Title: A Syllabus of Hispanic-American History
Author: Jr. William Whatley Pierson
Release date: August 8, 2013 [eBook #43422]
Language: English
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"In the establishment of the independence of Spanish America the United States have the deepest interest. I have no hesitation in asserting my firm belief that there is no question in the foreign policy of this country, which has ever arisen, or which I can conceive as ever occurring, in the decision of which we have had or can have so much at stake."—Henry Clay, The Emancipation of South America.
This syllabus is designed primarily for the use of students of the University of North Carolina as a guide to the introductory study of Hispanic-American history. In it an effort has been made to provide for as general and comprehensive a study of Hispanic-American civilization as the time limits of a single one year's course would permit. In such a process, of course, selection and rejection of data were necessary. The student seeking to specialize will, therefore, find it possible and easy to elaborate and amplify each of the chapters and sections into which the outline has been divided. Despite such comprehensiveness as was mentioned, the writer has endeavored to emphasize the institutional and economic aspects. The necessity of elimination and the effort at emphasis have resulted in the relegation of political history, particularly that of the colonial period, to a position of comparatively less prominence and significance than some might expect. For this the writer must plead necessity.
In view of the great contemporary interest in Hispanic America no case for the study of its history need be made—if such, indeed, is required for any field of history. That interest in the United States has been in part due to the construction of the Panama Canal and to the increasing importance in diplomacy of the Caribbean area, and in part it may be ascribed to the exigencies and effects of the World War which have made people conscious of trade opportunities formerly non-existent or, if existent, not fully recognized; and many have thus concluded that the diplomatic, political, and economic importance of Hispanic America has made of prime necessity a thorough study and a sympathetic understanding of its past history and institutions. These facts and this new consciousness may indicate the opening of another period in the history of the Western Hemisphere, which will doubtless have a distinctly inter-American emphasis. The field of Hispanic-American history has until recent years been little known to and too often neglected by the undergraduate student in the universities,—if, indeed, courses in such history have been offered. It is, in the opinion of the writer, however, a field not lacking in comparative importance, interest, and cultural value with those better known. It is hoped and confidently expected that the interest in the history and institutions of the Hispanic-American countries recently engendered by the consciousness that these countries have become potent economic and political[Pg 4] factors in the modern world will be abiding. Hispanic-American history as a standard course will have much justification, for the part which the peoples of the southern republics will play in the future, as Viscount Bryce recently said, "must henceforth be one of growing significance for the Old World as well as for the New."
The course as outlined in this syllabus provides for the study of the history, geography, political and social institutions, and the economic development and possibilities of Hispanic-American countries. A careful analysis and investigation will thus be made of the Spanish and Portuguese colonial systems and colonial experience in order to explain the wars of independence and the existing political and social conditions. Attention will then be directed to the development of republics, the struggle for political stability, and the exploitation of resources. The course will also include some study of the international relations—political and economic—and diplomatic problems which have arisen in recent Hispanic-American history.
At the outset the prospective student is warned that as yet there exists no single text-book devoted to the Hispanic-American republics which satisfactorily and adequately presents their history, describes their present conditions and discusses their institutions. This absence, of necessity, determines that the course will be based largely upon material to be found only in a number of books, public documents, and scientific reports. An effort has been made in this syllabus to meet this difficult situation. Lectures following the outline of the syllabus and explanatory of it, and recitations based on assigned readings, will constitute the class work. On these lectures and readings the students will be expected to take notes. In addition, they will be required to make certain class reports and at least once during the year to prepare, after consultation with the instructor, an essay on some topic of the syllabus or allied phase of the work.
Students will be required to provide themselves individually with a copy of this syllabus and with W. R. Shepherd's Latin America (Holt & Company). It is strongly recommended that they purchase also F. Garcia Calderon's Latin America: Its Rise and Progress (Scribners). For the general student and reader the following list of books, written in English, may be found useful:
For description, geography, travel, peoples and social conditions:
James Bryce, South America: Observations and Impressions. (Macmillan).
G. E. Church, Aborigines of South America. (Chapman and Hall.)
C. R. Enock, The Republics of Central and South America. (Dent & Sons).
A. H. Keane, Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel: Central and South America. (2 Vols., Lippincott.)
Atlas America Latina, (English, Spanish, Portuguese; General Drafting Co.).
R. Reyes, The Two Americas. (Stokes.)
A. Ruhl, The Other Americans. (Scribners.)
H. Bingham, Across South America. (Houghton Mifflin Co.)
For history:
T. C. Dawson, The South American Republics. (3 Vols., Putnam.)
A. H. Noll, A Short History of Mexico. (McClurg.)
F. Palmer, Central America and its Problems. (Moffat, Yard & Co.)
For institutions and history:
E. G. Bourne, Spain in America. (American Nation Series, Harpers.)
B. Moses, The Establishment of Spanish Rule in America. (Putnam.)
——, South America on the Eve of Emancipation. (Putnam.)
——, Spanish Dependencies in South America. (Harpers.)
F. L. Paxson, The Independence of the South American Republics. (2nd Ed., Ferris and Leach.)
W. S. Robertson, The Rise of the Spanish American Republics. (Appleton.)
W. R. Shepherd, Hispanic Nations of the New World; A Chronicle of Our Southern Neighbors. (Yale Press.)
For literature:
Alfred Coester, The Literary History of Spanish America. (Macmillan.)
Isaac Goldberg, Studies in Spanish American Literature. (Brentano.)
For trade relations:
W. E. Aughinbaugh, Selling Latin America. (Small, Maynard & Company.)
E. B. Filsinger, Exporting to Latin America. (Appleton.)
A. H. Verrill, South and Central American Trade Conditions of Today. (Dodd, Mead & Company.)
For individual countries:
P. Denis, Brazil. (Scribners.)
P. J. Eder, Columbia. (Unwin or Scribners.)
G. F. S. Elliott, Chile. (Scribners.)
C. R. Enock, Mexico. (Scribners.)
W. A. Hirst, Argentina. (Scribners.)
W. H. Koebel, Argentina, Past and Present. (Dodd, Mead & Co.)
——, Paraguay. (Scribners.)
——, Uruguay. (Scribners.)
——, Central America. (Scribners.)
W. L. Scruggs, The Colombian and Venezuelan Republics. (Little, Brown & Co.)
M. R. Wright's Books on Bolivia; Brazil; Chile; and Peru. (Cazenove & Son.)
The monthly Bulletin and other publications of the Pan-American Union (Washington, D. C.), offer excellent and reliable information respecting all of these divisions, and are recommended.
Students wishing to make a more detailed study than this brief list would provide for can easily find extensive bibliographies on the subject in English, Portuguese and Spanish which are of great value. They will do well to consult P. H. Goldsmith, A Brief Bibliography (Macmillan), although it is admittedly incomplete in its list of books and contemptuously harsh in its judgment of many of those included. More comprehensive and valuable are the Bibliographie Hispanique (annual, New York) published by the Hispanic Society of America, and the lists and catalogues of books, pamphlets, periodicals, and maps prepared by the Pan-American Union and printed by the United States Government,—first, the list relating to Central America by P. Lee Phillips, 1902; secondly, the catalogue of books, periodicals, etc., in the Columbus Library, which appeared successively in 1905, 1907, 1909, and 1914. Many lists respecting individual Hispanic-American countries have been published, including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, and Paraguay. Reference also must necessarily be made to the exhaustive and scholarly Biblioteca Hispano-Americana and other compilations of José Toribio Medina, the great bibliographer of Chile. The Hispanic American Historical Review is commended to the student not only for its own articles and reviews, but for the great service rendered to the bibliography of this subject by publishing with each issue a list of books and articles pertaining to the field which have recently appeared.
The writer would anticipate the criticism that the list of books specified in the syllabus for reading is incomplete. Since these readings are designed for class purposes and are selected as being practicable, the incompleteness was scarcely avoidable. The specialist will again find it easy to enlarge. In the list of readings, in order to conserve space, the author's name and full title of the book are stated when the first reference is made; thereafter only the author's name is employed, except in such cases in which the author has written more than one book or in which clearness seems to demand complete or partial repetition.
The author wishes to make acknowledgment of his indebtedness to Professor William R. Shepherd, of Columbia University, whose advice and inspiration have been of incalculable service to him. Professor Shepherd generously made suggestions for this edition of the syllabus. Chapel Hill, N. C., June, 1920.
I. The Political Situation in Europe at Opening of the 16th Century.
1. The National States: England, France, Spain and Portugal.
2. The Holy Roman Empire.
3. The city states of Italy.
4. Other European States.
Readings: Hayes, A Political and Social History of Modern Europe, Vol. I, 3-25.
II. Scientific and intellectual progress.
1. Medieval travels; the crusades.
2. The Renaissance.
3. Invention of the compass and improvement of the astrolabe.
4. Improvement and increase of maps.
Readings: Cheyney, European Background of American History, 41-59.
III. European Commerce at the Opening of the 16th Century.
1. Trade and trade routes between Europe and the Far East.
2. The Mediterranean and the Italian cities.
3. Conquests of the Ottoman Turks; closing of old routes.
4. Decline of the Italian cities.
5. Need of new routes; Battle of the Nile, 1516.
Readings: Cheyney, 3-40; Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 98-99, 107-110; Hayes, I, 27-49.
IV. The Commercial Revolution.
1. The geographic position of Spain and Portugal.
2. The circumnavigation of Africa: Prince Henry the Navigator; Diaz; Vasco da Gama.
3. The Western passage; sought by Spain.
4. The commercial revolution; effects.
5. Creation of trade companies; new methods of commerce.
6. Expansion and colonization; motives.
Readings: Bourne, Spain in America, 104-132; Cheyney, 123-146; Hayes, I, 27-69.
V. Spain and Portugal at the Opening of the 16th Century.
A. Background of Spanish history.
Spanish Society:
1. Geographic influences in Spanish history.
2. The evolution of the Spanish nationality:
a. The earliest historic inhabitants of the Iberian peninsula.
b. The invasions: Phoenician; Carthaginian; Roman; Visigothic; Vandal; Moorish.
c. Immigration of Jews and Berbers.
d. Contact and conflict with the Moors, 710-1492.
e. Expulsion of the Moors and the Jews.
f. Establishment of union and central government.
3. The individualism of the people.
4. Militarist spirit engendered by long wars.
5. Evolution of types.
6. Governmental system:
a. The king and his powers.
b. The executive and advisory councils.
c. The Spanish Cortes.
d. Legal codes and other systems of law.
e. Administrative machinery.
f. Local and municipal government.
g. System of taxation.
h. Efforts of Ferdinand and Isabella to unify Spain and centralize powers of government.
7. The Church and morals:
a. The Spanish clergy.
b. Inquisition.
c. Influences of Moors and Jews upon church and faith.
8. Industries and agriculture; attitude toward labor: The Mesta; wheat, vine, and olive culture.
9. Condition of social classes.
10. Intellectual development in Spain:
a. Formative influences on languages and literature.
b. Contributions of the Moors.
c. Ecclesiastical and philosophical writings.
11. Motives of colonization.
Required Readings: Chapman, The History of Spain, 1-286; Hume, Spain, its Greatness and Decay, 1479-1788, 1-64; The Spanish People, 144-404; Cheyney, 79-114; Ellis, The Soul of Spain, 29-105.
Additional Readings: Lea, History of the Inquisition in Spain; ——, The Moriscos of Spain; ——, History of Sarcedotal Celibacy, 80-85; 300-311; Milman, History of the Jews, Vol. III, 264-309; Altamira, Historia de España y de la Civilizacion española; Colmeiro, Derecho administrativo español; Plunkett, Isabel of Castile; Sempere, Histoire des Cortes d' Espagne; Lowery, The Spanish Settlements in the United States, Vol. I, 79-101; Walton, Civil Law in Spain and Spanish America; Lane-Poole, The Story of the Moors in Spain; Scott, History of the Moorish Empire in Europe; Danvila y Collado, El Poder Civil en España; Lafuente and Valera, Historia general de España; Salazar, Monarchia de España, Vol. I; Sacristian y Martinez, Municipalidades de Castilla y Leon; Merriman, The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New, Vols. I and II.
B. Background of Portuguese history.
Portuguese society:
1. General characteristics.
2. Influence of climate in Portugal.
3. Position as European power in the 16th Century.
4. Portugal as a national state.
5. Political institutions.
6. Motives of colonization.
Required Readings: Cheyney, 60-74; Stephens, The Story of Portugal.
Additional Readings: Busk, History of Spain and Portugal; Martins, The Golden Age of Prince Henry the Navigator; ——, Historia de Portugal; Jayne, Vasco da Gama and His Successors; Major, Life of Prince Henry the Navigator; Hakluyt Society Publications.
Chapter I. The Period of Discovery.
A. Tracing the coast line by Spanish navigators.
1. The achievement of Columbus.
2. Achievements of: Hojeda, Cosa, Vespucci, Pinzon, Piñeda, Bastidas, Grijalva, Balboa, Magellan and Elcano, Guevara, and Saavedra.
Readings: Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 106-111; Morris, History of Colonization, I, 230-243; Bourne, Spain in America, 67-174; Payne, European Colonies, 35-53; ——, History of America, Vol. I; Helps, Spanish Conquest in America; Koebel, South America; Thacher, Columbus; Vignaud, Historie critique de la grande entreprise de Christopher Colomb; Guillemard, Magellan; Bancroft, Central Mexico, Vol. I; Brittain, Discovery and Exploration, 56-296; Benzoni, History of the New World (Hakluyt Society Pub.); Zahm, Up the Orinoco and Down the Magdelena; ——, Along the Andes and Down the Amazon.
B. Internal exploration and settlement.
1. Achievements of: Cortes; Pizarro; Cabeza de Vaca; Almagro; Orellana; Ursúa; Mendoza; Ayolas; Irala, and others.
2. Explorations of Portuguese in Brazil.
3. Settlement of the West Indies.
4. Settlement of Mexico and Central America.
5. Settlement of Spanish South America.
Readings: To those of Section A, add Cambridge Modern History, I, ch. xv.; Prescott, Conquest of Mexico; Bancroft, History of Mexico; MacNutt, Fernando Cortes and the Conquest of Mexico; Solis, Historia de la Conquista de Mexico; Bandelier, Contributions to the History of the Southwestern Portions of the United States; De Lannoy and Van der Linden, Historie de L'Expansion Coloniale des Peuples Europeens (Portugal et Espagne); Bolton, Spanish Exploration in the Southwest; Daenell, Die Spanier in Nord Amerika; Altamira, The Share of Spain in the History of the Pacific Ocean, (Pacific Ocean in History, 34-75); Groat, Historia de la Nueva Granada; Wright, The Early History of Cuba; Amunategui, Descubrimientos; Conquista de Chile; Ojeda, Los Conquistadores de Chile (2v.)
C. Relations of Spain and Portugal in 16th Century.
1. Rivalry for trade supremacy.
2. Appeal to the Pope.
Line of Demarcation, 1493.
3. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494.
4. Boundary commissions and disputes.
5. Treaty of Saragossa, 1529.
6. Mid-century relations.
7. Union of Portugal and Spain, 1580.
8. Attitude of Europe toward Spanish and Portuguese claims of monopoly.
9. New doctrines relative to the control of the seas and the ownership of territory.
Required Readings: Shepherd, Latin America, 9-19; Chapman, 229-271; Bourne, 31-33; 131-132; ——, Essays in Historical Criticism, 193-217; Keller, Colonization, 175-176; 197-200; Merriman, II, 219-239.
Additional Readings: Altamira, Historia de España.
Chapter II. The Spanish Colonial System.
A. Imperial Control.
1. Early methods of colonization.
Spanish inexperience; government aid and activities; private enterprize; rapid evolution of a system.
2. The capitulation; that of Columbus compared with later ones.
3. The Casa de Contratacion.
4. The Council of the Indies:
a. Organization; powers; duties; methods of administration; accomplishments.
b. Notable members.
5. Control of emigration:
a. Laws of restriction.
b. Inducements offered approved immigrants.
6. Exclusion of foreign influences from Colonies; Spanish mercantilism.
7. Interference in colonial affairs.
8. Means of control; special commissions; the visitador; the residencia; recall.
9. Difficulties of administration:
a. Distance between colonies and home government.
b. Defective means of communication.
10. Decline of the system; changes effected in the 18th Century; red tape and routine.
11. Comparison of the Spanish system of colonization with the systems of other colonizing countries.
12. Influences of the colonial empire upon Spain.
Required Readings: Shepherd, 19-26; Bourne, 220-242; Morris, 244-259; Keller, 168-206; 210-215; Bancroft, History of Central America, I, 285 et seq.; Roscher, The Spanish Colonial System; Moses, Establishment of Spanish Rule in America; Cambridge Modern History, Vol X, 244 et. seq.; Robertson, Rise of the Spanish American Republics, Introduction.
Additional Readings: Root, Spain and Its Colonies; Zimmerman, Die Kolonialpolitik Portugal und Spaniens; Leroy-Beaulieu, De la Colonisation chez les Peuples Modernes, 1-40; Puente y Olea, Los Trabajos Geographicos de la Casa de Contratacion; Colmeiro, Historia de la Economia Politica en España, Vol. II; Cappa, Estudios Criticos Acerca de la dominacion española en America; Recopilacion de Leyes de los Reinos de las Indias, (a collection of legislation respecting the colonies made first in 1681).
B. Spanish Administrative System in the Colonies.
1. No distinct separation of powers; the executive, legislative, judicial, and ecclesiastical powers of government.
2. Office of Viceroy in Spanish America.
a. History of the office.
b. Appointment; powers in the various departments of the government; dignity of office; perquisites and reward.
3. Offices of Adelantado; gobernador; captain-general; minor officials.
4. The Audiencia; presidencia.
5. The system of intendants instituted; its effects.
6. Local government: the alcalde; the cabildo; ayuntamiento.
7. Extraordinary political bodies in the colonies: the Cabildo abierto.
8. Minor courts of law; position of lawyers.
9. Conduct of government.
10. Operation of the system; discretionary powers as to enforcement or non-enforcement of laws—"Se obedece pero no se ejecuta"; opportunities of local officials to evade imperial restrictions.
11. Relations of officials with the home government.
Required Readings: Shepherd, 25-29; Moses, Establishment of Spanish Rule; ——, Spanish Dependencies of South America, 263-275; Morris, I, 244-259; Smith, The Viceroy of New Spain, 100-248; Bourne, 202-242; ——, A Trained Colonial Civil Service, (North American Review, Vol. 169, 528 et seq.); Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. XIX; Hill, Office of Adelantado, (Political Science Quarterly, Vol. XXVIII); Roscher, The Spanish Colonial System; Humboldt, Political Essay on New Spain; Cunningham, The Audiencia in the Spanish Colonies; ——, Institutional Background of Spanish-American History (Hisp. Am. Hist. Rev. 1918).
Additional Readings: Bancroft, Central America, Vol. I, Chapter V; Cambridge Modern History, Vol. X, 244 et seq.; Desdevises du Dezert, L'Espagne de L'Ancien Régime (Les Institutions) 122-163; Solorzano, Politica Indiana, Vol. II; Haebler, Amerika (Helmolt's Weltgeschichte, Vol. I) 384, et seq.
C. The Church. Real Patronato.
1. Royal control of the Church in oversea dominions.
a. Bull of Alexander VI, 1493.
b. The bull of Julius II, 1508.
c. The system as perfected.
2. The clergy in the colonies.
3. The priest as a colonizer.
4. Jesuits and other clerical orders.
5. Relations of Church and State.
6. The church and education.
7. The right of sanctuary in the colonies.
8. The mission system; the Church and the Indian.
9. The Inquisition in Spanish America.
10. The Church in Spanish and Portuguese colonies compared.
11. Some notable priests and monks; Las Casas, Zumarraga; Cardenas, etc.
12. Expulsion of Jesuits, 1767, (Portugal, 1759).
Required Readings: Shepherd, 49-59; Bourne, 302-319; Keller, 283-305; Ayme, Ancient Temples and Cities of the New World; Moses, Establishment of Spanish Rule, Chap. IV; ——, South America on the Eve of Emancipation, 119-142;[Pg 14] ——, Spanish Dependencies in South America, Vol. I, 338-349; 364-380; Vol. II, 143-153; 206-232; Smith, 229-248.
Additional Readings: Acosta, The Natural and Moral History of the Indies, Vol. II; Lea, The Inquisition in the Spanish Dependencies; Graham, A Vanished Arcadia; Koebel, In Jesuit Land; Escriche, Diccionario Razonado de Legislacion; Palma, Anales de la inquisicion de Lima; Lowery, Spanish Settlements in the United States, Vol. I, 339-366; Calle, Memorial y Noticias Sacras; Chapman, The Founding of Spanish California (cf. Index, "Religious Conquest"); Medina, Historia de Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisicion en Mexico; Cambridge Modern History, Vol. X, 253, et seq.
D. The Indians and the Labor System.
1. The aborigines: tribes; number.
a. Most important families: Araucanians; Arawak; Aymara; Aztec; Carib; Charrua; Chibcha; Coconuco; Guarani; Inca; Maya; Mojos; Puelche; Quechua; Tapuya; Tupi, etc.
2. Indian civilization:
a. The Aztecs of Mexico.
b. The Incas of Peru.
3. Treatment of Indians by the Spanish; comparison of this treatment with that by other nations.
4. Reputation of Spaniards for cruelty.
5. Laws of Spain relative to Indians:
a. Early regulations; instructions to Columbus; laws of Burgos, 1512; laws of 1530.
b. The "New Laws," 1542.
c. Labor laws and customs:
1. Encomienda.
2. Repartimiento.
3. Mita.
4. Office of corregidor.
d. Indian slavery; service in obrages and trapiches; effect of labor system on Indians.
e. Law and practice.
6. Taxation of Indians.
7. Work of Las Casas, Nobrega, and Anchieta.
8. Indian resistance against Spanish system; Tupac-Amaru, II, 1780-1781.
9. Importation of negro slaves:
a. The Spanish theory.
b. The asiento.
c. Laws governing negro slave labor.
Required Readings: Shepherd, 29-32; Morris, I, 239-241; 245-251; Keller, 257-282; Moses, South America on the Eve of Emancipation, 167-217; ——, Spanish Dependencies, Vol. I, 204-229; Barros Arana, Compendio de historia de America, part I; Watson, Spanish and Portuguese South America, Vol. I, 65-85; 209-249; Means, The Rebellion of Tupac-Amaru II, 1780-1781, (His. Am. Hist. Rev., 1919); Church, The Aborigines of South America; Hrdlicka, Early Man in South America; Nordenskiold, Indianerleben.
Additional Readings: Gage, New Survey of the West Indies; MacNutt, Bartholomew de las Casas; Prescott, Conquest of Mexico; ——, Conquest of Peru; Robertson, History of America, Book VIII; Helps, Spanish Conquest in America; Saco, Revista de Cuba; Markham, The Incas of Peru; Spinden, Ancient Civilizations of Mexico and Central America.
E. Social Classes and Colonial Society.
1. Spanish types in the colonies:
Basque; Gallego; Catalan; Andalusian.
2. Classes and race distinctions:
Chapeton (gachupines); Creole; Mestizo; Mulatto; Zambo.
3. Classes and the government; the divide et impera policy.
4. Legacy of class distinction.
5. Spanish recognition of Creoles and natives; numbers ennobled.
6. Colonial society; diversions; pursuits; occupations.
7. The towns; pueblos; the cercados.
Required Readings: Shepherd, 29-38; Morris, 252-254; Garcia Calderon, Latin America: Its Rise and Progress, 44-58; Bourne, 253-268; Keller, 211-220; Moses, Establishment of Spanish Rule, Chapter II; ——, South America on the Eve of Emancipation, 100-118.
Additional Readings: Humboldt, Personal Narrative of Travels; Reclus, The Earth and Its Inhabitants—South America; Frezier, Voyage a la Mer de Sud; Ulloa, A Voyage to South America.
F. Colonial Agriculture, Manufacturing, and Mining.
1. The land system:[Pg 16]
a. Primogeniture, entails, and mortmain.
b. Spanish repartimientos and encomiendas; Portuguese capitanias and prazos.
2. Methods of acquiring real estate.
3. Attitude of home government toward colonial manufactures.
4. Stock raising; the Mesta; agricultural products introduced by the Spanish.
5. Mines and mining in South and North America.
Readings: Bourne, 282-301; Payne, History of America, Vol. I, 254-362; Shepherd, 38-49; Moses, South America on the Eve of Emancipation, 328-340; Keller, 221-225.
G. Trade System and Means of Transportation.
1. The Spanish trade regulations; mercantilism; the staple cities.
2. Trade routes; oceanic; inland.
3. Convoys and fleet system; taxes levied; concessions of 1620.
4. Depots and staple cities; fairs.
5. Means of transportation in colonial Spanish America.
6. The Consulado; guilds; cofradias.
7. Trade companies:
The Guipuzcoa company, 1728-1778.
8. The War of Spanish Succession; Treaty of Utrecht.
9. The Anglo-Spanish relations at Porto Bello.
10. Obstacles to success of system:
a. Smuggling.
b. Buccaneers, pirates, and public enemies.
11. Final changes in system, 1740, 1748, 1765, 1778; work of Charles III, Aranda, and Galvez.
12. Portuguese trade regulations.
Required Readings: Shepherd, 43-47; Bourne, 282-301; Morris, 260-277; Moses, Spanish Dependencies, Vol. II, 244-365; Cambridge Modern History, Vol. X, 254-257; Keller, 226-241; 244-249; Smith, 248-254; Priestley, Reforms of Jose de Galvez in New Spain (The Pacific Ocean in History); Mimms, Colbert's West India Policy; Koebel, British Exploits in South America, 47-98; Haring, The Buccaneers in the West Indies in the Seventeenth Century; Colmeiro, II, 401-463; Alberdi, Estudios Economicos, 100-101.
Additional Readings: Blackmar, Spanish Institutions in the[Pg 17] Southwest; Stevens, Spanish Rule of Trade in the West Indies; Esquemeling, History of the Buccaneers; Rubalcava, Tratado Historico Politico y Legal del Commercio; Walton, Spanish Colonies, Vol. II, 153-181.
H. The Colonial Taxation System.
1. The sources of revenue.
2. Taxes: Alcabala; Armada and armadilla; media anata; royal ninths; Indian tribute; taxes on: salt; mineral products; tobacco.
3. Sale of offices.
Readings: Moses, South America on the Eve of Emancipation, 328-339.
I. Education and Thought.
1. The universities.
Institutions established at Lima, Mexico City, Bogota, Cordoba, Cuzco, Caracas, Santiago de Chile, Quito, etc.
2. The clergy and education.
3. Colonial literature:
a. Clerical influences.
b. Early tendencies and schools.
c. Writers: Zumarraga, Las Casas, Ercilla, Balbuena, Juana Ines de la Cruz, Espejo.
4. The press.
5. Transplantation of European civilization:
Language; customs; education; religion; political theories and institutions.
6. Cultural influence of colonies upon Spain and Europe.
Required Readings: Shepherd, 59-68; Moses, South America on the Eve of Emancipation, 143-166; Coester, The Literary History of Spanish America, 1-38.
Additional Readings: Humboldt, Personal Narrative of Travels; Ingenieros, La Revolucion, 29-78; Bunge, Nuestra America.
J. Political History.
1. Diplomatic relations of Spain and Portugal in 17th and 18th Centuries.
2. The Viceroyalties:
3. Indian Wars and political insurrections.
4. The favored and the neglected colonies.
5. Colonial defence—military and naval.
Readings: Keller, 316-325; Watson, Spanish and Portuguese South America; Moses, The Spanish Dependencies in South America.
Chapter III. Settlement of Brazil and Portuguese Institutions.
1. The voyage of Cabral; Portuguese claims; Correia, Coelho, de Souza.
2. Early settlements; attitude of Portuguese toward Brazil; founding of cities.
3. Portuguese system of colonization in Brazil.
a. The captaincies.
b. The "desembargo do paco."
c. Theory and practice; frequent changes in the administrative service.
d. Comparison with Portuguese colonial system in the East Indies.
e. The church in colonial Brazil; the aldeias; work of Anchieta, Nobrega, Vieyra.
4. Treatment of the natives; intermarriage; regulations as to labor system.
5. Importation of negro slaves, 1502; slave trade; the Companhia do Grao Para; slave codes.
6. The Portuguese commercial system:
a. The "India House" and the "Guinea House."
b. Mercantilism and monopoly.
c. Participation of the English in the Portuguese trade.
d. Colonial products of Brazil.
7. Beginning of Westward Movement in Brazil.
a. Settlement of Sao Paulo.
b. Government of the frontier; the Paulistas; Mamelucos.
c. Discovery of Gold, 1693; diamonds, 1730.
8. Society and thought in Brazil.
9. Conflict with the French and Dutch.
10. Relations of Brazil and Portugal.
Required Readings: Denis, Brazil, 27-78; Morris, I, 214-220; Keller, 131-167; Watson, Vol. II, 1-26; Rio Branco, Esquisse de l'Histoire du Brésil, 105-152.
Additional Readings: De Lannoy and Van der Linden, 11-26; 172-181; 225-238; Merivale, Lectures, 47 et seq.; Pinheiro, Historia do Brazil; Southey, History of Brazil; Varnhagen, Historia Geral do Brazil, Vol. I.
Chapter IV. Geography and Resources of Hispanic America.
1. Geographic situation of South America.
2. Area of states in comparison with that of the United States and Europe.
3. Climate.
a. Seasons and temperature.
b. Rainfall.
4. Mountain ranges; rivers; water power.
5. Harbors.
6. Forests; commercial value of forest products.
7. Mineral deposits.
8. Animal life; introduction of animals and plants by Spanish.
9. Drugs and medicines.
10. Agricultural possibilities. Products in general: fruits; rubber; coffee; cacao; yerba; sugar; grasses; tobacco.
Required Readings: Shepherd, 107-121; Atlas America Latina; Koebel, The South Americans, 184-304; Bryce, South America, 37-483; books on individual countries listed in Chapter VIII; Keane, Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel—Central and South America; Boero, Geografia de America.
Additional Readings: Tschudi, Travels in Peru; Whymper, Travels amongst the Great Andes of the Equator; Schanz, Quer durch Sud-America; Darwin, Journal of Researches—(Voyage of the Beagle); Zahm's works.
Chapter V. The Struggle for Independence, 1806-1826.
1. Sources and elements of discontent in Latin America; political and economic.
2. Influence of the American War of Independence; new economic doctrines, French Revolution; English political philosophy.
3. Pre-revolutionary revolts; foreign stimulation.
4. Diffusion of new ideas; decline in effectiveness of the Spanish policy of exclusion; the expedition of Miranda, 1806; representative Hispanic-Americans in Europe and United States; English expeditions against Buenos Aires and Montevideo, 1806-1807.
5. Invasion of Spain by Napoleon; overthrow of the legitimate government; establishment of the Napoleonic government and of Spanish juntas.
6. Disturbance in the colonies; attitude of the cities; Caracas, Buenos Aires, Bogota, Cordoba, Santiago de Chile, etc.
7. The interregnum; development of local juntas; manifestations of loyalty to Spain; theories applied to the relations with Spain.
8. Gradual growth of desire and formation of plans for independence; refusal of Spanish terms; character of the revolutionary movement.
9. The revolution in the North, 1809-1821:
a. Formation of juntas; collaboration of Miranda and Bolivar.
b. General character of the struggle; atrocities and reprisals; Monteverde, Boves, and Morillo; the fate of Miranda, the campaigns.
c. The constitution of Angostura.
d. The crossing of the Andes and the battle of Boyaca.
e. Services of Santander, Paez, Sucre, and others.
f. Altered character of the war after the Spanish revolution of 1820.
g. Battle of Carabobo; the invasion of Ecuador.
h. Bolivar as organizer, military leader, liberator.
10. Attitude of foreign countries; aid of Great Britain:
a. Englishmen and Irish in the war.
b. Citizens of the United States in the northern campaigns.
11. The revolution in the South, 1809-1821:
a. Conditions in Buenos Aires and the South which produced revolution; political services of Mariano Moreno, Castelli, Belgrano, Pueyrredon, Rivadavia, Monteagudo, etc.
b. Campaigns: Belgrano at Tucuman; revolutionizing of Paraguay; Artigas in Uruguay.
c. San Martin as soldier in Argentina and as governor of Cuyo; preparation for the campaign in Chile; crossing of the Andes.
d. Liberation of Chile; battles of Chacabuco and Maipu; work of O'Higgins and Lord Cochrane; foreigners in San Martin's service.
e. Campaign for Peru—Naval and Military.
12. Relations of Bolivar and San Martin; political theories of each; the conference at Guayaquil; retirement of San Martin.
13. Final Stages in the war of independence, 1822-1826:
a. Bolivar's invasion of Peru; relations with political leaders.
b. Battles of Junin and Ayacucho.
c. The campaign in Upper Peru; the Bolivian constitution.
d. Surrender of Callao.
14. The part of the Indians in the wars; the part of the loyalists, their treatment; emigration of loyalists.
15. Early evidences of national aspiration on the part of various communities.
16. Prosperity; free trade; interest of England and the United States.
17. Unity versus sectionalism.
18. The Confederation of New Granada; Bolivar as an executive and political theorist; revolutionary legislation.
19. Political theories and conflicting ambitions of the generals; radicalism and conservatism in the revolution.
20. Establishment of states.
21. Revolutionary society in South America.
22. Comparison of the revolutions in South America with that in the United States.
23. Mexico and Central America:
a. Hidalgo, Morelos, Mina, Guerrero.
b. Iturbide and the Plan of Iguala.
c. Part of the church; the land issue; social questions.
d. Revolutionizing of Central America.
24. Saint Domingue: Toussaint L'Ouverture.
Required Readings: Shepherd, 69-81; Garcia Calderon, 58-86; Bryce, 423-448; Cambridge Modern History, Vol. X, 280-309; Herrera, La Revolution Francesa y Sud America; Robertson, Francisco de Miranda and the Revolutionising of Spanish-America (Amer. Hist. Assn. reports, 1907); Rise of Spanish-American Republics; Moses, Spain's Declining Power in South America, 1730-1806.
Additional Readings: Bancroft, Mexico; Pilling, The Emancipation of South America; Paxson, The Independence of South American Republics; Moses, South America on the Eve of Emancipation; Filisola, La Cooperacion de Mexico en la[Pg 22] independencia de Centro America; Mitre, The Emancipation of South America; Petre, Bolivar; Mancini, Bolivar et l'emancipation des colonies espagnoles; Decoudray-Holstein, Memoirs of Simon Bolivar; Rene-Moreno, Ultimas Dias Coloniales en el Alto Peru; Ingenieros, La Evolucion de las Ideas Argentinas: La Revolucion; Calvo, Annales historiques de la revolution de l'Amerique latine; Torrente, Historia de la revolucion hispano-Americana; Chandler, Inter-American Acquaintances; Walton, Present State of the Spanish Colonies.
Chapter VI. Early Relations of Hispanic America with the United States; the Monroe Doctrine.
1. Diffusion of revolutionary ideas and political opinions in South America.
2. Part of Spanish-Americans in the American war of independence.
3. Part of the United States in the Hispanic-American wars of independence; diplomatic relations of United States and the de facto governments and people of Hispanic America.
4. Early ideas as to American concert.
5. Jefferson and John Adams on South America.
6. Early statements of the Monroe Doctrine.
7. Evolution of Monroe Doctrine during the Revolutionary War; the part of Hispanic America.
8. Attitude of European States toward Hispanic America after the Congress of Vienna.
a. Effects of revolutionary wars upon European politics and diplomacy.
b. The policy of intervention.
c. The Holy Alliance and the Concert of Europe.
d. Applications of policy of intervention.
e. The Congress of Verona.
f. The position of England.
9. Recognition by the United States.
10. The Canning-Rush-Adams correspondence.
11. The Monroe message.
12. Reception of Monroe Doctrine in South America and in Europe.
13. The Monroe Doctrine, 1823-1828.
14. Recognition by Great Britain, Spain, and other European states.
Required Readings: Edgington, History of the Monroe Doctrine; Bingham, The Monroe Doctrine, an Obsolete Shibboleth; Garcia Calderon, 58-85; Bryce, 422-451; Koebel, British Exploits, 163-254; Shepherd, Bolivar and the United States (Hisp. Am. Hist. Rev. 1918); Moore, Digest of International Law (Sections on Monroe Doctrine); The New International Encyclopaedia; Annals of the American Academy of Political Science, July, 1914; Robertson, Reception of the Monroe Doctrine (Political Science Quarterly, 1915); Manning, Early Diplomatic Relations between the United States and Mexico.
Additional Readings: Gilman, James Monroe; Bigelow, American Policy; Coolidge, United States as a World Power; Hart, The Monroe Doctrine; Torres, An Exposition of the Commerce of South America; Chadwick, The Relations of Spain and the United States.
Chapter VII. Political Theories and Early Republican Institutions.
1. The monarchical idea versus the republican; opinions of the revolutionary leaders: Bolivar, San Martin, Rivadavia, Belgrano, etc.
2. Early political parties or groups and their theories:
a. Unitary; federalist; conservative; and radical.
b. Liberal and conservative writers on politics: Lastarria, Bilbao, Echeverria, Montalvo, Vigil, Sarmiento; Bello, Alberdi, Herrera, Acosta.
c. Influence of France upon political theorists.
3. Political factions:
Military; clerical; civilian; and lay.
4. Party methods and politics.
5. Ballot and elections; restrictions of the suffrage.
6. Popular apathy in political affairs; personal politics.
7. Character of governments:
Federal and unitary.
8. Early constitutions; separation of powers.
9. The office of executive.
a. Constitutional powers in various countries.
b. Prestige and dignity of office.
c. Early types of executives: tyrants; dictators; liberators; restorers; caudillos.
10. Character and powers of Congress; congress versus president; experiments with unicameral legislatures.
11. Influence of English and French cabinet systems of government.
12. The judiciary in Latin America:
a. Constitutional powers and position in administration.
b. Judicial review of legislation.
13. Early conventions and platforms.
14. Municipal government:
a. General characteristics.
b. Police systems.
c. Public service.
d. Prisons.
Readings: Shepherd, 81-96; Garcia Calderon, 100-350; Crichfield, American Supremacy; Alberdi, Bases ...; ——, Estudios economicos; ——, Del Gobierno en Sud America; Sarmiento, El Facundo; Lastarria, Lecciones de politica positiva en la Academia de bellas letras; Balbin de Unquera, Andres Bello, su epoca y sus obras; books on individual countries.
Chapter VIII. Political History, 1826-1920; Political Heritage of Colonial Times.
1. The three phases:
a. 1826-1850, Age of Dictators.
b. 1850-1876, Struggle for Stability.
c. 1876——, Rise of Great States and Economic Progress.
2. Typical dictators:
a. Garcia Moreno,—Ecuador.
b. Ramon Castilla,—Peru.
c. Rosas,—Argentina.
d. Paez and Guzman Blanco,—Venezuela.
e. Santa Anna and Diaz,—Mexico.
3. Progressive States of South America:
A. Argentina:
1. The presidency of Rivadavia; War with Brazil; conflict between Buenos Aires and provinces.
2. Rosas and Urquiza.
3. Mitre and Sarmiento.
4. Political program and stability; President Roca.
5. Economic development and growth of population.
6. The southward movement in Argentina.
7. Contemporary government and politics.
Suggested Readings: Koebel, Argentina, Past and Present; ——, The South Americans; Hirst, Argentina; Hammerton, The Real Argentine; Chandler, The Argentine Southward Movement, (Bulletin Pan. Am. Un., 1914).
Additional Readings: Martinez and Lewandowski, Argentina in the Twentieth Century; Merou, Historia de la Republica Argentina; V. F. Lopez, Historia de la Republica Argentina (Vols IX and X).
B. Brazil.
1. Brazil and Portugal, 1807-1822.
2. The empire: Pedro I and Pedro II.
3. Economic development; international relations.
4. Emancipation of slaves.
5. The Republic: early disorders; progress toward stability.
6. The westward movement in Brazil.
7. Colonization experiments—State and National.
8. Contemporary government and politics.
Readings: Denis, Brasil; Watson, Vol. II, 256-270; Cambridge Modern History, Vol. X, 310-339; Vol. XII, 674-676; Varnhagen, Vol. II; Pinheiro, Historia do Brasil; Bennett, Forty Years in Brazil; Buley, North Brazil; ——, South Brasil; Winter, Brazil and her people of today; Domville-Fife, The United States of Brasil; Grossi, Storia della Colonizazione Europea al Brasile.
C. Chile:
1. Dictatorship of O'Higgins.
2. Work of Portales and the pelucones.
3. The conservative regime; ten year presidents.
4. War with Spain.
5. The problem of the Araucanians.
6. War with Peru and Bolivia.
7. Balmaceda and the congress.
8. Relations with the United States; with Argentina; the "Christ of the Andes."
9. Contemporary government and politics.
a. Operation of the cabinet system in Chile.
b. Contemporary political parties.
c. Local government.
Readings: Elliot, Chile; Garcia Calderon, 164-179; Hancock, A History of Chile; Amunategui and Vicuña MacKenna, La dictadura de O'Higgins; Bulnes, Las Causas de la Guerra entre Chile y Peru; Markham, The War between Peru and Chile; Olivares, Historia de Chile; Guiterez, La Guerra de 1879; Barros Arana, La Guerre du Pacifique; ——, Historia general de Chile; Egaña, The Tacna and Arica Question; Macy and Gannaway, Comparative Free Government, 663-672; Reinsch, Parliamentary Government in Chile (Am. Pol. Science Rev., III, 507, et seq.)
D. Uruguay.
1. Relations with Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay.
2. Political organization and progress.
3. Economic, educational, and religious developments.
4. Contemporary government and politics.
Readings: Koebel, Uruguay; Roxlo, Uruguay en 1904; Acevedo, Historia de la Republica Oriental del Uruguay; Zorilla de San Martin, La Epopeya de Artigas.
4. Less Progressive and Backward States of South America.
A. Venezuela:
1. Revolutions and tyrants: Guzman Blanco; Castro.
2. Foreign relations.
3. Contemporary government and politics.
Readings: Dalton, Venezuela; Scruggs, The Colombian and Venezuelan Republics.
B. Colombia:
1. Political record.
2. Foreign relations.
Readings: Scruggs, The Colombian and Venezuelan Republics; Levine, Colombia; Eder, Columbia; Arboleda, Historia contemporanea de Colombia.
C. Ecuador.
Readings: Enock, Ecuador; Mejia, Ecuador; Cevalles, Compendio de la historia del Ecuador.
D. Peru.
1. Political record.
2. Foreign relations.
3. Contemporary government and politics.
Readings: Enock, Peru; Wright, Peru; Markham, A History of Peru; Llorente, Historia de Peru.
E. Bolivia.
1. Presidency of Sucre and dictatorship of Santa Cruz.
2. Political disorder.
3. Foreign relations; part of Bolivia in war, 1879-83.
4. Constitution of 1880.
Readings: Wright, Bolivia; Walle, Bolivia; Valdes, Estudio historico de Bolivia.
F. Paraguay.
1. Period of Francia.
2. The Lopez group.
3. War with Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay.
4. Contemporary government and politics.
Readings: Washburn, History of Paraguay; Hardy, Paraguay; Decoud, Paraguay; Funes, Historia civil del Paraguay; Mitre, Guerra del Paraguay; Yubero, El Paraguay moderno.
5. Mexico.
a. Empire and early republic: Iturbide and Santa Anna.
b. Relations with Texas.
c. The war with the United States.
d. Struggle with the church: Juarez.
e. Maximilian.
f. The Diaz regime; economic development.
g. Contemporary period: the revolution.
Madero; Huerta; Carranza; Villa; Obregon.
h. Relations with the United States; with Japan; with Germany.
i. Constitution and politics.
Suggested Readings: Enock, Mexico; Noll, From Empire to Republic; ——, History of Mexico; Fortier and Ficklen, Central America and Mexico; Bancroft, History of Mexico; Rives, Relations of Mexico and the United States; Bancroft, Porfirio Diaz; Pinchon and de Lara, Mexico; Stevenson, Maximilian in Mexico; Martin, Maximilian; ——, Mexico of[Pg 28] the XXth Century; Prida, From Despotism to Anarchy; Fornaro, Carranza and Mexico; Trowbridge, Mexico Today and Tomorrow.
Additional Readings: Alaman, Historia de Mexico; Esquivel, Democracia y personalismo; Estrada, La Revolution y Francisco I. Madero; Gonzalez, La Revolucion y sus heroes; Zamacois, Historia de Mexico; Planchet, La Cuestion religiosa en Mexico.
6. The Central American States:
First Class: Costa Rica and Guatemala.
Second Class: Honduras, Salvador, and Nicaragua.
1. Race distribution.
2. Projects of union: 1824-1838; 1842; 1848; 1852; 1862; 1872; 1876; 1887; 1889; 1895; 1897.
3. The peace conference of 1907; the court.
4. Political and economic conditions.
5. Foreign relations.
Readings: Villafranca, Costa Rica; Winter, Guatemala; Guardia, Costa Rica; Squier, States of Central America; Palmer, Central America; Fortier and Ficklen, Central America and Mexico; Martin, Salvador; Koebel, Central America; Munro, The Five Central American Republics; Shepherd, Central and South America.
7. The Insular Republics.
A. Cuba.
1. Cuba in the early part of the 19th century.
2. Plans made in South America for the revolutionizing of Cuba.
3. Cuba in diplomacy; attitude of the United States and Europe.
4. Slavery in Cuba.
5. Filibusters.
6. The ten year war; the problem of reform.
7. The Spanish-American War; status of Cuba after the peace.
8. American occupation; the Platt Amendment.
9. Republican government in Cuba; interventions by the United States; diplomatic and economic relations with the United States.
Readings: Callahan, Cuba and International Relations; Leroy-Beaulieu, 251-268; Cabrera, Cuba and the Cubans; Porter, Industrial Cuba; Lindsay, Cuba and her People of Today; Quesada, The War in Cuba; Guiteras, Historia de la Isla de Cuba; Ramon de la Sagra, Historia de la Isla de Cuba (13t); Canini, Four Centuries of Spanish Rule in Cuba; Johnson, The History of Cuba (5v); Hill, Cuba and Porto Rico.
B. Haiti and Santo Domingo:
1. Monarchy and republicanism in Haiti and Santo Domingo.
2. Social and racial problems.
3. Political disorders.
4. International relations:
a. Financial conditions; foreign claims.
b. Interventions.
c. Relations of Santo Domingo and the United States.
d. Haiti and the United States.
5. Attitude toward the United States.
6. Contemporary government and politics.
Readings: Fiske, West Indies; Eves, West Indies; St. John, Haiti, the Black Republic; Schoenrich, Santo Domingo; Hazard, Santo Domingo, Past and Present; Hollander, Report on the Debt of Santo Domingo (Sen. Ex. Document, 59th Cong.); Garcia, Compendio de la Historia de Santo Domingo.
8. Panama:
a. Secessionist tendencies in Panama.
b. The revolution.
c. The republic.
d. Relations with Colombia and the United States.
Required Readings: Bishop, Panama, Past and Present; Gause and Carr, The Story of Panama; Bunau-Varilla, Panama; the Creation, Destruction and Resurrection; Villegas, The Republic of Panama.
Readings in general for political history: Dawson, The South American Republics; Akers, History of South America; Dodd, Modern Constitutions; Rodriguez, American Constitutions; Sweet, History of Latin America; Koebel, South America; Garcia Calderon, Latin-America, 86-231; Cambridge Modern History, XII, 672-689; Domville-Fife, Great States of South America; Enock, The Republics of Central[Pg 30] and South America; Porter, The Ten Republics; Colmo, Los paises de la America latina; Amunategui, Ensayos biographicos (4v); Shepherd, Hispanic Nations of the New World.
Chapter IX. Relations with One Another and with Europe.
1. Boundary disputes and commissions; the principle of uti possedetis.
2. Filibustering expeditions and reprisals.
3. The status of Uruguay.
4. The war against Paraguay.
5. The Chile-Peru-Bolivia war; the Tacna-Arica question.
6. International standing of Latin America.
7. The problem of unity:
a. Proposals for a league of states of Spanish origin.
b. Proposals for inclusion of Brazil in this league.
c. Congresses of Hispanic-American countries: Panama (1826), Lima (1848, 1864, 1897), Santiago de Chile (1856).
d. Programmes of arbitration; proposals for codification of international law for the Americas.
e. Congresses for health and sanitations conventions: Rio de Janiero (1887, 1906), Lima (1888), Washington (1902, 1905), Mexico City (1907), San Jose de Costa Rica (1909).
f. Scientific congresses: Buenos Aires (1898), Montevideo, (1901), Rio de Janiero (1905), Santiago de Chile, (1908), Washington, (1916).
g. Control of river commerce; the international rivers.
8. Central American affairs; arbitration agreement.
9. The so-called A. B. C. Alliance.
10. Relations with Europe:
Diplomatic; economic; cultural.
11. European interventions in Latin American affairs:
Examples of European intervention: France and Great Britain at Buenos Aires and Montevideo; Spain and France in Mexico; France, Great Britain and Spain in Mexico; Spain in Santo Domingo and Peru; Great Britain at Corinto; Germany, Great Britain and Italy in Venezuela.
Readings: Shepherd, 96-106; Koebel, The South Americans, 41-63; Garcia Calderon, 335-350; Cambridge Modern History,[Pg 31] Vol. XII, 689-702; Moore, Brazil and Peru Boundary Question; Posada, En America una compaña; Helio Lobo, O Tribunal Arbitral Brasiliero-Boliviano; Alvarez, Le Droit international Americain; Quesada, La Evolution del Panamericanismo.
Chapter X. Later Diplomatic and Political Relations with the United States.
1. Development and extension of the Monroe Doctrine:
a. The Jackson-Van Buren attitude.
b. Polk's revival, interpretation, and restriction.
c. Monroe Doctrine in the fifties:
1. Connection with slavery issue.
2. Paraguay, 1857-59.
d. The Maximilian episode.
e. The United States and the Chilean war with Spain.
f. Grant and the nationalization of the doctrine.
g. The Santos claim in Ecuador; Alsop claim in Chile.
h. Cleveland-Olney extension.
i. Monroe Doctrine and imperialism.
j. Roosevelt-Taft period.
k. Wilson Doctrine.
l. Monroe Doctrine and claims against Hispanic-American countries:
1. Contractual,—Alsop, Cerutti, Landreau.
2. Tortuous,—Case of Moreno; Benton Case; Renton Case.
m. The Monroe Doctrine and the World War.
Readings: Appropriate sections of Edgington, Bingham, Hart, Bigelow; Reddaway, Monroe Doctrine; American State Papers; Moore, A Digest of International Law, Vol. VI, 368-604; 714-715; ——, Principles of American Diplomacy, 246-269; Minister Dudley's report, U. S. For. Rel., 1899; Vicuña Mackenna, Historia de la Administracion Montt; ——, Historia de Chile; New International Encyclopedia; Bonilla, Wilson Doctrine; Barrett, Latin-America of Today and its Relation to the United States; Helio Lobo, De Monroe a Rio-Branco; Saenz Peña, Derecho publico Americano.
2. Hispanic-American attitude toward the United States.
a. In politics and diplomacy.
b. In commerce.
Readings: Ugarte, El porvenir de la America latina; Sotolongo, El Imperialismo Norte Americano; Merlos, America latina ante el peligro; Weyl, American World Policies, Chapter XV; Gondra, Los Estados Unidos y las Naciones Americanas.
3. Efforts at coöperation and friendship:
a. Evolution of Pan Americanism.
b. The Pan American Union:
1. Organization and purposes.
2. Control and accomplishments.
c. Pan American congresses: Washington, (1889); Mexico City, (1902); Rio de Janiero, (1906); Buenos Aires, (1910).
d. Inter-American financial congresses: Washington, (1915); Buenos Aires, (1916).
e. The peace and arbitration treaties.
f. Cultural inter-relations; scientific conferences, increase of trade and travel; exchange of teachers and college professors.
g. Proposals of an inter-American league of nations.
4. The Drago Doctrine and the Porter Doctrine.
5. Latin America at the second Hague Conference.
Readings: Hull, The United States and Latin America at the Hague; Quesada, La Doctrina Drago (Rev. de la Univ., B.A., 1919).
6. The Platt Amendment:
a. Relations with Cuba; interventions.
7. Caribbean Interests of the United States:
1. Political and economic conditions in the Caribbean area; effects and influences of the Spanish-American War.
2. Strategic importance; United States as a Caribbean power.
a. Porto Rico as a dependency.
b. Territorial government; the insular cases; the question of citizenship.
c. The Virgin Islands.
3. Dominant position of the United States:
a. In commerce.
b. Financial agreements with Santo Domingo, Haiti, Nicaragua.
c. The Panama Canal as a factor in the problem; status of the Republic of Panama with respect to the United States.
d. Naval bases of the United States; lease of the Corn Islands.
e. Interventions of the United States.
4. Relations of the United States and Venezuela, Colombia, Central America.
5. Attitude of Caribbean peoples toward the United States; problem of self-determination.
6. Contemporary tendencies.
Readings: Jones, Caribbean Interests of the United States; Bonsal, The American Mediterranean; Westergaard, The Danish West Indies, 1671-1917; De Booy and Faris, The Virgin Islands.
8. The Panama Canal:
a. Treaties and plans for construction.
b. The French enterprise.
c. Relations of Columbia and the United States.
d. Secession and independence of Panama.
e. Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty.
f. Construction of Canal.
g. Possible economic and political effects.
h. The Columbian grievance against the United States; diplomatic developments.
9. Wilson Administration:
a. Hispanic-American policy.
b. Relations with Mexico.
c. Achievements and criticism.
Required Readings: Senate Doc., No. 744, 61st Cong., 3rd Session; Annals of American Academy of Pol. Science, July, 1914; Bryce, 484-520; Garcia Calderon, 298-312; Latane, America as a World Power, 255-285; ——, Diplomatic Relations of the United States with Spanish America; Williams, Anglo-American Isthmian Diplomacy; The New Pan Americanism, Parts I, II and III (World Peace Foundation).
Additional Readings: Flack, Spanish American Diplomatic Relations Preceding the War of 1898; Chandler, Inter-American Acquaintances; Moore, Principles of American Diplomacy, 365-419; Maurtua, La Idea Pan Americana y la cuestion del arbitraje; Usher, Pan-Americanism; Gause[Pg 34] and Carr, The Story of Panama; Bishop, Panama, Past and Present.
Chapter XI. Trade Relations of Hispanic America and the United States.
1. Origins of trade.
2. Development of trade during the 19th century:
a. Comparative predominance of United States to about 1850.
b. Disruption of trade during War of Secession.
c. Increased European competition after Franco-Prussian war.
3. History of trade in the 20th century.
4. Volume of contemporary trade, export and import, with United States; with Europe.
5. Character of the trade:
a. Standard articles imported and exported.
b. Non-competitive goods and raw products.
c. Competitive goods.
6. Purchasing power of Hispanic American countries.
7. Misconceptions, current in United States, as to Hispanic-American habits of business.
8. Obstacles in the way of trade:
a. Lack of merchant marine.
b. Established habits and traditions of trade.
c. Ignorance of market and the accepted methods of trade:
1. Market demands.
2. Transportation problems.
3. Tariff administrations.
d. Long term credits.
e. Lack of organization to secure the trade.
9. Methods for improvement.
10. The Webb-Pomerene Act.
11. Effects of the European war of 1914; construction of the Panama Canal.
12. Increase of American business interests in Hispanic America.
Readings: Atlas America Latina; Verrill, South and Central American Trade Conditions of Today, 168-179; U. S. Sen.[Pg 35] Doc. No. 737, 60th Cong., 2d Sess., (Fisher, Ethnography and Commercial Importance of Latin America and the West Indies); House Doc., No. 154, 59 Cong., 2d Sess.; Aughinbaugh, Selling Latin America; Babson, The Future of South America; Bonsal, The American Mediterranean; Chandler, Inter-American Acquaintances; Hough, Practical Exporting; Shepherd, 168-179; ——, Our South American Trade (Pol. Science Quart., Dec., 1909); Filsinger, Exporting to Latin America; Savay, The Science of Foreign Trade; Pepper, American Foreign Trade; Cooper, Understanding South America; Wilson, South America as an Export Field, (Sp. Agt. Ser. No. 81, 1914, Dept. of Com.); South American Supplement, London Times; U. S. consular reports; reports of the Department of Commerce and Labor (now Department of Commerce).
Chapter XII. Hispanic America and the World War.
1. Economic and political influences of the war.
2. Hispanic-American products necessary in the prosecution of the war.
3. Efforts to secure sympathy for one or the other group of belligerents; policies of neutrality; cultural factors in the situation: Germany as a menace.
4. Improvement in the financial situation; development of Pan Americanism: the financial congresses.
5. Growth of anti-German sentiment in certain countries; Ruy Barbosa's indictment of Germany; the Luxburg and Zimmermann dispatches.
6. Effect of the entrance of the United States into the war.
7. Hispanic America in the war:
a. Nations which declared war: Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama.
b. Nations which severed relations with Germany: Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, Santo Domingo, Uruguay.
c. The neutral countries: Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Salvador, Venezuela, Paraguay.
d. Services of Brazil and Cuba.
8. Hispanic America and the Peace Conference; the prominent part played by Brazil.
9. The Tacna-Arica question in a new phase.
10. Attitude toward the League of Nations; Brazil as a member of the Supreme Council; the states which joined the league.
11. The Monroe Doctrine during the war; projects for an inter-American league of states.
12. Economic results of the war upon Hispanic America.
Readings: Martin, Latin America and the War, (League of Nations, II, No. 4); Kirkpatrick, South America and the War; Rowe, Early Effects of the War upon Finance, Commerce, and Industry of Peru; Ferrara, La doctrine de Monroe y la liga de las naciones; Galliard, Amerique latine et Europe occidentale; Wagner, L'Allemagne et l'Amerique Latine; Quesada, El "peligro Aleman" en sud America; Yearbooks and periodicals.
Chapter XIII. Contemporary History, Problems, and Achievements of Hispanic America.
1. Political:
a. Political and governmental stability.
b. Politics in practice and principle.
c. Modern conventions, platforms, and elections.
d. Restrictions of the ballot.
e. Professional men in politics.
f. Absence of political experience by the masses.
g. Necessity of developing public interest in politics and political philosophy.
h. Appearance of new political issues.
i. Electoral reform: Argentina.
j. Civil Service in Hispanic America.
k. State or Church control over education.
l. Municipal government:
1. History of progress.
2. Public utilities; fire departments; police system; water works; public sanitation; municipal ownership.
m. Social legislation.
n. Passing of the South American type of revolution.
Readings: Garcia Calderon, 222-248, 365-677; Shepherd, 141-150; Scruggs, The Colombian and Venezuelan Republics; Vera y Gonzalez, Elementos de historia contemporanea de[Pg 37] America; Heredia, Memorias sobre las revoluciones de Venezuela; books on individual countries.
2. Social and Religious:
A. Social:
1. Population:
a. Census statistics available.
b. Population and resources.
2. Social types: Spanish; immigrant; Indian, savage and civilized; mixed races; negro.
3. Laboring classes and types: "vaquero;" "gaucho;" "llanero;" industrial laborers.
4. Labor system and laws.
a. Peonage:
1. Feudal status of labor in colonies.
2. Origin of peonage; inheritance of debt.
3. The "inquilino" and "colono"; "cholo."
4. Ignorance, wages, and living conditions.
5. Peon in government and politics.
6. Peonage in Mexico; in South America.
b. Labor regulations in general.
c. Labor organizations.
d. Dearth of labor in certain countries.
e. Strikes; radicalism; labor conditions in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico.
5. Aristocratic and professional society.
6. Language.
7. Position of woman:
a. In society.
b. Family life.
c. The matter of divorce.
8. Amusements and social customs:
a. Sports and games.
b. Carnivals and festivals.
c. Dress and etiquette.
d. Gambling and lotteries.
e. Social customs in business.
9. Influence of the Basques in Latin America.
Readings: Shepherd, 121-141; ——, Psychology of the Latin American (Jour. of Race Devel. 1919); Garcia Calderon, 283-290; Bryce, 432, 528-530; Romero, Mexico and the United States; Bingham, Across South America; books on individual countries and on travel; Bunge, Nuestra America; Colmo, America Latina.
B. Religious:
1. Prevalence of Roman Catholic Church.
2. Church and State; tendency toward separation.
3. Clericalism in politics.
4. The work of the Church.
5. Toleration in Hispanic America.
6. Protestant missionary activities.
7. Foreign opinion of Hispanic-American morality.
Required Readings: Shepherd, 139; Koebel, The South Americans 41-44, 91-108, 152-169.
Additional Readings: Speer, South American Problems; Brown, Latin America; Neely, South America: Its Missionary Problem; Planchet, La Cuestion religiosa en Mexico.
3. Immigration:
a. History of immigration in the 19th century:
1. Causes of scarcity before 1857; colonial exclusion; revolutions; greater inducements of the United States; economic reasons.
2. Increase since 1857.
Ideas of Alberdi and Sarmiento on immigration.
3. Drift toward the Southern republics.
4. Immigration in the North American republics.
b. Political and economic effects of immigration.
c. Effects on society.
d. Spanish, Italian, German, Russian and Polish, English, French, Portuguese, Oriental, Turkish and Assyrian immigration.
e. Favorite occupations of aliens.
f. The question of assimilation and citizenship.
Required Readings: Shepherd, 81-84, 126-129, 169; Koebel, The South Americans, 152-169; Garcia Calderon, 290-298, 323-335.
Additional Readings: Atlas America Latina; Koebel, British[Pg 39] Exploits, 481-551; Mulhall, The English in South America; Wintzer, Die Deutschen im tropischen Amerika.
4. Financial:
a. Monetary systems in Hispanic America.
1. Standards and values.
2. Paper currency.
3. Fluctuations.
b. Capital and Banking:
1. Number of banks.
2. Domestic and foreign control of banking.
3. Branch banks:
a. European.
b. United States.
4. Scarcity of capital.
c. Hispanic-American finance.
1. Credits, exchange, solvency.
2. Stock exchanges.
3. Bond issues.
4. Public debts.
5. Sinking funds.
6. Insurance.
7. Trusts and corporations.
d. Foreign influences upon financial policies.
e. Business enterprises:
1. Habits of business.
2. Buying and selling; advertising.
f. Tariff systems:
1. Tariff for revenue.
2. Rates: specific rather than ad valorem.
3. Variations and complexity.
g. Taxation:
1. On personal property.
2. On lands and real estate.
3. On industries.
4. Licenses and concessions.
h. Internal improvements and public works.
1. History of internal improvements in Latin America.
2. Public works; postal service; parcel post.
i. Movement for single, Pan-American monetary standard.
j. Movement for a Pan-American, standardized tariff system.
Readings: Shepherd, 43, 48, 150-153, 173; Wolfe, Foreign Credits, (Sp. Agts. Ser. No. 62, 1913, Department of Commerce); Hurley, Banking and Credit in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Peru, (Sp. Agts. Ser. No. 90, 1914, ibid.); Verrill, Aughinbaugh, and Babson; Crosby, Latin American Monetary System and Exchange Conditions; The South American Year-Book; Consular reports; Reports of the Board of Trade (Eng.); books on individual countries; Roper, The Postal Service and the Latin American Trade.
5. Industrial:
A. The most important industries:
1. Mining:
a. Areas of ore fields.
b. Facilities.
c. Acquisition of mining properties.
d. Labor supply.
e. Gold, silver, diamonds, copper, tin, nitrate, coal, and other mines.
2. Stock-raising:
a. Areas adapted.
b. Cattle, horse, sheep ranches.
c. Stock-yards and slaughter-houses.
d. Wool and hides.
Readings: Whelpley, Trade Development in Argentina, (Sp. Agts. Ser. No. 43, 1911, Dept. of Commerce and Labor); Atlas America Latina.
3. Rubber:
a. Areas of growth.
b. Processes employed.
c. Labor supply; labor scandals; "black gold."
4. Agriculture:
a. Arable lands and climatic conditions.
b. Agriculture in connection with stock-raising.
c. Ownership of land.
d. The agrarian situation in Hispanic America.
e. The "haciendas," "fazendas;" the "chacras" and "potreros."
f. Agricultural products: Coffee, cacao yerba, foodstuffs.
5. Manufacturing:
a. General characteristics: domestic and factory methods.
b. Connection with other industries.
c. Obstacles in the way.
d. Products: foodstuffs, textiles, machinery.
B. European and American capital invested in industries.
C. Occupations of foreigners in Hispanic America.
Readings: Koebel, The South Americans, 132-151, 193-204; books on individual countries; Pearson, The Rubber Country of the Amazon; Gemmingen, Die entwickelung der fabrikindustrie im lateinischen Amerika.
6. Commercial:
a. History of Hispanic-American commerce.
b. Exports and imports:
1. Character and value.
2. Destination.
c. Commercial enterprises.
d. Trade marks and their use.
e. Customs regulations.
f. Modern transportation and communication.
1. Development of transportation facilities.
2. Survival of colonial methods in certain areas.
3. Pack-trains, stage routes, llama trains.
4. Roads and highways.
5. Land transportation:
a. Railroads: trunk lines; short lines.
b. International and transcontinental lines.
c. Projected lines.
d. Horse cars and trolleys; subways.
e. Mileage and rates.
f. Freight rates.
g. Capital and ownership.
6. Water transportation:
a. River steamers and barges.
b. Oceanic lines.
c. Harbor facilities.
d. Rates.
g. Communication:
1. Telegraph lines.
2. Cable lines.
3. Postal service; international service.
h. The metric system of weights and measures.
i. Concessions and monopolies:
1. Procedure in obtaining them.
2. Policies of various countries in relation thereto.
3. Attitude of the United States toward them.
Readings: Shepherd, 168-191; Koebel, The South Americans, 304-358; Domville-Fife, Great States of South America; Atlas America Latina; Sheridan, Transportation Rates to the West Coast of South America (Sp. Agts. report, Ser. 72, 1913. Bur. of For. and Dom. Commerce); Gueydan, Transportation Facilities of Colombia and Venezuela (ibid.); Trade mark registration in Latin America (Tariff series, No. 31, ibid.); Verrill, Aughinbaugh, and Babson; Reports of Bureau of Trade Relations of the State Department; Report of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce of the Commerce Department; U. S. Federal Trade Com. Rep. on Trade and Tariffs in Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, and Peru; Tariff Systems of South American countries. (Bur. of For and Dom. Com.)
7. Educational and Cultural:
A. Educational:
1. General characteristics.
2. Percentages of illiterates in various countries.
3. Educational progress.
4. Obstacles to popular education.
5. Foreign influences in education.
a. European teachers in Hispanic-America.
b. American teachers in Argentina in 1868; educational reforms of Sarmiento.
c. Influence of United States at present.
6. Administration of schools.
7. Elementary and secondary education.
8. Higher education in Hispanic-America.
a. Universities:
1. Faculties, courses, and equipment.
2. Libraries and publications.
3. Students.
b. Scientific pursuits.
1. Observatories and other establishments for study of geography, ethnology, and zoology.
2. Schools of medicine and surgery.
c. Industrial and technical education.
9. Urban and rural education.
10. Popular interest in education.
11. Non-official efforts for promotion of education:
a. Congresses and teachers' associations.
b. Private schools and institutions.
c. Publications and lectures.
12. Educational reforms needed.
B. Cultural achievements in general:
1. Public charity:
a. Control and sources of revenue.
b. Societies and institutions for social service.
2. Public libraries.
3. Journalism:
a. Status of the press in various countries.
b. Notable newspapers.
c. Recent development.
d. Magazines and periodicals.
4. Literature:
a. General characteristics.
b. European and particularly French influence.
c. Representative literary men and their works.
1. Novelists, essayists, poets:
Ricardo Palma, Rodo, Alencar, [Pg 44] Gonzalvez Diaz, San Martin. Echeverria, Sarmiento, Ruben Dario, Chocano, Blanco Fombona, etc.
2. Historians:
Alaman, the Amunategui, Barros Arana, Icazbalceta, Vicuña Mackenna, Mitre, Jose Toribio Medina, Oliviera Lima, Zamacois, etc.
3. Jurists:
Bello, Calvo, Velez Sarsfield, Ambrosio Montt, etc.
5. Arts:
a. General characteristics.
b. Achievements in music; the drama; architecture; painting; and sculpture.
Readings: For education: Shepherd, 192-204; ——, Education in South America, (Review of Reviews, May, 1908); ——, Higher Education in South America, (Columbia University Quart., Dec., 1907); Koebel, The South Americans, 109-132; Brandon, Latin-American Universities and Special Schools; Blakslee, Latin-America, 30-46; Monroe, An Encyclopedia of Education (See discussion under the names of each country); see also, Walle, Bolivia, Chap. 6; Eder, Colombia, Chap. 16; Hirst, Argentina, Chap. 14; and Wright's books on Bolivia, Chile, and Peru; Bravo Mejia, Organizacion de las escuelas rurales; Amunategui, Discursos Parliamentarios.
For cultural problems: Shepherd, 204-250; La Literatura y el Periodismo; Garcia Calderon, Latin-America, 249-282; Warner, Library of the World's Best Literature, Vol. 15; Blakslee, Latin-America, 299-306; Koebel, The South Americans, 109-130; Goldberg, Studies in Spanish American Literature; Umphrey, Spanish American Poets of Today and Yesterday (Hispania, 1919); Coester, The Literary History of Spanish America; Starr, Readings from Modern Mexican Authors; Lamborn, Mexican Paintings and Painters; Zanelli Lopez, Mujeres Chilenos de letras; Amunategui, La Alborada, poetica in Chile.