Poland from the nations of Europe.

1797. Earthquake at Quito; nearly 40,000 of the natives perished, either
buried under the ruins of their own houses, swallowed up in the crevices
of the earth, or drowned in the lakes which were suddenly formed.

1806. GEORGE MASON, an English writer, died. He made a valuable
collection of English and foreign literature.

1825. The first boat down the Erie canal, arrived at New York.

1836. CHARLES X, ex-king of France, died at Goritz, in Illyria, an
exile. He succeeded Louis XVIII, but lost the throne by his arbitrary
measures.

1837. BARON ALBERT died at Paris, aged 70; a celebrated French
physician, and author of numerous works in his profession.

1838. Martial law established at Montreal, in consequence of a rebellion
against the government, which became general, throughout Canada and
caused serious disturbances.

1839. Riot of 10,000 chartists from the mines and colleries, who
attacked Newport, England, led on by John Frost, an ex-magistrate. About
20 of the rioters were killed, and Frost taken prisoner.

1845. ELEAZER BLACKMAN, the last survivor of the massacre at Wyoming,
died at Hanover, Pa.

1848. The new constitution of France, adopted in the general assembly,
by 739 to 30.

1853. LUCIEN B. WEBSTER, a United States officer, died at fort Brown,
Texas. He served on the eastern frontier in the time of the Aroostook
trouble, and also distinguished himself at Buena Vista.

1853. Battle of Oltenitza, between the Turks and Russians, in which the
latter lost 1,200 killed and wounded.


NOVEMBER 5.

1500. COLUMBUS arrived at Cadiz in fetters; when the king and queen,
ashamed of the orders they had given, commanded him to be released.
Notwithstanding the apologies of his sovereigns, Columbus never forgot
this ignominy. He preserved his fetters, hung them up in his apartment,
and ordered them to be buried with him.

1548. There fell in Thuringia what is described as a ball of fire, which
was attended with a great noise; and a reddish substance like coagulated
blood was afterwards found on the ground.

1605. Gunpowder plot discovered; a conspiracy for blowing up the English
parliament, headed by Catesby. In the cellar was found 40 barrels of
powder and Guy Fawkes.

1607. The famous grace _Non Nobis Domini_, composed by Bird, was first
sung, on the second anniversary of the gunpowder plot.

1612. Prince HENRY died, aged 19. His funeral expenses were £16,016, yet
his father, king James, would allow no mourning for him.

1630. JOHN KEPLER, a celebrated German astronomer, died. His genius and
discoveries have been highly commended; but he maintained some very
peculiar notions; among others, that the globe is a huge animal, which
breathes out the winds through the holes in the mountains, as through
its mouth and nostrils.

1635. THOMAS PARR, an English peasant, died at the age of 152. His
habits were extremely temperate, and it is supposed that his death was
hastened by a change of diet. JAMES BOWLES died in England in 1656, at
the same age.

1678. JOHN BAPTIST NANI, a Venitian nobleman and ambassador, died. He
wrote a history of Venice, and an account of his embassy to France.

1690. THOMAS BARTHOLINE died; an eminent professor of law and history at
Copenhagen. His three brothers were professors in the same university,
and his sister an excellent Danish poetess.

1702. The earl of Marlborough taken by a French party, but not being
known, on producing a French pass, he was suffered to escape.

1714. BERNARDIN ROMAZZINI, an Italian physician, died at Padua, aged 81.
Although blind he discharged the duties of professor of medicine with
great applause in the university.

1732. JAMES OGLETHORPE, with several colonists, embarked for Georgia, in
America.

1757. Battle of Rossbach, a village in Prussian Saxony; a decisive
victory obtained by Frederick the great over the French and Austrians
under Soubise.

1764. CHARLES CHURCHILL, the celebrated English poet, died at Boulogne.

1774. The militia of Virginia, assembled at fort Gower under lord
Dunmore, the royal governor, declared their determination to support
their countrymen, when called upon, and not the king, if he proceeded to
execute the late obnoxious laws by force.

1780. VASILI EVDOKIMOVITCH ADADUROR, a Russian mathematician, died. He
instructed Catharine II in the Russian language.

1782. The America, a 74 gun ship, built at Portsmouth, N. H., by order
of congress, was launched. This was the first line of battle ship ever
built in America.

1798. LEWIS GALVANI, an Italian philosopher, died at Bologna; celebrated
as the discoverer of that kind of electricity called, after him,
Galvanism. (See Feb. 5, 1799.)

1807. MARIA ANGELICA KAUFFMAN, an eminent French painter, and royal
academician in London, died at Rome. She is styled by the Germans, "the
painter of the soul;" and her mental acquirements and moral conduct were
no less distinguished than her talents as an artist.

1816. GOUVERNEUR MORRIS, an American statesman and orator, died at his
seat of Morrisiana, near New York.

1817. CHARLOTTE AUGUSTA, wife of prince Leopold of Coburg, and daughter
of George IV of England and queen Caroline, died. The domestic life of
the two former is held to be a _pattern_--not so the latter.

1831. PHILIP VAN COURTLAND, an officer of the revolutionary war, died at
New York, aged 82.

1839. The British war ships Volage and Hyacinth proceeding to Chumpee in
violation of the Chinese proclamation, were approached by 29 Chinese war
junks, which they attacked. Six of the junks were sunk or blown up, and
upwards of 500 men killed. The English suffered no injury. This was the
beginning of the Chinese war.

1840. GEORGE R. T. HEWES, one of the persons who assisted in throwing
the tea overboard in Boston harbor in the beginning of the revolution,
died at German Flats, aged 106.

1854. GEORGE CATHCART, an eminent British general, killed at the battle
of Inkerman, aged 60.

1854. CHARLES KEMBLE, an eminent English comedian, died at London, aged
74; the last surviving brother of this distinguished family.

1854. Battle of Inkerman, in which 50,000 Russians engaged 14,000
British and French. Russians lost about 9,000 besides prisoners; allies
lost about 4,000.

1854. By the cholera which prevailed this season, the number of deaths
up to this day were: in New York, 2,425; in Philadelphia, 575; in
Boston, 255; in Pittsburg, 600.

1855. Battle at the river Ingour; Omar Pasha with 20,000 Turks defeated
10,000 Russians.


NOVEMBER 6.

606 B. C. The memory of the book of Jeremiah torn and burnt by king
Jehoiakim, was observed as a fast, on the 6th of the Hebrew month
_Caslew_.

63 B. C. CATALINE assembled the conspirators on the evening of this day,
to fire the capital and cut off the principal citizens and the senate.

644. OMAR I, the second caliph after Mahomet, assassinated. His reign
was signalized by many important events. The most extraordinary success
attended the arms of the new religion; 36,000 towns and villages were
conquered; the Alexandrian library and 4,000 Christian temples were
destroyed; 400 mosques were built, and the ancient canal between the
Nile and the Red sea was restored.

1406. Pope INNOCENT VII died.

1457. GUTENBERG ceded to Faust all the moulds, types, presses and
utensils of the office, as surety for the sums advanced by the latter to
carry on the business of printing and experimenting. The partnership was
dissolved, and Gutenberg, with the assistance of Conrad Humery, opened
another office in the same city.

1460. JOHN FASTOLFF, a brave English general, died, aged 80. Shakspeare
has abused the character of this brave, generous and wealthy man, under
the name of Falstaff. It is impossible for two characters to be more at
variance than the real and fictitious Falstaff.

1620. RICHARD CAREW, an English antiquary, died. His memory is
extravagantly lauded, as another Livy, &c.

1622. King JAMES issued "a proclamation, prohibiting interloping and
disorderly trading to New England, in America." This remarkable edict
was intended to protect the trade of the colony, but so far from proving
beneficial to the company, really brought on its dissolution.

1632. Battle of Lutzen, and death of GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS. The imperial
troops, 40,000 men, under Wallenstein, were defeated by the Swedes,
27,000, under Gustavus. The famous general Papenheim was mortally
wounded.

1644. THOMAS ROE, an English statesman, died. During his residence at
the court of Constantinople, he made a valuable collection of
manuscripts, which were presented to the Bodleian library.

1656. JOHN IV (_the Fortunate_), of Portugal, died. He undertook the
emancipation of his country from the Spanish yoke, in which he was
successful and was placed upon the throne.

1656. JOHN BAPTIST MORIN, a celebrated French physician, died. He
acquired great reputation as an astrologer, and consulted the stars for
Richelieu and Mazarin.

1714. CHARLES DAVENANT, an English writer, died. Besides his works on
political economy, his tragedy was received with great applause.

1769. CLAUDE SIMEON PASSEMANT died. He was brought up to a trade in
Paris, which he quitted for higher pursuits. Among his ingenious labors,
are mentioned an astronomical pendulum with a moving celestial sphere, a
burning mirror, and some globes.

1790. JAMES BOWDOIN, governor of Massachusetts, died. He was constantly
employed in the public service on the side of his country, and was
honored at home and abroad for his literary acquirements.

1792. Battle of Gemappe, in which the French revolutionists under
Dumourier, after a bloody action, gained a decisive victory over the
Austrians; and a short time after every town in the Netherlands except
Luxemburg was in the hands of the French.

1793. LOUIS JOSEPH PHILIP, duke of Orleans, guillotined at Paris. His
character and morals were infamous. He gave his vote for the death of
the king, an act which shocked even the most abandoned of his friends.

1806. Battle of Lubec; the French under Bernadotte and Soult carried the
town by assault. Blucher retreated with the loss of 5,500 prisoners,
5,000 killed and wounded, and 300 wagons.

1813. The American army under general Wilkinson disembarked the whole
of the troops and passed Prescott. A heavy cannonade was opened by the
British on the flotilla of 300 boats, not one of which was touched,
however.

1832. Grand festival in Sweden in honor of Gustavus Adolphus, it being
the 200th anniversary of the battle of Lutzen.

1839. WILLIAM B. CONWAY, secretary of Iowa territory, died; well known
as a poet, and a man of literary talent and taste.

1840. THOMAS PRINCE, a colored man, died in New York, aged 111. He is
said to have been "as quick as a man in the prime of life;" he died
suddenly, without sickness.

1842. WILLIAM HONE, the well known author of the _Every Day Book_, died
at Tottenham, England. His political satires gave him some distinction.

1852. DANIEL DRAKE, an eminent physician, of Cincinnati, died, aged 67.
He published a work on the _Diseases of the Valley of North America_,
and earned the reputation of a man of high talent, unsparing labor and
prodigal research.

1853. The first presbyterian Chinese church organized at San Francisco.


NOVEMBER 7.

63 B. C. CICERO, with the authority of a consul, summoned the senate to
the temple of Jupiter, where it was assembled only in times of public
alarm, and delivered his famous invective in the presence of Cataline.

3 B. C. CAIUS CILNIUS MAECENAS the friend and counselor of Augustus,
died. To him Virgil dedicated his _Georgics_, and Horace his _Odes_.

1280. The statute in English law called _quo warranto_, passed.

1297. WALLACE granted a protection to the monks of Hexham, for their
lives and possessions. "Abide with me, for there alone can you be
secure; for my people are evil doers, and I can not punish them."

1492. A marvelous _thunder stone_ fell about mid-day at Ensisheim, in
Alsace, which weighed as is learnedly attested, 255 pounds.

1594. MARTIN FROBISHER, the English navigator, wounded at Croyson near
Brest, of which he died.

1609. The Half Moon, under Henry Hudson, on her return from the
discovery of New York and Albany, arrived at Dartmouth, in England,
whence he forwarded tidings of his arrival and an account of his
discoveries, to the directors of the East India company at Amsterdam.

1665. The first _Gazette_ in England was published at Oxford, where the
court had retired, during the great plague. It was removed to London in
the February following, and took the title of _London Gazette_. (Quære.)

1696. Third frame of government of Pennsylvania passed by Gov. Matthews.

1704. ANDREW ACOLUTH (_Acoluthus_), a German linguist of extraordinary
acquirements, died.

1724. JOHN KYRLE, the celebrated _Man of Ross_, died, aged 90. He is
immortalized by Pope, and more by his own beneficent actions.

1724. The president and vice-president of Thorn, in Poland, sentenced to
be beheaded for neglect of duty, it being alleged that they had suffered
religionists to riot. The sentences against the protestants were so
severe and harsh, that all the protestant powers of Europe interposed
for a reversal, but without success.

1752. _The Adventurer_, by Dr. Hawkesworth, appeared.

1775. Lord DUNMORE declared Virginia to be in a state of rebellion; he
proclaimed martial law, and invited the slaves to join him.

1783. The last person publicly burned by the Spanish inquisition. This
was a woman, who perished at Seville. The victims of that diabolical
institution were afterwards doomed to die in dungeons, where the shrieks
of agonizing nature could only be heard by those whose interest it was
to conceal them.

1794. Nymegen, which had been pronounced by British engineers strong
enough to check the irruption of the _sans cullotes_ into Holland, was
evacuated by the British and Dutch, who succeeded in crossing the Waal.

1805. LEWIS and CLARK'S party arrived at the mouth of the Columbia
river, in sight of the ocean.

1806. The Prussian general BLUCHER, surrendered to the French, with
16,000 men and 80 cannon. This was the last body of the Prussians left
after the battle of Jena, and closed all opposition to the views of
Bonaparte in Prussia.

1811. Battle of Tippecanoe; the Indians under the Shawnee prophet,
brother of Tecumseh, were defeated by the United States troops under
Gen. Harrison. The Indians lost 300 killed; American loss, 188 killed
and wounded.

1812. Battle of Dorogobouche; the Russians attacked the retreating
French army, which, after a desperate and sanguinary contest, retreated
to the river Dnieper. The field presented to the victors a continued
line of dead and dying, the snow being absolutely blackened with the
bodies of man and beast, destroyed by ball or sword, cold or famine.

1814. Pensacola, in Florida, taken by the Americans under Gen. Jackson,
who kept possession of it until the Spaniards could obtain a sufficient
force to maintain their neutrality from violation by the British.

1836. A great balloon journey from London to Weilburg, in Nassau, a
distance of nearly 600 miles, which was traversed in 18 hours. It
carried upwards of a ton ballast, besides a quantity of wine and other
stores; its greatest elevation was 2 miles.

1837. The press of the _Alton Observer_, an anti-slavery newspaper,
destroyed for the third time at Alton, Illinois, by the mob. The Rev.
Elijah P. Lovejoy, the editor, was killed, and also one of the mob.

1838. ANNE GRANT, a Scottish authoress, died, aged 84. She was
distinguished for her literary taste and conversational powers. The
scene of her _American Lady_, is laid in the city of Albany.

1842. WILLIAM MCPHEETERS, a distinguished American divine, and for many
years a successful teacher of youth, died at Raleigh, N. C.

1848. Agreeably to an act of the American congress, all the states voted
for electors for president and vice-president.

1856. The first marriage of a Hindoo widow was celebrated at Calcutta,
the parties being of high rank.


NOVEMBER 8.

532. Pope BONIFACE II died; his father was a Goth; he was elected to the
pontifical office in 530.

1226. LOUIS VIII (_the Lion_), king of France, died. He was
distinguished for his valor, and waged successful war against the
English and other nations. He finally lost the greater part of his army
by contagious disease, and perished by it himself.

1231. ABDU-L-LATTIF, an Arabian physician, historian and traveler, died,
aged 69. He wrote upwards of 160 works, of which a history of Egypt is
highly esteemed.

1308. JOHN DUNS (_Duns Scotus_), a celebrated theologian, died. He
affected to maintain opinions contrary to those of Thomas Aquinas, which
produced two parties in the schools, the Thomists and the Scotists.

1512. AMERY D'AMBOISE, a French admiral, died; famous for the naval
victory he obtained over the sultan of Egypt, two years before his
death.

1517. FRANCIS XIMENES, a Spanish ecclesiastic, died, aged 81. He was
eminent as a statesman, warrior and patron of learning, and was at the
head of the Spanish government many years. He was the publisher of the
_Complutensian Polyglott_.

1519. The Spaniards under Cortez entered the city of Mexico.

1520. A general massacre of all the nobility of Sweden, except Gustavus
Vasa, whose providential escape led to a revolution, and the separation
of the union between Denmark, Sweden and Norway, and the deposition of
Christian II, by whom the bloody deed was instigated.

1608. The Bodleian library at Oxford, England, first opened to the
public.

1674. JOHN MILTON, an illustrious English poet, died. He also wrote many
political and controversial tracts, and a _History of Britain_, which
occupied him many years.

1690. Belgrade retaken by the Turks.

1777. British attacked Mud fort, now fort Mifflin. It was gallantly
defended by a few militia under Col. Smith, who repulsed the enemy.

1781. LEWIS POULLE, a French ecclesiastic, died; celebrated for his
eloquence, and for his poetry.

1792. The French under Dampierre, took Ath, which contained several
large magazines. They also took possession of Nieuwpoort, Ostend and
Bruges on the same day. At the same time another army of the French took
Tournay, and all Flanders submitted to them.

1793. MARY JANE PHILIPON ROLAND, an eminent French lady, guillotined.
She was a woman of great information and superior talents. She published
her travels in England and Switzerland, was the soul of the republican
party, and secretly governed many of the public measures which were
proposed in the convention before it fell into the foulest hands.

1799. BONAPARTE affected a revolution in Paris, and the councils of
Ancients, and Five Hundred, adjourned to St. Cloud.

1805. Battle of Marientzel; the French under Davoust defeated the
allies, took 16 cannon and 3,000 prisoners.

1806. Magdeburg, in Lower Saxony, surrendered to the French under Ney.
He took 20 generals, 16,000 men, 800 pieces of artillery, 1,000,000
pounds of powder, and a vast bridge equipage, and immense magazines of
all kinds.

1808. A Mr. DOWLER, of Towcester, England, completed, on a wager, a
pedestrian performance of 500 miles in 7 days.

1809. The French attacked, carried and plundered the town of Hostalrick,
but were forced to retire by Gen. Quadrado, who retook the plunder.

1809. The functions of the British minister, Francis James Jackson,
ceased by order of President Madison, and he was debarred all
intercourse with the American government.

1813. Battle of Tallegada; the Indians defeated by Gen. Jackson.

1814. British ship Leander captured American privateer schooner Gen.
Putnam, 8 guns and 57 men; her guns were thrown overboard during this
and a former chase.

1828. THOMAS BEWICK, one of the most celebrated engravers on wood in
England, died. Engraving the cuts for the celebrated Dr. Hutton's
mensuration first introduced him to notice while yet an apprentice.

1837. EDWARD DORR GRIFFIN, an eminent American divine, died; 15 years
president of Williams college.

1853. A new planet in the constellation Taurus was discovered by Mr.
Hind, an English astronomer. It was the ninth planet discovered by Mr.
Hind in the course of seven years, and raised the number of that
extraordinary group of worlds between Mars and Jupiter to twenty-seven.


NOVEMBER 9.

2348 B. C. The great flood began, according to Polyhistor, from Berosus,
upon the 15th, or the ides, of the Assyrian month Doesia, agreeing with
this day. This event was prefigured to the patriarch in a vision, when
the deity enjoined him to commit to writing a history of all things,
which he was to bury in the city of the sun, at Sipara. The same
uninspired authority informs us, that Noah was the tenth king of the
Chaldea, and that he reigned 18 sari.

1606. JEROME MERCURIALIS died; an Italian physician of great abilities,
and author of several works.

1616. ARGAL returned to Virginia from his expedition against the French
settlements in Acadia. At St. Savior he broke in pieces the cross which
the Jesuits had erected, and set up another inscribed with the name of
the king of Great Britain; at St. Croix he destroyed all the remains of
De Monts' settlement; at Port Royal the entire settlement was reduced to
ashes in the short space of two hours.

1620. The _pilgrims_, after a boisterous passage, at break of day
discovered the land of cape Cod. Finding that they had been carried
north of their destination (see Sept. 6) they sailed southward; but
falling among shoals, and the season being late, the captain gladly took
advantage of their solicitude to put about, for he had been
clandestinely promised a reward by the Dutch if he would not carry them
to Hudson's river. Steering northward again they were clear of the
danger before night, and the next day, a storm coming on, they dropped
anchor in cape Cod harbor.

1623. WILLIAM CAMDEN, an illustrious English historian, died. He is
styled the Pausanias of England.

1641. FRANCIS DE ST. PREUIL, a distinguished French officer, and
governor of Arras, beheaded at Amiens.

1677. GILBERT SHELDON, archbishop of Canterbury, died. It appeared,
after his death, that he had bestowed, during 14 years, about $250,000
in private and public charities.

1704. Admiral LEAKE obliged the French and Spanish blockading squadron
to retire from Gibraltar.

1732. ROBERT STEPHENS died; an eminent English antiquary and
historiographer royal.

1775. ARNOLD, at the head of 1,000 men, arrived before Quebec. The
unexpected appearance of an army, emerging out of the depths of an
unexplored wilderness, threw the city into the greatest consternation;
but want of boats to cross gave the citizens time to rally, and the
critical moment was lost. The sufferings of this detachment were
incredible. They ate their horses and dogs, and, after soaking their
cartouch boxes, belts and leather breeches, absolutely ate them.

1794. The Jacobin society attacked by the Parisian mob, and several
persons severely wounded by stones thrown into the windows of the hall
of their sitting.

1794. MAASTRICHT, after a bombardment of some days, capitulated to the
French; 8,000 men surrendered prisoners of war. The place was invested
on the 10th Sept. by 50,000 republicans, and the first parallel was
opened on the 23d October.

1799. The celebrated but bloodless revolution at Paris, of the 18th
Brumaire, which, dissolving the directory, invested Bonaparte with the
supreme authority. "You are the wisdom of the nation;" he addressed the
council, "I come, surrounded by the generals of the republic, to promise
you their support. Let us lose no time in looking for precedents.
Nothing in history resembles the close of the 18th century--nothing in
the 18th century resembles this movement. Your wisdom has devised the
necessary measure; our arms shall put it in execution."

1802. THOMAS GIRTEN, an English artist, died. He introduced the practice
of drawing upon cartridge paper, by which he avoided certain appearances
incident to the drawings on white paper.

1803. BENJAMIN LEDYARD, an officer in the revolutionary war, died at
Scipio, N. Y. He was a meritorious soldier; at the time of his death
held the office of clerk of Cayuga county.

1806. ELEAZER BROOKS, an officer of the revolution, died at Concord,
Mass. He commanded a regiment at White Plains and Stillwater, and
distinguished himself by his cool courage and determined bravery.

1806. BONAPARTE levied a contribution on the Prussian dominion and its
allies of 160,000,000.

1812. BONAPARTE, on his retreat from Moscow, had his head quarters at
Smolensk. When he left Moscow his army amounted to 100,000; it now
scarcely numbered 60,000.

1813. British repulsed in an attack on Ogdensburgh.

1813. Commodore CHAUNCEY'S squadron, the whole carrying but 36 guns,
again discovered the Royal George, 26 guns, and chased her under the
batteries, which he engaged one hour and forty-five minutes. He had 1
killed and 3 wounded.

1839. GILBERT Y. FRANCIS died at New Orleans, of yellow fever. His life
was romantic and eventful. He was in early life attached to the navy;
then to the stage; had traveled over the four quarters of the globe; was
two years a prisoner in the great desert of Arabia; a slave to the
bashaw of Tunis; lieutenant of a guerilla party in Spain; master of a
Dutch luggar trading to the Malaccas; overseer of a sugar estate in
Jamaica; a cutter of logwood in the forest of Campeachy; a prisoner
among banditti in Mexico; a captive among the Camanches; ransomed by
some Oregon fur traders; employed by the governor of the Russian
settlements to command a brig in the wheat trade with Chili; married in
Virginia; and was extensively engaged in the Texan operations when death
arrested him.

1848. The king of Prussia prorogued the general assembly, at Berlin,
naming Brandenburgh as the place of next meeting.

1848. BLUM, a distinguished publisher at Leipsic, shot, at Vienna, as an
insurrectionist and deputy for Frankfort.

1851. WILLIAM CROSWELL, an episcopal clergyman of Boston, died, aged 47.
He was a man of eminent ability, piety, modesty and worth, and his
poetical productions are of a high order of merit.

1853. The ceremony of inaugurating the Washington aqueduct took place at
the great falls of the Potomac, president Pierce turning the first turf.

1854. ELIZABETH HAMILTON, widow of Alexander Hamilton, died at
Washington, aged 93. She was a daughter of general Philip Schuyler, of
Albany; married lieutenant colonel Hamilton, then an aid of general
Washington, in 1780, with whom she lived 24 years, and survived him
nearly half a century.

1856. N. CABET, founder of the Icarian community at Nauvoo, Illinois,
died at St. Louis, aged about 69.


NOVEMBER 10.

1757. A. M. The waters of the deluge had subsided, and the earth became
dry on the 27th of the 2d month, corresponding with this date (Nov. 10).

570. Birthday of MAHOMET, as settled by the Benedictines: by other
authority, April 21, 571.

1202. Siege of Jadera, now Zara, by the Venitian crusaders. It was a
Roman city, colonized by Augustus.

1270. EDWARD I joined the African crusade before Tunis, a few weeks
after the death of Louis, in his tent.

1444. Battle of Varna, between the Turks under Amurath, and the
Christians under Ladislaus of Hungary, in which the latter were
defeated, and Ladislaus and 10,000 slain.

1549. PAUL III (_Alexander Farnese_), pope, died. It was with him that
Henry VIII came to a rupture, which severed the church of England from
that of Rome.

1558. Last auto-da-fé in the reign of queen MARY of England. It is
supposed that in about three years 280 persons perished at the stake.

1567. ANNE DE MONTMORENCY, marshal of France, killed at the battle of
St. Denis, after performing prodigies of valor. He commanded at many
memorable battles.

1624. HENRY WROITESLEY, earl of Southampton, one of the most steady
patrons of men of learning, died at Bergen-op-Zoom, in Holland.

1683. JOHN COLLINS, an eminent English mathematician, died; the intimate
correspondent of the learned men of his times.

1715. GODFREY OLEARIUS, a learned German divine and historian, died.

1721. JOHN MAPLETOFT, an eminent English physician and divine, died,
aged 91.

1722. The Royal Anne galley, cast away near Lizard point, and lord
Bellhaven, governor of Barbadoes, with other passengers and ship's crew,
perished. A boy and two sailors only saved.

1735. THOMAS DEAN, of Malden, a writer and printer, died in Kent, aged
102.

1750. EDWARD BRIGHT, an English grocer, died, aged 29. His height was 5
feet 10 inches, his bulk round the body, 6 feet 11 inches, and his
weight, 537 pounds.

1758. The oldest lion in the Tower of London died. Said to be 68 years
old. It had been presented to James II, by one of the Barbary states.

1769. Capt. HOLLYMORE died, at Vauxhall, Eng. His mother had
prepossessed him when a child, that he should die on the 10th of
November, 1769, and in consequence of that prepossession, he made his
will, and gave orders about his funeral; and though seemingly in perfect
health when he went to bed, was found dead next morning, without the
least sign of violence of any kind.

1781. Negapatam, in the East Indies, surrendered by the Dutch to the
British, with 8000 prisoners.

1794. The French convention closed the hall of the Jacobins, and
banished the society. They also banished the emigrants forever from
France, and confiscated their estates.

1795. The schooner White Fish arrived at Philadelphia, from Presque
isle, on lake Erie. The White Fish was 17½ feet keel, and 5 feet 7
inches beam, and performed her remarkable voyage in 7 weeks, passing the
falls of Niagara 10 miles by land, and proceeding by lake Ontario, the
Oswego river, lake Oneida, Wood creek, the Mohawk and Hudson rivers, to
her place of destination--947 miles. The vessel was built and navigated
by two young men, who made their unique voyage without chart or compass.

1797. CATHARINE II, of Russia, died. She seized her husband and probably
had him murdered, by which she became sole mistress of the throne. She
possessed many bad qualities, mixed with some good ones.

1797. FREDERICK WILLIAM II, of Prussia, died.

1802. An island in latitude 5° 49´ N. longitude, 162° 23´ W. from
London, discovered by captain Sowle, of the Palmyra, of Providence, R.
I., which he called Palmyra island.

1808. GUY CARLETON, a distinguished British officer in America, and
governor of Canada, died. His great exertions saved Canada, when
besieged by the Americans under Montgomery and Arnold.

1812. United States schooner Growler, lieutenant Mix, having under
convoy a British prize schooner, by a masterly manoeuvre saved his prize
and captured another British schooner, under convoy of two armed ships,
on lake Ontario. The schooner had $12,000 on board, and the private
property and baggage of general Brock.

1813. The British under lord Wellington attacked the French position at
Anhoue, in Spain, and took 51 cannon and 1400 prisoners. British loss,
2484, exclusive of the loss of the Spanish; French loss, 3000.

1825. Com. MCDONOUGH, who commanded the fleet at Plattsburgh in 1814,
died of consumption at Middletown, Conn.

1832. JOHN GASPARD SPURZHEIM, the celebrated German phrenologist, died.
He came to America in the same year of his death, after having traveled
through several countries on the continent, for the purpose of
propagating the science, and making investigations.

1834. EARL SPENCER, an English statesman, died. He was much respected
for his talents and virtues, and possessed the finest private library in
Europe.

1835. ANDREW LJUNGSTEDT died; a Swedish author of great learning, who
resided at Macao, in China, 40 years, and wrote a history of the
Portuguese settlements in China.

1837. ALBERT PAWLING died, aged 88; an officer in the revolutionary
army, and engaged in several battles. He was the first sheriff of
Rensselaer county, and first mayor of Troy.

1838. SANTA CRUZ, president of Bolivia, and protector of Peru, entered
Lima at the head of a large army--Gomarra, with the Chilian army, having
evacuated it.

1843. JOHN TRUMBULL, a celebrated American painter, and aid to general
Washington during the war of the revolution, died in New York, aged 87.
He was buried in New Haven, where fifty-five of his paintings are
preserved in the college. His _chef-d'œuvre_ is the great painting of
the signers of the declaration of independence.

1851. WILLIAM G. BELKNAP, an officer of the United States army, died,
aged 56. He distinguished himself at Buena Vista.

1852. The punishment of death re-established in Tuscany, for treason,
crimes against religion, murder, and robbery with violence.

1852. A treaty was ratified between the courts of Vienna and Rome,
stipulating that the latter should support in the territories of the
pope, 12,000 infantry and 1400 cavalry, for whom $18,000 per month was
to be paid by the papal government.

1852. GIDEON ALGERNON MANTELL, an eminent English geologist, died in
London, aged 62.

1853. THOMAS M. NELSON, an officer in the war of 1812, died at Columbus,
Ga., aged 71.

1853. MARIA, queen of Portugal, died in childbed. She was buried on the
19th with great solemnity, and demonstrations of public regret.


NOVEMBER 11.

397. ST. MARTIN, the apostle of Gaul, died. He was a soldier, converted
to Christianity, and made bishop of Tours. The festival of Martinmas was
instituted in honor of him, in the year 560.

619. ST. JOHN (_the Almoner_) died. He was a native of Cyprus, raised to
the see of Alexandria.

1100. Nuptials of HENRY I of England (_Beauclerk_) and MAUD, the fair
daughter of Malcolm, king of Scots, and niece of Edgar Atheling, "of the
right kingly kin of England."

1213. Date of the most ancient writ, summoning four discreet knights of
the counties, to meet king John at Oxford, in 15 days from All Saints,
_ad loquendum nobiscum de negotiis regni nostri_.

1400. TIMOUR the Mogul sacked Aleppo, the capital of the Mamelukes. He
thus addressed one of the cadhis: "I am not a man of blood; and God is
my witness, that in all my wars, I have never been the aggressor, and
that my enemies have always been the authors of their own calamities."

1462. ANNE of Cyprus, died. She married Lewis, duke of Savoy, and showed
herself able, active and discriminating at the head of public affairs.

1572. TYCHO BRAHE observed a new star in Cassiopeia, a phenomenon which
had not been recorded since the age of Hipparchus. In splendor it was
equal to Jupiter and Venus, and did not change its position in two
years.

1620. The Plymouth pilgrims signed an instrument for their government,
which was to go into force on their landing. It had the signatures of 41
of their number; and they with their families amounted to 101 persons.
John Carver was chosen governor for one year. Thus did these intelligent
colonists, says Holmes, find means to erect themselves into a republic,
even though they had commenced their enterprise under the sanction of a
royal charter; "a case that is rare in history, and can be effected only
by that perseverance which the true spirit of liberty inspires."

1621. ROBERT CUSHMAN arrived at Plymouth, in a ship from England,
bringing 35 persons to remain in the colony, and a charter procured in
London.

1623. PHILIP DE MORNAY, baron du Plesis Marly, died; an illustrious
French protestant, a political and polemical writer, and privy counselor
of the king.

1671. THOMAS FAIRFAX, one of the principal generals in the civil wars of
England, died.

1673. Battle of Choczin; the Turks defeated by John Sobieski, with the
loss of 28,000.

1692. The negroes of the Barbadoes conspired against their masters for
which many of them were executed.

1714. GEORGE I issued an order of council against the clergy meddling
with state affairs in their sermons.

1750. APOSTOLO ZENO, a learned Venitian, died. He was a poet, and
historian to Charles VI; his works are numerous and popular.

1778. A body of tories, Indians and British regulars, under the
notorious John Butler, attacked fort Alden, at Cherry Valley. After an
attack of 3 hours, they retreated, having killed 10 soldiers, and
massacred 32 inhabitants, mostly women and children.

1793. JOHN SYLVAIN BAILLY, a famous French astronomer, died. He was
induced to leave his studies for political distinction, and lost his
life by manifesting some regard for justice.

1793. The amount of gold and silver collected in Paris from all parts of
the republic, for the purpose of carrying on the measures of the
government vigorously, was about two hundred millions of dollars.

1794. A treaty was concluded at Canandaigua between the United States by
Timothy Pickering, and the Six Nations by 58 of their chiefs, among whom
were Red Jacket and Cornplanter.

1794. Marquis LAFAYETTE escaped from the prison at Olmutz.

1797. JOSEPH TOALDO, an Italian physician, died. He was professor of
mathematics at Padua, and bestowed much attention on subjects of
electricity, astronomy and meteorology.

1805. Battle of Diernsten; the French under Mortier defeated the
Russians after a sanguinary battle.

1807. Three British orders in council restricting neutral trade with
France and her allies. This was termed a paper blockade, was strongly
resisted by America, and finally, with other aggressions, brought on a
war in 1812.

1807. The decree of Napoleon restricting the trade of Holland went into
operation, by which the commerce of that country, after a long
declension, was totally ruined.

1813. Battle of Williamsburg, in Canada. The Americans under general
Boyd, 1700, attacked the British, 2170. The victory was claimed by both
parties, though it seems to have been with the British. American loss,
killed 102, wounded 237; British loss, officially stated at 180--thought
to exceed 500.

1817. FRANCISCO ESPOZ Y MINA, one of the most distinguished of the
Spanish patriots, executed in Spain.

1835. Great tempest on lake Erie; a number of lives and vessels lost;
the water rose higher than it was ever known before at Buffalo, and did
great damage.

1837. THOMAS GREEN FESSENDEN, an American poet and agricultural writer,
died. He conducted the _New England Farmer_ many years; was a man of
extensive information and considerable literary acquirements.

1849. HENRY MAYNADIER, a revolutionary officer and army surgeon, died at
Annapolis, Maryland, aged 93.

1855. THOMAS WILDE, baron Truro, died at London. As one of the best
pleaders at the English bar, he was employed as one of the counsel for
queen Caroline. He filled many offices of distinction and became lord
chancellor in 1850.

1855. JEDDO, in the island of Japan destroyed by an earthquake.


NOVEMBER 12.

606. BONIFACE III, pope, died. He established the superiority of the
popes over the patriarchs of Constantinople.

1035. CANUTE (_the Great_), king of Denmark, died. He took part of
England from Edmund Ironsides, and afterwards seized the whole kingdom.

1041. The people rose on the tax collectors of Hardi Canute of England,
and slew them.

1493. COLUMBUS arrived at Navidad, on the north side of Hispaniola,
where he had left a colony on his first voyage, and had the
mortification to find that the people were all dead, and the fort
destroyed.

1550. PAUL FAGIUS (_Buchlin_), a learned protestant German minister,
died in England. He undertook a new translation and illustration of the
Old Testament under Cromwell, but died before he had made much progress.

1555. STEPHEN GARDINER, bishop of Winchester and chancellor of England,
died. In his character as a minister, he had a large portion of
haughtiness, boundless ambition and deep dissimulation; for he looked
upon religion as an engine of state, and made use of it as such.

1562. PETER MARTYR, a distinguished commentator on the Bible, died at
Zurich.

1589. The first notice of the appointment of a licenser of stage plays,
&c., in London.

1595. JOHN HAWKINS, an English admiral, died. He signalized himself in
the reign of Elizabeth, by his encounters with the Spanish armada, and
his expeditions to the West Indies.

1606. The expedition of the Plymouth company under Challons (See Aug.
12), on its passage from the West Indies towards the American coast, was
captured by a Spanish fleet and carried into Spain, where the vessel was
confiscated.

1684. Birthday of admiral EDWARD VERNON. The anniversary of his birthday
was kept with great enthusiasm formerly, in England, especially about
the year 1740.

1688. ANDREW ANDERSON commenced an auction sale of books, the first of
the kind in Scotland.

1722. ADRIAN VAN DER WERF, a Dutch portrait painter of great reputation,
died. He was held in great esteem, received a pension and the honor of
knighthood.

1746. JACQ. ALEXANDER CÆSAR CHARLES, in his lifetime so well known as a
natural philosopher, was born at Baujency, in France. He was the first
to make use of hydrogen gas instead of heated air in balloons.

1775. Montreal surrendered to the Americans; general Prescott, and
several officers with 120 privates were intercepted. Eleven sail of
vessels, with all their contents, fell into the hands of the
provincials.

1775. British ships Tamarand and Cherokee attacked the United States
schooner Defence, off South Carolina. This was the commencement of open
hostilities in that state. The Defence sustained but little injury.

1780. Battle of Broad river; a band of American volunteers under Sumpter
attacked by the British under major Wemys, who were defeated and Wemys
taken.

1783. The crew of the British ship Antelope, wrecked on the Pelew island
(see Aug. 10), sailed for China in a vessel which they had constructed,
taking the king's son, Lee Boo.

1793. BAILLY, late mayor of Paris, beheaded. He was a patriot and man of
science. The first to take the famous oath never to separate till they
had obtained a free constitution.

1799. Meteoric shower observed at Cumana, in South America; thousands of
falling stars were seen to succeed each other during four hours.

1805. ROBERT HOLMES, an English divine, died. He was distinguished as a
poet and scholar, and for his devotion to Biblical criticism.

1812. The Russians under Orloff Denizoff attacked a strong body of
French with a large convoy of provisions, cattle, horses, &c., on their
way to Smolensk. He killed 1500 and took 1300 prisoners, 400 wagons of
biscuit, brandy and wine, and 200 head of cattle and 1000 horses
destined for the artillery. Few of those who escaped ever reached
Smolensk, for the inclemency of the weather destroyed what the sword had
spared. It was a dreadful blow to the French army, which was reduced to
such extremities that the smallest assistance was invaluable.

1813. British frigate Lacedemonian captured Philadelphia sloop Betsey
off Carrituck. The British took out the crew, leaving the captain and
one man and a boy on board, in charge of a prize master and five men. In
the night the two Americans rose upon the crew, recaptured the vessel,
and brought her safe to Washington, N. C., with their six prisoners.

1820. WILLIAM HAYLEY, an English poet and miscellaneous writer, died.

1824. County of Orleans, in western New York, erected.

1832. BARNABA ORIANI, an Italian astronomer, died, aged 80. He was
director of the observatory, and one of the most accomplished
astronomers of the day.

1845. MARIA BROOKS, an American poetess, died, aged about 50. Her
principal poem is _Zophies_, which is pronounced one of the most
original, passionate and harmonious works of the imagination ever
conceived. Southey pronounced her "the most impassioned and imaginative
of poetesses."

1848. Revolutionary movements in Prussia. The burger guard at Berlin
refused to comply with the king's proclamation to give up their arms.

1849. The American ship Caleb Grimshaw took fire at sea, and burnt four
days, when 339 of her passengers were rescued; 60 who left the vessel on
a raft, perished.


NOVEMBER 13.

36 B. C. OCTAVIUS CÆSAR received the _oration_ for his great naval
victory over Sextus, the younger Pompey, in the Sicilian war.

1002. Massacre of the Danes, throughout England, by order of king
Ethelred, one of those infamous shifts by which coward tyranny secures
its sinister purposes. Neither age nor sex was spared, and among the
victims was Gunilda, sister of Sweyn, king of Denmark. Her husband and
children were butchered before her eyes. In the following year Sweyn
invaded England and swept the country with fire and sword.

1004. ABBON DE FLEURY, a French ecclesiastic of note, who encouraged
learning among the monastics, died of a wound he received in attempting
to allay a brawl.

1499. VINCENT YANES PINZON sailed from Palos, in Spain, for America,
with four caravals, and was the first Spaniard who ventured to cross the
equinoctial line. He explored a part of the coast of South America, and
named the river which is still called Amazon--so named from the
Spaniards observing that the women fought with the same bravery as the
men in the common defence.

1503. FRANCISCO ALMEIDA, the first Portuguese viceroy of India, having
surrendered his office to Albuquerque, sailed from Cochin for Portugal.

1539. The Bible, called _Matthew's Bible_, was permitted to be read in
private houses, "of the royal liberality and goodness."

1549. Pope PAUL III died, and was succeeded by cardinal de Monte, who
took the name of Julius III.

1553. Arraignment of lady JANE GREY at Guildhall.

1558. Cardinal POLE, since the death of bishop Cranmer, bishop of
Canterbury, died.

1620. The Plymouth colonists disembarked on cape Cod, and proceeded to
make discovery of the country, and search for a convenient place of
settlement. In the course of this search they found baskets of corn
concealed under heaps of sand, a quantity of which they brought away in
a great kettle found at the ruins of an Indian house. This gave them
seed for a future harvest, and preserved the infant colony from
starvation.

1624. THOMAS ERPENIUS died at Leyden; a most learned Dutch writer, and
incomparably skilled in the oriental tongues.

1646. A new volcano in the island of Palma, one of the Canaries, near
Teneriffe.

1647. Battle of Knockinoss, in Ireland, during the rebellion, when the
Irish army of 8,500 strong, under lord Taafe and sir Alexander
MacDonnel, were routed by 5,200 under lord Inchiquin. The Irish left
4,000 in the field of battle. The British parliament voted lord
Inchiquin £1,000 for his conduct on the occasion.

1650. THOMAS MAY, an English dramatic poet and historian, died.

1654. WILLIAM HABINGTON, an English poet and historian, died.

1690. LEWIS DE WOLZOGEN died; a divine of Amsterdam, and a zealous
partisan of the Socinians.

1712. JOHN ERNEST GRABE, a Prussian divine, died in England, where he
published an edition of the _Septuagint_, and wrote some valuable works
on divinity.

1712. ARTHUR MAYNWARING, a learned Englishman, died. He was a member of
parliament under queen Anne, and wrote in prose and verse.

1715. Battle of Dumblane between the king's troops under the duke of
Argyle, and those of the pretender under the earl of Mar, not decisive.

1715. Defeat of the pretender's forces at Preston, and many persons
taken, among whom was their leader Mr. Foster.

1726. SOPHIA DOROTHY, only child of the duke of Zell, and wife of George
I, of England, died. The malice of another subjected her to 32 years'
captivity.

1770. GEORGE GRENVILLE, a celebrated English statesman, died. He was
distinguished for his eloquence in the senate.

1771. Eruption of Solway Moss, in England. It is about seven miles in
circumference, and composed of mud and putrid fibres of heath, diluted
by internal springs. It burst its barrier in the night, and laid a large
tract of country in ruin.

1781. JOHN MOODY hanged at Philadelphia as a spy. He intended to have
seized the books and papers of congress.

1798. JEAN FRANCOIS CALLET, a French mathematician, died. It was to
prevent the occurrence of errors in his tables that Didlot attempted the
art of stereotyping.

1805. BONAPARTE entered Vienna; the commencement of a favorite plan of
his to dictate peace to the conquered monarchs of Europe in their own
capitals.

1810. JAMES ALLEN, the Northumbrian piper, died.

1812. BONAPARTE on his retreat from Moscow, quitted Smolensk for
Krasnoy. His army was now reduced to 43,000.

1813. The junta, under the title of national assembly, declared the
independence of Mexico.

1817. JOHN PHILPOT CURRAN, an eminent Irish barrister, died; celebrated
for his eloquence and wit.

1832. A French army of 75,000 men entered Belgium and marched for
Antwerp to assist in establishing the independence of the country.

1833. Remarkable meteoric phenomenon, which extended over a large
portion of North America. The first appearance was that of fireworks of
the most imposing grandeur, covering the entire vault of heaven with
myriads of fire balls resembling sky rockets, and showers of fiery snow
driven with inconceivable velocity to the north-west. Similar phenomena
were witnessed in Arabia on this day the previous year. It was observed
again on this day, 1837, at New York and New Haven.

1835. HENRY FREDERICK STORK died at St. Petersburg. He was an eminent
writer as well on belles lettres as political economy.

1835. CHARLES AUGUSTUS BOTTIGER died; an eminent German scholar and
archæologist, author of various learned works, and aulic counselor to
the king of Saxony.

1836. CHARLES SIMEON, a most able and zealous English prelate, died at
Cambridge. His works were published in 21 large octavo volumes. His
funeral was attended with great solemnity by the whole town; the shops
were closed and 1,300 persons joined the procession in the deepest
mourning.

1839. The town of Kelat, in Beloochistan, taken by the British army.
Mehrab Khan was killed, his principal sirdirs killed or taken, and
hundreds of others captured.

1854. A great tempest raged over the Black sea, which continued several
days; 18 British and 12 French ships were lost near Balaclava, together
with 340 men and a large amount of property.


NOVEMBER 14.

332. B. C. Era of the accession of Alexander the great to the Persian
rule.

565. JUSTINIAN I, emperor of Rome, died. He built St. Sophia's church at
Constantinople, and reduced the Roman laws into a code, which was called
the Digests or Pandects.

1318. The greatest earthquake ever known in England.

1524. FRANCISCO PIZARRO sailed from Panama for the conquest of Peru.
Diego de Almagro, and Hernando de Luque a priest, associated with him
under bonds and oaths for mutual protection. This expedition was a
failure; they were repulsed and compelled to leave the country. More
than six years afterwards the attempt was renewed with success.

1556. JOHN DE LA CASA, an Italian writer, died. Besides some beautiful
Italian poems, he wrote the lives of cardinals Contarini and Bembo, and
various other works.

1574. An aurora borealis appeared in England.

1672. FRANCIS DE LA BOE SYLVIUS, an eminent Dutch physician, died. He
was professor of medicine at Leyden, where he ably demonstrated the
truth of Harvey's discovery of the circulation of the blood.

1690. Capt. JAMES CAMPBELL, brother of the duke of Argyle, with the
assistance of sir J. Johnstone, seized a rich heiress and married her,
for which Johnstone was afterwards hung and Campbell divorced.

1716. GODFREY WILLAM LEIBNITZ, a German philosopher, died. He had in his
life the singular felicity of being esteemed the greatest and most
learned man in Europe.

1736. GEORGE SALE, a learned Englishman, died. He was well skilled in
oriental literature, and contributed much to the completion of the
_Universal History_, but his chief work is a translation of the _Koran_.

1770. Bruce discovered the sources of the mighty Nile.

1785. A chebeck with 19 men and 23 passengers, passing from Majorca to
Ivica, was attacked by an Algerine pink, and boarded by about 100 men,
in spite of the firing of two cannon and the musketry. A bloody
engagement ensued, in which all the Moors but 6 or 7 were killed. These
were assaulted by a volley of hail shot, which fired some powder casks,
and blew up the vessel, destroying all on board but the captain and 3
passengers, who got to Ivica in a boat, badly wounded.

1800. MARQUIS DE BOUILLE, a celebrated French general, died; during the
American war he served with credit in the West Indies, but being opposed
to the enormities of the French revolution he was compelled to seek an
asylum in England.

1804. JACOB BRYANT, an English philologist and antiquary, died. He was a
learned and indefatigable writer, but fond of paradox.

1809. BONAPARTE was congratulated on his return from Austria, by the
public bodies of Paris, as "the greatest of heroes, who ever achieved
victories but for the happiness of the world."

1809. FREDERICK MORTON EDEN, an English diplomatist and writer on
political economy, died.

1812. Battle of Smolnya; the French under Victor and Oudinot defeated by
the Russians under Wittgenstein, with the loss of 1,500 dead on the
field, and 800 prisoners. Russian loss 1,000.

1825. JEAN PAUL FREDERICK RICHTER, a German writer of the first rank in
belles lettres, died. He is known as Jean Paul among the Germans, and
his numerous works are held in very high repute.

1827. THOMAS ADDIS EMMETT, an eminent Irish lawyer, died in New York,
aged 63.

1828. ANDRE JOSEPH ABRIAL died; a French statesman under Napoleon and
his successor.

1831. GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK HEGEL, the distinguished German
philosopher, died by cholera at Berlin. His philosophy partakes of much
of German mysticism.

1832. CHARLES ABBOTT, lord Tenterden, died, aged 70. He was the son of a
London hairdresser, who by great application became one of the most
learned jurists of England.

1832. CHARLES CARROL died, aged 96; the last of the signers of the
declaration of independence. He studied the law in France and England,
and returned to America at the age of 27, where he was soon known as an
advocate for liberty, and as one of the best political writers in
Maryland. He quitted public life in 1810.

1835. JAMES FREEMAN, pastor of the Stone chapel society, in Boston,
died. He was chosen pastor of the episcopal society that worshiped there
in 1783. Having rejected the trinitarian doctrine, the greater part of
his hearers responded to his sentiments and resolved to alter their
liturgy and retain their minister. Thus did the first episcopal church
in New England become the first unitarian church in the new world. He
was a man of talent and learning, and one of the founders of the
Massachusetts historical society.

1840. JOHN A. G. DAVIS, professor of law in the university of Virginia,
died of a pistol shot discharged by a disguised student. He was a man of
extraordinary intellect, of untiring industry, of amiable and
philanthropic character. He published a valuable treatise on criminal
law.

1840. ZACHARIAH LEWIS, senior vice-president of the American Bible
society, died at Brooklyn, N. Y. He was educated for the ministry, and
was for 17 years editor of the _Commercial Advertiser_ and _New York
Spectator_.

1855. TOBIAS WATKINS died at Washington, aged 75. He was a physician by
education, had contributed largely to the public press, and figured as a
politician.


NOVEMBER 15.

26. AGRIPPINA, the mother of Nero, perished by order of her ungrateful
son. She married the emperor Claudius, whom she poisoned to raise Nero
to the throne.

1213. The first regular English parliament assembled by writ at Oxford.

1280. ALBERTUS MAGNUS, a Swabian philosopher of extraordinary genius,
died. His writings have been collected in 21 vols. folio.

1577. FRANCIS DRAKE sailed from England with five ships and 164 men,
professedly on a voyage to Egypt, but really with the intention of
sailing into the Pacific, where no English flag had ever been.

1591. BARNABAS BRISSONIUS strangled at Paris. He was an eminent French
lawyer, and ambassador to England.

1647. JOHN VICTOR ROSSI (_Janus Nicius Erythræus_) died; a Roman of
noble birth, who devoted himself to literary pursuits.

1653. ALOYSIUS JUGLARIS, an Italian Jesuit, died. He wrote 100
panegyrics on Jesus Christ, and 40 on Lewis XIII!

1680. The bill excluding JAMES, duke of York, from the succession to his
brother's throne, passed by the commons, was defeated in the house of
lords, all the bishops voting against it.

1695. In the neighborhood of Limerick and Tipperary, Ireland, a shower
of matter fell resembling butter or grease, and was gathered into pots
by some of the inhabitants. When laid on the hand it melted, but placed
by the fire it dried and became hard, emitting an offensive odor.

1712. A duel was fought in Hyde Park, London, when the duke of Hamilton
and lord Mohun were both killed.

1745. The town of Carlisle surrendered to the troops of the pretender to
the English throne.

1747. JOHN PETER DE MENDAJORS, a French historian, died. He wrote a
history of Gaul.

1751. HENRY SAINT JOHN, viscount Bolingbroke, a celebrated English
politician and philosopher, died, aged 80. A panegyrist has observed
that in his writings he united the wisdom of Socrates, the dignity and
ease of Pliny, and the wit of Horace.

1761. JOHN SAUVE DE LA NOUE, a French actor and dramatic writer, died.
It was on his account that Voltaire wrote the _Princess of Navarre_,
that he might act the chief character.

1763. The British parliament by a vote 273 to 111, resolved that the
_North Briton_, a paper conducted by the noted Wilkes, was a scandalous
and seditious libel, and ordered it to be burned by the common hangman.
Great riot in consequence.

1777. Fort Mifflin evacuated by the Americans, after a most noble and
gallant defence. The British fired 1,030 cannon shot at the fort during
the day.

1787. CHRISTOPHER GLUCK, an eminent German musical composer, died. He
introduced a new style of music into Paris.

1793. JOHN NICHOLAS HOUCHARD guillotined at Paris. He raised himself to
the highest rank in the army, and displayed his abilities in several
important victories.

1793. JEAN MARIE BAPTISTE ROLAND DE LA PLATIERE stabbed himself to the
heart on receiving news that his wife had been guillotined. His
knowledge of commerce and political economy led to his appointment of
minister under Louis, and under the republic.

1793. Fort Lewis taken by the Austrians under Wurmzer, and 4,000 French
and 112 cannons captured.

1794. JOHN WITHERSPOON, a signer of the declaration, died. He was a
Scotchman, who came over to take the presidency of Nassau Hall. His
influence upon literature was greatly beneficial, and his talents as a
preacher of the most popular kind.

1797. JOSEPH MILNER, a learned Scottish divine and historian, died, aged
54.

1802. GEORGE ROMNEY died; an eminent English painter.

1811. FREDERICK JAMES BAST, an eminent German scholar, died. He took
advantage of a diplomacy at Paris to make some valuable researches among
the treasures of the Vatican which had recently been transported there.

1812. The Cossacks under Platoff fell in with 12 pieces of French
cannon, and an immense train of carriages filled with plunder, abandoned
by the French army. The horses lay dead in their harnesses, and mingled
with them lay hundreds of human bodies, which had perished from the
intense severity of the cold, from hunger and fatigue, in their retreat
from Moscow.

1816. The bells of Notre Dame, Paris, were _formally baptized_ under the
names of the duke and Duchess of Angouleme.

1827. GEORGE TOMLINE, an eminent English bishop, died. His works display
great erudition.

1828. Cayuga and Seneca canal completed.

1848. General MESSENHAUSEN, the commander of the national guard at
Vienna, executed.

1849. The steam boat Louisiana exploded her boilers at New Orleans, when
60 persons were killed, and a great many wounded who afterwards died.

1852. The Lobos islands difficulty between the United States and Peru
was settled, by the withdrawal of the American pretensions.

1852. JOHN HAMILTON REYNOLDS, an eminent English poet, contemporary with
Byron, died in the Isle of Wight, aged 56.


NOVEMBER 16.

534. JUSTINIAN published his immortal _Code_ of civil ordinances,
amended in conformity with the Pandects which issued from the legal
armory in the year preceding. It is called the second edition, although
enriched with two hundred of his own laws, and fifty decisions of
obscure points in jurisprudence.

1093. MARGARET, of Scotland, died. She was the sister of Edgar Atheling,
fled to Scotland on the invasion of William the Conqueror, and married
Malcolm, king of the country. She was an amiable and benevolent
princess.

1272. HENRY III, eighth king of England, died. He succeeded John; was
defeated in his wars abroad, and imprisoned by his barons at home.

1272. EDWARD I, of England, commenced his reign, and immediately
expelled the Jews from the kingdom; their libraries were dispersed,
their goods seized, and many of them barbarously murdered.

1326. EDWARD II, king of England, taken prisoner and delivered into the
hands of his queen Isabella, by whom he was imprisoned and finally put
to death.

1499. PERKIN WARBECK, an aspirant to the crown of England, executed at
Tyburn. He gave himself out as the second son of Edward IV, who was
supposed to have been murdered in the Tower by Richard III, and made a
descent upon England, but was worsted and captured.

1538. Proclamation of HENRY VIII, following the formal trial and
condemnation of the shrine and goods of Thomas Becket, declaring that he
was no saint, but a rebel to his prince, and his bones were caused to be
burnt by the hangman.

1603. PETER CHARRON, a learned French ecclesiastic, died. His _Book of
Wisdom_, spread his fame through the country, and has been twice
translated into English.

1613. TRAJAN BOCCALINI, an Italian wit, died at Venice; probably
assassinated by the emissaries of the court of Spain. His works have
been translated into several languages.

1644. HUGH MCMABONE executed at Tyburn for conspiring the Irish
massacre.

1695. PETER NICOLE, an eminent French divine, died. He is the author of
more than one hundred works.

1745. WILLIAM BROOME, a celebrated English poet, died.

1745. A party of French and Indians from Crown Point surprised the
village of Saratoga, leaving the country uncovered to Schenectady and
Albany.

1773. Destruction of the tea in Boston harbor. The duty imposed by the
British parliament was 3 cents per pound; the quantity destroyed 342
chests.

1773. JOHN HAWKESWORTH, an English writer, died. He compiled a narrative
of the discoveries in the South seas, and wrote the _Adventurer_.

1773. JOHN BRADLEY BLAKE, an English chemist, botanist and
mathematician, died. He went to China, from whence he sent home all the
valuable seeds and plants of the country, and began a collection of its
ores and fossils, but his application destroyed his health.

1776. JAMES FERGUSON, the celebrated Scottish astronomer, died. He was
an extraordinary instance among self taught men, having emerged from a
shepherd's boy, to the highest rank in science.

1776. Fort Washington surrendered to the British under general
Cornwallis. Col. Magaw, finding the fort too small to contain all the
men, the ammunition nearly exhausted, and the force of the assailants
too great to be resisted, surrendered the garrison, 2,800 men,
prisoners of war. It is supposed that 1,200 of the British were killed
or wounded.

1796. Battle of Arcola, which lasted two days, terminated in favor of
the French. This determined the fate of Mantua.

1806. SCHAH ALLUM, the great mogul or emperor of Delhi, died, aged 82.

1811. Serious riots in Nottingham, Eng.; the journeymen weavers
destroyed the articles of machinery which diminished labor.

1812. The French under DAVOUST left Smolensk, having set fire to it in
every quarter, and blown up the fortifications; and amidst this immense
burning shower they issued forth like destroying angels, to join
Bonaparte at Krasnoy.

1813. WILLIAM FRANKLIN died in England, aged 82. He was the son of Dr.
Benjamin Franklin, and formerly British governor of New Jersey.

1838. Battle near Prescott, Canada, between 100 insurgents posted at a
windmill, and 1,000 British troops. The former surrendered
unconditionally. Their loss in 4 days was 102 killed, and 162 taken
prisoners; the rest escaped into the woods.

1847. Poland blotted from among the nations of Europe, by Prussia,
Austria and Russia.

1848. Great popular movements in Italy. Count Rossi, the prime minister,
slain, as he entered the senate chamber at Rome. The pope's palace
besieged.

1855. The powder in the French siege train, at Sebastopol, 100,000
pounds, exploded, killing and wounding a great number.


NOVEMBER 17.

375. VALENTINIAN I, emperor of Rome, died. He rose by his merit to the
throne, and divided the empire with his brother Valens. He defeated the
Germans, and restored tranquility to his African provinces. In giving
audience to the ambassadors of the Quadi, whose country he had subdued,
he ruptured a blood vessel in a fit of passion, which proved fatal.

537. BELISARIUS, who was then defending Rome against the Goths, exiled
pope Sylverius for treachery.

1292. The government of Scotland was adjudged to John Baliol, by the
forty peers assembled at the congress in Berwick castle.

1307. The Swiss patriots met at night in the field of Rutli, to concert
measures for their independence.

1338. EDWARD III, of England, issued a writ, permitting the coinage of
money by the abbots of Reading.

1372. JOHN DE MANDEVILLE, the English warrior and traveler, died, aged
72. He received an education unusual for those times, and in 1327, went
to Palestine, and joined the Turks. He afterwards served in India under
the Sultan, and in Southern China, under the khan of Cathay. He resided
three years at Pekin, and appears to have traveled over a large part of
Asia. On his return to England, after an absence of about 33 years, he
wrote a narrative of his travels.

1494. JOHN PICUS, earl of Mirandula, an Italian nobleman, and a prodigy
of learning, died, aged 32. At the age of 23 he published 900
propositions in logic, mathematics, physics and divinity, drawn from
classical, Jewish and Arabian authors, and challenged through Italy any
philosopher or divine to enter the lists with him in disputation. He
declared war against the astrologers, because they had foretold his
death at the age of 32, which proved true.

1558. MARY, queen of England, died. She was the daughter of Henry VIII
and Catharine of Arragon; was learned, but bigoted, jealous and
resentful. Her memory is rendered detestable by the blood of the
protestants whom she caused to be burnt.

1562. ANTHONY OF NAVARRE (_Pantagruel_), a Spanish prince, died of a
wound received in battle. He was weak and irresolute; his son was
afterwards the celebrated Henry IV, of France.

1604. Trial of sir WALTER RALEIGH for treason.

1615. THOMAS CHALONER, an English nobleman, tutor of the prince of
Wales, died. He is celebrated for the discovery of the first alum mines
known in England.

1640. HENRY DE SCHOMBERG, a distinguished French officer, died. For his
distinguished services he was promoted; and also figured as a minister
to Germany and England, and as a historian.

1664. NICHOLAS PERRET, a learned Frenchman, died; celebrated for his
excellent translations of the Greek and Latin classics.

1664. A comet visible in New England, which appeared first in the east
_bearded_, and disappeared in the west with a _tail_.

1665. JOHN EARLE, an English bishop, died; known by a work called the
_Microcosmography, or a Piece of the World_, which has often been
reprinted.

1679. In commemoration of queen Elizabeth's birth, the effigies of the
pope, the devil, sir George Jeffries, Mr. L'Estrange, &c., were carried
in procession, and burnt in Temple bar, by a _whig mob_, as it was then
called.

1690. FABIAN PHILLIPS, a learned English antiquary, died.

1708. JEAN FRANCOIS FOY VAILLANT, a French antiquary and medalist, died.
His father was the founder of the medalists in France, to whom Louis XIV
was indebted for half his cabinet.

1747. ALAIN RENE LESAGE, the French novelist and dramatic writer, died.

1747. Great tumults in Boston, on account of the British commodore,
Knowles, having ordered several inhabitants of that city to be impressed
there.

1768. THOS. PELHAM HOLLES, duke of Newcastle, died in his 76th year. He
played a bustling if not a brilliant part in the political movements of
his day.

177-. BRUCE, the traveler, in passing the Taranta mountain, in
Abyssinia, encountered an extraordinary phenomenon. The mountain tops
were hid in the clouds, and loud thunder was heard. The river scarcely
ran at the time of passing it, when suddenly a noise was heard in the
mountain above, louder than the loudest thunder. His guides flew to the
baggage, and removed it to the top of a green hill, which was no sooner
done than the river was seen coming down in a stream about the height of
a man, and the breadth of the whole bed it used to occupy. An antelope,
surprised by the torrent, was driven to the station where they stood.

1775. Americans, under colonel Easton, took at the point of Sorel river,
Canada, 11 British vessels with stores.

1782. EDWARD DRINKER, a quaker of Philadelphia, died, aged 103. He had
been the subject of seven crowned heads, and lived to see a village
become a great city.

1793. Battle of Sarbruck; the Prussians defeated by the French under
Pichegru.

1794. N. DUGOMIER, a French revolutionary general, killed at the battle
of St. Sebastian, in which his army was victorious over the Spaniards.
His name was inscribed in the Pantheon.

1794. JAMES BENTHAM, an English prelate and historian, died. He also
directed his attention to the introduction of turnpike roads, against
the popular prejudice, and to the rendering of unfruitful into valuable
fields by drainage.

1795. ALEXANDER ABERCROMBY died; a Scottish jurist, and a cooperator
with Mackenzie in establishing the _Mirror_ and _Lounger_, to which he
contributed.

1800. Battle of Mincio, in Italy; the Austrians defeated by the French
under general Brune, with the loss of 24 cannon, and 4,000 men.

1804. Launch of the Hibernia, at Plymouth, England, of 130 guns; length
of keel 167 feet, tonnage 2499--the largest man-of-war that had ever
been built in England.

1812. Battle of Koutovo, near Krasnoy, in Russia; the Cossacks under
Miloradovitch surrounded the French under Davoust, and defeated them
with horrible slaughter. The French general, however, maintained his
reputation for bravery, and cut his way through, with the loss of 4,000
killed, and 9 prisoners, and 70 cannon. The wretched beings who escaped
the swords and bayonets of their conquerors sought shelter in the woods
which skirt the Dnieper, and there, wounded, starving and naked, died in
great numbers.

1812. British gun boats cannonaded Ogdensburgh.

1818. CHARLOTTE, queen of England, died, aged 75.

1823. THOMAS ERSKINE, an English nobleman, and one of the most
celebrated of modern forensic orators, died.

1832. THOS. TAYLOR, styled the patriarch of the states-right party of
South Carolina, died at Columbus.

1835. Remarkable aurora borealis; in extent and magnificence one of the
grandest forms of this mysterious phenomenon. It attracted notice
throughout the United States and Canada, and on the 18th was seen in
Europe.

1854. DUDLEY COUTTS STUART died at Stockholm, Sweden, aged 51; well
known in England and elsewhere, for his devotion to Poland and the
Polish exiles.


NOVEMBER 18.

1247. ROBIN HOOD, the leader of a band of robbers who infested the
recesses of Sherwood forest, England, died. The chief, with his
formidable band, continued their plundering life with success, and with
little opposition, from the year 1189 to 1247. It has been attempted to
identify him with Robert, earl of Huntington, whom the malice of his
enemies banished from the court of Richard I. The following epitaph is
said to have been engraven upon his tombstone at Kirklees:

     Hear undernead dis laitl stean
       laiz robert earl of huntington
     nae arcir ner as hie sae geud
       an pipl kauld im Robin Heud
     sick utlawz as he an is men
       vil England nivir si agen
             obit 24 kal. dekembris 1247.

1518. CORTEZ sailed from Cuba for the discovery and conquest of Mexico.
His force consisted of 10 vessels, 10 pieces cannon, 18 horsemen, 600
infantry--13 only of whom were musqueteers, and the rest cross bowmen.

1558. REGINALD POLE, an English cardinal, died. He entered college at
the age of 12, and took his first degree at the age of 15. Refusing to
sanction the divorces of Henry VIII, he was obliged to reside in Italy
for safety. On the accession of Mary, however, he was restored.

1559. CUTHBERT TONSTALL, a learned catholic bishop of London, died, aged
85.

1624. JACOB BOEHMEN died; a noted Teutonic philosopher and visionary.

1636. King CHARLES I restored to sir Hugh Middleton a portion of his
private property, expended on bringing a supply of water into the city
of London. Middleton survived this event but a short time.

1665. BLAISE FRANCIS DE PAGAN, a valiant French officer and eminent
mathematician, died. He lost his eyesight in the service of his country,
after which he devoted himself to study, and wrote several works on
fortifications, astronomy, &c.

1682. JOHN FINCH (_Heneage?_), earl of Nottingham and lord high
chancellor of England, died. He was distinguished for his wisdom and
eloquence and styled the English Cicero.

1751. ABRAHAM VATER died; an eminent German physician and anatomist,
famous for his anatomical preparations, which form a curious cabinet at
Wirtemberg.

1755. A great earthquake, extending from New England to the West Indies,
damaging the houses throughout the whole extent of the coast. In the
harbor of St. Martin the sea withdrew leaving the vessels dry and the
fish on the banks; when it came in the water overflowed the lowlands.

1776. Fort Lee, near Haversack, N. Y., evacuated by the Americans under
general Greene. The British, 6000 men under Cornwallis, advancing to its
reduction, it was found that the conflict would be too unequal to
attempt its defence. The British took several hundred barrels of flour,
most of the cannon, baggage, &c.----Same day congress agreed upon a
lottery to defray the expenses of the campaign, being the first lottery
they sanctioned.

1777. Fort Mercer at Red Bank, on the Delaware, evacuated by the
Americans on the approach of the British under Cornwallis.

1777. The British under governor Tryon burnt the houses at Philip's
manor, N. Y., with circumstances of great barbarity; the women and
children being turned out in a severe cold night, almost naked, and the
men made prisoners and led with halters round their necks in triumph to
the British camp.

1777. WILLIAM BOWYER, an eminent English printer, died. He was noted for
the accuracy of his editions, and was a distinguished member of the
antiquarian society, whose transactions he enriched with many valuable
communications.

1784. M. LE ROY fixed a conductor on the Etoile galley, being the first
conductor of lightning that had ever been placed on a French ship.

1785. Mrs. KELLY, the noted Irish fairy, died. She was only 34 inches
long. Her child, which lived only two hours, was 22 inches.

1789. JOHN ELWES, the celebrated English miser, died, worth nearly five
millions of dollars. This singular man, although he denied himself the
necessaries of life, served twelve years in parliament, a most
independent and incorruptible member. He would travel a whole day,
eating only a hard boiled egg, and at night play for thousands in the
most splendid apartments from whence he has been known to issue at four
in the morning, and stand in a cold rain to dispute with a butcher for a
shilling a head on his cattle.

1793. Battle of Bliescastle; the French general Pichegru stormed the
Prussian camp.

1793. Battle of Dol; the French royalists defeated the conventional
troops.

1803. Cape Francois surrendered to the blacks under Christophe.

1804. PHILIP SCHUYLER, a major general in the revolutionary army, died
at Albany, aged 73. He was a member of the old congress, and of the
federal congress.

1809. The French under Suchet attacked the Spaniards under Gen. Blake,
posted on the heights of Beclhithe, and forced them to fall back.

1811. All differences between the United States and Great Britain on
account of the attack made on the United States frigate Chesapeake
amicably adjusted.

1813. Americans under general White, with a few Cherokee Indians,
attacked Grayson's Farm, one of the Hillibee towns, of 20 houses, which
they burnt, and killed 60 Creek warriors and captured about 256 more,
without the loss of a man.

1824. Destructive hurricane on the coast of England. The river Neva
overflowed its banks, and damaged the city of St. Petersburg.

1832. Violent eruption of mount Etna; the town of Bronte, containing
10,000 inhabitants, destroyed.

1848. The great dam at Hadley Falls, in Massachusetts, near Springfield,
carried away by a flood.

1849. BENJAMIN SMITH, a very eminent and industrious American statesman,
of Rhode Island, died at North Kingston.

1851. ERNEST AUGUSTUS, duke of Cumberland and king of Hanover, died,
aged 81. He was the fifth son of George III, and distinguished himself
as an officer on the continent during the last century.

1852. Duke of WELLINGTON'S funeral obsequies took place at London, with
great pomp. The religious ceremonies were observed in St. Paul's
cathedral, which was elaborately decorated for the purpose. The body was
deposited in the crypt near that of Nelson.

1852. A convention was signed at London by England, France, Prussia,
Bavaria and Greece, by which none but a prince of the Greek religion was
thereafter to ascend the throne of Greece.

1854. GEORGE WILLIAM MAREBY, inventor of several kinds of apparatus for
saving lives in shipwreck, died in England, aged 89.


NOVEMBER 19.

1231. ELIZABETH OF THURINGIA, a saint of the church, died. She was
distinguished by the mild virtues of her sex, and when the country was
oppressed with famine and pestilence, she caused hospitals to be
erected, and fed and clothed a multitude of the poor, wandering about in
a humble dress relieving the sorrows of the wretched. She was regarded
as a saint during her life, and four years after her death was
canonized. Her monument is one of the most splendid remains of Gothic
architecture in Germany.

1530. The diet at Augsburg issued a severe decree against the
protestants, which was sanctioned by the emperor Charles V.

1590. JEROME ZANCHIUS, a German protestant theologian, died. His
commentaries on St. Paul's epistles were published after his death. He
was a professor of theology at Heidelburg, and sustained the character
of a learned, pious and benevolent man.

1628. JOHN FELTON, the assassin who killed the duke of Buckingham,
favorite of Charles I of England, executed at Tyburn. The king proposed
the rack previous to execution, that his accomplices might be
discovered. But the judges unanimously declared that the English law did
not allow of torture. This was the first adjudication on this subject.

1649. CASPAR SCIOPPIUS, a learned German, died, aged 73. He acquired the
name of the grammatical cur, from his indiscreet attacks upon every
person of eminence. His talents and acquirements were extraordinary, and
his works more numerous than his years.

1665. NICHOLAS POUSSIN, an eminent French painter, died. He was long
unable to maintain himself by his pencil, till his genius finally burst
through the clouds of prejudice, and established his character as a
great and sublime artist.

1672. JOHN WILKINS, bishop of Chester, died; a most ingenious and
learned English theologian, critic and mathematician.

1674. SAMUEL DANFORTH, the colleague of John Elliot, the Indian
missionary, died at Roxbury, Mass. When he was contracted in marriage
the celebrated John Cotton preached the sermon, customary in New England
on such occasions, before the nuptial ceremony. He published several
almanacs, and an astronomical account of the comet which appeared in
1764.

1677. FRANCIS JUNIUS, a German linguist, died in England. He was highly
distinguished for his skill and researches in the Anglo Saxon and Gothic
languages, which he pursued at Oxford, England.

1703. THE IRON MASK (_Masque de Fer_), died at the Bastile in Paris,
after an imprisonment of forty-two years. This mysterious personage is
supposed to have been the twin brother of the king, and various authors
have attempted to prove his identity with other characters of that day.
It was at first believed that the mask which he was compelled to wear
constantly on pain of instant death, was made of iron. But it was
composed of black velvet, strengthened with whalebone, and fastened
behind the head with a padlock. He was confined for imperious reasons of
state, but was treated with the utmost deference and respect.

1731. WILLIAM EDIE, bellman of Canongate, in Edinburgh, died, aged 120.
He had buried the inhabitants of Canongate thrice. He was 90 years a
freeman, and married his second wife, a young woman, after he was 100
years old.

1741. ANTHONY BANIER, a celebrated French mythologist, died. His
_Mythology and Fables of the Antients_ has been translated into English.

1744. A single battalion of Prussians under Wedel disputed the passage
of the Elbe at Solnitz for five hours, against the whole Austrian army;
and, under the fire of fifty cannons, thrice repulsed the Austrian
grenadiers. Wedel lost two officers and 100 men killed, and acquired the
title of Leonidas.

1761. NOEL ANTHONY PLUCHE, a French writer on natural history, died. His
_Spectacle de la Nature_ is known to all the world.

1789. Junction of the Thames and Severn rivers by canal; an important
event in English inland commerce. This canal ascends the vale of Calford
to the height of 343 feet by 40 locks; there entering a tunnel through
the hill of Saperton, for the length of two miles and three furlongs,
and descends to the Thames by 22 locks.

1790. JAMES HAY BEATTIE died; a Scotchman of eminent talents, who was
made assistant professor of moral philosophy and logic at Aberdeen at
the age of 19.

1793. A number of persons met in Edinburgh and held a _convention_
similar to that in France, but were arrested and sent to prison.

1794. The treaty signed at London between England and America, called
Jay's treaty.

1801. JOSEPH DE BEAUCHAMP, a French theologian and astronomer, died.
During a residence in the Levant, he made many astronomical
observations, constructed a map of the Tigris and Euphrates, and
surveyed the Black sea.

1806. RICHARD WESTON died; an English thread hosier, who became eminent
as a horticulturist, and published some useful tracts on that subject.

1806. Hameln, on the Weser, captured by the French, who took Von
Schoeler and five other generals, 9,000 Prussians, some other troops,
and great quantities of ammunition and stores.

1806. MORTIER entered Hamburg and confiscated all British property found
there.

1806. NICHOLAS CLAUDE LEDOUX, a fortunate though vain French architect,
died.

1809. Battle of Ocana; the French under Soult defeated 50,000 Spaniards.
Joseph Bonaparte commanded in person in this battle under Soult.

1812. Battle of Koutovo; the French under Ney attacked in the defiles
near Krasnoy, on the very spot where Davoust had been defeated two days
before. Although the French fought with the greatest courage and most
desperate intrepidity, they were defeated with terrible slaughter, and
the loss of all their cannon, baggage and colors. Scarcely had this
second victory been obtained, when the last columns of the rear guard
appeared in sight, and were compelled to surrender, 100 officers and
11,000 men.

1812. Americans under colonel Pike made an incursion into Canada,
assaulted and carried a British post, burnt their blockhouse, and
returned with only five wounded.

1813. American Com. PORTER took possession of an island in the South
sea, called by the natives Nooaheevah, which he called _Madison's
island_, in honor of the president.

1816. Eclipse of the sun observed at Paris. It was total at Copenhagen.

1818. ABDULLAH IBN SAUD, the last emir of the Wahhabis, was beheaded at
Constantinople, which put an end to the temporal power of that sect.

1835. CHARLES COOTE, an English author, died. He was for some years
editor of the _Critical Review_, and wrote various historical and other
works of merit.

1850. RICHARD M. JOHNSON, a Kentucky soldier and statesman, died at
Frankfort, aged 70.

1853. SAMUEL H. CRAFTS died at Craftsbury, Vt., aged 84. On the
organization of the town, which was settled by and named in honor of his
father, in 1792, he was chosen town clerk, and held the office 37 years;
and he filled every public office in the gift of Vermont during some
part of his lifetime.

1855. THOMAS COPELAND, an eminent English surgeon and medical writer,
died at Brighton, aged 74.

1855. THEODRIC ROMEYN BECK, an eminent medical writer, died at Albany,
N. Y., aged 64. He was one of the originators and most ardent supporters
of the geological survey of the state; but is best known by his _Medical
Jurisprudence_. He was a member of many scientific societies at home and
abroad, and his whole life was one of uninterrupted and efficient labor.


NOVEMBER 20.

63. Shipwreck of ST. PAUL. It was a fortnight from the fast, and about
the present day, that Paul, by the occular testimony of Luke, was cast
upon the shores of Malta, where they wintered three months until the
period of navigation in March. Josephus, the Jewish historian, was
wrecked in the same sea, and in or very near the same year.

303. DIOCLETIAN and MAXIMIAN celebrated in a grand triumph their
victories and those of the two Cæsars, their associates, in Persia and
Britain, on the Rhine, the Danube and the Nile; the last spectacle of
the kind that Rome ever beheld.

870. EDMUND (_the Saint_), king of East Anglia, murdered by the Danes,
who had him tied to a tree and shot to death with arrows. His kingdom
comprised the present counties of Norfolk, Suffolk and part of
Cambridgeshire.

1185. ABDURRAHMAN, surnamed Abn Zeyd, died. He was a Moslem divine and
poet, and left several valuable works.

1191. BALDWIN, archbishop of Canterbury, died at Acre, in Palestine,
whither he had followed the crusaders, whose cause he had exerted
himself to promote.

1347. STEPHEN COLONNA defeated and killed at Rome by the tribune Rienzi.

1411. JOHANNES CANTACUZENUS, a Byzantine historian, died. His knowledge
in literature and arms was so great that he became the favorite of the
court and the people, and was finally persuaded to accept the throne,
from which he retired again on the restoration of order.

1481. The _Last Siege and conquest of Jerusalem_, translated from the
French "by me simple person, William Caxton," was printed at London in
the Abby; one of the earliest specimens of English typography.

1497. The Portuguese admiral, VASQUEZ DE GAMA, doubled the cape of Good
Hope, which, until then, had been considered the utmost boundary of
navigation, and called the cape of Tempests.

1549. KETT, a tanner, rebelled against Edward, and was taken by Dudley,
earl of Warwick, and hung in chains on the top of Norwich castle.

1571. The field of Craibstone stricken by John Master of Forbes, and
Adam Gordon, brother to lord Huntley, where the said John lost the
field, and was taken, and sundry of his friends slain, to the number on
both sides of three score, or thereby, and good Duncan Forbes slain the
same day.

1572. The first presbyterian meeting house in England erected at
Wandsworth in Surrey.

1591. CHRISTOPHER HATTON, chancellor of England under Elizabeth, died.
He was a man of learning and great integrity, and though placed in so
high a situation, had not been bred to the law. It was by his advice
that the unfortunate Mary submitted to her fatal trial.

1660. The bishops of England again took their seats in the house of
lords, verifying the adage of the king's grandfather, "no bishop no
king."

1672. The island of Tobago taken from the Dutch by the English.

1683. A book entitled _Julian the Apostate_, burnt by the hangman, and
its author, Samuel Johnson, a clergyman, fined 500 marks for an alleged
libel on the duke of York.

1729. NICHOLAS GERVAIS, a French missionary, massacred in Guiana with
all his attendants.

1737. Queen CAROLINE of England died, aged 55. Her favorite study was
theology, and she has been accused of scepticism; at her death she
refused the sacrament, but joined cordially in the Lord's prayer.

1759. Naval battle off Belleisle; the French fleet under M. de Conflans
defeated by the British under admiral Hawke. The French lost several
large ships, and abandoned the project of invading Great Britain.

1769. CHARLES HUGH LE FEVRE DE ST. MARK, a French miscellaneous writer,
died at Paris.

1773. CHARLES JENNENS died; an English gentleman of considerable
fortune, who compiled the works of some of Handel's oratories, and began
an edition of Shakspeare's works, which he did not live to complete.

1780. Battle of Blackstocks; the British under Tarleton attacked the
American general Sumpter, but was repulsed with the loss of more than 30
killed or wounded. Sumpter and 4 others were wounded and 3 killed.

1789. RICHARD BURN, an English vicar, died; author of a work on
ecclesiastical law, and on the office of justice of the peace, which
have gone through several editions.

1789. North Carolina adopted the federal constitution, ayes 193, noes
75. This was the 12th pillar in the political edifice.

1789. A deputation was admitted to the French national assembly from the
city of Issondein, with a patriotic offer of all the silver buckles of
the inhabitants, to the value of 115 marks. Whereupon M. Dailly moved
that all the members of the assembly should make a similar sacrifice,
which was instantly agreed to.

1792. Battle of Cumptich, in which the French under Dumourier, after a
long and bloody action, defeated the Austrians under the duke of Saxe
Teschen, who exhibited great judgment and intrepidity in conducting his
retreat.

1794. Figueras, an extensive and well provided fortress on the frontier
of Spain, was taken by the French, when 9000 Spaniards were taken
prisoners.

1798. Two French frigates attacked and captured U. S. schooner
Retaliation.

1804. ARCHIBALD MACLAIN, an Irish protestant clergyman, died. He
translated Mosheim's ecclesiastical history.

1804. The American expedition under Lewis and Clark went into winter
quarters at fort Mandan, on the Missouri river, lat. 47° 21´ N.

1812. BONAPARTE evacuated Orcha on his retreat from Moscow. He left
there 23 cannon, some prisoners, and an immense number of sick and
wounded, who fell into the hands of the Cossacks.

1813. JOHN BAPTIST BODONI, the celebrated printer of Parma, and probably
the most distinguished in his profession during the last century, died.

1815. France ceded to the kingdom of the Netherlands whatever it still
retained of the Austrian Netherlands, particularly a rich mineral
district situated in the center of the Ardennes, and the fortresses of
Marienburg and Philippeville.

1840. A series of extensive hurricanes and storms, which commenced on
the 13th and swept over England, Ireland and a part of France, ceased
their fury. The destruction of lives and property, on land and at sea,
was immense.

1843. FERDINAND RUDOLPH HASSLER, aged 74, died at Philadelphia. He was
director of the United States coast survey.


NOVEMBER 21.

53 B. C. MARCUS LICINIUS CRASSUS, one of the triumvirs with Cæsar and
Pompey, killed at Haran in Syria. He was surnamed _Dives_, the rich, on
account of his vast fortune. He once gave an entertainment to the whole
people, in which 10,000 tables were set, and besides distributed corn
enough to last each family three months. He perished, with a great part
of his army, in an expedition against the Parthians, undertaken from
motives of avarice and ambition.

533. The famous institutes, or system of elementary law, were completed
by the delegates of Justinian. They were divided into four books,
proceeding methodically, from 1, _persons_ to 2, _things_; and from
things to 3, _actions_, and 4, _private wrongs_, terminated, as in
Blackstone, by the principles of _criminal_ law.

1555. GEORGE AGRICOLA died; a physician of Glaucen, in Misnia, known for
his learning and works on minerals.

1579. THOMAS GRESHAM, an eminent London merchant, died. His knowledge of
commerce was considered complete, and he acquired a great fortune. He
transacted the queen's commercial affairs, and his house was sometimes
appointed for the reception of foreign princes. The first royal exchange
was planned and executed by his munificence.

1616. RICHARD FIELD died; an English divine, eminent for his learning,
benevolence and piety.

1638. A general assembly of the Scottish church met at Glasgow. It is
said that not a few of the 260 commissioners of whom it was composed
could neither read nor write.

1640. JOHN, duke of Braganza, proclaimed king of Portugal. He recovered
the independence of that kingdom, which had been annexed to Spain by
Philip II in 1580.

1692. THOMAS SHADWELL died; an English dramatic writer, historiographer
and poet laureate.

1695. HENRY PURCELL died; a very eminent English musician and composer.

1736. Battle of Porto Bello. A squadron was fitted out in England for
the purpose of destroying the Spanish settlements in the West Indies,
and placed under admiral Vernon. The attack was made on Porto Bello by
the English, and after a furious engagement on both sides, the town
surrendered.

1763. Public notice given in London that East and West Florida should be
laid out into townships, and granted to those who would actually settle
there.

1775. JOHN HILL, an English apothecary and writer, died. He published a
system of botany, and was engaged in a great number of literary labors
at the same time. He was also famous for several medicines which he
prepared.

1777. Congress recalled Silas Deane from Paris, and appointed John Adams
to succeed him.

1780. At the bank of England 471,000 three per cent stock was
transferred to Mr. Van Otten on account of the landgrave of Hesse, so
much being due on Hessian soldiers lost in the American war, at 30_l._
per man. The number of men lost was 15,700.

1781. JEAN FREDERICK PHELLIPEAUX DE MAUREPAS died; a French statesman,
eminent for his genius, activity and profound sagacity.

1782. JAMES DE VAUCANSON, a celebrated mechanician, died. He constructed
with wonderful ingenuity various automata, and improved and simplified
the machinery of silk mills, and advanced the interests of commerce and
science by many other curious and useful inventions.

1783. The marquis D'ARLANDES and PILATRE ROSIER made an aerial voyage in
a machine called a _Montgolfier_, in honor of the inventors, it being
the first balloon raised by rarefied air.

1803. JOHN BUCKLER (_Schinderhannes_), the famous German robber,
executed, with 19 of his band. He was the son of indigent parents, and
entered into the service of an executioner. His first crime was a petty
theft, which grew into the most extensive and expert robberies. He never
committed murder, and expected pardon on that account, to the last
moment.

1806. BONAPARTE'S famous Berlin decree, declaring the British ports in a
state of blockade.

1807. ABRAHAM NEWLAND died at Highburg, in England; he was 60 years
cashier of the bank of England.

1812. Battle of Borisoff; the French and Poles defeated by the Russians
with great loss.

1812. Fort Niagara bombarded by the British from fort George and five
other batteries. Above 2000 red hot shot and 180 shells were fired;
which was returned with so much spirit, that the British had the worst
of the battle. American loss 4 killed, 7 wounded.

1832. The emperor of Russia issued orders for the transportation of 5000
families of Polish gentlemen from the province of Podolia to the
Steppes, on the line of the Caucasus. The university of Warsaw was
abolished, except the faculties of divinity and medicine, and the
library and collection of medals transported to St. Petersburg.

1832. Battle of Konich, between 75,000 Turks and 40,000 Egyptians, in
which the former were defeated, and the grand vizier taken prisoner.

1832. Great riots at Lyons in France, which originated in a strike for
higher wages by the operatives engaged in the silk manufacture, by which
30,000 persons were thrown out of employment, and the city was for some
time at the mercy of the mob.

1835. JAMES HOGG (_the Ettrick Shepherd_), a Scottish poet, died. He was
the son of a very poor shepherd, but his poems raised him to a high
standing as a poet, and caused his society to be sought by the learned
and the great.

1835. ALEXANDER CHEMIOTTE, one of the most learned orientalists of
Europe, died. He wrote a history of all the Arabian emperors under the
Abassides, and other works.

1848. LYNE STABLING died; one of the original proprietors of the soil on
which the city of Columbus is located, and among its earliest
inhabitants. He was one of the most wealthy men of the state, and was
distinguished by private charities and public munificence.

1851. JAMES E. DE KAY, an eminent geologist, died at Oyster bay, aged
59. He was educated for a physician, but devoted himself from early
years to natural history, and contributed the department of zoology to
the publication of the New York survey.

1852. MARY BERRY, an English authoress, died aged 90; embalmed to
posterity by the personal attentions and epistolary intercourse of
Horace Walpole.

1856. SAMUEL SWARTWOUT died, aged 73. He was a noted politician, and
during the presidency of Jackson was collector of the port of New York.


NOVEMBER 22.

1200. King JOHN, of England, held a famous parliament at Lincoln, where
William, king of Scotland, did him homage in the sight of the people.

1419. BELTHAZAR COSA (John XXIII), pope, died. There was much opposition
to his elevation, by rival claimants, and he was finally deposed and
imprisoned three years. His liberty was purchased by acknowledging the
election of Martin V.

1586. Sentence of death was announced to MARY queen of Scots, by lord
Burkhurst, at Fotheringay.

1633. LEONARD CALVERT, brother of lord Baltimore, with 200 persons of
good families, Roman catholics, embarked at Cowes, in the Isle of Wight,
for America, to settle Maryland.

1652. The province of Maine was, by the request of its inhabitants,
taken under the protection of Massachusetts; it was made a county, by
the name of Yorkshire, and sent deputies to the general court at Boston.

1680. A brilliant comet appeared in England. First seen at Bristol.

1685. CLAUDE NICOLE, a French lawyer, died. He was a good linguist and
poet, and translated several of the classics.

1714. SAMUEL REYHER died; professor of mathematics and jurisprudence at
Kiel, and counselor of state to the duke of Saxe Gotha. His writings are
theological.

1723. PHILIP, regent of France, duke of Orleans, &c., died at
Versailles, aged 50.

1747. JOSEPH TRAPP, an able English divine, died; leaving behind him an
excellent character as a critic, a scholar, a preacher and a man.

1771. Mr. STEPHEN was expelled from the Temple in London, by the
benches, for writing a book on the impolicy of imprisonment for debt.

1774. ROBERT CLIVE, baron Plassy, a wealthy English nobleman, died by
suicide; a striking instance of the insufficiency of wealth or external
honors alone to produce happiness. While a colonel in the service of the
East India company, he retook Calcutta from the nabob Surajah Dowlah,
and defeated his immense army in the plains of Plassy, and thereby laid
the foundation of the present extensive British empire in Hindostan. He
was made governor of India, and died immensely rich.

1775. CHARLES HENRY DE FUSSE DE VOISENON, a French ecclesiastic, died.
He abandoned his profession for the pleasures of the world and of
authorship, and his works were collected in 5 vols.

1775. The Americans, about 1000 in number, took possession of Cobble or
Miller's hill, near Boston, and erected entrenchments on it.

1784. PAUL FRISI, an Italian mathematician and philosopher, died at
Milan. He was self-taught; and introduced into the Milanese the use of
conductors to secure buildings from lightning, and contributed greatly
to root out the superstitious notions of the people respecting sorcerers
and magic. His works on hydraulics, astronomy, and many other sciences,
are numerous and valuable.

1795. Battle of Loano, in Italy; the French under Scherer defeated the
Austrians and obliged them to retreat with the loss of 8,000.

1798. THEOBALD WOLFE TONE, an Irishman having a commission in the French
army, committed suicide in prison. He had been taken in arms against the
British government, tried by a court martial, and sentenced to death.

1807. British Admiral SMITH declared Lisbon and the river Tagus in a
state of blockade.

1812. Action between the United States brig Vixen, 14 guns, 120 men,
Lieut. Reed, and British frigate Southampton, 32 guns, Capt. Yeo. The
Vixen was captured, and Lieut. Reed died in the West Indies before he
could be exchanged.

1814. LAVALETTE, the French general, sentenced to death for joining
Bonaparte the preceding March.

1814. EDWARD RUSHTON, an independent politician, bookseller and elegant
writer, died. He nearly lost his sight on the west coast of Africa.

1815. JAMES LACKINGTON, a celebrated London bookseller, but chiefly
distinguished for his work on the evil consequences of girls being
educated at boarding schools, died.

1821. ANSELM MARIE FUGGER, prince of Babenhausen, died. He was one of
that great German family whose ancestor was a weaver, and which now
consists of counts and princes, and whose property amounts to about 440
square miles, with 40,000 inhabitants.

1824. FRANCIS LEVAILLANT, the celebrated traveler, died at Paris, aged
70. He was born in the Dutch colony of Surinam. He early manifested a
passion for the study of ornithology, and was encouraged by the
patronage of Tenemink, of Amsterdam, to proceed to Africa in pursuit of
that science. His long life was spent in research, and though he has
added much to the stock of knowledge in that department, he was so
unfortunate as to lose a great part of his valuable collections at sea.

1848. Great battle fought between the English and Seikhs near Ramuggur,
in India, the British claiming the dearly bought victory.

1852. The shock of an earthquake was felt very severely at Exeter, N.
H., and along the valley of the Merrimack, and in Salem and Newburyport,
Mass., and in other places.

1852. The voting concluded throughout France and Algeria, upon the
decree of the senate, relative to the reestablishment of the empire. The
result was 7,824,189 votes in favor of the same, and 253,145 in the
negative, and 63,326 void ballots.


NOVEMBER 23.

100. CLEMENS ROMANUS (_St. Clement_) died; a pupil of St. Paul and one
of the fathers of the church. His epistle to the church of Corinth,
though valuable for its antiquity, is excluded from the canon.

946. EDRED, the successor of Edmund I of England, died of quinsy.

1585. THOMAS TALLIS died; "one of the greatest musicians that England
ever bred."

1610. BERNARD DE GIRARD DE HAILLAN, a French historian, died. His
history reaches from Pharamond to the death of Charles VII, and he was
the first who composed a body of French history in French.

1616. RICHARD HAKLUYT died; famous in English history for his naval
skill. He is author of a collection of voyages and discoveries in 3
vols. folio, and of several other useful works.

1665. VALENTINE GREATBREAKES, an Irishman, appeared in England
announcing his power to cure many diseases by stroking the patient.
Flamstead, the astronomer, is said to have, when young, submitted to his
art.

1679. WILLIAM WILDE, an eminent English lawyer, died. He published
_Yelverton's Reports_, was created baronet, and made a judge of the
common pleas, and afterwards promoted to the king's bench.

1683. A partition line agreed upon by governor Dongan and governor
Treat, between New York and Connecticut, beginning at the mouth of Byam
brook, in the sound, thence running up the brook to the road across the
same, thence in a northerly line into the country, keeping at a distance
of 20 miles from Hudson's river. (See May 14, 1731.)

1709. WILLIAM BENTINCK, earl of Portland, favorite of William III, and
an eminent statesman, died.

1758. Battle of Crefelt; the French under St. Germaine defeated by the
allies under the duke of Brunswick, with the loss of 6,000, among whom
was the count de Gisors. The allies lost 1,500.

1763. ANTHONY FRANCIS D'EXILES, a French writer, died. He was educated
among the Jesuits, but entered the army. He translated Richardson's
novels into French.

1775. The British lieutenant-colonel JOHN CONNELLY captured near
Hagerstown by the Americans, on his way to Detroit with papers and
despatches of great importance.

1794. JOACHIM IBARRA, an eminent Spanish printer, died. He raised the
art of typography to an excellence before unequaled in Spain. As he
never left his country, most of the improvements he introduced were of
his own invention.

1794. Fort St. Fernando de Figueras capitulated to the French; 9,107
prisoners, 171 cannon, and great quantities of ammunition and stores
were taken.

1795. Manheim surrendered to the imperialists under Wurmzer with more
than 10,000 men.

1795. Battle of Geresio, in Italy; the Austrians defeated by the French
under Angereau and Chastel.

1796. Battle of Castella Nuovo, in Italy; the Austrians defeated by the
French under Massena, with the loss of 6,000. This closed the campaign,
Bonaparte having defeated three armies and four generals.

1798. The king of Naples accompanied by the Austrian general Mack and
80,000 men, entered the Romish territories, but were soon compelled to
retreat and act on the defensive.

1804. STEPHEN BORGIA, an Italian cardinal eminent for his piety and
learning, died at Lyons, while attending the pope on his journey to
Paris.

1808. Battle of Tudela, in Spain; the French under Lannes, attacked and
defeated the Spaniards under Castanos.

1812. American privateer Tom, of Baltimore, captured British packet
Townsend. The British captain and 4 men were killed.

1812. The northern army under Gen. Dearborn went into winter quarters at
Plattsburgh, Burlington and Greenbush.

1814. ELBRIDGE GERRY, vice-president of the United States, died at
Washington, aged 70. He was a signer of the declaration of independence,
a member of the congress of 1776, and of the convention which formed the
constitution. He transacted business as usual in the morning, was
attacked about 10 o'clock, and died in 15 minutes.

1833. JEAN BAPTISTE JOURDAN, a celebrated French general of the
revolution, died. In 1794 he conquered Belgium, and in 1796 subdued
Franconia. "Jourdan," said Napoleon at St. Helena, "is a poor general,
but he possessed the virtues rare among his competitors, of honor,
integrity and humanity."

1849. The bones of Col. JOHN DIXWELL, the regicide, were removed from
the grave of the centre churchyard, New Haven, where they were deposited
in 1688, and reinterred with a view to the erection of a monument over
them. The skeleton was in a good state of preservation.

1852. JOHN SERGEANT, an eminent Philadelphia lawyer, died, aged 73. For
more than half a century he was known and honored for his ability and
integrity.


NOVEMBER 24.

30. Eclipse of the sun in Palestine, accompanied by an earthquake, which
overthrew several edifices at Niceas, in Bythinia. By the calculations
of several eminent astronomers, it is demonstrated that this great
eclipse, which is mentioned by Phlegon, and in the Grecian monuments, as
having happened in the 202d Olympiad, took place on this day and year.
Phlegon says, the day was changed into night at the 6th hour (noon), and
the stars were seen. Between Cairo and Jerusalem it was wholly obscured
for about two minutes, and by calculation, it is supposed, the middle of
the eclipse happened at Jerusalem, an hour and fifteen minutes after
noon.

62. AULUS PERSIUS FLACCUS, a Roman satirist, died, aged 28. He was a
native of Etruria, studied at Rome, and imbibed the stoic philosophy of
Cornutus, to whom he bequeathed his library and 25,000 crowns. His
satires, animated and often beautiful, have been translated by several
of the British poets.

1213. The possessions of the knights templars, in England appropriated
by the crown, in obedience to a papal mandate, in trust for the knights
hospitalers. That distinguished order was instituted in 1118, and
consisted originally of nine poor knights, who for _Christ's love_
protected the avenues of his shrine from infidels and robbers.

1230. MATTHEW DE MONTMORENCY, constable of France, died. He
distinguished himself on many important occasions in the field, and
proved himself equally capable as a statesman.

1516. JAMES V'S charter of the town of Maybole, in Ayrshire, Scotland,
bears this date. A room in the Red Lion inn in this town, is shown as
having been that in which John Knox and the abbot Kennedy had the debate
on the mass.

1567. The laird of Airth and the laird of Wemyss met upon the high
street of Edinburgh, with their followers, when a furious encounter took
place, "many being hurte on both sides by shote of pistoll." Three days
afterwards a strict proclamation was issued, forbidding "the wearing of
guns or pistolls, or aney sick like fyerwork ingyne, under ye paine of
death, the king's guards and shouldours only excepted."

1572. JOHN KNOX, the celebrated Scottish reformer, died. He fiercely
inveighed against the established religion, and succeeded in reforming
the doctrines of the church in his country.

1638. Quinnipiack, now New Haven, purchased of Monauguin, sachem of the
country, in consideration of protection from hostile Indians, and a
payment of 12 coats of English cloth, 12 alchymy spoons, 12 hatches, 12
hoes, 2 dozen knives, 12 porringers, and 4 cases of French knives and
scissors.

1675. Tea and coffee houses in London permitted by royal proclamation to
be reopened, on condition that the keepers should prevent sedition, and
the reading of libels in them.

1694. JOHN TILLOTSON, archbishop of Canterbury, died, aged 65. He was a
popular preacher, who exerted himself strenuously against popery, and
was finally elevated to the highest dignity in the church.

1704. LANDAU surrendered to the imperialists after a loss of 4,000 men.

1728. FRANCIS MASCLEF, a French ecclesiastic, died. A difference in
theological opinions from his bishop led to his dismissal. From this
time he devoted himself to study with so much application as to bring on
a disease that hastened his death. His principal work was a Hebrew
grammar, in which he discarded the vowel points, and embodied an
elaborate argument against them.

1732. OTTOMAR ELLIGER, a distinguished Prussian painter, died by
intemperance.

1751. GEORGE GRAHAM, an ingenious watch maker, died. He was not only the
most eminent of his profession, but the best mechanic of his time, and
had a complete knowledge of practical astronomy.

1755. LAWRENCE RICCI, an illustrious Florentine, died. He embraced the
order of the Jesuits, of which he was general at the time of its
suppression; was imprisoned by the pope, and died in confinement.

1758. Pittsburgh evacuated by the French.

1759. Fort Du Quesne, now Pittsburgh, in Pennsylvania, taken by general
Forbes.

1759. One of the most violent eruptions of mount Vesuvius ever known,
which took place without any of the usual preceding symptoms.

1776. THEOPHILUS BORDEN, an eminent French physician, died. He gained
great reputation at Paris, where he published nine medical works.

1789. Assignats, the name given to paper money, first issued in France.

1790. ROBERT HENRY, a Scottish clergyman, died; author of a history of
Great Britain "on a new plan."

1814. Treaty of peace signed at Ghent, between the United States and
Great Britain.

1819. Champlain canal declared to be navigable.

1828. CLARKE ABEL, a medical officer and naturalist, who accompanied the
embassy of lord Amherst to China in 1816, died.

1835. WILLIAM DUANE died at Philadelphia; many years editor of the
_Aurora_, one of the most able and distinguished papers which supported
Mr. Jefferson and his measures.

1848. Pope PIUS IX, after a week's imprisonment in his palace, escaped
in disguise to Mola di Geta.

1852. WALTER FORWARD, an eminent American statesman, died at Pittsburgh,
aged 66. He was a native of Connecticut, but achieved his reputation at
the west.

1854. The steamer Ocean, from Boston, for the Kennebec, came in
collision in Boston harbor, with the Atlantic steamer Canada, took fire
and was destroyed.

1855. LOUIS MATTHIEU, count Mole, formerly prime minister of Louis
Philippe, died, aged 75. His abilities attracted the attention of
Napoleon, and he filled various offices under the different rulers of
France till his decease.


NOVEMBER 25.

165 B. C. Feast during eight days, commencing on the 25th of the Hebrew
month Casleu, of the dedication of the temple, repaired and purified by
the care of Judas Macabæus, being the anniversary of its profanation
three years before by the order of Antiochus Epiphanes.

1185. LUCIUS III (_Humbaldo Allineigoli_), pope, died. He was twice
compelled to fly from Rome to avoid the popular tumult. He established,
with the countenance of the emperor Frederick, constitutions for the
punishment of heretics, which may be considered as the origin of the
inquisition.

1542. Battle of Solway Moss; the Scottish army under Sinclair defeated
by an inferior force of English under Dacres and Musgrave.

1547. HENRY II, of France, caused the following to be proclaimed: "We
forbid all booksellers, printers, &c., under pain of confiscation, to
print any book relating to the holy scriptures."

1560. ANDREW DORIA, the famous Genoese admiral, died. He distinguished
himself in the service of several Italian princes, and finally achieved
the liberty of his own country, of which he refused to accept the
sovereignty.

1624. RICHARD CRACKANTHORP, an eloquent English preacher, died. He was
also an author of merit.

1626. EDWARD ALLEYN died; an actor of great reputation in the reigns of
Elizabeth and James I, and founder of Dulwich college.

1651. HENRY IRETON, a republican general in the English civil war, died.
He possessed great abilities and uncommon valor, and deserved the
friendship of Cromwell, whose daughter he married. He died at the siege
of Limerick, and was buried with great pomp in Westminster abbey; but at
the restoration was dug up and exposed on Tyburn gibbet with Cromwell
and Bradshaw.

1687. NICHOLAS STENO, an eminent Danish anatomist, died.

1694. ISMAEL BULLIALDUS, an astronomer of the isle of France, died.

1748. ISAAC WATTS, an English dissenting divine, died; author of several
valuable works on subjects of divinity, and whose hymns and poetical
version of the psalms are still in general use.

1758. Fort du Quesne taken by the British and provincial army, 8,000
men, under general Forbes; the French garrison, deserted by the Indians,
being unequal to its maintenance. In compliment to the popular minister,
William Pitt, it was named Pittsburgh, and has become an important place
at the head of the Ohio.

1759. Battle of Chinchura, in the East Indies; the Dutch defeated by the
British under colonel Forde.

1760. Tripoli nearly destroyed by an earthquake, shocks of which had
continued nearly a month. Balbec was entirely ruined.

1766. ZACHARY GREY, an English scholar and divine, died. He was the
author of thirty publications, the best known of which is an edition of
_Hudibras_, with curious and interesting notes.

1770. PHILIP MORANT died; a learned and indefatigable English antiquary
and biographer.

1774. HENRY BAKER, an ingenious English naturalist, died, aged 70.

1775. EUSEBIUS AMORT died; a distinguished Bavarian ecclesiastical and
theological writer.

1780. NAPHTALI DAGGETT, fifth president of Yale college, died. He had
previously been professor of divinity; was a good classical scholar and
a learned divine.

1783. New York evacuated by the British. The Americans under general
Knox took possession of it, and received general Washington and governor
Clinton, who made a public entry into it.

1785. RICHARD GLOVER, an English poet, died. He was a merchant by
profession, who made a proficiency in the belles lettres; and acquired
an enviable reputation as a citizen.

1785. CHARLES DE MAUR, an eminent Spanish mathematician and engineer,
died. He was employed in the army, and in the construction of canals and
roads.

1789. A Jamaica paper of this date states, that 2,300 negroes had been
imported into that island from Africa within the four weeks then
preceding.

1792. Battle of Liege; the Austrians under Staray defeated by the French
under Dumourier, and compelled to cross the river.

1795. STANISLAUS PONIATOWSKI, king of Poland, deposed by Catharine of
Russia. He resigned his crown at Grodno, and was permitted to retire
into Russia, where he died three years after.

1816. The new theatre, Philadelphia, illuminated with gas lights, under
the direction of Dr. Kugler, being the first theatre on this continent
thus illuminated.

1833. NICHOLAS ESTERHAZY died; prince of Este, field marshal and privy
counselor of the emperor of Austria. He was at one time one of the
richest subjects in Europe. The choice Tokay wine is made from his
fruitful principality, upon whose estates were the largest flocks of
sheep in Europe.

1835. ROBERT GOODACRE, a distinguished English lecturer on astronomy,
died.

1837. St. Charles, in Canada, taken from the _patriots_ by the British
troops. The Canadian force consisted of between 3 and 4,000; their loss
was 200 killed, 300 wounded and 30 taken prisoners.

1840. A negro woman, in Virginia, gave birth to a lusus naturæ, in the
shape of a child with two heads, four arms and two chests; but from the
umbilicus downwards, the formation was that of a single child; it did
not survive. A living and perfect child was born at the same time.

1851. Battle at Cerralvo; between Carvajal, with 350 men, and Jarregui,
the Mexican general, with 320 men and 2 pieces of artillery. Jarregui
was driven with loss into a storehouse, which he held until aid arrived,
and Carvajal's troops were dispersed.

1852. The canton of Ticino, in Switzerland, suppressed the order of
Capuchin monks, and expelled all of that order under 65 years of age.

1853. J. W. GUNNISON, an eminent United States topographical engineer,
was killed by a party of Utah Indians, while engaged in the survey of a
route across to the Pacific.

1854. JOHN GIBSON LOCKHART, an eminent Scottish author, died at
Abbotsford, aged 59. He succeeded Gifford as editor of the _Quarterly
Review_ in 1829, but is best known by his _Life of Walter Scott_.

1854. JOHN KITTO, author of many valuable works on Biblical literature,
died at Stuttgart, aged 50.

1855. Admiral BRUAT, a noted French naval officer, died on board ship,
aged 59. He had been governor of the French establishments in Oceanica,
and was sent as commander of the French fleet in the Black sea.

1855. A revolution at Montevideo which lasted four days, in which 100
persons were killed, and many wounded.

1855. The town of Kars, after a siege of seven months, its garrison
being reduced to extremities, surrendered to the Russians on honorable
terms.


NOVEMBER 26.

380. GREGORY NAZIANZEN installed in the see of Constantinople, by the
hand of Theodosius, upon the removal of Demophilus, and the fall of
Arianism in the East soon followed.

1120. Prince WILLIAM, with Richard and Mary, children of Henry I, of
England, with attendants and others, to the number of 180, wrecked in
coming from Normandy, after which the king was never seen to laugh.

1504. ISABELLA, queen of Castile, died. Her reign was remarkable for the
conquest of Grenada from the Moors and the discovery of America; but was
disgraced by the introduction of the inquisition.

1678. STALEY, a catholic goldsmith, executed at Tyburn, London, for
saying, as testified by a Scotchman, "Here's the hand that will kill the
king."

1703. The great storm in England, the most violent on record. The
Eddystone lighthouse was thrown down; 13 men-of-war and 1,500 seamen
perished, with the admiral, Beaumont; bishop Kidder and a great number
of persons were killed; and an immense number of animals, and a great
amount of property destroyed.

1719. JOHN HUDSON died; an eminent English critic and keeper of the
Bodleian library.

1763. ROBERT BOLTON, an English puritan, died; distinguished for his
learning and eloquence, and the excellence of his writings.

1780. JEROME DAVID GAUBIUS died; a German professor of medicine, and
lecturer on botany and chemistry.

1793. The French republican calendar was first used, but discontinued
31st Dec., 1805. The decade was seldom used in dates.

1799. JOSEPH BLACK, a celebrated Scottish chemist, died. He was
professor of chemistry in the university of Edinburgh, and made
important discoveries in that science.

1807. OLIVER ELLSWORTH, chief justice of the United States, died.

1812. Battle of Staroy-Borizoff, in Russia; a most sanguinary conflict,
in which the French were defeated with great slaughter, after a conflict
of four hours; 8,000 prisoners and a vast quantity of baggage were
captured by the Russians; but the greatest trophy was two whole
regiments of Saxon cavalry, fresh, and in excellent order.

1817. First newspaper in Wayne county issued.

1818. Field marshal COLLOREDO, Austrian minister of state, and
director-general of artillery, died at Vienna, aged 84.

1826. JOHN NICHOLS, printer and editor of the _Gentleman's Magazine_,
died at London.

1827. JOSE ALVAREZ, a famous Spanish sculptor, died at Madrid.

1829. BUSHROD WASHINGTON died; one of the judges of the supreme court of
the United States.

1829. Great inundation of the Nile began, by which 30,000 persons
perished.

1836. JOHN LOUDON MCADAM, died in Scotland, aged 80; the celebrated
introducer of the system of road making which bears his name. He was 60
years of age when he commenced his public career as a reformer of roads;
yet he became so great a benefactor that the British government made him
a grant of nearly $50,000.

1842. ROBERT SMITH, a cabinet minister under presidents Jefferson and
Madison, died at Baltimore, aged 85.

1851. PREISSNITZ, founder of the system of hydropathy, died at
Graefenberg, in Bavaria, aged 52.

1851. Marshal SOULT, duke of Dalmatia, died in France, aged 82;
terminating a long public career, both military and civil.

1852. An earthquake greatly damaged the city of St. Jago de Cuba.

1852. At Stafford house, in London, some English ladies, headed by the
duchess of Sutherland, adopted an address to the women of America on the
subject of negro slavery, which subsequently received 576,000
signatures.


NOVEMBER 27.

226 B. C. A solemn annual feast instituted at Rome, derived from the
barbarians, when two Greeks and two Gauls, one of either sex, were
inhumed alive, in the ox-market. It was instituted upon the invasion of
the Boian Gauls, in order to _fulfill_ a sybilline prophecy, that those
terrible nations should one day be masters of the capitol. At this
period the city inrolled 770,000 infantry.

222 B. C. MARCELLUS carried off the _spoils_ of Viridomarus, which is
the last single handed triumph.

8 B. C. QUINTUS HORATIUS FLACCUS (_Horace_), an ancient lyric and
satiric poet, died. He became the friend of Augustus, who offered him
preferments, but he had the greatness of mind to refuse them all, and
lived in retirement and study, free from the noise and hurry of
ambition.

602. MAURITIUS TIBERIUS, emperor of Rome, died. He was a Cappadocian,
distinguished himself at the head of the Roman armies, and was made
emperor. But though valiant and successful, he was defeated by his own
general Phocas, and put to death, together with his five sons.

1520. The Castilian insurgents under De Acuna, consisting of priests and
men in holy orders, offered the royalists battle at Rio Seco; but the
latter sued for terms, which not being accepted, the royalists struck a
blow which turned the scale of fortune in their favor.

1520. FERNANDO MAGALHAENS entered the Pacific ocean, through the straits
which bear his name. He navigated its waters three months and twenty
days without finding an island; but during this course he enjoyed
continuous fair weather, with such favorable winds, that he bestowed on
the ocean the name of Pacific, which it still bears.

1627. The fall of a luminous stone or meteorolite, weighing 57 pounds,
on Mt. Voisin, in Province, under a clear sky, observed by Gassendi.

1630. Great earthquake at Peru.

1666. Battle of Pentland hills, in which the persecuted covenanters were
defeated by the king's troops.

1707. FITZ JOHN WINTHROP, governor of Connecticut, died. He was
distinguished for his knowledge in philosophy and his skill in politics,
and took a conspicuous part in the affairs of the colonies, both in
peace and war.

1710. The British general Stanhope surprised at Briheuga, and compelled
to surrender to the Spaniards with 2,000 men.

1714. Several persons tried for insulting the dissenters and breaking
their windows at Bristol. This seemed to be an omen of the dawn of a
more liberal day.

1754. ABRAHAM DEMOIVRE, a noted French mathematician, died. His
abilities were so highly admired by the Royal society of London that
they judged him a fit person to decide the famous contest between Newton
and Leibnitz.

1778. General WASHINGTON broke up his camp and marched to Middlebrook,
to go into winter quarters. The British expedition against Georgia,
under colonel Campbell, 2,500 troops, sailed from Sandy Hook on the same
day, escorted by a squadron under sir Hyde Parker.

1779. THOMAS, lord Lyttleton, a statesman of some merit, died in his
36th year. It is storied of him, that three days previous to his death a
ghost admonished him that it would happen.

1781. Sortie from the garrison of Gibraltar, at 2 P. M., under Gen.
Ross. They took and destroyed two mortar and three heavy cannon
batteries, blew up several Spanish magazines, and returned before
daylight with the loss of 4 killed, having destroyed property estimated
at three millions.

1788. THOMAS HARMER died; an eminent English dissenting divine, and
critical writer on Biblical literature.

1792. The national convention of France erected the duchy of Savoy into
an 84th department of the French republic.

1807. The royal family of Portugal to avoid being made prisoners by Gen.
Junot, who was approaching their capital, embarked at the mouth of the
Tagus for Brazil.

1811. GASPAR MELCHIOR DE JOVELLANOS died; one of the most distinguished
Spaniards of modern times, both as a statesman and a writer. The
wretched state of the Spanish book trade does not allow a complete
collection of his works to appear.

1812. Battle of Berezina; the Russian general Wittgenstein forced the
French across the river, who were killed and drowned in great numbers in
their flight. It is scarcely possible to calculate the loss of the
French on this occasion. Cannon, bayonets, fire and water contributed to
their destruction. A vast quantity of booty from Moscow fell into the
hands of the Russians.

1812. British frigate Southampton, Capt. Yeo, and her prize the U. S.
brig Vixen, totally lost on a reef of rocks 9 miles from the island of
Conception. The officers and crews of both vessels were saved.

1812. A detachment of United States troops in ten boats made a
successful attack upon the batteries opposite Black Rock, in Canada,
spiked the cannon, and returned.

1814. Unsuccessful attack of the British on fort Kalunga, in the East
Indies. British loss about 500.

1827. Eruption of the mud volcano of Jokmali, on the Caspian sea. The
flames burst forth and blazed up to an extraordinary height for a period
of three hours, so as to be seen at the distance of six German miles (31
Eng. ?), after which they scarcely rose three feet above the crater
which discharged the mud.

1836. ANTOINE CHARLES HORACE VERNET died at Paris. He has produced some
of the best paintings of the age. That of the battle of Fontenoy is much
admired.

1838. The castle of San Juan de Ulloa at Vera Cruz, Mexico, taken by a
French naval force. The castle was reputed a very strong one, but was
taken after a bombardment of 5 hours. The French lost 4 men killed; loss
of the Mexicans upwards of 400.

1843. SUSAN JOHNSTON, widow of the late John Johnston, Esq., of Ireland,
died at Sault St. Marie. She was daughter of Wabojeeg, chief of the
Chippewa nation.

1850. HARDIN BIGELOW, mayor of Sacramento, died of cholera. He had
distinguished himself by his vigor and bravery in quelling the squatter
riots in Sacramento, and in enforcing the laws, by which he was wounded,
and lost an arm.

1852. ADA AUGUSTA, countess of Lovelace, and daughter of Byron, died,
aged 37. Her tastes turned to metaphysics and mathematics.

1855. ROBERT BUNYAN died at Lincoln, England, aged 80; the last male
descendant in a direct line from the author of _Pilgrim's Progress_.

1856. H. TOLLENS, the great national poet of Holland, died at Ryswick,
aged 77. His poetry, remarkable for its ardent patriotism, enjoyed
extraordinary popularity among all classes of his countrymen.


NOVEMBER 28.

411. FLAVIUS JULIUS CONSTANTINE put to death by order of Constantius. He
was a private Roman soldier, who invested himself with the imperial
purple in Britain, and added Gaul and Spain to his dominions.

741. GREGORY III, pope, died. He was a charitable but magnificent
pontiff, who added great splendor to the holy see.

1285. PETER III, king of Arragon, died. He is notorious for the massacre
of the French in the island of Sicily, called the _Sicilian Vespers_, by
which he became master of the kingdom.

1443. Revolt of Scanderbeg from the Turkish power, holding the standard
of his native mountains.

1499. EDWARD PLANTAGENET, earl of Warwick, beheaded.

1523. Election of CLEMENT VII (_Julius de Medici_), to the
disappointment and deep resentment of cardinal Wolsey; an event which
had its weight in the establishment of the English reformation.

1631. EDMUND RICHER, an eminent French theological writer, died. He
possessed great powers of mind, and a lively imagination; but his
writings became obnoxious to the pope's legate, and drew on him
persecution.

1655. Peace between England and France proclaimed.

1680. GIOVANNI LORENZO BERNINI died; an Italian famous for his skill in
painting, sculpture, architecture and mechanics. He left a large fortune
and was buried with great magnificence.

1708. ANTHONY VANDALE died; an eminent Dutch physician and critic.

1776. WASHINGTON retreated across the Passaic before Cornwallis. The
diminution of the American army by the departure of those whose terms of
service had expired, encouraged the British to pursue the remaining
force with the prospect of annihilating it. The pursuit was urged with
so much rapidity, that the rear of the army, pulling down bridges, was
often within sight and shot of the van of the other, building them up.

1778. EDWARD ROWE MORES, an able English antiquary, died.

1782. Edict of the emperor JOSEPH II, absolving religious orders in the
Low Countries from all foreign dependence whatever.

1785. WILLIAM WHIPPLE, one of the signers, died. He was a native of New
Hampshire, and employed several years in commercial voyages. In 1775 he
was a representative from Portsmouth, and in 1777 was placed at the head
of a brigade raised to oppose Burgoyne, which he commanded at the battle
of Saratoga.

1789. The iron, lead and woodwork of the Bastile were sold at Paris by
auction.

1794. FREDERICK WILLIAM AUGUSTUS, baron Steuben, died at Steubenville,
N. Y., aged 61. He came to America from France in 1777, and joined the
revolutionary army. His sound judgment and experience, attained in the
army of Frederick the Great, was of incalculable advantage to the
Americans in establishing discipline and a uniform system of manoeuvres.

1799. KIEN LONG, emperor of China, died, aged 90. He received addresses
from Voltaire and Peter Pindar.

1800. MATTHEW YOUNG, an Irish bishop and mathematician, died.

1801. DEODAT GUY SILVAIN TANCREDE DE DOLOMIEU, an eminent French
geologist, died, of a disease taken during an imprisonment. He was
indefatigable in the pursuit of his favorite science.

1806. The French under Murat entered Warsaw, the capital of ancient
Poland, which had been overawed by the Russian soldiery, kept there for
the purpose.

1812. LOGAN, the Mingo chief, died; so well known by his misfortunes.

1812. Battle of Tchatchovo; the Russians again defeated the French on
the left bank of the Berezina. This was the last battle of consequence
in Russia. Bonaparte fled the field, and was no more seen in any
conflict during this campaign. His army was reduced to a wretched band
of the shadows of men.

1818. ANN DAWSON died at Harrowgate, England, aged 161.

1825. MAXIMILIAN SEBASTIAN FOY, a distinguished French officer and
orator, died. His funeral was attended by thousands of his countrymen,
and a monument erected to his memory.

1828. MILLER RITCHIE, justly considered the father of fine English
printing, died.

1840. London enveloped in dense fog, which arrested business in the city
and on the river. Serious accidents and loss of life occurred. Such an
event had not occurred before in 20 years; it was impossible to find the
way along the streets without lighted flambeaux.

1849. THOMAS H. BLAKE, an early settler at Terre Haute, Ind., and a
distinguished American statesman, died.


NOVEMBER 29.

92. AGRIPPA observed at Bethynia a conjunction of the moon with the
Pleiades about 7 o'clock in the evening.

511. CLOVIS, the conqueror of Gaul and the real founder of the French
monarchy, died. He fixed the royal residence at Lusatia, the modern
Paris, which was originally situated on the isle of France, in the
Seine.

1268. CLEMENT IV (_Guy de Foulques_), pope, died. He was a Frenchman, of
great moderation, prudence and impartiality.

1290. ELEANOR, queen of England, died. She was a Castilian princess,
characterized as pious, prudent and charitable, elegant in her person,
and gentle in her manners.

1314. PHILIP IV (_the Fair_), of France, died. He engaged in a long and
bloody war with England, Germany and Flanders, and in a single
engagement with the latter 25,000 of his enemies were slain.

1330. RODGER MORTIMER, earl of March, hanged near London. He was engaged
as a principal actor in a complicated scene of guilt with Isabella queen
of Edward II.

1378. CHARLES IV, emperor of Germany, died. His reign is famous for the
_golden bull_, enacted by the diet of Nuremberg. He founded the
university of Prague, and deserves the respect of the learned for the
patronage he extended to literature.

1526. JOHN DE MEDICIS died, aged 28; a warrior in the service of Francis
I of France, and surnamed the invincible.

1530. THOMAS WOLSEY, an English cardinal, died in disgrace. From a
butcher's boy he rose to be archbishop of York, and prime minister of
England. He even aspired to the popedom. At the height of his fortune he
had in his retinue 800 servants, among whom were ten lords, fifteen
knights and forty esquires. His expenses exceeded the revenues of the
crown. All this he owed to the capricious favor of the king, Henry VIII,
who suddenly stripped him of all his possessions.

1599. CHRISTOPHER BARKER, printer to queen Elizabeth, died at Windsor.
His books were specimens of good workmanship of that time.

1632. The king of Bohemia died; on whose youngest daughter, Sophia, by
Elizabeth, sister of Charles I, and her issue, the crown of England was
finally settled.

1643. WILLIAM CARTWRIGHT, an English dramatic poet, died.

1652. The Dutch fleet under Van Tromp defeated the English, and Van
Tromp sailed through the channel with a broom at the mast head.

1661. BRIAN WALTON, an English bishop, died; editor of the Polyglot
Bible, in 6 vols.

1662. Count D'ESTRADES took possession of Dunkirk, purchased by the
French king of Charles II of England.

1682. Prince RUPERT, son of Frederick, king of Bohemia, died. He
acquired military fame in the English civil war, but is better known for
his discoveries in the arts and sciences. He invented what is called
after him prince's metal, and discovered the art of engraving in
mezzotint.

1694. MARCELLO MALPIGHI, an Italian physician, died. His discoveries in
anatomy were curious and important. By his delicate dissections he found
out the lobules of the liver, and the nature of the formation and
mechanism of the kidneys, and of the veins and heart.

1695. ANTHONY WOOD, a famous English antiquary, died.

1710. Battle of Villa Visciosa; the left wing of the allies under
Staremberg defeated by the French and Spaniards under the duke de
Vendome; but the victors instead of following the blow began to plunder
the baggage; Staremberg with his right wing fought their left with such
valor and perseverance till night, that they retired in disorder with
the loss of 6000 killed, leaving him master of the field and all their
artillery.

1732. The city of Aveline and nearly all of the city of Oriano, in
Naples, destroyed by an earthquake.

1759. WILLIAM DICKINS died at Kysoe, England. His life is remarkable for
a single feat. While engaged in building the spire of a church, he fell
from the height of 132 feet. In his descent he struck the battlements
with such force as to fracture his leg and foot severely, and bring part
of the stone work to the ground with him. He sustained so little injury
in other respects, that he was soon enabled to reascend and finish his
work. He lived 40 years afterwards.

1775. Captain MANLY, of Marblehead, in a privateer, took an ordnance
brig from Woolwich containing a large brass mortar, several pieces of
fine brass cannon, a large quantity of small arms and ammunition, with
all kinds of tools, utensils and machines necessary for camps and
artillery; and a few days after three ships from London, Glasgow and
Liverpool, with various stores for the British army.

1780. MARIA THERESA, archduchess of Austria, queen of Hungary, and
empress of Germany, died. She will ever rank high among illustrious
women, and among those sovereigns who have been the benefactors of
mankind.

1781. The British evacuated Dorchester on the approach of the Americans
under general Greene; by which all the rice plantations between the
Edisto and Ashley rivers were saved to the Americans.

1792. DAVID DALRYMPLE, lord Hailes, died. He was noted for his knowledge
of law, and as an antiquarian, and was intimate with the most eminent
men of the age.

1793. ANTHONY PETER JOSEPH MARIE DE BARNAVE, a French avocat,
guillotined. He displayed great eloquence and strong powers of mind in
the national assembly; but failing to keep pace with the terrorists, was
imprisoned fifteen months, and finally brought to the block.

1793. M. F. DUPORT DU TERTRE guillotined at Paris; a modest and studious
man, whose philosophical ideas led him to declare in favor of the
revolution, in which he always displayed great moderation.

1793. The Austrians under Wurmzer defeated the French with great
slaughter, and drove them beyond Strasburg. Loss of the French estimated
at 15,000.

1793. Battle near Lautern; the duke of Brunswick defeated the French in
two attacks, with great slaughter.

1794. CAESAR BONESANA BECCARIA, an Italian philosopher, died. He
published a treatise on crimes and punishments, which became a popular
work, and was translated into various languages.

1802. Ohio admitted into the Union.

1807. The royal family and court of Portugal emigrated to Brazil, on the
invasion of the Portuguese kingdom by the French.

1812. British schooner Subtle, in chase of the American privateer
Favorite, upset in a squall, and sunk before the Favorite could come to
her assistance. All the crew perished.

1812. The American troops, 1400, embarked for the invasion of Canada
under general Smyth.

1812. Battle of Autosse, between 950 Georgia militia and about 400
friendly Indians and a body of Creek Indians. The Creeks were defeated
with the loss of 200 killed, among whom was the Autosse and Talisse
kings.

1813. GIAMBATTISTA BODONI, a celebrated Italian printer, died. He was
placed at the head of an establishment at Parma, in 1766, which he made
the first of the kind in Europe, and gained the reputation of having
surpassed all the splendid and beautiful productions of his predecessors
in the art.

1814. The first newspaper printed by steam power. This was the _Times_,
of London. The machine was the invention of a Saxon by the name of
König, and printed at the rate of 1100 papers per hour.

1830. Revolt of Poland commenced at Warsaw, in consequence of the severe
and insulting conduct of the grand duke Constantine. The insurrection
extended quickly through the country, and into Lithuania and other parts
of ancient Poland.

1842. EDMUND HAWLEY died at Hawley, Mass., aged 96. He erected the first
frame house in that town (then called No. 7), was a soldier of the
revolution, and a justice of the peace for more than 50 years.

1847. The presbyterian mission station of Wallah Wallah valley, in
Oregon, assaulted by Indians and several of the missionaries slain.


NOVEMBER 30.

406 B. C. EURIPIDES, the Greek tragic poet, died at Barmiscus, in
Macedonia. He wrote 92 tragedies which were greatly esteemed, but of
which only 19 are extant.

69. ANDREW, one of the apostles, suffered martyrdom at Patræ in Achaia,
upon the cross. He is the patron saint of Scotland.

1016. EDMUND II (_Ironside_), king of England, assassinated.

1093. MALCOLM III, king of Scots, who was the son of the gracious Duncan
immortalized by Shakspeare in Macbeth, was slain in his 70th year.

1292. JOHN BALIOL crowned king of Scotland at Scone, after swearing
fealty to the king of England.

1603. WILLIAM GILBERT, a learned English physician, died. He discovered
some of the properties of the loadstone.

1654. JOHN SELDEN died; an English antiquary, historian and law writer,
of most extensive learning.

1672. The English East India company lost the island of St. Helena; the
Dutch taking it.

1700. Battle of Narva; the Russians under Peter the great defeated by
the Swedes under Charles XII. The forces of the two armies were unequal;
that of the Russians differently stated from 80 to 100,000, while that
of the Swedes varies from 8 to 20,000. Charles had a horse killed under
him, and was struck in the neck by a ball.

1718. CHARLES XII, king of Sweden, killed by a musket shot while
attacking one of the forts in Frederickshall, Norway.

1733. In consequence of a vast exportation of grain from England,
freights nearly doubled and the price of wheat rose in some places to
four shillings per bushel.

1750. The nunneries of Begging Friars suppressed in Ireland by the pope
for vile and disorderly practices.

1750. MAURICE of Saxe, marshal of France, died.

1751. NICHOLAS BOINDIN, a French dramatist, died. He left the pursuit of
arms for that of literature, and became celebrated for his comedies.

1761. JOHN DOLLOND died; an eminent English optician, and inventor of
the achromatic telescope.

1781. THEODORE TRONCHIN, an eminent physician of Geneva, died. He was
the pupil of Boerhaave, and the author of several medical works.

1782. Preliminary articles of peace signed at Paris between England and
America.

1793. Treaty between the United States and the Creek Indians.

1793. JEAN PIERRE BRISSOT guillotined; a very eminent Welch writer on
philosophy, politics and legislation.

1793. WILLIAM LEWIS died in the act of drinking a cup of French ale,
called a _tumbler maur_. He made it a rule to read a certain number of
chapters in the Bible in the morning, and to drink eight gallons of ale
in the evening. He weighed 40 stone, and his bulk was enormous. A
machine in the form of a crane was constructed to hoist him on the
carriage, and to let him into his grave. He had drank beer enough in his
day to float a 74 gun ship.

1801. JOSEPH FRANCIS MAURICE DE LASCY, a Russian officer in the service
of Austria, died. He gradually rose to a high rank by his talents
displayed at several important battles.

1803. French port of St. Domingo evacuated by capitulation; the French
under Rochambeau went as prisoners of war on board the British squadron,
and the black prince Dessalines took possession. Almost all the whites
that remained were massacred.

1811. British ship Rover captured French corvette Le Compte Reginaud, 14
guns, with a valuable cargo of sugar, coffee and spices. She had before
belonged to the British navy.

1812. HARRIET NEWELL, an American missionary, died at the Isle of
France. She was a woman of great excellence of character, who was the
means of greatly exciting and extending the missionary spirit.

1813. The hereditary stadtholder of Holland arrived at the Hague from
England to assume the sovereignty of the country.

1815. Fall of meteoric stones at the village of Chassigny, near Langres.

1828. JOHN BELL, a distinguished citizen of New Hampshire, died. He was
a leading member of the senate during the revolutionary war, and
possessed great judgment, decision and integrity.

1830. The two LANDERS in descending the Niger, reached the sea,
completing the discovery of that river; having ascertained that the
Benin, the Nun and the New Calabar rivers, are all mouths of the great
river Niger, with a direct communication with the Tschad lake.

1833. GWYLLYM LLOYD WARDLE, an English statesman, died at Florence. He
obtained great notoriety for his successful motion in the British
parliament in 1809 for inquiring into the conduct of the duke of York as
commander-in-chief.

1833. WILLIAM MACLEOD BANNATYNE died, aged 90; a celebrated Scottish
justice, one of the contributors to the _Mirror_ and _Lounger_, and the
last survivor of that phalanx of genius which shed a brilliant lustre on
the periodical literature of Scotland near the close of the 18th
century.

1838. Battle of Tampico; the Mexicans under general Piedra defeated by
the federalists under general Urrea, with the loss of 500.

1848. Major JOHN ROBERTS died. He served in the revolutionary war, and
negotiated the exchange of prisoners obtained by the convention of
Saratoga, 1777.

1850. SERENO EDWARDS DWIGHT, a noted New England preacher, died, aged
65. He published a life of Edwards, whose works he edited.

1853. ANSON G. PHELPS, a prominent, wealthy and benevolent merchant,
died in New York, aged 74.

1853. Battle at Sinope; the Turkish squadron, consisting of 3 frigates,
2 steamers and some transports, was destroyed by the Russians; 5000
Turks were killed, and Osman Pasha was taken prisoner.

1856. HENDERSON YOAKEM, the historian of Texas, died at Houston, aged
46. He possessed a high order of legal attainments.




DECEMBER.


DECEMBER 1.

627. Battle of Nineveh; the Romans under Heraclius defeated the Persians
after a contest from daylight to the eleventh hour; 28 standards were
wrenched from the hands of the conquered, and the cities and palaces of
Assyria were opened for the first time to the Romans.

801. ALCUIN, preceptor of Charlemagne, presented his illustrious pupil
with a magnificent folio Bible, bound in velvet, the leaves of vellum,
and the writing in double columns, and containing 449 leaves. Prefixed
is a richly ornamented frontispiece, in gold and colors. It is enriched
with four large paintings exhibiting the state of the art at this early
period; there are moreover thirty-four large initial letters, painted in
gold and colors, and containing seals, historical allusions, and
emblematical devices, besides some smaller painted capitals. (See April
27th, 1836.)

1135. HENRY I, king of England, died of a surfeit of lampreys. He is
characterized as wise and valiant, and ranks among the most accomplished
of the English kings.

1252. BLANCHE, (_of Castile_,) queen of France, died. She married Lewis
VIII of France, after whose death she was regent of the kingdom during
the minority of her son, and governed with spirit and ability.

1521. LEO X (_John de Medicis_), pope, died. He was the patron of
learning and learned men; but is to be remembered as the cause of the
reformation, in attempting to raise money by an unlimited sale of
indulgencies.

1581. EDMUND CAMPRIAN executed. He was a learned English writer, who
became a Roman catholic, and was hanged with three others for aiding the
cause of the pope, and drawn and quartered.

1640. MICHAEL VASCONCELLOS, a Portuguese statesman devoted to the
interests of Spain, was murdered during a political convulsion, and his
body treated with ignominy.

1640. Portugal, of which Philip II of Spain had made himself master in
1580, became an independent kingdom by a revolution, which placed John,
duke of Braganza, on the throne.

1666. JAMES WARE died, a celebrated antiquary and historian, of Ireland.

1722. ANNA LOUISA KARSCHIN, a German poetess, born. She was deprived of
almost every literary advantage by the peculiar circumstances under
which she was placed, until she attracted the attention of some
influential persons, who published some of her poems. She acquired the
title of the _German Sappho_, and died in October, 1791.

1723. SUSANNAH CENTLIVRE, author of several English dramas, died. She
was born in Ireland, and becoming an orphan at an early age, set out for
London on foot. Her adventures were romantic. Several of her dramas
still keep possession of the stage.

1750. A wager was decided at Malden, England, that five men could be
buttoned within the waistcoat of a person who had died a short time
previous, without breaking a stitch or straining a button. Upon trial,
the five persons were buttoned into the waistcoat, and two more with
them. The person who wore it died at the age of twenty-nine, and weighed
at the time of his death 646 pounds, and notwithstanding his corpulency,
he was remarkably agile. There is a print representing the ludicrous
appearance of the seven persons buttoned up in the vest.

1775. General MONTGOMERY, having sent several small detachments into the
country to strengthen his interest with the Canadians, proceeded with
the residue to Point aux Trembles, where he joined Arnold and marched
directly upon Quebec.

1783. M. CHARLES, having made some improvements on balloons, ascended at
Paris in one filled with inflammable air, the first which had been so
filled. He ascended to the height of 9,000 feet. His predecessors had
only reached a few hundred feet.

1787. The people at Worcester, England, rioted under the apprehension,
that machines were to be introduced for spinning cotton.

1789. General WASHINGTON addressed a diplomatic letter from New York to
his _great and magnanimous friend_ Sidi Mohammed, emperor of Morocco,
inclosing a copy of the new American constitution.

1793. The commune of Paris ordered all the churches to be closed. But
the act exciting general abhorrence was soon repealed.

1795. Battle of Mainz; the Austrians under Clairfait attacked and
carried the French entrenchments, took 106 cannon, 200 ammunition wagons
and 2000 prisoners.

1795. Kreutznach carried by storm twice by the French under Pichegru,
who was at length obliged to retire by the Austrians.

1795. At Lauterbach two whole battalions of French were cut to pieces by
the Austrians.

1797. OLIVER WOLCOTT, governor of Connecticut, died, aged 71. He was one
of the signers of the declaration of independence, for which he was a
bold advocate, and was in the army of general Gates at the surrender of
Burgoyne. He was remarkable for intrepidity, integrity, strong and bold
conceptions, and great decision of character.

1803. THOMAS ASTLE, an eminent English antiquary, died.

1808. Battle of the Samo-Sierra, a narrow pass which the Spaniards had
fortified with 12,000 men and 16 pieces of cannon, which completely
swept the road leading to Madrid. The French began the attack at
daybreak. Three battalions scattered themselves over the opposite sides
of the defiles and a warm skirmishing fire commenced. At this moment
Bonaparte came up. He rode into the mouth of the pass, surveyed the
scene for a moment, and perceiving that his infantry were making no
progress, at once conceived the daring idea of causing his Polish
lancers to charge right up the causeway in face of the battery. The
smoke of the skirmishers on the hill sides mingled with the thick fogs
and vapors of the morning, and under this veil the brave Krazinski led
his troopers fearlessly up the ascent. The Spanish infantry fired as
they passed them, threw down their arms, abandoned their guns and fled.

1814. Action between American privateer schooner Kemp, of Baltimore, and
9 British merchantmen, several of which were captured.

1814. GILLIS MCKERHNIE died at Gourock, Scotland, aged 104, supposed to
be the last of the warriors that fought with prince Charles in 1754.

1825. ALEXANDER PAULOWITZ, emperor of Russia, died at Taganrog. His
efforts to improve his country and people were unceasing and most
extensive. It was during his reign that Russia was invaded by the most
formidable army ever assembled in Europe, but which in a few months
returned in the most wretched defeat ever known.

1840. Battle of Kotriah, in Scinde, between 4,000 Beloochees, posted
among the hills, and commanded by Nusser Khan, and 900 Sepoys with 2
field pieces, under lieutenant colonel Marshall. Of the former 500 were
slain, and 6 chiefs and 132 followers captured.

1848. Hungary declared itself an independent republic.

1849. EBENEZER ELLIOTT, called the _corn law rhymer_, died in England.

1852. The French senate went in a body to St. Cloud to announce
officially to Louis Napoleon the result of the election, and to hail him
as emperor.


DECEMBER 2.

1469. PIETRO DE MEDICI, governor of Florence, died, aged 53. He was of
weak constitution, but well meaning and prudent, and was assisted by his
son Lorenzo in affairs of state. Under his reign an attempt was made to
wrest the reins of government from the family.

1549. MARGARET DE VALOIS, a French princess, died; noted for her
learning and the encouragement she gave to commerce, agriculture and the
arts among her subjects.

1552. FRANCIS XAVIER died; a French missionary, denominated the apostle
of the Indies. He was one of the most zealous disciples of Ignatius
Loyola; performed his mission in Hindostan, the Moluccas, and Japan, and
was on the point of landing in China, when he died.

1554. FERDINAND CORTES, the conqueror of Mexico, died, aged 63, leaving
a character eminent for bravery and ability, but infamous for perfidy
and cruelty.

1581. JOHN DEE, an English mathematician and sorcerer, died. He was a
man of uncommon abilities, learning and application, but deluded himself
with experiments in the occult sciences, which he continued till he
reached the age of 80.

1594. GERARD MERCATOR, a Dutch mathematician, died. He was
self-educated, but attained great eminence, and published numerous
valuable maps and charts which he engraved and published himself, and
which have been of great use to his successors.

1615. LEWIS DE BERTHON DE CRILLON, a French general and knight, died. He
distinguished himself by his valor at the siege of Calais, at the age of
15, and during a long series of wars and perilous times displayed so
much courage as to acquire the title of the brave Crillon.

1723. PHILIP, duke of Orleans, regent of France during the minority of
Louis XV, died at Versailles in the 50th year of his age. He was a man
of talent and political tact, but these qualities were much obscured by
his love of pleasure.

1779. ALEXANDER ALBANI died; a Roman cardinal and a man of great merit.

1784. FRANCIS ARNAUD died; abbot of Grand Champs, in France, and
distinguished by his literary labors.

1789. HERSCHELL announced the discovery of a 7th satellite to Saturn.

1791. HENRY FLOOD, the famed Irish orator and reformer, died. As a
member of the house of commons his whole energies were devoted to the
promotion of the political interests and internal resources of Ireland.

1792. Frankfort treacherously given up to the Austrians, when 1,300
Frenchmen, were massacred by the Hessians, and several whose lives were
spared had their hands cut off.

1792. The French under Dumourier took possession of Louvain.

1794. The United States concluded a treaty with the Oneida, Tuscarora
and Stockbridge Indians, residing in the Oneida country. The former
engaged to pay the Indians $5,000 for their losses in the late war; to
build them a complete grist and saw mill, and hire faithful men to
attend said mills for three years, and instruct some of their young men
in those arts; to provide teams for carrying on the work of the mills,
and to apply $1,000 to rebuild the church burnt in the war.

1796. The adventurous MUNGO PARK departed from Pisania, 200 miles from
the Gambia's mouth, to explore the interior of Africa.

1804. NAPOLEON BONAPARTE inaugurated emperor of France at the cathedral
of Notre-Dame, at Paris, and was enthroned with Josephine.

1805. JOSEPH BERNARD DE CHABERT, a French navigator, astronomer and
geographer, died. He lost his eye sight by intense application, but his
powerful memory enabled him to make many additions to the stores of
scientific facts.

1805. Battle of Austerlitz; the French under Bonaparte defeated the
Austro-Russian armies, under Alexander I and Francis I, who had united
to check the ambition of Napoleon. The defeat was attended with the loss
of 35,000 killed or drowned, 20,000 prisoners, and their whole pack of
artillery.

1806. BONAPARTE decreed at Posen, a monument to the French soldiers who
fell at the great battles of Ulm, Austerlitz and Jena.

1812. British again cannonaded Black Rock; the fire was returned with so
much spirit that their batteries were entirely silenced.

1816. French general VANDAMME, resident at Ghent, arrested and sent to
Brussels.

1816. Meeting of the citizens of London at Spafields; about 20,000
assembled to receive the report of Mr. Hunt, who had been appointed to
present a petition to the prince regent, praying that two or three
hundred thousand pounds should be appropriated out of the civil list
fund for the relief of the poor. Only five thousand was granted,
whereupon great disturbances took place.

1848. FERDINAND I, emperor of Austria, abdicated the throne, and Francis
Joseph, his nephew was proclaimed emperor.

1849. ADELAIDE, the queen dowager of England, died.

1851. LOUIS NAPOLEON decreed in the name of the French people, that the
national assembly and council of state were dissolved, that universal
suffrage was re-established, that the first military division was in a
state of siege, and that the French people were convoked in the
electoral colleges from December 14 to Dec. 21.

1852. LOUIS NAPOLEON publicly proclaimed emperor at the Hotel de Ville
in Paris, under the name of Napoleon III. The emperor entered Paris from
St. Cloud, and took up his residence in the Tuilleries. 80,000 troops
were under arms, and the day was celebrated as a grand holiday in Paris,
and in the evening there was a grand illumination.

1853. The steamer Winfield Scott, having on board 500 passengers and
$1,100,000 in gold, was lost in a fog at night, about 500 miles from San
Francisco; the passengers and treasure were saved.


DECEMBER 3.

69 B. C. The senate published a general thanksgiving in the name of
Cicero for preserving the city from the Catalinian conspiracy. It was
the first that had ever been decreed to any man in the gown; all other
thanksgivings having been appointed for some particular _service_ only.

1553. PEDRO DE VALDIVIA, having conquered the greater portion of Chili,
and founded the city of Conception, was attacked by the Araucanians,
defeated and made prisoner.

1557. The bond or covenant signed at Edinburgh, by the duke of Argyle
and others, renouncing the _congregation of Satan, with all the
superstitious, abominations and idolatry thereof_.

1586. In Verde, in Hanover, there fell large quantities of matter,
partly red, partly blackened, accompanied by lightning and thunder, a
fiery meteor, which burst with a loud noise. This matter burnt the
boards on which it fell.

1610. The new bell of the cathedral church of Lincoln, called _Great
Tom_, placed in the steeple of St. Mary. It is the largest bell in
England, being seven feet in diameter at the mouth.

1632. DE VRIES, on his second voyage, arrived at the Delaware river. He
found that the little colony, left here two years before (see Dec. 12),
had been destroyed by the Indians, and the ground strewed with the
skulls and bones of his murdered countrymen.

1647. BUONAVENTURA CAVALIERI, an Italian astronomer, died. He was the
pupil of Galileo, and enjoyed a remarkable reputation in his day, but
has descended to posterity solely through his method of _indivisibles_,
one of the predecessors of the doctrine of fluxions.

1658. JOHN MICRELIUS, professor of divinity at Stettin, died; a
distinguished theological disputant.

1688. The abdication or flight of JAMES II, and revolution in England.

1699. Captain DAMPIER arrived at the island of Papua or New Guinea, in
Australasia, and named its eastern extremity New Britain.

1705. PEDRO, king of Portugal, died in the 58th year of his age. Juan IV
succeeded.

1758. Daring attempt to assassinate Joseph, king of Portugal. It was for
this offence that the Jesuits were expelled the kingdom and their
property confiscated--a judgment perhaps unequal to the crime.

1775. The continental flag was displayed for the first time, on board
the flag ship of Esek Hopkins, who was commander-in-chief of the first
American fleet.

1787. Delaware adopted the federal constitution, being the first state
to do so. (7th?)

1798. Coni, the strongest fortification in Italy, was taken by the
Austrians.

1800. Battle of Hohenlinden; the Austrians under the archduke John,
defeated by the French under Moreau in a severe snow storm, with great
slaughter, and night alone saved them from complete destruction. The
Austrians lost nearly the whole of their baggage, a great number of
cannon and ammunition wagons, 3 generals, and from 10 to 15,000
prisoners.

1809. Intelligence was received at London, that the Ionian isles, the
principal of which are Zante, Ithaca and Cerigo, had submitted to the
British. They form an independent state under the British government,
and contain about 200,000 persons, who carry on a considerable commerce.

1810. The French, under general Decaen, surrendered the isle of Man to
the British general, Abercrombie, with 209 pieces of ordnance.

1812. The 29th bulletin of the retreating French army was dated at
Molodechno, describing their severe privations.

1814. The mayor of Lyons, in France, published an order forbidding all
artists to engrave or paint the likeness of Napoleon Bonaparte.

1815. JOHN CARROLL, first catholic bishop in the United States, died,
aged 80. He was born in the state of Maryland, and educated in France,
where he became a Jesuit. On his return to America he rose from a parish
priest to the dignity of archbishop.

1818. Illinois admitted into the union.

1821. Royal dance of torches, at Berlin, on the occasion of the marriage
of the prince royal with the princess of Bavaria.

1823. JOHN BAPTIST BELZONI, one of the most eminent travelers in Egypt,
died. He was an Italian, who came to England, where he obtained a
subsistence by exhibiting feats of strength and activity at the
amphitheatre. He was afterwards engaged in exploring and bringing to
light the antiquities of Egypt.

1826. JOHN FLAXMAN, the celebrated English sculptor, died. His death is
differently placed on the 7th and 9th.

1834. SIMEON DE WITT died, aged 79; surveyor-general of the state of New
York. He had filled this office from the time of its establishment to
that of his death, 50 years, with the highest satisfaction and ability,
and was distinguished for his attainments in astronomy, engineering and
physical science.

1838. JOHN BLEECKER VAN SCHAICK, a poet of some merit, died at Albany,
aged 35.

1839. FREDERICK VI, king of Denmark, died. He was a benefactor to his
country, which is indebted to him for the liberty of the press,
emancipation from the last remains of feudal authority, abolition of the
slave trade, in which Denmark set the example to the rest of Europe,
reforms of the laws, the establishment of schools for general education,
the introduction of popular representation, and system, order and
economy in the financial affairs of the kingdom.

1839. Pope GREGORY XVI issued a bull for abolishing the slave trade;
"urgently invoking all Christians of whatever condition, that none
henceforth dare subject to slavery, unjustly persecute or despoil of
their goods, Indians, negroes, or other classes of men, or be
accessories to others in so doing; and on no account henceforth to
exercise that inhuman traffic, by which negroes are reduced to slavery,
as if they were not men but automata, or chattels," &c.

1849. WILLIAM L. HUNTER, a Rhode Island diplomat, died, aged 75. He
studied medicine in London under his kinsman, John Hunter, but
subsequently adopted the law. He was chargé at Brazil more than ten
years.

1851. All attempts to oppose the assumption of power by Louis Napoleon
were unsuccessful; the few barricades that were erected were soon torn
or battered down.

1854. The people of Mexico completed three days' balloting, and decided
with great unanimity that the republic should continue to be governed by
Santa Anna.


DECEMBER 4.

1137. LOTHAIRE II, emperor of Germany, died. He was king of Saxony when
he was made king of Germany, and finally invested with the title of
emperor.

1139. ROGER, prior of Hexham, died; author of a history of the campaign
of the Scottish army under king David.

1214. WILLIAM (_the Lion_), of Scotland, died. He confederated with
Henry of England against his father, and his inconsiderate valor at the
siege of Alnwick, as well as many other rash acts, brought misfortunes
on himself and disgrace upon his people.

1334. JOHN XXII (_James d'Eusse_), pope, died. He rose under the
patronage of Charles II, of Naples. He attempted the suppression of the
Cordeliers; was an active pontiff, and respected for his frugality,
prudence and sanctity.

1402. CHARLES VI granted letters patent to the priests to enact
mysteries, or as they came to be called moralities, such as the
conception of the Savior, &c.

1642. JOHN ARMAND DU PLESSIS DE RICHELIEU, a celebrated French cardinal
and statesman, died. He was a man of great capacity and boundless
ambition, whose ministry forms an era in the French government, and
prepared the way for the power and grandeur of the reign of Lewis XIV.

1649. WILLIAM DRUMMOND, a Scottish poet and historian, died. He preceded
Waller in polishing English versification.

1654. The expedition under Venables and Penn, sailed for America.

1664. The English, under the duke of York, destroyed 130 of the Bordeaux
fleet.

1672. The king of England shut up the exchequer, and suspended payment.

1679. THOMAS HOBBES, a celebrated English writer, died. He published his
religious, political and moral principles in a complete system, which he
called the _Leviathan_. It is said that few writings have had a more
pernicious influence in spreading irreligion and infidelity than his,
and yet that none of them were directly leveled against revealed
religion.

1679. JOHN BIRKENHEAD died; professor of moral philosophy at Oxford, a
zealous royalist, and a popular courtier.

1680. THOMAS BARTHOLINE, a learned Danish physician, died. He lost his
library by fire, but that his pursuits might not be interrupted he was
made librarian to the university. His works are chiefly medical.

1717. Mr. SHIPPEN, a member of the British parliament, from _Salt Ash_,
sent to the tower for saying, "The king's speech was fitted rather for
the meridian of Germany than England." The king had little acquaintance
with the English language.

1732. JOHN GAY, a celebrated English poet, died; whose fables will ever
be admired. His play of the _Beggar's Opera_ was received with greater
favor than had ever been known on any former occasion.

1746. Genoa surrendered to the Austrians, and was subjected to the most
cruel contributions.

1777. Sir WILLIAM HOWE marched the British army from Philadelphia, to
Whitemarsh, for the purpose of attacking Washington, but marched back
again without making the attack.

1783. WASHINGTON took leave of the officers of the American army in New
York.

1789. The city and suburbs of London, overspread with a dense fog, so
that the stages traveling between the city and the surrounding villages,
were at five in the afternoon, obliged to be preceded by men with
lanterns, a thing unprecedented in the memory of any one living.

1792. WILLIAM FORDYCE, an eminent Scottish physician and philanthropist,
died in London where he enjoyed an extraordinary reputation.

1798. Minister PITT'S bill, establishing the ten per cent income tax,
was introduced into the British parliament.

1808. CHARLES LOUIS FERNOW died; a distinguished German writer on the
fine arts. His father was a common laborer, and his early years were
those of a talented youth struggling with poverty and other
difficulties. After finishing an apprenticeship as an apothecary, he
maintained himself by portrait painting and teaching drawing; and
finally devoted his attention to the history of the fine arts and
Italian literature. His productions are valuable.

1808. Madrid, being invested by Bonaparte, surrendered. The Spaniards
were disarmed, and the town filled with the French army. The pavement
had been taken up; the streets barricadoed; the houses on the outskirts
loopholed; but in a few days tranquility seemed completely
re-established; the French soldiery observed excellent discipline; the
shops were re-opened, and the theatres frequented as usual. Such is in
most cases the enthusiasm of a great city.

1808. The inquisition abolished by Bonaparte this day.

1815. CHRISTIAN GODFREY GRUNER, a celebrated German physician, died. He
was one of the most prolific writers on medical science; having written
50 large works, and as many essays.

1819. Alabama admitted into the union.

1823. SUSAN HUNTINGTON died at Boston; an intelligent American
authoress, whose _Life of Wisner_ has passed through several editions in
Europe and America.

1826. ABRAHAM ROBERTSON, an eminent English astronomer, died.

1829. Abolition of the rite of suttee, or immolation of Hindoo widows on
the funeral pile of their husbands; the British government interposed to
prevent its continuance.

1829. Commencement of a revolution in Mexico; Bustamente, the
vice-president, issued a proclamation against the government of Guerero,
demanding the resignation of his extraordinary powers.

1830. WILLIAM B. GILES, died at his seat in Amelia county, Virginia. He
was chiefly instrumental in getting up the celebrated resolutions of
Virginia, 1798-99, and the no less celebrated Virginia report.

1831. General TORRIJOS, with 54 of his partisans, taken and executed, at
Malaga, in Spain.

1836. RICHARD WESTALL, an eminent English artist, died. He was the
author of a great number of works and designs, and well known for his
numerous beautiful illustrations of elegant literature.

1839. SAMUEL BUTLER, an English prelate, died. He was the author of
various publications, and collected a library valued at £30,000.

1840. JOHN ROBINSON, an English prelate, died, aged 66. He compiled a
theological dictionary, and a work on the antiquities of Greece, ancient
and modern history, and some others.

1845. ELISHA BLACKMAN, the last survivor of the Wyoming massacre, died
at his residence, in Hanover, Wyoming valley, aged 89, and was buried
with military honors.

1851. GEORGE CRABBE, an eminent English author, died near London, aged
73.

1852. An earthquake at Acapulco did great damage to the city, though
without destroying any lives. Shocks were continued for a considerable
time.

1853. Kalafat attacked by the Russians, who were repulsed with great
slaughter.


DECEMBER 5.

1056. MACBETH, usurper of the Scottish throne, slain by Macduff, after a
reign of 17 years.

1492. COLUMBUS discovered the island of Hispaniola, called by the
natives _Hayti_, or high country, from its mountains; _Quesqueya_, or
the whole, from its dimensions; and _Bohio_, or house, from its very
superior civilization.

1518. JOHN JAMES TRIVULCI, marshal of France, died. He was banished from
Milan, his native country, and entered into the service of Charles VIII,
under whom he distinguished himself repeatedly in battle.

1537. An order for the expulsion of all the gypsies from England.

1560. FRANCIS II, of France, died, aged 17, after a reign of 17 months.
He had lately married Mary, queen of Scots.

1639. HENRY WOTTON, an English statesman and poet, died, leaving many
writings.

1712. ANNE MARY DE TREMOUILLE URSINS died at Rome, aged 80. She was a
woman of great powers of mind, who as maid of honor to the queen of
Spain, possessed so much influence over the court as to give her the
direction of the affairs of the nation.

1734. PETER TILLEMANS died; a distinguished landscape painter of
Antwerp, who settled in England and enjoyed there the patronage of the
great.

1754. Battle of Leuthen, or Lissa; the Austrians and Saxons under count
Daun defeated by the Prussians under Frederick II, with the loss of
6,000 killed, 21,000 taken prisoners, 134 cannon, and 4,000 baggage and
ammunition wagons.

1775. The Americans under Gen. Montgomery and Arnold appeared before
Quebec.

1784. PHILLIS PETERS, known to the literary world by her miscellaneous
writings, died at Boston. She was an African who acquired the English
language, and made some progress in Latin.

1784. A violent storm off the coast of England, which destroyed a vast
amount of shipping. A British fleet of 150 sail went out of Yarmouth
road that morning, and was totally dispersed, all the sails torn in
shreds, and a great many of the ships foundered, their crews in some
instances being lost entirely.

1788. Admiral GREIG, a Scottish naval commander in the service of
Russia, was buried at Revel with great honors.

1792. JOHANN WOLFGANG THEOPHILUS MOZART, a celebrated German musician,
died. His works will ever rank with those of the greatest masters.

1793. ARMAND GUY SIMON DE KERSAINT, a French count, and naval officer of
high merit, beheaded at Paris.

1793. JOHN PAUL RABAUT DE ST. ETIENNE, a French protestant minister,
guillotined for his bold and eloquent defence of the king.

1793. Battle of Martigne; the French under Danican defeated by the
Vendeans.

1795. JOHN BEWICK died; an English engraver on wood, of great
excellence; who with his brother carried the art to a state of
perfection before unknown.

1806. The French under MURAT crossed the Vistula and occupied Praga.

1808. WILLIAM HAWES, an English physician and philanthropist, died. He
was the founder of the Royal humane society, for the recovery of persons
apparently dead by drowning, strangulation or suffocation; an
institution which has renewed the lives of thousands that would
otherwise have perished.

1813. CHARLES JOHN MARIA DENINA, an Italian historian, died at Paris;
the author of many excellent works.

1815. A foot-ball match at Carterhaugh, Ettrick forest, between the
Ettrick men and the men of Yarrow. One party was backed by the earl of
Home, the other by sir Walter Scott, sheriff of the forest, who wrote
two songs for the occasion.

1819. FREDERICK LEOPOLD STOLBERG, a German writer, died. His works
consist of travels, history, poems, dramas and translations.

1835. THOMAS PRINGLE, the first editor of _Blackwood's Magazine_, and
for many years secretary to the London anti-slavery society, died at
London.

1837. JAMES MARSHMAN, an eminent and learned baptist missionary, died at
Serampore, aged 70. He was the son of a poor English weaver, who having
received his education, went to India in 1799. He published a Chinese
grammar, and a translation of the entire scriptures.

1838. The French evacuated the city of Vera Cruz. In an engagement
between the French and the Mexicans, Santa Anna, who commanded the
Mexicans, was wounded so as to oblige an amputation of his leg.

1851. KOSSUTH, the Hungarian general, arrived at Staten island, and the
next day, as the guest of the city of New York, reviewed the troops,
which formed a military and civic procession in his honor.

1853. The steamer Humboldt, of the New York and Havre line, run upon a
rock in attempting to enter the harbor at Halifax, and was lost.


DECEMBER 6.

342. St. NICHOLAS, an eminent Grecian bishop, and the patron of
children, died. At the council of Nice he was said to be like a sun
among so many stars.

884. CARLOMAN, king of France, died.

1139. ALPHONSO I, king of Portugal, died; celebrated for the defeat of
five Moorish kings at the battle of Ourique.

1216. Hertford, in England, taken by the French under Louis the dauphin.

1352. CLEMENT VI (_Peter Roger_), pope, died. He was a doctor of the
Paris university, and is represented by Petrarch as a worthy, generous
and learned prelate; but is differently represented by others.

1527. Pope CLEMENT VII escaped in disguise from prison, although, by a
treaty with the emperor Charles V, he would have been liberated the
following day.

1540. Diet of Worms; conference between the popish and protestant
divines; Melanchton and Eckius maintained the principal part of the
dispute.

1540. THOMAS DAVIDSON, licensed by the "rycht excellent prince James V,
king of Scots, to print the new actis and constitutionis of parliament."

1541. Emperor CHARLES V, obliged by a storm to relinquish his attempt on
Algiers and return to Europe.

1557. JOHN MACCHABAEUS (_or Macalpine_) died. He was a Scotchman, who
resided sometime at Wirtemberg, with Luther and Melanchton. He was
afterwards invited to Copenhagen, where he assisted in translating the
Danish Bible.

1648. Colonel PRIDE prevented about 200 members of parliament from
entering the house. This is usually called _Pride's purge_.

1670. HENRY JENKINS, an Englishman, died at the remarkable age of 169.
He retained his faculties to the last, and was once examined in court on
a circumstance that happened 140 years before. As he was born before
parochial registers were kept, no parish would support him, and he was
obliged to beg for a subsistence.

1672. JASPER MAYNE died; an English divine, poet and dramatic writer.

1675. JOHN LIGHTFOOT died; an eminent English divine, distinguished as
an able scholar and an eloquent orator.

1688. Flight of MARY D'ESTE, queen of James II, of England, with her
child, afterwards the _pretender_.

1711. JANE SCHRIMSHAW died in Rosemary hospital, near London tower, aged
127.

1718. NICHOLAS ROWE died; an eminent English poet and dramatic writer.

1726. FLORENCE CARTON D'ANCOURT, an eminent French actor and dramatic
writer, died. He was the author of 32 plays.

1734. ABIGAIL MASHAM, the favorite of queen Anne, died; noted in the
history of the time for her political intrigues.

1776. The capture of Rhode Island by the British under Gen. Clinton and
sir Peter Parker. "It is called the _Eden of America_," says an English
work, "and celebrated (very naturally) for the beauty of its women."

1787. LA PEROUSE reached the Navigator's islands, in Polynesia.

1790. Kentucky was erected into an independent state.

1798. Turin and Piedmont relinquished to the French by the king of
Sardinia.

1806. Thorn, in Prussia, taken by the French under marshal Ney, after a
slight resistance.

1812. Boston privateer brig Montgomery, of 18 guns, captured British
ship Surinam, 20 guns.

1815. A magazine at Dantzic containing 6,000 pounds of powder, with
filled bombs and shells, blew up, destroying 700 houses and killing
upwards of 600 persons.

1834. EDWARD IRVING, a celebrated and eccentric Scottish preacher, died.
He was minister of the Caledonian church in London, and, by the force
and eloquence of his discourses, attracted large congregations; the
greatest orators and statesmen, the wealthy and fashionable hurried to
hear him. But he became finally subject to the wildest vagaries, in
respect to the _unknown tongues_, and was ejected from his place.

1835. NATHAN SMITH, an eminent lawyer of Connecticut, died at
Washington. He was several years United States attorney for Connecticut,
and senator in congress, and was respected for his integrity and
ability.

1843. JOHN M. TAYLOR, commissary-general of the American army under Gen.
Montgomery at Quebec, 1775, died at Philadelphia, aged 92.

1844. NATHAN ROGERS, an artist of merit and reputation, died, aged 57.
He was a member of the national academy of design, and lent his aid to
institutions of morals and charity.

1848. The king of Prussia dissolved his assembly and promulgated a new
constitution.

1852. HORATIO GREENOUGH, an eminent American sculptor, died at
Somerville, Mass., aged 47. He spent most of his life in Italy in the
pursuit of his art, where he produced his colossal statue of Washington,
and other works which stamp his fame.

1855. ANSELM ROTHSCHILD died at Frankfort, Germany; the founder of the
great financial house of the Rothschilds.


DECEMBER 7.

424 B. C. The accession of Darius II (_Nothus_). This is also the date
of the battles of Delium and Amphipolis, where Xenophon and Thucydides
were present, and of the occupation of Cytheria by the Athenians.

43 B. C. MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO, the celebrated Roman orator, statesman
and philosopher, assassinated at his villa, by Popilius, at the
instigation of Antony.

983. Otho II (_the Bloody_), emperor of Germany, poisoned.

1154. Landing of Henry II in England from France.

1229. The _boy bishop_ said vespers before Edward I at Heton near New
Castle upon Tyne. On Childermas the scholars of St. Paul's and other
schools were enjoined to hear the "Chylde Bishop's sermon."

1542. MARY STUART, sole daughter and heir to king James V, born.

1626. JOHN DAVIES, an eminent English lawyer and poet, died. His works
on legal subjects are numerous and valuable.

1641. RALPH BROWNRIG, bishop of Exeter, died. He had the hardihood
boldly to advise Cromwell to restore Charles II to his throne.

1657. CROMWELL sent an agent to the duke of Savoy to negotiate
respecting his protestant subjects.

1666. Ten of the Scottish covenanters executed at Edinburgh.

1672. RICHARD BELLINGHAM, governor of Massachusetts, died. He had
exercised the offices of governor or deputy for 23 years.

1683. ALGERNON SIDNEY, an English patriot and political writer, beheaded
at the age of 66.

1721. BERNARD ALBINUS, a celebrated German physician, died. He was
professor at Frankfort and Leyden.

1741. Revolution in Russia.

1776. British under Cornwallis marched to Princeton.

1787. The deputies of the Delaware state convention signed the
constitution of the United States, which they had agreed by vote to
adopt the day previous. She was the first state that ratified the
instrument.

1796. WASHINGTON met both houses of congress for the last time as
president of the United States.

1799. Battle of Sediman, in Egypt; the French under Dessaix defeated
3,000 Mamelukes and 10,000 Arabs under Murad Bey.

1805. Action off cape St. Mary between the British ship Polyphemus, 64
guns, and Spanish ships Santa Gertruyda, with twelve hundred thousand
dollars on board, and El Felix, valued at nearly one million, both of
which were captured.

1812. BONAPARTE in disguise with Caulincourt arrived at Wilna in a
sledge.

1815. MICHAEL NEY, a French marshal, shot. His career under Bonaparte
was distinguished during ten years, by great military skill and daring
bravery. On the second restoration of the Bourbons he was condemned to
death.

1822. JOHN AIKIN, an English surgeon, died; better known as a writer of
great erudition. He edited the first twenty volumes of the _Monthly
Magazine_, the _Athenæum_, various editions of the poets, and was one of
the writers of the _General Biographical Dictionary_ in 10 vols. quarto.

1832. VICTOR JACQUEMONT, a distinguished French naturalist, died at
Bombay, aged 32.

1835. The rail road from Nuremberg to Furth, the first rail road in
Germany, opened, and the journey made in 15 minutes. The monumental
stone has the inscription: "Germany's first iron rail road, with steam
power, 1835."

1842. THOMAS HAMILTON, the author of _Cyril Thornton_, a contributor to
_Blackwood's Magazine_, &c., died at Pisa, in Italy.

1853. A statue inaugurated to marshal Ney at Paris, on the place where
he was shot on this day of the month, in 1815.


DECEMBER 8.

1275. Meeting of _Stationarii_, or booksellers, at London. For a quarter
of a century previous to this time, booksellers not unfrequently kept
school in their porches. The portal at the north end of the cathedral in
Rouen is still called _Le Portail des Libraires_, the porch of the
booksellers.

1315. Battle of Morgarten, or Ægeri, in Switzerland; the Austrian army
of 20,000 under the archduke Leopold, defeated by 1,600 mountaineers in
the pass between the mountain and the lake.

1437. SIGISMUND, emperor of Germany, died. He volunteered his assistance
to tranquilize the church, and proposed the famous council, which
consisted of 14,000 ecclesiastics and 16,000 noblemen. His perfidy in
allowing Huss and Jerome of Prague to be burnt, after giving them a
passport of safety, armed against him the bravest of his subjects, and
led to a civil discord and bloodshed of sixteen years' duration.

1493. Isabella, the first European town in America, founded by Columbus.
All his men, provisions and utensils, were landed on a plain near a
rock, on the island of Navidad, in the West Indies, and a fort erected.
The town was named in honor of the Spanish queen, to whom the great
navigator was much indebted.

1612. Great earthquake at Munster.

1643. JOHN PYM died; a celebrated English republican, distinguished for
his virulence against Charles I.

1660. First time of the appearance of a female on the public stage; the
character was Desdemona.

1661. An order of both houses of parliament was passed for hanging the
carcasses of Oliver Cromwell, John Bradshaw, Henry Ireton and Thomas
Pride upon the gallows at Tyburn, and then burying them under the
gallows.

1677. NICHOLAS PAVILLON, an eminent French ecclesiastic, made bishop of
Alet by Richelieu, and afterwards deposed, died in exile.

1691. RICHARD BAXTER, a celebrated English nonconformist divine, died.
He wrote a vast number of books; his practical works were collected in 4
vols. folio.

1695. BARTHOLOMEW D'HERBELOT, a French orientalist, died. He wrote a
_Universal Dictionary_, "containing whatever relates to the knowledge of
the eastern world."

1709. THOMAS CORNEILLE, a French dramatist, died. He wrote 42 dramatic
pieces, which were received with greater applause than those of his
brother Peter, but have been lost and forgotten.

1741. VITUS BEHRING, a Danish navigator, died. He was a commodore in the
Russian service, and was employed in exploring some of the northern
coasts of America, where he died, after having made some important
discoveries, among which was the strait that bears his name.

1745. JOHN ROQUE, a French traveler, died at Paris. He published an
account of his travels in Arabia Felix, Palestine and Syria.

1746. CHARLES RATCLIFFE, earl of Derwentwater, executed at Towerhill,
London. He had resided 30 years in France.

1751. LOUISA, youngest daughter of George II, queen of Denmark, died.

1775. A number of American whaleboats under captain Manly captured three
British ships with various stores intended for the army.

1776. WASHINGTON retreated across the Delaware. The British, on the same
day, blocked up commodore Hopkins' squadron and a number of privateers
at Providence.

1792. HENRY LAURENS, a patriot of South Carolina, died. He was
distinguished for talent and activity, and succeeded Hancock as
president of congress. He was captured by the British on a mission to
Holland, and confined a long time in the tower of London. At his death
he left a property of about $250,000 to his son, on condition that he
should burn his body on the third day after his death.

1803. HIPPOLYTUS THEODOROVITCH BOGDANOVITCH, a Russian poet, died. His
poem of _Dushenka_ procured him the favor of the queen and the whole
nation. It is founded on the mythological story of Psyche, but so unlike
any thing that had preceded it in that language that he immediately
became the favorite of all classes.

1806. ANDREW DALSELL, professor of Greek at Edinburgh, died; an amiable
and a learned man.

1821. EBENEZER COBB died at Kingston, Mass., aged 107. He was the
cotemporary for ten years of Peregrine White, the first born child of
English parents in America. His mode of living was extremely simple,
having tasted tea but twice in his life. He shrewdly remarked, a short
time before his death, that it was very unusual for persons of his age
to die.

1847. The United States brig-of-war Somers thrown on her beam ends by a
squall near Vera Cruz, and 2 officers with 39 out of 76 of her crew
drowned. The French and Spanish men-of-war lying at Sacrificios rendered
much assistance and received the thanks of congress.

1848. The first deposit of California gold made in the United States
mint by David Carter.

1851. Battle of Longomilla, between the government troops of Chili under
general Bulnes, late president, and the rebels under general Cruz, who
was defeated and his troops dispersed.

1854. The immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary proclaimed by the
pope, in St. Peter's church, Rome, as a dogma of the catholic faith.


DECEMBER 9.

493 B. C. MENENIUS AGRIPPA met the plebeian seceders, encamped on the
Mons Sacer, near Rome, and delivered to them there the memorable
apologue of the belly and the members.

1150. A great frost in England mentioned by Matthew Paris, began on this
day and continued about two months and ten days, so that "both foot and
horse crossed the Thames." In that year all the prelates in council were
shut up by king Stephen for refusing to crown his son; more remarkable
for the appearance of Gratian's twenty-four years' labor, the
_Decretals_.

1165. MALCOLM IV, king of Scots, died of a lingering disease, at
Jedburgh, after a short reign. His subjects were rebellious, but by his
vigor he overcame them all.

1565. PIUS IV (_John Angelo de Medicis_) died. He was not of the
Florence family, but brother of the famous marquis de Marignan, and
distinguished as an ambassador. He evinced his zeal for the church by
his enmity against the Turks and heretics.

1641. ANTHONY VANDYCK, the celebrated Dutch painter, died. He was a
pupil of Rubens, and excelled his master in delicacy of coloring. His
pictures preserve in high perfection the dress and costume of the times.

1669. CLEMENT IX (_Julius Rospigliosi_) died of grief, at the loss of
Candia, which was taken by the Turks. His reign was disturbed by the
schisms of the Jansenists.

1674. EDWARD HYDE, lord of Clarendon, died at Rouen, in France, in
exile. His name is immortalized by the _History of the Rebellion_, a
splendid monument of his genius and impartiality, which he finished in
exile.

1680. Comet seen at Albany.

1683. JOHN OLDHAM, an eminent English poet, died of small pox. His
genius lay chiefly in satire.

1694. PAUL SIGNERI died at Rome; a theological writer, and a popular
preacher and active missionary of the Jesuits.

1702. HAAGEN SWENSDEN executed for stealing and marrying Mrs. Pleasant
Rawlins, an heiress.

1708. JOHN HIGGINSON died; the first minister of Salem, Mass.

1788. JONATHAN SHIPLEY, bishop of St. Asaph, died. He was a
distinguished prelate and eminent among his episcopal brethren for his
firm and determinate opposition to the American war.

1798. JOHN REINHOLD FORSTER, an eminent English writer on natural
history and philosophy, died at Halle, in Germany. He accompanied Cook
in his second voyage round the world.

1804. The British under admiral POPHAM attacked fort Rouge at the
entrance of Calais harbor with explosion vessels.

1808. The Chinese interdicted the English from trading until their
soldiery were drawn from Macao.

1808. The British rejected the French and Russian proposals for peace.

1811. Americans under general Harrison left the battle ground at
Tippecanoe, on their return to the United States.

1813. Battle on the Nieve, near Bayonne; the British under general Hope
attacked the French under Soult, without obtaining any decisive
advantage.

1814. JOSEPH BRAMAH, a very ingenious English engineer and mechanist,
died.

1815. The exiled emperor NAPOLEON, took possession of the villa of
Longwood. This year, at its dawn, found him sovereign of the little
island of Elba; ere the vernal equinox he was again emperor of France;
before the summer solstice he was finally defeated at Waterloo; the year
closed over him a solitary exile.

1816. The bank of England commenced paying specie on one and two pound
notes dated prior to 1812.

1824. Battle of Ayacucho, in Peru, between the royalists under La Serna,
9,310, and the patriots, 5,780, under Sucre, which terminated in the
total defeat of the former, who lost 1800 killed, and their general
taken prisoner. Loss of the patriots, 370 killed. This victory
accomplished the delivery of Peru from the Spaniards.

1824. JOSE LA SERNA, viceroy of Peru, wounded and taken prisoner at the
battle of Ayacucho, which put an end to his authority in that state. He
commenced his career in the artillery, and served at Saragossa under the
celebrated Palafox. His skill in the art of war did not avail him
against the determined bravery of the revolutionists.

1831. Disturbances in Ireland; the soldiers fired upon a mob of 2000
Irish; whereupon the mob rushed upon the soldiery and killed 19 out of
34.

1831. IBRAHIM PASHA completely defeated before St. Jean d'Acre.

1833. JOHN JEBB, bishop of Limerick, died. He was an accomplished
author, a learned theologian, and an amiable man. His publications,
though not numerous, were of high merit.

1835. President's message reached Boston in 26 hours and 50 minutes from
Washington. It was formerly announced as an instance of extraordinary
speed that the message reached Boston in 64 hours. In 1841 the message
reached New York in 8 hours 53 minutes, and probably was in Boston
within another 8 hours. Dr. Franklin once expressed an opinion that the
time would come when the mail might be conveyed from Philadelphia to
Boston in a fortnight, and _perhaps_ in a week. The regular time is now
24 hours.

1842. SAMUEL WOODWORTH, well known as an American poet, died in New
York. He was the author of the popular song, the _Old Oaken Bucket_.

1850. BEM, the Hungarian general, died at Aleppo.

1853. The men and women of Harbor creek, near Erie, Pa., turned out in
large numbers, tore up the rail road track, burnt the ties and bridges
over the culvert, and plowed down the track to its former level.

1854. The king of the Sandwich islands to prevent the overthrow of his
government by lawless violence, accepted the aid of the naval forces of
the United States, Great Britain and France.

1856. FATHER MATTHEW, called the apostle of temperance, died at Cork,
Ireland, aged 66. He devoted himself in early life to the regeneration
of his countrymen among the poorer classes who had fallen under the
tyranny of strong drink.


DECEMBER 10.

590 B. C. The tenth day of the month Thanet was observed as a fast in
memory of the investment of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar. Zechariah
promised the extinction of this day of grief, in joy and feasting, upon
the restoration of the house of Judah, B. C. 518.

493 B. C. The immortal day when _tribunes_ for the Roman people were
first chosen; the anniversary also of their authority afterwards.

270 B. C. EPICURUS, the Athenian philosopher, died on the 10th day of
Gamelion, having three days before observed his 71st anniversary. He
taught a rational philosophy and with his disciples lived conformably to
the rules of wisdom and frugality, although his name is unjustly
associated with folly and feasting. His academy was the best regulated
society that had ever been seen.

536. Rome opened her gates to Belisarius; the garrison departed without
molestation along the Flaminian way, and the city, after sixty years of
servitude, was delivered from the yoke of the barbarians. Leutherius,
the Gothic chief, was sent to bear the keys of the city to his imperial
master.

1282. LLEWELLYN AP GRUFYDD, a Welsh prince, killed. He heroically
resisted the invasion of Edward I of England; but fell, and the liberty
of his country perished with him after an independence of 800 years.

1506. Bologna captured by pope Julius I, who entered in triumph.

1508. The league of Cambray formed against the Venitian power. The pope,
the emperor of Germany, and the kings of France and Spain, were the
parties to it.

1520. LUTHER destroyed the papal bull against himself, with the works of
the anti reformers, in a public fire behind the walls of Wittemberg.

1548. Battle of Pinckney field, near Musselburgh, in which 13,000 of
the Scots were slain.

1577. On Sanctobertis eve a great number of persons paraded the streets
of Perth in disguise. One clad in the devil's coat; the horse of another
walked in men's shoes.

1586. ELIZABETH signed the warrant for the execution of Mary.

1626. EDMUND GUNTER, an English mathematician and astronomer, died. He
distinguished himself by many important improvements in mathematical
instruments for the use of navigation, &c.

1672. A monthly post established from New York to Boston.

1674. JOHN VAUGHAN, an eminent English law reporter, died; "more admired
for his talents than loved for his courteous manners."

1681. The British factor, captain DREW, arrived at Chester, on the river
Delaware, from England, with settlers for Pennsylvania; they remained
there all winter, the river having frozen over that night. She was one
of the three ships that left England with the first settlers. One of
them, the Amity, arrived before her; the third was blown off the coast
to the West Indies, and did not arrive until the next spring.

1688. JAMES IV deserted the English throne, embarked for France, and
ordered his army to be disbanded.

1697. The peace of Ryswick, which had been signed in September,
proclaimed in Boston, and the colonies had repose from war. Some of the
Indians continued their hostilities, but finding themselves unsupported
by the French, they took measures for peace.

1697. The population of New France, exclusive of Acadie, was 8,515, and
could arm about 1,000 men.

1747. DUNCAN FORBES, an eminent Scottish lawyer, died. He wrote chiefly
on theological subjects.

1757. Breslau retaken from the Austrians by Frederick II of Prussia. The
Austrians lost 13 generals and 18,000 men prisoners.

1768. The royal academy of London instituted.

1792. JOHN JOSEPH SUE died; professor of anatomy at Paris, and a writer
on anatomy and surgery.

1801. JONATHAN BATTISHILL, an eminent English musical composer, died.
"To a profound knowledge he added great taste and a fine imagination."

1804. New York historical society instituted.

1807. Kingdom of Etruria dissolved and annexed to France.

1808. JAMES SULLIVAN, governor of Massachusetts, died. He rose to great
usefulness unaided by opulence or family connexions.

1809. Gerona in Spain surrendered to the French after a siege of six
months.

1813. French under SOULT endeavored to force the British under
Wellington to repass the Nieve but were repulsed.

1813. The United States troops under general McClure burnt Newark
adjoining fort George, destroyed that fort, removed the public stores,
and retired to the south side of the Niagara river.

1817. Mississippi admitted into the confederacy.

1833. The house of assembly in Jamaica passed a bill for the abolition
of slavery.

1834. ALEXANDER CHALMERS died; one of the most eminent biographers that
Great Britain has produced. He commenced a laborious literary life in
London and no man, it is said, ever edited so many books for the
booksellers. He published a _General Biographical Dictionary_ in 32
volumes.

1835. The fortress of San Antonio surrendered by the Mexicans to the
Texans under colonel Milan; the captors found 1900 rounds of powder and
ball, 24 pieces of cannon, and a large amount of military stores, &c.

1836. A decree of the queen of Portugal published, abolishing the slave
trade in the Portuguese dominions.

1842. PLEASANT HENDERSON, a soldier of the revolution from North
Carolina, died in Tennessee. He was a companion of Daniel Boone in many
of his wanderings and was for more than thirty years a clerk of the
North Carolina house of commons.

1842. ROWLAND HILL, viscount Hill, the well known coadjutor of the duke
of Wellington in the peninsula campaigns, died in his 70th year, near
Shrewsbury, England.

1845. JESSE D. ELLIOT, an American commodore, died at Philadelphia, aged
62. He contributed much to Perry's success on lake Erie.

1846. JAMES GRIERSON died at Masharene, New Brunswick, aged 105. He was
one of the loyalists that left the United States during the revolution.

1848. LOUIS NAPOLEON elected president of the French; 5,534,520 voting
for him.

1852. WILLIAM EMPSON, professor of law in the East India college at
Hoxley, England, died, aged 62. He was editor of the _Edinburgh Review_.

1855. The emperor FAUSTIN I left Port-au-Prince with 30,000 men to
subjugate the Dominican republic; his forces were completely routed and
dispersed.


DECEMBER 11.

361. JULIAN, the new emperor, made his triumphal entry into the eastern
capital, having traversed with victory the whole continent of Europe,
from the Atlantic.

1282. MICHAEL VIII (_Palæologus_), emperor of Rome, died. He was regent
of the eastern empire, and took advantage of his situation to assume the
supreme power. He retook Constantinople, which had been 58 years under
the power of the French, and labored to reconcile the eastern and
western churches.

1595. PHILIPPE DE CROI, duke of Aarschot, died; a Flemish nobleman and
general, who, in an attempt to free his country of Spanish dictation,
was unsuccessful, and exiled.

1620. The Plymouth adventurers, having sounded the harbor, and found it
fit for shipping, went ashore and explored the adjacent land, where they
saw cornfields and brooks; and judging the situation to be convenient
for a settlement, they returned with the welcome intelligence to the
ship.

1652. DIONYSIUS PETAVIUS died; a French Jesuit of great erudition, and
an author.

1657. Writs issued by Cromwell to sixty individuals, to meet at
Westminister, and compose a house of lords.

1697. JOACHIM KUHNIUS, a learned Pomeranian, died. He was principal of
the college of Octigen, and acquired great celebrity by his
publications.

1699. The king of Sweden defeated the Muscovites at Narva.

1704. ROGER L'ESTRANGE, an English gentleman and scholar, died. He was
unsuccessful in his enterprises in favor of Charles I; but on the
restoration he returned to England, and printed the first regular
English newspaper, 1663, under the title of the _Public Intelligencer_.
He was the author of some political tracts, and translations from
different languages.

1714. GEORGE I, and his cabinet, issued an order forbidding the clergy
to meddle in their sermons with the affairs of state.

1718. CHARLES XII, of Sweden, killed; supposed to have been struck by a
cannon ball in the trenches, at Frederickshall; a fortress which he was
then besieging near the bay of Denmark.

1747. EDMUND CURL died; one of the characters mentioned in Pope's
_Dunciad_. His character for morality was not without blemish, and he
was highly injurious to the literary world, in his profession of book
maker and seller, by his piracies and forgeries. He lost his ears in the
pillory, by sentence of the law, for issuing obscene publications.

1753. The dey of Algiers assassinated by a soldier, as he was
distributing pay to about 300 in the court yard of his palace. The
assassin seated himself in the chair of state, and was taking measures
to secure his power, when he was shot with a carbine.

1756. THEODORE NEWHOFF, king of Corsica, died in England, where he had
been long confined in prison for debt.

1758. The old castle of the Douglasses, so famed in Scottish history,
was accidentally burned to the ground.

1794. Assault on the works of Nijmegen, a strong city of Holland;
general Bushe, of the allies, was killed by an 8lb. cannon ball.

1794. Battle of Roussilon; the Spaniards and Portuguese defeated the
French, killed 800, took 600 prisoners, and 50 cannon.

1806. Saxony erected into a kingdom, under Frederick Augustus, by the
treaty of Posen, between Bonaparte and the elector.

1807. The Dutch fleet burnt at Greisse, in Java, by the British
squadron, under sir Edward Pellew.

1812. Wilna entered by the Russians, where they found vast magazines, 30
cannon, upwards of 5,000 in the hospitals, including some distinguished
officers, and took about 10,000 prisoners.

1813. The French, under SOULT, again repulsed in an attempt to force the
British under lord Wellington to repass the Nieve.

1816. Indiana admitted as a new state into the Union of the United
States.

1828. BERANGER was sentenced by the French court of correctional police,
to pay 10,000 francs ($1,800) fine, and to undergo nine months'
imprisonment, for having attacked the dignity of the church, and of the
king, in his poems.


DECEMBER 12.

1656 A. M. The rain of the deluge having ceased to fall, having
continued 40 days, from the 17th of the 2d month, answering to our 2d
Nov., q. v.

404 B. C. DARIUS II (_Nothus_), king of Persia, died, after a reign of
nineteen years, and was succeeded by Artaxerxes Mnemon, his son. Cyrus,
the younger, another of his sons, carried on several successful wars
during the reign of Darius.

1271. RICHARD, king of the Romans, died, at Berkhamstead, England.

1600. JOHN CRAIG, a Scottish ecclesiastic, died. He was at first a
Dominican, and by his talents recommended himself to cardinal Pole. But,
becoming a heretic, narrowly escaped being burnt. He afterwards became
the coadjutor of Knox, the great reformer.

1611. THOMAS SUTTON, a rich English bachelor, died. He was the founder
of the Charter house.

1630. DAVID PIETERSZEN DE VRIES, who had associated himself with Samuel
Godyn, Kilian Van Rensselaer, Samuel Bloemart, and Jan de Laet, sailed
from Texel for the South (Delaware) river, intending to plant a colony
there. Godyn being informed that whales were plenty in those regions,
and fish oil being 60 guilders the hogshead, the vessel was laden with
utensils for fishing, and planters and cattle for the colony.

1653. OLIVER CROMWELL declared lord protector of England for life, and
the same day dissolved the convention called Barebones's parliament, by
the corporal of the guard and a file of soldiers.

1671. VOPISCUS FORTUNATUS POLEMPIUS, a Dutch physician and professor at
Louvain, died, leaving several valuable works.

1676. WILLIAM MORICE, a learned Englishman, died; secretary of state
under Charles II.

1680. The extraordinary comet of this year observed throughout Britain.

1685. JOHN PELL died; an English divine, and very eminent mathematician.

1688. JAMES II, of England, made his escape from London.

1731. JOHN HORSLEY died; author of a very learned and excellent work
entitled _Britannia Romana_; being an ample account of the vestiges of
the Romans in Britain.

1733. The bills of mortality in London this year, showed the death of
14,372 males, and 14,861 females.

1753. An act passed the provincial assembly, of New York, that mortgages
should be subjected to public registry for the prevention of frauds. But
this act, though a useful one, did not reach all the mischiefs intended
to be prevented.

1757. COLLEY CIBBER, poet laureate to George II, died. He was also a
very noted comedian. He wrote a curious apology for his life.

1764. JOHN OTHO TABOR died at Frankfort. He was a native of Lusatia,
became counselor to the landgrave of Hesse Darmstadt, and wrote several
works on law.

1776. The neighborhood of Philadelphia having became the seat of war,
congress adjourned to Baltimore.

1777. ALBERT HALLER, an eminent Swiss physician, died. He was a
voluminous writer, and one of the most acute, various and original men
that have appeared since Boerhaave.

1781. Action between the British fleet, 12 sail, under Kempenfelt, and a
French convoy, protected by 19 heavy ships of the line, and 2 armed _en
flute_. Of the merchantmen, 20 were captured, having on board 1,100
troops, and about 600 seamen, besides valuable cargoes of military
stores, cannon, &c.

1782. Action between British ship Mediator, and American ship Alexander,
24 guns, captain Gregory, and French ship Menagerie, 212 men, laden with
powder, naval stores, &c. The two latter were captured without any loss
on the part of the British.

1783. JOHN SCOTT died; an English quaker poet, called the poet of
Arnwell.

1787. Pennsylvania (the second state), ratified the constitution of the
United States, without amendments.

1789. RICHARD ALTON, an Austrian general, died. He commanded in the Low
countries, in 1787, and though a strict disciplinarian and a man of
bravery, betrayed so much weakness during the insurrection in Brabant,
that he was sent for to answer charges, and died on the journey.

1793. Battle of Mans; the royalists of La Vendee defeated with great
slaughter by the French under Marceau.

1804. JOHN BOYDELL died; a most distinguished encourager of the arts of
painting and engraving, in England.

1809. Action at night between British sloop Trincomale, and French
privateer Iphigene. The sloop was blown up and all on board but two
perished; the privateer had her side stove in and her masts forced out
by the shock, and lost 115 men.

1822. Napoli di Romania, the ancient Nauplia, surrendered to the Greeks,
after a long and tedious blockade, during which the Turkish garrison was
reduced to feed on the corpses of their companions. The crescent had
been flying on the fortress uninterruptedly since 1714, at which time it
was treacherously given up to the Coumourgi, and made the seat of the
Turkish government for the Morea.

1830. BENJAMIN CONSTANT, a distinguished French author, and one of the
greatest orators of his day, was honored with a magnificent funeral.

1834. The Carlists, of Spain, under Gen. Eraso, defeated at Soraida, by
the troops of the queen, under general Mina.

1834. The government of Greece transferred from Napoli to Athens.

1836. JOHN DAVIDSON, an English traveler, murdered by the El Hareb tribe
of Africans, on his way to Tombuctoo. He commenced traveling in 1826,
and had visited North and South America, India, Egypt, as far as the
second cataract, Syria, Palestine, Turkey, Greece, Italy, France and
Germany, and had proceeded to within 25 days' journey of the city of
Tombuctoo. He was conversant with the different languages of the east,
and possessed extraordinary enterprise and great accomplishments as a
traveler.

1838. CHARLES PHILIP WREDE, a Bavarian field-marshal, died. He
distinguished himself under Bonaparte, in the war against Austria, and
was severely wounded at the battle of Wagram. In the celebrated Russian
campaign he commanded, with great credit, the Bavarian contingent army.

1840. J. D. E. ESQUIROL, who so successfully introduced a new mode of
treating the insane, died.

1842. ELKANAH WATSON, a great friend of and writer on internal
improvements, died at port Kent, Essex county, N. Y., aged 86.

1847. JAMES KENT, so long distinguished as an American jurist and
philanthropist, died at New York, aged 84.

1849. ISAMBARD BRUNEL, the celebrated engineer of the Thames tunnel,
died at London.

1856. HERMAN E. LUDEWIG, a Saxon scholar, died in Brooklyn, N. Y., aged
47. He is known by his _Literature of American Local History_.


DECEMBER 13.

405. B. C. Battle of Ægospotami. This celebrated Spartan victory of
Lysander over a vast Athenian fleet, happily closed the 27 years' war in
the Peloponesus. Conon fled to Cyprus, and the admiral took possession
of Athens in the following spring.

126. B. C. A league of friendship referred to the Roman senate assembled
in the temple of Concord, on behalf of the Jews, who had sent three
ambassadors with a shield of gold as a mark of confederacy.

1250. FREDERICK II, emperor of Germany, died. He was successful in his
wars against the Saracens, but was forced to return to wage war with the
pope, whom he also conquered. He was deposed, however, in 1245 by
Innocent IV.

1254. INNOCENT IV (_Sinibaldi de Fiesque_) died. He was early engaged in
a quarrel with Frederick of Germany, whom he excommunicated and deposed.
He was the first who invested the cardinals with a red hat as a mark of
dignity.

1502. A water spout at Porto Bello greatly alarmed the Spaniards.
Ferdinand Columbus says "if they had not dissolved it by saying the
gospel of St. John, it had certainly sunk whatsoever it fell upon."

1521. EMANUEL (_the Great_), king of Portugal, died. He distinguished
himself by the liberal manner in which he patronized commercial
enterprises, by which the cape of Good Hope was rounded, and Brazil
visited.

1542. JAMES V, of Scotland, died. He assumed the government at the age
of 17, and was admired for his virtues.

1542. An act passed permitting those deemed the better sort to read the
Bible in England.

1545. The great council of Trent opened.

1565. CONRAD GESNER, a Swiss botanist, died. It has been said that
botany owes to him its very existence as a science.

1577. DRAKE sailed from Plymouth, England, in the Golden Hind, on his
voyage round the world, which he was the second navigator that
accomplished.

1621. ROBERT CUSHMAN having visited the colony of Plymouth with
supplies, took in a cargo of beaver skins and clapboards, the first
export from New England, which was valued at £500. The vessel was
captured and carried into France.

1642. New Zealand discovered by Tasman.

1648. In order to enforce an ordinance of Cromwell, Capt. Bethan was
appointed provost marshal, "with power to seize upon all ballad singers,
and to suppress stage plays."

1702. The motto _semper eadem_ first attached to the arms of England.

1721. Several alterations made in the form of the affirmation of the
English quakers. About 20 years previous to this their affirmation was
accepted instead of their oath.

1729. ANTHONY COLLINS died; an English polemical writer, whose numerous
works were warmly attacked by the orthodox writers of the day.

1737. JOHN STRYPE died, aged 94; an English divine, industrious as a
historian and biographer.

1738. PHILIP FROWDE died; a writer of English and Latin poetry, and of
tragedy.

1754. MAHOMET V, emperor of Turkey, died. He was more eminent for his
pacific disposition than for his military exploits.

1759. At Leipsic the cold was so intense that ten sentinels were frozen
to death.

1769. CHRISTIAN FURCHTEGOTT GELLERT, a German comic poet, died.

1775. Congress first determined to build a navy, to consist of 5
frigates of 32 guns, 5 of 28 guns, and 3 of 24 guns.

1776. American Gen. LEE surprised and made prisoner by a British patrole
in New Jersey.

1783. PETER WARGENTIN died; a learned Swede, who published tables for
computing the eclipses of Jupiter's satellites.

1784. SAMUEL JOHNSON, the English lexicographer, died; a writer of great
eminence and celebrity.

1788. CHARLES III, king of Spain, died. His policy was censured for
endangering the Spanish empire in America by supporting the
independence of the British colonies.

1788. DAVID MACBRIDE, an Irish physician of great celebrity, died. His
_Theory and Practice of Medicine_ was formerly in great request.

1797. LEWIS LE GENDRE, a prominent actor in the French revolution, died.
He proposed in the Jacobin club that the body of the king should be cut
into 84 pieces, and one sent to each of the departments.

1803. FRANCIS LEWIS, one of the signers, died, aged 90. He was a
merchant of New York, had visited Russia, and was employed in the
importation of military stores, and other secret services.

1809. Desperate action between British frigate Junon, 40 guns, Capt.
Shortland, and three French frigates of 88 guns in all. The Junon was
captured, after losing 90 men killed and wounded; among the latter was
the captain, who received several shots before surrendering. His vessel
was so much shattered that the French burnt her the next day.

1811. A dog which had been accidentally shut into a house in Albany, on
the 1st day of November, was taken out alive on this day, after a fast
of 42 days, and recovered.

1813. Battle near Bayonne, between the French under Soult, and the
allies under Wellington, in which the former were defeated and driven
into the city with the loss of 6,500 men. British loss about half the
number.

1814. CHARLES JOSEPH, prince De Ligne, an Austrian field marshal, died.
He was born at Bruxelles, 1735, and devoted his early years to science
and learning. His writings were numerous, of which 30 vols. have been
published.

1850. The steam boat Anglo Norman, while on a pleasure trip for the day,
at New Orleans, exploded both boilers, and nearly a hundred persons were
either killed or wounded.

1854. A Russian decree ordered an additional levy of ten men in every
thousand, in the eastern half of the Russian empire, Jews not excepted.


DECEMBER 14.

402. ANASTASIUS I, pope, died. He reconciled the eastern and western
churches, and was much respected for his sanctity and virtue.

628. Pilgrimage of the emperor HERACLIUS at Jerusalem.

1417. JOHN OLDCASTLE, "the good lord Cobham," the first author and an
early martyr of the reformation, hung alive in chains and burnt to
death.

1622. VALENTINE SMALCIUS, a celebrated Socinian writer, died at Cracow.

1624. CHARLES HOWARD, an intrepid English admiral, died. He commanded
the English fleet at the defeat of the Spanish armada.

1681. FRANCIS VAVASSEUR, a French Jesuit, died; distinguished as a
teacher of rhetoric and belles lettres at Paris, and as a lecturer on
the scriptures.

1704. JOSEPH DUCHE DE VANCY died; a French poet, author of several
scripture tragedies.

1710. HENRY ALDRICH died; an eminent English scholar, divine, architect
and musician.

1713. THOMAS RYMER, a famous English antiquary, died.

1715. THOMAS TENISON, archbishop of Canterbury, died; a celebrated
polemical writer against popery.

1716. WILLIAM TRUMBULL died; an English statesman, ambassador to France
and afterwards secretary of state.

1735. THOMAS TANNER, a learned English antiquary, died, leaving behind
him a valuable work, upon which he had been employed 40 years.

1759. Prof. BRAUN ascertained the congelation of quicksilver.

1769. SAMUEL KNEELAND, an eminent Boston printer, died. He published the
first edition of the Bible in America, which was in 4to, with a London
imprint, to evade the patent which was held by English and Scottish
publishers, _cum privilegio_.

1774. The citizens of New Hampshire attacked and carried the king's
castle, and removed the powder.

1775. Gen. HOWE ordered the old North Meeting and 100 other wooden
houses, to be taken down in Boston and used for fire wood.

1775. British lord DUNMORE defeated by the Americans at Norfolk, Va.

1776. British overran New Jersey.

1780. IGNATIUS SANCHO, an African author, died at London, aged 51. He
was born on board of a slave ship. His _Letters_ possess great
originality. (15?)

1781. Gen. GREENE informed the board of war that he had been unable to
advance on the British for ten days for want of ammunition; that he had
not paper with which to make returns, no camp kettles, &c.; that he lay
within a few miles of the enemy and had not six rounds per man; that he
had been seven months in the field without taking off his clothes one
night.

1782. British under Gen. LESLIE evacuated Charleston, S. C., and
embarked under cover of the king's ship Caroline. The Americans under
Gen. Wayne took immediate possession of it.

1785. JOHN BAPTIST CYPRIANI, a famous Italian painter, died. He settled
in England, but his numerous pieces were spread over Europe by the
graver of Bartolozzi.

1789. CALEB ELLIOTT died of starvation. He was a visionary enthusiast
who imagined that he was called upon to fast 40 days, and actually lived
16 days without food of any kind, having refused all sorts of
sustenance.

1792. ARTHUR LEE, an American statesman, died. He was an ardent friend
of the rights of the colonies, which he rendered essential services as
agent at London, and afterwards as minister with Franklin in France. He
is represented as a man of uniform patriotism, sound understanding,
great probity, plain manners and strong passions.

1796. ANTHONY WAYNE, commander-in-chief of the United States troops,
died at Presque isle, aged 51. He distinguished himself in the wars of
the revolution by his bravery and untiring patriotism.

1797. Great earthquake at Cumana; more than four-fifths of the city was
entirely destroyed, and a number of persons perished.

1799. GEORGE WASHINGTON, the American hero and statesman, the man on
whom, in times of danger, every eye was turned and all hopes were
placed, expired without a struggle, at Mount Vernon, in the 68th year of
his age.

1803. The British under Maj. Gen. WELLESLEY, since lord Wellington,
carried by storm the almost impregnable fortress of Gawilghar, in the
East Indies.

1807. An extraordinary large and brilliant meteor was seen in
Connecticut, exploding at three different times, each explosion
accompanied with a fall of meteoric stones, one of which was probably
200 pounds weight.

1814. British flotilla of 45 boats with 1,200 men and 43 cannon captured
several American gun boats on lake Borgne near New Orleans, manned by 23
guns and 182 men, after an action of about three hours.

1815. The prince regent of Portugal at Rio de Janeiro, proclaimed the
Brazils to be a separate kingdom.

1816. CHARLES STANHOPE, an English statesman, died. He is better known
by his numerous mechanical inventions, and as a man of science.

1818. EDWARD LAW, lord Ellenborough, an eminent English lawyer, died.

1826. CONRAD MALTE-BRUN, a Danish poet, political and philosophical
writer, and geographer, died at Paris. He was forced to leave his own
country for the tendency of his writings to liberty.

1829. Commencement of a civil war in Chili, by an action between the
armies of Luctra and Pietro, in which the latter were defeated.

1843. CHARLES GOLDSBOROUGH, author of the naval history of the United
States, died at Washington, D. C., where he was engaged in the navy
department.

1849. EDWARD DOUBLEDAY, a distinguished British naturalist, died at
London, aged 39. He visited the United States in 1835, and returned with
a large and rare collection of specimens in most of the branches of
natural history, which he distributed to several of the public
institutions of England.

1851. JOEL R. POINSETT, an American statesman, died, aged 72. He was a
native of South Carolina, was secretary of war under Mr. Van Buren, and
opposed to the revolutionary schemes of some of the politicians of his
native state.

1852. Madame D'ARUSMONT, better known as _Fanny Wright_, died at
Cincinnati, aged 57. She was born at Dundee, Scotland, and came to
America with considerable property, where she gained great notoriety by
her lectures and writings.

1855. JOEL ABBOTT, commanding the United States squadron in the East
Indies, died at Hong Kong, China; a brave and energetic officer, who
discharged his duties with signal ability and discretion.


DECEMBER 15.

337 B. C. TIMOLEON, an illustrious Corinthian, died at Syracuse. He went
to the assistance of the Syracusans against the tyrant Dionysius, and
became there a most benevolent and popular character.

215. B. C. HIERONYMUS, tyrant of Syracuse, slain. From his fall is dated
the three years' siege of Marcellus, and the death of Archimedes at the
end of it.

168. B. C. ANTIOCHUS EPIPHANES set up his _abomination_, the statue of
Jupiter, in the sacred temple, it being the anniversary of his own
birthday.

533. TRIBONIAN began the _Digests_ or _Pandects_, that astonishing
labor, which condensed within fifty books a body of three million
sentences from dead civilians, and which he finished by the aid of
seventeen associates in exactly three years.

882. JOHN VIII, pope, died. He held a council at Troyes, but was called
back to Italy by the invasion of the Saracens, who were so successful
that they obliged him to pay an annual tribute. Three hundred of his
letters are preserved.

1347. Abdication and exile of RIENZI the Roman tribune.

1582. The Gregorian style adopted at Paris, omitting ten days.

1683. IZAAK WALTON, an English writer, died, aged 90. He acquired a
fortune and occupied his time in writing and angling; his little
treatise called the _Complete Angler_ is unique.

1692. GEORGE ADAM STRUVIUS died; professor of jurisprudence at Jena, and
counselor of the king of Saxony.

1715. GEORGE HICKS died, an English divine, antiquary, critic and
polemical writer of great learning and abilities.

1725. JOHN JOHNSON, an English non-juror divine, died. Although promoted
to various dignities in the church, he entertained a contempt for its
articles and liturgy.

1745. Battle of Kesseldorf; the Prussians under the prince of Anhalt,
defeated the Austrians and Saxons, who lost 3,000 killed and 6,500
prisoners.

1751. HENRY ST. JOHN, viscount Bolingbroke, for many years busily
engaged in the politics, literature and philosophy of his times, died of
cancer in the face, aged 73.

1764. ROBERT LLOYD, an English poet and miscellaneous writer, died in
the Fleet prison.

1771. BENJAMIN STILLINGFLEET, a distinguished poet and naturalist, died.

1778. French admiral count D'ESTAING, arrived from America at St. Lucia
and attacked unsuccessfully the British fleet and batteries in the bay
of Grand Cul de Sac, in which he sustained great loss.

1782. WILLIAM FRANCIS BERTHIER, a French Jesuit, died; known as the
conductor for many years of the _Journal de Travaux_, royal librarian
and preceptor of Lewis XVI.

1782. American ship Commerce, 16 guns, Capt. Truxton, engaged a British
brig of 18 guns and a schooner of 14 guns; he was obliged to make off on
the appearance of two other British vessels. He saved his convoy, and
they all arrived at St. Thomas in safety, a few hours after the action.

1794. CARRIER, PINARD and GRAND MAISON guillotined at Paris. The former
was noted for his refined cruelty to the numerous victims which power
placed in his hands. On the fall of the mountain party he was consigned
to punishment, which he well merited.

1810. SARAH TRIMMER, an English authoress, died. She is well known by
her various works designed for the use of children.

1814. Meeting of the Hartford convention, which consisted of 26 members
from the new England states, to consult upon the exigencies of the
times, and the defenceless condition of the coast.

1831. HANNAH ADAMS, an American authoress, died. She was a native of
Massachusetts, a woman of great excellence and purity of character, and
a writer of very fair reputation. Her monument is to be seen in the
Mount Auburn cemetery, near Boston.

1834. ANDREW FRANK, a colored man, died at Johnston, R. I., aged 104.

1836. The United States post office, the patent office and the
Washington city post office, together with the contents of the two
latter, destroyed by fire. In the patent office were 7,000 models of
patents, out of 10,000 which had been granted by congress; 163 large
folio volumes of records; 26 port folios containing 9,000 drawings, many
of them beautifully executed and valuable.

1837. JOHN COX died, aged 85. He was a captain in the naval service of
Virginia in the early part of the revolutionary war, and was one of the
most efficient and distinguished patriots during the contest.

1837. PHILIP SING PHYSIC, a Philadelphia physician and surgeon of great
eminence, died, aged 70. He was long a celebrated professor of anatomy
and surgery in the university of Pennsylvania.

1840. The remains of BONAPARTE were removed from Cherbourg, where they
were disembarked, to the Church of the invalides at Paris. The
procession was splendid beyond all precedent, the number assembled being
computed at 500,000. The king and royal family were present at the
ceremony, and 60,000 national guards were in attendance.

1842. JOHN R. WATROUS, an eminent physician and revolutionary surgeon,
died at Colchester, Conn., aged 91.

1842. BENJAMIN PARKHURST died at Royalton, Vt., aged 97. He was the
first settler of that town, living in it over 78 years, and of a family
famed for longevity. His parents died at the age of 97. His grandfather
reached 100, and his grandmother 104 years.

1848. The postal convention between Great Britain and the United States
signed at London by lord Palmerston and Mr. Bancroft.

1854. KAMEHAMEHA III, king of the Sandwich islands, died, aged 41, and
was succeeded by prince Alexander Liholiho, aged 20, under the title of
Kamehameha IV.


DECEMBER 16.

714. PEPIN (_the Fat_), mayor of Paris, died; a man of wisdom and vigor.

1215. A special excommunication of the English barons fulminated at
Rome, and towered London laid under an interdict.

1515. ALFONZO ALBUQUERQUE died, Portuguese viceroy of India, surnamed
_the Great_ and _the Portuguese Mars_.

1653. WILLIAM GOUGE died; a minister of the famous assembly of divines,
and appointed one of the annotators of the Bible.

1653. OLIVER CROMWELL appointed lord protector of England.

1656. EDMUND WINGATE died; an English writer on arithmetic and
mathematics.

1657. JOSHUA REYNOLDS, commander of the English forces in Mardyke, was
cast away with the whole ship's company, on Goodwin's sands.

1684. The statue of Charles II in the Royal Exchange at London, was
erected by the Hamburg company.

1687. WILLIAM PETTY, an eminent English physician, died; chiefly
celebrated for his knowledge in mathematics and mechanics, and for his
writings on political arithmetic.

1703. JULIUS MASCARON, a most eminent preacher, died. His eloquence was
astonishing, and it is related that his preaching had such an effect
upon the Huguenots, that of 30,000 Calvinists which he found on coming
to the see of Agen, 28,000 forsook their church.

1710. Gerona, the key of Catalonia in Spain, surrendered to the French.

1723. JOHN TRENCHARD died; an eminent English patriot and political
writer.

1745. PETER FRANCIS GUYOT DES FONTAINES died; a French critic,
historical writer and translator.

1767. JAMES GRAINGER, a Scottish physician and poet, died in the West
Indies.

1770. ROGER LONG, an eminent English astronomer, died.

1773. Destruction of 340 chests of tea in Boston harbor by a party of
citizens disguised as Indians. There was but one survivor of that event,
in 1840.

1782. The British burnt fort Arbuthnot and a new fort on Sullivan's
island.

1783. WILLIAM JAMES died; an English baronet, who rose from the humble
occupation of a plowboy to the chief command of the East India company's
marine forces.

1788. Oczakow taken from the Turks by storm by the Russians under prince
Potemkin, who had about 1,000 killed in the assault.

1798. THOMAS PENNANT died; an Englishman of eminent knowledge in natural
history and antiquities, and the author of a number of valuable books.

1800. Convention of the northern powers of Europe for an armed
neutrality, signed at St. Petersburg between Russia and Sweden.

1809. The most ceremonious and extraordinary divorce in the world took
place between Bonaparte and Josephine.

1809. ANTHONY FRANCIS FOURCROY died; a very eminent French writer on
chemistry, and a member of the Institute.

1811. An earthquake was experienced in the southern states and in Ohio
and Pennsylvania. Charleston, Savannah, Pittsburgh and Circleville
especially suffered from it.

1825. JAMES WATT, the original publisher of the _Montrose, Arbroath and
Brechin Review_, fell over board in Yarmouth Roads and was drowned.

1832. ROBERT C. SANDS, an American author and editor, died. He was a man
of genius, a scholar, and an elegant writer.

1835. The coldest day on record, from sunrise to sunset. The thermometer
ranged from 12° to 16° below zero all day, in the vicinity of Boston.
The winter was remarkable for the lowness of its mean temperature, the
number of extremely cold days, and the great quantity and long duration
of snow.

1835. Great fire in New York, the most destructive that ever took place
in this country, by which the entire seat of the greatest commercial
transactions of the city, was destroyed. The number of buildings
destroyed was 529, including the Merchant's Exchange, valued at
$150,000, and the Garden street church $50,000. The total loss was
estimated at $17,000,000.

1848. A little after midnight the Park theatre at New York was burned to
the ground.

1852. SAMUEL LEE, canon of Bristol, and the profoundest orientalist of
the age, died, aged 69. He rose from the sphere of a carpenter's
apprentice.


DECEMBER 17.

546. The Goths under TOTILLA captured and plundered Rome.

1413. WILLIAM GASCOIGNE, a noted English judge, died. His opinions,
arguments and decisions occur in the old law reports.

1468. The first book printed in England bears this date at Oxford, and
contains 41 quarto leaves.

1500. COLUMBUS was introduced at the court of Ferdinand and Isabella at
Grenada.

1538. LUTHER notes in his _Table Talk_, that he invited the singers and
musicians to supper. "I always loved music; who so has skill in this
art, the same is of good kind, and fitted for all things,"--a divine
saying.

1593. HENRY MAY, an English mariner, returning from the East Indies, was
wrecked on the islands of Bermudas, and was the first Englishman, who
set foot on those islands. The carpenter's tools having been saved, they
built a cedar bark of about 18 tons, payed the seams with lime and
turtle's fat, procured some rigging from the ship, and put in thirteen
live turtles for provisions, when, having remained there nearly five
months, they sailed for Newfoundland.

1615. JACOB LE MAIRE, in his voyage to the straits, reports that he
found this day at Port Desire, a skeleton of nearly 11 feet in length,
entombed.

1657. JAMES NAYLOR, a quaker, accused of blasphemy, convicted and
ordered to be whipped and pilloried and his tongue bored through with a
red hot iron.

1719. Aurora borealis first noticed in this country, and filled the
people with alarm and consternation. It was of course viewed as a sign
of the last judgment.

1724. THOMAS GUY, founder of a hospital which bears his name, died in
London, aged 81. He acquired great wealth as a bookseller, and left more
than a million of dollars to one hospital, besides aiding others, and
leaving nearly $400,000 to be divided among such as could prove
themselves in any way related to him.

1731. ROBERT BOLTON died; an English puritan, distinguished for his
learning and eloquence, and whose high reputation is sustained by his
numerous writings.

1742. FRANCIS JOSEPH DE BEAUPOIL DE SAINT-AULAIRE, an ingenious French
poet, died, aged 100. He wrote much in the manner of Anacreon, and it is
remarkable, that his best pieces are those of his old age, when he had
reached his 90th year.

1778. The theatre at Saragossa, in Spain, was burned, occasioning the
death of 400 persons.

1788. The thermometer at Leipsic fell 27 degrees below zero.

1807. Milan decree issued by Bonaparte, denationalizing all such vessels
as should submit to the British order in council.

1808. CHARLES JENKINSON, earl of Liverpool, died. He was a statesman of
profound ability, but extremely unpopular, who rose from obscurity to
wealth and rank.

1812. Mississinewa, an Indian town inhabited by Delawares and Miamis,
attacked by 600 Americans under colonel Campbell. The town was burnt,
with several others in the vicinity.

1812. British attacked Darby, Vt., and burnt the barracks and store
houses, and carried off considerable quantities of stores.

1830. SIMON BOLIVAR, a distinguished South American general, died. He
headed the revolution of the provinces against the mother country, and
having achieved their independence was elected president of Colombia.

1832. Prof. ZAHN discovered a city buried under the lava, between
Vesuvius and Pompeii.

1832. ROBERT C. SANDS, the assistant editor of the _New York Commercial
Advertiser_, died by apoplexy while in the act of composing.

1843. JACOB MANN, supposed to be the oldest newspaper editor of the
state of New Jersey, died in Morristown; having published the _Genius of
Liberty_ in 1798.

1852. WILLIAM JACOB, an English agricultural writer, died at London,
aged 89.

1853. RALPH WARDLAW, an eminent minister of the congregational
dissenters, died at Glasgow, aged 73.


DECEMBER 18.

69. VITELLUS abdicated the Roman empire, which "he had received against
his will." The next day he desired to restore the dagger of his
authority.

1551. GEORGE MARTINUSIUS (_Visinovitsch_), governor of Transylvania,
assassinated by order of Ferdinand, king of the Romans and of Hungary.
He was a native of Croatia, who rose from the humble occupation of a
lighter of stoves.

1555. JOHN PHILPOT, archdeacon of Winchester, an English reformer,
convicted of heresy and burnt at Smithfield.

1621. The famous resolution of the commons of England against the
usurped royal prerogative was adopted. King James did indeed tear it
from the records with his own hand, but it had its effect.

1665. BENEDICT VARCHI died; professor of morality at Padua, and
distinguished for the purity and elegance of his language and writings.

1674. GABRIEL COSSART died. He assisted Labbe in his grand collection of
councils, which occupied 28 vols. folio.

1678. ROBERT NANTEUIL, a celebrated French engraver and designer, died.

1682. HENEAGE FINCH, lord high chancellor of England, died. He was
distinguished for his wisdom and eloquence.

1686. EDWARD BENDLOWES, an English poet, died in great want, the result
of imprudence.

1692. VITUS LUDOVICUS DE SECHENDORF, a learned German, died; author of
several works, among which is the best account of Luther.

1708. JOHN LOVELACE arrived at New York from England, as governor of the
province.

1714. CÆSAR D'ESTREES, a French cardinal, died; an able negotiator and a
benevolent man.

1733. JOHN POTENGER died; an English poet and miscellaneous writer.

1733. EMANUEL MATTI died; a Spanish poet of eminence, and member of the
Arcadia at Rome.

1737. The cliff at Scarborough sunk.

1741. Remarkable meteor seen at noon near Canterbury, Eng., accompanied
by an inverted rainbow and three mock suns next morning.

1745. The Prussians under Frederick II entered Dresden. They captured
the younger sons of the king of Poland, and took 415 officers and 1500
men prisoners.

1760. CHARLES HAYES, an ingenious English mathematical writer, died.

1771. PHILIP MILLA, an eminent Scottish botanist, died. He had charge of
the apothecary company's physic garden at Chelsea, where he was visited
by Linnæus.

1775. Battle of Great Bridge, near Norfolk, Va.

1776. The constitution of the state of North Carolina was adopted.

1778. The French under count d'Estaing made another attack upon the
British batteries at Grand Cul de Sac, St. Lucia, and after being three
times repulsed, were compelled to retire with the loss of 400 killed and
1100 wounded. British general Meadows was wounded.

1780. Society of antiquaries first instituted in Edinburgh, Scotland.

1785. The sloop Experiment, captain Dean, of Albany, sailed from New
York for China. She returned in 1787, with a valuable cargo, and was the
second vessel that sailed from America to China.

1787. The convention of New Jersey unanimously assented to and ratified
the new federal constitution, without amendments.

1787. SOAME JENYNS, an English theological writer, died, aged 83. His
writings are distinguished by purity of language, elegance of diction
and critical knowledge.

1793. Toulon, which had revolted from the convention, after sustaining a
murderous siege, was attacked by the revolutionists with a tremendous
charge upon the fortifications. The English redoubt, defended by three
thousand men and 20 pieces of cannon and several mortars, was carried in
the space of an hour; and the town after being bombarded ten hours
incessantly, was evacuated by the allies. Great efforts were made to
carry away as many of the inhabitants as possible, but several thousand
were left to the fury of their countrymen, who showed no mercy.

1796. The contemplated invasion of England, or rather Ireland, by an
army of 25,000 under general Hoche, failed by a dispersion of the
transport ships.

1799. Burial of WASHINGTON.

1799. JEAN ETIENNE MONTUCLA, an eminent French mathematician, died. His
problems of the trisection of the angle, and the duplication of the
cube, are curious and interesting.

1803. JOHN GODFREY HERDER, a German theological writer, died. Some of
his writings have been translated.

1807. Counter declaration by the king of England against the emperor of
Russia, and an order in council issued for granting letters of marque
and reprisal against Russia.

1809. ALEXANDER ADAM, an eminent Scottish teacher, died. His _Roman
Antiquities_ is still in extensive use.

1810. LUCIEN BONAPARTE with his family and a suite of thirty-five
persons, arrived at Plymouth, England, and voluntarily placed themselves
under the protection of the British government.

1812. BONAPARTE arrived at Paris from his disastrous campaign in Russia.

1820. GUISEPPE BONZANIGA, royal sculptor of Turin, died. By a
persevering application of 40 years he raised the art of carving in wood
and ivory to a high degree of perfection, and founded an establishment
from which numerous works of art have been produced that are much sought
for in all Italy, and valued by connoisseurs.

1828. Lord LIVERPOOL, the English premier, was killed at the opening of
the rail road at Liverpool.

1832. PHILIP FRENEAU, a poet of the American revolution, died in New
Jersey, aged 80. His poems were collected in two volumes and have gone
through several editions.

1832. Treaty of navigation and commerce concluded at St. Petersburg,
between the United States and Russia.

1843. SMITH THOMPSON, one of the justices of the supreme court of the
United States, died at Poughkeepsie, aged 76.

1845. SAMUEL MCCLURE died in Illinois. Having fought in the
revolutionary wars, he at their close in removing his family to Kentucky
was attacked by Indians, his wife taken prisoner, and his children
slain. He escaped himself and returning severely punished the Indians
and rescued his wife.

1847. TIMOTHY PITKIN, a celebrated historical writer and statesman, died
at his residence, New Haven, Conn.

1855. SAMUEL ROGERS, the distinguished English poet, died, aged 92.


DECEMBER 19.

69. The Roman capitol burnt by Vitellius.

1567. The Burghley papers state from the diocesan's certificate, that
there were then in London and its immediate vicinity, 3,838 Dutchmen,
720 Frenchmen, 137 Italians, 10 Venitians, 56 Spaniards, 25 Portuguese,
2 Grecians, 2 Blackmores, 1 Dane, and but 58 Scots.

1675. Attack on Narragansett, by the united forces of the New England
colonies. The English having gained an entrance, and withstood the first
fire of the Indians, poured in amain, and made such havoc with their
enemies that they soon had possession of every part of the fort. The
wigwams to the number of five or six hundred were fired. The loss of the
Indians on this occasion was by their own account 1000 fighting men; the
loss of old men, women and children could not be estimated, as they
mostly perished in the flames. The loss of the English was 80 killed.
The blow was irreparable to the Indians, who were deprived of their
homes and provisions.

1728. WHITE KENNET, an English prelate, died. He was an eloquent and
popular preacher, and made a valuable collection of manuscripts.

1745. The avails of three nights' acting the _Beggar's Opera_, amounting
to £600, given to encourage king George's army against France and the
rebels.

1753. STYAN THIRLBY, an ingenious and learned English critic, died. He
edited the works of Justin Martyr.

1777. WASHINGTON moved his troops from the Swedes ford to Valley Forge
16 miles from Philadelphia, where he hutted them. They were in great
want of shoes and stockings. At one time his army was without bread four
days; on the fifth day two regiments refused to perform duty, but
finally returned to order on the prudent conduct and persuasion of
Washington.

1793. The princess royal of France, the only remaining member of the
family of the unhappy Louis XVI, was exchanged for the marquis
Lafayette.

1793. The French troops entered Toulon, when such of the inhabitants as
had favored the allies either put an end to their own existence or
perished by the guillotine or musket.

1799. CHARLES JOSEPH PANCKOUCKE, an eminent Parisian printer, died. He
acquired great celebrity as an author and a man of letters, as well as
by the excellence of his printing.

1806. ELIZABETH CARTER, a contributor to the _Rambler_, and a good Latin
and Greek scholar, died at London.

1807. FREDERICK MELCHOIR, baron de Grimm, died. He is indebted for his
fame to a correspondence with the duke of Saxe Gotha, from Paris, which
was published in 16 vols.

1813. DAVID HARTLEY, an English philanthropist, died. He is
distinguished also as a politician and a projector. In parliament he
steadily opposed the war with the colonies, and was one of the
commissioners appointed to treat with Dr. Franklin at Paris.

1813. Fort Niagara captured by the British, who took the Americans by
surprise. In the fort were 250 men and 25 cannon.

1813. Lewistown and Tuscarora village, near fort Schlosser, were burnt
by the Indians.

1815. BENJAMIN SMITH BARTON, an eminent physician of Philadelphia, died.
He held the professorships of natural history and botany, afterwards of
materia medica, and succeeded Dr. Rush in theory and practice of
medicine.

1831. The national assembly of Greece met at Argos, but in consequence
of sedition was soon obliged to remove to Napoli.

1840. FELIX GRUNDY, long a distinguished senator of the United States
from Tennessee, died. He was a zealous supporter of the measures of
general Jackson's administration.

1842. JOHN UNCAS, the last male descendant of the Mohegan chief of that
name, died, aged 89, and was buried in the royal burying ground of the
Mohegans in Connecticut.

1845. CHARLES BOWEN, with his wife and oldest child, drowned by the
sinking of the steamer Bellozane in the Mississippi. He was for many
years publisher of the North American Review, the American Almanac,
Token, &c., in Boston.

1851. J. M. WILLIAM TURNER, an unrivaled English landscape painter, died
at Chelsea, aged 76. He was a man of miserly habits and great
eccentricities.

1852. Sacramento in California inundated; the city submerged by the
breaking through of a levee.


DECEMBER 20.

69. AULUS VITELLIUS, emperor of Rome, assassinated. After sharing in the
debaucheries of Tiberius, and administering to the vices of Caligula,
Claudius and Nero, he was proclaimed by his troops in Germany, in
opposition to Otho. Though defeated in three battles, he triumphed in
the fourth. He disgraced his reign by every species of licentiousness.

107. IGNATIUS, bishop of Antioch, torn in pieces by lions at Rome, by
order of the emperor Trajan. His epistles are very interesting remains
of ecclesiastical antiquity.

860. ETHELBALD, who married his mother-in-law, died, after having to
the priests atoned for his offence by building and endowing many abbeys
and monasteries.

912. ALPHONSO III (_the Great_), king of Asturias, in Spain, died. He
wrote a chronicle of the Spanish monarchs, and a short time before his
death obtained a memorable victory over the Moors.

1192. RICHARD of England seized in his disguise at Vienna.

1492. COLUMBUS cast anchor in the bay of St. Thomas; the anniversary
also of the interment of his venerable bones more than three centuries
after (1795) at Cuba.

1494. MATTEO MARIE BOJARDO, an Italian lyric poet, died.

1560. JOHN DRYANDER, a Hessian medical and mathematical writer, died.
His discoveries in astronomy and his invention of mathematical
instruments are important.

1560. First general assembly of the Scottish church was opened.

1603. MAHOMET III, sultan of Turkey, died of the plague. He began his
reign by ordering 19 of his brothers to be strangled, and 10 of his
father's wives to be drowned. He invaded Hungary with an army of 200,000
men, but after some successes his progress was checked, and he sued in
vain for peace.

1686. Sir EDMUND ANDROS arrived in Boston with a commission from king
James as governor of New England. He was received with satisfaction only
as he was less dreaded than Kirk.

1697. THOMAS FIRMIN, an eminent English philanthropist, died. He devoted
his time and money to charitable objects, and his benefactions were
unequaled at the time when he lived.

1698. BARTHOLOMEW DU QUENTAL died; a Portuguese catholic priest,
distinguished for his piety and learning.

1735. The Gentleman's Magazine announced the arrival of a dwarf in
England from France, who at the age of 46, measured 21 inches in height.

1735. Part of the island of Portland sank into the sea.

1765. The dauphin of France died in his 36th year. He was a prince of
benevolent character and exemplary piety, but little known in public
life.

1766. Prayers were publicly read in all the popish chapels in Ireland
for George III and family, being the first time prayers were made by
Romanists for the protestant succession since 1688.

1770. JOHN SENAC died; physician to the king of France, counselor of
state, and superintendent of the mineral waters of the kingdom. He wrote
several works on anatomy and medicine.

1782. The United States frigate Charleston, 40 guns, captured by the
British ships Quebec and Diomede, 76 guns, after a chase of 18 hours.

1790. The fortress of Ismael taken by storm by the Russians under
Suwarrow; of 12,000 Turks all were put to the sword but 400.

1791. Bank of the United States commenced discounting in Philadelphia;
$300,000 were discounted. Branches were established in New York, Boston,
Baltimore and Charleston, which commenced business in January, 1792.

1793. JOHN STRANGEWAYS HUTTON died at Philadelphia, aged 110. He was
born on Long Island in 1682.

1793. The first ambassador from the Porte arrived in London.

1795. The remains of Columbus removed to Cuba. In the presence of the
dignitaries and military of San Domingo, assembled at the Metropolitan
cathedral, a small vault was opened above the chancel, wherein were
found the fragments of a lead coffin, a number of bones, and a quantity
of mould, evidently the remains of a human body. These were carefully
collected and put into a case of gilded lead secured by a lock, and
enclosed in a coffin covered with black velvet, and ornamented with lace
and fringe of gold. (See Jan. 19, 1796.)

1795. French under JOURDAN made an attack on Kayserslautern, but were
repulsed with a loss of 2000 men.

1803. SAMUEL HOPKINS, an eminent New England minister, died. He
published a work to show that it was the interest of all the American
states to emancipate their slaves.

1804. RICHARD HUMPTON, adjutant general of the state of Pennsylvania,
died. He was a native of England, who early entered the military
service, and distinguished himself as a gallant soldier during the war
of the revolution.

1809. JOSEPH JOHNSON, the fortunate publisher of Cowper's poems, died.

1815. CAMBACERES arrested and sent to prison at Paris.

1849. WILLIAM MILLER, the founder of the sect of Millerites, died at
Hampton, Washington co., N. Y., aged 68. He was a native of Pittsfield,
Mass., and during the last war with England served as a captain of
volunteers on the northern frontier. He began to speak in public
assemblies upon the subject of the Millenium in 1833, and in the ten
years which preceded the time which he had set for the consummation of
all prophecy he labored assiduously in the middle and northern states,
averaging, it is said, nearly one sermon a day for more than half that
period. He was uneducated, and not largely read in even the common
English commentaries; his views were absurd and supported but feebly;
yet he succeeded in building up a sect of some 30 or 40,000 disciples,
which disappeared rapidly after the close of the "day of probation" in
1843, after which time Mr. Miller himself did not often advocate or
defend his views in public.

1852. By a decree of the governor-general of British India, the province
of Pegu was annexed to the British dominions.

1855. THOMAS CUBITT, an eminent English builder, principally on works of
great magnitude for the government, died, aged 68.


DECEMBER 21.

73. Festival of ST. THOMAS, the Christian apostle, whose counsels
penetrated into India. He was killed by the Bramins, and buried at
Meliapour, about ten miles from Madras.

1375. GIOVANNI BOCCACCIO, an eminent Italian writer, died; whose
_Decameron_ has been translated into all the European languages,
although great pains were taken to suppress it.

1641. MAXIMILIAN DE BETHUNE, duke de Sully, died; celebrated as the
prime minister of Henry IV, and the most able and incorruptible
statesman that France ever had. After the murder of the king he went
into retirement, where he wrote his _Memoirs_, a minute history of his
own times.

1667. MILTON'S widow disposed of her entire interest in the _Paradise
Lost_ for eight pounds; so that the sublimest poetical building in the
world produced for its architect and his family, the sum of eighty
dollars; ten pounds having been paid to the author in his life time!

1667. Sentence was executed upon many of those Scottish covenanters who
had rebelled, it is supposed under persecution.

1670. The maiming of sir JOHN COVENTRY for reflecting on the moral
character of Charles II, which caused the Coventry act.

1705. CATHARINE, of Portugal, died; queen of Charles II, of England, by
whom she was treated unkindly.

1706. Tumultuous meetings in Edinburgh, occurred on account of signing
the articles of union with England.

1719. First No. of the _Boston Gazette_ issued by William Brooker.

1741. BERNARD DE MONTFAUCON, a very learned French Benedictine, died;
famous for his knowledge of ecclesiastic and pagan antiquities.

1774. THOMAS BROUGHTON, a learned English divine, died; author of the
_Bibliotheca Historica Sacra_, and one of the original writers for the
_Biographia Britannica_.

1775. An act of parliament confiscating all American vessels found
floating on the water, and for _impressing_ the crews of American
vessels into the British navy, without distinction of persons.

1777. There were at this time 300 American officers and 900 privates
confined as prisoners of war in New York by the British. They were
mostly confined in sugar houses and the most loathsome jails. In
Philadelphia there were 500 privates and 50 officers. They were
generally stripped of what clothing they had when taken, and were
sometimes confined several days with scarcely any food in order to
induce them to enlist to save their lives. Frequent instances occurred
of persons thus perishing from hunger.

1780. JAMES HARRIS died; an English gentleman of uncommon abilities and
learning, whose writings have been greatly admired.

1782. FRANCIS PHILIP DE REYRAC, a French ecclesiastic, died; a learned
and amiable character.

1791. ARNAULD DE BARQUIN, a French miscellaneous writer died; whose
works are known in our language. His _Children's Friend_ was honored
with the prize of the French academy, as the most useful book issued in
1784.

1807. The Danish islands of St. Thomas and St. Johns, in the West
Indies, surrendered to the British.

1811. PETER PARKER, the British admiral, died, aged 89.

1815. WILLIAM VINCENT, a learned English divine, died. As an author he
is principally known by his commentary on Arrian's voyages of Nearchus.

1815. LAVALETTE, one of Bonaparte's ministers, escaped from prison in
the disguise of his wife's dress, she having been permitted to visit
him.

1831. Trial of the French ministers for high treason. The excitement was
so great that a strong guard was required to save them from the popular
violence. Above 70,000 men were under arms at one time. Their sentence
was imprisonment for life, with the additional penalty of civil death on
Polignac.

1832. WILLIAM BRAY, an eminent English antiquary, died, aged 97.

1833. JOHN P. HUNGERFORD died; an officer in the revolutionary war, and
afterwards a member of congress from Virginia.

1835. JOHN SINCLAIR, an eminent British Statesman, died, aged 82. He was
also a very voluminous author, and was distinguished for his patriotism
and philanthropy. During a public life of upwards of fifty years, there
is scarcely any topic in the whole range of political, statistical or
medical science, to which he did not turn his inquiring mind.

1840. FRANK HALL STANDISH, an English author, died at Cadiz, aged 42. He
wrote biography, travels, sketches and poems.

1845. The battle of Punjaub, between the English forces and the Sikh
army, was fought, which issued in the defeat of the Sikhs, and the
annexation of a large portion of their territory to that of the English.

1848. The Asiatic cholera broke out with great violence among the United
States troops at port Lavaca, Texas.


DECEMBER 22.

640. Alexandria taken from the Greeks, by the Saracens, under Amri,
after a siege of 14 months. "I have taken," he addressed the caliph
Omar, "the great city of the west. It is impossible for me to enumerate
the variety of its riches and beauty; and I shall content myself with
observing that it contains 4,000 palaces, 4,000 baths, 400 theatres, or
places of amusement, 12,000 shops for the sale of vegetable food, and
40,000 tributary Jews." It is well known that the second Alexandrian
library, established by Cleopatra, was then destroyed, to feed the
baths. The collection consisted of 300,000 volumes, and those 200,000
rolls, brought by Mark Antony from Pergamus, with the accumulation of
seven centuries.

937. A severe frost which lasted 120 days, began in England.

1332. Found in the library of St. Mary, at Florence, the whole of the
New Testament in silk; at the end of it is this inscription in Greek:
"By the hand of the Sinner, and most unworthy, Mark, in the year of the
world 7840."

1483. WILLIAM D'ESTOUTEVILLE, a Norman cardinal, died; who reformed the
university of Paris.

1530. The famous protestant league of defence, against a decree of the
imperial diet, was concluded this day.

1558. The great seal of England delivered to sir Nicholas Bacon, with
the style of _lord keeper_, then first adopted.

1585. VIRGINIA ACCORAMBONI, celebrated for her beauty and poetical
talents, was assassinated at Padua.

1592. ALEXANDER FARNESE, duke of Parma, and governor of the Low
Countries, died of a wound given by Henry IV, of France, at the siege of
Rouen.

1620. Landing of the first settlers at Plymouth. The total number of
them was 101; of which 50 died during the winter.

1662. GEORGE PHILLIPS, with three others, styled fanatics, executed for
conspiring the death of Charles II.

1681. RICHARD ALLEIN died; a puritan of great learning, whose writings
are mostly on theology.

1694. FRANCIS NICHOLSON made governor of Maryland.

1699. The protestants of Germany here introduced the Gregorian or _new
style_ of supputation, by the omission of ten days, concluding this
year.

1715. The Pretender (_Chevalier de St. George_), son of James II of
Scotland, the deposed king of England, arrived at Peterhead, and was
proclaimed king of England.

1719. ANDREW BRADFORD issued the first number of the _American Weekly
Mercury_, the first paper printed in Pennsylvania, and the second in the
United States.

1722. PIERRE VARIGNON, a distinguished French architect and
mathematician, died. He was professor of mathematics, and an able writer
on that science.

1723. JAMES BASNAGE, a French protestant minister, died. He was a man of
talent and erudition. His works are numerous and valuable, particularly
his _History of the Jews_, 15 vols.

1729. MICHAEL BARON, the Roscius of the French theatre, died.

1753. A Mr. BRAITHWAITE died at Carlisle, England, at the age of 110. In
1652 he commenced singing in the cathedral, and at the time of his death
had continued singing one hundred years.

1768. CHARLES LITTLETON, bishop of Carlisle, died; an eminent English
antiquary.

1788. PERCIVAL POTT, a very eminent English surgeon, died.

1789. A number of ice islands, of great magnitude, discovered, which had
been wafted from the southern polar regions. The ship Guardian struck
them near the cape of Good Hope, on her passage to Botany bay. These
islands were wrapt in darkness; they were 150 fathoms long, and more
than 50 fathoms above the surface of the waves. A fragment from the
summit of one of them broke off, and plunging into the sea, caused a
tremendous commotion in the water, and dense smoke all around it.

1796. Kehl, a fortress on the Rhine, surrendered by the French, under
Dessaix, to the Austrians, under the archduke Charles, after a siege of
51 days, and a blockade of 115. The garrison were permitted to withdraw,
with their artillery and baggage, with drums beating and colors flying.

1798. BONAPARTE arrived at Suez, with several officers and men of
science, and, having forded the Red sea, visited the fountains of Moses.
Whilst here he received a deputation from the monks of mount Sinai, and
countersigned the charter they had received from Mahomet.

1803. Louisiana taken possession of by the Americans.

1807. Embargo; the ports of the United States closed against British
commerce.

1812. JAMES CLINTON, an American general, died. He was a firm and
undeviating patriot of the revolution.

1812. PETER HENRY LARCHER, a French writer, died. He translated some of
the principal Greek classics.

1813. The Indians attacked and defeated at Ecchanachaca, by the
Americans under general Claiburn, who destroyed the town, 200 houses,
with a large quantity of provisions.

1818. PHILIP FRANCIS, an English statesman, died. He was an active
promoter of the impeachment of the famous Warren Hastings, and was
considered by some as the author of _Junius's Letters_.

1822. WILLIAM LOWNDES, a distinguished orator and patriot, of South
Carolina, died at sea.

1828. WILLIAM HYDE WOLLASTON died, aged 62; one of the ablest and most
renowned of English chemists and natural philosophers. Very little of
his personal history is known, his biography not having been written
(1846).

1832. FRANCIS HUBER, a Swiss naturalist, died, aged 82. He lost his
sight at the age of 17. Notwithstanding this difficulty in the way of
scientific pursuits, with the assistance of his wife, he wrote and
published a very accurate work on the habits of bees, and some other
works.

1835. EDMUND FRY died in London, at a very advanced age. He was a member
of the society of Friends, originally bred to the medical profession,
but was more generally known as an eminent and learned type founder.

1835. DAVID HOSACK, an eminent physician, died at New York, where he was
professor of the theory and practice of physic, and was held in high
estimation as a man of talent, learning and worth.

1838. HUGH JAMES ROSE, a talented and eloquent English divine, died.
Besides numerous works of which he was the author, he projected the
_British Magazine_, and edited the _Theological Library_.

1842. 250 troops from Texas invading Mexico, were defeated and taken
prisoners.

1854. MARTIN JOSEPH ROUTH, president of Magdalen college, died at
Oxford, England, aged 99; a man of great learning, talent and virtues.

1854. The British parliament passed a law permitting the enlistment of
foreigners, as officers and soldiers, in her majesty's service.

1855. VALERIAN KRASINSKI, one of the most distinguished members of the
Polish emigration, and an eminent author, died at Edinburgh, Scotland.


DECEMBER 23.

486 B. C. The accession of Xerxes the magnificent to the Persian throne,
_Nar. Era_, 263. When Darius Hystaspes, his father, was cut off, he had
reigned 36 years, from the _thoth_ of N. E. 227, corresponding with the
first day of January B. C. 521. The year 485, in which he died, is
remarkable for two facts, the conquest of Syracuse under Gelon, and a
comic work by Epicharmus, who added the Greek letters _chi_ and _theta_
to his native alphabet.

176. MARCUS ANTONINUS entered Rome in triumph, after his German
victories on the Danube, accompanied by his monstrous son Commodus.

400. Naval battle of the Hellespont, and defeat of Gainas the barbarian;
who was despatched in Thrace.

558. CHILDEBERT I, king of France, died. His great military exploit was
the defeat of the king of Burgundy.

679. DAGOBERT II, king of Austrasia, assassinated.

1588. HENRY DE LORRAINE, duke of Guise, assassinated by order of the
king. He was a turbulent and seditious subject of Henry III, of France.

1620. The Plymouth settlers having fixed upon a place for a town, on a
high ground facing the bay, where the land was cleared and the water
excellent, as many as could conveniently went on shore, and felled and
carried timber to the spot designated for the erection of a building for
common use.

1622. REDEMPTUS BARENZANO, a Piedmontese monk, died. He was professor of
philosophy at Anneci, and a correspondent of the great Bacon.

1631. MICHAEL DRAYTON, an English poet, died. His works which were
numerous, and of great merit, were collected in 1748 in one volume
folio.

1632. JOHN COTTON, the first minister of Boston, died. He was a good
scholar and a pious, able and benevolent man.

1688. JAMES II, king of England, escaped from England to Calais, in
France, and was declared to have abdicated his throne.

1715. The _Freeholder_, first No., appeared, in a great degree
political. In this work the labors of Addison as an essayist were
brought to a close.

1721. WILLIAM MUSGRAVE died; an eminent English physician and antiquary,
and secretary of the Royal society.

1747. The colonial house and records at Boston destroyed by fire.

1757. British privateer _Terrible_, captain William _Death_, of 26 guns
and 200 men, captured a large French ship, after an obstinate battle, in
which he lost his brother and 16 men killed. A few days after he fell in
with the privateer _Vengeance_, 36 guns and 360 men, who recaptured the
prize, and having manned her, both ships bore down on the Terrible,
whose main was shot away by the first broadside. After a desperate
engagement, in which the French captain and his second were killed, with
two-thirds of his company, the Terrible was boarded, when no more than
26 persons were found alive, 16 of whom had lost a leg or an arm, and
the other 10 were badly wounded. The ship itself was so shattered that
it could scarcely be kept above water. There was a strange combination
of names in this affair; the _Terrible_ was equipped at _Execution_
dock; was commanded by _Death_, who had _Devil_ for his lieutenant and
_Ghost_ for surgeon.

1777. WASHINGTON had 2,898 men unfit for duty, "owing to their being
barefooted and otherwise naked." His whole force fit for duty amounted
to 8,200.

1783. SAMUEL COOPER, one of the most celebrated divines and politicians
of New England, died.

1783. General WASHINGTON delivered up his commission to congress at
Annapolis.

1789. CHARLES MICHAEL DE L'EPEE, a celebrated French teacher of the deaf
and dumb, died. He devoted his time and money to the education of
indigent mutes. Sacrificing his own comfort to promote theirs. Some of
his pupils obtained academical prizes by poetical and literary works.

1804. Battle of Biezun; the French under Grouchy defeated 8,000
Prussians, and took 500 prisoners and 5 cannon.

1814. Battle at Villaret's plantation, near New Orleans, between 2000
Americans under general Jackson and about 4000 British under general
Keene. American loss 213; British loss 305.

1816. Bible societies prohibited in Hungary.

1825. SAMUEL PARKES, an English chemist, died. He was no less
distinguished for his benevolence than for his ardor, diligence and
perseverance in the pursuit of science.

1832. Civil war in Mexico terminated by a convention at Zalaveta, of
delegates from the armies of Bustamente and Santa Anna.

1846. JAMES STEVENSON, one of the oldest of the Seneca chiefs, and a
friend of Red Jacket, died on the Cattaraugus reservation, aged 81. He
was the son of an English officer, who vainly tried to persuade his
beautiful Indian wife to accompany him to England.

1854. Simoda, Japan, destroyed by an earthquake. A wave from the bay
overflowed the town, and on its return left but 16 buildings out of a
thousand standing.


DECEMBER 24.

361. GEORGE of Capadocia, Arian bishop of Alexandria, was assassinated
in consequence of his oppression.

705. ÆLFRID, king of Northumberland, died.

1156. PETER (_the Venerable_), a French ecclesiastic, died. He was
sprung of a noble family, and became general of the order of Cluni. He
was a man of great learning and exemplary piety.

1247. ROBIN HOOD, the English outlaw, has his death placed on this day
(See Nov. 18).

1460. Battle of Wakefield Green; the Lancasterians under Margaret queen
of Henry IV, defeated Richard duke of York, who was slain.

1525. VASQUEZ DE GAMA, the Portuguese navigator, died at Cochin in
Malabar. He discovered the course to the East Indies, by the cape of
Good Hope.

1535. EURICIUS CORDUS died; a German physician and poet, the friend of
Erasmus.

1560. At Lillebone, Lower Seine, France, a fiery meteor fell, attended
with red rain.

1565. A Dutch church was opened at Norwich by order of queen Elizabeth.

1650. Edinburgh castle taken by Cromwell, said to be the first time ever
reduced.

1664. A comet styled a blazing star appeared in England.

1704. First eruption on record of the peak of Teneriffe.

1728. Second newspaper established in Philadelphia, called the
_Universal Instructor in all Arts and Sciences and Pennsylvania
Gazette_, by Samuel Keimer. The first press had been established by
Bradford about six weeks after the city was founded.

1736. Plot discovered to destroy the whole family of Brunswick
Wolfenbuttel.

1740. DANIEL WATERLAND, an eminent English divine and polemical writer,
died.

1771. CHARLES JOHN FRANCIS HENAULT, an eminent French chronologist,
died. His great work, the result of forty years' study, has gone through
many editions and been translated into the Chinese and several European
languages.

1775. JOHN CAMPBELL, king's agent for the province of Georgia, died. He
was an eminent writer on biography, history and politics.

1793. The French convention decreed that the houses in Toulon should be
leveled with the ground.

1794. South Hadley canal, or Connecticut river, opened. It was
constructed to overcome a fall of 53 feet in the river; is upwards of 2
miles in length, including a cut of 300 feet in length through solid
rock, 40 feet deep and 18 wide. The descent into the river was made by
an inclined plane 230 feet in length, traversed by a carriage with six
wheels, which was regulated by a water wheel. It was altogether quite an
original affair.

1798. ROBERT MERRY, author of the _Pains of Memory_, died at Baltimore.

1800. An attempt to assassinate Bonaparte at Paris by an infernal
machine.

1804. MARTIN VAHL, a Norwegian naturalist, died. He extended his
researches over various parts of Europe and the African coast.

1805. American exploring party under Capts. Lewis and Clark, went into
winter quarters in huts on the shore of the Pacific, near the mouth of
Columbia river.

1806. Battle of Nasielsk; the Russians under Kaminski defeated by the
French under Davoust.

1806. Battle of Kursonet, on the Wrka; 15,000 Cossacks defeated by the
French under Nansouty.

1808. THOMAS BEDDOES, an eminent English physician, died. He is known by
his perseverance in making experiments to cure consumption by the
application of pneumatics.

1814. Preliminaries of the treaty of peace between England and the
United States signed at Ghent.

1824. CHRISTOPHER ARETIN, a learned German writer, died. On the
abolition of the monastries in 1803 he was appointed to examine their
libraries.

1830. STEPHANIA FELICITE DE GENLIS, a celebrated French authoress, died,
aged 84. For the last thirty years of her life, her inexhaustible pen
continued to pour forth a variety of works of which space is here wanted
to enumerate even their names. The whole of her literary progeny falls
little short of an hundred volumes, and are characterized by fertility
of imagination and purity of style.

1831. A volcanic island, recently formed near Sicily, disappeared.

1832. The citadel of Antwerp, with 3,500 troops, surrendered to the
French, after a brave resistance of 26 days. The French had thrown up
14,000 metres of trenches, and fired 63,000 rounds, by which 695 were
wounded and 108 killed.

1836. FRANCISCO ESPOZ Y MINA, a distinguished Spanish constitutional
general, died.

1836. Great snow storm in England, which blocked up the roads so as to
prevent all traveling, and many lives were lost. In some places the snow
drifted to the depth of forty feet, and in others avalanches buried
houses and their inhabitants.

1846. ERASTUS ROOT, a distinguished statesman in the state of New York,
died while on a visit to New York city, aged 74.

1849. PATRICK FRAZER TYTLER, the Scottish historian, died.

1849. Great fire at San Francisco; property destroyed valued at a
million and a half of dollars.

1851. The principal room of the library of Congress was destroyed by
fire.


DECEMBER 25.

The commencement of what is usually called the vulgar era, was four
years prior to the date now used as the beginning of the Christian era.

98. Christ mass was first used as a festival.

283. MARCUS AURELIUS CARUS, the Roman emperor, killed by lightning,
beyond the Tigris.

400. GAINAS, a Goth of great valor, killed. He became a general under
Arcadius, and desolated Thrace, because refused a church for the Arians.

496. CLOVIS, the first Christian king of France, crowned at Rheims; a
glorious day among the Franks.

800. CHARLES, king of France, crowned at Rome emperor of the West. It
was the commencement of a new Roman era, and he took the name of
_Charlemagne_.

830. LEO V, emperor of Constantinople, assassinated. He was an Armenian,
who became a general by his valor in the Roman armies, and prevailed on
his troops to proclaim him emperor.

1066. WILLIAM, the conqueror, was crowned at London, amid a tumult, and
the better to secure the obedience of the citizens, granted them a
charter.

1440. GILLES DE RETZ, the famous _Bluebeard_, executed at Nantes for his
horrible crimes. The ruins of his castle, La Verriere, are seen on the
banks of the Erde, in the Lower Loire.

1476. GELEAS MARIE SFORZA, duke of Milan, assassinated. He rendered
himself unpopular by his ferocity and debauchery.

1618. The first house erected at Plymouth, Mass., by the puritan
settlers, after having spent more than a month in selecting a place for
settlement. The company was divided into 19 families, and to each person
was assigned a lot, half a rod in width, and three rods in length, for
houses and gardens.

1658. CROMWELL dispersed several congregations, met to celebrate the
birth of the Savior.

1676. MATTHEW HALE, a learned English judge, died. He was conversant
with almost every branch of science, and has left valuable works in law,
philosophy and religion.

1678. JOHN NEWTON died; an English mathematician and chaplain to Charles
II.

1698. JAMES HOUBRACKEN, the celebrated Dutch engraver, was born at
Dordrecht.

1712. WILLIAM KING, an English poetical and political writer, died. His
most useful work is an account of the heathen gods and heroes, necessary
for the understanding of the ancient poets.

1715. JAMES, the pretender to the English throne, landed at Peterhead,
and formed his court.

1740. JOHN SOANEN, an eminent French ecclesiastic, having been deposed
from his bishopric, died in exile.

1741. ROBERT SANDERSON died; an English writer, distinguished as the
continuator of _Rymer's Fœdera_, from the 16th to the 20th volume.

1758. JAMES HERVEY, an English divine of exemplary virtue and piety,
died. His _Meditations_ and _Letters_ are well known.

1762. Great riot at Drury lane theatre, because the managers would not
admit at half price after the 3d October.

1770. HENRY MILL, an ingenious English mechanic, died. He is said to
have been unrivaled in the science of hydraulics.

1777. Vermont became an independent state. It was first settled in 1725,
and claimed as part of New Hampshire.

1796. KOSCIUSKO, with other Polish prisoners, liberated by the emperor
Paul, when he came to America.

1801. HESTER CHAPONE, an elegant English poetess and moral writer, died.
Her works will long be popular.

1813. Violent eruption of mount Etna.

1816. Treaty between the United States and the dey of Algiers.

1822. A hurricane in Iceland, which overthrew the churches. The new
volcano of Oefields Jokkelen, spouted burning stones and ashes.

1827. ENRICO ACERBI, an Italian surgeon and medical writer, died.

1837. JOHN AUSTIN died at Philadelphia, aged 67; a native of Barbadoes,
formerly a surgeon in the British army, and a practitioner at Barbadoes
and Demarara, where he was greatly esteemed.

1853. JOHN MACRAE WASHINGTON, a brave American military officer, was
swept from the wreck of the San Francisco, aged 60. After the close of
the Mexican war he commanded an expedition across the plains of Mexico
to the Pacific, and acted as military governor one year.


DECEMBER 26.

795. ADRIAN I, pope, died. He was a Roman patrician, who on his
elevation to the pontificate highly embellished St. Peter's church, and
displayed his benevolence and humanity during a famine occasioned by the
inundation of the Tiber.

1135. STEPHEN crowned king of England on St. Stephen's day.

1292. JOHN BALIOL performed homage to Edward of England at New Castle.

1300. EDWARD I of England forbade the circulation of crockards,
pollards, rosaries, and other foreign coins, as sterlings. They were all
called in and a new _sterling_ money coined, so called from the
Easterlings, who were the first coiners of silver of that fineness in
England.

1530. ZAHIR-EDDIN MOHAMMED BABER, founder of the Tartar empire in
Hindostan, died, aged 47. He made the first irruption into Hindostan in
1505, which was unsuccessful; but in 1524 he again undertook the
invasion, defeated and killed the sultan in battle, and extended his
conquests far and wide with astonishing rapidity. He was one of the most
distinguished sovereigns that ever sat upon an Asiatic throne.

1552. CHARLES V raised the siege of Metz, with the loss of 30,000 men.

1679. THOMAS BLOUNT, an English barrister at law, died; distinguished
for his talents and learning, and as a respectable writer.

1729. HONORE TOURNELY, a distinguished French ecclesiastic, died. He was
professor of philosophy at Douay, and a popular preacher.

1731. ANTHONY HOUDART DE LA MOTTE, an ingenious French critic and
miscellaneous author, died. His works consist of epic poetry, tragedy,
comedy, lyric, pastoral, and fable; besides a vast variety of
discourses, critical and academical.

1732. WILLIAM LELAND, of Lisnaken, in Ireland, died, aged 139. He was
alike remarkable for his stature and longevity.

1762. EVERARD TITON DU TILLET, a French Jesuit, died; distinguished for
his learning, and for a brazen Parnassus which he planned and erected in
honor of Louis XIV.

1771. CLAUDE ADRIAN HELVETIUS, a French writer, died. He was a wealthy
and benevolent man, but his works were irreligious.

1776. Battle of Trenton, New Jersey. The Americans under Washington
crossed the Delaware on a cold and stormy night, and surprised the
Hessians at sunrise. Col. Rhalle and 20 men were killed and the
remainder surrendered, to the number of 1,000. Of the Americans 2 were
killed and 2 frozen to death. This well judged and successful
enterprise revived the depressed spirits of the colonists and produced
an immediate and happy effect in recruiting the American army.

1780. JOHN FOTHERGILL, an eminent London physician, died. He was of the
sect of quakers, and distinguished himself by his public and private
benefactions, his encouragement of science, and attention to the health,
the police and the conveniences of the city, as well as his great
medical skill.

1782. HENRY HOME, lord Kaimes, died. He was one of the senators of the
college of justice in Scotland, and eminent as a critical and
philosophical writer.

1784. OTHO FREDERIC MULLER, a Danish naturalist, died. His works show
much method and great accuracy.

1797. JOHN WILKES, a famous English politician and an elegant scholar,
died. He was a member of parliament, lord mayor of London, and
afterwards chamberlain.

1800. MARY ROBINSON died; an elegant English poetess, novelist and
dramatic writer.

1806. Battle of Pultusk in Poland, between the Russians under Beningsen
and the French under Lannes. The latter were defeated with the loss of
8,000; Russian loss 5,000. The French drew back with such haste that the
advancing Cossacks were unable to overtake their rear guard next day.
Lannes was glanced by a ball, and had two aids killed.

1806. Battle of Soldau; French under Ney defeated the Prussians under
Lestocq.

1806. Battle of Alawa, in Prussian Poland; French under Marchand gained
a brilliant victory.

1806. Battle of Golymin; Russians defeated by the French under Murat and
Davoust. The Russians on this eventful day lost 80 cannon, 12,000 men,
and a great amount of baggage, &c.

1811. Destruction of Richmond theatre, in consequence of the scenery
taking fire, when 123 persons perished, among whom was the governor of
the state, and a great number of females.

1812. JOEL BARLOW, an American poet and statesman, died at Garnowitch,
in Poland, while on an embassy from the United States to Bonaparte. His
principal work is the _Columbiad_, a poem.

1820. JOSEPH FOUCHE, duke of Otranto, died. He was one of the most
flagrant of the French revolutionists; but had the adroitness to escape
punishment by shifting his opinions with every variation of the public
sentiment and policy.

1831. STEPHEN GIRARD, a wealthy Philadelphia banker, died. He was a
native of France; was first a cabin boy, then mate of a ship, then
keeper of a toy shop, afterwards a merchant, and finally a banker. He
left an estate of ten or fifteen millions, which was bequeathed to
charitable and public purposes.

1843. Rev. JAMES HARVEY LINSLEY, a writer in the _American Journal of
Science_, died at Stratford.

1851. The town of Lagos, on the coast of Africa, destroyed by an English
force, with a loss of 30 killed and 60 wounded, because the native chief
refused to sign a treaty for the effectual suppression of the slave
trade. The chief was deposed, and another substituted in his place.

1851. A large portion of the Chinese part of Hong-Kong destroyed by
fire, including all the printing offices, the finest edifices and public
buildings; involving the loss of nearly 500 houses and many human lives.


DECEMBER 27.

100. JOHN (_the Evangelist_) died at Ephesus, aged 94.

1552. CATHARINE VON BORA, wife of Martin Luther, died. She was rescued
from a nunnery with eight others by the assistance of the great
reformer. She survived him several years.

1585. PETER DE RONSARD died; a French elegiac and epigrammatic poet of a
noble family.

1603. THOMAS CARTWRIGHT, an English puritan of great eminence and
learning, died. He was a sharp and powerful controversialist, author of
a practical commentary on the gospels and proverbs. He was obliged to
quit the kingdom to avoid persecution, and died in great poverty.

1605. JOHN DAVIS, a famous English navigator, killed in a desperate
fight with some Japanese near the coast of Malacca.

1669. SAMUEL CLARKE died; a celebrated English oriental scholar.

1689. PETER HALLE, an eminent French civilian and poet, died. He was
offered the headship of five colleges, and accepted the professorship of
canon law in the university of Paris, where he raised the character of
that much neglected science.

1763. LAWRENCE NATTIER died; a Swabian, who published a work on antient
gems.

1763. The Paxton boys broke into Lancaster jail and massacred fourteen
friendly Indians.

1771. HENRY PITOT died; a celebrated French mathematician, and friend of
the great Reaumur.

1779. The Spanish armament opened their batteries upon Gibraltar. It is
supposed the general had no orders to fire until this time, but to
remain on the defensive.

1784. LEE BOO, a prince of the Pelew islands, died in England, whither
he had been sent to acquire an education.

1791. JOHN MONRO died; an English physician, celebrated for his skill in
cases of insanity.

1800. HUGH BLAIR, a celebrated Scottish divine, died. His _Lectures on
Rhetoric_ delivered as professor at the Edinburgh university, are
eminently distinguished by laborious investigation, sound sense and
refined taste; and his printed sermons have had a success almost
unparalleled in the annals of pulpit eloquence.

1808. The French under LANNES assaulted Saragossa, in Spain, and the
convent of St. Eugratia carried. This was the second siege.

1814. JOANNA SOUTHCOTT, a noted English fanatic and imposter, died. At
the age of 42 she claimed the character of a prophet, and for more than
twenty years continued her rhapsodies, and drew after her several
thousand adherents, who are not yet extinct.

1814. United States schooner Carolina, blown up on the Mississippi river
by a red hot ball from the British batteries.

1820. JOHN KEATS, an English poet, died in Italy. He was originally a
stable boy, subsequently apprenticed to a surgeon, but gave way to the
ambition of becoming a poet. His poems though written at a very early
age, possess merit.

1834. CHARLES LAMB, the poet Coleridge's friend, died. In some of his
most popular works he was assisted by his sister Mary Lamb.

1835. EPHRAIM WILLIAMS, an eminent lawyer, died at Deerfield, Mass. He
prepared the first volume of the Massachusetts reports.

1840. JENNY KENNISON died at Brookfield, N. H., aged 110.

1842. ALEXANDER CROKE, quite a voluminous writer on law, politics, &c.,
died at Studley priory, England, aged 85.

1842. FRANCIS WRANGHAM, distinguished as a poet and antiquary, died at
Chester, England.

1851. BASIL MONTAGU, an English author, died, aged 81. He edited the
last and best edition of _Bacon's Works_, and was one of the earliest,
most prominent and most zealous advocates of a mitigated penal code in
England.

1853. The mammoth clipper Great Republic was burnt at her wharf in New
York, together with several other vessels and five large flour
warehouses.

1854. THOMAS WILSON DORR, the cause of what was called the Dorr war in
Rhode Island, died at Providence, aged 49.


DECEMBER 28.

1065. St. Peter's church at Westminster dedicated by Edward the
confessor.

1278. Injunction of the primate of England to the nunnery at Godstow,
that public prayers on this day, Childermas, should not any more be said
by little girls.

1377. WICKLIFF divulged his opinion upon the pope's mandate.

1499. Earl of Warwick, the last of the male line of the Plantagenets,
beheaded on Tower hill.

1601. The town of Kinsale, head of the sea, in Ireland, garrisoned by
Spaniards and Irish catholics, surrendered to the English armies.

1638. A Spanish ordinance establishing stamped paper in America.

1694. MARY II, queen of England, died of small pox, aged 33. She had
reigned six years in conjunction with William III, and was greatly
extolled for her virtues.

1697. MARY BEALE, an English portrait painter, died. She is styled by
Oldys "that masculine poet as well as painter, the incomparable Mrs.
Beale."

1706. PETER BAYLE, a most laborious and indefatigable French writer,
died. He was an author of great ability, principally known by his
_Critical Dictionary_.

1708. JOSEPH PITTON DE TOURNEFORT, a famous French botanist and natural
historian, died.

1733. KOULI KHAN defeated the Turks before Babylon, killing 20,000, with
the loss of 10,000.

1737. VICTOR MARIE D'ESTREES, a French admiral, died. He was also a man
of literature, and member of several learned bodies.

1737. Singular sinking and rising of land at Scarborough, in Yorkshire,
England.

1757. CAROLINE ELIZABETH, 3d daughter of Geo. II, of England, died.

1757. Leignitz taken by the Prussians under Frederick II, by which the
Austrians and French were compelled to abandon Silesia, with the loss of
4,000 men.

1758. The French settlement of Goree taken by the British admiral
Keppel.

1775. JOHN CAMPBELL, an eminent Scottish historical, biographical and
political writer died.

1778. The French under count D'ESTAING re-embarked their troops at St.
Lucia, and sailed on the following day.

1788. JOHN LOGAN, a Scottish divine and poet, died. He obtained much
distinction as an eloquent preacher.

1797. War with the pope renewed by the French, occasioned by the
assassination of Duplot, a French general, who was sent to Rome as an
ambassador.

1811. Funeral at Richmond, Va., of those who perished at the burning of
the theatre.

1814. United States privateer Prince of Neufchatel, 18 guns and 130 men,
captured by British ship Leander, two frigates in company.

1814. British cannonaded unsuccessfully the Americans under Gen.
Jackson. The cannonade continued 7 hours; the British loss estimated at
120 killed; American loss 9 killed, 8 wounded.

1817. CHARLES BARNEY, an eminent English scholar, died. He greatly
distinguished himself by the depth of his literary researches, and by
his extraordinary skill in the Greek language.

1817. American colonization society formed at Washington, having for its
object the returning of free people of color to Africa.

1818. ALEXANDER, emperor of Russia, gave to his peasant subjects the
same right with his nobles to establish manufactures.

1825. J. D. BARBIE-DU-BOCAGE, a French geographer, died. He furnished
plans and maps for the most celebrated works of the day, and published
an atlas of 54 sheets to illustrate ancient history.

1825. JOHN THOMAS SERRES, a French artist, died. His sea pieces possess
much merit, and he is besides the author of the _Little Sea Torch_, a
guide for coasting pilots.

1831. Insurrection of the slaves in Jamaica, in the course of which
about 30,000 blacks were under arms, 4,000 of whom were killed. The
amount of property destroyed was estimated at $15,000,000.

1835. Battle of Tampa bay; a company of 110 United States troops under
major Dade, attacked by a large party of Seminole Indians, and all but
three slain.

1853. A great snow storm commenced, which continued 36 hours, extending
over the new England states, and causing great interruption to business
and travel.


DECEMBER 29.

1170. THOMAS BECKET, archbishop of Canterbury, assassinated in his
cathedral, aged 53.

1563. SEBASTIAN CASTALIO, a French writer, died. His writings are very
considerable, both for their number and quality, discover great
knowledge of the languages, and are chiefly on scripture subjects.

1594. JOHN CHASTEL, the son of a woolen draper at Paris, executed for an
attempt to assassinate the king, Henry IV.

1674. Battle of Mulhausen; the French under Turenne, gained a victory
over the Germans.

1680. WILLIAM STAFFORD, an English nobleman, beheaded. He was convicted
of high treason as a conspirator in the popish plot, said to have been
contrived by the catholics for the assassination of Charles II.

1689. THOMAS SYDENHAM died; an excellent English physician and medical
writer.

1699. GEORGE MATTHIAS KŒNIG, a learned German writer, died;
distinguished for his knowledge of belles lettres, divinity and oriental
languages; principally known by a biographical dictionary which has been
of great service to subsequent compilers.

1713. JOHN CHARDIN, a famous French _voyageur_, died. He was driven to
England on the revocation of the edict of Nantes, where he was knighted
by Charles II. His _Voyages_ have always been much esteemed as very
curious and accurate.

1731. BROOK TAYLOR, an English mathematician and philosopher, died. His
works were valuable and often republished.

1737. JOSEPH SAURIN, a French mathematician, died. He devoted his life
to geometrical pursuits, and is conspicuous for a controversy with
Rousseau who wished to palm upon him some of his own libelous verses
against persons of distinction.

1755. GABRIELLE SUSANNE BARBOT DE VILLENEUVE, a celebrated French novel
writer, died.

1761. ELIZABETH, queen of Russia, died. She was the daughter of Peter
the Great, and ascended the throne, 1741.

1774. TOUSSAINT GASPARD TACONNET died; a French actor and dramatic
writer, noted for his eccentricity.

1778. Savannah taken by the British. A negro conducted the British by a
private path to the rear of the Americans, who being attacked in front
and flank, made a fatal retreat. Upwards of 100 Americans were killed,
453 taken; the town and fort, 48 cannon, 23 mortars, with ammunition and
stores, the shipping in the river, and large quantities of provisions
fell into the hands of the enemy.

1783. SAMUEL COOPER, a Boston clergyman, died. His sermons were
evangelical and perspicuous, and unequaled in America at that time for
taste and elegance.

1783. DANIEL WRAY, a learned English antiquary, died, aged 82.

1790. JOHN GEORGE LA FRANC DE POMPIGNAN, a learned French prelate, died.
He was author of sixteen works on different subjects.

1794. The town of Grave, considered a masterpiece of fortification,
surrendered to the French under Pichegru, after a blockade of two
months.

1797. General DUPHOT, assassinated by the populace at Rome, which was
made a pretext of the French directory for dethroning the pope, Pius VI.
Duphot had distinguished himself on several memorable occasions, and had
repaired to Rome for the purpose of espousing the sister of Bonaparte,
afterwards married to Murat.

1798. American government issued orders to the commanders of their armed
vessels to repel by force the mustering and searching their vessels, and
detaining them; but when overpowered by a superior force, to strike
their colors and surrender ship and men.

1812. Action between United States frigate Constitution, 54 guns, 480
men, Capt. Bainbridge, and British frigate Java, 49 guns and 500 men
including supernumerary officers, which resulted in the capture of the
latter in 55 minutes. Loss of the Java 60 killed and 101 wounded
including the captain, Lambert, mortally. Constitution lost 34 killed
and wounded.

1825. JAMES LOUIS DAVID, a celebrated French painter, died. He was one
of the wildest idolators of Robespierre and Marat, but finally lost his
repugnance to monarchy under Bonaparte. He was banished on the
restoration of the Bourbons, and died at Brussels. His works are
numerous, and attest a splendid genius.

1832. Baron COTTA died. He was the originator of the daily political
paper, the _Algemeine Zeitung_, so extensively circulated in Europe.

1832. JAMES HILLHOUSE, an American statesman, died at New Haven, Ct.,
aged 79. He took an active part in the revolution, and was eighteen
years a member of congress. He was entrusted with the construction of
the Farmington canal.

1834. T. R. MALTHUS, an English writer on political economy, died. His
most celebrated work is an _Essay on Population_, which has passed
through many editions, and been translated into various languages.

1836. DEBORAH TRIPP died at Poughkeepsie, aged 10 years and six months,
and weighing 360 pounds. A few years before, herself and a younger
sister were exhibited about the country for their extraordinary fatness.
The younger sister died two or three years previous.

1837. WILLIAM MAVOR, a popular English author and compiler, died, aged
80. His _Voyages_ and _Universal History_, in 25 vols. each, are well
known, and his _English Spelling Book_ passed through between four and
five hundred editions.

1837. The imperial palace at St. Petersburg burnt, the weather at the
time being 22° below zero. The palace was built in the reign of
Elizabeth, at a cost of upwards of $5,000,000, and was the largest in
Europe, sufficient to lodge 12,000 persons. The loss of treasures,
pictures, statues, ornaments and furniture was immense.

1837. Steamer Caroline, a vessel in the service of the Navy island
patriots, destroyed.

1839. Battle of Cagancha between the forces of Uruguay, under Rivera,
and those of Buenos Ayres under Echague. The latter had an army of 5,000
men, and was defeated with the loss of 800 killed, and prisoners,
baggage, &c., taken. Rivera's loss about 200.

1845. Texas admitted into the union.

1848. Wisconsin admitted into the union.

1848. The Roman chambers were dissolved and a constituent assembly
convened.

1849. Great crevasse in the Mississippi banks at Bonnet Carré, about
forty miles above New Orleans.

1850. The British forces had an engagement with the Caffres, in South
Africa, were defeated with considerable loss, and obliged to retreat to
their fort.

1852. ROBERT FORREST, an eminent Scottish sculptor, died, aged 63. He
was originally a stone mason, in the quarries of Clydesdale; but the
products of his chisel are seen in the most conspicuous points of
Glasgow and Edinburgh.

1855. The French imperial guard made a triumphal entry into Paris on its
return from the Crimea.


DECEMBER 30.

944 B. C. The winter solstice fell upon this day, according to the
marble, by the table of Petavius; which places the period of Homer
thirty-seven years later.

1535. The society of the Jesuits founded by Ignatius Loyola, a Spanish
monk, who entered into an agreement with five of his fellow students to
undertake the conversion of unbelievers and a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.
From this small beginning it became a powerful society under the energy
and shrewd policy of its leaders, and was raised to a degree of
historical importance unparalleled in its kind.

1567. Bonhill field, the ancient burial place of the dissenters,
surveyed, "containing 23 acres, 1 rod and 6 poles; butting upon Chiswell
street on the south, and on the north upon the highway that leadeth from
Wenlock's barn to the well called St. Agnes the Cleere." It was also the
common place of interment for the victims of the great plague in 1665.
Bunyan, Watts, Owen, De Foe, George Fox, are among the distinguished men
who rest there.

1568. The learned ROGER ASCHAM, died; sometime tutor to queen Elizabeth,
and afterwards her Latin secretary.

1582. EMANUEL ALVAREZ died; a Portuguese Jesuit, distinguished as a
grammarian.

1596. EMANUEL DE SAA, a Portuguese Jesuit, died; professor of theology
at Coimbra and at Rome, and author of several valuable works.

1644. JOHN BAPTIST VAN HELMONT, a physician of Brussels, died. He was a
man of great learning in physic and natural philosophy. His cures were
so extraordinary that he was brought before the inquisition as a man
that did things beyond the reach of nature. He cleared himself of the
inquisition, but to be more at liberty retired into Holland.

1655. Several persons wounded at the door of the parliament house,
England, by a quaker, who pretended that he was inspired to slay all in
the house.

1661. The earl of Argyle committed to Edinburgh castle for high treason.

1688. The prince of Orange received the sacrament to allay suspicions of
his wishing to change the liturgy of the English church.

1691. ROBERT BOYLE, the distinguished philosopher and chemist, died. He
was the seventh son and fourteenth child of Richard, earl of Cork, and
secured immortal fame by his writings and discoveries in experimental
philosophy.

1695. SAMUEL MORLAND, though a great favorite with king Charles, died in
poverty. He constructed an arithmetical machine.

1721. PETER DE VALLEMONT, a French ecclesiastic, died; known by his
_Elements of History_, and other works.

1730. JAMES SAURIN, an eminent French divine and theological and
controversial writer, died in Holland, where he took shelter from
persecution.

1747. EDWARD HOLDSWORTH, an English poet, died.

1765. SAMUEL MADDEN, an Irish divine and dramatic poet, died. He
instituted the Dublin society, and set apart an annuity of £100 to be
distributed as premiums for improvements in the useful arts.

1765. JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD (_the Pretender_), died at Rome. He was the
son of James II of England, who was compelled to abdicate by his want of
discretion in the government.

1774. PAUL WHITEHEAD died; an English poet of considerable eminence.

1777. LEOPOLD MAXIMILIAN, elector of Bavaria, died. The succession to
his dominions occasioned a war between Germany and Prussia.

1781. JOHN TUBERVILLE NEEDHAM, professor of philosophy in the English
college at Lisbon, died. He wrote various philosophical and critical
works; though a learned man he was a very superstitious character.

1800. THOMAS DIMSDALE, an eminent English physician, died. His celebrity
was such that he was invited to the court of Russia, where he inoculated
the empress Catharine and her son with small pox.

1809. AUGUSTUS FRANCIS JULIAN HERBIN died; a native of France,
distinguished as an oriental scholar.

1813. Buffalo burnt. Fort George, or Newark, in Upper Canada, having
been wantonly burnt down by the American troops, a part of the British
army crossed over from fort Erie, and utterly destroyed the village of
Buffalo, in retaliation. It contained 100 houses.

1833. WILLIAM SOTHEBY, an English poet and translator, died. His
translations from Virgil and Homer rank in the first class of that
difficult and rarely successful branch of literature.

1834. The first reformed British parliament dissolved by royal
proclamation.

1836. The plague continued to rage at Constantinople; having carried off
during the summer and autumn no less than 100,000 citizens.

1837. An attack made by upwards of 100 Canadian loyalists upon the
American steamboat Caroline, lying in the Niagara, at Schlosser, and of
34 Americans on board 22 lost their lives. The boat was towed into the
current, with part of the men on board, and precipitated down the falls.

1853. JOHN AVERY PARKER, a distinguished merchant and a millionaire,
died in New Bedford, Mass.

1853. The ship Staffordshire, captain Richardson, from Liverpool to
Boston, struck on a rock south of Seal island, and sunk, carrying down
177 of the passengers and crew.


DECEMBER 31.

71 B. C. POMPEY and CRASSUS triumph at Rome. The former had closed the
ten years' war in Lusitania, and Crassus the revolt of Spartacus at
home. Marcus Lucullus triumphed the same year, bringing with him the
Thracian colossus of Apollo.

192. LUCIUS AURELIUS COMMODUS, a dissipated emperor of Rome, strangled,
and Pertinax elected. It was in the reign of this emperor, A. D. 190,
that the Capitoline library at Rome was destroyed.

406. The Huns, 100,000 strong, entered Gaul, and laid desolate her
seventeen luxurious provinces with havoc and flame, from the banks of
the Rhine to the Pyrenæan mountains.

535. The acquisition of Sicily from the Goths. Belisarius entered
Syracuse in triumph, a city which once embraced 22 miles.

1384. JOHN WICKLIFFE died; professor of divinity in the university of
Oxford, and father of the reformation of the English church from popery.

1460. Battle of Wakefield, in England; the duke of York and 3000 of his
followers slain.

1563. CHARLES DE COSSE died; a French general of great military talents,
and employed also as a diplomatist.

1583. THOMAS ERASTUS, a celebrated German physician and divine, died. He
wrote several works on philosophy, physic and divinity; but is chiefly
memorable for his work on excommunication, in which he denies the power
of the church, and affirms its censures to be incapable of extending
beyond the present life.

1600. The East India company established by a charter from Elizabeth,
granted to the earl of Cumberland and 215 knights, aldermen and
merchants. The original capital was £22,000, divided into shares of £50.

1616. JAMES LE MAIRE died at sea in returning with the Dutch navigator,
Schouten. In this voyage, the straits that bear his name were
discovered, between Staaten Land and Terra del Fuego.

1620. Era of the first settlement of New England. It being sabbath, they
kept the day for the first time in their new house, and in grateful
remembrance of the friends they found in the last town they left in
their native country, they called it Plymouth.

1674. Battle of Mulhausen, in Alsace, in which the French marshal
Turenne defeated the Austrians.

1679. JOHN ADOLPHUS BORELLI, a distinguished philosopher and
mathematician, of Naples, died; author of thirteen treatises in Italian
and Latin.

1704. The peak of Teneriffe formed a lateral eruption in the plain de
los Infantes, preceded by tremendous earthquakes.

1718. JOHN FLAMSTEAD, an eminent English astronomer, died. He formed a
new catalogue of the fixed stars, containing about three thousand.

1762. MARY COLLYER died; the translator of Gesner's poem of the _Death
of Abel_.

1771. CHRISTIAN ADOLPHUS KLOTZ, professor of philosophy at Göttingen,
died. He distinguished himself by his Latin poems, his numismatic
treatises, his works on the study of antiquity, and on the value and
mode of using ancient gems.

1775. Assault of the American forces under Montgomery and Arnold on
Quebec. Montgomery was killed in advancing upon the barrier, at the head
of the New York troops, and Arnold's division, after a desperate
engagement, in which the Americans sustained the whole force of the
garrison three hours were compelled to surrender themselves prisoners of
war. They lost 100 killed, 300 taken.

1781. HENRY LAURENS, ambassador from the United States to France,
liberated from the tower of London in exchange for general Burgoyne.

1791. JOHN ELLIS, a London scrivner, died; the last of that ancient
profession. He was an alderman of London nearly half a century, and was
besides a man of literature, whose conversation was highly extolled by
Dr. Johnson.

1792. The quantity of gold coined at the royal mint of Mexico this year
was $969,430; of silver, $23,225,611; total, $24,195,041; the largest
sum which had been coined there since the conquest of the country.

1793. THOMAS JEFFERSON resigned the office of secretary of state to the
United States.

1796. The thermometer 4° below zero in London. Several persons were
frozen to death.

1799. JOHN FRANCIS MARMONTEL, a French novelist, died. He was admired
for the vigor and delicacy of his writings, but was allowed to pass his
last days in a state of retirement bordering on want.

1811. Tariffa, near Gibraltar, attacked by the French, who were repulsed
with great loss by the British under colonel Skerritt.

1812. United States frigates President and Congress returned to Boston
after an active cruise of three months, during which they passed over a
space of about 8000 miles without meeting an adventure to test the
courage and discipline of their crews. They, however, captured two
British vessels, one laden with $300,000 specie and gold dust, the other
with oil.

1816. Deaths in Boston this year, 904; in Paris, 19,992.

1820. JOSEPH LATHROP, an American clergyman, died. His publications were
more numerous and highly esteemed than those of any contemporary
theologian in America.

1826. WILLIAM GIFFORD, an English poet and reviewer, died. He rose from
a shoemaker's bench to an editor's stool where he acquired fame and
fortune. He was a very good poet and critic, but a poor shoemaker.

1832. Insurrection of the slaves in Jamaica. More than 150 plantations
were destroyed, and the loss of property was estimated at more than
four millions of dollars. About 2000 negroes are supposed to have been
killed.

1835. Battle of Withlacoochie; about 250 United States troops and
militia engaged 300 Seminole Indians. Of the latter 40 were killed; of
the former, 4 killed, 59 wounded.

1839. HYACINTHE LOUIS DE QUELEN, archbishop of Paris, died. At the
revolution of 1830 his adherence to the Bourbons incensed the mob to
level the archiepiscopal palace to the ground, by which he was reduced
to poverty. He was a man of distinguished talents and learning.

1840. PRENTISS MELLEN, chief justice of Maine, died at Portland, aged
77. The first eleven volumes of the _Maine Reports_ are a monument of
his legal discrimination, great familiarity with practice, and high
sense of justice.

1846. JAMES COCHRAN died at Batavia, Genesee co., N. Y., aged 83. To him
the world owes the invaluable invention of making cut nails, yet he died
poor.

1849. Hudson river rail road opened to Poughkeepsie.

1852. AMOS LAWRENCE, a wealthy and leading Boston merchant, died, aged
77. His charities amounted to several hundred thousands of dollars.




INDEX.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO NAMES OF PERSONS.


  Aagaard, Christian, 54.

  Aaron died, 256.

  Aba of Hungary, 262.

  Abancourt, d', 355.

  Abauzit, Firmin, 110.

  Abbaddie, James, 373.

  Abbas pasha, 277.

  Abbasah, 334.

  Abascal, J. F., 254.

  Abbot, Abiel, 251.

  Abbot, Benj., 412.

  Abbot, Charles, 185, 435.

  Abbot, Francis, 227.

  Abbot, George, 53, 306.

  Abbot, Maurice, 22.

  Abbot, Robert, 90.

  Abbot, Samuel, 173.

  Abdullah, historian, 154.

  Abd-el-Malek, 29.

  Abdullah, chief, 251.

  Abdu-l-lattif, 427.

  Abdulmalik, 385.

  Abdulmumen, 329.

  Abdulwahlab, 233.

  Abdurrahman, 70.

  Abdurrahman, 442.

  Abdurrahman I, 381.

  Abdurrahman II, 326.

  Abdurrahman IV, 61.

  Abeel, H. N., 138.

  Abeille Gaspard, 200.

  Abela, G. F., 179.

  Abel, Caspar, 22.

  Abel, Charles F., 241.

  Abel, Clarke, 447.

  Abel, Thomas, 298.

  Abelard, Peter, 159.

  Abelly, Louis, 386.

  Abercrombie, 262.

  Abercromby, Alex., 438.

  Abercromby, R., 122.

  Abernethy, John, 156.

  Abington, 93.

  Abraham, call of, 383.

  Abram, Nicholas, 352.

  Abrantes, duke, 296.

  Abrantes, J. M., 64.

  Abrial, A. J., 435.

  Abschatz, H. A. von, 161.

  Abu Abdillah, 298.

  Abubekir, 289, 332.

  Abulfeda, Ismael, 412.

  Acapulco galleon, 234.

  Acciaguoli, Filippo, 51.

  Accoramboni V, 480.

  Acerbi, Enrico, 484.

  Achard, F. C., 158.

  Acharius, Erik, 321.

  Achenwall, G., 175, 406.

  Acheri, Luc d', 171.

  Achmet III, 245.

  Achmet IV, 139.

  Achrelius, E. D., 154.

  Ackerman, R., 45, 126.

  Ackermann, J. C., 97.

  Ackland, Harriet, 286.

  Ackerblad, J. D., 60.

  Acoluth, Andrew, 426.

  Ada Augusta, 451.

  Adaduror, 424.

  Adair, Robert, 386.

  Adalbero, 34, 83.

  Adalbert, 162, 170, 240.

  Adalbert of Bremen, 106.

  Adam, A. C., 179, 290.

  Adam, Alex., 476.

  Adam, N. S., 120.

  Adam, Robert, 92.

  Adam, Wm., 73.

  Adami, Adam, 89.

  Adams, C. B., 33.

  Adams, Hannah, 473.

  Adams, J., 44.

  Adams, John, 261.

  Adams, J. Q., 81.

  Adams, Joseph, 241.

  Adams, Samuel, 230, 385.

  Adams, Thomas, 82.

  Adamson, John, 378.

  Adanson, Michael, 304.

  Addison, Joseph, 236.

  Adelaide, queen, 458.

  Adelung, J. C., 357.

  Ader, Michob, 10.

  Adolphus Frederick II, 64.

  Adolphus killed, 257.

  Adrian died, 269.

  Adrian I, 484.

  Adrian IV, 344.

  Adrian VI, 361.

  Adrian, Pub. Ælius, 39.

  Adrian, Robert, 315.

  Ælfrid, 482.

  Æmilius, Paulus, 180.

  Affray, L. A. P., 235, 262.

  Afzelius, John, 210.

  Agar, pedestrian, 139.

  Agard, Arthur, 331.

  Agathocles, 287, 321.

  Agesilaus, 262.

  Agricola, C. J., 334.

  Agricola, George, 443.

  Agricola, R., 414.

  Agrippa, Herod, 302, 309, 364.

  Agrippa, M., 169, 465.

  Agrippina died, 403.

  Agrippina, mother of Nero, 435.

  Aignan, Stephen, 246.

  Aikin, John, 464.

  Aikman, Alex., 265.

  Aikman, Wm., 222.

  Ailly, Peter d', 310.

  Ainsworth, R., 133.

  Airault, Peter, 286.

  Airth, laird, 447.

  Aitken, James, 95.

  Akenside, Mark, 246.

  Alaric, 334.

  Alava, D. E., 106.

  Albani, Alex., 458.

  Albano, Francis, 386.

  Albany, countess, 44.

  Albecola, Francis, 318.

  Albemarle, duke, 13, 260.

  Alberoni, Julio, 249.

  Albers, H. W. M., 91.

  Albert, Baron, 423.

  Albert of Brunswick, 321.

  Albert, Charles, 115, 225.

  Albert I, 174.

  Albert, Stephen, 358.

  Albertus, 245.

  Albinus, B., 463.

  Albinus, B. S., 355.

  Albinus, D. C., 75.

  Albuanez, president, 307.

  Albuquerque, duke, 76.

  Albuquerque, A., 474.

  Alcazaba sailed, 370.

  Alcide captured, 223.

  Alcock, John, 383.

  Alcuin, 456.

  Alcuinus, Flaccus, 197.

  Alden, Judah, 91.

  Aldhem, 205.

  Aldobrandi, Hip., 93.

  Aldrich, Henry, 471.

  Aldrovand, U., 179

  Alegambe, Philip, 351.

  Alemanni, Lewis, 155.

  Alembert, d', 416.

  Ales, Alex., 106.

  Alexander great, 136, 220, 434.

  Alexander, II, pope, 159.

  Alexander, III, pope, 341.

  Alexander, IV, pope 205.

  Alexander, V, pope, 177.

  Alexander, VI, pope, 310.

  Alexander, VII, pope, 201.

  Alexander, VIII, pope, 45.

  Alexander of Russia, 18, 27, 273, 457.

  Alexander of Scotland, 205.

  Alexander I of Scotland, 20, 167.

  Alexander, III, Scot., 104.

  Alexander, Wm., 27.

  Alexander, Wm., (poet) 64.

  Alexandria, Bishop, 482.

  Alfieri, Victor, 385.

  Alfred of England, 414.

  Alfonso of Arragon, 352.

  Alfonso V, 236.

  Alfonso X, 159.

  Algardi, Alex., 226.

  Algarotti, Francis, 203.

  Ali, Mehemet, 34, 225, 303.

  Ali pacha, 56.

  Alix, Peter, 78.

  Allainval, d', 176.

  Allan, David, 138.

  Allegri, Antonio, 93.

  Allegri, Gregorio, 73.

  Allein, Richard, 480.

  Allen, Ethan, 66, 213, 375.

  Allen, lieut., 321.

  Allen, Moses, 59.

  Allen, Paul, 328.

  Allen, Thomas, 381, 394.

  Allen, Wm., 412.

  Alley, Saul, 407.

  Alley, Wm., 150.

  Alleyn, Edward, 448.

  Allineigoli, H., 448.

  Allum, Schah, 437.

  Ally, Hyder, 133.

  Ally, Vizier, 26.

  Almeida, F., 433.

  Almeida, M. d', 186.

  Alonzo II, 93.

  Alonzo III, 70.

  Alphonso I, 462.

  Alphonso II, 119.

  Alphonso III, 478.

  Alphonso IV, 208.

  Alphonso V, 334.

  Alphonso VI, 359.

  Alphonso X, 132.

  Alpini, Prospero, 54.

  Alsop, Anthony, 226.

  Alsop, Richard, 329.

  Alsop, Vincent, 184.

  Alston, Washington, 269.

  Altenkirchen, 218.

  Alting, Mensen, 302.

  Alton, Richard, 469.

  Alva, duke of, 34.

  Alvarez, Emanuel, 489.

  Alvarez, F., 146, 289.

  Alvarez, Jose, 450.

  Amadeus, Victor, 401, 417.

  Amalasontha, 172.

  Amboise, A. d', 427.

  Amboise, Bussy d', 327.

  Amboise, G. d', 205.

  Ambrose, 132.

  Ambrose of Portico, 407.

  Ames, Fisher, 261.

  Ames, Joseph, 390.

  Ames, Nathaniel, 32.

  Ames, N. P., 163.

  Amherst, general, 306.

  Amherst, Nicholas, 168.

  Amidas and Barlow, 260.

  Amontons, Wm., 396.

  Amort, E., 448.

  Amru, Abba'd Abu, 122.

  Amurath II, 63.

  Amyott, James, 56.

  Amyrault, Mores, 89.

  Anastasius I, 268, 471.

  Anaxagoras, 394.

  Anchises, 46.

  Ancillon, Chas., 262.

  Ancillon, David, 347.

  Ancillon, M., 158.

  Ancour, J. B. d', 360.

  Ancourt, d', 463.

  Anderson, Andrew, 432.

  Anderson, Chr., 74.

  Anderson, Edmund, 300.

  Anderson, George, 173.

  Anderson, James, 400.

  Anderson, Joseph, 155.

  Andre, major, 315, 370, 373, 384.

  Andreini, Isabella, 226.

  Andrew, James, 232.

  Andrew, martyr, 454.

  Andrews, Eusebius, 331.

  Andrews, Henry, 41.

  Andrews, J. P., 309.

  Andrews, Lancelot, 375.

  Andros, Gov., 156, 478.

  Angelis, Dom. de, 312.

  Angeloth, 415.

  Angelus, Isaac, 283.

  Angely, St. Jean d', 97.

  Angerstein, J. J., 37.

  Anglas, Boissy d', 406.

  Anglesey, marquis, 170.

  Anhalt-Bernburg, prince, 117.

  Anich, Peter, 344.

  Aniello, Thomas, 265, 279.

  Anjou, duke of, 278, 369.

  Ankerstroem, 105, 168.

  Anne of Austria, 18.

  Anne of Bretagne, 21.

  Anne of Cleves, 18, 278, 310.

  Anne of Cyprus, 431.

  Anne, queen, 12, 35, 90, 300.

  Anne of Russia, 402.

  Annebaut, C. d', 421.

  Annesley, Arthur, 137.

  Anquetil du Perron, 351.

  Anselm, 159.

  Anson, George, 218, 221, 234, 260.

  Anstey, Christopher, 304.

  Anstis, John, 92.

  Anthemius, 271.

  Anthony, Francis, 206.

  Anthony, James, 34.

  Anthony of Navarre, 438.

  Anthony of Portugal, 176.

  Antiochus Epiph., 472.

  Antoinette, M., 160, 302.

  Antomarchi, 132.

  Antonides, John, 367.

  Antoninus, triumph, 481.

  Antoninus, M. A., 105.

  Antonio, Nicolao, 148.

  Antonio of Portugal, 337.

  Antony, Marc, 143.

  Antrim, 222.

  Ammirati, Scipio, 45.

  Ampere, J. M., 227.

  Appleton, Sam'l, 272.

  Aquinas, Thomas, 95.

  Aram, Eugene, 308.

  Arbogast, L. F. A., 140.

  Arbuthnot, admiral, 105.

  Arbuthnot, John, 86.

  Archidamus, 302.

  Arcon, J. C. d', 257.

  Aretin, C., 483.

  Argal returned, 428.

  Argyle, marquis, 208, 236, 489.

  Ariosto died, 220, 267.

  Arista, general, 17.

  Aristotle, 384.

  Arius, dogmas of, 274.

  Arkwright, Richard, 304.

  Arlandes, d', 444.

  Arlaud, J. A., 205.

  Armagh, archbishop, 112.

  Armfelt, 328.

  Arminius, 404.

  Armistead, W. K., 398.

  Armstrong, Arch., 129.

  Armstrong (poet), 352.

  Armstrong, John, 130.

  Armstrong, S. T., 119.

  Armstrong, Robt., 83.

  Arnaud, Francis, 458.

  Arnauld, Ant., 312.

  Arnauld, Henry, 223.

  Arne, T. A., 94.

  Arnold, Benedict, 17, 18, 27, 33, 41, 173, 233, 320, 428.

  Arnold, Mrs. Benedict, 339.

  Arnold, John, 336.

  Arnold, Samuel, 408.

  Arogemena, Justo, 279.

  Arrowsmith, A., 163.

  Artedi, Peter, 370.

  Arthur, prince, 211.

  Artois, count, 59, 147, 153.

  Arundel, earl, 361.

  Arundel, Thomas, 76, 85.

  Arusmont, mad. d', 472.

  Ascham, Anthony, 220.

  Ascham, Roger, 14, 489.

  Ascough, William, 253.

  Ash, John, 171.

  Ashburton, lord, 189, 336.

  Ashley, William, 119.

  Ashmole, Elias, 40, 197.

  Ashmun, J. H., 130.

  Askew, Anne, 279.

  Astley, Philip, 406.

  Aspasia, 394.

  Aspinwall, Wm., 153.

  Assas, N. d', 401.

  Assemanni, S., 141.

  Astle, Thomas, 457.

  Astor, J. J., 124.

  Astrea, authoress, 153.

  Astruc, John, 192.

  Atahualpa attacked, 231.

  Athanasius, 175.

  Atherton, C. H., 21.

  Atkins, James, 414.

  Atkins, Richard, 361.

  Atterbury, Francis, 68, 165, 207.

  Atticus, T. P., 126.

  Attwood, Thomas, 116.

  Auchmuty, S., 316.

  Audley, James, 129.

  Audley, lord, 372.

  Audley, Thomas, 172.

  Auerswald, major, 365.

  Auger, Athanase, 58.

  Augereau, Gen., 50.

  Augereau, general, 231.

  Augusta, Charlotte, 424.

  Augustenburgh, 171.

  Augustine, 206.

  Augustinus, Aur., 339.

  Augustus Cæsar, 54, 94, 131, 327.

  Augustus, Ernst, 51.

  Augustus, F., 48.

  Augustus, Frederick, 315.

  Augustus III, 388.

  Aungerville, R., 149, 164.

  Aurelianus, 39.

  Aurelius, Marcus, 358.

  Aurungzebe, 35.

  Austen, Jane, 283.

  Austin, John, 484.

  Austria, queen, 453.

  Auteroche, J. C. d', 300.

  Avantio, J. M., 90.

  Averanius, J., 372.

  Axtel executed, 405.

  Aylett, Elizabeth, 374.

  Aylmer, John, 216.

  Ayres, Dr., 20.

  Ayscough, S., 417.

  Azelius, Adam, 45.

  Azevedo, Ignatius, 278.

  Azir, F. V. d', 241.


  Baber, died, 484.

  Babeuf, 187.

  Babington, A., 369.

  Babington, Gervase, 194.

  Bacchus, 167.

  Bacciocchi, Eliz., 310.

  Bach, J. S., 298.

  Bache, G. M., 354.

  Bachi, Pietro, 332.

  Bacon, Francis, 36, 109, 120, 141, 177, 480.

  Bacon, John, 306.

  Bacon, Nicholas, 76.

  Bacon, Roger, 227.

  Badcock, Samuel, 198.

  Badger, William, 371.

  Bage, Robert, 345.

  Bagford, John, 192

  Bagot, Charles, 197.

  Bailey, Francis, 342.

  Bailey, Nathan, 250.

  Baillie, Joanna, 51, 81.

  Baillie, Matthew, 373.

  Bailly, J. S., 431, 432.

  Bainbridge, Chris., 275.

  Bainbridge, John, 422.

  Bainbridge, Wm., 295.

  Baird, David, 327.

  Baius, Michael, 364.

  Bajazet I, 97 (See Bayazid).

  Bake, John, 345.

  Baker, David, 312.

  Baker, Henry, 448.

  Baker, Richard, 73.

  Baker, Thomas, 219.

  Baker, Thomas, 258.

  Bakewell, Robert, 383.

  Balbi, Adrian, 165.

  Balbinus murdered, 277.

  Balboa, N. de, 32, 375.

  Balchen, John, 392.

  Baldock, R. de, 289.

  Baldwin, Archb., 442.

  Baldwin, Henry, 160.

  Baldwin, I., 138.

  Baldwin, I., 150.

  Baldwin, M., 121.

  Baldwin, Samuel, 199.

  Bales, Peter, 314.

  Balguy, John, 370.

  Baliol, John, 168, 257, 374, 398, 437, 454, 484.

  Ball, John, 177, 234.

  Ballantyne, John, 235.

  Ballou, Hosea, 223.

  Ballynahinch, 230

  Balmerino, Arthur, 326.

  Balsam, Hugh, 124.

  Baltimore, lord, 151.

  Baluze, Stephen, 296.

  Balzac, 73.

  Ban Jellachich, 386.

  Bancroft, Richard, 421.

  Banezet, Anthony, 178.

  Banier, Anthony, 441.

  Banin, John, 306.

  Banks, John, 157.

  Banks, Joseph, 240.

  Banks, Thomas, 50.

  Bannatyne, W. M., 455.

  Bannier, John, 186.

  Baratier, J. P., 388.

  Barbaroux, Charles, 248.

  Barbauld, A. L., 98.

  Barber, John, 12.

  Barberini, Maffeo, 297.

  Barbeyrac, Jean, 162.

  Barbie-du-Bocage, 487.

  Barbour, James, 224.

  Barbour, Philip, 84.

  Barca, Pedro de la, 205.

  Barclay, Robert, 385.

  Barculo, Seward, 237.

  Barchmann, 133.

  Barbo, Peter, 292.

  Barebones, 260.

  Barentszoon, Wm., 219.

  Barenzano, R., 481.

  Baretti, Joseph, 180.

  Baring, Alex., 189.

  Barker, Christopher, 453.

  Barlow and Amidas, 226.

  Barlow, Capt., 22.

  Barlow, Joel, 485.

  Barlowe, William, 205.

  Barnard, Simon, 169.

  Barnave, 453.

  Barnes, Joshua, 304.

  Barnes, Thomas, 183.

  Barnet, com., 40, 171.

  Barneveldt, J. Van O., 149, 190.

  Barney, Charles, 487.

  Barney, Lewis, 29.

  Baron Bonaventure, 107.

  Baron, Michael, 480.

  Baronius, Cæsar, 254.

  Barral, Peter, 286.

  Barras, 44.

  Barre, colonel, 258.

  Barrelier, James, 365.

  Barrere, 134.

  Barrie, Capt., 24, 25.

  Barriere broken, 337.

  Barrington, D., 103.

  Barrington, Samuel, 324.

  Barrow, Isaac, 179.

  Barsilius, 9.

  Barstead, John, 153.

  Barth, John, 168.

  Barthe, Paul de la, 181.

  Barthelemi, J. J., 173.

  Barthez, P. J., 400.

  Bartholine, Thomas, 424, 460.

  Bartlett, Ichabod, 406.

  Bartolozzi, Lucia E., 311.

  Barquin, A. de, 479.

  Barrat, Capt., 25.

  Barry, James, 80.

  Barry, Joseph, 245.

  Barry, Wm. T., 342.

  Bartlett, Josiah, 198.

  Bartlett, William, 51.

  Barton, B. Smith, 477.

  Barton, Elizabeth, 158.

  Barundia, Jose, 307.

  Basedow, J. B., 291.

  Baskerville, John, 20, 31.

  Baskerville, Simon, 262.

  Basnage, Henry, 123.

  Basnage, James, 480.

  Bassi, Laura, 77.

  Bassompierre, F. de, 146, 397.

  Bast, F. J., 436.

  Bastard, Thomas, 157.

  Bastwick, pilloried, 232.

  Bate, George, 157.

  Bateman, Christop'r, 18.

  Bates, Joshua, 27.

  Bates, William, 275.

  Bathe, William, 236.

  Bathurst, A., 364.

  Bathurst, Henry, 136.

  Bathurst, Ralph, 232.

  Batteux, Charles, 276.

  Batthyanyi, L., 391.

  Battie, William, 231.

  Battishill, Jon., 467.

  Bachaumon, L. P. de, 175.

  Baudius, Dom., 231.

  Baudrand, M. A., 210.

  Bavaria, elector, 85.

  Bawdween, Wm., 362.

  Baxter, Andrew, 162.

  Baxter, George, 165.

  Baxter, Jonathan, 325.

  Baxter, Richard, 464.

  Baxter, William, 213.

  Bayazid II, 206 (See Bajazet).

  Bayle, Peter, 486.

  Baylen, duke, 374.

  Bayles, John, 133.

  Bayley, John, 395.

  Baylies, H., 167.

  Bayly, T. H., 161.

  Baynes, John, 304.

  Bays, G., 156.

  Beale, John, 319.

  Beale, Mary, 486.

  Beard, John, 55.

  Beatniffe, R., 269.

  Beaton, David, 210.

  Beaton, James, 164.

  Beattie, James, 326.

  Beattie, J. H., 441.

  Beatty, John, 212.

  Beau, Charles C., 101.

  Beauchamp, J. de, 441.

  Beauchamp, R. de, 162, 172.

  Beaufort, Henry, 144.

  Beauguard, Fr., 234.

  Beauharnais, Alex., 289.

  Beauharnais, Eugene N., 31, 79, 218.

  Beauharnois, Francois, 22.

  Beaumarchais, P. A. C. de, 164.

  Beaumont, admiral, 449.

  Beaumont, F., 97.

  Beaumont, de, 176.

  Beaurain, J. de, 63.

  Beausejour, 235.

  Beauvais, de, 35.

  Beazley, Samuel, 397.

  Beccaria, C. B., 453.

  Beccaria, J. B., 45.

  Beccaria, J. B., 202.

  Beche, H. T. de la, 149.

  Beck, general, 329.

  Beck, L. C., 160.

  Beck, T. R., 442.

  Beck, queen, 258.

  Becker, F. W., 244.

  Becket, Thomas, 216, 272, 397, 437, 487.

  Beckford, William, 242.

  Beckford, William, 177.

  Beckingham, Charles, 74.

  Beddoes, Thomas, 483.

  Bede, the venerable, 206.

  Bedell, William 58.

  Beder, Sidney, 215.

  Bedford, Arthur, 363.

  Bedford, duke of, 360.

  Bedford, duke of, 286.

  Bedford, Hilkiah, 412.

  Bedloe, William, 329.

  Beethoven, L. von, 127.

  Begon, Michael, 102.

  Behn, Aphara, 153.

  Behring, Vitus, 422, 464.

  Bekker, Balt., 228.

  Bel, Mathias, 340.

  Belidor, B. F. de, 354.

  Belin verified, J. D., 356.

  Belisarius, 101.

  Belisarius at Syracuse, 490.

  Belknap, Jeremy, 241.

  Belknap, Wm. G., 430.

  Bell, Andrew, 42.

  Bell, Andrew, 218.

  Bell, Charles, 156.

  Bell, John, 86.

  Bell, traveler, 16, 101, 195, 257, 275, 278.

  Bell, surgeon, 152, 189.

  Bell, John, 455.

  Bell, Robert, 364.

  Bellamont, earl, 93, 130, 238.

  Bellamy, G. A., 69.

  Bellarmin, Robert, 365.

  Bellay, John du, 70.

  Belleau, Remi, 94.

  Bellegarde, Gen., 96.

  Bellegarde, J. B. M. de, 166.

  Belleisle, chevalier, 267.

  Bellenger, F., 146.

  Bellhaven, lord, 429.

  Bellievre, Pompone de, 355.

  Bellin, J. N., 112.

  Bellini, 373.

  Bellini, L., 20.

  Bellingham, R., 463.

  Beloe, William, 145.

  Belloi, du, 94.

  Beltz, G. F., 409.

  Belzoni, J. B., 459.

  Bem, general, 466.

  Benavides, 81.

  Benbow, John, 327, 334, 423.

  Bencirenni, 299.

  Bendlowes, E., 475.

  Benedict I, 298.

  Benedict II, 184.

  Benedict V, 262.

  Benedict VII, 269.

  Benedict VIII, 269.

  Benedict XI, 263.

  Benedict XII, 165.

  Benedict XIII, 18, 78.

  Benedict XIV, 184.

  Benger, E. O., 21.

  Beni, Paul, 262.

  Beningsen, L. A., 386.

  Bennett, Bartlett, 397.

  Bennett, C. P., 186.

  Bennet, Chris., 172.

  Benoit, 372.

  Benserade, Isaac, 405.

  Bentham, James, 438.

  Bentham, Jeremy, 221.

  Bentham, Thomas, 75.

  Bentinck, lord, 121.

  Bentinck, William, 446.

  Bentinck, general, 237.

  Bentivoglio, Grey, 352.

  Bentley, Richard, 276.

  Benwell, William, 351.

  Benyowsky killed, 203.

  Beranger, P. J. de, 280, 468.

  Bergier, Nicholas, 363.

  Bergier, N. S., 141.

  Bergman, Torbern, 267.

  Beritas, Malibran de, 373.

  Berkeley, William, 274.

  Berkenhout, J., 132.

  Berkley, Carter, 422.

  Berkley, George, 26.

  Berkley, John, 86.

  Berlichingen, G. von, 288.

  Bernadotte, 40, 97, 107, 143.

  Bernard, Francis, 75.

  Bernard, John, 340.

  Bernard, P. J., 419.

  Bernard, Samuel, 31.

  Bernard of Weimar, 267.

  Bernardi, John, 369.

  Berni, Francisco, 206.

  Bernier, Francis, 371.

  Bernini, G. L., 451.

  Bernis, F. J. de P., 421.

  Bernouilli, Daniel, 106.

  Bernouilli, Jas. II, 259.

  Bernouilli, Jas. III, 275.

  Bernouilli, John, 10.

  Bernstorff, A. P., 243.

  Beroldus, Philip, 291.

  Berresford, captain, 105.

  Berresford, W. C., 21.

  Berri, duc de, 66, 68.

  Berruyer, J. I., 74.

  Berry, C. C., 245.

  Berry, Mary, 444.

  Berry, Nathaniel, 332.

  Berry, William, 258.

  Berthier, Alex., 215.

  Berthier massacred, 286.

  Berthier, W. F., 473.

  Bertholin, Gaspard, 274.

  Berti, J. L., 206.

  Berton, P. M. le, 191.

  Bertram, William, 288.

  Bertrand, J. B., 357.

  Berulle, Peter, 384.

  Berwick, duke of, 230.

  Bessiers, J. B., 175.

  Bethune, M. de, 479.

  Betterton, Thos., 139, 169.

  Bettinelli, Xavier, 360.

  Beveridge, Wm., 94.

  Bewick, John, 462.

  Bewick, Thomas, 428.

  Bexon, Scipio, 69.

  Bey, Ali, 160.

  Beza, Theodore, 398.

  Bezout, Stephen, 378.

  Bianchini, F., 90.

  Bichat, M. F. X., 287.

  Biddle, Com., 71, 95.

  Biddle, James, 384.

  Biddle, Nicholas, 86.

  Biddulph, T. T., 198.

  Bigelow, Harwin, 451.

  Bigelow, Timothy, 197.

  Bigg, John, 129.

  Bignon, Jerome, 138.

  Bignon, L. E., 20.

  Bilfinger, G. B., 74.

  Billiard, count de, 42.

  Bilson, Thomas, 238.

  Bingham, Joseph, 194.

  Binkley, Adam, 88.

  Biœrnstahl, 273.

  Birch, Enoch, 249.

  Birch, Thomas, 21.

  Birdseye, Nathan, 43.

  Bird, William, 260.

  Birkenhead, John, 460.

  Biron, A. G. de, 293.

  Biron, C. G. de, 299.

  Bishop, Bridget, 226.

  Bishop, printer, 377.

  Bishop, H. R., 173.

  Bishop, R. H., 172.

  Bisset, Robert, 191.

  Black, Joseph, 449.

  Blackburn, S., 91.

  Blackhawk, 386.

  Blackhoof, 384.

  Blacklock, Thomas, 266.

  Blackman, E., 423, 461.

  Blackmore, Richard, 392.

  Blackstone, Wm., 67.

  Blackwell, Alex., 297, 312.

  Blackwell, Thomas, 96.

  Blackwood, Wm., 365.

  Blagrave, John, 312.

  Blair, Hugh, 486.

  Blair, John, 247.

  Blair, Robert, 53.

  Blake, J. B., 437.

  Blake, J. L., 265.

  Blake, Robert, 158, 324.

  Blake, Thos. L., 452.

  Blake, William, 318.

  Blanchard, æronaut, 21.

  Blanche, queen, 456.

  Blanchelande, de, 151.

  Bland, John, 35.

  Blandford, marquis, 237.

  Blane, Gilbert, 249.

  Blatterman, George, 13.

  Bleecker, Harm., 284.

  Bligh, lieut., 170.

  Block, M. E., 309.

  Bloemart, Samuel, 469.

  Bloomfield, Robert, 328.

  Blondel, David, 137.

  Blondel, Francis, 48.

  Blount, Henry, 393.

  Blount, T. P., 254.

  Blount, Thomas, 484.

  Blowers, S. S., 411.

  Blucher, 80, 426.

  Blumenbach, J. F., 37.

  Blue Beard, 483.

  Blum shot, 429.

  Blunt, N. B., 280.

  Bluydenburge, J., 45.

  Blythe, lieut., 350.

  Boaden, James, 71.

  Boccaccio, 479.

  Boccage, M. A. le P. du, 408.

  Boccalini, Trajan, 437.

  Boccold, John, 246.

  Bochart, Samuel, 181.

  Bocher, Joan, 176.

  Bochius, John, 25.

  Bodisco, Alex. de, 39.

  Bodley, Thomas, 43.

  Bodoni, 443, 454.

  Boehmen, Jacob, 439.

  Boerhaave, 373.

  Boethius, 338, 409.

  Bogard, Abraham, 233.

  Bogdanovitch, 465.

  Bohemian king, 334, 453.

  Boiardo, M. M., 76.

  Boileau, D. N., 90.

  Boileau, James, 300.

  Boindin, N., 454.

  Boisard, J. J., 416.

  Bojardo, M. M., 478.

  Boleyn, Anne, 40, 198, 214, 223.

  Boleyn, George, 194.

  Bolingbroke, 436, 473.

  Bolingbroke, Roger, 291.

  Bolivar, 309, 310, 475.

  Bollandus, John, 359.

  Bolton, Robert, 449, 475.

  Bonaparte, 21, 25, 28, 49, 50, 62, 81, 86, 95, 101, 111, 113, 130,
      132, 134, 136, 144, 147, 170, 176, 178, 179, 180, 183, 197, 200,
      210, 227, 235, 244, 248, 279, 280, 303, 306, 322, 335, 387, 398,
      399, 404, 405, 428, 429, 435, 459, 464, 466, 473, 474, 476, 480,
      483.

  Bonaparte, Chas., 82.

  Bonaparte, F. C. J., 288.

  Bonaparte, Jerome, 324.

  Bonaparte, Joseph, 69, 108, 125, 221, 235.

  Bonaparte, Louis, abdicated, 257.

  Bonaparte, Lucien, 219, 251, 476.

  Bonaparte, L. N., 309.
    (See Napoleon.)

  Bonaparte, Madame, 52.

  Bond, John, 304.

  Bond, Shadrach, 149.

  Bond, Thomas, 119.

  Bonet, Theophilus, 123.

  Bonfadius, James, 293.

  Boniface of Montferrat, 316.

  Boniface II, 427.

  Boniface III, 397, 432.

  Bonneau, general, 34.

  Bonnefoy, Edmund, 59.

  Bonnell, 14, 46.

  Bonner, Edmund, 349.

  Bonnet, Charles, 199.

  Bonneval, count, 14.

  Bonnycastle, J., 193.

  Bonomi, Joseph, 105.

  Bonosus, pope, 298.

  Bonpland, A., 50.

  Bonstetten, C. V. de, 52.

  Bontems, Madame, 156.

  Bontius, Gerard, 363.

  Bonzaniga, G., 476.

  Booker, general, 53.

  Boone, Daniel, 58, 110, 129, 328.

  Booth, Barton, 186.

  Boott, Kirk, 145.

  Bora, Cath. von, 485.

  Borda, Jean Charles, 75.

  Borden, Theophilus, 447.

  Borde, J. B. de la, 287.

  Borelli, J. A., 490.

  Borghese, C. P. L., 186.

  Borgia, Cæsar, 99.

  Borgia, Roderick, 310.

  Borgia, Stephen, 446.

  Borlase, Wm., 343.

  Borowlaski, 350.

  Borromeo, F., 371.

  Boscawen, Edward, 22.

  Boscawen, Wm., 182.

  Boscovich, J. R., 65.

  Bose, Baron de, 400.

  Boss, Lambert, 14.

  Bossut, Charles, 27.

  Bossuet, J. B., 146.

  Bost, L. A. G., 271.

  Boston bay, 233.

  Boston, Thomas, 199.

  Boswell, James, 198.

  Bottiger, C. A., 434.

  Botts, Thos. H., 229.

  Botzaris, Marco, 19, 330.

  Bouchard, David, 268.

  Boucher, Jonathan, 168.

  Boudinot, Elias, 410.

  Boufflers, L. F., 331.

  Bouffleurs, S., 31.

  Bougainville, J. P., 244.

  Bougainville, L., 314.

  Boughton, Joan, 169.

  Bouguer, Pierre, 322.

  Bouhours, Dom., 207.

  Bouille, marquis de, 435.

  Bouillon, G. de, 282.

  Boullion, E. T., 90.

  Boulai, C. E. du, 401.

  Boulainvilliers, H. de, 37.

  Boulter, Hugh, 379.

  Boulton, Matthew, 325.

  Bourbon, duke, 181.

  Bourbon, F. de, 80.

  Bourchier, John, 104.

  Bourdaloue, Louis, 190.

  Bourdeaux, 120.

  Bourdeilles, 262, 278.

  Bourignon, 417.

  Bourmont, general, 205.

  Boursault, Edmund, 349.

  Bouterwek, F., 311.

  Bowditch, Nathaniel, 105.

  Bowditch, T. E., 23.

  Bowdoin, James, 425.

  Bowen, Charles, 477.

  Bowie, Rezin P., 30.

  Bowles, Caroline, 285.

  Bowles, James, 322, 424.

  Bowyer, Archibald, 346.

  Bowyer, Wm., 439.

  Boyce, Wm., 61.

  Boydell, John, 469.

  Boyer, Claude, 287.

  Boyer, J. B., 130.

  Boyle, Charles, 339.

  Boyle, Richard, 363.

  Boyle, Robert, 19.

  Boyle, Robert, 489.

  Boyle, Roger, 401.

  Boylston, Zabdiel, 89.

  Boyse, Samuel, 195.

  Bozzaris (See Botzaris).

  Brackenridge, H. H., 248.

  Bradford, Alden, 413.

  Braddock, defeat, 268.

  Bradford, A., 480.

  Bradford burnt, 256.

  Bradford, Thos., 183.

  Bradford, Wm., 68, 203.

  Bradford, Gov., 185.

  Bradford, poet, 333.

  Bradford, Col., 375.

  Bradley, James, 274.

  Bradshaw, John, 45, 417, 464.

  Brady, Nicholas, 199.

  Braganza, duke, 443, 456.

  Braham, John, 73.

  Brahe, Tycho, 133, 330, 409, 431.

  Brainard, J. G. C., 377.

  Braithwaite, 480.

  Bramah, Joseph, 466.

  Bramhall, John, 247.

  Brand, John, 355.

  Brandenburg, Albert, 358.

  Brandenburg, elector, 171.

  Brandon, Richard, 241.

  Brandt, count, 169.

  Brant, Sebastian, 176.

  Braschi, J. A., 341.

  Brantome, Peter, 262.

  Brathwaite, R., 179.

  Brattle, Dr., 79.

  Bravo, John, 160.

  Braxton, Carter, 395.

  Bray, Reginald, 307.

  Bray, Thomas, 68.

  Bray, Wm., 479.

  Breckingham, H. A., 301.

  Breislak, Scipione, 69.

  Breitkopf, J. G. I., 43.

  Brekespere, N., 344.

  Brennus, 282.

  Brett hanged, 67.

  Brewster, Wm., 153.

  Briand, Isaac, 100.

  Bride, William, 262.

  Bridges, John, 312.

  Bridges, S. E., 354.

  Bridgewater, 96, 236.

  Brienne, S. C. L. de, 70.

  Briggs, Henry, 40.

  Brigham, Amariah, 354.

  Bright, Edward, 429.

  Brinard, D., 393.

  Brindley, James, 377.

  Brindsley, 276.

  Brinkley, John, 362.

  Brinvilliers, 280.

  Brisbane, Charles, 11.

  Brissonius, B., 435.

  Brissot, 216, 454.

  Britton, Thomas, 361.

  Brocas, Pecksael, 410.

  Brogni, John de, 85.

  Broome, Alex. de, 254.

  Brook, Robert, 109.

  Brooke at Borneo, 374.

  Brooke, Eleazer, 429.

  Brooke, Frances, 38.

  Brooke, Henry, 395.

  Brooke, Robert, 285.

  Brooker, Wm., 479.

  Brooks, James G., 77.

  Brooks, P. S., 202, 268.

  Broome, John, 311.

  Broome, Wm., 437.

  Broschi, Carlo, 364.

  Brosses, Charles de, 183.

  Brotier, Gabriel, 65.

  Broughton, Hugh, 306.

  Brouncker, Wm., 135.

  Broughton, Thos., 479.

  Broussonet, P. A. M., 295.

  Brown, C. B., 80.

  Brown, general, 339.

  Brown, Henry, 366, 379.

  Brown, Jacob, 83.

  Brown, James, 99, 139.

  Brown, John, 391.

  Brown, Launcelot, 57.

  Brown, Moses, 360.

  Brown, Nicholas, 378.

  Brown, Thomas, 405.

  Brown, Wm., 285.

  Browne, Christopher, 212.

  Browne, James, 152.

  Browne, J. H., 67.

  Browne, J. K., 234.

  Browne, Peter, 372.

  Browne, Wm., 98.

  Browning, Lynthia, 299.

  Brownrig, Ralph, 463.

  Bruat, admiral, 449.

  Bruce, Edward, 26, 205.

  Bruce, foray, 289.

  Bruce, Michael, 264.

  Bruce, David, 402.

  Bruce, Robert, 119, 221.

  Bruce, traveler, 70, 168, 438.

  Brucker, James, 36.

  Brueys wounded, 300.

  Bruguieres, J. W., 383.

  Brummell, beau, 173.

  Brunel, Isambard, 470.

  Bruni, Anthony, 374.

  Bruno, Giordano, 71.

  Brunswick, duke of, 18, 253.

  Brutus, L. J., 87.

  Brutus, M. J., 413.

  Brutus, oration, 89.

  Bruyere, J. de la, 186.

  Bryan, Daniel, 113.

  Bryant, Jacob, 435.

  Brydges, George, 204.

  Brydone, Patrick, 240.

  Buchan, Wm., 84.

  Buchanan, Claudius, 61.

  Buchanan, Geo., 87, 379.

  Buchanan, W. B., 173.

  Buckingham beheaded, 419.

  Buckingham, duke, 29.

  Buckingham sailed, 232, 250.

  Buckland, Wm., 321.

  Buckler, John, 444.

  Buckner, John, 78.

  Budæus, Wm., 331.

  Budeius, S. P., 340.

  Budgell, Eustace, 179.

  Buel, Jesse, 390.

  Buff, Michael, 209.

  Buffon, 193.

  Buffum, Thomas, 237.

  Bugeaud, general, 45.

  Bugenhagen, John, 158.

  Bulfinch, Chas., 152.

  Bull, captain, 20.

  Bull, George, 72.

  Buller, Francis, 218.

  Bullet, J. B., 351.

  Bullialdus, I., 448.

  Bullinger, Henry, 365.

  Bulmer, Wm., 356.

  Bulow, F. W., 84.

  Bumby, Mrs., 139.

  Bunch, Samuel, 350.

  Bunyan, John, 343.

  Bunyan, Robert, 451.

  Buonarotti, 71.

  Buoncompagno, 144.

  Burbeck, H., 385.

  Burder, George, 210.

  Bure, Wm. de, 278.

  Burgeois, Margaret, 69.

  Burger, G. A., 10, 224.

  Burgess, Thomas, 76.

  Burgess, Tristram, 398.

  Burgh, James, 337.

  Burgoyne, John, 205, 218, 298, 306, 402, 490.

  Burgundy, duke, 74, 168.

  Burgundy, Philip, 233.

  Burnham, John, 153.

  Burigny, de, 392.

  Burke, Edmund, 15, 268.

  Burleigh, lady, 133.

  Burley, lord, 306.

  Burman, Peter, 110.

  Burn, Richard, 443.

  Burnet, Gilbert, 106.

  Burnet, Thomas, 377.

  Burnet, Wm., 365.

  Burnett, James, 206.

  Burnett, W. J., 257.

  Burney, Charles, 147.

  Burney, Miss, 19.

  Burns, Anthony, 207.

  Burns, Robert, 40, 286.

  Burr, Aaron, 57, 271, 362.

  Burr, Pres., 374.

  Burroughs, George, 327.

  Burrows, Wm., 350, 351.

  Burt, Francis, 404.

  Burton, John, 63.

  Burton pilloried, 232.

  Burton, Robert, 40.

  Burton, Wm., 137.

  Bury, R. de, 149.

  Busbequius, 414.

  Busby, Richard, 137.

  Busching, A. F., 209.

  Bushe, Benj., 113.

  Bushe, general, 468.

  Bushyhead, Jesse, 283.

  Bussy, d'Amboise, 327.

  Bute, earl of, 98.

  Butler, Alban, 192.

  Butler, Caleb, 391.

  Butler, Charles, 244.

  Butler, Col., 155.

  Butler, James, 286.

  Butler, John, 33.

  Butler killed, 417.

  Butler, Joseph, 235.

  Butler, Josiah, 416.

  Butler, J. O., 346.

  Butler, Samuel, 374, 461.

  Butler, Thomas, 352.

  Butler, Wm., 206, 383.

  Buxtorf, 360.

  Bye, Deodatus, 65.

  Byland, count, 12.

  Byles, James, 46.

  Byles, Matthew, 262.

  Byng, admiral, 199.

  Byng, George, 30, 199.

  Byng, John, 103.

  Bynkershoek, C. Van, 153.

  Byrne, Charles, 214.

  Byrne, Roger, 190.

  Byrne, Wm., 374.

  Byrom, John, 379.

  Byron, captain, 37.

  Byron, John, 143, 242.

  Byron, lord, 36, 157, 178.


  Cabanis, P. J. G., 180.

  Cabet, N., 429.

  Cabot, John, 51.

  Cabral, P. A., 167.

  Cade, Jack, 214, 256, 271.

  Cadwallader, John, 62.

  Cadwallader, T., 413.

  Cæsar, Count Estrees, 12.

  Cæsar, C. J., 103.

  Cæsar, Julius, 169, 272, 292, 344, 360, 433.

  Cæsar, Octavius, 152.

  Cæsaralpinus A., 80.

  Caietan, Constantine, 365.

  Caius, John, 283.

  Cajetan, B., 397.

  Calamy, Edmund, 217.

  Calamy, Edmund, 415.

  Calas, Joseph, 97.

  Calderon, Louisa, 58.

  Caldwell, John, 233.

  Calhoun, J. C., 37, 127, 416.

  Caligula, Caius, 39.

  Callcott, J. W., 193.

  Calleja, 30.

  Callet, J. F., 434.

  Callisen, Henry, 56.

  Callot, James, 121.

  Calmet, Augustine, 411.

  Calonne, C. A. de, 417.

  Calonne, M., 41.

  Calvert, George, 151.

  Calvert, Leonard, 120, 445.

  Calvi, 315.

  Calvin, John, 207.

  Cambaceres arrested, 478.

  Cambridge, R. O., 366.

  Camden, Wm., 428.

  Camelford, Lieut., 25.

  Cameron, Arch., 222.

  Campanelli, Thos., 112.

  Campbell, A., 236, 254.

  Campbell, Archibald, 108.

  Campbell, captain, 25.

  Campbell, colonel, 15.

  Campbell, David, 138.

  Campbell, Harriet, 69.

  Campbell, James, 434.

  Campbell, John, 482.

  Campbell, John, 486.

  Campbell, John, 154, 164.

  Campbell, Thomas, 234.

  Campbell, Wm., 414.

  Campe, J. H., 408.

  Camper, Peter, 139.

  Campistron, de, 188.

  Camprian, E., 450.

  Camus, C. S. L., 179.

  Canning, George, 311.

  Cannon, J. S., 292.

  Cano, J. S. del, 350.

  Canonicus, 116.

  Canova, Antonio, 398.

  Canrobert resigned, 194.

  Cantacuzenus, 442.

  Cantacuzenus, John, 200.

  Canterbury, archbishop, 76, 159, 307, 442, 447.

  Canton, John, 113.

  Cantwell, A., 271.

  Canute, 357, 432.

  Capell, Edward, 82.

  Capelletto, Juliet, 99.

  Capellus, Edward, 234.

  Capet, Hugh, 259, 409.

  Capnist, W. W., 415.

  Caracalla, 52, 140.

  Caraccioli, 120.

  Caraffi, J. P., 326.

  Carcagenta, 231.

  Cardan, Jerome, 370.

  Carew, Richard, 425.

  Carew, Thomas, 73.

  Carey, G. S., 277.

  Carey, Henry, 386.

  Carey, Lucius, 369.

  Carey, Matthew, 366.

  Carey, William, 225.

  Caritat, J. A. N., 122.

  Carleton, Dudley, 68.

  Carlini, Agostino, 321.

  Carlisle, Ant., 421.

  Carlisle, earl, 215.

  Carloman, 462.

  Carlos, 99, 362.

  Carlton, Guy, 430.

  Carlyle, J. D., 147.

  Carmagnola, 179.

  Carn, Thomas, 43.

  Carnaervon, earl, 369.

  Carnegie, Robert, 262.

  Carnot, general, 305.

  Caroline Elizabeth, 486.

  Caroline Matilda, 169, 187.

  Caroline of England, 442.

  Caroline, queen, 310.

  Carolus I, 28.

  Carr, John, 281.

  Carrel, Armand, 288.

  Carrera, president, 315.

  Carrier guillotined, 473.

  Carrol, Charles, 435.

  Carroll, John, 459.

  Carstens, A. J., 205.

  Carte, Thomas, 130.

  Carter, David, 465.

  Carter, Elizabeth, 76, 477.

  Carter, John, 354.

  Carter, William, 21.

  Carteret sailed, 331.

  Cartier, James, 142.

  Cartwright, major, 373.

  Cartwright, Thomas, 485.

  Cartwright, William, 453.

  Carus, M. A., 483.

  Carus, T. L., 400.

  Carvallo, Maria, 47.

  Carver, John, 114, 135, 431.

  Cary, John, 216.

  Casa, J. de la, 434.

  Casaubon, Isaac, 256.

  Casaubon, Meric, 260.

  Caslon, William, 37.

  Cassel, Bertrand, 159.

  Cassimir, M. S., 130.

  Cassini, James, 151.

  Cassini, John D., 339, 361.

  Castalio, S., 487.

  Castanos, Gen., 25, 374.

  Castelvetro, L., 76.

  Caste, Giambattista, 57.

  Castlenuovo, count, 179.

  Castiglione, B., 49.

  Castilla, general, 18.

  Castlereagh, lord, 58.

  Castriotto, John, 29.

  Castruccio, 346.

  Catharine of Arragon, 16, 20, 242.

  Catharine II, 430.

  Catharine de Medicis, 16.

  Catharine of Portugal, 479.

  Catharine of Russia, 195.

  Cathcart, George, 425.

  Cathcart, J. L., 390.

  Catiline, 15, 425.

  Catinat, N., 84.

  Cato, 16, 54.

  Cats, James, 359.

  Cavalieri, B., 459.

  Cavallos, 58.

  Cave, 10, 22.

  Cave, William, 306.

  Cavendish, Frederick, 407.

  Cavendish, Henry, 83.

  Cavendish, Thos., 82, 286.

  Cavendish, Wm., 58.

  Cavendish, Wm., 326.

  Cawthorne, James, 151.

  Caxton, Wm., 121, 159, 219, 442.

  Caylus, A. C. de 349.

  Cazotte, James, 375.

  Cecil, Robert, 204.

  Cecil, William, 306.

  Celestine I, 300.

  Cellini, Benvenuto, 65.

  Centlivre, Sus., 456.

  Cerularius, Michael, 279.

  Cevallos, Pres., 17.

  Cervantes Saavedra, 162.

  Cervetto, 26.

  Cestius, 391.

  Chabanon, 270.

  Chabert, J. B. de, 458.

  Chacornac, M., 60.

  Chalier, M. J., 281.

  Chalmers, Alexander, 467.

  Chalmers, James, 237.

  Chalmers, Thomas, 213.

  Challons, Henry, 217.

  Chaloner, Thomas, 390, 438.

  Chamberlayne, Ed., 168.

  Chamberlayne, L. W., 44.

  Chambers, Benjamin, 339.

  Chambers, Ephraim, 192.

  Chambers, James, 15.

  Chambers, John, 371.

  Chambers, Robert, 186.

  Chambers, William, 96.

  Chamisso, A. von, 363.

  Championnet, general, 38.

  Champollion, 93.

  Chandler, Mary, 358.

  Chandos, duke, 312.

  Channing, W. E., 385.

  Chapellier, J. R. G. de, 161.

  Chapelain, Jean, 79.

  Chapin, major, 231.

  Chapone, Hester, 484.

  Chappel, William, 190.

  Chaptal, J. A., 297.

  Chardin, John, 487.

  Charette shot, 97, 167, 170.

  Charke, C., 137.

  Charlemagne, 42.

  Charlotte, queen, 52, 439.

  Charpentier, F., 161.

  Charrier, M. A., 280.

  Charron, Peter, 437.

  Chase, Philander, 369.

  Chase, Samuel, 240.

  Chastel, John, 487.

  Chasteler, J. G., 183.

  Chateaubriand, 261.

  Chatham, earl, 188.

  Chatham, earl, 374.

  Chatterton, Thomas, 336.

  Chaucer, Geoffrey, 410.

  Chauncey, Charles, 62.

  Chauncey, Charles, 75.

  Chauncey, Isaac, 42.

  Chauncey, Maurice, 272.

  Chausse, P. C. N. de, 102.

  Chauvelin, M., 39.

  Charles, aeronaut, 456.

  Charles Albert, 296.

  Charles, archduke, 78.

  Charles the Bold, 16.

  Charles of France, 483.

  Charles Edward, 369.

  Charles, J. A. C., 432.

  Charles James, 107.

  Charles Joseph, 471.

  Charles, pretender, 348.

  Charles I, England, 45, 49, 107, 217, 238.

  Charles II, England, 10, 51, 57, 210, 245, 260, 400.

  Charles II, bald, 389.

  Charles II, Spain, 419.

  Charles III, emperor, 397.

  Charles III, France, 390.

  Charles III, Parma, 121.

  Charles III, Spain, 470.

  Charles IV, Spain, 30, 33, 110, 117.

  Charles IV, Germany, 452.

  Charles IV, Sweden, 107.

  Charles V, Germany, 28, 36.

  Charles V, 81.

  Charles V, 233, 253, 338, 370.

  Charles V, Spain, 26, 411.

  Charles V, France, 364.

  Charles VI, France, 307, 406.

  Charles VI, Germany, 369, 406.

  Charles VII, Germany, 33, 64.

  Charles VII, France, 281, 287.

  Charles VIII, France, 138, 211.

  Charles IX, France, 211.

  Charles X, 292, 295, 303, 423.

  Charles X, Sweden, 51.

  Charles XI, 151, 154.

  Charles XII, 454, 468.

  Charles XIII, 56.

  Cheetham, James, 368.

  Cheke, John, 360.

  Chelm, 222.

  Chemiotte, Alex., 444.

  Chenier, M. J. de, 24.

  Cheselden, William, 143.

  Chesterfield, 14, 46.

  Chesterfield, earl, 116.

  Cheron, Eliz. S., 347.

  Chetham, H., 397.

  Chetwode, K., 133.

  Cheverus died, 284.

  Cheyne, George, 146.

  Chiaramonti, 265.

  Chicheley, H., 146.

  Chickering, Jesse, 211.

  Chigi, Fabio, 201.

  Childebert I, 481.

  Childs, Thomas, 393.

  Chillingworth, William, 45.

  Chilperic, 109.

  Chinese and Eleuths, 230.

  Chipman, Jeffrey, 420.

  Chipman, Nathaniel, 69.

  Chirac, Peter, 99.

  Chiselden, 12.

  Chishull, Edmund, 197.

  Chiswell, Richard, 178.

  Chittenden, Thomas, 334.

  Chitti, Louis, 345.

  Chitty, Joseph, 73.

  Chlorus, Constantius, 290.

  Chodowiecki, D. N., 48.

  Choris, Louis, 114.

  Choisi, F. T. de, 384.

  Chosroes II, 87.

  Christ, Jesus, 131.

  Christina, 157.

  Christian II, 39.

  Christian IV, 87.

  Christian V, 348.

  Christian VII, 101.

  Christian VIII, 34.

  Christian resigned, 321.

  Christine, Maria, 340.

  Christine abdicated, 211.

  Christophe, 28, 55, 70, 122, 216, 392.

  Chrysoloras, E., 150.

  Chrysostom, John, 41.

  Chrysostom, John, 85, 240, 361.

  Chubb, Thomas, 62.

  Chubbuck, Emily, 215.

  Chudleigh, Eliz., 339.

  Church, Benjamin, 294.

  Churchill, Charles, 423, 424.

  Churchill, John, 235.

  Churchill, Winston, 118.

  Cibber, Colly, 469.

  Cibber, S. M., 45.

  Cicero, 13, 16, 305, 307, 426, 458, 463.

  Cimarosa, 23.

  Claiborne, governor, 21.

  Clairfait resigned, 78.

  Clairon, madam, 43.

  Clap, Thomas, 19.

  Clapperton, H., 149.

  Clarence, duke of, 73.

  Clarendon, lord, 465.

  Clark, Daniel, 325.

  Clark, John, 239.

  Clark, Adam, 337.

  Clarke, E. D., 98.

  Clarke, George, 399.

  Clarke, G. R., 66.

  Clarke and Lewis, 115.

  Clarke, Mary Ann, 243.

  Clarke, Samuel, 195.

  Clarke, Samuel, 485.

  Clarke, Thomas, 351.

  Clarke, William, 345.

  Clarke, William, 407.

  Claudius, emperor, 397.

  Claudius, Matthias, 35.

  Clausel, Adj.-Gen., 105.

  Clay, Henry, 253, 285.

  Clayton, æronaut, 141.

  Clayton, Robert, 275.

  Clayton, Thomas, 335.

  Cleland, John, 38.

  Clement II, pope, 393.

  Clement IV, 452.

  Clement V, 158.

  Clement VI, 462.

  Clement VII, 103, 220, 376, 451, 462.

  Clement VIII, 93.

  Clement IX, 465.

  Clement X, died, 287.

  Clement XI, 96.

  Clement XII, 57.

  Clement XIV, 198.

  Clement XVI, 372.

  Clementino, Mario, 153.

  Clements, Henry, 333.

  Cleopatra, 341.

  Clerk, John, 146.

  Clerke, Charles, 332.

  Cleveland, H. R., 231.

  Cleveland, John, 171.

  Clevenger, 379.

  Clifford, George, 417.

  Clifford, John, 303.

  Clinias slain, 403.

  Clinton, De Witt, 64.

  Clinton, George, 158, 205, 372, 377.

  Clinton, James, 481.

  Clive, Robert, 445.

  Cloots, Anacharsis, 10, 117.

  Cloriviere, 382.

  Clovis, 452, 483.

  Clum, Mrs., 38.

  Clymer, Geo., 38, 338, 348.

  Cobb, Eben, 465.

  Cobbett, Wm., 239, 283.

  Cobelen, Edward, 161.

  Cobentzl, count, 80, 342.

  Cobham, Eleanor, 407.

  Cochrane, admiral, 13, 327.

  Cochrane, H. T., 167.

  Cochran, James, 491.

  Cochrane, Wm., 409.

  Cockburn, Catharine, 188.

  Codrington, Edward, 139.

  Codrington, admiral, 170.

  Coddington, Wm., 419.

  Coffin, Alexander, 24.

  Coke, Ed., 75, 346.

  Coke, Thomas, 178.

  Colardeau, C. P., 139.

  Colbert, general, 17.

  Colbert, J. B., 346, 351.

  Colburn, Henry, 324.

  Colburn, Zerah, 91.

  Colchester, lord, 185.

  Colden, Cadwallader, 379.

  Colden, C. D., 59.

  Cole, Daniel, 263.

  Coleman, 14, 46.

  Coleman, Wm. A., 42.

  Coleman, younger, 413.

  Coleridge, S. T., 292.

  Coleridge, Sarah, 178.

  Colet, John, 364.

  Colfax, William, 353.

  Coligny, Gaspard de, 334.

  Coligni, Henrietta, 98.

  Colle, Charles, 421.

  Collier, Jeremy, 166.

  Collingwood, Cuthbert, 96.

  Collins, Anthony, 470.

  Collins, John, 176.

  Collins, John, 429.

  Collins, W., 230, 354.

  Collinson, Peter, 316.

  Colloredo, marshal, 450.

  Collyer, Marie, 490.

  Colman, George, 321.

  Colman, Henry, 325.

  Colman, John, 350.

  Colombiere, Claude, 68.

  Colonna, cardinal, 380.

  Colonna, Stephen, 442.

  Colquohun, P., 166.

  Colt, J. C., 367.

  Colston, Edward, 396.

  Columba died, 224.

  Columbanus, 407.

  Columbus, Bart., 305.

  Columbus, C., 33, 101, 115, 154, 184, 185, 199, 211, 224, 253, 303,
      323, 345, 350, 358, 375, 380, 390, 397, 424, 474, 478.

  Colve, Gov., 60.

  Combe, Charles, 108.

  Comenius, J. A., 400.

  Comines, Philip de, 402.

  Commenus, 131.

  Comnenus, Alex. I, 321.

  Commonfort, 132.

  Compton, Spencer, 30.

  Compton, Spencer, 109.

  Compton, Wm., 265.

  Comyn, John, 61.

  Concanen, Matthew, 36.

  Concini, D'Ancre, 164.

  Condillac, S. B. de, 304.

  Condoimero, G., 80.

  Condorcet, marquis, 122.

  Cone, Spencer H., 340.

  Congreve, William, 32.

  Congreve, admiral, 194.

  Connecticut farms, 222.

  Connelly, John, 446.

  Conner, David, 111.

  Conradino, 415.

  Conrat, Valentine, 373.

  Constable, Arch., 286.

  Constant, Benj., 469.

  Constantine great, 201, 205.

  Constantine of Russia, 27.

  Constantius, 169, 394, 421.

  Constantius, F. J., 451.

  Conway, W. B., 426.

  Cook, Capt., 24, 27, 46, 273, 274, 298.

  Cooke, Anthony, 228.

  Cooke, Elizabeth, 190.

  Cooke, Geo. F., 117, 376.

  Cooke, George, 115.

  Cook, James, 67.

  Coombe, William, 239.

  Cooper, Ant. Ashley, 36, 67.

  Cooper, Ashley, pastor, 65.

  Cooper, James B., 56.

  Cooper, J. F., 362.

  Cooper, J. G., 150.

  Cooper, Miles, 175.

  Cooper, Samuel, 482, 487.

  Cooper, Thomas, 171.

  Cooper, Thomas, 188.

  Cooper, W. B., 169.

  Cooper, W. H., 198.

  Coote, Charles, 441.

  Coote, Eyre, 29, 35, 167.

  Copeland, Thomas, 442.

  Copernicus, 32, 204, 228.

  Copley, J. S., 376.

  Coram, Thomas, 123.

  Corario, Angelo, 318.

  Corbet, Miles, 153.

  Corbet, Richard, 296.

  Corday, Charlotte, 281.

  Cordemoi, G. de, 391.

  Cordova, Gen., 30.

  Cordus, Euricius, 482.

  Corelli, Arcangelo, 31.

  Corliss, Chas. G., 111.

  Cornbury, Gov., 178.

  Corneille, 21, 383.

  Corneille, T., 464.

  Cornwallis, Charles, 388.

  Cornwallis, Edward, 234.

  Cornwallis, 48, 109, 178, 219.

  Cornplanter, 72, 268, 431.

  Corrozet, Giles, 233.

  Corsica, 231.

  Corsini, Laurence, 57, 258.

  Cortez, 28, 61, 73, 117, 160, 199, 207, 259, 266, 323, 398, 427, 439.

  Cortlandt, P. van, 175.

  Corvisart, 367.

  Cosa, Belthazar, 444.

  Cosby, Philips, 22.

  Cosby, Wm., 98, 300, 302.

  Cosin, John, 27.

  Cossart, Gabriel, 366, 375.

  Cosse, Charles de, 490.

  Costard, John, 22.

  Cotelerius, J. B., 314.

  Cotes, Roger, 219.

  Coton, Peter, 109.

  Cotta, baron, 354, 488.

  Cottenham, earl, 172.

  Cotton, John, 481.

  Cotton, R. B., 181.

  Coudrette, Chris., 306.

  Coulomb, C. A. de, 333.

  Courten, Wm., 118.

  Courtland, P. van, 424.

  Courtlitz, G., 181.

  Couston, Nicholas, 21.

  Couston, Wm., 79.

  Couvray, J. B. L. de, 336.

  Couvreur, A. la, 110.

  Coventry maimed, 479.

  Coverdale, Miles, 75.

  Cowdroy, William, 315.

  Cowell, John, 396.

  Cowley, Abraham, 296.

  Cowley, Hannah, 99.

  Cowley, Robert, 60.

  Cowper, Wm., 166.

  Cox, John, 473.

  Cox, Rich'd, 178.

  Cox, Richard, 287.

  Coxeter, Thos., 157.

  Coyer, G. F., 282.

  Crabbe, George, 52.

  Crabbe, George, 461.

  Cracherode C. M., 138.

  Crackanthorp, 448.

  Cradock, Matthew, 92.

  Crafts, S. H., 442.

  Craig, John, 468.

  Crampton, 211.

  Cranch, Wm., 345.

  Crane, William M., 108.

  Cranmer, Thos., 112, 221.

  Crassus, 16, 443, 489.

  Crassus, L. L., 368.

  Cratippus, 189.

  Crauford, Belinda, 161.

  Craven, earl, 141.

  Crawford, Mary, 77.

  Crawford, Wm. H., 363.

  Creech, Thomas, 251.

  Creech, William, 11.

  Cressingham, Edw., 357.

  Cresson, Elliot, 77.

  Cressy, Hugh P., 314.

  Creutz, eulogy, 170.

  Crevenna, P. A., 392.

  Crichton, Alex., 218.

  Crichton, James, 256.

  Crillon, de, 457.

  Crittenden, colonel, 324.

  Crisp, Tobias, 86.

  Croghan, Col., 306, 324.

  Croi, R. de, 468.

  Croix, F. P. de la, 423.

  Croke, Alex., 486.

  Crombie, Alex., 229.

  Cromwell, Eliz., 140.

  Cromwell, Sir O., 168.

  Cromwell, Oliver, 32, 45, 133, 164, 184, 249, 264, 326, 347, 408, 464,
      469, 474.

  Cromwell, Richard, 272.

  Cromwell, Thomas, 295.

  Crosby, Brass, 68.

  Crosby, Enoch, 249.

  Croswell, William, 429.

  Crotch, William, 262.

  Crowley, Robert, 237.

  Croxall, Samuel, 66.

  Cruciger, Casper, 9.

  Cruden, Alex., 419.

  Cruikshank, W. C., 251.

  Cruttwell, Clement, 349.

  Crutwell, Richard, 215.

  Cubitt, Thomas, 479.

  Cuddy, W. H. D., 354.

  Cudworth, Ralph, 249.

  Cuffee, Henry, 125.

  Cuffee, John, 13.

  Cujacius, James, 386.

  Cullen, Henry, 396.

  Cullen, William, 55.

  Cumberland, duke, 367.

  Cumberland, duke, 418.

  Cumberland, duke, 440.

  Cumberland, earl, 417.

  Cumberland, R., 183.

  Cumberland, R., 393.

  Cummings, Asa, 220.

  Cunningham, Alex., 192.

  Cunningham, Allan, 416.

  Cunningham, John, 367.

  Cunningham, Miss, 380.

  Cunningham, Wm., 314.

  Curl, Edmund, 468.

  Curran died, 434.

  Currer Bell, 213.

  Currie, James, 343.

  Cursor, Papirius, 59.

  Curtis, Edward, 305.

  Curtis, William, 266.

  Curtiss, N. M., 77, 111.

  Cusa, N. de, 315.

  Cushing, J. P., 166.

  Cushing, Thomas, 75.

  Cushman, J. P., 365.

  Cushman, Robert, 470.

  Custines, 338.

  Cutler, Jarvis, 248.

  Cutler, Timothy, 325.

  Cutts, John, 105.

  Cuvier, Fred., 289.

  Cuvier, G. L., 190.

  Cypriani, J. B., 472.

  Cyprianus, 361.


  D'Acosta, Joseph, 68.

  D'Aguesseau, 60.

  D'Alembert, 27.

  D'Anville, J. B. B., 43.

  D'Arblay, Madame, 19.

  D'Aubœuf, de Vertot, 234.

  D'Aumale, C. de L., 289.

  D'Auvergne, A., 65.

  D'Auvergne, general, 294.

  D'Azara, J. N., 43.

  Dablon, J. C., 60.

  Dach, Simon, 151.

  Dacier, Andrew, 367.

  Dacier, A. le F., 325.

  Dacres, J. R., 18.

  Daggett, N., 448.

  Dagobert II, 481.

  Daguerre, 274.

  Daillie, John, 151.

  Dale, Richard, 83.

  Dale, Samuel, 203.

  Dallas, Alex. J., 29.

  Dallas, A. J., 217.

  Dalrymple, David, 453.

  Dalrymple, John, 85.

  Dalsell, Andrew, 465.

  Dalton, John, 295.

  Dalton, John, 287.

  Dambourney, 216.

  Damiens, 17, 121.

  Damme, Thomas, 76.

  Dampier at Papua, 459.

  Dandolo, Henry, 214.

  Dandre-Bardon, 150.

  Dane, Nathan, 69.

  Danes, Peter, 162.

  Danforth, Samuel, 441.

  Danican, Andrew, 342.

  Daniel, Gabriel, 245.

  Daniel, J. F., 102.

  Daniel, William, 271.

  Daniels, Augustin, 42.

  Dannecker, J. H., 392.

  Dante, 361.

  Danton, G. J., 135.

  Darby, John, 306.

  Darby, William, 394.

  Darius, 337.

  Darius II, 463, 468.

  Darius III assassinated, 285.

  Darnley, lord, 61.

  Darthe, 187.

  Darwin, Erasmus, 156.

  Daunou, P. C. F., 241.

  Dauphin, 225, 478.

  Davenant, Charles, 425.

  Davenant, poet, 139.

  Davenant, William, 154.

  Davenport, Christopher, 212.

  Davenport, John, 125.

  David I, 187, 203.

  David II, 79, 315.

  David, J. L., 488.

  David, J. P., 15.

  David of Wales, 381.

  Davidson, John, 469.

  Davidson, L. M., 338.

  Davidson, Thomas, 462.

  Davies, John, 463.

  Davies, Samuel, 53.

  Davies, Thomas, 180.

  Davis, John, 158.

  Davis, admiral, 485, 308.

  Davis, J. A. G., 435.

  Davis, Matthew L., 243.

  Davis, Sarah Ann, 38.

  Davis, T. K., 398.

  Davoust, L. N., 218.

  Davy, Humphrey, 210.

  Davy, Jane, 185.

  Dawes, Richard, 112.

  Dawes, William, 173.

  Dawson, Ann, 452.

  Day, Charles, 413.

  Day, John, 288.

  Day, J. & R., 308.

  Day, Thomas, 90.

  Day, Thomas, 379.

  D'Eon, Beaumont, 202.

  D'Este, M. B. E., 120.

  D'Estaing, count, 267, 307.

  Dean, captain, 476.

  Dean, Thomas, 429.

  Deane, Silas, 333.

  Deane recalled, 444.

  Dease & Simpson, 402.

  Death, captain, 482.

  De Cabral, fleet lost, 208.

  Decatur, Com., 27, 28, 71, 114, 121, 309, 313.

  De Crequi, Francis, 53.

  Dee, John, 457.

  De Foe, 84, 164.

  De Graff, John I., 249.

  De Grasse, count, 40, 41.

  De Kalb, baron, 323.

  De Korff, baron, 84.

  Delamet, de Bussy, 285.

  De Lancey, governor, 346.

  Delancey, Lieut.-Gov., 253.

  Delany, Patrick, 183.

  Delany, Mary, 151.

  De la Roche, 24.

  Delille, James, 175.

  Delius, J., 188.

  De Lorme, P., 60.

  Demeste, John, 329.

  Demetrius of Poland, 207.

  Democritus, 311.

  Demoivre, A., 450.

  Demosthenes, 364, 410.

  Demours, Peter, 249.

  Demoustier, C. A., 91.

  Denham, John, 98.

  Denina, C. J. M., 462.

  Denman, Matthias, 39.

  Denman, Thomas, 372.

  Dennie, Joseph, 20.

  Dennis, John, 18.

  Denonville, 245.

  Denzil, lord Hollis, 72.

  De Pages at 81 deg., 193.

  Deppen, 221.

  Derham, William, 135.

  Dermody, Thomas, 279.

  Derrick, Samuel, 95.

  Dershavin, G. R., 259.

  De Ruyter, 20, 100.

  Derwentwater, 82.

  Desaguliers, 88.

  Desbillons, F. J., 109.

  Descartes, Rene, 63.

  Desmahis, J. F., 84.

  Des Marets, S., 196.

  Desmond, earl, 375.

  Desmoulins, B. C., 136.

  De Solis, cardinal, 62.

  Despard, E. M., 112.

  Dessaix killed, 233.

  Dessalines, J. J., 11, 40, 403, 418.

  Dessault, P. J., 215.

  De Thile, general, 17.

  De Thou, 194.

  Devereux, Robert, 83.

  De Vries, 16, 61, 270, 319, 375.

  De Vries (see Vries).

  Dewees, William P., 200.

  De Witt, John, 314.

  De Witt, Simeon, 459.

  Diaz, Bart., 208.

  Diaz, John, 119.

  Diaz, Juan, 328.

  Dibdin, Charles, 292.

  Dick, Thomas, 285.

  Dickerson, Mahlon, 389.

  Dickinson, captain, 115.

  Dickinson, Edmund, 131.

  Dickinson, general, 33.

  Dickinson, John, 68.

  Dickinson, P., 53.

  Dickins, William, 453.

  Diderot died, 258.

  Didius Julianus, 215.

  Didot, F. A., 270.

  Diebitsch, general, 227.

  Dieskau captured, 353.

  Digby, Everard, 45.

  Digby, George, 110.

  Digby, Kenelm, 228.

  Digges, Dudley, 96.

  Dillenius, J. J., 130.

  Dillon, Wentworth, 30.

  Dillwyn, L. W., 343.

  Dilly, Edward, 218.

  Dimsdale, Thomas, 489.

  Dinah, 163.

  Diocletian, 81, 174, 442.

  Diogenes, 159.

  Dion, 311.

  Dionysius of Alexandria, 248.

  Dionysius, Ptolemy, 119.

  Dippel, J. C., 165.

  D'Israeli, Isaac, 33.

  Dix, Miss, 159.

  Dixwell, James, 121, 446.

  D'Ohsson, Ig. M., 310.

  D'Orsay, Alfred, 307.

  D'Ossoli, S. M. F., 288.

  Dobree, P. P., 374.

  Dobson, William, 414.

  Dockier shot, 171.

  Doctorow, 413.

  Dod, C. R., 79.

  Dodd, Eliz., 286.

  Dodd, William, 82, 250.

  Doddridge, Philip, 412.

  Dodsley, James, 75.

  Dodsley, Robert, 375.

  Dodwell, Henry, 222.

  Doggett, Henry, 242.

  Dohm, C. W. von, 210.

  Dolet, Stephen, 303.

  Dolland, George, 191.

  Dollond, John, 382, 454.

  Dolomieu, 452.

  Domberger, George, 280.

  Dominica, 221.

  Domitianus, 366.

  Donald of the Isles, 289.

  Dongan, Thomas, 338, 381.

  Donne, John, 126.

  Donner, G. R., 70.

  Donnison, William, 39.

  Donop, count, 408.

  Donovan, Edward, 49.

  Dorat, C. J., 164.

  Doria, Andrew, 358, 448.

  Dorislaus, Isaac, 177.

  Dormer, Philip, 164.

  Dorr, T. W., 486.

  Dorr, captain, 20.

  Dorset, earl, 32, 281.

  Doubleday, E., 472.

  Douglas, D. B., 415.

  Douglas, James, 215.

  Douglas, John, 197.

  Dow, Lorenzo, 50.

  Dowell, Richard, 117.

  Dowlah, Sujah ul, 178.

  Dowler, pedestrian, 427.

  Downes, John, 316.

  Drackenburg, C. J., 393.

  Drake, Daniel, 426.

  Drake, Francis, 21, 63, 76, 133, 204, 294, 350, 421, 435, 470.

  Drake, James, 90.

  Drake, Nathan, 222.

  Drakenberg, C., 247.

  Drayton, Michael, 481.

  Drelincourt, Charles, 422.

  Drew, captain, 467.

  Drew, Charles, 171.

  Drew, Sarah, 299.

  Drinker, Edward, 438.

  Drouais, Hubert, 61.

  Drouet, J. B., 145.

  Drummond, G., 322, 395.

  Drummond, Wm., 460.

  Dryander, John, 478.

  Dryden, John, 174, 326.

  D'Urfey, Thomas, 85.

  Duane, William, 447.

  Dubayet, 312.

  Dubois, William, 314.

  Ducarel, A. C., 210.

  Duck, Stephen, 125.

  Duckworth, admiral, 76, 136.

  Duclos, C. D., 119.

  Dudith, Andrew, 80.

  Dudley, Edmund, 326.

  Dudley, Henry Bate, 49.

  Dudley, John, 330.

  Dudley, Robert, 348.

  Dufief, N. G., 147.

  Dugdale, Wm., 62.

  Dugomier, general, 438.

  Dulong, M., 45.

  Dumaresq, 282.

  Dumas, Matthieu, 402.

  Dumourier, 103, 120, 131, 132, 240, 339.

  Dunbar, James, 209.

  Duncan, Adam, 306.

  Duncan, Daniel, 173.

  Duncan, William, 174.

  Duncombe, William, 85.

  Dundas, general, 17.

  Dundas, Henry, 208.

  Dundas, Robert, 227.

  Dunes, 232.

  Dungarvon, lord, 30.

  Dunlap, William, 379.

  Dunning, John, 326.

  Duns, John, 427.

  Dunmore, lord, 267, 471.

  Dupin, Lewis E., 235.

  Duphot, general, 488.

  Duplot assassinated, 486.

  Duponceau, P. S., 130.

  Duport, James, 281.

  Duppa, Brian, 118.

  Duprat, Anthony, 268.

  Dupuis, C. F., 380.

  Duquesne, admiral, 20.

  Duranti, J. S., 61.

  Durer, Albert, 137.

  Durell, John, 223.

  Durfee, Job, 294.

  Duroc killed, 202.

  Dussaulx, John, 105.

  Dutens, Louis, 203.

  Duval, V. J., 422.

  Dwight, E. E., 455.

  Dwight, Louis, 274.

  Dwight, Theod., 229.

  Dwight, Timothy, 24.

  Dyer, Charles, 333.

  Dyer, James, 115.

  Dyer, John, 290.

  Dyer, Mary, 214.


  Earle, John, 438.

  Earlom, Richard, 394.

  Easton, Vilette, 95.

  Eaton, Benj., 402.

  Eaton, Theophilus, 19.

  Eaton, William, 215.

  Ebeling died, 254.

  Eccles, J. D., 234.

  Echard, Lawrence, 323.

  Echenique, Pres., 18.

  Ecklingen, duc d', 277.

  Eden, F. M., 435.

  Edgar of Scotland, 20.

  Edgerton, Francis, 96.

  Edgworth, Maria, 201.

  Edgeworth, R. L., 232.

  Edie, William, 441.

  Edmund, king, 442.

  Edmund I, 206.

  Edmund II, Ironside, 454.

  Edred, 446.

  Edson, Calvin, 365.

  Edward, confessor, 16, 398.

  Edward I, Eng., 12, 176, 188, 236, 265, 303, 429, 436.

  Edward II, 19, 40, 165, 370, 437.

  Edward III, 9, 19, 242, 345.

  Edward IV, 48, 102, 141.

  Edward V, 63, 105, 324.

  Edward VI, 60, 141, 264.

  Edward, martyr, 107.

  Edward, pretender, 489.

  Edward, prince, 305.

  Edward, prince Wales, 223.

  Edwards, Bryan, 279.

  Edwards, George, 289.

  Edwards, H. P., 86.

  Edwards, Jonathan, 113.

  Edwards, Jonathan, 301.

  Edwin of Britain, 386.

  Edwin, John, 299.

  Eeckhout, G. V., 287.

  Egbert, 52.

  Egede, Paul, 217.

  Egerton, Thomas, 103.

  Egmont, Lamoral, 219.

  Effingham, earl, 100.

  Eldon, Chancellor, 25.

  Eleanor of England, 452.

  Elias, Matthew, 161.

  Eliot, John, 199.

  Elizabeth of Bohemia, 66.

  Elizabeth of England, 27, 36, 115, 352, 438.

  Elizabeth of France, 187.

  Elizabeth, princess, 353.

  Elizabeth of Russia, 487.

  Elizabeth of Thuringia, 440.

  Elizabeth of York, 63.

  Elisagaray, d', 382.

  Elkins, Charles, 259.

  Ellenborough, lord, 472.

  Ellery, William, 69.

  Ellesmere, Chancellor, 120.

  Ellett, engineer, 297.

  Elliger, Ottomar, 447.

  Elliot, Caleb, 472.

  Elliot, Ebenezer, 457.

  Elliot, G. A., 264.

  Elliot, Jonathan, 100.

  Elliot, J. D., 467.

  Elliot, Oliver, 94.

  Ellis, Ellen, 185.

  Ellis, John, 490.

  Ellis, Mary, 216.

  Ellsworth, Oliver, 449.

  Elmer, E., 404.

  Elmsly, Peter, 178.

  Elphinstone, Capt., 17.

  Elphinstone, James, 392.

  Elstob, Elizabeth, 212.

  Elwes, John, 440.

  Elyot, Thomas, 118.

  Emanuel, Charles, 293.

  Emanuel the great, 470.

  Emerson, F., 170.

  Emerson, Samuel, 311.

  Emerson, William, 206.

  Emlyn, Thomas, 298.

  Emmet, Robert, 370.

  Emmet, Thomas P., 320.

  Emmet, T. A., 435.

  Emory, major, 329.

  Emott, James, 140.

  Empson, Richard, 326.

  Enfield, William. 422.

  Enghien, duke d', 104, 112.

  Enghien, count, 80.

  Enrique IV deposed, 219.

  Entick, John, 201.

  Entrecasteaux, d', 379.

  Eobanus, Elias, 387.

  Epee, C. M. de l', 482.

  Epicurus, 321, 466.

  Epiphanes, Antiochus, 44.

  Episcopius, Nich., 377.

  Episcopius, Simon, 133.

  Epremenie, J. D. d', 163.

  Erasmus, 129, 272.

  Erastus, Thomas, 490.

  Eric died, 271.

  Ernst, Augustus, 440.

  Ernest, Peter, 112.

  Ernesti, J. A., 358.

  Ernesti, W. A., 297.

  Ernestus, Augustus, 253.

  Ernst, J. H., 74.

  Erpenius, Thomas, 433.

  Erskine, Thomas, 439.

  Erythræus, J. N., 435.

  Esculapius, 59.

  Esopus war, 222.

  Espagnac, J. B. d', 87.

  Espence, Claude d', 387.

  Esquirol, J. D. E., 470.

  Ess, C. van, 408.

  Essars, Pierre des, 256.

  Essex, duke of, 230.

  Essex, earl of, 83, 335.

  Essex, James, 362.

  Estaing, admiral d', 185, 486.

  Este, Mary d', 462.

  Esterhazy, prince, 246.

  Esterhazy, N., 449.

  Estouteville, W. d', 480.

  Estrades, count d', 85, 453.

  Estrange, Roger l', 468.

  Estrees, Cæsar d', 475.

  Estrees, F. A. d', 180.

  Estrees, Gabrielle d', 142.

  Estrees, V. M. d', 486.

  Ethelred I, 166.

  Ethelred II, 149, 162, 164.

  Ethelwulf, 25.

  Etmuller, M., 97.

  Ettmuller, M. E., 375.

  Ettrick shepherd, 444.

  Euclides, 316.

  Eudes, John, 327.

  Eugene, Francis, 142.

  Eugene, prince, 48.

  Eugenius IV, pope, 80.

  Euler, Leonard, 352.

  Euripides, 454.

  Eusden, Lawrence, 377.

  Eustace, J. Skey, 336.

  Eutyches condemned, 391.

  Evald, Johannes, 106.

  Evans, Morris, 336.

  Evelyn, John, 86.

  Evelyn, John, 116.

  Everard, John, 391.

  Everett, A. H., 252.

  Evremond, St. Denis, 355.

  Excelmans, Gen., 288.

  Exiles, A. F. d', 446.

  Eylau, 221.

  Eyre transported, 419.


  Faber, N. le, 423.

  Fabricius, G., 274.

  Fabricius, J. A., 132.

  Fabricius, J. C., 92.

  Fabroni, Angiolo, 372.

  Fabyan, Robert, 85.

  Fagius, Paul, 432.

  Fahrenheit, 364.

  Fairfax, lord, 171.

  Fairfax, Thomas, 431.

  Falck, Victor, 74.

  Falconberg, countess, 102.

  Falkland, lord, 369.

  Fallopius, Gabriel, 393.

  Falstaff, John, 237.

  Fanshawe, Richard, 235.

  Farel, William, 360.

  Farinelli, 364.

  Farmer, John, 319.

  Farmer, Richard, 354.

  Farmer, W. W., 416.

  Farnaby, Thomas, 230.

  Farnese, Alexander, 480.

  Farnese, pope, 429.

  Farnese, P. L., 356.

  Farneworth, Elias, 117.

  Farrar, John, 185.

  Farren, Miss, 143.

  Farquhar, G., 172.

  Fastolff, John, 425.

  Faulkner, captain, 18.

  Faulkner, George, 339.

  Faunce, Thomas, 86.

  Faust's Psalter, 320.

  Faustin I, 335, 338, 467.

  Favras, marquis de, 75.

  Fawkes, Francis, 337.

  Fawkes, Guido, 46, 424.

  Felibien, Andrew, 228.

  Fell, John, 270.

  Fell, John, 360.

  Felton, John, 440.

  Fenelon, 19.

  Fenn, John, 69.

  Fenton, Elijah, 274.

  Ferdinand of Arragon, 250.

  Ferdinand I, Austria, 458.

  Ferdinand I, Germany, 291.

  Ferdinand II, Germany, 59.

  Ferdinand III, 61.

  Ferdinand Louis, 395.

  Ferdinand IV, Naples, 15.

  Ferdinand V, 37.

  Ferdinand VI, 314.

  Ferdinand VII, 117, 380.

  Ferdinand XII, 11.

  Ferdinand, king of Rome, 16.

  Ferguson, Adam, 80.

  Ferguson, David, 309.

  Ferguson, James, 437.

  Ferguson, Robert, 401.

  Fernow, C. L., 460.

  Ferriol, Anthony de, 347.

  Fessenden, T. G., 432.

  Fevre, N. le, 423.

  Fevre, St. Mark de, 442.

  Fevre, Tannegui le, 359.

  Field, George, 380.

  Field, Richard, 443.

  Fielding, admiral, 12.

  Fielding, Henry, 392.

  Fielding, John, 348, 405.

  Fiennes, William, 149.

  Fieschi executed, 69.

  Fiesco, J. L., 12.

  Fiesque, Sinibaldi de, 470.

  Fife, countess, 27.

  Filangieri, Gaetano, 286.

  Fillmore, Millard, 40.

  Finch, Heneage, 475.

  Finch, John, 439.

  Finden, William, 380.

  Fingal, 52.

  Fink executed, 143.

  Firmin, Thomas, 478.

  Fisher, Henry, 58.

  Fisher, John, 244.

  Fisher, Edward, 196.

  Fisk, Pliny, 409.

  Fitch, steam boat, 219.

  Fitzempress, Henry, 375.

  Fitzgerald, Gerald, 375.

  Fitzgerald, lady, 203.

  Fitzgerald, Robert, 174.

  Fitzherbert, A., 207.

  Fitz-Simeon, 149.

  Fitzwilliam, viscount, 55.

  Fixmilner, 338.

  Flaccus, A. P., 447.

  Flaccus, Q. H., 450.

  Flag, major, 191.

  Flamstead, John, 490.

  Flavel, John, 249.

  Flaxman, John, 459.

  Fleetwood, Charles, 386.

  Fleetwood, bishop, 306.

  Fleetwood, William, 87.

  Fleming, captain, 24.

  Flemming, Paul, 130.

  Fletcher, Benjamin, 340.

  Fletcher, G., 51.

  Fletcher, Gov. Pa., 407.

  Fleury, 234.

  Fleury, A. de, 433.

  Fleury, cardinal, 44.

  Fleury, Claude, 232.

  Flinders died, 284.

  Flint, Timothy, 327.

  Flipart, J. J., 271.

  Flood, Henry, 458.

  Florian, J. P. C. de, 360.

  Flower, Benjamin, 178.

  Floyd, general, 42.

  Floyd, Henry, 366.

  Floyd, William, 301.

  Flurieu, C. P. C. de, 326.

  Folio, Tom, 308.

  Folque, general, 182.

  Folsom, David, 374.

  Folsom, J. L., 284.

  Fontana, Gregory, 335.

  Fontaine, J. de la, 101.

  Fontaines, des, 474.

  Fontanier, 58.

  Fontenelle, 21.

  Foote, Samuel, 407.

  Forbes, Arthur, 394.

  Forbes, Duncan, 467.

  Forbes, James, 301.

  Forbes, Patrick, 107.

  Force, C. L., 71.

  Ford, Gabriel H., 339.

  Fordyce, George, 205.

  Fordyce, James, 383.

  Fordyce, William, 460.

  Forman, Joshua, 307.

  Forrest, Robert, 488.

  Forskal, Peter, 271.

  Forster, J. G. A., 24.

  Forster, J. R., 465.

  Forsyth, John, 407.

  Forsythe, Capt., 58.

  Forthon, James, 62.

  Fortiguerra, N., 72.

  Forward, Walter, 448.

  Foscolo, Ugo, 357.

  Foster, John, 355.

  Fothergill, John, 485.

  Fouche, Joseph, 485.

  Foulis, Andrew, 363.

  Foulon massacred, 286.

  Foulques, Guy de, 452.

  Fountaine, Andrew, 348.

  Fourcroy, A. F., 474.

  Fourier, Charles, 392.

  Fowler, John, 65.

  Fox, Cha. J., 39, 366, 205.

  Fox, Edward, 184.

  Fox, George, 25, 126.

  Fox, H. S., 398.

  Fox, John, 155.

  Fox, Richard, 361.

  Foy, M. S., 452.

  Francia, dictator, 50, 369.

  Francis I, Austria, 91.

  Francis I, France, 26, 126, 334.

  Francis I, Germany, 326.

  Francis II, Germany, 309.

  Francis II, France, 461.

  Francis, G. Y., 429.

  Francis, of Paula, 130.

  Francis, Philip, 481.

  Francis, Philip, 94.

  Francke, A. H., 223.

  François murdered, 405.

  Frank, Andrew, 473.

  Franklin, 14, 23, 30, 154, 293.

  Franklin, James, 323.

  Franklin, Sir John, 68, 188, 203.

  Franklin returned, 380.

  Franklin, Thomas, 104.

  Franklin, William, 437.

  Fraser, James, 385.

  Frazer, Lieut., 11.

  Frazer, Simon, 141.

  Frederick, Augustus, 160.

  Frederick Augustus I, 181.

  Frederick, elector, 33.

  Frederick I, Prussia, 31, 84.

  Frederick I, 79.

  Frederick I, Barbarossa, 226.

  Frederick II, Germany, 470.

  Frederick II, Denmark, 133.

  Frederick III, Denmark, 60.

  Frederick III, Germany, 327.

  Frederick IV, do 352.

  Frederick V, Denmark, 30.

  Frederick VI, do 459.

  Frederick III, Brandenburg, 31.

  Frederick the Great, 39, 325.

  Frederick Louis, 69.

  Frederick of Sweden, 137.

  Frederick William, 213.

  Frederick Wm. II, 430.

  Frederick III, 222.

  Frederick, prince of Wales, 110, 116.

  Frederick the wise, 180.

  Frederick of York, 17.

  Freeman, James, 435.

  Freher, Marguard, 190.

  Freinshemius, 343.

  Frend, William, 79.

  Freneau, Philip, 476.

  Freron, E. C., 98.

  Fresch, Joseph, 191.

  Frescobaldi, B., 220.

  Fugger, A. M., 445.

  Fulke, William, 99.

  Fuller, d'Ossoli, 288.

  Fuller, Thomas, 322.

  Fulton, George, 345.

  Fulton, Robert, 83.

  Funes, Gregorio, 24.

  Furgler, Francis, 33.

  Furstenberg, prince, 117.

  Fuseli, Henry, 152.

  Furneaux returned, 276.

  Friedland, 233.

  Frisi, Paul, 445.

  Frith, John, burnt, 287.

  Frobisher, Martin, 211, 228, 271, 315, 343, 426.

  Frontenac, 265, 306, 375.

  Frost, rioter, 423.

  Frotte, Louis le, 74.

  Frowde, Philip, 470.

  Fry, Edmund, 481.

  Fry, William H., 343.

  Fryth burnt, 260.


  Gadsden, C. E., 247.

  Gage, Gen., 85, 108, 395.

  Gagna, Antonio, 247.

  Gahagan, Usher, 77.

  Gainas killed, 483.

  Gainsborough, Thos., 302.

  Galba, Sergius, 27.

  Gale, Roger, 248.

  Gale, Thomas, 140.

  Galen, B. van, 368.

  Galiani, F., 417.

  Galilei, 19, 20.

  Galileo, 25, 85.

  Galileo condemned, 244.

  Galissoniere, de, 402.

  Galitzin, D. A., 182.

  Gall, 332.

  Gallatin, Albert, 318.

  Gallaudet, P., 196.

  Gallaudet, T. H., 356.

  Gallienus, Publius, 110.

  Galt, John, 147.

  Galvani, Lewis, 55.

  Galvani, Lewis, 424.

  Gama, Vasquez de, 194, 201.

  Gama sailed, 266.

  Gama returned, 361, 442, 482.

  Gambier, James, 158.

  Gambold, John, 360.

  Ganganelli, cardinal, 198.

  Ganganelli, John, 372.

  Gansevoort, Peter, 258.

  Garasse, Francis, 232.

  Gardiner, David, 270.

  Gardiner, Stephen, 432.

  Garfield, Benjamin, 294.

  Garnerin, æronaut, 348.

  Garnerin, M., 252, 270.

  Garibaldi escaped, 303.

  Garland, H. A., 400.

  Garnet, Henry, 245.

  Garnet, Thomas, 252.

  Garrick, 33, 90.

  Garth, Samuel, 31.

  Gascoine, George, 390.

  Gasparis, prof., 136, 147.

  Gassendi, Peter, 410.

  Gast, Pierre du, 421.

  Gaston de Foix, 144.

  Gaston, William, 38.

  Gates, Horatio, 143, 231.

  Gates, John, 371.

  Gates, Thomas, 215.

  Gataker, Thomas, 297.

  Gaubius, J. D., 449.

  Gauden, John, 369.

  Gaunor, Fychan, 364.

  Gaunt, John of, 51, 323.

  Gavazzi at Quebec, 221.

  Gaveston, Piers, 239.

  Gay, John, 460.

  Geary, admiral, 58.

  Gebelin, A. C. de, 187.

  Ged, William, 405.

  Geddes, Alexander, 85.

  Gell, William, 54.

  Gellert, C. F., 470.

  Geminiani, 365.

  Gendre, Lewis le, 471.

  Genet, E. C., 140, 193, 277.

  Gengis-Khan, 334.

  Genlis, madame, 483.

  Genlis guillotined, 313.

  Genovesi, Anthony, 372.

  Genseric, 409.

  Geoffry, 326.

  George of Cappadocia, 482.

  George of Denmark, 414.

  George I, 51, 228, 325, 348, 406.

  George II, statute, 87, 411.

  George III, 17, 44, 48, 52, 146, 218, 269, 372.

  George IV, 74, 249.

  Geo. Wm. Frederick, 242.

  Georges guillotined, 292.

  Gerard, Balt., 275.

  Gerard, Sieur, 308.

  Gerbillon, pere, 129, 204, 212, 398.

  Gerry, Elbridge, 446.

  Gerstner, F. A., 147.

  Gervais, Nicholas, 442.

  Gervinus, 94.

  Gesner, Conrad, 470.

  Gesner, J. J., 181.

  Gesner, J. M., 304.

  Gesner, Sol., 90.

  Geta, 52, 86.

  Ghisleri, Michael, 172.

  Gibert, Balthazar, 414.

  Gibbon, Edward, 29, 175, 400.

  Gibbon, Grinlin, 304.

  Gibbon, James, 257.

  Gibbs, James, 307.

  Gibbs, George, 308.

  Gibson, Edmund, 351.

  Gibson, John B., 178.

  Gibson, Thomas, 169.

  Gifanius, Hubertus, 323.

  Gifford, John, 376.

  Gifford, William, 490.

  Gilbert, 76.

  Gilbert, Bartholomew, 297.

  Gilbert, Humphrey, 228, 306, 355.

  Gilbert, William, 454.

  Giles, W. B., 461.

  Gill, John, 398.

  Gillies, John, 69.

  Gilpin, Bernard, 92.

  Gilpin, Sawrey, 97.

  Girandon, Francis, 344.

  Girard, Stephen, 485.

  Girten, Thomas, 428.

  Glanvil, Joseph, 423.

  Gleig, George, 98.

  Glendower, Owen, 369, 381.

  Gloucester, duke, 87.

  Gloucester, earl, 49.

  Glover, Richard, 448.

  Gluck, C., 436.

  Gmelin, S. T., 294.

  Goadby, Robert, 318.

  Gobel, J. B., 150.

  Goddard, Jonathan, 116.

  Godeau, Anthony, 160.

  Godfrey, Bouillon, 282, 316.

  Godfrey, code of, 421.

  Godfrey, Deborah, 423.

  Godfrey, Edmund, 402.

  Godfrey, Thomas, 304.

  Godolphin, earl, 363.

  Godonoff, Fedor, 231.

  Godoonoff, Boris, 148.

  Godoy, Emanuel, 387.

  Godwin, Mary W., 357.

  Godwin, William, 139.

  Godyn, Samuel, 469.

  Görgey, 316.

  Goertz, G. H., 74.

  Goethe, 114.

  Goff, Thomas, 294.

  Goffe at Hadley, 230.

  Goffe & Whalley, 95.

  Goldsborough, C., 472.

  Goldsborough, R., 382.

  Goldschmidt, 113.

  Goldsmith, Oliver, 133.

  Golius, James, 379.

  Goltzius, Henry, 9.

  Gomarra, president, 311.

  Good, J. M., 13.

  Goodacre, R., 449.

  Goodrich, Elizur, 420.

  Goodwin of Kent, 150.

  Goodwin, Thomas, 80.

  Gookin, Daniel, 109.

  Gordian killed, 459.

  Gordon, Adam, 394.

  Gordon, George, 179.

  Gordon, George, 31, 419.

  Gordon, George, 157.

  Gordon, John, 394.

  Gordon, Thomas, 296.

  Gordon, William, 405.

  Gorsas, A. J., 391.

  Gosnold, B., 118, 191.

  Gosnold's settlement, 207.

  Gossec, F. J., 71.

  Goth, Bertrand de, 158.

  Goudelin, Peter, 356.

  Gouge, Joseph, 39.

  Gouge, William, 474.

  Gouges, M. O., de, 422.

  Gough, Hannah, 405.

  Gough, Richard, 77.

  Gourgaud, baron, 292.

  Gourges, Dom. de, 177, 331.

  Gouvion, N., 228.

  Gower, John, 324.

  Graaf, R. de, 324.

  Grabe, J. E., 433.

  Grabouski, count, 389.

  Græme, John, 293.

  Graham, Dougal, 285.

  Graham, Dr., 305.

  Graham, George, 447.

  Graham, James, 200.

  Grahame, James, 362.

  Grainger, James, 474.

  Grainger, vicar, 135.

  Grand Maison guillotined, 473.

  Granger, James, 151.

  Grant, Anne, 427.

  Grant, Robert, 269.

  Granville, George, 45.

  Grasse, count de, 17, 156.

  Gratianus, 335.

  Grattan, Henry, 191.

  Gravier, Charles, 66.

  Gray, captain, 313.

  Gray, Jane, 285.

  Gray, Thomas, 298.

  Greatbreakes, 446.

  Greathead, Robert, 393.

  Gregori, Olinthus, 51.

  Gregory, David, 394.

  Gregory III, 451.

  Gregory VII, 203.

  Gregory IX, 316.

  Gregory XII, 398.

  Gregory XIII, 144.

  Gregory XV, 267.

  Gregory XVI, 215.

  Gregory, John, 61.

  Gregory, Mathew, 218.

  Green, Bart., 365.

  Green, Robert, 346.

  Green, Valentine, 253.

  Green, whipped, 409.

  Greene, Chris., 191.

  Greene, Maurice, 344.

  Greene, Nathaniel, 239.

  Greene, Robert, 346.

  Greenhill, John, 198.

  Greenleaf mobbed, 293.

  Greenleaf, Simeon, 390.

  Greenough, G. B., 131.

  Greenough, H., 463.

  Greenwood, F. W. P., 303

  Greig, admiral, 462.

  Grenville, Richard, 335, 346.

  Gresham, Thomas, 443.

  Gresset, J. B. L., 235.

  Greville, Fulk, 381.

  Grew, Nehemiah, 117.

  Grey, Jane, 64, 433.

  Grey, Richard, 87.

  Grey, Zachary, 448.

  Grierson, James, 467.

  Griffin, E. D., 428.

  Griffiths, Alex., 248.

  Griffiths, Ralph, 379.

  Grimaldi, 242.

  Grimke, T. S., 397.

  Grindal, Edmund, 264.

  Grindell, Eliz., 244.

  Grisi in New York, 328.

  Griswold, Rufus W., 339.

  Gronovius, 407.

  Groombridge, 167.

  Grose, Francis, 189.

  Grosseteste, 386.

  Grotius, Hugo, 339.

  Grout, Hilkiah, 294.

  Grove, Henry, 86.

  Grufydd, L. ap, 466.

  Grundy, Felix, 477.

  Gruner, C. J., 60.

  Gruner, C. G., 461.

  Gruterius, Janus, 369.

  Guarini, G. B., 390.

  Guerazzi exiled, 229.

  Guelph I, 375.

  Guericke, Otho, 188.

  Guerrero shot, 68.

  Guillim, John, 182.

  Guillotin, J. I., 206.

  Guillotine, J. B. V., 122.

  Guion, John J., 250.

  Guiscard, Robert, 281.

  Guise, duke of, 82.

  Guise, duke of, 481.

  Gunilda, 433.

  Gunnison, J. W., 449.

  Gunter, Edmond, 466.

  Gustavus III, of Sweden, 105, 123.

  Gustavus Adolphus, 425.

  Gustavus Adolphus IV, 59, 100, 104, 110, 187.

  Gustavus, revolution, 327.

  Gutenberg, 81, 425.

  Guthrie, G. J., 175.

  Guthrie, John, 187.

  Guthries, William, 97.

  Guy, Thomas, 475.

  Guyet, Francis, 146.

  Guyot, Gen., 50.

  Guyot des Fontaines, 474.

  Gwinnett, Button, 208.


  Habington, William, 433.

  Hachette, Jeane, 270.

  Hacker executed, 405.

  Hacket, John, 414.

  Hackett, William, 295.

  Hadley attacked, 230.

  Hafalgar slain, 375.

  Hagan, James, 215.

  Hagen, counsellor, 190.

  Hager, J. von, 251.

  Hahnemann, 280.

  Haillan, 446.

  Hakluyt, R., 446.

  Halde, J. B. du, 386.

  Hale, Alexander, 333.

  Hale, Matthew, 484.

  Hales, John, 198.

  Hall, F. X., 95.

  Hall, Frederick, 295.

  Hall, Joseph, 353.

  Hall, Robert, 79.

  Hall, Thomas, 382.

  Hallam, Lewis, 108, 349, 365.

  Halle, Peter, 485.

  Haller, Albert, 469.

  Halley, Edmund, 26.

  Halliday, Andrew, 353.

  Halloran, H., 127.

  Halsam, John, 285.

  Halstead, M., 127.

  Halsted, C. A., 258.

  Hambden, John, 133.

  Hamel, H. L. du, 319.

  Hamel, J. B. du, 308.

  Hamilton fell, 271, 273.

  Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh, 37.

  Hamilton, duke, 97.

  Hamilton, duke, 436.

  Hamilton, Eliz., 289.

  Hamilton, Eliz., 429.

  Hamilton, James, 363.

  Hamilton, Thomas, 464.

  Hamilton, William, 117.

  Hamilton, William, 182.

  Hammett, Benjamin, 398.

  Hammond, Henry, 165.

  Hammond, J. D., 327.

  Hammond burnt, 158.

  Hampden, John, 246.

  Hamtramck, J. F., 150.

  Hancock, John, 48, 204, 230, 392, 411, 416.

  Handel, G. F., 82, 148, 206.

  Hanmer, Thomas, 135.

  Hansard, Luke, 416.

  Hanway, Joseph, 349.

  Hardenberg, F. von, 109.

  Harding, 342, 345.

  Harding, F. A., 306.

  Harding, Stephen, 121.

  Hardinge, George, 167.

  Hardinge, Nicholas, 141.

  Hardicanute, 223.

  Hardouin, John, 347.

  Hardy, Charles, 184, 346.

  Hargrave, Francis, 330.

  Hariot, Thomas, 274.

  Harlan, Richard, 381.

  Harley, Francis de, 308.

  Harley, Achille, 288.

  Harley, A. de, 409.

  Harley, Robert, 200.

  Harman, Thomas, 451.

  Harold, 357, 398.

  Harold I, 194.

  Harpe, J. F., 63.

  Harper, Robert G., 28.

  Harrington, James, 357.

  Harrington, John, 320.

  Harrington, Jon., 119.

  Harris, James, 479.

  Harrison, John, 116.

  Harrison, Mr. 126.

  Harrison, William, 67.

  Harrison, W. H., 134.

  Harrod, William, 11.

  Harry of Winchester, 305.

  Hart, J. C., 289.

  Hart, John, 169.

  Hartley, D., 477.

  Hartstein, Lieut., 213.

  Hartwick, J. C., 281.

  Harvard, John, 377.

  Harvey, Thomas, 209.

  Harvey, William, 217.

  Haskel, Samuel, 335.

  Hasselquist, Fred., 60.

  Hassler, F. R., 443.

  Hassel, J. G. H., 32.

  Hastings, Thomas, 318.

  Hastings, Warren, 163, 332.

  Hatchcock, Thomas, 149.

  Hatton, Christopher, 442.

  Haurane, de, 396.

  Haversham, lord, 419.

  Haviland, John, 122.

  Hawke, Edward, 402.

  Hawkesworth, 426.

  Hawkesworth, J., 437.

  Hawker, Robert, 130.

  Hawkins, J., 21, 403, 432.

  Hawkins, John, 200.

  Hawksmoor, N., 109.

  Hawkwood, John, 94.

  Hawes, Aylet, 152.

  Hawes, William, 462.

  Hawley, Edmund, 454.

  Haworth, A. H., 335.

  Hay, James, 165, 215.

  Hay, William, 239.

  Haydn died, 206.

  Hayer, J. N. H., 280.

  Hayes, Charles, 476.

  Hayes, Jacob, 243.

  Hayley, William, 433.

  Haynau mobbed, 348.

  Hayne, Isaac, 306.

  Hayne, Robert Y., 374.

  Hayward, John, 250.

  Hazan, 211.

  Hazelrig, Arthur, 133.

  Hazlitt, William, 367.

  Head, George, 177.

  Hearne, Thomas, 226.

  Heath, general, 31.

  Heathfield, George, 364.

  Heber, Reginald, 132.

  Heber, Richard, 387.

  Heberden, William, 195.

  Hecquet, Philip, 144.

  Hedge, Levi, 14.

  Hedwig, John, 58.

  Heemskerk, 196, 219.

  Hegel, G. W. F., 435.

  Heidegger, J. J., 53.

  Heine, Heinrich, 75.

  Heinecken, C. H., 250.

  Heinse, William, 244.

  Heinsius, N., 304.

  Heinsius, Daniel, 27.

  Heinsius, Nich., 390.

  Helen and Judith, 412.

  Helena, empress, 326.

  Heliogabalus, 98.

  Hellot, John, 68.

  Helmont, J. B. van, 489.

  Heloise, 194.

  Helvetius, 10, 484.

  Hemans, F. D., 194.

  Hemsterhuys, T., 139.

  Henault, C. J. F., 482.

  Henderson, general, 77.

  Henderson, John, 421.

  Henderson, P., 467.

  Hendricks, William, 194.

  Hendrik, King, 353.

  Heneage, 439.

  Henley, captain, 30.

  Henley, John, 399.

  Hennessin, 87.

  Henrietta Marie, 314.

  Henry, John, 97.

  Hentz, C. Lee, 64.

  Heraclius, 63, 471.

  Herard, 113.

  Herbelot, B. d', 464.

  Herbert, Edward, 328.

  Herbert, George, 91.

  Herbert, Thomas, 89.

  Herbert, William, 142.

  Herbin, A. F. J., 489.

  Herbois, Collot de, 134.

  Herder, J. G., 476.

  Heriter, de Brutelle, l', 322.

  Herkimer, general, 308.

  Herkimer, Nicholas, 328.

  Heresy, burning for, 158.

  Herissant, 314.

  Herod, birthday, 340.

  Herodotus, 229.

  Heron, Robert, 149.

  Herrera, Gen., 63, 212.

  Herrera, Dr., 239.

  Herring executed, 140.

  Herschel, Caroline, 23.

  Herschel, Wm., 157, 336.

  Herschell, Sol., 418.

  Hervey, James, 484.

  Hesse Cassel, landgrave, 119.

  Heth, Joice, 80.

  Hevelius, John, 43.

  Hewes, G. R. T., 425.

  Hewet, A., burnt, 287.

  Hewson, William, 175.

  Heyer, missionary, 399.

  Heylin, Peter, 184.

  Henry, African, 410.

  Henry, David, 219.

  Henry II, Castile, 209.

  Henry I, England, 307, 431, 456.

  Henry II, 263, 266, 463.

  Henry III, 33, 63, 414, 436.

  Henry IV, 110.

  Henry V, 49, 316, 318, 343.

  Henry VI, 240, 389.

  Henry VII, 31, 160, 309, 328, 416.

  Henry VIII, 18, 20, 40, 43, 60, 93, 202, 390, 396.

  Henry I, France, 305.

  Henry II, 253, 270.

  Henry III, 287, 300.

  Henry IV, 24, 157, 191, 291.

  Henry Frederick, 367.

  Henry I, Germany, 257.

  Henry II, 274.

  Henry III, 387.

  Henry IV, 309.

  Henry V, 202.

  Henry VI, 378.

  Henry I, of Hayti, 122.

  Henry, Matthew, 244.

  Henry, Patrick, 221.

  Henry, prince, 424.

  Henry, prince, 227.

  Henry of Prussia, 304.

  Henry, Robert, 447.

  Henry, William, 346.

  Hicks, George, 473.

  Hidalgo, 30.

  Hieronymus slain, 472.

  Highmore, J., 92.

  Highmore, Nath., 112.

  Higginson, John, 465.

  Hildebrand, 203.

  Hill, Aaron, 59.

  Hill, Isaac, 114.

  Hill, John, 444.

  Hill, Rowland, 467.

  Hill, Rowland, 145.

  Hillhouse, J. A., 17.

  Hillhouse, James, 488.

  Hillhouse, Robert, 149.

  Hillhouse, William, 11.

  Hindmarsh, Robert, 13.

  Hippocrates, 312.

  Hire, P. de la, 160.

  Hirtius, consul, 150.

  Hirt, H. A., 253.

  Hitchcock, Peter, 188.

  Hoadley, Benjamin, 314.

  Hoadley, bishop, 154.

  Hoadley, John, 193.

  Hobart, John H., 369.

  Hobbes, Thomas, 460.

  Hobson, Thomas, 9.

  Hoche, Lazarus, 363.

  Hodges, Capt., 53.

  Hody, Humphrey, 33.

  Hofer, Andrew, 77.

  Hoffman, E. T. W., 290.

  Hoffman, Michael, 378.

  Hoffman, Ogden, 175.

  Hogarth, William, 411.

  Hogg, James, 444.

  Hogg, William, 44.

  Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, 69.

  Holbrook, Josiah, 237.

  Holcroft, Thomas, 115.

  Holdsworth, E., 489.

  Hole, Richard, 209.

  Holland, lord, 408.

  Holland, P., 60.

  Hollar, Wentzel, 121.

  Holles, T. Pelham, 210, 438.

  Hollis, lord, 72.

  Hollymore, Capt., 430.

  Holmes, Abiel, 218.

  Holmes, John, 266.

  Holmes, Robert, 432.

  Holstein, Gen., 163.

  Holt, John, 94.

  Holty, L. H. C., 345.

  Holyday, Barten, 384.

  Holyoke, Edward, 214.

  Holyoake, E. A., 127.

  Home, Everard, 343.

  Home, Henry, 485.

  Home, John, 348.

  Hone, William, 426.

  Honorius, 321.

  Honorius I, 397.

  Hood, Capt., 37, 39, 40, 41, 158, 375.

  Hooft, P. C., 200.

  Hoogeveen, H., 420.

  Hooke, Nathaniel, 283.

  Hooke, Robert, 91.

  Hooker, Nicholas, 110.

  Hooker, Richard, 421.

  Hooker, Thomas, 265.

  Hoole, John, 303.

  Hooper, John, 60.

  Hopkins, Esek, 459.

  Hopkins, Ezekiel, 239.

  Hopkins, Lemuel, 150.

  Hopkins, Samuel, 478.

  Hopkins, Stephen, 275.

  Hopkinson, Francis, 185.

  Hopkinson, Joseph, 28.

  Hoquait, Mons., 22.

  Horace, 12, 450.

  Horn, Charles E., 407.

  Horne, George, 30.

  Hornemann, F. C., 147.

  Horner, Dr., 422.

  Horner, Francis, 60.

  Horrox, Jer., 13.

  Horsley, John, 469.

  Horsley, Samuel, 387.

  Hortense, Eugenie, 388.

  Hosack, David, 481.

  Hosier, admiral, 333.

  Hospital, M. de l', 101, 103.

  Hotspur killed, 286, 287.

  Hottinger, J. H., 219.

  Houbracken, James, 484.

  Houchard, J. N., 436.

  Houdry, Vincent, 123.

  Houghton, Douglas, 398.

  Houseman, Richard, 325.

  How, Sylvanus, 14.

  Howard, Cath., 64, 310.

  Howard, Charles, 471.

  Howard, Edward, 165.

  Howard, Henry, 32.

  Howard, John, 34.

  Howard, John, 420.

  Howard, Thomas, 361.

  Howe, admiral, 307.

  Howe, Caleb, 294.

  Howe, George, 188.

  Howe, Gen., 181, 205.

  Howe, killed, 262.

  Howe, lord, 181, 272, 321.

  Howe, Robert, 15.

  Howe, S. J., 211.

  Hoyle, Edmund, 340.

  Hubbard, J. H., 369.

  Hubbard, S. D., 393.

  Hubbard, William, 361.

  Hubert, Matthew, 113.

  Huber, Francis, 481.

  Huddy, Capt., 116.

  Hudson, Henry, 117, 137, 141, 154, 161, 174, 242, 258, 272, 346, 358,
      363, 370, 386, 449.

  Hueston, Samuel, 390.

  Huet, Peter D., 41.

  Hufeland, 336.

  Huger, major, 188.

  Hugh, 149.

  Hugh, illuminator, 407.

  Hughes, Edward, 17, 23.

  Hughes, Elizabeth, 115.

  Hughes killed, 299.

  Hughes, John, 72.

  Hull, Gen., 67, 119, 273, 311.

  Hulse, Samuel, 11.

  Humbert, general, 326.

  Humboldt, 38, 141.

  Hume, David, 342.

  Hume, historian, 336.

  Hume, Joseph, 77.

  Hummel, John, 403.

  Humphreys, David, 79.

  Humpton, Richard, 478.

  Hungerford, J. P., 479.

  Hunis, William, 220.

  Hunniades, 348.

  Hunter, governor, 232, 299.

  Hunter, Henry, 413.

  Hunter, John, 401.

  Hunter, William, 125.

  Hunter, William L., 460.

  Hunt, Abijah, 350.

  Hunt, Littleton, 100.

  Huntington, Chris., 164.

  Huntington, countess, 237.

  Huntington, J. W., 420.

  Huntington, Susan, 461.

  Huntington, Samuel, 17.

  Hurd, Richard, 209.

  Huskisson, William, 363.

  Huss, John, 265.

  Hutchins, Thomas, 170.

  Hutchinson, J. H., 349.

  Hutchinson, John, 339.

  Hutchinson, Thos., 217, 337.

  Hutten, Ulric, 343.

  Hutton, Charles, 42.

  Hutton, doctor, 51.

  Hutton, J. S., 478.

  Hutton, William, 369.

  Huyck, Jacob, 294.

  Huygens, Christian, 223.

  Hyde, Anne, 347.

  Hyde, Edward, 465.

  Hyde, Law, 176.

  Hyde, Thomas, 31.

  Hyder Ally, 85, 378.

  Hyrcanus, John, 56.


  Ibarra, J., 446.

  Ibbot, Benjamin, 135.

  Ibrahim, pasha, 466.

  Ibrahim, sultan, 327.

  Ifland, A. W., 369.

  Ignatius martyred, 477.

  Iller, 219.

  Inchbald, Elizabeth, 301.

  Ingersoll, Mr., 15.

  Ingenhouz, John, 352.

  Ingolsby sworn in, 293.

  Ingraham, captain, 243.

  Inman, John, 342.

  Innocent II, 374.

  Innocent III, 272, 279.

  Innocent IV, 470.

  Innocent V, 248.

  Innocent VI, 358.

  Innocent VII, 425.

  Innocent VIII, 295.

  Innocent XI, 302.

  Innocent XII, 377.

  Innocent XIII, 84.

  Ipsilanti, N., 132.

  Ireland, Samuel, 228.

  Ireland, W. H., 155.

  Irene banished, 291.

  Ireton, Henry, 45, 448, 464.

  Iron Mask, 441.

  Irving, David, 193.

  Irving, Edward, 463.

  Isabella of Bavaria, 381.

  Isabella of Castile, 449.

  Isabella of England, 331.

  Istria, duke of, 175.

  Istrias, Capo d', 394.

  Iturbide, 83, 197, 284.

  Ivan IV, 389.

  Ivanowitz, N., 127.

  Ives, Edward, 375.

  Ives, John, 225.

  Ivory, James, 371.

  Iwan, 322.

  Iwan IV, 109.

  Iwanowna, Anna, 414.


  Jackson, Andrew, 224.

  Jackson, Andrew, 11, 45, 102, 106.

  Jackson, F. J., 275, 428.

  Jackson, James, 33.

  Jackson, John, 189.

  Jackson, Joseph, 26.

  Jackson, Thomas, 107.

  Jacob, Giles, 184.

  Jacob, William, 475.

  Jacobi, F. H., 98.

  Jacobi, J. G., 15.

  Jacobs, colonel, 353.

  Jacobsen, Rutger, 216.

  Jacquemont, V., 464.

  Jagemann, C. E., 53.

  Jaillot, A. H., 135.

  James, king, 22.

  James, pretender, 484.

  James I, Arragon, 294.

  James II, 421.

  James I, England, 26, 120, 168, 239.

  James II, 36, 93, 291, 307, 364, 459, 469, 481.

  James IV, 467.

  James I, Scotland, 76, 123, 201, 297, 303, 355.

  James III, 229.

  James V, 9, 470.

  James VI, 120, 239.

  James VIII, 347.

  James, Isabella, 277.

  James, Robert, 114.

  James, William, 474.

  James of York, 104.

  Jamison, John, 273.

  Jamison, Robert, 38.

  Jansenius, C., 184.

  Jarmon, Jane, 80.

  Jarvis, Russell, 167.

  Jay, John, 195.

  Jay, Peter Aug., 77.

  Jebb, John, 90, 466.

  Jefferson, Thos., 130, 261, 490.

  Jeffrey, Francis, 41.

  Jeffreys, George, 156.

  Jeffreys, G., 325.

  Jehan, shah, 35.

  Jem, 81.

  Jenkins, captain, 105.

  Jenkins, Henry, 462.

  Jenkins, Leoline, 344.

  Jenkins, Samuel, 15.

  Jenkins, tall clerk, 158.

  Jenkinson, Charles, 475.

  Jenner, Edward, 41, 216.

  Jennens, Charles, 442.

  Jennings, Sarah, 403.

  Jenison, Silas, 382.

  Jenyns, Soame, 476.

  Jerome, 381.

  Jerome of Prague, 206, 211.

  Jerome's Bible, 140.

  Jerrold, Douglas, 224.

  Jervas, Charles, 422.

  Jervis, John, 104.

  Jessup, general, 39.

  Jessup, Samuel, 195.

  Jewel, John, 372.

  Joan of Arc, 18, 188, 204, 211.

  Joan of Kent, 146.

  Jocelyn, lord, 318.

  Joe Miller, 323.

  Johannes Secundus, 391.

  John of France, 204.

  John, drowned, 141.

  John, evangelist, 485.

  John, old, 21.

  John V, Brittany, 339.

  John V, Brittany, 419.

  John II, emperor, 131.

  John of England, 122, 165, 189, 192, 239, 391.

  John Lackland, 403.

  John I of France, 140.

  John III, pope, 274.

  John VIII, pope, 472.

  John X, pope, 257.

  John XIII, 350.

  John XIV, pope, 328.

  John XVIII died, 282.

  John XXI, 193.

  John XXII, 460.

  John XXIII, 444.

  John I, Portugal, 320.

  John II, Portugal, 408.

  John IV, Portugal, 425.

  John V, Portugal, 299.

  Johnson, Guy, 205, 354.

  Johnson, Isaac, 381.

  Johnson, John, 100, 201, 473.

  Johnson, Joseph, 478.

  Johnson, Maurice, 57.

  Johnson, R. M., 442.

  Johnson, Samuel, 90, 272, 470.

  Johnson, S., 442.

  Johnson, Susan, 451.

  Johnson, Tom, 236.

  Johnson, William, 275.

  Johnston, George, 299.

  Johnston, J. F. W., 367.

  Johnstone, J., 434.

  Joliet's expedition, 236.

  Jonas, Justus, 393.

  Jones, commodore, 305.

  Jones, Inigo, 242.

  Jones, John Paul, 282.

  Jones, N. W., 21.

  Jones, Roger, 234.

  Jones, Samuel, 313.

  Jones, Thos. Mount, 105.

  Jones, William, 11.

  Jones, William, 131, 168.

  Jonson, Ben, 46, 51, 118, 265, 308.

  Jordan, Charles, 273.

  Jordan, Mrs., 263.

  Jortin, John, 338.

  Jose, Louis D., 420.

  Joshua, 115.

  Josselies, 235.

  Joseph, archduke, 132.

  Joseph, Portugal, 82, 459.

  Joseph I, 154.

  Joseph II, 77, 452.

  Joseph, emperor, 33.

  Joseph, Lewis, 228.

  Josephine, 21, 210, 458, 474.

  Joubert, general, 26.

  Joubert, Laurent, 407.

  Jourdan, J. B., 446.

  Jourdemain, Marg., 407.

  Jovellanos, 451.

  Jovianus, 71.

  Joy, Richard, 197.

  Juan, George, 242.

  Judah restored, 466.

  Judd, Sylvester, 41.

  Judson, A., 147.

  Judson, Mrs., 215.

  Juglaris, A., 435.

  Julian, 248, 468.

  Julianus, Didius, 215.

  Julius II, pope, 78.

  Julius III, 114.

  Junius, 35.

  Junius, Adrian, 234.

  Junius, Francis, 441.

  Junge, Joachim, 373.

  Junot, Gen., 31, 296.

  Jurauta shot, 283.

  Justin II, 387.

  Justinian, code, 436.

  Justinian I, 434.

  Jussieu, A. de, 161.

  Juxon, William, 217.


  Kaimes, lord, 485.

  Kaine, Thomas, 294.

  Kaldan, 177.

  Kamehameha, 473.

  Kanava, 385.

  Kane, Elisha K., 71, 213, 397.

  Kant, Immanuel, 65.

  Kantemir, prince, 89.

  Karamsin, N. M., 217.

  Karschin, A. L., 456.

  Kater, Henry, 167.

  Kauffman, M. A., 424.

  Kay, John, 86.

  Kay, J. E. de, 444.

  Kean, Edmund, 193.

  Kearney, S. W., 418.

  Keating, John, 199.

  Keats, George, 252.

  Keats, John, 83.

  Keble, Joseph, 339.

  Keill, James, 280.

  Keimer, Samuel, 482.

  Keith, James, 399.

  Kellerman, marshal, 359.

  Kelley, Mrs., 440.

  Kelly, Patrick, 136.

  Kelly, Robert, 169.

  Kelsey, Reuben, 335.

  Kemble, Charles, 425.

  Kemble, J. P., 86.

  Kemenyi, Benjamin, 17.

  Kempenfeldt, 328, 341, 469.

  Kempis, T. a, 291.

  Ken, Thomas, 109.

  Kenmuir, earl, 82.

  Kennedy, E. P., 124.

  Kennett, White, 477.

  Kennicott, Benj. 326.

  Kennison, David, 83.

  Kennison, Jenny, 486.

  Kenrick, William, 225.

  Kent, duke, 38.

  Kent, earl of, 150.

  Kent, holy maid, 158.

  Kent, James, 470.

  Kenyon, Lloyd, 134.

  Keppel, Augustus, 385.

  Kepler's canon, 192.

  Kepler, John, 424.

  Kermadoc, H., 379.

  Kersaint, de, 462.

  Kett, hanged, 442.

  Key, Francis S., 24.

  Key, John, 262.

  Keysler, J. G., 241.

  Khan, Kerim, 101.

  Khan, Kouli, 99.

  Kia King, 347.

  Kidd executed, 203.

  Kidd, John, 366.

  Kidd, Samuel, 231.

  Kidder, bishop, 449.

  Kieft, William, 121, 153.

  Kiell, John, 344.

  Kienlong, feast, 67, 452.

  Kifer, Henry, 64.

  Kilmarnock, earl, 326.

  King, Edward, 314.

  King, Erasmus, 88.

  King, James, 200.

  King, John, 125.

  King, Henry, 290.

  King, Peter, 287.

  King, Rufus, 171.

  King, Wm., 184.

  King, William, 237.

  King, William, 484.

  King, William R., 149.

  Kingsley, James L., 343.

  Kingston, duchess, 339.

  Kinney, colonel, 169.

  Kinney, H. L., 351.

  Kippis, Andrew, 392.

  Kirby died, 261.

  Kirchman, John, 110.

  Kirgener killed, 202.

  Kirkland, J. T., 167.

  Kirkpatrick, David, 210.

  Kirstenius, Peter, 155.

  Kirtland, Turhand, 324.

  Kirwan, W. B., 413.

  Kitchener, William, 86.

  Kittlewell, John, 146.

  Kitto, John, 449.

  Klaproth, M. H., 11.

  Kleber, general, 38, 233.

  Kleist, E. C. de, 318.

  Klopstock, 103.

  Klotz, C. A., 490.

  Kneeland, Samuel, 471.

  Knell, Robert, 239.

  Kneller, Godfrey, 412.

  Knickerbacker, H., 46.

  Knigge, baron, 181.

  Knight, A. T., 188.

  Knight, Deborah, 244.

  Knolles, Robert, 307.

  Knox, Henry, 411.

  Knox, John, 447.

  Knox, John, 301.

  Knox, Vicessimus, 351.

  Knyphausen, baron, 216.

  Kœmpfer, Engelbert, 421.

  Koenig, G. M., 487.

  Koerner, Theo., 404.

  Kohafah, 332.

  Koller, general, 333.

  König, 454.

  Korner, Theod., 337.

  Kosciusko, 64, 116, 131, 282, 395, 401, 484.

  Kossuth, 280, 364, 372, 462.

  Koszta, Martin, 243, 258, 301.

  Kotzebue, 115.

  Kouli Khan, 87, 181, 201, 223, 486.

  Kover, Stephen A., 38.

  Krafti, major-general, 17.

  Krasinski, V., 481.

  Kreutzer, Rodolphe, 19.

  Kuganoff, 231.

  Kugler, doctor, 449.

  Kuhnius, J., 468.

  Kuster, Ludolf, 397.

  Kutusoff, general, 170.

  Kuhlman, Q., 285.

  Kyan, John H., 20.

  Kyrle, John, 426.


  Labadie, 73.

  Labarre executed, 256.

  Labat, J. B., 18.

  Laborde, J. J. de, 156.

  La Caille, 157.

  Lacepede, 388.

  La Cherette, 123.

  Lackington, J., 445.

  Lackland, John, 403.

  La Condamine, 53.

  Lacretelle, 350.

  Lacrosse, captain, 28.

  Ladislaus I, 298.

  Ladislaus slain, 429.

  Ladislaus III, 98.

  Ladislaus IV, 212.

  Lady Murray taken, 235.

  Laennec, 319.

  Laet, Jan de, 469.

  Lafayette, 19, 34, 293, 299, 307, 325, 330, 336, 389, 431.

  La Ferte captured, 281.

  Lafitte, Jacques, 207.

  Lagny, T. F. de, 146.

  Lagrange, J. L., 143.

  La Harpe killed, 200.

  Laidlie, Archibald, 151.

  Lainez, Alex., 156.

  Lake, Gerard, 77.

  Lalande, 134, 139.

  Lallemant, Jerome, 41.

  Lally, Gen., 29, 35, 181.

  Lamarque, Max., 213.

  Lamb, Charles, 486.

  Lamb, John, 162.

  Lamballe, M. T. de, 346.

  Lambarde, William, 327.

  Lamberg, count, 378.

  Lambert, captain, 488.

  Lambert, Daniel, 243.

  Lambert, Gen., 21, 23.

  Lambert, J. H., 375.

  Lambert, Jon., 53.

  Lambertini, Prosper, 186.

  Lambton, J. G., 296.

  Lancaster, duke, 51.

  Lancaster, Joseph, 410.

  Lancaster, Margaut, 253.

  Landaff, bishop, 356.

  Landers, in Africa, 455.

  Lander, Richard, 50.

  Lander died, 58.

  Lander, Thos. Dick, 211.

  Lanfranc, 208.

  Langara, admiral, 29.

  Langbaine, Girard, 61.

  Langdon, John, 367.

  Langhorne, John, 129.

  Langsdorff, 342.

  Langton, Stephen, 268.

  Languet, 396.

  Languet, Hubert, 369.

  Lanjuinais, J. D., 28.

  Lansborough, David, 359.

  Lansing, A. J., 393.

  Lantier, Fr. D'Etienne, 46.

  Lanzi, Luigi, 125.

  Laplace, 94.

  La Proserpine captured, 231.

  Larcher, P. H., 481.

  Lardner, N., 290.

  Lardner, apparatus burnt, 411.

  La Rochi, Benjamin, 17.

  Lascaille, Cath., 223.

  Las Casas, count, 194.

  Lasci, John de, 25.

  Lascy, M. de, 454.

  La Salle, 40, 275, 310, 363, 419.

  Latham, John, 64.

  Lathrop, Joseph, 490.

  Latimer, burnt, 401.

  Latreille, P. A., 58.

  Laud, William, 22.

  Laudohn, G. E., 276.

  Laughlin, Andrew, 292.

  Laura de Noves, 137.

  Laurens, colonel, 336, 465, 490.

  Laurens, Henry, 389.

  Lavalette, 445, 479.

  Lavater, 13.

  Lavoisier, A. L., 185.

  Law, Edmund, 321.

  Law, Edward, 472.

  Law, John, scheme, 203.

  Law, William, 141.

  Lawes, Henry, 407.

  Lawrence, Abbot, 327.

  Lawrence, Amos, 491.

  Lawrence, John L., 290.

  Lawrence, Richard, 45.

  Lawrence, Thomas, 20.

  Lawson, Henry, 333.

  Lawson, John, 218.

  Laynez, James, 32.

  L'Estrange, Roger, 53.

  Leake, John, 311.

  Leake, John, 300.

  Leake, Stephen, 116.

  Lebenyi, 74.

  Lebrecht, G., 359.

  Leclair, John, 409.

  Leclerc, G. L., 153.

  Le Clerc, Sebastian, 411.

  Ledra, William, 102.

  Ledyard, Benjamin, 428.

  Ledyard, colonel, 351.

  Ledyard, John, 30.

  Ledoux, N. C., 441.

  Lee, Ann, 352.

  Lee, Arthur, 472.

  Lee Boo, 432.

  Lee Boo, prince, 486.

  Lee, Charles, 385, 470.

  Lee, Fr. L., 64, 399.

  Lee, Harriet, 301.

  Lee, R. H., 240.

  Lee, Samuel, 474.

  Lee, Sophia, 102.

  Leeuwenhoek, 337.

  Legare, H. S., 242.

  Legat, B., 101.

  Legendre, 23.

  Leggat, Bart., 90.

  Legge, George, 411.

  Legget, William, 204.

  Leicester, earl, 305.

  L. E. L., 400.

  Leland, John, 155.

  Leland, William, 484.

  Leibnitz, G. W., 434.

  Leicester, earl, 348, 380.

  Leicester, earl of, 33.

  Leigh, Edward, 216.

  Leigh, C. & O., 201.

  Leighton, Robert, 48.

  Leisler, Jacob, 105, 193, 217.

  Lemery, Nicholas, 239.

  Lemoine, Henry, 173.

  Lemontey, P. E., 251.

  Lempriere, John, 49.

  Lenoir, William, 182.

  Lenox, Charlotte, 15.

  Lenthal, Wm., 347, 422.

  Leo I, pope, 421.

  Leo II, 202.

  Leo III, pope, 227.

  Leo III, emperor, 237.

  Leo IV died, 281.

  Leo V assassinated, 483.

  Leo VI, emperor, 224.

  Leo X, 456.

  Leon, Diego, 391.

  Leon, J. P. de, 111.

  Leonidas, 309.

  Leopold, Chas., deposed, 208.

  Leopold I, 180.

  Leopold II, 89.

  Leopold of Lorrain, 120.

  Leopold, prince, 168.

  Leopold, Saxe Coburg, 269.

  Lepidus, M. E., 93.

  Lesage, A. R., 438.

  Lescure, 92.

  Leslie, Charles, 148.

  Leslie, John, 422.

  Lessing, G. E., 68.

  Letts, Ann, 387.

  Lettsom, J. C., 420.

  Leuchtenberg, 79.

  Levaillant, F., 445.

  Leval, general, 17.

  Lever, Anthony, 46.

  Levesque, Eugene, 17.

  Levins, doctor, 274.

  Levy, Lyon, 31.

  Lewis, Charles, 28.

  Lewis & Clark, 373, 426, 443, 483.

  Lewis, Dixon H., 412.

  Lewis, Enoch, 277.

  Lewis, Francis, 471.

  Lewis, Morgan, 140.

  Lewis, William, 454.

  Lewis, Zachariah, 435.

  Leyden, John, 339, 354.

  Lhuyd, Edward, 256.

  Liberius, pope, 374.

  Lichnowski, prince, 365.

  Lichtenberg, G. C., 82.

  Liddiard, William, 396.

  Lightfoot, John, 462.

  Ligne, prince de, 471.

  Liholiho, 473.

  Lilburne, John, 340.

  Lillo, George, 347.

  Lilly, astrologer, 225.

  Lily, grammarian, 83.

  Limborch, P., 173.

  Limerick, bishop, 466.

  Lin, commissioner, 108.

  Linacre, Thomas, 406.

  Lincoln, Benjamin, 37.

  Lindsay, John, 242.

  Lingard, John, 275.

  Linguet guillotined, 250.

  Linn, John Blair, 342.

  Linn, L. F., 386.

  Linnæus, Charles, 419.

  Linne, Charles, 23.

  Linsley, J. H., 485.

  Linzee captured, 312.

  Lipsius, Justus, 114.

  Lisle, Alice, 346.

  Lisle, William de, 40.

  Litta, Pompeo, 325.

  Littleton, Adam, 254.

  Littleton, Charles, 480.

  Littleton, Thomas, 332.

  Livermore, A., 257.

  Liverpool, earl, 475.

  Liverpool, lord, 476.

  Livingston, Edward, 203.

  Livingston, Peter R., 33.

  Livingston, Philip, 230.

  Livingston, R. R., 85.

  Livingston, William, 291.

  Livy, 12.

  Ljungstedt, A., 430.

  L'Overture, 70, 168.

  Locke, doctor, 17, 271.

  Locke, John, 414.

  Lockhart, J. G., 449.

  Lockman, John, 50.

  Lodi, Ibrahim, 159.

  Lofft, Capel, 206.

  Logan, chief, 452.

  Logan, Deborah, 51.

  Logan, James, 418.

  Logan, John, 486.

  Llewellyn, 320.

  Llorente, 56.

  Lloyd, Robert, 473.

  Lloyd, William, 342.

  Lombard, J. L., 129.

  Lombard, Peter, 285.

  Lombardini, 58.

  Lomonozof, M., 133.

  Longbeard, Wm., 138.

  Long, Edward, 101.

  Longfellow, Stephen, 303.

  Longinus, 103.

  Long-Kiewa, 358.

  Long, Roger, 474.

  Longueville, duc de, 230.

  Lopez, 221, 290, 305, 341, 345.

  Loring, colonel, 305.

  Lorrain, duke, 120.

  Lorraine, Henry de, 481.

  Lorraine, R. le, 214.

  Losa, Isabella, 93.

  Lothaire, 90.

  Lothaire I, 378.

  Lothaire II, 460.

  Louhterbourg, 99.

  Louis I of Anjou, 369.

  Louis, dauphin, died, 149.

  Louis I, Poland, 358.

  Louis I, France, 240.

  Louis II, France, 142.

  Louis I, Germany, 339.

  Louis II, Germany, 318.

  Louis V, Germany, 396.

  Louis III, 305.

  Louis IV, 356.

  Louis V, 200.

  Louis VI, 300.

  Louis VII, 366.

  Louis VIII, 427.

  Louis IX, 113, 164, 256, 335.

  Louis X, 223.

  Louis XI, 341.

  Louis XII, 9.

  Louis XIII, 179.

  Louis XV, 17, 69, 186.

  Louis XVI, 35, 37, 53, 156, 160, 193, 212, 241, 242, 243, 344, 369.

  Louis XVIII, 101, 138, 178, 195, 224, 267, 365.

  Louis Napoleon, 457, 458, 460, 462.

  Louis Philip, 134, 294, 310.

  Louis I, Spain, 329.

  Louis Wm. I, 14.

  Louisa of Denmark, 464.

  Louisa, da. Linnæus, 113.

  Louvel, P. L., 266.

  Lovat, lord, 141.

  Love, Christopher, 331.

  Lovejoy, E. P., 427.

  Lovel, James, 271.

  Lovelace, governor, 475.

  Lovelace, countess, 451.

  Lovewell, captain, 184.

  Lovibond, Edward, 377.

  Lowndes, William, 413.

  Lowry, Wilson, 246.

  Lowth, Robert, 422.

  Lowth, William, 195.

  Loyd, Henry, 239.

  Loydi, Anthony, 98.

  Loyola, 32, 299, 488.

  Lubar, 233.

  Lubienietski, 196.

  Lubin, Augustin, 106.

  Lucchesini, G., 405.

  Lucanus, M. A., 172.

  Lucas, lord, 60.

  Lucas, Margaret, 58.

  Lucius III, 448.

  Lucretius, Titus, 400.

  Ludewig, H. E., 470.

  Ludolphus, Job, 140.

  Lugo, John, 329.

  Lukins, George, 231.

  Lully, Raymond, 122.

  Lully, J. B., 113.

  Lumesdaine, captain, 17.

  Lumsden, M., 127.

  Luna, A. de, 217.

  Lunardi, aeronaut, 349, 363.

  Lupus, Rutilius, 227.

  Lusk, John, 224.

  Luther, Martin, 30, 73, 150, 233, 381, 417, 466, 474.

  Luxemburgh, 222.

  Lydiat, Thomas, 131.

  Lynde, Humphrey, 232.

  Lyttleton, George, 331.

  Lyttleton, lord, 450.

  Lyons, Israel, 175.


  Maboul, James, 200.

  Macalpine, John, 462.

  Macarthy, Charles, 36.

  Macartney, D. B., 127.

  Macauley, Catharine, 246.

  Macauley, Z., 191.

  Macchabaeus, J., 462.

  Macbeth slain, 461.

  Macbride, David, 471.

  Macdonald, gen., 21, 36.

  Macfarlane, Robert, 311.

  Macgillivray, 350.

  Machiavelli, 244.

  Machin, John, 222.

  Machin, Thomas, 132.

  Macintosh, 31.

  Mack, E., 287.

  Mackay, Alex., 152.

  Mackenzie, A. S., 361.

  Mackenzie, G., 176.

  Mackenzie, Henry, 19, 27, 392.

  Mackintosh, James, 212.

  Macklin, Charles, 271.

  Maclain, Arch., 443.

  Maclaurin, Colin, 232.

  Maclure, William, 115.

  Macomb, Alex., 248.

  Macpherson, James, 72.

  Macquer, Peter, 70.

  Macready hissed, 183.

  Macrinus, M. O. S., 221.

  Madden, Samuel, 489.

  Maddox, Isaac, 377.

  Madiai, F., 412.

  Madison, James, 252.

  Madison, James, 95.

  Madison, president, 105.

  Maecenas, C. C., 426.

  Maelzel, John, 286.

  Maelzel, Leonard, 353.

  Maffit, J. N., 209.

  Magdeburg, bishop, 240.

  Magellan, 34, 94, 165, 313, 350, 450.

  Maginn, William, 369.

  Magistus, S. de, 389.

  Magnentius, 313, 378.

  Magnus, Albertus, 435.

  Magoun, Thacher, 154.

  Mahmoud II, 257.

  Mahomet, Baba, 273.

  Mahomet, 221, 371, 391, 429.

  Mahomet II, 177.

  Mahomet III, 478.

  Mahomet IV, 244.

  Mahomet V, 470.

  Mai, Angelo, 356.

  Mailla, Joseph de, 251.

  Maillard, Oliver, 231.

  Maillefert, engineer, 119.

  Maintenon, madame, 151.

  Mairan, J. J., 77.

  Maire, J., 46, 475, 490.

  Mairs, George, 396.

  Maitland, James, 360.

  Maitland, John, 386.

  Maitland, Peregrine, 212.

  Maitland, Richard, 110.

  Maittaire, Michael, 306.

  Majorian, J. V., 309.

  Makhimov, A. N., 283.

  Malagrida, G., 370.

  Malaval, Francis, 192.

  Malcolm slain, 377.

  Malcolm III, 454.

  Malcolm IV, 465.

  Malcolm, John, 213.

  Maldonado, Fr., 160.

  Malebranche, 308.

  Malesherbes, 161.

  Malet, Pandulph, 162.

  Malfillastre, 95.

  Malhiot, M., 88.

  Malibran, 373.

  Mallet, David, 160.

  Mallet shot, 416.

  Malone, Edmund, 205.

  Malpighi, M., 453.

  Malte Brun, C., 472.

  Malthus, T. R., 488.

  Malvezzi, Virgilio, 315.

  Mandeville, Bernard de, 35.

  Mandeville, John de, 437.

  Manley, Mary, 271.

  Manly, John, 65.

  Mann, Jacob, 475.

  Manners, Capt., 252.

  Manners, George, 71.

  Manners, John, 403.

  Manning, Thomas, 177.

  Manny, Walter, 312.

  Manoel, Francisco, 260.

  Mansfield, count, 112.

  Mansfield, lord, 111, 217.

  Mantell, G. A., 430.

  Manteo, 319.

  Manuel, F., 84.

  Manutius, Aldus, 414.

  Manutius, Paul, 137.

  Mapletoft, John, 429.

  Mapp, Mrs., 368.

  Mar, earl, 289, 316, 414.

  Mara, madame, 217.

  Marat, 88, 275.

  Marc Antony, 300.

  Marcellus, triumph, 450.

  March, earl, 452.

  Marchand, Prosper, 232.

  Marcus Aurelius Carus, 483.

  Marcus Lucullus, 489.

  Marcy, William L., 262.

  Mardonius, general, 371.

  Mareby, G. W., 440.

  Margaret of Anjou, 335.

  Margaret, Scotland, 436.

  Mark, St., 165.

  Markland, Jer., 266.

  Marmont, 91, 111.

  Marmontel, J. F., 490.

  Maria Louisa, 130.

  Maria of Portugal, 430.

  Maria Therese, 453.

  Maria, vocalist, 81.

  Mariana, Juan, 56.

  Marie Antoinette, 401.

  Marillac, L. de, 186.

  Mario in New York, 328.

  Marius, Caius, 29.

  Mariveaux, P. C. de, 63.

  Marlboro, earl, 424.

  Marlborough, duchess, 316.

  Marlowe, Chris., 214.

  Marly, Plesis, 431.

  Marot, psalms of, 89.

  Marquette, father, 236.

  Marsais, C. C. du, 228.

  Marrast, Armand, 113.

  Marsden, William, 389.

  Marsh, Herbert, 175.

  Marshall, John, 265.

  Marshall, John, 381.

  Marsham, John, 206.

  Marshman, James, 462.

  Marsigli, L. F., 419.

  Marston, John, 247.

  Martel, Charles, 407.

  Martin, Benjamin, 61.

  Martin, D. Jose, 95.

  Martin, G. W., 242.

  Martin I, pope, 364.

  Martin, James, 292.

  Martin, John, 328.

  Martin, John, 68.

  Martin Luther, 271.

  Martin, Thomas, 95.

  Martinique, 235.

  Martinusius, G., 475.

  Martos, Ivan P., 155.

  Martyr, Peter, 432.

  Marullo, Francis, 286.

  Maruszewich, 264.

  Marvell, Andrew, 297.

  Marvin, Dudley, 248.

  Mary of Cleves, 416.

  Mary of England, 20, 89, 291, 438.

  Mary, princess, 423.

  Mary II, of England, 486.

  Mary, queen of Scots, 149, 176, 192, 193, 228, 274, 278, 289, 330,
      396, 445, 463, 466.

  Mazarin, Julius, 97, 317.

  Mascaron, Julius, 474.

  Masclef, Francis, 447.

  Maseres, Francis, 198.

  Masham, A., 463.

  Masham, D., 158.

  Maskelyne, 61.

  Mason, George, 423.

  Mason, George, 391.

  Mason, John, 158.

  Mason, I. L., 350.

  Mason, S. T., 15.

  Mason, William, 139.

  Massaniello, 265, 279.

  Massasoit, 113.

  Massena, Andrew, 111, 134.

  Massieu, William, 376.

  Massillon, J. B., 379.

  Massinger, Philip, 106.

  Mather, Cotton, 66.

  Mather, Increase, 333.

  Mather, Samuel, 250.

  Mathew, father, 466.

  Matilda, 49, 356.

  Matthews, Charles, 252.

  Matthews, Gen., 17.

  Matthews, John, 179.

  Matthews, printer, 239.

  Matthews, Mrs., 311.

  Matthews, Tobias, 123.

  Matthieu, Louis, 448.

  Matthieu, P., 397.

  Matti, Emanuel, 476.

  Maturin, C. R., 417.

  Maty, Matthew, 302.

  Maud, 138, 369, 381.

  Maupertuis died, 294.

  Maur, C. de, 448.

  Maurice, Gustavus, 328.

  Maurice of Nassau, 162.

  Maurice of Saxe, 454.

  Maurice of Saxony, 107.

  Maury, James, 81.

  Maurepas, 444.

  Maury, Mrs., 382.

  Mavor, William, 488.

  Mavrocordato, 19.

  Maximian, triumph, 442.

  Maximilian, E., 85.

  Maximilian I, 24.

  Maximilian II, 397.

  Maximilian, L., 489.

  Maximus, M., 295.

  Maximus, M. C. P., 229.

  Maximus murdered, 277.

  Maxwell, Gen., 20.

  Maxwell, Robert, 268.

  May, Henry, 474.

  May, T., 361, 433.

  Mayer, Tobias, 77.

  Mayerne, Theodore, 103.

  Mayhew, Jonathan, 269.

  Maynadier, H., 432.

  Maynard, John, 393.

  Mayne, Jasper, 462.

  Mayne, John, 103.

  Maynwaring, A., 433.

  Mazzini, 58.

  McAdam, J. L., 450.

  McClure, George, 324.

  McClure, Samuel, 476.

  McCowen, Mrs., 131.

  McCord, D. J., 189.

  McCrie, Thomas, 308.

  McCulloch, John, 330.

  McDonald, Daniel, 39.

  McDonald, Donald, 348.

  McDonald, James, 329.

  McDonald, marshal, 376.

  McDonald, Samuel, 182.

  McDonough, Com., 66, 430.

  McDonough, John, 413.

  McDougal, A., 120.

  McDowell, James, 335.

  McFeely, George, 33.

  McGuire, aeronaut, 189.

  McGwinn, Samuel, 49.

  McHenry, James, 178.

  M'Kean, Thomas, 247.

  M'Keehan, Samuel, 46.

  McKeen, Joseph, 279.

  McKeever, Isaac, 130.

  McKenzie, Com., 34.

  McKerhnie, G., 457.

  McLean, L. E., 400.

  McLeod arrested, 42.

  McMabone, Hugh, 437.

  McMahon, Bernard, 367.

  McNeil, Hector, 104.

  McNeil, W. G., 71.

  McNeveen, W. J., 274.

  McNutt, A. G., 408.

  McPheeters, Wm., 427.

  McPherson, H., 100.

  Mead, Richard, 70.

  Mead, William, 414.

  Meagher, T. F., 209.

  Mechain, P. F. A., 369.

  Mecklenburgh, deposed, 209.

  Medhurst, doctor, 39.

  Medicis, Cosmo de, 300, 386.

  Medicis, H. de, 319.

  Medicis, John, 99, 456.

  Medicis, J. Angelo, 465.

  Medicis, Julius de, 376, 451.

  Medicis, L., 140, 166.

  Medicis, Mary de, 259.

  Medicis, P. de, 457.

  Medina, duke, 311.

  Meerman, John, 323.

  Mehul, S. H., 404.

  Melancthon, 70, 113, 156.

  Melbourne, Luke, 151.

  Melchoir, F., 477.

  Melcher, John, 225.

  Mellen, Grenville, 350.

  Mellen, Prentice, 491.

  Melmoth, Wm., 103, 137.

  Melville, James, 419.

  Melville, lord, 208.

  Menage, Giles, 288.

  Menard, general, 19.

  Mencke, J. B., 129.

  Mendajors, 436.

  Mendelsohn, 359.

  Mendoza died, 260.

  Mengs, A. R., 253.

  Menochius, James, 52, 314.

  Menon, J. F., 319.

  Mentz, archbishop, 245.

  Menzikoff, Alex., 421.

  Mercator, Gerard, 457.

  Mercer, colonel, 320.

  Mercer, Hugh, 24, 32.

  Merchiston, baron, 131.

  Merci killed, 304.

  Mercier, Bart., 190.

  Meredith, Samuel, 77.

  Merian, Maria Sybilla, 25

  Mercurialis, J., 428.

  Merry, Robert, 483.

  Mersch, J. vander, 362.

  Messenhausen, Gen., 436.

  Metacom, 308, 317.

  Metastasio, 18, 146.

  Metcalfe, Thomas, 327.

  Meton, 189, 250.

  Metius, Adrian, 376.

  Meunier, trial, 167.

  Meursius, John, 369.

  Meux, brewvats, 355.

  Meyer, James, 54.

  Mezerai, F. E. de, 270.

  Meziriac, Claude, 85.

  Miantonimoh, 116.

  Michael, Angelo, 71.

  Michael II, 383.

  Michael III, 374.

  Michael VIII, 468.

  Michaelis, J. B., 380.

  Michaelis, J. D., 408.

  Michofsky, 152.

  Michaelowitz, Alex., 62.

  Mickle, W. J., 411.

  Micrelius, John, 459.

  Middleton, Arthur, 10.

  Middleton, Conyers, 296.

  Middleton, Hugh, 439.

  Middleton, T. F., 268.

  Mifflin, Thomas, 34.

  Mignard, P., 101.

  Milbourne executed, 193.

  Mildmay, Walter, 212.

  Miles, Jeremiah, 66.

  Mill, Henry, 484.

  Mill, James, 246.

  Mill, John, 245.

  Milla, Philip, 476.

  Miller, Andrew, 223.

  Milledoler, Philip, 372.

  Miller, Joseph, 323.

  Miller, J. M., 243.

  Miller, John, 212.

  Miller, Samuel, 20.

  Miller, William, 478.

  Mills, Charles, 394.

  Mills, Robert, 92.

  Milner, Isaac, 130.

  Milner, Joseph, 436.

  Milo, 143.

  Milton, 250, 345, 427.

  Mina died, 483.

  Minaview, M. N., 271.

  Mir Cassim defeated, 408.

  Mirabeau, count, 122, 130.

  Mirabeau, elder, 276.

  Miræus, A., 404.

  Miranda, general, 28.

  Miranda, 50, 304, 306, 319.

  Mirandula, earl, 438.

  Mitchell, David, 205.

  Mitchell, Elisha, 251.

  Mitchell, Joseph, 57.

  Mitchell, T. L., 389.

  Mitford, Mary Russell, 23.

  Mitford, William, 60.

  Modena taken, 231.

  Moellendorf, general, 43.

  Mohammed, A. A., 343.

  Mohun, lord, 436.

  Moine, Francis le, 218.

  Moir, D. M., 265.

  Molai, J. de, 187.

  Mole, count, 448.

  Molesworth, Robert, 201.

  Molesworth, Wm., 408.

  Moliere, 28, 72.

  Molina, conde de, 99.

  Molinier, J. B., 104.

  Molloy, Charles, 280.

  Molyneux, 396.

  Monboddo, lord, 206.

  Mongault, N. H. de, 322.

  Monge, Gaspard, 296.

  Monis, Judah, 165.

  Monk, George, 13, 53, 60, 64, 78.

  Monmouth beheaded, 278.

  Monnier, P. C. le, 352.

  Monnoye, B. de la, 400.

  Monro, John, 486.

  Monroe, Alex., 270.

  Monroe, James, 261, 322.

  Monson, lord, 391.

  Mont, J. M. du, 114.

  Montagu, M. W., 330.

  Montague, Basil, 486.

  Montague, Charles, 198.

  Montague, Edward, 208.

  Montague, E. W., 173.

  Montague, Eliz., 336.

  Montague, Mary W., 107.

  Montague, Richard, 148.

  Montaigne, M. de, 360.

  Montault, Philip de, 54.

  Montcalm, 312.

  Montellucco, 14.

  Montesquieu, J. B., 281.

  Montesquieu, baron, 62.

  Montezuma, 254.

  Montfaucon, B. de, 479.

  Montferrat, C., 168.

  Montford, countess, 312.

  Montgolfier died, 219, 249.

  Montgomery, G. de, 249.

  Montgomerie, Gov., 27.

  Montgomery, Gen., 456, 490.

  Montgomery, poet, 173.

  Monti, Vincent, 398.

  Montigni, S. M. de, 181.

  Montmorency, A. de, 429.

  Montmorency, H. de, 129.

  Montmorency, H. de, 417.

  Montmorency, M. de, 447.

  Montocchio, Romeo, 99.

  Montucla, J. E., 476.

  Moody, John, 434.

  Moor, Mordecai, 325.

  Moore, Edward, 87.

  Moore, Elizabeth, 49.

  Moore, Hannah, 353.

  Moore, James, 152.

  Moore, sir John, 17, 29.

  Moore, John, 77.

  Moore, Jonas, 324.

  Moore, Thomas, 86.

  Moore, T. P., 287.

  Moratin, L. F., 243.

  Morant, Philip, 448.

  Morbihan, 221.

  Moreau, general, 72.

  Mordaunt, Charles, 411.

  More, Henry, 344.

  More, Thomas, 262.

  Moreau, Gen., 338, 346.

  Moreau, J. N., 120.

  Morecroft, Thomas, 258.

  Morel, Andrew, 142.

  Morel, Frederick, 250.

  Moreri, Lewis, 270.

  Mores, E. R., 452.

  Morgan, C. W., 17.

  Morgan, Lodowick, 318.

  Morgan, Wm., 356.

  Morgan, William, 358.

  Morghen, R., 145.

  Morice, William, 469.

  Morier, James, 91.

  Morin, J. B., 425.

  Morin, Stephen, 180.

  Morison, James, 178.

  Morland, George, 416.

  Morland, Samuel, 489.

  Mornay, P. de, 431.

  Morris, Charles, 42, 273.

  Morris, Gouv., 424.

  Morris, Robert, 77, 185.

  Morris, R. H., 410.

  Morris, Roger, 30.

  Morris, Thomas, 63.

  Morrison, Robert, 301.

  Morse, Jedediah, 225.

  Mortier, marshal, 296.

  Mortimer, J. H., 53.

  Mortimer, Roger, 452.

  Morton, James, 36.

  Morton, Thomas, 122.

  Morveau, J. B. G. de, 13.

  Moscherosch, J. M., 133.

  Moses, 58.

  Moskwa, princess, 260.

  Moss, Robert, 119.

  Mossequin, Jean, 131.

  Motherwell, Wm., 420.

  Motte, A. H. de la, 484.

  Motteux, P. A., 75.

  Mottley, John, 417.

  Moule, Thomas, 233.

  Moultrie, Wm., 51, 378.

  Mourtrie, Jean, 11.

  Mozart, 462.

  Muehlenburgh, G. H. E., 203.

  Muehlenberg, H. M., 391.

  Muggleton, L., 100.

  Muir, James, 151.

  Mulcaster, Richard, 150.

  Mulgrave, lord, 294, 395.

  Muller, C. O., 311.

  Muller, O. F., 485.

  Muller, Robert, 354.

  Munday, Anthony, 314.

  Munich, B. C., 401.

  Munoz, general, 307.

  Munson, Æneas, 332.

  Munzer, Thomas, 193.

  Murad Bey, 161.

  Murat, 13, 114, 190, 200, 279, 398.

  Murat Kan, 398.

  Murchison, Kenneth, 301.

  Murdoch, James, 315.

  Muretus, M. A., 217.

  Murillo, painter, 9

  Murphy, Arthur, 238.

  Murphy, John, 193.

  Murphy killed, 225.

  Murray, Com., 389.

  Murray, Alex., 152.

  Murray, earl, 37, 331.

  Murray, James, 261.

  Murray, James, 43.

  Murray, John, 251.

  Murray, Lindley, 71.

  Murray, William, 111.

  Murray, William, 273.

  Musschenbroek, 368.

  Mustapha III, 35.

  Musculus, 341.

  Musgrave, William, 481.

  Muys, L. N. V., 395.

  Myronides, 13.


  Nadir, shah, 213, 241.

  Nani, J. B., 424.

  Nanteuil, Robert, 475.

  Napea, Osep, 164.

  Napier, George, 364.

  Napier, John, 131.

  Napoleon (see Bonaparte).

  Napoleon, 313, 322, 458.

  Napoleon II, 111.

  Napoleon III, 24, 458.

  Nares, James, 62.

  Nash, John, 190.

  Nash, Richard, 51.

  Nasmith, A., 145.

  Nassau, prince of, 275.

  Nattier, Lawrence, 485.

  Naudæus, Gabriel, 297.

  Naunton, Robert, 133.

  Naumann, J. G., 409.

  Naylor, James, 475.

  Nazianzen, G., 449.

  Neal and Fordyce, 235.

  Neander, Michael, 166.

  Necker, James, 142, 271.

  Needham, J. T., 489.

  Neele, Henry, 59.

  Neff, Felix, 147.

  Nehemiah, 309.

  Neibuhr, C., 167.

  Neild, J. C., 342.

  Nelson, lost arm, 290, 407.

  Nelson, Robert, 29.

  Nelson, Thomas, 15.

  Nelson, T. M., 430.

  Nemours, Dupont, 309.

  Nemours, duke, 52.

  Neri, Philip, 206.

  Nerli, Philip, 30.

  Nero, 27, 104, 131.

  Nero, C. D., 223.

  Nesbit, Charles, 30.

  Nestorius, heretic, 243.

  Neufchateau, F. de, 22.

  Neufville, James, 199.

  Neukirch, Benj., 322.

  Neuville, C. F. de, 274.

  Newcastle, dutchess, 58.

  Newcastle, duke, 210, 438.

  Newcome, William, 23.

  Newell, Harriet, 455.

  Newhoff, Theodore, 468.

  Newland, Abm., 444.

  Newman, colonel, 387.

  Newport, Chris., 166, 215.

  New, Ross, 219.

  Newski, Alexander, 172.

  Newton, G. S., 308.

  Newton, Isaac, 110.

  Newton, John, 484.

  Ney, marshal, 464.

  Nicander, K. A., 59.

  Nicanor, 65.

  Nicephorus I, 290.

  Niceron, J. F., 371.

  Niceron, J. P., 267.

  Nicholas of Lyra, 409.

  Nicholas of Russia, 45.

  Nicholas I, 91.

  Nicholas III, pope, 331.

  Nicholas V, 115.

  Nichols, Charlotte, 213.

  Nichols, John, 450.

  Nicholson, governor, 480.

  Nicholson, James, 345.

  Nicholson, Margaret, 302.

  Nicole, Claude, 445.

  Nicole, Peter, 437.

  Nidhard, J. E., 48.

  Niebuhr, historian, 13.

  Nieuentyd, Bernard, 212.

  Nightingale, Joseph, 313.

  Nikon, 323.

  Niles, Hezekiah, 131.

  Niles, John M., 213.

  Ninigret, 369.

  Noah, 295, 412, 428.

  Noah, M. M., 114.

  Noailles, L. A. de, 179.

  Noailles, marshal, 207.

  Nolan, L. E., 412.

  Nollekins, J., 163.

  Nolin, J. B., 256.

  Noodt, Gerard, 322.

  Norfolk, duke, 39.

  Norfolk, duke of, 214.

  Normand, Alexis, 218.

  Norodsky, Alex., 18.

  North, Francis, 349.

  North, lord, 307.

  Northampton, marquis, 30.

  Northcote, James, 275.

  Northumberland, 371.

  Norton, Andrews, 367.

  Norton, A. S., 187.

  Norton, John P., 350.

  Norton, Thomas, 31.

  Nostrodamus, M., 258.

  Nott, Samuel, 207.

  Noue, J. S. de la, 436.

  Nourse, John, 164.

  Nourse, Joseph, 345.

  Novalis, 109.

  Noves, Laura de, 137.

  Novikov, N. I., 316.

  Nowell, Alex., 66.

  Noy, 312.

  Nugent, George, 159.

  Nugent, Thomas, 208.

  Numerianus, 358.


  Oates's plot, 351, 417.

  Oberkampf, 387.

  Oberlin, J. J., 395.

  Obookiah, H., 72.

  Obrecht, Ulric, 308.

  O'Bryen, Patrick, 345.

  Oakley, Samuel, 312.

  O'Connel, Daniel, 193, 212, 399.

  O'Connor, A. C., 163.

  O'Connor, Feargus, 343.

  Ocunnastota, 70.

  Odescalchi, 317.

  Odoacer, 93, 377.

  O'Donahoe, Patrick, 37.

  Oeder, G. L., 415.

  Offa died, 252.

  Ogden, Aaron, 158.

  Ogden, D. B., 280.

  Ogden, Matthias, 127.

  Ogilby, John, 348.

  Oglethorpe, Gen., 21, 64, 251, 254, 417, 424.

  Ohey, John, 153.

  Ojeda, Alonzo de, 199.

  O'Keefe, John, 54.

  Olbers, Dr., 122, 124.

  Olearius, Godfrey, 429.

  Oldcastle, John, 471.

  Oldenbarneveldt, 149, 190.

  Oldenburgh, duke, 87.

  Oldfield, Anne, 409.

  Oldham, John, 265.

  Oldmixon, John, 268.

  Olds, G. S., 232.

  Oldys, William, 151.

  Olga, of Russia, 355.

  Olin, Stephen, 324.

  Oliveyra, F. X. d', 403.

  Olybrius, 409.

  Omar, era begun by, 279.

  Omar I, assassinated, 425.

  O'Meara, B. E., 217.

  Ommeganck, 31.

  O'Niel killed, 222.

  O'Niel, John, 41.

  Onslow, Arthur, 50.

  Opdam, admiral, 217.

  Opecancanough, 120.

  Opie, John, 142.

  Opitius, Martin, 328.

  Oporinus, John, 264.

  Osborn, Danvers, 390.

  Osborne, Francis, 63.

  Osborne, governor, 397.

  Osborne murdered, 161.

  Osceola, 46.

  Osgood, Samuel, 318.

  Osiander, Andrew, 402.

  Osman I., 198.

  Osorio, Jerome, 328.

  Ossat, Arnold d', 101.

  O'Sullivan, T. S., 420.

  Oswald, 300.

  Oswy, 397.

  Otho the great, 182.

  Otho II, poisoned, 463.

  Otho IV, 197.

  Otho of Greece, 46, 215, 392.

  Otho, M. S., 158.

  Otis, H. G., 415.

  Otis, James, 203.

  Ottley, Wm. Young, 206.

  Ottocar, 337.

  Otway, Thomas, 149.

  Orange, prince of, 31, 162, 270, 413, 489.

  Orbegozo, 294, 311.

  Orellana, F. de, 187.

  Oriani, Barnaba, 433.

  Orleans, duchess of, 221, 254.

  Orleans, duke, 57, 425, 445, 458.

  Orleans, P. J. d', 126.

  Orme, Robert, 26.

  Ormond, duke, 118.

  Orrery, earl of, 339.

  Orsini, V. M., 197.

  Ortelius, A., 251.

  Orton, Job, 284.

  Orville, J. P. d', 362.

  Oudin, Francis, 169.

  Oudinot, general, 305.

  Oudri, J. B., 174.

  Ouellet, Charlotte, 295.

  Oughtred, William, 230.

  Oultremont, countess d', 391.

  Overbury, Thomas, 363.

  Overton, major, 21.

  Ovid, 12.

  Owen, John, 334.

  Owen, John, 376.

  Owen, John, 400.

  Owens, John, 83.

  Owtram, William, 333.

  Oxberry, William, 225.

  Oxenstiern, 339.

  Ozell, John, 400.

  Ozenham, James, 131.

  Oz, Maney, 208.


  Pacheco, Maria, 412.

  Packard, Asa, 91.

  Packenham, general, 11.

  Packer, J., 48.

  Packington, Dorothy, 184.

  Padillo defeated, 160.

  Paer, Fernando, 178.

  Paez, Fr. Alvarez, 184.

  Paez, president, 40, 118.

  Pagan, B. F. de, 439.

  Paganini, baron, 208.

  Page, John, 396.

  Pagi, Francis, 35.

  Pagot, W. H., 170.

  Paine, King, 378.

  Paine, R. T., 188.

  Paine, Thomas, 10, 220, 224, 373.

  Paine, Thomas, 50.

  Paisiello, John, 220.

  Paixhans, general, 320.

  Palæologus, John, 417.

  Palæologus, pope, 468.

  Palafox, J. de, 381.

  Paley, William, 205.

  Palisot de Beauvais, 35.

  Palkul, J. R. de, 382.

  Palladio, Andrea, 308.

  Pallas, Peter S., 352.

  Palm, John Philip, 336.

  Palmer, captain, 17.

  Palmer, Job, 61.

  Palmer, John, 303.

  Palmer, Thomas, 371.

  Palomino, V. Y., 148.

  Pamela, 203.

  Pamelius, James, 368.

  Pamphilius, 70.

  Pan, 68.

  Pan, J. M. du, 192.

  Panckoucke, C. J., 477.

  Pandulph in England, 189.

  Panin, count, 127.

  Pannis, von, burnt, 204.

  Pantagruel, 438.

  Panzer, G. W., 269.

  Paoli, Pascal de, 55.

  Papenheim, general, 425.

  Papin, Isaac, 239.

  Paredes, Mariano, 198, 242, 309, 359.

  Paris, Francis, 174.

  Parish, doctor, 108.

  Parisot la Valette, 343.

  Park, Mungo, sailed, 202, 357, 458.

  Parker, D. P., 331.

  Parker, J. A., 489.

  Parker, Matthew, 194.

  Parker, Peter, 342, 479.

  Parker, Richard, 254.

  Parker, Robert, 170.

  Parker, Samuel, 110.

  Parkes, Samuel, 482.

  Parkhurst, Benjamin, 473.

  Parkhurst, John, 112.

  Parnell, H. B., 224.

  Parr, Catharine, 272, 349.

  Parr, Robert, 370.

  Parr, Samuel, 95.

  Parr, Thomas, 370, 424.

  Parry, captain, 305, 380.

  Parry, doctor, 90.

  Parry, W. E., 266.

  Parsons, James, 133.

  Parsons, Robert, 155.

  Partlett, W. H., 376.

  Partridge, Alden, 29.

  Partridge, Miles, 85.

  Pas, M. de, 102.

  Pascal, Blaise, 327.

  Paschal I, 188.

  Paskiewitsch, general, 49.

  Pasquier, Stephen, 343.

  Passemant, C. S., 425.

  Passionei, Dom., 278.

  Patch, Elizabeth, 25.

  Patrick, Simon, 213.

  Patterson, Angus, 207.

  Patterson, Com., 37.

  Patterson, R. M., 350.

  Paul of Burgos, 340.

  Paul II, pope, 292.

  Paul III, 429.

  Paul IV, 326.

  Paul, Petrowitz, 114.

  Paul of Russia, 116.

  Paul of Venice, 26.

  Paulinus, 19.

  Paulmier, J. de, 383.

  Paulowitz, Alex., 457.

  Paulus Emylius 129.

  Paulus, Peter, 41.

  Pautre, John, 49.

  Pavilion, Nicholas, 464.

  Pawling, Albert, 430.

  Payne, J. Howard, 22.

  Payne, Richard, 165.

  Pays, Rene le, 172.

  Peabody, O. W. P., 266.

  Pearce, Elizabeth, 86.

  Pearce, Richard, 18.

  Pearson, John, 280.

  Peck, Francis, 319.

  Pedro abdicated, 138.

  Pedro of Portugal, 459.

  Peiresc, 246.

  Pelagius II, 64.

  Pelham, 95.

  Pelissier, general, 194.

  Pell, John, 469.

  Pellico, Silvio, 49.

  Pelliser, Hugh, 109.

  Pellegrin, S. J., 349.

  Pembroke, earl, 48.

  Pembroke, countess, 375.

  Pendergrass, 67.

  Pendleton, E., 412.

  Penn, John, 412.

  Penn, Richard, 208.

  Penn, Wm., code, 180, 298, 329, 330, 344, 399, 407, 410, 414, 460.

  Pennant, Thomas, 474.

  Pennock, Lewis, 54.

  Penry, John, 210.

  Pepin, 372.

  Pepin, mayor, 473.

  Pepin and Moray, 69.

  Pepperell, William, 264.

  Pepusch, J. C., 285.

  Pepwell, Henry, 357.

  Pepys, 13, 206.

  Pepys, C. C., 172.

  Perceval, Spencer, 188.

  Percival, J. G., 177.

  Percival, Thomas, 342.

  Percy, Henry, 169.

  Percy, Henry, 242.

  Percy, baron, 279.

  Percy, Thomas, 331.

  Percy, Thomas, 382.

  Percy, Wm. Henry, 389.

  Perennin, Dominic, 377.

  Peretti, Felix, 338.

  Perez, Antonio, 422.

  Perkins, George, 193.

  Perkins, Thomas H., 23.

  Peringskioll, John, 116.

  Perizonius, J., 137.

  Perouse, de la, 312, 334, 379.

  Pertinax, emperor, 121.

  Perrault, Claude, 393.

  Perret, Nicholas, 438.

  Perrier, Cassimir, 197.

  Perrier, J. C., 325.

  Perron, Anquetil du, 28, 351, 417.

  Perron, J. D. du, 349.

  Perry, Blanche, 64.

  Perry, commodore, 23.

  Perry, John, 63.

  Perry, O. H., 333.

  Pesselier, C. S., 164.

  Pestalozzi, 72.

  Petavius, D., 468.

  Peter crucified, 252.

  Peter the Cruel, 102.

  Peter I, 59.

  Peter III, Arragon, 451.

  Peter II, Russia, 32.

  Peter III, Russia, 269, 276.

  Peter the Great, 23, 43.

  Peter the Hermit, 221.

  Peter the Venerable, 482.

  Peter (wild man), 18.

  Peter, William, 58.

  Peters, Hugh, 401.

  Peters, Philips, 461.

  Peters burnt, 287.

  Peters, S. J., 316.

  Peterson, Charles, 25.

  Peterson, John D., 32.

  Petion, 28, 122.

  Petit, Anthony, 407.

  Petit, J. L., 158.

  Petit, Peter, 329.

  Petit, Thomas M., 213.

  Petiver, James, 158.

  Petrarch, 140, 283.

  Petrarch, Czartan, 16.

  Petrovitz, Alexis, 249.

  Pett, Thomas, 216.

  Petty, William, 474.

  Peucer, Gaspard, 375.

  Pezron, Paul, 394.

  Pfeffel, G. C., 175.

  Phaer, Thomas, 317.

  Pharaoh drowned, 187.

  Phelps, A. G., 455.

  Phidias, 394.

  Philadelphus, Fr., 299.

  Philadelphus, P., 420.

  Philidor, 62, 342.

  Philip, Arthur, 58.

  Philip the Bold, 168.

  Philip, Charles, 153.

  Philip the Devout, 309.

  Philip of France, 445.

  Philip the Good, 233.

  Philip, governor, 34.

  Philip, king, 302, 308, 317, 351.

  Philip I, 375.

  Philip II, 348.

  Philip III, France, 389.

  Philip IV, France, 452.

  Philip III, Spain, 126.

  Philip IV, Spain, 365.

  Philip V, Spain, 14, 268.

  Philip of Swabia, 247.

  Philip excluded Netherlands, 293.

  Philip & Joanna, 250.

  Philippa of England, 322.

  Philippe, Louis, 57, 338.

  Philips, Ambrose, 238.

  Philips, Catharine, 244.

  Philips, Fabian, 438.

  Philips, John, 68.

  Philips, Thomas, 416.

  Philips, Richard, 131.

  Philips, Edward B., 249.

  Phillips, George, 480.

  Phillips, John, 210.

  Phillips, Samuel, 400.

  Philpot, John, 475.

  Phipps, captain, 15.

  Phipps, C. J., 294.

  Phipps, Wm., 73, 191, 369.

  Phocas, 63, 387.

  Phocion, 124, 320.

  Physic, P. S., 473.

  Pia, P. N., 188.

  Pianori, G., 170.

  Piazzi, physician, overwhelmed, 165.

  Piazzi, Joseph, 11, 288.

  Piccini, Nicholas, 183.

  Piccolomini, 99.

  Pichegru, Gen., 23, 24, 34, 42, 88, 138.

  Pichon, John, 180.

  Pickering, John, 181.

  Pickering, T., 44, 431.

  Pickens, Andrew, 396.

  Pictet, Benedict, 225.

  Picton, general, 58.

  Picus, John, 438.

  Pierce, admiral, 342.

  Pierce, James, 123.

  Pierce, John, 335.

  Pierce, Ruth, 238.

  Pigalle, J. B., 329.

  Pignatelli, 272, 377.

  Pike, Mr., 168, 313.

  Pilkington, Letitia, 340.

  Pinckney, Charles, 416.

  Pinckney, Henry 197.

  Pinckney, R. S., 269.

  Pinckney, William, 84.

  Pinckney, Thomas, 421.

  Pinkerton, John, 98.

  Pinard guillotined, 473.

  Pineau, G. du, 400.

  Pineda, 307, 371.

  Pinnock, S., 153.

  Pintard, John, 242.

  Pinto, Ramon, 114.

  Pinzon, V. Y., 433.

  Pio, Albert, 169.

  Piozzi, H. L., 176.

  Piron, Alexis, 35.

  Pitcairne, A., 221, 406.

  Pistrucci, Benedetto, 365.

  Pithou, Peter, 419.

  Pitkin, Timothy, 476.

  Pitot, Henry, 485.

  Pits, John, 402.

  Pitt, Christopher, 148.

  Pitt, John, 374.

  Pitt, Mr., 24, 38, 153, 188, 316, 389.

  Pius, Antoninus, 95.

  Pius II, 320.

  Pius IV, 465.

  Pius V, 172.

  Pius VI, 341.

  Pius VII, 204, 265.

  Pius IX, 149, 448.

  Pizarro, 31, 248, 348, 434.

  Plancius, Peter, 205.

  Plantagenet, E., 451.

  Plantagenet, 360.

  Plaont, Pierre, 144.

  Plassy, baron, 445.

  Platiere, Roland de, 436.

  Plato, 135.

  Playfair died, 285.

  Plot, Robert, 172.

  Pluche, N. A., 441.

  Plumer, William, 367.

  Plunket, Oliver, 256.

  Pococke, Edward, 357.

  Pococke, George, 132.

  Pococke, Isaac, 333.

  Pococke, Richard, 375.

  Poe, Edgar A., 391.

  Poindexter, George, 350.

  Poinsett, J. R., 472.

  Poinsinet, A. A., 222.

  Poisson, M., 166.

  Poisson, J. A., 151.

  Poisson, N. J., 180.

  Poitiers, Diana de, 166.

  Pole, E. de la, 172.

  Pole, Reginald, 439.

  Polempius, V. F., 469.

  Poli, Martin, 297.

  Poliniere, Peter, 60.

  Politi, Alex., 288.

  Politz, C. H. L., 83.

  Polk, William, 27.

  Pombal, de, 184.

  Pompey, 16.

  Pompey, 83, 105, 189, 381, 489.

  Pompey, negro, 296.

  Ponce de Leon, 130.

  Pond, John, 353.

  Poniatowski, S., 66.

  Poniatowski, S. A., 144, 449.

  Pons, Louis, 399.

  Pontchasteau, 250.

  Ponte, Lorenzo da, 325.

  Pontraci, Francis, 139.

  Pope, Alexander, 212.

  Pope, Thomas, 44.

  Popham, George, 315.

  Popham, H. R., 358.

  Popham, William, 374.

  Porlier, J. D., 386.

  Porson, Richard, 375.

  Porter, captain, 258.

  Porter, Com., 92.

  Porter, Miss, 243, 267.

  Porter, G. R., 347.

  Porter, Peter B., 111.

  Porterfield, Robert, 67.

  Porteus, Beilby, 150.

  Porteus, John, 352.

  Porteus, mob, 151.

  Portuguese Joe, 420.

  Possevin, Anthony, 85.

  Postel, William, 350.

  Posthumus, Tubertus, 236.

  Potempkin, G. A., 399.

  Potenger, John, 475.

  Pott, Percival, 480.

  Potter, John, 394.

  Potter, Robert, 313.

  Pottingen, Henry, 108.

  Poulle, Lewis, 427.

  Poulson, Zechariah, 299.

  Pourchat, Edmund, 244.

  Pourfour, Francis, 238.

  Poussin, Nicholas, 440.

  Powell, Forster, 151.

  Powell, Jacob, 398.

  Pownall, Thomas, 166.

  Pozer, George, 231.

  Pozzoy, 233.

  Pradier, Jacques, 220.

  Pradt, M. de, 100.

  Praed, W. M., 279.

  Prague, insurrection, 231.

  Pratt, Charles, 156.

  Pratt, S. J., 387.

  Preble, Ed., 310, 336.

  Preble, Enoch, 379.

  Preissnitz, 450.

  Prentiss, S. S., 257.

  Prescott taken, 270.

  Preston, J. P., 179.

  Preston, Isaac C., 263.

  Prestre, S. le, 125.

  Pretender, 369, 480, 489.

  Price, Charles, 40.

  Price, Richard, 157.

  Pride, colonel, 462.

  Pride, John, hung, 464.

  Prideaux, Humphrey, 419.

  Prideaux, John, 285.

  Pridgen, William, 399.

  Priestly, Joseph, 57, 373.

  Prime, N. S., 121.

  Prince, John, 222.

  Prince of Peace, 387.

  Prince, Thomas, 426.

  Pring, Martin, 142.

  Pringle, Thomas, 462.

  Prior, Matthew, 367.

  Pritchard, Benjamin, 255.

  Proctor, general, 36.

  Prony, de, 297.

  Proudfit, Alex., 155.

  Prynne pilloried, 232.

  Psalmanazar, 178.

  Publicola's oration, 89.

  Pugatchef, 35.

  Pughe, Owen, 218.

  Pugin, architect, 362.

  Pulaski, 393, 422.

  Pulteney, James, 206.

  Pulteney, William, 223.

  Purcell, Henry, 443.

  Purkitt, Henry, 92.

  Purviance, John, 372.

  Putnam, general, 158.

  Putnam, Israel, 158, 210.

  Putnam, Samuel, 260.

  Pye, H. J., 316.

  Pym, John, 361, 464.


  Quarles, Francis, 353.

  Queen of Sardinia, 322.

  Quelen, H. L. de, 491.

  Quenstedt, J. A., 201.

  Quental, B. du, 478.

  Querenghi, 314.

  Quesnay's sect, 276.

  Quesne, A. du, 49.

  Quillinan, Edward, 260.

  Quincy, Josiah, 14.

  Quincy, Josiah, Jr., 164.

  Quinn, Michael J., 76.

  Quiros, Ferdinand de, 176.


  Rabanus, M. R., 52.

  Rachel, actress, 347.

  Racine, Jean, 161.

  Radama, 295.

  Radcliffe, Anne, 58.

  Radcliffe, John, 419.

  Radegonde, 318.

  Raduly, Dumiter, 31.

  Rae, Luzerne, 365.

  Rae, doctor, 68.

  Rafinesque, 367.

  Raglan, baron, 252.

  Ragotzki, F. L., 140.

  Ragusa, duke, 91.

  Ragueneau, Paul, 347.

  Raguet, Condy, 114.

  Raikes, Robert, 136.

  Raleigh, Walter, 95, 113, 299, 327, 415, 438.

  Ralph, James, 39.

  Rameau, J. P., 359.

  Ramsay, Allan, 19.

  Ramsay, David, 185.

  Ramsay, N. M., 181.

  Ramsay, William, 204.

  Randolph, Edmund, 359, 376.

  Randolph, John, 204.

  Randolph, Martha, 395.

  Randolph, Peyton, 204, 408.

  Randolph, Thomas, 223.

  Randolph, Thomas, 106.

  Raphael, Sanzio, 121.

  Rapin de Thoyras, 193.

  Raspail, madame, 102.

  Rastal, William, 338.

  Ratcliffe, Charles, 464.

  Rau, Prof., 25.

  Raulin, Joseph, 147.

  Rauze, Viziaram, 270.

  Ravaillac, Francis, 207.

  Ravensworth, lady, 374.

  Rawley, William, 238.

  Rawlins, Mrs., 465.

  Rawlinson, Thomas, 308.

  Rawlinson, R., 137.

  Ray, John, 30.

  Raynal, W. F., 95.

  Rayneval, M. de, 325.

  Read, William, 159.

  Read, William, 204.

  Real, Gaspar de, 59.

  Reaumur died, 403.

  Redel, Laurens, 176.

  Red Jacket, 431.

  Reed, Joseph, 94.

  Reed, lieutenant, 445.

  Reed, Thomas, 412.

  Reeder removed, 299.

  Rees, Abraham, 225.

  Reese, William, 76.

  Reeve, Clara, 347.

  Reland, Adrian, 54.

  Regnault, Cecile, 203.

  Reichard, madame, 36.

  Reichenbach, George 201.

  Reichstadt, duke, 288.

  Reid, Thomas, 391.

  Reilay, John, 155.

  Reinhold, E., 75.

  Reinhold, C. L., 143.

  Reinhold, John, 21.

  Remus slain, 159.

  Remusat, J. P. A., 217.

  Renaudot, E., 344.

  Reni, Guido, 326.

  Renier, general, 25.

  Rennie, John, 387.

  Retz, Giles de, 483.

  Restaut, Peter, 67.

  Reyher, Samuel, 445.

  Reylof, Oliver, 148.

  Reynolds, Joshua, 474.

  Reynolds, Joshua, 20, 81.

  Reynolds, J. H., 436.

  Reynouard, F. J. M., 401.

  Reyrac, F. P. de, 479.

  Rheims, archbishop, 34.

  Rhine crossed, 230.

  Ricardo, David, 358.

  Ricci, David, 97.

  Ricci, Lawrence, 447.

  Ricci, M. A., 200.

  Riccoboni, A. F., 192.

  Rich, J. C., 388.

  Richard Coeur de Lion, 52, 371, 393, 478.

  Richard I, 137, 346.

  Richard II, 25, 380.

  Richard III, 244, 245, 263, 331.

  Richard VI, rumors, 219.

  Richard, k. Rome, 207, 468.

  Richard of York, 482.

  Richards, James, 303.

  Richardson, Jona., 209.

  Richardson mobbed, 79.

  Richardson, Samuel, 260.

  Richelieu, 12, 304, 460.

  Richer, Edmund, 451.

  Richmond, earl, 328.

  Richmond, Jonathan, 298.

  Richsonville, J. B., 320.

  Richter, 435.

  Riddle, Lieut., 11.

  Ridley burnt, 401.

  Ridley, G., 422.

  Ridge, John, 227.

  Ridgely, Randolph, 414.

  Ridgway, Jacob, 173.

  Rienzi exiled, 472.

  Riker, Richard, 377.

  Riley, James, 104.

  Ringgold, major, 186.

  Riolan, John, 403.

  Riquetti, H. G., 122, 130.

  Risbeck, Gaspard, 52.

  Ritchie, M., 452.

  Ritchie, Thomas, 260.

  Ritson, Joseph, 347.

  Rittenhouse, D., 217, 247.

  Rivarol, A. de, 144.

  Rivas, 63, 99, 418.

  Rivers, earl, 231.

  Rivers and Gray, 172.

  Rivinus, Andrew, 133.

  Rizzio, 61.

  Robert, count d'Artois, 59.

  Robert, cistercian, 156.

  Robert of Germany, 196.

  Robert of Normandy, 377.

  Robert II, 156.

  Robert the wise, 285.

  Roberts, Emma, 366.

  Roberts, governor, 389.

  Roberts, John, 455.

  Roberts, Joseph, 163.

  Robertson, Ab., 461.

  Robertson, J. P., 420.

  Robertson, Wm., 228.

  Robertson, William, 199.

  Roberval, G. P., 413.

  Robespierre, 294, 296.

  Robin Hood, 174, 439, 482.

  Robin, M. J., 321.

  Robinson, F. P., 11.

  Robinson, John, 45.

  Robinson, John, 89.

  Robinson, prelate, 461.

  Robinson, Mary, 485.

  Robinson, Robert, 225.

  Robinson, Samuel, 117.

  Rochejaquelin, 93.

  Rochester, earl, 176, 293.

  Rochester, N., 195.

  Rockingham, 257.

  Rockwood, Ambrose, 160.

  Roderick defeated, 287.

  Rodgers, Sarah, 417.

  Rodney, admiral, 20, 29, 35, 51, 204.

  Rodney, Cæsar, 249.

  Rodolph, 27.

  Rodolph I, 381.

  Roe, Thomas, 425.

  Rœmer, Olaus, 368.

  Roger of Hexham, 460.

  Roger, Peter, 462.

  Rogers, Capt., 48.

  Rogers, George W., 201.

  Rogers, John, 52.

  Rogers, Samuel, 476.

  Rogers, Thomas, 158.

  Rohan, duke of, 148.

  Roland, J. M., 436.

  Roland, madame, 427.

  Rollin, Charles, 362.

  Rollin, Ledru, 229.

  Romaine, William, 291.

  Romana deserted, 313.

  Romanus, C., 446.

  Romazzini, B., 424.

  Romeo and Juliet, 99.

  Romilly, John, 70.

  Romilly, Samuel, 421.

  Romney, George, 436.

  Romulus disappeared, 265.

  Rondelet, William, 282.

  Ronsard, Peter, 485.

  Ronsin, C. P., 116.

  Rooke, George, 39.

  Root, Erastus, 483.

  Roque, John, 464.

  Rorar, George, 164.

  Rosas, 15.

  Roscoe, Henry, 115.

  Roscoe, William, 255.

  Roscommon (see Dillon).

  Rose, H. James, 481.

  Rosette, G., 167.

  Rosier, Pilatre de, 234, 444.

  Rosisque, 244.

  Rospigliosi, J., 465.

  Ross, general, 359.

  Ross, John, 252.

  Ross, Capt., 178, 188, 313, 348, 404.

  Rossi, Charles, 79.

  Rossi, J. V., 435.

  Rossi slain, 437.

  Rosslyn, earl of, 14.

  Roswell, Henry, 109.

  Rotgans, Luke, 422.

  Rothschild, A., 463.

  Rothschild, N. M., 296.

  Rotron, J. de, 251.

  Rouille, P. J., 195.

  Rouse, Richard, 70.

  Rousseau, J. B., 106.

  Rousseau, J. J., 258.

  Roussell, G. L., 375.

  Roussel killed, 227.

  Routh, M. J., 481.

  Rovera, G. della, 78.

  Rowan, John, 275.

  Rowe, Elizabeth, 77.

  Rowe, Nicholas, 463.

  Rowlandson, Mrs., 62.

  Rowley, William, 107.

  Roy, Julian le, 369.

  Roy, M. le, 440.

  Roy, Rammohun, 378.

  Royd, B. B., 354.

  Rozier, Francis, 380.

  Rozier, first ascent, 400.

  Rubens, Peter Paul, 211.

  Rubruquius, 182.

  Ruddiman, Thomas, 32.

  Rude, William, 410.

  Rue, C. de la, 207.

  Rue, G. de la, 378.

  Rufus, William, 376, 377.

  Ruhkenius, David, 191.

  Rumbold executed, 249.

  Rumford, count, 328.

  Rundle, Thomas, 150.

  Rupert, prince, 49, 112, 453.

  Rusby convicted, 261.

  Rush, Benjamin, 157.

  Rush, Catharine, 176.

  Rush, Julia, 266.

  Rushton, Edward, 445.

  Rushworth, John, 189.

  Russel, Francis, 91.

  Russel, William, 286.

  Russell, Benjamin, 15.

  Russell, Elizabeth, 288.

  Russell, John, 230.

  Rutilus, Marcius, 181.

  Rutledge, Edward, 38.

  Ruxton, G. F., 381.

  Ruysbroeck, 182.

  Ruysch, F., 79.

  Ruyter, admiral, 171.

  Ryalls, Henry, 359.

  Ryan, Lucy, 322.

  Rymer, Thomas, 471.


  Saa, Emanuel de, 489.

  Saas, John, 143.

  Sabbathier, Peter, 116.

  Sablier, N., 98.

  Sacheverell, Henry, 219, 376.

  Sachs, Hans, 32.

  Sack, Simon, 212.

  Sackville, Charles, 32.

  Sackville, Edward, 281.

  Sackville, George, 337.

  Sackville, Thomas, 31, 157, 206.

  Sacy, A. I. S. de, 79.

  Sacy, Lewis de, 412.

  Sadler, W. W., 382.

  Sadler, æronaut, 348.

  Sadler, Ralph, 124.

  Sadolet, James, 403.

  Sagittarius, G., 97.

  Saladin, 92.

  Saldanha, count de, 28.

  Sale, George, 434.

  Salisbury, bishop, 76, 197, 372.

  Salisbury, countess, 207.

  Salisbury, earl, 204.

  Salisbury, Sally, 376.

  Salle, mademoiselle, 209.

  Sallo, Dennis de, 211.

  Salm, general, 31.

  Salmasius, 347.

  Salmeron, Alphonsus, 66.

  Saint-Aulaire, 475.

  Sambucus, John, 231.

  Samoset, 104.

  Sampson, Thomas, 141.

  Samuel, prophet, 169.

  Samuels, 133.

  Sanadon, N. S., 370.

  Sanchez, A. N. R., 399.

  Sanchez, Thomas, 198.

  Sancho, Ignatius, 471.

  Sand executed, 200.

  Sanders, D. C., 404.

  Sanderson, John, 136.

  Sanderson, R., 484.

  Sandras Courtlitz, G. de, 181.

  Sands, R. C., 474.

  Sandys, Edwin, 310.

  San Lazaro, 218.

  Santa Anna, 130, 160, 309, 133, 390, 462.

  Santa Cruz, 34, 430.

  Santander, F. P. de, 182.

  Santerre with mob, 243.

  Sare, Richard, 49.

  Sargent, John, 377, 446.

  Sarpi, Pietro, 26.

  Sarti, Joseph, 296.

  Saubert, Xavier, 34.

  Saud, Abdullah, 441.

  Saumarez, James, 394.

  Saunders, Robert, 116.

  Saunderson, N., 157.

  Saurin, James, 489.

  Saurin, Joseph, 487.

  Sautre, William, 75.

  Sauvages, F. B. de, 75.

  Savage, James, 184.

  Savage, Richard, 300.

  Savanarola burnt, 202.

  Savary, Rene, 215.

  Savile, Henry, 75.

  Savoy, prince of, 142.

  Sawtry, William, 64.

  Saxe-Weimar, duke, 282.

  Say and Seal, 109, 149, 260.

  Say, Thomas, 395.

  Scaliger, J. C., 407.

  Scaliger, J. J., 34.

  Scanderbeg, 29.

  Scandiano, 76.

  Scarborough, C., 85.

  Scarpa, Antonio, 418.

  Scarritt, J. M., 245.

  Scarron, Paul, 399.

  Scioppius, Caspar, 440.

  Schaeffer, F. D., 42.

  Schah, Abbas, 375.

  Schamyl, 341.

  Schecketschine, 219.

  Scheele, C. W., 204.

  Schelling, 329.

  Scheta, 341.

  Schiller, Fr., 186.

  Schimmelpenninck, 171.

  Schinderhannes, 444.

  Schinkel, C. F., 395.

  Schliermacher, F., 65.

  Schloetzer, A. L. von, 357.

  Schmidt, Anton, 262.

  Schmuck, Jacob, 143.

  Schnebbelie, J., 78.

  Schneider, Johann Gottlieb, 25.

  Schoepflin, John D., 310.

  Schomberg, 256, 386.

  Schomberg, H. de, 438.

  Schopenhauer, 169.

  Schrimshaw, Jane, 463.

  Schulze, J. H., 394.

  Schurtzfleisch, 265.

  Schuyler, colonel, 57.

  Schuyler, general, 33.

  Schuyler, Peter, 299, 411.

  Schuyler, Philip, 440.

  Schwartz, Berthold, 121.

  Schwartz, C. F., 66.

  Schwartzenberg, 136.

  Scott, John, 469.

  Scott, Martin, 354.

  Scott, R. B., 408.

  Scott, Walter, 81, 322, 371.

  Scott, William, 43.

  Scotus, Duns, 427.

  Scougal, Henry 231.

  Scroop, archbishop, 223.

  Scroop, William, 292.

  Sears, Isaac, 162.

  Sebastian of Portugal, 306.

  Sebastiani, H., 297.

  Sechelles, M. J. H. de, 136.

  Sechendorf, 475.

  Secker, Thomas, 304.

  Secondat, Charles, 62.

  Secousse, D. F., 104.

  Sedaine, M. J., 195.

  Sedley, Charles, 329.

  Seelfish, Samuel, 208.

  Seguier, J. F., 345.

  Selden, John, 454.

  Selkirk, Alex., 48, 386.

  Selim I, 370.

  Selis, N. J., 76.

  Sellius, Godfrey, 248.

  Selwyn, George, 40.

  Semonville arrested, 296.

  Senac, John, 478.

  Senaudt, J. F., 304.

  Seneca, 145.

  Senefelder, Aloys, 86.

  Sennertus, D., 286.

  Sens retired, 336.

  Serarius, Nicholas, 199.

  Serna, Joseph la, 466.

  Serres, J. T., 487.

  Serrurier, Gen., 28, 170.

  Servetus burnt, 413.

  Severus, Alex., 108.

  Severus, L. S., 52.

  Sevigne, madame, 26.

  Seward, Anna, 117.

  Seward, William, 164.

  Sewall, Samuel, 10.

  Sewell, George, 59.

  Seybert, Adam, 177.

  Seymour, Arabelle, 216.

  Seymour, Charles, 317.

  Seymour, Edward, 74.

  Seymour, Hez. C., 290.

  Seymour, Jane, 399.

  Seymour, Thomas, 110.

  Sforza, G. M., 483.

  Shadwell, 317, 443.

  Shaftsbury, earl, 67.

  Shakespeare monument, 152, 162, 169, 315.

  Sharp, Granville, 264.

  Sharp, James, 176.

  Sharp, William, 292.

  Shaw, Cuthbert, 344.

  Shaw, Dr., 141.

  Shaw, George, 288.

  Shaw, Hugh, 289.

  Shaw, Thomas, 322.

  Shays, 40, 380.

  Sheepshanks, Rich'd, 310.

  Sheffield, John, 82.

  Sheil, R. L., 203.

  Sheldon, Gilbert, 428.

  Shenstone, William, 63.

  Shepard, W. B., 242.

  Shepheard, Capt., 20.

  Shepherd, John, 14.

  Sherard, William, 317.

  Sherburne, Ed., 423.

  Sherburne, major, 199.

  Sheridan, Frances, 365.

  Sheridan, R. B., 266.

  Sheridan, Thos., 321, 357.

  Sherlock, Thomas, 282.

  Sherlock, William, 239.

  Sherman, Roger, 289.

  Sherwood, Mary M., 372.

  Shipley, Jonathan, 465.

  Shippen, Edward, 411.

  Shippen's speech, 460.

  Shirley, Anthony, 44.

  Shirley, governor, 67.

  Shirley, James, 415.

  Shirley, Lawrence, 180.

  Shirley, Robert, 288.

  Shrewsbury, 29, 281.

  Shoheyd, A. ibn, 385.

  Shore, John, 68.

  Short, James, 234.

  Shovel, Cloudesley, 408.

  Shubrick, Ed. R., 100.

  Shubrick, Irvine, 140.

  Shunk, F. R., 294.

  Sibley, Mark H., 354.

  Sibylla, 186.

  Sickler, F. C. L., 311.

  Siddal, Thomas, 72.

  Siddons, Sarah, 222.

  Sidney, Algernon, 463.

  Sidney, Henry, 180.

  Sidney, Henry, 140.

  Sidney, Philip, 401.

  Sidney, Mary, 375.

  Sieyes, E. J. de, 241.

  Sigebert, 377.

  Sigismund, 464.

  Sigismund II, 265.

  Signeri, Paul, 465.

  Sillery, marquis, 313.

  Silistria, siege raised, 236.

  Silvester, Louis, 150.

  Simeon, C., 434.

  Simnel, L., 175, 234.

  Simon, Richard, 169.

  Simons, Keating, 367.

  Simpson, Edmund, 299.

  Simpson, T., 49, 253, 365.

  Simpson, Stephen, 323.

  Simpson, Thomas, 191.

  Simpson, William, 115.

  Simson, Robert, 141.

  Sinclair, John, 479.

  Sinnet, George, 19.

  Sirmond, James, 390.

  Sismondi, 248.

  Sixtus IV, 318.

  Sixtus V, 338.

  Skelton, John, 242.

  Skerritt, Col., 17.

  Skinner, J. Stuart, 114.

  Slack, Thomas, 116.

  Slater, Samuel, 159.

  Sloane, Hans, 23.

  Slodtz, R. M., 397.

  Sloughter, Henry, 14, 109, 288.

  Smalcius, V., 471.

  Smalridge, George, 377.

  Smart, Christopher 189.

  Smeaton, John, 393, 415.

  Smedley, Edward, 253.

  Smellie, William, 248.

  Smith, Adam, 282.

  Smith, Benjamin, 440.

  Smith, Capt. John, 172.

  Smith, Charlotte, 415.

  Smith, Elizabeth, 310.

  Smith, E. H., 368.

  Smith, George, 352.

  Smith, James E., 107.

  Smith, J. Speed, 221.

  Smith, Jeremiah, 371.

  Smith, Jesse, 218.

  Smith, John, 242.

  Smith, John G., 363.

  Smith, John Pye, 56.

  Smith, Jonathan, 11.

  Smith, Junius, 39.

  Smith, Nathan, 463.

  Smith, Robert, 450.

  Smith, Samuel, 166.

  Smith, S. H., 420.

  Smith, Sidney, 79, 156, 189.

  Smith, Thomas, 193.

  Smith, Thomas, 317.

  Smith, William, 340.

  Smith, William, 213.

  Smith, William S., 206.

  Smithson, will of, 409.

  Smollet, Tobias, 407.

  Smyth, general, 453.

  Snell, Hannah, 247.

  Snodgrass, J. F., 320.

  Snyder, Simon, 110.

  Soanen, John, 484.

  Sobieski, John, 236, 282.

  Socrates, 182.

  Solander, D. C., 193.

  Solis, Antonio de, 148.

  Solis, Juan Dias de, 9.

  Solvyns, F. B., 395.

  Solyman II, 341.

  Solyman III, 244.

  Sombref, 235.

  Sombreuil, 253.

  Somers, Geo., 215, 295.

  Somers, John, 166.

  Somerset, duke, 36, 85.

  Somerset, F. J. H., 252.

  Somerville, William, 283.

  Somner, William, 125.

  Sontag, Henrietta, 239.

  Sophia of Bohemia, 453.

  Sophia, Dorothea, 421.

  Sophia, princess, 208, 223.

  Sophocles, 45.

  Sorbierre, S., 141.

  Sorel, Agnes, 60.

  Sotheby, William, 489.

  Soto, F. de, 188, 196, 200, 356.

  Soufflot, J. G., 341.

  Soule, Pierre, 410.

  Soult, Gen., 17, 50, 450.

  Soulouque, emperor, 335.

  Sousa, F. E., 217.

  South, Robert, 267.

  Southcott, Joanna, 486.

  Southern, Thomas, 206.

  Southey, Robert, 113.

  Southey, Mrs., 285.

  Southwell, Robert, 78.

  Sowerby, Ann, burnt, 316.

  Spagnoli, B., 110.

  Spallanzani, L., 65.

  Spanheim, Ezekiel, 414.

  Spanheim, Frederick, 197.

  Speed, John, 296.

  Speer, adventurer, 261.

  Spence, Joseph, 329.

  Spencer, Ambrose, 102.

  Spencer, earl, 430.

  Spencer, Hugh, 393.

  Spencer, Jacob, 398.

  Spencer, John C., 197.

  Spenser, Edmund, 28.

  Spon, Charles, 78.

  Spontini, G. L. P., 39.

  Sprague, admiral, 315.

  Sprague, T. Dwight, 394.

  Sprat, Thomas, 199.

  Sprouse, Mary, 183.

  Spurzheim, 430.

  Squanto, 320, 366.

  Squire, Samuel, 181.

  Stabling, Lyne, 444.

  Stackhouse, Thomas, 396.

  Stadius, John, 417.

  Stael Holstein, madam, 277.

  Stafford, Henry, 419.

  Stafford, William, 487.

  Staininger, John, 379.

  Staley, executed, 449.

  Standish, F. H., 480.

  Standish, Miles, 72.

  Stanhope, Charles, 472.

  Stanhope, earl, 54.

  Stanhope, George, 108.

  Stanhope, Hester, 246.

  Stanhope, Michael, 85.

  Stanhope, P. D., 116.

  Stanislaus, duke, 82.

  Stanislaus, king, 112.

  Stanislaus, P., 449.

  Stanislaus, Augustus, 297, 422.

  Stanislaus I, 80.

  Stanley, A. D., 105.

  Stanley, Thomas, 146.

  Stansbury, T. E., 412.

  Stark, Caleb, 338.

  Stark, John, 185.

  Stearns, Asahel, 56.

  Steele, Richard, 344.

  Steinbock, M., 80.

  Stella, 44.

  Steno, Nicholas, 448.

  Sterne, Lawrence, 108.

  Stephen stoned, 376.

  Stephen crowned, 484.

  Stephen expelled 445.

  Stephen, revolt, 381.

  Stephen of England, 49, 375, 410.

  Stephen I, Hungary, 321.

  Stephens, Henry, 289.

  Stephens, James, 395.

  Stephens, Robert, 371.

  Stephens, Robert, 428.

  Stephenson, Rowland, 259.

  Steuben, baron, 452.

  Stevens, George, 36.

  Stevens, G. A., 351.

  Stevens, Mrs., 106.

  Stevens, R. L., 159.

  Stevenson, James, 482.

  Stewart, Dugald, 229.

  Stewart, John, 77.

  Stewart, James, 145.

  Stiles, Ezra, 189.

  Stillingfleet, E., 120.

  Stillingfleet, B., 473.

  Stirling, lord, 27.

  Stockton, major, 74.

  Stockton, Richard, 96.

  Stockton, William, 87.

  Stoddard, John, 71.

  Stofflet, Nicholas, 81.

  Stolberg, F. L., 462.

  Stone, Batis, 408.

  Stone, captain, 11.

  Stone, Wm. Henry, 245.

  Stone, William L., 323.

  Stony creek, 220.

  Storace, Stephen, 109.

  Stork, H. F., 434.

  Story, John, 214.

  Story, Joseph, 357.

  Stothard, Thomas, 168.

  Stourton, lord, 94.

  Stowe, Alex. W., 363.

  Stow, John, 135.

  Stow, Joshua, 394.

  Strahan, William, 269.

  Strange, Robert, 263.

  Strauss, 364.

  Strickland, Fred., 406.

  Strigelius, Victorius, 249.

  Strongbow, 335.

  Strozzi wounded, 303.

  Struensee, count, 169.

  Strutt, general, 20.

  Struvius, G. A., 473.

  Strype, John, 470.

  Stuart, Arabella, 377.

  Stuart, Charles, 46.

  Stuart, D. C., 439.

  Stuart, Gilbert, 319.

  Stuart, Henry, 61.

  Stuart, James, 50.

  Stuart, Mary, 59, 149.

  Stuart, (see Mary).

  Stuart, pretender, 12.

  Stuart, Robert, 318.

  Stuart, William, 298.

  Stubbe, Henry, 272.

  Stukeley, William, 92.

  Sturmius, James, 416.

  Sturmius, John, 91.

  Stuyvesant arrived, 207, 393.

  St. Annes, 224.

  St. Alban, 245.

  St. Almachus, 9.

  St. Amand, 235.

  St. Angelo, 220.

  St. Arnaud, 381.

  St. Augustin, 339.

  St. Bernard, 328.

  St. Bonet, J. C. de, 232.

  St. Caro, H. de, 102.

  St. Clair, general, 50.

  St. Cosme, J. B. de, 282.

  St. Cyril, 107.

  St. Etienne, 462.

  St. Foix, 337.

  St. Francis, 386.

  St. Ignatius, 48.

  St. Jean d'Angely, 97.

  St. John, Almoner, 431.

  St. John, Henry, 473.

  St. John beheaded, 340.

  St. Leu, duchess, 388.

  St. Martin, Jean, 325.

  St. Martin, 431.

  St. Matthew, 370.

  St. Mark, C. H. de, 442.

  St. Nicholas, 462.

  St. Patrick, 106.

  St. Paul, shipwreck, 442.

  St. Pierre, C. I. C. de, 171.

  St. Pierre, J. B. H., 35.

  St. Preuil, 428.

  St. Pol, count, 61.

  St. Ruth, 272.

  St. Thomas, 479.

  St. Victoire, A. de, 266.

  St. Vincent, earl, 104.

  St. William, 208.

  St. Yves, 385.

  Suchet, general, 11, 21.

  Suckling, John, 182.

  Sue, Eugene, 305.

  Sue, J. I., 467.

  Suer, le, 372.

  Sueur, E. de, 172.

  Suffolk, earl, 172, 175.

  Suhm, P. F., 352.

  Sullivan, James, 467.

  Sullivan, John, 38.

  Sullivan, R. J., 281.

  Sullivan, William, 347.

  Sully, duke de, 479.

  Sumner, Charles, 202.

  Sumorokof, 383.

  Sumter, Thomas, 215.

  Sunderland, earl, 369.

  Sussex, duke of, 160.

  Surrey, earl of, 32.

  Surrington, Jonas, 393.

  Sutherland, duchess, 450.

  Sutherland, John, 143.

  Sutton, Thomas, 469.

  Suwarrow, general, 197.

  Swabia, duke of, 247.

  Swartwout, R., 284.

  Swartwout, S., 444.

  Swedenborg, 13, 123.

  Swensden, H., 465.

  Sweyn, 51.

  Swift, Jonathan, 368.

  Swift, John, 273.

  Swinton, John, 134.

  Sydenham, Thomas, 487.

  Sydney, Philip, 31.

  Sylverius exiled, 437.

  Sylvester, Joshua, 379.

  Sylvius, Æneas, 320.

  Sylvius, F. de le Boe, 434.

  Symmes, J. C., 143, 240.

  Syndercombe, Miles, 32.

  Synge, Edward, 276.

  Syrus, Ephrem, 372.


  Tabor, J. O., 469.

  Tabourot, Stephen, 289.

  Tacitus, 145, 375.

  Taconnet, T. G., 487.

  Tait, Mathew, 75.

  Talbot, Catharine, 21.

  Talbot, Charles, 67.

  Talbot, Francis Xavier, 218.

  Talbot, John, 281.

  Talcott, G. H., 224.

  Talfourd, T. N., 128.

  Taliafero, John, 327.

  Talleyrand, 196.

  Tallis and Birde, 36.

  Tallis, Thomas, 446.

  Talma, F. J., 405.

  Talmadge, James, 386.

  Tambroni, Clotilda, 218.

  Tamerlane, 25, 37, 129.

  Tanner, Thomas, 471.

  Tanucci, B. de, 171.

  Tarik, 172.

  Tarantaise, Peter de, 248.

  Tarleton, Banastre, 38.

  Tarleton, Richard, 346.

  Tarquins vanquished, 87.

  Tartini, Joseph, 85.

  Tasker, William, 53.

  Tasman, A. J., 233.

  Tasso, 99, 165.

  Tate, Nahum, 317.

  Tau Kwang, 85.

  Tauchnitz, Karl T. C., 25.

  Tavannes, G. S. de, 253.

  Tavora, marquis, 25.

  Taylor, Brook, 487.

  Taylor, Jeremy, 319.

  Taylor, John M., 463.

  Taylor, Richard, 240.

  Taylor, R. C., 413.

  Taylor, Rowland, 60.

  Taylor, Thomas, 420.

  Taylor, Thomas, 439.

  Taylor, Zachary, 40, 269.

  Tea, Abate, 108.

  Tecumseh, 36, 388.

  Teixeira, 70.

  Telemachus, 9.

  Telford, Thomas, 346.

  Tell, William, 9.

  Tellier, F. M. le, 280.

  Tellier, Michael le, 414.

  Tenison, Thomas, 471.

  Tenterden, lord, 435.

  Ternay, admiral, 270.

  Terrail, Pierre du, 172.

  Terrasson, Ant., 417.

  Terray, J. M., 74.

  Terrell, William, 261.

  Tertre, du, 453.

  Thales, 242.

  Thatcher, James, 204.

  Thayer, Simeon, 407.

  Thelluson, P. I., 364.

  Thelluson, Peter, 286.

  Theodoric, 341.

  Theodosius, 23, 29, 113.

  Theodosius II, 295.

  Thevenot, Melch., 415.

  Thiers, J. B., 87.

  Thirlby, Styan, 477.

  Thomas, A. L., 366.

  Thomas, Elizabeth, 51.

  Thomas, Gen., 11, 19, 183.

  Thomas, Isaiah, 134.

  Thomas, James, 144.

  Thomas, bishop, 293.

  Thomas, William, 248.

  Thompson, Benj., 258.

  Thompson, Benj., 328.

  Thompson, Benj., 374.

  Thompson, B. F., 113.

  Thompson, Charles, 324.

  Thompson, John, 414.

  Thompson, Smith, 476.

  Thompson, William, 288.

  Thompson, Wm., 105.

  Thompson, William, 73.

  Thompson, Zadock, 31.

  Thomson, James, 338.

  Thomson, Thomas, 303.

  Thoresby, Ralph, 401.

  Thorndike, Israel, 186.

  Thornhill, James, 179.

  Thornton, Bonnell, 14, 46, 185.

  Thornton, Henry, 29.

  Thornton, Matthew, 247.

  Thornton, Samuel, 259.

  Thouret, J. W., 178.

  Thourot, Com., 78, 87.

  Thourot killed, 87.

  Thorwaldsen, 126, 321.

  Thoyras, Rapin de, 193.

  Thrower, L., 124.

  Thuanus, J. A., 194.

  Thucydides returned, 316.

  Thurloe, John, 78.

  Thurlow, Edward, 359.

  Thury, C. C. de, 348.

  Tibbits, George, 284.

  Tiberius II, 318.

  Tiberius Drusus Claudius, 397.

  Tiberius, M., 450.

  Tice, John, 85.

  Tickell, Richard, 423.

  Tickell, Thomas, 162.

  Tillemans, P., 461.

  Tillet, E. T. du, 484.

  Tillotson, John, 447.

  Tilly, count de, 172.

  Timoleon, 164, 472.

  Timotheus, 312.

  Timothy, apostle, 36.

  Tindal, Matthew, 323.

  Tindal, Nicholas, 250.

  Tindall, William, 364.

  Tinville, 183.

  Tippo Saib, 175, 179, 247.

  Tissot, S. A., 232.

  Titian, 355.

  Titus, disciple, 14.

  Tiviot, earl, 177.

  Toaldo, Joseph, 431.

  Toiras, marquis, 232.

  Toland, John, 99.

  Toledo, F. A. de, 34.

  Toler, Richard, 193.

  Tollens, H., 451.

  Tolmides slain, 403.

  Tomline, George, 436.

  Tomlinson, G., 393.

  Tompkins, D. D., 229.

  Tone, T. Wolfe, 397, 445.

  Tonge and Oates, 351.

  Tonnere, S. C., 293.

  Tonson, Jacob, 130.

  Tonstall, Cuthbert, 439.

  Tooke, John Horne, 111.

  Tooley, Henry, 239.

  Topham, Thomas, 314.

  Toplady, A. M., 316.

  Torrey, C. T., 186.

  Torrey, Dorothy, 29.

  Torricelli born, 400.

  Torrijos executed, 461.

  Tostig slain, 375.

  Totilla, 474.

  Totman, Lieut., 11.

  Tournefort, 486.

  Tournely, Honore, 484.

  Tourneville, Wm., 135.

  Touro, Judith, 32.

  Tourville, admiral, 209.

  Towers, Joseph, 199.

  Townley, Charles, 14.

  Townsend, Charles, 168.

  Trajan, M. U., 300.

  Traquair, James, 136.

  Traunhofer, J. von, 222.

  Tremouille, Charlotte, 112.

  Trench, P. le P., 119.

  Trenchard, John, 474.

  Trenck, F. von der, 291.

  Trenor, Thomas, 351.

  Tresham, Henry, 237.

  Treviso, duke, 296.

  Tribonian, 472.

  Trimble, David, 413.

  Trimble, John, 237.

  Trimmer, Sarah, 473.

  Tripner, George, 222.

  Tripp, Deborah, 488.

  Tromp, Cornelius, 210.

  Tromp, M. H. van, 314.

  Tronchin, T., 454.

  Troost, Gerard, 321.

  Trouin, R. D., 377.

  Truber, Primus, 253.

  Truebe y Cosia, 387.

  Truchet, John, 54.

  Trumbull, Benjamin, 50.

  Trumbull, John, 430.

  Trumbull, John, 187.

  Trumbull, Jona., 325.

  Trumbull, William, 471.

  Truro, baron, 432.

  Truxton, Thomas, 181.

  Tryon, Thomas, 330.

  Trywhitt, Thomas, 322.

  Tschirner, 72.

  Tschirnhausen, 142.

  Tucker, Samuel, 98.

  Tudor, Henry, 309.

  Tudor, Owen, 49.

  Tull, Jethro, 217.

  Tullius, Servius, 227.

  Turenne, 14, 16, 294.

  Turgot, A. R. J., 108.

  Turnebus, Adrian, 230.

  Turner at Jikadze, 369.

  Turner, Edward, 65.

  Turner, George, 107.

  Turner, T. H., 27.

  Turner, William, 477.

  Turretini, J. A., 174.

  Turwert burnt, 287.

  Tuscany, duke, 61.

  Tutomlin, Thimothie, 238.

  Twiggs, Levi, 361.

  Twiller, Wouter van, 161.

  Twynne, John, 68.

  Tyler, E. R., 379.

  Tyler, Watt, 227, 233.

  Tyndale, William, 371.

  Tyrell, James, 63.

  Tytler, P. F., 483.

  Tzerclaes, John, 172.


  Udall, Nicholas, 155.

  Ugheli, Ferd., 198.

  Uncas, John, 477.

  Unwins, David, 372.

  Upton, C., 14.

  Urban VIII, 297.

  Ure, Andrew, 13.

  Urquiza deposed, 357.

  Ursins, 461.

  Ursinus, J. H., 191.

  Urville, Dumont d', 185.

  Usher, James, 126.

  Usher, James, 112.


  Vade, J. J., 260.

  Vadier, 134.

  Vahl, Martin, 483.

  Vaillant, J. F., 409.

  Vaillant, J. F. F., 438.

  Vaillant, Sebastian, 201.

  Vaissette, Joseph, 143.

  Valaze, de, 417.

  Valdivia, P. de, 82, 458.

  Valens perished, 312.

  Valentin, M. B., 101.

  Valentinian, 104.

  Valentinian I, 437.

  Valerian, censor, 413.

  Valerius, Majorian, 309.

  Valesius, Henricus, 183.

  Vallee, Geoffrey, 59.

  Vallemont, P. de, 489.

  Valli, Eusebius, 374.

  Valnier, 136.

  Valois, Adrian de, 258.

  Valois, Charles de, 374.

  Valois, Henry de, 183.

  Valois, Marq. de, 457.

  Valois, Philip de, 332.

  Valpy, Richard, 122.

  Vanaken, Joseph, 260.

  Van Buren nominated, 244.

  Vanbrugh, John, 118.

  Van Cortland, Pierre, 232.

  Vancouver returned, 360.

  Vandale, A., 452.

  Van Dam, Rip, 302.

  Vandamme, 17, 31, 143, 296, 458.

  Vander Goes, 367.

  Vander Mersch, J., 362.

  Vandyck, A., 465.

  Van Dyck, H. S., 220.

  Vandyke, 16.

  Vance, Joseph, 335.

  Vancy, J. D. de, 471.

  Vane, Henry, 232.

  Vane, Ralph, 85.

  Van Horne, 307.

  Vaniere, Capt., 74.

  Vaniere, James, 331.

  Vanini, Lucilio, 75.

  Vanloo, C. A., 68.

  Van Loon, Louis, 297.

  Van Ness, Wm. W., 88.

  Van Rensselaer, Jer., 374.

  Van Rensselaer, Kilian, 469.

  Van Rensselaer, K., 356.

  Van Rensselaer, Rens., 27.

  Van Rensselaer, Solomon, 163, 398.

  Van Rensselaer, Stephen, 41.

  Van Schaick, 157, 260.

  Van Schaick, J. B., 459.

  Van Sittart, N., 60.

  Van Somer, Paul, 16.

  Van Swieten, G., 238.

  Van Swinden, 98.

  Van Tienhoven, 279.

  Van Tromp, 297, 314, 435.

  Van Vechten, A., 19.

  Van Vondel, Joost, 54.

  Varchi, Benedict, 475.

  Varennes, 134.

  Varignon, Pierre, 480.

  Varilas, Antoine, 225.

  Varus, Quintilius, 302.

  Vasa, Gustavus, 380.

  Vasconcellos, 456.

  Vassall, H. R., 408.

  Vater, Abraham, 439.

  Vateville, A. M. de, 407.

  Vauban, seigneur de, 125.

  Vaucanson, 444.

  Vaughan, John, 467.

  Vauvilliers, J. F., 289.

  Vaux, J. N. de, 362.

  Vavasseur, Francis, 471.

  Vega, Lopez F. de la, 337.

  Velasquez de Silva, 308.

  Velde, J. O. van de, 410.

  Velde, W. van der, 137.

  Velli, P. F., 348.

  Veltheim, A. F., 385.

  Vendome, Philip de, 39.

  Venner, 22.

  Venner, Tobias, 120.

  Verdier, A. du, 375.

  Verdier, Nicholas, 109.

  Vere, Aubrey de, 100.

  Vere, Francis, 339.

  Vere, Horace, 176.

  Vergier, James, 333.

  Vergne, L. E. de la, 418.

  Verheyen, Philip, 74.

  Venables sailed, 460.

  Vernon, Edward, 22, 416, 432.

  Vernet, 451.

  Verney, G. J. du, 357.

  Verrazano, 29, 266.

  Vert, Claude de, 174.

  Vertue, George, 290.

  Vesalius, Andreas, 400.

  Vestris, madame, 311.

  Vespasian, 360.

  Vespasianus, 246.

  Vespucci sailed, 191.

  Vezellio, Tiziano, 355.

  Victor, Gen., 25, 52.

  Victoria in Ireland, 252, 301, 327.

  Vida, M. J., 377.

  Vidal, Arnaud, 177.

  Viera's plot, 245.

  Vignola, J. B., 265.

  Vignoles, A. de, 290.

  Villars, A. B. de, 289.

  Villars, L. Hector, 236.

  Villeneuve, G. S. B., 487.

  Villeneuve, admiral, 407.

  Villeroy, marshal, 48.

  Villiers, George, 154.

  Villiers, G. 2d, 332.

  Villotte, James, 232.

  Vincent, William, 479.

  Vinci, L. da, 176.

  Viner, Charles, 219.

  Vint, John, 108.

  Vinzingerode taken, 408.

  Vio, Thomas de, 365.

  Virgil, 12, 371, 400.

  Virginia, 326.

  Visconti, J. B. A., 346.

  Visinovitsch, 475.

  Vitellius, Aulus, 476, 477.

  Vitringa, C., 90.

  Vives, J. L., 181.

  Viviani, Vincent, 372.

  Voisenon, 445.

  Voisin, D. F., 48.

  Voiture, Vincent, 267.

  Volta, 94.

  Voltaire died, 212.

  Von Berger, 143.

  Von Duben, 65.

  Von Wrede, Gen., 65.

  Vorstius, Conrad, 380.

  Vose, Henry, 155.

  Vries, de, sailed, 469.

  Vyner, Thomas, 210.


  Wade, general, 103.

  Wade, Hampton, 54.

  Wadsworth, Daniel, 306.

  Wadsworth, James, 224.

  Wagenseil, J. C., 393.

  Wainwright, J. M., 371.

  Wakefield, G., 78, 355.

  Wakefield, Priscilla, 359.

  Walburton, Eliot, 15.

  Wales, H. W., 224.

  Wales's procession, 164.

  Wales, prince, 43, 55.

  Wales, princess, 59.

  Walker, Adam, 64.

  Walker, general, 347.

  Walker, George, 256.

  Walker, Hoveden, 218, 320.

  Walker, John, 301.

  Walker, William, 32.

  Wallace, Andrew, 37.

  Wallace, William, 332, 372, 426.

  Wallenstein, count, 83.

  Waller, Edmund, 407.

  Walleran, 61.

  Wallis, John, 414.

  Waltheof, 170.

  Walmoden, general, 17.

  Walpole, captain, 118.

  Walpole, Horace, 91.

  Walpole, Robert, 108.

  Walsh, Michael, 329.

  Walsyngham, F., 137.

  Walter, M. C., 148.

  Walter, Pennyless, 96.

  Walton, Brian, 453.

  Walton, George, 50.

  Walton, Izaak, 473.

  Walton, William, 66.

  Warbeck, Perkin, 437.

  Warburton, William, 222.

  Ward, Artemas, 415.

  Ward, John, 402.

  Ward, John, 308.

  Ward, Mat. F., 172.

  Wardlaw, Ralph, 475.

  Wardle, G. L., 455.

  Ware, James, 456.

  Ware, William, 76.

  Wargentin, Peter, 470.

  Warham, William, 332.

  Warner, Ferdinand, 385.

  Warner, William, 97.

  Waronzow, 243.

  Warren, J. C., 179.

  Warren, general, 236.

  Warrington, Lewis, 397.

  Wartenburg, count, 387.

  Warton, Joseph, 81.

  Warton, Thomas, 200.

  Warville, de, 418.

  Warwick beheaded, 451.

  Warwick, earl, 162, 172, 384.

  Warwick, Robert, 109.

  Washington, 12, 14, 15, 79, 173, 234, 238, 242, 258, 266, 293, 421,
      460, 464, 472, 476, 482.

  Washington, Bailey, 307.

  Washington, B., 450.

  Washington, G. C., 282.

  Washington, J. M., 484.

  Washington, Mrs., 336.

  Waser, J. H., 250.

  Wasiliowitsch, P. A., 197.

  Waterhouse, Benj., 385.

  Waterland, Daniel, 482.

  Watkins, John, 72.

  Watkins, Tobias, 435.

  Watrous, J. R., 473.

  Watson, admiral, 22.

  Watson, Elkanah, 470.

  Watson, James, 374.

  Watson, Robert, 139.

  Watson, Richard, 261.

  Watt, James, 336.

  Watt, James, 474.

  Watt, Robert, 100.

  Watton, Edward, 387.

  Watts, Isaac, 448.

  Wayland, John, 409.

  Wayne, Anthony, 472.

  Wayne, surprised, 379.

  Weaver, Thomas, 259.

  Webb, P. C., 244.

  Weber, C. M. von, 220.

  Webster, Daniel, 410, 416.

  Webster, John W., 115.

  Webster, L. B., 424.

  Webster, Noah, 209.

  Wedderburn, 14.

  Wedgewood, Josiah, 13, 14.

  Weimar, duke, 267.

  Weishaupt, A., 175.

  Wellesley, R. C., 376.

  Wellington, duke, 239, 306, 362, 440.

  Wells, Daniel, 246.

  Wells, pedestrian, 127.

  Welsh, Elizabeth, 135.

  Wem, baron, 156.

  Wemyss, laird, 447.

  Wentworth, Thomas, 188.

  Werdin, J. P., 19.

  Werenfels, Samuel, 214.

  Wert, A. van der, 432.

  Westfield, Thomas, 247.

  Wesley, John, 90, 418.

  Wesley, Samuel, 165.

  Wesley, Samuel, 396.

  Wesselius, John, 386.

  West, Benjamin, 98.

  West, Gilbert, 119.

  West, Jane, 115.

  Westall, Richard, 461.

  Weston, Richard, 441.

  Wetmore, Leonidas, 404.

  Wetstein, J. J., 116.

  Weymouth, George, 126.

  Whalley, regicide, 95.

  Wharton, Henry, 93.

  Wharton, Philip, 213.

  Wheaton, Henry, 99.

  Wheeler, C. S., 232.

  Wheeler, Francis, 73.

  Wheeler, George, 74.

  Whiffen, J. H., 177.

  Whipple, William, 452.

  Whiston, William, 331.

  Whitbread, Samuel, 265.

  Whitby, Daniel, 116.

  Whitcomb, J., 127.

  White, Gilbert, 249.

  White, H. K., 405.

  White, Hugh, 153.

  White, John, 41.

  White, Joseph, 202.

  White, Joseph Blanco, 200.

  White, judge, 248.

  White, Peregrine, 285.

  White, Thomas W., 33.

  White, William, 283.

  Whitehead, Paul, 489.

  Whitehead, William, 150.

  Whitefield, Geo., 72, 382.

  Whitgift, John, 87.

  Whiting, Henry, 365.

  Whitney, Eli, 20.

  Whittaker, John, 417.

  Whittingham, Wm., 270.

  Whittlesey, F., 368.

  Whitworth, Charles, 190.

  Wickliffe, John, 81, 486, 490.

  Widville, Anthony, 231.

  Wieland, Chris. M., 34.

  Wilberforce, 30, 296.

  Wild, James, 399.

  Wild, Jonathan, 248.

  Wilde, S. S., 245.

  Wilde, Thomas, 432.

  Wilde, William, 446.

  Wilkes, Lieut., 33, 327.

  Wilkes, John, 33, 154, 173, 181, 436, 485.

  Wilkie, David, 215.

  Wilkie, William, 394.

  Wilkins, Charles, 190.

  Wilkins, David, 308.

  Wilkins, John, 441.

  Wilkinson, Gen., 65, 66, 330.

  Wilkinson, Tate, 336.

  William I abdicated, 391.

  William II, Eng., 302, 376, 377.

  William II, Holland, 107.

  William III, Eng., 23, 35, 46, 57, 96, 423.

  William IV, 241.

  William V, 30.

  William of Nassau, 165.

  William of Scotland, 460.

  William of Scotland, 272, 444.

  William I, Orange, 270.

  William, conqueror, 355, 378, 380, 483.

  William and Mary, 36.

  Willard, Joseph, 375.

  Willett, Thomas, 308.

  Williams, Anna, 351.

  Williams, C. H., 421.

  Williams, David, 253.

  Williams, Ephraim, 486.

  Williams, Elisha, 290.

  Williams executed, 180.

  Williams, John, 88.

  Williams, pilloried, 67.

  Williams, Renwick, 267.

  Williams, Rogers, 102.

  Williams, Simon ap, 206.

  Williamson, Hugh, 202.

  Willink, Wilhelm, 67.

  Willoughby, Fr., 259, 306.

  Willoughby, Hugh, 187.

  Willson, John, 31.

  Wilmot, John, 293.

  Wilmot, J. E., 55.

  Wilson, Alex., 333.

  Wilson, Andrew, 151.

  Wilson, F. A., 213.

  Wilson, James, 339.

  Wilson, J. L., 321.

  Wilson, John, 310.

  Wilson, John, 278.

  Wilson, John, 172.

  Wilson, Richard, 188.

  Wilson, Thomas, 95.

  Wilson, Thomas, 69.

  Wilton, statuary, 330.

  Wimble, Will, 258.

  Winckelman, A. J., 223.

  Windichgratz, princess, 231.

  Wing, Vincent, 369.

  Wingate, Edmund, 474.

  Wingate, Mrs., 20.

  Winslow, Edward, 184, 188.

  Winslow, J. B., 132.

  Winslow, Thomas, 329.

  Winslow, Thomas, 337.

  Winter, J. W. de, 216.

  Winthrop, John, Jr., 135, 391.

  Winthrop, John, 118, 230.

  Winthrop, Fitz John, 450.

  Winwood, Ralph, 413.

  Wirsungus, 333.

  Wirt, William, 74.

  Wise, Francis, 389.

  Wismer, Jacob, 53.

  Wisner, B. B., 61.

  Wistar, Caspar, 37.

  Withers, George, 176.

  Witherspoon, John, 436.

  Witherspoon, Alex., 179.

  Witsius, Herman, 402.

  Woffington, Marg., 122.

  Wolcott, Oliver, 457.

  Wolcott, Oliver, 215.

  Wolcott, Roger, 195.

  Wolfe, general, 360.

  Wolff, Christian, 141.

  Wollaston, W. H., 481.

  Wollaston, William, 408.

  Wolstonecraft, Mary, 49, 357.

  Wolsey, Thomas, 452.

  Wolzogen, L. de, 433.

  Wood, Anthony, 453.

  Wood, Isaac, 82.

  Wood, mayor, arrested, 236.

  Wood, Robert, 355.

  Wood, Stephen, 188.

  Woodbury, Levi, 353.

  Woodcock, Elizabeth, 50.

  Woodcock, Robert, 142.

  Woodfall, Wm., 301, 231.

  Woods, John, 299.

  Woodville, Wm., 167.

  Woodward, Henry, 154.

  Woodward, John, 165.

  Woodyear, 242.

  Wooley, A. K., 305.

  Woollet, William, 203.

  Woolston, Thomas, 42.

  Wooster, David, 167, 176.

  Woodworth, S., 466.

  Worcester, Noah, 418.

  Worde, Wynkyn de, 32.

  Wordsworth, Wm., 163.

  Wormly, Ralph, 249.

  Worsdale, James, 231.

  Worsley, Richard, 311.

  Worth, general, 183.

  Worth, G. A., 132.

  Worthington, Wm., 389.

  Wotton, Henry, 461.

  Wower, John, 125.

  Wrangham, Francis, 486.

  Wray, Daniel, 487.

  Wrede, C. P., 470.

  Wren, C., 84.

  Wren, Dr., 103.

  Wren, Matthew, 164.

  Wright, Benjamin, 335.

  Wright, captain, 420.

  Wright, Frances, 472.

  Wright, John, 29.

  Wright, Mr., 41.

  Wright, Silas, 339.

  Wright, Peter, 198.

  Wroitesley, H., 429.

  Wulf, Christian, 223.

  Wurmzer, Gen., 307, 309.

  Wyat, Thomas, 80.

  Wyatt, John, 56.

  Wyatt, Thomas, 144.

  Wycherley, William, 10.

  Wyet, Sylvester, 133.

  Wykeham, William, 374.

  Wyndham, William, 236.

  Wyon, William, 414.

  Wythe, George, 224.


  Xavier, Bichat, 287.

  Xavier, Francis, 457.

  Xenophon, 24.

  Xerxes, 309, 481.

  Ximenes, Francis, 113, 427.

  Xisuthrus, 295.


  Yalden, Thomas, 280.

  Yale, Elihu, 267.

  Yates, J. A., 338.

  Yeo, Capt., 25.

  Yezid, Muley, 70.

  Yoakem, H., 455.

  York, duke of, 19, 347, 435.

  York, marshal, 387.

  Yorke, lord chancellor, 33.

  Young, Arthur, 77.

  Young, Ebenezer, 327.

  Young, Edward, 146.

  Young, John, 109.

  Young, Matthew, 452.

  Young, Samuel, 421.

  Ypsilanti, Alex., 46.


  Zabarella, Francis, 376.

  Zabira, George, 368.

  Zach, F. X. de, 346.

  Zahn, prof., 475.

  Zajonczeck, Joseph, 296.

  Zanchius, Jerome, 440.

  Zarco, J. Gonzales, 257.

  Zemaun Shah, 10, 43.

  Zeno, Apostolo, 431.

  Zeyd, Abdurrahman, 442.

  Ziegenbalg, B., 80.

  Zimmerman, J. G., 391.

  Zinzendorf, count, 185.

  Zisca, 397.

  Zobeyr, A. ibn, 369.

  Zoega, George, 63.

  Zollikofer, G. J., 34.

  Zoutman, admiral, 307.

  Zrinyi, N., 352.

  Zuinglius, 396.

  Zurich, 218, 219.

  Zurlauben, de, 370.




INDEX.

BATTLES, SIEGES AND OTHER MILITARY OPERATIONS.


  Abdication of Bonaparte, 144.

  Abensburgh, 158.

  Aboukir, 112, 280, 291.

  Aboukir bay, 96, 100.

  Acapulco captured, 256.

  Achulga, 341.

  Acre, 196, 271, 272.

  Actium, 345.

  Aculco, 416.

  Adda, 170.

  Adrianople, 259, 312, 329.

  Ægospotami, 470.

  Æqui, 236.

  Afghanistan, 162.

  Affghans defeated, 361.

  Africa, conquest, 361.

  Aghrim, 272.

  Agincourt, 410.

  Agra taken, 318, 402.

  Aix, isle of, 399.

  Alaeso bay, 337.

  Alamo, Texas, 81.

  Albany surrendered, 374.

  Albuera, 194.

  Alcantara, 189.

  Alcazar-do-Sal, 406.

  Alcide blew up, 275.

  Aldea de Ponte, 378.

  Aldenhoven, 89.

  Alderne, 192.

  Aleppo sacked, 431.

  Alert and Essex, 319.

  Alexander, ship, 469.

  Alexandria, 257, 329, 340, 347, 480.

  Alexandria, Va., 342.

  Alfred frigate, 92.

  Algerine pirates, 186.

  Algerine ship, 410.

  Algerines and Corsicans, 215.

  Algesiras, 264.

  Algiers, 252, 263, 338, 359, 414, 462.

  Alleghany, 169.

  Allia, 282.

  Alma, 370.

  Almanza, 135, 149, 280.

  Almeida, 187.

  Almoden, 52.

  Almonacid, 316.

  Altenkirchen, 366.

  Amaranta, 176.

  Amazon, frigate, 117.

  Amboy evacuated, 254.

  Amboyna, 70, 72.

  Ambuscade, 209.

  Ameers defeated, 74.

  Amersfoort, 26.

  American coast threatened, 327.

  America, letters of marque, 57.

  American vessels captured, 155.

  American war, loss, 20.

  Amoy taken, 198.

  Amphion, 372.

  Amsterdam, 33, 34, 395.

  Anaconda, 275.

  Anapa, 216.

  Ancon subsidized, 311.

  Ancona, 229.

  Anhalt, 120.

  Anklan, 418.

  Angora, 295.

  Anhoue, 430.

  Annapolis royal, 384.

  Anti-Gallican alliance, 144.

  Antigua convoy, 222.

  Antioch, 216, 229, 329, 406.

  Antwerp, 25, 138, 413, 483.

  Aosta, 162.

  Apache Indians, 166.

  Arago and St. Theresa, 57.

  Arbela, 337, 384.

  Arcis, 111.

  Arcola, 437.

  Arden forest, 109.

  Argus captured, 321.

  Arklow, 225.

  Arlaban, 30.

  Arly bridge, 252.

  Armada, 21, 210, 309, 310.

  Armstrong, brig, 376.

  Arnee, 216.

  Arnhem, 26, 31.

  Arras, 335.

  Arrow, 53.

  Artemisium, 309.

  Arthur defeated, 300.

  Artois captured, 257.

  Ascalon, 316.

  Asp abandoned, 277.

  Aspasia, brig, 93.

  Assaye, 373.

  Assyria entered, 368.

  Asterach, 112.

  Astrea and La Glorie, 143.

  Atalanta and Phebe, 22.

  Atalanta captured, 209, 371.

  Atlas taken, 275.

  Atlas prizes, 305.

  Ath surrendered, 393, 427.

  Athenian army, 338.

  Athens, 104, 379.

  Atherton moor, 254.

  Aurique, 291.

  Auerstadt, 399.

  Audierne bay, action, 25.

  Augusta evacuated, 66.

  Austerlitz, 458.

  Autosse, 454.

  Aux Canards, 280, 284.

  Avenger taken, 107.

  Avery, brig, 170.

  Ayacucho, 466.


  Badajos, summoned, 65.

  Badajos, 65, 99, 138, 225, 227.

  Badere Zaffer, 266.

  Bahia, 104.

  Balaboo, 277.

  Balaclava, 412.

  Baltimore, Ireland, 218.

  Baltimore, 358.

  Baltimore privateers, 132.

  Banca straits, 40.

  Banbury, 292.

  Banda, 96.

  Bannockburn, 246.

  Barbados and Vidette, 69, 70.

  Barcelona, 359.

  Barnet, 149.

  Barren hill, 199.

  Barrosa, 94.

  Basing, 398.

  Basque roads, 147.

  Bassano, 315.

  Bassi, 89.

  Bastia, 200.

  Batavia taken, 311.

  Bautzen, 200, 201.

  Bagdad sacked, 288.

  Baylen, 284.

  Bayonne, 466, 471.

  Baza, 313.

  Beachey head, 254.

  Beauge, 131.

  Beauvais, 270.

  Beaverdams, 247.

  Beclhithe, 440.

  Bedford, 349.

  Bednapore, 42.

  Befort, 252.

  Bellegarde, 319, 367.

  Belgium, 434.

  Belgrade, 280, 427.

  Belleisle, 222, 442.

  Belliqueux, 421.

  Bellona, 78.

  Bellona, Alarm and Le Dumas, 17.

  Beloochees, 73.

  Bennington, 323.

  Berbice surrendered, 374.

  Berezina, 451.

  Bergen, 148.

  Bergen-op-Zoom, 62, 97, 364.

  Bergfried, 50.

  Berlin, 393, 411.

  Berne, 84.

  Berwick, 121, 124.

  Besançon, 192.

  Bethhoron, 391.

  Bethsan, 192.

  Betsey, sloop, 433.

  Beyrout, 358, 395.

  Biezun, 482.

  Blackheath, 228.

  Black Mingo, 379.

  Blackrock, 119, 272, 451, 458.

  Blackstocks, 443.

  Bladensburg, 334.

  Blenheim, 240, 302.

  Bliescastle, 440.

  Bloreheath, 372.

  Blue Licks, 328.

  Bocca Chicca, 117.

  Bœotians defeated, 13.

  Bogue forts, 85.

  Bois-le-duc, 391.

  Bojaca, 310.

  Bologna, 111, 466.

  Bomarsund forts, 324.

  Bonumtown, 151.

  Boonsborough, 151, 260, 311.

  Bordeaux, 97, 100, 404, 460.

  Bordentown, 183.

  Borghetto, 212.

  Borisoff, 444.

  Borodino, 350, 352.

  Boston bay, 233.

  Boston, 90, 98, 383.

  Boston, frigate, 301.

  Bosworth field, 331.

  Bothwell bridge, 244.

  Botzen, 114.

  Boundbrook, 148.

  Bouvines, 291.

  Boxer captured, 350.

  Boxtel, 363.

  Boyne, 256.

  Braddock's defeat, 268.

  Brahestadt, 212.

  Bramham moor, 87.

  Brandywine, 358.

  Braunsberg, 85.

  Breig taken, 24.

  Breda taken, 90.

  Brenville, 174.

  Brescia, 126, 354.

  Breslaw, 17, 467.

  Brest, 150.

  Brest fleet, 330.

  Briant's station, 322.

  Briar creek, 92.

  Bridgewater, 184, 292, 293.

  Brienne, 44, 50.

  Briheuga, 450.

  Bristol, R. I., 205.

  British at Alexandria, 100.

  British and Americans, 411.

  British barges, 144.

  British brig, 453.

  British convoy, 261.

  British and Dutch, 73, 191, 196, 217, 291.

  British decamped, 289.

  British defeated, 224.

  British despatch, 446.

  British left Egypt, 373.

  British fleet, 163, 307.

  British and French fleets, 57, 72, 105, 153, 154, 156, 171, 178, 192,
      202, 209, 215, 246, 248, 262, 264, 273, 278, 294, 312, 319, 326,
      327, 334, 337, 347, 349, 357, 375, 394.

  British foragers, 33.

  British took Guadaloupe, 161.

  British and Hindoos, 270.

  British and Indians repulsed, 411.

  British ships, 52, 142, 281, 430, 457, 464.

  British and Spanish fleets, 158, 182, 312, 315, 323, 383.

  British attacked Sullivan, 341.

  British and Tippo Saib, 175.

  British transport, 37, 236, 272.

  British vessels, 357, 394, 420, 438, 490.

  Broad river, 432.

  Brookfield, 302.

  Brown & Izard, 400.

  Brownstown, 307.

  Bruges, 253, 427.

  Brugos, 167.

  Brumpt, 402.

  Brunnen, 387.

  Bucharest, 310.

  Buda taken, 333.

  Buenos Ayres, 18, 263, 296, 318, 410.

  Buena Vista, 81.

  Buffalo, 305, 489.

  Bugea ships destroyed, 186.

  Bullion, 197.

  Bunker hill, 236.

  Burnt Island, 172.

  Burlington winter quarters, 446.

  Buxar, 408.


  Cabadonga, 241.

  Cabul, 308, 361, 383.

  Caen captured, 292.

  Cadiz bombarded, 163, 242, 244, 245, 263, 322, 336, 363.

  Caffres attacked, 488.

  Cæsar and Pompey, 105.

  Cagancha, 488.

  Cahal, 300.

  Cainin, 105.

  Cairo, 148, 251, 286, 342.

  Calais, 9, 305.

  Calcutta surrendered, 10, 12, 45, 234, 238, 241.

  Callao taken, 311.

  Calpy, 178.

  Camaret bay, 330.

  Camargo, 368.

  Cambray, 135, 211.

  Cambuskenneth, 357.

  Camden, 156, 165, 187, 323.

  Camp Defiance, 42.

  Campaldino, 227.

  Campen, 400.

  Camperdown, 396.

  Campo, Mayor, 117.

  Canada patriots, 89, 106, 218, 247, 298, 311, 320, 361, 441, 453.

  Canajoharie, 301.

  Canandaigua, 357.

  Candapore, 42.

  Candy, king of, taken, 74.

  Cannæ, 200.

  Canton, 85, 209, 258.

  Cape Francois, 246, 440.

  Cape Good Hope, 22, 338, 362, 364, 373.

  Cape Musalo, 269.

  Cape Spartel, 364.

  Cape River fort, 333.

  Capricieuse, 262.

  Carabobo, 247.

  Cardenas, 198.

  Carlisle surrendered, 436.

  Carlists defeated, 30.

  Carlowitz bombarded, 239.

  Carlsruhe, 191.

  Carmen and Florentia, 139.

  Caroline and Raphael, 42.

  Caroline steamboat, 489.

  Caroline schooner, 486.

  Carouge, 252.

  Carrickfergus, 78, 164.

  Cartama, 71.

  Carthage spoliated, 409.

  Carthagena, 87, 239, 287.

  Casco, fort, 194.

  Castella Nuovo, 446.

  Castiglione, 307.

  Castilla, 149.

  Castilian ships taken, 340.

  Cassano, 168.

  Cassel taken, 420.

  Cassino, 323.

  Castine fort, 345.

  Cattaro fortress, 17.

  Cayenne, 25, 88, 192.

  Cedars fort, 192, 199, 208.

  Cera, 153.

  Cerisoles, 144.

  Cero Gordo, 156.

  Cerralvo, 449.

  Ceutla, Mexico, 117.

  Ceylon, 147, 148.

  Chacabuco, 65.

  Chaleur bay, 267.

  Chalgrove, 246.

  Chamblee, 403.

  Champlain, 345.

  Champlain lake, 358.

  Chapultepec, 359.

  Charlemont, 188.

  Charlotte, 190.

  Charlotte court house, 376.

  Charleston frigate, 478.

  Charleston, 141, 146, 188, 189, 236, 471.

  Charlestown, N. H., 133.

  Charleroi, 248.

  Chateau Thierry, 65.

  Chatusitz, 195.

  Chatham, 387.

  Chaumenil, 49.

  Chebriessa, 276.

  Cherbourg, 201.

  Cherington, 123.

  Cherokees, 226, 252.

  Cherokee ford, 67.

  Cheronea, 301.

  Cherry Valley, 431.

  Cherubusco, 329.

  Chesapeake bay, 55.

  Chesapeake's prizes, 142, 215, 244.

  Chevannes, 252.

  Chicago, 322.

  Chili, 472.

  Chillianwallah, 26.

  Chinchura, 448.

  Chin-keang-foo, 285.

  Chinese war junks, 424.

  Chippewa, 263, 266.

  Chippewa and Sioux, 307.

  Chippewas massacred, 257.

  Choczine, 173.

  Choczin, 431.

  Cholet, 402.

  Chumpee expedition, 424.

  Chusan captured, 308.

  Chusan recaptured, 384.

  Cine captured, 193.

  Cirencester, 49.

  Citale, 19.

  Ciudad Rodrigo, 33, 270, 374.

  Civita Vecchia, 166.

  Civitella, 237.

  Cleopatra captured, 72, 81, 238.

  Cleopatra and Topaz, 36.

  Clorinde taken, 84.

  Cobble hill, 445.

  Coblentz surrendered, 407.

  Cocheco, 351.

  Codgia bay, 355.

  Codogno, 200.

  Coimbra, 289, 391.

  Colombo, 69.

  Combahee, 336.

  Comet and British ships, 26.

  Commerce, 473.

  Comorn taken, 378.

  Compiegne, 202.

  Compte Reginaud, 454.

  Concord and Rose, 410.

  Conde garrison, 342.

  Congress and Savage, 351.

  Coni taken, 459.

  Constantinople, 130, 137, 145, 210, 283, 321.

  Constellation and Insurgent, 61.

  Constellation, 53.

  Constitution chased, 273.

  Constitution and Guerriere, 328.

  Contreras, 329.

  Copenhagen, 131, 325, 326, 328, 352, 406.

  Corfu, 91, 278.

  Corne, 55.

  Coro taken, 306.

  Coronea, 320, 403.

  Corsair captured, 364.

  Corsica, 28.

  Cortez attacked, 102.

  Corunna, 29, 33.

  Costa Ricans, 143.

  Countess Scarboro', 373.

  Courageux and Minerva, 15.

  Cowpens, 30, 51.

  Cracow, 116, 252.

  Craibstone, 442.

  Craney island, 244.

  Craonne, 96.

  Cranon in Thessaly, 302.

  Crecy, 337.

  Crefelt, 245, 446.

  Cremona burnt, 416, 488.

  Creole captured, 254.

  Cressy, 334.

  Crevant, 299.

  Crimea evacuated, 274.

  Crimesus, 164.

  Cropredy, 253.

  Croton river, 191.

  Crown point, 297, 306.

  Cuba, 65, 203, 319.

  Cuenca, 263.

  Cuenca, 25.

  Culloden, 46, 153.

  Cumberland merchantmen, 25.

  Cumptich, 443.

  Curacoa taken, 11.

  Cuxhaven, 266.

  Czaslau, 195.


  Damascus, 37.

  Dan crossed, 67.

  Danbury burnt, 167.

  Danes defeated, 215.

  Danish islands, 479.

  Dantzic, 13, 201, 254.

  Darby, Vt., 475.

  Dardanelles, 76, 188.

  Dartmouth destroyed, 349.

  Decatur, privateer, 307.

  Dedalus and La Prudente, 61.

  Deerfield, 88, 344, 355, 366.

  Defence ship attacked, 432.

  Dego, 2d battle, 152.

  Delaware bay, 364, 383.

  Delaware, 465, 103.

  Delaware frigate, 377.

  Delaware settlements, 355.

  Delhi pillaged, 25.

  Demerara, 161, 368.

  Demerary, 52.

  Denain, 290.

  Denmark and Sweden, 88.

  Derne, 197.

  Deseada, 160.

  Detroit summoned, 322, 324, 380.

  Dettingen, 235.

  Devinther, 33.

  Devonshire man-of-war, 393.

  Diamond rock, 216.

  Diana taken, 202.

  Diernsten, 431.

  Diersheim, 157.

  Doe, 440.

  Dogger bank, 307.

  Dole taken, 67.

  Dominica attacked, 78, 467.

  Dominica schooner, 307.

  Donabew, 110.

  Donauworth, 258.

  Dorchester, 92, 453.

  Dorogobouche, 426.

  Dorylæum, 260.

  Dover attacked, 250, 337, 352.

  Dover quakers, 250.

  Dragashan, 240.

  Drake and Ranger, 164.

  Dreadnought, 200.

  Dresden, 337, 338, 476.

  Drogheda, 357.

  Droits des Hommes, 25.

  Drumclog, 214.

  Dublin, 205.

  Dumblane, 433.

  Dunbar, 168, 346.

  Dundee, 344.

  Dunkirk, 236, 354.

  Duplin moor, 316.

  Duquesne, 209.

  Durazzo, 236.

  Duren, 170.

  Dutch and English fleets, 214.

  Dutch fleet, 325, 468.

  Dutch and French fleets, 222.

  Dutch and Portuguese, 24.

  Dutch defeated Spaniards, 397.

  Dutch ships searched, 12.


  Eagle sloop, 261.

  East India squadron, 69.

  East Indiamen, 311.

  Eastport, 272.

  Ecchanachaca, 481.

  Eckmuhl, 161.

  Edgehill, 409.

  Edikhoffen, 273.

  Edinburgh, 130, 332, 482.

  Eckeren, 254.

  Egypt, 77, 198.

  Eisach, 116.

  El Arish taken, 77, 84.

  Elba, 270, 313, 441.

  Elephant captured, 77.

  El Felix captured, 464.

  Elizabethtown, 20, 58.

  Ellen Morrill, 290.

  Elmira, 341.

  Embargo, 144.

  England vs. Spain, 14.

  England, invasion of, 278.

  England and France against Russia, 122.

  England, marque and reprisal against, 122.

  English and Dutch, 348.

  English and Dutch fleets, 215, 414.

  English & French fleets, 340.

  English and Irish war, 385.

  English marches, 289.

  Enniscorthy, 209.

  Enophyta, 13.

  Enterprise and Boxer, 307, 350.

  Enzersdorff, 263.

  Epernai siege, 293.

  Epervier captured, 171.

  Erpingham, 99.

  Erfurt surrendered, 401.

  Erie fort bombarded, 321.

  Errour, 85.

  Erzeroum captured, 251.

  Erzeroum, 213, 269.

  Esdrelon, 153.

  Esopus war, 370, 398.

  Esperance and Argonaut, 20.

  Esperes, 202.

  Essex and George, 310.

  Essex captured, 122.

  Essequibo, 52, 368.

  Essling, 201, 202.

  Estremadura, 229.

  Etchoe, 226.

  Etzel, 322.

  Eupatoria, 73.

  Eustatia, 80.

  Eutaw Springs, 354, 355.

  Evesham, 305.

  Exdorff, 280.

  Exiles, pass aux, 267.

  Experiment, 345.


  Faenza, 52.

  Fairfield, 266.

  Falcon, 312.

  Falkirk, 30, 243, 287.

  Falkland islands, 225.

  Falmouth, 403.

  Famars, 178, 203.

  Far West, 415.

  Fayal roads, 376.

  Fehrbellin, 238.

  Fersen, 395.

  Figueras, 328, 443.

  Fillinghausen, 280.

  Fiorenza & Psyche, 66.

  Five nations, 265.

  Flanders, 337, 427.

  Flatbush, 338.

  Fleurus, 249, 252, 254.

  Flodden, 355.

  Florence, 117.

  Florida, taken, 185.

  Flushing taken, 168.

  Fontenoy, 173.

  Fort Adams, 350.

  Fort Alden, 431.

  Fort Ann, 267.

  Fort Arbuthnot, 474.

  Fort Augustus, 102.

  Fort Bowyer, 64, 360, 363.

  Fort Brook, 169.

  Fort Bull burnt, 120.

  Fort Casimir, 364.

  Fort Clinton, 389.

  Fort Erie, 259, 305, 322, 339, 366, 369, 371.

  Fort George, 206, 208, 224, 268, 281, 285, 394.

  Fort Granby, 192.

  Fort Johnson, 282.

  Fort Kalunga, 451.

  Fort Lee, 439.

  Fort Lewis, 436.

  Fort Massachusetts, 302, 329.

  Fort McHenry, 359.

  Fort Meigs invested, 158, 175, 179, 180, 186.

  Fort Mercer evacuated, 439.

  Fort Mifflin, 427, 436.

  Fort Mirabeau, 329.

  Fort Montgomery, 389.

  Fort Motte, 189.

  Fort Moultrie, 181.

  Fort Niagara, 291, 444, 477.

  Fort Nicholas, 54.

  Fort Olivo, 253.

  Fort Orange, 374.

  Fort Philip, 199.

  Fort Prince George, 70.

  Fort du Quesne, 448.

  Fort Rouge, 465.

  Fort Sabourin, 81.

  Fort St. Fernando, 446.

  Fort St. George, 69.

  Fort St. Joseph, 285.

  Fort St. Philip, 31.

  Fort Schuyler, 304.

  Fort Stanwix, 331.

  Fort Stephenson, 303.

  Fort Washington, 437.

  Fort Wayne, 359.

  Fornelli, 72.

  Forth and Regent, 368.

  Foudroyant, 87.

  Fox recaptured, 266.

  France invaded, 11, 25, 254, 328.

  France, reprisal, 63.

  France and Great Britain, 110, 116.

  France and Spain, 179.

  France against England, 278.

  Frankfort, 458.

  Frankfort on the Maine, 12.

  Fraustadt, 64.

  Frederick, fort, 265.

  Frederickshamm, 287.

  French and British fleets, 41, 110, 122, 149, 320.

  French booty, 436.

  French brigs, 13, 139, 259.

  French camp, 169.

  French convoy, 141, 195.

  French and Dutch, 320.

  French and Dutch fleets, 162.

  French fleet, 74, 87, 96, 146, 147, 148, 240, 265, 267, 270, 276, 397,
      479.

  French merchantmen, 260.

  French mills, 66, 79.

  French privateer, 171.

  French prize, 150.

  French reembarked, 486.

  French & Spanish fleets, 100, 248, 287.

  Frenchtown, 31, 36, 38, 171.

  Franca-villa, 241.

  French victories, 52.

  French West Indiamen, 242.

  Freybourg, 415.

  Friday's ferry, 269.

  Frolic, 305, 403.

  Frontenac fort, 338.

  Fuentes d'Onor, 180.


  Gaelic forces defeated, 289.

  Gaeta, 283.

  Galeneta, 378.

  Gallipoli, 127.

  Gamala, 372.

  Gananoque, 371.

  Garalavitz, 404.

  Gareta San Cosme, 362.

  Gaul laid waste, 489.

  Gaustalla, 75.

  Gawilghar, 472.

  Gaymas, 275.

  Gaza taken, 77, 326.

  Gedeonovo, 328.

  Geertruidenberg, 34.

  Gelderland, 198.

  Geldermalsem, 17.

  Gelders, 365.

  Gelo, 380.

  Gemappe, 237, 425.

  Gemblours, 46.

  Genoa, 103, 125, 252, 460.

  Genoese and Venetian fleets, 340.

  George, brig, 310.

  Georgetown, 39.

  Georgia in Asia, 406.

  Georgia expedition, 450.

  Georgiana, 171.

  Geresio, 46.

  German Flats, 173.

  Germantown, 386.

  Gerona taken, 207, 467, 474.

  Ghatz, 421.

  Ghent, 81, 97, 231.

  Gibraltar, 66, 95, 222, 270, 287, 354, 355, 357, 360, 428, 450, 485.

  Giuliano, mount, 164.

  Giurgevo, 266.

  Gladsmuir, 315.

  Glasgow, ship, 138.

  Glencoe, 66.

  Glenlivet, 385.

  Glenshields, 226.

  Gloutzk, 362.

  Gluckstadt, 17.

  Ghuznee, 288, 384.

  Goa, 70.

  Goeree, 136.

  Goito, Italy, 212.

  Golden Eagle captured, 214.

  Goletta, 291.

  Golymin, 485.

  Goree, 31, 52, 97, 486.

  Goritz, 112.

  Goths submitted, 385.

  Gradisca, 109.

  Graebenstein, 247.

  Granada, 37, 135, 264.

  Grand Ance, 408.

  Grand Cul-de-sac, 473, 476.

  Granicus, 201.

  Grannicus & Geo. Little, 55.

  Grao harbor, 253.

  Grave, 487.

  Grayson's farm, 440.

  Great Bridge, 476.

  Greene's army, 312.

  Greisse, 468.

  Grenada, 397.

  Grenada, W. I., 259.

  Greenbush, 446.

  Griswold, fort, 351.

  Groningen, 62.

  Grosmont, 97.

  Gross-Beeren, 333.

  Groton, 101.

  Growler, 315.

  Guadalaxara, 30.

  Guadalete, 172.

  Guadaloupe, 36, 52, 55, 160, 253, 389.

  Guanajanto, 283.

  Guerrier and Junon, 14.

  Guerrier taken, 284, 328.

  Guilford court house, 104.

  Guilleaume Tell, 125.

  Guingette, 323.

  Guntzburg, 394.

  Guttstadt, 50, 224.


  Hadley attacked, 405.

  Hagenau, 402.

  Hague, 38.

  Halidon hill, 240.

  Halle, 402.

  Hamburg, 441.

  Hameln, 441.

  Hampton, Va., 248, 413.

  Hancock captured, 266.

  Hancock & Levant, 368.

  Hangho, 324.

  Hanging rock, 308.

  Hango Udd, 220.

  Harfleur, 376.

  Harlem Heights, 364.

  Harlequin, 409.

  Hasnon, 187.

  Hastalrick, 188.

  Hastenbeck, 291.

  Hastings, 398.

  Hatfield burnt, 211, 355.

  Haverhill burnt, 330.

  Havre de Grace, 41, 178, 217.

  Haw river, 84.

  Hayti, 28, 55.

  Hazard and Albion, 48.

  Heagley moor, 83.

  Hedgecote, 292.

  Heilsburg, 226.

  Heliopolis, 111, 194.

  Hellespont, 481.

  Helvoetsluis, 38.

  Hennebon, 312.

  Henrietta, 284.

  Heraclea, 172.

  Hermasillo, 420.

  Hermes ship, 363.

  Hermione, 200.

  Hertford, 462.

  Hesse taken, 420.

  Hexham, 192.

  Highflyer, 373.

  Himera, 309, 321.

  Hinsdale, 294.

  Hispaniola, 115.

  Hochkirchen, 399.

  Hochstädt, 307.

  Hohenfriedberg, 218.

  Hohenlinden, 459.

  Holland invaded, 298.

  Homildon hill, 361.

  Honolulu taken, 336.

  Hoosick attacked, 339.

  Hope captured, 195.

  Hopkin's squadron, 465.

  Hopton-Heath, 109.

  Horse Shoe, 120, 350.

  Hostalrick, 427.

  Houghley taken, 22.

  Hoya, 82.

  Hudson crossed, 362.

  Humber, Danes landed, 357.

  Hungary, 158, 316.

  Hungarians at Vienna, 396.

  Hunsruch, 199.

  Huron villages, 104.


  Ice, battle on, 135.

  Indefatigable and Amazon, 25.

  Indian country invaded, 331.

  Indians, 291, 298, 378.

  Indians and Virginians, 395.

  Ingolstadt, 172.

  Ingour, 425.

  Inverness ship burnt, 91.

  Iphigenie captured, 22, 469.

  Inkerman, 425.

  Ireland invaded, 205, 384.

  Iroquois and French, 394.

  Isle of Man, 459.

  Isle of Wight, 274.

  Islip bridge, 164.

  Ismael fortress, 478.

  Italy, hostilities, 82.

  Italy ravaged, 340.

  Iztapalapan, 212.


  Jadera siege, 429.

  Jaca, 72.

  Jaffa, 95, 219.

  Jaffa invested, 92.

  Jaffnapatam, 379.

  Jagernsdorf, 201.

  Jamaica, 177, 250.

  Jambouli, 301.

  James river, 264.

  Jargeau, 226.

  Java taken, 311, 367, 488.

  Jean captured, 200.

  Jena, 399.

  Jersey line revolt, 34.

  Jerusalem taken, 202, 221, 224, 229, 265, 275, 277, 310, 352, 385,
      466.

  John, brig, 225.

  Johnson Hall, 201.

  Johnstown, 200.

  Joppa taken, 205.

  Jotopata, 192, 214.

  Julia, schooner, 315.

  Juliers, fortress, 385.

  Junin, 309.

  Junon taken, 471.

  Junon and Guerrier, 14.


  Kaiserslautern, 34, 208, 378.

  Kalafat, 461.

  Kars invested, 246, 380, 449.

  Katzbach, 337.

  Kay, 245.

  Kehl, 157, 480.

  Kelat taken, 434.

  Kesseldorf, 473.

  Kettaning, 353.

  Key West, 371.

  Khivian cavalry routed, 23.

  Kickmut river, 205.

  Kikapoo villages, 214, 330.

  Kilkenny, 114, 380.

  Killala taken, 326, 332.

  Killicrankie, 206.

  Killrush, 151.

  Kilthomas hill, 208.

  Kingsbridge, 31.

  King's castle, 471.

  King's mountain, 390.

  King Philip, 251.

  Kinsale surrendered, 486.

  Klaistitzy, 315.

  Knockinoss, 433.

  Kobrine, 293, 318.

  Kolin, 238.

  Kolotsk, 418.

  Konich, 444.

  Konigsberg, 237.

  Kotriah, 457.

  Koutovo, 438, 441.

  Kremlin, 362, 405.

  Kreutznach, 457.

  Kunersdorf, 317.

  Kursonet, 483.

  Kustrin, 322, 420.

  Kutousoff, brig, 166.


  L'Africaine, 75.

  L'Ambuscade, 301.

  Lacedæmonian fleet, 320.

  La Charite, 78.

  La Chaussee, 55.

  La Chinse, 113.

  La Cole mills, 126.

  La Curieux, 53.

  Laffesat, 64.

  La Forte, 88.

  La Fortune, 75.

  La Furet, 86.

  La Furieuse, 264.

  Lagos, 485.

  La Guaira, 75.

  La Hogue, 119, 198, 201, 203, 204.

  Lahore, 10.

  Lake Borgne, 472.

  Lake Champlain, 396.

  Lake Erie, 357, 394.

  Lake George, 325, 353, 367.

  Lake Ontario, 388, 430.

  Lambach, 364.

  Lancaster, 62.

  Landau, 447.

  Landon, 268, 283.

  Landshut, 160, 245.

  Langside hill, 189.

  Lannoy, 197.

  Lansdowne, 262.

  Laon, 98.

  La Pique and Blanche, 18.

  La Prothee taken, 81.

  La Rancune and Pigmy, 20.

  Larvis, 111.

  Lauback, 129.

  Laupen, 242.

  Lauter, 363.

  Lauterbach, 457.

  Lautern, 453.

  Lauzara, 322.

  La Virginia captured, 170.

  La Voluntaire taken, 93.

  Laxaron, 413.

  Leander and Putnam, 428.

  Le Bourbon, 78.

  Ledjars, 144.

  Le Genereux, 74.

  Leghorn, 117, 187.

  Lee surprised, 470.

  Leignitz, 486.

  Leipsic, 307, 401, 403, 404, 405.

  Leira taken, 28.

  Lens, 328.

  L'Entreprenant taken, 74.

  Leo captured, 97.

  Leon, Nicaragua, 307.

  Lepanto, 161, 390.

  Le Quesnoy taken, 321.

  Lerida, 191.

  Lesno, 390.

  Leuthen, 461.

  Levant, 88, 368.

  Lewistown, 138, 477.

  Lexington, battle, 157.

  Leyden, 246, 385.

  L'Hercule taken, 158.

  L'Iris and L'Amiable, 52.

  Licking river, 244.

  Liddel castle, 384.

  Liege, 96, 449.

  Ligny, 235.

  Lima taken, 18, 76, 294, 311, 430.

  Limerick, 385.

  Lincoln, 49.

  Lincoln, 197.

  Lisbon, 290, 445.

  Liscard, 32.

  Liscarrol, 346.

  Lisle, 409.

  Lissa, 461.

  Little Belt, 194.

  Little Egg harbor, 368.

  Little Somerda, 411.

  Lizard point, 393.

  Loar, 126.

  Loano, 445.

  Loche-Hatchee, 39.

  Lodi, 187.

  Logan's fort, 283.

  Long island, 27, 331, 341.

  Longroy, 332.

  Longomilla, 465.

  Longwood, 93.

  Loretto, 62.

  Los Cruces, 417.

  Loudown hill, 186.

  Louisbourg, 225, 236, 293.

  Louvain, 458, 481.

  Lowositz, 383.

  Lubec, 425.

  Lucania, 302.

  Lucca, revolution, 28.

  Luciensteig, 96.

  Lundy's lane, 292.

  Lutzen, 176, 426.

  Lydians and Medes, 380.

  Lyme, England, 228.

  Lyons, 392, 405.


  Maadie, 101.

  Maastricht, 428.

  Macedonia captured, 411.

  Maciejowice, 387.

  Mackinaw, 306, 324.

  Mackowieze, 395.

  Maclin, 270.

  Madagascar, 203.

  Madre de Dios, 303.

  Madrid, 155, 163, 191, 299, 318, 461.

  Mæsia, 158.

  Maestricht, 239.

  Magauga, 313.

  Magdeburg, 186, 427.

  Magicienne & Sybille, 30.

  Maida, 261.

  Mainz, 487.

  Makey destroyed, 148.

  Malaga, 55, 319.

  Malden taken, 378.

  Malolo destroyed, 292.

  Malone, 79.

  Malplaquet, 358.

  Malta, 74, 196, 228, 230, 273.

  Manchester, Va., 173.

  Mangalore, 84, 97.

  Manheim, 91, 446.

  Manilla taken, 389.

  Mans, 469.

  Mantua, 50, 189, 295.

  Marathon, 378.

  Marc Antony, 150.

  Marchfeld, 337.

  Marchiennes, 299.

  Marciano, 303.

  Marengo, 233.

  Marie, Yucatan, 183.

  Marientzel, 427.

  Marienwerder, 65.

  Marigalante, 92, 160.

  Marignano, 360.

  Marignon, 398.

  Marlborough, Mass., 118, 332.

  Marlborough, Vt., 249.

  Marque, letter of, 24.

  Marseilles, 334, 386.

  Marston Moor, 258.

  Martelli, 75.

  Martello, tower, 62.

  Martigne, 462.

  Martinico, 248.

  Martinique, 53, 67, 265.

  Matagorda fort, 163.

  Maubege, 400.

  Maypu, 136.

  M'Cowan's ford, 48.

  Meaux, 186.

  Medfield, 78, 82.

  Melienydd, 229.

  Mequienza, 224.

  Menagerie ship taken, 469.

  Mendon, 275.

  Mentz, 287, 351, 416.

  Mery burnt, 80.

  Messina, 60, 350.

  Metz siege raised, 484.

  Mexican brig, 155.

  Mexico, 211, 212, 247, 256, 259, 318, 427, 481, 482.

  Miami, 329, 382, 423.

  Micanopy, 225.

  Michilimackinac, 281.

  Mignano, 194.

  Miguel defeated, 259.

  Milan taken, 191.

  Miller's hill, 445.

  Millesimo, 148, 150.

  Milliduse, 258.

  Miltau entered, 376.

  Mincio, 438.

  Minden, 300.

  Minerva and Warwick, 37.

  Minisink, 287, 289.

  Minorca, 55, 238, 327.

  Miranda's squadron, 168.

  Mire and Swierza, 226.

  Mire, 228.

  Mississinewa, 475.

  Missolonghi, 19, 161.

  Mistic, fort, 206.

  Mobile, 100, 360.

  Mocha, 34.

  Mohatz, 340.

  Mohawk castles, 27, 57.

  Mohawks invaded, 361.

  Mohringen, 40.

  Molino del Rey, 354.

  Molwitz, 145.

  Mongal, 299.

  Monk's Corner, 150.

  Monmouth, 251.

  Montebello, 226.

  Monte di Sivaro, 91.

  Montenotte, 143.

  Montereau, 74.

  Monterey, 371, 372, 373, 405.

  Montevideo, 52, 251.

  Montezuma captured, 171.

  Montmirail, 64, 69.

  Montreal, 293, 352, 432.

  Montreuil siege, 361.

  Montserrat, 80.

  Mons, 138, 396.

  Moors and English, 368.

  Moors, 246, 306.

  Moor's creek bridge, 86.

  Moorsfield, 342.

  Morat, 243.

  Moravian town, 389.

  Morella, 327.

  Morgarten, 464.

  Morgiana, captured, 376.

  Mormons, 415.

  Morocco, 57, 65.

  Moro fort stormed, 298.

  Morristown revolt, 10, 34.

  Mortimer's cross, 48, 49.

  Moscow burnt, 192, 362, 405.

  Moskwa, 391.

  Moultan, 15, 351, 362.

  Mount Hope, 216.

  Mount William, 20.

  Mud fort, 427.

  Mulhausen, 162, 487, 490.

  Munda, 105.

  Murza, 378.

  Musgrove's mills, 326.

  Mutina, 150.

  Mycale, 371.


  Naarden, 36.

  Namur, 248, 373.

  Nangis, 72.

  Nankin taken, 110.

  Nantucket, 135.

  Naples, 11, 38, 69, 190, 249, 265.

  Napoli di Romania, 469.

  Narragansett, 259, 282, 477.

  Narva, 329, 454, 468.

  Narvaez defeated, 207.

  Naseby, 232.

  Nase of Norway, 240.

  Nasielsk, 483.

  Natchez, 75.

  Natonebi, 94.

  Nautilus, 254, 284.

  Navarette, 131.

  Navarino, 406.

  Navy island evacuated, 27.

  Naxos, 320.

  Naxus, 368.

  Necessity frigate captured, 78.

  Neerwinden, 107, 297.

  Negapatam, 430.

  Negombo, 55.

  Neumark, 114.

  Nevil's cross, 402.

  Nevis, 26, 67.

  Newark, 112, 467.

  New Brunswick, 244.

  Newberry, 413.

  Newbury, 369.

  Newcastle taken, 404.

  New Haven entered, 262.

  New Jersey, 298, 471.

  New Orleans, 11, 20, 21, 23, 487.

  Newport siege raised, 331, 411.

  Newport, surprise, 270.

  New Providence, 92.

  New York passed, 60, 217, 278, 298, 338, 363, 448.

  New Valentia, 318.

  Nezib, 247.

  Niagara, 206, 290.

  Nianticks, war with, 369.

  Nicaragua & Costa Rica, 99.

  Nicaragua recruits, 143.

  Nice besieged, 191, 313.

  Nicola Mole, 408.

  Nicomedia, 80.

  Nicopolis, 378.

  Niemen passed, 247.

  Niesse, 215.

  Nieuwpoort, 282.

  Nieuwpoort taken, 427.

  Nieve, 466, 467, 468.

  Nile, battle of, 301.

  Ninety six, 91, 239.

  Nineveh, 456.

  Nisbeth, 182.

  Nijmegen, 468.

  Noddle's Island, 208, 212.

  Nollendorf, 342.

  Nordlingen, 304.

  Norfolk, 10, 187, 259, 471.

  Norham castle, 328.

  Norkettin, 342.

  Norman fleet, 149.

  Norridgewock, 317.

  North Allerton, 331.

  Northampton, 102, 270.

  North Carolina, 289.

  North Point, 358.

  Norwalk, 267.

  Nottingham, 331.

  Nova Scotia, 106.

  Novi, 321.

  Novoleski, 287.

  Number Four, 133.

  Nuncas Nullus, 302.

  Nymegen, 407, 426, 468.


  Ocana, 441.

  Oczakow, 474.

  Ocracoke, 275.

  Odessa, 162.

  Œsuvian fields, 87.

  Ogdensburgh, 79, 80, 385, 387, 429, 439.

  Ogeeche, 382.

  Old fort, 368.

  Oltenitza, 424.

  Oneglia, 138.

  Onondaga invaded, 306.

  Onondaga destroyed, 157.

  Onore, 17.

  Ontario, lake, 315.

  Oporto taken, 124, 189.

  Orangeburgh, 188.

  Orcha evacuated, 443.

  Oriva, 225.

  Orleans, siege, 184, 397.

  Orthes, 86.

  Ostenburg taken, 23.

  Ostend, 125, 198, 253, 371, 427.

  Ostrolenka, 70, 206.

  Ostrovna, 292.

  Oswegatchie, 314.

  Oswego, 182, 241, 276, 320, 383.

  Otterbourne, 298.

  Otter creek, 191.

  Otumba, 265.

  Oudenarde, 271.

  Ouiattanons, 330.

  Oulart Hill, 208.

  Ouschatch, 410.

  Oyster bay, 226.

  Oyster river, 282.


  Pago Largo, 127.

  Palatine bridge, 405.

  Pallas captured, 293.

  Palma Nuova, 108.

  Palo Alto, 185.

  Paniput, 159.

  Passamaquoddy, 272.

  Para sacked, 333.

  Paria, gulf of, 72, 304.

  Paris surrendered, 126, 127, 148, 254.

  Parma, 253.

  Parmesans, 363.

  Passa Cavallo, 121.

  Passaic crossed, 452.

  Passaro, 312.

  Patriots, Canadian, 449.

  Patuxet, 120.

  Paulus Hook, 283.

  Pavia, 81.

  Pavonia, 83.

  Peacock, 83, 416.

  Peekskill, 114.

  Pequods exterminated, 274.

  Peipus, 135.

  Pelican and Argus, 321.

  Pellingen, 311.

  Penguin captured, 115.

  Penmarks, 96.

  Pennsylvania line revolt, 10.

  Penobscot, 290, 321.

  Pensacola, 53, 185, 427.

  Pentland hills, 450.

  Permacoli, 366.

  Pernambuco, 26.

  Persian lost, 253.

  Persian sovereignty, 398.

  Perth taken, 302.

  Petapsco, 153.

  Petersburgh, Va., 165, 173.

  Peterswalde, 84.

  Peterwaradein, 307.

  Petropaulowski, 155, 201, 341, 343.

  Pettick's Island, 213.

  Pfullendorf, 111.

  Pharsalia, 188.

  Philadelphia taken, 347, 376, 377, 418.

  Philadelphia frigate, 70.

  Philiphaugh, 360.

  Philippi, 413.

  Philip's manor burnt, 439.

  Phocis taken, 207.

  Piave, 100.

  Pichinca, 204.

  Piedmontese defeated, 294.

  Piedmontaise, 97.

  Pietra Nera, 69.

  Pigeon island, 62.

  Pigott captured, 416.

  Pigwacket, 184.

  Pinckney field, 466.

  Pindenissum, siege, 419.

  Pinkey, 356.

  Pirna, 401.

  Pittsburgh evacuated, 447.

  Placentia, 219, 234.

  Plaissey, 245.

  Plantagenet, 290.

  Planter, 270, 305.

  Plassy, 55.

  Platæa, 140, 303, 371.

  Plattsburgh, 299, 351, 358, 446.

  Plowed hill, 337.

  Plymouth review, 163.

  Plymouth burnt, 188.

  Pocataligo, 151.

  Poder gun ship burnt, 79.

  Poictiers, 367, 403.

  Point Peter fort, 25, 221.

  Poland invaded, 56.

  Poles defeated, 282.

  Polish insurgents, 183.

  Pollentia, 122.

  Poltosk, 404, 405.

  Polyphemus and L'Uranie, 17.

  Pombal, 97.

  Pondicherry, 29, 333, 357, 389, 401.

  Pongoteague creek, 210.

  Pontefract, 89.

  Po passed, 199.

  Port au Paix, 63.

  Port-au-Prince, 22, 218.

  Port Louis, 96.

  Port Royal, 51, 117, 384, 388.

  Porto Bello, 443.

  Porto Cabello, 40.

  Porto Novo, 257.

  Portsmouth, N. C., 275.

  Portsmouth plain, 249.

  Portsmouth, 187.

  Portugal, 63, 132, 187, 332.

  Potidæa, 394.

  Poultneyville, 193.

  Powassin, 339.

  Praga, 127, 412, 423, 462.

  Prague, 180, 188, 239, 275.

  Pravadia, 195.

  Prentzlow, 415.

  Prescott, 426, 437.

  President frigate, 28.

  President and Swallow, 400.

  Presque isle, 235, 257.

  Preston, 434.

  Prestonpans, 370.

  Preussish Eylau, 59.

  Prince of Wales fort, 312.

  Princeton, 14, 24, 463.

  Prince Neufchatel, 487.

  Prisches, 167.

  Prome burnt, 357.

  Providence burnt, 123.

  Prussia campaign opened, 375.

  Prussian Poland, 58.

  Pruth, 302.

  Puebla, 132.

  Puffleck, 405.

  Pulaski's infantry, 400.

  Pultowa, 250, 267.

  Pultusk, 174, 485
    (see Poltosk).

  Punjaub, 480.

  Purgatory river, 166.

  Pursuit captured, 305.

  Putna, 298.

  Putnam captured, 428.

  Pydna, 243.

  Pyramids, 286.

  Pyrennes, 296, 299.


  Qualla Battoo, 58, 316.

  Quebec taken, 283, 324, 331, 360, 365, 367, 388, 428, 461, 490.

  Queenstown, 269, 398.

  Quiberon, 218, 222, 280.


  Raclawice, 133.

  Ragland castle, 327.

  Raisonable captured, 210.

  Raleigh frigate, 380.

  Ramilles, 203.

  Ramuggur, 445.

  Randolph frigate, 95.

  Ratisbon, 163.

  Rattlesnake taken, 272.

  Ravenna, 144.

  Red bank, 408.

  Redinha, 100.

  Reedsquair, 177.

  Reggio, 52.

  Regillum, 277.

  Rehoboth, 121.

  Reichenbach, 202.

  Reichenberg, 160.

  Reindeer captured, 252.

  Renchen, 252.

  Resaca de la Palma, 186.

  Retaliation taken, 443.

  Revance de Cerfe, 138.

  Revel, 190.

  Revolutionaire, 209.

  Richmond evacuated, 17, 208, 241.

  Richterswyl, 322.

  Rio Grande invaded, 283.

  Rio Pardo, 175.

  Riosecco, 277, 450.

  Rivas, 145, 252.

  Rivoli, 26, 78, 239.

  Rheims, 110, 279.

  Rhenen, 27.

  Rhine crossed, 412.

  Rhinefield, 420.

  Rhode Island taken, 463.

  Rhodes, island of, 9.

  Roanoke, 193.

  Rocky mount, 298.

  Rocroy, 198.

  Roer, victory on, 385.

  Rohilcund, 162.

  Roleia, 325.

  Rome, republicans repulsed, 171.

  Rome, 181, 252, 258, 259, 340, 406, 466, 474.

  Roman legion cut off, 302.

  Romish territories, 446.

  Ross defeated, 411.

  Rossega, 70.

  Rosetta surrendered, 140.

  Rossbach, 424.

  Rothweil, 136.

  Rotto Fredo, 312.

  Roucoux, 383.

  Rouen conquered, 214.

  Roussilon, 468.

  Routon heath, 412.

  Roveredo, 309.

  Royal George, 429.

  Royalton attacked, 401.

  Rudschuck, 351.

  Rumelia, 124.

  Russians, 55, 415.

  Russia and Sweden, 63.

  Russians and Turks, 240.

  Russian fleet, 285.

  Russian magazines, 366.

  Russian squadron, 336.

  Russian ships, 247.

  Russian Poland, 238.


  Saalfeld bridge, 395.

  Sababier, 270.

  Sabugal, 132.

  Sacketts harbor, 201, 210.

  Sag harbor, 204.

  Saguntum, 412.

  Saints islands, 143.

  Salamanca, 287, 403.

  Salamis, 328, 381, 406.

  Salamonde, 194.

  Salem stores, 85.

  Saltillo, 289.

  Samana taken, 22.

  Sambre, 204.

  Samo-Sierra, 457.

  San Antonio surrendered, 467.

  San Christoval, 77, 225.

  San Domingo, 118.

  Sand hills, 347.

  Sandwich, 211, 380.

  Sangershausen, 288.

  Sangrado, original of, 144.

  San Jacinto, 160.

  San Juan bombarded, 275.

  San Juan de Ulloa, 451.

  Santa Brigida, 403.

  Santa Catalina, 105.

  Santa Cruz, Teneriffe, 290.

  Santa Gertruyda, 464.

  Santa Martha, 327.

  Santarem, 93.

  Santa Rosa, 111.

  Santee, 411.

  Santissima Trinidad, 417.

  Santos Lugares, 52.

  Saracen defeat, 407.

  Saragossa, 45, 77, 93, 306, 312, 319, 486.

  Saranac, 356, 358.

  Saratoga and Morgiana, 376.

  Saratoga, surrender, 362, 402, 437.

  Sarbruck, 438.

  Savage sloop captured, 351.

  Savannah, 15, 200, 271, 315, 364, 487.

  Saxa Rubra, 414.

  Saybrook, 139.

  Schaffhausen, 148.

  Schaghticoke, 339.

  Scheldt fleet, 307.

  Schenectady, 59.

  Schleitz, 394.

  Schomberg and Hebe, 55.

  Schonvelt, 208.

  Schooners taken, 321.

  Schoumla, 229.

  Schuylkill, 363, 373.

  Schweidnitz, 58, 151, 383.

  Schwindelezzi, 322.

  Scorpion, 356.

  Scythopolis, 192.

  Seagull sunk, 240.

  Sebastopol, 107, 142, 175, 221, 223, 239, 271, 354, 403.

  Sedgemoore, 262.

  Sediman, 464.

  Selby, 144.

  Sempach, 268.

  Senecas, 245.

  Senegal taken, 275.

  Serapis captured, 373.

  Seringapatam, 136, 179, 204.

  Sestos, siege of, 108.

  Severndroog castle, 130.

  Seven oaks, 246.

  Shipton moor, 209.

  Shrewsbury, 286, 287.

  Sicily, 323.

  Sidi Khalef, 241.

  Siedlce, 142.

  Sieg, 199.

  Sienna, 160.

  Sierra Busaco, 378.

  Sierra Morena, 36.

  Sieverhausen, 225.

  Silesia, 406.

  Silistria, 195, 212, 255.

  Silva, J. B., 327.

  Simonstown, 276.

  Sinope, 455.

  Skeenesborough, 264.

  Sluys, 246, 337.

  Smithfield, 27.

  Smolensko, 325, 372, 432, 437.

  Smolianovo, 325, 326.

  Smolnya, 435.

  Sodus, 240.

  Soldau, 485.

  Solway moss, 448.

  Solnitz, 441.

  Sooloo forts, 88.

  Soraida, 469.

  Sorel, 233, 438.

  South Carolina invaded, 77.

  South river Swedes, 349.

  Southwark, 256.

  Southwold bay, 208.

  Spain against England, 114.

  Spain and England, 70.

  Spain against France, 221.

  Spain overrun, 397.

  Spandau, 219, 411.

  Spanish and Buenos Ayrean fleets, 191.

  Spanish colors, 105.

  Spanish fleet, 20, 29, 118, 136, 139, 209, 299, 397.

  Spanish galleon, 417.

  Spanish launch, 259.

  Spanish ships, 388.

  Spesutie, 170.

  Springfield, 40, 388.

  Springfield, N. J., 245.

  Spurs, 323.

  Squirrel and Pierre Joseph, 62.

  Stamford bridge, 375.

  Stamford, 101.

  Standtz, 354.

  Staroy-Borizoff, 449.

  Staten island, 272, 331, 344.

  Steenkerken, 304.

  Stillwater, 368, 390.

  Stirling taken, 306.

  Stirling bridge, 371.

  St. Albans, 71, 202.

  St. Antonio, 127.

  St. Antonio, 326.

  St. Anthony falls, 257.

  St. Bartholomews, 105, 111.

  St. Charles, Canada, 449.

  St. Christophers, 64.

  St. Dizier, 119, 324.

  St. Domingo, 57, 64, 96, 266, 454.

  St. Eustatia, 51.

  St. Fernando de Omoa, 401.

  St. Francis, 388.

  St. Gothard taken, 322.

  St. Helena taken, 129, 144, 181, 454.

  St. Jago, 153.

  St. Jago de Cuba, 135.

  St. Jean d'Acre, 107, 111, 130, 167, 186, 190, 199, 208, 422.

  St. John's island, 63.

  St. Johns, 238, 306, 366, 422.

  St. Leonard's creeks, 249.

  St. Lorenzo, 116.

  St. Lucia, 131, 228, 473, 476.

  St. Maloes, 259.

  St. Malo, explosion, 368.

  St. Marie, 134.

  St. Martins, 71.

  St. Mary's tower, 25.

  St. Michael fort carried, 314.

  St. Neots, 265.

  St. Philip fort, 21.

  St. Quintin, 313.

  St. Salvador, 158.

  St. Sebastian, 343.

  St. Vincent, 29, 68, 81, 228, 238.

  Stockach, 117.

  Stoke, 220, 234.

  Stolhoffen, 201.

  Stonington, 313, 382.

  Stony Point, 213, 280.

  Stono-ferry, 241.

  Stowe, 113.

  Strasburg, 453.

  Stratton, 181.

  Street's creek, 261.

  Strelitz, 418.

  Strouli, 240.

  Sturgis's cove, 231.

  Subtle schooner sunk, 453.

  Success frigate, 66.

  Sudbury attacked, 155.

  Sugarloaf hill, 335.

  Sullivan's island, 234, 251, 474.

  Surajah Dowla defeated, 245.

  Surcoign, 195.

  Surinam river, 99.

  Surinam ship, 463.

  Surinam, 170, 329.

  Svartholm, 261.

  Swallow captured, 400.

  Swanzey, 246.

  Swedes on Delaware, 349.

  Swedish and Russian fleets, 217, 261.

  Switzerland invaded, 19, 200.

  Syracuse, 311, 490.

  Syria, 87.


  Tagliamento, 105.

  Tagus blockaded, 445.

  Taillebourg, 283.

  Talavera, 295, 296.

  Tallegada, 428.

  Tamaraca, 24.

  Tamarand and Defence, 432.

  Tametivi, 74.

  Tampa bay, 487.

  Tampico, surrender, 359, 455.

  Tangier, 177.

  Tangiers attacked, 388.

  Tapanooly, 147.

  Tappan surprised, 379.

  Tariffa, 17, 490.

  Tarleton's dragoons, 66.

  Tarqui, 86.

  Tarragona, 210, 252.

  Tauffers, 134.

  Tavoy taken, 356.

  Tchatchovo, 452.

  Tchasniki, 418.

  Tchernaya, 324.

  Telemaque captured, 239.

  Ten-mile creek, 268.

  Terlepe, 187.

  Terrible privateer, 482.

  Tewkesbury, 179.

  Texas, 358.

  Texans defeated, 481.

  Texel, 315.

  Thames captured, 212.

  Thames, 388.

  Thassus, 140.

  Thebes demolished, 327.

  Thermopylæ, 309.

  Thessaly, ships to be searched, 142.

  Thiel, 21.

  Thorn taken, 463.

  Thrasymene, 245.

  Three kings' battle, 306.

  Thuringia, 224.

  Ticonderoga, 186, 264, 267, 293, 294, 367.

  Tiel taken, 15.

  Tiger captured, 189.

  Tigress captured, 356.

  Tigris, Alex. crossed, 368.

  Tinchebrai, 377.

  Tippecanoe, 426, 465.

  Tirlemont, 103, 282, 400.

  Tlascala entered, 372.

  Tobago, 216, 442.

  Tobasco, 101, 411.

  Toledo defended, 412.

  Tolosa, 229, 279.

  Tomahawk and Bulwark, 37.

  Tombio, 200.

  Tom's river blockhouse, 116.

  Topaz captured, 36.

  Torgau, 422.

  Tortona, 358.

  Tortosa surrendered, 11.

  Toulon, 99, 209, 476, 477.

  Toulouse, 143, 272.

  Tournay, 187, 197, 380, 427.

  Townsend packet taken, 446.

  Towton, 123.

  Trafalgar, 407.

  Trebia, 233, 237, 238, 240.

  Trenton, 12, 84, 484.

  Trespasser captured, 209.

  Trevers, 167.

  Trieste, 114.

  Trincomalee, 17, 337, 347.

  Trinidad, 74.

  Tripoli, 70, 226, 292, 304, 309, 310, 333, 336, 341, 359.

  Tripolitan gun boats, 287.

  Tristan d'Acunha, 53.

  Trois Rivieres, 224.

  Troy taken by Greeks, 164, 227.

  Troyes, 41, 52, 93, 124.

  Trumbull frigate, 315.

  Tubberneering, 218.

  Tudela, 446.

  Tulliangus, 394.

  Tunis, 291.

  Tunisian corsair, 208.

  Turin, 352.

  Turk and Russian ships, 171, 199, 201, 262, 302, 334.

  Turk's island, 214.

  Turkey invaded, 258.

  Turkheim, 16.

  Turkish frigate, 266.

  Turner's falls, 196.

  Tuscarora village burnt, 477.

  Tuspan, 104.

  Tyre taken, 328.


  Uleaborg, 215.

  Ulm, 399, 402.

  U. S. and British fleets, 358.

  U. S. and Gt. Britain, 238.

  U. States ag. England, 114.

  United Irishmen, 204, 205.

  U. S. and Macedonia, 411.

  U. S. and Algiers, 92.

  Unroomster, 43.

  Utah Indians, 172.

  Utrecht, 29, 31, 248.


  Valladolid, 218.

  Valliant and Cannoniere, 52.

  Valencia, 21, 252.

  Valenciennes, 106, 281, 338.

  Valentia de Alcantara, 337.

  Valetta, 226, 349, 367, 411.

  Valmy, 369.

  Valois seized, 322.

  Varna, 429.

  Vauchamp, 68.

  Vendeans defeated, 167, 402.

  Vengeance privateer, 482.

  Venice invaded, 178, 189, 213, 239, 332.

  Venlo, 314, 411.

  Venus captured, 293.

  Vera Cruz, 98, 301, 451, 462.

  Veraya, 395.

  Verneuil, 323.

  Verona, 119, 125, 182, 377.

  Verplank's point, 216.

  Vessels captured, 80.

  Veteran, 324.

  Vicogne, 184.

  Vienna, 189, 275, 282, 359, 360, 396, 401, 403, 409, 415, 434.

  Viga, 224.

  Vigilant taken, 200.

  Vigo, 396.

  Villa Visciosa, 453.

  Ville de Milan, 81.

  Villalar, 160.

  Villaret's plantation, 482.

  Villers Coterets, 252.

  Villingen, 136.

  Vimiera, 330.

  Vinegar hill, 243.

  Vique, 88.

  Virgin bay, 347.

  Virginia colony massacre, 120.

  Vitry, 41, 52.

  Vittoria, 243.

  Vixen captured, 445.

  Vixen and Narcissus, 30.

  Volage, la, 141.

  Volsci conquered, 236.


  Waal crossed, 15, 24, 26.

  Wachtendonk, 115.

  Wagram, 264.

  Wahab's house, 370.

  Wakefield, 200, 490.

  Wakefield green, 482.

  Wales, descent on, 80.

  Wallah wallah, 454.

  Wandewash, 35.

  Warburgh, 299.

  Warsaw, 84, 154, 282, 353, 452, 454.

  Wartenburg, 385.

  Warwick and Rotterdam, 17.

  Warwick, R. I., 106.

  Washington burnt, 165, 335, 336.

  Wasp and Atalanta, 371.

  Wasp and Avon, 345.

  Wasp and Frolic, 305, 403.

  Wateree, 322, 326.

  Waterloo, 238.

  Waxhaws, 210.

  Wayne defeated, 379.

  Wayne surprised, 370.

  Wazenau, 411.

  Weissenburg, 363, 398.

  Wells, Me., 226.

  Westham, Va., 18.

  West Indies, 204.

  Wexford massacre, 397.

  Weymouth, 83.

  Whitemarsh, 460.

  White Plains, 415, 416.

  Whitsell's mill, 95.

  Wiazma, 422.

  Wigoya, 280.

  Willett defeated British, 411.

  William Henry capit., 312.

  Williamsburg, 260, 431.

  Williamson's plantation, 273.

  Williamstad, 362.

  Williamstadt, 288.

  Wilmington, 185, 359.

  Wilna, 316, 468.

  Winnebago Indians, 130.

  Withlacoochie, 491.

  Wittenberg, 186.

  Worcester, 346, 373.

  Wurzburg, 347.

  Wynnendale, 379.


  Ximena, 367.


  Ydria, 114.

  York, 40, 168, 185, 262, 299, 366.

  Yorktown, 393, 399, 401, 402, 405.

  Ypres, 117, 237.

  Yucatan, 283.

  Yungay, 34.


  Zafra, 61.

  Zama, 404.

  Zehuacingo, 345.

  Zentha, 344.

  Zielime, 237.

  Zittau bombarded, 288.

  Znaim, 271.

  Zorndorf, 336.

  Zullechan, 274.

  Zurich, 13, 376.




GENERAL INDEX.


  Abbeys seized, 299.

  Abbots of unreason, 9.

  Abolition riots in New York, 271.

  Aboukir bay, arrival of British, 96.

  Abyssinian phenomenon, 438.

  Acadie, 24, 356, 422, 428.

  Acadians, 334.

  Acapulco, earthquake, 461.

  Adultery, punishment for, 410.

  Acta Eruditorum, 129.

  Actress, first, 464.

  Addison's library sold, 208.

  Advance and Rescue frozen in, 361.

  Adriatic launched, 140.

  Adventure discovery ship, 276.

  Adventurer, 426.

  Ærostats, French, 373.

  Afghanistan war closed, 384.

  Africa, Park's expedition, 458.

  African crusade, 429;
    farmer, 220.

  Agricultural fair at Paris, 225.

  Aix la Chapelle relics, 281.

  Alabama admitted, 461;
    historical society, 268;
    tornado, 194.

  Alancho, volcano at, 72.

  Albany, atmospheric phenomena, 30;
    great fire, 325;
    canal celebration, 421;
    church, corner stone, 216;
    city incorporated, 287;
    comet, 465;
    congress, 232, 239, 260, 271;
    convention, 374;
    Daily Advertiser, 228;
    emigration, 87;
    expedition to China, 476;
    first daily paper, 376;
    first newspaper, 422;
    first steamboat, 384;
    first theatre, 259;
    Hudson at, 370;
    Indian alliance, 232;
    made capital of N. Y., 98;
    recruits sent to, 67;
    and Schenectady rail road, 360;
    sloop lost, 380;
    wintered Braddock's army, 392.

  Albay, eruption, 49.

  Albion college burnt, 15.

  Alcazaba destroyed, 26.

  Alchemy prohibited, 25.

  Alcuin's Bible, 169.

  Ale, remarkable drinker, 454.

  Aleppo dest. by earthquake, 319.

  Alexandria canal, 148, 360;
    hail storm, 222.

  Algerine barque, 94;
    captives, 86, 254, 273;
    cruiser blown up, 215;
    pink, 435.

  Algiers, dey of, 34;
    earthquake, 414;
    slavery abolished, 340;
    great storm, 414;
    reduced, 205.

  Alien bill, 15;
    and sedition law, 276.

  Aliens required to report, 58.

  Alleghany county erected, 139.

  Allgemeine Zeitung, 354.

  Alliance, mutiny on, 125.

  Almanacs, stationers co., 51;
    Wallachian, 11.

  Almoravides dynasty, 251.

  Alphonsine tables, 211.

  Alps tunneled, 268.

  Alton Observer, 427.

  Alum mines discovered, 438;
    in Ireland, 408.

  Amalgamation, 162.

  Amazon river explored, 187;
    ship lost, 25.

  Ambassador, first to U. S., 308;
    rencontre, 381.

  Ambrosian library, 371.

  America, charter of discovery, 228;
    early coasted, 267;
    first battle ship, 424.

  American army destitute, 477, 482;
    disbanded, 403;
    force of, 225;
    Bible society, 196;
    circumnavigation, first, 313;
    colors, 57;
    confederation, 199;
    daughters of liberty, 231;
    emigration sanctioned, 152;
    expedition to Japan, 260;
    flag, 233;
    forces 1777, 416;
    loss by war of revolution, 157;
    loyalists benefit, 224;
    ministers at Paris, 112;
    navy, 470;
    philosophical society, 205;
    ports blockaded, 126;
    prisoners in England, 23;
    prisoners starved, 314;
    seamen impressed, 479;
    vessels confiscated, 479;
    shipping embargoed, 176;
    territory, patent, 421;
    vessels seized at Naples, 13;
    vessels excluded, 284;
    vessels captured by Algerines, 86;
    voyages, octroy, 120;
    war, opponent, 258;
    Weekly Mercury, 480.

  Americans sent home from Spain, 102.

  Amsterdam bank, 55;
    sluices opened, 248;
    theatre burnt, 195.

  Ammunition seized at Boston, 108.

  Anglo Norman steamer, 471.

  Angola slave contract, 356.

  Angora goats introduced, 295.

  Annie Jane wrecked, 380.

  Antarctic continent discovered, 33.

  Antelope wrecked, 314.

  Antelope wrecked, 432.

  Antigua slave insurrection, 111;
    hurricane at, 331.

  Antioch degraded, 113;
    earthquake, 199;
    sedition, 85.

  Antiquaries, soc. Edinburgh, 476.

  Anti-rent outrages, 335.

  Antium conference, 248.

  Apparel reformed, 182.

  Apprentices not to read Bible, 28.

  Apollo, Thracian colossus, 489.

  Apulia earthquake in, 299.

  Arctic expedition, 188.

  Arctic expedition, 2d American, 213.

  Arctic expedition in search of Dr. Kane, 213.

  Argonaut expedition, 284.

  Ark, covering removed, 364;
    dove sent from, 295;
    entered, 412;
    grounded, 124;
    rested, 135;
    window opened, 285.

  Arkansas admitted, 234;
    river, first steamer, 175.

  Arian heresy, 226.

  Arica, earthquake at, 392.

  Arithmetical prodigy, 91.

  Armed neutrality, 67, 474.

  Armenian era, 268.

  Army pay of, 305.

  Arquebusiers, 243.

  Arrow found in new forest, 362.

  Artist's wages, 107.

  Ashmolean museum, 192.

  Assassination plot discovered, 67.

  Assignats issued, 447;
    issued in France, 107.

  Assize of Jerusalem, 421.

  Asteroid discovered, 138, 389;
    39th discovered, 60;
    40th discovered, 113.

  Astor house riot, 187;
    library opened, 22.

  Astronomy, history of, 22.

  Athenian democracy restored, 316.

  Athens census, 45;
    revolution, 363;
    storm at, 413.

  Atlantic gale, 386;
    passage, speedy, 321;
    sailed, 169;
    steamer, first, 202;
    steam boat sunk, 329;
    steamer, first, 241.

  Atmospheric substance fell, 96.

  Auburn prison opened, 345.

  Augsburg confession, 113, 233;
    diet, decree, 440;
    rule of faith, 192.

  Augusta submerged, 208.

  Aurora Borealis, 45, 72, 80, 434, 439, 475;
    first in England, 94;
    ship rescued, 53.

  Australia colonized, 34.

  Austria declared against England, 74;
    peace with France, 156.

  Austrian constitution, 94;
    emperor assaulted, 74;
    Netherlands ceded, 443;
    possessions annexed to France, 380.

  Auto-da-fé, last, 429.

  Ava king's carriage, 356.

  Avenches antiquities, 377.


  Bagnes overwhelmed, 235.

  Bahama isles discovered, 396.

  Balder's Död, 106.

  Ball of fire fell, 116.

  Ballad singers to be seized, 470.

  Balloon ascension, 21, 141, 219, 456.

  Balloon accident, 189;
    disaster, 36;
    first English, 348, 363;
    military, 373;
    first ascent by Rozier, 400;
    journey, 427;
    new gas for, 432.

  Baltic canal, 191;
    fleet fitted out, 134;
    rivers blockaded, 249.

  Baltimore, congress at, 469;
    magazines seized, 165.

  Bank failure in London, 235;
    first at Albany, 281;
    first in America, 19;
    first in Conn., 233;
    of England, 57;
    of England suspension, 86;
    of England vend lottery tickets, 151;
    of England charter, 294;
    of England begun, 304;
    of England resumed, 466;
    of North America, 206;
    paper reduced, 77;
    U. S. charter expired, 93;
    U. S. discounted, 478.

  Banks suspended, 56, 187;
    in U. States, 356.

  Banking law of New York, 156.

  Bans last published in Mass., 161.

  Barbadoes conspiracy, 431;
    destroyed, 316;
    hurricane, 84;
    slaves landed, 423.

  Barbers not to receive fees, 179.

  Barcelona artisans, 128.

  Barebones parliament, 260, 469.

  Barometer inventor, 400.

  Baronets, order instituted, 201.

  Barratarian pirates pardoned, 58.

  Barrow's straits rediscovered, 305.

  Barva island wreck, 380.

  Basket maker, feat of, 406.

  Bastile, corner stone laid, 160;
    destroyed, 276;
    sold, 452.

  Bassigni church fell, 362.

  Batavian assembly installed, 92;
    republic, 41, 193, 403.

  Bath, Eng., burnt, 250;
    military order of, 13;
    theatre burned, 199.

  Bavaria, king of, 11.

  Bayonets first used, 374.

  Beaver grounds surrendered, 283.

  Beechey frozen in, 332.

  Beethoven's statue, 90.

  Beggars opera, proceeds, 477.

  Begging friars suppressed, 454.

  Belgian congress dissolved, 153;
    king, 269.

  Belgium, independence, 387;
    king of, 52, 286.

  Bell at Moscow raised, 306.

  Bellemont arrived as gov., 130.

  Benares, assassination at, 26.

  Benedictine monk records, 312.

  Bengal revenues, 318;
    newspaper, 34.

  Beni Umeggah, 381.

  Bennington settled, 117.

  Bequest, singular, 54, 364.

  Bergemoletto overwhelmed, 109.

  Bergen, fire at, 34.

  Berlin academy of sciences, 11;
    conspiracy, 124;
    decree, 444;
    revolutionary, 433;
    tumult, 233.

  Bermuda, Indian college, 26.

  Bermudas, English wrecked on, 202.

  Berytus overthrown, 268.

  Bewitching, case of, 133.

  Bible of Alcuin, 169, 456;
    distributers in prison, 412;
    of Faust and Schoeffer, 135;
    first whole, 386, 387;
    for French clergy, 406;
    Genevan, 141;
    permitted to be read, 433;
    permitted in England, 470;
    petition to read, 224;
    prohibited, 28, 448;
    renounced at Edinburgh, 207;
    Scottish decree, 406;
    society, origin of, 96;
    societies prohibited, 253, 482;
    translation permitted, 87;
    versions prohibited, 231;
    vulgate adopted, 140.

  Bibliotheca Hispania, 148.

  Billerica, British punishment at, 96.

  Bills of credit, 244;
    in Maryland, 293.

  Biloxi, gale, 368.

  Birch creek reservoir dest., 187.

  Birmingham riots, 276.

  Birth at advanced age, 185.

  Bishop's Bible, 310;
    first, 316;
    resumed seats, 442.

  Blackfriars bridge, 418;
    church fell, 67.

  Black hole dungeon, 238;
    prince died, 223;
    sea, tempest, 434;
    sea opened to Americans, 155;
    smith killed, 157;
    Warrior seized, 88.

  Blackwood's Magazine, 132, 462.

  Blood, circulation, 221, 406;
    hounds, 254.

  Blue Ridge, explosion, 20.

  Bodleian library, 283, 427.

  Bohemian king died, 453.

  Boiling to death, 70.

  Bombs first used, 115.

  Bomb vessels first used, 414.

  Bona, explosion at, 45.

  Bonaparte dynasty, attempt to subvert, 416
    (see Napoleon).

  Bonapartes banished, 114.

  Bonhill field surveyed, 488.

  Bonnet-Carré crevasse, 488.

  Book, first English, 368;
    first in England, 474;
    of Sports burnt, 180.

  Books burnt, 237;
    denounced by pope, 115;
    immoral burnt, 207;
    of prophecy destroyed, 98;
    to be burnt, 399.

  Booksellers, 464;
    fined, 184.

  Boonsborough begun, 129.

  Border feud, last between Eng. and Scot., 177.

  Bosia village sunk, 140.

  Boston, cholera, 425;
    conflagration, 271;
    conflagration, 298;
    customs protected, 379;
    customs enforced, 234;
    deaths, 490;
    declared war against Dutch, 208;
    epidemic, 228;
    evacuated, 106;
    first church, 338;
    first general court, 404;
    first minister, 310;
    first steamer from England, 217;
    first theater, 324;
    Gazette, 479;
    harbor castle burnt, 112;
    houses used for firewood, 471;
    invested, 233;
    mail, 466;
    martial law, 230;
    massacre, 94;
    negro excitement, 216;
    News Letter, 133, 154, 164;
    non-importation agreement, 300;
    port closed, 126;
    port closed, 214;
    post to N. Y., 467;
    printing office burnt, 365;
    public library, 366;
    records burnt, 482;
    riot, 207, 226, 337;
    schooner boarded, 267;
    settled, 230;
    storm, 394;
    temperature, great change, 290;
    training day, 352;
    tumult, 438.

  Bostonians surrendered arms, 168.

  Botany bay abandoned, 58;
    product, 348;
    theatre, 29.

  Bottle conjuror, 29;
    large glass, 23.

  Bounty mutineers, 38, 170, 385, 416.

  Bourbon-les-bains, 362.

  Bourbons restoration, 147.

  Boy bishop, 463.

  Braddock's army, remains, 391.

  Brandenburg settlements, 43.

  Brandon dest. by hurricane, 34.

  Brazil, arrival of Portuguese, 96;
    discovered, 162, 164;
    first rail road, 173;
    independence, 397;
    revolution, 138;
    royal immigration, 453;
    separate kingdom, 472.

  Bread, fine prohibited, 46;
    scarce in Paris, 107.

  Breadstuffs, dearth of, 278.

  Breast of female on thigh, 220.

  Bremen barque Favorite sunk, 170.

  Bridge fell at Puerto Santo, 84.

  Brissotine party accused, 215.

  Bristol dissenters protected, 450;
    sassafras at, 142;
    riot, 382, 416.

  Britannia, quick trip, 321.

  British authors petition for copy right, 49;
    Bible society, 96;
    cut canal in Egypt, 148;
    colonies, peace commissioners, 181;
    enlistments, 211;
    excluded Portugal, 406;
    fishing grounds, 263;
    fleet reviewed, 163;
    in France prisoners, 205;
    goods burned, 413;
    goods excluded, 166;
    goods excluded Russian ports, 130;
    intercourse interdicted, 258;
    merchandise burnt, 405;
    minister debarred, 427;
    minister, rupture with, 107;
    museum, 14, 21, 23, 135;
    national debt, 17;
    national gallery, 37;
    officers confined, 55;
    order to capture vessels, 224;
    orders in council, 98, 431;
    parliament, first, 50, 409;
    passed the Dardanelles, 76;
    plot to massacre, 363;
    prince regent, 58;
    prohibit French trade, 19;
    queen visited France, 327;
    slaves emancipated, 301;
    slave trade, 63;
    thanksgiving for peace, 266;
    vessels lost, 146.

  Broadswords prohibited, 290.

  Brooklyn, first white child, 225;
    first daily, 91;
    street preaching riot, 218.

  Broom at mast head, 453.

  Broome county erected, 119;
    organized, 190.

  Broussa, earthquake, 145.

  Brown university, 378.

  Bruges canal sluices destroyed, 198.

  Brunswick Wolfenbuttel plot, 482.

  Brussels insurrection, 336;
    palace burnt, 40.

  Bucharest, earthquake at, 40.

  Buffalo canal celebration, 416;
    first daily paper, 11;
    first newspaper, 385;
    first steam boat, 420;
    gale, 404;
    and Niagara rail road, 338;
    riot, 275.

  Bull against Luther, 466;
    feast at Rome, 346.

  Bunker hill monument laid, 237.

  Burdett's budget, 138.

  Burial in highway, 101;
    in the sea, 199.

  Burlington, quaker meeting, 251.

  Burned, last person in Spain, 426.

  Burning mirror, 142;
    for murder in Eng., 129;
    for poisoning, 316;
    spears, 45.

  Burr's conspiracy, 42.


  Cabal, Charles's, 144.

  Cabo de Cruz, 197.

  Cade's rebellion, 175.

  Cadiz ladies society, 403.

  Cæsar's victories, games for, 285.

  Caithness, veteran, 49.

  Calabria, earthquake, 55.

  Calamaran, experiment, 364.

  Calamity, day of, 56.

  Caledonian canal opened, 417.

  Calendar of Hesiod, 34.

  Calicut visited by De Gama, 201.

  California admitted, 353;
    constitution, 343;
    gold, first, 465;
    lower, expedition, 403.

  Callyhougham, 73.

  Calpe, rock of, 172.

  Caloric ship Ericson, 24.

  Calton hill observatory, 287.

  Calvin's books burnt, 67.

  Calvinists assaulted, 89;
    at Prague, 188.

  Cambray, league of, 466.

  Cameronians hanged, 40.

  Canada, commission to conquer, 24;
    dark day, 401;
    expedition against, 228;
    memorial to annex, 395;
    Roman bishop sent to, 300;
    union, 63
    (see New France).

  Canadian giant, 88.

  Canal boat at New York, 423;
    Bridgewater, 112;
    celebration, 413;
    com. report, 93;
    in England, 236;
    opened in England, 276;
    in France, 268;
    opened in Wales, 66.

  Canals of New York, 53.

  Candia ruins sold, 316.

  Canicular cycle, 284.

  Cannon, American, 198;
    used by Turks, 63.

  Canterbury, first archbishop, 206.

  Canterno lake disappeared, 290.

  Cape Cod descried by Pilgrims, 428;
    discovered, 192.

  Cape Francois massacre, 241.

  Cape Good Hope doubled, 442.

  Cape Horn discovered, 46.

  Capetans restored, 153.

  Capetown, earthquake, 224.

  Capital punishment abolished, 306;
    restored in France, 209.

  Capital at Washington laid, 367.

  Captain Right, oath to obey, 46.

  Capuchins expelled, 449.

  Carbonari revolution, 15.

  Carguairazo volcano, 241.

  Caribbean islands granted, 215.

  Carlton vault discovered, 347.

  Caroline, steam boat, 489;
    burning of the, 42.

  Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia, 11.

  Carriage, Ava state, 356.

  Carterhaugh foot ball, 462.

  Carucueria island, 423.

  Cassiopeia discovered, 431.

  Castleton, Hudson at, 366.

  Catacombs at Paris, 139.

  Catagogia festival, 36.

  Catania, earthquake, 53;
    olives destroyed, 335.

  Catholic aggregate meeting, 328;
    prayers for Geo. III, 478;
    procession, 398;
    relief bill, 145.

  Catholics assault Calvinists, 89.

  Cathay, expedition to, 29.

  Cattaraugus county erected, 99.

  Catskill mountains discovered, 363.

  Caxton's first book, 126;
    printing office burnt, 58.

  Cayahoza released, 362.

  Cayroes, estoddfod of bards, 206.

  Cayuga bridge finished, 348;
    county, 96;
    land sold, 85;
    and Seneca canal, 436.

  Cecilia of Miss Burney, 19.

  Cenis crossed, 252.

  Censorship, abolition of, 108.

  Central American volcanoes, 56, 72;
    steamer, 359.

  Ceres discovered, 11.

  Ceylon insurrection, 324.

  Chain bridge, first, 283.

  Chalcedon œcumenical council, 391.

  Chalchiucuechan, Cortez at, 159.

  Chamouni burnt, 285.

  Champlain canal, 154, 397, 447.

  Chancery court, N. Y., 346.

  Chaplain abused, 319.

  Chaplains first appointed, 256.

  Charged cloud, 316.

  Charity schools in England, 117.

  Charles Bartlett sunk, 251.

  Charles I delivered up by Scots, 45;
    equestrian statue, 45.

  Charles II, statue, 474.

  Charles X, family banished, 114.

  Charleston earthquake, 20;
    hail storm, 185.

  Charlestown convent destroyed, 316;
    first church, 338;
    first court, 332;
    fire at, 169;
    powder seized, 345;
    rebels expelled, 248;
    storm, 354.

  Charter oak blown down, 331.

  Chartist riot, 423.

  Chautauque county erected, 99;
    paper, 20.

  Chelsea hospital, 11;
    hospital founded, 100.

  Chelmsford church fell, 30.

  Chenango county erected, 104.

  Cherokee lands purchased, 103.

  Chesapeake differences adjusted, 440;
    bank, 11.

  Chess player, 342.

  Chester, settlers at, 467.

  Chesterfield jail burnt, 124.

  Chicago nullification, 408;
    riot, 160.

  Child, first Eng. in America, 326;
    with two bodies, 154;
    with two heads, 449.

  Childermas prayers by little girls, 486.

  Chili, civil war, 472.

  Chilian ship, first in the U. S., 161.

  Chimborazo ascended, 38.

  China, earthquakes, 238;
    expedition, 476.

  Chincha island difficulty, 325.

  Chinese feast, 67;
    interdict, 465;
    museum burnt, 263;
    presbyterian church, 426.

  Chlorine invented, 13.

  Cholera, Asiatic, 480;
    first in America, 224;
    in England, 413;
    at London, 65;
    in New York, 251;
    at Paris, 119;
    at Rome, 336;
    at St. Petersburg, 249;
    at Tampico, 378.

  Cholula, Cortez at, 398.

  Christian empire overthrown, 137;
    era, 483;
    era restored in France, 11;
    persecution, cause, 237, 246;
    slavery abolished, 340.

  Christiana, slave riot, 358.

  Christians privileged in Turkey, 236;
    massacred at Bona, 203.

  Christmas congregations dispersed, 483;
    first festival, 483.

  Chronometer, 126.

  Chronometers deranged at sea, 183.

  Chrononhotonthologos, 386.

  Church, penalty for non attendance, 28;
    plate coined, 92.

  Churches to be closed, 457;
    for fire wood, 471.

  Claude Chappe telegraph, 273.

  Clay, medal presented, 63.

  Clergymen prosecuted, 61.

  Cleopatra's coffin, 180.

  Clergy debarred state affairs, 431;
    permitted to marry, 75;
    renounced privileges, 199.

  Clermont steam boat, 384.

  Clinton county erected, 95.

  Closter Seven convention, 353.

  Clubs suppressed in France, 333.

  Cincinnati, first owner, 39;
    society established, 190.

  Circumnavigation, first Am., 313.

  Cisalpine republic, 218, 254.

  City buried by lava, 475.

  City of Glasgow steamer, 90.

  City of Philadelphia steamer, 366.

  Coaches in London, 380.

  Coachman, lecturer, 88.

  Coal mine explosion, 193.

  Cobbler whipped, 304.

  Cockfighting prohibited, 126.

  Cocklane ghost, 95.

  Cod, cape, discovered, 306.

  Coffee field sunk, 153.

  Coffins stolen, 376.

  Coinage permitted by abbots, 437.

  Coins improved, 484.

  Cold, 15, 24, 25, 26, 44, 52, 54, 69, 96, 194, 290, 470, 474, 475,
      480, 490.

  Coliseum, bull feast, 346.

  Collection taken up for prisoners, 23.

  Collins line, first steamer, 169, 215;
    steam boat burnt, 393.

  Collision at sea, 251.

  Colman's point, named, 350.

  Cologne, bishop excommunicated, 152;
    cathedral commenced, 320.

  Colonies, union of, 212.

  Colonization society, 487.

  Colors, inability to distinguish, 295.

  Columbia college, 144, 333;
    county erected, 134;
    river discovered, 318.

  Columbian Centinel, 15;
    press, 338.

  Column inaugurated at Paris, 336.

  Comedians, first in America, 349.

  Comedies, Scotch regulations, 95.

  Comet, 285;
    of 1764, 17;
    seen at Albany, 465;
    in Britain, 469;
    in China, 337;
    near to earth, 422;
    in England, 303, 482, 445;
    large, 62;
    in N. England, 52, 324, 438;
    telescopic, 93, 384;
    in U. S., 88;
    of 292 years, 310.

  Commerce of colonies restrained, 101.

  Common school law, 144.

  Commons first represented, 33;
    early sessions, 121;
    resolution against James, 475.

  Compasses deranged at sea, 183.

  Complutensian polyglot, 113, 427.

  Communist counter revolution, 193.

  Comus, notes for, 407.

  Conception destroyed, 77.

  Concert, greatest known, 206.

  Concord sloop of war lost, 385.

  Concordat signed, 367.

  Confederation of U. States, 199.

  Confessio Amantis, 345.

  Confession of faith, 31.

  Confirmation, age changed, 156.

  Congress adj. to Baltimore, 469;
    do. Lancaster, 367;
    broken up by mutineers, 407;
    election of delegates forbidden, 14;
    first, adjourned, 412;
    first, 349;
    first of colonies, 390;
    first provincial, 23;
    U. S. first, 93;
    library burnt, 473, 483;
    met under constitution, 129;
    proposed in R. I., 195;
    surrounded, 243;
    Washington's last meeting, 464.

  Conjunction moon & pleiades, 452.

  Connecticut births, 308;
    charter granted, 162;
    patent, 109;
    river flood, 175;
    river lands demanded, 368.

  Connestogo, council at, 266.

  Connoisseur, the, 46.

  Conscription, 2d, 391.

  Consecrating water, 30.

  Conspiracy at Jamaica, 49.

  Constantinople burnt, 36;
    fire at, 11;
    fire at, 158, 243;
    founded, 376.

  Constitution, federal, 171;
    ratified by congress, 276;
    sailed, 293;
    U. S. adopted, 366.

  Continental forces, 416;
    money called in, 108.

  Conventicle act passed, 194.

  Conventicles prohibited, 22.

  Convention, southern, 37.

  Convents suppressed in Sardinia, 202;
    suppressed in Spain, 306.

  Convicts, colony of, 24;
    sent to Australia, 34.

  Copenhagen, cholera, 342;
    library burnt, 377.

  Copper mines of Anglesey, 90.

  Coppermine river reached, 365.

  Copy right, petition for, 49.

  Cordeliers executed, 117.

  Cordyale printed by Caxton, 121.

  Corinth liberated, 316.

  Corn bill riot, 95;
    exchange originator, 234;
    lawful tender, 403;
    law rhymer, 457.

  Cornelia boarded at Havana, 375.

  Corning burnt, 197.

  Cornwall granaries plundered, 401.

  Corsica united to England, 224.

  Coromandel vessels lost, 146.

  Corsican constitution, 239;
    parliament, 61.

  Cortez constitution, 110;
    members arrested, 305.

  Cortland county erected, 140.

  Cotton planters' convention, 261.

  Cotton planters' meeting, 415.

  Cottonian library burnt, 411.

  Council of thirty, 160.

  Counsel, first benefit of, 160.

  Courland requisition, 376.

  Court heads shaved, 184;
    of minstrels, 323.

  Covenanters executed, 463.

  Covent Garden theatre burnt, 94.

  Coventry act, 479.

  Coverdale's Bible, 386, 387.

  Cowper's poems, 478.

  Cracow Bible, 294.

  Creation of the world, 344.

  Crescent frigate sent to Algiers, 34.

  Crevasse near New Orleans, 488.

  Cricklewood, ice at, 326.

  Crimean war terminated, 169;
    conference, 155.

  Crockards forbidden, 484.

  Croton bridge, 253;
    celebration, 399.

  Crown point fort erected, 344.

  Crusade, march of, 321;
    third, 246.

  Crusades, 221;
    against Tunis, 256;
    at Vezelai, 256;
    ended, 416;
    left France, 76.

  Crystal palace at New York opened, 277;
    at Sydenham, 227.

  Cuba coasted by Columbus, 197;
    discovered, 413;
    expedition denounced, 316;
    hurricane, 415;
    insurrection, 290;
    invaders captured, 324;
    revolution attempted, 198.

  Cuban obsequies, 356.

  Culloden, ship lost, 38.

  Cumana destroyed, 407;
    earthquake, 279;
    earthquake, 472;
    falling stars, 432.

  Curlew steamer lost, 108.

  Cuttie stool thrown, 288.

  Cybele, shrine of, 145.

  Cypress, code for, 421.

  Cythian Goths, 312.


  Danbury, cold day, 25.

  Danes massacred in England, 433.

  Danish bible, 267;
    revolution, 29.

  Danegelt imposed, 131.

  Dantzic magazine explosion, 463.

  Danube swollen, 91.

  Dardanelles passed, 384.

  Dark day at Detroit, 405;
    in New England, 198.

  Darkness in Canada, 401;
    England, 24.

  Dartmoor prisoners, 138.

  Daughters of Liberty, 231.

  Davenport hurricane, 283.

  Dead sea first explored, 163.

  Dean's half pence, 370.

  Dease & Simpson's expedition, 365.

  Death an eternal sleep, 401;
    penalty in Tuscany, 430.

  Debtors discharged, 41.

  Decameron, great prize for, 237.

  Declaration of independence, 260;
    committee, 228;
    read, 267.

  Declaration of rights, Dutch, 46.

  Deerfield purchased, 82.

  Defender of faith, 390, 394.

  De Jure Regni apud Scotus condemned, 222.

  Delaware adopted constitution, 459;
    adopted U. S. constitution, 463;
    charter, 414;
    conveyed to Penn, 334;
    granted, 253;
    bay discovered, 339;
    and Chesapeake canal, 403;
    county erected, 98;
    river colony, 459.

  Delphi, sacrifice at, 129.

  Deluge began, 420, 428;
    ceased, 468;
    began to subside, 227;
    subsided, 429.

  Denmark, absolute, 284;
    acknowledged U. S. independence, 84.

  Dephlogisticated air discovered, 301.

  Deseret constitution, 138.

  Deserters in France pardoned, 117.

  Des Jardins canal accident, 100.

  Detroit burnt, 215;
    first steam boat, 333;
    great fire at, 187.

  Devil to be released, 391.

  Devils dispossessed, 231.

  Dew, strange in Ireland, 130.

  Dey Algiers assassinated, 468.

  Diamond rock, wreck on, 25.

  Diana steam boat, 273.

  Dickinson college, 30.

  Dictionary, French, 366.

  Diet of Augsburg, 113.

  Digests begun, 472.

  Diocletian era, 340.

  Diplomatist, female, 202.

  Discovery ship returned, 387.

  Dispute, catholic and protestant, 310.

  Dissenters, bill lost, 301;
    protected, 450;
    received damages, 168.

  District of Columbia, first corner stone, 151.

  Doddington ship lost, 281.

  Dog fast, 471.

  Dominica discovered, 421.

  Doncaster church burnt, 88.

  Donna Maria frigate explosion, 416.

  Dorchester, England, burnt, 310.

  Doris frigate lost, 25.

  Dort inundation, 154;
    synod dissolved, 174.

  Douglas castle burnt, 468.

  Dover castle well, 376;
    quakers, 250.

  Drake and Hawkins sailed, 339.

  Drana overwhelmed, 235.

  Dresden insurrection, 178.

  Druidic saturnalia, 9.

  Drummond, Edward, 40.

  Drury lane theatre, 140;
    theatre burnt, 83;
    theatre riot, 94, 484.

  Dry dock at Brooklyn, 21.

  Dublin castle burnt, 139;
    under coercion act, 286;
    powder explosion, 30.

  Duckworth, admiral, 57.

  Dudley observatory, 340.

  Duel, first in New England, 238;
    Hyde Park, 436;
    at Paris, 45;
    remarkable, 65;
    Wellington and Winchelsea, 113.

  Dueling discouraged, 97;
    proclaimed against, 319.

  Dunkirk bought by French, 453;
    sold to English, 402.

  Dundalk charter, 92.

  Dunse convocation, 236.

  Dutch admirals killed, 291;
    colonies, 416;
    declaration of rights, 46;
    emigrants to America, 226;
    imposter, 82;
    language reinstated, 413;
    requisition upon, 42;
    sailors at Spitzbergen, 26;
    sailors winter in Greenland, 152.

  Dwarf in England, 478;
    remarkable, 350.


  Eagle, large, 355.

  Ear, experiment on, 12.

  Earl of Abergavenny wrecked, 55;
    first English, 398.

  Earthquakes,
    Acapulco, 461;
    Algiers, 414;
    Antioch, 199;
    Apulia, 299;
    Arica, 392;
    Aveline, 453;
    Balbec, 448;
    Berytus, 268;
    Broussa, 88, 145;
    Cairo, 215;
    Calabria, 55, 122;
    Callao, 414;
    Cape Town, 224;
    Caraccas, 119;
    Catania, 53;
    Central America, 56;
    Central America, 153;
    Charleston, 20, 474;
    Chili, 77;
    Circleville, 474;
    Conception, 77;
    Constantinople, 412;
    Cumana, 279;
    Cumana, 407;
    Cumana, 472;
    Damascus, 417;
    Eastern Europe, 40;
    England, 137;
    England, 434;
    Exeter, N. H., 445;
    Finana, 26;
    Gibel, 194;
    Great Sanger, 91;
    Guatemala, 168;
    Guatemala, 297;
    Gulf stream, 25;
    Hayti, 183;
    Herefordshire, 71;
    Jaffa, 45;
    Jeddo, 432;
    Kingston, 86;
    Laodicea, 194;
    Lataka, 194;
    Lexington, 88;
    Lisbon, 419;
    London, 59;
    London, 96;
    Lima, 225;
    Lima, 406;
    Lima, 414;
    Macon, 111;
    Manchester, Ky., 86;
    Manilla, 365;
    Martinique, 24;
    Massachusetts, 100;
    Munster, 464;
    Murcia, 113;
    Natolia, 259;
    New England, 57;
    N. England, 214;
    New England, 415;
    New England, 439;
    New York, 40;
    New Zealand, 39;
    Nova Castella, 382;
    Ohio, 474;
    Oriano, 453;
    Oriheula, 113;
    Pasto, 37;
    Pekin, 228;
    Pennsylvania, 474;
    Peru, 59;
    Peru, 450;
    Philadelphia, 58;
    Phrygia, 40;
    Pittsburg, 474;
    Point Peter, 60;
    Poonah, 235;
    Popayan, 37;
    Port au Prince, 217;
    Port royal, 298;
    Praia, 234;
    Quito, 53;
    Quito, 423;
    Reggie, 80;
    Roman world, 285;
    St. Jago de Cuba, 303;
    St. Jago de Cuba, 450;
    St. Martin, 439;
    St. Michaels, 272;
    St. Michaels, 316;
    St. Nicholas, 290;
    St. Philip, 119;
    San Salvador, 153;
    Saphet, 11;
    Savannah, 474;
    Scylla, 55;
    Shiraz, 186;
    Sienna, 189;
    Simoda, 482;
    Smyrna, 270;
    South America, 392;
    South of Europe, 108;
    Souffriere, 173;
    Spain, 113;
    Syria, 194;
    Syria, 319;
    Syria, 417;
    Teheran, 272;
    Teneriffe, 490;
    Terceira, 234;
    Tripoli, 194;
    Tripoli, 448;
    Turkey, 259;
    Venezuela, 119;
    Vesuvius, 231;
    Viege, 290;
    Yong-ning-tchin, 238;
    Zante 417.

  East cape discovered, 322.

  East Haddam, marriages 11.

  East India company chartered, 490;
    company revenues, 317;
    stock, 376.

  East port conflagration, 265.

  Easter controversy, 397;
    festival regulated, 274.

  Ebeling's library, 186.

  Eclipse, annular, 366;
    effect upon animals, 268;
    in England, 111;
    in France, 252;
    great solar, 65;
    of Herodotus, 156;
    of moon, 108, 311;
    of moon at Babylon, 279;
    in Palestine, 447;
    of sun, 129, 235, 243, 268, 276, 303, 320, 441, 447;
    foretold by Thales, 381;
    in United States, 367.

  Ecliptic, obliquity, 367.

  Ecclesiastics incapacitated, 29.

  Eddy stone lighthouse, 393;
    fell, 449.

  Edessa founded, 406.

  Edgar ship blown up, 393, 400.

  Edict of Nantes, 148.

  Edinburgh balloon ascent, 349;
    convention, 441;
    covenant against Satan, 458;
    foray, 447;
    plague at, 35;
    presbyterians, 75;
    Review, 41;
    synod, 156;
    tolbooth burnt, 352;
    tumults, 479.

  Editors condemned to galleys, 235.

  Edward I, coffin opened, 12.

  Effigies burnt in London, 438.

  Eglintoun tournament, 340.

  Egypt, British withdrew, 373;
    canal cut by British, 148;
    pacha deposed, 225.

  Egyptian canals cleaned, 179;
    curiosities in Eng., 180;
    drowned, 187.

  Elbe blockaded, 194.

  Elephant enraged, 220.

  Eleusinian mysteries, 321.

  Elizabeth, attempt to assassinate, 90;
    island, 207;
    abandoned, 237.

  Elizabeth's (queen) prayers, 222.

  Eliza schooner cast away, 23.

  Emancipation in West India islands, 301.

  Embargo, British, 26;
    on British commerce, 481;
    by congress, 119;
    in England, 53;
    expired, 258;
    law to enforce, 21;
    ninety days, 134;
    repealed, 150.

  Emigration to America, 78.

  Emperor of France, attempt to assassinate, 266.

  Emperors' conference on Niemen, 248, 249.

  Empire State boiler exploded, 294.

  Ems blockaded, 249.

  Encyclopedie contributors, 27.

  England, great storm, 412, 443, 449;
    king assumed France, 78;
    marque and reprisal against, 114;
    monarchy restored, 174;
    and Scotland united, 28, 174, 287;
    revolution in, 66;
    surrendered to pope, 192.

  English authority abolished, 180;
    barons checked, 208;
    bishops abolished, 393;
    book, first, 368;
    churches interdicted, 114;
    circumnavigation, 286;
    coast storm 461;
    colony, first charter, 228;
    commonwealth, 200;
    council of state, 419;
    crown lost, 414;
    exchequer shut up, 460;
    guard, 260;
    liberties, charter, 63;
    meals enjoined, 118;
    merchants peace address, 122;
    Mercurie, 288;
    newspaper, first weekly, 332;
    nobles murdered, 174;
    parliament, Sunday session, 311;
    revolution, 459;
    robbers, &c., 405;
    trade encouraged, 421;
    waste lands, 298;
    weavers' riot, 203;
    emigration checked, 78;
    exportations, 454;
    gazette, first, 426;
    in Paris, 175;
    parliament, first regular, 435.

  Englishmen, paper, 389.

  Ensisheim meteor, 426.

  Enterprise steam boat, 289.

  Ephesus council, 243.

  Episcopal articles signed, 36;
    church, first in France, 163;
    liturgy, 27;
    and Puritan conference, 26.

  Epitaph on an actor, 107.

  Equestrian feat, 178.

  Era, Cæsar's, 9;
    Christian, 483;
    Dionysius, 248;
    Spanish, 9.

  Ericson, experiment, 24.

  Erie canal bill passed, 149;
    canal commenced, 261;
    endowed, 154;
    first boats, 392;
    first law, 140;
    first toll, 257;
    opened, 166, 410;
    catholic church fell, 184;
    county erected, 131;
    lake, first vessel on, 310;
    rising in, 205;
    rail road riot, 31, 47;
    steam boat burnt, 313;
    first, 209;
    Pa., rail road mob, 466.

  Essex county erected, 89.

  Esquimaux discovered, 313.

  Estates general of France, 388.

  Esthonians hung, 135.

  Election for electors, 427.

  Etna, eruption, 120, 194, 204, 235, 335, 484.

  Etruria annexed to France, 467.

  Ettrick foot ball match, 462.

  Euphrosyne asteroid discovered, 341.

  Europa transport lost, 213.

  European and North American rail road, 363;
    town, first in America, 464.

  Evangelical term adopted, 254.

  Evening prayer in English, 152.

  Excise, London, 144.

  Excommunication threatened, 20;
    English barons, 473.

  Experiment, sloop, 476.

  Exploring expedition surprised, 295.

  Explosion of fireworks, 25;
    at Leyden, 25;
    O. & Pa. R. R. engine, 362;
    powder magazine, 45;
    powder, 30;
    Ravenswood, 44;
    Steam, N. Y., 54.


  Fair on river Thames, 54.

  Falkland islands colonized, 37.

  Fall from church spire, 453.

  Famine in Paris, 91;
    stopt hostilities, 279.

  Faneuil hall, troops in, 383.

  Farmer's Museum, 20.

  Farthing tokens issued, 198.

  Fast for book Jeremiah, 425;
    day repudiated, 405;
    of the Jews, 65;
    national, 25;
    for Scotland, 342.

  Fathers, last of the, 328.

  Fatimites in Africa, 298.

  Fearn church fell, 394.

  Feast of fools, 99.

  Federal st. theatre, 53;
    burnt, 50.

  Felons sent to America, 377;
    sent to Virginia, 417.

  Female dancers introduced, 193;
    member Hist. Soc., 51;
    Quixotte, 15.

  Fernandino, now Largo, 402.

  Festival of fools, 9.

  Feudal right abolished, 241.

  Field of cloth of gold, 221;
    of Mars amphitheatre, 276.

  Fifth monarchy men, 22.

  Finana, earthquake at, 26.

  Fire ball fell, 261.

  Fires:
    Abo, 353;
    Aikin, S. C., 389;
    Albany, 325;
    Albion col., 15;
    Amsterdam, 195;
    Ashmole's library, 40;
    Ashtabula, 325;
    Bath, Eng., 250;
    Bath theatre, 199;
    Bergen, 34;
    Boston, 298;
    Boston, 271;
    Boston, 384;
    Boston castle, 112;
    Brooklyn, 356;
    Broussa, 145;
    Brussels, 40;
    Canton, 410;
    Caxton printing office, 58;
    Chamouni, 285;
    Charlestown, 169;
    Chesterfield jail, 124;
    Cleveland, 415;
    Concord, N. H., 335;
    Constantinople, 101;
    Constantinople, 11, 36, 37, 158, 323;
    Constantinople, 243, 315;
    Constantinople, 324, 341;
    Constantinople, 377;
    Copenhagen, 406, 412;
    Corning, 197;
    Detroit, 187;
    Dorchester, 310;
    Eastport, 265;
    Federal street theatre, 50;
    Georgia steamer, 44;
    Hamburg, 179;
    Hong Kong, 485;
    Indiana college, 145;
    Lafarge hotel, 21;
    Lexington asylum, 71;
    Lexington steam boat, 26;
    Lincoln, 197;
    Liverpool, 373;
    Liverpool, 58;
    London, 25;
    London bridge, 144;
    London, 346;
    Mayaguez, 45;
    Memel, 387;
    Metropolitan hotel, 21;
    Mobile, 2d fire, 356;
    Montreal, 166;
    Montreal, 268;
    Naples palace, 59;
    New London, 351;
    New Orleans, 54;
    New Orleans, 112;
    New York, 163;
    New York 1835, 474;
    New York, 370;
    New York chapel, 108;
    New York horses, 209;
    Ohio state house, 49;
    Owego, 378;
    Oxford, 165;
    Pera, 313;
    Philadelphia, 263;
    Philadelphia, 388;
    Port au Prince, 22;
    Quebec, 40;
    Quebec parliament house, 49;
    Rome, 263;
    Royal Sovereign, 42;
    St. Bartholomew, 91;
    San Francisco, 482;
    St. Johns, 231;
    St. Louis, 196;
    St. Paul's, London, 217;
    Salonica, 141;
    Salonica, 282;
    Sonora, 237;
    Taiefa, 284;
    Troy, 336;
    Varna, 315;
    Washington, 473;
    Worcester, 231;
    York, Eng., 217.

  Fire damp explosion, 13;
    king, 34.

  Firemen killed, 163.

  Fireworks, explosion, 25.

  Fish affected by heat, 274;
    huge, 296.

  Fisheries disturbed, 290;
    forbidden, 237.

  Five mile act, 417.

  Flag, continental, 459;
    of truce violated, 46;
    of U. S., design, 233.

  Flags denationalized, 98.

  Flanders immersed, 378.

  Fleet, first American, 459.

  Flemish-Dutch restored, 363.

  Fletcher, Gov., superseded, 130.

  Flogging abolished, 10.

  Flood began, 428;
    in North of England, 89.

  Florence, insurrection, 61.

  Florida abandoned, 335;
    admitted, 92;
    arrival at, 260;
    ceded to U. S., 76;
    conquest undertaken, 188;
    de Soto landed, 211;
    discovered, 111, 130;
    expedition, 356;
    invaded, 196;
    settlements destroyed, 177;
    townships, 444.

  Flushing, first newspaper, 110.

  Fog in London, 10, 460.

  Fontaine Moliere erected, 28.

  Foreigners enlisted in England, 481.

  Forgery, hanging for, 218.

  Formosa inundated, 202.

  Fort Bizoton blown up, 251.

  Fort Dauphin massacre, 266.

  Fort George erected, 242.

  Fort Mandan, Clark at, 443.

  Forth and Clyde canal, 296.

  Fortune amassed by agriculture, 54.

  France bankrupt, 336;
    conquest of, 49;
    an empire, 180;
    and England declare war, 197;
    hostilities ceased, 134;
    invaded by allies, 11, 197;
    national mourning, 35;
    new constitution, 424;
    re-established religion, 69;
    trade restricted, 19, 100, 431;
    war against by Turkey, 358.

  Franciscans, founder of, 386.

  Frankfort insurrection, 365.

  Franklin county erected, 99;
    steamer lost, 282.

  Freedom and equality, 52.

  Freeholder of Addison, 481.

  Freemasons, edict against, 26, 30;
    prohibited, 311, 376.

  Free trade and sailor's rights, 258.

  Freiburg insurrection, 162.

  French abolished in Netherlands, 272;
    ambassadors assassinated, 170;
    and American flags, 322;
    armament for Egypt, 198;
    army destitute, 194;
    assembly dissolved, 380, 412, 458;
    cabinet resigned, 418;
    calendar, 368, 449;
    coin in Dorchester, 298;
    conquests validated by the pope, 291;
    constitution, 138;
    constitution, 332;
    constitution, new, 347;
    crown renounced, 184;
    declaration, rights of man, 246;
    Dictionary, 366;
    directory, division in, 348, 413;
    empire, restoration, 406;
    emperor visited English queen, 167;
    festival to God, 224;
    flag presented to congress, 15;
    fleet dispersed, 318;
    fleet sailed for Turkish waters, 111;
    imperial guard, 488;
    king, insult to, 280;
    king led in triumph, 368;
    massacred by negroes, 266;
    massacred in Sicily, 124;
    ministers tried, 479;
    ministers returned, 279;
    national assembly opened, 181;
    national confederation, 276;
    ordered from Hayti, 236;
    peace rejected, 465;
    provinces in America, 390;
    refugees in England, 364;
    republic acknowledged, 41;
    republic acknowledged, 206;
    republic declared, 370;
    republican era, 372;
    republican era abolished, 11;
    returned from Palestine, 164;
    revolution began, 180;
    revolution, second, 295;
    royal family saved, 389;
    servants dismissed, 256;
    states general met, 175;
    throne vacant, 310;
    treaty annulled, 266;
    troops at Boston, 223;
    victories, 52;
    vote empire, 445.

  Freshet in Hudson, 19;
    at Vienna, 91.

  Friend's Review, 277.

  Frobisher's strait, 315.

  Frost in England, 465, 480;
    after great heat, 280;
    at Paris, 96.

  Fugitive claimed by British, 294;
    slave bill, 359.

  Fulton steam frigate, 218, 416.

  Funchal deluged, 393;
    swept away, 410.

  Funeral, large, 33.


  Gabelle tax abolished, 187.

  Gale, 41;
   at Albany, 108.

  Gallinas, slave factory, 196.

  Galongoon eruption, 392.

  Galvanism, 55.

  Gaming, English ladies fined, 99.

  Ganges canal, 141;
    first steam boat, 273;
    storm, 396.

  Garachico destroyed, 180.

  Garter, order instituted, 162.

  Gas light in Philadelphia, 449.

  Gasper burnt, 226.

  Gaza, Bonaparte at, 88.

  Gazelle, explosion of, 141.

  Gebel al Tarik, 287.

  Gelalean era, 103.

  General Pike, steamer, 155.

  Genesee country immigrants, 88;
    route, 218.

  Geneva stage, 382;
    revolt, 284;
    conspiracy at, 12;
    revolutionary tribunal, 285.

  Genoa united to France, 218.

  Gentleman's Magazine, 10, 22.

  Gentle shepherd of Ramsay, 19.

  Georgia adopted new government, 55;
    charter surrendered, 241;
    ratified constitution, 12;
    volcano, 405.

  George III, statue in New York, 330.

  Georgium sidus, 336.

  German bond of union, 375;
    jubilee, 309;
    provinces republicanized, 385.

  Germanic union, 289.

  Germany, first rail road, 464.

  Gerard, E. M., 155.

  Ghent, meeting at, 311.

  Giant, 456, 366, 398, 429;
    skeleton, 125, 264.

  Giantess of Kentucky, 299.

  Gibbets cut down, 132.

  Gibraltar ceded to England, 90;
    derivation, 172;
    relieved, 35.

  Gibel destroyed, 194.

  Gin, selling without license, 99.

  Girard college opened, 11.

  Girondists sentenced, 417;
    executed, 418.

  Gladiators sent to mines, 383.

  Glasgow malt tumult, 247.

  Glass engraving, 197;
    painting on, 9.

  Glencoe massacre, 46.

  Glutton buried in highway, 101.

  Gluttony, case of, 105.

  God abolished in France, 183;
    decree against, 127.

  God save the king, 265.

  Godstow nunnery prohibited, 486.

  Gold, potable, 206.

  Golden numbers, 189.

  Good Hope surrendered, 22.

  Gorboduc, tragedy of, 31.

  Goshen, first newspaper, 321.

  Gottingen, university opened, 368.

  Government loan, 242.

  Governor, absents himself, 399.

  Grain exported, 270;
    export prohibited, 232.

  Grande armée column, 336.

  Grants in New York vacated, 249.

  Grave digger at Paris, 139;
    stone, ancient, 137.

  Great Britain, invasion threatened, 57;
    and Ireland united, 11, 258;
    steamer lost, 408;
    union against, 235;
    union opposed, 479;
    war with Russia, 412.

  Great Malvern volcano, 399.

  Great Republic burnt, 486.

  Great Republic clipper, 387.

  Great Tom bell, 459.

  Great Western steamer, 163, 213.

  Greece, first king, 46;
    government changed, 469;
    king, 440;
    national assembly, 477;
    throne declined, 201.

  Grecian mysteries, 321.

  Greek brotherhood, 374;
    church protectorate demanded, 181;
    and Latin churches unite, 220;
    states recognized, 286;
    church ceremony, 30;
    & Latin churches united, 26.

  Gregano, land slide, 80.

  Gregorian calendar adopted in England, 117;
    style at Paris, 473;
    in Spain, 387.

  Greene county erected, 117.

  Greene's army destitute, 471.

  Greenland adventures, 205;
    Dutch sailors perish, 152.

  Grenadiers introduced, 253.

  Greenwich observatory, 314.

  Greytown elects governor, 352.

  Griffin, keel laid, 40.

  Griffith steamer, 237.

  Grignoncourt hail storm, 251.

  Grimshaw burnt, 433.

  Grinnell's ships left New York, 203.

  Grosvenor square house, 226.

  Guadaloupe, 423.

  Guam, tornado, 373.

  Guanahani discovered, 397.

  Guano difficulty, 404.

  Guardian appeared, 90.

  Guatemala earthquake, 168, 297.

  Gulf coast, gale, 368.

  Gulf island arose, 330.

  Guiana settled, 201.

  Guienne incorporated, 404.

  Guildhall, king's statue, 182.

  Guillotine adopted, 111;
    erected, 281;
    used at Paris, 160;
    71 persons executed, 269.

  Guisnes, royal interview, 217;
    tournament at, 228.

  Gun, great, 318.

  Guntoor, mission at, 399.

  Gunpowder first used, 121;
    plot, 45, 46, 424.

  Guttenberg statue inaugurated, 321.

  Guy park council, 205.

  Gypsies expelled England, 461.


  Haarlem, anniversary, 269.

  Habeas corpus act, 207;
    suspended, 21, 55, 105.

  Hadley falls dam, 440.

  Hague, civic festival, 92.

  Hague street explosion, 54.

  Hail Columbia, author, 28.

  Hail storm in France, 251, 275.

  Hair powder tax, 180.

  Hair, long, discountenanced, 186.

  Halifax anniversary, 234;
    colonists, 234.

  Half Moon lost, 176;
    at Chesapeake bay, 326;
    at Dartmouth, 426.

  Half pence sent to Ireland, 343.

  Halsewell wrecked, 18.

  Halve Maan, yacht, 141;
    returned, 278;
    wrecked, 94.

  Hamburg annexed to France, 11;
    fire at, 179;
    submerged, 208.

  Hamilton county erected, 147.

  Hampton conference, 26.

  Hangman, hereditary, 241.

  Hannah, brig, discharged, 388.

  Hannibal, slave ship, 423.

  Hanover, constitution annulled, 200;
    electorate, 353.

  Hanseatic conscription, 378.

  Hanslope church fell, 247.

  Hapsburg, house of, 337.

  Harantoreen lake sunk, 117.

  Harbor creek mob, 466.

  Harlem rail road, 413.

  Hartford armed against Indians, 174;
    bank, 233;
    convention, 473;
    Dutch claims on, 368;
    settlers, 400;
    Times, 213.

  Harvard college founded, 353;
    first commencement, 393;
    bequest, 249.

  Hazel trees imbedded, 77.

  Havana flood, 243;
    hurricane, 388, 396, 415;
    insurrection, 111;
    cholera, 86.

  Hayti became an empire, 335;
    civil war, 413;
    declared its independence, 11;
    discovered, 461;
    divided, 28;
    earthquake, 183;
    insurgents, 113;
    monarchy established, 122;
    nobility created, 136;
    revolt, 233.

  Heart disinterred, 41.

  Heat, extraordinary, 316.

  Hearne's journal, 334.

  Hearth stone tax, 89.

  Hebrew, first teacher at Harvard, 165;
    temple, 353.

  Hebrews disfranchised, 313, 373.

  Hecla eruption, 152.

  Hegira, 371;
    era of, 279.

  Heiress stealing, 465.

  Hellespont crossed, 262.

  Hellfire clubs, 169.

  Hellgate, explosion at, 119.

  Heiress seized, 434.

  Henry Clay steam boat burnt, 297.

  Henry VIII, head shaved, 184.

  Herculaneum buried, 419.

  Heresies of Luther censured, 150.

  Heresy, burning for, 169;
    execution for, 210.

  Heretics burnt at Paris, 187.

  Herkimer county erected, 70.

  Hermit of New Jersey, 33;
    of Niagara, 227.

  Hernhutters, founder of, 185.

  Herschel discovered, 101.

  Hesiod's calendar, 54, 56.

  Hessian soldiers paid for, 444.

  Hetairea defeated, 240;
    extirpated, 374.

  Hertfordshire earthquake, 71.

  Hibernia launched, 438.

  Highlanders at Johnstown, 33.

  High water, 41.

  Hindoo widow married, 427.

  Hindostan conquered by Tartars, 159;
    East Indiaman lost, 23.

  Hispaniola discovered, 461.

  History of Scotland condemned, 222.

  Hoboken duel, 271.

  Hobson's choice, 10.

  Holidays, insurrection, 141.

  Holland abolished French, 11;
    ack. independence U. S., 157;
    annexed, 269;
    assembly met, 41;
    incorporated with France, 271;
    religious liberty law, 354;
    submerged, 248;
    trade restricted, 431;
    and Zealand united, 165.

  Holy alliance, Netherlands, 243.

  Holy cross college burnt, 277.

  Holy league, 228.

  Homoepathic college mobbed, 71.

  Honey dew, 269.

  Hong Kong ceded to British, 341.

  Horned woman, 139.

  Horseracing, act against, 171.

  Horticulture, new system, 57.

  Hospital of congress, 294.

  Hostilities ceased at New Orleans, 102;
    ceased U. S. and G. Britain, 53, 157.

  Howard college burnt, 398.

  Houghton pictures sold, 379.

  Huddersfield, Roman remains, 94.

  Hudson, first newspaper in, 139.

  Hudson river discovered, 117;
    grant of, 100;
    rail road, 384, 393, 491.

  Hudson's crew rescued, 344.

  Huguenots renegade, 474.

  Humboldt steamer lost, 462.

  Humiliation for war, 167.

  Hungarian diet dissolved, 386;
    refugees, 364.

  Hungary dec. independence, 457.

  Huns entered Gaul, 489.

  Hurricane East Indies, 10;
    in England, 82, 440;
    at Liverpool, 19;
    at Norfolk, 97;
    in Ohio, 34.

  Hydrogen gas for balloons, 432.


  Icarians, founder, 429.

  Ice broke up at Paris, 154;
    in Long Island sound, 81;
    singular discovery of, 325.

  Ice islands, 480.

  Iceland hurricane, 484.

  Icelandic library burnt, 377.

  Idler appeared, 135.

  Illinois admitted, 459;
    tornado, 194.

  Images pulled down, 193.

  Immaculate conception dogma, 465.

  Immigration, great, 261, 266.

  Impressment, American orders, 488;
    of seamen, 244.

  Imprisonment for debt, 96, 167, 313, 384, 445.

  Income tax, 460.

  Indemnity act, 340.

  Independence declared, 258;
    U. S. acknowledged, 34;
    steamer wrecked, 71.

  Indian beaver grounds, 283;
    chiefs before the queen, 156;
    chiefs in London, 156;
    chief, wealthy, 320;
    college at Bermuda, 26;
    country released, 362;
    expedition, 266;
    hostilities ceased, 467;
    league at Albany, 383;
    massacre, 151;
    massacre Pavonia, 83;
    pipes, 306;
    sachems submitted, 360;
    services engaged, 205;
    war of extermination, 283.

  Indians surprised, 76;
    taken into service, 268.

  Indiana admitted, 468;
    first election, 308;
    university burnt, 145.

  Indifferents, order of, 209.

  Indulgence act, 104.

  Indulgences, 18.

  Industrial Luminary, 150.

  Infant schools prohibited, 315.

  Infidel world divided, 177.

  Infernal machine, 395.

  Inland navigation, 150.

  Inoculation experiment, 107;
    opposed, 151;
    prohibited, 311.

  Inquisition abolished, 52, 279, 461;
    founder, 37;
    reestablished, 286;
    of Spain, 426.

  Insurrection at Milan, 58.

  Intelligence, speedy transmission, 235.

  Interludes by parish clerks, 282.

  Interment, singular, 54.

  Internal improvements, N. Y., 152, 154.

  Inventors convention, 331.

  Inverary, flood at, 352.

  Ionian isles submitted to Great Britain, 459;
    republic, 112.

  Ipecacuanha, 10.

  Ireland, invasion frustrated, 476;
    outbreak, 297;
    prices of provisions, 372;
    settlement of, 317.

  Iris, 15, 30.

  Irish agitation checked, 399;
    commission to convent, 106;
    disturbances, 466;
    friars suppressed, 454;
    giant, 190, 214;
    homage to John, 220;
    levelers suppressed, 168;
    papist, no quarters for, 410;
    pestilence, 186;
    rebellion began, 75, 125, 203, 372, 409;
    woolens exported, 27.

  Iron bridge, Sunderland, 374;
    crown, order of, 218;
    mask, 441.

  Iroquois armed with guns, 104;
    allies, 374.

  Irrawaddy tornado, 163.

  Isabella founded, 464;
    island discovered, 404.

  Island emerged from sea, 219.

  Isle of France, position, 157;
    of Man Gazette, 108;
    of Sable colonized, 24.

  Israelites in wilderness, 150.

  Issondein deputation, 443.

  Italian merchants in France, 174;
    refugees relieved, 342.

  Italy popular movements, 437;
    war renewed, 486.


  Jackson, attempts to assassinate, 45.

  Jackson's sword, 86;
    victory, 38.

  Jacobin hall closed, 430;
    power crushed, 187;
    society attacked, 428.

  Jacob's twelve sons, 164.

  Jaffa, earthquake, 45.

  Jail liberties in New York, 125.

  Jamaica abol. slavery, 467;
    conspiracy, 49;
    discovered, 175;
    earthquake, 222;
    hurricane, 384, 406, 408;
    slave import, 448;
    negro insurrection, 205, 393, 487, 498.

  James's fever powders, 114.

  Jamestown colony reinforced, 186, 203;
    Va., settled, 190.

  Janizaries abolished, 234.

  Jansenists, founder, 184.

  Japan, Am. expedition at, 268;
    expedition at Loo Choo, 260;
    Americans landed at, 277.

  Java tempest, 316.

  Jefferson county erected, 122.

  Jeremiah, book of, 425.

  Jersey immigrants, 323;
    proprietors surrendered, 151.

  Jerusalem destroyed, 352;
    embankments buried, 209;
    English cathedral, 44;
    fast for, 224;
    massacre at, 152;
    rebuilt, 205;
    resurrection church, 360;
    riots, 275;
    siege by Caxton, 442;
    taken, 353;
    walls dedicated, 309;
    spoils removed, 252.

  Jesuit's bark introduced, 329;
    confirmed, 377;
    confiscated, 306;
    expelled, 459;
    expelled Russia, 117;
    expelled from Spain, 126;
    extinguished, 286;
    insurrection, 162;
    plan of, 32;
    reinstated, 12.

  Jesuit Relacions, 60;
    society founded, 488.

  Jesus college, founder, 383.

  Jesus's bell broken up, 293.

  Jewish ambassadors, 56;
    capitation tax, 203;
    sanhedrim, 212.

  Jews, amelioration of, 147;
    banished England, 419;
    banished Spain, 90;
    civil disabilities, 136;
    disability bill, 194;
    exiled from England, 343;
    league with Rome, 470;
    massacred, 152;
    privileged, 43;
    to wear badges, 389;
    of York massacred, 104.

  John Rutledge sunk, 76.

  Johnstown, council at, 97.

  John Jay steam boat burnt, 295.

  Jokmali eruption, 451.

  Jonesville mob, 274.

  Jorullo, volcano, 380.

  Journal des Savans, 211.

  Juan Fernandez, 48.

  Julian the apostate burnt, 442.

  Junction canal, 441.

  Juno discovered, 342, 345.

  Jupiter, 4th satellite discovered, 25;
    statue in temple, 472;
    temple overthrown, 413.

  Jury broke out, 392.

  Justinian's institutes, 443.


  Kansas, cold, 52;
    emigrants, 282;
    free state legislature, 261;
    legislature, 93;
    organized, 259;
    removal of Reeder, 299;
    sheriff shot, 165.

  Kate Kearney explosion, 71.

  Katlagia phenomenon, 402.

  Kedging, 273.

  Kelwinning steeple fell, 303.

  Kennet and Avon canal, 266.

  Kentucky admitted, 215;
    emigrants, 192;
    first legislature, 218;
    giant, 255;
    giantess, 299;
    independent state, 463.

  Kerry insurrection, 46.

  King abolished in England, 57;
    of England attacked, 48;
    profusion, 87;
    John's castle, 42;
    Philip's war, 246.

  King's bench prison plot, 233;
    book creed, 172;
    evil, 16;
      touching for, 264;
    guard the militia, 59;
    person clause, 116;
    statue in Guild hall, 182.

  Kingston, Jamaica, earthquake, 298.

  Kingston, N. Y., founded, 212.

  Kirk of Scotland assembly, 218.

  Kirkaldy, accident at, 19.

  Kirkcudbright charter, 412.

  Knights of Malta, 9.

  Knights of St. John, 92.

  Knights templars, 447;
    suppressed, 113;
    arrested, 397.

  Know nothing convention, 220.

  Know somethings, 232.

  Koh-i-noor diamond, 299.

  Koszta affair, 341.

  Kyanized wood, inventor, 20.


  Labrador gale, 257.

  Lacteals discovered, 288.

  Ladies fined for gaming, 99.

  Ladrones discovered, 34, 94.

  Lady of Loretto, 62.

  Lætitia asteroid, 113.

  Lafarge hotel burnt, 21.

  Lake Borgne, gale, 368.

  Lake Champlain seigniories, 158;
    steam boat, 252.

  Lake Erie tempest, 432.

  Lakes, first steam boat, 420.

  Lake George embarkation, 262.

  Lake sunk, 117.

  Lampreys, surfeit, 456.

  Lancaster jail broken, 485.

  Land slide, 273.

  Langue d'Oc poets, 177.

  Lapeer county tornado, 193.

  Large family premium, 24.

  Largo, island, 402.

  Last island destroyed, 315.

  Lataka destroyed, 194.

  Latins expelled from Constantinople, 291.

  Lauwertz lake filled, 346.

  Lead pipe dug up in London, 188.

  League and covenant burned, 201.

  Leeds bridge school, 260.

  Leek for queen Mary, 89.

  Legacies to religious purposes, 410.

  Leghorn insurrection, 350;
    merchants invited, 226.

  Leonard, Abigail, 40.

  Levant patent surrendered, 219.

  Levee disrupted, 277.

  Levée en masse, 322.

  Leverian museum sold, 283.

  Lewis county erected, 120.

  Lewis's river discovered, 318.

  Lewistown, demand upon, 105.

  Lexington, cholera at, 215;
    lunatic asylum, 71;
    steam boat burnt, 26.

  Leyden, explosion, 25.

  Libel on England, 207;
    execution for, 180;
    punished, 232.

  Liberia colonized, 20;
    first election, 389;
    Herald, 71.

  Liberty of conscience recognized, 414;
    tree consecrated, 320.

  Library bequeathed, 55;
    burnt, 40;
    finest private, 430;
    public in N. York, 161;
    N. Y. state, 160.

  License of plays, 432.

  Lidden skeletons, 297.

  Lievely, arctic discoveries at, 361.

  Lightning conductor, first, 440.

  Lima destroyed, 406;
    earthquake, 225;
    founded, 31.

  Lincoln burnt, 197;
    church bell, 459;
    parliament, 444.

  Linlithgow charter, 409.

  Lion, old, died, 429.

  Lisbon auto-da-fé, 369;
    plot against British, 363.

  Litchfield anniversary, 320.

  Lit de justice, last, 308.

  Lithy, ball of fire fell, 116.

  Little Falls excavation, 284.

  Liturgy, conference on, 117;
    of England church, 27.

  Liverpool Athenæum, 10;
    fete to American envoy, 15;
    Times, 208.

  Living skeleton, 365.

  Livingston county erected, 81.

  Loa, eruption at Mt., 73.

  Loan and premium, 242.

  Loans to foreigners forbidden, 116.

  Lobos island difficulty, 404, 436.

  London, apprentices riot, 174;
    and Birmingham railway, 365;
    bread riot, 416;
    bridge burnt, 144, 269;
    bridge carried away, 65;
    conflict on, 416;
    bridge finished, 299;
    coffee houses reopened, 447;
    cold at, 490;
    conduit ran wine, 210;
    Courier fined, 212;
    criminal rescue, 327;
    daily mail, 247;
    in darkness, 22;
    deaths, 345;
    earthquake, 59;
    fire, 346;
    fog, 11, 452;
    foreigners in, 476;
    Gazette, 52;
    illuminated, 98, 147, 154;
    insurrection, 141;
    interdicted, 473;
    mayor of, 12;
    mortality, 469;
    plague, 214, 368;
    plague bill, 298;
    plot to blow up prison, 233;
    portcullis destroyed, 60;
    post office, 23;
    powder explosion, 14;
    printers, 396;
    prisons burnt, 222;
    protestant meeting, 210;
    riots, 70, 179, 210, 216, 221, 222;
    roads protected, 405;
    royal exchange, 379;
    scourge, 326;
    stationers, charter, 180;
    Sunday riot, 257;
    Times by steam, 454;
    tower burnt, 406;
    zoological society, 121.

  Longevity,
    African farmer, 220;
    Anthony, 34;
    Bacchus, 167;
    Barney, 29;
    Beauguard, 234;
    Binkley, 88;
    Birdseye, 43;
    Blowers, 411;
    Bluydenburge, 45;
    Bogard, 233;
    Bowels, 322;
    Bowles, 424;
    Braithwaite, 480;
    Brown, 366;
    Burgeois, 69;
    Butler, 33;
    Byles, 46;
    Carn, 43;
    Carvallo, 47;
    Cary, 216;
    Cervetto, 26;
    Clum, 38;
    Cobb, 465;
    Cole, 263;
    Cowley, 60;
    Crauford, 161;
    Crawford, 77;
    Cuffee, 13;
    Damme, 76;
    Dawson, 452;
    Dean, 429;
    Democritus, 312;
    De Solis, 62;
    Dinah, 163;
    Dodd, 280;
    Drakenberg, 247;
    Drinker, Ed., 438;
    Ellis, 216;
    Ferguson, 309;
    Fletcher, 51;
    Forthon, 62;
    Gaunnor, 364;
    Gilbert, 76;
    Gough, 405;
    Grindell, 244;
    Hatchcock, 149;
    Henry, African, 410;
    Hippocrates, 312;
    Holyoke, 127;
    Howard, 420;
    Hunt, 100;
    James, 277;
    Jamison, 38;
    Jenkins, 15;
    John, 141;
    Johnson, 100;
    Laughlin, 292;
    Leonard, 40;
    Lescure, 92;
    Letts, 387;
    Lusk, 224;
    McDonald, 329, 348;
    McDonald, 39;
    McGwinn, 49;
    Martin, 68;
    Michofsky, 152;
    Moor, 325;
    Moore, 49;
    Moore, 152;
    Mossequin, 131;
    Mourtrie, 11;
    Murphy, 193;
    Murray, 273;
    Negro woman, 283;
    Parr, Robert, 370;
    Parr, Thomas, 424;
    Pearce, 86;
    Petrarch, 16;
    Pompey, 296;
    Raduly, 31;
    Ramsay, 204;
    Reilay, John, 155;
    Robin, 321;
    Rouen, 335;
    Rush, C., 176;
    Ryalls, 359;
    Sheppard, 14;
    Sinnet, 19;
    Spencer, 398;
    Sprouse, Mary, 183;
    Stone, 408;
    Surrington, 393;
    Sutherland, 143;
    Taveira, 43;
    Thomas, 144;
    Thompson, 288;
    Thrower, 124;
    Torrey, 29;
    Valnier, 136;
    Wallace, 37;
    Wingate, 20;
    Winslow, 329;
    Whitcomb, 127;
    Wright, 29.

  Long Island, grant of, 100;
    sound frozen, 52.

  Longitude, chronometer to discover, 126;
    expedition, 243;
    mode of ascertaining, 116.

  Long parliament, 78;
    closed, 142;
    dissolved, 105.

  Longueville treaty, 61.

  Lookout mountain, volcano, 405.

  Lopez expeditionists returned, 102.

  Lords, house of, 468.

  Lords of misrule, 9.

  Lorrain duchy, 82.

  Lotea inundated, 173.

  Lottery for college, 408, 415;
    first English, 23;
    English, closed, 181;
    first by congress, 439;
    last in London, 404;
    schooner, 98;
    for Sloane's library, 135;
    tickets eagerness for, 151.

  Lovers killed by lightning, 299.

  Louis Napoleon visited Victoria, 167.

  Louisiana became a state, 140;
    constitution revised, 263;
    protest renounced, 63;
    steam boat burnt, 436.

  Louisville excitement, 172;
    riot, 309;
    tornado, 339.

  Lounger appeared, 392.

  Lucy Walker steam boilers burst, 409.

  Luddites hanged, 154.

  Luther's books prohibited, 281.

  Lutheran missionary, first, 399;
    Palatines, 232;
    system rejected, 140.

  Luxor obelisk at Paris, 411.

  Lunar cycle of Meton, 189;
    rainbow, 30;
    volcanoes, 157.

  Lyford, giant, 98.

  Lyons decree, 459;
   mine explosion, 13;
   riots, 444.

  Lysippus's Hercules, 145.


  Machinery, labor-saving, destroyed, 154.

  Mackenzie river traced, 324.

  Macon earthquake, 111;
    planters' meeting, 415.

  Mad parliament, 227.

  Madagascar discovered, 313.

  Madeira deluge, 393;
    discovered, 257;
    great storm, 410.

  Madison county, erected, 113;
    island, 441.

  Madras hurricane, 384.

  Madrid insurrection, 176, 183, 280, 282, 284;
    new palace, 418.

  Magellan straits, 82.

  Magna charta signed, 252.

  Magnetic clock discovered, 17.

  Mahmudie canal, 360.

  Mail Boston to N. Y., 467;
    daily in London, 247;
    searched at Havana, 373;
    speedy transmission, 466.

  Maine became a state, 104;
    boundary settled, 313;
    settlements encouraged, 88;
    tornado, 328.

  Majorca insurrection, 109.

  Malayan dictionary, 389.

  Malta conspiracy, 221, 249;
    granted to knights, 92;
    regenerated, 240.

  Mamelukes crushed, 148.

  Mammoth skeleton found, 175.

  Manchester Gazette, 315;
    riot, 393.

  Manhattan first emigrants, 226.

  Man, isle of, 385.

  Manifesto against U. S., 21.

  Manoa del Dorado, 113.

  Manors created, 155.

  Manteno hurricane, 246.

  Mantua, fete of Virgil, 400;
    wedding accident at, 217.

  Man of war, largest, 438.

  Marietta settled, 139.

  Marines established, 383.

  Maritime conscription, 378.

  Marriage, accident at, 160;
    act of England, 367;
    law decision, 226.

  Marriages, auspicious day, 54;
    at East Haddam, 11;
    by justices, 334.

  Marseilles canal, 268;
    in a state of siege, 41.

  Martinique, earthquake at, 24;
    insurrection, 203;
    volcano, 309;
    expedition against, 228.

  Martyr, female, first in Eng., 169.

  Maryland adop. constitution, 170;
    charter, 251;
    constitution, 321;
    controversy, 365;
    grant, 231;
    patent, 241;
    ratified constitution, 89;
    removed free blacks, 69;
    repudiated repudiation, 11;
    sanctioned congress, 293.

  Marysville explosion, 320.

  Masonic hall, Philadelphia, 377.

  Mass, debate on, 447.

  Massacre U. S. prisoners, 38.

  Massachusetts adopted constitution, 55, 57;
    assembly prorogued, 278;
    bay expedition, 366;
    charter forfeited, 238;
    congress, 48;
    convention, 372;
    court met, 392;
    delegates, 222;
    first birth, 25;
    general court, 404;
    minute men, 407;
    new charter, 191;
    patent, 92;
    patent demanded, 133;
    revolution, 156;
    sold, 109.

  Masquerade, first Scotch, 27.

  Masquerades prohibited, 28, 30;
    regulated, 18.

  Matins of Moscow, 207.

  Matrimonial celebration, 400.

  Mattawacks, grant of, 100.

  Matthew's Bible, 433.

  Maunday first distributed, 124.

  Mauvoisin lake irrupted, 235.

  Mayaguez burnt, 45.

  Maypole charter, 447.

  Mayflower sailed, 344, 350.

  Maying, Henry VIII and queen, 174.

  Meal tub plot discovered, 409.

  Mechanique celeste, 105.

  Meeting house fell, 210.

  Melville island, 305.

  Men, birth of, 34.

  Menai bridge, 45.

  Merchant Royal wrecked, 372.

  Meredith, accident at, 102.

  Merino sheep introduced, 295.

  Merrimac river canal, 150.

  Mesilla valley, 138.

  Message, speedy transmission, 466.

  Metamoras hurricane, 348.

  Meteor at Amherst, 319;
    at Canterbury, 476;
    at Connecticut, 472;
    in England, 109;
    in Italy, 112;
    at Leipsic, 201;
    at Lillebone, 482;
    struck ship, 423;
    at Stoke, 423;
    in Thuringia, 424;
    fell in Verde, 459.

  Meteoric phenomena, 434;
    shower, 46, 159, 193, 350;
    in Cumana, 432;
    in Ireland, 130, 436;
    at Naumburg, 121;
    at Rockhausen, 262;
    stones, 45, 418, 450, 455.

  Methodism, expulsion for, 100.

  Methodists proscribed, 150;
    support established church, 342.

  Metropolitan hall burnt, 21.

  Meux vats burst, 363.

  Mexican boundary, 395;
    congress dissolved, 417;
    era, 85;
    massacre, 189;
    mint, coinage of, 490;
    presidents, 58;
    revolt, 242;
    revolution, 17, 390, 461;
    wheels sent to Spain, 279.

  Mexico, cholera, 358;
    expedition against, 342;
    independence, 434;
    ships launched, 169;
    voted Santa Anna, 460.

  Michigan admitted, 241.

  Midlothian coal pits, 110.

  Milan decree, 475.

  Military titles discarded, 151.

  Militia bill refused by Charles I, 87;
    organization, 97.

  Millerites, founder, 478.

  Milwaukee mob, 310.

  Minims, founder of, 130.

  Minorca ceded to England, 90.

  Mint of United States, 90.

  Minute men, Massachusetts, 407;
    raised, 293.

  Mirage, 293.

  Mirror, Edinburgh, 19.

  Mississippi admitted, 467;
    bubble burst, 250;
    city, gale, 368;
    crevasse, 249;
    explored, 236;
    scheme, 203;
    traced, 87.

  Missouri admitted, 315;
    head waters, 318;
    R. R. accident, 420;
    tornado, 194.

  Mist's Journal indicted, 239.

  Mob of women, 31.

  Mobile district erected, 212.

  Mohammedan era began, 279.

  Mohawk and Hudson rail road, 318.

  Mohawks in London, 157;
    sold lands, 123.

  Mohegan chief, 477.

  Molasses seized at Boston, 267.

  Molodechno bulletin, 459.

  Molucca, voyage to, 350.

  Monasteries fell in England, 189;
    Spanish, abolished, 410;
    suppressed, 29.

  Monastic establishments abolished, 66.

  Money lenders seized, 174.

  Monitorial system of instruction, 42.

  Monks absolved, 33.

  Monolithic column, 273.

  Monroe county erected, 81.

  Monster barn, 154.

  Montague ship, meteor, 423.

  Montevideo, revolution, 449.

  Montgolfier, balloon, 444.

  Montgomery county erected, 100.

  Montpelier, booth fell, 299.

  Montreal conflagration, 268;
    parliament houses burnt, 160;
    rebellion, 423;
    riot, 225, 323.

  Moon of Intelligence, 34.

  Moore's Almanac, 41.

  Moralities sanctioned, 460.

  Morning Post, 49.

  Morocco, letter to emperor, 457.

  Mormon temple burnt, 406.

  Morristown, American army at, 18.

  Mortality in London, 368.

  Mosaic pavement at Avenches, 377.

  Moscow abandoned, 404;
    church erected, 18;
    cold day, 24;
    founded, 172;
    people returned to, 408;
    printing at, 89;
    riot, 231.

  Moselle steam boat explosion, 166.

  Moses fountains visited, 480.

  Monument to French soldiers, 458.

  Mosquito territory annexed, 63.

  Moultan destroyed, 332.

  Mt. Auburn dedicated, 374.

  Mt. Cenis scaled, 200.

  Mt. Etna convulsed, 245;
    eruption, 99, 165, 187;
    volcano, 440.

  Mt. St. Bernard passed, 200.

  Mt. Voisin meteor, 450.

  Mountain party, fall of, 389;
    removed, 122.

  Mummy at Auvergne, 53.

  Munchausen's travels, 10.

  Murderer hung by mob, 274.

  Musical festival to Handel, 206;
    small coal man, 361.

  Mutiny at Birmingham, 97;
    in parliamentary army, 125;
    U. S. ships, 51, 125;
    Washington's troops, 205.

  Mysteries permitted, 460.


  Nantes, edict of, 172;
    revoked, 408.

  Nantucket neutral, 332.

  Naples massacre, 196;
    palace burnt, 59;
    under Bonaparte, 125.

  Narbonassar, era of, 85.

  Narragansetts, 42.

  Narragansett flood, 322.

  Natchez disunion meeting, 391;
    tornado, 183.

  National assembly excluded, 241;
    formed, 235;
    king sanctions, 278;
    Ag. convention, 247;
    convention attacked, 387;
    fast, 25.

  Natolia earthquake, 336.

  Naumburg meteoric shower, 121.

  Naumkeak settlers, 152.

  Nautilus lost, 17.

  Nauvoo temple destroyed, 208.

  Naval warfare, system, 104.

  Navidad, colony lost, 432.

  Navigator's islands, 463.

  Navy island evacuated, 27.

  Neapolitan emigrants, 45.

  Negro apprenticeship, 301;
    burnt, 41;
    insurrection, 21, 330;
    colony, 21;
    incendiary, 44;
    plot, 108;
    traffic facilitated, 231.

  Negroes captured, 321;
    contract to furnish, 356;
    pillage Port-au-Prince, 22.

  Netherlands joined holy alliance, 243;
    national language, 363;
    union of, 165, 245.

  Neva overflowed, 440.

  Nevis, hurricane at, 331.

  New Amstel, 364.

  New Amsterdam, 338.

  Newburgh settled, 373.

  Newburyport canal, 150.

  New Castle, 364;
    Chronicle, 116.

  Newcastle-upon-Tyne, cholera, 343.

  New Connecticut, 324.

  New Edinburgh settled, 423.

  New England army, 341;
    comet, 438;
    commerce restrained, 62;
    Courant, 323;
    duel, 238;
    earthquake, 57;
    emigrants detained, 133;
    era of settlement, 490;
    first export, 470;
    great storm, 322;
    origin of term, 172;
    settlers arrived, 264;
    trade regulated, 425.

  New France, population, 467.

  Newfoundland patents, 168;
    tempest, 358.

  Newgate destroyed, 221;
    felons transported, 377;
    ventilators, 121.

  New Grenada independence, 310.

  New Guinea, 459.

  New Hampshire adopted constitution, 243;
    convention, 22;
    first assembly, 105;
    first bank, 228;
    for independence, 234;
    Indians, 315;
    provincial convention, 17;
    volunteers, 76.

  New Haswell explosion, 198.

  New Haven centennial, 166;
    purchased, 447.

  New Hebrides discovered, 176.

  New Jersey conveyed, 245;
    divided, 256;
    ferry boat burnt, 104;
    for sale, 153;
    one government, 151;
    ratified const., 476.

  New London burnt, 351.

  New Netherland charter, 9, 221;
    so called, 396;
    subjected, 383.

  New Orleans burnt, 112;
    crevasse, 189;
    opera house, 86;
    riot, 331;
    proclaimed independence, 325;
    thanksgiving, 38.

  Newport, Florida, 361;
    riot, 423.

  News, false restrained, 230.

  Newspaper, first in Boston, 133;
    first in Brooklyn, 249;
    first English, 208;
    1st in Hudson, 139;
    first in New York, 401;
    first steam press, 454;
    oldest, 288;
    in Philadelphia, 482;
    in polar sea, 420;
    prohibited, 278;
    Roman, 292;
    stamps, first, 317.

  New style in England, 10, 347;
    in France, 394;
    in Germany, 480;
    in Spain, 387.

  New Testament ruinous, 409;
    in silk, 480.

  New Zealand discovered, 234, 470.

  New York adopted const., 57, 293;
    assembly votes, 146;
    banks resumed, 194;
    boundary, 82;
    canal law, 152;
    charter, 223;
    cholera, 425;
    code, 147;
    colonial legislature, last, 132;
    and Connecticut boundary, 191, 446;
    constitution revised, 215;
    const. adopted, 158;
    counties, 419;
    custom house closed, 162;
    Dutch Ref. church, 188;
    earthquake, 40;
    election, 171;
    exchanged, 286;
    first assembly, 402;
    first printing, 333;
    first theatre, 365;
    fort, conflagration, 108;
    grant, 100;
    harbor discovered, 355;
    Hist. society, 467;
    incorporated, 49, 230;
    independent state, 270;
    and Mass. boundary, 197;
    new charter, 27;
    officers corrupt, 393;
    omnibus horses burnt, 206;
    printing introduced, 117;
    prisoners, 479;
    Provincial congress, 201;
    public entry, 448;
    registry, 469;
    rescue of Kaine, 294;
    riot, 148, 209, 236;
    settled, 226;
    state roads, 382;
    surrendered, 353;
    university, 280.

  Niagara bridge, accident, 83;
    co. erected, 99;
    falls rock fell, 356;
    fort built, 293;
    suspension bridge, 297;
    suspension bridge passed, 103.

  Nicaragua manifesto, 215;
    president, 418;
    route opened, 318.

  Nice, council, 226, 239, 274.

  Niemen, royal conference on, 248, 249.

  Niger discoveries, 357, 455;
    expedition, 202.

  Nile discovered, 168;
    fleet, fate of, 125;
    inundation, 450;
    sources discovered, 435.

  Nismes, massacre at, 307.

  Nisqueunia, 352.

  Nollet, J. A., 165.

  Non-conformists, act against, 417.

  Non-importation mob, 79.

  Non-intercourse act, 240;
    with Great Britain, 313.

  Non nobis domini, 424.

  Nooaheevah, 441.

  Nootka sound discovered, 27.

  Notables, assembly of, 41, 80.

  Notre dame bells baptized, 436;
    bridge fell, 411.

  Nottingham riots, 437.

  North Briton, 33;
    republished, 67;
    denounced, 436.

  North Carolina const. adopted, 476;
    adopted constitution, 442.

  North Georgian Gazette, 420.

  Northern Indiana steam boat burnt, 282.

  Northern passage attempted, 196, 219;
    sea discovered, 324.

  North Penn. R. R. collision, 282.

  North star at Spithead, 379.

  North west passage, 178, 402;
    attempted by Frobisher, 228;
    discovered, 413;
    expedition, 126;
    territory, code, 69.

  Norwalk rail road accident, 182.

  Norway and Sweden united, 321, 404.

  Norwegian R. R., first, 261.

  Norwich Dutch church, 482.

  Norwood tunnel, 184.

  Nuns absolved, 33.

  Nuremburg R. R., 464.

  Nova Scotia, first bishop, 316;
    patent, 356.


  Obesity, 48, 488.

  Observer appeared, 89.

  Ocean Monarch burnt, 335;
    schooner sunk, 84;
    steamer burnt, 448.

  Oceans, view of, 63.

  Odd Fellows, first lodge, 218.

  Odessa, vessels ordered out of port, 140.

  Œcumenical council, 243, 274, 391.

  Ohio admitted, 453;
    first tree felled, 248;
    freshets, 81;
    state house burnt, 49.

  Oneidas ceded lands, 372.

  Oneida county erected, 104.

  Onondaga county erected, 94;
    salt springs discovered, 323.

  Ontario, water fallen, 225, 330.

  Opium surrendered up, 121;
    to be delivered up, 108.

  Orange men, 370.

  Oratorians founder of, 206.

  Orders in France united, 250.

  Oregon convention, 341.

  Oriental MSS. of Halstead, 127.

  Orejas possessed by Columbus, 324.

  Orlando Innamorato, 76.

  Orleans county, N. Y., 433.

  Orrery, first in America, 19.

  Orthodoxy in England, 172.

  Orthography reformed, 392.

  Ostend powder explosion, 382.

  Oswego released, 362.

  Otsego county erected, 70.

  Ottoman history, 310.

  Ovid's elegies burnt, 214;
    printed by Caxton, 159.

  Owego burnt, 378.

  Ox roasted on ice, 80.

  Oxford, commerce prohibited, 28;
    great fire at, 165;
    theatre, 268.


  Pacific, Magalhaens entered, 450;
    seen by Balboa, 375;
    discovered, 32;
    Drake entered, 350.

  Palatines arrived, 232;
    2d immigration, 231;
    3d immigration, 413;
    in New York, 226.

  Palermo monks, 82;
    conspiracy, 412;
    earthquake, 330.

  Palestine, mission to, 147.

  Palimpsest discoveries, 356.

  Pallas discovered, 122;
    ship lost, 212.

  Palma, volcano at, 150, 443.

  Palmyra island discovered, 430.

  Pampero steamer sailed, 305;
    seized, 357.

  Panacea of potable gold, 206.

  Panama constitution, 239;
    legislature met, 279;
    rail road, 44;
    accident, 182;
    affray, 152;
    stock, 249.

  Pancreatic duct, 333.

  Pandects of Tribonian, 472.

  Pania destroyed by wind, 232.

  Pantheon reopened at Paris, 14.

  Papal administration, 305;
    government subverted, 50.

  Paper manufactory, 180;
    money issue, 192;
    money first in N. Y., 223.

  Parachute, descent in, 348.

  Paradise Lost sold, 168, 479.

  Paraguay ascended by Water Witch, 49.

  Pardo, convention, 25, 26.

  Pardon, general of James II, 98;
    of king offered to Boston, 230.

  Parhelion, 54, 243.

  Parian marbles, 361.

  Paris, civil war, 244;
    congress, 85;
    counter revolution, 193;
    deaths, 342;
    excitement, 229;
    gold and silver, 431;
    grand fete, 35;
    ice broke up, 154;
    industrial exhibition, 193;
    insurrection, 68;
    massacre, 229;
    mob at Tuilleries, 213;
    municipality guillotined, 297;
    police reorganized, 377;
    post office, 292;
    prisons forced, 346;
    prisoners, 176;
    review of troops, 147;
    revolution, 83;
    revolution, 428;
    revolution, 427;
    riots, 221;
    scarcity of provisions, 91;
    treaty, 62;
    university censures, 150;
    workmen disbanded, 244.

  Park theatre burnt, 474.

  Parker's island fortified, 315.

  Parkville printing office destroyed, 150.

  Parliament armed, 106;
    bribes, 225;
    committees, 54;
    Cromwell's, 341;
    dissolved, Cromwell's, 201;
    disturbed by a quaker, 489;
    first English, 36;
    English, 148;
    houses destroyed, 403;
    long, 422;
    members kept out, met at Oxford, 300;
    pensioned, 203;
    prorogued, 171;
    reformed, 489;
    refusal to call, 107;
    reports prohibited, 85.

  Parthenon destroyed, 379.

  Pass Christian, gale, 368.

  Passover in new temple, 155.

  Pasto destroyed, 37.

  Patagonia, voyage to, 191.

  Patriots of Canada surrendered, 89.

  Patroon's charters, 221.

  Paul and Virginia, 35.

  Paupers educated, 134.

  Pavement sank in London, 105.

  Paxton boys massacre Indians, 485.

  Peace address of Eng. merchants, 122;
    announced in England, 170;
    congress at Paris, 332;
    England and France, 422;
    of religion, 302, 375.

  Peacemaker exploded, 88.

  Peale's museum, 36.

  Pedestrian feat, 127, 139, 427.

  Peep of day boys, 370.

  Pegu annexed, 479.

  Pelew island hospitality, 314.

  Peloponnesian war, 182.

  Pemaquid, 88.

  Penguin island sank, 13.

  Penn's elm blown down, 92.

  Pennsylvania banks vetoed, 110;
    canal, 10;
    charter, 92, 414;
    code by Penn, 180;
    3d const., 426;
    first assembly, 100;
    first council, 98;
    hist. society, 51;
    hospital, 49;
    new charter, 130;
    ratified constitution, 469;
    resolves, 38;
    settlers, 467.

  Penny Magazine, 130.

  Penny postage in England, 23.

  Penobscot bay, 272.

  Pentateuch, Tindal's, 281.

  Pequot Indians, 174.

  Pera suburb burnt, 37.

  Pere la Chaise, first burial, 200.

  Pernambuco, 95.

  Persia steamer launched, 260.

  Persian calendar reformed, 103;
    empire extinct, 285;
    era, 234;
    newspaper, first, 124.

  Perth assembly aggrieved, 220;
    fantastics, 467;
    the pretender at, 348.

  Peru delivered, 466;
    earthquake, 59;
    founded, 348.

  Peruke makers, 60.

  Peruvian bark, 329.

  Petersham manifesto, 14.

  Peter's pence, 25, 300.

  Pestilence, 326;
    Eng. and France, 279.

  Philadelphia, army passed, 334;
    atmospheric phenomena, 30;
    bank opened, 236;
    chartered, 411;
    cholera, 425;
    cold, 44;
    earthquake, 58;
    enlistment arrests, 122;
    first bank, 19;
    first capital conviction, 38;
    first congress, 349;
    ice, 80;
    mild winter, 34;
    mortality in, 11;
    prisoners, 479;
    riots, 182, 266, 394;
    theatre, first, 151;
    theatres burnt, 263;
    tornado, 149;
    Washington entered, 359;
    yellow fever at, 310.

  Philippics of Cicero, 345.

  Phillipines discovered, 101.

  Philippine islands, 138.

  Piedmont annexed to Sardinia, 463.

  Piedmontese laws annulled, 294.

  Pike packet sunk, 188.

  Pilgrim constitution, 431.

  Pilgrims descried Cape Cod, 428.

  Pilgrimage, 149.

  Pill-taker, extraordinary, 195.

  Pitcairn's island, 38, 385.

  Pittsburg, cholera, 425;
    first stage, 261;
    Gazette, 296;
    origin of name, 448.

  Pittsfield, frost at, 280.

  Pisa council, 117.

  Placentia conspiracy, 356.

  Plague at Constantinople, 489;
    at Edinburgh, 35;
    at London, 166, 302;
    at Shrewsbury, 152;
    fast for cessation of, 342.

  Planet discovered, 136, 147, 155, 181, 288, 373, 427.

  Planets, conjunction, 364;
    canon of motion, 192.

  Plantagenet, last of, 207, 486.

  Plattsburgh, first court, 415.

  Play bill, first, 140.

  Playing cards, regulation, 396.

  Playhouses regulated, 66.

  Plot against Charles, 417;
    to dismember Union, 97.

  Plymouth army, 320;
    charter, 431;
    colony, 21;
    colonists, 72;
    colonists, Indian visit to, 104;
    colonists landed, 433;
    first house, 483;
    first marriage, 188;
    first sabbath, 496;
    Indian submission, 360;
    landing, 480;
    pilgrims sailed, 344;
    settlers, 467, 481;
    ship captured, 482;
    visited by Massasoit, 113.

  Poetic festival, 177.

  Point de Chambault, crossing, 183.

  Point Petre earthquake, 60.

  Poisoning made treason, 70.

  Poland blotted out, 437;
    partition, 72;
    revenue sequestered, 281.

  Pole, attempt to reach, 193.

  Poles, massacre, 423.

  Polish adherents of Demetrius, 207;
    constitution annulled, 297;
    families transported, 444;
    insurrection, 116;
    king died, 48;
    partition ratified, 367;
    revolt, 454;
    revolution, 328;
    throne vacant, 278;
    traitors executed, 251.

  Poll tax in England, 64.

  Polyglot, 113, 427.

  Pompeii buried, 419.

  Pompey's theatre burnt, 159.

  Poonah earthquake, 235.

  Poor relief by parliament, 458.

  Poor Robin discontinued, 41.

  Popayan destroyed, 37.

  Pope allowed to exercise pontificate, 40;
    burnt in effigy at Paris, 179;
    divided the world between the Spanish and Portuguese, 177;
    withdrew from Rome, 81.

  Pope's authority abol. in England, 114;
    jurisdiction disputed, 250;
    sovereignty annulled, 195.

  Porcelain introd. Dresden, 142.

  Porciano lake, 290.

  Port Folio, 20.

  Pneumatic chemistry, origin, 301.

  Port-au-Prince destroyed, 217.

  Port Gibson burnt, 215.

  Port Jackson settled, 58;
    colonized, 34.

  Portland riot, 216;
    island sunk, 478.

  Port Leon destroyed, 361.

  Port Mahon disturbance, 84.

  Port Royal, earthquake, 222, 298;
    hurricane, 339;
    land sunk, 153.

  Porto Bello discovered, 420;
    water spout, 470.

  Portsmouth, first bank, 228;
    fleet at, 393;
    tornado, 384.

  Portugal abolished slave trade, 467;
    became monarchy, 294;
    execution in, 25;
    imports grain, 270;
    independent kingdom, 456.

  Portuguese court emigrated, 453;
    royal family, 96;
    royal family emigrated to Brazil, 451.

  Posen added to Germany, 189.

  Post office established, 293.

  Postal convention signed, 473.

  Potatoe introduced, 21.

  Potomac settled, 91.

  Potosi mines opened, 160.

  Poughkeepsie convention, 236.

  Pound notes issued, 93.

  Powder, explosion at Salonica, 282;
    scarcity of, 319.

  Power loom, first in Phila., 147.

  Powhatan wrecked, 154.

  Praia, earthquake at, 234.

  Precocity, 250.

  Prelates shut up, 465.

  Prepossession, case of, 430.

  Presbyterian Chinese church, 426;
    church, first, 442;
    insurrection, 75.

  Press, freedom in Mexico, 315;
    liberty restricted, 13;
    suppressed in Baden, 280;
    suspended, 292;
    in Paris suppressed, 117.

  Pressing for seamen, 109.

  Pretender defeated, 434;
    trial scaffolding, 360.

  Pretender's rebels, 298;
    fleet dispersed, 118.

  Priest attacked queen of Spain, 51.

  Prima Vista, 246.

  Prince regent of Great Britain, 58.

  Prince William wrecked, 449.

  Princess royal of France, 477.

  Princeton college riot, 33;
    congress at, 407.

  Printed book, first, 320;
    first in England, 126.

  Printers address queen Caroline, 396;
    in London, 189;
    responsible, 154.

  Printing, anniversary of, 269;
    400th anniversary, 247;
    in New York, 68;
    legalized in New York, 117;
    office destroyed, 293;
    stopped in Virginia, 78.

  Prisoners, American, 23;
    turned out, 396.

  Prison ship victims inhumed, 209;
    relics, 138.

  Privileged class abolished, 306.

  Profaneness, edict against, 35.

  Prometheus steamer, 318.

  Protestant alliance, 380;
    army, 277;
    association meeting, 210;
    books, edict against, 123;
    league, 480;
    petition against popery, 216;
    religion re-established, 172;
    term abolished, 254.

  Protestants, Irish massacred, 409;
    league against, 293;
    massacred, 285;
    massacred at Nismes, 307;
    persecuted in France, 291;
    so called, 156;
    under ban, 285.

  Protestantism established, 33;
    in Scotland, 300.

  Providence bank, 396;
    government formed, 265;
    Indian deed of, 116;
    propose congress, 195;
    theatre burnt, 411.

  Prussia, first king, 31;
    levy upon, 429;
    new constitution, 463;
    renounced Great Britain, 69.

  Prussian assembly prorogued, 429;
    king elected emperor of Germany, 122.

  Psalter, first printed book, 320.

  Puerto Santo bridge fell, 84.

  Pulque, consumption of, 80.

  Punjaub annexed, 124.

  Purbeck, wreck on, 18.

  Puritan emigration forbidden, 172;
    and Episcopal conference, 26.

  Puritans arrived, 264;
    era of, 27.

  Putnam county erected, 231.

  Pythian games, 284.


  Quakers, act against, 399;
    affirmation, 35;
    affirmations altered, 470;
    first yearly meeting, 251;
    founder of, 25;
    non-resistant, 250.

  Quarter denied French, 52;
    refused to British troops, 206.

  Quebec, cholera at, 224;
    cliff fell, 196;
    darkness at, 364;
    founded, 259;
    immigrants, 266;
    parliament house burnt, 49;
    riots, 221;
    theatre burnt, 233.

  Queen Anne's wars, 129.

  Queen Charlotte ship exploded, 107.

  Queen of Spain attacked, 51.

  Queen's garden islands discovered, 192.

  Quiberon bay wreck, 25.

  Quicksilver congelation, 471.

  Quinnipiack, 125, 447.

  Quirinus, temple to, 59.

  Quito, earthquake, 53.

  Quo warranto issued, 426.


  Rail road accident, 100;
    blocked with snow, 47;
    collision, 261;
    first American, 318;
    mob, 466;
    Eng. opened, 293;
    speed, 332.

  Rainbow, lunar, 357.

  Rain storm in London, 97.

  Rambler appeared, 110;
    contributor to, 21.

  Rapid, ships lost, 20.

  Ratcliffe library founded, 190.

  Ratisbone diet, 295.

  Reading, abbots' coiners, 437;
    receipt to sacrist, 122.

  Rebellion, cause of, 42.

  Red Sea forded by French, 480.

  Reformation anniversary, 263;
    began, 417.

  Regent, British, appointed, 55.

  Regents in Europe, 29;
    university established, 148.

  Regicides, 340;
    arrested, 153;
    pardon offered, 221.

  Regrading, conviction for, 261.

  Reindeer steam boat, 103, 349.

  Reindeer struck, 289.

  Religious equality, 154;
    Herald, 365;
    liberty, 354;
    orders absolved, 452;
    orders abolished, 32.

  Rensselaer county erected, 58.

  Rensselaerwyck confirmed, 374;
    outrages, 335.

  Reporters excluded, 28.

  Reprieve, 12.

  Resolution returned, 387.

  Resurrection of the Saviour, 135.

  Revolt, Pennsylvania line, 10.

  Revolution, American, ceased, 53;
    in England, 459;
    in France, 388.

  Revolutionary army, force of, 311;
    manifesto, 264;
    soldiers furloughed, 216;
    tribunal, 230.

  Rhine confederation, 269;
    inundation, 42, 368.

  Rhode Island adopted constitution, 210.

  Rhone inundation, 368.

  Richard Crook-back, 244.

  Richmond, annular eclipse, 366;
    theatre burnt, 485;
    theatre funeral, 487.

  Rio de la Plata independent, 269.

  Rio de Janeiro riot, 418.

  Rio Janeiro river, 9;
    de Solis, 9.

  Riot at Dublin, 89;
    London, 138;
    against physicians, 148;
    about food, 148.

  River broke forth, 329.

  Roanoke colony planted, 335;
    first child born, 326.

  Roanoke colony, 324, 338.

  Robbers hung at Paris, 409.

  Robinson Crusoe, 164.

  Rochester cathedral burnt, 216.

  Rochester, first daily paper, 411.

  Rock Island bridge, 145.

  Rockland county erected, 81.

  Romans before Jerusalem, 209.

  Roman capitol burnt, 476;
    capitol dedicated, 359;
    catholic ecclesiastics restrained, 234;
    catholics, massacre, 221;
    chambers dissolved, 488;
    church in Scotland, 300;
    circus at Tours, 343;
    civil wars, 407;
    consuls, 9;
    feast, 450;
    jubilee, 129;
    pavement in London, 322;
    republic established, 232;
    republic proclaimed, 61;
    senate, early sessions, 121;
    temple discovered, 94;
    thanksgiving to Cicero, 458.

  Romance of England, 171.

  Rome annexed to France, 72;
    burnt, 237, 263, 283;
    confederacy with Jews, 470;
    conspiracy, 323;
    foundation, 159;
    anniversary do, 159;
    France at war with, 486;
    incorporated with France, 195;
    insurrection, 175;
    last triumph, 442;
    made a republic, 69.

  Rosenberg summit fell, 346.

  Roses, union of, 31.

  Royal academy formed, 467;
    Anne galley, 429;
    exchange, 221;
    stone laid, 409;
    opened, 415;
    George sunk, 328, 341;
    institution formed, 99;
    marriage act, 77;
    oak, 400;
    parliament met, 79;
    society of literature, 76;
    Sovereign burnt, 42.

  Royalty abolished in France, 370.

  Rump parliament, 57, 184.

  Russia declared for Austria, 172;
    first book printed, 17, 62;
    reprisal against, 476;
    revolution, 463.

  Russian commerce opened, 187;
    emperor in Austria, 185;
    emperor libeled, 212;
    levy of men, 186, 471;
    militia, 45;
    manifesto, 249;
    new year, 10;
    object of war, 145;
    peasant rights, 487;
    serfs enrolled, 207;
    rail road, 147, 345;
    revolution, 269.

  Rutland square masquerade, 89.

  Rutli, Swiss meeting, 437.

  Rye house plot discovered, 230, 232.

  Ryswick, peace of, 368.


  Sabbath bill stolen, 294;
    lawful sports, 403.

  Sacramento inundated, 477;
    prisoner hung, 331.

  Sacheverell's sermons burnt, 120.

  Sacred play, 259;
    year of Jews, 111.

  Sacrifices, Roman, 9.

  Safety bank system, 132.

  Sagadohock river, 315.

  Saginaw riot, 155.

  Sailors, epidemic among, 228.

  Salary of pastor, 338.

  Salem immigrants, 152;
    witchcraft, 327, 371.

  Salonica burnt, 141, 282.

  Salt water freshened, 174.

  Saltzburg protestants, 43.

  Samson, English, 197.

  San Cruz purchased, 204.

  Sanctobertis eve, 467.

  Sandwich islands difficulty, 466;
    discovered, 27;
    protest, 367;
    small pox, 343.

  Sandwich land discovered, 46.

  Sandy Hook, Hudson at, 350;
    lighthouse, 238.

  San Francisco execution, 335;
    insurrection, 220;
    steamer foundered, 18.

  San Juan de Ulloa, Cortez at, 160.

  San Salvador destroyed, 153.

  Sanscrit, first learner, 19.

  Sans cullotes, 368;
    at Paris, 241.

  Saphet, earthquake at, 11.

  Saracen hostages massacred, 323.

  Saragossa theatre burnt, 475.

  Saratoga county erected, 58.

  Sarawak, English rajah, 374.

  Sardinia, convents suppressed, 202.

  Sardinian rail road, 202.

  Sassafras, expedition for, 142.

  Satan denounced at Edinburgh, 458.

  Saturn, 7th satellite, 458.

  Santa Fe revolution, 330.

  Savannah assaulted, 393;
    balloon, 373;
    colony begun, 64;
    river freshet, 208;
    first steam boat, 289;
    steam ship, 202;
    storm, 354.

  Savoy conference, 117;
    protestants, 463;
    united to France, 451.

  Saxe Coburg confiscated, 42.

  Saxon heptarchy, 52.

  Saxons converted by comet, 303.

  Saxony dismembered, 185;
    kingdom, 468.

  Scanderbeg revolted, 451.

  Scaptar Jokul, (see Skaptar Jokul.)

  Scarborough cliff sunk, 476;
    land sunk, 486.

  Schenectady county erected, 96;
    deed of, 219;
    massacre, 193;
    purchased, 294.

  Schism in Romish church, 117.

  Schoharie county erected, 136.

  Schuylkill bridge, 76;
    bridge fell, 29.

  Scotland adjudged to Baliol, 437;
    sovereignty disputed, 250.

  Scots prisoners made slaves, 359.

  Scottish assembly dispersed, 291;
    church assembly, 443;
    clergy, 40;
    covenanters, 479;
    general assembly, 478;
    government, 236;
    parliament, 10;
    parliament, last, 398;
    regalia, 118;
    regalia opened, 50.

  Scriptures, edict against, 123.

  Scylla, earthquake, 55.

  Sealing wax, ancient, 303.

  Seamen impressed, 244.

  Sea, rose and fell, 315;
    serpent at Plymouth, 241.

  Seasons, Spanish notion of, 323.

  Sebastopol, explosion, 437;
   harbor closed, 373.

  Secretary steam boat exploded, 152.

  Secret societies, 376;
    prohibited, 311.

  Seigniories, French, 158.

  Semper eadem, 470.

  Seneca county erected, 116.

  Senecas sold lands, 254.

  Septuagint, 420.

  Seraglio, release from, 348.

  Sestos, siege of, 108.

  Seven islands, shipwreck, 17.

  Seven years war concluded, 68.

  Shaker elect lady, 352.

  Shawmut settled, 230.

  Ship disease, 228;
    money levy, 312.

  Shiraz, earthquake, 186.

  Shooting stars, 434.

  Shower red dust, 193;
    of minerals, 46.

  Shrewsbury pestilence, 152.

  Sicilian vespers, 124, 451.

  Sicily, acquisition, 490;
    king abdicated, 29.

  Sierra Leone company, 29;
    settled, 230.

  Sierra Madre republic, 342.

  Silver buckles, donation, 443.

  Simeto overflowed, 154.

  Sin, Israelites at, 150.

  Sing Sing prison begun, 192.

  Sion, king of, 246.

  Sirius steamer arrived, 163.

  Six Nations, treaty with, 232.

  Skaptar Jokul, 228, 238, 304.

  Skeleton, ancient, 347.

  Skeletons in ash tree, 297.

  Slave decision, 244;
    ship, first, 403.

  Slave trade abolished, 127, 226;
    by pope, 459;
    proscribed, 175.

  Slavery abolished in France, 124;
    by Kosciusko, 131;
    in Mexico, 363;
    in New York, 123;
    in Poland, 249;
    at Vienna, 59;
    convention, 274;
    trade by treaty, 90.

  Slaves free in England, 264;
    price of, 423.

  Sleep, death an eternal, 401.

  Sloane's library, 135.

  Small pox, first appearance, 107;
    in New England, 291.

  Smyrna, earthquake, 270;
    excitement about Koszta, 243;
    plague at, 227.

  Snow, brick red, 152;
    in Holland, 154;
    in New England, 79;
    red, in Tuscany, 103;
    at Rome, 98, 117.

  Snow storm, 78;
    New England, 487.

  Society of Jesus, 32.

  Solar eclipse, 330;
    in England, 352.

  Soldier, female, pension, 247.

  Soldiers, great mortality, 228;
    wages in 1347, 305.

  Solemn league and covenant, 93.

  Solomon's temple, 376.

  Solstice of Meton, 250.

  Solway moss, 43.

  Somers brig lost, 465;
    mutiny, 34, 125.

  Somers's expedition, 290.

  Son of liberty, 120.

  Sonora burnt, 237.

  Souffriere eruption, 173.

  Soup house, first, 22.

  Sound dues, protest, 233;
    terminated, 148.

  South America, attempt to revolutionize, 50;
    possessed, 324;
    independence, 382;
    republics acknowledged, 11;
    revolutions, 24.

  South Carolina adopted constitution, 203;
    charter, 231;
    college riot, 79;
    congress, 23;
    settled, 204.

  Southern literary messenger, 33.

  South Hadley canal, 483.

  South Hampton frigate lost, 451.

  South sea bubble, 380.

  Sovereign coin issued, 263.

  Spafields poor meeting, 458.

  Spain, civil war ended, 362;
    disturbances, 305;
    letters of marque against, 24;
    partition, 396;
    resigned to Charles, 359;
    restricts the press, 13;
    revolutions, 391.

  Spanish constitution, new, 218;
    fleet foundered, 414;
    military insurrection, 252;
    monarchy, design against, 185;
    prize ship, 200;
    queen absconded, 340;
    records first written, 159;
    royal family prisoners, 176;
    settlements, expedition against, 339;
    ships burnt, 72.

  Speaker of commons, 90;
    congress, contest, 51.

  Specie overturned, 69;
    payments suspended, 356.

  Spectator began, 89.

  Speedwell privateer, 44.

  Spinning machine riot, 393, 456.

  Spires, decree protested, 156;
    diet of, 247.

  Spitalfields' soup house, 22.

  Spirituous liquors taxed, 76, 87.

  Spitzbergen, discovery of, 174, 363;
    Dutch sailors at, 26.

  St. Alban's weathercock, 406.

  St. Andrews, charter, 86.

  St. Anthony's falls, 87.

  St. Augustine founded, 31.

  St. Bartholomew burnt, 91.

  St. Bartholomews, massacre, 16, 334.

  St. Bartholomew island abolished slavery, 394;
    purchased, 204, 314.

  St. Bernard crossed, 192.

  St. Christophers, hurricane, 254;
    purchased, 204, 314.

  St. Croix negro revolt, 263.

  St. Cruz purchased, 314.

  St. David's college founded, 76.

  St. Dennis tombs destroyed, 314.

  St. Domingo ceded, 397;
    commission, 332;
    deputies, 52;
    founded, 306;
    insurrection, 357;
    massacre, 333, 454;
    revolution, 418.

  St. George volcano, 175.

  St. Giles plague, 166.

  St. Helena discovered, 200.

  St. Jago de Cuba, earthquake, 303.

  St. Johns burnt, 231;
    first steam boat, 252.

  St. James steamer exploded, 263.

  St. Kitts, hurricane, 331.

  St. Lawrence county erected, 92;
    fishing in, 133;
    gulf named, 142;
    rail road, 283.

  St. Leon church overwhelmed, 165.

  St. Louis burnt, 196;
    castle burnt, 40;
    riots, 310;
    tornado, 323.

  St. Martin purchased, 204.

  St. Marys settled, 120;
    ship canal, 201.

  St. Michaels destroyed, 316;
    earthquake, 272;
    volcano, 234.

  St. Nicholas destroyed, 290;
    spire fell, 64.

  St. Pauls burnt, 217;
    dedicated, 383;
    laid, 242;
    spire burnt, 233.

  St. Peters built, 78;
    dedicated, 486.

  St. Petersburg, cholera, 342;
    founded, 207;
    inundated 440;
    and Moscow rail road, 345;
    palace burnt, 488;
    storm, 353.

  St. Pierre emancipation, 203.

  St. Stephen's chapel, 107.

  St. Thomas, hurricane, 331.

  Stadtholder arrived, 455.

  Stadtholdership abolished, 41, 70;
    protest, 209.

  Stafford house address, 450.

  Staffordshire ship sunk, 489.

  Stage, women upon, 13;
    plays licensed, 186, 432;
    suppressed, 470.

  Stake, number perished at, 429.

  Stamp act, 419.

  Stamp act passed, 113;
    repealed, 108;
    riot, 337.

  Stamped paper in America, 486.

  Standing army grievance, 59, 372.

  Star spangled banner, 24.

  State affairs, clergy, 468.

  Staten island colonized, 16, 61;
    purchased, 314;
    sold, 319.

  State prisoners in France liberated, 117.

  States general assembled, 180.

  Stationarii at London, 464.

  Stationers company chartered, 180.

  Statistics, so called, 406.

  Statue of George III, 269.

  Steam battery, 159;
    boat at Austin, 108;
    burnt, 54;
    explosion, 141;
    first, 384;
    first on lakes, 420;
    Fitch's, 219;
    wrecked, 86;
    engines, experiments, 325;
    power press, 454;
    ship in England, 279;
    first across Atlantic, 202.

  Steeples opposed, 126.

  Sterling money, 484.

  Steuben county erected, 108.

  Stockport strike, 311.

  Stoke, meteor at, 423.

  Stonehenge fell, 14.

  Stone, medicine for, 106.

  Storm in England, 73;
    Gibraltar, 73.

  Storm of cape Francis, 84;
    in New England, 82.

  Stratford jubilee, 351.

  Street preaching riot, 209, 275.

  Strike at Stockport, 311.

  Stripes in British port, 57.

  Stuart, first of house, 156.

  Studein, meteoric fall, 350.

  Student, the, issued, 46.

  Students expelled for methodism, 100.

  Submarine cable, 340.

  Subsidies of Charles II, 60.

  Sub treasury created, 255.

  Sudberry jury, 392.

  Suffrage universal in France, 458.

  Sugar from beets, inventor, 158.

  Sugar house prisoners, 479.

  Sullivan county erected, 120.

  Sunday bill riot, 257;
    recreations, 199.

  Sunderland iron bridge, 374.

  Sun dial, first in Rome, 59;
    eclipsed, 161;
    in England, 171;
    spot, 106, 173.

  Sungband Cowmuddy, 34.

  Supercalia, feast of, 68.

  Supreme being enacted at Paris, 183.

  Susquehanna rail road collision, 261.

  Suttee abolished, 257, 461.

  Suspension in San Francisco, 80.

  Swabia, king of, 11.

  Swan of Holland, 390.

  Sweating sickness, 416.

  Swedish revolution, 301;
    crown prince killed, 209;
    nobility massacred, 427;
    revolution, 327.

  Swiss cantons armed, 25;
    patriots met, 437;
    protestant massacre, 285;
    troops recalled, 335;
    villages buried, 346.

  Sword voted to McDonough, 66.

  Sybilline prophecy, 450.

  Sydenham crystal palace, 227.

  Sydney cove, 58.

  Symmes theory, 143.

  Syracuse explosion, 329;
    first paper, 131;
    founder of, 307.

  Syrian earthquake, 194.


  Table rock fell, 353, 356.

  Taiefa conflagration, 284.

  Tampico deaths, 378.

  Tar and feathers introduced, 96.

  Tatler appeared, 146, 162;
    last number, 25.

  Taunton girls, 98.

  Tax gatherers slain, 432.

  Tayleur wrecked, 36.

  Tea art, 186.

  Tea at Boston destroyed, 437;
    destroyer, 92.

  Teignmouth phenomenon, 315.

  Telegraph across channel, 215;
    in New York, 356;
    submarine, laid, 274.

  Telemaque of Fenelon, 19.

  Temanfaya volcano, 344.

  Temple of Hercules, 46;
    at Jerusalem burnt, 269;
    purified, 448.

  Tendall's testament sold, 190.

  Teneriffe volcano, 16, 49, 180, 225, 482, 490.

  Tennessee admitted, 215.

  Terceira, earthquake, 234.

  Terra Firma, landing at, 300.

  Test act, 123.

  Texas admitted, 90, 488;
    annexed, 261;
    first legislature, 77;
    proclamation, 283;
    republic protested, 127.

  Thames bridge burnt, 144;
    extraordinary tide, 364;
    flood in, 404;
    frozen, 44, 54;
    thawed out, 54;
    river low, 95, 349, 362;
    and Severn canal, 441;
    tunnel opened, 118.

  Thanksgiving, British, 25, 31;
    first in Mass., 79;
    in India, 280;
    for Russian victories, 12;
    New Netherlands, 351;
    New Orleans, 38.

  Theatre closed by sheriff, 324;
    first in Albany, 259;
    first in New York, 108, 365;
    licensed, 186;
    legalized in Massachusetts, 53.

  Theatrical encouragement of troops, 477;
    first American, 349.

  Theban ram, 180.

  Theft, trial for, 30.

  Theodosius's statue, 85.

  Thermometer, 13, 290.

  Thia island arose, 266.

  Thirty years' war ended, 410.

  Thorn, protestants, 426;
    James, 155.

  Thoth, 315.

  Thousand years' jubilee, 309.

  Thule, southern discovered, 46.

  Thunder, subterranean, 40;
    stone fell, 426;
    theatrical, 18.

  Thuringia meteor, 424.

  Tide high at London, 70;
    in New England, 82.

  Tiers etat, 236.

  Timbuctoo, expedition to, 202.

  Tioga county erected, 70.

  Titles abolished, 241;
    in France, 34;
    at Lucca, 28.

  Toast, indiscreet, 39.

  Tobacco introduced, 294;
    regulations, 383.

  Tokay wine estate, 449.

  Toleration act, 156, 204;
    edict of, 148;
    in Scotland, 320.

  Toledo, lake at, rose, 205.

  Toll gate riot at Bristol, 382.

  Tomboro eruption, 132, 136, 147.

  Tompkins county erected, 139.

  Tonal, red snow, 152.

  Torch dance at Berlin, 459.

  Tornado in Burmah, 163;
    in Ohio, 315.

  Torpedo experiment, 290.

  Tortugas discovered, 186.

  Tragedies, Scotch regulations, 95.

  Tragedy, first English, 31.

  Trajan's floating palace, 277.

  Transit of Mars, 132.

  Transportation for forgery, 127;
    for theft, 419.

  Treason to surrender, 50.

  Treasurer, first U. S., 77.

  Treaty,
    Albany, 202, 253;
    Algiers, 254;
      and Sardinia, 132;
    Amiens, 120;
    Austria and Piedmont, 309;
      and Prussia, 159;
    Barbary, 414;
    Breda, 253, 286;
    Bretigni, 184;
    Britain and Denmark, 27;
      and Spain, 26;
    Buffalo creek, 254;
    Campio Formio, 402;
    Canandaigua, 431;
    Carlowitz, 40;
    Cherokees, 103;
    Denmark and Sweden, 120;
    Dutch and Indians, 341;
    England and France, 451;
    France and Scotland, 267;
    France, Spain and America, 347;
    France and Turkey against Russia, 102;
      and Germany, 63;
      and Holland, 60;
      and Russia, 174;
      and Scotland, 124, 287;
      and Spain, 90;
      and Sourajah Dowlah, 64;
      and Turkey, 17;
    Fontainbleau, 412, 422;
    Fort Herkimer, 252;
    Fort Stanwix, 408;
    French and Chouans, 158;
    France and Egypt, 38;
      and England, 106;
      and Russia, 136;
    Spain and England, 62;
      and Texas, 376;
      and Tripoli, 383;
      and Tuscany, 61, 66;
    Ghent, 311, 447, 483;
    Germany and France, 54;
    Great Britain and Algiers, 340;
      and China, 341;
      and France, 46;
        not ratified, 313;
      and Russia, 144, 146;
      and Spain, 231;
      and U. S., 389;
      and Japan, 394;
    Holland, 403;
    Hubertsburg, 68;
    Indians, 458;
    Jay's, 441;
    Jewish, 56;
    Kerbechi, 355;
    Lannoy, 103;
    Longueville, 61;
    Madrid, 26;
    Navajo Indians, 200;
    New England and Narragansetts, 341;
    Nuremberg, 288;
    Paris, 1783, 52, 117, 185, 212, 376, 454;
    Passau, 302;
    Russia and China, 355;
      and Turkey, 21, 126, 130, 169, 268;
    Ryswick, 467;
    Sac Indians, 190;
    St. Germain, 106;
    St. Ildefonso, 383;
    St. Petersburg, 474, 476;
    Sweden and Tripoli, 383;
    Tehuantepec, 56;
    Tilsit, 273;
    Tolentino, 77;
    Tripoli, 313;
    Troyes, 200;
    U. S. and Algiers, 484;
      and Creeks, 454;
      and France, 57;
      and Great Britain, 15, 26, 74, 259, 313, 441, 454;
      and Indians, 218;
      and Japan, 115;
      and Mexico, 136, 212;
      and Morocco, 280;
      and Prussia, 357, 476;
      and Sweden, 132;
      and Tripoli, 217;
      and Turkey, 183;
      and Venezuela, 34;
    Utrecht, 126, 144;
    Uxbridge, 82;
    Vienna, 117, 266;
      and Rome, 430;
    Westphalia, 410.

  Trees removed and rooted, 281.

  Tremont temple burnt, 128.

  Trent, council of, 31, 40, 169, 201, 470.

  Trent and Mersey canal, 276.

  Tribunes chosen, 466.

  Tri-color, 293.

  Tri-colored flag at Vienna, 143.

  Trinidad discovered, 299.

  Tripoli earthquake, 194;
    liberated Americans, 218;
    made restitution, 313;
    plague, 342.

  Triumph of the cross, festival, 279.

  Troy, fall of, 202;
    land slide, 71.

  Trumento mount formed, 120.

  Tryon county court, 353.

  Touching for king's evil, 196, 264.

  Toulon, Bonaparte sailed from, 202.

  Toulon, decree to level houses, 482.

  Tournament at Eglintoun, 340.

  Tours, ancient circus, 343.

  Townsend ship burnt, 193.

  Tuilleries attacked, 314.

  Tuilleries beset by mob, 213;
    entered by mob, 243;
    walls laid, 272;
    palace begun, 16.

  Turin annexed to Sardinia, 463.

  Turkey declared war with Russia, 384;
    object of war with, 145;
    refuses proposals of Russia, 247.

  Turkish ambassador, 478;
    ships, first at London, 136;
    sultan banqueted Napoleon, 185;
    war declared, 122.

  Turks learned war, 13;
    reinforced British, 117.

  Turners plundered provisions, 401.

  Tuscany duke restored, 295;
    protestant deputation, 412.

  Tweed chain bridge, 283.

  Twin sisters, 412.

  Tyre, era of, 404.


  Uncle Tom's Cabin prohibited, 187.

  Unicorn steamer at Boston, 217.

  Uniformity act, 334.

  Union college, first com., 178.

  United Irishmen disarmed, 125;
    founder, 397.

  United States bank, 11, 206;
    incorporated, 143;
    suspended, 356;
    suspended, 56.

  United States commissioners, 376;
    constitution, 21;
    exploring expedition, 115, 327, 328;
    independence, 15;
    acknowledged, 34;
      by Denmark, 84;
      by Spain, 116;
    president, first, 48;
    ship, first of the line, 185;
    so called, 355.

  Usury punished, 63;
    restrained, 389.

  Utah territory, 353.

  Utica lunatic asylum, 29;
    state, 382.

  Utrecht, quarrel of ministers, 294;
    union, 245.


  Vaccination first applied, 191;
    introduced, 41;
    in Persia, 218;
    rewarded, 216.

  Valley Forge, army at, 477.

  Valois, house extinct, 287.

  Vandalie Bible, 208, 334.

  Van Dieman's land discovered, 434.

  Vatican built, 338.

  Vaudois tolerated, 217.

  Veal, Mrs., apparition, 353.

  Vendean war closed, 123.

  Vendeans shot, 74.

  Venetian crusade sailed, 391.

  Venezuela, independence, 220, 262;
    slaves freed, 166.

  Venice acknowledged French republic, 41;
    revolution, 195.

  Ventilators invented, 121.

  Venus Adonis entered, 155.

  Venus's revolution observed, 185;
    satellite discovered, 339;
    transit, 13, 217, 380.

  Vera Cruz fish destroyed, 384;
    powder explosion, 217.

  Vermont admitted, 74, 93;
    adopted constitution, 57;
    declared independent, 27, 484;
    joined the confederacy, 22.

  Versailles rail road accident, 185.

  Vesta observed, 179;
    discovered, 124;
    steamer sunk, 378.

  Vesuvius, Delius perished in, 188;
    eruption, 32, 102, 175, 231, 234, 314, 327, 334, 405, 411, 447;
    overflowed, 78.

  Vessels to be searched, 142.

  Veto of Miss Dix's bill, 159.

  Vice, edict against, 35.

  Viceroys in Europe, 29.

  Victoria bridge destroyed, 18.

  Victories of the French, 52.

  Viege, earthquake at, 290.

  Vienna abolished slavery, 59;
    emperor left, 402;
    emperors at war with, 402;
    insurrection, 390;
    order restored, 392.

  Virginia adopted constitution, 248;
    colony, 294;
    cut off, 148;
    massacred, 120;
    colonists returned, 237;
    company, new charter, 202;
    convention, 400;
    convicts to, 417;
    divided, 142;
    first assembly, 239;
    insurrection, 330;
    lottery for, 253;
    militia rebel, 424;
    negroes taken, 321;
    on non-importation, 197;
    north, 317;
    occupied, 148;
    rebellion, 426;
    reduced, 190;
    settlement aided, 22;
    so entitled, 226;
    third charter, 99.

  Vixen brig lost, 451.

  Volcanic island disappeared, 483;
    steam cloud, 402.

  Volcanoes in Central America, 56.

  Votes of assembly first published, 146.

  Voyage round the world, first, 350;
    unique, 430.

  Vulcano, eruption of, 54.


  Waal crossed on ice, 23.

  Wages of mechanics, 333.

  Wahabbites, 233.

  Wahhabis, last emir, 441.

  Waistcoat, large, 456.

  Wales, prince attacked, 43.

  Walk in the Water steamer, 209.

  Walker's expedition, 403.

  Wall of entrenchment, Cæsar's, 148.

  Wallabout cemetery, 138.

  Wallachian almanacs, 11;
    revolution, 252.

  Wandering Jew, 10.

  War with America discouraged, 92;
    declared against England and Holland, 48;
    of the elephant, 108;
    of 1812, loss, 20.

  Warren county erected, 100.

  Warsaw, revolution at, 95;
    university abolished, 444.

  Wurtemberg, elector of, 11.

  Washington aqueduct, 429;
    city burnt, 335;
    county erected, 130;
    gun ship, 185;
    letter to refused, 276;
    monument, 95, 261;
    in New York, 405;
    servant, Gilbert, 76;
    steamer sailed, 215.

  Water spout, 394, 470.

  Water Witch ascended Paraguay, 49.

  Waterford under coercion act, 286.

  Wayne county erected, 145;
    first paper, 450.

  Weather, peculiar, 30.

  Weathersfield settlers, 400.

  Welsh bards, prize, 206;
    Bible permitted, 119.

  Well discovered, 105.

  Wetterhorn ascended, 261.

  West Florida, occupation, 259.

  West India hurricane, 306, 348, 384, 395;
    slave trade, 175.

  Westminster assembly, 256;
    bridge, 43;
    convent destroyed, 300;
    hall founded, 302.

  West Point academy, 105.

  Whale in the Thames, 118.

  Wheat, price rose, 454;
    in Ireland, 372.

  Wheel punishment abolished, 213.

  Whig mob, 438.

  Whirlwinds, 232.

  White child, first in Ct., 270;
    Fish schooner, 430;
    sea discovered, 187.

  Whitehall palace burnt, 14;
    and Rutland rail road, 384.

  Whitfield methodists, 12.

  Whites massacred at cape Francois, 241.

  Whitestown, founder, 153;
    settled, 20, 248.

  Wife sold, 145.

  Wild man captured, 18.

  William and Anne wrecked, 98;
    and Mary chosen, 64, 66.

  Williamsburg, Va., theatre, 349.

  Wilmington powder explosion, 213.

  Winchester wrecked, 155.

  Windsor, settlers, 400.

  Wine, export prohibited, 173.

  Winfield Scott steamer, 458.

  Winter solstice, 488.

  Winter quarters, Washington's, 450.

  Wisconsin admitted, 488.

  Wreck off Portland, 55.

  Witch act in England, 380.

  Witch hung, 226.

  Witchcraft, 407;
    case of, 161;
    act repealed, 247;
    execution, 327, 371.

  Witches condemned, 33;
   trial of, 235.

  Wolfe's army, survivor, 19.

  Wolves in France, 65.

  Woman prohibited the Bible, 28;
    rights convention, 305;
    rioters, 31;
    sold for tobacco, 330;
    tear up rail road, 466;
    upon the stage, 13.

  Woodland hurricane, 331.

  Worcester, fire at, 233;
    riot, 456.

  Worchestz, storm, 273.

  World appeared, 14;
    created, 344.

  Worms, diet at, 115, 462.

  Wowoken possessed by Raleigh, 148.

  Writ, ancient, 431.

  Writing, minute, 314.


  Yacht race, 340;
    at Cowes, 332.

  Yamasses conspiracy, 151.

  Yankee Blade steamer lost, 384.

  Yates county erected, 56.

  Yazoo, disunion meeting, 391.

  Year, beginning of changed, 117.

  Yellow fever at New Orleans, 207, 255, 301;
    at Tampico, 378;
    first death, 310.

  Yeomen of the guard, 416.

  Yong-ming-tchin swallowed up, 238.

  York, England, burnt, 217;
    and Lancaster united, 31, 63.

  Yucatan independence, 194.


  Zenger's Weekly Journal, 388.

  Zurich insurrection, 351.




      *      *      *      *      *      *




Transcriber's note:

Variations in spelling and hyphenation have been left as in the original.

The letters "B. C." appear both spaced and unspaced in the original.
They have been standardized to include a space.

Where the abbreviation "St." was missing a period, the period has been
added.

The chapter header "JANUARY." has been added by the transcriber.

The following corrections have been made to the text:

     Page 12: 17.[period missing in original] PUBLIUS OVIDUS NASO

     Page 14: 1689. Col. HENRY SLOUGHTER appointed
     governor[original has "govenor"]

     Page 14: He was an indefatigable[original has "indefatigible"]
     student

     Page 14: conducted by Coleman, Bonnell Thornton[original has
     "Bonnel, Thornton"], Chesterfield

     Page 15: 23 mortars, the fort, ammunition[original has
     "amunition"] and stores

     Page 15: relinquished her right to the sovereignty[original
     has "sovreignty"] of the revolted colonies

     Page 20: and a settlement[original has "ettlement"] commenced
     by 28 colonists

     Page 21: who circumnavigated the globe with Cook,[original has
     "globe, with Cook"] died in his 70th year

     Page 23: artillery and munitions, preparatory[original has
     "prepartory"] to a general retreat

     Page 23: measuring 40 by 42 inches,[comma missing in original]
     the largest ever made

     Page 23: author of a great number of["of" missing in original]
     theological works

     Page 24: At Iraish it was observed at -44½°[negative sign
     missing in original] of Fahrenheit

     Page 24: health becoming impaired,[comma missing in original]
     by the advice of his physicians

     Page 24: survivors of the colony,[comma missing in original]
     twelve in number, were taken

     Page 24: 1795. In consequence of a great thaw,[comma missing
     in original] the communication

     Page 25: female born in the old colony of
     Massachusetts[original has "Massachusets"]

     Page 26: More than[original has "that"] 100 Swedish and Danish

     Page 30: defeated near Guadalaxara by the Spaniards under
     Calleja[original has "Caleja"]

     Page 33: 1764. MR. WILKES was expelled from["from" missing in
     original] the British house of commons

     Page 36: 1552. The duke of SOMERSET beheaded on pretence
     of[original has "ot"] inciting others

     Page 36: Yet much of it is to be[original has "the"]
     attributed

     Page 38: put a[original has "puta"] stop to their depredations

     Page 39: He was appointed adjutant and inspector[original has
     "inspecter"]-general

     Page 40: 1845. ABIGAIL[original has "Albigail"] LEONARD died
     at Raynham, Mass.

     Page 42: 40,000 pairs of stocking breeches[original has
     "braeches"]

     Page 46: conducted by Coleman, Bonnell Thornton[original has
     "Bonnell, Thornton"], Chesterfield

     Page 47: came to this country while a boy,[comma missing in
     original] was a soldier under Wolfe

     Page 49: widow of Percy Bysshe[original has "Byssche"] Shelley

     Page 54: new committees, viz.[period missing in original], one
     on religion

     Page 55: 1805. The East Indiaman, earl of
     Abergavenny,[original has "Avergavenny"] wrecked

     Page 56: 1813. The Spanish cortes[original has "cortez"]
     abolished the inquisition.

     Page 57: 1696. A plot to assassinate[original has
     "assasinate"] WILLIAM III

     Page 59: 1637. FERDINAND[original has "Ferdinard"] II of
     Germany

     Page 59: fighting, occupied[original has "occuppied"] the same
     position

     Page 60: 1555. JOHN HOOPER[original has "Hoopfr"] bishop of
     Gloucester

     Page 61: a worthy of the revolution[original has
     "relvolution"], died, aged nearly 98

     Page 63: 1771. JEAN DE BEAURAIN[original has "Beuarain"] died

     Page 64: one of the signers of the declaration of
     independence[original has "indedence"]

     Page 64: 1814. Battle of Montmirail[original has "Montmirial"]
     between the French

     Page 64: friend of Don Miguel, of infamous memory.[original
     has comma]

     Page 64: died at North Woodbury, Pa., aged 110½[original
     has "110 1-2"] years

     Page 65: The governor[original has "govenor"] returned the
     summons unopened.

     Page 66: French frigate Psyche,[comma missing in original] 36
     guns, and the prize ship

     Page 68: arrived at St. Paul[original has "Pauls"], Minnesota

     Page 68: 1632. DUDLEY CARLETON, an[original has "on"] English
     statesman

     Page 69: died at Edinburgh[original has "Edingburgh"], aged
     55. She drew the attention of the town for a number of
     seasons, particularly[original has "particulary"] when she
     played Juliet

     Page 69: 1810[original has "1710"]. Birthday of LOUIS XV, of
     France

     Page 69: 1815. British sloop of war Barbados, captured the
     United States letter of marque brigantine Vidette, 3 guns, 30
     men.["captured the United States letter of marque brigantine
     Vidette, 3 guns, 30 men." moved from top of page 70 to here]

     Page 69: 1817. Cold day throughout the United States[original
     has "tates"];

     Page 70: in which the former were victorious in both
     instances.[period missing in original]

     Page 71: 1852. Homeopathic[original has "Homoepathic"] college
     at Cleveland, Ohio

     Page 71: 1853. WILLIAM GIBBS MCNEIL[ORIGINAL HAS MC NEIL] died

     Page 72: the Spanish chief Francisco Espoz[original has
     "Espon"] y Mina

     Page 73: 1519. CORTEZ[original has "Cortes"] sailed from cape
     St. Antonio

     Page 73: he gave such an account[original has "acccount"] of
     it in England

     Page 75: He was early engaged in political[original has
     "polical"] life

     Page 77: 1802. JOHN[original has "Joan"] MOORE, a
     distinguished Scottish physician and popular author, died. He
     wrote on the society and manners of different countries in
     Europe, which his acute[original has "accute"] discernment

     Page 77: Gen. Henderson was elected the first
     governor[original has "govenor"].

     Page 78: 1854. The most violent snow storm that had
     occurred[original has "occcured"] since 1831

     Page 79: was in a measure indemnified[original has
     "idemnified"] by the articles

     Page 81: 1851. JOANNA BAILLIE[original has "Baille"], the
     Scottish poetress

     Page 82: 4 large quarto vols. of "Notes and various readings
     of Shakspeare."[quotation mark missing in original]

     Page 87: 1648. CHRISTIAN IV[original has "Christiern IV"] of
     Denmark, died.

     Page 90: mine in the isle of Anglesey was discovered.[period
     missing in original]

     Page 90: His publications, theological[original has
     "theologial"], medical and political, gained great
     approbation.

     Page 91: for the salaries of its officers from July to Dec.
     1792,[original has period] $2,694·88

     Page 91: 1799. Corfu, one of the Ionian islands,[comma missing
     in original] taken

     Page 91: endeavors to improve every branch of[original has
     "af"] agriculture

     Page 92: He enjoyed, at the time of his death,[comma missing
     in original] the vigorous use of his intellect.

     Page 93: "_Allons chercher l'ennemi; si je recule, tuez moi;
     si j'avance, suivez moi; si je meurs, vengez moi_."[quotation
     mark missing in original]

     Page 93: earl of Bellamont, governor[original has "govenor"]
     of the province of New York

     Page 94: member of congress, and governor[original has
     "govenor"] of Pennsylvania

     Page 94: English, Spanish and Portuguese[original has
     "Portugese"] allied army

     Page 96: 1775. An inhabitant of the town of Billerica[original
     has "Billercia"], Mass.

     Page 96: 1828. RICHARD STOCKTON[original has "Stocton"], a son
     of the signer

     Page 97: 1649. The duke of Hamilton, earl of Holland,[comma
     missing in original] and Lord Capel

     Page 97: 1819. REGNAULT DE ST. JEAN D'ANGELY[original has
     "d'angely"]

     Page 98: 1789. The city of London brilliantly[original has
     "brillantly"] illuminated

     Page 99: 1856. President RIVAS, of Nicaragua[original has
     "Nicarauga"], declared war

     Page 99: used the Italian language in philosophical
     subjects.[original has comma]

     Page 100: Marshal Beresford, took possession[original has
     "possesion"] of Bordeaux

     Page 103: 44 B. C. CAIUS JULIUS CÆSAR, the Roman general,
     assassinated[original has "assissinated"] in the senate

     Page 104: distinguished preacher and theological[original has
     "theologial"] writer of Toulouse.

     Page 104: and deprived of his functions of government[original
     has "goverment"]

     Page 104: 1839. Battle of Tuspan; the Mexican[original has
     "Mexiican"] government troops

     Page 104: He translated Froissart's _Chronicle_ into
     English.[period missing in original]

     Page 107: wages for artists be from 5d.[period missing in
     original] per day

     Page 108: He distinguished himself in the Afghanistan[original
     has "Affghanistan"] war

     Page 113: 1621. The colonists at Plymouth received a visit
     from Massasoit[original has "Masassoit"]

     Page 121: he was licensed to preach in["in" missing in
     original] 1791 by the presbytery

     Page 121: MARCH 28[original has "29"].

     Page 122: 1791[original has "7191"]. HONORE GABRIEL RIQUETTI

     Page 122: His mathematical[original has "mathemathical"]
     essays at an early age

     Page 122: MARCH 29[original has "28"].

     Page 124: could shield him from the malice[original has
     "malace"] of his enemies

     Page 125: 1781. Mutiny disclosed on board U. S. frigate
     Alliance[original has "Aliance"]

     Page 125: but the division under Scherer having been[original
     has "being"] beaten again

     Page 125: 1810. LUIGI LANZI, a modern Italian
     archæologist[original has "archeologist"]

     Page 126: in London, that efficient[original has "effcient"]
     measures had been pursued

     Page 132: 1813. Action near Urbanna, on the
     Chesapeake[original has "Chespeake"]

     Page 133: He embraced the doctrines of Arminius[original has
     "Arminus"] in relation to predestination

     Page 133: 1706. JOHN BAYLES, an English buttonmaker[original
     has "butttonmaker"], died

     Page 141: appointed lord high chancellor[original has
     "chancelor"] of England and baron of Verulam

     Page 141: other countries, led to his recall[original has
     "recal"] by the king

     Page 143: 1756. JOSEPH VAISSETTE, a French
     ecclesiastic[original has "eccleciastic"], died.

     Page 143: 1856. The Americans under Lieut.[period missing in
     original] Green attacked 200 Costa Ricans

     Page 144: 1555. THOS. WYATT beheaded; acquitting[original has
     "acquiting"] with his last breath

     Page 144: the reformation of the calendar[original has
     "calander"], and the adoption

     Page 146: 1709. First number of the _Tatler_[original has
     "Tattler"] appeared.

     Page 153: the ridge of the house was discernible.[period
     missing in original]

     Page 155: 1676. Sudbury, Mass.,[comma missing in original]
     attacked

     Page 156: He fell a sacrifice[original has "sacrafice"] to the
     fury

     Page 158: 1839. AARON OGDEN,[original has a period] an
     American statesman

     Page 160: He was one of the first and brightest[original has
     "brighest"] ornaments

     Page 160: and the Texans[original has "Texians"], 783, under
     Gen. Houston

     Page 161: division of the Austrian army two days in
     succession[original has "succesion"]

     Page 165: and began[original has "begun"] a paraphrase and
     commentary

     Page 166: In his reign a great plague occurred[original has
     "occured"].

     Page 166: constituted her the fittest[original has "fitest"]
     sovereign of the two

     Page 167: trial of MEUNIER for an attempt to
     assassinate[original has "assinate"] the king

     Page 167: could give a succinct[original has "succint"]
     account of that sanguinary action

     Page 168: Bostonians delivered up a large quantity[original
     has "quanity"] of guns

     Page 168: in one of these paroxysms[original has "paroxyms"]
     Charles shot himself

     Page 168: 1830. City of Guatemala[original has "Guatamala"]
     nearly destroyed by an earthquake.

     Page 169: beginning a military enterprise[original has
     "entreprise"] against Nicaragua

     Page 169: at the confluence of the Alleghany[original has
     "Allegany"] and Monongahela

     Page 172: 1519. A skirmish at Edinburgh[original has
     "Edinburg"]

     Page 175: the laws of nature, died at Göttingen[original has a
     macron over the "o"]

     Page 175: Hundreds[original has "Hundred"] of persons were
     driven from their dwellings

     Page 177: 1840. THOMAS MANNING, an[original has "a"] eminent
     English linguist

     Page 179: avowed Judaism, and was excommunicated[original has
     "excomunicated"] from the church of Mary le Bone.[period
     missing in original]

     Page 181: He commenced in 1795 that unparalleled[original has
     extraneous quotation mark] career

     Page 181: 1631. ROBERT BRUCE COTTON, an eminent[original has
     "eminant"] English antiquary, died.

     Page 184: principally known by his _Description[original has
     "Descripton"] of the great World_

     Page 185: 1768. BONNELL[original has "Bonnel"] THORNTON died

     Page 189: having ascended from Dublin in a balloon[original
     has "baloon"]

     Page 197: published 1617. (See Dec. 1.[period missing in
     original])

     Page 198: French under the duke d'Enghien[original has
     "d'Enghein"] gained a signal victory

     Page 200: 1789. JOHN HAWKINS, an English writer,[original has
     period] died

     Page 202: wickedly and cowardly assaulted[original has
     "assaultted"] Charles Summer

     Page 204: originally a cobbler[original has "cobler"], became
     a mountebank

     Page 205: and a church and 22 houses[original has "hosses"] at
     Bristol

     Page 205: He is celebrated as the editor of
     Shakspeare[original has "Shakpeare"]

     Page 205: 1843. One hundredth[original has "hundreth"]
     anniversary of the Am. Philosophical Society

     Page 209: 1854. A riot occurred[original has "occured"] at the
     park in New York

     Page 210: 1593. JOHN PENRY, an English controversial[original
     has "controvercial"] writer

     Page 212: He distinguished himself as a soldier, statesman and
     scholar.[original has comma]

     Page 213: a distinguished[original has "dintinguished"] French
     officer, and defender

     Page 214: taking the Indians by surprise,
     exterminated[original has "extirminated"] their villages

     Page 216: by Rutger Jacobsen,[original has "Rutger, Jacobsen"]
     one of the magistrates

     Page 219: announced: "[quotation mark missing in original]_The
     Chronicles of England, &c._

     Page 220: on the sixth day of _Lous_ (_Hecatombæon_[original
     has "Hecatombœon"])

     Page 220: engaged in a conspiracy to assassinate[original has
     "assasinate"] Lorenzo de Medici

     Page 220: 1597. WILLIAM HUNIS, one of["of" missing in
     original] the contributors to the metrical theology

     Page 221: 1693. Dr. PITCAIRN[original has "Pitcarine"],
     published at Leyden his dissertation

     Page 221: 1629. Charters granted[original has "graned"] to
     patroons

     Page 222: burn 3 British ships in the new mole,
     Gibraltar[original has "Gibralter"] bay

     Page 223: the British the quarries of[original has "in of"]
     the Redan

     Page 227: with all the ex-citizens[original has "excitizens"]
     of Florence

     Page 232: consuls elected, according to the Capitoline
     marbles.[period missing in original]

     Page 237: that relates to the separation from
     Massachusetts[original has "Massachussetts"]

     Page 238: in consequence of discontents arising[original has
     "arrising"] among those

     Page 238: his learning as a theological writer and
     controversialist[original has "controversalist"]

     Page 239: 1835. WILLIAM COBBETT[original has "Cobbet"], an
     English poetical and miscellaneous writer

     Page 241: historian of New Hampshire,[original has period]
     died, aged 58

     Page 242: presented to the Boston athenæum[original has
     "atheneum"] by the citizens

     Page 244: 1770. PHILIP CARTERET WEBB died;[semicolon missing
     in original] a distinguished

     Page 244: British loss 1200 killed,[comma missing in original]
     wounded or drowned

     Page 245: were defeated, with the loss[original has "lose"] of
     80

     Page 251: 1829. Erzeroum[original has "Erzroum"], in Turkey

     Page 254: 1666. ALEXANDER DE BROME, an[original has "on"]
     English poet, died

     Page 257: 1850. SERGEANT[original has "Sergeat"] S. PRENTISS,
     a distinguished American lawyer

     Page 262: astonishment at London by his performances[original
     has "preformances"] on the organ

     Page 263: capitol fired during the night by an
     incendiary[original has "incendary"] and consumed

     Page 262: the Americans occupied their works.[period missing
     in original]

     Page 263: 1811. The seven provinces of Venezuela made
     declaration of independence[original has "indedendence"].

     Page 266: 1816. RICHARD BRINSLEY[original has "Brindsley"]
     SHERIDAN, an English dramatist

     Page 271: oldest member of the society of the
     Cincinnati[original has "Cincinnatti"]

     Page 273: Isaac Hull, left Annapolis[original has "Anapolis"]
     in Chesapeake bay

     Page 279: consummation of the schism[original has "scism"]
     between the two churches

     Page 279: 1439. Commencement of a direful pestilence and
     famine, which scourged[original has "scourced"] England

     Page 280: 1856.[period missing in original] A formidable
     insurrection

     Page 281: 1656[original has "1556"]. Battle of Valenciennes

     Page 281: 1812. United States frigate[original has "frgiate"]
     _Constitution_ fell

     Page 281: pilgrims entered the city to see them.[period
     missing in original]

     Page 282: defeated the French near Tirlemont[original has
     "Tirelemont"]

     Page 283: 1610. The foundation of the famed and valuable
     Bodleian[original has "Bodlein"] library

     Page 283: Mexican agitator, PAREDES, defeated by
     Bustamente[original has "Bustamante"]

     Page 287: earl of Northumberland's son, Henry Hotspur[original
     has "Holspur"], slain

     Page 287: He succeeded in driving the English from
     his[original has "has"] kingdom

     Page 287: in presence of an immense crowd[original has
     "crowed"] of spectators

     Page 287: _The Bishop's Bible_, made in the reign[original has
     "thereign"] of Elizabeth

     Page 288: [original has extraneous dash]and it was owing to
     the night and Clausel's skill

     Page 288: 1836. ARMAND CARREL, a French republican,[original
     has period] killed in a duel

     Page 288: under a son of the ex-king[original has "exking"] of
     Cabul

     Page 292: 1852. WILLIAM SCROOP, an[original has "at"] eminent
     English naturalist

     Page 293: 1766. WALLIS, the navigator,[comma missing in
     original] sailed on his great voyage.

     Page 296: all of whom possessed colossal[original has
     "collosal"] fortunes of their own

     Page 297: (_Penny Cyclopedia_[original has "Cycolpedia"] says
     August 16th)

     Page 299: favorite at the court of Henry[original has "Heny"]
     IV.

     Page 300: See Oct. 4[original has "5"], 1434.

     Page 301: 1854. KENNETH MURCHISON[original has "Muschison"]
     formerly governor of Penang and Singapore

     Page 303: began the _Annals of Philosophy_[original has
     "Philosopy"], in London

     Page 305: _The[original has "the"] Wandering Jew_, are known
     in all Europe and America

     Page 310: the _Penny Cyclopedia_[original has "Clyclopedia"]
     on the science of astronomy

     Page 311: works on archæology[original has "archæolology"],
     antiquities and philology

     Page 314: 1675. PETER BALES,[original has two commas] an early
     and eminent English writing master

     Page 314: 1749. THOMAS TOPHAM, an Englishman[original has
     "Englisman"] of remarkable strength

     Page 314: palace was carried by storm, the apartments[original
     has "appartments"], the passages

     Page 314: guards, who heroically defended the king, were
     inhumanly[original has "inhumanily"] butchered

     Page 315: loss of 5,000 killed, 3,000 prisoners[original has
     "prisioners"], 2 cannon

     Page 315: 1851.[period missing in original] M. DAGUERRE, the
     inventor of the daguerreotype

     Page 315: the latter lost 21 ships, captured and sunk.[period
     missing in original]

     Page 317: in office under several successive[original has
     "succesive"] sovereigns

     Page 317: in Rhode Island, whither[original has "whether"] he
     had been driven

     Page 320: besides immense quantities[original has "quanities"]
     of valuable real estate

     Page 320: delivered 28 hostages at the foot of
     Snowdon[original has "Snowden"]

     Page 321: Joubert was mortally[original has "wasmortall y"]
     wounded.

     Page 322: He published _Stirpes Novæ_[original has "Novœ"]

     Page 323: Hessian generals, Baum and Breyman[original has
     "Breymen"]

     Page 324: AUGUST[original has extraneous period] 17.

     Page 332: from which office he was removed to make room for
     Wolsey[original has "Woolsey"]

     Page 337: on the Lycus, between the Macedonians[original has
     "Macedodians"] under Alexander

     Page 337: 1813. THEODORE KORNER, a German poet, killed in
     battle[original has "battlle"].

     Page 340: Hungarian ecclesiastic, ennobled for his
     literacy[original has "literary"]

     Page 342: a brother, who should propagate[original has
     "propogate"] opinions in opposition

     Page 343: 1772.[period missing in original] WILLIAM BORLASE,
     an English writer on natural history

     Page 349: present from eleven colonies. (Sept. 4[original has
     extraneous comma]?)

     Page 352: 1772. An unprecedented[original has "unprecedent"]
     rain and consequent flood happened

     Page 352: 1811. PETER SIMON[original has "Simom"] PALLAS

     Page 357: 1827. UGO FOSCOLO, a distinguished[original has
     "distingushed"] Italian writer

     Page 359: 1849. MARIANO PAREDES, ex-president[original has
     "expresident"] of Mexico, died

     Page 359: in treasure, was totally[original has "totaly"] lost
     in a gale

     Page 361: 407. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM[original reads "Crysostom"],
     one of the most illustrious fathers

     Page 367: 880. ABBATEGNIA decided the obliquity[original has
     "oblignity"] of the ecliptic

     Page 371: loss of the[original has "the the"] Greeks was
     inconsiderable

     Page 371: 19 B. C.[period missing in original] PUBLIUS MARO
     VIRGILIUS

     Page 373: who arrayed himself[original has "himfelf"] against
     the Aristotelian philosophy

     Page 376: 1799. Zurich, in Switzerland,[comma missing in
     original] taken by the French

     Page 378: the strongest in Europe, taken by the
     Austrians[original has "Austrains"]

     Page 379: A _rout_[original has "gout"] preserved Europe.

     Page 379: _New Englander_, died in New Haven, Ct.,[period
     missing in original] aged 48

     Page 380: ship Annie Jane, from Liverpool, was driven on the
     Barra[original has "Barva"] island

     Page 383: criminals hitherto employed by a barbarous[original
     has "barbarious"] custom

     Page 384: 1842. The war in Afghanistan[original has
     "Affghanistan"] closed by the capture of Ghuznee

     Page 384: 322 B. C. ARISTOTLE[original has "Aristoteles"], the
     celebrated Greek philosopher, died

     Page 385: 1793. The last two male[original has "males"]
     natives of Pitcairn's island

     Page 387: He was a weak[original has "w ak"] prince

     Page 391: defeated by the Jews at the pass of
     Bethhoron[original has "Bethhoran"]

     Page 393: from Sault[original has "Saut"] St. Marie to
     Cleveland

     Page 397: He was historiographer to the[original has "tot he"]
     king

     Page 399: taken by admiral Hawke off the[original has "the
     the"] isle of Aix

     Page 400: children, with their horses, cattle and swine,[comma
     missing in original] commenced a journey

     Page 405: emigrant legion under Rohan were[original has
     "wore"] cut to pieces

     Page 407: wars of the Romans began in which Cæsar[original has
     "Cesar"] and Pompey

     Page 412: having finished their deliberations[original has
     "delibrations"], adjourned

     Page 414: 1687. JAMES ATKINS, a learned Scottish bishop,
     died.[original has period]

     Page 416: when was instituted the _Yeomen[original has
     "Yoemen"] of the Guard_

     Page 418: captured the hereditary prince of
     Mecklenburg-Strelitz[original has "Mecklenbenburg-Strelitz"]

     Page 419: Kings, Orange, Queens, Suffolk[original has
     "Suffold"], Richmond, Ulster, and Westchester, N. Y.

     Page 421: fell back to his original[original has "orginal"]
     level in consequence

     Page 423: (Other and more reliable accounts say 1,500 Indians
     instead of 3,000.)[parenthesis missing in original]

     Page 424: coagulated blood was afterwards[original has "after
     wards" split across a line break] found on the ground

     Page 427: 1808. A Mr. DOWLER, of Towcester[original has
     "Towcetser"], England

     Page 428: Steering[original has "Stearing"] northward again
     they were clear of the danger

     Page 428: officer in the revolutionary war, died at Scipio,
     N.[period missing in original] Y.

     Page 429: 1806. BONAPARTE levied[original has "livied"] a
     contribution on the Prussian dominion

     Page 430: 1843. JOHN TRUMBULL[original has "Trumbell"], a
     celebrated American painter

     Page 438: 1604.[period missing in original] Trial of sir
     WALTER RALEIGH for treason.

     Page 438: 177-.[period missing in original] BRUCE, the
     traveler, in passing the Taranta mountain

     Page 444: soldiers lost in the American war, at 30_l._[period
     missing in original] per man

     Page 446: 946. EDRED,[original has period] the successor of
     Edmund I of England, died of quinsy.

     Page 446: 1794. Fort St. Fernando de Figueras[original has
     "Figueres"] capitulated to the French

     Page 449: eminent Scottish author, died at Abbotsford[original
     has "Abbottsford"]

     Page 449: author of many valuable works on Biblical[original
     has "Bibical"] literature

     Page 451: skill in painting, sculpture, architecture and
     mechanics.[period missing in original]

     Page 453: will ever rank high among illustrious[original has
     "illustrous"] women

     Page 454: He discovered some of[original has "or"] the
     properties

     Page 454: 1718. CHARLES XII, king of Sweden,[original has
     period] killed by a musket

     Page 460: boundless ambition, whose ministry[original has
     "ministery"] forms an era

     Page 461: _Life of Wisner_ has passed through several
     editions[original has "additions"]

     Page 465: the church by his enmity[original has "enemity"]
     against the Turks

     Page 468: new emperor, made his triumphal[original has
     "triumphial"] entry

     Page 468: 1282. MICHAEL VIII (_Palæologus_[original has
     "Palœologus"]), emperor of Rome

     Page 468: Cyrus, the younger[original has "younder"] another
     of his sons

     Page 468: becoming a heretic, narrowly escaped being[original
     has "been"] burnt

     Page 469: laden with utensils for fishing, and planters and
     cattle for the[original has "the the"] colony

     Page 476: 1733. EMANUEL[original has "Emnauel"] MATTI died

     Page 478: See Jan. 19, 1795[original has "Jan. 15, 1849"].

     Page 479: meetings in Edinburgh, occurred[original has
     "occured"] on account of signing

     Page 487: Rousseau who wished[original has "wised"] to palm
     upon him

     Page 488: English writer on political economy, died.[original
     has a comma]

     Page 488: 1837. The[original has "Tho"] imperial palace at St.
     Petersburg burnt

     Page 489: he was brought before the inquisition[original has
     "inquision"] as a man

     Page 490: Gesner's[original has "Gessner's"] poem of the
     _Death of Abel_

     Page 490: compelled to surrender themselves prisoners of
     war.[original has comma]

     Page 490: any contemporary theologian in America[original has
     "American"]

     Page 491: about 250 United States troops and militia[original
     has "milit a"]

     Page 494: Balboa, N. de[original has extraneous period], 32,
     375.

     Page 495: Blanchard, æronaut[original has "aeronaut"], 21.

     Page 496: The last name in the entry "Bonnel, 14." has been
     changed to "Bonnell". That entry has been combined with the
     entry "Bonnell, 46."

     Page 497: Entries "Campbell, John, 482." and "Campbell, John,
     486." are one entry in original.

     Page 498: Cortez, 28, 61, 73, 117, 160, 199, 207, 259[original
     has "229"], 266, 323, 398, 427[original has "487"], 439.

     Page 498: Croix, F. P. de la[original has extraneous period],
     423.

     Page 498: The entry "Crysostom, John, 361." has been deleted,
     and the page number "361" has been added to the entry
     "Chrysostom, John".

     Page 499: Entry "Duckworth, admiral, 136." has been removed as
     a duplicate.

     Page 500: Edwards, Jonathan, 301[original has "300"].

     Page 501: Frederick, prince of["of" missing in original]
     Wales, 110, 116.

     Page 501: Gavazzi at Quebec, 221[comma and page number missing
     in original].

     Page 501: Gloucester, earl[original has "duke"], 49.

     Page 502: Grufydd, L. ap[original has extraneous period], 466.

     Page 502: Extraneous entry "Hardinge, N., 141." deleted.

     Page 502: The two entries "Henry VIII, 18, 20, 40, 43, 60, 93,
     202." and "Henry VIII, 390, 396." have been combined into one
     entry.

     Page 503: Entry "Hogeveen, Henry, 420." removed because there
     is another entry with the correct spelling.

     Page 505: Lowndes, William[original has "Wiiliam"], 413.

     Page 505: Entry "Lyndhurst, governor, 63." deleted because the
     word "Lyndhurst" is not in the original text.

     Page 505: Maginn, William[original has "Willlam"], 369.

     Page 506: Montgomerie, Gov., 27.[original also references page
     286].

     Page 507: Morgan, Wm., 356.[original also references page 358]

     Page 507: The entry "Owen, John, 334, 400." has been split
     into two entries because each page references a different
     person.

     Page 510: Sadler, æronaut[original has "aeronaut"], 348.

     Page 512: The entry "Thompson, Benj., 258, 374." has been
     split into two entries because each page references a
     different person.

     Page 512: Entry "Vandervelde, Wm., 137." deleted as a
     duplicate.

     Page 515: The entries "Antioch, 229." and "Antioch, 216, 329,
     406." have been combined into one entry.

     Page 518: Entry "Liscard, 32, 346." changed to two entries:
     "Liscard, 32." and "Liscarrol, 346."

     Page 518: Entry "Marseilles, 362." deleted because there is no
     mention of Marseilles on page 362.

     Page 518: The entries "Miami, 329." and "Miami, 382, 423."
     have been combined into one entry.

     Page 519: Entries "Petropaulowski, 155, 341, 343." and
     "Petropaulowitz, 201." corrected to "Petropaulowski, 155, 201,
     341, 343."

     Page 519: Roleia, 325.[original has "Roleia, 325, 380, 378."]

     Page 519: Rome, 181, 252, 258, 259, 340, 406, 466[original has
     "466, 466"], 474.

     Page 520: Toledo defended[original has "defeened"], 412.

     Page 521: Entry "Williamstadt, 288, 362." has been split into
     two entries: "Williamstad, 362." and "Williamstadt, 288."

     Page 523: Ærostats[original has "Acrostats"], French, 373.

     Page 523, under "Albany": Indian alliance, 232[original has
     "583"]

     Page 523: Auburn[original has "Aubnrn"] prison opened, 345.

     Page 524, under "Bank failure": of[original has "af"] England
     begun, 304

     Page 525: Charles I delivered[original has "deiivered"] up by
     Scots, 45

     Page 525: Chenango county[original has "connty"] erected, 104.

     Page 525: Cecilia[original has "Ci cilia"] of Miss Burney, 19.

     Page 527, under "English": parliament, Sunday[original has
     "sunday"] session, 311

     Page 528: Free trade and sailor's[original has "sailors"]
     rights, 258.

     Page 529: Houghton pictures sold, 379[original has "37.9"].

     Page 529: Hurricane[original has "Huricane"] East Indies, 10.

     Page 530: Lobos island difficulty, 404, 436.[original has
     "436-"]

     Page 530, under "Longevity": Rush, C., 176[original has "116"]

     Page 531: Massachusetts adopted constitution[original has
     "constitutution"], 55, 57

     Page 531, under "Meteoric phenomena": at Naumburg[original has
     "Nauneburg"], 121[original has "126"]

     Page 532: Notre dame bells baptized[original has "baptised"],
     436

     Page 532: Owego burnt, 378[original has "328"].

     Page 532: Oxford, commerce prohibited[original has
     "prohibitod"], 28

     Page 532, under "Paris, civil war": scarcity of
     provisions[original has "previsions"], 91

     Page 533: Phillipines discovered[original has "discovere4"],
     101.

     Page 533: Pope allowed to exercise pontificate[original has
     "photicate"], 40

     Page 534: Reading, abbots'[original has "abbott's"] coiners,
     437

     Page 536: Theatrical encouragement[original has
     "encouragment"] of troops, 477

     Page 536: Van Dieman's[original has "Diemens"] land
     discovered, 234[original has "434"].

     Page 537: Wahabites, 233; last emir, 441. Entry has been split
     to reflect the spelling in the text of "Wahabbites" on page
     233, and "Wahhabis" on page 441.

     Page 537: Wall of entrenchment[original has "intrenchment"],
     Cæsar's, 148.

Punctuation has been standardized in the Indexes. Also, as far as
possible, in the Indexes, the spelling of names has been changed to
match the spelling used in the body of the text.