Produced by Frank van Drogen, Julia Neufeld and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
file was produced from images generously made available
by the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at
http://gallica.bnf.fr)








  THE
  DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE
  OF THE
  AMERICAN REVOLUTION.

  VOL. III.




  THE
  DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE

  OF THE

  AMERICAN REVOLUTION;

  BEING

  THE LETTERS OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, SILAS DEANE, JOHN
  ADAMS, JOHN JAY, ARTHUR LEE, WILLIAM LEE, RALPH
  IZARD, FRANCIS DANA, WILLIAM CARMICHAEL, HENRY
  LAURENS, JOHN LAURENS, M. DE LAFAYETTE, M.
  DUMAS AND OTHERS, CONCERNING THE FOREIGN
  RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DURING
  THE WHOLE REVOLUTION;

  TOGETHER WITH

  THE LETTERS IN REPLY FROM THE SECRET COMMITTEE OF
  CONGRESS AND THE SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.

  ALSO,

  THE ENTIRE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE FRENCH MINISTERS,
  GERARD AND LUZERNE, WITH CONGRESS.

  Published under the Direction of the President of the United States, from
  the original Manuscripts in the Department of State, conformably
  to a Resolution of Congress of March 27th, 1818.

  EDITED

  BY JARED SPARKS.

  VOL. III.


  BOSTON:
  NATHAN HALE AND GRAY & BOWEN;
  G. & C. & H. CARVILL, NEW YORK; P. THOMPSON, WASHINGTON.
  1829.


  HALE'S STEAM PRESS.
  No. 6 Suffolk Buildings, Congress Street, Boston




CONTENTS

OF THE

THIRD VOLUME.


BENJAMIN FRANKLIN'S CORRESPONDENCE.

       *       *       *       *       *

                                                                Page.

  To John Hancock, President of Congress. Nantes,
    December 8th, 1776,                                             5

      Announces his arrival in France.--Does not assume
        a public character.--Military stores destined for
        America.

  To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Nantes,
    December 8th, 1776,                                             7

  The Committee of Secret Correspondence to Benjamin
    Franklin. Baltimore, January 1st, 1777,                         9

        Announcing his appointment as Commissioner to Spain.

  To the Committee of Secret Correspondence. Paris,
    January 4th, 1777,                                              9

      Arrives in Paris.--Has an audience with Count de
        Vergennes.--Interview with the Spanish Ambassador.--The
        nation favorable to the American cause.

  To the President of Congress. Paris, January 20th,
    1777,                                                          10

      Recommending Captain Balm.

  To the Count d'Aranda, Spanish Ambassador to the
    Court of France. Passy, April 7th, 1777,                       11

      Communicates the propositions of the United States
        to Spain.--Congress will also assist France and
        Spain in the conquest of the English sugar islands.

  To General Washington. Paris, June 13th, 1777,                   12

      Recommending Count Kotkouski.--Count Pulaski.

  To General Washington. Paris, June 13th, 1777,                   13

      Recommending Baron de Frey.

  M. Dubourg to B. Franklin. Paris, September
    8th, 1777,                                                     14

      Requesting a letter of recommendation for M. Gerard,
        who wishes to settle in America.

  To Richard Peters. Passy, September 12th, 1777,                  15

      Recommending M. Gerard.

  Remarks on a Loan for the United States,                         15

      America a safer debtor than Britain, from her general
        industry, frugality, prudence, ability, and virtue.

  To David Hartley, member of Parliament. Passy,
    October 14th, 1777,                                            23

      The conduct of Great Britain has rendered submission
        impossible.--Cruel treatment of the American prisoners
        in England.--Propositions for their relief.

  To James Lovell. Paris, December 21st, 1777,                     27

      Mr Deane's recommendations of officers.--Numerous
      and vexatious applications, with high recommendations.

  To James Hutton. Passy, February 1st, 1778,                      29

      Means of reconciling America.

  To David Hartley. Passy, February 12th, 1778,                    31

      Alienation of America from Great Britain.--Kindness
        and cordiality of France.--Change of Ministry necessary
        for conciliation.--Subscriptions in England
        for the relief of American prisoners.--Mr Hutton.

  To David Hartley. Passy, February 26th, 1778,                    34

      Lord North's conciliatory bills.--Advice to the English
        whigs.

  To James Hutton. Passy, March 24th, 1778,                        37

      The Commissioners are ready to treat.

  Note from William Pultney to B. Franklin. March
    29th, 1778,                                                    37

      Desires an interview with Dr Franklin.

  To William Pultney. Passy, March 30th, 1778,                     38

      America cannot treat on any terms short of independence--
        will not treat at all in case of a war against France.

  To Dr Bancroft. Passy, April 16th, 1778,                         40

      British Commissioners cannot succeed in America on
        their terms.

  David Hartley to B. Franklin. Paris, April 23d, 1778,            40

      Advises him to take care of his own safety.

  To Count de Vergennes. Passy, April 24th, 1778,                  41

      Giving an account of his conversations with Mr Hartley;
        of the visit of Mr Chapman, an agent of Lord
        Shelburne.--The Quebec fleet.

  Count de Vergennes to B. Franklin. Versailles,
    April 25th, 1778,                                              44

      Policy of the English to excite divisions and distrust.

  James Lovell to B. Franklin. Yorktown, June 20th, 1778,          45

  Answer to a letter from Brussels. Passy, July 1st, 1778,         45

      Reply to insinuations against the faith of France.--Future
        prospects of America.--Acknowledgment of
        the independency of little consequence to America.--The
        King's political studies.--Peace is to be obtained
        only on equal terms.--Ridicules the offers
        of rewards.

  To James Lovell. Passy, July 22d, 1778,                          52

      Proceedings relative to Mr Deane.--Beaumarchais.--Eleventh
        and twelfth articles of the treaty.--Mr
        Izard.--Inconvenience and expense of maintaining
        several Commissioners instead of one.--War between
        England and France; war in Germany.--Difficulty
        of raising loans.--Drafts of Congress on the
        Commissioners.

  Instructions to B. Franklin, as Minister Plenipotentiary
  to the Court of France,                                          59

  Committee of Foreign Affairs to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
  October 28th, 1778,                                              62

      Forwarding his new credentials.

  James Lovell to B. Franklin. Philadelphia, December
    8th, 1778,                                                     63

      Depreciation of the currency.

  Dr Price to B. Franklin. London, Jan. 18th, 1779,                64

      Declines removing to America.

  James Lovell to B. Franklin. Philadelphia, January
    29th, 1779,                                                    65

      English successes in Georgia.

  James Lovell to B. Franklin. Philadelphia, February
    8th, 1779,                                                     66

  To David Hartley. Passy, February 22d, 1779,                     66

      America cannot relinquish her alliance with France
        to treat with Britain.

  Letter respecting Captain Cook. Passy, March 10th, 1779,         67

      Recommending to afford Captain Cook all the assistance
        he may need.

  To David Hartley. Passy, March 21st, 1779,                       68

      Delay in the exchange of prisoners.--Losses of the
        English.--Growth of America.

  David Hartley to B. Franklin. London, April 22d, 1779,           70

      Proposing a truce.--Interests of France.--Advantages
        of adopting some preliminaries.

  Observations by Mr Hartley,                                      74

      Enclosed in the preceding.

  Instructions to John Paul Jones, Commander of the
    American Squadron in the service of the United
    States, now in the port of L'Orient,                           77

  To David Hartley. Passy, May 4th, 1779,                          78

      Relative to Mr Hartley's propositions.

  To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Passy, May
    26th, 1779,                                                    81

      Receives his credentials.--Presented to the King.--American
        prisoners in France released.--Captain
        Jones's squadron.--Exchange of prisoners with
        England.--American prisoners there committed for
        high treason.--Necker unfavorably disposed towards
        America.--Accounts of the Commissioners.--Difficulty
        of raising a loan.--Charges of William Lee and Ralph
       Izard.--Recommends the appointment of consuls.--Agents
       and applications of the separate States.--Barbary
       Powers.--Disposition of the French.--Preparations of
       Spain.--Preparations in France.--Opinion of the Howes,
       Cornwallis, &c. of the impracticability of the conquest
       of America.

  To James Lovell. Passy, June 2d, 1779,                           95

      Currency.--Charges of Mr Lee and Mr Izard.--Communication
      between Europe and America.--M. de la Luzerne.

  James Lovell to B. Franklin. Philadelphia, June 13th, 1779,      98

      Enclosing a resolve relative to Beaumarchais's accounts.

  James Lovell to B. Franklin. Philadelphia, July 9th, 1779,       98

  James Lovell to B. Franklin. Philadelphia, July 16th, 1779,      99

      Burning of Fairfield.--Compensation of Ministers.--Forwards
      letters to the King of France.--Invoices of supplies
      desired.

  Instructions from Congress to B. Franklin. In Congress,
    August 14th, 1779,                                            101

      Proposing the mutual guaranty of the fisheries by
        France and the United States.

  To the Marquis de Lafayette. Passy, August 24th, 1779,          104

      Forwarding him a sword, in the name of the Congress.

  The Marquis de Lafayette to B. Franklin. Havre,
    August 29th, 1779,                                            104

      Acknowledging the reception of the sword.

  To James Lovell. Passy, September 30th, 1779,                   105

      Supplies.--Receives nothing himself.

  To Mr Bridgen. Passy, October 2d, 1779,                         106

      Devices on coins.

  To John Jay, President of Congress. Passy, October
    4th, 1779,                                                    108

      Beaumarchais's accounts.--Supplies.--M. Neufville's
        offers of a loan.--Demands of Mr Ross, Mr Izard,
        and Mr Lee.--Inactivity of the combined fleets.--
        Relations of Holland and England.--Favorable
        disposition of Portugal.--Exchange of prisoners.--
        Jones's cruise in the English waters.--Complaints of
        French officers returning from America.--Complaints
        against American cruisers.--Luxury of the
        Americans.--Monument to General Montgomery.--Supplies
        from Spain.

  To James Lovell. Passy, October 17th, 1779,                     118

      Jones's cruise.--Mr Lee and Mr Deane.--Prospect of
        peace.--Return of Commodore Jones.

  To R. Bernstorf, Minister of Foreign Affairs in Denmark.
    Passy, December 22d, 1779,                                    121

      Remonstrates against the seizure of the American
        prizes in the ports of Norway.

  To David Hartley. Passy, February 2d, 1780,                     125

      America will not treat without her allies.--His
        former offers to pay for the tea destroyed in
        Boston.--Indisposition to peace on the part of
        England.--Exchange of prisoners.--British barbarities
        in America.

  James Lovell to B. Franklin. Philadelphia, February
    24th, 1780,                                                   128

      Drafts merely nominal.

  To Samuel Huntington, President of Congress. Passy,
    March 4th, 1780,                                              129

      Seizure of the prizes in Norway.--Quarrel between
        Commodore Jones and Captain Landais.--Necessity of
        appointing a consul.--Exchange of prisoners.--Prospects
        of England.--Supplies of France.

  From R. Bernstorf, Minister of Foreign Affairs in Denmark,
    to B. Franklin. Copenhagen, March 8th, 1780,                  134

      On the seizure of the American prizes.

  To James Lovell. Passy, March 16th, 1780,                       135

      Proposed convention in London.--Affairs of England.

  To Joseph Reed, President of the State of Pennsylvania.
    Passy, March 19th, 1780,                                      137

      Mr Pultney.--Errors corrected.

  Count de Vergennes to B. Franklin. Versailles, May 11th,
    1780,                                                         140

      Recommending the Baron d'Arendt.

  To the Judges of the Admiralty at Cherbourg. Passy, May
    16th, 1780,                                                   140

      Requesting the release of the neutral ship Flora; the
        cargo, if English, may be condemned.

  To the President of Congress. Passy, May 22d, 1780,             141

      Recommending the Baron d'Arendt.

  To an Agent of American Cruisers. Passy, May 30th, 1780,        142

      Free ships make free goods.

  To the President of Congress. Passy, May 31st, 1780,            143

      Complains of the trouble of maritime affairs.--Difficulty
        of meeting the drafts.--Accounts of the Commissioners.--
        American prizes in Danish ports.--Capture of neutral
        vessels with English cargoes.--European powers have
        adopted the rule, that free ships make free goods.--
        Unfavorable disposition in Europe towards England.--
        Difficulties in the exchange of prisoners.

  To the President of Congress. Passy, June 1st, 1780,            149

      Recommending Commodore Jones.

  To C. W. F. Dumas. Passy, June 5th, 1780,                       149

      Respecting neutral ships.--Expresses a wish that all
        private property and all private individuals might be
        unmolested.--Letter of General Clinton.

  Count de Vergennes to B. Franklin. Versailles, June
    30th, 1780,                                                   152

      Orders to M. de la Luzerne relative to the French
        holders of American paper money.

  Committee of Foreign Affairs to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
    July 11th, 1780,                                              153

      Making new drafts.

  Committee of Foreign Affairs to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
    July 11th, 1780,                                              154

      Mr Laurens appointed to negotiate a loan in Holland.

  Committee of Foreign Affairs to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
    July 11th, 1780,                                              155

      Communicating the acknowledgment of Congress for
        the attentions of the French Consul in Bergen.

  Committee of Foreign Affairs to H. Dohrman, merchant,
    Lisbon. Philadelphia, July 11th, 1780,                        155

      Informing him of his appointment as agent of Congress
        for the relief of Americans in distress.

  David Hartley to B. Franklin. London, July 17th, 1780,          157

      Enclosing a copy of a conciliatory bill, rejected in the
        House of Commons.

  To C. W. F. Dumas. Passy, July 26th, 1780,                      159

      Messrs Neufville.--Capture of Charleston of little consequence.

  To the President of Congress. Passy, August 9th, 1780,          161

      Disputes of Landais and Jones.--Necessity of appointing
        consuls.--Mr Adams offends the French Court.--The
        armed neutrality.

  To James Lovell. Passy, August 10th, 1780,                      167

      Little value of pretended confidential information of
        secrets of State.--Transmits copies of instruments
        annulling the eleventh and twelfth articles.

  James Lovell to B. Franklin. Philadelphia, August 15th, 1780,   169

      Notifying Dr Franklin of bills to be drawn on him.

  James Lovell to B. Franklin. Sept. 7th, 1780,                   170

      Enclosing proceedings of Congress relative to new
        drafts.--Increase of taxes for the improvement of the
        currency.

  To C. W. F. Dumas. Passy, Oct. 2d, 1780,                        171

      Relative to M. Dumas's appointment and services.

  To C. W. F. Dumas. Passy, Oct. 9th, 1780,                       172

      Has recommended M. Dumas to Mr Laurens as Secretary.--
        Requests advice as to the manner of applying to the
        States-General.

  James Lovell to B. Franklin. Philadelphia, October
    28th, 1780,                                                   173

      Requesting him to transmit certain papers to Mr Jay
        at Madrid.

  To Sir Grey Cooper, Baronet, Secretary to the Treasury of
    Great Britain. Passy, November 7th, 1780,                     174

        Requesting relief for Mr Laurens, prisoner in the
          Tower.

  Charles Vernon, Lieutenant Governor of the Tower of London,
    to Sir Grey Cooper. Hampstead, November 27th, 1780,           175

      Mr Laurens's treatment in the Tower.

  Sir Grey Cooper to B. Franklin. London, November
    29th, 1780,                                                   176

      Respecting Mr Laurens; enclosing the preceding.

  Instructions from Congress to B. Franklin. In Congress,
    November 29th, 1780,                                          176

  To James Lovell. Passy, December 2d, 1780,                      179

      Agrees to furnish the French troops in America with
        provisions, in order to meet the drafts of Congress.

  To the President of Congress. Passy, December 2d, 1780,         180

      Recommending the furnishing of provisions to the
        French troops.

  To the President of Congress. Passy, December 3d, 1780,         181

      Mr Laurens's captivity.--Memorial of Sir Joseph
        Yorke.--Delays in sending supplies.--Capture of a
        Portuguese ship with English property by an American
        armed vessel.--Recommends that neutral ships
        be not molested.

  James Lovell to B. Franklin. Philadelphia, December
    21st, 1780,                                                   184

      Mr Palfrey appointed Consul to France.

  Additional instructions from Congress to B. Franklin.
    In Congress, December 27th, 1780,                             185

  To Count de Vergennes. Passy, Feb. 13th, 1781,                  186

      Transmitting letters of Congress to the King.--
        Communicates the instructions of Congress.--Critical
        situation of America.--Quotes a letter of General
        Washington on this subject.--Disappointment in
        supplies expected from Spain.--Danger to Europe
        if America is recovered by England.--Necessity of
        immediate aid.

  To Count de Vergennes. Passy, March 6th, 1781,                  189

      Instructed to apply for an early answer to the application
        of Congress for more aid.

  James Lovell to B. Franklin. March 9th, 1781,                   189

      Proceedings of Congress on several subjects.

  To M. de Rayneval, Secretary to the Council of
  State. Passy, March 11th, 1781,                                 190

      Relative to supplies.

  To the President of Congress. Passy, March 12th, 1781,          192

      Relating his proceedings in obedience to his instructions;
        the King of France grants a further sum of
        six millions; France declines the mediation of Russia
        and Austria.--Requests to be relieved from public
        duties on account of his age and infirmities--Recommends
        his grandson, William Temple Franklin, to Congress.

  To Francis Lewis and the Board of Admiralty.
    Passy, March 17th, 1781,                                      197

      Account of the squadron and expedition of Captain
        Jones; disposition of the prizes; affair with Captain
        Landais; the Ministry wished it to be considered
        an American expedition.

  Agreement between Captain John Paul Jones and the officers
    of the squadron,                                              205

  James Lovell to B. Franklin. March 31st, 1781,                  207

      Military operations.

  James Lovell to B. Franklin. Philadelphia, May 9th, 1781,       208

      Desiring the exchange of Mr Gouverneur and Dr Witherspoon.

  To M. de Lafayette. Passy, May 14th, 1781,                      209

      Expedition against Arnold.--English policy.--Appointment
        of his successor to the Court of France.

  To the President of Congress. Passy, May 14th, 1781,            211

      Supplies.--Exchange of prisoners.--Plans of the English
      administration.

  To Thomas Lewis. Passy, May 16th, 1781,                         215

      Supplies.

  James Lovell to B. Franklin. Philadelphia, May 17th, 1781,      216

      Introducing Dr Putnam.

  Count de Vergennes to B. Franklin. Versailles,
    June 8th 1781,                                                216

      Colonel Laurens's purchases in Holland.--The grant of
        the king to be expended partly in France.

  To the President of Congress. Passy, June 11th,
    1781,                                                         217

      On the disposition of the French grant.

  To John Adams. Passy, June 11th, 1781,                          218

      Relative to certain expenses of Mr Adams, charged
        on the United States.

  The President of Congress to B. Franklin. In Congress,
    June 19th, 1781,                                              220

      Appointment of new Ministers for negotiating a
        peace.--Dr Franklin's services necessary on this
        occasion.

  To Major William Jackson. Passy, June 28th, 1781,               221

      Directing him to stop the shipment of money in Holland.

  Major William Jackson to B. Franklin. Amsterdam,
    June 29th, 1781,                                              221

      Reason of his delay at Amsterdam.

  To David Hartley. Passy, June 30th, 1781,                       222

      Informing him that Vergennes declines granting him
        a passport.

  Major William Jackson to B. Franklin. Amsterdam,
    July 2d, 1781,                                                223

      Remonstrating against the detention of the money,
        obtained from France by Colonel Laurens, and deposited
        with M. Fizeaux and Co. Amsterdam.--Communicates
        his determination to retain the money in his own
        hands.--Reasons for retaining the money referred to
        in the preceding letters.

  To Major William Jackson. Passy, July 5th, 1781,
    at six in the morning,                                        227

      Reasons for ordering the detention of the money,
        which was part of the grant obtained by Dr Franklin.

  To Major William Jackson. Passy, July 5th, 1781,                229

      Adhering to his former determination relative to the
        detention of the money.

  To Major William Jackson. Passy, July 6th, 1781,                229

      Account of the manner in which the money referred
        to in the preceding letters was obtained.--Exertions
        of Dr Franklin in obtaining supplies.

  To the President of Congress. Passy, July 11th, 1781,           232

      Reasons for detaining the money, intended to have
        been shipped at Amsterdam.

  James Lovell to B. Franklin. Philadelphia, July
    21st, 1781,                                                   233

      Forwarding duplicates of certain resolutions of Congress.

  To C. W. F. Dumas. Passy, August 6th, 1781,                     234

      Entertains little hope of aid from Holland.--Coldness
        of that country.

  To C. W. F. Dumas. Passy, August 10th, 1781,                    235

      Communicating intelligence from America.--Apologises
        for expressions in his former letter, and requests
        that it may not be shown.

  To the President of Congress. Passy, September 13th, 1781,      236

      Interview with the Count de Vergennes on communicating
        his instructions relative to the negotiations,
        and the letter of Congress to the King.--Accepts the
        appointment of negotiator.--Desires that a Consul-General
        may be appointed for France.

  John Adams to B. Franklin. Amsterdam, October 4th, 1781,        238

      Relative to certain expenses of the American Ministers.

  Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
    October 20th, 1781,                                           238

      Mr Livingston is appointed Secretary of Foreign
        Affairs.--Military operations.--Preparations for
        another campaign.

  Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
    October 24th, 1781,                                           242

      Announcing the capitulation of Yorktown.--Expresses
        a wish that Dr Franklin will accept his new appointment
        as negotiator.

  To Thomas Mc'Kean, President of Congress. Passy,
    November 5th, 1781,                                           243

      State of American prisoners in England.--Difficulties
        in effecting exchanges.--England refuses the mediation
        of the Powers; will treat with the United States
        only as subjects.--Proceedings of Colonel Laurens
        in Holland.--Confusion in shipping the supplies.

  Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
    November 24th, 1781,                                          249

  Recommending certain French officers in the American
      service.

  Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
    November 26th, 1781,                                          250

      Financial difficulties of America.--Importance of a
        French naval force in the American waters.--The
        commission for negotiating a commercial treaty with
        Great Britain discharged.--Preparations for a new
        campaign.--Supposed letters of Mr Deane.

  William Alexander to B. Franklin. Paris, December
    15th, 1781,                                                   256

      Requesting information concerning the disposition of
        France and America to treat with Great Britain.

  To William Alexander. Passy, Dec. 15th, 1781,                   257

  To David Hartley. Passy, December 15th, 1781,                   257

      Concerning Mr Hartley's plan for securing the lives of
      the spectators at public spectacles in case of fire.

  Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
    December 16th, 1781,                                          258

      Military operations.--Enclosing a resolution of Congress
        for raising a pillar at Yorktown; also an ordinance
        ascertaining what captures on the waters
        are lawful, with other American State papers.

  David Hartley to B. Franklin. London, January 2d, 1782,         260

      History of his proceedings for promoting negotiations
        for peace.--Conciliatory Bill of 1780, proposed as
        a basis; the question of independence to be waived;
        a separate treaty with America to be negotiated--Communicates
        these propositions to Lord North as
        general grounds of negotiation towards peace.--Lord
        North wishes to know if any person is authorised
        to treat on the part of America.--Urges the
        making of overtures for a separate negotiation.

  Remarks on the Conciliatory Bill,                               267

      Enclosed in the preceding.

  Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
    January 7th, 1782,                                            268

      Suggesting the objects of most importance to be negotiated;
        the limits of the United States; extend to
        the Mississippi on the West.--The fisheries; right
        of the Americans to fish on the banks of Newfoundland;
        sentiments of France on this subject.--Compensation
        to American royalists--Restitution of
        records and papers taken from America.

  To David Hartley. Passy, January 15th, 1782,                    281

      No negotiations can be opened without the concurrence
        of France.--Objections to the Conciliatory
        propositions--Commissioners authorised to treat.--A
        formal acknowledgment of independence not made
        necessary by the treaty with France.

  To the Count de Vergennes. Passy, Jan. 18th, 1782,              285

      Capture of Flemish ships by American privateers.--English
        ships furnished with imperial papers after
      a pretended sale of ship and cargo at Ostend.

  Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
    January 23d, 1782,                                            287

      Intercepted letters of Mr Deane.--Complains of want
        of intelligence from Europe.--Encloses resolutions
        of Congress relating to the fisheries and the
        western limits.

  David Hartley to B. Franklin. London, January
    24th, 1782,                                                   288

      Correcting Dr Franklin's misapprehensions of his
        propositions.--Cases in which America might treat
        separately.

  Explanatory letter to Mr Hartley, referred to in the
    preceding,                                                    293

  Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
    January 26th, 1782,                                           294

    Enclosing a convention for the establishment of consuls.

  To Robert R. Livingston, Secretary of Foreign Affairs.
    Passy, January 28th, 1782,                                    295

  David Hartley to B. Franklin. London, February
    1st, 1782,                                                    295

      Interview with the Minister; he is favorably disposed
        for peace.

  The Danish Minister to the Count de Vergennes. Paris,
    February 6th, 1782,                                           296

      Complains of the outrages of American armed vessels
        on the coast of Norway.

  Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
    February 13th, 1782,                                          297

      Pressing for further assistance from France.--This
        measure would be advantageous to France herself.--
        Sufferings of American prisoners in England.--
        Disturbances in Vermont and New Hampshire.

  To David Hartley. Passy, February 16th, 1782,                   301

      Acknowledges his misapprehension of Mr Hartley's
        former proposition.--Reasons of jealousy between
        France and England; English Commissioner at
        Dunkirk.--England must take the first step towards
        a peace with America.

  Count de Vergennes to B. Franklin. Versailles,
    February 24th, 1782,                                          303

      Enclosing the complaint of the Danish Count respecting
        outrages by American vessels on the coast of
        Norway.

  David Hartley to B. Franklin. Feb. 28th, 1782,                  304

      Prospects of peace.--The Ministry favorably disposed.

  Edmund Burke to B. Franklin. London, February 28th, 1782,       305

      Resolution of the House of Commons.--Mr Laurens.

  To the Count de Vergennes. Passy, March 3d, 1782,               306

      Relative to the complaints of the Danish Court.--Expects
        redress for the seizure of American prizes in Danish
        ports.

  To Robert R. Livingston. Passy, March 4th, 1782,                308

      Complaints against American cruisers.--Influence and
        services of M. de Lafayette.--Changes in the British
        Ministry.--Unfriendly disposition of the King.--
        Relations with France.--Financial arrangements
        of Mr Morris.--American prisoners.--Arrival and
        reception of Cornwallis and Arnold in England.--Mr
        Deane's discontents; his vindication of Arnold.

  To Robert R. Livingston. Passy, March 9th, 1782,                314

      Address of the House of Commons to the King against
        continuing the war in America.

  Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
    March 9th, 1782,                                              315

      Enclosing a letter from the Superintendent of Finance.

  David Hartley to B. Franklin. London, March 11th, 1782,         315

      Mr Digges appointed by the Ministry to inquire if any
        persons are authorised to treat.

  David Hartley to B. Franklin. London, March 12th, 1782,         316

      Enclosing the Parliamentary proceedings respecting
        the war with America; prelude to a general bill to
        enable the administration to treat.

  David Hartley to B. Franklin. London, March 21st, 1782,         318

      Dissolution of the Ministry.--Is desirous of
         negotiating the peace.

  T. Digges to B. Franklin. Amsterdam, March 22d, 1782,           320

      Appointed by the Ministry to inquire if any persons
        in Europe are commissioned by Congress to treat
        and to make known the disposition of the Ministry
        to open negotiations for a truce.--His communications
        with Mr Adams.

  John Adams to B. Franklin. The Hague, March 26th, 1782,         325

      Interview with Mr Digges; opposes the plan of a truce.--
        Many cities in Holland declare in favor of American
        independence.

  To Robert R. Livingston. Passy, March 30th, 1782,               328

      Policy of the Ministry; to divide America, and to
         separate America and France.--Singular language of
        the bill empowering the King to treat.

  To John Adams. Passy, March 31st, 1782,                         329

      Mr. Digges's mission.--Delays of Holland and Spain.

  To David Hartley. Passy, March 31st, 1782,                      330

      The five Commissioners empowered to treat.

  To David Hartley. Passy, April 5th, 1782,                       331

      Has no confidence in Digges.--The Commissioners
        are ready to treat.--Reconciliation spoken of in the
        Parliamentary proceedings more than a mere peace.--Acts
        necessary to effect it.

  To Robert R. Livingston. Passy, April 8th, 1782,                334

      The new Ministry.--Recommending the Prince de Broglie.

  To Henry Laurens. Passy, April 12th, 1782,                      335

      Encloses a copy of his commission, empowering him
        to treat.--Treaties and instructions forbid their
        treating without France.

  M. de Rayneval to B. Franklin. Versailles, April 12th, 1782,    336

      The French Minister approves his reply to Mr Hartley.--
        Proposals of the British Ministry for a separate
        treaty with France by Mr Forth.

  To Robert R. Livingston. Passy, April 12th, 1782,               338

      The new Ministry endeavor to gain over Holland.--Capture
        of St Joseph (Illinois) by the Spaniards.

  To David Hartley. Passy, April 13th, 1782,                      340

      Insincerity of the late Ministry in their proposals for
        reconciliation; endeavoring at the same time to
        treat separately with France.

  To John Adams. Passy, April 13th, 1782,                         341

      Mr Forth's mission to the French Ministry; Canada
        offered to France to induce her to treat separately;
        answer of the French Court.

  Count de Vergennes to B. Franklin. Versailles,
    April 23d, 1782,                                              342

      Enclosing the complaint of the Danish Court on account
        of the capture of a Danish vessel.

  David Hartley to B. Franklin, London, May 1st, 1782,            343

      The late Ministry wished for peace on prudential
        grounds, not for reconciliation; proposal of a separate
        peace was intended to excite distrust in France.
        His breviate laid before the Ministry, calculated to
        divest the war with America of hatred and jealousy
        against France.

  Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
    May 22d, 1782,                                                353

      Enclosing a letter to the King; resolutions of Congress
        on the application of Sir Guy Carleton to forward
        despatches, and on the subject of prisoners in England.--
        Disposition towards France in America.

  David Hartley to B. Franklin. London, May 25th, 1782,           356

      Release of the American prisoners in England.--Prospect
        of reconciliation.

  Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
    May 30th, 1782,                                               357

      Memorial on the subject of prize money due Captain
        Jones.--Inquires why the Danish Court applies to
        France on account of injuries of American cruisers.--
        Affair of Captain Huddy, who was hanged by a
        party of soldiers.

  Richard Oswald to B. Franklin. Paris, June 5th, 1782,           362

      Desiring the discharge of Lord Cornwallis's parole.

  To Richard Oswald. Passy, June 5th, 1782,                       363

      Promises to comply with the request to discharge Lord
        Cornwallis.

  John Adams to B. Franklin. The Hague, June 13th, 1782,          364

      Mr Grenville only empowered to treat with France;
        the Ministry will be unwilling to make any
        concessions.--The Dutch are disposed to an alliance
        with America.--Policy of Russia.

  Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
    June 23d, 1782,                                               366

      People in America not disposed to a separate treaty.--
        Affairs of Captain Huddy.--Case of the Ernten.

  To Robert R. Livingston. Passy, June 25th, 1782,                368

      An additional six millions cannot be obtained from
        France.--Mr Grenville is sent with full powers to
        treat with all the belligerent powers together.--Is
        joined by Mr Jay.--An act of Parliament was considered
        necessary to authorise the exchange of the
        American prisoners, as they were committed for
        high treason.--The Swedish Ambassador expresses
        a wish to treat with Dr Franklin.--Services of M. Dumas.

  To Robert R. Livingston. Passy, June 29th, 1782,                373

      Discharges Lord Cornwallis from his parole.--The
         intentions of the British Ministry seem to change
         with success.--Disinclination of the King to
         America.--Agents are sent by the Ministry into
         America to attempt a separate treaty.


  JOURNAL.

  From March 21st to July 1st, 1782. Passy, May 9th, 1782,        376

      Reasons for keeping a Journal.--Visited by Lord
         Cholmondely, by whom he transmits the following.

  To Lord Shelburne. Passy, March 22d, 1782,                      377

      Desires a general peace.

  Lord Shelburne to B. Franklin. London, April 6th, 1782,         378

      Lord Shelburne appointed Secretary of State; sends
        Mr Oswald to confer with Dr Franklin.

  Henry Laurens to B. Franklin. London, April 7th, 1782,          379

      Introducing Mr Oswald.--Desires to effect his
        exchange.--Conversation with Mr Oswald, in which
        Dr Franklin declares that America will only treat
        in concert with France.

  To Count de Vergennes. Passy, April 15th, 1782,                 381

      Stating the mission of Mr Oswald and his proceedings
        thereon, as above.--Mr Oswald has an interview
        with M. de Vergennes, and returns to England.

  To Lord Shelburne. Passy, April 18th, 1782,                     383

      M. de Vergennes declares the King ready to treat
        in concurrence with his allies.--Details of his
        conversation with Mr Oswald, as given in the
        succeeding letter to Mr Adams.

  Notes for conversation,                                         388

  To John Adams. Passy, April 20th, 1792,                         391

      In a conversation with Mr Oswald, he observed that if
        England desires a reconciliation much reparation
        must be made, that the advantage to the commerce
        of England from a peace would depend on a reconciliation,
        without which the peace would not be durable,
        that it would be politic for England to offer to cede
        Canada.--Desires the presence of Mr Adams and Mr Laurens.

  To Henry Laurens. Passy, April 20th, 1792,                      393

      Details of Mr Oswald's proceedings.

  John Adams to B. Franklin. Amsterdam, April 16th, 1782,         394

      Giving an account of his interview with Mr Laurens at
        Haerlem.--Suggests the necessity of the session of
        Canada and Nova Scotia, or at least a stipulation
        that no troops nor fortifications should be maintained
        on the frontiers.--Mr Laurens represents the
        new Ministry as feeble and insincere, the nation as
        desirous of a general peace.--Mr Adams proposes
        to Dr Franklin to receive no other messenger who
        is not a plenipotentiary.

  To John Adams. Passy, April 21st, 1782,                         397

      The act of Parliament for exchanging American prisoners
        as prisoners of war, is a tacit acknowledgement
        of independence.--Circumstances in Holland favorable
        for obtaining a loan.

  John Adams to B. Franklin. Amsterdam, May 2d, 1782,             399

      Plan of a triple or quadruple alliance.--Difficulty of
        obtaining a loan in Holland.

  Henry Laurens to B. Franklin. London, April 20th, 1782,         401

      Requesting the discharge of Lord Cornwallis in return
        for his own enlargement.--Disposition in England is
        become favorable to the acknowledgement of independence,
        and to a general peace.

  Lord Shelburne to B. Franklin. Shelburne House,
    April 20th, 1782,                                             403

      Mr Oswald is sent back to settle the time and place of
        treating.

  To Count de Vergennes. Passy, May 4th, 1782,                    406

      Mr Oswald brings information that it has been agreed
        in Council to treat at Paris of a general peace, and that
        Mr Grenville will be sent for that purpose.

  Count de Vergennes to B. Franklin. Versailles,
  May 5th, 1782,                 407

      Appointing an interview with Mr Oswald.

  To John Adams. Passy, May 8th, 1782,                            408

      Mr Oswald intimates that the Ministry will acknowledge
        the independence of America, on condition that
        Britain is left in the same condition as at the
        peace of 1763.

  Charles J. Fox to B. Franklin. St James, May 1st, 1782,         409

      Expresses his wishes for a reconciliation.--Mr
        Grenville is acquainted with his sentiments.--
        Journal continued; Mr Grenville represents England
        as ready to treat with all the powers.--Dr Franklin
        accompanies him on an interview with the Count de
        Vergennes.--They maintain that England should
        expect no concessions in return for the acknowledgment
        of independence, which was already conquered
        by America.--Dr Franklin sees Lafayette, who expresses
        a wish to be sent to England.

  To Mr Secretary Fox. Passy, May 10th, 1782,                     415

  To Lord Shelburne. Passy, May 10th, 1782,                       416

  Time of treating not yet settled.--Discharge of American
    prisoners.

  To Lord Shelburne. Passy, May 13th, 1782,                       418

      Desires that Mr Oswald may be sent to treat.--Journal
        continued.--Conversation with Mr Grenville relative
        to the obligations of America to France.

  David Hartley to B. Franklin. London, May 3d, 1782,             421

      Favorable prospect of reconciliation.

  To David Hartley. Passy, May 13th, 1782,                        422

      The release of the American prisoners will tend to
        promote a reconciliation.--Journal continued;
        Ministers of the European powers determined not
        to return the visits of the American Ministers.--
        Anecdote of the Russian Minister and the Count du
        Nord.

  Henry Laurens to B. Franklin. Ostend, May 17th, 1782,           425

      Declines engaging in the negotiations.--His opinions
        coincide with those of Dr Franklin.--Lord Cornwallis
        desires to be discharged.

  To Henry Laurens. Passy, May 25th, 1782,                        429

      Nations are never satisfied with the terms of a peace.--
        Discharge of Lord Cornwallis.

  David Hartley to B. Franklin. London, May 13th, 1782,           433

      Relative to his proceedings with the new Ministry.--
        Proposes the following preliminaries; the British
        troops to be withdrawn from America; a truce
        made, which shall be converted into a peace, in case
        of a peace with the allies of America.--Journal
        continued.--Mr Grenville states that he has received
        full powers to treat with France and her allies.--The
        power relates only to France.

  Lord Shelburne to B. Franklin. Whitehall, May 28th, 1782,       440

  Lord Shelburne to B. Franklin. Whitehall, May 29th, 1782,       440

      Mr Oswald has received orders to return to Paris, with
        the necessary instructions.--Journal continued; Mr
        Grenville explains the omission of America in the
        power.--His instructions are full, empowering him
        to acknowledge the independence of America.--
        Conversation on the resolution of the Americans not
        to treat without the allies.--Mr Grenville suggests
        the question, whether it includes Holland and Spain?
        whether it would be adhered to in regard to France
        at all events?

  To Mr Grenville. Passy, May 31st, 1782,                         445

      Releasing Captain McLeod conditionally from his parole.

  To John Adams. Passy, June 2d, 1782,                            446

      Giving an account of affairs as above related in the
        Journal.--Suspects the omission of America in Mr
        Grenville's power.--Journal continued; Mr Oswald
        states that peace is absolutely necessary, that no
        more money can be raised.

  Lord Shelburne to Richard Oswald. Whitehall, May 21st, 1782,    449

      Relative to Mr Walpole's appointment to negotiate.--
        Journal continued; Memorandums of Lord Shelburne;
        that Commissioners be appointed, or any
        character given to Mr Oswald, which he and Dr
        Franklin think proper for treating; that compensation
        be made to the loyalists.--Conversation with
        Mr Oswald on those points.--Russian offer of mediation
        to Holland.

  W. H. Hartley to B. Franklin. Soho Square, May 24th, 1782,      455

      Journal continued; Release of Lord Cornwallis.--Extract
        from the Evening Post relative to information
        obtained by Mr Grenville in his visit to Dr
        Franklin; erroneous statements.--Policy of Russia
        to mediate a peace between Britain and Holland,
        and continue the general war.--Major Ross declines
        receiving the conditional discharge of Lord Cornwallis.

  To Richard Oswald. Passy, June 11th, 1782,                      460

      Discharge of Lord Cornwallis.--Journal continued.--
        Conversation with the Count de Vergennes relative
        to the attempts to separate France and America;
        suggests the propriety of a treaty between the allies,
        to support each other in case of a subsequent war
        by England against either.--Mr Ross accepts Lord
        Cornwallis's conditional discharge.--M. Boeris informs
        that Holland will decline the mediation of
        Russia for a separate treaty. Mr Grenville receives
        full powers, authorising him to treat with any other
        Prince or _State_.--Empowered to acknowledge the
        independence of America previous to the treaty,
        and to propose the peace of 1763 as a basis.--Suggests
        a doubt whether Great Britain will allow America
        to be designated by the expression _State_.--Comparison
        of Mr Fox and Lord Shelburne; of Mr Oswald and Mr
        Grenville.

  M. de Lafayette to B. Franklin. Versailles, Thursday
    morning, June 20th, 1782,                                     471

      Count de Vergennes proposes to meet Mr Grenville,
        and adopt measures for an official communication
        to the allies.--Journal continued.--Arrival of Mr
        Jay.--Visit to the Count de Vergennes, who expresses
        a doubt of the sincerity of the British Court.

  To Richard Oswald. Passy, June 27th, 1782,                      474

      Expresses a wish that he should be employed to
        treat.--Doubts whether the word _State_ in Mr
        Grenville's powers would apply to America, the
        Enabling Act not having then been passed.--Journal
        continued.--British Agents in America to propose a
        reunion with Great Britain.--Interview with the
        Spanish Minister.--Journal closes.


  CORRESPONDENCE CONTINUED.

  To Henry Laurens. Passy, July 2d, 1782,                         477

      Delays in the opening of the negotiation.--Suggests
        doubts of the sincerity of the British Ministers.

  Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
    July 5th, 1782,                                               478

      Enclosing public papers.

  Note from M. de Lafayette to B. Franklin. Paris,
    July 9th, 1782,                                               479

      Mr Grenville's express arrives.

  To M. de Lafayette. Passy, July 9th, 1782,                      479

      Mr Grenville informs him of changes in the Minister.--No
        change is made in the disposition for peace.

  To David Hartley. Passy, July 10th, 1782,                       480

      Complains of the delays in the opening of the
        negotiation.--Suspicions.

  To Benjamin Vaughan. Passy, July 10th, 1782,                    481

     Proposing certain ameliorations in the conduct of wars.

  To Benjamin Vaughan. Passy, July 11th, 1782,                    483

      Plan of Lord Shelburne for a reunion of America under
        a separate Parliament.--The plan impracticable.

  To Richard Oswald. Passy, July 12th, 1782,                      484

      Rumors that Lord Shelburne's opposition to the absolute
        acknowledgment of American independence was the cause
        of Mr Fox's resignation.

  To the Earl of Shelburne. Passy, July 12th, 1782,               485

      Congratulations on his appointment to the treasury.

  To M. de Lafayette. Passy, July 24th, 1782,                     485

      Delays in the negotiations.

  David Hartley to B. Franklin. London, July 26th, 1782,          486

      Townshend appointed Secretary for Foreign Affairs.--Mr
        Oswald receives a place in that department.

  Lord Grantham to B. Franklin. Whitehall, July 26th, 1782,       488

      Sincerity of the Ministers.--Mr Fitzherbert.

  Lord Shelburne to B. Franklin. Shelburne House,
    July 27th, 1782,                                              488

      Acknowledgments for his congratulations.

  To Richard Oswald. Passy, July 28th, 1782,                      489

      Affair of Captain Asgill.--Justification of the
        proceedings of General Washington.

  To Count de Vergennes. Passy, August 8th, 1782,                 491

      Mr Oswald informs him that his commission is in
        preparation.

  Count de Vergennes to B. Franklin. Versailles,
    August 8th, 1782,                                             491

      Requesting a visit.

  Robert R. Livingston to B. Franklin. Philadelphia,
    August 9th, 1782,                                             492

      Letter of General Carleton and Admiral Digby to General
        Washington, declaring that a negotiation for a general
        peace is opened on the ground of independence.--
        Compensation to loyalists; fisheries; western lands.

  To Robert R. Livingston. Passy, Aug 12th, 1782,                 494

      Accounts between France and the United States; the
        sum of eighteen millions has been received, exclusive
        of the Holland loan, for which the King is guaranty;
        twelve millions of this a free gift.--Sweden ready to
        treat.--Affairs of the expedition of Commodore
        Jones.--Medals and monument in commemoration
        of the victories of Yorktown and Saratoga.--Delays
        in the negotiation.

  To Robert Morris. Passy, Aug. 12th, 1782,                       498

      Difficulty of obtaining more supplies.--State of
        Beaumarchais's accounts.--State of the United States'
        funds in Europe.

  David Hartley to B. Franklin. London, August 16th, 1782,        502

      Regrets the delays in the negotiations.--Believes the
        Ministry sincere.




THE

CORRESPONDENCE

OF

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN,

  COMMISSIONER AND MINISTER PLENIPOTENTIARY TO
  THE COURT OF FRANCE, AND COMMISSIONER
  FOR NEGOTIATING A PEACE

At the beginning of the Revolution, DR FRANKLIN was in England, where
he had resided several years as an agent for Pennsylvania,
Massachusetts, New Jersey and Georgia. He returned to America in the
spring of 1775, and was shortly after elected a member of Congress. In
that body he held the rank, to which his great talents and patriotism
entitled him, and was chosen one of the Committee of Secret
Correspondence for transacting foreign affairs.

On the 26th of September, 1776, he was elected a Commissioner to the
Court of France, in conjunction with Silas Deane and Thomas Jefferson.
Immediately after his appointment he hastened preparations for his
departure. Meantime Mr Jefferson declined serving, and Arthur Lee was
chosen in his place. Dr Franklin set off from Philadelphia on his
voyage, October 26th, and entered Quiberon Bay, on the coast of
France, November 29th, after a fatiguing passage. He was now
seventyone years of age. He proceeded to Nantes, where he remained a
few days to recruit himself, and arrived in Paris about the 20th of
December. Here he found Mr Deane, and they were soon after joined by
Mr Lee.

Little was done by the Commissioners in Paris for more than a year, as
France was not then prepared to take an open part against England. The
success of the American arms against Burgoyne became the turning point
in the French Cabinet, and they immediately consented to make treaties
of amity and commerce with the United States, which were definitively
signed on the 6th of February, 1778. This great work being finished,
Congress deemed it expedient to dissolve the Commission by appointing
a Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of France. The choice fell on
Dr Franklin, and, notwithstanding his advanced age, and the arduous
nature of the office, he accepted the appointment, and discharged the
entire duties of it to the end of the Revolution.

While holding the place of joint Commissioner in France, Congress
elected him, on the 1st of January, 1777, to a separate mission to the
Court of Spain. Upon this mission, however, he never entered, and it
was afterwards transferred to Arthur Lee.

Towards the close of the war, Dr Franklin strenuously urged Congress
to permit him to return to his own country, requesting that a
successor might be sent out, whose years and strength would better
qualify him to endure the labors and perform the services of his
station. But Congress did not listen to this petition. His counsels
and experience were thought essential to the management of the
important concerns then pending. He took a leading part in all the
negotiations for peace, and, in conjunction with John Adams, John Jay,
and Henry Laurens, signed the preliminary articles, November 30th,
1782, and the definitive treaty, September 3d, 1783. On the 3d of
April, of the same year, he concluded a treaty of amity and commerce,
with the Swedish Minister in Paris, between Sweden and the United
States.

Mr Jefferson at length arrived in Paris as his successor, and Dr
Franklin returned to Philadelphia in September, 1785, after an absence
of nine years, during the whole of which time he had been engaged in a
most active, laborious, and successful service for his country.




THE

CORRESPONDENCE

OF

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN.


TO JOHN HANCOCK, PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

  Nantes, December 8th, 1776.

  Sir,

In thirty days after we left the Capes of Delaware, we came to an
anchor in Quiberon Bay. I remained on board four days, expecting a
change of wind proper to carry the ship into the river Loire; but the
wind seemed fixed in an opposite quarter. I landed at Aury, and with
some difficulty got hither, the road not being well supplied with
means of conveyance. Two days before we saw land, we met a brigantine
from Bordeaux belonging to Cork, and another from Rochefort belonging
to Hull, both of which were taken. The first had on board staves, tar,
turpentine, and claret; the other coniac brandy and flaxseed. There is
some difficulty in determining what to do with them, as they are
scarce worth sending to America, and the mind of the French Court,
with regard to prizes brought into their ports, is not yet known. It
is certainly contrary to their treaties with Britain, to permit the
sale of them, and we have no regular means of trying and condemning
them. There are, however, many here, who would purchase prizes, we
having already had several offers from persons who are willing to take
upon themselves all consequences as to the illegality. Captain Wickes,
as soon as he can get his refreshment, intends to cruise in the
channel.

Our friends in France have been a good deal dejected with the Gazette
accounts of advantages obtained against us by the British troops. I
have helped them here to recover their spirits a little, by assuring
them that we still face the enemy, and were under no apprehension of
their armies being able to complete their junction. I understand that
Mr Lee has lately been at Paris, that Mr Deane is still there, and
that an underhand supply is obtained from the government of two
hundred brass field pieces, thirty thousand firelocks, and some other
military stores, which are now shipping for America, and will be
convoyed by a ship of war. The Court of England (Mr Penet tells me,
from whom I have the above intelligence) had the folly to demand Mr
Deane to be delivered up, but were refused.

Our voyage, though not long, was rough, and I feel myself weakened by
it, but I now recover strength daily, and in a few days shall be able
to undertake the journey to Paris. I have not yet taken any public
character, thinking it prudent first to know whether the Court is
ready and willing to receive Ministers publicly from the Congress,
that we may neither embarrass her on the one hand, nor subject
ourselves to the hazard of a disgraceful refusal on the other. I have
despatched an express to Mr Deane, with the letters that I had for him
from the Committee, and a copy of our commission, that he may
immediately make the proper inquiries, and give me information. In
the mean time I find it generally supposed here, that I am sent to
negotiate, and that opinion appears to give great pleasure, if I can
judge by the extreme civilities I meet with from numbers of the
principal people, who have done me the honor to visit me.

I have desired Mr Deane, by some speedy and safe means, to give Mr Lee
notice of his appointment. I find several vessels here laden with
military stores for America, just ready to sail; on the whole, there
is the greatest prospect that we shall be well provided for another
campaign, and much stronger than we were last. A Spanish fleet has
sailed with seven thousand land forces foot and some horse. Their
destination unknown, but supposed against the Portuguese in Brazil.
Both France and England are preparing strong fleets, and it is said,
that all the powers of Europe are preparing for war, apprehending that
a general one cannot be very far distant. When I arrive at Paris I
shall be able to write with more certainty. I beg you to present my
duty to Congress, and assure them of my most faithful endeavors in
their service.

With the sincerest esteem and respect, I have the honor to be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO THE COMMITTEE OF SECRET CORRESPONDENCE.

  Nantes, December 8th, 1776.

  Gentlemen,

After a short but rough passage of thirty days, we anchored in
Quiberon Bay, the wind not suiting to enter the Loire. Captain Wickes
did everything in his power to make the voyage comfortable to me; and
I was much pleased with what I saw of his conduct as an officer, when
on supposed occasions we made preparation for engagement, the good
order and readiness with which it was done, being far beyond my
expectations, and I believe equal to anything of the kind in the best
ships of the king's fleet. He seems to have also a very good set of
officers under him. I hope they will all in good time be promoted. He
met and took two prizes, brigantines, one belonging to Cork, laden
with staves, pitch, tar, turpentine, and claret; the other to Hull,
with a cargo of flaxseed and brandy. The captains have made some
propositions of ransom, which, perhaps, may be accepted, as there is
yet no means of condemning them here, and they are scarce worth
sending to America. The ship is yet in Quiberon Bay, with her prizes.
I came hither from thence, seventy miles, by land. I am made extremely
welcome here, where America has many friends. As soon as I have
recovered strength enough for the journey, which I hope will be in a
very few days, I shall set out for Paris. My letter to the President
will inform you of some other particulars.

With great esteem, I have the honor to be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

_P. S. December 10th._ I have just learnt that eighty pieces of
cannon, all brass, with carriages, braces, and everything fit for
immediate service, were embarked in a frigate from Havre, which is
sailed; the rest were to go in another frigate of thirtysix guns.

       *       *       *       *       *

FROM THE COMMITTEE OF SECRET CORRESPONDENCE TO BENJAMIN FRANKLIN.

  Baltimore, January 1st, 1777.

  Sir,

Congress, relying on your wisdom and integrity, and well knowing the
importance of the case, have appointed you their Commissioner to
negotiate a treaty of friendship and commerce with the Court of
Spain.[1] The idea of Congress on this subject you will find in the
instructions sent by this opportunity to yourself, and the other
Commissioners, at the Court of France. Your commission for this
special service we have now the honor to enclose you.

We are, with great respect and esteem, honorable Sir, yours, &c.

  B. HARRISON,
  R. H. LEE,
  J. WITHERSPOON,
  W. HOOPER.

  [1] See the _Secret Journals of Congress_, Vol. II. pp. 38, 41, 42.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO THE COMMITTEE OF SECRET CORRESPONDENCE.

  Paris, January 4th, 1777.

  Gentlemen,

I arrived here about two weeks since, where I found Mr Deane. Mr Lee
has since joined us from London. We have had an audience of the
Minister, Count de Vergennes, and were respectfully received. We left
for his consideration a sketch of the proposed treaty.[2] We are to
wait upon him tomorrow with a strong memorial, requesting the aids
mentioned in our instructions. By his advice, we have had an interview
with the Spanish Ambassador, Count d'Aranda, who seems well disposed
towards us, and will forward copies of our memorials to his Court,
which will act, he says, in perfect concert with this.

  [2] See this sketch in the Secret Journals of Congress, Vol. II, p. 7.

Their fleets are said to be in fine order, manned and fit for sea. The
cry of this nation is for us, but the Court, it is thought, views an
approaching war with reluctance. The press continues in England. As
soon as we can receive a positive answer from these Courts, we shall
despatch an express with it.

  I am, Gentlemen, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

  Paris, January 20th, 1777.

  Dear Sir,

The bearer, Captain Balm, is strongly recommended to me as a very able
officer of horse, and capable of being extremely useful to us, in
forming a body of men for that service. As he has otherwise an
excellent character, I take the liberty of recommending him to my
friends as a stranger of merit, worthy of their civilities, and to the
Congress as an officer, who if employed may greatly serve a cause,
which he has sincerely at heart.

With great respect, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO THE COUNT D'ARANDA, SPANISH AMBASSADOR TO THE COURT OF FRANCE.

  Passy,[3] April 7th, 1777.

  Sir,

I left in your Excellency's hands, to be communicated, if you please,
to your Court, a duplicate of the commission from Congress, appointing
me to go to Spain as their Minister Plenipotentiary. But, as I
understand, that the receiving such a Minister is not at present
thought convenient, and I am sure the Congress would have nothing done
that might incommode in the least a Court they so much respect, I
shall therefore postpone that journey till circumstances may make it
more suitable. In the mean time, I beg leave to lay before his
Catholic Majesty, through the hands of your Excellency, the
propositions contained in a resolution of Congress, dated December
30th, 1776, viz.

"That if His Catholic Majesty will join with the United States in a
war against Great Britain, they will assist in reducing to the
possession of Spain the town and harbor of Pensacola; provided the
inhabitants of the United States shall have the free navigation of the
Mississippi, and the use of the harbor of Pensacola; and will,
(provided it shall be true, that his Portuguese Majesty has
insultingly expelled the vessels of these States from his ports, or
has confiscated any such vessels,) declare war against the said King,
if that measure shall be agreeable to, and supported by, the Courts of
France and Spain."

It is understood, that the strictest union subsists between those two
Courts; and in case Spain and France should think fit to attempt the
conquest of the English sugar islands, Congress have further proposed
to furnish provisions to the amount of two millions of dollars, and to
join the fleet employed on the occasion, with six frigates of not less
than twentyfour guns each, manned and fitted for service; and to
render any other assistance which may be in their power, as becomes
good allies; without desiring for themselves the possession of any of
the said islands.

These propositions are subject to discussion, and to receive such
modification as may be found proper.

With great respect, I have the honor to be your Excellency's most
obedient and most humble servant,

  B. FRANKLIN.

  [3] Passy is a small town about three miles from Paris, on the banks
  of the Seine. Dr Franklin lived here during the whole of his residence
  in France.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO GENERAL WASHINGTON.

  Paris, June 13th, 1777.

  Sir,

The bearer, M. le Comte Kotkouski, a Polish officer, is recommended to
me by several persons of worth here, as a man of experience in
military affairs, and of tried bravery. He has lost his family and
estate in Poland, by fighting there in the cause of liberty, and
wishes, by engaging in the same cause, to find a new country and new
friends in America. Count Pulaski, who was a General of the
confederates in Poland, and who is gone to join you, is esteemed one
of the greatest officers in Europe. He can give you the character of
this M. Kotkouski, who served under him as Lieutenant Colonel.

It is with regret that I give letters of introduction to foreign
officers, fearing that you may be troubled with more than you can
provide for, or employ to their and your own satisfaction. When
particular cases seem to have a claim to such letters, I hope you will
excuse my taking the liberty. I give no expectations to those who
apply for them; I promise nothing, I acquaint them that their being
placed when they arrive is a great uncertainty, and that the voyage
being long, expensive, and hazardous, I counsel them not to undertake
it. This honest gentleman's zeal is not to be discouraged by such
means; he determines to go and serve as a volunteer, if he cannot be
employed immediately as an officer; but I wish and hope that your
Excellency may find a better situation for him, and that he will be a
useful officer. He has the advantage of understanding English, and
will soon speak it intelligibly. He also speaks German, and some other
European languages, and the Latin.

With the truest esteem and respect, I have the honor to be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO GENERAL WASHINGTON.

  Paris, June 13th, 1777.

  Sir,

The person, who will have the honor of delivering this to your
Excellency, is Monsieur le Baron de Frey, who is well recommended to
me as an officer of experience and merit, with a request that I would
give him a letter of introduction. I have acquainted him, that you are
rather overstocked with officers, and that his obtaining employment in
your army is an uncertainty; but his zeal for the American cause is
too great for any discouragements I can lay before him, and he goes
over at his own expense, to take his chance, which is a mark of
attachment that merits our regard. He will show your Excellency the
commissions and proofs of his military service hitherto, and I beg
leave to recommend him to your notice.

With the sincerest esteem and respect,

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

M. DUBOURG TO B. FRANKLIN.

Translation.

  Paris, September 8th, 1777

  My dear Sir,

I should be much obliged to you, if you would be so good as to give a
letter of recommendation to some one of the chiefs of your army, in
favor of a young man full of courage, and also of distinguished
talents, who is at Bordeaux, ready to embark for America, where he
proposes to settle himself in Pennsylvania, after having served in
quality of volunteer, or otherwise, during the war. His name is
Gerard. He carries with him a little adventure, sufficient for
supporting him some years, and afterwards, if it is there customary,
his father will make over to him his portion. I interest myself
particularly in his favor, because he is the brother in law of one of
our honestest commissaries.

I have the honor to wish you a good day, and to reiterate the
assurances of my inviolable attachment.

  DUBOURG.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO RICHARD PETERS.

  Passy, September 12th, 1777.

  Sir,

The bearer Monsieur Gerard is recommended to me by M. Dubourg, a
gentleman of distinction here, and a hearty friend to our cause. I
enclose his letter, that you may see the favorable manner in which he
speaks of M. Gerard. I thereupon take the liberty of recommending the
young gentleman, to your civilities and advice, as he will be quite a
stranger there, and to request that you would put him in the way of
serving as a volunteer in our armies.

  I am, Sir, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

REMARKS ON A LOAN FOR THE UNITED STATES.[4]

  [4] This paper was written by Dr Franklin in the summer of 1777, with
  the view of convincing Europeans, that it was more eligible to lend
  money to the United States at that time, than to England. It was
  translated and sent to different parts of Europe. In Mr Arthur Lee's
  letter to the Baron de Schulenburg, dated September 21st, 1777, he
  mentions having sent a copy of it to that Minister.

In borrowing money, a man's credit depends on some, or all, of the
following particulars.

First, His known conduct respecting former loans, and his punctuality
in discharging them.

Secondly, His industry.

Thirdly, His frugality.

Fourthly, The amount and the certainty of his income, and the freedom
of his estate from the incumbrances of prior debts.

Fifthly, His well founded prospects of greater future ability, by the
improvement of his estate in value, and by aids from others.

Sixthly, His known prudence in managing his general affairs, and the
advantage they will probably receive from the loan which he desires.

Seventhly, His known probity and honest character, manifested by his
voluntary discharge of debts, which he could not have been legally
compelled to pay. The circumstances, which give credit to an
_individual_, ought to have, and will have, their weight upon the
lenders of money to _public bodies_ or nations. If then we consider
and compare Britain and America in these several particulars, upon the
question, "To which is it safest to lend money?" We shall find,

1. Respecting _former loans_, that America, who borrowed ten millions
during the last war, for the maintenance of her army of 25,000 men and
other charges, had faithfully discharged and paid that debt, and all
her other debts, in 1772. Whereas Britain, during those ten years of
peace and profitable commerce, had made little or no reduction of her
debt; but on the contrary, from time to time, diminished the hopes of
her creditors, by a wanton diversion and misapplication of the sinking
fund destined for discharging it.

2. Respecting _industry_; every man in America is employed; the
greater part in cultivating their own lands, the rest in handicrafts,
navigation, and commerce. An idle man there is a rarity; idleness and
inutility are disgraceful. In England the number of that character is
immense, fashion has spread it far and wide; hence the embarrassments
of private fortunes, and the daily bankruptcies arising from a
universal fondness for appearance and expensive pleasures, and hence,
in some degree, the mismanagement of public business; for habits of
business, and ability in it, are acquired only by practice; and where
universal dissipation, and the perpetual pursuit of amusement are the
mode, the youth educated in it can rarely afterwards acquire that
patient attention and close application to affairs, which are so
necessary to a statesman charged with the care of national welfare.
_Hence_ their frequent errors in policy, and hence the weariness at
public councils, and backwardness in going to them, the constant
unwillingness to engage in any measure that requires thought and
consideration, and the readiness for postponing every new proposition;
which postponing is therefore the only part of business they come to
be expert in, an expertness produced necessarily by so much daily
practice. Whereas in America, men bred to close employment in their
private affairs attend with ease to those of the public when engaged
in them, and nothing fails through negligence.

3. Respecting _frugality_; the manner of living in America is more
simple and less expensive than in England, plain tables, plain
clothing, and plain furniture in houses prevail, with few carriages of
pleasure, there an expensive appearance hurts credit and is avoided,
in England it is often assumed to gain credit, and continued to ruin.
Respecting _public_ affairs, the difference is still greater. In
England the salaries of officers and emoluments of office are
enormous. The king has a million sterling per annum, and yet cannot
maintain his family free of debt, secretaries of state, lords of
treasury, admiralty, &c. have vast appointments, an auditor of the
exchequer has sixpence in the pound, or a fortieth part of all the
public money expended by the nation; so that when a war costs forty
millions, one million is paid to him; an inspector of the mint, in the
last new coinage, received as his fee £65,000 sterling per annum; to
all which rewards no service these gentlemen can render the public is
by any means equivalent. All this is paid by the people, who are
oppressed by taxes so occasioned, and thereby rendered less able to
contribute to the payment of necessary national debts. In America,
salaries, where indispensable, are extremely low; but much of the
public business is done gratis. The honor of serving the public ably
and faithfully is deemed sufficient. _Public spirit_ really exists
there, and has great effects. In England it is universally deemed a
nonentity, and whoever pretends to it is laughed at as a fool, or
suspected as a knave. The committees of Congress which form the board
of war, the board of treasury, the board of foreign affairs, the naval
board, that for accounts, &c. all attend the business of their
respective functions without any salary or emolument whatever, though
they spend in it much more of their time, than any lord of the
treasury or admiralty in England can spare from his amusements. A
British Minister lately computed, that the whole expense of the
Americans in their _civil_ government, over three millions of people,
amounted to but £70,000 sterling, and drew from thence a conclusion,
that they ought to be taxed, until their expense was equal in
proportion to that which it costs Great Britain to govern eight
millions. He had no idea of a contrary conclusion, that if three
millions may be well governed for £70,000, eight millions may be as
well governed for three times that sum, and that therefore the expense
of his own government should be diminished. In that corrupted nation,
no man is ashamed of being concerned in lucrative _government jobs_,
in which the public money is egregiously misapplied and squandered,
the treasury pillaged, and more numerous and heavy taxes accumulated,
to the great oppression of the people. But the prospect of a greater
number of such jobs by a war is an inducement with many to cry out for
war upon all occasions, and to oppose every proposition of peace.
Hence the constant increase of the national debt, and the absolute
improbability of its ever being discharged.

4. Respecting the _amount and certainty of income, and solidity of
security_, the _whole_ thirteen States of America are engaged for the
payment of every debt contracted by the Congress, and the debt to be
contracted by the present war is the _only_ debt they will have to
pay; all, or nearly all, the former debts of particular Colonies being
already discharged. Whereas England will have to pay not only the
enormous debt this war must occasion, but all their vast preceding
debt, or the interest of it,--and while America is enriching itself by
prizes made upon the British commerce, more than ever it did by any
commerce of its own under the restraints of a British monopoly and the
diminution of its revenues and of course, less able to discharge the
present indiscreet increase of its expenses.

5. Respecting prospect of greater _future ability_, Britain has none
such. Her islands are circumscribed by the ocean, and excepting a few
parks or forests, she has no new land to cultivate, and cannot
therefore extend her improvements. Her numbers, too, instead of
increasing from increased subsistence, are continually diminishing
from growing luxury, and the increasing difficulties of maintaining
families, which of course discourage early marriages. Thus she will
have fewer people to assist in paying her debts, and that diminishing
number will be poorer. America, on the contrary, has, besides her
lands already cultivated, a vast territory yet to be cultivated;
which, being cultivated, continually increases in value with the
increase of people; and the people, who double themselves by a
_natural propagation_ every twentyfive years, will double yet faster
by the accession of _strangers_, as long as lands are to be had for
new families; so that every twenty years there will be a double number
of inhabitants obliged to discharge the public debts; and those
inhabitants being more opulent may pay their shares with greater ease.

6. Respecting _prudence_ in general affairs, and the advantages to be
expected from the loan desired; the Americans are cultivators of land;
those engaged in fishery and commerce are few, compared with the
others. They have ever conducted their several governments with
wisdom, avoiding wars and vain expensive projects, delighting only in
their peaceable occupations, which must, considering the extent of
their uncultivated territory, find them employment still for ages.
Whereas England, ever unquiet, ambitious, avaricious, imprudent, and
quarrelsome, is half of the time engaged in war, always at an expense
infinitely greater than the advantages to be obtained by it, if
successful. Thus they made war against Spain in 1739, for a claim of
about £95,000, (scarce a groat for each individual of the nation) and
spent forty millions sterling in the war, and the lives of fifty
thousand men; and finally made peace without obtaining satisfaction
for the sum claimed. Indeed, there is scarce a nation in Europe,
against which she has not made war on some frivolous pretext or
other, and thereby imprudently accumulated a debt, that has brought
her on the verge of bankruptcy. But the most indiscreet of all her
wars is the present against America, with whom she might for ages have
preserved her profitable connexion only by a just and equitable
conduct. She is now acting like a mad shop keeper, who, by beating
those that pass his doors, attempts to make them come in and be his
customers. America cannot submit to such treatment, without being
first ruined, and, being ruined, her custom will be worth nothing.
England, to effect this, is increasing her debt, and irretrievably
ruining herself. America, on the other hand, aims only to establish
her liberty, and that freedom of commerce which will be advantageous
to all Europe; and by abolishing that monopoly which she labored
under, she will profit infinitely more than enough to repay any debt,
which she may contract to accomplish it.

7. Respecting _character in the honest payment of debts_; the
punctuality with which America has discharged her public debts was
shown under the first head. And the general good disposition of the
people to such punctuality has been manifested in their faithful
payment of _private_ debts to England, since the commencement of this
war. There were not wanting some politicians (in America) who proposed
_stopping that payment_, until peace should be restored, alleging,
that in the usual course of commerce, and of the credit given, there
was always a debt existing equal to the trade of eighteen months; that
the trade amounting to five millions sterling per annum, the debt must
be seven millions and a half; that this sum paid to the British
merchants would operate to prevent that distress, intended to be
brought upon Britain, by our stoppage of commerce with her; for the
merchants receiving this money, and no orders with it for further
supplies, would either lay it out in public funds, or in employing
manufactures to accumulate goods for a future hungry market in America
upon an expected accommodation, by which means the funds would be kept
up and the manufacturers prevented from murmuring. But _against this
it was alleged_, that injuries from ministers should not be revenged
on merchants; that the credit was in consequence of private contracts
made in confidence of good faith; that these ought to be held sacred
and faithfully complied with; for that, whatever public utility might
be supposed to arise from a breach of private faith, it was unjust,
and would in the end be found unwise, honesty being in truth the best
policy. On this principle the proposition was universally rejected;
and though the English prosecuted the war with unexampled barbarity,
burning our defenceless towns in the midst of winter, and arming
savages against us; the debt was punctually paid, and the merchants of
London have testified to the Parliament, and will testify to all the
world, that from their experience in dealing with us they had, before
the war, no apprehension of our unfairness, and that since the war
they have been convinced that their good opinion of us was well
founded. England, on the contrary, an old, corrupt government,
extravagant and profligate nation, sees herself deep in debt, which
she is in no condition to pay, and yet is madly and dishonestly
running deeper, without any possibility of discharging her debt but by
a public bankruptcy.

It appears, therefore, from the general industry, frugality, ability,
prudence, and virtue of America, that she is a much safer debtor than
Britain; to say nothing of the satisfaction generous minds must have
in reflecting, that by loans to America they are opposing tyranny, and
aiding the cause of liberty, which is the cause of all mankind.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO DAVID HARTLEY, MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT.

  Passy, October 14th, 1777.

  Dear Sir,

I received duly your letter of May 2d, 1777, including a copy of one
you had sent me the year before, which never came to hand, and which
it seems has been the case with some I wrote to you from America.
Filled, though our letters have always been, with sentiments of good
will to both countries, and earnest desires of preventing their ruin
and promoting their mutual felicity, I have been apprehensive that if
it were known that a correspondence subsisted between us, it might be
attended with inconvenience to you. I have therefore been backward in
writing, not caring to trust the post, and not well knowing who else
to trust with my letters. But being now assured of a safe conveyance,
I venture to write to you, especially as I think the subject such a
one as you may receive a letter upon without censure.

Happy should I have been, if the honest warnings I gave, of the fatal
separation of interests as well as of affections, that must attend the
measures commenced while I was in England, had been attended to, and
the horrid mischief of this abominable war been thereby prevented. I
should still be happy in any successful endeavors for restoring peace,
consistent with the liberties, the safety, and the honor of America.
As to our submitting to the government of Great Britain, it is vain to
think of it. She has given us, by her numberless barbarities, (by her
malice in bribing slaves to murder their masters, and savages to
massacre the families of farmers, with her baseness in rewarding the
unfaithfulness of servants, and debauching the virtue of honest
seamen, intrusted with our property) in the prosecution of the war,
and in the treatment of the prisoners, so deep an impression of her
depravity, that we never again can trust her in the management of our
affairs and interests. It is now impossible to persuade our people, as
I long endeavored, that the war was merely ministerial, and that the
nation bore still a good will to us. The infinite number of addresses
printed in your gazettes, all approving the conduct of your government
towards us, and encouraging our destruction by every possible means,
the great majority in Parliament constantly manifesting the same
sentiments, and the popular public rejoicings on occasion of any news
of the slaughter of an innocent and virtuous people, fighting only in
defence of their just rights; these, together with the recommendations
of the same measures by even your celebrated moralists and divines, in
their writings and sermons, that are still approved and applauded in
your great national assemblies, all join in convincing us, that you
are no longer the magnanimous enlightened nation we once esteemed you,
and that you are unfit and unworthy to govern us, as not being able to
govern your own passions.

But, as I have said, I should be nevertheless happy in seeing peace
restored. For though if my friends and the friends of liberty and
virtue, who still remain in England, could be drawn out of it, a
continuance of this war to the ruin of the rest would give me less
concern. I cannot, as that removal is impossible, but wish for peace
for their sakes, as well as for the sake of humanity, and preventing
further carnage.

This wish of mine, ineffective as it may be, induces me to mention to
you, that between nations long exasperated against each other in war,
some act of generosity and kindness towards prisoners on one side has
softened resentment, and abated animosity on the other, so as to bring
on an accommodation. You in England, if you wish for peace, have at
present the opportunity of trying this means with regard to the
prisoners now in your gaols. They complain of very severe treatment.
They are far from their friends and families, and winter is coming on,
in which they must suffer extremely, if continued in their present
situation; fed scantily on bad provisions, without warm lodging,
clothes, or fire, and not suffered to invite or receive visits from
their friends, or even from the humane and charitable of their
enemies.

I can assure you, from my own certain knowledge, that your people,
prisoners in America, have been treated with great kindness; they have
been served with the same rations of wholesome provisions with our own
troops, comfortable lodgings have been provided for them, and they
have been allowed large bounds of villages in the healthy air, to walk
and amuse themselves with on their parole. Where you have thought fit
to employ contractors to supply your people, these contractors have
been protected and aided in their operations. Some considerable act of
kindness towards our people would take off the reproach of inhumanity
in that respect from the nation, and leave it where it ought with more
certainty to lay on the conductors of your war in America. This I hint
to you, out of some remaining good will to a nation I once loved
sincerely. But as things are, and in my present temper of mind, not
being over fond of receiving obligations, I shall content myself with
proposing, that your government would allow us to send or employ a
commissary to take some care of those unfortunate people. Perhaps on
your representations this might speedily be obtained in England,
though it was refused most inhumanly at New York.

If you could have leisure to visit the gaols in which they are
confined, and should be desirous of knowing the truth relative to the
treatment they receive, I wish you would take the trouble of
distributing among the most necessitous according to their wants, five
or six hundred pounds, for which your drafts on me here shall be
punctually honored. You could then be able to speak with some
certainty to the point in Parliament, and this might be attended with
good effects.

If you cannot obtain for us permission to send a commissary, possibly
you may find a trusty, humane, discreet person at Plymouth, and
another at Portsmouth, who would undertake to communicate what relief
we may be able to afford those unfortunate men, martyrs to the cause
of liberty. Your king will not reward you for taking this trouble, but
God will. I shall not mention the gratitude of America; you will have
what is better, the applause of your own good conscience. Our captains
have set at liberty above two hundred of your people, made prisoners
by our armed vessels and brought into France, besides a great number
dismissed at sea on your coasts, to whom vessels were given to carry
them in. But you have not returned us a man in exchange. If we had
sold your people to the Moors at Sallee, as you have many of ours to
the African and East India Companies, could you have complained?

In revising what I have written, I found too much warmth in it, and
was about to strike out some parts. Yet I let them go, as they will
afford you this one reflection; "If a man naturally cool, and rendered
still cooler by old age, is so warmed by our treatment of his country,
how much must those people in general be exasperated against us? And
why are we making inveterate enemies by our barbarity, not only of the
present inhabitants of a great country, but of their infinitely more
numerous posterity; who will in future ages detest the name of
_Englishman_, as much as the children in Holland now do those of
_Alva_ and _Spaniard_." This will certainly happen, unless your
conduct is speedily changed, and the national resentment falls, where
it ought to fall heavily, on your ministry, or perhaps rather on the
king, whose will they only execute.

With the greatest esteem and affection, and best wishes for your
prosperity, I have the honor to be, dear sir, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO JAMES LOVELL.

  Paris, December 21st, 1777.

  Sir,

I see in a vote of Congress, shown me by Captain Franval, that Mr
Deane is disowned in some of his agreements with officers. I, who am
upon the spot, and know the infinite difficulty of resisting the
powerful solicitations of great men, who if disobliged might have it
in their power to obstruct the supplies he was then obtaining, do not
wonder, that being then a stranger to the people, and unacquainted
with the language, he was at first prevailed on to make some such
agreements, when all were recommended, as they always are, as
_officiers expérimentés, braves comme leurs epeés, pleins de courage,
des talents, et de zèle, pour notre cause_, &c. &c in short mere
Cesars, each of whom would have been an invaluable acquisition to
America. You can have no conception how we are still besieged, and
worried on this head, our time cut to pieces by personal applications,
besides those contained in dozens of letters by every post, which are
so generally refused, that scarce one in a hundred obtains from us a
simple recommendation to civilities.

I hope, therefore, that favorable allowance will be made to my worthy
colleague, on account of his situation at the time, as he has long
since corrected that mistake, and daily approves himself to my certain
knowledge an able, faithful, active, and extremely useful servant of
the public, a testimony I think it my duty to take this occasion of
giving to his merit, unasked, as, considering my great age, I may
probably not live to give it personally in Congress, and I perceive he
has enemies.

You will see the general news in the papers in particular, I can only
say at present, that our affairs go well here, and that

  I am, with much respect, Sir, &c

  B. FRANKLIN[5]

  [5] A letter from Dr Franklin to the President of Congress respecting
  Mr Deane, dated March 31st, 1778 will be found in Mr Deane's
  Correspondence, Vol I p 120

       *       *       *       *       *

TO JAMES HUTTON.[6]

  [6] This gentleman was for many years Secretary to the Society of
  Moravians, and sustained a very estimable character. He seems to have
  gone to Paris on some private agency with reference to a peace. An
  intimate friendship subsisted between him and Dr Franklin. He died in
  England, on the 25th of April, 1795, in his 80th year.

  Passy, February 1st, 1778.

  My dear old Friend,

You desired, that if I had no proposition to make, I would at least
give my advice.

I think it is Ariosto who says, that all things lost on earth, are to
be found in the moon; on which somebody remarked, that there must be a
great deal of good advice in the moon. If so there is a good deal of
mine formerly given and lost in this business. I will, however, at
your request give a little more, but without the least expectation,
that it will be followed; for none but God can at the same time give
good counsel, and wisdom to make use of it.

You have lost by this mad war, and the barbarity with which it has
been carried on, not only the government and commerce of America, and
the public revenues and private wealth arising from that commerce, but
what is more, you have lost the esteem, respect, friendship, and
affection of all that great and growing people, who consider you at
present, and whose posterity will consider you, as the worst and
wickedest nation upon earth. A peace you may undoubtedly obtain, by
dropping all your pretensions to govern us; and by your superior skill
in huckstering negotiation, you may possibly make such an apparently
advantageous bargain, as shall be applauded in your Parliament; but
if you cannot, with the peace, recover the affections of that people,
it will not be a lasting nor a profitable one, nor will it afford you
any part of that strength, which you once had by your union with them,
and might (if you had been wise enough to take advice) have still
retained.

To recover their respect and affection, you must tread back the steps
you have taken.

Instead of honoring and rewarding the American advisers and promoters
of this war, you should disgrace them; with all those who have
inflamed the nation against America by their malicious writings; and
all the ministers and generals who have prosecuted the war with such
inhumanity. This would show a national change of disposition, and a
disapprobation of what had passed.

In proposing terms, you should not only grant such as the necessity of
your affairs may evidently oblige you to grant, but such additional
ones as may show your generosity, and thereby demonstrate your good
will. For instance, perhaps you might, by your treaty, retain all
Canada, Nova Scotia, and the Floridas. But if you would have a real
friendly as well as able ally in America, and avoid all occasion of
future discord, which will otherwise be continually arising on your
American frontiers, you should throw in those countries. And you may
call it, if you please, an indemnification for the burning of their
towns, which indemnification will otherwise be some time or other
demanded.

I know your people will not see the utility of such measures, and will
never follow them, and even call it insolence and impudence in me to
mention them. I have, however, complied with your desire, and am, as
ever, your affectionate friend,

  B. FRANKLIN.

_P. S. February 12th, 1778._ I wrote the above some time before I
received yours, acquainting me with your speedy and safe return, which
gave me pleasure. I doubted after I had written it, whether it would
be well to send it; for as your proud nation despises us exceedingly,
and demands and expects absolute and humble submission, all talk of
treaty must appear imprudence, and tend to provoke rather than
conciliate. As you still press me by your last to say something, I
conclude to send what I had written, for I think the advice is good,
though it must be useless; and I cannot, as some amongst you desire,
make propositions, having none committed to me to make; but we can
treat if any are made to us; which however we do not expect. I
abominate with you all murder, and I may add, that the slaughter of
men in an unjust cause is nothing less than murder; I therefore never
think of your present ministers and their abettors, but with the image
strongly painted in my view, of their hands, red, wet, and dropping
with the blood of my countrymen, friends, and relations. No peace can
be signed by those hands.

Peace and friendship will, nevertheless, subsist for ever between Mr
Hutton and his affectionate friend,

  B.F.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO DAVID HARTLEY.

  Passy, February 12th, 1778.

  Dear Sir,

A thousand thanks for your so readily engaging in the means of
relieving our poor captives, and the pains you have taken, and the
advances you have made for that purpose. I received your kind letter
of the 3d instant, and send you enclosed a bill of one hundred pounds.
I much approve of Mr Wren's prudent, as well as benevolent conduct in
the disposition of the money, and wish him to continue doing what
shall appear to him and to you to be right, which I am persuaded will
appear the same to me and my colleagues here. I beg you will present
him, when you write, my respectful acknowledgments.

Your "earnest caution and request, that nothing may ever persuade
America to throw themselves into the arms of France, for that times
may mend, and that an American must always be a stranger in France,
but that Great Britain may for ages to come be their home," marks the
goodness of your heart, your regard for us, and love of your country.
But when your nation is hiring all the cut-throats it can collect, of
all countries and colors, to destroy us, it is hard to persuade us not
to ask or accept aid from any power, that may be prevailed with to
grant it; and this only from the hope, that though you now thirst for
our blood, and pursue us with fire and sword, you may in some future
time treat us kindly. This is too much patience to be expected of us;
indeed I think it is not in human nature.

The Americans are received and treated here in France with a
cordiality, a respect, and affection they never experienced in England
when they most deserved it; and which is now (after all the pains
taken to exasperate the English against them, and render them odious
as well as contemptible) less to be expected there than ever. And I
cannot see why we may not, upon an alliance, hope for a continuance of
it, at least as much as the Swiss enjoy, with whom France have
maintained a faithful friendship for two hundred years past, and whose
people appear to live here in as much esteem as the natives. America
has been _forced_ and _driven_ into the arms of France. She was a
dutiful and virtuous daughter. A cruel mother in law turned her out of
doors, defamed her, and sought her life. All the world knows her
innocence, and takes her part; and her friends hope soon to see her
honorably married. They can never persuade her return and submission
to so barbarous an enemy. In her future prosperity, if she forgets and
forgives, it is all that can be reasonably expected of her. I believe
she will make as good and useful a wife as she did a daughter, that
her husband will love and honor her, and that the family, from which
she was so wickedly expelled, will long regret the loss of her.

I know not whether a peace with us is desired in England; I rather
think it is not at present, unless on the old impossible terms of
submission and receiving pardon. Whenever you shall be disposed to
make peace upon equal and reasonable terms, you will find little
difficulty, if you get first an honest Ministry. The present have all
along acted so deceitfully and treacherously, as well as inhumanly,
towards the Americans, that I imagine, that the absolute want of all
confidence in them will make a treaty, at present, between them and
the Congress impracticable.

The subscription for the prisoners will have excellent effects in
favor of England and Englishmen. The Scotch subscriptions for raising
troops to destroy us, though amounting to much greater sums, will not
do their nation half so much good. If you have an opportunity, I wish
you would express our respectful acknowledgments and thanks to your
committee and contributors, whose benefactions will make our poor
people as comfortable as their situation can permit. Adieu, my dear
friend. Accept my thanks for the excellent papers you enclosed to me.
Your endeavors for peace, though unsuccessful, will always be a
comfort to you, and in time, when this mad war shall be universally
execrated, will be a solid addition to your reputation.

I am ever, with the highest esteem, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

_P. S._ An old friend of mine, Mr Hutton, a chief of the Moravians,
who is often at the Queen's palace, and is sometimes spoken to by the
King, was over here lately. He pretended to no commission, but urged
me much to propose some terms of peace, which I avoided. He has
written to me since his return, pressing the same thing, and
expressing with some confidence his opinion, that we might have
everything short of absolute independence, &c. Enclosed I send my
answers open, that you may read them, and if you please copy, before
you deliver or forward them. They will serve to show you more fully my
sentiments, though they serve no other purpose.

  B. F.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO DAVID HARTLEY.

  Passy, February 26th, 1778.

  Dear Sir,

I received yours of the 18th and 20th of this month, with Lord North's
proposed bills. The more I see of the ideas and projects of your
Ministry, and their little arts and schemes of amusing and dividing
us, the more I admire the prudent, manly, and magnanimous propositions
contained in your intended motion for an address to the King. What
reliance can we have on an act expressing itself to be only a
declaration of the _intention_ of Parliament, concerning the
_exercise_ of the right of imposing taxes in America, when in the bill
itself, as well as in the title, a right is supposed and claimed,
which never existed; and a _present intention_ only is declared not to
use it, which may be changed by another act next session, with a
preamble, that this _intention_ being found expedient, it is thought
proper to repeal this act, and resume the exercise of _the right_ in
its full extent. If any solid permanent benefit was intended by this,
why is it confined to the Colonies of North America, and not extended
to the loyal ones in the sugar islands? But it is now endless to
criticise, as all acts that suppose your future government of the
Colonies can be no longer significant.

In the act for appointing Commissioners, instead of full powers to
agree upon terms of peace and friendship, with a promise of ratifying
such treaty as they shall make in pursuance of those powers, it is
declared, that their agreements shall have no force nor effect, nor be
carried into execution till approved of by Parliament; so that every
thing of importance will be uncertain. But they are allowed to
proclaim a cessation of arms, and revoke their proclamation, as soon
as in consequence of it our militia have been allowed to go home; they
may suspend the operation of acts, prohibiting trade, and take off
that suspension when our merchants, in consequence of it, have been
induced to send their ships to sea; in short, they may do everything
that can have a tendency to divide and distract us, but nothing that
can afford us security. Indeed, Sir, your Ministers do not know us. We
may not be quite so cunning as they, but we have really more sense,
as well as more courage, than they have ever been willing to give us
credit for; and I am persuaded, these acts will rather obstruct peace
than promote it, and that they will not answer in America the
mischievous and malevolent ends for which they were intended. In
England they may indeed amuse the public creditors, give hopes and
expectations, that shall be of some present use, and continue the
mismanagers a little longer in their places. _Voila tout!_

In return for your repeated advice to us, not to conclude any treaty
with the House of Bourbon, permit me to give (through you) a little
advice to the whigs in England. Let nothing induce them to join with
the tories in supporting and continuing this wicked war against the
whigs of America, whose assistance they may hereafter want to secure
their own liberties; or whose country they may be glad to retire to
for the enjoyment of them.

If peace, by a treaty with America upon equal terms, were really
desired, your Commissioners need not go there for it; supposing, as by
the bill they are empowered "to treat with such person or persons, as
in their wisdom and discretion they shall think meet," they should
happen to conceive, that the Commissioners of the Congress at Paris
might be included in that description.

I am ever, dear Sir, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

_P. S._ Seriously, on further thoughts, I am of opinion, that if wise
and honest men, such as Sir George Saville, the Bishop of St Asaph,
and yourself, were to come over here immediately with powers to treat,
you might not only obtain peace with America, but prevent a war with
France.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO JAMES HUTTON.

  Passy, March 24th, 1778.

My dear old friend was in the right, not "to call in question the
sincerity of my words, where I say, February the 12th, _we can treat
if any propositions are made to us_." They were true then, and are so
still, if Britain has not declared war with France; for in that case
we shall undoubtedly think ourselves obliged to continue the war as
long as she does. But methinks you should have taken us at our word,
and have sent immediately your propositions in order to prevent such a
war, if you did not choose it. Still I conceive it would be well to do
it, if you have not already rashly begun the war. Assure yourself,
nobody more sincerely wishes perpetual peace among men than I do; but
there is a prior wish, that they would be equitable and just,
otherwise such peace is not possible, and indeed wicked men have no
right to expect it.

Adieu! I am ever yours most affectionately,

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

NOTE FROM WILLIAM PULTNEY TO B. FRANKLIN.[7]

  [7] Mr Pultney writes under the assumed name of Williams.

  March 29th, 1778.

Mr Williams returned this morning to Paris, and will be glad to see Dr
Franklin, whenever it is convenient for the Doctor, at the Hotel
Frasiliere, Rue Tournon. It is near the hotel where he lodged when the
Doctor saw him a fortnight ago. He does not propose to go abroad, and
therefore the Doctor will find him at any hour. He understands that Mr
Alexander is not yet returned from Dijon, which he regrets.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO WILLIAM PULTNEY.

  Passy, March 30th, 1778.

  Sir,

When I first had the honor of conversing with you on the subject of
peace, I mentioned it as my opinion, that every proposition, which
implied our voluntarily agreeing to return to a dependence on Britain,
was now become impossible; that a peace on equal terms undoubtedly
might be made; and that though we had no particular powers to treat of
peace with England, we had general powers to make treaties of peace,
amity, and commerce, with any State in Europe, by which I thought we
might be authorised to treat with Britain; who, if sincerely disposed
to peace, might save time and much bloodshed by treating with us
directly.

I also gave it as my opinion, that in the treaty to be made, Britain
should endeavor, by the fairness and generosity of the terms she
offered, to recover the esteem, confidence, and affection of America,
without which the peace could not be so beneficial, as it was not
likely to be lasting; in this I had the pleasure to find you of my
opinion.

But I see by the propositions you have communicated to me, that the
Ministers cannot yet divest themselves of the idea, that the power of
Parliament over us is constitutionally absolute and unlimited; and
that the limitations they may be willing now to put to it by treaty
are so many favors, or so many benefits, for which we are to make
compensation.

As our opinions in America are totally different, a treaty on the
terms proposed appears to me utterly impracticable, either here or
there. Here we certainly cannot make it, having not the smallest
authority to make even the declaration specified in the proposed
letter, without which, if I understood you right, treating with us
cannot be commenced.

I sincerely wish as much for peace as you do, and I have enough
remaining of good will for England to wish it for her sake as well as
for our own, and for the sake of humanity. In the present state of
things, the proper means of obtaining it, in my opinion, are to
acknowledge the independence of the United States, and then enter at
once into a treaty with us for a suspension of arms, with the usual
provisions relating to distances; and another for establishing peace,
friendship, and commerce, such as France has made. This might prevent
a war between you and that kingdom, which in the present circumstances
and temper of the two nations an accident may bring on every day,
though contrary to the interest and without the previous intention of
either. Such a treaty we might probably now make, with the approbation
of our friends; but if you go to war with them, on account of their
friendship for us, we are bound by ties, stronger than can be formed
by any treaty, to fight against you with them, as long as the war
against them shall continue.

May God at last grant that wisdom to your national councils, which he
seems long to have denied them, and which only sincere, just, and
humane intentions can merit or expect.

With great personal esteem, I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO DR BANCROFT.

  Passy, April 16th, 1778.

  Dear Sir,

I wish you would assure our friend, that Dr Franklin never gave any
such expectations to Mr Pultney. On the contrary, he told him, that
the commissioners could not succeed in their mission, whether they
went to recover the _dependence_ or to _divide_. His opinion is
confirmed by the enclosed resolves, which perhaps it may not be amiss
to publish in England. Please to send me the newspaper.

  Yours affectionately,

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

DAVID HARTLEY TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Paris, April 23d, 1778

  Dear Sir,

I will take care of all your commissions. This moment a second packet
of infinite value is received, which I shall cherish as a mark of
affection from you. I opened the letter by mistake, which came with
it, and soon saw it was not for me. I hope you will excuse it. I
choose rather to throw myself upon your goodness for the excuse, than
anything else. I shall not set out till between one and two;
therefore, if you will be so good as to send me another copy, I will
take care of it and deliver it safely.

God bless you, my dear friend. No exertion or endeavor on my part
shall be wanting, that we may some time or other meet again in peace.
Your powers are infinitely more influential than mine. To those powers
I trust my last hopes. I will conclude, blessed are the peace makers.

  Your affectionate friend,

  D. HARTLEY.

_P. S._ If tempestuous times should come, take care of your own
safety; events are uncertain, and men may be capricious.

       *       *       *       *       *

ANSWER.

I thank you for your kind caution, but having nearly finished a long
life, I set but little value on what remains of it. Like a draper,
when one chaffers with him for a remnant, I am ready to say, "As it is
only the fag end, I will not differ with you about it; take it for
what you please." Perhaps the best use such an old fellow can be put
to, is to make a martyr of him.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO COUNT DE VERGENNES.

  Passy, April 24th, 1778.

  Sir,

Mr Hartley, a member of Parliament, an old acquaintance of mine,
arrived here from London on Sunday last. He is generally in the
opposition, especially on American questions, but has some respect for
Lord North. In conversation he expressed the strongest anxiety for
peace with America, and appeared extremely desirous to know my
sentiments of the terms, which might probably be acceptable if
offered; whether America would not, to obtain peace, grant some
superior advantages in trade to Britain, and enter into an alliance
offensive and defensive; whether, if war should be declared against
France, we had obliged ourselves by treaty to join with her against
England.

My answers have been, that the United States were not fond of war, and
with the advice of their friends would probably be easily prevailed
with to make peace on equitable terms; but we had no terms committed
to us to propose, and I did not choose to mention any; that Britain,
having injured us heavily by making this unjust war upon us, might
think herself well off, if _on reparation of those injuries_ we
admitted her to _equal_ advantages with other nations in commerce; but
certainly she had no reason to expect _superior_; that her known
fondness for war, and the many instances of her readiness to engage in
wars on frivolous occasions, were probably sufficient to cause an
immediate rejection of every proposition for an _offensive_ alliance
with her; and that if she made war against France on our account, a
peace with us, at the same time, was impossible; for that having met
with friendship from that generous nation, when we were cruelly
oppressed by England, we were under ties stronger than treaties could
form, to make common cause; which we should certainly do to the utmost
of our power.

Here has also been with me a Mr Chapman, who says he is a member of
the parliament of Ireland, on his way home from Nice, where he had
been for the recovery of his health. He pretended to call on me only
from motives of respect for my character, &c. But after a few
compliments, he entered on a similar discourse, urging much to know
what terms would satisfy America, and whether, on having _peace and
independence granted_ to us, we should not be willing to submit to the
navigation act, or give equivalent privileges in trade to Britain. The
purport of my answer to him was in short, that peace was of equal
value to England as to us, and independence we were already in
possession of; that, therefore, England's offer to grant them to us
could not be considered as proposing any favor, or as giving her a
right to expect peculiar advantages in commerce. By his importunity, I
found his visit was not so occasional as he represented it; and from
some expressions, I conjectured he might be sent by Lord Shelburne to
sound me, and collect some information. On the whole, I gather from
these conversations, that the opposition as well as the Ministry are
perplexed with the present situation of affairs, and know not which
way to turn themselves, whether it is best to go backward or forward,
or what steps to take to extricate that nation from its present
dangerous situation.

I thought it right to give your Excellency an account of these
interviews, and to acquaint you with my intention of avoiding such
hereafter, as I see but little prospect of utility in them, and think
they are very liable to hurtful misrepresentations.

By advices from London we learn, that a fleet for Quebec, with goods
valued at five hundred thousand pounds sterling, is to sail about the
end of this month, under convoy only of a single frigate of thirty
guns, in which is to go Governor Haldimand.

Enclosed I send a paper I have just received from London. It is not
subscribed by any name, but I know the hand. It is from an old friend
of general and great acquaintance, and marks strongly the present
distress and despair of considerate people in England.

I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect, your Excellency's,
&c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

COUNT DE VERGENNES TO B. FRANKLIN.

Translation.

  Versailles, April 25th, 1778.

I have made known to the King, Sir, the substance of the letter, which
you did me the honor of writing to me yesterday; and I am directed by
his Majesty to express to you the satisfaction he has experienced from
the information, which you have communicated on your conferences with
Mr Hartley. The grand principle of the English policy has always been
to excite divisions; and it is by such means she expects to sustain
her empire; but it is not upon you, nor upon your colleagues, that she
can practise such arts with success. I entertain the same sentiments
of confidence in the United States. As to the rest, it is impossible
to speak with more dignity, frankness, and firmness, than you have
done to Mr Hartley; he has no reason to be very well satisfied with
his mission. I doubt whether this member of Parliament has any mission
for us; but he desires to see me, and I expect him in the course of
the morning. I should not be at all surprised, if his purpose be to
sow distrust between us, by proposing a double negotiation. That I can
obviate; but whatever passes between us, however trifling it may be,
you shall be made acquainted with.

I have the honor to be, with the most perfect consideration, Sir, your
most humble and most obedient servant,

  DE VERGENNES.

       *       *       *       *       *

JAMES LOVELL TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Yorktown, June 20th, 1778.

  Sir,

By a most unlucky mistake, I did not forward the resolve of the 5th of
May, with the ratifications of the treaties sent in that month, in the
packets A B C, but I have sent it in D E via Martinique, and now
forward it via Boston in F G, not allowing myself to wait for the
concurrence of the Committee in a joint letter.

Our troops were in the city of Philadelphia on the morning of the
18th. The intentions of the enemy in evacuating it cannot yet be
explained. Our army is in motion and will press them. The Gazettes
contain every thing material. By the arrival of Messrs Simeon Deane,
May 2d, Courter, May 18th, Stevenson, June 10th, Holker and
Carmichael, June 18th, we have the favors of yourself and other
friends in continuance. Commissioners will be particularly nominated
to transact affairs for us at Lisbon and the Hague, if those Courts
are well disposed towards us. We are now growing anxious about our
worthy friend J. Adams.

  Your most humble servant,

  JAMES LOVELL,

  _For the Committee of Foreign Affairs_.

       *       *       *       *       *

ANSWER TO A LETTER FROM BRUSSELS.

  Passy, July 1st, 1778.

  Sir,

I received your letter, dated at Brussels the 16th past.

My vanity might possibly be flattered by your expressions of
compliment to my understanding, if your proposals did not more clearly
manifest a mean opinion of it.

You conjure me in the name of the omniscient and just God, before whom
I must appear, and by my hopes of future fame, to consider if some
expedient cannot be found to put a stop to the desolation of America,
and prevent the miseries of a general war. As I am conscious of having
taken every step in my power to prevent the breach, and no one to
widen it, I can appear cheerfully before that God, fearing nothing
from his justice in this particular, though I have much occasion for
his mercy in many others. As to my future fame, I am content to rest
it on my past and present conduct, without seeking an addition to it
in the crooked, dark paths, you propose to me, where I should most
certainly lose it. This, your solemn address, would therefore have
been more properly made to your sovereign and his venal Parliament. He
and they, who wickedly began, and madly continue, a war for the
desolation of America, are alone accountable for the consequences.

You endeavor to impress me with a bad opinion of French faith; but the
instances of their friendly endeavors to serve a race of weak princes,
who, by their own imprudence, defeated every attempt to promote their
interest, weigh but little with me, when I consider the steady
friendship of France to the Thirteen United States of Switzerland,
which has now continued inviolate two hundred years. You tell me that
she will certainly cheat us, and that she despises us already. I do
not believe that she will cheat us, and I am not certain that she
despises us; but I see clearly that you are endeavoring to cheat us by
your conciliatory bills; that you actually despised our understandings
when you flattered yourselves those artifices would succeed; and that
not only France, but all Europe, yourselves included, most certainly
and for ever would despise us, if we were weak enough to accept your
insidious propositions.

Our expectations of the future grandeur of America are not so
magnificent, and therefore not so vain or visionary, as you represent
them to be. The body of our people are not merchants, but humble
husbandmen, who delight in the cultivation of their lands, which, from
their fertility and the variety of our climates, are capable of
furnishing all the necessaries and conveniences of life without
external commerce; and we have too much land to have the least
temptation to extend our territory by conquest from peaceable
neighbors, as well as too much justice to think of it. Our militia,
you find by experience, are sufficient to defend our lands from
invasion; and the commerce with us will be defended by all the nations
who find an advantage in it. We, therefore, have not the occasion you
imagine, of fleets, or standing armies, but may leave those expensive
machines to be maintained for the pomp of princes, and the wealth of
ancient states. We propose, if possible, to live in peace with all
mankind; and after you have been convinced to your cost, that there is
nothing to be got by attacking us, we have reason to hope that no
other power will judge it prudent to quarrel with us, lest they divert
us from our own quiet industry, and turn us into corsairs preying upon
theirs. The weight therefore of an independent empire, which you seem
certain of our inability to bear, will not be so great as you imagine.
The expense of our civil government we have always borne, and can
easily bear, because it is small. A virtuous and laborious people may
be cheaply governed. Determining as we do, to have no offices of
profit, nor any sinecures or useless appointments, so common in
ancient or corrupted states, we can govern ourselves a year, for the
sum you pay in a single department, or for what one jobbing
contractor, by the favor of a Minister, can cheat you out of in a
single article.

You think we flatter ourselves, and are deceived into an opinion that
England _must_ acknowledge our independency. We, on the other hand,
think you flatter yourselves in imagining such an acknowledgment a
vast boon, which we strongly desire, and which you may gain some great
advantage by granting or withholding. We have never asked it of you;
we only tell you, that you can have no treaty with us but as an
independent State; and you may please yourselves and your children
with the rattle of your right to govern us, as long as you have done
with that of your King's being King of France, without giving us the
least concern, if you do not attempt to exercise it. That this
pretended right is indisputable, as you say, we utterly deny. Your
Parliament never had a right to govern us, and your King has forfeited
it by his bloody tyranny. But I thank you for letting me know a little
of your mind, that even if the Parliament should acknowledge our
independency, the act would not be binding to posterity, and that your
nation would resume and prosecute the claim as soon as they found it
convenient from the influence of your passions, and your present
malice against us. We suspected before, that you would not be actually
bound by your conciliatory acts, longer than till they had served
their purpose of inducing us to disband our forces; but we were not
certain, that you were knaves by principle, and that we ought not to
have the least confidence in your offers, promises, or treaties,
though confirmed by Parliament.

I now indeed recollect my being informed, long since, when in England,
that a certain very great personage, then young, studied much a
certain book entitled _Arcana imperii_. I had the curiosity to procure
the book and read it. There are sensible and good things in it, but
some bad ones; for, if I remember rightly, a particular king is
applauded for his politically exciting a rebellion among his subjects,
at a time when they had not strength to support it, that he might, in
subduing them, take away their privileges, which were troublesome to
him; and a question is formally stated and discussed, _Whether a
prince, who, to appease a revolt, makes promises of indemnity to the
revolters, is obliged to fulfil those promises?_ Honest and good men
would say, aye; but this politician says, as you say, no. And he gives
this pretty reason, that though it was right to make the promises,
because otherwise the revolt would not be suppressed, yet it would be
wrong to keep them, because revolters ought to be punished to deter
future revolts.

If these are the principles of your nation, no confidence can be
placed in you; it is in vain to treat with you, and the wars can only
end in being reduced to an utter inability of continuing them.

One main drift of your letter seems to be to impress me with an idea
of your own impartiality, by just censures of your Ministers and
measures, and to draw from me propositions of peace, or approbations
of those you have enclosed to me, which you intimate may by your means
be conveyed to the King directly, without the intervention of those
Ministers. You would have me give them to, or drop them for, a
stranger whom I may find next Monday in the church of Notre Dame, to
be known by a rose in his hat. You yourself, Sir, are quite unknown
to me; you have not trusted me with your true name. Our taking the
least step towards a treaty with England through you, might, if you
are an enemy, be made use of to ruin us with our new and good friends.
I may be indiscreet enough in many things; but certainly, if I were
disposed to make propositions (which I cannot do, having none
committed to me to make) I should never think of delivering them to
the Lord knows who, to be carried to the Lord knows where, to serve no
one knows what purposes. Being at this time one of the most remarkable
figures in Paris, even my appearance in the church of Notre Dame,
where I cannot have any conceivable business, and especially being
seen to leave or drop any letter to any person there, would be a
matter of some speculation, and might, from the suspicions it must
naturally give, have very mischievous consequences to our credit here.
The very proposing of a correspondence so to be managed, in a manner
not necessary where fair dealing is intended, gives just reason to
suppose you intend the contrary. Besides, as your Court has sent
Commissioners to treat with the Congress, with all the powers that
would be given them by the crown under the act of Parliament, what
good purpose can be served by privately obtaining propositions from
us? Before those Commissioners went, we might have treated in virtue
of our general powers, (with the knowledge, advice, and approbation of
our friends) upon any propositions made to us. But under the present
circumstances, for us to make propositions, while a treaty is supposed
to be actually on foot with the Congress, would be extremely improper,
highly presumptuous with regard to our constituents, and answer no
good end whatever.

I write this letter to you, notwithstanding, (which I think I can
convey in a less mysterious manner, and guess it may come to your
hands;) I write it because I would let you know our sense of your
procedure, which appears as insidious as that of your conciliatory
bills. Your true way to obtain peace, if your Ministers desire it, is
to propose openly to the Congress fair and equal terms, and you may
possibly come sooner to such a resolution when you find that personal
flatteries, general cajolings, and panegyrics on our _virtue_ and
_wisdom_ are not likely to have the effect you seem to expect; the
persuading us to act basely and foolishly in betraying our country and
posterity into the hands of our most bitter enemies, giving up or
selling of our arms and warlike stores, dismissing our ships of war
and troops, and putting those enemies in possession of our forts and
ports.

This proposition of delivering ourselves bound and gagged, ready for
hanging, without even a right to complain, and without a friend to be
found afterwards among all mankind, you would have us embrace upon the
faith of an act of Parliament! Good God! an act of your Parliament!
This demonstrates that you do not yet know us, and that you fancy we
do not know you; but it is not merely this flimsy faith that we are to
act upon; you offer us _hope_, the hope of PLACES, PENSIONS, and
PEERAGES. These, judging from yourselves, you think are motives
irresistible. This offer to corrupt us, Sir, is with me your
credential, and convinces me that you are not a private volunteer in
your application. It bears the stamp of British court character. It is
even the signature of your King. But think for a moment in what light
it must be viewed in America. By PLACES, you mean places among us, for
you take care by a special article to secure your own to yourselves.
We must then pay the salaries in order to enrich ourselves with these
places. But you will give us PENSIONS, probably to be paid too out of
your expected American revenue, and which none of us can accept
without deserving, and perhaps obtaining, a SUS-_pension_. PEERAGES!
alas! Sir, our long observation of the vast servile majority of your
peers, voting constantly for every measure proposed by a minister,
however weak or wicked, leaves us small respect for that title. We
consider it as a sort of _tar-and-feather_ honor, or a mixture of
foulness and folly, which every man among us, who should accept it
from your King, would be obliged to renounce, or exchange for that
conferred by the mobs of their own country, or wear it with
everlasting infamy.

  I am, Sir, your humble servant,

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO JAMES LOVELL.

  Passy, July 22d, 1778.

  Sir,

I received your favor of May 15th, and was glad to find that mine of
December 25th had come to hand. Mr Deane's brother writes it was not
signed, which was an accidental omission. Mr Deane is himself I hope
with you long before this time, and I doubt not every prejudice
against him is removed. It was not alone upon the proceedings of
Congress, that I formed my opinion that such prejudices existed. I am
glad to understand that opinion was groundless, and that he is likely
to come back with honor in the commission to Holland, where matters
are already so ripe for his operations, that he cannot fail (with his
abilities) of being useful.

You mention former letters of the Committee, by which we might have
seen the apprehensions of the resentment of foreign officers, &c.
Those letters never came to hand. And we, on our part, are amazed to
hear, that the Committee had had no line from us for near a year,
during which we had written, I believe, five or six long and
particular letters, and had made it a rule to send triplicates of
each, and to replace those that we happened to hear were lost, so that
of some there were five copies sent, and as I hear that Captain Young
is arrived, who had some of them, I think it probable that one of
each, at least, must have come to your hands before this time. Mr
Deane's information, however, may supply the want of them, whose
arrival, as he went with a strong squadron of men of war, is more
likely than that of this vessel, or any other single one by which we
might send more copies.

The affair with M. de Beaumarchais will be best settled by his
assistance after his return. We find it recommended to us, but we know
too little of it to be able to do it well without him.

There has been some inaccuracy in sending us the last despatches of
the Committee. Two copies of the contract with M. Francy, and the
invoices came by the same vessel, Captain Niles. And though one of
your letters mentions sending enclosed a resolution of Congress,
relative to two articles of the treaty, that resolution is not come to
hand. There are circumstances in the affair of those articles, that
make them, in my opinion, of no consequence if they stand, while the
proposing to abrogate them has an unpleasing appearance, as it looks
like a desire of having it in our power to make that commercial kind
of war, which no honest State can begin, which no good friend or
neighbor ever did, will begin, which has always been considered as an
act of hostility, that provoked as well as justified reprisals, and
has generally produced such as rendered the first project as
unprofitable as it was unjust. Commerce among nations, as well as
between private persons, should be fair and equitable, by equivalent
exchanges and mutual supplies. The taking unfair advantage of a
neighbor's necessities, though attended with temporary success, always
breeds bad blood. To lay duties on a commodity exported, which our
neighbors want, is a knavish attempt to get something for nothing. The
statesman who first invented it had the genius of a pickpocket, and
would have been a pickpocket if fortune had suitably placed him. The
nations, who have practised it, have suffered fourfold as pickpockets
ought to suffer. Savoy, by a duty on exported wines, lost the trade of
Switzerland, which thenceforth raised its own wine; and (to waive
other instances) Britain, by her duty on exported tea, has lost the
trade of her Colonies. But as we produce no commodity that is peculiar
to our country, and which may not be obtained elsewhere, the
discouraging the consumption of ours by duties on exportation, and
thereby encouraging a rivalship from other nations in the ports we
trade to, is absolute folly, which indeed is mixed more or less with
all knavery. For my own part, if my protest were of any consequence, I
should protest against our ever doing it, even by way of reprisal. It
is a meanness with which I would not dirty the conscience or character
of my country.

The objections stated against the last of the two articles, had all
been made and considered here; and were sent, I imagine, from hence by
one who is offended, that they were not thought of weight sufficient
to stop the signing of the treaty, till the King should, in another
council, reconsider those articles, and after agreeing to omit them,
order new copies to be drawn, though all was then ready engrossed on
parchment as before settled. I did not think the articles of much
consequence; but I thought it of consequence, that no delay should be
given to the signing of the treaty after it was ready. But if I had
known that those objections would have been sent to the Committee, I
should have sent the answers they received, which had been
satisfactory to _all_ the Commissioners when the treaty was settled,
and until the mind of one[8] of them was altered by the opinion of two
other persons.[9] It is now too late to send those answers. But I wish
for the future, if such a case should again happen, that Congress
would acquaint their Commissioners with such partial objections, and
hear their reasons before they determine that they have done wrong. In
the meantime this only to you in private; it will be of no use to
communicate it, as the resolutions of Congress will probably be
received and executed before this letter comes to hand.

  [8] Arthur Lee--See his Correspondence, Vol. II p. 127.

  [9] Ralph Izard and William Lee--See Mr Izard's Correspondence, Vol.
  II. p. 372.

Speaking of Commissioners in the plural, puts me in mind of inquiring
if it can be the intention of Congress to keep _three_ Commissioners
at this Court; we have indeed four with the gentleman intended for
Tuscany, who continues here, and is very angry that he was not
consulted in making the treaty, which he could have mended in several
particulars; and perhaps he is angry with some reason, if the
instructions to him do, as he says they do, require us to consult
him. We shall soon have a fifth, for the envoy to Vienna not being
received there, is, I hear, returning hither. The necessary expense of
maintaining us all, is, I assure you, enormously great. I wish that
the utility may equal it. I imagine every one of us spends nearly as
much as Lord Stormont did. It is true, he left behind him the
character of a niggard; and when the advertisement appeared for the
sale of his household goods, all Paris laughed at an article of it,
perhaps very innocently expressed, "_Une grande quantité du linge de
table, qui n'a jamais servi." "Cela est tres vraisemblable,_" say
they, "_car il n'a jamais donné à manger._" But as to our number,
whatever advantage there might be in the joint counsels of three for
framing and adjusting the articles of the treaty, there can be none in
managing the common business of a resident here. On the contrary, all
the advantages in negotiation that result from secrecy of sentiment,
and uniformity in expressing it, and in common business from despatch,
are lost. In a Court, too, where every word is watched and weighed, if
a number of Commissioners do not every one hold the same language, in
giving their opinion on any public transaction, this lessens their
weight; and when it may be prudent to put on, or avoid certain
appearances of concern, for example, or indifference, satisfaction, or
dislike, where the utmost sincerity and candor should be used, and
would gain credit, if no semblance of art showed itself in the
inadvertent discourse, perhaps of only one of them, the hazard is in
proportion to the number. And where every one must be consulted on
every particular of common business, in answering every letter, &c.
and one of them is offended if the smallest thing is done without his
consent, the difficulty of being often and long enough together, the
different opinions, and the time consumed in debating them, the
interruptions by new applicants in the time of meeting, &c. &c.
occasion so much postponing and delay, that correspondence languishes,
occasions are lost, and the business is always behindhand.

I have mentioned the difficulty of being often and long enough
together; this is considerable, where they cannot all be accommodated
in the same house; but to find three people whose tempers are so good,
and who like so well one another's company and manner of living and
conversing, as to agree well themselves, though being in one house,
and whose servants will not by their indiscretion quarrel with one
another, and by artful misrepresentations draw their masters in to
take their parts, to the disturbance of necessary harmony, these are
difficulties still greater and almost insurmountable. And in
consideration of the whole, I wish Congress would separate us.

The Spanish galiots, which have been impatiently expected, are at
length happily arrived. The fleet and army returning from Brazil is
still out, but supposed to be on the way homewards. When that and the
South Sea ships are arrived, it will appear whether Spain's accession
to the treaty has been delayed for the reasons given, or whether the
reasons were only given to excuse the delay.

The English and French fleets of nearly equal force are now both at
sea. It is not doubted but that if they meet, there will be a battle,
for though England through fear affects to understand it to be still
peace, and would excuse the depredations she has made on the commerce
of France, by pretences of illicit trade, &c. yet France considers the
war begun, from the time of the King's message to Parliament,
complaining of the insult France had given by treating with us, and
demanding aids to resist it, and the answer of both Houses offering
their lives and fortunes. And the taking several frigates are deemed
indisputable hostilities. Accordingly, orders are given to all the
fleets and armed ships to return hostilities, and encouragement is
offered to privateers, &c. An Ambassador from Spain is indeed gone to
London, and joyfully received there, in the idea that peace may be
made by his mediation. But as yet we learn nothing certain of his
mission, and doubt his effecting anything of the kind.

War in Germany seems to be inevitable, and this occasioning great
borrowings of money in Holland and elsewhere, by the powers concerned,
makes it more difficult for us to succeed in ours. When we engaged to
Congress to pay their bills for the interest of the sums they should
borrow, we did not dream of their drawing on us for other occasions.
We have already paid of Congress' drafts, to returned officers,
eightytwo thousand two hundred and eleven livres, and we know not how
much more of that kind we have to pay, because the Committee have
never let us know the amount of those drafts, or their account of them
never reached us, and they still continue coming in. And we are now
surprised with advice of drafts from Mr Bingham, to the amount of one
hundred thousand more. If you reduce us to bankruptcy here, by a
nonpayment of your drafts, consider the consequences. In my humble
opinion, no drafts should be made on us without first learning from us
that we shall be able to answer them.

M. de Beaumarchais has been out of town ever since the arrival of your
power to settle with him. I hope he will be able to furnish the
supplies mentioned in the invoice and contract. The settlement may be
much better made with the assistance of Mr Deane, we being not privy
to the transactions.

We have agreed to give Monsieur Dumas two hundred louis a year,
thinking that he well deserves it.

With great esteem, I have the honor to be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

INSTRUCTIONS TO B. FRANKLIN, AS MINISTER PLENIPOTENTIARY TO THE COURT
OF FRANCE.

We, the Congress of the United States of North America, having thought
it proper to appoint you their Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court
of His Most Christian Majesty, you shall in all things, according to
the best of your knowledge and abilities, promote the interest and
honor of the said States, at that Court, with a particular attention
to the following instructions.

1. You are immediately to assure His Most Christian Majesty, that
these States entertain the highest sense of his exertions in their
favor, particularly by sending the respectable squadron under the
Count d'Estaing, which would probably have terminated the war in a
speedy and honorable manner, if unforeseen and unfortunate
circumstances had not intervened.

You are further to assure him, that they consider this speedy aid not
only as a testimony of his Majesty's fidelity to the engagements he
has entered into, but as an earnest of that protection, which they
hope from his power and magnanimity, and as a bond of gratitude to the
union, founded on mutual interest.

2. You shall, by the earliest opportunity, and on every necessary
occasion, assure the King and his Ministers, that neither the
Congress, nor any of the States they represent, have at all swerved
from their determination to be independent in July, 1776. But as the
declaration was made in the face of the most powerful fleet and army,
which could have been expected to operate against them, and without
any the slightest assurance of foreign aid, so, although in a
defenceless situation, and harassed by the secret machinations and
designs of intestine foes, they have, under the exertions of that
force, during those bloody campaigns, persevered in their
determination to be free. And that they have been inflexible in this
determination, notwithstanding the interruption of their commerce, the
great sufferings they have experienced from the want of those things,
which it procured, and the unexampled barbarity of their enemies.

3. You are to give the most pointed and positive assurances, that
although the Congress are earnestly desirous of peace, as well to
arrange their finances and recruit the exhausted state of their
country, as to spare the further effusion of blood, yet they will
faithfully perform their engagements, and afford every assistance in
their power to prosecute the war for the great purposes of the
alliance.

4. You shall endeavor to obtain the King's consent to expunge from the
treaty of commerce the eleventh and twelfth articles, as inconsistent
with that equality and reciprocity, which form the best security to
perpetuate the whole.

5. You are to exert yourself to procure the consent of the Court of
France, that all American seamen, who may be taken on board of
British vessels, may, if they choose, be permitted to enter on board
of American vessels. In return for which, you are authorised to
stipulate, that all Frenchmen who may be taken on board of British
vessels, by vessels belonging to the United States, shall be delivered
up to persons appointed for that purpose by His Most Christian
Majesty.

6. You are to suggest to the Ministers of His Most Christian Majesty
the advantage, that would result from entering on board the ships of
these States British seamen, who may be made prisoners, thereby
impairing the force of the enemy, and strengthening the hands of his
ally.

7. You are also to suggest the fatal consequences, which would follow
to the commerce of the common enemy, if, by confining the war to the
European and Asiatic seas, the coasts of America could be so far freed
from the British fleets, as to furnish a safe asylum to the frigates
and privateers of the allied nations and their prizes.

8. You shall constantly inculcate the certainty of ruining the British
fisheries on the Banks of Newfoundland, and consequently the British
Marine, by reducing Halifax and Quebec; since, by that means they
would be exposed to alarm and plunder, and deprived of the necessary
supplies formerly drawn from America. The plan proposed to Congress
for compassing these objects is herewith transmitted for your more
particular instruction.[10]

  [10] For a copy of this Plan, see the _Secret Journals_, Vol. II. p.
  111.

9. You are to lay before the Court the deranged state of our finances,
together with the causes thereof; and show the necessity of placing
them on a more respectable footing, in order to prosecute the war
with vigor on the part of America. Observations on that subject are
herewith transmitted,[11] and more particular instructions shall be
sent, whenever the necessary steps previous thereto shall have been
taken.

  [11] See the _Secret Journals_, Vol. II. p 118.

10. You are, by every means in your power, to promote a perfect
harmony, concord, and good understanding, not only between the allied
powers, but also between and among their subjects, that the connexion
so favorably begun may be perpetuated.

11. You shall in all things take care not to make any engagements, or
stipulations, on the part of America, without the consent of America
previously obtained.

We pray God to further you with his goodness in the several objects
hereby recommended; and that he will have you in his holy keeping.

Done at Philadelphia, the 26th day of October, 1778.

  By the Congress.

  H. LAURENS, _President_.

       *       *       *       *       *

COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, October 28th, 1778.

  Sir,

As the Marquis de Lafayette will deliver this, we refer you to his
conversation, in addition to the gazettes, for an account of the
movements of the enemy. He will doubtless gain some further knowledge
of them, than we are yet possessed of before he leaves Boston. We
shall speedily have opportunities of forwarding duplicates and
triplicates of what he now carries; and upon any material event we
shall despatch a vessel occasionally. Enclosed with other papers is a
resolve of Congress of the 22d, which we have officially sent to all
the Commissioners.

We must earnestly request, that, as we shall have opportunities of
frequently conveying to you gazettes and other species of
intelligence, you would strive to communicate, in the speediest and
best way, to the gentlemen at the other Courts, what they are alike
interested to know, that they may prosecute in the best manner the
service of these States abroad. An exact copy of your credentials is
among the papers herewith sent.

We wish you success in your new commission, and are, with much regard,
&c.

  R. H. LEE,
  JAMES LOVELL.

       *       *       *       *       *

JAMES LOVELL TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, December 8th, 1778.

  Sir,

By Mr Cummins, on the 28th of last month, I forwarded several papers
of importance, triplicates of which Mr Bromfield, the bearer of this,
will deliver. But an accident then took place obliging me to hold back
a letter, which I had written to you. Time was wanting in which to
write another, the vessel having fallen down to Reedy Island, and the
express being mounted. My letter was chiefly on the circumstances of
an intended plan of operations, which was enclosed, but detained for
alterations to be made in Congress.

Our only important struggle now is with our currency. We shall be able
at least to keep it from growing worse; but we want the aid of
skilful financiers, and of monied men, to bring about any considerable
appreciation, as you will more clearly perceive by one of the papers
herewith to be delivered.

  I am, Sir, &c.

  JAMES LOVELL,

  _For the Committee of Foreign Affairs_.

       *       *       *       *       *

DR PRICE TO B. FRANKLIN.

  London, January 18th, 1779.

Doctor Price returns his best thanks to the Honorable Benjamin
Franklin, Arthur Lee, and John Adams, for conveying to him the
resolution of Congress of the 6th of October last,[12] by which he is
invited to become a member of the United States, and to give his
assistance in regulating their finances. It is not possible for him to
express the sense he has of the honor, which this resolution does him,
and the satisfaction with which he reflects on the favorable opinion
of him which has occasioned it. But he knows himself not to be
sufficiently qualified for giving such assistance; and he is so
connected in this country, and also advancing so fast in the evening
of life, that he cannot think of a removal. He requests the favor of
the Honorable Commissioners to transmit this reply to Congress; with
assurances that Dr Price feels the warmest gratitude for the notice
taken of him, and that he looks to the American States, as _now_ the
hope, and likely _soon_ to become the refuge of mankind.

  [12] _In Congress, October 6th, 1778_--"_Resolved_, That the Honorable
  Benjamin Franklin, Arthur Lee, and John Adams, or any of them, be
  directed forthwith to apply to Dr Price, and inform him that it is the
  desire of Congress to consider him a citizen of the United States; and
  to receive his assistance in regulating their finances. That if he
  shall think it expedient to remove with his family to America, and
  afford such assistance, a generous provision shall be made for
  requiting his services."

       *       *       *       *       *

JAMES LOVELL TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, January 29th, 1779.

  Sir,

By the way of Martinique, I send you a large course of newspapers. In
those of late date you will see, that the enemy are exerting their
force but too successfully in Georgia. We hope the Count d'Estaing
will be able to operate with us by a detachment from his fleet, so
that we may wrest from our foes the fruits of their present success.
You will know by letters from Martinique, whether these our hopes are
well or ill founded.

We have not had a line from you since the short letter of information
respecting Byron's sailing, which you signed jointly with Mr Adams. I
hope this does not arise from any other circumstance, than want of a
good conveyance for important despatches. We have had a few short
letters from Mr Adams, with gazettes. Late as it is, I enclose a
quadruplicate of your credentials; and I wish you success and every
satisfaction in your important agency, being with much respect,

  Sir, &c.

  JAMES LOVELL,

  _For the Committee of Foreign Affairs_.

       *       *       *       *       *

JAMES LOVELL TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, February 8th, 1779.

  Sir,

The Marquis de Lafayette having sailed from Boston the day before the
arrival there of letters sent from hence for you by the President of
Congress, I now forward to you duplicates of those letters, with a
course of newspapers via St Eustatia, having a very fine opportunity
to that Island, and hoping they will reach you securely from thence in
a Dutch bottom.

  I am, &c.

  JAMES LOVELL,

  _For the Committee of Foreign Affairs_.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO DAVID HARTLEY.

  Passy, February 22d, 1779

  Dear Sir,

I received your proposition for removing the stumbling-block. Your
constant desire of peace ought to endear you to both sides; but this
proposition seems to be naturally impracticable. We can never think of
quitting a solid alliance, made and ratified, in order to be in a
state for receiving unknown proposals of peace, which may vanish in
the discussion. The truth is, we have no kind of faith in your
government, which appears to us as insidious and deceitful as it is
unjust and cruel; its character is that of the Spider in Thomson,

    ----cunning and fierce,
    Mixture abhorr'd

Besides, we cannot see the necessity of our relinquishing our
alliance with France in order to a treaty, any more than of your
relinquishing yours with Holland.

  I am, very affectionately, yours,

  N. A.[13]

  [13] North America

       *       *       *       *       *

LETTER RESPECTING CAPTAIN COOK.

  Passy, March 10th, 1779.

     To all Captains and Commanders of armed
       Ships, acting by Commission from the Congress of the United
       States of America, now at War with Great Britain.

  Gentlemen,

A ship having been fitted out from England, before the commencement of
this war, to make discoveries of new countries in unknown seas, under
the conduct of that most celebrated navigator, Captain Cook,--an
undertaking truly laudable in itself, as the increase of geographical
knowledge facilitates the communication between distant nations, in
the exchange of useful products and manufactures, and the extension of
arts, whereby the common enjoyments of human life are multiplied and
augmented, and science of other kinds increased, to the benefit of
mankind in general.

This is therefore most earnestly to recommend to every one of you,
that in case the said ship, which is now expected to be soon in the
European seas on her return, should happen to fall into your hands,
you would not consider her as an enemy, nor suffer any plunder to be
made of the effects contained in her, nor obstruct her immediate
return to England, by detaining her or sending her into any other part
of Europe or America, but that you would treat the said Captain Cook
and his people with all civility and kindness, affording them, as
common friends to mankind, all the assistance in your power, which
they may happen to stand in need of. In so doing, you will not only
gratify the generosity of your own dispositions, but there is no doubt
of your obtaining the approbation of Congress, and of your own
American owners.

  I have the honor to be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN,

  _Minister Plenipotentiary from the Congress of the_
  _United States to the Court of France_.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO DAVID HARTLEY.

  Passy, March 21st, 1779.

  Dear Sir,

I received duly yours of the 2d instant. I am sorry you have had so
much trouble in the affair of the prisoners. You have been deceived as
well as I. No cartel ship has yet appeared; and it is now evident,
that the delays have been of design, to give more opportunity of
seducing the men by promises and hardships to seek their liberty in
engaging against their country; for we learn from those who have
escaped, that there are persons continually employed in cajoling and
menacing them; representing to them that we neglect them; that your
government is willing to exchange them; and that it is our fault it is
not done; that all the news from America is bad on their side; we
shall be conquered and they will be hanged, if they do not accept the
gracious offer of being pardoned, on condition of serving the King,
&c. A great part of your prisoners have been kept these six months on
board a ship in Brest road, ready to be delivered; where I am afraid
they were not so comfortably accommodated, as they might have been in
French prisons. They are now ordered on shore. Doctor Bancroft has
received your letter here. He did not go to Calais.

Knowing how earnestly and constantly you wish for peace, I cannot end
a letter to you without dropping a word on that subject, to mark that
my wishes are still in unison with yours. After the barbarities your
nation has exercised against us, I am almost ashamed to own that I
feel sometimes for her misfortunes and her insanities. Your veins are
open, and your best blood continually running. You have now got a
little army into Georgia, and are triumphing in that success. Do you
expect ever to see that army again? I know not what General Lincoln or
General Thomson may be able to effect against them, but if they stay
through the summer in that climate, there is a certain _General
Fever_, that I apprehend will give a good account of most of them.
Perhaps you comfort yourselves that our loss of blood is as great as
yours. But as physicians say, there is a great difference in the
facility of repairing that loss between an old body and a young one.
America adds to her numbers annually one hundred and fifty thousand
souls. She, therefore, grows faster than you can diminish her, and
will out-grow all the mischief you can do her. Have you the same
prospects? But it is unnecessary for me to represent to you, or you to
me, the mischiefs that each nation is subjected to by the war; we all
see clear enough the nonsense of continuing it; the difficulty is,
where to find sense enough to put an end to it.

Adieu, my dear friend, and believe me, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

DAVID HARTLEY TO B. FRANKLIN.

  London, April 22d, 1779.

  My Dear Friend,

The bearer of this, and some other papers, is a very sensible and
worthy gentleman, with whom I had the pleasure of contracting an
acquaintance since the commencement of the American troubles,
originally upon the business of the American prisoners. It is a
satisfaction to me at all times to have found him a friend to the
restoration of peace between the two countries. It has likewise been
an additional satisfaction and confirmation to me in my own thoughts
upon that subject, to find that his sentiments, I think upon most, or
all of the subjects upon which we have conversed, have coincided with
mine. We both seem possessed of the opinion, that some plan of opening
a negotiation upon preliminaries, which each side might find to be a
sufficient security to itself, might be practicable; and then your
sentiment, which you gave me in a letter some years ago, might have
its free scope and effect, viz, _A little time given for cooling might
have excellent effects_.

The sentiments I have opened to you in my late letters for some months
past, and which I have reduced in an enclosed paper into a more
specific shape, seem to me, upon very repeated reflection, to promise
the fairest ground of good expectation. These propositions originate
from myself, as a mediator; I have communications with both sides, but
certainly no authority to make proposals from either; and perhaps
neither side, if I were to make the propositions separately to each,
(being myself unauthorised) might give me positive consent. Each side
separately might say, No, from what is called political prudence; and
yet each side might secretly wish that the offer could be made, with a
_done first_, from the other party. I think the proposition of a truce
for five or seven years, leaving all things in the present dispute _in
status quo_, must be advantageous to all parties, if it were only in
consideration that a general satisfactory peace to all parties _may_
come among the _excellent effects of time given for cooling_. We can
but fight it out at last. War never comes too late; wisdom may step in
between. These matters have stolen upon us, and have arisen to great
and formidable consequences, from small and unexpected beginnings; but
henceforward, we should know by experience what to expect. If the rage
of war could but be abated for a sufficient length of time for reason
and reflection to operate, I think it would never revive. I cannot
pretend to forecast the result of any negotiation, but I think war
would not revive; which is all that I want for my argument. Peace is a
_bonum in se_; whereas the most favorable events of war are but
relatively lesser evils; certainly they are evils; _mala in se_, not
_bona in se_.

I hope that a cessation of hostilities would produce a renewal of
reflection; but even to take the argument at the worst advantage, the
two parties are at a cooling distance of three thousand miles asunder.
If the flames of war could be but once extinguished, does not the
Atlantic ocean contain cold water enough to prevent them bursting out
again? I am very strongly of opinion that the two nations of Great
Britain and North America, would accord to the proposition of a truce
_for cooling_. I cannot say whether a British ministry would accord to
it, because they will not tell me; nor can I say whether an American
Plenipotentiary would accord to it, because, probably, you will not
tell me. I put myself into your hands, however, when I tell you
frankly, I am of opinion that both would accord to it, if there could
be a _done first_ on either side, to bind the bargain fast. You have
the odds of me in this matter, because you know one half of the
question; and I cannot give you any proof on the other side, but only
my own presumptive judgment upon observation, and upon a course of
reasoning in my own thoughts.

But for France. My judgment would be, that if the proposition of the
proposed preliminaries should be agreeable to America, France would do
very unhandsomely to defeat it by their refusal. I likewise think it
the interest of France, because their interest leads them to go to a
certain point, and no further. There is a disparity in the operation
of the terms of the alliance on the part of France, and on the part of
America. The more vigorously France interposes, the better for
America; in proportion to their exertions, they create, less or more,
a diversion of the British force; this reasoning goes straight forward
for America; but it is not so with France. There is a certain point to
France, beyond which their work would fail, and recoil upon
themselves; if they were to drive the British Ministry totally to
abandon the American war, it would become totally a French war. The
events of a twelvemonth past seem to bear testimony to this course of
reasoning. The disadvantage upon the bargain to America is, that the
efficacy of the French alliance to them presupposes their continuance
in the war. The demur to France is, that the liberation of their new
ally recoils with double weight of the war upon themselves, without
any ulterior points of advantage in view, as dependent upon that
alliance. I think the interest of all parties coincides with the
proposition of preliminaries.

The proposed preliminaries appear to me to be just and equitable to
all parties; but the great object with me is to come to some
preliminaries. I could almost add, whatever those preliminaries might
be, provided a suspension of arms for an adequate term of years were
one, I think it would be ten thousand to one against any future
renewal of the war. It is not necessary to enter at large into the
reasons which induce me to think, that the British Ministry, as well
as the American Plenipotentiary, would consent to the terms of the
proposed preliminaries; for indeed I do not know that I am founded in
that opinion with respect to either, but still I believe it of both.
But what can a private person do in such a case, wishing to be a
mediator for peace, having access to both parties, but equally
uncertain of the reception of his mediation on either side? I must
hesitate to take any public step, as by a proposition in Parliament,
or by any other means to drive the parties to an explanation upon any
specific proposals; and yet I am very unwilling to let the session
pass without some proposition, upon which the parties may meet, if
they should be so inclined, as I suspect them to be. I have been
endeavoring to feel pulses for some months, but all is dumb show. I
cannot say that I meet with anything discouraging, to my apprehension,
either as to equitableness or practicability of the proposition for
preliminaries. If I could but simply receive sufficient encouragement,
that I should not run any hazard of obstructing any other practicable
propositions by obtruding mine, I should be very much satisfied to
come forward in that case with mine, to furnish a beginning at least,
which might lead to peace.

There is nothing that I wish so much as to have an opportunity of
seeing and conversing with you, having many things to say to you; but
if that cannot yet happen, I have only to say, that whatever
communication you may think proper to make to me, which may lead to
peace, you may be assured that I shall be most strenuous in applying
it to that end. In all cases of difficulty in human life, there must
be confidence somewhere, to enable us to extricate nations from the
evils attendant upon national disputes, as they arise out of national
passions, jealousies, and points of honor. I am not sure whether the
extreme caution and diffidence of persons in political life be not the
cause, almost as frequently, of the unnecessary protraction of the
miseries of war, as of the final production of any superior good to
any State. Peace now is better than peace a twelvemonth hence, at
least by all the lives that may be lost in the meanwhile, and by all
the accumulated miseries that may intervene by that delay. When I
speak of the necessity of confidence, I would not have you to think,
that I trust to all professions, promiscuously, with confidence; my
thoughts are free respecting all parties; and for myself, if I thought
it necessary for the end of attaining any additional confidence in
your esteem, to enable me to co-operate the more effectually towards
the restoration of peace, there is nothing that I would wish you to be
assured of but this; that no fallacious offers of insincerity, nor any
pretexts for covering secret designs, or for obtaining unfair
advantages, shall ever pass through my hands.

Believe me truly to be, not only a lover of my country, but a sincere
friend to peace and to the rights of mankind; and ever most
affectionately yours.

  D. HARTLEY.

       *       *       *       *       *

_Observations by Mr Hartley._

Lord North consented to Mr Hartley's proposition, for endeavoring to
procure from the American Plenipotentiary or Plenipotentiaries some
opening, that they would be willing to commence a parley, on
propositions of peace between Great Britain and America; and supposed
the terms, which Mr Hartley had in view, would be something like a
tacit cession of independence to America, with a truce for a certain
term of years, to serve as a basis for a general treaty of
accommodation and final settlement.

This last application (which was made on the 20th of April, 1779) of
Mr Hartley to Lord North, after several previous conferences on the
subject, is the ground of the present confidential communication with
Dr Franklin, on the part of Mr Hartley, who states to Dr Franklin, as
he did to Lord North, that an auspicious beginning of a negotiation is
_dimidium facti_.

Mr Hartley's ideas of the probable course of the negotiation would be
to the following effect;

1. Five Commissioners (or any three of them) to be appointed on the
part of His Britannic Majesty to treat, consult, and agree upon the
final settlement and pacification of the present troubles, upon safe,
honorable, and permanent terms, subject to ratification by Parliament.

2. That any one of the aforesaid Commissioners may be empowered to
agree, as a preliminary, to a suspension of hostilities by sea and
land, for a certain term of five or seven years.

3. That any one of the aforesaid Commissioners be empowered to agree,
as a second preliminary, to suspend the operation and effect of any
and all acts of Parliament respecting America, for a certain term of
five or seven years.

4. That it is expected, as a third preliminary, that America should be
released, free and unengaged, from any treaties with foreign powers,
which may tend to embarrass or defeat the present proposed
negotiation.

5. That a general treaty for negotiation shall be set on foot as soon
as may be, after the agreement of the foregoing preliminaries.

       *       *       *       *       *

_N. B._ A doubt seeming to arise from Lord North, relative to the
probability of any explanatory communication on the part of Dr
Franklin, Mr Hartley expressed, he thought it possible, that as a
known friend to peace, he might be considered by Dr Franklin as a
depot of any communications, which may serve from time to time to
facilitate the terms of peace; which therefore prevents this
communication from being considered as any direct overture from Lord
North to Dr Franklin, or from Dr Franklin to Lord North; but as it is
merely a mediatorial proposition of Mr Hartley, as a private person,
for the purpose of bringing the parties to a parley.

       *       *       *       *       *

INSTRUCTIONS

     _To John Paul Jones, Commander of the
       American Squadron in the Service of the United States, now in the
       Port of L'Orient._

1st. His Majesty, having been pleased to grant some troops for a
particular expedition, proposed to annoy our common enemy, in which
the sea-force under your command might have an opportunity of
distinguishing itself, you are to receive on board the ships of war,
and the other vessels destined for that purpose, the troops that shall
present themselves to you, afford them such accommodation as may be
most proper for preserving their health, and convey them to such port
or place as their commander shall desire to land them at.

2dly. When the troops are landed, you are to aid, by all means in your
power, their operations, as they will be instructed in like manner to
aid and support those you may make with your ships, that so by this
concurrence and union of your different forces, all that such a
compounded strength is capable of may be effected.

3dly. You are during the expedition never to depart from the troops,
so as not to be able to protect them in case of a repulse, and in all
events you are to endeavor to effect their complete re-embarkation on
board the ships and transports under your command, when the expedition
shall be ended.

4thly. You are to bring to France all the English seamen you may
happen to take prisoners, in order to complete the good work you have
already made such progress in, of delivering by an exchange the rest
of our countrymen now languishing in the gaols of Great Britain.

5thly. As many of your officers and people have lately escaped from
English prisons, either in Europe or America, you are to be
particularly attentive to their conduct towards the prisoners, which
the fortune of war may throw into your hands, lest resentment of the
more than barbarous usage by the English in many places towards the
Americans should occasion a retaliation, and an imitation of what
ought rather to be detested and avoided, for the sake of humanity and
for the honor of our country.

6thly. In the same view, although the English have burnt wantonly many
defenceless towns in America, you are not to follow this example,
unless where a reasonable ransom is refused, in which case your own
generous feelings, as well as this instruction, will induce you to
give timely notice of your intention, that sick and ancient persons,
women, and children may be first removed.

Done at Passy, this 28th day of April, 1779.

  B. FRANKLIN,

  _Minister Plenipotentiary from the United_
  _States to the Court of France_.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO DAVID HARTLEY.

  Passy, May 4th, 1779.

  Dear Sir,

I received your several favors, viz. one of April the 10th, one of the
20th, and two of the 22d, all on the same day, but by different
conveyances.

I need not repeat, what we have each of us so often repeated, the wish
for peace. I will begin, by frankly assuring you, that though I think
a direct, immediate peace, the best mode of present accommodation for
Britain, as well as for America, yet if that _is not_ at this time
practicable, and a truce is practicable, I should not be against a
truce; but this is merely on motives of _general humanity_, to obviate
the evils men devilishly inflict on men in time of war, and to lessen
as much as possible the similarity of earth and hell. For with regard
to particular advantages, respecting the States I am connected with, I
am persuaded it is theirs to continue the war, till England shall be
reduced to that perfect impotence of mischief, which alone can prevail
with her to let other nations enjoy, "_Peace, Liberty, and Safety_." I
think, however, that a _short_ truce, which must, therefore, be an
_armed_ truce, and put all parties to an almost equal expense with a
continued war, is by no means desirable.

But this proposition of a truce, if made at all, should be made to
France at the same time it is made to America. They have each of them
too much honor, as well as too much sense, to listen separately to any
propositions, which tend to separate them from each other.

I will now give you my thoughts on your ideas of a negotiation, in the
order you have placed them. If you will number them in your copy, you
will readily see to which my observations refer, and I may therefore
be more concise.

_To the 1st_,--I do not see the necessity or use of five
Commissioners. A number of talkers lengthens discussions, and often
embarrasses instead of aiding a settlement. Their different particular
views, private interests, and jealousies of each other, are likewise
so many rubs in the way, and it sometimes happens, that a number
cannot agree to what each privately thinks reasonable, and would have
agreed to, or perhaps proposed, if alone. But this as the parties
please.

_To the 2d_,--The term of twentyone years would be better for all
sides. The suspension of hostilities should be expressed to be between
all parties at war; and that the British troops and ships of war now
in any of the United States be withdrawn.

_To the 3d_,--This seems needless, and is a thing that may be done or
omitted as you please; America has no concern about those acts of
parliament.

_To the 4th_,--The reason of proposing this is not understood, nor the
use of it, nor what inducement there can be for us to agree to it.
When you come to treat with both your enemies, you may negotiate away
as much of these engagements as you can; but powers, who have made a
firm solid league, evidently useful to both, can never be prevailed
with to dissolve it, for the vague expectation of another _in
nubibus_; nor even on the certainty, that another will be proposed,
without knowing what are to be its articles. America has no desire of
being free from her engagements to France. The chief is, that of
continuing the war in conjunction with her, and not making a separate
peace; and this is an obligation not in the power of America to
dissolve, being an obligation of _gratitude and justice_ towards a
nation, which is engaged in a war on her account, and for her
protection; and would be forever binding, whether such an article
existed or not in the treaty; and though it did not exist, an honest
American would cut off his right hand, rather than sign an agreement
with England contrary to the spirit of it.

_To the 5th_,--As soon as you please.

If you had mentioned France in your proposed suspension of arms, I
should have immediately shown it to the Minister, and have endeavored
to support that idea. As it stands, I am in doubt whether I shall
communicate your paper or not, though by your writing it is so fair it
seems as if you intended it. If I do, I shall acquaint you with the
result.

The bill, of which you send me a copy, was an excellent one at the
time, and might have had great and good effects, if, instead of
telling us haughtily, that our humble petition should receive no
answer, the Ministry had received and enacted that bill into a law. It
might have erected a wall of brass round England, if such a measure
had been adopted, when Friar Bacon's brazen head cried out, TIME IS!
But the wisdom of it was not seen, till after the fatal cry of TIME'S
PAST!

I am, my dear friend, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.

  Passy, May 26th, 1779.

  Gentlemen,

The Marquis de Lafayette, who arrived here the 11th of February,
brought me yours of October 28th, and the new commission, credentials,
and instructions, which the Congress have honored me with. I have not
since had an opportunity of writing, that I could trust, for I see by
several instances, the orders given to private captains to throw their
despatches into the sea, when likely to be taken, are sometimes
neglected, and sometimes so badly executed, that the letters are
recovered by the enemy, and much inconvenience has attended their
interception. You mention, that you should speedily have opportunities
of forwarding duplicates, and triplicates of the papers; none of them
has ever come to hand, nor have I received any other line from you of
later date.

I immediately acquainted the Minister of Foreign Affairs with my
appointment, and communicated to him as usual, a copy of my credential
letter, on which a day was named for my reception. A fit of the gout
prevented my attendance at that time, and for some weeks after, but as
soon as I was able to go through the ceremony I went to Versailles,
and was presented to the King, and received in all the forms. I
delivered the letter of Congress into his Majesty's own hands, who in
the most gracious manner expressed his satisfaction. And I have since
constantly attended the levee every Tuesday, with the other Foreign
Ministers, and have taken every proper occasion of repeating the
assurances I am instructed to give, of the grateful sentiments of
Congress, and their determined resolution to fulfil religiously their
engagements. Much pains is constantly taken by the enemy to weaken the
confidence of this Court in their new allies, by representing our
people as weary of the war, and of the government of Congress; which
body, too, they represent as distracted by dissensions, &c. but all
this has very little effect; and when on some occasions it has seemed
to make a little impression, and create some apprehensions, I have not
found it difficult to remove them. And it is my firm opinion, that
notwithstanding the great losses suffered by the commerce of this
kingdom, since the commencement of the war, the disposition of the
Court to continue it (till its purpose of establishing our
independence is completed,) is not the least changed, nor their regard
for us diminished.

The end of that part of the instructions, which relates to American
seamen, taken by the French in English ships, had already been
obtained, Captain Jones having had for some time an order from Court,
directed to the keepers of the prisoners, requiring them to deliver to
him such Americans as should be found in their hands, that they might
be at liberty to serve under his command. Most of them have
accordingly been delivered to him, if not all. The Minister of the
Marine, having entertained a high opinion of him, from his conduct and
bravery in taking the Drake, was desirous of employing him in the
command of a particular enterprise, and to that end requested us to
spare him, which we did, and sent the Ranger home, under the command
of his Lieutenant. Various accidents have hitherto postponed his
equipment, but he now has the command of a fifty gun ship with some
frigates, all under American commissions and colors, fitted out at the
King's expense, and will sail, it is said, about the 1st of June.

The Marquis de Lafayette was, with some land troops, to have gone with
him, but I now understand the Marquis is not to go, the plan being a
little changed. The Alliance being weakly manned at first, and the
Captain judging it necessary to be freed from thirtyeight of his men,
who had been concerned in a conspiracy, and unwilling to take French
seamen, I thought it best to send him directly home, as his ship might
be of some protection to the vessels then about sailing to America,
and Mr Adams, who was desirous of returning soon, might be
accommodated with a passage in a swift sailing vessel. I accordingly
offered her as a convoy to the trade at Nantes, but the gentlemen
concerned did not think fit to wait for getting ready, as a French
convoy offered, for at least part of the voyage, and the Minister
requesting she might be added to Captain Jones's little squadron, and
offering to give a passage to Mr Adams in the frigate with the new
Ambassador, and to complete the Alliance's compliment of men, I
thought it best to continue her a little longer in Europe, hoping she
may, in the projected cruise, by her extraordinary swiftness, be a
means of taking prisoners enough to redeem the rest of our countrymen,
now in the English gaols. With this view, as well as to oblige the
Minister, I ordered her to join Captain Jones at L'Orient, and obey
his orders, where she is now accordingly. There have been great
misunderstandings between the officers of that ship and their Captain,
and great discontents among the men for want of clothes and money. I
have been obliged to make great advances to appease those discontents,
and I now hope the authority and prudence of Captain Jones will be
able to remove, or at least to prevent, the ill effects of those
misunderstandings. The conspirators are detained in prison, and will
remain there subject to such directions as Congress may think fit to
give concerning them. The courts here would not, because they properly
could not, undertake to try them; and we had not Captains enough to
make a Court martial for the purpose. The sending them to America,
with evidence to convict them, will be a great trouble and expense,
and perhaps their offence cannot be so clearly made out as to justify
a punishment sufficient to deter by its exemplary severity. Possibly,
the best use that can be made of them, is to give them in exchange for
as many Americans in the cartel now operating here. The perfidious
conduct of the English and Scotch sailors in our service, a good deal
discourages the idea of taking them out of those prisons in order to
employ them.

This cartel is at length brought about by the indefatigable endeavors
of an old friend of mine, and a long declared one to America, Mr
Hartley, member of Parliament for Hull. The ship employed has already
brought us one cargo from the prison at Plymouth. The number was
intended for a hundred, but proved ninetyseven, and she is returned
with as many in exchange, to bring us a second number from the prison
at Portsmouth. This is to continue till all are exchanged. The
Americans are chiefly engaged with Captains Jones and Landais. This
exchange is the more remarkable, as our people were all committed as
for high treason.

Agreeable to the seventh instruction, I have earnestly recommended the
reduction of Halifax and Quebec. The Marquis de Lafayette joined me
warmly in the application for this purpose, and I hope we shall in due
time see some good effects from it. I have also in various ways, and
through different channels, laid before the Ministry the distressed
state of our finances in America. There seems a great willingness in
all of them to help us, except in the Controller, Monsieur Necker, who
is said not to be well disposed towards us, and is supposed to
embarrass every measure proposed to relieve us by grants of money. It
is certain, that under the resolution, perhaps too hastily declared,
of the King's imposing no new taxes on his subjects for this year, the
Court has great difficulties in defraying present expense, the vast
exertions to put the navy in a condition to equal that of England
having cost immense sums.

There is also a prevailing opinion, that the most effectual service to
us is to be expected from rendering their marine superior to that of
England. The King has, however, to encourage our loan in Holland,
been so good as to engage under his hand, to be security for our
payment of the interest of three millions of livres, but that loan has
not yet amounted to more than about eighty thousand florins. Doctor
Price, whose assistance was requested by Congress, has declined that
service, as you will see by the copy of his letter enclosed. To me it
seems, that the measure recommended by the wisdom of Congress, for
diminishing the quantity of paper by taxes of large nominal sums, must
have very salutary effects.

As to your finances here, it is fit that you should know the state of
them. When the Commissioners of Congress made the proposition of
paying the interest at Paris of the money borrowed in America, they
understood the loan to be of five millions of dollars. They obtained
from government sums more than sufficient for the interest of such a
sum. That sum has been increased, and if they could otherwise have
provided for it, they have been from time to time drained by a number
of unforeseen expenses, of which the Congress had no knowledge, and of
others, occasioned by their orders and drafts; and the cargoes sent to
the Commissioners by the Committee have some of them been
treacherously run away with by the seamen, or taken by the enemy, or,
when arrived, have been hitherto applied toward the payment of debts,
the tobaccos to the Farmers-General according to contract, and the
rice and indigo to Messrs Hortalez & Co. from whom, by the way, we
have not yet been able to procure any account.

I have lately employed an accountant, the son of our banker, to form
complete books of our accounts, to be sent to Congress. They are not
yet ready. When they are, I shall send them by the first safe
opportunity. In the meantime, I may just mention some particulars of
our disbursements. Great quantities of clothing, arms, ammunition, and
naval stores, sent from time to time; payment of bills from Mr
Bingham, one hundred thousand livres; Congress bills in favor of
Haywood & Co. above two hundred thousand; advanced to Mr Ross, about
twenty thousand pounds sterling; paid Congress drafts in favor of
returned officers, ninetythree thousand and eighty livres; to our
prisoners in England, and after their escape to help them home, and to
other Americans here in distress, a great sum; I cannot at present say
how much; supplies to Mr Hodge for fitting out Captain Cunningham,
very considerable; for the freight of ships to carry over the
supplies, great sums; to Mr William Lee, and Mr Izard, five thousand
five hundred pounds sterling; and for fitting the frigates Raleigh,
Alfred, Boston, Providence, Alliance, Ranger, &c. I imagine not less
than sixty or seventy thousand livres each, taken one with another;
and for the maintenance of the English prisoners, I believe, when I
get in all the accounts, I shall find one hundred thousand livres not
sufficient, having already paid above sixtyfive thousand on that
article. And now the drafts of the Treasurer of the loans, coming very
fast upon me, the anxiety I have suffered, and the distress of mind
lest I should not be able to pay them, has for a long time been very
great indeed.

To apply again to this Court for money for a particular purpose, which
they had already over and over again provided for and furnished us,
was extremely awkward; I therefore repeated the _general_
applications, which we had made when together, for aids of money, and
received the general answers, that the expense of government for the
navy was so great, that at present it was exceedingly difficult to
furnish the necessary supplies. That France, by sending a fleet to
America, obliged the enemy to divide their forces, and left them so
weak on the continent, as to aid us by lessening our expense, if it
could not by giving us money, &c. &c. and I was asked if we did not
receive money from Spain? I know indeed of some money received from
thence, and I have heard of more, but know not how much, Mr Arthur
Lee, as Minister for Spain, having taken to himself all the management
of that affair, and will account to Congress. I only understand, that
there is none of it left to assist in paying Congress bills. I at
length obtained, as abovementioned, the King's _bon_ for payment of
the interest of three millions, if I could borrow it in Holland, or
elsewhere, but though two eminent houses in Amsterdam have undertaken
it, and had hopes of success, they have both lately written to me,
that the great demands of money for Germany and for England had raised
interest above our limits, and that the successes of the English in
Georgia and St Lucia, and in destroying the French trade, with the
supposed divisions in Congress, all much magnified by the British
Minister, and the pressing application to borrow by several of our
States separately, had made the monied people doubtful of our
stability, as well as our ability to repay what might be lent us, and
that it was necessary to wait a more favorable moment for proceeding
with our loan.

In this situation, I have been applied to by Mr William Lee, and
lately through our banker, by Mr Izard, for more money for their
expenses, and I am told there is much anger against me for declining
to furnish them, and that I am charged with _disobeying an order of
Congress_,[14] and with cruelly attempting to distress gentlemen, who
are in the service of their country. They have indeed produced to me a
resolve of Congress, _empowering them to draw_ on the Commissioners in
France for their expenses at foreign Courts; and doubtless Congress,
when that resolve was made, intended to enable us to pay those drafts;
but as that has not been done, and the gentlemen (except Mr Lee for a
few weeks) have not incurred any expense at foreign Courts, and if
they had, the five thousand five hundred guineas, received by them in
about nine months, seemed an ample provision for it, and as both of
them might command money from England, I do not conceive that I
_disobeyed an order_ of Congress, and that if I did, the circumstances
will excuse it; and I could have no intention to distress them,
because I must know it is out of my power, as their private fortunes
and credit will enable them at all times to pay their own expenses.

  [14] See Mr Izard's Correspondence, Vol. II. p. 446.

In short, the dreadful consequence of ruin to our public credit, both
in America and Europe, that must attend protesting a single Congress
draft for interest after our funds were out, would have weighed with
me against the payment of more money to those gentlemen, if the demand
had otherwise been well founded. I am, however, in the judgment of
Congress: and if I have done amiss, must submit dutifully to their
censure. Thanks to God, I have this last week got over the difficulty,
so far as relates to the bills, which will all be punctually paid; but
if the Navy Board sends more ships here to be fitted, or the Congress
continue to draw for the payment of other debts, the ships will be
disappointed, and I shall probably be made a bankrupt, unless funds
are at the same time sent over to discharge such demands.

With regard to the fitting out of ships, receiving and disposing of
cargoes, and purchasing of supplies, I beg leave to mention, that
besides my being wholly unacquainted with such business, the distance
I am from the ports renders my having anything to do with it extremely
inconvenient. Commercial agents have indeed been appointed by Mr
William Lee, but they and the captains are continually writing for my
opinion or orders, or leave to do this or that, by which much time is
lost to them, and much of mine taken up to little purpose, from my
ignorance. I see clearly, however, that many of the captains are
exorbitant in their demands, and in some cases I think those demands
are too easily complied with by the agents, perhaps because the
commissions are in proportion to the expense. I wish, therefore, the
Congress would appoint the consuls they have a right to appoint by the
treaty, and put into their hands all that sort of employment. I have
in my desk, I suppose, not less than fifty applications from different
ports, praying the appointment, and offering to serve gratis for the
honor of it, and the advantage it gives in trade; but I imagine that
if consuls are appointed, they will be of our own people from America,
who, if they should make fortunes abroad, might return with them to
their country.

The commissions demanded by the agents seem to me in some cases very
high. For instance, Mr Schweighauser, in a late account, charges five
per cent on the simple delivery of the tobaccos to the officer of the
Farmers-General in the port, and by that means makes the commission
on the delivery of the two last cargoes amount to about six hundred
and thirty pounds sterling. As there was no sale in the case, he has,
in order to calculate the commission, valued the tobacco at ninety
livres the hundred weight, whereas it was, by our contract with the
Farmers, to be delivered at about forty livres. I got a friend, who
was going upon change, to inquire among the merchants what was the
custom in such cases of delivery. I send enclosed the result he has
given me of his inquiries. In consequence, I have refused to pay the
commission of five per cent on this article; and I know not why it
was, as is said, agreed with him at the time of his appointment, that
he should have five per cent on his transactions, if the custom is
only two per cent, as by my information.

I have mentioned above the applications of separate States to borrow
money in Europe, on which I beg leave to remark, that when the General
Congress are endeavoring to obtain a loan, these separate attempts
interfere, and are extremely inconvenient, especially where some of
the agents are empowered to offer a higher interest, and some have
powers in that respect unlimited. We have likewise lately had
applications from three several States to this Court, to be furnished
with great quantities of arms, ammunition, and clothing, or with money
upon credit to buy them; and from one State to be supplied with naval
stores and ships of war. These agents, finding that they had not
interest to obtain such grants, have severally applied to me, and seem
to think it my duty, as Minister for the United States, to support and
enforce their particular demands. I have endeavored to do so, but I
find the Ministers do not like these separate applications, and seem
to think that they should properly come only through Congress, to whom
the several States in such cases ought first to make known their
wants, and then the Congress could instruct their Minister
accordingly. This would save the King's Ministers a good deal of
trouble, and the several States the expense of these particular
agents; concerning whom I would add a little remark, that we have in
America, too readily, in various instances, given faith to the
pretensions of strangers from Europe, and who offer their services as
persons who have powerful friends, and great interest in their own
country, and by that means obtain contracts, orders, or commissions,
to procure what we want, and who, when they come here, are totally
unknown, and have no other credit but what such commissions give them,
or if known, the commissions do not add so much to their credit as
they diminish that of their employers.

I have received two letters from a Frenchman, settled in one of the
ports of Barbary, offering himself to act as our Minister with the
Emperor, with whom he pretended to be intimate, and acquainting me
that his Imperial Majesty wondered we had never sent to thank him for
being the first power on this side of the Atlantic that had
acknowledged our independence, and opened his ports to us; advising
that we should send the Emperor a present. On inquiry at the office in
whose department Africa is included, I learnt the character of this
man to be such, that it was not safe to have any correspondence with
him, and therefore I did not answer his letters. I suppose Congress
has received the memorial we presented to this Court respecting the
Barbary States, and requesting the King's good offices with them,
agreeable to the treaty; and also the answer, expressing the King's
readiness to perform those good offices whenever the Congress should
send us instructions, and make provision for the necessary
presents;[15] or if those papers have not yet got to hand, they will
be found among the copies carried over by Mr Adams, and therefore I
only mention them by way of remembrance. Whenever a treaty with the
Emperor is intended, I suppose some of our naval stores will be an
acceptable present, and the expectation of continued supplies of such
stores, a powerful motive for entering into and continuing a
friendship.

  [15] Correspondence of the Commissioners at the Court of France. Vol.
  I. pp. 431, 453, 462.

I should send you copies of several other memorials and public papers;
but as Mr Adams goes in the same ship, and has the whole of our
transactions during his time, it is not so necessary by this vessel.
The disposition of this nation in general continues friendly towards
us and our cause, and I do not see the least diminution of it, except
among the West India merchants and planters, whose losses have
rendered them a little discontented. Spain has been long acting as a
mediator, but arming all the time most vigorously. Her naval force is
now very great indeed, and as her last proposition of a long truce, in
which America should be included and treated as independent in fact,
though not expressly acknowledged as such, has been lately rejected by
England, it is now thought, that her open junction with France in the
war is not far distant.

The Commissioners here have a power in general terms to treat of
peace, friendship, and commerce with European States, but I apprehend
this is scarce explicit enough to authorise me to treat of such a
truce, if the proposition should again come upon the _tapis_. I
therefore wish the Congress to consider of it, and give such powers as
may be necessary to whom they may think proper, that, if a favorable
opportunity of making an advantageous treaty should offer, it may not
be missed.

Admiral Arbuthnot, who was going to America with a large convoy and
some troops, has been detained by a little attempt upon Jersey; and
contrary winds, since that affair was over, have detained him further,
till within these few days.

Since I began writing this letter, I have received a packet from the
Committee, by way of Eustatia and Holland, sent by Mr Lovell,
containing his letters of December the 8th, January the 29th, and
February the 8th, with one from the President, dated January the 3d.
Several papers are mentioned as sent with them, and by other
opportunities, but none are come to hand, except the resolution to
postpone the attempt on Canada, and these are the first despatches
received here since the date of those sent by the Marquis de
Lafayette. I have just received a letter from Mr Bingham, acquainting
me, that the ship Deane, and the General Gates, are just arrived at
Martinique, and apply to him to be careened, refitted, and procure a
fresh supply of provisions; and that though he has no orders, he must
draw upon me for the expense. I think it right to acquaint you thus
early, that I shall be obliged to protest his bills.

I have just obtained from his Majesty orders to the government of
Guadaloupe, to make reasonable reparation to Captain Giddens of
Newbury for the loss of his vessel, sunk in mistake by a battery of
that island. Great preparations are making here, with much activity
in all the sea ports, taking up transports, and building small vessels
proper for the landing of troops, &c. so that many think an invasion
of England or Ireland is intended. The intention, whatever it is, may
change, but the opinion of such an intention, which seems to prevail
in England, may tend to keep their troops and ships at home.

General and Lord Howe, Generals Cornwallis and Grey, Colonel
Montresor, and Captain Hammond, and others, have formally given it as
their opinion in Parliament, that the conquest of America is
impracticable. This week, as we hear, John Maxwell, Joseph Galloway,
Andrew Allen, John Patterson, Theophilus Morris, Enoch Story, and
Jabez Fisher are to be examined to prove the contrary. One would think
the first set were likely to be the best judges.

Be pleased to present my dutiful respects to the Congress, and assure
them of my most faithful services.

  I have the honor to be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO JAMES LOVELL.

  Passy, June 2d, 1779.

  Sir,

I received a few days since, via Eustatia and Holland, the triplicates
of your several favors, of December the 8th, January the 29th, and
February the 8th. The preceding copies of the same dates never came to
hand. I thank you very much for the newspapers, though the disputes I
see in them give me pain. You observe rightly, that the want of good
conveyances obstructs much the punctuality of your correspondence. The
number of long letters I have written to America has almost
discouraged me from writing, except by such an opportunity as this.
You may judge of the uncertainty of letters getting to hand, when I
tell you, that though you mention the having sent me quadruplicates of
my credentials, only those by the Marquis de Lafayette have yet
appeared.

I am glad to understand, that you are taking measures to restore the
value of your money, by taxing largely to reduce the quantity. I
believe no financier in the world can put you upon a more effectual
method. The English have had a little flow of spirits lately, from
their success against the trade of France, and the news of the
imagined conquest of Georgia, but the growing apprehension of a war
with Spain, also, begins to sober them, and, like people who have been
drunk with drams, they now seem to have both the head and heart ache.
The late letters from thence are in a more humble style, and some
printed papers by the last post, known to be ministerial, appear
intended to prepare the minds of the people for propositions of peace.
But these ebbs and flows are common with them, and the duration of
neither is to be relied on.

As I do not find, by any of yours, that a long letter of mine to you
in July last, has come to hand, I send you herewith a copy of it,
(though now a little stale,) as it serves to show my continued good
opinion of a gentleman, who, by the papers you have sent me, seems to
be hardly used. I have never meddled with the dispute between him and
Mr Lee, but the suspicion of having a good will to him has drawn upon
me a great deal of ill will from his antagonist. The Congress have
wisely enjoined the ministers in Europe to agree with one another. I
had always resolved to have no quarrel, and have, therefore, made it a
constant rule to answer no angry, affronting, or abusive letters, of
which I have received many, and long ones, from Mr Lee and Mr Izard,
who, I understand, and see indeed by the papers, have been writing
liberally, or rather illiberally, against me, to prevent, as one of
them says here, any impressions my writings against them might
occasion to their prejudice, but I have never before mentioned them in
any of my letters.

Our scheme here for packet boats did not continue.[16] I wish Congress
could fall on some method of sending some little light vessels once a
month, to keep up a correspondence more regular. Even the receiving of
letters of a certain date, though otherwise of no importance, might
serve to refute the false news of our adversaries on both sides of the
water, which have sometimes too long their intended effect before the
truth arrives. I see that frequently little pilot boats, of twentyfive
or thirty tons burthen, arrive safe from Virginia; the expense of such
would not be great.

I beg leave to recommend earnestly to your civilities M. le Chevalier
de la Luzerne, who goes over to succeed M. Gerard, as the King's
Minister to the Congress. He bears here a most amiable character, has
great connexions, and is a hearty friend to the American cause.

With great esteem, I am, Sir, your most obedient and most humble
servant,

  B. FRANKLIN.

  [16] This scheme may be found in the Correspondence of the
  Commissioners, Vol. I. p. 284.

       *       *       *       *       *

JAMES LOVELL TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, June 13th, 1779.

  Sir,

By way of Martinique I forward to you gazettes, journals, and one or
two pamphlets. The situation of things in Congress has been such for
some time past, that the Committee of Foreign Affairs have been drawn
on to look daily for some interesting decisions to communicate to you,
which must account for their silence many weeks. I am once again left
alone, and therefore in too delicate circumstances to give you any
detail of matters agitated, but not concluded, respecting your
commission. I enclose a late resolve,[17] to which I beg your
attention, and I entreat that you will believe me to be, with much
respect, Sir, your most obedient servant,

  JAMES LOVELL,

  _For the Committee of Foreign Affairs_.

  [17] _In Congress, June 5th, 1779._--"_Resolved_, that the Committee
  for Foreign Affairs be directed to write immediately to the
  Commissioners at the Court of France, and desire them to transmit an
  account of their proceedings in Mr Beaumarchais's accounts, pursuant
  to the order of Congress of the 13th day of April, 1778."

       *       *       *       *       *

JAMES LOVELL TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, July 9th, 1779.

  Sir,

I send by this opportunity journals and gazettes, with some letters,
which were to have gone by way of Martinique some time ago, with
others that I hope will reach you by that channel. I add a complete
set of Journals, as far as they are printed, viz. 1st volume, 2d
volume, and from January 9th to June 12th this year, with two spare
pamphlets of Nos. 2, 3, 11, 12, to make those already sent complete.
Perhaps I may have the honor of writing again before the vessel sails
out, though she is now falling down the river.

  Your most obedient humble servant,

  JAMES LOVELL,

  _For the Committee of Foreign Affairs_.

       *       *       *       *       *

JAMES LOVELL TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, July 16th, 1779.

  Sir,

We find by the Minister of France, that your appointment has given
high satisfaction to his Court, and we are encouraged to expect proofs
of its most confidential reliance upon your character. We have not had
a line from you of this year's date; indeed, I believe your latest is
November the 7th, 1778. Two days ago we received several letters from
Doctor Lee and one from Mr Izard; the latter of March 4th, the former
up to April 6th. The vessel was from Rochelle about the middle of May.

It was unfortunate that we did not get the information of Mr Lee
earlier, respecting the designs of the enemy against Connecticut. They
had accomplished a part of them a few days before. Will no one under a
commission from these United States retaliate on the coast of England,
for the burning of our beautiful Fairfield. A single privateer might,
I think, show there a striking sample of the species of war carried on
by Britain against America. We are told this evening, that General
Lincoln has had an advantage over Prevost, in an open field fight, in
which the militia behaved to admiration, on the 20th of June.

We forward two letters for "our great, faithful, beloved friend and
ally, Louis Sixteenth, King of France and Navarre." We submit,
however, the superscription to your judgment.

You will manage the invoices by your best abilities. The probability
of success was held out to us by one, who doubtless makes known by
this opportunity how much our present circumstances render such aids
essential to us. A report of the treasury, respecting the just stipend
of our late and present Ministers at foreign Courts, is not quite
determined upon. A decision is peculiarly necessary as to Mr Lee and
Mr Izard, after the proceedings here of June 8th. I put up for you a
set of the Journals, which have been printed this year, adding some
spare numbers to complete what have been sent in part of No. 15.

Presuming from report, and a passage of a letter from Doctor Lee, that
Mr Adams is on his return hither, we do not write to him more. Should
he remain in France, we beg he may be made acquainted with the cause
of our omission. Good as this opportunity is, we expect a much better
one shortly, when we shall renew assurances of being, &c.

  JAMES LOVELL,

  _For The Committee of Foreign Affairs_.

_P. S._ The letters and papers respecting M. de Francy's agency, were
only this day delivered to us from the Secretary's office; but M. de
Francy had sextuples before.

       *       *       *       *       *

INSTRUCTIONS FROM CONGRESS TO B. FRANKLIN.

  In Congress, August 14th, 1779.

  Sir,

Having determined, in order to put a period to the present war,
conformably to the humane dispositions, which sway the allied powers,
that we would not insist on a direct acknowledgment by Great Britain
of our right in the fisheries, this important matter is liable to an
incertitude, which may be dangerous to the political and commercial
interests of the United States; we have therefore agreed and resolved,
that our right should in no case be given up; that we would not form
any treaty of commerce with Great Britain, nor carry on any trade or
commerce whatsoever with her, unless she shall make an express
stipulation on that subject; and that if she shall, after a treaty of
peace, disturb the inhabitants of these States in the exercise of it,
we will make it a common cause to obtain redress for the parties
injured.

But notwithstanding the precautions, as Great Britain may again light
up the flames of war, and use our exercise of the fisheries as her
pretext; and since some doubts may arise, whether this object is so
effectually guarded by the treaty of alliance with His Most Christian
Majesty, that any molestation therein on the part of Great Britain is
to be considered as a _casus federis_, you are to endeavor to obtain
of his Majesty an explanation on that subject upon the principle, that
notwithstanding the high confidence reposed in his wisdom and justice,
yet considering the uncertainty of human affairs, and how doubts may
be afterwards raised in the breasts of his royal successors, the great
importance of the fisheries renders the citizens of these States very
solicitous to obtain his Majesty's sense with relation to them, as the
best security against the ambition and rapacity of the British Court.
For this purpose, you will propose the following article, in which
nevertheless such alterations may be made, as the circumstances and
situation of affairs shall render convenient and proper. Should the
same be agreed to and executed, you are immediately to transmit a copy
thereof to our Minister at the Court of Spain.

Whereas by the treaty of alliance between the Most Christian King and
the United States of North America, the two parties guaranty mutually
from that time, and for ever, against all other powers, to wit; the
United States to His Most Christian Majesty, the possessions then
appertaining to the crown of France in America, as well as those which
it may acquire by the future treaty of peace; and His Most Christian
Majesty guaranties, on his part, to the United States, their liberty,
sovereignty, and independence, absolute and unlimited, as well in
matters of government as commerce, and also their possessions, and the
additions or conquests, that their confederation might obtain during
the war, according to the said treaty; and the said parties did
further agree and declare, that in case of a rupture between France
and England, the said reciprocal guarantee should have its full force
and effect, the moment such war should break out; and whereas doubts
may hereafter arise how far the said guarantee extends to this case,
to wit; that Great Britain should molest or disturb the subjects and
inhabitants of France, or of the said States, in taking fish on the
banks of Newfoundland, and other the fishing banks and seas of North
America, formerly and usually frequented by the subjects and
inhabitants respectively; and whereas the said king and the United
States have thought proper to determine with precision the true intent
and meaning of the said guarantee in this respect;

Now, therefore, as a further demonstration of their mutual good will
and affection, it is hereby agreed, concluded, and determined as
follows, to wit; that if, after the conclusion of the treaty or
treaties, which shall terminate the present war, Great Britain shall
molest or disturb the subjects or inhabitants of the said United
States in taking fish on the banks, seas, and places formerly used and
frequented by them, so as not to encroach on the territorial rights,
which may remain to her after the termination of the present war as
aforesaid; and war should thereupon break out between the said United
States and Great Britain, or if Great Britain shall molest or disturb
the subjects and inhabitants of France in taking fish on the banks,
seas, and places, formerly used and frequented by them, so as to
encroach on the territorial rights of Great Britain, as aforesaid, and
war should thereupon break out between France and Great Britain, in
either of those cases of war, as aforesaid, His Most Christian Majesty
and the said United States shall make it a common cause, and aid each
other mutually with their good offices, their counsels, and their
forces, according to the exigence of conjunctures, as becomes good and
faithful allies; provided always, that nothing herein contained shall
be taken or understood as contrary to, or inconsistent with the true
intent and meaning of the treaties already subsisting between His Most
Christian Majesty and the said States; but the same shall be taken and
understood as explanatory of, and conformable to those treaties.

  I have the honor to be, &c.

  JOHN JAY, _President_.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE.

  Passy, August 24th, 1779.

  Sir,

The Congress, sensible of your merit towards the United States, but
unable adequately to reward it, determined to present you with a
sword, as a small mark of their grateful acknowledgment. They directed
it to be ornamented with suitable devices. Some of the principal
actions of the war, in which you distinguished yourself by your
bravery and conduct, are therefore represented upon it. These, with a
few emblematic figures, all admirably well executed, make its
principal value. By the help of the exquisite artists France affords,
I find it easy to express everything but the sense we have of your
worth, and our obligations to you. For this, figures, and even words,
are found insufficient. I therefore only add, that, with the most
perfect esteem,

  I have the honor to be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

_P. S._ My grandson goes to Havre with the sword, and will have the
honor of presenting it to you.

       *       *       *       *       *

THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Havre, August 29th, 1779.

  Sir,

Whatever expectations might have been raised from the sense of past
favors, the goodness of the United States for me has ever been such,
that on every occasion it far surpasses any idea I could have
conceived. A new proof of that flattering truth, I find in the noble
present which Congress has been pleased to honor me with, and which is
offered in such a manner by your Excellency, as will exceed anything
but the feelings of my unbounded gratitude.

In some of the devices I cannot help finding too honorable a reward
for those slight services, which in concert with my fellow soldiers,
and under the godlike American hero's orders, I had the good luck to
render. The sight of these actions, where I was a witness of American
bravery and patriotic spirit, I shall ever enjoy with that pleasure,
which becomes a heart glowing with love for the nation, and the most
ardent zeal for their glory and happiness. Assurances of gratitude,
which I beg leave to present to your Excellency, are much too
inadequate to my feelings, and nothing but those sentiments may
properly acknowledge your kindness towards me. The polite manner in
which Mr Franklin was pleased to deliver that inestimable sword, lays
me under great obligations to him, and demands my particular thanks.

With the most perfect respect, I have the honor to be, &c.

  LAFAYETTE.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO JAMES LOVELL.

  Passy, September 30th, 1779.

  Sir,

I have within these few days received a number of despatches from you,
which have arrived by the Mercury and other vessels. Hearing this
instant of an opportunity from Bordeaux, and that the courier sets out
from Versailles at five this evening, I embrace it just to let you
know, that I have delivered the letters from Congress to the King,
and have laid the invoices of supplies desired (with a translation)
before the Ministers, and though I have not yet received a positive
answer, I have good reason to believe I shall obtain most of them, if
not all. But as this demand will cost the Court a vast sum, and their
expenses in the war are prodigious, I beg I may not be put under the
necessity, by occasional drafts on me, of asking for more money than
is required to pay our bills for interest. I must protest those I have
advice of from Martinique and New Orleans, (even if they were drawn by
permission of Congress) for want of money; and I wish the Committee of
Commerce would caution their correspondents not to embarrass me with
their bills.

I put into my pocket nothing of the allowance Congress has been
pleased to make me. I shall pay it all in honoring their drafts and
supporting their credit, but do not let me be burthened with
supporting the credit of every one, who has claims on the Board of
Commerce or the navy. I shall write fully by the Mercury.

I send you some of the latest newspapers, and have the honor to be,
&c. &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO MR. BRIDGEN.

  Passy, October 2d, 1779.

  Dear Sir,

I received your favor of the 17th past, and the two samples of copper
are since come to hand. The metal seems to be very good, and the price
reasonable, but I have not yet received the orders necessary to
justify my making the purchase proposed. There has, indeed, been an
intention to strike copper coin, that may not only be useful as small
change, but serve other purposes. Instead of repeating continually
upon every half penny, the dull story, that every body knows, and what
it would have been no loss to mankind if nobody had ever known, that
George the Third is King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, &c.
&c. to put on one side some important proverb of Solomon, some pious
moral, some prudential or economical precept, the frequent inculcation
of which, by seeing it every time one receives a piece of money, might
make an impression upon the mind, especially of young persons, and
tend to regulate their conduct; such as on some, _The fear of the Lord
is the beginning of wisdom_; on others, _Honesty is the best policy_;
on others, _He that by the plough would thrive, himself must either
lead or drive_; on others, _Keep thy shop, and thy shop will keep
thee_; on others, _A penny saved is a penny got_; on others, _He that
buys what he has no need of, will soon be forced to sell his
necessaries_; on others, _Early to bed and early to rise, will make a
man healthy, wealthy, and wise_; and so on, to a great variety.

The other side it was proposed to fill with good designs, drawn and
engraved by the best artists in France, of all the different species
of barbarity with which the English have carried on the war in
America, expressing every abominable circumstance of their cruelty and
inhumanity that figures can express, to make an impression on the
minds of posterity, as strong and durable as that on the copper. This
resolution has been a long time forborne, but the late burning of
defenceless towns in Connecticut, on the flimsy pretence that the
people fired from behind their houses, when it is known to have been
premeditated, and ordered from England, will, probably, give the
finishing provocation, and may occasion a vast demand for your metal.
I thank you for your kind wishes respecting my health. I return them
most cordially fourfold into your own bosom.

  Adieu,

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO JOHN JAY, PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

  Passy, October 4, 1779.

  Sir,

I received the letter your Excellency did me the honor to write to me
of the ---- of June last, enclosing acts of Congress, respecting bills
of exchange for two millions four hundred thousand livres tournois,
drawn on me in favor of M. de Beaumarchais. The bills have not yet
appeared, but I shall accept them when they do, relying on the care of
Congress to enable me to pay them. As to the accounts of that
gentleman, neither the Commissioners, when we were all together, nor
myself since, have ever been able to obtain a sight of them, though
repeatedly promised, and I begin to give over all expectation of them.
Indeed if I had them, I should not be able to do much with them, or to
controvert anything I might doubt in them, being unacquainted with the
transactions and agreements on which they must be founded, and having
small skill in accounts. Mr Ross and Mr Williams, pressing me to
examine and settle theirs, I have been obliged to request indifferent
persons, expert in such business, to do it for me, subject to the
revision of Congress; and I could wish that my time and attention were
not taken up by any concerns in mercantile affairs, and thereby
diverted from others more important.

The letters of Congress to the King were very graciously received. I
have earnestly pressed the supplies desired, and the Ministers (who
are extremely well disposed towards us) are now actually studying the
means of furnishing them. The assistance of Spain is hoped for. We
expect to hear from thence in a few days. The quantity is great, and
will cost a vast sum. I have this day accepted three of your drafts,
part of the three hundred and sixty thousand livres, drawn for on the
9th of June, but when I ask for money to pay them, I must mention,
that as they were drawn to purchase military stores, an abatement
equal to the value may be made of the quantity demanded from hence,
for I am really ashamed to be always worrying the Ministers for more
money. And as to the private loans expected, I wrote in a former
letter, that our public credit was not yet sufficiently established,
and that the loan in Holland had not exceeded eighty thousand florins,
to which there has since been no addition. A Mr Neufville came from
thence to me last spring, proposing to procure great sums, if he might
be employed for that purpose, and the business taken away from the
house that had commenced it. His terms at first were very extravagant,
such as that all the estates real and personal in the Thirteen
Provinces should be mortgaged to him; that a fifth part of the capital
sum borrowed should every year, for five years, be laid out in
commodities, and sent to Holland, consigned to him, to remain in his
hands till the term (ten years) stipulated for final payment was
completed, as a security for the punctuality of it, when he was to
draw the usual commissions; that all vessels or merchandise coming
from America to Europe should be consigned to him or his
correspondents, &c. &c. As I rejected these with some indignation, he
came down to the more reasonable one of doing the business as it was
done by the other house, who, he said, could do no more, being
destitute of the interest which he possessed.

I did not care abruptly to change a house, that had in other respects
been very friendly and serviceable to us, and thereby throw a slur
upon their credit, without a certainty of mending our affairs by it,
and therefore told Mr Neufville, that if he could procure and show me
a list of subscribers, amounting to the sum he mentioned, or near it,
I would comply with his proposition. This he readily and confidently
undertook to do. But after three months, during which he acquainted me
from time to time, that the favorable moment was not yet come, I
received, instead of the subscription, a new set of propositions,
among the terms of which were an additional _one per cent_, and a
patent from Congress, appointing him and his sons "_Commissioners for
Trade and Navigation, and Treasurers of the General Congress and of
every private State of the Thirteen United States of North America,
through the Seven United Provinces_," with other extravagancies, which
I mention, that it may be understood why I have dropped a
correspondence on this subject with a man, who seemed to me a vain
promiser, extremely self-interested, and aiming chiefly to make an
appearance without solidity, and who I understand intends applying
directly to Congress, some of his friends censuring me as neglecting
the public interest in not coming into his measures.

The truth is, I have no expectations from Holland, while interest
received there from other nations is so high, and our credit there so
low; while particular American States offer higher interest than the
Congress, and even our offering to raise our interest tends to sink
our credit. My sole dependence now is upon this Court; I think
reasonable assistance may be obtained here, but I wish I may not be
obliged to fatigue it too much with my applications, lest it should
grow tired of the connexion.

Mr Ross has lately demanded of me near twenty thousand pounds
sterling, due to him from the Committee of Commerce, but I have been
obliged to refuse him, as well as an application made last week by Mr
Izard for more money, though he has already had 2500 guineas, and
another from Mr Arthur Lee, though he has had five hundred guineas
since the news of his being out of this Commission.[18] He writes me,
that he will return to America forthwith, if I do not undertake to
supply his expenses. As I see no likelihood of his being received at
Madrid, I could not but approve his resolution.

  [18] Ralph Izard's Correspondence, Vol. II. p. 446; and Arthur Lee's
  Correspondence, p. 262, 268, 272.

We had reason to expect some great events, from the action of the
fleets this summer in the Channel, but they are all now in port,
without having effected anything. The junction was late, and the
length of time the Brest fleet was at sea, equal to an East India
voyage, partly on the hot Spanish coast, occasioned a sickness among
the people, that made their return necessary; they had chased the
English fleet, which refused combat. The sick men are recovering fast
since they were landed; and the proposed descent on England does not
yet seem to be quite given up, as the troops are not withdrawn from
the ports.

Holland has not yet granted the succors required by the English, nor
even given an answer to the requisition presented by Sir Joseph Yorke.
The aids will be refused; and as the refusal must be disagreeable, it
will be postponed from time to time. The expectations of assistance
from Russia and Prussia seem also to have failed the English, and they
are as much at a loss to find effective friends in Europe, as they
have been in America.

Portugal seems to have a better disposition towards us than
heretofore. About thirty of our people, taken and set ashore on one of
her islands by the English, were maintained comfortably by the
Governor, during their stay there, furnished with every necessary and
sent to Lisbon, where, on inquiry to whom payment was to be made for
the expense they had occasioned, they were told, that no reimbursement
was expected, that it was the Queen's bounty, who had a pleasure in
showing hospitality to strangers in distress. I have presented thanks,
by the Portuguese Ambassador here in behalf of Congress, and I am
given to understand, that probably in a little time the ports of that
nation will be open to us, as well as those of Spain. What relates to
Spain, I suppose Mr Lee informs you of.

The sword ordered by Congress for the Marquis de Lafayette being at
length finished, I sent it down to him at Havre, where he was with the
troops intended for the invasion. I wrote a letter with it, and
received an answer, copies of which I enclose, together with a
description of the sword, and drawings of the work upon it, which was
executed by the best artists in Paris, and cost altogether two hundred
guineas. The present has given him great pleasure, and some of the
circumstances have been agreeable to the nation.

Our cartel goes on, a second cargo of American prisoners, one hundred
and nineteen in number, being arrived and exchanged. Our privateers
have dismissed a great number at sea, taking their written paroles to
be given up in exchange for so many of our people in their gaols. This
is not yet quite agreed to on the other side, but some expectations
are given me that it may take place. Certainly, humanity would find
its account in the practice of exchanging on parole, as all the
horrors of imprisonment, with the loss of time and health, might be
prevented by it.

We continue to insult the coasts of these _lords of the ocean_ with
our little cruisers. A small cutter, which was fitted out as a
privateer at Dunkirk, called the Black Prince, has taken, ransomed,
burnt, and destroyed above thirty sail of their vessels within these
three months. The owners are about to give her a consort, called the
Black Princess, for whom they ask a commission. The prisoners brought
in serve to exchange our countrymen, which makes me more willing to
encourage such armaments, though they occasion a good deal of trouble.
Captain, now Commodore Jones, put to sea this summer with a little
squadron, consisting of a ship of forty guns, the Alliance, another
frigate of twenty, with some armed cutters; all under American colors,
with Congress commissions. He has sent in several prizes, has greatly
alarmed the coast of Ireland and Scotland, and we just now hear that
going north about, he fell in with a number of ships from the Baltic,
convoyed by a fifty gun ship and a twentyfour gun frigate, both of
which he took after an obstinate engagement, and forced several of the
others ashore. This news is believed, but we wait the confirmation and
the particulars.

The blank commissions remaining, of those sent to us here, are all
signed by Mr. Hancock, which occasions some difficulty. If Congress
approves of my continuing to issue commissions, I wish to have a fresh
supply, with the other necessary instructions, rules, bonds, &c. of
which none are now left.

M. le Comte de Mallebois, esteemed one of the best Generals in this
country, and who loves our cause, has given me a memorial, containing
a project for a corps here for your service, which I promised to lay
before Congress, and accordingly enclose a copy. I know nothing of the
sentiments of Congress on the subject of introducing foreign troops
among us, and therefore could give no expectation that the plan would
be adopted. It will, however, be a pleasure to him to know, that his
good will to serve them has been acceptable to the Congress.

A Major Borre, who has been in America, and some other officers who
have quitted our service in disgust, endeavor to give an idea, that
our nation does not love the French. I take all occasions to place in
view the regard shown by Congress to good French officers, as a proof
that the slight these gentlemen complain of is particular to
themselves, and probably the effect of their own misbehavior. I wish
for the future, when any of this sort of people leave our armies to
come home, some little sketch of their conduct or character may be
sent me, with the real causes of their resignation or departure, that
I may be the more able to justify our country.

Here are returned in the last cartel a number of French sailors, who
had engaged with Captain Cunningham. Were taken in coming home in one
of his prizes, and have been near two years in English prisons. They
demand their wages and share of prize money. I send their claim, as
taken before the officers of the classes at Dunkirk. I know nothing of
the agreement which they allege was made with them. Mr Hodge perhaps
can settle the affair, so that they may have justice done them. These
sort of things give me a great deal of trouble. Several of those men
have made personal applications to me, and I must hear all their
stories, though cannot redress them. I enclose also the claim of two
gunners, upon a prize made by the Boston, Captain Tucker. I am
persuaded that Congress wish to see justice done to the meanest
stranger that has served them. It is justice that establishes a
nation.

The Spanish Ambassador here delivered me several complaints against
our cruisers. I imagine that all the injuries complained of are not
justly chargeable to us, some of the smaller English cruisers having
pillaged Spanish vessels under American colors, of which we have proof
upon oath. And also, that no such American privateers, as are said to
have committed those robberies after coming out of Nantes, have ever
been known there, or in any other part of France, or even to have
existed. But if any of the complaints are well founded, I have assured
the Ambassador that the guilty will be punished, and reparation made.

The Swedish Ambassador also complains of the taking of a ship of his
nation by Captain Landais, the master of which lays his damages at
sixty thousand livres. I understand it was his own fault that he was
stopped, as he did not show his papers. Perhaps this, if proved, may
enable us to avoid the damages.

Since writing the above, I have received the following further
particulars of the action between Commodore Jones and the English men
of war. The fortyfour gun ship is new, having been but six months off
the stocks; she is called the Serapis; the other of twenty guns is the
Countess of Scarborough. He had before taken a number of valuable
prizes, particularly a rich ship bound to Quebec, which we suppose he
may have sent to America. The English, from mistaken intelligence,
imagining he had a body of troops with him to make descents, have had
all their northern coasts alarmed, and have been put to very expensive
movements of troops, &c.

The extravagant luxury of our country, in the midst of all its
distresses, is to me amazing. When the difficulties are so great to
find remittances to pay for the arms and ammunition necessary for our
defence, I am astonished and vexed to find upon inquiry, that much the
greatest part of the Congress interest bills come to pay for tea, and
a great part of the remainder is ordered to be laid out in gewgaws and
superfluities. It makes me grudge the trouble of examining, and
entering, and accepting them, which indeed takes a great deal of time.

I yesterday learnt from M. de Monthieu, that everything necessary for
equipping two frigates, of thirtysix guns each, such as sailcloth,
cordage, anchors, &c. &c. which we sent to the Congress from hence two
years since, remains stored in the warehouses of his correspondent, Mr
Carrabass, at Cape Francois, having never been called for. Probably by
the miscarriage of letters, the Navy Board never heard of those goods
being there. I shall, nevertheless, leave the application I have
lately made for materials for a frigate of thirtysix guns to take its
course. But I send you herewith copies of two invoices of the cargo
of the Therese, one of which is what was sent by us, the other by M.
de Beaumarchais, to the end that inquiry may be made after the whole.

On this occasion give me leave to remark, that of all the vast
quantities of goods we have sent you by many different vessels since
my being in France, we never were happy enough to receive the least
scrip of acknowledgment that they had ever come to hand, except from
Mr Langdon, of a cargo arrived at Portsmouth, and I think of one more.
This is doubtless owing to the interruption our correspondence has met
with, and not altogether to neglect. But as such advices of receipt
may be made in short letters, it would be well to send more copies.
The following is a matter of less importance. It is two years, I
believe, since I sent the monument of General Montgomery. I have heard
that the vessel arrived in North Carolina, but nothing more. I should
be glad to know of its coming to hand, and whether it is approved.
Here it was admired for the goodness and beauty of the marble, and the
elegant simplicity of the design. The sculptor has had an engraving
made of it, of which I enclose a copy. It was contrived to be affixed
to the wall within some church, or in the great room where the
Congress met. Directions for putting it up went with it. All the parts
were well packed in strong cases.

  With the greatest respect, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

_P. S. October 28th._ I kept the packet in hopes of sending a more
explicit account of what might be expected in regard to the supplies.
The express, which was daily expected from Spain, when I began this
letter, arrived but a few days since. I am now informed, that Court is
understood to be in treaty with the Congress in America, to furnish a
sum of hard money there, and on that account excuses itself from
sharing in the expense of furnishing these supplies. This has a little
deranged the measures intended to be taken here, and I am now told,
that the whole quantity of goods demanded can hardly be furnished, but
that as soon as the Count returns from Marly, the Ministers will
consult and do the best they can for us. The arms, I hear, are in hand
at Charleville. I am unwilling to keep the packet any longer, lest she
should arrive on our coasts too far in the winter, and be blown off. I
therefore send away the despatches; but if I have the result of the
Council in time to reach her by post, I will send it in a separate
letter. The hearty good will of the ministry may be depended on; but
it must be remembered, that their present expenses are enormous.

  B. F.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO JAMES LOVELL.

  Passy, October 17th, 1779.

  Sir,

The foregoing is a copy of my last. I have now before me your several
favors therein mentioned, viz. of June 13th, July 9th and 16th, and
August 6th. I received the Journals of Congress from January 1st to
June 12th, which you took care to send me; but the volumes 1 and 2,
which you mention, are not yet come to hand. I hear they are at
Madrid. I know not how they came there, nor well how to get them from
thence. Perhaps you can easier send me another set.

As I hear of the arrival of the Chevalier de la Luzerne, by whom I
wrote a long letter to your Committee, I presume you have received it,
and that it is not necessary to send more copies. By this opportunity
I write largely to the President. You ask, "will no one, under a
commission from the United States," &c. Enclosed I send you a copy of
the instructions I gave to Commodore Jones, when it was intended to
send with him some transports and troops to make descents in
England.[19] Had not the scheme been altered, by a general one of a
grand invasion, I know he would have endeavored to put some
considerable towns to a high ransom, or have burnt them. He sailed
without the troops, but he nevertheless would have attempted Leith,
and went into the Firth of Edinburgh with that intention, but a sudden
hard gale of wind forced him out again. The late provocations, by the
burning of Fairfield and other towns, added to the preceding, have at
length demolished all my moderation, and were such another expedition
to be concerted, I think so much of that disposition would not appear
in the instructions. But I see so many inconveniences in mixing the
two nations together, that I cannot encourage any further proposal of
the kind. This has ended better than I expected, and yet a mortal
difference has arisen between Captains Jones and Landais, that makes
me very uneasy about the consequences. I send you the journal of the
cruise.

  [19] See p. 77, of the present volume.

I am glad to understand, that Congress will appoint some person here
to audit our accounts. Mine will give but little trouble, and I wish
much to have them settled. And for the future, I hope I shall have
none to settle but what relate to my expenses.

The quarrel you mention, between Mr Deane and Mr Lee, I have never
meddled with, and have no intention to take any part in it whatever. I
had and have still a very good opinion of Mr Deane, for his zeal and
activity in the service of his country; I also thought him a man of
integrity. But if he has embezzled public money, or traded with it on
his private account, or employed it in stockjobbing, all which I
understand he is charged with, I give him up. As yet, I think him
innocent. But he and his accusers are able to plead their own causes,
and time will show what we ought to think of them.

I send you with this, a piece written by a learned friend of mine on
the taxation of free States, which I imagine may give you some
pleasure. Also a late royal edict, for abolishing the remains of
slavery in this kingdom. Who would have thought, a few years since,
that we should live to see a king of France giving freedom to slaves,
while a king of England is endeavoring to make slaves of freemen.

There is much talk all over Europe of an approaching peace by the
mediation of Russia and Holland. I have no information of it to be
depended on, and believe we ought to lay our account on another
campaign, for which I hope you will receive in time the supplies
demanded. Nothing is wanting on my part to forward them; and I have
the satisfaction to assure you, that I do not find the regard of this
Court for the Congress and its servants in any respect diminished. We
have just heard from Norway, that two of the most valuable prizes
taken by the Alliance, Captain Landais, in the squadron of Commodore
Jones, are safe arrived at Bergen, viz. the ship from London to
Quebec, laden with naval stores, and that from Liverpool to New York
and Jamaica. They were letters of marque, of twentytwo guns and
eightyfour men each; I wish we may get them safe to America. The
squadron itself is got into Holland, with the two prize men of war,
where they are all refitting. Great damage has been done to the
English coal trade, and four hundred prisoners have been taken, which
will more than redeem the rest of our people from their captivity in
England, if we can get them safe from Holland to France; but I suppose
the English will endeavor to intercept us, and recover their ships, if
possible.

With great esteem for yourself and the Committee, I have the honor to
be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO R. BERNSTORF, MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS IN DENMARK.

  Passy, December 22d, 1779.

  Sir,

I have received a letter from M. de Chezaulx, Consul of France at
Bergen in Norway, acquainting me that two ships, viz. the Betsey and
the Union, prizes taken from the English on their coasts by Captain
Landais, Commander of the Alliance frigate, appertaining to the United
States of North America, which prizes having met with bad weather at
sea, that had damaged their rigging, and had occasioned leaks, and
been weakly manned, had taken shelter in the supposed neutral port of
Bergen, in order to repair their damages, procure an additional number
of sailors, and the necessary refreshments; that they were in the said
port enjoying, as they conceived, the common rights of hospitality,
established and practised by civilized nations under the care of the
above said Consul, when, on the 28th of October last, the said ships,
with their cargoes and papers, were suddenly seized by officers of his
Majesty, the King of Denmark, to whom the said port belongs; the
American officers and seamen turned out of their possession, and the
whole delivered to the English Consul.

M. de Chezaulx has also sent me the following as a translation of his
Majesty's order, by which the above proceedings are said to be
authorised, viz. "The English Minister having insisted on the
restitution of two vessels, which had been taken by the American
privateer called the Alliance, commanded by Captain Landais, and which
were brought into Bergen, viz. the _Betsey_ of Liverpool, and the
_Union_ of London, his Majesty has granted this demand on this
account, because he has not as yet acknowledged the independence of
the Colonies associated against England, and because that these
vessels for this reason cannot be considered as good and lawful
prizes. Therefore, the said two ships shall be immediately liberated
and allowed to depart with their cargoes." By a subsequent letter from
the same Consul, I am informed, that a third prize belonging to the
United States, viz. the _Charming Polly_, which arrived at Bergen
after the others, has also been seized and delivered up in the same
manner; and that all the people of the three vessels, after being thus
stripped of their property, (for every one had an interest in the
prizes) were turned on shore to shift for themselves, without money,
in a strange place, no provision being made for their subsistence, or
for sending them back to their country.

Permit me, Sir, to observe on this occasion, that the United States of
America have no war but with the English; they have never done any
injury to other nations, particularly none to the Danish nation; on
the contrary, they are in some degree its benefactors, as they have
opened a trade of which the English made a monopoly, and of which the
Danes may now have their share, and by dividing the British Empire,
have made it less dangerous to its neighbors. They conceived, that
every nation whom they had not offended was by the rights of humanity
their friend; they confided in the hospitality of Denmark, and thought
themselves and their property safe when under the roof of his Danish
Majesty. But they find themselves stripped of that property, and the
same given up to their enemies, on this principle only, that no
acknowledgment had yet been formally made by Denmark of the
independence of the United States; which is to say, that there is no
obligation of justice towards any nation with whom a treaty, promising
the same, has not been previously made. This was indeed the doctrine
of ancient barbarians, a doctrine long since exploded, and which it
would not be for the honor of the present age to revive, and it is
hoped, that Denmark will not, by supporting and persisting in this
decision, obtained of his Majesty apparently by surprise, be the first
modern nation, that shall attempt to revive it.[20]

  [20] "The ancients," says Vattel, "did not conceive themselves bound
  under any obligation towards a people with whom they were not
  connected by a treaty of friendship. At length the voice of nature was
  heard by civilized nations; they acknowledged all mankind as
  brothers." An injustice of the same kind, done a century or two since
  by some English in the East Indies, Grotius tells us "was not without
  its partisans, who maintained, that by the ancient laws of England, no
  one was liable to punishment in that kingdom for outrages committed
  against foreigners, when no treaty of alliance had been contracted
  with them." But this principle he condemns in the strongest
terms--_History of the Troubles in the Netherlands, Book 16th_.

The United States oppressed by, and at war with one of the most
powerful nations of Europe, may well be supposed incapable in their
present infant state of exacting justice from other nations not
disposed to grant it; but it is in human nature, that injuries as well
as benefits received in times of weakness and distress, national as
well as personal, make deep and lasting impressions; and those
Ministers are wise, who look into futurity and quench the first sparks
of misunderstanding between two nations, which, neglected, may in time
grow into a flame, all the consequences whereof, no human prudence can
foresee, which may produce much mischief to both, and cannot possibly
produce any good to either. I beg leave, through your Excellency, to
submit these considerations to the wisdom and justice of his Danish
Majesty, who I infinitely respect, and who, I hope, will reconsider
and repeal the orders above recited, and that, if the prizes which I
hereby reclaim in behalf of the United States of America, are not
actually gone to England, they may be stopped and re-delivered to M.
de Chezaulx, the Consul of France at Bergen, in whose care they before
were, with liberty to depart for America when the season shall permit.
But if they should be already gone to England, I must then claim from
his Majesty's equity the value of the said prizes, which is estimated
at fifty thousand pounds sterling, but which may be regulated by the
best information that can by any means be obtained.

  With the greatest respect, I am, Sir, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO DAVID HARTLEY.

  Passy, February 2d, 1780.

  Dear Friend,

It is some time since I procured the discharge of your Captain
Stephenson. He did not call here in his way home. I hope he arrived
safely, and had a happy meeting with his friends and family.

I have long postponed answering your letter of the 29th of June. A
principal point in it, on which you seemed to desire my opinion, was,
the conduct you thought America ought to hold, in case her allies
should, from motives of ambition or resentment of former injuries,
desire her to continue the war, beyond what should be reasonable and
consistent with her particular interests. As often as I took up your
letter in order to answer it, this suggestion displeased me, and I
laid it down again. I saw no occasion for discussing such a question
at present, nor any good end it could serve to discuss it before the
case should happen; and I saw inconveniences in discussing it. I wish
therefore you had not mentioned it. For the rest, I am as much for
peace as ever I was, and as heartily desirous of seeing the war ended,
as I was to prevent its beginning; of which your Ministers know I gave
a strong proof before I left England, when, in order to an
accommodation, I offered at my own risk, without orders for so doing,
and without knowing whether I should be owned in doing it, to pay the
whole damage of destroying the tea at Boston, provided the acts made
against that Province were repealed. This offer was refused. I still
think it would have been wise to have accepted it. If the Congress
have therefore intrusted to others rather than to me, the
negotiations for peace, when such shall be set on foot, as has been
reported, it is perhaps because they may have heard of a very singular
opinion of mine, that there hardly ever existed such a thing as a bad
peace, or a good war, and that I might therefore easily be induced to
make improper concessions. But at the same time they and you may be
assured, that I should think the destruction of our whole country, and
the extirpation of our whole people, preferable to the infamy of
abandoning our allies.

As neither you nor I are at present authorised to treat of peace, it
seems to little purpose to make or consider propositions relating to
it. I have had so many such put into my hands, that I am tired of
them. I will however give your proposal of a ten years' truce this
answer, that, though I think a solid peace made at once a much better
thing, yet, if the truce is practicable and the peace not, I should be
for agreeing to it. At least I see at present no sufficient reasons
for refusing it, provided our allies approve of it. But this is merely
a private opinion of mine, which perhaps may be changed by reasons,
that at present do not offer themselves. This, however, I am clear in,
that withdrawing your troops will be best for you, if you wish a
cordial reconciliation, and that the truce should produce a peace. To
show that it was not done by compulsion, being required as a condition
of the truce, they might be withdrawn beforehand, for various good
reasons. But all this is idle chat, as I am persuaded, that there is
no disposition for peace on your side, and that this war will yet last
many years. I know nothing and believe nothing of any terms offered to
Sir Henry Clinton.

The prisoners taken in the Serapis and Countess of Scarborough being
all treated for in Holland, and exchanged there, I hope Mr Brown's
son is now safe at home with his father. It grieved me, that the
exchange there, which you may remember I immediately proposed, was so
long delayed. Much human misery might have been prevented by a prompt
compliance; and so might a great deal by the execution of parole
promises taken at sea; but since I see no regard is paid to them in
England, I must give orders to our armed ships that cruise in Europe
to secure their prisoners as well as they can, and lodge them in
French or Spanish prisons. I have written something on this affair to
Mr Hodgson, and sent to him the second passport for a cartel to
Morlaix, supposing you to be out of town. The number of prisoners we
now have in France is not easily ascertained. I suppose it exceeds one
hundred; yet you may be assured, that the number which may be brought
over by the two cartels shall be fully exchanged, by adding to those
taken by us as many as will make up the compliment out of those taken
by the French, with whom we have an account since the exchange in
Holland of those we carried in there. I wish therefore you would, as
was proposed, clear your prisons of the Americans, who have been so
long confined there. The cartels, that may arrive at Morlaix, will not
be detained.

You may have heard, that accounts upon oath have been taken in
America, by order of Congress, of the British barbarities committed
there. It is expected of me to make a school book of them, and to have
thirtyfive prints designed here by good artists, and engraved, each
expressing one or more of the different horrid facts, to be inserted
in the book, in order to impress the minds of children and posterity
with a deep sense of your bloody, and insatiable malice and
wickedness. Every kindness I hear of, done by an Englishman to an
American prisoner, makes me resolve not to proceed in the work, hoping
a reconciliation may yet take place. But every fresh instance of your
devilism weakens that resolution, and makes me abominate the thought
of a reunion with such a people. You, my friend, have often persuaded
me, and I believed it, that the war was not theirs, nor approved by
them. But their suffering it so long to continue, and the wretched
rulers to remain who carry it on, makes me think you have too good an
opinion of them.

Adieu, my dear friend, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

JAMES LOVELL TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, February 24th, 1780.

  Sir,

I forward the gazettes to Boston for you, as usual, without knowing
when they will find a passage from thence. Your letters of September
the 30th, and one from Arthur Lee, of December the 8th, came to hand
two days ago, your prior being May the 26th, received August the 17th.
I hope you have got newspapers from me often, though I have written
few letters. The Commercial Committee is impressed with your
sentiments respecting drafts. They are a mere name at present. I hope
that branch will, for a time, be conducted by the Admiralty Board,
till a new arrangement can be formed, to be executed by persons not
members of Congress. We are about calling on the States according to
their staples, so that the prospect of suitable remittances is
enlarged. This plan is consequent upon a resolve of December the 14th.

I am, with great respect, Sir, &c.

  JAMES LOVELL.

_P. S._ The Chevalier de la Luzerne expressed to me anxiety because we
do not correspond in cypher. I early communicated to you from
Baltimore a very good one, though a little tedious, like that of M.
Dumas. I enclose you a sample at this time.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

  Passy, March 4th, 1780.

  Sir,

M. Gerard, under whose care I understand the despatches from Congress
to me were forwarded, is not yet arrived here, and I have not received
them. I cannot, therefore, at present answer anything that may be
contained in them. He is, however, expected next week, and I may
afterwards have time to write further by the Alliance. Mr Adams is
come, but did not bring duplicates of those despatches. I have, in
obedience to the order of Congress, which he produced to me, furnished
him with one thousand louis d'ors. I have also given a credit to Mr
Jay upon the correspondent of our banker at Madrid for an equal sum. I
have not yet heard of his arrival there. His letter to me was from
Cadiz, of the 28th of January.

In my last I gave some account of the success of our little squadron
under Commodore Jones. Three of their prizes sent into Bergen, in
Norway, were at the instance of the British Minister seized by order
of the Court of Denmark, and delivered up to him. I have, with the
approbation of the Ministry here, drawn up and sent to that Court a
memorial reclaiming those prizes. It went through the hands of the
French Minister residing there, who has delivered it; but I have yet
no answer. I understand from the French Consul at Bergen, that the
prizes remain still in that port, and it is said there is some hope
that the order may be reversed, but this is doubtful, and I suppose
the Congress will immediately consider this important affair, and give
me such instructions upon it as they may judge proper. With this, I
send a copy of the memorial.

During the cruise a mortal quarrel took place between the Commodore
and Captain Landais. On their arrival in Holland, M. de Sartine,
Minister of the Marine, proposed to me the sending for Landais, in
order to inquire into his conduct. I doubted the propriety of my
meddling in the affair, but Captain Landais' friends conceiving it a
measure that might be serviceable to him, and pressing it, I complied,
and he came accordingly to Paris. I send the minutes of the inquiry
for the consideration of Congress. I have not presumed to condemn or
acquit him, doubting as well my own judgment as my authority. He
proposes to demand a Court Martial in America. In his absence from the
ship, the Commodore took the command of her, and on quitting the Texel
made a cruise through the channel to Spain, and is since returned to
the L'Orient, where the ship is now refitting in order to return to
America. Captain Landais has not applied to me to be replaced in her,
and I imagine has no thought of that kind, having before on several
occasions expressed to me and others his dissatisfaction with his
officers, and his inclination on that account to quit her. Captain
Jones will therefore carry her home, unless he should be prevailed
with to enter another service, which, however, I think is not likely,
though he has gained immense reputation all over Europe for his
bravery.

As vessels of war under my care create me a vast deal of business, of
a kind too, that I am unexperienced in, and by my distance from the
coast is very difficult to be well executed, I must repeat my earnest
request, that some person of skill in such affairs may be appointed in
the character of Consul, to take charge of them. I imagine that much
would by that means be saved in the expense of their various
refittings and supplies, which to me appears enormous.

Agreeable to the order of Congress, I have employed one of the best
artists here in cutting the dies for the medal intended for M. de
Fleury. The price of such work is beyond my expectation, being a
thousand livres for each die. I shall try if it is not possible to
have the others done cheaper.

Our exchange of prisoners has been for some time past at a stand, the
English admiralty refusing, after long consideration, to give us any
men in return for those who had been dismissed by our armed vessels on
parole, and the actual prisoners we had being all exchanged. When the
squadron of Commodore Jones arrived in the Texel with five hundred
English prisoners; I proposed exchanging there; but this was declined,
in expectation, as I heard from England, of retaking them in their way
to France. The stay of our ships in Holland, through the favor of the
States, being prolonged, and the squadrons stationed to intercept us
being tired of cruising for us, the British Ministry consented at
length to a cartel with France, and brought Frenchmen to Holland to
exchange for those prisoners instead of Americans. These proceedings
have occasioned our poor people to be kept longer in confinement, but
the Minister of the Marine, having given orders that I should have as
many English, another cartel charged with Americans is now daily
expected, and I hope in a few months to see them all at liberty. This
for their sakes, and also to save expense; for their long and hard
imprisonment induces many to hazard attempts of escaping, and those
who get away through London and Holland, and come to Paris in their
way to some seaport in France, cost one with another, I believe, near
twenty pounds sterling a head.

The delays in the exchange have I think been lengthened by the
Admiralty, partly with the view of breaking the patience of our
people, and inducing them to enter the English service. They have
spared no pains for this purpose, and have prevailed with some. The
number of these has not indeed been great, and several of them lost
their lives in the blowing up of the Quebec. I am also lately informed
from London, that the flags of truce with prisoners from Boston, one
of which is seized as British property, will obtain no Americans in
exchange; the returned English being told, that they had no authority
or right to make such agreements with rebels, &c. This is not the only
instance in which it appears, that a few late successes have given
that nation another _hour of insolence_. And yet their affairs, upon
the whole wear a very unpromising aspect. They have not yet been able
to find any allies in Europe. Holland grows daily less and less
disposed to comply with their requisitions; Ireland is not satisfied,
but is making new demands; Scotland, and the Protestants in England
are uneasy, and the associations of counties in England, with
committees of correspondence to make reforms in the government, all
taken together, give a good deal of apprehension at present, even to
their mad Ministers, while their debt, on the point of amounting to
the amazing sum of two hundred millions, hangs as a millstone upon the
neck of their credit, and must ere long sink it beyond redemption.

The disposition of this Court continues as favorable as ever, though
it cannot comply with all our demands. The supplies required, in the
invoice sent me by the Committee, appeared too great and numerous to
be immediately furnished. Three millions of livres were, however,
granted me, with which, after deducting what will be necessary to pay
the interest bills, and other late drafts of Congress, I could not
venture on ordering more than ten thousand suits of clothes. With
these, we shall have fifteen thousand arms and accoutrements. A good
deal of the cloth goes over in the Alliance, purchased by Mr Ross,
which, it is computed, may make seven or eight thousand suits more.
But although we have not obtained that invoice of goods, this Court
being of immense expense in the preparations for the next campaign, I
have reason to believe that a part of those preparations will be
employed in essential assistance to the United States, and I hope
effectual, though at present I cannot be more particular.

I have sent to Mr Johnson the vote of Congress relative to the
settlement of the accounts. He has expressed his readiness to enter
on the service. Mr Deane is soon expected here, whose presence is very
necessary, and I hope with his help they may be gone through without
much difficulty. I could have wished it had suited Mr Lee to have been
here at the same time.

The Marquis de Lafayette, who, during his residence in France, has
been extremely zealous in supporting our cause on all occasions,
returns again to fight for it. He is infinitely esteemed and beloved
here, and I am persuaded will do everything in his power to merit a
continuance of the same affection from America.

With the greatest respect, I have the honor to be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

FROM R. BERNSTORF, MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS IN DENMARK, TO B.
FRANKLIN.

Translation.

  Copenhagen, March 8th, 1780.

  Sir,

Were you a person less known and respected, I should have been quite
at a loss on the subject of the letter, which I have had the honor of
receiving from you, which did not come to hand till the 31st of
January. I should have considered it as a measure calculated to place
us under a new embarrassment as painful as the first; but there is no
fear nor risk with such a sage as you are, Sir, generally respected by
that universe, which you have enlightened, and known for that
prevailing love for truth, which characterises the good man and the
true philosopher. These are the titles, which will transmit your name
to the remotest posterity, and in which I am particularly interested
at the time, when the situation of affairs imposes on me the
necessity of divesting myself of every public character, in writing to
you, and only to aspire at appearing to you what I truly am, the
passionate friend of peace, truth, and merit.

This mode of thinking not only decides my personal sentiments with
respect to you, but also those I have respecting the unfortunate
affair, which you have thought fit to mention to me, and which, from
its commencement, has given me the utmost pain. You will readily agree
with me, Sir, in granting that there are perplexing situations in
which it is impossible to avoid displeasing one party. You are too
equitable not to enter into ours. There would be no consolation in
such cases, nor would the persons who have been led into them ever be
forgiven, were it not that opportunities sometimes present themselves
of being heard, and preventing in future such essential
embarrassments.

The Baron de Blome will speak to you in confidence, and with the
utmost freedom on this subject, and if my wishes can be accomplished I
shall be recompensed for all my pains, and there will only remain the
agreeable recollection of having had the satisfaction of assuring you,
from under my hand, of that superior and perfect esteem with which I
have the honor of being, Sir, &c.

  R. BERNSTORF.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO JAMES LOVELL.

  Passy, March 16th, 1780.

  Dear Sir,

The Marquis de Lafayette, our firm and constant friend, returning to
America, I have written a long letter by him to the President, of
which a copy goes by this ship. M. Gerard is since arrived, and I have
received the despatches you mentioned to me, but no letter in answer
to mine, a very long one, by the Chevalier de la Luzerne, nor any
acknowledgment that it came to hand.

By the many newspapers and pamphlets I send, you will see the present
state of European affairs in general. Ireland continues to insist on
complete liberty, and will probably obtain it. The meetings of
counties in England, and the committees of correspondence they
appoint, alarm a good deal the Ministry, especially since it has been
proposed to elect out of each committee a few persons to assemble in
London, which, if carried into execution, will form a kind of
Congress, that will have more of the confidence and support of the
people than the old Parliament. If the nation is not too corrupt, as I
rather think it is, some considerable reformation of internal abuses
may be expected from this. With regard to us, the only advantage to be
reasonably expected from it is a peace, the general bent of the nation
being for it.

The success of Admiral Rodney's fleet against our allies has a little
elated our enemies for the present, and probably they will not now
think of proposing it. If the approaching campaign, for which great
preparations are making here, should end disadvantageously to them,
they will be more treatable, for their debts and taxes are daily
becoming more burthensome, while their commerce, the source of their
wealth, diminishes, and though they have flattered themselves with
obtaining assistance from Russia and other powers, it does not appear
they are likely to succeed; on the contrary, they are in danger of
losing the neutrality of Holland.

Their conduct with regard to the exchange of prisoners has been very
unjust. After long suspense and affected delays for the purpose of
wearing out our poor people, they have finally refused to deliver us a
man in exchange for those set at liberty by our cruisers on parole. A
letter, which I enclose from Captain Mitchell, will show the treatment
of the late flags of truce from Boston. There is no gaining anything
from these barbarians by advances of civility or humanity.

Enclosed I send for Congress the justification of this Court against
the accusation published in the late English memorials.

  With great esteem, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO JOSEPH REED, PRESIDENT OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA.

  Passy. March 19th, 1780.

  Sir,

I have just received the pamphlet you did me the honor to send me by
M. Gerard, and have read it with pleasure. Not only as the clear state
of facts it does you honor, but as it proves the falsehood of a man,
who also showed no regard to truth in what he said of me, "_that I
approved of the propositions he carried over_." The truth is this. His
brother, Mr. Pultney, came here with those propositions; and after
stipulating, that if I did not approve of them, I should not speak of
them to any person, he communicated them to me. I told him frankly, on
his desiring to know my sentiments, that I DID NOT _approve of them,
and that I was sure they_ WOULD NOT _be accepted in America_. But, I
said, there are two other Commissioners here; I will, if you please,
show your propositions to them, and you will hear their opinions. I
will also show them to the ministry here, without whose knowledge and
concurrence we can take no step in such affairs. No, said he, as you
do not approve of them, it can answer no purpose to show them to
anybody else; the reasons that weigh with you will also weigh with
them; therefore I now pray that no mention may be made of my having
been here, or my business. To this I agreed, and therefore nothing
could be more astonishing to me, than to see in an American newspaper,
that direct lie, in a letter from Mr Johnstone, joined with two other
falsehoods relating to the time of the treaty, and to the opinion of
Spain!

In proof of the above I enclose a certificate of a friend of Mr
Pultney's, the only person present at our interview;[21] and I do it
the rather at this time, because I am informed that another
calumniator (the same who formerly in his private letters to
particular members accused you, with Messrs Jay, Duane, Langdon, and
Harrison, of betraying the secrets of Congress in a correspondence
with the ministry) has made this transition with Mr Pultney an article
of accusation against me, as having approved the same propositions. He
proposes, I understand, to settle in your government. I caution you to
beware of him; for in sowing suspicions and jealousies, in creating
misunderstandings and quarrels among friends, in malice, subtility,
and indefatigable industry, he has I think no equal.

I am glad to see that you continue to preside in our new State, as it
shows that your public conduct is approved by the people. You have had
a difficult time, which required abundance of prudence, and you have
been equal to the occasion. The disputes about the Constitution seem
to have subsided. It is much admired here, and all over Europe, and
will draw over many families of fortune to settle under it, as soon as
there is a peace. The defects that may on seven years' trial be found
in it can be amended, when the time comes for considering them.

With great and sincere esteem and respect I have the honor to be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN

  [21]

  TO B. FRANKLIN

    Dear Sir,

  I send you adjoined the certificate you desire, and am perfectly
  convinced, from conversations I have since had with Mr Pultney, that
  no body was authorised to hold the language, which has been imputed to
  him on that subject, and as I have a high opinion of his candor and
  worth I know it must be painful to him to be brought into question in
  matters of fact with persons he esteems. I could wish that this matter
  may receive no further publicity, than what is necessary for your
  justification.

    I am, &c.

    W. ALEXANDER.

         *       *       *       *       *

    Paris, March 19th, 1780.

  I do hereby certify whom it may concern, that I was with Mr Pultney
  and Dr Franklin at Paris, when in a conversation between them, on the
  subject of certain propositions for a reconciliation with America,
  offered by Mr Pultney, Dr Franklin said, he did not approve of them,
  nor did he think they would be approved in America, but that he would
  communicate them to his colleagues and the French ministry. This Mr
  Pultney opposed, saying that it would answer no good end, as he was
  persuaded, that what weighed with Dr Franklin would weigh also with
  them, and therefore desired, that no mention might be made of his
  having offered such propositions, or even of his having been here on
  such business, but that the whole might be buried in oblivion,
  agreeable to what had been stipulated by Mr Pultney, and agreed to by
  Dr Franklin, before the propositions were produced, which Dr Franklin
  accordingly promised.

    W. ALEXANDER

       *       *       *       *       *

COUNT DE VERGENNES TO B. FRANKLIN.

Translation.

  Versailles, May 11th, 1780.

  Sir,

The Baron de Goltz has warmly entreated me to recommend to you the
Baron d'Arendt, a Prussian officer in the service of the United
States. I the more readily acquiesce in satisfying his demand, as you
will certainly take a pleasure in obliging this Minister, as far as in
your power.

The Baron d'Arendt will himself explain the different matters, in
which he thinks he wants your aid with Congress.

I have the honor of being, with great sincerity, &c.

  DE VERGENNES.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO THE JUDGES OF THE ADMIRALTY AT CHERBOURG.

  Passy, May 16th, 1780.

  Gentlemen,

I have received the _procés verbaux_, and other papers you did me the
honor to send me, agreeable to the 11th article of the regulation of
the 27th of September, 1778. These pieces relate to the taking of the
ship Flora, whereof was Captain Henry Roodenberg, bound from Rotterdam
to Dublin, and arrived at Cherbourg, in France, being taken the 7th
day of April, by Captain Dowlin, commander of the American privateer
the Black Prince.

It appears to me from the above mentioned papers, that the said ship
Flora is not a good prize, the same belonging to the subjects of a
neutral nation; but that the cargo is really the property of the
subjects of the King of England, though attempted to be masked as
neutral. I do therefore request, that after the cargo shall be landed,
you would cause the said ship Flora to be immediately restored to her
captain, and that you would oblige the captors to pay him his full
freight according to his bills of lading, and also to make good all
the damages he may have sustained by plunder or otherwise; and I
further request, that as the cargo is perishable, you would cause it
to be sold immediately, and retain the produce deposited in your
hands, to the end, that if any of the freighters, being subjects of
their High Mightinesses the States-Generals, will declare upon oath,
that certain parts of the said cargo were _bona fide_ shipped on their
own account and risk, and not on the account and risk of any British
or Irish subjects, the value of such parts may be restored; or, that
if the freighters, or any of them, should think fit to appeal from
this judgment to the Congress, the produce so deposited may be
disposed of according to their final determination.

  I have the honor to be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

  Passy, May 22d, 1780.

  Sir,

The Baron d'Arendt, Colonel in the armies of the United States, having
expressed to me a desire of returning to the service in America,
though not entirely cured of his wound, which occasioned his voyage to
Europe, I endeavored to dissuade him from the undertaking. But he
having procured a letter to me from M. de Vergennes, of which I send
your Excellency a copy herewith, I have been induced to advance him
twentyfive louis d'ors towards enabling him to proceed. To justify his
long absence, he intends laying before Congress some letters from
William Lee, which he thinks will be sufficient for that purpose.

  With great respect, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO AN AGENT OF AMERICAN CRUISERS.

  Passy, May 30th, 1780.

  Sir,

In my last, of the 27th instant, I omitted one thing I had intended,
viz. to desire you would give absolute orders to your cruisers not to
bring in any more Dutch vessels, though charged with enemy's goods,
unless contraband. All the neutral States of Europe seem at present
disposed to change what had before been deemed the law of nations, to
wit; that an enemy's property may be taken wherever found; and to
establish a rule that free ships shall make free goods. This rule is
itself so reasonable, and of a nature to be so beneficial to mankind,
that I cannot but wish it may become general. And I make no doubt but
that the Congress will agree to it, in as full an extent as France and
Spain. In the meantime, and until I have received their orders on the
subject, it is my intention to condemn no more English goods found in
Dutch vessels, unless contraband; of which I thought it right to give
you this previous notice, that you may avoid the trouble and expense
likely to arise from such captures, and from the detention of them for
a decision. With great regard, and best wishes for the success of your
enterprise,

  I have the honor to be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

  Passy, May 31st, 1780.

  Sir,

I wrote to your Excellency the 4th of March past, to go by this ship,
the Alliance, then expected to sail immediately. But the men refusing
to go till paid their shares of prize money, and sundry difficulties
arising with regard to the sale and division, she has been detained
thus long to my great mortification, and I am yet uncertain when I
shall be able to get her out. The trouble and vexation which these
maritime affairs give me is inconceivable. I have often expressed to
Congress my wish to be relieved from them, and that some person better
acquainted with them, and better situated, might be appointed to
manage them; much money as well as time would, I am sure, be saved by
such an appointment.

The Alliance is to carry some of the cannon long since ordered and as
much of the powder, arms and clothing, (furnished by government here)
as she, together with a frigate, the Ariel, we have borrowed, can
take. I hope they may between them take the whole, with what has been
provided by Mr Ross. This gentleman has, by what I can learn served
the Congress well in the quality and prices of the goods he has
purchased. I wish it had been in my power to discharge his balance
here, for which he has importuned me rather too much. We furnished him
with about twenty thousand pounds sterling to discharge his first
accounts, which he was to replace as soon as he received remittance
from the Committee of Commerce. This has not been done, and he now
demands another nearly equal sum, urging as before, that the credit
of the States as well as his own will be hurt by my refusal.

Mr Bingham too complains of me for refusing some of his drafts, as
very hurtful to his credit, though he owns he had no orders from
Congress to authorise those drafts. I never undertook to provide for
more than the payment of the interest bills of the first loan. The
Congress have drawn on me very considerably for other purposes, which
has sometimes greatly embarrassed me, but I have duly accepted and
found means to pay their drafts; so that their credit in Europe has
been well supported. But if every agent of Congress in different parts
of the world is permitted to run in debt, and draw upon me at pleasure
to support his credit, under the idea of its being necessary to do so
for the honor of Congress, the difficulty upon me will be too great,
and I may in fine be obliged to protest the interest bills. I
therefore beg that a stop may be put to such irregular proceedings.

Had the loans proposed to be made in Europe succeeded, these practices
might not have been so inconvenient, but the number of agents from
separate States running all over Europe, and asking to borrow money,
has given such an idea of our distress and poverty as makes every body
afraid to trust us. I am much pleased to find that Congress has at
length resolved to borrow of our own people, by making then future
bills bear interest. This interest duly paid in hard money, to such as
require hard money, will fix the value of the principal, and even make
the payment of the interest in hard money for the most part
unnecessary, provided always that the quantity of principal be not
excessive.

A great clamor has lately been made here by some merchants, who say
they have large sums in their hands of paper money in America, and
that they are ruined by some resolution of Congress, which reduces its
value to one part in forty. As I have had no letter explaining this
matter, I have only been able to say, that it is probably
misunderstood, and that I am confident the Congress have not done, nor
will do, anything unjust towards strangers, who have given us credit.
I have indeed been almost ready to complain, that I hear so little and
so seldom from Congress, or from the Committee of Correspondence, but
I know the difficulty of communication, and the frequent interruption
it meets in this time of war. I have not yet received a line this
year, and the letters written by the Confederacy, as I suppose some
must have been written by her, have not yet come to hand.

I mentioned, in a former letter, my having communicated to Mr Johnson
of Nantes, the order of Congress appointing him to examine the
account, and his acceptance of that appointment. Nothing, however, has
yet been done in pursuance of it; for Mr Deane having written that he
might be expected here by the middle of March, and as his presence
would be very useful in explaining the mercantile transactions, I have
waited his arrival to request Mr Johnson's coming to Paris, that his
detention here from his affairs at Nantes might be as short as
possible. Mr Deane is not yet come; but as we have heard of the
arrival of the Fendant in Martinique, in which ship he took his
passage, we imagine he may be here in some of the first ships from
that island.

The medal for M. de Fleury is done and delivered to his order, he
being absent; I shall get the others prepared as soon as possible by
the same hand, if I cannot find a cheaper equally good, which I am
now inquiring after. Two thousand livres appear to me a great sum for
the work.

With my last I sent a copy of my memorial to the Court of Denmark. I
have since received an answer from the Minister of that Court for
Foreign Affairs, a copy of which I enclose. It referred me to the
Danish Minister here, with whom I have had a conference on the
subject. He was full of professions of the good will of his Court to
the United States, and would excuse the delivery of our prizes to the
English, as done in conformity to treaties, which it was necessary to
observe. He had not the treaty to show me, and I have not been able to
find such a treaty on inquiry. After my memorial, our people left at
Bergen were treated with the greatest kindness by an order from Court,
their expenses during the winter that they had been detained there all
paid, necessaries furnished to them for their voyage to Dunkirk, and a
passage thither found for them all at the King's expense. I have not
dropped the application for a restitution, but shall continue to push
it, not without some hopes of success. I wish, however, to receive
instructions relating to it, and I think a letter from Congress to
that Court might forward the business; for I believe they are sensible
they have done wrong, and are apprehensive of the inconveniences that
may follow. With this I send the protests taken at Bergen against the
proceeding.

The Alliance, in her last cruise, met with and sent to America a Dutch
ship, supposed to have on board an English cargo. The owners have made
application to me. I have assured them, that they might depend on the
justice of our courts, and that if they could prove their property
there, it would be restored. M. Dumas has written to me about it. I
enclose his letter, and wish despatch may be given to the business, as
well to prevent the inconveniences of a misunderstanding with Holland,
as for the sake of justice.

A ship of that nation has been brought in here by the Black Prince,
having an English cargo. I consulted with Messrs Adams and Dana, who
informed me that it was an established rule with us in such cases to
confiscate the cargo, but to release the ship, paying her freight, &c.
This I have accordingly ordered in the case of this ship, and hope it
may be satisfactory. But it is a critical time with respect to such
cases, for whatever may formerly have been the law of nations, all the
neutral powers at the instance of Russia seem at present disposed to
change it, and to enforce the rule that _free ships shall make free
goods_, except in the case of contraband. Denmark, Sweden, and
Holland, have already acceded to the proposition, and Portugal is
expected to follow. France and Spain, in their answers, have also
expressed their approbation of it. I have, therefore, instructed our
privateers to bring in no more neutral ships, as such prizes occasion
much litigation, and create ill blood.

The Alliance, Captain Landais, took two Swedes in coming hither, who
demand of us for damages, one, upward of sixty thousand livres, and
the other near five hundred pounds sterling; and I cannot well see how
the demand is to be settled. In the newspapers that I send, the
Congress will see authentic pieces expressing the sense of the
European powers on the subject of neutral navigation. I hope to
receive the sense of Congress for my future government, and for the
satisfaction of the neutral nations now entering into the confederacy,
which is considered here as a great stroke against England.

In truth, that country seems to have no friends on this side of the
water; no other nation wishes it success in its present war, but
rather desires to see it effectually humbled; no one, not even their
old friends the Dutch, will afford them any assistance. Such is the
mischievous effect of pride, insolence, and injustice on the affairs
of nations, as well as on those of private persons!

The English party in Holland is daily diminishing, and the States are
arming vigorously to maintain the freedom of their navigation. The
consequence may possibly be a war with England, or a serious
disposition in that mad nation to save what they can by a timely
peace.

Our cartel for the exchange of American prisoners has been some time
at a stand. When our little squadron brought near five hundred into
Holland, England would not at first exchange Americans for them there,
expecting to take them in their passage to France. But at length an
agreement was made between the English and French ambassadors, and I
was persuaded to give them up, on a promise of having an equal number
of English delivered to my order at Morlaix. So those were exchanged
for Frenchmen. But the English now refuse to take any English in
exchange for Americans, that have not been taken by American cruisers.
They also refuse to send me any Americans in exchange for their
prisoners released, and sent home by the two flags of truce from
Boston. Thus they give up all pretensions to equity and honor, and
govern themselves by caprice, passion, and transient views of present
interest.

Be pleased to present my duty to Congress, and believe me to be with
great respect, your Excellency's, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN

       *       *       *       *       *

TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS

  Passy, June 1st, 1780

  Sir,

Commodore Jones, who by his bravery and conduct has done great honor
to the American flag, desires to have that also of presenting a line
to the hands of your Excellency. I cheerfully comply with his request,
in recommending, him to the notice of Congress, and to your
Excellency's protection, though his actions are a more effectual
recommendation, and render any from me unnecessary. It gives me,
however, an opportunity of showing my readiness to do justice to
merit, and of professing the esteem and respect with which I am

Your Excellency's, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN

       *       *       *       *       *

TO C. W. F. DUMAS.

  Passy June 5th, 1780

  Dear Sir,

The gentleman whose name you wished to know, in one of your late
letters, is _M. Westhuysen, Echevin et Conseiller de la Ville de
Harlem_. I shall probably send an order to that place for some of the
types, of which you have sent me the prices, _before I leave Europe_.
I think them very good and not dear.

A Dutch ship belonging to Messrs Little, Dale, & Co. of Rotterdam,
being brought into France as having an English cargo on board, I have
followed your opinion with regard to the condemnation of the cargo,
which I think the more right, as the English have in the West Indies
confiscated several of our cargoes found in Dutch ships. But to show
respect to the declaration of the Empress of Russia, I have written to
the owners of our privateers, a letter of which I enclose a copy,
together with a copy of the judgment, for your use, if you hear of any
complaint. I approve much of the principles of the confederacy of the
neutral powers, and am not only for respecting the ships as the house
of a friend, though containing the goods of an enemy, but I even wish
for the sake of humanity, that the law of nations may be further
improved, by determining, that even in time of war, all those kinds of
people who are employed in procuring subsistence for the species, or
in exchanging the necessaries or conveniences of life, which are for
the common benefit of mankind, such as husbandmen on their lands,
fishermen in their barques, and traders in unarmed vessels, shall be
permitted to prosecute their several innocent and useful employments
without interruption or molestation, and nothing taken from them, even
when wanted by an enemy, but on paying a fair price for the same.

I think you have done well to print the letter of Clinton, for though
I have myself had suspicions whether some parts of it were really
written by him, yet I have no doubt of the facts stated, and think the
piece valuable, as giving a true account of the state of British and
American affairs in that quarter. On the whole, it has the appearance
of a letter written by a general, who did not approve of the
expedition he was sent upon, who had no opinion of the judgment of
those who drew up his instructions, who had observed, that the
preceding commanders, Gage, Burgoyne, Keppel, and the Howes, had all
been censured by the Ministers for having unsuccessfully attempted to
execute injudicious instructions with unequal force, and he therefore
wrote such a letter, not merely to give the information contained in
it, but to be produced in his vindication, when he might be recalled,
and his want of success charged upon him as a crime; though, in truth,
owing to the folly of the Ministers, who had ordered him on
impracticable projects, and persisted in them, notwithstanding his
faithful informations, without furnishing the necessary number of
troops he had demanded. In this view much of the letter may be
accounted for, without supposing it fictitious; and therefore if not
genuine, it is ingeniously written. But you will easily conceive, that
if the state of public facts it contains were known in America to be
false, such a publication there would have been absurd, and of no
possible use to the cause of the country.

I have written to M. Neufville concerning the bills you mention: I
have no orders or advice about them, know nothing of them, and
therefore cannot prudently meddle with them; especially as the funds
in my power are not more than sufficient to answer the Congress bills
for interest and other inevitable demands. He desired to know whether
I would engage to reimburse him, if he should accept and pay them; but
as I know not the amount of them, I cannot enter into any such
engagement; for though, if they are genuine Congress bills, I am
persuaded all possible care will be taken by Congress to provide for
their punctual payment, yet there are so many accidents, by which
remittances are delayed or intercepted in the time of war, that I dare
not hazard for these new bills the possibility of being rendered
unable to pay the others.

With great esteem, I am, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

COUNT DE VERGENNES TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Versailles, June 30th, 1780.

  Sir,

I did not until this day receive the letter, which you did me the
honor to write to me on the 24th of this month.

You request, in consequence of an application made to you by Mr Adams,
that the orders given to the Chevalier de la Luzerne relative to a
resolution of Congress of the 18th of March last should be revoked, or
at least suspended, as that Plenipotentiary is able to prove, that
those orders are founded on false reports.

Mr Adams on the 22d sent me a long dissertation on the subject in
question, but it contains only abstract reasonings, hypothesis, and
calculations, which have no real foundation, or which at least do not
apply to the subjects of the King, and in fine principles, than which
nothing can be less analogous to the alliance subsisting between his
Majesty and the United States.

By this, Sir, you can judge that the pretended proofs mentioned by Mr
Adams are not of a nature to induce us to change our opinion, and
consequently cannot effect a revocation or suspension of the orders
given to the Chevalier de la Luzerne. The King is so firmly persuaded,
Sir, that your private opinion respecting the effects of that
resolution of Congress as far as it concerns strangers, and especially
Frenchmen, differs from that of Mr Adams, that he is not apprehensive
of laying you under any embarrassments by requesting you to support
the representations, which his Minister is ordered to make to
Congress. And that you may be enabled to do this with a complete
knowledge of the case, his Majesty has commanded me to send you a copy
of my letter to Mr Adams, the observations of that Plenipotentiary,
and my answer to him.

The King expects that you will lay the whole before Congress, and his
Majesty flatters himself that that assembly, inspired with principles
different from those which Mr Adams has discovered, will convince his
Majesty, that they know how to prize those marks of favor, which the
King has constantly shown to the United States.

However, Sir, the King does not undertake to point out to Congress the
means which may be employed to indemnify the French, who are holders
of the paper money. His Majesty, with respect to that, relies entirely
on the justice and wisdom of that assembly.

  I have the honor to be, &c.

  DE VERGENNES.

       *       *       *       *       *

COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, July 11th, 1780.

  Sir,

After the repeated remonstrances, which you have made to Congress on
the subject of bills of exchange, the enclosed resolution we are well
aware will need an apology. We regret, that you should have so much
trouble, and be put to so many expedients in matters of this kind,
well knowing how delicate a point it is to solicit further advances,
after so many have already been made. Congress, attending to your
letters and representations, have taken this step with reluctance; but
the present crisis, when not only the preparations for a vigorous
campaign call for large expenditures, but the expectation of a
co-operating force makes great additions necessary, has induced them
to risk the sum mentioned. The bills will not be drawn faster than
indispensable exigencies may require, and it is to be hoped, that this
mode of commanding cash will not be again resorted to.

We are, Sir, &c.

  JAMES LOVELL,
  W. C. HOUSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, July 11th, 1780.

  Sir,

Congress having appointed the Honorable Henry Laurens to solicit a
loan of money in the United Provinces of the Low Countries, in order
to facilitate his success the enclosed resolution has been passed. We
need say nothing to explain or urge it, except that it is thought a
mark of attention and confidence due to those powers named in it, that
their interest, if the state of politics inclines them to exert it,
will have a good effect; and, that the want of money makes this loan a
very capital object to the United States. You will, we are sure, give
Mr Laurens every assistance in your power, and solicit the countenance
of the Court where you reside to forward his negotiations.

Until Mr Laurens shall arrive, Mr Adams is commissioned and empowered
to undertake that business, and, in case of his disability, Mr Dana is
in like manner commissioned and empowered.

We are, Sir, your humble servants,

  JAMES LOVELL,
  W. C. HOUSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, July 11th, 1780.

  Sir,

We are to communicate to you, that Congress entertain a favorable
sense of the attention and services of Mons. de Chezaulx, His Most
Christian Majesty's Consul at the port of Bergen in Norway, in the
late affair of the prizes sent in there by the squadron commanded by
Captain Jones, and we beg you will present, through the proper
channel, the acknowledgment to be made for the polite respect shown to
the interests of the citizens of these States.

We are, Sir, your very humble servants,

  JAMES LOVELL,
  W. C. HOUSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS TO H. DOHRMAN, MERCHANT, LISBON.

  Philadelphia, July 11th, 1780.

  Sir,

Mr George Anderson, of Virginia, having informed us of the humane and
benevolent attention uniformly given by you to the citizens of these
States, who have been so unfortunate as to be captivated at sea and
carried into the ports of Portugal, we represented the same to
Congress, to whom it gave much pleasure to know, that those men had
found a patron and friend disposed to alleviate their distresses.

The enclosed Resolve constitutes you an Agent of Congress, and you
will, from time to time, receive powers and instructions from that
body through this Committee. At present we need only say in general,
that the affairs of the citizens of America, applying for relief in
captivity, are committed to your discretion, and your countenance and
advice in matters of business are solicited for others.

We wish to learn from you in what manner you would be repaid, trusting
that though the war in which this republic is engaged oppresses it
with expense, and calls now for all its resources, you will by no
means fail in the end of compensation.

You must be governed in your advances on account of these United
States more by that economy, which their circumstances make essential,
than by the liberality of your own habits, which American subjects in
distress will probably but too often stimulate. You ought to know that
Doctor Franklin and others, who have advanced monies to Americans
under the misfortune of captivity, have transmitted receipts
regularly, so that due charges may be made against those who are in
public service, and repayment may be had of those who are in condition
to make it while in private employ.

You will correspond with our Ministers and Agents in France, Spain,
and Holland, whenever you may thereby promote the interests of these
United States, for which you have manifested already so much regard.

  We are, Sir, your most humble servants,
  JAMES LOVELL,
  WILLIAM C. HOUSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

DAVID HARTLEY TO B. FRANKLIN.

  London, July 17th, 1780.

  My Dear Friend,

Enclosed I send you a copy of a conciliatory bill,[22] which was
proposed in the House of Commons on the 27th of last month. It was
rejected. You and I have had so much intercourse upon the subject of
restoring peace between Great Britain and America, that I think there
is nothing further left to be said upon the subject. You will perceive
by the general tenor of the bill, that it proposes a general power to
treat. It chalks out a line of negotiation in very general terms. I
remain in the sentiments which I ever have, and which I believe I ever
shall entertain, viz. those of seeking peace upon honorable terms. I
shall always be ready, and most desirous to join in any measures which
may facilitate peace.

  I am ever your most affectionate,
  D. HARTLEY.

  [22] _Draft of a proposed Bill for Conciliation with America._

    A Bill to invest the Crown with sufficient Powers to treat,
      consult, and finally to agree upon the Means of restoring Peace
      with the Provinces of North America.

  Whereas many unfortunate subjects of contest have of late years
  subsisted between Great Britain and the several Provinces of North
  America, hereinafter recited, viz. New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay,
  Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, the
  three lower counties on Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina,
  South Carolina, and Georgia, which have brought on the calamities of
  war between Great Britain and the aforesaid provinces, to the end
  therefore that the further effusion of blood may be prevented, and
  that peace may be restored, may it please your Majesty that it be
  enacted, and be it enacted by the King's Most Excellent Majesty, by
  and with the advice and consent of the Lords spiritual and temporal,
  and Commons in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority
  of the same, that it shall and may be lawful for his Majesty, by
  letters patent, under the great seal of Great Britain, to authorise
  and empower any person or persons, to treat, consult, and finally to
  agree with any person or persons properly authorised on the part of
  the aforesaid provinces of North America, upon the means of restoring
  peace between Great Britain and the aforesaid provinces, according to
  the powers in this act contained.

  And be it further enacted, that in order to facilitate the good
  purposes of this act, his Majesty may lawfully enable any such person
  or persons, so appointed by his Majesty's letters patent, as
  aforesaid, to order and proclaim a cessation of hostilities, on the
  part of his Majesty's forces, by sea and land, for any time, and under
  any conditions or restrictions.

  And be it further enacted, that in order to lay a good foundation for
  a cordial reconciliation and lasting peace between Great Britain and
  the aforesaid provinces of North America, by restoring an amicable
  intercourse between the same as soon as possible his Majesty may
  lawfully enable any such person or persons, so appointed by his
  Majesty's letters patent, as aforesaid, to enter into and to ratify
  from time to time, any article or articles of intercourse and
  pacification, which article or articles, so entered into and ratified
  from time to time, shall remain in full force and effect for the
  certain term of ten years, from the first day of August, one thousand
  seven hundred and eighty.

  Provided also, and be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid,
  that in order to remove any obstructions, which may arise to the full
  and effectual execution of any article or articles of intercourse and
  pacification, as before mentioned, that it shall and may be lawful for
  his Majesty, by any instrument under his sign manual, countersigned by
  one or more of his Majesty's principal Secretaries of State, to
  authorise and empower any such person or persons, so appointed by his
  Majesty's letters patent, as aforesaid, to suspend for the term of ten
  years from the first day of August, one thousand seven hundred and
  eighty, the operation and effect of any act or acts of Parliament,
  which are now in force, respecting the aforesaid provinces of North
  America, or any clause or clauses, proviso or provisos, in any such
  act or acts of Parliament contained; inasmuch as they, or any of them,
  may obstruct the full effect and execution of any such article or
  articles of intercourse and pacification, which may be entered into
  and ratified as beforementioned, between Great Britain and the
  aforesaid provinces of North America.

  And be it further enacted, that in order to establish perpetual
  reconcilement and peace between Great Britain and the aforesaid
  provinces of North America, it is hereby required, and be it enacted,
  that all or any article or articles of intercourse and pacification,
  which shall be entered into and ratified, for the certain term of ten
  years, as beforementioned, shall from time to time be laid before the
  two Houses of Parliament, for their consideration, as the perpetual
  basis of reconcilement and peace between Great Britain and the
  aforesaid provinces of North America; and that any such article or
  articles of intercourse and pacification as beforementioned when the
  same shall have been confirmed in Parliament, shall remain in full
  force and effect forever.

  And be it further enacted, that this act shall continue to be in force
  until the thirtyfirst day of December, one thousand seven hundred and
  eightyone.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO C. W. F. DUMAS.

  Passy, July 26th, 1780.

  Dear Sir,

I wrote to Messrs de Neufville by the last post, in answer to theirs
of the 14th. I hope they received my letter. It signified, that I
could accept the bills drawn on Mr Laurens. I find by a vote of
Congress on the 4th of March, that they then stopped drawing, and I am
informed no more bills have been issued since. I could not relish
those gentlemen's proposal of mortgaging _all our estates_, for the
little money Holland is likely to lend us. But I am obliged to them
for their zeal in our cause.

I received, and thank you for the protest relating to the election of
the coadjutor. You seem to be too much affected with the taking of
Charleston. It is so far a damage to us, as it will enable the enemy
to exchange a great part of the prisoners we had in our hands,
otherwise their affairs will not be much advanced by it. They have
successively been in possession of the capitals of five provinces,
viz. Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New York, and
Georgia; but were not therefore in possession of the provinces
themselves. New York and Georgia still continue their operations as
free States; and so I suppose will South Carolina. The cannon will be
recovered with the place; if not, our furnaces are constantly at work
in making more. The destroying of our ships by the English, is only
like shaving our beards, which will grow again. Their loss of
provinces is like the loss of a limb, which can never again be united
to their body. I was sorry to hear of your indisposition. Take care of
yourself. Honey is a good thing for obstructions in the reins. I hope
your health is by this time re-established.

I am less committed than you imagine in the affair between Jones and
Landais. The latter was not dispossessed by me of his command, but
quitted it. He afterwards took it into his head to resume it, which
the former's too long stay at Paris gave him an opportunity of
effecting. Captain Jones is going in the Ariel frigate to America,
where they may settle their affairs as they can.

The captain commandant of Dunkirk, who occasioned the loss of our
despatches, is himself taken by the English. I have no doubt of the
truth of what Mr White told you about the facility with which the tax
was collected.

The same Baron de Wulffen has not pleased me, having left little debts
behind him unpaid, though I furnished him with twenty guineas. As he
had been with his brother at Venloo, before he saw you, where he might
get money, I wonder at his borrowing of you.

This will be delivered to you by his Excellency John Adams, whom I
earnestly recommend to your best civilities. He has never been in
Holland, and your counsels will be of use to him.

  My best wishes attend you, being ever, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

  Passy, August 9th, 1780.

  Sir,

With this your Excellency will receive a copy of my last, dated May
31st, the original of which, with copies of preceding letters, went by
the Alliance, Captain Landais, who sailed the beginning of last month,
and who I wish may arrive safe in America, being apprehensive that by
her long delay in port, from the mutiny of the people, who after she
was ready to sail refused to weigh anchor till their wages were paid,
she may fall in the way of the English fleet now out, or that her
crew, who have ever been infected with disorder and mutiny, may carry
her into England. She had, on her first coming out, a conspiracy for
that purpose, besides which, her officers and Captain quarrelled with
each other, the Captain with Commodore Jones, and there have been so
many broils among them, that it was impossible to get the business
forward while she staid, and she is at length gone, without taking the
quantity of stores she was capable of taking, and was ordered to take.

I suppose the conduct of that Captain will be inquired into by a Court
Martial. Captain Jones goes home in the Ariel, a ship we have borrowed
of government here, and carries one hundred and fortysix chests of
arms, and four hundred barrels of powder. To take the rest of the
stores, I have been obliged to freight a ship, which being well armed
and well manned will, I hope, get in safe. The clothes for ten
thousand men are, I think, all made up; there are also arms for
fifteen thousand, new and good, with two thousand barrels of powder.
Besides this, there is a great quantity of cloth I have bought, of
which you will have the invoices sent by Mr Williams; another large
quantity purchased by Mr Ross; all going in the same ship.

The little authority we have here to govern our armed ships, and the
inconvenience of distance from the ports, occasion abundance of
irregularities in the conduct of both men and officers. I hope,
therefore, that no more of those vessels will be sent hither, till our
code of laws is perfected respecting ships abroad, and proper persons
appointed to manage such affairs in the sea ports. They give me
infinite trouble; and though I endeavor to act for the best, it is
without satisfaction to myself, being unacquainted with that kind of
business. I have often mentioned the appointment of a consul or
consuls. The Congress have, perhaps, not yet had time to consider that
matter.

Having already sent you, by different conveyances, copies of my
proceedings with the Court of Denmark, relative to the three prizes
delivered up to the English, and requested the instructions of
Congress, I hope soon to receive them. I mentioned a letter from the
Congress to that Court, as what I thought might have a good effect. I
have since had more reasons to be of that opinion.

The unexpected delay of Mr Deane's arrival has retarded the settlement
of the joint accounts of the commission, he having had the chief
management of the commercial part, and being therefore best able to
explain difficulties. I have just now the pleasure to hear that the
Fier Rodrique, with the convoy from Virginia, arrived at Bordeaux all
safe except one tobacco ship, that foundered at sea, the men saved,
and I have a letter from Mr Deane that he is at Rochelle, proposes to
stop a few days at Nantes, and then proceed to Paris, when I shall
endeavor to see that business completed with all possible expedition.

Mr Adams has given offence to the Court here, by some sentiments and
expressions contained in several of his letters written to the Count
de Vergennes. I mention this with reluctance, though perhaps it would
have been my duty to acquaint you with such a circumstance, even were
it not required of me by the Minister himself. He has sent me copies
of the correspondence, desiring I would communicate them to Congress;
and I send them herewith.[23] Mr Adams did not show me his letters
before he sent them. I have, in a former letter to Mr Lovell,
mentioned some of the inconveniences that attend the having more than
one Minister at the same Court, one of which inconveniences is, that
they do not always hold the same language, and that the impressions
made by one, and intended for the service of his constituents, may be
effaced by the discourse of the other. It is true, that Mr Adams's
proper business is elsewhere, but the time not being come for that
business, and having nothing else here wherewith to employ himself, he
seems to have endeavored supplying what he may suppose my negotiations
defective in. He thinks, as he tells me himself, that America has
been too free in expressions of gratitude to France; for that she is
more obliged to us than we to her; and that we should show spirit in
our applications. I apprehend that he mistakes his ground, and that
this Court is to be treated with decency and delicacy. The King, a
young and virtuous Prince, has, I am persuaded, a pleasure in
reflecting on the generous benevolence of the action in assisting an
oppressed people, and proposes it as a part of the glory of his reign.
I think it right to increase this pleasure by our thankful
acknowledgments, and that such an expression of gratitude is not only
our duty, but our interest. A different conduct seems to me what is
not only improper and unbecoming, but what may be hurtful to us. Mr
Adams, on the other hand, who, at the same time means our welfare and
interest as much as I, or any man can do, seems to think a little
apparent stoutness, and a greater air of independence and boldness in
our demands, will procure us more ample assistance. It is for the
Congress to judge and regulate their affairs accordingly.

  [23] These letters will be found in Mr Adams's Correspondence in the
  month of June, 1780.

M. de Vergennes, who appears much offended, told me yesterday that he
would enter into no further discussions with Mr Adams, nor answer any
more of his letters. He is gone to Holland to try, as he told me,
whether something might not be done to render us less dependent on
France. He says the ideas of this Court and those of the people in
America are so totally different, that it is impossible for any
Minister to please both. He ought to know America better than I do,
having been there lately, and he may choose to do what he thinks will
best please the people of America. But when I consider the expressions
of Congress in many of their public acts, and particularly in their
letter to the Chevalier de la Luzerne, of the 24th of May last, I
cannot but imagine that he mistakes the sentiments of a few for a
general opinion. It is my intention, while I stay here, to procure
what advantages I can for our country, by endeavoring to please this
Court; and I wish I could prevent anything being said by any of our
countrymen here, that may have a contrary effect, and increase an
opinion lately showing itself in Paris, that we seek a difference, and
with a view of reconciling ourselves to England. Some of them have of
late been very indiscreet in their conversations.

I have received, eight months after their date, the instructions of
Congress relating to a new article for guarantying the fisheries. The
expected negotiations for a peace appearing of late more remote, and
being too much occupied with other affairs, I have not hitherto
proposed that article. But I purpose doing it next week. It appears so
reasonable and equitable, that I do not foresee any difficulty. In my
next I shall give you an account of what passes on the occasion.

The silver medal ordered for the Chevalier de Fleury, has been
delivered to his order here, he being gone to America. The others for
Brigadier General Wayne, and Colonel Stewart, I shall send by the next
good opportunity.

The two thousand pounds I furnished to Messrs Adams and Jay, agreeable
to an order of Congress, for themselves and Secretaries, being nearly
expended, and no supplies to them arriving, I have thought it my duty
to furnish them with further sums, hoping the supplies promised will
soon arrive to reimburse me, and enable me to pay the bills drawn on
Mr Laurens in Holland, which I have engaged for, to save the public
credit, the holders of those bills threatening otherways to protest
them. Messrs de Neufvilles of Amsterdam had accepted some of them. I
have promised those gentlemen to provide for the payment before they
become due, and to accept such others as shall be presented to me. I
hear, and hope it is true, that the drawing of such bills is stopped,
and that their number and value is not very great.

The bills drawn in favor of M. de Beaumarchais for the interest of his
debt are paid.

The German Prince, who gave me a proposal some months since for
furnishing troops to the Congress, has lately desired an answer. I
gave no expectation that it was likely you would agree to such a
proposal, but being pressed to send it to you, it went with some of my
former letters.

M. Fouquet, who was employed by Congress to instruct people in making
gunpowder, is arrived here, after a long passage; he has requested me
to transmit a memorial to Congress, which I do enclosed.

The great public event in Europe of this year, is the proposal by
Russia of an armed neutrality for protecting the liberty of commerce.
The proposition is accepted now by most of the maritime powers. As it
is likely to become the law of nations, _that free ships should make
free goods_, I wish the Congress to consider, whether it may not be
proper to give orders to their cruisers not to molest foreign ships,
but conform to the spirit of that treaty of neutrality.

The English have been much elated with their success at Charleston.
The late news of the junction of the French and Spanish fleets, has a
little abated their spirits; and I hope that junction, and the arrival
of the French troops and ships in North America, will soon produce
news, that may afford us also in our turn some satisfaction.

Application has been made to me here, requesting that I would solicit
Congress to permit the exchange of William John Mawhood, a Lieutenant
in the 17th regiment, taken prisoner at Stony Point, July 15th, 1779,
and confined near Philadelphia, or if the exchange cannot conveniently
be made, that he may be permitted to return to England on his parole.
By doing this at my request, the Congress will enable me to oblige
several friends of ours, who are persons of merit and distinction in
this country.

Be pleased, Sir, to present my duty to Congress, and believe me to be,
with great respect, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

_P. S._ A similar application has been made to me in favor of Richard
Croft, Lieutenant in the 20th regiment, a prisoner at Charlottesville.
I shall be much obliged by any kindness shown to that young gentleman,
and so will some friends of ours in England, who respect his father.

  B. F.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO JAMES LOVELL.

  Passy, August 10th, 1780.

  Sir,

I received on the 12th of June, 1780, copies of your several favors of
April the 29th, 1779, June the 13th, 1779, July the 9th and 16th,
August and September the 16th, 1779. You will see by this what delays
our correspondence sometimes meets with. I have lately received two of
fresher date, viz. February the 24th, and May the 4th. I thank you
much for the newspapers and journals you have from time to time sent
me; I endeavor to make full returns in the same way. I could furnish a
multitude of despatches with confidential informations taken out of
the papers I send you, if I chose to deal in that kind of manufacture;
I know the whole art of it, for I have had several volunteer
correspondents in England, who have in their letters for years
together communicated to me secrets of state, extracted from the
newspapers, which sometimes came to hand in those papers by the same
post, and sometimes by the post before. You and I send the papers
themselves. Our letters may appear the leaner, but what fat they have
is their own.

I wrote to you the 17th of October, and the 16th of March, and have
sent duplicates, some of which I hope got to hand. You mention
receiving one of September the 30th, and one of December the 30th, but
not that of October the 17th. The cypher you have communicated, either
from some defect in your explanation, or in my comprehension, is not
yet of use to me; for I cannot understand by it the little specimen
you have written in it. If you have that of M. Dumas, which I left
with Mr Morris, we may correspond by it when a few sentences are
required only to be written in cypher, but it is too tedious for a
whole letter.

I send herewith copies of the instruments annulling the 11th and 12th
articles of the treaty.[24] The treaty printed here by the Court
omitted them, and numbered the subsequent articles accordingly.

  [24] For these instruments, see the Correspondence of the
  Commissioners in Paris, Vol. I. p. 432.

I write fully to the President. The frequent hinderances the Committee
of Correspondence meet with in writing as a committee, which appear
from the excuses in your particular letters, and the many parts of my
letters, that have long been unanswered, incline me to think, that
your foreign correspondence would be best managed by one secretary,
who could write when he had an opportunity, without waiting for the
concurrence or opinions of his brethren, who cannot always be got
conveniently together. My chief letters will, therefore, for the
future be addressed to the President, till further orders.

I send you enclosed some more of Mr Hartley's letters. He continues
passionately to desire peace with America, but wishes we could be
separated from France.

With great esteem, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

JAMES LOVELL TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, August 15th, 1780.

  Sir,

Though I cannot procure the signatures of the Committee of Foreign
Affairs at this moment, nor the resolve of Congress respecting bills
to be drawn on you for one hundred thousand dollars, passed two or
three days ago, the bills payable at ninety days sight, yet I should
be blameable if I did not thus far notify you. The breach upon our
taxes at the southward by the possession, which the enemy have there,
made this disagreeable step necessary for the express purpose of
supporting General Gates in that department.

Notwithstanding the mention made in our journals long ago of giving
you a Secretary, no vote has lately been taken for the purpose.

Mr Laurens will be able, on any questions from you in corresponding,
to give you whatever the gazettes do not convey. I am, Sir, your most
humble servant,

  JAMES LOVELL,
  _For the Committee of Foreign Affairs_.

_P. S. August 27th, 1780._ I now add the resolves.

       *       *       *       *       *

JAMES LOVELL TO B. FRANKLIN.

  September 7th, 1780.

  Sir,

With triplicate and duplicate of former dates I have to enclose to you
some further proceedings of Congress, respecting bills of exchange
drawn upon you, and to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of May
the 31st. I think I can venture now to assure you, that not a single
draft more will be made upon you, let the occasion be ever so
pressing; but you must be entreated to work with all energy as to the
past. You cannot conceive of the whole train of necessities, which led
to such decisions, after what you had written. Congress have lately
called for three millions more than formerly, estimating in silver, to
be paid by the last of December. Nothing but the weight of taxes will
put an end to the levity with which our currency is treated.

New York has empowered its delegates to cede part of her western
claims, and it is recommended to others to relinquish also a portion,
and Maryland is anew invited to close the ratification of the
confederating articles. We must as a whole show more vigor than of
late.

I am, Sir, your most humble servant,

  JAMES LOVELL,
  _For the Committee of Foreign Affairs_.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO C. W. F. DUMAS.

  Passy, October 2d, 1780.

  Dear Sir,

I received duly your several letters of the 12th, 15th, 17th, 19th,
and 21st of September. I am much pleased with the intelligence you
sent me, and with the papers you have had printed.

Mr Searle is a military officer in the Pennsylvania troops, and a
member of Congress. He has some commission to execute for that
province, but none that I know of from Congress. He has an open letter
for you from Mr Lovell, which he has shown me. It is full of
expressions of his esteem; and I understand from Mr Searle, that you
stand exceedingly well with the Committee and with the Congress in
general. I am sorry to see any marks of uneasiness and apprehension in
your letters. M. Chaumont tells me, that you want some assurance of
being continued. The Congress itself is changeable at the pleasure of
their electors, and none of their servants have, or can have, any such
assurance. If, therefore, anything better for you, and more
substantial should offer, nobody can blame you for accepting it,
however satisfied they may be with your services. But as to the
continuance of what you may enjoy, or of something as valuable in the
service of the Congress, I think you may make yourself easy, for your
appointment seems more likely to be increased than diminished, though
it does not belong to me to promise anything.

Mr Laurens was to sail three days after Mr Searle, who begins to fear
he must be lost, as it was a small vessel he intended to embark in. He
was bound directly to Holland.

I enclose some extracts of letters from two French officers of
distinction in the army of M. de Rochambeau, which are pleasing, as
they mark the good intelligence that subsists between the troops,
contrary to the reports circulated by the English.

They will do perhaps for your Leyden Gazette.

  With great esteem and affection, I am ever, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO C. W. F. DUMAS.

  Passy, October 9th, 1780.

  Dear Sir,

I received yours of the 29th of September and 3d of October. It is a
very good addition you have made to your Memoir for the Ministers of
Russia and Sweden. I am glad to find you are again on such good terms
with the Ambassador, as to be invited to his comedy. I doubt not of
your continuing to cultivate that good understanding. I like much your
insertions in the gazettes. Such things have good effects.

Your information relative to the transactions at Petersburgh and in
Denmark are very interesting, and afforded me a good deal of
satisfaction, particularly the former. Mr Searle will have the
pleasure of seeing you. I recommend him warmly to your civilities. He
is much your friend, and will advise Mr Laurens to make you his
secretary, which I hope you will accept. I have given it as my
opinion, that Mr L. can nowhere find one better qualified, or more
deserving. The choice is left to that Minister, and he is empowered to
give a salary of £500 sterling a year. I am in pain on account of his
not being yet arrived, but I hope you will see him soon. I request
you would find means to introduce Mr Searle to the Portuguese
Ambassador. Pray consider the enclosed papers, and after advising with
your friend, give me your opinion as to the manner of the application
to the States-General, whether I should make it through their
Ambassador, or directly with a letter to the Grand Pensionary, or in
what other manner. You know we wrote to him formerly, and received no
answer.

  With great esteem, I am, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

_P. S._ You say nothing of Mr Adams? How do you stand with him? What
is he doing?

       *       *       *       *       *

JAMES LOVELL TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, October 28th, 1780.

  Sir,

A Committee was appointed on the 6th to draft "a letter to our
Ministers at the Courts of Versailles and Madrid, to enforce the
instructions given by Congress to Mr Jay, by their resolutions of the
4th instant, and so to explain the reasons and principles on which the
same are founded, that they may respectively be enabled to satisfy
those Courts of the justice and equity of the intentions of Congress."

That Committee reported a draft of a letter to Mr Jay, "and that a
copy of it be communicated to Doctor Franklin, together with the
resolution directing the draft."

There is no member of the Committee for Foreign Affairs attending
Congress but myself, nor have the Committee had a secretary or a
clerk since T. Paine's resignation. I must entreat you, therefore,
Sir, to excuse the economy of my request, that you would transmit to
Mr Jay all the papers which happen to reach you directed for him,
taking copies of such as are left open, for your information. I
persuade myself you will readily communicate to Mr Adams what appears
so much connected with his commission, though it has not been
specially ordered by the report of the Committee on the draft.

  I am, Sir, your most humble servant,

  JAMES LOVELL,

  _For the Committee of Foreign Affairs_.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO SIR GREY COOPER, BARONET, SECRETARY TO THE TREASURY OF GREAT
BRITAIN.

  Passy, November 7th, 1780.

  Sir,

I understand that Mr Laurens, an American gentleman, for whom I have a
great esteem, is a prisoner in the Tower, and that his health suffers
by the closeness and rigor of his confinement. As I do not think that
your affairs receive any advantage from the harshness of this
proceeding, I take the freedom of requesting your kind interposition,
to obtain for him such a degree of air and liberty, on his parole or
otherwise, as may be necessary for his health and comfort. The fortune
of war, which is daily changing, may possibly put it in my power to do
the like good office for some friend of yours, which I shall perform
with much pleasure, not only for the sake of humanity, but in respect
to the ashes of our former friendship.

With great regard, I have the honor to be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

CHARLES VERNON, LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR OF THE TOWER OF LONDON, TO SIR
GREY COOPER.

  Hampstead, November 27th, 1780.

  Dear Sir,

I am much ashamed to think that I shall appear so dilatory in
answering the favor of your letter, but the truth is, I was not in
town when the messenger left it in Cork Street, and by the neglect of
my servants I received it only on Sunday last. I went immediately to
the Tower, to know from Mr Laurens himself if he had any cause of
complaint, and if he had availed himself of the indulgence allowed him
by the Secretary of State, of walking within the Tower whenever it was
agreeable to himself. His answer to me was full and frank to the
questions, that he had received every reasonable indulgence since his
confinement, and that by the liberty allowed him of walking, he found
his health much mended. He said, at the same time, that he had always
thought himself highly honored by the distinguished place of his
confinement, and regretted much it was not in his power to make known
to all the world, the acknowledgments he had more than once made to me
upon this subject.

I beg you will do me the favor to communicate these particulars to
Lord George Germain as soon as convenient.

  I have the honor to be, dear Sir, &c.

  CHARLES VERNON.

       *       *       *       *       *

SIR GREY COOPER TO B. FRANKLIN.

  London, November 29th, 1780.

  Sir,

I have received the honor of your letter, in which you acquainted me,
that you understood that the health of Mr Laurens suffered by the
closeness and rigor of his confinement in the Tower, and after
complaining of the harshness of the proceeding, you request me to
endeavor to obtain for Mr Laurens such a degree of air and liberty, as
may be necessary for his health and comfort. The enclosed letter,
which I received from the Lieutenant Governor of the Tower, will show
that I have not been inattentive to your request, and at the same time
prove, that the intelligence you receive of what passes in this
country, is not always to be depended on for its accuracy and
correctness.

  I have the honor to be, &c.

  GREY COOPER.

       *       *       *       *       *

INSTRUCTIONS FROM CONGRESS TO B. FRANKLIN.

  In Congress, November 29th, 1780.

  Sir,

The letters to His Most Christian Majesty, which accompany these
instructions, you will deliver without loss of time; you will on all
occasions, and in the strongest terms, represent the unalterable
resolutions of these United States to maintain their liberties and
independence, and invariably to adhere to the alliance at every
hazard, and in every event. That the misfortunes of the last campaign,
instead of repressing, have redoubled their ardor. That Congress are
resolved to employ every resource in their power to expel the enemy
from every part of the United States, by the most vigorous and
decisive co-operation with the marine and troops of their illustrious
ally; that they have called for a powerful army and ample supplies of
provisions, and that the States are disposed effectually to a
compliance with their requisitions. That if, in aid of our own
exertions, the Court of Spain can be prevailed on to assume a naval
superiority in the American seas, to furnish the arms, ammunition, and
clothing specified in the estimate herewith transmitted, and to assist
us with the loan mentioned in the letter, we flatter ourselves, that
under the divine blessing the war must be speedily terminated, with
glory and advantage to both nations. To procure these necessary aids
you will employ unremitted attention and your utmost abilities; your
own knowledge of our circumstances, and the fact suggested in the
letter, will supply you with abundant argument to enforce our
requisitions.

You will give Colonel Palfrey, late Paymaster General for our armies,
and now our Consul in France, all the support which is necessary for
the exercise of his Consular functions, as well as for the effectual
execution of the special authority and instructions, which he will
communicate. The sufferings of our army for the want of the clothing
and arms, which the grant of His Most Christian Majesty, and your own
despatch gave us reason to expect, and the absolute and increasing
necessity of their being immediately forwarded to give efficacy to our
future operations, will especially impress upon you the dangerous
consequences of a further disappointment.

With respect to the loan, we foresee, that the sum we ask will be
greatly inadequate to our wants. We wish, however, to depend as much
as possible on our internal exertions. In this negotiation the state
of our finances requires, that you should endeavor to procure as long
a respite after the war for payment of the principal as may be in your
power. You may agree for an interest not exceeding the terms allowed
or given on national security, in endeavoring to suspend the discharge
of the interest for two or three years if possible.

The loan must prove ineffectual, unless the specie is actually
remitted. Experience has shown, that the negotiations of bills is
attended with insuperable loss and disadvantage. His Most Christian
Majesty, we are persuaded, will see in the strongest light the
necessity of despatching an effective naval armament to the American
seas. This is a measure of such vast moment, that your utmost address
will be employed to give it success. By such a conveyance the specie
may be remitted by different ships of war with a prospect of safety.

You are instructed to procure a correspondence with Monsieur Stephen
d'Andibert Caille, Consul for unrepresented nations at the Court of
the Emperor of Morocco. Assure him in the name of Congress, and in the
most respectful terms, that we entertain a sincere disposition to
cultivate the most perfect friendship with the Emperor of Morocco, and
are desirous of entering into a treaty of commerce with him, and that
we shall embrace a favorable opportunity to announce our wishes in
form. You are to take upon yourself, as far as may be consistent with
your present functions, the office of adjusting preliminaries for a
treaty with that Prince, according to the articles herewith forwarded;
provided, that you shall conceive it for the honor and interest of
the United States to make such overtures, and it shall be agreeable to
the Court at which you reside.

  I have the honor to be, &c.

  SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, _President_.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO JAMES LOVELL.

  Passy, December 2d, 1780.

  Sir,

I duly received your several favors of August the 15th, and September
the 7th, with the resolves of Congress for drawing on the bills
extraordinary, to the amount of near three hundred thousand dollars.
To keep up the credit of Congress I had already engaged for those
drawn on Mr Laurens. You cannot conceive how much these things perplex
and distress me; for the practice of this government being yearly to
apportion the revenue to the several expected services, any after
demands made, which the treasury is not furnished to supply, meet with
great difficulty, and are very disagreeable to the Ministers. To
enable me to look these drafts in the face, I have agreed to a
proposal contained in the enclosed letter to the President of
furnishing provisions to the King's forces in America, which proposal
I hope will be approved and executed, and that the Congress will
strictly comply with the assurance you have given me, not to draw on
me any more without first knowing that they have funds in my hands.

I wrote to you more fully by Captain Jones. He sailed sometime since
in the Ariel, but met with a severe storm, that entirely dismasted
him, and obliged him to put back for France. He has been long
refitting, but will sail again soon. Everything goes well here.

With great esteem, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

  Passy, December 2d, 1780.

  Sir,

The many mutual advantages, that must arise from carrying into
execution the proposition already communicated to Congress, of
furnishing provisions to the King's forces in America, to be paid for
here, have, I make no doubt, already induced them to begin that
operation. But as the proposition has lately been renewed to me, on
occasion of my requesting further aids of money, to answer the
unexpected drafts drawn upon me ordered by the resolutions of May and
August last, which drafts it is absolutely necessary I should find
funds to pay; and as the Congress have long desired to have the means
of forming funds in Europe, and an easier, cheaper, and safer method
cannot possibly be contrived, and as I see by the journals of
February, that the several States were to furnish provisions in
quantities instead of supplies in money, whereby much will be in the
disposition of Congress, I flatter myself that they will not
disapprove of my engaging in their behalf with the Minister of the
Finances here, that they will cause to be delivered for the King's
land and sea forces in North America such provisions, as may be wanted
from time to time, to the amount of four hundred thousand dollars, the
said provisions to be furnished at the current prices, for which they
might be bought with silver specie.

I have constantly done my utmost to support the credit of Congress, by
procuring wherewith punctually to pay all their drafts, and I have no
doubt of their care to support mine in this instance by fulfilling
honorably my engagement; in which case, receipts in due form should be
taken of the person to whom the provisions are delivered in the
several States, and those receipts sent to me here.

With great respect, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

_P. S._ This value, 400,000 dollars, is to be considered as exclusive
of any provisions already furnished, but the receipts for those should
also be sent me, if not paid for there.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

  Passy, December 3d, 1780.

  Sir,

I duly received the letter your Excellency did me the honor of writing
to me on the 12th of July past, by Mr Searle, and have paid the bills
drawn on me by order of Congress in favor of the President and Council
of Pennsylvania, for one thousand pounds sterling, which were
presented by him. He is at present in Holland.

The news of Mr Laurens having been taken must have reached you long
since; he is confined in the Tower, but of late has some more liberty
for taking air and exercise than first was allowed him. Certain papers
found with him relating to the drafts of a treaty proposed in Holland,
have been sent over to the Stadtholder, who laid them before their
High Mightinesses, who communicated them to the government of the city
of Amsterdam, which justified the transaction. This has drawn from
England a memorial, delivered by Sir Joseph Yorke, demanding that the
Pensionary and Magistrates of that city should be punished, and
declaring that the King will resent a refusal of the States to comply
with this demand. What answer will be given to this insolent memorial
we do not yet know. But I hear it has produced much displeasure in
Holland, and it is thought to have occasioned a more prompt accession
to the armed neutrality, which had before met with obstructions from
the English party there.

We have met with a variety of unaccountable delays and difficulties in
the affair of shipping the clothing and stores. The Alliance went away
without taking her part. The Ariel sailed, but met a storm at sea that
dismasted her, and obliged her to return to France. She is nearly
again ready to sail. Mr Ross, with his cargo of clothes in the Duke of
Leinster, sailed under convoy of the Ariel, but did not return with
her, and I hope may get safe to America. The great ship we hired to
come to L'Orient, and take in the rest of what we had to send, has
been long unexpectedly detained at Bordeaux. I am afraid the army has
suffered for want of the clothes; but it has been as impossible for me
to avoid, as it was to foresee these delays.

The late Minister of the Marine here, M. de Sartine, is removed, and
his place supplied by M. le Marquis de Castries. But this change does
not effect the general system of the Court, which continues favorable
to us.

I have received a copy of the resolutions of Congress of the 19th of
May, and the 9th, 15th, 23d, and 30th of August, directing bills to be
drawn on me for near 300,000 dollars. I shall accept the bills, hoping
the Congress will approve of, and readily comply with the proposition,
contained in a letter to your Excellency, accompanying this, dated
the 2d instant. Probably an answer may arrive here before many of
those bills shall become due, as few of them are yet arrived. If that
answer ratifies the agreement I have made, I shall have no difficulty
in finding means to pay the rest. If not, I shall scarce be able to
bear the reproaches of merchants, that I have misled them to their
loss by my acceptations, which gave a promise of payment, that not
being fulfilled, has deranged their affairs, to say nothing of the
power I am told the Consul's Court here has over the persons, even of
Ministers, in the case of bills of exchange. Let me, therefore, beg
your Excellency to use your endeavors with Congress, that this matter
may be immediately attended to.

Mr Jay, no doubt, has acquainted you with his difficulties respecting
the drafts upon him. I am sorry I cannot extricate him, but I hope he
will still find means.

The Mars, an armed ship belonging to the State of Massachusetts, in
her way to France, took and sent to New England a Portuguese ship
bound to Cork, with salt, belonging to some merchants there. The
Portuguese Captain, who is brought in here, complains heavily of ill
usage and plunder, besides taking his vessel, and the Ambassador of
that nation has communicated to me these complaints, together with all
the papers proving the property of the vessel, &c. representing at the
same time the good disposition of the Queen towards our States, and
his wishes that nothing might lessen it, or tend to prevent or delay a
complete good understanding between the two nations. I advised that
the owners should send over their claim, and empower some person to
prosecute it, in which case I did not doubt our courts would do them
justice. I hope the Congress may think fit to take some notice of
this affair, and not only forward a speedy decision, but give orders
to our cruisers not to meddle with neutral ships for the future, it
being a practice apt to produce ill blood, and contrary to the spirit
of the new league, which is approved by all Europe; and the English
property found in such vessels will hardly pay the damages brought on
us by the irregular proceedings of our Captains, in endeavoring to get
at such property.

With the greatest respect, I have the honor to be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

JAMES LOVELL TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, December 21st, 1780.

  Sir,

The bearer, William Palfrey, our late Paymaster General, has been
appointed Consul in France, with powers adequate to a general agency
in our commercial concerns there. But, while I take up my pen to
introduce him to your patronage, I ought to use it rather, perhaps, by
way of apologising for myself, in the line of a member of the
Committee of Foreign Affairs, from whom you will find no letter. There
was a prospect of much business being committed to you by this
opportunity, but it was altogether depending upon the President and
Secretary to transmit it, which, it seems, they were prevented from
doing, by an arrangement being but partly accomplished, which Congress
has thought fit to connect with those affairs. This proceeding is of a
nature not to admit of my enlarging upon it, because neither my head
nor heart suggests anything of eulogium, and my conscience forbids me
to pursue the usual style of minorities.

The Journals which I send you will show that we have had no letter
from you since that of May last, except two short ones lately,
respecting the private concerns of two officers, Baron d'Arendt, and
another, whose name is not now in my memory. Colonel Palfrey will be
able to give you information additional to the gazettes.

  I am, Sir, your most humble servant,
  JAMES LOVELL,
  _For the Committee of Foreign Affairs_.

       *       *       *       *       *

ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FROM CONGRESS TO B. FRANKLIN.

  In Congress, December 27th, 1780.

  Sir,

Since your last instructions[25] Congress have thought it expedient to
send Colonel John Laurens, with powers to negotiate specially the
important affairs to which they more immediately relate. This
gentleman, from the nature of his services and situation, has had
opportunities of information, which peculiarly qualify him for giving
to His Most Christian Majesty a more lively idea of our circumstances,
of our indispensable wants, and of the great advantages which must
result to the allies from his Majesty's complying with our request.

  [25] See above, p. 176.

The negotiation is, besides, so critically important, that it was
deemed highly requisite by the mission of this special Minister, to
guard against the accident of your want of health, and the consequent
delay in making the application.

Notwithstanding this appointment, should the duplicates of the
despatches reach you before this Minister's arrival, you will consider
it as the desire of Congress, that you take, with all possible
expedition, every step in your power for effecting the business, or at
least for disposing His Most Christian Majesty and his Ministers to
take a favorable impression from the representation which Colonel
Laurens, from his advantages of fuller information, may be better able
to make.

It is intended, and it is well known to be his own disposition, to
avail himself of your information and influence, and Congress doubt
not that the success of this measure will be much promoted by the
assistance he will derive from you; and they desire you to consider
your attention to him as a matter, which will be very satisfactory to
Congress and advantageous to your country.

  I have the honor to be, &c.

  SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, _President_.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO COUNT DE VERGENNES.

  Passy, February 13th, 1781.

  Sir,

I have just received from Congress their letter for the King, which I
have the honor of putting herewith into the hands of your Excellency.
I am charged at the same time, to "represent in the strongest terms,
the unalterable resolution of the United States to maintain their
liberties and independence; and inviolably to adhere to the alliance
at every hazard, and in every event; and that the misfortunes of the
last campaign, instead of repressing, have redoubled their ardor; that
Congress are resolved to employ every resource in their power to expel
the enemy from every part of the United States, by the most vigorous
and decisive co-operation with marine and other forces of their
illustrious ally; that they have accordingly called on the several
States for a powerful army and ample supplies of provisions; and that
the States are disposed effectually to comply with their requisitions.
That, if in aid of their own exertions, the Court of France can be
prevailed on to assume a naval superiority in the American seas, to
furnish the arms, ammunition, and clothing, specified in the estimate
heretofore transmitted, and to assist with the loan mentioned in the
letter, they flatter themselves, that under the divine blessing, the
war must speedily be terminated, with glory and advantage to both
nations."

By several letters to me from intelligent persons, it appears, that
the great and expensive exertions of the last year, by which a force
was assembled capable of facing the enemy, and which accordingly drew
towards New York, and lay long near that city, was rendered
ineffectual by the superiority of the enemy at sea, and that their
successes in Carolina had been chiefly owing to that superiority, and
to the want of the necessary means for furnishing, marching, and
paying the expense of troops sufficient to defend that province. The
Marquis de Lafayette writes to me, that it is impossible to conceive,
without seeing it, the distress which the troops have suffered for
want of clothing, and the following is a paragraph of a letter from
General Washington, which I ought not to keep back from your
Excellency, viz. "I doubt not that you are so fully informed by
Congress of our political and military State, that it would be
superfluous to trouble you with anything relative to either. If I were
to speak on topics of the kind, it would be to show that our present
situation makes one of two things essential to us; a peace, or the
most vigorous aid of our allies, particularly in the article of
_money_. Of their disposition to serve us, we cannot doubt; their
generosity will do everything which their means will permit." They had
in America great expectations, I know not on what foundation, that a
considerable supply of money would be obtained from Spain; but that
expectation has failed, and the force of that nation in those seas has
been employed to reduce small forts in Florida, without rendering any
direct assistance to the United States; and indeed the long delay of
that Court, in acceding to the treaty of commerce, begins to have the
appearance of its not inclining to have any connexion with us; so that
for effectual friendship, and for the aid so necessary in the present
conjuncture, we can rely on France alone, and in the continuance of
the King's goodness towards us.

I am grown old. I feel myself much enfeebled by my late long illness,
and it is probable I shall not long have any more concern in these
affairs. I therefore take this occasion to express my opinion to your
Excellency, that the present conjuncture is critical, that there is
some danger lest the Congress should lose its influence over the
people, if it is found unable to procure the aids that are wanted; and
that the whole system of the new government in America may thereby be
shaken. That if the English are suffered once to recover that country,
such an opportunity of effectual separation as the present may not
occur again in the course of ages; and that the possession of those
fertile and extensive regions, and that vast sea-coast, will afford
them so broad a basis for future greatness, by the rapid growth of
their commerce, and breed of seamen and soldiers, as will enable them
to become the _terror of Europe_, and to exercise with impunity that
insolence, which is so natural to their nation, and which will
increase enormously with the increase of their power.

  I am, with great respect, your Excellency's, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO THE COUNT DE VERGENNES.

  Passy, March 6th, 1781.

  Sir,

By perusing the enclosed instructions to Colonel Laurens and myself,
your Excellency will see the necessity I am under of being importunate
for an answer to the application lately made for aids of stores and
money. As vessels are about to depart for America, it is of the utmost
importance that the Congress should receive advice by some of them, of
what may or may not be expected. I therefore earnestly entreat your
Excellency to communicate me, as soon as possible, the necessary
information.

  With sincere esteem, I am, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

JAMES LOVELL TO B. FRANKLIN.

  March 9th, 1781.

  Sir,

I forward gazettes, journals, and some particular Resolves of
Congress, via Amsterdam.

The arrival of the Ariel has given us despatches from you, long
expected, of June 1st, August 9th, December 23d. Congress had, before
the receipt of your letters of February 19th, written to Mr Adams,
January 10th, and signified their concurrence in opinion with Count
de Vergennes, as to the time and circumstances of announcing his (Mr
Adams's) powers to Great Britain. They had also on December 12th
expressed their sentiments upon his letters of June 24th, enclosing to
them his correspondence relative to the act of March 18th, calling in
the old paper money.

I send you extracts from the Journals for your fuller information on
these points, and I shall forward yet for a time all acts of Congress
intended for your guidance whenever they are finished; but I most
earnestly look for the appointment of a Secretary for Foreign Affairs,
agreeably to their determinations of January 10th. Such an officer may
authoritatively communicate his opinions, and in many ways make your
station more easy and reputable to you, than it can have been under
great want of information of our circumstances.

  Your most humble servant,
  JAMES LOVELL,
  _For the Committee of Foreign Affairs_.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO M. DE RAYNEVAL, SECRETARY TO THE COUNCIL OF STATE.

  Passy, March 11th, 1781.

  Sir,

I have examined the list of supplies wanted in America, which I
received yesterday from you, in order to mark as desired what may be
most necessary to forward thither. As that list is of old date, and I
do not know what part of it may have been already procured by other
channels, and I understand by my letter that a new list has been made
out, which is given to Colonel Laurens, and though mentioned to be
sent to me also is not yet come to my hands, I have thought it may be
well for the present to order the making of a quantity of soldiers'
and officers' clothing, equal to one third part of what has been
demanded from page 31 to page 42 inclusive; and to collect and get
ready also one third of the other articles mentioned in the said
pages, which I have marked with a red line in the margin, the whole to
be sent by the first good opportunity. I think it would be well also
to send five thousand more good fusils, with fifty tons of lead, and
two hundred thousand flints for fusils. If these could go with the
fleet, it would be of great service. More powder is not necessary to
be sent at present, as there goes in the Marquis de Lafayette the
remainder of the two thousand barrels granted last year, and also two
hundred tons of saltpetre, which they will make into powder. For the
other articles that may be wanted, as Colonel Laurens will come fully
instructed, as well by the list given to him as from his own
observation and experience in the army, and from the information he
will receive from General Washington, with whom and the Marquis de
Lafayette he was to consult before his departure, I conceive it will
be best to wait a little for his arrival.

I return the lists, and having by some unaccountable accident mislaid
and lost the paper you gave me, containing what Count de Vergennes
said to me yesterday, I must beg the favor of you to repeat it, and
send it by the bearer. I am ashamed to give you this trouble, but I
wish to be exact in what I am writing of it to Congress.

  With the greatest esteem, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

  Passy, March 12th, 1781.

  Sir,

I had the honor of receiving on the 13th of last month your
Excellency's letter of the 1st of January, together with the
instructions of November 28th, and December 27th, a copy of those to
Colonel Laurens, and the letter to the King. I immediately drew a
memorial, enforcing as strongly as I could the requests that are
contained in that letter, and directed by the instructions, and I
delivered the same with the letter, which were both well received; but
the Ministry being extremely occupied with other weighty affairs, and
I obtaining for some time only general answers, that something would
be done for us, &c. and Mr Laurens not arriving, I wrote again and
pressed strongly for a decision on the subject, that I might be able
to write explicitly by this opportunity, what aids the Congress were
or were not to expect, the regulation of their operations for the
campaign depending on the information I should be enabled to give.

Upon this I received a note, appointing Saturday last for a meeting
with the Minister, which I attended punctually. He assured me of the
King's good will to the United States, remarking, however, that being
on the spot, I must be sensible of the great expense France was
actually engaged in, and the difficulty of providing for it, which
rendered the lending us twentyfive millions at present impracticable;
but he informed me, that the letter from the Congress, and my
memorials, had been under his Majesty's consideration, and observed,
as to loans in general, that the sum we wanted to borrow in Europe
was large, and that the depreciation of our paper had hurt our credit
on this side of the water; adding also, that the King could not
possibly favor a loan for us in his dominions, because it would
interfere with and be a prejudice to those he was under the necessity
of obtaining himself to support the war; but that, to give the States
a signal proof of his friendship, his Majesty had resolved to grant
them the sum of six millions, not as a loan, but as a free gift. This
sum the Minister informed me was exclusive of the three millions,
which he had before obtained for me to pay the Congress drafts for
interest, &c. expected in the current year. He added, that as it was
understood the clothing, &c. with which our army had been heretofore
supplied from France, was often of bad quality and dear, the Ministers
would themselves take care of the purchase of such articles as should
be immediately wanted, and send them over; and it was desired of me to
look over the great invoice, that had been sent hither last year, and
mark out those articles; that as to the money remaining after such
purchases, it was to be drawn for by General Washington, upon M.
d'Harvelay, Garde du Tresor Royal, and the bills would be duly
honored; but it was desired they might be drawn gradually as the money
should be wanted, and as much time given for the payment after sight
as conveniently could be, that the payment might be more easy.

I assured the Minister, that the Congress would be very sensible of
this token of his Majesty's continued goodness towards the United
States; but remarked, that it was not the usage with us for the
General to draw, and proposed that it might be our Treasurer, who
should draw the bills for the remainder; but I was told that it was
his Majesty's order. And I afterwards understood from the Secretary
of the Council, that as the sum was intended for the supply of the
army, and could not be so large as we had demanded for general
occasions, it was thought best to put it into the General's hands,
that it might not get into those of the different Boards or
Committees, who might think themselves under a necessity of diverting
it to other purposes. There was no room to dispute on this point,
every donor having the right of qualifying his gifts with such terms
as he thinks proper.

I took with me the invoice, and having examined it, I returned it
immediately with a letter, of which a copy is enclosed, and I suppose
its contents will be followed, unless Colonel Laurens on his arrival
should make any changes. I hope he and Colonel Palfrey are safe,
though, as yet, not heard of.

After the discourse relating to the aid was ended, the Minister
proceeded to inform me, that the Courts of Petersburgh and Vienna had
offered their mediation; that the King had answered, that it would to
him personally be agreeable, but that he could not yet accept it,
because he had allies whose concurrence was necessary. And that his
Majesty desired I would acquaint the Congress with this offer and
answer, and urge their sending such instructions as they may think
proper to their Plenipotentiary, it being not doubted that they would
readily accept the proposed mediation, from their own sense of its
being both useful and necessary. I mentioned that I supposed Mr Adams
was already furnished with instructions, relating to any treaty of
peace that might be proposed.

I must now beg leave to say something relating to myself, a subject
with which I have not often troubled the Congress. I have passed my
seventyfifth year, and I find that the long and severe fit of the
gout, which I had the last winter, has shaken me exceedingly, and I am
yet far from having recovered the bodily strength I before enjoyed. I
do not know that my mental faculties are impaired; perhaps I shall be
the last to discover that; but I am sensible of great diminution in my
activity, a quality I think particularly necessary in your Minister
for this Court. I am afraid, therefore, that your affairs may some
time or other suffer by my deficiency. I find also that the business
is too heavy for me, and too confining. The constant attendance at
home, which is necessary for receiving and accepting your Bills of
Exchange, (a matter foreign to my ministerial functions) to answer
letters, and perform other parts of my employment, prevents my taking
the air and exercise, which my annual journeys formerly used to afford
me, and which contributed much to the preservation of my health. There
are many other little personal attentions, which the infirmities of
age render necessary to an old man's comfort, even in some degree to
the continuance of his existence, and with which business often
interferes.

I have been engaged in public affairs, and enjoyed public confidence,
in some shape or other, during the long term of fifty years, and honor
sufficient to satisfy any reasonable ambition, and I have no other
left but that of repose, which I hope the Congress will grant me, by
sending some person to supply my place. At the same time, I beg they
may be assured, that it is not any the least doubt of their success in
the glorious cause, nor any disgust received in their service, that
induces me to decline it, but purely and simply the reasons
abovementioned. And as I cannot at present undergo the fatigues of a
sea voyage, (the last having been almost too much for me) and would
not again expose myself to the hazard of capture and imprisonment in
this time of war, I purpose to remain here at least till the peace;
perhaps it may be for the remainder of my life; and if any knowledge
or experience I have acquired here may be thought of use to my
successor, I shall freely communicate it, and assist him with any
influence I may be supposed to have, or counsel that may be desired of
me.

I have one request more to make, which, if I have served the Congress
to their satisfaction, I hope they will not refuse me; it is, that
they will be pleased to take under their protection my grandson,
William Temple Franklin. I have educated him from his infancy, and I
brought him over with an intention of placing him where he might be
qualified for the profession of the law; but the constant occasion I
had for his service as a private Secretary during the time of the
Commissioners, and more extensively since their departure, has induced
me to keep him always with me; and indeed being continually
disappointed of the secretary Congress had at different times intended
me, it would have been impossible for me, without this young
gentleman's assistance, to have gone through the business incumbent on
me. He has therefore lost so much of the time necessary for law
studies, that I think it rather advisable for him to continue, if it
may be, in the line of public foreign affairs, for which he seems
qualified by a sagacity and judgment above his years, and great
diligence and activity, exact probity, a genteel address, a facility
in speaking well the French tongue, and all the knowledge of business
to be obtained by a four years' constant employment in the Secretary's
office, where he may be said to have served a kind of apprenticeship.
After all the allowance I am capable of making for the partiality of
a parent to his offspring, I cannot but think he may in time make a
very able foreign Minister for Congress, in whose service his fidelity
may be relied on. But I do not at present propose him as such, for
though he is now of age, a few years more of experience will not be
amiss. In the meantime, if they should think fit to employ him as a
Secretary to their Minister at any European Court, I am persuaded they
will have reason to be satisfied with his conduct, and I shall be
thankful for his appointment as a favor to me.

My accounts have been long ready for the examination of some person to
be appointed for that purpose. Mr Johnson having declined it, and Mr
Dana residing at present at Paris, I requested him to undertake it,
and to examine at the same time those of Mr Deane; but he also
declines it, as being unacquainted with accounts. If no fresh
appointment has been made by Congress, I think of desiring Mr Palfrey
to perform that service when he arrives, which I hope will be
approved, for I am uneasy at the delay.

With great respect, I have the honour to be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO FRANCIS LEWIS AND THE BOARD OF ADMIRALTY.

  Passy, March 17th, 1781.

  Gentlemen,

I received the honor of yours, dated January the 2d, containing sundry
questions relating to the ship Alliance, and the expedition under the
command of John Paul Jones.

I apprehend, that the letters and papers sent by the Alliance, if
they came to your hands, and those which went in the Ariel, taken
together, would pretty well inform you on the most of the particulars
you inquire about, and the deficiencies might be supplied by Captain
Jones himself and others, who were engaged in the expedition. But as I
learn from Colonel Laurens, that his arrival was not heard of at
Boston the 11th of February, though he sailed the 18th of December,
and possibly he may have miscarried, I shall endeavor to answer as
well as I can your several queries, and will hereafter send you
duplicates of the papers that may be lost.

But I would previously remark, as to the expedition in general, that
this Court having, I suppose, some enterprise in view, which Captain
Jones, who had signalised his bravery in taking the Drake, was thought
a proper person to conduct, had soon after that action requested we
would spare him to them, which was the more readily agreed to, as a
difference subsisted between him and his Lieutenant, which laid us
under a difficulty, that was by that means got over. Some time passed,
however, before any steps were taken to employ him in a manner
agreeable to him, and possibly the first project was laid aside, many
difficulties attending any attempt of introducing a foreign officer
into the French marine, as it disturbs the order of their promotions,
&c. and he himself choosing to act rather under the commission of
Congress. However, a project was at length formed of furnishing him
with some of the King's ships, the officers of which were to have
temporary American commissions, which being posterior in date to his
commission, would put them naturally under his command for the time;
and the final intention, after various changes, was to intercept the
Baltic fleet.

The Alliance was at that time under orders to carry Mr Adams back to
America, but the Minister of the Marine, by a written letter
requesting I would lend her to strengthen the little squadron, and
offering a passage for Mr Adams in one of the King's ships, I
consented to the request, hoping, that besides obliging the Minister,
I might obtain the disposition of some prisoners to exchange for our
countrymen in England.

_Question 1st._ "Whether the ships with which the frigate Alliance was
concerted in an expedition, of which Captain John Paul Jones had the
command, were the property of private persons, and if so, who were the
owners of those ships?"

_Answer._ The ships with which the Alliance was concerted, were 1st.
The Bon Homme Richard, bought and fitted by the King, on purpose for
Captain Jones. 2dly. The Pallas frigate. 3dly. The Vengeance, a
corvette. 4thly. The Cerf, a cutter. All belonging to the King, and
the property of no private person whatever, as far as I have ever
heard or believe.

Two privateers, the _Monsieur_ and the _Granville_, were indeed with
the little squadron in going out; I suppose to take advantage of the
convoy, but being on their own account, and at their own discretion,
the _Monsieur_ quitted company on the coast of Ireland, and the
_Granville_ returned about the same time to France. I have not heard,
that the _Monsieur_ ever claimed any part of the prizes. The
_Granville_ has made some claim, on account not only of what were
taken, while she was with the squadron, but of the whole taken after
her departure, on this pretence, that some prisoners being put on
board of her, and losing company, she found herself obliged to go back
with them, not having wherewith to maintain them, &c. but this claim
is opposed by the other ships, being regarded as frivolous, as she was
not concerted. The claim, however, is not yet decided, but hangs in
the courts. These circumstances show, that these vessels were not
considered as a part of the armament. But it appears more plainly by
the _Concordat_ of the Captains, whereof I send you a copy. Who the
owners were of those privateers I have not heard. I suppose they may
be inhabitants of Bordeaux and Granville.

_Question 2d._ "Whether any agreement was made by you, or any person
in your behalf, with the owners of the ships concerted with the
Alliance in that expedition, respecting the shares they were severally
to draw of the prizes, which might be taken during said expedition?"

_Answer._ I never made any such agreement, nor any person in my
behalf. I lent the vessel to the King simply at the Minister's
request, supposing it would be agreeable to Congress to oblige their
ally, and that the division, if there should be anything to divide,
would be according to the laws of France, or of America, as should be
found most equitable. But the Captains before they sailed entered into
an agreement, called the _Concordat_ abovementioned, to divide
according to the rules of America, as they acted under American
commissions and colors.

_Question 3d._ "Whether the Serapis and Scarborough, and other
captures made during said expedition, were divided among the captors,
and the distribution made according to the resolutions of Congress,
and if not, what mode was pursued in making the distribution?"

_Answer._ No division has yet been made of the Serapis and
Scarborough. It is but lately that I have heard of the money being
ready for division at L'Orient. I suppose the mode will be that agreed
on by the captains.

_Question 4th._ "What were the net proceeds of the Serapis,
Scarborough, and the other prizes taken during the said expedition?"

_Answer._ I have not yet heard what were the net proceeds of the
prizes, nor have I seen any account. As soon as such shall come to my
hands, I will transmit it to you, and will endeavor to obtain it
speedily. No satisfaction has yet been obtained for the prizes carried
into Norway, and delivered up by the King of Denmark.

_Question 5th._ "What benefit the United States of America have
received from the prisoners made during said expedition?"

_Answer._ I did expect to have had all the prisoners taken by the
squadron, to exchange for Americans, in consideration of my having
lent the Alliance, and Captain Pearson engaged in behalf of the
British government by a written instrument, that those set on shore in
Holland should be considered as prisoners of war to the United States,
and exchanged accordingly. But I was, nevertheless, disappointed in
this expectation. For an exchange of all the prisoners being proposed
to be made in Holland, it was found necessary at that time by the
Dutch government, in order to avoid embroiling their State with
England, that those prisoners should be considered as taken by France,
and they were accordingly exchanged for Frenchmen, on the footing of
the French cartel with England. This I agreed to on the request of the
French Ambassador at the Hague, and also to avoid the risk of sending
them by sea to France, (the English cruising with seven ships off the
Texel to retake them) and as it would be more convenient and certain
for us to have an equal number of English delivered to me by France at
or near Morlaix, to be sent over in the cartel. But the English
government afterwards refused very unjustly to give any Americans in
exchange for English, that had not been taken by Americans. So we did
not reap the benefit we hoped for.

_Question 6th._ "What orders were given to Captain Landais?"

_Answer._ That he should obey the orders of Captain Jones.

_Question 7th._ "What was the ground of dispute between Captain Jones
and him?"

_Answer._ That when at sea together, he refused to obey Captain
Jones's orders.

_Question 8th._ "What were the disbursements on the Alliance, from the
time of her first arrival in France, until she left that kingdom?"

_Answer._ The disbursements on the Alliance from the time of her first
arrival in France, till the commencement of the cruise under Captain
Jones, as appears by the accounts of Mr Schweighauser, agent appointed
by William Lee, amounted to ---- which I paid. The disbursements on
her refit in Holland were paid by the King, as were also those on her
second refit after her return to L'Orient, as long as she was under
the care of Captain Jones. But Captain Landais, when he resumed the
command of her, thought fit to take what he wanted of Mr
Schweighauser's agent, to the amount of 31,668 livres, 12s. 3d., for
which, being contrary to my orders given to Mr Schweighauser, on his
asking them upon the occasion, I refused to pay, (my correspondence
with him will show you my reasons) and of those paid by the King I
have no account.

_Question 9th._ "Why the Alliance lay so long at Port L'Orient, after
her arrival there from the Texel, and in general every information in
your power respecting the Alliance and the expedition referred to?"

_Answer._ Her laying so long at L'Orient was first occasioned by the
mutinous disposition of the officers and men, who refused to raise the
anchors till they should receive wages and prize money. I did not
conceive they had a right to demand payment of wages in a foreign
country, or anywhere but at the port they came from, no one here
knowing on what terms they were engaged, what they had received, or
what was due to them. The prize money I wished them to have, but as
that could not soon be obtained, I thought it wrong in them to detain
the vessel on that account, and as I was informed many of them were in
want of necessaries, I advanced twentyfour thousand livres on account,
and put it into Captain Jones's hands to relieve and pacify them, that
they might go more willingly. But they were encouraged by some
meddling passengers to persist. The King would have taken the prizes
and paid for them, at the rate _per gun_, &_c._ as he pays for warlike
vessels taken by his ships, but they raised a clamor at this, it being
put into their heads, that it was a project for cheating them, and
they demanded a sale by auction. The Minister, who usually gives more
when ships are taken for the King than they will produce by auction,
readily consented to this when I asked it of him, but then this method
required time to have them inventoried, advertised in different ports,
to create a fuller concurrence of buyers, &c. Captain Jones came up
to Paris to hasten the proceedings. In his absence, Captain Landais,
by the advice of Mr Lee and Commodore Gillon, took possession of the
ship and kept her long, writing up to Paris, waiting answers, &c.

I have often mentioned to Congress the inconvenience of putting their
vessels under the care of persons living perhaps one hundred leagues
from the port they arrive at, which necessarily creates delays, and of
course enormous expenses, and for a remedy I have as often recommended
the appointment of consuls, being very sensible of my own
insufficiency in maritime affairs, which have taken up a vast deal of
my time, and given me abundance of trouble, to the hinderance,
sometimes, of more important business. I hope these inconveniences
will now be soon removed by the arrival of Mr Palfrey.

As the Ministry had reasons, if some of the first plans had been
pursued, to wish the expedition might be understood as American, the
instructions were to be given by me, and the outfit was committed to
Monsieur de Chaumont, known to be one of our friends, and well
acquainted with such affairs. Monsieur le Marquis de Lafayette, who
was to have been concerned in the execution, can probably acquaint you
with those reasons. If not, I shall do it hereafter. It afterwards
continued in the hands of M. de Chaumont to the end. I never paid or
received a farthing directly or indirectly on account of the
expedition; and the captains having made him their trustee and agent,
it is to him they are to apply for their proportions of the captures.
There may be something, though I believe very little, coming to the
United States from the Alliance's share of a small ransom made
contrary to orders.

No account has been rendered to me of that ransom, therefore I cannot
say how much, but I will inquire about it and inform you hereafter.

Most of the colliers taken were burnt or sunk. The ships of war taken,
I understand belong wholly to the captors. If any particulars remain,
on which you desire information, be pleased to mention them. I think
it my duty to give you all the satisfaction in my power, and shall do
it willingly.

  Being with great regard, Gentlemen, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

AGREEMENT,

_Between Captain John Paul Jones and the Officers of the Squadron._

Translation.

Agreement between Messieurs John Paul Jones, Captain of the Bon Homme
Richard; Pierre Landais, Captain of the Alliance; Dennis Nicolas
Cottineau, Captain of the Pallas; Joseph Varage, Captain of the Stag;
and Philip Nicolas Ricot, Captain of the Vengeance; composing a
squadron, that shall be commanded by the oldest officer of the highest
grade, and so on in succession in case of death or retreat. None of
the said commanders, whilst they are not separated from the said
squadron, by order of the Minister, shall act but by virtue of the
brevet, which they shall have obtained from the United States of
America, and it is agreed that the flag of the United States shall be
displayed.

The division of prizes to the superior officers and crews of the said
squadron, shall be made agreeably to the American laws; but it is
agreed, that the proportion of the whole, coming to each vessel in the
squadron, shall be regulated by the Minister of the Marine Department
of France, and the Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States of
America.

A copy of the American laws shall be annexed to the present agreement,
after having been certified by the commander of the Bon Homme Richard;
but as the said laws cannot foresee nor determine as to what may
concern the vessels and subjects of other nations, it is expressly
agreed, that whatever may be contrary to them shall be regulated by
the Minister of the French Marine, and the Minister Plenipotentiary of
the United States of America.

It is likewise agreed, that the orders given by the Minister of the
French Marine, and the Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States
of America, shall be executed.

Considering the necessity there is of preserving the interests of each
individual, the prizes that shall be taken shall be remitted to the
orders of Monsieur le Ray de Chaumont, Honorary Intendant of the Royal
Hotel of Invalids, who has furnished the expenses of the armament of
the said squadron.

It has been agreed, that M. le Ray de Chaumont be requested not to
give up the part of the prizes coming to all the crews, and to each
individual of the said squadron, but to their order, and to be
responsible for the same in his own proper name.

Whereas the said squadron has been formed for the purpose of injuring
the common enemies of France and America, it has been agreed that such
armed vessels, whether French or American, may be associated
therewith, as by common consent shall be found suitable for the
purpose, and that they shall have such proportion of the prizes, which
shall be taken, as the laws of their respective countries allow them.

In case of the death of any one of the beforementioned commanders of
vessels, he shall be replaced agreeably to the order of the tariff,
with liberty, however, to choose whether he will remain on board his
own vessel, and give up to the next in order the command of the vacant
ship.

It has moreover been agreed, that the commander of the Stag shall be
excepted from the last article of this present agreement, because in
case of a disaster to M. de Varage, he shall be replaced by his second
in command, and so on by the other officers of his cutter, the Stag.

  J. P. JONES,
  P. LANDAIS,
  DE COTTINEAU,
  VARAGE,
  P. RICOT,
  LE RAY DE CHAUMONT.

       *       *       *       *       *

JAMES LOVELL TO B. FRANKLIN.

  March 31st, 1781.

  Sir,

I send you a few newspapers, and the last monthly journals which have
come from the press. The enemy will tell their own story of the naval
engagement on the 16th. They have ventured nearer to truth in
Rivington's Royal Gazette than almost at any one time before, since
the very commencement of hostilities. Our allies conducted most
gallantly, and the enemy are so convinced of the activity of the
French commander, that they have not ventured to remain in the
Chesapeake Bay, to do all the damage which the event of the battle
had put in their power.

I send you General Greene's account of an affair between him and
Cornwallis on the 15th. It differs but little from the prints. I will
endeavor to have it struck at the press. You shall have it, at least,
with our good Secretary's attestation, which is in the best credit,
even with the enemy.

The opportunity of sending is too precarious to admit of my enlarging.

  Your most humble servant,
  JAMES LOVELL,
  _For the Committee of Foreign Affairs_.

       *       *       *       *       *

JAMES LOVELL TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, May 9th, 1781.

  Sir,

Mr Samuel Curson and Mr Isaac Gouverneur, Jun. of St Eustatia, after
that place was taken, were sent to England in the Vengeance man of
war, Commodore Hotham, stripped of everything but their wearing
apparel; their books, papers, and slaves having been taken from them,
and Mrs Gouverneur, with a young infant, turned out of doors. Special
severity, it is supposed, has been shown to them in consequence of
their acting as agents to Congress. Doctor John Witherspoon, Jun.
also, who was surgeon of the De Graaff letter of marque, taken at St
Eustatia, is sent to England in the Alimena man of war, and very
hardly treated on account of his father being a member of Congress, as
is supposed.

Your particular attention to the exchange of these persons will tend
to give confidence to all, who being connected specially with Congress
are exposed to captivity, and will also very particularly oblige the
relations of these unfortunates, who have requested Congress to
mention these circumstances to you.

  Your most humble servant,
  JAMES LOVELL,
  _For the Committee of Foreign Affairs_.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO M. DE LAFAYETTE.

  Passy, May 14th, 1781.

  Dear Sir,

You are a very good correspondent, which I do not deserve, as I am a
bad one. The truth is, I have too much business upon my hands, a great
deal of it foreign to my function as a minister, which interferes with
my writing regularly to my friends. But I am nevertheless extremely
sensible of your kindness in sending me such frequent and full
intelligence of the state of affairs on your side of the water, and in
letting me see by your letters, that your health continues, as well as
your zeal for our cause and country.

I hope, that by this time the ship, which has the honor of bearing
your name, is safely arrived. She carries clothing for nearly twenty
thousand men, with arms, ammunition, &c. which will supply some of
your wants, and Colonel Laurens will bring a considerable addition, if
Providence favors his passage. You will receive from him the
particulars, which makes my writing more fully by him unnecessary.

Your friends have heard of your being gone against the traitor
Arnold, and are anxious to hear of your success, and that you have
brought him to punishment. Enclosed is a copy of a letter from his
agent in England, captured by one of our cruisers, and by which the
price or reward he received for his treachery may be guessed at. Judas
sold only one man, Arnold three millions. Judas got for his one man
thirty pieces of silver, Arnold not a halfpenny a head. A miserable
bargain! especially when one considers the quantity of infamy he has
acquired to himself, and entailed on his family.

The English are in a fair way of gaining still more enemies; they play
a desperate game. Fortune may favor them as it sometimes does a
drunken dicer; but by their tyranny in the East, they have at length
roused the powers there against them, and I do not know that they have
in the West a single friend. If they lose their India commerce, (which
is one of their present great supports,) and one battle at sea, their
credit is gone, and their power follows. Thus empires, by pride,
folly, and extravagance, ruin themselves like individuals. M. de la
Motte Piquet has snatched from between their teeth a good deal of
their West India prey, having taken twentytwo sail of their homeward
bound prizes. One of our American privateers has taken two more, and
brought them into Brest, and two were burnt; there were thirtyfour in
company, with two men of war of the line and two frigates, who saved
themselves by flight, but we do not hear of their being yet got in.

I think it was a wise measure to send Colonel Laurens here, who could
speak knowingly of the state of the army. It has been attended with
all the success that perhaps could reasonably be expected, though not
with all that was wished. He has fully justified your character of
him, and returns thoroughly possessed of my esteem; but that cannot
and ought not to please him so much, as a little more money would have
done for his beloved army. This Court continues firm and steady in its
friendship, and does everything it can for us. Can we not do a little
more for ourselves? My successor (for I have desired the Congress to
send me one) will find it in the best disposition towards us, and I
hope he will take care to cultivate that disposition. You, who know
the leading people of both countries, can perhaps judge better than
any member of Congress of a person suitable for this station. I wish
you may be in a way to give your advice, when the matter is agitated
in that assembly. I have been long tired of the trade of minister, and
wished for a little repose before I went to sleep for good and all. I
thought I might have held out till the peace, but as that seems at a
greater distance than the end of my days, I grow impatient. I would
not, however, quit the service of the public, if I did not sincerely
think that it would be easy for the Congress, with your counsel, to
find a fitter man. God bless you, and crown all your labors with
success.

With the highest regard and most sincere affection, I am, dear Sir,
&c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

  Passy, May 14th, 1781.

  Sir,

I did myself the honor of writing to your Excellency pretty fully on
the 12th of March, to which I beg leave to refer. Colonel Laurens
arriving soon after, we renewed the application for more money.

His indefatigable endeavors have brought the good dispositions of this
Court to a more speedy determination of making an addition, than could
well have been expected so soon after the former grant. As he will
have an opportunity of acquainting you personally with all the
particulars of importance, a circumstantial account of the transaction
from me is unnecessary. I would only mention, that as it is the
practice here to consider early in the year the probable expenses of
the campaign, and appropriate the revenues to the several necessary
services, all subsequent and unexpected demands are extremely
inconvenient and disagreeable, as they cannot be answered without
difficulty, occasion much embarrassment, and are sometimes
impracticable. If, therefore, the Congress have not on this occasion
obtained all they wished, they will impute it to the right cause, and
not suppose a want of good will in our friends, who indeed are such,
most firmly and sincerely.

The whole supply for the current year now amounts to twenty millions;
but out of this are to be paid your usual drafts for interest money,
those in favor of M. de Beaumarchais, and those heretofore drawn on Mr
Jay and Mr Laurens, which I have already either paid or engaged for,
with the support of your several Ministers, &c. &c. which I mention,
that the Congress may avoid embarrassing my successor with drafts,
which perhaps he may not have the means in his hands of honoring.
Besides paying the second year's salaries of Messrs Adams and Dana,
Jay and Carmichael, I have furnished Mr Dana with £1,500 sterling
credit on Petersburgh, for which place I suppose he is now on his
way.

You will receive from Holland advices of the late declaration of that
Court, with regard to the English refusal of its mediation, and of the
assistance requested by the States-General. I hope Mr Dana will find
it well disposed towards us.

I have received no answer yet to my letters relating to the proposed
mode of lodging funds here, by supplying the French fleet and army.
Having as yet heard nothing of Colonel Palfrey, and it being now more
than four months since he sailed, there is great reason to fear he may
be lost. If that should unhappily be the case, the Congress cannot too
soon appoint another consul, such an officer being really necessary
here. Your Minister Plenipotentiary has hitherto had all that sort of
business upon his hands, and as I do not now speak for myself, I may
speak more freely, I think he should be freed from the burden of such
affairs, from all concerns in making contracts for furnishing
supplies, and from all your bill of exchange business, &c. &c. that he
may be more at liberty to attend to the duties of his political
function.

The prisoners in England are increasing by the late practice of
sending our people from New York, and the refusal of the English
Admiralty to exchange any Americans for Englishmen not taken by
American armed vessels. I would mention it for the consideration of
Congress, whether it may not be well to set apart five or six hundred
English prisoners, and refuse them all exchange in America, but for
our countrymen now confined in England.

Agreeably to the vote of Congress, and your Excellency's letter of the
4th of January, I have requested the assistance of this Court for
obtaining the release of Mr President Laurens. It does not yet appear
that the thing is practicable. What the present situation is of that
unfortunate gentleman, may be gathered from the enclosed letters.[26]

  [26] The reference here is to the letters of Sir Grey Cooper, and Mr
  Charles Vernon. See this volume, pages 174, 175, 176.

I hope the Alliance, with the ship _Marquis de Lafayette_ under her
convoy, is by this time arrived, as they sailed the 27th of March. I
flatter myself that the supplies of clothing, &c. which they carry,
will be found good of the kind, and well bought. I have by several
late opportunities sent copies of the government letters taken in the
New York packet. Your Excellency will see, that they are written in
the perfect persuasion of our submitting speedily, and that the
Commissioners are cautioned not to promise too much, with regard to
the future constitutions to be given us, as many changes of the old
may be necessary, &c. One cannot read those letters from the American
Secretary of State, and his Under-Secretary, Knox, without a variety
of reflections on the state we should necessarily be in, if obliged to
make the submission they so fondly hope for, but which I trust in God
they will never see. Their affairs in the East Indies, by the late
accounts, grow worse and worse; and twentytwo ships of the prey they
made in the West are wrenched out of their jaws by the squadron of M.
de la Motte Piquet.

I mentioned in a former letter, my purpose of remaining here for some
time after I should be superseded. I mean it with the permission of
Congress, and on the supposition of no orders being sent me to the
contrary; and I hope it will be so understood.

  With the greatest respect, I have the honor to be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO THOMAS LEWIS.

  Passy, May 16th, 1781.

  Sir,

I received the letter you did me the honor of writing to me the 1st of
January. The bill for four thousand four hundred and fortyfour Mexican
dollars, which you remitted to Mr Schweighauser, being refused payment
by Mr Jay, for want of a regular endorsement by Mr Laurens, in whose
favor it was drawn, and which endorsement could not now be obtained,
Mr Schweighauser applied to me, informing me that he should not send
the things ordered by your Board, unless the bill was paid; and it
appearing on the face of the bill, that it was drawn for public
service, I concluded to take it up, on which he has purchased the
things and shipped them. Colonel Laurens has put on board some other
supplies for the army, and I suppose she will now sail directly.

The drafts from Congress upon me for various services, and those on Mr
Jay and Mr Laurens, all coming upon me for payment, together with the
expenses on the ships, &c. &c. have made it impracticable for me to
advance more for loading the Active; but as we have obtained lately
promises of a considerable aid for this year, I shall now try what I
can do, as the money comes in, towards supplying what is demanded in
the invoice you mention. You will receive, I hope, twentyeight cannon,
and a large quantity of powder and saltpetre, by the ship Marquis de
Lafayette.

I have by several opportunities written in answer to your questions
relative to the ship Alliance.

  I have the honor to be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

_P. S._ Please to present my respects to the Board.

       *       *       *       *       *

JAMES LOVELL TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, May 17th, 1781.

  Sir,

Doctor Putnam, whose letter is enclosed, by the uniformity of his
attachment to our public cause, merits your patronage. And I enclose
for your information some former proceedings of Congress, in which
this same gentleman is interested; requesting, Sir, that you would
obtain a knowledge of the proceedings consequent upon efforts which M.
Gerard has undoubtedly made to obtain compensation for the sloop,
which Count d'Arband restored to the Governor of Antigua, after it had
been taken by Doctor Putnam and others.

  Your most humble servant,
  JAMES LOVELL.

       *       *       *       *       *

COUNT DE VERGENNES TO B. FRANKLIN.

Translation.

  Versailles, June 8th, 1781.

  Sir,

I have received the letter you did me the honor to write me on the 4th
instant. I do not know whether Mr Laurens has purchased the clothing
in Holland on account of Congress; I only know (and you were likewise
informed of it at the same time) that this officer was _to employ for
his purchases in France_ part of the six millions, which the King has
granted to Congress, and that the residue of this sum was intended to
be sent to America, with a view of re-establishing the credit of the
United States.

If Mr Laurens, instead of paying ready money in Holland, has
contented himself with giving bills on you, I have no concern in it,
and the King can furnish no means for your reimbursement.

As to the monies arising from the loan opened in Holland, we have no
pretensions to regulate the employment of them, as they belong to the
United States. You must, therefore, Sir, apply to Congress for the
power of disposing of them, in discharge of the drafts drawn on you
from all quarters.

  I have the honor of being, &c.

  DE VERGENNES.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

  Passy, June 11th, 1781.

  Sir,

I have lately done myself the honor of writing largely to your
Excellency by divers conveyances, to which I beg leave to refer. This
is chiefly to cover the copy of a letter I have just received from the
Minister, relative to the disposition of the late loans, by which will
be seen the situation I am in with respect to my acceptances of the
quantities of bills drawn by Congress on Mr Jay, Mr Laurens, Mr Adams,
and myself, which I entered into, in the expectation, which both
Colonel Laurens and myself entertained, that a part of these loans
might be applied to the payment of these bills, but which I am now
told cannot be done without an express order from Congress.

I shall endeavor to change the sentiments of the Court in this
respect, but I am not sure of succeeding. I must therefore request
that a resolution of Congress may immediately be sent, empowering me
to apply as much of those loans as shall be necessary for the
discharge of all such drafts of Congress, or for the repayment of such
sums, as I may in the meantime be obliged to borrow for the discharge
of those drafts.

  I have the honor to be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO JOHN ADAMS.

  Passy, June 11th, 1781.

  Sir,

Mr Grand has communicated to me a letter from your Excellency to him,
relating to certain charges in your account, on which you seem to
desire to have my opinion. As we are all new in these matters, I
consulted, when I was making up my account, one of the oldest foreign
Ministers here, as to the custom in such cases. He informed me, that
it was not perfectly uniform with the Ministers of all Courts, but
that in general, where a salary was given for service and expenses,
the expenses understood were merely those necessary to the man, such
as housekeeping, clothing, and coach; but that the rent of the hotel
in which he dwelt, the payment of couriers, the postage of letters,
the salary of clerks, the stationary for his bureau, with the feasts
and illuminations made on public occasions, were esteemed the expenses
of the Prince, or State that appointed him, being for the service or
honor of his Prince or nation; and either entirely, or in great part,
expenses that, as a private man, he would have been under no necessity
of incurring. These, therefore, were to be charged in his accounts. He
remarked, it was true that the Minister's housekeeping as well as his
house was usually, and in some sort necessarily more expensive, than
those of a private person, but this he said was considered in his
salary to avoid trouble in accounts; but that where the Prince or
State had not purchased or built a house for their Minister, which was
sometimes the case, they always paid his house rent.

I have stated my own accounts according to this information; and I
mention them, that if they seem to you reasonable, we may be uniform
in our charges, by your charging in the same manner; or if objections
to any of them occur to you, that you would communicate them to me for
the same reason.

Thus you see my opinion, that the articles you mention of courtage,
commission, and port de lettres, are expenses that ought to be borne,
not by you, but by the United States. Yet it seems to me more proper,
that you should pay them, and charge them with the other articles
abovementioned, than that they should be paid by me, who, not knowing
the circumstances, cannot judge (as you can) of the truth or justice
of such an account when presented, and who, besides, have no orders to
pay more on your account, than your net salary.

With regard to that salary, though your receipts to Fitzeaux and
Grand, shown to me, might be quite sufficient to prove they had paid
you the sums therein mentioned, yet, as there are vouchers for them,
and which they have a right to retain, I imagine it will be clearest,
if you draw upon me, agreeably to the order of Congress, and if this
is quarterly, it will be the most convenient to me.

  With great respect, I have the honor, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS TO B. FRANKLIN.

  In Congress, June 19th, 1781.

  Sir,

Congress have received your letter of the 12th of March last, with the
papers enclosed. The prospect of conferences being soon opened in
Europe, under the mediation of the imperial Courts of Petersburgh and
Vienna, for accommodating the disputes between the belligerent powers,
which must necessarily involve the essential interests of these United
States, has determined us to increase the number of our ministers for
negotiating a peace with Great Britain. We have, therefore, added
yourself, Messrs Jay, H. Laurens, and Thomas Jefferson to Mr Adams, to
repair to such place as shall be fixed on for transacting this
important business.

A compliance with your request to retire from public employment would
be inconvenient at this particular juncture, as it is the desire of
Congress to avail themselves of your abilities and experience at the
approaching negotiation. Should you find repose necessary after
rendering the United States this further service, Congress, in
consideration of your age and bodily infirmities, will be disposed to
gratify your inclination.

You will present the letter to His Most Christian Majesty, and
communicate to him the instructions to our Ministers for negotiating a
peace, attended with such a memorial as your prudence shall suggest,
and the importance of the subject requires.

  With great esteem, I am, &c.

  SAMUEL HUNTINGTON,
  _President of Congress_.

TO MAJOR WILLIAM JACKSON.

  Passy, June 28th, 1781.

  Sir,

Since my acceptance of your bills, I have applied to the Ministry for
more money to discharge the other engagements I entered into for
payment of the Congress bills drawn on Holland and Spain. I find so
much difficulty, and even impossibility of obtaining it at this time,
that I am under the absolute necessity of stopping the cash that is in
Holland, or of ruining all the credit of the States in Europe, and
even in America, by stopping payment.

This is therefore to order, that, in case the said cash has been
delivered to you by Messrs Fizeaux and Grand, you would immediately
return it into their hands to remain there at my disposal. I am sorry
that this operation is necessary, but it must be done, or the
consequences will be terrible.

  I have the honor to be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

MAJOR WILLIAM JACKSON TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Amsterdam, June 29th, 1781.

  Sir,

I have the honor to inform your Excellency that I got to Amsterdam on
Tuesday morning. It has been thought advisable to wait a few days,
that we may sail with a Dutch squadron of fourteen sail, destined as a
convoy to the Baltic. The loss of the ship Marquis de Lafayette, which
is confirmed by Lloyd's list, renders every precaution necessary, and
essential to prevent a further disappointment in supplies.

I hope your Excellency will approve of the reasons for delaying our
departure, which must be amply compensated by the benefit of a convoy
through the North Sea. I beg leave to request that Colonel Laurens's
servant may be informed, should he apply to your Excellency, that, if
he leaves Paris immediately and travels with despatch, he will reach
this place in time to embark with us for America. Any commands, which
your Excellency may please to honor me with, and which may be
transmitted by him, will be faithfully attended to.

I beg you will present my best respects to your grandson.

I have the honor to be, with profound respect, &c.

  W. JACKSON.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO DAVID HARTLEY.

  Passy, June 30th, 1781.

I received my dear friend's kind letter of the 15th instant, and
immediately communicated your request of a passport to the Count de
Vergennes. His answer, which I have but just received, expresses an
opinion, that the circumstance of his granting a passport to you, as
you mention the purpose of your coming to be the discoursing with me
on the subject of peace, might, considering your character, occasion
many inconvenient reports and speculations, but that he would make no
difficulty of giving it, if you assured me that you were authorised
for such purpose by your ministry, which he does not think at all
likely; otherwise he judges it best that I should not encourage your
coming. Thus it seems I cannot have at present the pleasure you were
so kind as to propose for me. I can only join with you in earnest
wishes for peace, a blessing which I shall hardly live to see.

With the greatest esteem and respect, I am ever, dear Sir,

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

MAJOR WILLIAM JACKSON TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Amsterdam, July 2d, 1781.

  Sir,

I was yesterday honored with your Excellency's letter of the 28th ult.
while at the Texel, superintending some matters relating to the ship.
Equally concerned for the cause, as surprised at the manner in which
Mr Fizeaux was resolved to execute it, in case the money had been
already shipped, I must beg leave to inform you fully of this
business, and to request your Excellency's final determination
thereon.

Colonel Laurens, as your Excellency knows, was sent by Congress to the
Court of Versailles, with a special commission; the purport of his
mission you are well acquainted with; it was to obtain certain
supplies in specie and military stores.

By the most unremitting assiduity, he so far succeeded as to procure,
amongst others, a sum of money to be shipped in Holland by the South
Carolina frigate, which was deemed, by the Court of France, a safe and
convenient conveyance, as it would divide the risk which must have
been incurred by placing the whole on board of one vessel. That sum
was sent to this place by M. Necker, and lodged in the house of
Fizeaux and Grand, to be by them delivered to me, agreeably to the
following order, the original of which is now in my possession,
having very fortunately for me recovered it from them after they
received your instructions.

       *       *       *       *       *

Translation.

  "Paris, May 12th, 1781.

  "Gentlemen,

"This letter will be delivered to you by Mr William Jackson, captain
of infantry in the service of the United States, to whom I request you
to deliver the 130,655 dollars, and the 720,000 livres in crowns,
which you have received on my account by the way of Brussels. Mr
Jackson will give you a receipt for it, in which he will express that
these two sums have been delivered to him pursuant to the intention of
Mr John Laurens, an American officer now at Paris, whose orders he
will follow on this subject. You will be pleased to send me afterwards
this receipt, with a statement of all the expenses due to you. I will
have them reimbursed here to M. Grand.

  "I am, Gentlemen, &c.

  NECKER.

  M. M. Grand, Fizeaux, & Co. Amsterdam."

Messrs Fizeaux and Grand have, in pursuance of your Excellency's
directions, refused to deliver it. This, Sir, being a distinct
transaction, executed altogether at the instance of the honorable John
Laurens, special Minister at the Court of Versailles from the United
States, and by him committed to my further care, I conceive myself
indispensably bound to remonstrate to your Excellency, on the late
order given by you to Messrs Fizeaux and Grand, directing the
detention of that money, and to inform you that if they are not
repealed, I must embark without it; and however I may lament the
disappointment and distress in which this measure must involve
Congress, whose arrangements are undoubtedly taken on the certainty of
this supply being sent from Europe; however much I may regret Colonel
Laurens's absence which induces it, I shall possess the pleasing
reflection of having done my duty, in demanding, conformably to the
intentions of M. Necker, and by his order, that money which the Court
of France had accorded to the United States by the application of
Colonel Laurens, in virtue of his special commission, and which was
particularly and expressly destined to reanimate the credit of the
continental currency.

The ship waits for nothing else but this money. I shall attend your
Excellency's ultimate decision thereon, which I expect to receive by
return of the express, who only waits your commands.

  I have the honor to be, &c.

  W. JACKSON.

_P. S._ M Fizeaux informed me that he had resolved to arrest the ship,
had the money been on board, I need not inform your Excellency that a
like opportunity may not again offer to transport this essential
supply, rendered still more so by the capture of the ship Marquis de
Lafayette.

  W. J.

My fever, which was greatly increased by my late jaunt to Passy, will
not admit of my waiting upon your Excellency in person, and I am
persuaded your justice will render it unnecessary, after this
representation.

  W. J.

       *       *       *       *       *

MAJOR WILLIAM JACKSON TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Amsterdam, July 2d, 1781.

  Sir,

Since the departure of my express, I find myself obliged, in
conformity to Colonel Laurens's instructions (from which, as his agent
I cannot recede, unless compelled thereto by forcible means, and which
unless such are practised against me, I must carry into execution) to
retain the money, which he has confided to my care, and which the
Minister of Finance's order makes deliverable to me specially; and to
arrest it in the hands of M. Fizeaux, should he continue to refuse the
delivery of it but by your Excellency's orders.

I rely upon your Excellency's attachment to the welfare of America, to
prevent this painful operation, which must inevitably take place
should your determination decide otherwise, for as this money is
subject to no other control in Europe, but the immediate order of the
Court of France, I cannot relinquish my charge of it, but by their
special order.

  I have the honor to be, &c.

  W. JACKSON.

       *       *       *       *       *

MAJOR WILLIAM JACKSON TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Amsterdam, July 2d, 1781.

  Sir,

Your Excellency will not wonder at the determination which I have
adopted, to arrest the money now in M. Fizeaux's hands, (and which I
have communicated to you by a second express this afternoon) when you
reflect, that this money is absolutely committed to my charge for a
special purpose, and that I stand accountable for the execution of
this commission. Your Excellency must likewise be sensible, that you
cannot have the disposal of it, as it was obtained without either your
knowledge or concurrence by Colonel Laurens, appointed special
Minister for that purpose. These considerations, and the knowledge I
have how much America must suffer from a disappointment in this
supply, about to be transported by so excellent a conveyance, must
plead my excuse individually for this plain and candid avowal of
circumstances, and my determination thereon. I am further persuaded,
that the Court of France is not disposed, was there even a shadow of
an excuse for an alteration of the allotment of this money, to
infringe their honor and injure the essential interests of America by
detaining it. I must therefore again entreat your Excellency's repeal
of those orders to M. Fizeaux, which now detain the ship and supplies
so much required in America.

I have the honor to be, &c.

  W. JACKSON.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO MAJOR WILLIAM JACKSON.

  Passy, July 5th, 1781, at 6 in the morning.

  Sir,

I have this, instant received your letter of the 2d, urging the
delivery of the money. I must be short in my reply, as your express
waits.

Colonel Laurens indeed obtained a promise of ten millions, to be
raised by a loan in Holland. I understood while he was here, that that
loan was in train, and that the million and a half to be sent with
you was a part of it. I since learn, that nothing has yet been
obtained in Holland, that the success is not yet certain, and that the
money in question is a part of the six millions I had obtained before
his arrival, upon the strength of which I accepted the bills drawn on
his father, and on Mr Jay, and without which acceptances the Congress'
credit in America would have been ruined, and a loss incurred of
twenty per cent upon the protests. I cannot obtain more money here at
present, and those bills being accepted must be paid, as well as those
I accepted on your earnest request, for the great unexpected purchase
you made in Holland.

Colonel Laurens has carried two millions and a half of that six
millions with him, which will serve till the loan in Holland produces
a further supply. In the meantime I cannot suffer the credit of our
country to be destroyed, if by detaining this money it may be saved.
And if I were to consent to its going, our banker would be obliged to
arrest great part of it as belonging to the States, he being in
advance for them, which would occasion much disagreeable noise, and
very ill consequences to our credit in Europe.

I find by Mr Viemerange's account just received, that Mr Laurens's
orders have more than absorbed all the money he did not take with him.
I applaud the zeal you have both shown in the affair, but I see, that
nobody cares how much I am distressed, provided they can carry their
own points. I must, therefore, take what care I can of mine, theirs
and mine being equally intended for the service of the public. I am
sorry to learn, that the vessel is detained for this express. I
understood by your last, that she waited for convoy. I heartily wish
you a good voyage, and am, with great esteem, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO MAJOR WILLIAM JACKSON.

  Passy, July 5th, 1781.

  Sir,

I received your letter of the 2d instant, by your first express, this
morning at six, answered it, and sent him away immediately. I have
just now received your second express of the same date, in which you
threaten me with a proceeding, that I apprehend exceedingly imprudent,
as it can answer no good end to you, must occasion much scandal, and
be thereby very prejudicial to the affairs of the Congress.

But I cannot, therefore, consent to suffer their bills, to the amount
of more than a million accepted and expected, to go back protested for
want of this money. I have nothing to change in the answer
abovementioned. You will however follow your own judgment, as I must
follow mine, and you will take upon yourself the consequences.

  I have the honor to be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO MAJOR WILLIAM JACKSON.

  Passy, July 6th, 1781.

  Sir,

I received and answered two of your expresses yesterday morning, and
in the evening I received a third letter from you, all dated the 2d
instant.

In this last you tell me, "that I must be sensible I cannot have the
disposal of the money, as it was obtained without either my knowledge
or concurrence, by Colonel Laurens, appointed special Minister for
that purpose." I do not desire to diminish the merit of Colonel
Laurens. I believe he would have been glad, if it had been in his
power to have procured ten times the sum; and that no application or
industry on his part for that purpose would have been wanting. But I
cannot let this injurious assertion of yours pass, without expressing
my surprise, that you, who were always with that gentleman, should be
so totally ignorant of that transaction. The six millions, of which he
took with him two and a half, of which one and a half were sent to
Holland, and of which more than the remainder is ordered in stores
from hence, was a _free gift_ from the King's goodness (not a _loan_
to be _repaid with interest_,) and was obtained by _my application_,
long before Colonel Laurens's arrival.

I had also given in a list of the stores to be provided, though on his
coming I cheerfully gave up the further prosecution of that business
into his hands, as he was better acquainted with the particular wants
of the army, than I could be, and it was one of the purposes of his
appointment.

Thus no part of the affair was done without my "_knowledge and
concurrence_," except the sending a million and a half of the specie
to Holland. This was indeed a secret to me. I had heard of that sum's
being ready there to embark, but I always till lately understood it to
be a part of the Dutch loan, which I am about to mention, or I should
certainly have opposed that operation. What Colonel Laurens really
obtained, and a great service I hope it will prove, was a loan upon
interest of ten millions, to be borrowed on the credit of this Court
in Holland. I have not heard, that this loan has yet produced
anything, and, therefore, I do not know that a single livre exists, or
has existed in Europe, of his procuring for the States. On the
contrary, he and you have drawn from me considerable sums, as
necessary for your expenses, and he left me near forty thousand livres
to pay for the Alliance, and, moreover, engaged me in a debt in
Holland, which I understood might amount to about fifteen thousand
pounds sterling, and which you contrived to make fifty thousand
pounds.

When I mentioned to him the difficulty I should find to pay the
drafts, he said, you have the remainder of the six millions. He gave
me no account of the dispositions he had made, and it is but lately I
have learnt that there is no remainder. To gratify you, and to get
that ship out, which could not have stirred without me, I have engaged
for the vast sum abovementioned, which I am sure I shall be much
distressed to pay, and therefore have not deserved at your hands the
affront you are advised to menace me with.

And since I find you make it a point of reflection upon me, that I
want to apply money to the payment of my engagements for the Congress,
which was obtained by Colonel Laurens for other purposes, I must
request, that you will upon this better information take occasion to
correct that error, if you have communicated it to any other person.

By the letters you showed me, that had passed between Mr Adams and
you, I perceived he had imbibed an opinion, that Colonel Laurens had,
as he expressed it, done more for the United States in the short time
of his being in Europe, than all the rest of their Diplomatic Corps
put together. I should never have disputed this, because I had rather
lend a little credit to a friend, than take any from him, especially
when I am persuaded he will make a good use of it; but when his
friends will make such suppositious credit a matter of reproach to
me, it is not right to continue silent.

As to the safety of the excellent conveyance you mention, I must own,
I have some doubts about it, and I fear I shall hear of the arrival of
that ship in England, before she sees America. Be that as it may, I am
clear that no use can possibly be made of the money in America for
supporting the credit of the States, equal in any degree to the effect
it must have for the same purpose, when applied to the payment of
their bills here, which must otherwise go back protested. And I am
sure it will be exceedingly prejudicial to their credit, if by the
rash proceeding you threaten, this situation of their affairs becomes
the subject of public talk and discussion in Europe.

  I am, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

_P. S._ I request you would read again and consider well my first
letter to you on this subject. The reasons therein contained subsist
still in their full force.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

  Passy, July 11th, 1781.

  Sir,

The number of Congress bills that have been drawn on the Ministers in
Spain and Holland, which I am by my acceptances obliged to pay, as
well as those drawn upon myself, the extreme importance of supporting
the credit of Congress, which would be disgraced in a political, as
well as a pecuniary light, through all the Courts of Europe, if those
bills should go back protested, and the unexpected delays arising with
regard to the intended loan in Holland, all those considerations have
compelled me to stop the one million five hundred thousand livres,
which were to have been sent by way of Amsterdam. As soon as more
money can be furnished to me by this Court, I shall take care to
replace that sum, and forward with it as great an addition as
possible. I am now soliciting supplies of clothing, arms, ammunition,
&c. to replace what has been unfortunately lost in the Marquis de
Lafayette; and hope to succeed.

Captain Jackson, who is truly zealous for the service, has been
exceedingly solicitous and earnest with me to induce me to permit the
money to go in this ship, but for the reasons abovementioned, I find
it absolutely necessary to retain it for the present, which I doubt
not will be approved by Congress.

  With great respect, I have the honor to be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

JAMES LOVELL TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, July 21st, 1781.

  Sir,

It does not appear that the resolutions of June 26th, affecting
yourself and colleagues, as well as Mr Dana, have been transmitted. Mr
President Mc'Kean will take other opportunities of writing. I think it
essential, however, in the meantime, to forward duplicates, which may
serve for information, and perhaps authority, to all concerned.

  Your humble servant,
  JAMES LOVELL,
  _For the Committee of Foreign Affairs_.

_P. S._ Please to give copies where proper.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO C. W. F. DUMAS.

  Passy, August 6th, 1781.

  Dear Sir,

I have received several letters from you lately, enclosing others for
the President of Congress, and for Spain, all of which are sealed and
forwarded, except the last for the President, contained in yours of
the 26th past, which shall go by the first opportunity. The reading of
those letters gave me much information, and therefore pleasure; though
since the fixing of Mr Adams there I do not attend so much to the
affairs of your country as before, expecting indeed but little from it
to our advantage; for though it was formerly in the same situation
with us, and was glad of assistance from other nations, it does not
seem to _feel_ for us, or to have the least inclination to help us; it
appears to want magnanimity.

Some writer, I forget who, says, that Holland is no longer a _nation_,
but _a great shop_; and I begin to think it has no other principles or
sentiments but those of a shopkeeper. You can judge of it better than
I, and I shall be happy to find myself mistaken. You will oblige me,
however, by continuing the history either directly to me, or in your
letters to Congress; but when you enclose a sealed letter in another
to me, please to observe to place the second seal on one side, and not
directly over the first; because the heat of the second is apt to
deface the impression of the first, and to attach the paper to it, so
as to endanger tearing the enclosed in opening the cover.

With best wishes for your health and prosperity, I am ever, dear Sir,
&c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

_P. S._ I pity the writer of the enclosed, though I have no other
acquaintance with him, than having seen him once at Hanover, where he
then seemed to live genteely and in good credit. I cannot conceive
what should reduce him to such a situation, as to engage himself for a
soldier. If you can procure him any friends among the philosophers of
your country, capable of relieving him, I wish you could do it. If
not, and he must go to the Indies, please to give him three or four
guineas for me, to buy a few necessaries for his voyage.

  B. F.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO C. W. F. DUMAS.

  Passy, August 10th, 1781.

  Dear Sir,

Enclosed I send you a late paper received from Rhode Island. You will
see in it the advantages our troops have gained in South Carolina.
Late advices directly from Philadelphia say, that the enemy have now
nothing left in Georgia, but Savannah; in South Carolina, but
Charleston; nor in North Carolina, but Wilmington. They are, however,
in force in Virginia, where M. de Lafayette has not sufficient
strength to oppose them, till the arrival of the reinforcements, which
were on their march to join him from Maryland and Pennsylvania.

In looking over my last to you, I apprehend I may have expressed
myself perhaps a little too hardly of your country; I foresee you will
tell me that we have many friends there; I once thought so too; but I
was a little out of humor when I wrote, on understanding that no loan
could be obtained there for our use, though the credit of this kingdom
was offered to be engaged for assuring the payment, and so much is
lent freely to our enemies. You can best tell the reason; it will be
well not to let my letter be seen.

  I am ever, dear Sir, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

  Passy, September 13th, 1781.

  Sir,

I duly received the two letters your Excellency did me the honor of
writing to me, both dated the 19th of June, together with the letter
addressed to the King and the three Commissioners, with the
instructions relative to the negotiations for peace. I immediately
went to Versailles and presented the letter, which was graciously
received. I communicated also to Count de Vergennes a copy of your
instructions after having decyphered them. He read them while I was
with him, and expressed his satisfaction with the unreserved
confidence placed in his Court by the Congress, assuring me that they
never would have cause to regret it, for that the King had the honor
of the United States at heart, as well as their welfare and
independence. Indeed this has already been manifested in the
negotiations relative to the Plenipotentiaries, and I have had so much
experience of His Majesty's goodness to us, in the aids afforded us
from time to time, and of the sincerity of this upright and able
Minister, who never promised me anything which he did not punctually
perform, that I cannot but think the confidence well and judiciously
placed, and that it will have happy effects.

I have communicated to Mr Adams and to Mr Jay the purport of your
despatches. Mr Adams already had received the same; by the first safe
conveyance I shall acquaint the Congress with the steps that have been
taken in the negotiation. At present I would only say, that the
settling of preliminaries meets with difficulty, and will probably
take much time, partly from the remoteness of the mediators, so that
any relaxation of our warlike preparations in expectation of a speedy
peace, will be imprudent as it may be pernicious.

I am extremely sensible of the honor done me by the Congress in this
new appointment. I beg they would accept my thankful acknowledgments;
and since they judge I may be serviceable, though I had requested
leave to retire, I submit dutifully to their determination, and shall
do my utmost to merit in some degree the favorable opinion they appear
to have of me. I am the more encouraged in this resolution, as within
the last three months I find my health and strength considerably
re-established.

I wish, however, that a consul general may soon be appointed for this
kingdom; it would ease me of abundance of troublesome business to
which I am not equal, and which interferes with my own important
functions.

The King having graciously complied with my request, of replacing the
supplies lost in the Marquis de Lafayette, many hands are employed in
providing them, who work hard to have them ready and shipped, so that
they may arrive before winter.

With the highest respect, I have the honor to be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

_P. S._ The copying machine for Mr Secretary Thompson is in hand, and
will soon be finished and sent to him.

       *       *       *       *       *

JOHN ADAMS TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Amsterdam, October 4th, 1781.

  Sir,

Your Excellency's letter of June 11th, is yet unanswered. I have the
honor to agree with your Excellency in opinion, that it is reasonable
that articles of rent of the hotel, payment of couriers, postage of
letters, salaries of clerks, stationary for the bureau, and feasts and
illuminations made upon public occasions, should be deemed expenses of
the States. Indeed, otherwise it will be impossible for American
Ministers to live in any such manner as is expected of them, both by
Europeans and Americans.

I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect, Sir, &c. &c.

  JOHN ADAMS.

       *       *       *       *       *

ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, October 20th, 1781.

  Dear Sir,

Congress having lately thought it advisable to alter the arrangement
of their great executive departments, and to dissolve the Boards and
Committees under whose direction they formerly were, I am to inform
you, that they have done me the honor to appoint me their Secretary of
Foreign Affairs; in which capacity they have made it my duty, as it
will always be my inclination, to maintain an intimate and regular
correspondence with you. I have this day taken the oaths of office,
and as the recital of fortunate events is the most pleasing task
annexed to it, I shall give you a short sketch of the state of our
military operations.

When General Washington was fully apprized, that Count de Grasse was
to visit this Continent, he made every provision for the attack of New
York, where the enemy had about six thousand troops, and seven ships
of the line, which were thought inadequate to its defence. He
collected the troops, as well those of allies as our own, and made a
movement towards New York. The delay of our recruits in coming in, a
small reinforcement to the enemy from Europe, and some other
circumstances, gave us reason to be apprehensive for the event of this
attempt, though the magnitude of the object still urged the General to
undertake it. It was the enemy's place of arms, the repository of
their magazines, and the only harbor for large ships left them on this
side of Halifax. Every preparation was accordingly made, when some
circumstances deemed unfortunate at the time, but which like many
others of our supposed evils have in the end been productive of good,
occasioned an alteration in the destination of Count de Grasse. He
sailed for the Chesapeake. The General still appearing to prosecute
his first design moved his army, and made such preparations as induced
the enemy to believe, that he meant to possess himself of Staten
Island, as preparatory to his design upon New York.

In the meantime the army filed off through Hackensack and Newark, to
keep up the deception, and arrived by expeditious marches at the head
of the Elk. Count de Grasse arrived at the critical moment, and
Cornwallis, at the head of about seven thousand men, found himself
completely invested at Yorktown by an army of near fourteen thousand
regular troops. The British fleet, which arrived at New York about the
time that Count de Grasse reached the Chesapeake, made an ineffectual
attempt to relieve their army. They were defeated and compelled to
return to New York, after losing the Terrible, a seventyfour, and two
frigates; by which means, a junction of the fleet from Rhode Island
was formed with that under the Count de Grasse. It arrived the day
after the action, and narrowly escaped falling in with the English
fleet.

Our batteries were opened on the 7th. The enemy having evacuated their
principal outworks and been repulsed in one or two sallies, our second
parallel was begun on the 11th, within three hundred yards of their
lines, and the least sanguine among the officers fix the end of the
month as the era of Cornwallis's captivity. His whole force at York,
and on the opposite side of the river, including seamen and regulars,
amounts to about seven thousand men.

The enemy sailed from Sandy Hook yesterday, with twentythree ships of
the line, and three fiftys, with several frigates, and a number of
fire ships. They have nine thousand of their best troops, if we are
rightly informed, on board their ships of war. They are resolved to
make some attempt for the relief of Cornwallis, whose capture must
draw after it the loss of all the posts they hold in the Southern
States, and the total ruin of their affairs in America. Georgia has
re-established her government, where the enemy have no other footing
than in Savannah. South Carolina is about doing the same. General
Greene has very prudently wasted the strength of the enemy, and raised
the confidence of the militia, by fighting them in detail. His late
victory, which I enclose you an account of, in his own words, affords
the most promising prospect of speedily recovering the possession of
that country.

Congress are, however, looking forward to another campaign. They have
voted twentyfive thousand men for the ensuing year. These, when raised
and appointed, together with the success which has hitherto, and which
we may promise ourselves will still continue to attend the allied
arms, will enable you to open your diplomatic campaign with great
advantage, and permit you, Sir, to rejoice in the close of that great
work, to which you have so sedulously and ably contributed.

I need not tell you, Sir, how anxious I shall be to hear from you on
every occasion. Nothing short of the most constant and regular
information will satisfy the expectations of Congress. We have much to
learn, and but few opportunities of acquiring information. Your
situation enables you not only to let us know what passes with you,
but to extend your inquiries to Courts where we have no Ministers, and
of whose politics we would not choose to be ignorant, though they may
but remotely concern us at present. For my own part, I freely confess,
that I rely much upon your knowledge and experience to supply my want
of both.

I propose to write so frequently to you as to keep you fully informed,
not only of what is, but of what is not done, since the last may
sometimes be as important to you as the first.

As far, Sir, as you may find a similar task consistent with your
health, your leisure, and your various avocations, you will render us
essential services in imposing it upon yourself.

Congress having resolved, that all communications with their
Ministers abroad, shall pass through this office, you will do me the
honor, Sir, to direct in future all your public letters to me.

I have the honor to be, &c.

  ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, October 24th, 1781.

  Dear Sir,

I three days since did myself the honor to write to you, informing you
of my appointment to the Secretaryship of Foreign Affairs; and
preparing you for the happy event which has taken place. Enclosed you
have the capitulation of Yorktown and Gloucester, by which a British
army of 5600 men was surrendered to the allied arms of France and
America; and no inconsiderable fleet, with 800 seamen, to the navy of
His Most Christian Majesty.

Since my last, which was written the day after I entered upon office,
I have seen yours of the 14th of May. There are many things in it
which deserve the attention I mean to pay it, when the first hurry
that the intelligence I communicate occasions is over. But, Sir, there
is a part which I cannot delay to take notice of, because I feel
myself interested in opposing the resolution that you seem to have
formed of quitting the station, which, for the honor of the United
States, you now hold. I shall be impatient till I hear, that you
comply with the wishes of Congress on this subject, as communicated
long since. Though the new powers with which you are invested impose
additional burthens upon you, yet as they at once contain the amplest
testimonials of the approbation of Congress, and directly lead to the
completion of the great cause in which you so early engaged, I cannot
but flatter myself that you will take it upon you. I sent with my
first letter to you one to the Count de Vergennes, informing him of my
appointment. You will do me the honor to present it.

  I am, Sir, &c.

  ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO THOMAS MC'KEAN, PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

  Passy, November 5th, 1781.

  Sir,

Herewith you will receive a copy of my last; since which I have been
honored with two letters from the late President, the one dated March
2d, relating to Captain Jones's cross of merit, which I have
communicated as directed; the other, dated July 5th, respecting the
release and exchange of Mr Laurens.

Having no direct communication with the British Ministers, and Mr
Burke appearing, by a letter to me, warmly interested in favor of his
friend, General Burgoyne, to prevent his being recalled I have
requested and empowered him to negotiate that exchange, and I soon
expect his answer. The late practice of sending to England prisoners
taken in America, has greatly augmented the number of those
unfortunate men, and proportionally increased the expense of relieving
them. The subscriptions for that purpose in England have ceased. The
allowance I have made to them of sixpence each per week during the
summer, though small, amounts to a considerable sum; and during the
winter, I shall be obliged to double, if not treble it. The Admiralty
there will not accept any English in exchange, but such as have been
taken by Americans, and absolutely refuse to allow any of the paroles
given to our privateers by English prisoners discharged at sea, except
in one instance, that of fiftythree men taken in the Snake sloop, by
the Pilgrim and Rambler, which was a case attended, as they say, with
some particular circumstances. I know not what the circumstances were,
but shall be glad to see the fiftythree of our people, whom they
promised to send me by the first cartel. I have above five hundred
other paroles solemnly given in writing, by which the Englishmen
promised either to send our people in exchange, or to surrender
themselves to me in France, not one of which has been regarded, so
little faith and honor remain in that corrupted nation. Our
privateers, when in the European seas, will rarely bring in their
prisoners when they can get rid of them at sea. Some of our poor brave
countrymen have been in that cruel captivity now near four years. I
hope the Congress will take this matter into immediate consideration,
and find some means for their deliverance, and to prevent the sending
more from America. By my last accounts, the number now in the several
prisons amounts to upwards of eight hundred.

I request also some direction from Congress (having never received
any) respecting the allowance to be made to them while they remain
there. They complain that the food given them is insufficient. Their
petition to the English government to have an equal allowance with the
French and Spanish prisoners has been rejected, which makes the small
pecuniary assistance I can send them more necessary. If a certain
number of English prisoners could be set apart in America, treated
exactly in the same manner, and their exchange refused till it should
be agreed to set these at liberty in Europe, one might hope to succeed
in procuring the discharge of our people. Those, who escape and pass
through France to get home, put me also to a great expense for their
land journies, which could be prevented if they could be exchanged, as
they would be landed here in ports.

The Ambassador of Venice told me, that he was charged by the senate to
express to me their grateful sense of the friendly behavior of Captain
Barry, commander of the Alliance, in rescuing one of the ships of
their State from an English privateer, and setting her at liberty; and
he requested me to communicate this acknowledgment to Congress. There
is a complaint from Holland against Captain Jones, for having taken
the brigantine Berkenbosch and sending her to America, and I have been
desired to lay before Congress the enclosed depositions relating to
that capture, and to request their attention to it.

The Ambassador of Portugal also frequently asks me if I have received
any answer to their complaint, long since sent over. I wish it was in
my power to give one of some kind or other. But none has yet come to
my hands. I need not mention the importance of attending to the
smallest complaints between nations, the neglect of them having
sometimes very serious consequences.

The mediation proposed is not agreed to by England, who refuses to
treat with our United States but as a Sovereign with subjects, and I
apprehend that a change in that resolution is only to be expected from
time, the growing insupportable expense of the war, or a course of
misfortunes in the progress of it. The spirits of that nation have
been continually kept up by the flattering accounts sent over, of our
being weary of the contest, and on the point of submission. Their
Ministers, as appears by their intercepted letters, have been
themselves so far deceived as to expect daily those submissions, and
to have the pleasure of laying them before the King. We may, perhaps,
be able to guess a little by the King's speech at the approaching new
session of Parliament, whether they still continue under this
delusion. As long as it subsists peace is not to be expected.

A loan has been proposed to be obtained for us of the States of
Holland on the credit of this government. All public operations are
slow in that country, and though the affair is at length said to be
concluded, it is not yet executed. Considerable advances have,
however, been made here in expectation of being reimbursed by it. The
last aids granted us have been so absorbed by my payment of the drafts
on Mr Jay and Mr Adams, and acceptance of those for the enormous
unexpected purchases in Holland, which were to have gone in Captain
Gillon's ship, but left behind, that I shall have nothing to spare for
extraordinaries, unless some of the Holland loan comes soon into my
hands. I am now told from Amsterdam, that the two ships freighted
there to carry those goods are detained, as their contract was to sail
under convoy of the South Carolina, which left them; and they must now
take more men to defend them, and of consequence claim a higher
freight, and to have it paid before they sail, unless I will buy the
ships, and send them on account of Congress, neither of which is in my
power to do. It was with reluctance I engaged in that affair, having
little confidence in Captain Gillon's management, and fearing some
embarrassment of our credit. I consented in fine to engage for the
payment of ten thousand pounds sterling, being the value of the goods
suitable for Congress, said to be already shipped in that vessel, and
as there was said to be still some room, and she was thought a safe
conveyance, I concluded to furnish an additional sum to fill that
supposed vacancy, which I limited to five thousand pounds sterling
more. You will judge of my surprise, when I saw the accounts of that
additional purchase, which amounted, instead of five, to fifty
thousand pounds sterling. I at first absolutely refused to pay for
them. But Captain Jackson came to me from thence express, urged that
the purchase was made by order of Colonel Laurens; that the goods were
on board; that if I would not undertake to pay for them, they must be
relanded, and returned or sold, which would be a public disgrace to
us; that they were all articles exceedingly wanted in America, &c. &c.
In fine, I was prevailed on, and accepted the bills, and was obliged
to go with this after-clap to the Ministers, a proceeding always
disagreeable, after the dispositions of the funds of the year have
been arranged; and more so in this case, as the money was to be paid
for the manufactures of other countries, and not laid out in those of
this kingdom, by whose friendship it was furnished. This fresh grant
was at first absolutely refused; at length I obtained it, and I hoped
the difficulty was over.

But after all, the officers declare the ship was overloaded, that
there was not room to lodge the people and provisions, nor to act in
fighting her; the goods are turned out into two other ships, those are
left, and it is now proposed to me, either to buy them, or to advance
a freight nearly equal to their value. I cannot make a new demand for
this purpose; and I shall not wonder if this government, observing how
badly our shipping and transporting the supplies are managed, should
take that business for the future entirely into their own hands, as
they have begun to do in the case of replacing the cargo of the
Marquis de Lafayette, and indeed, till some active, intelligent
person, skilled in maritime affairs, is placed here as consul, I
cannot but think it will be much better executed, and more for our
advantage. Some considerable parts of that new cargo are already
shipped, and the rest I hear are in great forwardness.

The very friendly disposition of this Court towards us still
continues, and will, I hope, continue forever. From my own
inclination, as well as in obedience to the orders of Congress,
everything in my power shall be done to cultivate that disposition;
but I trust it will be remembered, that the best friends may be over
burthened; that by too frequent, too large, and too importunate
demands upon it, the most cordial friendship may be wearied, and as
nothing is more teazing than repeated, unexpected large demands for
money, I hope the Congress will absolutely put an end to the practice
of drawing on their Ministers, and thereby obliging them to worry
their respective Courts for the means of payment. It may have
otherwise very ill effects in depressing the spirit of a Minister, and
destroying that freedom of representation, which, on many occasions,
it might be proper for him to make use of.

I heartily congratulate you, Sir, on your being called to the
honorable and important office of President, and wish you every kind
of prosperity.

Be pleased to present my dutiful respects to the Congress, and believe
me to be, with great and sincere esteem and respect, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, November 24th, 1781.

  Sir,

Major General du Portail will have the honor to present this.
Congress, in consideration of their long and faithful services in this
country, have granted permission to him and Colonels de Laumoy and de
Gourion, to revisit their friends in Europe for the winter.

As the merit of these gentlemen has procured for them particular marks
of the esteem of Congress, they wish them to be distinguished by the
notice of their sovereign, and for that purpose have directed that
they be recommended to you, and that you be requested to present them
at Court, in such a manner as will bespeak for them the attention they
justly merit.

Congress are persuaded that this task will be particularly agreeable
to you, as they are indebted to your care for the useful services of
these gentlemen, and as nothing is more acceptable to a man of real
merit, than to be made the means of displaying it in others.

This is the third letter I have had the honor to write to you since my
entering upon office, and you will find it numbered in the margin
accordingly. I beg you will be pleased to number all your letters to
me in the same manner, that I may know those which by any means may
be prevented from coming to hand.

  I have the honor to be, &c.

  ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, November 26th, 1781.

  Dear Sir,

The Marquis de Lafayette, who has obtained leave to revisit his family
for the winter, does me the honor to be the bearer of this, and
duplicates of two former letters to you. The degree of estimation in
which he is held here, you will collect from the enclosed resolutions
relative to him, so that you may converse freely with him, and I doubt
not that he will be able to satisfy your inquiries on many important
questions relative to this country, on which account I may confine
myself more to general heads than I would otherwise do.

As to intelligence, there is little of importance, the army all having
gone into winter quarters, after the late glorious campaign, the enemy
having been defeated on every hand. A party of about six hundred of
them, who fell upon the western frontier of New York, were the last
that quitted the stage; having been driven off by an inferior number
of militia, with the loss of their leaders, and many privates killed,
and about fifty, including the wounded, made prisoners. A body of
troops is detached to the southward to reinforce General Greene, with
orders to attempt Wilmington on their way, which the enemy occupy with
about five hundred men, and keep up a connexion with the disaffected
counties in North Carolina.

We have not in a long time heard either from you or Mr Jay, so that we
are much in the dark respecting the probable prospect of a negotiation
this winter, or rather are led to conclude from your silence, that the
prospect is extremely remote; in which case, all your objects will
concentre in preparing for the ensuing campaign, and directing the
operations as far as possible to this country. The success of the
combined operations this summer will give great weight to your
arguments, especially as they are such as would deserve, independent
of that, the most serious attention. But, Sir, you will have a
difficult card to play, to induce France to do what not only our but
her interests essentially require. Never was there a time in which
money was more necessary to us than at present. The total abolition of
paper, the length of the war, the restricted commerce we have carried
on for the first five years of it, the arrears of debts, and the
slender thread by which public credit hangs, put it totally out of our
power to make any great exertions without the immediate supply of
money. Taxation will be carried as far as it can go, but this will
fall very far short of our wants. The richest nations in Europe,
unable to carry on a war by taxation only, are compelled to borrow.
How then will it be expected that a nation, which has had every
difficulty to struggle with, an enemy in the heart of its country, and
all its considerable towns at one time or another in their possession,
a superior navy on its coasts, and the consequential ruin of its
agriculture and commerce, how, I say, can it be expected that such a
nation should find resources within itself for so long and bloody a
war? And yet in this situation, we are alarmed by our advices from
you, by representations from the Minister of France, by assurances
from every quarter, that we must expect no further assistance in
money. Surely it is not possible that France, after having done so
much for us, after having brought us within view of the desired haven,
should oblige us to lose the advantage of all she has done; and yet be
assured that the most serious consequence may attend her stopping her
hand at this critical time. Public credit, which is growing very fast,
will drop to the ground. The contracts made for the ensuing campaign
must be given up; the troops, who were made to expect pay in specie,
will be dissatisfied; and upon the least ill fortune, a failure in
supplies will show their discontents; recruiting will be checked, and
the conclusion of the war on those advantageous terms, which one
vigorous exertion next spring in this country would secure, will be
postponed to a later period, when in fact all we wish, to enable us to
accomplish these great objects, is less than one year's continuance of
the war will cost France. You will, therefore, show the necessity of
setting our credit upon a firm basis, the prospect we have of
accomplishing it, from the great confidence in the integrity and
abilities of the financier, from the economy which is introduced into
our departments, from the industry which money excites, and which a
fluctuating medium had destroyed, and from the total debility which
much attend another shock to public credit.

You are perfectly acquainted, Sir, with the natural resources of the
country, you know the value of our exports, and the security they
afford for any debt that we may contract; in short, there are a
thousand arguments on this subject, which will suggest themselves to
you, not one of which will you, upon this occasion, omit to urge,
since you must be perfectly convinced of its importance in every
view, both to France and to us. The Superintendent will write more
fully upon this subject, which relates so particularly to his
department.

I would beg leave to remind you of another want, which we depend on
your representations, and the good dispositions of the Court of
Versailles, to remove. The chase here seems to be pretty well over,
the enemy, tired of running across the country, have taken to their
burrows, and the whole business that remains to us, is to take
measures for unearthing them next spring. In order to this, ships are
absolutely necessary. The situation of New York and Charleston renders
them untenable against a naval force, and extremely strong against an
attack by land; besides that success in such an operation would not be
decisive, since, after putting us to immense expense of men and
ammunition of every kind, while they keep the command of the water,
they might change their position and be as troublesome as ever. At any
rate, the reduction of both these places, from their distance, and the
difficulty of removing the men and stores, cannot be effected the same
campaign without a naval force, and with it, it will be the business
of a few weeks. The advantage to France, independent of her interests
as they stand connected with ours, in keeping a great naval force on
this continent is obvious.

_1st._ The expense to which they put the English, by obliging them to
maintain an equal force at this distance from home, at four times the
cost at which the French navy may be maintained in this country;
which, with proper management, need not exceed what they expend even
in France.

_2dly._ The number of seamen they employ in the transport service,
being so many deducted from what might supply their navy, with the
same expense as if so employed.

_3dly._ The protection afforded to the trade on this coast, and the
prospect of capturing the enemy's victuallers, and the consequent ruin
of their affairs.

_4thly._ But above all, the decided advantage it will afford our
combined operations, and the speedy termination of the war, by an
advantageous peace. It is true, France may have other objects, which
may interfere with these. To this we can say nothing; she must judge
for herself. All we can do is to point out what we conceive will be
most useful to her as well as to us, and submit to her determination.
It would be well, however, if we were apprized of it as soon as
possible.

If a negotiation should open this winter, or there should be a
probable prospect of it, you will do me the favor to give me the
earliest advices of it. There are many delicate points, on which you
would like to know the sentiments of people on this side of the water,
which I will endeavor to acquaint you with.

I should inform you, that Congress, have discharged the commission for
negotiating a treaty of commerce with Great Britain, and taken that
burthen from Mr Adams's shoulders; that in compliment to the Marquis
de Lafayette, they have made him the bearer of a letter to the King of
France, which I enclose; that in answer to your favor of the 11th of
June, they have passed the enclosed resolution.

Mr Morris will write to you on this subject, and enable you to
discharge the bills. Should France send a fleet next spring, it would
be advantageous to have it unincumbered with such orders, as may
prevent its taking advantage of circumstances. This has unhappily
prevented this campaign from being absolutely decisive. But neither
this, nor any other great object can escape your observation, bent as
it is upon promoting the happiness of your country.

In order to enable you to meet the claim of the tories to the property
that has been confiscated, I am endeavoring to collect for you an
accurate account of the damages wantonly done by the enemy in this
country, which will at least serve to set against that claim.

Congress are preparing for an active campaign. They have directed
eight millions of dollars to be raised by tax. There is not, however,
the least idea that this, or even one half of it, will be collected in
the time specified; you will not, therefore, suffer the Court to
deceive themselves, by hopes of exertions founded on this measure, but
urge again and again the absolute necessity of supplying money.

I have conversed so freely with the Marquis de Lafayette on the
general state of our politics, that I would rather refer you to him,
than trouble you with a longer letter on the subject.

I cannot however close this, without desiring you to inquire whether
any intercepted letters from Mr Deane to persons in this country have
been published in Europe. Rivington has given us many, which are
generally believed to be his.

The Marquis will satisfy your inquiries about them.

I am, dear Sir, with sentiments of the highest respect and esteem, &c.

  ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

WILLIAM ALEXANDER TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Paris, December 15th, 1781.

  My Dear Sir,

I told you the last time I had the pleasure of seeing you at Passy,
that I would make a trip to London, but had no notion it would be so
soon. On coming to town last evening, I found such pressing letters,
that I propose setting off this evening, or tomorrow at latest. I
would have called, if possible, to receive your commands, but as I am
pinched in time, I must content myself with sending for them. The
bearer will call for them an hour after receiving this letter.

I shall probably be interrogated about the dispositions in this
country to peace. My own idea is, that you seek only your
independence, and that _this_ country, were that secured, will be
moderate in other matters, as the object of the war does not seem to
be conquest. Let me know if this is proper language. I notice that a
courtly argument has been used in Parliament for continuing the
continental war, that withdrawing would make you insolent, and give
France exclusive advantages. Were it not proper that this were
contradicted flatly? Any commissions you may have will be taken care
of, and I shall be back, barring accidents, in three weeks.

Wishing you everything that is good, I remain, with equal esteem and
respect, dear Sir, your most obedient humble servant.

  W. ALEXANDER.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO WILLIAM ALEXANDER.

  Passy, December 15th, 1781.

  Dear Sir,

I thank you for informing me of your intended journey. You know so
well the prevailing sentiments here, and mine in particular, that it
is unnecessary for me to express them; and having never been believed
on that side of the water, it would be useless. I will say, however,
that I think the language you mention very proper to be held, as it is
the truth; though the truth may not always be proper.

Wishing you a good voyage, and happy return to your children, I am,
with great esteem, dear Sir, yours, &c. &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO DAVID HARTLEY.

  Passy, December 15th, 1781.

  My Dear Friend,

I received your favor of September 26th, containing your very
judicious proposition of securing the spectators in the opera and play
houses from the danger of fire. I communicated it where I thought it
might be useful. You will see by the enclosed, that the subject has
been under consideration here. Your concern for the security of life,
even the lives of your enemies, does honor to your heart and your
humanity. But what are the lives of a few idle haunters of play
houses, compared with the many thousands of worthy men and honest
industrious families, butchered and destroyed by this devilish war! O!
that we could find some happy invention to stop the spreading of the
flames, and put an end to so horrid a conflagration!

  Adieu, I am ever yours most affectionately,
  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, December 16th, 1781.

  Dear Sir,

Since my last, of which I send you a duplicate by this conveyance,
nothing material has happened here, unless it be the evacuation of
Wilmington, which is, perhaps, the most important post of
communication with the disaffected people of the country of any they
have held in America. The tories of North Carolina possessed a
boldness and spirit, which were not found elsewhere, and upon occasion
appeared openly in arms. They are by these means abandoned to the
enemy, and the resentment of their country.

The cypher, which I shall use with you, is No. 4 of those sent by Mr
Morris; in that, the duplicate is written which went uncyphered by the
Marquis de Lafayette.

I enclose a resolution of Congress for erecting a pillar to
commemorate the victory at Yorktown. I must request your assistance in
enabling me to carry it into effect, so far as it relates to me, by
sending the sketch they require, with an estimate of the expense with
which it will be attended. I could wish it to be such, as may do honor
to the nations, whose union it designs to celebrate, and for that
reason should think the execution ought to be deferred till our
finances are in a better situation than they are at present; but as
this lies with Congress only, you will be so obliging as to enable me
to do my duty, by laying the sketch before them as soon as you can
conveniently get the same executed.

I have also the honor to enclose an ordinance of Congress, which
comprises all their former resolutions with respect to captures, with
the addition of some others; among them, one for "prohibiting the
importation of British goods," unless such as may have been taken from
the enemy. This will make some arrangements with the Court of France
necessary. The high duties upon prize goods consumed in France render
them considerable articles of exportation, and unless some mode is
fallen upon to evidence their having been captured, they will be
liable to seizure here. I would propose that the Lieutenants of the
Admiralty, or some other officers in the seaport towns, should, to an
inventory of the goods shipped, annex a certificate under hand and
seal, of their having been captured from the enemy, and that this
should be done without any charge to the purchaser. You, Sir, who are
better acquainted with the interior of the government of France, than
I can be supposed to be, will be pleased to suggest some mode of
executing this business; or if none better presents itself, to use
means for carrying what I propose into effect. I send by this
conveyance a number of American papers, and beg in return to be
favored with those of France, or any new publication that may deserve
attention.

I am, dear Sir, with great respect and esteem, &c.

  ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.


_Enclosed._


1. An ordinance, ascertaining what captures on the waters shall be
lawful.

2. Resolve, directing the Secretary of Foreign Affairs to prepare a
sketch of emblems, &c.

3. Resolves for raising eight millions of dollars, and the proportion
of each State.

4. Recommendations to the several States for enacting laws against the
infraction of the laws of nations.

5. Letter to Messrs Wallace, Johnson, and Muir, at Nantes.

       *       *       *       *       *

DAVID HARTLEY TO B. FRANKLIN.

  London, January 2d, 1782.

  My Dear Friend,

I have received the favor of yours of the 15th of December by Mr
Alexander. I most heartily join with you in the wish, that we could
find some means to stop the spreading flames of this _devilish war_. I
will not despair. The communications, which he has imparted to me from
you, have revived my hopes of peace. I laid them before the Minister
immediately. We are at a suspense for the present upon a very material
preliminary. I did intend writing to you at the present pause, that we
might make our ground good as we go on, but an accident which has
happened obliges me to do it without delay. For having had a most
essential question transmitted to me from Lord North for explanation,
when I would have applied to Mr Alexander, I could not find him; and
now I find that he has left his hotel these four or five days, and his
return being uncertain, I must apply to you. I will state to you what
has passed.

Upon my first interview with Mr Alexander, he told me, that the late
events would make no difference in the prospect of peace; that America
had no other wish than to see a termination of this war; that no
events would make them unreasonable on that subject, which sentiments
likewise your letter expresses; and that no formal recognition of
independence would be required. I thought this a very fair opening;
but the next point, which he explained to me, seemed to be still more
material towards peace, viz. that America was disposed to enter into a
separate treaty with Great Britain, and their allies were disposed to
consent to it. I believe that it has been the unfortunate union of
common cause between America and France, which has for the last three
years turned aside the wish of the people of England for peace. I
verily believe (so deep is the jealousy between England and France,)
that this country would fight for a straw to the last man, and the
last shilling, rather than be dictated to by France. I therefore
consider this as the greatest rub out of the way. I have often argued
this point with you upon former occasions, having at all times
foreseen, that it would be the greatest rub in the road to peace, and
I have often stated it to you as an act of _justice_ due to America
from her allies, not to drag her through a war of European resentments
and jealousies, beyond her original views and engagements; and
moreover, I think the separation of the causes in the negotiation
promises much the shortest road to a general peace.

Upon Mr Alexander's opening thus much to me, I told him I would apply
for the earliest opportunity of laying these matters before the
Minister. Accordingly on Friday morning, December the 21st, I applied
through the means of the Earl of Guilford, father to Lord North, a
nobleman of a most respectable character, advanced in years, and
attached by every possible tie to a son now in the most arduous
situation, I therefore requested the favor through his hands, as
giving me the most conciliatory access to the Minister, to whom I was
preparing to make an application for peace. After the appointment was
made with Lord North for Friday evening, I returned to Mr Alexander,
to consider the specific manner and terms in which I should make my
application. It had occurred to me, from what Mr Alexander had stated
to me, that the Conciliatory Bill,[27] which I had moved in the last
Parliament, on June the 27th, 1780, would still serve as a foundation
to proceed upon; I therefore carried it with me.

  [27] See this bill above, pp. 157, 158.

He told me, that he and you knew the sense of the bill very well, and
that it would be entirely consonant to your sentiments, that I should
state it to Lord North, as drawing an outline for a negotiation of
peace. However, to avoid all errors, I read the bill through to him,
and explained the view of each clause, viz. the style of _Provinces of
North America_, a general phrase, to avoid any term denoting
dependence or independence; the truce for an indefinite term; the
articles of intercourse for ten years certain; to restore an amicable
correspondence, and to abate animosities; the suspension of certain
acts of Parliament; to avoid every possible question of dependence or
independence; and to finish the work, by a ratification of each
article of intercourse as agreed to, thereby to prevent all possible
return of war. I compared the articles of intercourse for a short
term, and their ratification into a permanent peace, to a well known
mode of proceeding in the laws of England, by lease and release, from
temporary to perpetual amity and peace.

Upon these grounds I took my commission from him for Lord North, viz.
the question of dependence or independence _sub silentio_, a separate
treaty with America, and to state the Conciliatory Bill of June, 1780,
as, the outline of negotiation. I saw Lord North in the evening, and
stated the foregoing propositions to him, as I have now stated them to
you. After having stated the compromise _sub silentio_ and the
separate treaty, I left with Lord North the copy of the bill of June,
1780, together with a paper, entitled, _Conciliatory Propositions_, as
explanatory of that bill, both enclosed with this. The next morning,
viz. Saturday, December the 22d, I saw Mr Alexander, and reported to
him what I had stated to Lord North, and showed him a copy of the
paper, entitled _Conciliatory Propositions_. He told me, that I had
executed my commission perfectly to his intelligence of the matter. I
should tell you, that at the conclusion of my conversation with Lord
North, we both settled jointly the result thus; "I recommend to your
Lordship the propositions which I have had the honor of stating to
you, as _general grounds of a proposed negotiation, leading towards
peace, under liberal constructions_." Lord North said in answer, "so I
understand them."

Upon this footing, matters rested for some days. On Sunday last,
December the 30th, I received a message from Lord North, through the
means of Lord Guilford, requesting an explanation of this point, viz.
"Who is authorised to treat on the part of America? whether you or Mr
Adams, or both jointly; and whether the propositions above stated
would be acknowledged, as general grounds of negotiation towards
peace, by the person or persons authorised to treat; because it was
necessary, before he could lay a matter of so great importance before
the Cabinet Council, that he should be entitled to say, these
propositions and general outlines come to me from responsible and
authorised persons." The moment I received the request of Lord North,
I agreed entirely with the necessity of an explanation on that head. I
had partly expected such an inquiry, and it gave me satisfaction when
it came, as I thought it the first reply towards a parley. If the
propositions had not gained some attention, it would have been of very
little importance to have inquired whence they came. As to the
caution itself, it appears to me not only prudent but indispensable.
The forms of caution in such cases are the essentials of caution. I
had determined on my own account before this message to have written
to you, that I might have received your sentiments directly from
yourself without any other intervention, that we might proceed with
caution and certainty in a matter of such infinite importance. This
message has only quickened my despatch. The two points of explanation
requested, I take to be these; whether the outlines above recited are
properly stated, always considering that they imply no further than
_general grounds of negotiation towards peace, under liberal
constructions_; and secondly, by what authorised person or persons any
answer on this subject would be accepted; in short, a requisition of
credentials preparatory to a formal answer, which is so much the more
necessary on the supposition of a favorable reception of the first
hint towards negotiation.

When I last saw Mr Alexander, viz. about four or five days ago, he had
met with some desponding impressions, as if the Ministry were
indisposed to peace, and that things would not do, &c. He did not tell
me upon what ground he had formed such apprehension; however, lest he
should have imparted any such by letter to you, I will state that
point to you, because it may have infinite ill consequences to be too
touchy on such occasions. A premature jealousy may create the very
evil it suspects. The Ministry in this country are not everything. The
sense of the people, when really expressed and exerted, would be most
prevalent. Suppose then it were a proved point, that every man in the
Ministry were in his heart adverse to peace. What then? withhold all
overtures! By no means. I should advise the very contrary in the
strongest manner. I should say, let the overtures be made so much the
more public and explicit by those who do wish for peace. It is the
unfortunate state of things, which has hitherto bound the cause of
France to any possible treaty with America, and which has thereby
thrown a national damp upon any actual public exertions to procure a
negotiation for peace with America. I have the strongest opinion, that
if it were publicly known to the people of England, that a negotiation
might be opened with America, upon the terms above specified, that all
the Ministry together, if they were ill disposed to a man, would not
venture to thwart such a measure.

But why should it be supposed, that the Ministry, to a man, are ill
disposed to a peace? Suppose them to be half and half, and the public
wish and voice of the people in favor of negotiation, it is evident on
which side the balance would incline. But why should we seek to throw
a damp prematurely upon any chance? Why presume even against any
individual? I grant, that it would be a bitter trial of humility to be
brought to a formal recognition of independence at the haughty command
of France, and I believe every part of the nation would proceed to
every extremity before they would submit to that. But if that touchy
point can be provided for, _sub silentio_, and if the proposed treaty
with America may be carried on free from control by France, let us
give the cause of peace a fair trial; at the worst we should but be
where we were if we should fail. But why should we expect to fail,
when the greatest rub is removed, by the liberty of entering
separately into a treaty? I think it a most favorable event, leading
towards peace. Give us a truce with its concomitants, and a little
time so given for cooling will have most excellent effects on both
sides. Eternal peace and conciliation may then follow.

I send this to you by the quickest despatch, that we may bring this
point to a fair issue before the meeting of Parliament. God prosper
the blessed work of peace.

I am ever yours most affectionately,

  D. HARTLEY.

_P. S. January 8th, 1782._ Since writing this letter, I have seen Mr
Alexander, and shall see him from time to time to communicate with
him. I do not suppose I shall have an answer from Lord North till the
preliminary points are so settled, as to enable him to give an answer
in form. The Ministry might undoubtedly give a short negative, if they
thought proper; but I do not expect that. You may be assured, that I
have and shall continue to enforce every argument in the most
conciliatory manner to induce a negotiation. I am very sorry for Mr
A.'s confinement, on his own account, and on that of his friends, and
because probably in the future state of this business his personal
exertions may be very serviceable in the cause of peace. Every
assistance and every exertion of mine will always be most heartily
devoted to that cause. I have nothing further to add, either upon my
own reflections or from my subsequent conversations with Mr Alexander,
to what I have stated in the foregoing letter. If we once make a good
beginning upon the plan there stated, I should hope that such a
negotiation, founded on such principles, would promise fair to produce
every salutary and pacific concequence in the event.

  D. H.

       *       *       *       *       *

REMARKS ON THE CONCILIATORY BILL

_In the title and preamble_ of the bill, the words _Provinces of North
America_ are used as general words, neither implying dependence or
independence.

CLAUSE I. _The Truce_ is taken from the Conciliatory Act of 1778, and
is indefinite as to the proposed duration of the truce. Under this
clause it might be proposed to negotiate three points, viz. the
removal of the British troops from the Thirteen Provinces of North
America, and connectedly with this article, a stipulation for the
security of the friends of the British government. The third article
might be a stipulation, that the respective parties, during the
continuance of the truce, should not either directly or indirectly
give assistance to the enemies of each other.

CLAUSE II. _Articles of Intercourse and Pacification._ Under this
clause some arrangements might be settled, for establishing a free and
mutual intercourse, civil and commercial, between Great Britain and
the aforesaid Provinces of North America.

CLAUSE III. _Suspension of certain Acts of Parliament._ By this clause
a free communication may be kept open between the two countries,
during the negotiation for peace, without stumbling against any claim
of rights, which might draw into contest the question of dependence or
independence.

CLAUSE IV. _The Ratification by Parliament._ The object of this clause
is to consolidate peace and conciliation, step by step, as the
negotiation may proceed; and to prevent, as far as possible, any
return of war, after the first declaration of a truce. By the
operation of this clause, a temporary truce may be converted into a
perpetual and permanent peace.

CLAUSE V. _A Temporary Act._ This clause, creating a temporary act for
a specific purpose of negotiation in view, is taken from the act of
1778.

       *       *       *       *       *

ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, January 7th, 1782.

  Dear Sir,

As it does not appear improbable, that the humiliation and misfortunes
of Great Britain may produce the same sentiments, which a spirit of
moderation dictates to the other belligerent powers, and lead her to
concur with them in their wishes for peace, it cannot be improper to
acquaint you with the objects America most wishes to attain, and to
furnish you with the arguments on which they found their claim to
them. For such is the confidence, not only in the justice of His Most
Christian Majesty, but in his friendship, that they firmly persuade
themselves, that he will not only preserve for them their undoubted
rights, but that he will even go so far as to procure for them those
advantages they may reasonably demand, on the close of a successful
war; and I am perfectly satisfied, that the loose hints that a detail
of their sentiments may afford you, and our other Commissioners, will
be strengthened and improved by your lights in such manner, as to come
before his Majesty in the most advantageous form.

The first point of discussion will be the limits of the United States.
The instructions given Mr Adams on the ---- day of ---- last, explain
the wishes of Congress on that subject, nor can they admit of many
doubts, except so far as they relate to our southern extent. The
boundary between us and Canada being very well ascertained by grants,
charters, proclamations, and other acts of government, and more
particularly by the settlements of people, who are engaged in the same
cause with us, and who have the same rights with the rest of the
subjects of the United States.

Our western and northwestern extent will probably be contested with
some warmth, and the reasoning on that subject be deduced from general
principles, and from proclamations and treaties with the Indians.

The subject is undoubtedly intricate and delicate, yet, upon candid
investigation, I believe it will appear, that our extension to the
Mississippi is founded in justice; and that our claims are at least
such as the events of the war give us a right to insist upon. Your
situation, furnishing you amply with the various documents on which
Great Britain founded her claim to all the country east of the
Mississippi previous to the treaty of Paris, I will not trouble you
with references to them, which would at any rate be imperfect, from
the want which prevails here of books and papers. Taking it for
granted, that the King of Great Britain was entitled to that extent of
country, (which he at least cannot contravene) it only remains to
examine how far he considers it as within the limits of some of the
United States, because he can no more pretend to abridge those limits,
than claim any other right of which the United States are in
possession.

His idea of these limits is apparent from charters granted by the
crown, and from recent grants made by its representatives in several
of the States, it appears that they considered their authority to
grant lands to the westward, as coextensive with the right of Great
Britain, unless they were restricted by their interference with other
governments. Upon this principle, the servants of the crown in New
York granted land on the borders of Lake Erie, to the westward of
Niagara. And Virginia, even after the proclamation in 1763, patented
considerable tracts upon the Ohio, far beyond the Appalachian
mountains. It is true, the several governments were prohibited at
different times from granting lands beyond certain limits, but these
were clearly temporary restrictions, which the policy of maintaining a
good understanding with the natives dictated, and were always broken
through after a short period, as is evinced by the grants
abovementioned, made subsequent to the proclamation in 1763. And
indeed the proclamation itself furnishes a substantial argument of the
opinion of Britain, with respect to the right which some of the States
had to extend to the westward of the limits it prescribed, otherwise
it would not have been necessary to prohibit their governors from
granting, as their patents would, in such cases, have been invalid,
and themselves subjected to the censure of their master upon whom they
were dependent. Unless, therefore, these proclamations absolutely
destroyed the right, they must be considered as proofs of its
existence at least, and after they were issued. The slightest
examination of them shows, that they did not take away, but restrained
an existing right, and the subsequent grants by the governors evidence
that they were, as is before asserted, mere temporary restrictions.
The same reasoning applies to the treaty at Fort Stanwix, and to other
agreements taken from treaties with the Indians. Strong evidence in
our favor is also found in the map made by the King's geographer, in
which Virginia and the Carolinas are laid down as extending to the
Mississippi, shortly after the last war. Arguments may be drawn
against us by the Quebec Bill, but as this is one of the laws that
occasioned the war, to build anything upon it would be to urge one
wrong in support of another. But this matter may perhaps be seen in a
different light, and our pretensions placed upon a more extensive
basis by recurring to general principles, and asking whence Great
Britain derived her right to the waste lands in America.

Evidently, from the allegiance which a subject is supposed to carry
with him wherever he goes, even though he dislikes his constitution
and seeks one that pleases him better, upon this false principle, the
oppressed subjects of Great Britain, seeking freedom in the wilds of
America, were supposed to extend to it the sovereignty of the kingdom
they had left. The rights of the King of Great Britain then to America
were incident to his right of sovereignty over those of his subjects
that settled America, and explored the lands he claims. For the idea
of right derived from mere discovery, and the vain ceremony of taking
possession without planting and continuing that possession, is now
fully exploded. If then we admit what is necessary to our
independence, that the right of sovereignty over the people of America
is forfeited, it must follow, that all rights founded in that
sovereignty are forfeited with it; and that upon our setting up a new
sovereign in America, the rights which the first claimed as such,
devolve upon the second. Upon this principle, Great Britain is left
without a foot of land in America beyond the limits of those
governments which acknowledge her jurisdiction.

It is in vain to say, that the King of Great Britain holds these back
lands by a cession from other powers. Since those cessions were
grounded upon a prior claim, derived through the people of America,
and only served to confirm the right which they gave the King of Great
Britain while he was their sovereign, and which he loses with his
sovereignty over them. This mode of reasoning is warranted by the
practice Great Britain uniformly held of treating with the Indian
nations through their American governors, who have frequently executed
with them the most solemn acts, and sometimes extended the King's
protection to the nations who occupy the waste lands, which are the
subject of our present claim. The expense of retaining these in
friendship, almost always devolved upon the respective States, who,
till lately, particularly in New York, voted the sums necessary to
support smiths among them, and to procure the presents which were
annually made them. From hence, then, it follows, that if the King of
Great Britain has any right over the back lands in America, it must be
as King of the people of America; ceasing to be King of those people,
his right also ceases. If he has no right over the back lands, but
merely as protector of the savage nations that inhabit them, that
connexion and duty also devolve upon us, since they evidently claimed
that protection from him as King of the Colonies, and through the
governors of those Colonies, and not as sovereign of a country three
thousand miles from them. This country having chosen a new sovereign,
they may rightfully claim its protection.

There is some reason to believe, that Great Britain considered their
rights in many instances as extending no further than their right of
preemption and protection, as may be inferred from passages in the
negotiations for a peace with France in the year 1761, referred to in
the margin. This suggests a new idea, which, however, I am not
warranted by any act of Congress in mentioning, and therefore you will
only consider it as the sentiment of an individual. If the mediators
should not incline to admit our claim, but determine on restricting
our limits, either by the extent of our grants, the course of the
mountains, the sources of the rivers, or any other of those arbitrary
rules that must be sought for when solid principles are relinquished,
perhaps it would not be difficult to bring them to agree, that the
country beyond those limits belongs to the nations which inhabit it;
that it should enjoy its independence under the guarantee of France,
Spain, Great Britain, and America, and be open to the trade of those
whose lands border upon them.

This, though restrictive of our rights, would free us from the well
grounded apprehensions, that the vicinity of Great Britain and her
command of the savages would give us. They already possess Canada and
Nova Scotia; should that immense territory, which lies upon the rear
of the States, from the Gulf of St Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico, be
acknowledged to be vested in Great Britain, it will render our
situation truly hazardous. The lands, as you know, are infinitely
better than those on the coast; they have an open communication with
the sea by the rivers St Lawrence and the Mississippi, and with each
other by those extensive inland seas with which America abounds. They
will be settled with the utmost rapidity from Europe, but more
particularly from these States. Attachment to the government, freedom
from taxes, a prospect of bettering their fortunes, and the fertility
of the soil, will invite numbers to leave us. This, co-operating with
the leaven of dissatisfaction, which will continue to work here for
many years, may produce the most dangerous effects, especially upon
the Southern States, which will, from the nature of their soil and
husbandry, be thinly settled for many years, while the lands, which
lie near them beyond the mountains, will soon be filled with a hardy
race of people inimical to them, who to their own strength will be
enabled to join that of the savages, subject to their command.

If it is an object with the maritime powers to lessen the power, and
by that means diminish the dangerous dominion that Great Britain has
in some measure usurped over the ocean, they must prevent her
possessing herself of the country in question, since, besides the
whole fur and peltry trade, that she will thereby engross, the demands
of this great country will give a new spring to her manufactures,
which, though the Floridas should be ceded to Spain, will find their
way into it by the river St Lawrence, and through the numerous lakes
and rivers which communicate with it. Add to this, that settlements
are already formed beyond the Appalachian mountains by people who
acknowledge the United States, which not only give force to our
claims, but render a relinquishment of their interest highly impolitic
and unjust. These, and a variety of other reasons, which will suggest
themselves to you and the gentlemen joined in the commission with you,
will doubtless be urged in such terms as to convince the Court of
France, that our mutual interests conspire to keep Great Britain from
any territory on this continent beyond the bounds of Canada. Should
the Floridas be ceded to Spain, she will certainly unite with you on
this point, as the security of that cession will depend upon its
success.

The _Fisheries_ will probably be another source of litigation, not
because our rights are doubtful, but because Great Britain has never
paid much attention to rights, which interfere with her views.

The arguments on which the people of America found their claim to fish
on the Banks of Newfoundland arise, first, from their having once
formed a part of the British empire, in which state they always
enjoyed, as fully as the people of Britain themselves, the right of
fishing on those Banks. They have shared in all the wars for the
extension of that right, and Britain could with no more justice have
excluded them from the enjoyment of it, (even supposing that one
nation could possess it to the exclusion of another,) while they
formed a part of that empire, than they could exclude the people of
London or Bristol. If so, the only inquiry is, how have we lost this
right. If we were tenants in common with Great Britain, while united
with her, we still continue so, unless by our own act we have
relinquished our title. Had we parted with mutual consent, we should
doubtless have made partition of our common rights by treaty. But the
oppressions of Great Britain forced us to a separation, (which must be
admitted, or we have no right to be independent) and it cannot
certainly be contended that those oppressions abridged our rights, or
gave new ones to Britain. Our rights then are not invalidated by this
separation, more particularly as we have kept up our claim from the
commencement of the war, and assigned the attempt of Great Britain to
exclude us from the fisheries as one of the causes of our recurring to
arms.

The second ground upon which we place our right to fish on the Banks
of Newfoundland, provided we do not come within such distance of the
coasts of other powers, as the law of nations allows them to
appropriate, is the right which nature gives to all mankind to use its
common benefit, so far as not to exclude others. The sea cannot in its
nature be appropriated; no nation can put its mark upon it. Though
attempts have sometimes been made to set up an empire over it, they
have been considered as unjust usurpations, and resisted as such, in
turn, by every maritime nation in Europe. The idea of such empire is
now fully exploded by the best writers.

The whale fishery in every sea, and even upon the coasts of princes,
who do not exercise it themselves, is considered as a common right,
and is enjoyed by those nations that choose to pursue it. The cod
fishery, upon the Dogger Bank, and other parts of the European seas,
is claimed exclusively by no nation. The herring fishery is carried on
daily by the Dutch on the coast of England, and if the Banks of
Newfoundland are not equally common, it is because some nations have
relinquished their rights, and others find it impossible to exercise
them, for want of harbors to receive their vessels, or shores to dry
their fish on.

When we say we are willing to exercise it under these inconveniences,
there can certainly be no further dispute about our right, and the
only remaining questions will be the distance that we ought to keep
from the shores possessed by the enemy; though, strictly speaking,
from our first principle, we have a common right in them.

This subject is treated so much at large by Grotius and Vattel, that I
do not think it necessary to detail arguments, which, though urged by
people here from their feelings, you will find much better stated
there. Give me leave however to urge some, that may arise from our
particular circumstances. All the New England States are much
interested in this point; the State of Massachusetts more
particularly; it has no staple; it does not raise its own bread; its
principal commerce consisted before the war in fish, which it supplied
to the rest of the continent in exchange for rice, flour, &c, and to
the West Indies for rum, sugar, and molasses. It shipped little to
Europe; first, because it could not fish so cheap as the people of
England; secondly, because their fish was not so well cured in
general, owing to their fishing at improper seasons, and to their
using salt which is said to be of a more harsh nature, than what the
European vessels bring out with them. Should this State and New
Hampshire, which is almost in similar circumstances, be excluded from
the fisheries, they must be reduced to great distress. It will be
impossible for them to pay for the necessaries they must receive from
abroad. They will see with pain their sister States in the full
enjoyment of the benefits, which will result from their independence,
while their own commerce is checked, and their State impoverished.
They will consider their interests as sacrificed to the happiness of
others, and can hardly forbear to foster that discontent, which may be
productive of disunion, and the most dangerous divisions.

An idea has also gone forth, and it is fomented by the disaffected,
that France wishes, from interested views, to monopolise the
fisheries; or, at least to exclude all other competitors but Great
Britain. Those, who have attended to the disinterested conduct of
France during the war, oppose to this sentiment the honor and good
faith of their ally, the little interest that he can have in excluding
a people from a right, which would not interfere with his, since
France does little more than supply herself; and the New England
fishery, for the most part, only supplies the continent and islands of
America. They see the care with which France has endeavored to
cultivate a good understanding between that Kingdom and these States,
and they are persuaded so inconsiderable an object will not be put in
competition with the harmony, which ought to subsist between them, or
administer food to those unworthy jealousies. And so much does this
sentiment prevail in Congress, that their prospects have not induced
them to alter your instructions; more particularly as they have
received through the Minister of France assurances, that his Majesty
was pleased with the proof Congress had given him of their confidence,
and that he would in no event make any sacrifices of their essential
interests, which necessity should not compel him to do; that he had no
reason to apprehend from the events of the war, that such necessity
would exist. These events have become so much more favorable since the
date of the letter, which contained these assurances, that Congress
persuade themselves his Majesty will not be driven to make sacrifices
equally painful to him and injurious to us; but that, as we owe our
success in war to his magnanimity and generosity, we may be equally
indebted to his justice and firmness for an honorable peace.

It is not improbable, that Great Britain will endeavor to make some
stipulations in favor of their American partisans, who have been
banished the country, or whose property has been forfeited. You will
doubtless be sensible of the inconvenience and danger, to which their
return will subject us, and the injustice of restoring to them what
they have so justly forfeited; while no compensation is made to us
for the loss of property, and the calamities they have occasioned.

There can be little doubt, that every society may rightfully banish
from among them those, who aim at its subversion, and forfeit the
property, which they can only be entitled to by the laws, and under
the protection of the society, which they attempt to destroy. Without
troubling you, therefore, on the point of right, I will just mention a
few of the consequences that would result from a stipulation in their
favor.

In the first place, it will excite general dissatisfaction and
tumults. They are considered here as the authors of the war. Those who
have lost relations and friends by it, those who have been insulted by
them while starving in prisons and prison-ships, those who have been
robbed and plundered, or who have had their houses burned and their
families ill treated by them, will, in despite of all law, or
treaties, avenge themselves, if the real or supposed authors of these
calamities ever put themselves in their power; nor will the government
be able to prevent what the feeling of the body of the people will
justify.

Should they be permitted to reside among us, they will neglect no
means to injure and subvert our constitution and government, and to
sow divisions among us in order to pave the way for the introduction
of the old system. They will be dangerous partisans of the enemy,
equally unfriendly to France and to us, and will show themselves such
upon every occasion. To restore their property in many instances is
now become impossible. It has been sold from hand to hand; the money
arising from it has been sunk by depreciation in the public treasury.
To raise the value by taxes, or to wrest the lands from the hands of
the proprietors, is equally unjust and impossible. Many of the very
people, who would demand the restitution, have grown rich by the spoil
and plunder of this country. Many others, who were beggars at the
beginning of this war, owe their present affluence to the same cause.

So that at least the account between the two nations should be
liquidated, before any claim can be set up by the aggressors. How far
it will be possible to obtain a compensation for the injuries wantonly
done by the enemy, you will be best able to judge; be assured that it
is anxiously desired.

Give me leave to mention to you the necessity of stipulating for the
safe delivery of all records, and other papers of a public and private
nature, which the enemy have possessed themselves of; particularly of
the records of New York, which Mr Tryon sent to England; and the
private papers of many gentlemen of the law in different parts of the
continent, by which the rights of individuals may be materially
affected.

Thus, Sir, I have touched upon the principal points, that America
wishes to attain in the peace, which must end this bloody war. Perhaps
in so doing I have given both you and myself unnecessary trouble,
since I have urged nothing but what your own knowledge of the country,
and that of the other gentlemen in the commission, would have
suggested to you. However, conceiving that circumstances might render
it necessary for you to declare, that you spoke nothing more than the
prevailing sentiments of your Court, this letter will serve to vouch
for the assertion.

Should the Floridas be ceded to Spain, as there is nothing Congress
have more at heart than to maintain that friendly intercourse with
them, which this revolution has happily begun, it will be essential to
fix their limits precisely, for which purpose the instructions to Mr
Adams will serve as your directions.

Affairs here are in the same state that they were when I last wrote,
except that the enemy in South Carolina have called in all their
outposts, and shut themselves up in Charleston, where they will be
closely invested when General St Clair joins, which must have happened
about the last of December. The brilliant expedition to St Eustatia
does the highest honor to the Marquis de Bouillé and the French
nation. I flatter myself that it will be of singular use to Mr Adam's
negotiations.

  I have the honor to be, dear Sir, &c. &c.

  ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO DAVID HARTLEY.

  Passy, January 15th, 1782.

  Dear Sir,

I received a few days since your favor of the 2d instant, in which you
tell me, that Mr Alexander had informed you, "America was disposed to
enter into a separate treaty with Great Britain." I am persuaded, that
your strong desire for peace has misled you, and occasioned your
greatly misunderstanding Mr Alexander; as I think it scarce possible
he should have asserted a thing _so utterly void of foundation_. I
remember that you have, as you say, often urged this on former
occasions, and that it always gave me more disgust than my friendship
for you permitted me to express. But since you have now gone so far
as to carry such a proposition to Lord North, as arising from us, it
is necessary that I should be explicit with you, and tell you plainly,
that I never had such an idea, and I believe there is not a man in
America, a few _English tories_ excepted, that would not spurn at the
thought of deserting a noble and generous friend, for the sake of a
truce with an unjust and cruel enemy.

I have again read over your Conciliatory Bill, with the manuscript
propositions that accompany it, and am concerned to find, that one
cannot give vent to a simple wish for peace, a mere sentiment of
humanity, without having it interpreted as _a disposition to submit to
any base conditions_ that may be offered us, rather than continue the
war; for, on no other supposition could you propose to us a truce of
ten years, during which we are to engage not to assist France, while
you continue the war with her. A truce too, wherein nothing is to be
mentioned that may weaken your pretensions to dominion over us, which
you may therefore resume at the end of the term, or at pleasure; when
we should have so covered ourselves with infamy, by our treachery to
our first friend, as that no other nation can ever after be disposed
to assist us, however cruelly you might think fit to treat us. Believe
me, my dear friend, America has too much understanding, and is too
sensible of the value of the world's good opinion, to forfeit it all
by such perfidy. The Congress will never instruct their Commissioners
to obtain a peace on such ignominious terms; and though there can be
but few things in which I should venture to disobey their orders, yet,
if it were possible for them to give me such an order as this, I
should certainly refuse to act; I should instantly renounce their
commission, and banish myself forever from so infamous a country.

We are a little ambitious too of your esteem; and as I think we have
acquired some share of it, by our manner of making war with you, I
trust we shall not hazard the loss of it, by consenting meanly to a
dishonorable peace.

Lord North was wise in demanding of you some authorised acknowledgment
of the proposition from authorised persons. He justly thought it too
improbable to be relied on, so as to lay it before the Privy Council.
You can now inform him, that the whole has been a mistake, and that no
such proposition as that of a separate peace has been, is, or is ever
likely to be made by me; and I believe by no other authorised person
whatever in behalf of America. You may further, if you please, inform
his Lordship, that Mr Adams, Mr Laurens, Mr Jay, and myself, have long
since been empowered, by a special commission, to treat of peace
whenever a negotiation shall be opened for that purpose; but it must
always be understood, that this is to be in conjunction with our
allies, conformably to the solemn treaties made with them.

You have, my dear friend, a strong desire to promote peace, and it is
a most laudable and virtuous desire. Permit me then to wish, that you
would, in order to succeed as a mediator, avoid such invidious
expressions as may have an effect in preventing your purpose. You tell
me that no stipulation for our independence must be in the treaty,
because you "verily believe, so deep is the jealousy between England
and France, that England would fight for a straw, to the last man and
the last shilling, rather than be _dictated to_ by France." And again,
that, "the nation would proceed to every extremity, rather than be
brought to a formal recognition of independence at the _haughty
command_ of France." My dear Sir, if every proposition of terms for
peace, that may be made by one of the parties at war, is to be called
and considered by the other as _dictating_, and a _haughty command_,
and for that reason rejected, with a resolution of fighting to the
last man rather than agree to it, you see that in such case no treaty
of peace is possible.

In fact we began the war for independence on your government, which we
found tyrannical, and this before France had anything to do with our
affairs; the article in our treaty whereby the "two parties engage,
that neither of them shall conclude either truce or peace with Great
Britain, without the formal consent of the other first obtained; and
mutually engage, not to lay down their arms until the independence of
the United States shall have been formally or _tacitly_ assured, by
the treaty or treaties, that shall terminate the war," was an article
inserted at our instance, being in our favor. And you see, by the
article itself, that your great difficulty may be easily got over, as
a formal acknowledgment of our independence is not made necessary. But
we hope by God's help to enjoy it; and I suppose we shall fight for it
as long as we are able.

I do not make any remarks upon the other propositions, because I think
that unless they were made by authority, the discussion of them is
unnecessary and may be inconvenient. The supposition of our being
disposed to make a separate peace I could not be silent upon, as it
materially affected our reputation and its essential interests. If I
have been a little warm on that offensive point, reflect on your
repeatedly urging it, and endeavor to excuse me.

Whatever may be the fate of our poor countries, let you and me die as
we have lived, in peace with each other.

Assuredly I continue, with great and sincere esteem, my dear friend,
yours most affectionately,

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO THE COUNT DE VERGENNES.

  Passy, January 18th, 1782.

  Sir,

I received the letter your Excellency did me the honor of writing to
me this day enclosing a Memorial,[28] which relates to the interests
of some subjects of the Emperor, residing at Ostend, who allege that a
ship of theirs has been taken by an American privateer, and carried
into Boston, on pretence that the property was English, &c. I shall
immediately transmit the Memorial to Congress, as desired. But there
being Courts of Admiralty established in each of the United States, I
conceive, that the regular steps to be taken by the complainants would
be an application for justice to those Courts by some person on the
spot, duly authorised by them as their agents, and in case the
judgment of the Court is not satisfactory, that then they appeal to
the Congress, which cannot well take cognisance of such matters in the
first instance.

  [28] See this Memorial in Franklin's Works, Vol. V p. 122

The merchants of Ostend may possibly not have as yet correspondents
established in all the States, but any merchant of credit in the
country would transact such business on receiving their request, with
the proper power of attorney; or if His Imperial Majesty should think
fit to appoint a Consul General to reside in those States, such an
officer might at all times assist his compatriots with his counsels
and protection, in any affairs that they might have in that country. I
am the more particular in mentioning this to your Excellency, because
I apprehend these cases may hereafter be frequent, and if the
complaints are to be addressed to you and me, we are likely to have a
great deal of trouble, as I am informed that it is become a daily
practice for outward bound English ships to put into Ostend, make a
formal pretended sale of ship and cargo to a merchant of the place,
who furnishes imperial papers for the voyage under his own name, and
receives a certain sum per cent for the operation.

This is said to be a branch of great profit to the Flemish merchants,
and that a very great number of English ships are now at sea with such
papers, and I suspect even from their own manner of stating the
transaction, that the ship and cargo reclaimed by the complainants are
of that kind. This seems to me an abuse of the neutrality, as these
fictitious profits are added to the advantage of real carriage for the
belligerent nations, they make it too much the interest of neutral
neighbors to foment wars and obstruct peace, that such profits may
continue. And if it is to be understood as a settled point, that such
papers are to protect English property, the fitters out of privateers
from France, Spain, Holland, and America, will in another year be all
ruined, for they will find none but Flemish ships upon the ocean.

With the greatest respect, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, January 23d, 1782.

  Dear Sir,

An express just going to the Chesapeake, gives me an opportunity of
sending by the Hermione, a resolution passed yesterday. My letters by
this conveyance are so long, that they leave me nothing to add, unless
it be, that we have just received letters from Mr Deane, (copies are
enclosed) which confirm the authenticity of those published in his
name by Mr Rivington, mentioned in my former letters. In one of those
publications he expressly advises a return to the government of Great
Britain; and, as this could not be effected through Congress, that it
should be done by committees, which the people should choose for that
express purpose. These, of which I now send you copies, were delivered
here by the person to whom Mr Deane gave them, so that there can be no
doubt of their authenticity.

We have nothing new except what you will learn from the papers
herewith transmitted. As I doubt not you are upon the most
confidential terms with the Marquis de Lafayette, I could wish him to
see my last letter. You will observe, that I have omitted (for
reasons, that you will easily conceive) to make use of the arguments,
which may be derived from the 11th and 12th articles of our treaty
with France. The Commissioners will exercise their own discretion in
applying them, when a negotiation shall be opened.

We were much surprised at not receiving a single line by the frigate,
which lately arrived at the Chesapeake, from any one of our foreign
Ministers. It is upwards of three months since we have had a letter
of intelligence from Europe. Congress complains of these neglects,
(for such they consider them) and I flatter myself, that in future, as
a channel is now open through this office for a regular
correspondence, this cause of complaint will be removed, and that
letters and papers will be lodged with our consuls to go by every
conveyance.

Be persuaded, Sir, that I shall omit no opportunity to give you every
information, which may contribute to your private amusements or the
public benefit.

  I have the honor to be, &c.

  ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

_P. S._ I have this moment received resolutions from Congress, (copies
of which I enclose), which serve to show their sense of the importance
of the fisheries and their western extent, and add new weight to the
arguments which I had the honor to urge. You will be pleased to
transmit copies of them to Mr Jay and Mr Adams.

       *       *       *       *       *

DAVID HARTLEY TO B. FRANKLIN.

  London, January 24th, 1782.

  My Dear Sir,

I received yours of the 15th instant this day. I must take the
earliest opportunity of setting you right in one mistake, which runs
through your whole letter, and which to you, under that mistake, must
be a very delicate point. You seem to apprehend that America has been
stated in the proposition to Lord North, as "disposed to enter into a
separate treaty with Great Britain;" but you meet the condition, viz.
in the words immediately following, "_and that their allies were
disposed to consent to it_." There cannot possibly be any supposition
of treachery to allies, in any proposition to which they may
_consent_. A separate treaty, with the _consent_ of the allies of
America, was the proposition communicated to me by Mr Alexander, and
which I laid before the Minister, and which I reported back again to
Mr Alexander in writing, when I showed him the paper entitled
"Conciliatory Propositions," which I took care to reduce to writing,
with a view of avoiding mistakes; therefore, I have not
_misunderstood_ Mr Alexander. I have since seen Mr A. many times, and
he has always stated one and the same proposition, viz. that America
was disposed to enter into a separate treaty, because their _allies
were disposed to consent that they should_; therefore there cannot
exist a suspicion of treachery. It occurred to me once while I was
writing, to bar against that misconstruction, but having specified the
_consent of the allies of America_ in the same sentence, I could not
conceive such a misconstruction to have been possible.

You have mistaken another point greatly. You say, "a truce for _ten_
years." There is not in the bill any such disposition or thought; on
the contrary, it is specified in the enclosed paper that it is kept
_indefinite_, for the sole purpose of avoiding the suspicion which you
have suggested. The truce may be for twenty, or fifty, or one hundred
years; in my opinion the longer the better. But in any case, what I
mean now to state is the _indefinite_ term in the bill. The articles
of intercourse are only proposed for ten years certain, just to strew
the way with inviting and conciliatory facilities, in the hope that _a
little time given for cooling_ would confirm a perpetual peace. If I
were permitted to be the mediator, I should certainly propose the
truce for twenty years; but if no more than ten years could be
obtained, I would certainly not refuse such a ground of pacification
and treaty. I refer you to several of my letters two or three years
ago, for the justification of my sentiments on that head.

Another point; look at all my letters since 1778, and see if I have at
any time suggested any breach of treaty or of honor; on the contrary,
I think a faithless nation, if exterminated, would not deserve the
pity of mankind. I speak of all I know in the treaty between America
and France, and what I think reasonable upon the case itself. If
America is further bound than we know of, they must abide by it. I
speak to the apparent and public foundation of the treaty, article
second, with the provision of _tacitly_, from article eighth; and now
I refer you to my letter to you, as long ago as April 10th, 1779; "If
beyond this essential and directed end, and upon grounds totally
unconnected with that alliance, not upon motives of magnanimity _for
the relief of an innocent people_, but from distinct and unconnected
motives of private European sentiments, America should be dragged into
the consequence of a general European war, she may apply to France the
apostrophe of the poet, speaking in the person of Helen to Paris, _non
hoc pollicitus tuæ_." You see, therefore, that our sentiments have
been uniform, and as I think, reasonable, because I still remain in
those sentiments.

Suppose, for instance, (and you may call it the case of a straw if you
please) that Great Britain and France should continue the war for ten
years, on the point of a commissary at Dunkirk, aye or no;--would it
be _reasonable_, or a _casus foederis_, that America should be
precluded from a separate treaty for ten years, and therefore
involved in the consequential war, after the _essential and direct
ends_ of the treaty of February 6th, 1778, were accomplished? As far
as my judgment goes, upon the knowledge of such facts as are public, I
should think it was neither _reasonable_ nor a _casus foederis_. This
is the breviate of the argument, in which there is no thought or
suggestion of any breach of faith or honor. I did conclude that France
was disposed to give their _consent_, because Mr Alexander informed me
so, and because I thought it reasonable that France should consent,
and reasonable that America should enjoy the benefit of that consent.
I transmitted it to Lord North, as a proposition temperate and pacific
on the part of America, and consented to by their allies, and on no
other ground did I transmit or propose it. All that your letter tells
me, is, "that America will not break with her allies, and that her
Commissioners will not entertain such a thought;" but give me leave to
add, that they, as honest men, cannot disdain such a thought more than
I do; every honest man ought to disdain the office, or the thought of
proposing a breach of faith to them. I have often told you, that such
an office or such a thought shall never be mine.

But you have not told me that France would not be disposed to consent
to a separate treaty of peace, for that ally whose peace was the
original declared object of the alliance, in the case supposed, viz.
of certain supposed or real punctillios between two proud and
belligerent nations, which might possibly involve America for years in
a war totally unconnected with the objects of the alliance. Besides,
if any rubs should occur in the road to a general peace, France is too
proud a nation to say, that beyond the _policy_ of contributing to the
separation of America from Great Britain in any contest of rivalship,
they cannot meet their rivals in war, without the assistance of
America. I cannot conceive that the Minister of a great belligerent
nation could entertain such a thought, as affecting their own sense of
honor, or be so unreasonable to their allies, as to withhold consent
to their peace, when _the essential and direct ends_ of the alliance
were satisfied. Observe, I do not contend against a general peace; on
the contrary, I mean to recommend the most prudent means for producing
it. But, as an anxious lover of peace, I feel terrors which dismay me,
and I consider the dangers which may obstruct a general peace, arising
from the pride and prejudices of nations, which are not to be
controlled in their heat by arguments of reason or philosophy.

Can any man in reason and philosophy tell me, why any two nations in
the world are called natural enemies, as if it were the ordinance of
God and nature? I fear it is too deeply engraved in the passions of
man, and for that reason I would elude and evade the contest with such
passions. I would strew the road to peace with flowers, and not with
thorns. _Haughty_, and _dictating_, and _commands_, are no words of
mine; I abhor them, and I fear them. I would elude their force by
gentle means, and step by step. In article eighth, there are the
following words; "By the treaty or treaties that shall terminate the
war." Let us have one treaty begun, and I think the rest would follow.
I fear when contending passions are raised, lest we should lose all by
grasping at too much.

_January 25th._ I have just seen Mr Alexander, and have talked the
matter over with him. I send you a copy of his sentiments upon it,
which, for the sake of avoiding further mistakes, he committed to
paper, and which, I think, justify me in saying, that I understood
from him, that France was _disposed to give their consent_, as he
_explained_ it to me, and as I explained it to the Minister. He did
not say, nor did I understand him to say, that he was _authorised_ by
the French Ministry, or by any one else, to declare that France had
bound herself to consent, or that any such requisition had been made
to her; but that it was his opinion that France would consent, and
that I might proceed upon that presumption, so far as to recommend
overtures of negotiation. Accordingly, the phrase of my letter to you
is, that he _explained_ to me, _that their allies were disposed to
consent_. You see what his opinion is on this day; and as you have not
told me that France will consent, the _reasonable_ probability which
still remains with me, for the hopes of opening an amicable treaty,
remains as it did.

I could not delay saying thus by the very first mail, upon a point
equally delicate to me as well as to yourself. My dear friend, I beg
of you not to think, either that you can be considered as capable of
entertaining, or that I should be capable of suggesting any unworthy
or dishonorable propositions. If there has been any misunderstanding,
it is now cleared up; and the ground for negotiation remains open as
before. I therefore still entertain my hopes.

  I am ever your affectionate,
  D. HARTLEY.

       *       *       *       *       *

_Explanatory Letter to Mr Hartley, referred to in the preceding._

  Dear Sir,

As I had not the opportunity of seeing your correspondence at this
time, I was unable to prevent the misunderstanding that seems to have
arisen. There is no proposition of which I am more convinced, than
that, "Nothing can be done without the concurrence of allies." But, as
the chief obstruction towards an accommodation seemed to me to lie in
the personal character of some, who have great weight in this matter,
and as the object of the war (the independence of America) seems, in
the opinion of all men, to be secured, my own opinion was, and still
is, that there was so much wisdom and moderation where prejudice
prevents us from seeing it, that, provided the ends of the war are
accomplished to the satisfaction of all parties, they will be very
ready to let us out of it in the most gentle manner, by consenting
equally that the business shall go on in one, two, or three separate
deeds, as shall be most palatable here; and to doubt that our friends
are desirous of finishing the contest, with the approbation of their
allies, is to doubt their understanding.

  I am, with the greatest esteem, yours, &c.

  W. ALEXANDER.

       *       *       *       *       *

ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, January 26th, 1782.

  Dear Sir,

I do myself the honor to enclose you a convention for the
establishment of Consul, which has just passed Congress. You will find
that you are empowered either to sign it in France, or if any
alterations are made to send it here to be executed.

Nothing new since I wrote you; we are still in the dark with respect
to European intelligence, not having heard from any gentleman in
public character since the 5th of October, when we had a short letter
from Mr Carmichael.

I have the honor to be, Sir, with great respect and esteem, your most
obedient humble servant.

  ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON, SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.

  Passy, January 28th, 1782.

  Sir,

I received at the same time, your several letters of October 20th,
24th, and November 26th, which I purpose to answer fully by the return
of the Alliance. Having just had a very short notice of the departure
of this ship, I can only at present mention the great pleasure your
appointment gives me, and my intention of corresponding with you
regularly and frequently, as you desire. The information contained in
your letters is full and clear; I shall endeavor that mine, of the
state of affairs here, may be as satisfactory.

  With great esteem, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

DAVID HARTLEY TO B. FRANKLIN.

  London, February 1st, 1782.

  My Dear Friend,

I write to you one line by this mail, only to tell you that I have
seen the Minister since I last wrote to you, and that he never did
entertain the idea one moment of any propositions being thrown out on
your part, in the least degree inconsistent with the strictest honor
and faith to the allies. I had no occasion to guard against, or to
explain any such thought, having at all times conveyed the contrary to
him in the most explicit terms. I transmit this to you for your full
satisfaction. We have had much conversation on the subject of peace,
which you may be sure I have most zealously endeavored to enforce. I
should not do him justice, if I did not add that I believe his wishes
are for peace, and that he gives the most serious attention to every
argument, and to the suggestion of every practicable means on that
subject. I have stated many things for his consideration, and for
consultation with others, after which I shall see him again. I
heartily wish the result may be favorable to the prospect of peace.

  I am ever your affectionate,
  DAVID HARTLEY.

       *       *       *       *       *

THE DANISH MINISTER TO THE COUNT DE VERGENNES.

Translation.

  Paris, February 6th, 1782.

Three American vessels, one of which was three masted, and called the
Norfolk, Captain Lines, and two brigs, the Ariel, Captain Maller, and
the Virginia, Captain Hodsheadson, all three armed in Philadelphia,
committed a most grievous outrage on the 2d of December last on the
coast of Norway, where they seized two English merchantmen and burnt
them, after plundering them and sending away their crews. The
circumstances are more particularly detailed in the protest enclosed,
made on the spot.[29] It has moreover been proved by the report of
his Danish Majesty's grand bailiff at Christiansand, that the
aforesaid American vessels having anchored in the port of Fleckeroe,
before their meeting with the Englishmen, and displayed French colors,
he had asked of the French Consul information respecting their sea
papers, and that the latter, on examining their contents, declared
that they were not furnished with any letters of marque on the part of
Congress. Their conduct proves this also in having burnt their prizes,
notwithstanding the offers of ransom made them by the English
captains. It therefore follows, that they can only be considered as
pirates, whose crimes are greatly aggravated by a manifest infraction
of his Danish Majesty's territorial rights.

  [29] See this protest in Franklin's Works, Vol. V. p. 129.

The undersigned, his Envoy Extraordinary, has received precise orders
to communicate these particulars to his Excellency, the Count de
Vergennes, requesting with every possible confidence the intervention
of his Most Christian Majesty with the United States of America, to
effect not only the punishment of the guilty persons, but also to
obtain an indemnification for the vessels and cargoes that were burnt,
of which an exact statement shall be furnished; and this satisfaction
is due to repair the excesses committed on his Majesty's territory.

  DE BLOME.

       *       *       *       *       *

ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, February 13th, 1782.

  Dear Sir,

We have been extremely alarmed at some communications, which the
Minister of France made me from his last letters. They look extremely
as if the Count de Vergennes imagined, that neither Spain nor Holland
was anxious for our success. They discourage the idea of a loan from
them, or even from France. Our letters from Holland confirm these
conjectures, so far as they relate to that State. Mr Adams seems
almost to despair of doing anything with respect to an alliance or
loan, and from Mr Jay we have heard nothing in a very long time, and
are ignorant of any steps he may have taken since the appointment of
M. Del Campo to treat with him.

These mortifying disappointments oblige us, though reluctantly, to
call upon France for further assistance. Your solicitations will be
infinitely useful to your country, if they procure for it what I will
venture to pronounce essential to their safety. In this spirit, the
instruction, which I do myself the honor to enclose, has passed
Congress, and a second resolution, which I also enclose, which leads
to such information as will enable you to convince the Court of
France, that their navy can nowhere be more effectually employed to
distress the common enemy than in America. I own this consideration is
a great relief to my feelings, when we make these importunate demands
for money; and I hope it will enable you to press them with some
degree of dignity.

That France can aid us is not to be doubted, for it is certain she
never carried on a war that distressed her finances less. She has no
expensive subsidies to pay; her money is expended either at home, or
in a country from which it returns. Her army is not greatly increased,
and her commerce under the protection of her fleets enjoys a security,
that it seldom has experienced before. I would not, however, have you
suppose, that this is the language I hold here. I know too well the
necessity of making every exertion, which in our present impoverished
situation we are capable of; and I neglect no means, which my present
station puts in my power to call forth.

Congress have taken every wise measure for that purpose, and I firmly
persuade myself, that we shall be able to form the most vigorous
co-operation with such force as his Majesty may please to send out. I
am confident that the peace must be made in America. Every blow here
is fatal to the grand object of the present war; to the hopes, to the
wishes, and to the pride of Great Britain. Other conquests she expects
to have restored upon a peace; what is lost here she knows to be lost
forever.

The daily complaints that we receive from seamen confined in England
concur with humanity, and the national honor, to render some expedient
for their relief necessary. I need not, I am persuaded, recommend this
to your particular care. We have not yet obtained, at least as far as
I can learn, a compensation for the prisoners taken by Paul Jones and
returned to England. Is it impossible, either to settle a cartel in
Europe, or to have the Americans confined there sent to New York for
exchange? The last proposition is so much in favor of England, that it
would probably be acceded to, and yet such is the distress of the
people who have been long confined, that it would be desirable to have
the offer made. I am just now applied to by a Mrs Simmonds, whose
husband is the mate of a vessel, and has been two years confined in
Mill Prison; it would be an act of charity to attempt to procure his
relief. You will do me the favor to collect and transmit a list of the
numbers confined in England, and, as far as possible, for the
satisfaction of their friends, of the names.

We have not a word of intelligence to communicate, unless it be some
little disturbances in the country, which has been distinguished by
the names of New Hampshire Grants, and Vermont; and which it may be
proper to mention to you, since the facility with which the British
deceive themselves, and the address with which they deceive others,
may render it a matter of moment in Europe, though in fact it is none
in America. The bulk of the people of that country are "_New England
Presbyterian Whigs_." Some of those, in possession of the powers of
government, have more address than principle. Finding themselves
exposed to inroads from Canada, they have tampered with that
government, and pretended to be willing to form a treaty of neutrality
with them during the war, and to return to the obedience of Britain on
a peace. This has had the effect they intended, and in some measure
defeated an expedition, which the enemy made last year, and retained
their main body in inaction at Ticonderoga, while the parties they
sent to the westward were beaten and dispersed by our militia. The
secret has been discovered, is disavowed by the people, and such
measures are now taken, that by the time the King of Great Britain and
his Council, (before whom the propositions now lie) have formed a plan
in consequence of them, they will be made the means of drawing them
into new difficulties.

I presume that you keep up a constant correspondence with Mr Jay and
Mr Adams, and assist them with your information and advice. I must beg
the favor of you to transmit them this intelligence, that they may be
prepared to meet any assertions of the enemy on that head. I take
leave to repeat to you my desire to have the papers and political
publications sent regularly to this office.

I have the honor to be, &c.

  ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO DAVID HARTLEY.

  Passy, February 16th, 1782.

  Dear Sir,

I received your favor of the 24th past. You have taken pains to
rectify a mistake of mine relating to the aim of your letters. I
accept kindly your replication, and I hope you will excuse my error,
when you reflect, that I knew of no consent given by France to our
treating separately of peace, and that there has been mixed in some of
your conversations and letters various reasonings, to show, that if
France should require something of us that was unreasonable, we then
should not be obliged by our treaty to join with her in continuing the
war. As there had never been such requisition, what could I think of
such discourses? I thought as I suppose an honest woman would think,
if a gallant should entertain her with suppositions of cases, in which
infidelity to her husband would be justifiable. Would not she
naturally imagine, seeing no other foundation or motive for such
conversation, that if he could once get her to admit the general
principle, his intended next step would be to persuade her, that such
a case actually existed. Thus knowing your dislike of France, and your
strong desire of recovering America to England, I was impressed with
the idea, that such an infidelity on our part would not be
disagreeable to you; and that you were therefore aiming to lessen in
my mind the horror I conceived at the idea of it. But we will finish
here by mutually agreeing, that neither you were capable of proposing,
nor I of acting on such principles.

I cannot however forbear endeavoring to give a little possible utility
to this letter, by saying something on your case of Dunkirk. You do
not see why two nations should be deemed natural enemies to each
other. Nor do I, unless one or both of them are naturally mischievous
and insolent. But I can see how enmities long continued, even during a
peace, tend to shorten that peace, and to rekindle a war; and this is
when either party, having an advantage in war, shall exact conditions
in the treaty of peace, that are goading and constantly mortifying to
the other. I take this to be the case of your "Commissioner at
Dunkirk." What would be your feelings if France should take, and hold
possession of Portsmouth, or Spain of Plymouth, after a peace, as you
formerly held Calais, and now hold Gibraltar? Or on restoring your
ports, should insist on having an insolent Commissioner stationed
there, to forbid your placing one stone upon another by way of
fortification? You would probably not be very easy under such a
stipulation. If therefore you desire a peace, that may be _firm_ and
durable, think no more of such extravagant demands. It is not
necessary to give my opinion further on that point, yet I may add
frankly, as this is merely private conversation between you and me,
that I do think a faithful ally, especially when under obligations for
such great and generous assistance as we have received, should fight
as long as he is able, to prevent, as far as his continuing to fight
may prevent, his friends being compelled again to suffer such an
insult.

My dear friend, the true pains you are taking to restore peace,
whatever may be the success, entitle you to the esteem of all good
men. If your Ministers really desire peace, methinks they would do
well to _empower_ some person to make propositions for that purpose.
One or other of the parties at war must take the first step. To do
this belongs properly to the wisest. America being a novice in such
affairs, has no pretence to that character; and indeed, after the
answer given by Lord Stormont (when we proposed to him something
relative to the mutual treatment of prisoners with humanity) that
"_the King's Ministers receive no applications from rebels, unless
when they come to implore his Majesty's clemency_," it cannot be
expected, that we should hazard the exposing ourselves again to such
insolence. All I can say further at present is, that in my opinion
your enemies do not aim at your destruction, and that if you propose a
treaty you will find them reasonable in their demands, provided that
on your side they meet with the same good dispositions. But do not
dream of dividing us; you will certainly never be able to effect it.

With great regard and affection, I am ever, dear Sir, your most
obedient and most humble servant,

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

COUNT DE VERGENNES TO B. FRANKLIN.

Translation.

  Versailles, February 24th. 1782.

  Sir,

You will find enclosed an official despatch,[30] which has been sent
me from the Court of Copenhagen, respecting some excesses that are
said to have been committed near the Coast of Norway, by three
American vessels. I make no doubt but you will take the earliest
opportunity to transmit it to Congress, that they may decide agreeably
to the principles of the laws of nations upon the claim of his Danish
Majesty.

  I have the honor, &c.

  DE VERGENNES.

  [30] See above, p. 296.

       *       *       *       *       *

DAVID HARTLEY TO B. FRANKLIN.

  February 28th, 1782.

  My Dear Friend,
I have not as yet anything to communicate to you. I have upon many
occasions recommended the road to peace in the most earnest way. I am
not without hopes. I think I may venture to say, that the arguments
which I have stated have made an impression. I have not expected to
receive the final answer from Lord North, till after the Parliamentary
arrangements of the year are settled. I am just for three or four days
in the country, upon a little business, but upon a furlough, as I may
say, with the knowledge of Lord North, who, during the budget week,
cannot possibly want to see me. I have therefore taken that week for a
little private business in the country, and if Lord North should
happen to wish to see me, my brother keeps watch, and is to send
express for me. Public report will tell you, that on Friday last there
was a division in the house on an American question, of one hundred
and ninetyfour to one hundred and ninetythree.

I cannot answer for the dispositions of Ministers, but in point of
justice I ought to say, that I think, and as far as I can judge from
the conferences which I have had, that I have found good dispositions
towards peace. I do not pledge myself, because I may be deceived;
however, that is my opinion; and I say thus much lest my silence
should appear suspicious, and create alienation in other parties. I
think I have seen good dispositions from the first commencement of my
conferences on peace. My brother sends me word, that Mr Alexander is
to return by the next mail. I therefore write this to send either by
him or at least in the same packet. I have had much conversation with
him, and he will tell you that I have done my utmost to serve the
cause of peace. I will conclude this with a quotation, which I have
applied to another person in argument respecting peace.

  Consulere patriæ, parcere afflictis, ferâ cæde abstinere,
  Iræ tempus dare, orbi quietem, seculo pacem suo,
  Hæc summa virtus,--hâc coelum petitur viâ.

God bless you and prosper our pacific endeavors. I shall probably
write again to you soon.

  Your affectionate,
  D. HARTLEY.

       *       *       *       *       *

EDMUND BURKE TO B. FRANKLIN.[31]

  [31] This letter was written in answer to one from Dr Franklin,
  requesting Mr Burke to negotiate an exchange of Henry Laurens, when in
  the Tower, for General Burgoyne. Mr Laurens was at the time under some
  mistake in regard to this subject, as he supposed, that Mr Burke first
  applied to Dr Franklin to effect such an exchange, and imagined that
  Dr Franklin neglected him; whereas he took the most prompt and
  efficient means in his power to procure Mr Laurens's release. See
  Henry Laurens's letter, dated May 30th, 1782, Vol. II. p. 463.

  London, February 28th, 1782.

  Dear Sir,

Your most obliging letter demanded an early answer. It has not
received the acknowledgment which was so justly due to it. But
Providence has well supplied my deficiencies, and the delay of the
answer has made it much more satisfactory, than at the time of my
receipt of your letter I dared to promise myself it could be. I
congratulate you, as the friend of America; I trust, as not the enemy
of England; I am sure, as the friend of mankind; on the resolution of
the House of Commons, carried by a majority of nineteen, at two
o'clock this morning, in a very full house. It was the declaration of
two hundred and thirtyfour; I think it was the opinion of the whole. I
trust it will lead to a speedy peace between the two branches of the
English nation, perhaps to a general peace; and that our happiness may
be an introduction to that of the world at large. I most sincerely
congratulate you on the event. I wish I could say, that I had
accomplished my commission. Difficulties remain. But as Mr Laurens is
released from his confinement, and has recovered his health tolerably,
he may wait, I hope, without a great deal of inconvenience, for the
final adjustment of his troublesome business. He is an exceedingly
agreeable and honorable man. I am much obliged to you for the honor of
his acquaintance. He speaks of you as I do; and is perfectly sensible
of your warm and friendly interposition in his favor.

I have the honor to be, with the highest possible esteem and regard,
dear Sir, your most faithful and obedient humble servant.

  EDMUND BURKE.

_P. S._ General Burgoyne presents his best compliments to you, with
his thanks for your obliging attentions towards him.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO THE COUNT DE VERGENNES.

  Passy, March 3d, 1782.

  Sir,

I received the letter your Excellency did me the honor of writing to
me, the 24th past, enclosing an official paper on the part of the
Danish Court, relating to the burning of some English vessels on the
coast of Norway, by three American ships. I shall not fail to transmit
the same immediately to the Congress, who will, I make no doubt,
inquire into the facts alleged, and do thereupon what shall appear to
be just and right, it being their constant and earnest desire to avoid
giving any offence to neutral nations, as will appear by their
instructions to all armed vessels, of which I have the honor to
present a copy.

In the meantime, as it is natural to expect, that those who exact a
rigorous observation of the laws of nations when their own interest or
honor seems affected, should be themselves ready to show an example of
their own regard for those laws, where the interest of others is
concerned, I cannot but hope the Court of Denmark will at length
attend to a demand, long since made by me, but hitherto without
effect, that they would restore to the United States the value of
three vessels, amounting to fifty thousand pounds sterling. These
vessels were fair and good prizes, which had been made by our ships of
war, not on the coast of Denmark, but far distant on the high seas,
and were sent into Bergen as into a port truly neutral, but there,
contrary to the laws of hospitality, as well as the other laws of
nations, they were forcibly wrested out of our hands by the government
of that place, and delivered back to our enemies. The Congress have
not lost sight of this violence, but constantly expected justice from
the equity and wisdom of his Danish Majesty.

  I am with the greatest respect, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

  Passy, March 4th, 1782.

  Sir,

Since I wrote the two short letters, of which I herewith send you
copies, I have been honored with yours, dated the 16th of December.

Enclosed I send two letters from Count de Vergennes, relating to
certain complaints from Ostend and Copenhagen against our cruisers. I
formerly forwarded a similar complaint from Portugal, to which I have
yet received no answer. The Ambassador of that kingdom frequently
teazes me for it. I hope now that by your means this kind of affairs
will be more immediately attended to; ill blood and mischief may be
thereby sometimes prevented.

The Marquis de Lafayette was at his return hither received by all
ranks with all possible distinction. He daily gains in the general
esteem and affection, and promises to be a great man here. He is
warmly attached to our cause; we are on the most friendly and
confidential footing with each other, and he is really very
serviceable to me in my applications for additional assistance.

I have done what I could in recommending Messieurs Duportail and
Gouvion, as you desired. I did it with pleasure, as I have much esteem
for them.

I will endeavor to procure a sketch of an emblem for the purpose you
mention. This puts me in mind of a medal I have had a mind to strike,
since the late great event you gave me an account of, representing the
United States by the figure of an infant Hercules in his cradle,
strangling the two serpents; and France by that of Minerva, sitting by
as his nurse, with her spear and helmet, and her robe specked with a
few _fleurs de lis_. The extinguishing of two entire armies in one war
is what has rarely happened, and it gives a presage of the future
force of our growing empire.

I thank you much for the newspapers you have been so kind as to send
me. I send also to you, by every opportunity, packets of the French,
Dutch, and English papers. Enclosed is the last _Courier of Europe_,
wherein you will find a late curious debate on continuing the war with
America, which the Minister carried in the affirmative only by his own
vote. It seems the nation is sick of it; but the King is obstinate.
_There is a change made of the American Secretary_, and another is
talked of in the room of Lord Sandwich. But I suppose we have no
reason to desire such changes. If the King will have a war with us,
his old servants are as well for us as any he is likely to put in
their places. The Ministry you will see declare, that the war in
America is for the future to be only _defensive_. I hope we shall be
too prudent to have the least dependence on this declaration. It is
only thrown out to lull us; for, depend upon it, the King hates us
cordially, and will be content with nothing short of our extirpation.

I shall be glad to receive the account you are preparing of the wanton
damages done our possessions. I wish you could also furnish me with
one, of the barbarities committed on our people. They may both be of
excellent use on certain occasions. I received the duplicate of yours
in cypher. Hereafter, I wish you would use that in which those
instructions were written, that relate to the future peace. I am
accustomed to that, and I think it very good and more convenient in
the practice.

The friendly disposition of this Court towards us continues. We have
sometimes pressed a little too hard, expecting, and demanding,
perhaps, more than we ought, and have used improper arguments, which
may have occasioned a little dissatisfaction, but it has not been
lasting. In my opinion, the surest way to obtain liberal aid from
others, is vigorously to help ourselves. People fear assisting the
negligent, the indolent, and the careless, lest the aids they afford
should be lost. I know we have done a great deal, but it is said we
are apt to be supine after a little success, and too backward in
furnishing our contingents. This is really a generous nation, fond of
glory, and particularly that of protecting the oppressed. Trade is not
the admiration of their noblesse, who always govern here. Telling them
their _commerce_ will be advantaged by our success, and that it is
their _interest_ to help us, seems as much as to say, help us, and we
shall not be obliged to you. Such indiscreet and improper language has
been sometimes held here by some of our people, and produced no good
effects.

The constant harmony subsisting between the armies of the two nations
in America, is a circumstance that has afforded me infinite pleasure.
It should be carefully cultivated. I hope nothing will happen to
disturb it. The French officers, who have returned to France this
winter, speak of our people in the handsomest and kindest manner; and
there is a strong desire in many of the young noblemen to go over to
fight for us; there is no restraining some of them; and several
changes among the officers of their army have lately taken place in
consequence.

You must be so sensible of the utility of maintaining a perfect good
understanding with the Chevalier de la Luzerne, that I need say
nothing on that head. The affairs of a distant people in any Court of
Europe will always be much affected, by the representations of the
Minister of that Court residing among them.

We have here great quantities of supplies, of all kinds, ready to be
sent over, and which would have been on their way before this time, if
the unlucky loss of the transports, that were under M. de Guichen, and
other demands for more ships, had not created a difficulty to find
freight for them. I hope, however, that you will receive them with the
next convoy.

The accounts we have of the economy introduced by Mr. Morris begin to
be of service to us here, and will by degrees obviate the
inconvenience, that an opinion of our disorders and mismanagements had
occasioned. I inform him by this conveyance of the money aids we shall
have this year. The sum is not so great as we could wish; and we must
so much the more exert ourselves. A small increase of industry in
every American, male and female, with a small diminution of luxury,
would produce a sum far superior to all we can hope to beg or borrow
from all our friends in Europe.

There are now near a thousand of our brave fellows prisoners in
England, many of whom have patiently endured the hardships of that
confinement several years, resisting every temptation to serve our
enemies. Will not your late great advantages put it in your power to
do something for their relief? The slender supply I have been able to
afford, of a shilling a week to each, for their greater comfort during
the winter, amounts weekly to £50 sterling. An exchange would make so
many of our countrymen happy, add to our strength, and diminish our
expense. But our privateers who cruise in Europe will not be at the
trouble of bringing in their prisoners, and I have none to exchange
for them.

Generals Cornwallis and Arnold are both arrived in England. It is
reported, that the former, in all his conversations, discourages the
prosecution of the war in America; if so, he will of course be out of
favor. We hear much of audiences given to the latter, and of his being
present at councils.

You desire to know whether any intercepted letters of Mr Deane have
been published in Europe? I have seen but one in the English papers,
that to Mr Wadsworth, and none in any of the French and Dutch papers,
but some may have been printed, that have not fallen in my way. There
is no doubt of their being all genuine. His conversation, since his
return from America, has, as I have been informed, gone gradually more
and more into that style, and at length come to an open vindication of
Arnold's conduct; and within these few days he has sent me a letter of
twenty full pages, recapitulating those letters, and threatening to
write and publish an account of the treatment he has received from
Congress, &c. He resides at Ghent, is distressed both in mind and
circumstances, raves and writes abundance, and I imagine it will end
in his going over to join his friend Arnold in England. I had an
exceeding good opinion of him when he acted with me, and I believe he
was then sincere and hearty in our cause. But he is changed, and his
character ruined in his own country and in this, so that I see no
other but England to which he can now retire. He says that we owe him
about £12,000 sterling, and his great complaint is, that we do not
settle his accounts and pay him. Mr Johnston having declined the
service, I proposed engaging Mr Searle to undertake it, but Mr Deane
objected to him, as being his enemy. In my opinion he was, for that
reason, even fitter for the service of Mr Deane, since accounts are of
a mathematical nature, and cannot be changed by an enemy, while that
enemy's testimony, that he had found them well supported by authentic
vouchers, would have weighed more than the same testimony from a
friend.[32]

With regard to negotiations for a peace, I see but little probability
of their being entered upon seriously this year, unless the English
Minister had failed in raising his funds, which it is said he has
secured, so that we must provide for another campaign, in which I hope
God will continue to favor us, and humble our cruel and haughty
enemies; a circumstance which, whatever Mr Deane may say to the
contrary, will give pleasure to all Europe.

This year opens well, by the reduction of Port Mahon, and the garrison
prisoners of war, and we are not without hopes, that Gibraltar may
soon follow. A few more signal successes in America will do much
towards reducing our enemies to reason. Your expressions of good
opinion with regard to me, and wishes of my continuance in this
employment, are very obliging. As long as the Congress think I can be
useful to our affairs, it is my duty to obey their orders; but I
should be happy to see them better executed by another, and myself at
liberty, enjoying, before I quit the stage of life, some small degree
of leisure and tranquillity.

  With great esteem, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

  [32] See Deane's Correspondence, Vol. 1, p. 217.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

  Passy, March 9th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have just received the honor of yours dated January the 7th. Your
communications of the sentiments of Congress, with regard to many
points that may come under consideration in a treaty of peace, give me
great pleasure, and the more, as they agree so perfectly with my own
opinions, and furnish me with additional arguments in their support. I
shall be more particular on this subject in my next, for having notice
from Captain Barry last night, that he will not go to Brest, as I
expected, to take in some of our goods, but will sail immediately on
the return of the post, which sets out today, I am obliged to be
short.

You will see in the enclosed newspapers the full debate in the House
of Commons, on the subject of declining the war with North America. By
private advices I learn, that the whole opposition, now become the
majority, went up in a body with the address to the King, who answered
that he would pay a due regard to the advice of his faithful Commons,
and employ his forces with more vigor against the ancient enemies of
the nation, or to that purpose; and that orders were immediately given
for taking up a great number of large transports, among which are many
old India ships, whence it is conjectured, that they intend some great
effort in the West Indies, and perhaps mean to carry off their troops
and stores from New York and Charleston. I hope, however, that we
shall not, in expectation of this, relax in our preparations for the
approaching campaign. I will procure the books you write for, and send
them as soon as possible.

Present my duty to the Congress, and believe me to be, with sincere
esteem, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, March 9th, 1782.

  Dear Sir,

The enclosed letter from the Superintendent of Finance was written in
consequence of the resolutions of which I sent you a copy in my last.
I then detailed so fully on the subject, that I can give you no
further information on that head, than is contained in the enclosed,
which, as I was just going out of town, I have requested Mr Morris to
put in his cypher.

  I have the honor to be, &c.

  ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

DAVID HARTLEY TO B. FRANKLIN.

  London, March 11th, 1782.

  My Dear Friend,

Mr Digges, who will deliver this to you, informs me, that having been
applied to for the purpose of communicating with Mr Adams, on the
subject of his commission for treating of peace, he is now setting out
for Amsterdam, and that he intends afterwards to go to Paris to wait
upon you. I understand the occasion to have arisen, by some mention
having been made in Parliament by General Conway, of persons not far
off having authority to treat of peace, which was supposed to allude
to Mr Adams, and some friends of his in London. The Ministry were
therefore induced to make some inquiries themselves. This is what I am
informed of the matter.

When the proposal was made to Mr Digges, he consulted me, I believe
from motives of caution, that he might know what ground he had to
stand upon; but not in the least apprized that I had been in any
degree in course of corresponding with you on the subject of
negotiation. As I had informed the Ministry from you, that other
persons besides yourself were invested with powers of treating, I have
nothing to say against their consulting the several respective
parties. That is their own concern. I shall at all times content
myself with observing the duties of my own conduct, attending to all
circumstances with circumspection, and then leaving the conduct of
others to their own reasons. I presume that Ministry have only done
what others would have done in their situation, to procure the most
ample information that the case will admit. I rest contented to act in
my own sphere, and if my exertions can be applied to any public good,
I shall always be ready to take my part with sincerity and zeal.

  I am, my dear friend, your ever affectionate,

  D. HARTLEY.

       *       *       *       *       *

DAVID HARTLEY TO B. FRANKLIN.

  London, March 12th, 1782.

  My Dear Friend,

Enclosed with this I transmit to you the public Parliamentary
proceedings respecting the American war. If you will compare these
proceedings with some others in several of the counties of this
kingdom about two years ago, you will at once see the reason why many
persons, who from principles of general and enlarged philanthropy do
most certainly wish universal peace to mankind, yet seem restrained in
their mode of endeavoring to obtain that object. We must accommodate
our endeavors to practicabilities, in the strong hope, that if the
work of peace was once begun, it would soon become general. Parliament
having declared their sentiments by their public proceedings; a
general bill will soon pass to enable administration to treat with
America, and to conclude.

As to the sincerity of the Ministry, that will be judged of by their
conduct in any treaty. The first object is to procure a meeting of
qualified and authorised persons. You have told me that four persons
are empowered by a special commission to treat of peace. Are we to
understand that each separately has power to conclude, or in what
manner? The four persons whom you have mentioned are in four different
parts of the world, viz. three of them are in hostile States, and the
fourth under circumstances very peculiar for a negotiator. When I told
Mr Laurens that his name was in the commission, I found him entirely
ignorant of every circumstance relating to it. I understand that the
Ministry will be ready to proceed towards opening a negotiation as
soon as the bill shall pass, and therefore it is necessary to consult
time, and place, and manner, and persons, on each side. The
negotiation itself will speak the rest.

I have been informed, that some gentlemen in this country (not in
administration) have lately entered into a correspondence with Mr
Adams, relating to his commission of treating for peace, and that then
previous inquiries having been spoken of in public, the Ministry have
been induced to make some inquiry themselves from Mr Adams on that
subject. In whatever way a fair treaty may be opened, by whomsoever or
with whomsoever, I shall heartily wish good success to it for the
common good and peace of mankind. I know these to be your sentiments,
and I am confident that they will ever remain so, and hope that you
will believe the same of me.

  I am ever your most affectionate,

  D. HARTLEY.

       *       *       *       *       *

DAVID HARTLEY TO B. FRANKLIN.

  London, March 21st, 1782.

  My Dear Friend,

You will have heard before this can reach you, that Lord North
declared yesterday in the House of Commons, that his Majesty intended
to change his Ministers. The House is adjourned for a few days to give
time for the formation of a new Ministry. Upon this occasion,
therefore, I must apply to you, to know whether you would wish me to
transfer the late negotiation to the successors of the late Ministry;
in these terms; (_vide_ yours to me of January 15th, 1782,) viz. "that
you are empowered by a special commission to treat of peace, whenever
a negotiation for that purpose shall be opened. That it must be always
understood, that it is to be in conjunction with your allies,
conformable to the solemn treaties made with them. That the formal
acknowledgment of the independence of America is not made necessary."
And may I add, that upon these terms you are disposed to enter into a
negotiation. It is not known who will succeed the late Ministry, but
from the circumstances which preceded its dissolution, we are to hope
that they will be disposed to enter into a negotiation of peace, upon
fair and honorable terms. I have no doubt that there were some persons
in the late Ministry of that disposition.

I told you in my last letters to you, of the 11th and 12th instant,
that I had received information, whilst I was in the course of
correspondence with the Ministry myself, on the subject of peace, that
some part of the Ministry were transmitting some communications or
inquiries upon that subject with Mr Adams, unknown to me. I had
informed the Ministry from you, of the names of the four persons
empowered to treat. I saw the Minister upon the occasion. (I should
now call him the late Minister.) I took the liberty of giving him my
opinion upon the matter itself. So far as it related personally to me,
I expressed myself fully to him, that there was no occasion that such
a step should have been taken unknown to me, for that I was very free
to confess, that if they thought my partiality towards peace was so
strong, that they could drive a better bargain through another
channel, I could not have any right of exclusion upon them. I relate
this to you, because I would wish to have you make a corresponding
application to your own case. If you should think _that my strong
desire for peace_, although _most laudable and virtuous in itself,
should mislead me_, and that my being as you may suppose misled, may
be of any prejudice to the cause committed to your trust, I desire by
no means to embarrass your free conduct by any considerations of
private or personal regard to myself. Having said thus much, I will
now add, that I am not unambitious of the office of a peace maker;
that I flatter myself the very page which I am now writing will bear
full testimony from both sides, of the impartiality of my conduct. And
I will add once more, what I often said and repeated to each side,
viz. that no fallacy or deception, knowing, or suspecting it to be
such, shall ever pass through my hands.

Believe me, I sympathise most cordially and sincerely with you in
every anxiety of yours for peace. I hope things are tending (although
not without rubs) yet in the main, to that end--soon! as soon as the
course of human life may be expected to operate on the great scale and
course of national events, or rather in the creation and establishment
of a new world. I am sometimes tempted to think myself in patient
expectation the elder sage of the two; I say the elder, not the
better.

  Yours, &c.

  D. HARTLEY.

       *       *       *       *       *

T. DIGGES TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Amsterdam, March 22d, 1782.

  Sir,

I left England a few days back, and until my conversation and some
consultations with Mr Adams, on a matter which will be mentioned to
you by him, and more particularly explained in this letter, my
determination was to have seen you, as well on that business as on a
matter of much consequence to my private reputation. I feel the
disadvantages under which I labor, when writing to you on a matter,
which cannot be explained or cleared up but by personal conversation.
I do not give up my intended purpose of personally speaking to you;
but it being found better and more convenient to my purpose to return
immediately hence to England, and from thence to Paris, in preference
to going first to Paris, it must be unavoidably delayed for some days.

It would take up more than the length of a letter to explain the whole
opening and progression of a matter I am here upon, which was and is
meant to be jointly communicated to you with Mr Adams; I will
therefore take the liberty to give you an abbreviation of it in as few
words as I can.

About a fortnight ago a direct requisition from the Ministry, through
Lord Beauchamp, was made to Mr R. Penn, to know if he could ascertain
_that any person or persons in Europe were commissioned by Congress to
treat for peace, whether they were_ now _willing to avail themselves
of such commission, and of the present sincere disposition in the
Ministry to treat, and whether they would receive an appointed
Commissioner to speak for a truce, and mention a place for the
meeting, &c._

Mr Penn's referring Lord Beauchamp to me, as knowing the nature of Mr
Adams's former commission, was the sole cause of my being privy to, or
a party, in the matter. I had various meetings with Lord Beauchamp in
company with Mr Penn on the subject; the particular memorandums of
which, and Lord Beauchamp's statement of what the Ministry wanted to
obtain, together with every other circumstance relative to the matter,
I regularly consulted Mr Laurens and Mr D. Hartley upon; and the
result was, my taking the journey hither, and to Paris, in order to
put the questions (as they are before stated from Lord B. to Mr Penn)
and to bring an answer thereto. I am well convinced, by Lord
Beauchamp's pledge of his personal honor, as well as from Mr Hartley's
telling me he knew the matter to come directly from Lord North, (for
he visited him more than once to ascertain the fact) that it is a
serious and sincere requisition from the Ministry, and that they will
immediately take steps to open a treaty, provided I go back with
assurances, that there is a power vested in Americans in Europe to
treat and conclude, and that they are willing to avail themselves of
such power when properly applied to.

I have stated the whole transaction to Mr Adams, read every memorandum
I had made, informed him of every circumstance I knew, and when I put
the questions (as they are before stated from Lord Beauchamp to Mr
Penn) he replied, "that there were certainly Commissioners in Europe,
of which body he was one, who had powers to treat and conclude upon
peace; that he believed them willing to enter into such a treaty,
provided a proper offer was made; but that no questions now, or to be
made in future, could be answered by him, without previously
consulting his colleagues, and afterwards acquainting the Ministers of
the belligerent powers thereof." Mr Adams recommended that any future
questions might be made directly to you, for that the present, as well
as any subsequent propositions, would be immediately communicated to
you and to M. de Vergennes.

His answers to my questions were nearly what I foretold and expected,
and are substantially what Lord Beauchamp seemed so anxious to
procure. When I relate this answer to his Lordship, my business will
be finished in that quarter. I will here explain to you my only motive
for being a messenger from him, whom I had never known nor been in
company with before. It will enable me to say, "I have done one favor
for you, and I claim of you another, viz. to obtain a restoration of
my papers from Lord Hillsborough's office, which were in a most
illegal and unjustifiable manner seized from me near a twelvemonth
ago, and are yet withheld, notwithstanding the personal applications
for them from Lord Coventry, Lord Nugent, and Mr Jackson, each of whom
has explained the injury and very extraordinary mischief the want of
my papers for so long a time has and is now doing me."

On my first conversation with Mr Adams, I had concluded to go to you,
partly by his advice to do so, but as the expense of two journeys,
where one may serve, is of some import to me, and from supposing your
answer would be substantially the same as that from Mr Adams, I have
thought it better to go back immediately to London, and then set out
for Paris, with the probability of being able to bear my papers.

I will take the liberty to trouble you with another letter, if
anything occurs on my arrival in London. I am to leave this with Mr
Adams for forwardance; and for the present, I have only to beg a line
acknowledging the receipt of it. If your letter is put under a cover
to Mr Stockdale, Bookseller, Piccadilly, London, it will the more
readily get to hand.

I am, with great respect, Sir, your very obedient servant,

  T. DIGGES.

_P. S. Ostend, March 26th._--On my last visit to Mr Adams, Friday
evening, to explain to him the substance of the foregoing letter, and
ask his forwardance of it to you, we had some further conversation on
the matter, the ultimate conclusion of which was, that it was thought
better I did not send the annexed letter to you, or mention my
business with him, until my going in person from England. Mr Adams's
reasons were these. That if I made the communication _then_, he should
be necessitated to state the matter in a long letter to you and others
of his colleagues; that the matter as it then stood was not of such
importance, but he could save himself the trouble of the explanation;
and that as he recommended any future questions or applications to be
made directly to you, your situation making it more convenient sooner
to inform the French Court thereof, he thought my letter had better be
postponed, and the substance of it given in person as soon as I could
possibly get from London to Paris. I acquiesced, though reluctantly,
and having thought much on the matter on my journey hither, I have at
length determined to forward the foregoing letter with this
postscript, and at the same time to inform Mr Adams of my exact
feelings on the matter, viz. that my wishes and intentions, which,
when I left England, were to see and make known the matter to you,
that through Mr Hartley or some other channel you must hear that I had
been at Amsterdam, and my seemingly turning my back upon you might be
thought oddly of; and finally, that I could not answer for carrying
the enclosure from Mr Hartley back to England, not knowing the
consequence it might be of. I hope and think I have done right in this
matter.

The purpose for my moving in the business I went to Mr Adams upon,
has, I own, been with a double view of serving myself in a matter of
much consequence to me, for after delivering the explanations I carry,
I can with some degree of right, and a very great probability of
success, claim as a gratuity for the trouble and expense I have been
at, the restoration of my papers; the situation of which I have
already explained to Lord Beauchamp, in order to get him to be a mover
for them, and I have very little doubt that a few days will restore
them to me, and give me an opportunity to speedily speak to you on a
matter, which gives me much uneasiness, vexation, and pain. Excuse the
hurry in which I write, for I am very near the period of embarkation.
Paul Wentworth embarked this day for England. I trod on his heels the
chief of the way from the Hague, which he left suddenly. General
Fawcett is on his road hence to Hanover.

  T. D.

       *       *       *       *       *

JOHN ADAMS TO B. FRANKLIN.

  The Hague, March 26th, 1782.

  Sir,

One day last week I received at Amsterdam a card from Mr Digges,
enclosing two letters to me from David Hartley. The card desired to
see me upon business of importance; and the letters from Mr Hartley
contained an assurance, that to his knowledge the bearer came from the
highest authority. I answered the card, that in the present situation
of affairs here and elsewhere, it was impossible for me to see any one
from England without witness; but if he were willing to see me in the
presence of Mr Thaxter, my secretary, and that I should communicate
whatever he should say to me to Dr Franklin, and the Count de
Vergennes, I should wait for him at home at ten o'clock; but that I
had rather he should go to Paris without seeing me, and communicate
what he had to say to Dr Franklin, whose situation enabled him to
consult the Court without any loss of time. At ten, however, he came,
and told me a long story about consultations with Mr Penn, Mr Hartley,
Lord Beauchamp, and at last Lord North, by whom he was finally sent,
to inquire of me, if I, or any other, had authority to treat with
Great Britain of a truce. I answered, that "I came to Europe with full
powers to make peace, that those powers had been announced to the
public upon my arrival, and continued in force until last summer,
when Congress sent a new commission, containing the same powers to
four persons, whom I named; that if the King of England were my
father, and I the heir apparent to his throne, I could not advise him
ever to think of a truce, because it would be but a real war under a
simulated appearance of tranquillity, and would end in another open
and bloody war, without doing any real good to any of the parties."

He said that "the Ministry would send some person of consequence over,
perhaps General Conway, but they were apprehensive that he would be
ill treated or exposed." I said, "that if they resolved upon such a
measure, I had rather they would send immediately to Dr Franklin,
because of his situation near the French Court. But there was no
doubt, if they sent any respectable personage, properly authorised,
who should come to treat honorably, he would be treated with great
respect; but that if he came to me, I could give him no opinion upon
anything without consulting my colleagues, and should reserve a right
of communicating everything to them, and to our allies."

He then said, that "his mission was finished; that the fact to be
ascertained was simply, that there was a commission in Europe to treat
and conclude; but that there was not one person in Great Britain, who
could affirm or prove that there was such a commission, although it
had been announced in the gazettes."

I desired him, and he promised me, not to mention Mr Laurens to the
Ministry without his consent, (and without informing him, that it was
impossible he should say anything in the business, because he knew
nothing of our instructions) because, although it was possible that
his being in such a commission might induce them to release him, yet
it was also possible it might render them more difficult concerning
his exchange.

The picture he gives of the situation of things in England is gloomy
enough for them. The distresses of the people, and the distractions in
administration and Parliament, are such as may produce any effect
almost that can be imagined.

The only use of all this I think is to strike the decisive strokes at
New York and Charleston. There is no position so advantageous for
negotiation, as when we have all an enemy's army prisoners. I must beg
the favor of you, Sir, to send me, by one of the Count de Vergennes'
couriers to the Duc de la Vauguyon, a copy in letters of your peace
instructions. I have not been able to decypher one quarter part of
mine. Some mistake has certainly been made.

Ten or eleven cities in Holland have declared themselves in favor of
American independence; and it is expected that today or tomorrow this
Province will take the decisive resolution of admitting me to my
audience. Perhaps some of the other Provinces may delay it for three
or four weeks. But the Prince has declared, that he has no hopes of
resisting the torrent, and, _therefore_, that he shall not attempt it.
The Duc de la Vauguyon has acted a very friendly and honorable part in
this business, without, however, doing any ministerial act in it.

With great respect, I have the honor to be, Sir, your most obedient
and most humble servant,

  JOHN ADAMS.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

  Passy, March 30th, 1782.

  Sir,

In mine of the ninth instant I acknowledged the receipt of yours of
January 7th, and I have not since received any of later date. The
newspapers, which I send you by this conveyance, will acquaint you
with what has, since my last, passed in Parliament. You will there see
a copy of the bill, brought in by the Attorney General, for empowering
the King to make peace with the colonies. They still seem to flatter
themselves with the idea of dividing us; and rather than name the
Congress, they empower him generally to treat with any _body or bodies
of men, or any person or persons, &c._ They are here likewise
endeavoring to get us to treat separately from France, at the same
time they are tempting France to treat separately from us, equally
without the least chance of success. I have been drawn into a
correspondence on this subject, which you shall have with my next.

I send you a letter of Mr Adams's, just received, which shows also
that they are weary of the war, and would get out of it if they knew
how. They had not then received the certain news of the loss of St
Christopher's, which will probably render them still more disposed to
peace. I see that a bill is also passing through the House of Commons,
for the exchange of American prisoners, the purport of which I do not
yet know.

In my last, I promised to be more particular with respect to the
points you mentioned, as proper to be insisted on in the treaty of
peace. My ideas on those points are, I assure you, full as strong as
yours. I did intend to have given you my reasons for some addition,
and if the treaty were to be held on your side the water, I would do
it; otherwise, it seems on second thoughts to be unnecessary, and, if
my letter should be intercepted, may be inconvenient. Be assured, I
shall not willingly give up any important right or interest of our
country, and unless this campaign should afford our enemies some
considerable advantage, I hope more may be obtained than is yet
expected.

I have purchased for you all the books you desired, except four, which
we have sent for to England. I shall request our excellent friend, the
Marquis de Lafayette, to take them under his care, and I hope they
will get safe to hand. The others shall follow by the first
opportunity, after I receive them.

Our affairs go on, generally, well in Europe. Holland has been slow,
Spain slower, but time will I hope smooth away all difficulties. Let
us keep up, not only our courage, but our vigilance, and not be laid
asleep by the pretended half peace the English make with us without
asking our consent. We cannot be safe while they keep armies in our
country.

  With great esteem, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO JOHN ADAMS.

  Passy, March 31st, 1782.

  Sir,

I received yours of the 10th instant, and am of opinion with you, that
the English will evaluate New York and Charleston, as the troops
there, after the late resolutions of Parliament, must be useless, and
are necessary to defend their remaining islands, where they have not
at present more than three thousand men. The prudence of this
operation is so obvious, that I think they can hardly miss it;
otherwise, I own, that considering their conduct for several years
past, it is not reasoning consequentially to conclude they will do a
thing, because the doing it is required by common sense.

Yours of the 26th is just come to hand. I thank you for the
communication of Digges's message. He has also sent me a long letter,
with two from Mr Hartley. I shall see M. de Vergennes tomorrow, and
will acquaint you with everything material that passes on the subject.
But the Ministry, by whom Digges pretends to be sent, being changed,
we shall, by waiting a little, see what tone will be taken by their
successors. You shall have a copy of the instructions by the next
courier. I congratulate you cordially on the progress you have made
among those slow people. Slow however as they are, Mr Jay finds
his[33] much slower. By an American, who goes in about ten days to
Holland, I shall send you a packet of correspondence with Mr Hartley,
though it amounts to little.

With great esteem, I have the honor to be your Excellency's most
obedient and most humble servant,

  B. FRANKLIN.

  [33] The Spaniards.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO DAVID HARTLEY.

  Passy, March 31st, 1782.

  Dear Sir,

I have just received your favors of March the 11th and 12th, forwarded
to me by Mr Digges, and another of the 21st per post. I congratulate
you on the returning good disposition of your nation towards America,
which appears in the resolutions of Parliament, that you have sent me;
and I hope the change of your Ministry will be attended with salutary
effects. I continue in the same sentiments expressed in my former
letters; but as I am but one of five in the commission, and have no
knowledge of the sentiments of the others, what has passed between us
is to be considered merely as private conversation. The five persons
are Messrs Adams, Jay, Laurens, Jefferson, and myself; and in case of
the death or absence of any, the remainder have power to act or
conclude. I have not written to Mr Laurens, having constantly expected
him here, but shall write to him next post; when I shall also write
more fully to you, having now only time to add, that I am ever, with
great esteem and affection, dear Sir, your most obedient and most
humble servant,

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO DAVID HARTLEY.

  Passy, April 5th, 1782.

  My Dear Friend,

I wrote a few lines to you the 31st past, and promised to write more
fully. On perusing again your letters of the 11th, 12th, and 21st, I
do not find any notice taken of one from me, dated February the 16th.
I therefore now send you a copy made from it in the press. The
uncertainty of free transmission discourages a free communication of
sentiments on these important affairs; but the inutility of discussion
between persons, one of whom is not authorised, but in conjunction
with others, and the other not authorised at all, as well as the
obvious inconveniences that may attend such previous handling of
points, that are to be considered, when we come to treat regularly, is
with me a still more effectual discouragement, and determines me to
waive that part of the correspondence.

As to Digges, I have no confidence in him, nor in anything he says, or
may say, of his being sent by Ministers. Nor will I have any
communication with him, except in receiving and considering the
justification of himself, which he pretends he shall be able and
intends to make, for his excessive drafts on me, on account of the
relief I have ordered to the prisoners, and his embezzlement of the
money.

You justly observe in yours of the 12th, that the first object is to
procure a "meeting of qualified and authorised persons," and that you
understand the Ministry will be ready to proceed towards opening a
negotiation as soon as the bill shall pass, and therefore it is
necessary to consult time and place, and manner and persons, on each
side. This you wrote while the old Ministry existed. If the new have
the same intentions, and desire a general peace, they may easily
discharge Mr Laurens from those engagements, which make his acting in
the commission improper, and except Mr Jefferson, who remains in
America, and is not expected here, we the Commissioners of Congress
can easily be got together ready to meet yours, at such place as shall
be agreed to by the powers at war, in order to form the treaty. God
grant, that there may be wisdom enough assembled to make, if possible,
a peace that shall be perpetual, and that the idea of any nations
being natural enemies to each other, may be abolished for the honor of
human nature.

With regard to those who may be commissioned from your government,
whatever personal preferences I may conceive in my own mind, it cannot
become me to express them. I only wish for wise and honest men. With
such, a peace may be speedily concluded. With contentious wranglers
the negotiation may be drawn into length, and finally frustrated.

I am pleased to see in the votes and Parliamentary speeches, and in
your public papers, that in mentioning America, the word
_reconciliation_ is often used. It certainly means more than a mere
peace. It is a sweet expression. Revolve in your mind, my dear friend,
the means of bringing about this _reconciliation_. When you consider
the injustice of your war with us, and the barbarous manner in which
it has been carried on, the many suffering families among us from your
burning of towns, scalping by savages, &c. &c., will it not appear to
you, that though a cessation of the war may be a peace, it may not be
a reconciliation? Will not some voluntary acts of justice, and even of
kindness on your part, have excellent effects towards producing such a
_reconciliation_? Can you not find means of repairing in some degree
those injuries? You have in England and Ireland twelve hundred of our
people prisoners, who have for years bravely suffered all the
hardships of that confinement, rather than enter into your service, to
fight against their country. Methinks you ought to glory in
descendants of such virtue. What if you were to begin your measures of
_reconciliation_ by setting them at liberty? I know it would procure
for you the liberty of an equal number of your people, even without a
previous stipulation; and the confidence in our equity, with the
apparent good will in the action, would give very good impressions of
your change of disposition towards us. Perhaps you have no knowledge
of the opinions lately conceived of your king and country, in America;
the enclosed copy of a letter will make you a little acquainted with
them, and convince you how impossible must be every project of
bringing us again under the dominion of such a sovereign.

With great esteem, I am, dear Sir, your most obedient and most humble
servant,

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

  Passy, April 8th, 1782.

  Sir,

Since my last, an extraordinary revolution has taken place in the
Court of England. All the old Ministers are out, and the chiefs of the
opposition are in their places. The newspapers that I send will give
you the names as correctly as we yet know them. Our last advices
mention their kissing hands, but they had yet done nothing in their
respective offices, by which one might judge of their projected
measures, as whether they will ask a peace, of which they have great
need, the nation having of late suffered many losses, men grown
extremely scarce, and Lord North's new taxes proposed as funds for the
loan meeting with great opposition; or whether they will strive to
find new resources, and obtain allies to enable them to please the
King and nation by some vigorous exertions against France, Spain, and
Holland.

With regard to America, having while in opposition carried the vote
for making no longer an offensive war with us, they seem to have tied
their own hands from acting against us. Their predecessors had been
tampering with this Court for a separate peace. The King's answer
gave me great pleasure. It will be sent to M. de la Luzerne, and by
him communicated to Congress. None of their attempts to divide us meet
with the least encouragement, and I imagine the present set will try
other measures.

My letters from Holland give pleasing accounts of the rapid progress
our affairs are making in that country. The packet from M. Dumas,
which I forward with this, will give you the particulars. The Prince
de Broglie will do me the favor of delivering this to you. He goes
over to join the French army with the more pleasure, as it is employed
in the cause of liberty, a cause he loves, and in establishing the
interests of America, a country for which he has much regard and
affection. I recommend him earnestly to the civilities and services it
may be in your power to render him, and I request you would introduce
him to the President of Congress, and to the principal members civil
and military.

Our excellent friend, the Marquis de Lafayette, will sail in about
three weeks. By that time we may have more interesting intelligence
from England, and I shall write you fully.

  With great esteem, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO HENRY LAURENS.

  Passy, April 12th, 1782.

  Sir,

I should sooner have paid my respects to you by letter, if I had not
till lately expected you here, as I understood it to be your
intention. Your enlargement gave me great pleasure, and I hope that
the terms exacted by the late Ministry will now be relaxed,
especially when they are informed, that you are one of the
Commissioners appointed to treat of peace. Herewith I send you a copy
of the commission; the purport of which you can communicate to the
Ministers if you find it proper. If they are disposed to make peace
with us and our allies at the same time, I will, on notice from you,
send to Mr Jay to prepare for meeting at such time and place as shall
be agreed on.

As to our treating separately, and quitting our present alliance,
which the late ministry seemed to desire, it is impossible. Our
treaties and our instructions, as well as the honor and interest of
our country, forbid it. I will communicate those instructions to you,
as soon as I have the pleasure of seeing you. If you have occasion for
money, please to acquaint me with the sum you desire, and I will
endeavor to supply you.

With very great esteem and respect, I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

M. DE RAYNEVAL TO B. FRANKLIN.

Translation.

  Versailles, April 12th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have laid before the Count de Vergennes, the different letters,
which Mr Hartley had written to you, as well as your proposed reply;
the Minister has given his entire approbation to the manner in which
you have expressed yourself. I subjoin a postscript concerning Mr
Forth;[34] the Count de Vergennes, who has given it a perusal, finds
that you may without impropriety transmit it to your correspondent.

  [34] Mr Forth was a secret agent sent over to France by the British
  Ministry, to propose a separate treaty with the French Court.

I have the honor to be, Sir, with the most sincere attachment, your
very humble and obedient servant,

  DE RAYNEVAL.

_P. S._ Since my letter was written, Sir, I have considered anew the
different overtures which it embraces. In your opinion, the late
English Minister sincerely desired a reconciliation with us, and
proposed with this view a separate peace. At the time you were
transmitting this wish of Lord North to me, this exminister employed
an emissary here to sound the Minister of France on the pacific
disposition of his Court, and offer very advantageous propositions.
You will be able to judge from this, Sir, of the opinion which I ought
to have of the intention of Lord North and his colleagues. To convince
you of the truth of the suggestions which I communicate, I will
confide to you, that the emissary was a Mr Forth, and that he was
charged to reply to the English Minister, "_that the King of France is
as desirous of peace as the King of England; and that he would accede
to it as soon as he could with dignity and safety; but it is a matter
of the last importance for His Most Christian Majesty to know, whether
the Court of London is disposed to treat on equal terms with the
allies of France_." Mr Forth has set out for London with this answer;
but it is probable he will not arrive till after the Ministers, who
have sent him, have retired from office.

You may, Sir, without the least hesitation, make use of these details
if you judge it expedient. They will make known to the Minister in
place the principles of the Court of France, and they will convince
him, I hope, that the project of disuniting us will be as illusory as
it will prove injurious to us. As to the reply sent by Mr Forth, I
cannot foresee (if the new ministers are instructed on this point) in
what manner they will think they ought to consider it; if they love
peace, as they have persuaded the English nation and all Europe, they
need not be embarrassed; France has opened a way in which they can, in
my opinion, act without wounding the dignity of their master; if they
do not adopt it, they flatter themselves, without doubt, that the
chance of war will procure for England the success, which heretofore
has been denied her; it will be for Providence to crown or frustrate
their hopes.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

  Passy, April 12th, 1782.

  Sir,

Being at Court on Tuesday, I learnt from the Dutch Minister, that the
new English Ministry have offered, through the Ministers of Russia, a
cessation of arms to Holland, and a renewal of the treaty of 1674. M.
de Berkenrode seemed to be of the opinion, that the offer was intended
to gain time, to obstruct the concert of operations with France for
the ensuing campaign, and to prevent the conclusion of a Treaty with
America. It is apprehended, that it may have some effect in
strengthening the hands of the English party in that country, and
retard affairs a little, but it is hoped, that the proposal will not
be finally agreed to. It would indeed render the Dutch ridiculous. A,
having a cane in his hand, meets his neighbor B, who happens to have
none, takes the advantage and gives him a sound drubbing. B, having
found a stick, and coming to return the blows he received, A says, my
old friend, why should we quarrel? We are neighbors, let us be good
ones, and live peaceably by each other as we used to do. If B is so
easily satisfied, and lays aside his stick, the rest of the neighbors,
as well as A, will laugh at him. This is the light in which I stated
it. Enclosed I send you a copy of the proposition.

I see by the newspapers, that the Spaniards, having taken a little
post called St Joseph, pretend to have made a conquest of the Illinois
country. In what light does this proceeding appear to Congress? While
they decline our offered friendship, are they to be suffered to
encroach on our bounds, and shut us up within the Appalachian
mountains? I begin to fear they have some such project.

Having seen in the English prints an article from Lisbon, that two
American ships, under French colors, being arrived in that port, were
seized by the government, I asked the Portuguese Ambassador if it was
true. He said he had no advice of it, as he certainly should have had
if such a thing had happened; he therefore did not give the least
credit to it, and said, we might make ourselves perfectly easy; no
such treatment would in his opinion be offered us in their ports; and
he further observed, on the falsehood of English newspapers, their
having lately asserted, that the Congress had issued letters of marque
for cruising against the Portuguese.

  With great esteem, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO DAVID HARTLEY.

  Passy, April 13th, 1782.

  Dear Sir,

Since mine of the 5th, I have thought further of the subject of our
late letters. You were of opinion, that the late Ministry desired
_sincerely_ a reconciliation with America, and with that view a
separate peace with us was proposed. It happened, that, at the same
time, Lord North had an emissary here to sound the French Ministers
with regard to peace, and to make them very advantageous propositions,
in case they would abandon America. You may judge from hence, my dear
friend, what opinion I must have formed of the intentions of your
Ministers. To convince you of the truth of this, I may acquaint you,
that the emissary was a Mr Forth; and that the answer given him to
carry back to the English Ministers, was, "_that the King of France is
as desirous of peace as the King of England; and that he would accede
to it as soon as he could with dignity and safety; but it is a matter
of the last importance for His Most Christian Majesty to know, whether
the Court of London is disposed to treat on equal terms with the
allies of France_."

Mr Forth went off with this answer for London, but probably did not
arrive till after the dismission of the Ministers that sent him. You
may make any use of this information, as you judge proper. The new
Ministry may see by it the principles that govern this Court; and it
will convince them, I hope, that the project of dividing us is as vain
as it would be to us injurious. I cannot judge what they will think or
do in consequence of the answer sent by Mr Forth, if they have seen
it. If they love peace, as they have persuaded the English nation and
all Europe to believe, they can be under no difficulty. France has
opened a path, which in my opinion they may use, without hurting the
dignity of their master, or the honor of the nation. If they do not
choose it, they doubtless flatter themselves, that a war may still
produce successes in favor of England, that have hitherto been
withheld. The crowning or frustrating such hopes belongs to Divine
Providence; may God send us all more wisdom!

I am ever, my dear friend, yours most affectionately,

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO JOHN ADAMS.

  Passy, April 13th, 1782.

  Sir,

Enclosed with this, I send to your Excellency the packet of
correspondence between Mr Hartley and me, which I promised in my last.
You will see, that we held nearly the same language; which gives me
pleasure.

While Mr Hartley was making propositions to me, with the approbation
or privity of Lord North, to treat separately from France, that
Minister had an emissary here, a Mr Forth, formerly a Secretary of
Lord Stormont's, making proposals to induce this Court to treat
without us. I understand, that several sacrifices were offered to be
made, and among the rest Canada to be given up to France. The
substance of the answer appears in my last letter to Mr Hartley. But
there is a sentence omitted in that letter, which I much liked, viz.
"_that whenever the two Crowns should come to treat, His Most
Christian Majesty would show how much the engagements he might
enter into were to be relied on, by his exact observance of those he
already had with his present allies_."

If you have received anything in consequence of your answer by Digges,
you will oblige me by communicating it. The Ministers here were much
pleased with the account given them of your interview by the
Ambassador.

With great respect, I am, Sir, your Excellency's, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

COUNT DE VERGENNES TO B. FRANKLIN.

Translation.

  Versailles, April 23d, 1782.

  Sir,

The Baron de Blome has just sent me the annexed Memorial, and the only
use I can make of it is to communicate it to you, persuaded that you
will forward it to Congress.

I have the honor to be, &c.

  DE VERGENNES.

       *       *       *       *       *

_Complaint from Denmark against an American Privateer called the
Henry._

Translation.

The Court of Denmark has been informed, that the ship Providence of
Christiana in Norway, destined from London for St Thomas, a Danish
Island, with a cargo of divers merchandise, has been stopped in the
latitude of Antigua, by an American privateer called the Henry,
Captain Thomas Benson, and has been conducted into a port of New
England, under the pretence, that the cargo might be English property.

As this act is prejudicial to the credit, security, and liberty of the
Danish flag, the underwritten has been charged, by order of his Court,
to communicate the same to his Excellency the Count de Vergennes,
requesting, that he will be pleased to effect, by his intervention, a
prompt and entire restitution of the said vessel and cargo, with
damages proportioned to the unjust detention; and that he will be kind
enough at the same time to endeavor to obtain, that precise orders be
given to the American privateers not to trouble in anywise the
navigation and commerce of Denmark, but to respect its flag.

The Court has the greater right to expect this compliance on the part
of the Americans, as they continue to enjoy every liberty, and to find
every assistance in its American islands, and they will always
experience the same kind treatment on the part of Denmark, provided
they correspond by proceedings equally amicable.

  DE BLOME.

       *       *       *       *       *

DAVID HARTLEY TO B. FRANKLIN.

  London, May 1st, 1782.

  My Dear Friend,

I have received a packet from you containing several letters of
various dates. As I shall probably have a safe opportunity of
conveyance to you when Mr Laurens leaves this country, I am now
sitting down to write to you an _omnium_ kind of letter of various
matters as they occur. The late Ministry being departed, I may now
speak of things more freely. I will take a sentence in one of your
letters for my text. Vide yours of April 13th, 1782, in which you
say, _you were of opinion that the late Ministry desired SINCERELY a
reconciliation with America, and with that view a separate peace_ with
us was proposed. I must qualify this sentence much before I can adopt
it as my opinion. As to _reconciliation_, I never gave much credit to
them for that wish. _It is a sweet expression. It certainly means MORE
than peace._ The utmost I ever gave the late Ministry credit for, was
a wish for peace. And I still believe, that the wisest among them grew
from day to day more disposed to peace, or an abatement of the war, in
proportion as they became more alarmed for their own situations and
their responsibility. Had the war been more successful, I should not
have expected much relenting towards peace or reconciliation. That
this has always been the measure of my opinion of them, I refer you to
some words in a letter from me to you, dated January 5th, 1780, for
proof--"but for the point of sincerity; why, as to that, I have not
much to say; I have at least expected some hold upon their
_prudence_."

My argument runs thus, it is a _bargain_ for _you_ (Ministers) to be
sincere _now_. Common prudence may hint to you to look to yourselves.
It has amazed me beyond measure, that this principle of common selfish
_prudence_ has not had the effect which I expected. I have not been
disposed to be deceived by any conciliatory professions, which I
considered only as arising from prudence, and I hope that I have not
led you into any deception, having so fully explained myself to you on
that head. Had the American war been more prosperous on the part of
the late Ministry, I do not believe the late resignation would have
taken place. But it is evident, from the proposition to the Court of
France, which you have communicated to me, (and which I have
communicated to the present Ministry your letter) that even to the
last hour some part of the late Ministry were still set upon the
American war to the last extremity; and probably another more
_prudent_ part of the Ministry would proceed no further; which, if it
be so, may reasonably be imputed as the cause of the dissolution of
the late Ministry.

These have been the arguments, which I have always driven and insisted
upon with the greatest expectation of success, viz. _prudential_
arguments from the total impracticability of the war, responsibility,
&c. I have been astonished beyond measure, that these arguments have
not sooner had their effect. If I could give you an idea of the many
conferences, which I have had upon the subject, I should tell you,
that many times _Felix has trembled_. When reduced by the terror of
responsibility either to renounce the American war, or to relinquish
their places, they have chosen the latter; which is a most wretched
and contemptible retribution either to their country or to mankind,
for the desolation in which they have involved every nation, that they
have ever been connected with. Peace they would not leave behind them.
Their legacy to their country, and to mankind has been, _let darkness
be the burier of the dead_!

As to the proposal of a separate peace arising from a desire of
_reconciliation_, it certainly was so on the part of the people of
England, but on the part of the late Ministry, it probably arose from
the hopes of suggesting to France ideas of some infidelity on the part
of America towards them. If you should ask me, why I have _seemed_ to
conspire with this, my answer is very plain. In the first place, if I
could have prevailed with the late Ministry to have actually made an
irrevocable offer, _on their own part_, of a separate peace to
America, that very offer would in the same instant have become on
their part also a consent to a general peace; because _they_ never had
any wish to a separate contest with France, and America being out of
the question, _they_ would have thought of nothing after that but a
general peace. I never could bring them even to this. _They_ wished
that _America_ should make the offer of a separate treaty, for obvious
views. _My_ proposal was, that _they_ should offer irrevocable terms
of peace to America. If they had meant what they pretended, and what
the people of England did really desire, they would have adopted that
proposition. Then the question would have come forward upon the fair
and honorable construction of a treaty between France and America,
_the essential and direct end_ of which was fully accomplished. When I
speak of Great Britain offering irrevocable terms of peace to America,
I mean such terms as would have effectually satisfied the provision of
the treaty, viz. tacit independence.

I send you a paper entitled a _Breviate_, which I laid before the late
Ministry, and their not having acted upon it, was a proof to me that
the disposition of their heart to America was not altered, but that
all their relenting arose from the impracticability of that war, and
their want of success in it. But desponding as they were at last, it
was not inconsistent with my expectations of their conduct, that they
should make great offers to France to abandon America. It was the only
weapon left in their hands. In course of negotiating with the late
Ministry, I perceived their courage drooping from time to time, for
the last three or four years, and it was upon that ground I gave them
credit for an increasing disposition towards peace. Some dropped off,
others sunk under the load of folly, and at last they all failed. My
argument _ad homines_ to the late Ministry might be stated thus. _If
you don't kill them, they will kill you._ But the war is impracticable
_on your part_; ergo, the best thing you can do _for your own sake_ is
to make _peace_. This was reasoning to men, and through men to things.
But there is no measure of rage in pride and disappointment,

                Spicula coeca relinquunt
    Infixa venis, animasque in vulnere ponunt.

So much for the argument of the _breviate_, as far as it respected the
late Ministry. It was a test which proved that they were not sincere
in their professions. If they had been in earnest, to have given the
war a turn towards the House of Bourbon, and to have dropped the
American war, a plain road lay before them. The sentiments of the
people of England were conformable to the argument of that breviate;
or rather I should say, what is the real truth, that the arguments of
the breviate were dictated by the notoriety of that sentiment in the
people of England. My object and wish always has been to strike at the
root of the evil, the American war.

If the British nation have jealousies and resentments against the
House of Bourbon, yet still the first step in every case would be to
rescind the American war, and not to keep it lurking in the rear, to
become hereafter, in case of certain events, a reversionary war with
America for unconditional terms. This reversionary war was never the
object of the people of England; therefore the argument of the
breviate was calculated bona fide to accomplish their views, and to
discriminate the fallacious pretences of the late administration from
the real wishes of the country, as expressed in the circular
resolution of many counties in the year 1780, first moved at York, on
March 28th, 1780. Every other principle and every mode of conduct only
imply, as you very justly express it, a secret hope that war may still
produce successes, and then--. The designs which have been lurking
under this pretext could not mean anything else than this. Who knows
but that we may still talk to America at last. The only test of clear
intentions would have been this, to have cut up the American war, and
all possible return to it for any cause, or under any pretext. I am
confident that the sentiment of the people of England is, and always
has been, to procure peace and reconciliation with America, and to
vindicate the national honor in the contest with the House of Bourbon.
If this intention had been pursued in a simple and direct manner, I am
confident that the honor and safety of the British nation would long
ago have been established in a general peace with all the belligerent
powers. These are the sentiments upon which I have always acted in
those negotiations, which I have had upon the subject of peace with
the late Ministry; reconciliation with America, and peace with all the
world, upon terms consistent with the honor and safety of my own
country.

Peace must be sought in such ways, as promise the greatest degree of
practicability. The sentiments of individuals as philanthropists may
be overborne by the power of ancient prejudices, which too frequently
prevail in the aggregates of nations. In such case, the
philanthropist, who wishes the good of his own country and of mankind,
must be the bulrush bending to the storm, and not the sturdy oak,
unavailingly resisting. National prejudices are, I hope, generally
upon the decline. Reason and humanity gain ground every day against
their _natural_ enemies, folly and injustice. The ideas of nations
being _natural_ enemies to each other are generally reprobated. But
still _jealousies_ and ancient rivalships remain, which obstruct the
road to peace among men. If one belligerent nation will entertain a
standing force of three or four hundred thousand fighting men, other
nations must have defended frontiers and barrier towns, and the
barrier of a neighboring island, whose constitution does not allow a
standing military force, must consist in a superiority at sea. It is
necessary for her own defence. If all nations by mutual consent will
reduce their _offensive_ powers, which they only claim under the
pretext of necessary _defence_, and bring forward the reign of the
millennium; then away with your frontiers and barriers, and your
Gibraltars, and the key of the Baltic, and all the hostile array of
nations,

          Aspera compositis nitescant sæcula bellis.

These must be the sentiments of every philanthropist in his interior
thoughts. But if we are not to seek peace by some practicable method,
accommodated to the remaining prejudices of the multitude, we shall
not in our own time, I fear, see that happy day. If Great Britain and
France are ancient rivals, then, until the reign of the millennium
shall approach, arrange that rivalship upon equitable terms, as the
two leading nations of Europe, set them in balance to each other; the
one by land, the other by sea. Give to France her elevated rank among
the nations of Europe. Give to Great Britain the honor of her flag,
and the security of her island by her wooden walls, and there would be
no obstruction to general and perpetual peace. The prejudices of
disrespect between nations prevail only among the inferior ranks.
Believe me, for one at least, I have the highest sentiments of
respect for the nation of France. I have no other sentiments of
hostility but what are honorable towards them, and which, as a member
of a rival State at war with them, consists in the duty of vigilance
which I owe towards the honor and interests of my own country. I am
not conscious of a word or a thought, which on _the point of honor_ I
would wish to have concealed from a French Minister.

In the mode which I have proposed of unraveling the present subjects
of jealousy and contest, I would make my proposals openly to France
herself. Let America be free, and enjoy happiness and peace forever.
If France and Great Britain have jealousies or rivalships between
themselves, as European nations, I then say to France, let us settle
these points between ourselves, if unfortunately we shall not be able
by honorable negotiation to compromise the indispensable points of
national honor and safety. This would be my language to France, open
and undisguised. In the meanwhile I desire you to observe, that it
would not be with reluctance that I should offer eternal freedom,
happiness, and peace to America. You know my thoughts too well to
suspect that. I speak only as in a state of war, desirous to arrange
the complicated interests, and to secure the respective honor of
nations. My wishes are, and always have been for the peace, liberty,
and safety of mankind. In the pursuit of those blessed objects, not
only this country and America, but France herself and the House of
Bourbon, may justly claim the conspiring exertions of every free and
liberal mind, even among their temporary enemies and rivals.

  I am, &c.

  D. HARTLEY.

       *       *       *       *       *

_Breviate mentioned in the preceding Letter._

_February 7th, 1782._--It is stated, that America is disposed to enter
into a negotiation of peace with Great Britain, without requiring any
formal recognition of independence; always understood, that they are
to act in conjunction with their allies, conformable to treaties.

It is therefore recommended to give for reply, that the Ministers of
Great Britain are likewise disposed to enter into a negotiation for
peace, and that they are ready to open a general treaty for that
purpose.

If the British Ministers should see any objection to a general treaty,
but should still be disposed to enter into a separate treaty with
America, it is then recommended to them to offer such terms to America
as shall induce her to apply to her allies for their consent, that she
should be permitted to enter into a separate treaty with Great
Britain. The condition of which being the consent of allies, no
proposition of any breach of faith can be understood to be required by
them, by the requisition of a separate treaty.

The British Ministers are free to make any propositions to America,
which they may think proper, provided they be not dishonorable in
themselves, which in the present case is barred by the supposition of
consent being obtained. In this case, therefore, if they should be
inclined to offer a separate treaty, it is recommended to them to
offer such terms to America, as should induce her to be desirous of
closing with the proposal of a separate treaty, on the grounds of
national security and interests, and likewise such as may constitute
to them a case of reason and justice, upon which they may make
requisition to their allies for their consent. It is suggested, that
the offer to America of a truce of sufficient length, together with
the removal of the British troops, would be equivalent to that case,
which is provided for in the treaty of February 6th, 1778, between
America and France, viz. _tacit_ independence; and the declared ends
of that alliance being accomplished, it would not be reasonable that
America should be dragged on by their allies in a war, the continuance
of which, between France and Great Britain, could only be caused by
separate European jealousies and resentments (if unfortunately for the
public peace any such should arise) between themselves, independent
and unconnected with the American cause. It is to be presumed, that
France would not in point of honor to her allies refuse her consent so
requested, as any rivalship or punctilios between her and Great
Britain, as European nations, (principles which too frequently disturb
the peace of mankind) could not be considered as _casus foederis_ of
the American alliance; and their pride as a belligerent power would
not permit them to claim the assistance of America as necessary to
their support, thereby proclaiming their nation unequal to the contest
in case of the continuance of a war with Great Britain, after the
settlement and pacification with America. Their consent, therefore, is
to be presumed. But if they should demur on this point, if Great
Britain should be disposed to concede _tacit_ independence to America
by a long truce, and the removal of the troops, and if the obstruction
should evidently occur on the part of France, under any equivocal or
captious construction of a _defensive_ treaty of alliance between
America and France, Great Britain would from thenceforward stand upon
advantage ground, either in any negotiation with America, or in the
continuance of a war including America, but not arising from any
further resentments of Great Britain towards America, but imposed
reluctantly upon both parties by the conduct of the Court of France.

These thoughts are not suggested with any view of giving any
preference in favor of a separate treaty above a general treaty, or
above any plans of separate but concomitant treaties, like the
treaties of Munster and Osnaburgh, but only to draw out the line of
negotiating a separate treaty, in case the British Ministry should
think it necessary to adhere to that mode. But in all cases it should
seem indispensable to express some disposition, on the part of Great
Britain, to adopt either one mode or the other. An absolute refusal to
treat at all must necessarily drive America into the closest connexion
with France, and all other foreign hostile powers, who would take that
advantage for making every possible stipulation to the future
disadvantage of British interests, and above all things would probably
stipulate, that America should never make peace with Great Britain,
without the most formal and explicit recognition of their
independence, absolute and unlimited.

       *       *       *       *       *

ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, May 22d, 1782.

  Dear Sir,

I expected to have written you a long letter, more particularly as it
is some time since you have received any information from this
country, the enemy having effectually blocked up our ports for some
months past. But I find myself so extremely hurried, that I have
hardly leisure to write this, the vessel by which it is to be sent
going sooner than I apprehended.

You will receive herewith a letter to His Most Christian Majesty,
which you will present, and a copy, which you will be pleased to
deliver to the Count de Vergennes. This I believe is the usual form.
You will also receive in the enclosed papers an account of the marks
of respect, with which the annunciation of the birth of the Dauphin
was received. These are of some importance, at a time when Great
Britain is endeavoring to represent us as weary of the alliance, and
anxiously wishing to return to our connexion with them. It is
probable, that the late changes in the British Administration, and the
conciliatory measures they propose, may excite apprehensions of our
firmness. I have the pleasure of assuring you, that it has not
produced the least effect; all orders of people seem to agree, that it
should redouble our vigilance, and while it argues the weakness of the
enemy, it serves as a spring to our exertions.

Sir Guy Carleton, shortly after his arrival, wrote a complimentary
letter to General Washington, sending him an account of his
appointment, and the prints which contained the Parliamentary debates,
and requesting leave to send his Secretary with despatches to
Congress. The General refused the passport, till he had the sense of
Congress thereon; and upon Sir Guy's letter being laid before them,
they came to the resolution enclosed.

The papers I send you contain also resolutions of the State of
Maryland, and of the Executive Council of Pennsylvania, which I
believe speak the language of all the States, which will, I doubt not,
make similar declarations when their legislatures shall be convened.
So that you may safely assure His Majesty's Ministers, that no art
which Great Britain can put in practice will have the least influence
in lessening the attachment of the people of this country to the
principles of the alliance. It is true their expectations of powerful
assistance this campaign are very high. They saw with some pain last
year, that the fleet was withdrawn when the enemy were absolutely at
their feet, and when one month's stay would have reduced either New
York or Charleston. They look eagerly for the return of the fleet.
They generally believe this to be the last campaign in America. There
is no knowing what effect a disappointment in this hope would have. I
believe, from the present view of things, that they would bear it with
fortitude, but I should be sorry to see it put to the trial.

Our trade has suffered astonishingly of late; the influence which this
will have upon our internal resources is much to be apprehended. It is
to be wished, that France would see the great advantages she would
derive from keeping a superiority on this coast, where her fleets
would be maintained cheaply while they protected our commerce, and
compelled England either to risk her army, or to keep a regular fleet
here at five times their expense. Enclosed is a statement of our trade
drawn up by Mr Morris. You are requested to communicate this to the
Court of Versailles, and to use every means in your power to bring the
Court to concur in adopting it.

I also enclose a resolution of Congress, to request you to apply for
the prisoners due to us, in order that they may be sent here and
exchanged for our seamen, who are confined without the hope of relief.
Is it impossible to devise some means for the enlargement of those,
who are confined in England? Can no cartel be settled? Or no means
devised for sending them here to be exchanged? Their case is really
pitiable.

  I have the honor to be, &c. &c.

  ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

DAVID HARTLEY TO B. FRANKLIN.

  London, May 25th, 1782.

  My Dear Friend,

Yours of the 13th instant I received by Mr Oswald. I did not doubt but
that the news of a general and absolute release of the American
prisoners, which Lord Shelburne was so good as to communicate to me,
in answer to that part of your letter of the 5th of April, in which
you speak so pathetically of _sweet reconciliation_, would give you
much sincere and heartfelt pleasure. God send that it may be the happy
omen of final _reconciliation_ and _durable peace_. I should be very
happy to hear that good news from you, and in any way to contribute to
it. Having on that subject communicated the preliminaries, dated May,
1782, to Lord Shelburne, you may be assured that I have no
reservations upon that head respecting America, in any circumstances
or condition whatever. You know all my thoughts upon that subject, and
the principles upon which they are founded, and therefore that they
are not changeable.

It would give me the greatest pleasure, if I could hope for any
opportunity of seeing you. I could say many things, which are
otherwise incommunicable, and which perhaps would contribute to
facilitate the road to peace. I think I see in many parts much matter
to work with, out of which a peace, honorable to all parties and upon
durable principles, might be established. _No degrading or mortifying
conditions to shorten peace and rekindle war._ Perhaps I might not say
too much if I were to add, that simply the adoption of _reason_ among
nations, and the mere rectification of obsolete and gothic
absurdities, which carry no gratification, would afford a fund of
remuneration to all parties for renouncing those objects of mutual
contention, which, _in the eye of reason_, are no better than
creatures of passion, jealousy, and false pride. Until the principles
of _reason_ and equity shall be adopted in national transactions,
peace will not be durable amongst men.

These are reflections general to all nations. As to the mutual
concerns between Great Britain and North America, _reconciliation_ is
the touchstone to prove those hearts, which are without alloy. If I
can be of any assistance to you, in any communications or explanations
conducive to peace, you may command my utmost services. Even if a
French Minister were to overhear such an offer, let him not take it in
jealous part. Zealously and affectionately attached to my own country
and to America, I am nevertheless most perfectly of accord with you,
that justice and honor should be observed towards all nations. Mr
Oswald will do me the favor to convey this to you. I heartily wish him
success in his pacific embassy.

Yours ever most affectionately,

  DAVID HARTLEY.

       *       *       *       *       *

ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, May 30th, 1782.

  Dear Sir,

Since my last of the 22d instant, I have been honored with yours of
the 30th of March, together with the letter from Mr Adams to you
enclosed, and the papers, for which I am extremely obliged to you.

I am not at all disappointed at the manner in which the British
administration have declared their wish for peace, or at the
reluctance they show in parting with this country. To a proud nation
the loss of 3,000,000 subjects is mortifying. Every journeyman weaver
in every petty village in England conceived himself a sovereign, even
while working for the slaves of his supposed subjects. It requires a
degree of magnanimity, of which they are incapable, to surrender with
dignity what they are no longer able to hold. But they must suppose
the politics of the rest of the world to move upon weaker principles
than their own, if they imagine the offers they propose to hold out to
the belligerent powers will detach them from their alliance with each
other, till all the objects of it are attained. Of what avail would
the cessions they made in the West Indies be to France, if we were
again connected with England. What security would she have for those
cessions, or even for the rest of her islands? What she has offered to
Spain I know not. To us she has offered nothing, as I have yet heard,
but her friendship and the blessings of her government. A seven years'
enmity has taught us to put very little value on the former; and the
present happiness of the people of England and Ireland has enabled us
to form a just estimate of the latter.

I have told you, that we have nothing to apprehend here from the
offers of Britain. I have had no reason since to change that opinion.
The way, however, to put it out of doubt is to enable us to expel the
enemy from this continent. The task is not difficult, and the object
is sufficiently important not to let it depend upon other operations.

I am instructed to prepare a memorial to the Court of Versailles, on
the subject of the prize money due to Paul Jones, and the officers and
men that sailed under his command. Continual complaints are made on
that subject. Surely M. de Chaumont has had sufficient time to settle
this business. I must beg the favor of you to press it, and to draw
and present a memorial to the Court, if it cannot otherwise be
accomplished. Mr Barclay will have orders to receive the money for
them. I enclose an exstract of a letter from Captain Jones on the
subject, together with the list of the ships and their force,
agreeable to which the division should be made.

I also send his account of the detention of the brigantine
Berkenbosch, together with a copy of De Nief's certificate, that the
property belonged to British owners. This I think at first view is a
sufficient justification of his conduct, and I hope will be deemed
satisfactory, especially when it is considered that our courts are
open for a further prosecution of the inquiry, if any injury has been
unjustly sustained. I shall take the earliest opportunity to inquire
into the other cases you mention. If I am rightly informed, the insult
to the Court of Norway is already avenged, the vessels, which are said
to have committed it, having been lost at sea. This puts a stop to any
further inquiry about it. I shall however endeavor to get this fact
more fully ascertained, and write to you again. I should be glad to
know on what principle these applications are made to the Court of
France. If the powers, who suppose themselves injured, consider us as
the subjects of Great Britain, they should carry their complaints to
the Court of St James's. If they consider us as independent of them,
they should address themselves to us or to you directly.

I am very happy to find you have not lost sight of the prizes detained
by the Danish Court, and that you so happily availed yourself of the
opportunity they afforded you, to renew your application. This object
ought to be pushed, not so much on account of the value of the
vessels, as to show that we know what is due to _ourselves_.

Enclosed is a resolution of Congress on the subject of accounts, which
you will be pleased to take the earliest opportunity to carry into
execution.

You draw an agreeable picture of the French Court, and their favorable
dispositions. They stand very high in the esteem of this country; and
though we sometimes entertain the hope of repaying by our commerce and
alliance the friendship they have shown us, we are not on that account
the less sensible of our obligation to them. The distrust and
jealousies, which secret enemies have endeavored to excite, have died
away. One successful exertion in our favor will secure to them forever
the affections of this country. I take an interest in the happiness of
the Marquis de Lafayette, which makes me learn with great pleasure the
reception he has met with. No man is more worthy of the esteem he
enjoys, both at home and here. I have forborne to write to him for
some time, in expectation that he was on his way. The same reasons
restrain me now. Should any extraordinary event have detained him, you
will be so obliging as to mention this as my apology. I am charmed
with your idea of a medal to perpetuate the memory of York and
Saratoga. The thought is simple, elegant, and strikingly expressive of
the subject. I cannot however but flatter myself, that before it can
be executed, your Hercules will have tasked your invention for a new
emblem.

I enclose a number of letters, that have passed between Generals
Washington, Clinton, Robinson, and Sir Guy, chiefly on the subject of
Captain Huddy, who, having been taken prisoner and confined some time
at New York, was carried by a Captain Lippincott and a party of
soldiers to the Jersey shore, and there hanged without the least
pretence. You will see an account of the whole transaction in some of
the papers I sent. The General, in pursuance of his determination, has
ordered the lot to be cast among the British Captains. It has fallen
upon the Honorable Captain Asgill of the Guards, who is now on his way
to camp. A friend of his, Captain Ludlow, is gone to New York to see
if anything can be done to save him. It is really a melancholy case,
but the repeated cruelties of this kind, that have been practised,
have rendered it absolutely necessary to execute the resolution to
retaliate, which we have so often taken, and so frequently been
prevented, by our feelings, from carrying into execution.

We are yet totally ignorant of the event of the battle fought on the
12th of April, in the West Indies, of which you will see various and
contradictory accounts in our papers. You will have more certain
information in Europe. Providence is taken by the Spaniards. Gillon
commanded the fleet on the occasion. He yesterday came to this port
with a number of the Havana vessels, for which we were in great pain.

  I have the honor to be, &c.

  ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

RICHARD OSWALD TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Paris, June 5th, 1782.

  Sir,

While Mr Laurens was under confinement in England, he promised, that
on condition of his being liberated upon his parole, he would apply to
you for an exchange in favor of Lord Cornwallis, by a discharge of his
Lordship granted upon the surrender of his garrison at the village of
York in Virginia; and, in case of your being under any difficulty in
making such exchange, he undertook to write to the Congress, and to
request it of that assembly, making no doubt of obtaining a favorable
answer, without loss of time.

This proposal, signed by Mr Laurens's hand, I carried and delivered, I
think, in the month of December last, to his Majesty's then
Secretaries of State, which was duly attended to; and in consequence
thereof Mr Laurens was soon after set at full liberty. And though not
a prisoner under parole, yet it is to be hoped, a variation in the
mode of discharge will not be supposed of any essential difference.

And with respect to Mr Laurens, I am satisfied he will consider
himself as much interested in the success of this application, as if
his own discharge had been obtained under the form, as proposed by the
representation, which I delivered to the Secretaries of State, and, I
make no doubt, will sincerely join my Lord Cornwallis in an
acknowledgment of your favor and good offices, in granting his
Lordship a full discharge of his parole abovementioned.

I have the honor to be, with much respect, Sir, your most obedient
humble servant,

  RICHARD OSWALD.

_P. S._ Major Ross has got no copy of Lord Cornwallis's parole. He
says it was in the common form, as in like cases.

Since writing the above, I recollect I was under a mistake, as if the
proposal of exchange came first from Mr Laurens; whereas, it was made
by his Majesty's Secretaries of State to me, that Mr Laurens should
endeavor to procure the exchange of Lord Cornwallis, so as to be
discharged himself. Which proposal I carried to Mr Laurens, and had
from him the obligation abovementioned, upon which the mode of his
discharge was settled.

  R. O.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO RICHARD OSWALD.

  Passy, June 5th, 1782.

  Sir,

I received the letter you did me the honor of writing to me,
respecting the parole of Lord Cornwallis. You are acquainted with what
I wrote some time since to Mr Laurens. Tomorrow is post day from
Holland, when possibly I may receive an answer, with a paper drawn up
by him for the purpose of discharging that parole, to be signed by us
jointly. I suppose the staying at Paris another day will not be very
inconvenient to Major Ross, and if I do not hear tomorrow from Mr
Laurens, I will immediately, in compliance with your request, do what
I can towards the liberation of Lord Cornwallis.

I have the honor to be, with great respect, Sir, your most obedient
humble servant,

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

JOHN ADAMS TO B. FRANKLIN.

  The Hague, June 13th, 1782.

  Sir,

I had yesterday, at Amsterdam, the honor of receiving your
Excellency's letter of June the 2d.

The discovery, that Mr Grenville's power was only to treat with
France, does not surprise me at all. The British Ministry are too
divided among themselves, and have too formidable an opposition
against them, in the King and the old Ministers, and are possessed of
too little of the confidence of the nation, to have courage to make
concessions of any sort, especially since the news of their successes
in the East and West Indies. What their vanity will end in God only
knows; for my own part, I cannot see a probability, that they will
ever make peace, until their finances are ruined, and such distresses
brought upon them, as will work up their parties into a civil war.

I wish their enemies could by any means be persuaded to carry on the
war against them in places, where they might be sure of triumphs,
instead of insisting on pursuing it where they are sure of defeat. But
we must take patience, and wait for time to do what wisdom might
easily and soon do.

I have not as yet taken any engagements with the Dutch not to make
peace without them; but I will take such engagements in a moment, if
the Dutch will take them, and I believe they would very cheerfully. I
shall not propose it, however, till I have the concurrence of the Duc
de la Vauguyon, who will do nothing without the instructions of his
Court. I would not delay it a moment from any expectation, that the
English will acknowledge our independence and make peace with us,
because I have no such expectations. The permanent friendship of the
Dutch may be easily obtained by the United States; that of England,
never; it is gone with the days before the flood. If we ever enjoy the
smallest degree of sincere friendship again from England, I am totally
incapable of seeing the character of a nation or the connexion of
things; which however may be the case for what I know. They have
brought themselves into such a situation! Spain, Holland, America, the
armed neutrality, have all such pretensions and demands upon them,
that where is the English Minister, or Member of Parliament, that
dares vote for the concession to them? The pretensions of France I
believe would be so moderate, that possibly they might be acceded to.
But it is much to be feared, that Spain, who deserves the least, will
demand the most; in short, the work of peace appears so impracticable
and chimerical, that I am happy in being restrained to this country,
by my duty, and by this means excused from troubling my head much
about it.

I have a letter from America, that informed me, that Mr Jay had
refused to act in the commission for peace; but if he is on the way to
Paris, as you suppose, I presume my information must be a mistake,
which I am very glad of. Mr Laurens did me the honor of a very short
visit, in his way to France, but I was very sorry to learn from him,
that in a letter to your Excellency from Ostend, he had declined
serving in the commission for peace. I had vast pleasure in his
conversation, for I found him possessed of the most exact judgment
concerning our enemies, and of the same noble sentiments in all
things, which I saw in him in Congress.

What is the system of Russia? Does she suppose, that England has too
many enemies upon her, and that their demands and pretensions are too
high? Does she seek to embroil affairs, and to light up a general war
in Europe? Is Denmark in concert with her, or any other power? Her
conduct is a phenomenon. Is there any secret negotiation or intrigue
on foot to form a party for England among the powers of Europe, and to
make a balance against the power of the enemies of England?

The States of Holland and several other provinces have taken a
resolution against the mediation for a separate peace; and this nation
seems to be well fixed in its system, and in the common cause.

My best respects and affections to my old friend, Mr Jay, if you
please. I have the honor to be, Sir, your most obedient and most
humble servant,

  JOHN ADAMS.

       *       *       *       *       *

ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, June 23d, 1782.

  Dear Sir,

This will be sent with duplicates of some of my former letters to the
southward, to embrace the first opportunity, that shall offer from
thence. By so uncertain a conveyance you can expect nothing. Nor
indeed does our present situation furnish anything, that calls for
your immediate attention, unless it be the unanimity with which the
people of all ranks agree in determining to listen to no proposals
from England, which have not the alliance with France for their basis.
Perhaps the joy they have discovered, in celebrating the birth of the
Dauphin, will be considered as a proof of their sincere attachment to
the present illustrious monarch of France and his family.

Leslie has endeavored to bring General Greene to agree to a suspension
of arms for the Southern Department, which he has very prudently
refused.

Nothing has yet been determined, or rather executed, with respect to
Captain Asgill. The enemy are holding a Court Martial on Lippincott,
the executioner of Captain Huddy; on their decision the life of
Captain Asgill will depend. Such is the melancholy necessity, which
the cruelty of the enemy has imposed.

You enclosed a letter from the Count de Vergennes, on the subject of
the pension due M. Tousard. Congress are too sensible of that
gentleman's merit to deprive him of it. But as it is necessary, that
everything of this kind be transacted at one office, it is proper that
he direct some person as his agent to apply to the Treasury office
here, and produce your certificate of the time to which the last
payment was made, or at least transmit a statement of his account, on
which the balance will be paid, and his pension regularly settled with
his attorney in future.

The case of the brigantine Ernten has been decided upon in the
inferior courts, and in the Court of Appeals. The latter have been
prevailed upon at my request to give a rehearing, which is not yet
determined. Should its determination be against the vessel or cargo,
on a conviction, that she was British property, Congress will not
choose to interfere in the execution of the sentence, which the court
they have instituted is competent to award.

I could wish to know from you what allowance you make to your private
Secretary, and to have an accurate estimate of those contingent
expenses of your office, which you think ought to be charged as
distinct from your salary.

I enclose a copy of a letter from Mr Deane to Governor Trumbull, with
his answer, which you will please to forward. A copy of the answer is
also enclosed.

  I have the honor to be, &c.

  ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON

       *       *       *       *       *

TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

  Passy, June 25th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have received your respective letters of January 26th and February
13th. The first was accompanied with a form of a convention for the
establishment of consuls. Mr Barclay having been detained these six
months in Holland, though in continual expectation of returning
hither, I have yet done nothing in that business, thinking his
presence might be of use in settling it. As soon as he arrives I shall
move the completion of it.

The second enforces some resolutions of Congress, sent me with it,
respecting a loan of 12,000,000 of livres, to be demanded of France
for the current year. I had already received the promise of six
millions, together with the clearest and most positive assurances,
that it was all the King could spare to us, that we must not expect
more, that if drafts and demands came upon me beyond that sum, it
behoved me to take care how I accepted them, or where I should find
funds for the payment, since I could certainly not be further assisted
out of the royal treasury. Under this declaration, with what face
could I ask for another six millions? It would be saying, you are not
to be believed, you can spare more; you are able to lend me twice the
sum if you were but willing. If you read my letter to Mr Morris of
this date, I think you will be convinced how improper any language,
capable of such a construction, would be to such a friend. I hope,
however, that the loan Mr Adams has opened in Holland for three
millions of florins, which it is said is likely to succeed, will
supply the deficiency.

By the newspapers I have sent you will see, that the general
disposition of the British nation towards us had been changed. Two
persons have been sent here by the new ministers, to propose treating
for peace. They had at first some hopes of getting the belligerent
powers to treat separately, one after another, but finding that
impracticable, they have, after several messengers sent to and fro,
come to a resolution of treating with all together for a general
peace, and have agreed, that the place shall be Paris. Mr Grenville is
now here with full powers for that purpose, (if they can be reckoned
full with regard to America, till a certain act is completed for
enabling his Majesty to treat, &c, which has gone through the Commons,
and has been once read in the House of Lords.) I keep a very
particular journal of what passes every day in the affair, which is
transcribing to be sent to you. I shall, therefore, need to say no
more about it in this letter, except, that though I still think they
were sincere at first in their desire of peace, yet since their
success in the West Indies, I imagine, that I see marks of their
desiring rather to draw the negotiations into length, that they may
take the chance of what the campaign shall produce in their favor, and
as there are so many interests to adjust, if will be prudent for us to
suppose, that even another campaign may pass before all can be
agreed. Something too may happen to break off the negotiations, and we
should be prepared for the worst.

I hoped for the assistance of Mr Adams and Mr Laurens. The first is
too much engaged in Holland to come hither, and the other declines
serving; but I have now the satisfaction of being joined by Mr Jay,
who happily arrived here from Madrid last Sunday. The Marquis de
Lafayette is of great use in our affairs here, and as the campaign is
not likely to be very active in North America, I wish I may be able to
prevail with him to stay a few weeks longer. By him you will receive
the journal abovementioned, which is already pretty voluminous, and
yet the negotiations cannot be said to be opened.

Ireland you will see has obtained all her demands triumphantly. I meet
no one from that country, who does not express some obligations to
America for their success.

Before I received your just observations on the subject, I had
obtained from the English Ministers a resolution to exchange all our
prisoners. They thought themselves obliged to have an act of
Parliament about it for authorising the King to do it, this war being
different from others, as made by an act of Parliament declaring us
rebels, and our people being committed for high treason. I empowered
Mr Hodgson, who was chairman of the committee, that collected and
dispensed the charitable subscriptions for the American prisoners, to
treat and conclude on the terms of their discharge, and having
approved of the draft he sent me of the agreement, I hope Congress
will see fit to order a punctual execution of it. I have long suffered
with those poor brave men, who with so much public virtue have endured
four or five years hard imprisonment, rather than serve against their
country. I have done all I could afford towards making their
situation more comfortable; but their numbers were so great, that I
could do but little for each, and that very great villain, Digges,
defrauded them of between three and four hundred pounds, which he drew
from me on their account. He lately wrote me a letter, in which he
pretended he was coming to settle with me, and to convince me, that I
had been mistaken with regard to his conduct; but he never appeared,
and I hear he is gone to America. Beware of him, for he is very
artful, and has cheated many. I hear every day of new rogueries
committed by him in England.

The Ambassador from Sweden to this Court applied to me lately to know,
if I had powers that would authorise my making a treaty with his
master in behalf of the United States. Recollecting a general power,
that was formerly given to me with the other Commissioners, I answered
in the affirmative. He seemed much pleased, and said the King had
directed him to ask the question, and charged him to tell me that he
had so great esteem for me, that it would be a particular satisfaction
to him to have such a transaction with me. I have perhaps some vanity
in repeating this; but I think too, that it is right that Congress
should know it, and judge if any use may be made of the reputation of
a citizen for the public service. In case it should be thought fit to
employ me in that business, it will be well to send a more particular
power, and proper instructions. The Ambassador added, that it was a
pleasure to him to think, and he hoped it would be remembered, that
Sweden was the first power in Europe, which had voluntarily offered
its friendship to the United States without being solicited. This
affair should be talked of as little as possible till completed.

I enclose another complaint from Denmark, which I request you will lay
before Congress. I am continually pestered with complaints from French
seamen, who were with Captain Cunningham in his first cruise from
Dunkirk; from others who were in the Lexington, the Alliance, &c.
being put on board prizes that were retaken, were never afterwards
able to join their respective ships, and so have been deprived of the
wages, &c. due to them. It is for our national honor, that justice
should be done them if possible; and I wish you to procure an order of
Congress for inquiring into their demands, and satisfying such as
shall be found just. It may be addressed to the Consul.

I enclose a note from M. de Vergennes to me, accompanied by a memoir
relating to a Swiss, who died at Edenton. If you can procure the
information desired, it will much oblige the French Ambassador in
Switzerland.

I have made the addition you directed to the cypher. I rather prefer
the old one of Dumas, perhaps because I am more used to it. I enclose
several letters from that ancient and worthy friend of our country. He
is now employed as secretary to Mr Adams, and I must, from a long
experience of his zeal and usefulness, beg leave to recommend him
warmly to the consideration of Congress, with regard to his
appointments, which have never been equal to his merit. As Mr Adams
writes me the good news, that he shall no longer be obliged to draw on
me for his salary, I suppose it will be proper to direct his paying
that which shall be allowed to M. Dumas.

Be pleased to present my duty to the Congress, and believe me to be,
with great esteem and regard,

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

  Passy, June 29th, 1782.

  Sir,

In mine of the 25th instant, I omitted mentioning, that at the
repeated earnest instances of Mr Laurens, who had given such
expectations to the Ministry in England, when his parole or securities
were discharged, as that he could not think himself at liberty to act
in public affairs, till the parole of Lord Cornwallis was absolved by
me in exchange, I sent to that General the paper of which the enclosed
is a copy;[35] and I see by the English papers, that his Lordship
immediately on the receipt of it appeared at Court, and has taken his
seat in the House of Peers, which he did not before think was
warrantable. My authority for doing this appeared questionable to
myself, but Mr Laurens judged it deducible from that respecting
General Burgoyne, and, by his letters to me, seemed so unhappy till it
was done, that I ventured it, with a clause, however, as you will see,
reserving to Congress the approbation or disallowance of it.

  [35] See above, p. 362.

The enabling act is now said to be passed, but no copy of it is yet
received here, so that as the bill first printed has suffered
alterations in passing through Parliament, and we know not what they
are, the treaty with us is not yet commenced. Mr Grenville expects his
courier in a few days, with the answer of his Court to a paper given
him on the part of this. That answer will probably afford us a clearer
understanding of the intentions of the British Ministry, which for
some weeks past have appeared somewhat equivocal and uncertain. It
looks as if, since their late success in the West Indies, they a
little repented of the advances they had made in their declarations,
respecting the acknowledgment of our independence; and we have pretty
good information, that some of the Ministers still flatter the King
with the hope of recovering his sovereignty over us, on the same terms
as are now making with Ireland. However willing we might have been at
the commencement of this contest to have accepted such conditions, be
assured we can have no safety in them at present. The King hates us
most cordially. If he is once admitted to any degree of power and
government among us, however limited, it will soon be extended by
corruption, artifice, and force, till we are reduced to absolute
subjection, and that the more easily, as, by receiving him again for
our King, we shall draw upon us the contempt of all Europe, who now
admire and respect us, and shall never again find a friend to assist
us. There are, it is said, great divisions in the Ministry on other
points as well as this, and those who aim at engrossing the power,
flatter the King with this project of reunion, and, it is said, have
much reliance on the operations of private agents sent into America to
dispose minds there in favor of it, and to bring about a separate
treaty there with General Carleton. I have not the least apprehension,
that Congress will give into this scheme, it being inconsistent with
our treaties, as well as with our interest; but I think it will be
well to watch the emissaries, and secure, or banish immediately, such
as shall be found tampering and stirring up the people to call for it.

The firm united resolution of France, Spain, and Holland joined with
ours, not to treat of a particular, but a general peace,
notwithstanding the separate tempting offers to each, will in the end
give us the command of that peace. Every one of the other powers see
clearly its interest in this, and persists in that resolution. The
Congress I am persuaded are as clear sighted as any of them, and will
not depart from the system, which has been attended with so much
success, and promises to make America soon both great and happy.

I have just received a letter from Mr Laurens, dated at Lyons, on his
journey into the south of France for his health. Mr Jay will write
also by this opportunity.

  With great esteem, I have the honor to be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.




JOURNAL

OF THE NEGOTIATION FOR PEACE WITH GREAT BRITAIN

       *       *       *       *       *

FROM MARCH 21ST TO JULY 1ST, 1782.

  Passy May 9th, 1782.

As since the change of the Ministry of England, some serious
professions have been made of their disposition to peace, and of their
readiness to enter into a general treaty for that purpose; and as the
concerns and claims of five nations are to be discussed in that
treaty, which must therefore be interesting to the present age, and to
posterity, I am inclined to keep a journal of the proceedings as far
as they come to my knowledge, and to make it more complete, I will
first endeavor to recollect what has already past. Great affairs
sometimes take their rise from small circumstances. My good friend and
neighbor Madame Brillon, being at Nice all last winter for her health,
with her very amiable family, wrote to me that she had met with some
English gentry there, whose acquaintance proved agreeable; among them
she named Lord Cholmondely, who she said had promised to call in his
return to England, and drink tea with us at Passy. He left Nice sooner
than she supposed, and came to Paris long before her. On the 21st of
March, I received the following note.

     "Lord Cholmondely's compliments to Dr Franklin; he sets out for
     London tomorrow evening, and should be glad to see him for five
     minutes before he went. Lord Cholmondely will call upon him at
     any time in the morning he shall please to appoint.

     Thursday evening. Hotel de Chartres."

I wrote for answer, that I should be at home all the next morning, and
glad to see his Lordship if he did me the honor of calling on me. He
came accordingly. I had before no personal knowledge of this nobleman.
We talked of our friends whom he left at Nice, then of affairs in
England, and the late resolutions of the Commons on Mr Conway's
motion. He told me that he knew Lord Shelburne had a great regard for
me, that he was sure his Lordship would be pleased to hear from me,
and that if I would write a line he should have a pleasure in carrying
it. On which I wrote the following.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO LORD SHELBURNE.

  Passy, March 22d, 1782.

  "My Lord,

"Lord Cholmondely having kindly offered to take a letter from me to
your Lordship, I embrace the opportunity of assuring the continuance
of my ancient respect for your talents and virtues, and of
congratulating you on the returning good disposition of your country
in favor of America, which appears in the late resolutions of the
Commons. I am persuaded it will have good effects. I hope it will tend
to produce a _general peace_, which I am sure your Lordship, with all
good men, desires, which I wish to see before I die, and to which I
shall, with infinite pleasure, contribute everything in my power.

"Your friends, the Abbé Morellet and Madame Helvetius, are well. You
have made the latter very happy by your present of gooseberry bushes,
which arrived in five days, and in excellent order. With great and
sincere esteem, I have the honor to be, &c. &c.

  B. FRANKLIN."

Soon after this we heard from England, that a total change had taken
place in the Ministry, and that Lord Shelburne had come in as
Secretary of State. But I thought no more of my letter, till an old
friend and near neighbor of mine many years in London appeared at
Passy, and introduced a Mr Oswald, whom he said had a great desire to
see me, and Mr Oswald, after some little conversation, gave me the
following letters from Lord Shelburne and Mr Laurens.

       *       *       *       *       *

LORD SHELBURNE TO B. FRANKLIN.

  London, April 6th, 1782.

  "Dear Sir,

"I have been favored with your letter, and am much obliged by your
remembrance. I find myself returned early to the same situation, which
you remember me to have occupied nineteen years ago, and I should be
very glad to talk to you as I did then, and afterwards in 1767, upon
the means of promoting the happiness of mankind, a subject much more
agreeable to my nature, than the best concerted plans for spreading
misery and devastation. I have had a high opinion of the compass of
your mind, and of your foresight. I have often been beholden to both,
and shall be glad to be so again, as far as is compatible with your
situation. Your letter discovering the same disposition, has made me
send to you Mr Oswald. I have had a longer acquaintance with him,
than even I have had the pleasure to have with you. I believe him an
honest man, and, after consulting some of our common friends, I have
thought him the fittest for the purpose. He is a pacifical man, and
conversant in those negotiations, which are most interesting to
mankind. This has made me prefer him to any of our speculative
friends, or to any person of higher rank. He is fully apprized of my
mind, and you may give full credit to everything he assures you of. At
the same time, if any other channel occurs to you, I am ready to
embrace it. I wish to retain the same simplicity and good faith, which
subsisted between us in transactions of less importance. I have the
honor to be, &c.

  SHELBURNE."

       *       *       *       *       *

HENRY LAURENS TO B. FRANKLIN.

  London, April 7th, 1782.

  "Dear Sir,

"Richard Oswald, Esquire, who will do me the honor of delivering this,
is a gentleman of the strictest candor and integrity. I dare give such
assurances from an experience little short of thirty years, and to
add, you will be perfectly safe in conversing freely with him on the
business he will introduce, a business, which Mr Oswald has
disinterestedly engaged in, from motives of benevolence, and from the
choice of the man a persuasion follows, that the Electors mean to be
in earnest.

"Some people in this country, who have too long indulged themselves in
abusing everything American, have been pleased to circulate an
opinion, that Dr Franklin is a very cunning man, in answer to which, I
have remarked to Mr Oswald, 'Dr Franklin knows very well how to
manage a cunning man, but when the Doctor converses, or treats with a
man of candor, there is no man more candid than himself.' I do not
know whether you will ultimately agree on political sketches, but I am
sure, as gentlemen, you will part very well pleased with each other.
Should you, Sir, think proper to communicate to me your sentiments and
advice on our affairs, the more amply the more acceptable, and
probably the more serviceable; Mr Oswald will take charge of your
despatches, and afford a secure means of conveyance.

"To this gentleman I refer you for general information of a journey,
which I am immediately to make, partly in his company, at Ostend, to
file off for the Hague. I feel a willingness, infirm as I am, to
attempt doing as much good as can be expected from such a prisoner
upon parole. As General Burgoyne is certainly exchanged, (a
circumstance, by the by, which possibly might have embarrassed us, had
your late propositions been accepted) may I presume at my return to
offer another Lieutenant General, now in England, a prisoner upon
parole, in exchange; or what shall I offer in exchange for myself, a
thing in my own estimation of no great value? I have the honor to be,
with great respect, and, permit me to add, great reverence, Sir, &c.

  HENRY LAURENS."

I entered into conversation with Mr Oswald. He was represented in the
letter as fully apprized of Lord Shelburne's mind, and I was desirous
of knowing it. All I could learn was, that the new Ministry sincerely
wished for a peace, that they considered the object of the war, to
France and America, as obtained. That if the independence of the
United States was agreed to, there was no other point in dispute, and
therefore nothing to hinder a pacification. That they were ready to
treat of _Peace_, but he intimated, that if France should insist upon
terms too humiliating to England, they could still continue the war,
having yet great strength, and many resources left. I let him know,
that America would not treat but in concert with France, and that my
colleagues not being here, I could do nothing of importance in the
affair; but that, if he pleased, I would present him to M. de
Vergennes, Secretary of State for foreign Affairs. He consenting, I
wrote and sent the following letter.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO COUNT DE VERGENNES.

  Passy, April 15th, 1782.

  "Sir,

"An English nobleman, Lord Cholmondely, lately returning from Italy,
called upon me here, at the time when we received the news of the
first resolutions of the House of Commons, relating to America. In
conversation he said, that he knew his friend, Lord Shelburne, had a
great regard for me, that it would be pleasing to him to hear of my
welfare, and receive a line from me, of which he, Lord Cholmondely,
should like to be the bearer, adding, if there should be a change of
Ministry, he believed Lord Shelburne would be employed. I thereupon
wrote a few lines, of which I enclose a copy. This day I received an
answer, which I also enclose, together with another letter from Mr
Laurens. They both, as your Excellency will see, recommend the bearer,
Mr Oswald, as a very honest, sensible man. I have had a little
conversation with him. He tells me, that there has been a desire of
making a separate peace with America, and continuing the war with
France and Spain, but that now all wise people give up that idea as
impracticable, and it is his private opinion, that the Ministry do
sincerely desire a _general peace_, and that they will readily come
into it, provided France does not insist upon conditions too
humiliating for England, in which case she will make great and violent
efforts, rather than submit to them, and that much is still in her
power, &c.

"I told the gentleman, that I could not enter into particulars with
him, but in concert with the Ministers of this Court. And I proposed
introducing him to your Excellency, after communicating to you the
letters he had brought me, in case you should think fit to see him,
with which he appeared to be pleased. I intend waiting on you
tomorrow, when you will please to acquaint me with your intentions,
and favor me with your counsels. He had heard nothing of Forth's
mission, and the old Ministry had not acquainted the new with that
transaction. Mr Laurens came over with him in the same vessel, and
went from Ostend to Holland. With great respect, I am, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN."

The next day, being at Court with the Foreign Ministers, as usual on
Tuesdays, I saw M. de Vergennes, who acquainted me, that he had caused
the letters to be translated, had considered the contents, and should
like to see Mr Oswald. We agreed that the interview should be on
Wednesday at 10 o'clock. Immediately on my return home, I wrote to Mr
Oswald, acquainting him with what had passed at Versailles, and
proposing, that he should be with me at half past eight the next
morning, in order to proceed thither. I received from him the
following answer.

       *       *       *       *       *

  Paris, April 16th.

  "Sir,

"I have the honor of yours by the bearer, and shall be sure to wait on
you tomorrow, at half past eight, and am, with much respect, &c.

  RICHARD OSWALD."

He came accordingly, and we arrived at Versailles punctually. M. de
Vergennes received him with much civility. Mr Oswald not being ready
in speaking French, M. de Rayneval interpreted. Mr Oswald at first
thought of sending an express, with the account of the conversation,
which continued near an hour, and was offered a passport, but finally
concluded to go himself; and I wrote the next day the letter
following.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO LORD SHELBURNE.

  Passy, April 18th, 1782.

  "My Lord,

"I have received the letter your Lordship did me the honor of writing
to me on the 6th instant. I congratulate you on your new appointment
to the honorable and important office you formerly filled so worthily,
which must be so far pleasing to you, as it affords you more
opportunities of doing good, and of serving your country essentially
in its great concerns.

"I have conversed a good deal with Mr Oswald, and am much pleased with
him. He appears to me a wise and honest man. I acquainted him, that I
was commissioned, with others, to treat of and conclude a peace. That
full powers were given us for that purpose, and that the Congress
promised in good faith to ratify, confirm, and cause to be faithfully
observed, the treaty we should make; but that we would not treat
separately from France, and I proposed introducing him to the Count de
Vergennes, to whom I communicated your Lordship's letter containing Mr
Oswald's character, as a foundation for the interviews. He will
acquaint you, that the assurance he gave of His Britannic Majesty's
good dispositions towards peace was well received, and assurances
returned of the same good dispositions in His Most Christian Majesty.

"With regard to circumstances relative to a treaty, M. de Vergennes
observed, that the King's engagements were such, that he could not
treat without the concurrence of his allies, that the treaty should,
therefore, be for a general, not a partial peace, that if the parties
were disposed to finish the war speedily by themselves, it would
perhaps be best to treat at Paris, as an Ambassador from Spain was
already there, and the Commissioners from America might easily and
soon be assembled there. Or, if they chose to make use of the proposed
mediation, they might treat at Vienna; but that the King was so truly
willing to put a speedy end to the war, that he would agree to any
place the King of England should think proper.

"I leave the rest of the conversation to be related to your Lordship
by Mr Oswald, and that he might do it more easily and fully, than he
could by letter, I was of opinion with him, that it would be best he
should return immediately and do it _viva voce_. Being myself but one
of the four persons now in Europe, commissioned by the Congress to
treat of peace, I can make no propositions of much importance without
them. I can only express my wish, that, if Mr Oswald returns hither,
he may bring with him the agreement of your Court to treat for a
general peace, and the proposal of place and time, that I may
immediately write to Messrs Adams, Laurens, and Jay. I suppose, that
in this case, your Lordship will think it proper to have Mr Laurens
discharged from the engagements he entered into, when he was admitted
to bail. I desire no other channel of communication between us, than
that of Mr Oswald, which I think your Lordship has chosen with much
judgment. He will be witness of my acting with all the simplicity and
good faith, which you do me the honor to expect from me, and if he is
enabled, when he returns hither, to communicate more fully your
Lordship's mind on the principal points to be settled, I think it may
contribute much to the blessed work our hearts are engaged in.

"By the Act of Parliament relative to American prisoners, I see the
King is empowered to exchange them. I hope those you have in England
and Ireland may be sent home soon to their country, in flags of truce,
and exchanged for an equal number of your people. Permit me to add,
that I think it would be well if some kindness were mixed in the
transaction, with regard to their comfortable accommodation on
shipboard, as these poor unfortunate people have been long absent from
their families and friends, and rather hardly treated. With great and
sincere respect, I have the honor to be, my Lord, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN."

To the account contained in this letter, of what passed in the
conversation with the Minister, I should add his frank declaration,
that, as the foundation of a good and durable peace should be laid in
justice, whenever a treaty was entered upon, he had several demands of
justice to make from England. Of this, says he, I give you previous
notice. What these demands were, he did not particularly say. One
occurred to me, viz. reparation for the injury done in taking a number
of French ships by surprise, before the declaration of the preceding
war, contrary to the law of nations. Mr Oswald seemed to wish to
obtain some propositions to carry back with him, but M. de Vergennes
said to him very properly, there are four nations engaged in the war
against you, who cannot, till they have consulted and know each
other's minds, be ready to make propositions. Your Court being without
allies and alone, knowing its own mind, can express it immediately. It
is therefore more natural to expect the first proposition from you.

On our return from Versailles, Mr Oswald took occasion to impress me
with ideas, that the present weakness of the government of England,
with regard to continuing the war, was owing chiefly to the division
of sentiments about it. That in case France should make demands too
humiliating for England to submit to, the spirit of the nation would
be roused, unanimity would prevail, and resources would not be
wanting. He said there was no want of money in the nation, that the
chief difficulty lay in the finding out new taxes to raise it, and,
perhaps, that difficulty might be avoided by shutting up the
Exchequer, stopping the payment of the interests of the public funds,
and applying that money to the support of the war. I made no reply to
this, for I did not desire to discourage their stopping payment, which
I considered as cutting the throat of the public credit, and a means
of adding fresh exasperation against them with the neighboring
nations. Such menaces were besides an encouragement with me,
remembering the adage, that _they who threaten are afraid_.

The next morning, when I had written the above letter to Lord
Shelburne, I went with it to Mr Oswald's lodgings, and gave it to him
to read before I sealed it, that in case anything might be in it with
which he was not satisfied, it might be corrected; but he expressed
himself much pleased.

In going to him, I had also in view the entering into a conversation,
which might draw out something of the mind of his Court on the subject
of Canada and Nova Scotia. I had thrown some loose thoughts on paper,
which I intended to serve as memorandums for my discourse, but without
a fixed intention of showing them to him. On his saying that he was
obliged to me for the good opinion I had expressed of him to Lord
Shelburne in my letter, and assuring me, that he had entertained the
same of me, I observed, that I perceived Lord S. had placed great
confidence in him, and as we had happily the same in each other, we
might possibly, by a free communication of sentiments, and a previous
settling of our own minds on some of the important points, be the
means of great good, by impressing our sentiments on the minds of
those with whom they might have influence, and where their being
received might be of importance. I then remarked, that his nation
seemed to desire a reconciliation, that to obtain this, the party
which had been the aggressor and had cruelly treated the other, should
show some marks of concern for what was past, and some disposition to
make reparation; that perhaps there were things, which America might
demand by way of reparation, and which England might yield, and that
the effect would be vastly greater if they appeared to be voluntary,
and to spring from returning good will; that I, therefore, wished
England would think of offering something to relieve those, who had
suffered by its scalping and burning parties. Lives indeed could not
be restored nor compensated, but the villages and houses wantonly
destroyed might be rebuilt, &c. I then touched upon the affair of
Canada, and, as in a former conversation he had mentioned his opinion,
that the giving up of that country to the English, at the last peace,
had been a politic act in France, for that it had weakened the ties
between England and her Colonies, and that he himself had predicted
from it the late revolution, I spoke of the occasions of future
quarrel that might be produced by her continuing to hold it, hinting
at the same time, but not expressing too plainly, that such a
situation, to us so dangerous, would necessarily oblige us to
cultivate and strengthen our union with France. He appeared much
struck with my discourse, and, as I frequently looked at my paper, he
desired to see it. After some little delay, I allowed him to read it;
the following is an exact copy.


NOTES FOR CONVERSATION.

"To make a peace durable, what may give occasion for future wars
should if practicable be removed.

"The territory of the United States and that of Canada, by long
extended frontiers, touch each other.

"The settlers on the frontiers of the American provinces are generally
the most disorderly of the people, who, being far removed from the eye
and control of their respective governments, are more bold in
committing offences against neighbors, and are forever occasioning
complaints and furnishing matter for fresh differences between their
States.

"By the late debates in Parliament, and public writings, it appears
that Britain desires a _reconciliation_ with the Americans. It is a
sweet word. It means much more than a mere peace, and what is heartily
to be wished for. Nations make a peace whenever they are both weary of
making war. But if one of them has made war upon the other unjustly,
and has wantonly and unnecessarily done it great injuries, and refuses
reparation, there may, for the present, be peace, the resentment of
those injuries will remain, and will break out again in vengeance when
occasions offer. These occasions will be watched for by one side,
feared by the other, and the peace will never be secure; nor can any
cordiality subsist between them.

"Many houses and villages have been burnt in America by the English
and their allies, the Indians. I do not know that the Americans will
insist on reparation; perhaps they may. But would it not be better for
England to offer it? Nothing would have a greater tendency to
conciliate, and much of the future commerce and returning intercourse
between the two countries may depend on the reconciliation. Would not
the advantage of reconciliation by such means be greater than the
expense?

"If then a way can be proposed, which may tend to efface the memory of
injuries, at the same time that it takes away the occasions of fresh
quarrels and mischief, will it not be worth considering, especially if
it can be done, not only without expense, but be a means of saving?

"Britain possesses Canada. Her chief advantage from that possession
consists in the trade for peltry. Her expenses in governing and
defending that settlement must be considerable. It might be
humiliating to her to give it up on the demand of America. Perhaps
America will not demand it; some of her political rulers may consider
the fear of such a neighbor, as a means of keeping the thirteen States
more united among themselves, and more attentive to military
discipline. But on the mind of the people in general, would it not
have an excellent effect, if Britain should voluntarily offer to give
up this Province; though on these conditions, that she shall in all
times coming have and enjoy the right of free trade thither,
unincumbered with any duties whatsoever; that so much of the vacant
lands there shall be sold, as will raise a sum sufficient to pay for
the houses burnt by the British troops, and their Indians; and also to
indemnify the royalists for the confiscation of their estates?

"This is mere conversation matter between Mr Oswald and Mr Franklin,
as the former is not empowered to make propositions, and the latter
cannot make any without the concurrence of his colleagues."

       *       *       *       *       *

He then told me, that nothing in his judgment could be clearer, more
satisfactory and convincing, than the reasonings in that paper; that
he would do his utmost to impress Lord Shelburne with them; that, as
his memory might not do them justice, and it would be impossible for
him to express them so well, or state them so clearly as I had written
them, he begged I would let him take the paper with him, assuring me
that he would return it safely into my hands. I at length complied
with this request also. We parted exceeding good friends, and he set
out for London.

By the first opportunity after his departure, I wrote the following
letter to Mr Adams, and sent the papers therein mentioned, that he
might fully be apprized of the proceedings. I omitted only the paper
of _Notes for Conversation_ with Mr Oswald, but gave the substance,
as appears in the letter. The reason of my omitting it was, that, on
reflection, I was not pleased with my having hinted a reparation to
tories for their forfeited estates, and I was a little ashamed of my
weakness in permitting the paper to go out of my hands.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO JOHN ADAMS.

  Passy, April 20th, 1782.

  "Sir,

"I hope your Excellency received the copy of our instructions, which I
sent by the courier from Versailles, some weeks since. I wrote to you
on the 13th, to go by Captain Smedley, and sent a packet of
correspondence with Mr Hartley. Smedley did not leave Paris so soon as
I expected; but you should have it by this time.

"With this I send a fresh correspondence, which I have been drawn
into, viz. 1st, A letter I sent to Lord Shelburne before he was a
Minister. 2dly, His answer since he was a Minister, by Mr Oswald.
3dly, A letter from Mr Laurens. 4thly, My letter to M. de Vergennes.
5thly, My answer to Lord Shelburne. 6thly, My answer to Mr Laurens.
7thly, Copy of Digges's report. These papers will inform you pretty
well of what passed between me and Mr Oswald, except that in a
conversation at parting, I mentioned to him, that I observed they
spoke much in England of obtaining a _reconciliation_ with the
Colonies; that this was more than a peace; that the latter might
possibly be obtained without the former; that the cruel injuries
constantly done us by burning our towns, &c. had made deep impressions
of resentment that would long remain; that much of the advantage to
the commerce of England from a peace would depend on a _reconciliation_;
that the peace without reconciliation would probably not be durable;
that after a quarrel between friends, nothing tended so much to
_conciliate_, as offers made by the aggressor of reparation for
injuries done by him in his passion. And I hinted, that if England
should make us a voluntary offer of Canada, expressly for that
purpose, it might have a good effect.

"Mr Oswald liked much the idea, and said they were too much straitened
for money to make us pecuniary reparation, but he should endeavor to
persuade their doing it this way. He is furnished with a passport to
go and return by Calais, and I expect him back in ten or twelve days.
I wish you and Mr Laurens could be here when he arrives, for I shall
much want your advice, and cannot act without your concurrence. If the
present crisis of your affairs prevents your coming, I hope, at least,
Mr Laurens will be here, and we must communicate with you by
expresses, for your letters to me by post are generally opened. I
shall write by the next post, requesting Mr Jay to be here also as
soon as possible.

"I received your letter advising of your draft on me for a quarter's
salary, which will be duly honored. With great esteem, I have the
honor to be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN."

Supposing Mr Laurens to be in Holland with Mr Adams, I, at the same
time, wrote to him the following letter.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO HENRY LAURENS.

  Passy, April 20th, 1782.

  "Sir,

"I received, by Mr Oswald, the letter you did me the honor of writing
to me on the 7th instant. He brought me also a letter from Lord
Shelburne, which gave him the same good character that you do, adding,
'He is fully apprized of my mind, and you may give full credit to
everything he assures you of.' Mr Oswald, however, could give me no
other particulars of his Lordship's mind, but that he was sincerely
disposed to peace. As the message seemed, therefore, rather intended
to procure or receive propositions than to make any, I told Mr Oswald
that I could make none but in concurrence with my colleagues in the
commission, and that if we were together, we should not treat but in
conjunction with France; and I proposed introducing him to M. de
Vergennes, which he accepted.

"He made to that Minister the same declaration of the disposition of
England to peace, who replied, that France had assuredly the same good
disposition; that a treaty might be immediately begun, but it must be
for a _general_, not a _particular_ peace. That, as to the place, he
thought Paris might be the most convenient, as Spain had here already
an Ambassador, and the American Commissioners could easily be
assembled here; this, upon a supposition of the parties treating
directly with each other without the intervention of mediators, but if
the mediation was to be used, it might be at Vienna. The King, his
master, however, was so truly disposed to peace, that he would agree
to any place that the King of England should choose, and would, at the
treaty, give proof of the confidence that might be placed in any
engagements he should then enter into, by the fidelity and exactitude
with which he should observe those he already had with his present
allies.

"Mr Oswald is returned with these general answers by the way of
Calais, and expects to be here again in a few days. I wish it might be
convenient for you and Mr Adams to be here at the same time; but if
the present critical situation of affairs there, makes his being in
Holland necessary just now, I hope you may, nevertheless, be here,
bringing with you his opinion and advice. I have proposed to Lord
Shelburne, to discharge you from the obligations you entered into at
the time of your enlargement, that you may act more freely in the
treaty he desires.

"I had done myself the honor of writing to you a few days before the
arrival of Mr Oswald. My letter went by Mr Young, your Secretary, and
enclosed a copy of your commission, with an offer of money if you had
occasion for any. Hoping that you will not return to England before
you have been at Paris, I forbear enlarging on the state of our
affairs here and in Spain. M. de Vergennes told me he should be very
glad to see you here. I found Mr Oswald to answer perfectly the
character you gave me of him, and was much pleased with him. I have
the honor to be, &c. &c.

  B. FRANKLIN."

Just after I had despatched these letters, I received the following
from Mr Adams.

       *       *       *       *       *

JOHN ADAMS TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Amsterdam, April 16th, 1782.

  "Sir,

"Yesterday noon, Mr William Vaughan, of London, came to my house with
Mr Laurens, the son of the President, and brought me a line from the
latter, and told me the President was at Haerlem, and desired to see
me. I went to Haerlem and found my old friend at the Golden Lion. He
told me he was come partly for his health and the pleasure of seeing
me, and partly to converse with me, and see if he had at present just
ideas and views of things, at least to see if we agreed in sentiment,
having been desired by several of the new Ministry to do so. I asked
him if he was at liberty? He said no, that he was still under parole,
but at liberty to say what he pleased to me. I told him that I could
not communicate to him, being a prisoner, even his own instructions,
nor enter into any consultation with him as one of our colleagues in
the commission for peace; that all I should say to him would be as one
private citizen conversing with another; but that upon all such
occasions, I should reserve a right to communicate whatever should
pass to our colleagues and allies.

"He said that Lord Shelburne, and others of the new Ministers, were
anxious to know whether there was any authority to treat of a separate
peace, and whether there could be an accommodation upon any terms
short of independence; that he had ever answered them that nothing
short of an express or tacit acknowledgment of our independence, in
his opinion, would ever be accepted, and that no treaty ever would, or
could be made separate from France. He asked me, if his answers had
been right? I told him that I was fully of that opinion. He said that
the new Ministers had received Digges's report, but his character was
such, that they did not choose to depend upon it; that a person by the
name of Oswald, I think, set off for Paris to see you, about the same
time he came away to see me.

"I desired him, between him and me, to consider, without saying
anything of it to the Ministry, whether we could ever have a real
peace, with Canada or Nova Scotia in the hands of the English? And
whether we ought not to insist, at least, upon a stipulation, that
they should keep no standing army, or regular troops, nor erect any
fortifications upon the frontiers of either? That, at present, I saw
no motive that we had to be anxious for a peace, and if the nation was
not ripe for it upon proper terms, we might wait patiently till they
should be so.

"I found the old gentleman perfectly sound in his system of politics.
He has a very poor opinion, both of the integrity and abilities of the
new Ministry, as well as the old. He thinks they know not what they
are about; that they are spoiled by the same insincerity, duplicity,
falsehood, and corruption, with the former. Lord Shelburne still
flatters the King with ideas of conciliation and a separate peace, &c.
yet the nation, and the best men in it, are for universal peace and an
express acknowledgment of American independence, and many of the best
are for giving up Canada and Nova Scotia. His design seemed to be
solely to know how far Digges's report was true. After an hour or two
of conversation, I returned to Amsterdam, and left him to return to
London.

"These are all but artifices to raise the stocks, and if you think of
any method to put a stop to them, I will cheerfully concur with you.
They now know sufficiently, that our commission is to treat of a
general peace, and with persons vested with equal powers; and if you
agree to it, I will, never to see another messenger that is not a
Plenipotentiary.

"It is expected that the seventh Province, Guelderland, will this day
acknowledge American Independence. I think we are in such a situation
now, that we ought not, upon any consideration, to think of a truce,
or anything short of an express acknowledgment of the sovereignty of
the United States. I should be glad, however, to know your sentiments
upon this point. I have the honor to be, &c.

  JOHN ADAMS.

To the above, I immediately wrote the following answer.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO JOHN ADAMS.

  Passy, April 21st, 1782.

  "Sir,

"I have just received the honor of yours, dated the 16th instant,
acquainting me with the interview between your Excellency and Mr
Laurens. I am glad to learn, that his political sentiments coincide
with ours, and that there is a disposition in England to give us up
Canada and Nova Scotia.

"I like your idea of seeing no more messengers, that are not
Plenipotentiaries; but I cannot refuse seeing again Mr Oswald, as the
Minister here considered the letter to me from Lord Shelburne as a
kind of authentication given that messenger, and expects his return
with some explicit propositions. I shall keep you advised of whatever
passes.

"The late act of Parliament, for exchanging American prisoners _as
prisoners of war_, according to the law of nations, _anything in their
commitments notwithstanding_, seems to me a renunciation of their
pretensions to try our people as subjects guilty of high treason, and
to be a kind of tacit acknowledgment of our independency. Having taken
this step, it will be less difficult for them to acknowledge it
expressly. They are now preparing transports to send the prisoners
home. I yesterday sent the passports desired of me.

"Sir George Grand shows me a letter from Mr Fizeaux, in which he says,
that if advantage is taken of the present enthusiasm in favor of
America, a loan might be obtained in Holland, of five or six millions
of florins, for America, and if their house is empowered to open it,
he has no doubt of success; but that no time is to be lost. I
earnestly recommend this matter to you, as extremely necessary to the
operations of our financier, Mr Morris, who, not knowing that the
greatest part of the last five millions had been consumed by purchase
of goods, &c. in Europe, writes me advice of large drafts, that he
shall be obliged to make upon me this summer.

"This Court has granted us six millions of livres for the current
year; but it will fall vastly short of our occasions, there being
large orders to fulfil, and near two millions and a half to pay M.
Beaumarchais, besides the interest, bills, &c. The house of Fizeaux
and Grand is now appointed banker for France, by a special commission
from the King, and will, on that, as well as other accounts be, in my
opinion, the fittest for this operation. Your Excellency being on the
spot can better judge of the terms, &c. and manage with that house the
whole business, in which I should be glad to have no other concern
than that of receiving assistance from it, when pressed by the dreaded
drafts. With great respect, I am, Sir, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN."

In reply to this, Mr Adams wrote to me as follows.

       *       *       *       *       *

JOHN ADAMS TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Amsterdam, May 2d, 1782.

  "Sir,

"I am honored with your favor of the 20th of April, and Mr Laurens's
son proposes to carry the letter to his father forthwith. The
instructions by the courier from Versailles came safe, as all other
despatches by that channel no doubt will do. The correspondence with
Mr Hartley I received by Captain Smedley, and will take the first good
opportunity by a private hand to return it, as well as that with the
Earl of Shelburne.

"Mr Laurens and Mr Jay will, I hope, be able to meet at Paris, but
when it will be in my power to go, I know not. Your present
negotiation about peace falls in very well to aid a proposition, which
I am instructed to make, as soon as the Court of Versailles shall
judge proper, of a triple or quadruple alliance. This matter, the
treaty of commerce, which is now under deliberation, and the loan,
will render it improper for me to quit this station, unless in case of
necessity. If there is a real disposition to permit Canada to accede
to the American association, I should think there would be no great
difficulty in adjusting all things between England and America,
provided our allies are contented too. In a former letter, I hinted
that I thought an express acknowledgment of our independence might now
be insisted on, but I did not mean that we should insist upon such an
article in the treaty. If they make a treaty of peace with the United
States of America, this is acknowledgment enough for me.

"The affair of a loan gives me much anxiety and fatigue. It is true I
may open a loan for five millions, but I confess I have no hopes of
obtaining so much; the money is not to be had. Cash is not infinite in
this country. Their profits by trade have been ruined for two or three
years, and there are loans open for France, Spain, England, Russia,
Sweden, Denmark, and several other powers, as well as their own
national, provincial, and collegiate loans. The undertakers are
already loaded with burthens greater than they can bear, and all the
brokers in the republic are so engaged, that there is scarcely a ducat
to be lent but what is promised.

"This is the true cause why we should not succeed, yet they will seek
an hundred other pretences. It is considered such an honor, and such
an introduction to American trade to be the house, that the eagerness
to obtain the title of American banker is prodigious. Various houses
have pretensions, which they set up very high, and let me choose which
I will, I am sure of a cry and a clamor. I have taken some measures to
endeavor to calm the heat, and give a general satisfaction, but have
as yet small hopes of success. I would strike with any house, that
would insure the money, but none will undertake it now it is offered,
although several were very ready to affirm that they could, when it
began to be talked of. Upon inquiry, they do not find the money easy
to obtain, which I could have told them before. It is to me,
personally, perfectly indifferent which is the house, and the only
question is, which will be able to do best for the interest of the
United States. This question, however simple, is not easy to answer.
But I think it clear, after very painful and laborious inquiry for a
year and a half, that no house whatever will be able to do much.
Enthusiasm at some times, and in some countries, may do a great deal,
but there has, as yet, been no enthusiasm in this country for America
strong enough to untie many purses. Another year, if the war
continues, perhaps we may do better. I have the honor to be, &c.

  JOHN ADAMS."

During Mr Oswald's absence, I received the following from Mr Laurens.

       *       *       *       *       *

HENRY LAURENS TO B. FRANKLIN.

  London, April 20th, 1782.

  "Sir,

"I wrote to you on the 7th instant, by Mr Oswald, since which, that is
to say, on the 28th, I was honored by the receipt of your letter of
the 12th, enclosing a copy of the commission for treating for peace,
by the hands of Mr Young. The recognizance exacted from me by the late
Ministry, has been vacated and done away by the present; these have
been pleased to enlarge me without formal conditions, but, as I would
not consent that the United States of America should be outdone in
generosity, however late the marks appeared on this side, I took upon
me to assure Lord Shelburne, in a letter of acknowledgment for the
part, which his Lordship had taken for obtaining my release, that
Congress would not fail to make a just and adequate return. The only
return in my view, is Lieutenant General Lord Cornwallis. Congress
were pleased sometime ago, to offer a British Lieutenant General for
my ransom, and as I am informed, a special exchange of Lord Cornwallis
for the same subject was lately in contemplation, it would afford me
very great satisfaction to know, that you will join me in cancelling
the debt of honor, which we have impliedly incurred, by discharging
his Lordship from the obligations of his parole.

"For my own part, though not a bold adventurer, I think I shall not
commit myself to the risk of censure, by acting conjunctly with you in
such a bargain. I entreat you, Sir, at least, to reflect on this
matter; I shall take the liberty of requesting your determination when
I reach the continent, which will probably happen in a few days.

"Lord Cornwallis, in a late conversation with me, put the following
case. 'Suppose,' said his Lordship, 'it shall have been agreed, in
America, that Lord Cornwallis should be offered in exchange for Mr
Laurens, don't you think, although you are now discharged, I ought to
reap the intended benefit?' A reply from the feelings of the heart, as
I love fair play, was prompt; 'Undoubtedly, my Lord, you ought to be,
and shall be, in such case, discharged, and I will venture to take the
burthen upon myself.' Certain legal forms, I apprehend, rendered the
discharge of me, without condition, unavoidable; but I had previously
refused to accept of myself for nothing, and what I now aim at was
understood as an adequate return; it is not to be doubted, his
Lordship's question was built on this ground.

"I had uniformly and explicitly declared to the people here, people in
the first rank of importance, that nothing short of independence in
terms of our treaty of alliance, would induce America to treat for
truce or peace, and that no treaty could be had without the consent of
our ally first obtained; in a word, if you mean to have peace, you
must seek for a general peace. The doctrine was ill relished,
especially by those whose power only could set the machine in motion;
but having, since my return from Haerlem, asserted in very positive
terms, that I was confirmed in my former opinions, the late obduracy
has been more than a little softened, as you will soon learn from the
worthy friend, by whom I addressed you on the 7th, who two days ago
set out on his return to Passy and Versailles, with, I believe, a more
permanent commission than the former.

"Accept my thanks, Sir, for the kind offer of a supply of money. I
know too well how much you have been harassed for that article, and
too well, how low our American finances in Europe are; therefore, if I
can possibly avoid it, I will not further trouble you, nor impoverish
them, or not till the last extremity. Hitherto I have supported myself
without borrowing from anybody, and I am determined to continue living
upon my own stock while it lasts; the stock is indeed small; my
expenses have been and shall be in a suitable modest style. I pray God
to bless you. I have the honor be, &c.

  HENRY LAURENS."

_P. S._ "I judged it proper not only to show the peace commission to
Lord Shelburne, but to give his Lordship a copy of it, from an opinion
that it would work no evil, being shown elsewhere."

On the 4th of May, Mr Oswald returned, and brought me the following
letter from Lord Shelburne.

       *       *       *       *       *

LORD SHELBURNE TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Shelburne House, April 20th, 1782.

  "Dear Sir,

"I have received much satisfaction in being assured by you, that the
qualifications of wisdom and integrity, which induced me to make
choice of Mr Oswald, as the fittest instrument for the renewal of our
friendly intercourse, have also recommended him so effectually to your
approbation and esteem. I most heartily wish the influence of this
first communication of our mutual sentiments may be extended to a
happy conclusion of all our public differences.

"The candor with which the Count de Vergennes expresses His Most
Christian Majesty's sentiments and wishes, on the subject of a speedy
pacification, is a pleasing omen of its accomplishment. His Majesty is
not less decided in the same sentiments and wishes, and it confirms
his Majesty's Ministers in their intention to act in like manner, as
most consonant to the true dignity of a great nation. In consequence
of these reciprocal advances, Mr Oswald is sent back to Paris, for the
purpose of arranging and settling with you the preliminaries of time
and place. And I have the pleasure to tell you, that Mr Laurens is
already discharged from those engagements, which he entered into when
he was admitted to bail.

"It is also determined, that Mr Fox, from whose department that
communication is necessarily to proceed, shall send a proper person,
who may confer and settle immediately with the Count de Vergennes the
further measures and proceedings, which may be judged proper to adopt
toward advancing the prosecution of this important business.

"In the mean time, Mr Oswald is instructed to communicate to you my
thoughts upon the principal objects to be settled. Transports are
actually preparing for the purpose of conveying your prisoners to
America, to be there exchanged, and we trust, that you will learn,
that due attention has not been wanting to their accommodation and
good treatment.

"I have the honor to be, with very sincere respect, dear Sir, your
very faithful and obedient humble servant,

  SHELBURNE."

       *       *       *       *       *

Having read the letter, I mentioned to Mr Oswald the part, which
refers me to him for his Lordship's sentiments. He acquainted me,
that they were very sincerely disposed to peace; that the whole
Ministry concurred in the same disposition; that a good deal of
confidence was placed in my character for open, honest dealing; that
it was also generally believed, I had still remaining some part of my
ancient affection and regard for Old England, and it was hoped it
might appear on this occasion. He then showed me an extract from the
Ministers of Council, but did not leave the paper with me. As well as
I can remember, it was to this purpose.

"At a Cabinet Council, held April 27th, 1782, Present, Lord
Rockingham, Lord Chancellor, Lord President, Lord Camden, &c. &c. to
the number of fifteen or twenty, being all Ministers, and great
officers of State,

"It was proposed to represent to his Majesty, that it would be well
for Mr Oswald to return to Doctor Franklin and acquaint him, that it
is agreed to treat for a general peace, and at Paris; and that the
principal points in contemplation are, the allowing of American
Independence, on condition that England be put into the same
situation, that she was left in by the peace of 1763."

Mr Oswald also informed me, that he had conversed with Lord Shelburne
on the subject of my paper of _Notes_, relating to reconciliation.
That he had shown him the paper, and had been prevailed on to leave it
with him a night, but it was on his Lordship's solemn promise of
returning it, which had been complied with, and he now returned it to
me. That it seemed to have made an impression, and he had reason to
believe that matter might be settled to our satisfaction towards the
end of the treaty; but in his own mind he wished it might not be
mentioned at the beginning. That his Lordship indeed said, he had not
imagined reparation would be expected, and he wondered I should not
know whether it was intended to demand it. Finally, Mr Oswald
acquainted me, that as the business now likely to be brought forward
more particularly appertained to the department of the other
Secretary, Mr Fox, he was directed to announce another agent coming
from that department, who might be expected every day, viz. the
honorable Mr Grenville, brother to Lord Temple, and son of the famous
Mr George Grenville, formerly Chancellor of the Exchequer. I
immediately wrote the following note to the Count de Vergennes.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO THE COUNT DE VERGENNES.

  Passy, May 4th, 1782.

  "Sir,

"I have the honor to acquaint your Excellency, that Mr Oswald is just
returned from London, and is now with me. He has delivered me a letter
from Lord Shelburne, which I enclose for your perusal, together with a
copy of my letter, to which it is an answer. He tells me, that it has
been agreed in Council to treat at Paris, and to treat of a _general
peace_; and that, as it is more particularly in the department of Mr
Fox to regulate the circumstantials, a gentleman, Mr Grenville, to be
sent by him for that purpose, may be daily expected here. Mr Oswald
will wait on your Excellency whenever you shall think fit to receive
him. I am, with respect, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN."

And the next day I received the following answer.

       *       *       *       *       *

COUNT DE VERGENNES TO B. FRANKLIN.

Translation.

  Versailles, May 5th, 1782.

  "Sir,

"I have received the letter, which you did me the honor to write to me
the 4th instant, as also those which accompanied it. I will see you
with your friend, with pleasure, at eleven o'clock tomorrow morning. I
have the honor to be, &c.

  DE VERGENNES."

Accordingly, on Monday morning I went with Mr Oswald to Versailles,
and we saw the Minister. Mr Oswald acquainted him with the disposition
of his Court to treat for a general peace, and at Paris; and he
announced Mr Grenville, who he said was to set out about the same time
with him, but as he would probably come by way of Ostend, might be a
few days longer on the road. Some general conversation passed,
agreeable enough, but not of importance.

In our return, Mr Oswald repeated to me his opinion, that the affair
of Canada would be settled to our satisfaction, and his wish that it
might not be mentioned, till towards the end of the treaty. He
intimated too, that it was apprehended, the greatest obstructions in
the treaty might come from the part of Spain; but said, if she was
unreasonable, there were means to bring her to reason. That Russia was
a friend to England, had lately made great discoveries on the back of
North America, could make establishments there, and might easily
transport an army from Kamsckatka to the Coast of Mexico, and conquer
all those countries. This appeared a little visionary at present, but
I did not dispute it.

On the whole, I was able to draw so little from Mr Oswald of the
sentiments of Lord Shelburne, who had mentioned him as intrusted with
the communication of them, that I could not but wonder at his being
sent again to me, especially as Mr Grenville was so soon to follow.

On Tuesday I was at Court, as usual on that day. M. de Vergennes asked
me if Mr Oswald had not opened himself further to me? I acquainted him
with the sight I had had of the minute of Council, and of the loose
expressions contained in it, of what was in contemplation. He seemed
to think it odd, that he had brought nothing more explicit. I supposed
Mr Grenville might be better furnished. The next morning I wrote the
following letter to Mr Adams.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO JOHN ADAMS.

  Passy, May 8th, 1782.

  "Sir,

"Mr Oswald, whom I mentioned in a former letter, which I find you have
received, is returned, and brought me another letter from Lord
Shelburne, of which the above is a copy. It says Mr Oswald is
instructed to communicate to me his Lordship's thoughts. He is,
however, very sparing of such communication. All I have got from him
is, that the Ministry have in contemplation the allowing independence
to America, on condition of Britain being put again into the state she
was left in by the peace of 1763, which I suppose means being put
again in the possession of the islands, which France has taken from
her. This seems to me a proposition of selling to us a thing, that was
already our own, and making France pay the price they are pleased to
ask for it.

"Mr Grenville, who is sent by Mr Fox, is expected here daily. Mr
Oswald tells me, that Mr Laurens will soon be here also. Yours of the
2d instant is just come to hand. I shall write to you on this affair
hereafter, by the Court couriers, for I am certain, that your letters
to me are opened at the Post Office, either here or in Holland, and I
suppose that mine to you are treated in the same manner. I enclose the
cover of your last, that you may see the seal. With great respect, I
am, Sir, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN."

I had but just sent away this letter, when Mr Oswald came in, bringing
with him Mr Grenville, who was just arrived. He gave me the following
letter from Mr Secretary Fox.

       *       *       *       *       *

CHARLES J. FOX TO B. FRANKLIN.

  St James's, May 1st, 1782.

  "Sir,

"Though Mr Oswald will, no doubt, have informed you of the nature of
Mr Grenville's commission, yet I cannot refrain from making use of the
opportunity that his going offers me, to assure you of the esteem and
respect, which I have borne to your character, and to beg you to
believe, that no change in my situation has made any in those ardent
wishes for reconciliation, which I have invariably felt from the very
beginning of this unhappy contest.

"Mr Grenville is fully acquainted with my sentiments upon this
subject, and with the sanguine hopes, which I have conceived, that
those with whom we are contending are too reasonable to continue a
contest, which has no longer any object, either real or even
imaginary. I know your liberality of mind too well to be afraid, lest
any prejudices against Mr Grenville's _name_ may prevent you from
esteeming those excellent qualities of heart and head, which belong
to him, or from giving the fullest credit to the sincerity of his
wishes for peace, in which no man in either country goes beyond him. I
am, with great truth and regard, &c.

  C. J. FOX."

I imagined the gentlemen had been at Versailles, as I supposed Mr
Grenville would first have waited on M. de Vergennes before he called
on me. But finding, in conversation, that he had not, and that he
expected me to introduce him, I immediately wrote to that Minister,
acquainting him, that Mr Grenville was arrived, and desired to know
when his Excellency would think fit to receive him, and I sent an
express with my letter.

I then entered into conversation with him on the subject of his
mission, Mr Fox having referred me to him, as being fully acquainted
with his sentiments. He said that peace was really wished for by
everybody, if it could be obtained on reasonable terms, and as the
idea of subjugating America was given up, and both France and America
had thereby obtained what they had in view originally, it was hoped,
that there now remained no obstacle to a pacification. That England
was willing to treat of a general peace with all the powers at war
against her, and that the treaty should be at Paris.

I did not press him much for further particulars, supposing they were
reserved for our interview with M. de Vergennes. The gentlemen did me
the honor of staying to dinner with me, on the supposition, which I
urged, that my express might be back before we parted. This gave me an
opportunity of a good deal of general conversation with Mr Grenville,
who appeared to me a sensible, judicious, intelligent, good tempered,
and well instructed young man, answering well the character Mr Fox had
given me of him.

They left me, however, about six o'clock, and my messenger did not
return till near nine. He brought me the answer of the Count de
Vergennes, that he was glad to hear of Mr Grenville's arrival, and
would be ready to receive us tomorrow, at half past ten or eleven
o'clock. I immediately enclosed his note in one to Mr Grenville,
requesting him to be with me at Passy by eight, that we might have
time to breakfast before we set out. I have preserved no copy of these
three last mentioned notes, or I should have inserted them, as I think
that though they seem of almost too trifling a nature, they serve
usefully sometimes to settle dates, authenticate facts, and show
something of the turn and manner of thinking of the writers on
particular occasions. The answer I received was as follows.

       *       *       *       *       *

"Mr Grenville presents his compliments to Mr Franklin, and will
certainly do himself the honor of waiting upon Mr Franklin tomorrow
morning at eight o'clock."

"Rue de Richelieu, Wednesday night."

       *       *       *       *       *

We set out accordingly the next morning in my coach, and arrived
punctually at Count de Vergennes', who received Mr Grenville in the
most cordial manner, on account of the acquaintance and friendship
that had formerly subsisted between his uncle and the Count de
Vergennes, when they were ambassadors together at Constantinople.

After some little agreeable conversation, Mr Grenville presented his
letters from Mr Secretary Fox, and, I think, from the Duke of
Richmond. When these were read, the subject of peace was entered
upon. What my memory retains of the discourse amounts to little more
than this, that after mutual declarations of the good dispositions of
the two Courts, Mr Grenville having intimated that in case England
gave America independence, France, it was expected, would restore the
conquests she had made of British islands, receiving back those of
Miquelon and St Pierre. And the original object of the war being
obtained, it was supposed that France would be contented with that.
The Minister seemed to smile at the proposed exchange, and remarked,
the offer of giving independence to America amounted to little.
"America," said he, "does not ask it of you; there is Mr Franklin, he
will answer you as to that point." "To be sure," I said, "we do not
consider ourselves as under any necessity of bargaining for a thing
that is our own, which we have bought at the expense of much blood and
treasure, and which we are in possession of." "As to our being
satisfied with the original object of the war," continued he, "look
back to the conduct of your nation in former wars. In the last war,
for example, what was the object? It was the disputed right to some
waste lands on the Ohio and the frontiers of Nova Scotia. Did you
content yourselves with the recovery of those lands? No, you retained
at the peace all Canada, all Louisiana, all Florida, Grenada, and
other West India islands, the greatest part of the Northern Fisheries,
with all your conquests in Africa and the East Indies." Something
being mentioned of its not being reasonable that a nation, after
making an unprovoked and unsuccessful war upon its neighbors, should
expect to sit down whole, and have everything restored, which she had
lost in such a war, I think Mr Grenville remarked, the war had been
provoked by the encouragement given by France to the Americans to
revolt. On which the Count de Vergennes grew a little warm, and
declared firmly, that the breach was made, and our independence
declared, long before we received the least encouragement from France;
and he defied the world to give the smallest proof of the contrary.
"There sits," said he, "Mr Franklin, who knows the fact, and can
contradict me if I do not speak the truth."

He repeated to Mr Grenville, what he had before said to Mr Oswald,
respecting the King's intention of treating fairly and keeping
faithfully the conventions he should enter into, of which disposition
he should give at the treaty convincing proofs by the fidelity and
exactitude, with which he should observe his engagements with his
present allies, and added, that the points which the King had chiefly
in view were _justice_ and _dignity_; these he could not depart from.
He acquainted Mr Grenville, that he should immediately write to Spain
and Holland, communicate to those Courts what had passed, and request
their answers; that, in the meantime, he hoped Mr Grenville would find
means of amusing himself agreeably, to which he should be glad to
contribute; that he would communicate what had passed to the King, and
he invited him to come again the next day.

On our return, Mr Grenville expressed himself as not quite satisfied
with some part of the Count de Vergennes' discourse, and was
thoughtful. He told me that he had brought two State messengers with
him, and perhaps, after he had had another interview with the
Minister, he might despatch one of them to London. I then requested
leave to answer, by that opportunity, the letters I had received from
Lord Shelburne and Mr Fox, and he kindly promised to acquaint me in
time of the messenger's departure. He did not ask me to go with him
the next day to Versailles, and I did not offer it.

The coming and going of these gentlemen were observed, and made much
talk at Paris, and the Marquis de Lafayette having learned something
of their business from the Minister, discoursed with me about it.
Agreeably to the resolutions of Congress, directing me to confer with
him, and take his assistance in our affairs, I communicated to him
what had passed. He told me that during the treaty at Paris for the
last peace, the Duc de Nivernois had been sent to reside in London,
that this Court might, through him, state what was from time to time
transacted in the light they thought best, to prevent misrepresentations
and misunderstandings. That such an employ would be extremely
agreeable to him on many accounts; that as he was now an American
citizen, spoke both languages, and was well acquainted with our
interests, he believed he might be useful in it; and that as peace was
likely from appearances to take place, his return to America was
perhaps not so immediately necessary. I liked the idea, and encouraged
his proposing it to the Ministry. He then wished I would make him
acquainted with Messrs Oswald and Grenville, and for that end proposed
meeting them at breakfast with me, which I promised to contrive if I
could, and endeavor to engage them for Saturday.

Friday morning, the 10th of May, I went to Paris, and visited Mr
Oswald. I found him in the same friendly dispositions, and very
desirous of good, and seeing an end put to this ruinous war. But I got
no further sight as to the sentiment of Lord Shelburne respecting the
terms. I told him the Marquis de Lafayette would breakfast with me
tomorrow, and as he, Mr Oswald, might have some curiosity to see a
person who had in this war rendered himself so remarkable, I proposed
his doing me the same honor. He agreed to it cheerfully. I came home
intending to write to Mr Grenville, who I supposed might stay and dine
at Versailles, and therefore did not call on him. But he was returned,
and I found the following note from him.


  Paris, May 10th.

     "Mr Grenville presents his compliments to Mr Franklin; he
     proposes sending a courier to England at ten o'clock tonight, and
     will give him in charge any letters Mr Franklin may wish to send
     by him."

I sat down immediately, and wrote the two short letters following to
the Secretaries of State.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO MR SECRETARY FOX.

  Passy, May 10th, 1782.

  "Sir,

"I received the letter you did me the honor of writing to me by Mr
Grenville, whom I find to be a sensible, judicious, and amiable
gentleman. The name, I assure you, does not with me lessen the regard
his excellent qualities inspire. I introduced him as soon as possible
to Count de Vergennes; he will himself give you an account of his
reception. I hope his coming may forward the blessed work of
pacification, in which, for the sake of humanity, no time should be
lost, no reasonable cause as you observe existing at present for the
continuance of this abominable war. Be assured of my endeavors to put
an end to it.

"I am much flattered by the good opinion of a person I have long
highly esteemed, and I hope it will not be lessened by my conduct in
the affair, that has given rise to our correspondence. With great
respect, I have the honor to be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN."

       *       *       *       *       *

TO LORD SHELBURNE.

  Passy, May 10th, 1782.

  "My Lord,

"I have received the honor of your Lordship's letter, dated the 28th
past, by Mr Oswald, informing me that he is sent back to settle with
me the preliminaries of time and place. Paris, as the place, seemed to
me yesterday to be agreed on, between Mr Grenville and M. de
Vergennes, and is perfectly agreeable to me. The time cannot well be
settled till this Court has received answers from Madrid, and the
Hague, and until my colleagues are arrived. I expect daily Messrs Jay
and Laurens. Mr Adams doubts whether he can be here, but that will not
hinder our proceeding.

"It gave me great pleasure to hear Mr Laurens is discharged entirely
from the obligations he had entered into. I am much obliged by the
readiness with which your Lordship has conferred that favor. Please to
accept my thankful acknowledgments.

"I am happy too, in understanding from your letter, that transports
are actually preparing to convey our prisoners to America, and that
attention will be paid to their accommodation and good treatment.
Those people on their return will be dispersed through every part of
America, and the accounts they will have to give of any marks of
kindness received by them under the present Ministry, will lessen much
the resentment of their friends against the nation, for the hardships
they suffered under the _past_.

"Mr Oswald rests here awhile by my advice, as I think his presence
likely to be useful. With great, and sincere respect, I have the honor
to be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN."

And I sent them to Mr Grenville with the following note.

     "Mr Franklin presents his compliments to Mr Grenville, and thanks
     him for the information of his courier's departure, and his kind
     offer of forwarding Mr Franklin's letter; he accepts the favor
     and encloses two.

     "The Marquis De Lafayette and Mr Oswald will do Mr Franklin the
     honor of breakfasting with him tomorrow, between nine and ten
     o'clock. Mr Franklin will also be happy to have the company of Mr
     Grenville if agreeable to him. He should have waited upon Mr
     Grenville today at Paris, but he imagined Mr Grenville was at
     Versailles.

     "Passy, Friday evening, May 10th."

To which Mr Grenville sent me this answer.

     "Mr Grenville presents his compliments to Mr Franklin, and will,
     with great pleasure, do himself the honor of breakfasting with Mr
     Franklin tomorrow between nine and ten o'clock. Mr Grenville was
     at Versailles today, and should have been sorry if Mr Franklin
     should have given himself the trouble of calling at Paris this
     morning. The courier shall certainly take particular care of Mr
     Franklin's letters.

     "Paris, Friday, May 10th."

The gentlemen all met accordingly, had a good deal of conversation at,
and after breakfast, staid till after one o'clock, and parted much
pleased with each other.

The Monday following, I called to visit Mr Grenville. I found with him
Mr Oswald, who told me he was just about returning to London. I was a
little surprised at the suddenness of the resolution he had taken, it
being, as he said, to set out the next morning early. I conceived the
gentleman was engaged in business, so I withdrew, and went to write a
few letters, among which was the following to Lord Shelburne, being
really concerned at the thought of losing so good a man as Mr Oswald.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO LORD SHELBURNE.

  Passy, May 13th, 1782.

  "My Lord,

"I did myself the honor of writing to your Lordship a few days since,
by Mr Grenville's courier, acknowledging the receipt of yours of the
28th past, by Mr Oswald.

"I then hoped that gentleman would have remained here some time, but
his affairs, it seems, recall him sooner than he imagined. I hope he
will return again, as I esteem him more, the more I am acquainted with
him, and believe his moderation, prudent counsels, and sound judgment
may contribute much, not only to the speedy conclusion of a peace, but
to the framing such a peace as may be firm and lasting. With great
respect, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN."

I went in the evening to Mr Oswald's lodging with my letters, when he
informed me his intention was to return immediately hither from
England, and, to make the more despatch in going and returning, he
should leave his carriage at Calais, as the embarking and debarking of
carriages in the packet boats often occasioned a tide's delay. I did
not inquire the reason of this movement. We had but little
conversation, for Mr Grenville coming in, I soon after wished him a
good journey and retired, that I might not interrupt their
consultations.

Since his departure, Mr Grenville has made me a visit; and entering
into conversation with me, exactly of the same tenor with the letters
I formerly received from Mr Hartley, stating suppositions that France
might insist on points totally different from what had been the object
of our alliance, and that, in such case, he should imagine we were not
at all bound to continue the war to obtain such points for her, &c. I
thought I could not give him a better answer to this kind of
discourse, than what I had given in two letters to Mr Hartley, and,
therefore, calling for those letters, I read them to him. He smiled,
and would have turned the conversation; but I gave a little more of my
sentiments on the general subject of benefits, obligation, and
gratitude. I said I thought people had often imperfect notions of
their duty on those points, and that a state of obligation was to many
so uneasy a state, that they became ingenious in finding out reasons
and arguments to prove that they had been laid under no obligation at
all, or that they had discharged it, and they too easily satisfied
themselves with such arguments.

To explain clearly my ideas on the subject, I stated a case. A, a
stranger to B, sees him about to be imprisoned for a debt by a
merciless creditor, he lends him the sum necessary to preserve his
liberty. B then becomes the debtor of A, and, after some time, repays
the money. Has he then discharged the obligation? No. He has
discharged the money debt, but the obligation remains, and he is a
debtor for the kindness of A, in lending him the sum so seasonably.
If B should afterwards find A in the same circumstances, that he, B,
had been in when A lent him the money, he may then discharge this
obligation or debt of kindness _in part_, by lending him an equal sum.
_In part_, I said, and not _wholly_, because, when A lent B the money,
there had been no prior benefit received to induce him to it. And,
therefore, if A should a second time need the same assistance, I
thought B, if in his power, was in duty bound to afford it to him.

Mr Grenville conceived that it was carrying gratitude very far, to
apply this doctrine to our situation in respect to France, who was
really the party served and obliged by our separation from England, as
it lessened the power of her rival and relatively increased her own.

I told him I was so strongly impressed with the kind assistance
afforded us by France in our distress, and the generous and noble
manner in which it was granted without exacting or stipulating for a
single privilege, or particular advantage to herself in our commerce,
or otherwise, that I could never suffer myself to think of such
reasonings for lessening the obligation, and I hoped, and indeed, did
not doubt but my countrymen were all of the same sentiments.

Thus he gained nothing of the point he came to push, we parted,
however, in good humor. His conversation is always polite, and his
manner pleasing. As he expressed a strong desire to discourse with me
on the means of a reconciliation with America, I promised to consider
the subject, and appointed Saturday the first day of June, for our
conversation, when he proposed to call on me. The same day I received
another letter from my old friend, Mr Hartley. Our former
correspondence on the subject of peace since the beginning of this
year, I have kept by itself, as it preceded this, was in the time of
the old Ministry, and consisted wholly of letters unmixed, with
personal conversation. This being the first letter from him under the
new Ministry, and as it may be followed by others, which may relate to
the negotiation, I insert it here, with my answer, and shall continue
to insert the future letters I may receive from him relative to the
same subject.


DAVID HARTLEY TO B. FRANKLIN.

  London, May 3d, 1782.

  "My Dear Friend,

"I write to you only one line, just to inform you, that a general
order is issued by our government for the release of all the American
prisoners everywhere. I have had this from Lord Shelburne, who
informed me, that the order was not partial or conditional, but
general and absolute. I heartily congratulate you upon this first step
towards _sweet reconciliation_. I hope other things will follow. I had
a long conversation with Lord Shelburne relating to America, in which
he expressed himself in most favorable terms. I shall have the honor
of seeing and conversing with you again. But at present, as you know,
certain matters are depending from your side of the water.

"Mr Laurens is entirely at liberty. I see him very frequently, and
when you see him he will tell you many things from me, which have
occurred to me in my poor endeavors to promote the cause of peace. _Da
pacem, Domine, in diebus nostris._ Your affectionate, &c.

  DAVID HARTLEY."

       *       *       *       *       *

TO DAVID HARTLEY.

  Passy, May 13th, 1782.

  "My Dear Friend,

"I have just received your favor of the 3d instant. I thank you much
for the good news you give me, that 'an order is issued by your
government for the release of all the American prisoners _everywhere_,
an order not _partial_ or _conditional_, but _general_ and
_absolute_.' I rejoice with you in this step, not only on account of
the unhappy captives, who by it will be set at liberty and restored to
their friends and families, but as I think it will tend greatly
towards a reconciliation, on which alone the hope of a durable peace
can be founded. I am much indebted to your good brother for a very
kind and obliging letter, which was mislaid when it should have been
answered. I beg you would present to him my thankful acknowledgments
and my very sincere respects. I join with you most heartily in the
prayer that ends your letter, _Da pacem, Domine, in diebus nostris_. I
am ever, my friend, yours most affectionately,

  B. FRANKLIN."

Our business standing still at present, till the return of Mr Oswald,
gives me a void, that I may fill up with two or three circumstances,
not at present connected with this intended treaty, but which serve to
show something of the disposition of Courts who have, or may have a
concern in it.

Mr Jay had written to me, from time to time, of the unaccountable
delays he had met with since his residence at the Court of Spain, and
that he was now no nearer in the business he had been charged with,
than when he first arrived. Upon the first coming of Mr Oswald, and
the apparent prospect of a treaty, I wrote to press his coming hither,
and, being a little out of humor with that Court, I said, they have
taken four years to consider whether they should treat with us, give
them forty, and let us mind our own business; and I sent the letter
under cover to a person at Madrid, who I hoped would open and read it.

It seems to me, that we have in most instances, hurt our credit and
importance, by sending all over Europe, begging alliances, and
soliciting declarations of our independence. The nations, perhaps,
from thence seemed to think, that our independence is something they
have to sell, and that we do not offer enough for it. Mr Adams has
succeeded in Holland, owing to their war with England, and a good deal
to the late votes in the Commons towards a reconciliation, but the
Ministers of the other powers refused, as I hear, to return his
visits, because our independence was not yet acknowledged by their
Courts. I had heard here, by good luck, that the same resolution was
taken by several of them not to return the visits I should make them
(as they supposed) when I was first received here as Minister
Plenipotentiary, and disappointed their project by visiting none of
them. In my private opinion, the first civility is due from the old
resident to the stranger and new comer. My opinion indeed is good for
nothing against custom, which I should have obeyed, but for the
circumstances, that rendered it more prudent to avoid disputes and
affronts, though at the hazard of being thought rude or singular.

While I am writing, something ridiculous enough on this head has
happened to me. The Count du Nord, who is son of the Empress of
Russia, arriving at Paris, ordered, it seems, cards of visit to be
sent to all the Foreign Ministers. One of them, on which was written,
"_Le Comte du Nord et le Prince Bariatinski_," was brought to me. It
was on Monday evening last. Being at Court the next day, I inquired of
an old Minister, my friend, what was the etiquette, and whether the
Count received visits. The answer was, _Non, on se fait ecrire, voila
tout_. This is done by passing the door, and ordering your name to be
written on the porter's book. Accordingly, on Wednesday I passed the
house of Prince Bariatinski, Ambassador of Russia, where the Count
lodged, and left my name on the list of each. I thought no more of the
matter; but this day, May the 24th, comes the servant who brought the
card in great affliction, saying he was like to be ruined by his
mistake in bringing the card here, and wishing to obtain from me some
paper, of I know not what kind, for I did not see him. In the
afternoon came my friend, Mr Leroy, who is also a friend of the
Prince's, telling me how much he, the Prince, was concerned at the
accident, that both himself and the Count had great personal regard
for me and my character, but that our independence not yet being
acknowledged by the Court of Russia, it was impossible for him to
permit himself to make me a visit as Minister. I told M. Leroy it was
not my custom to seek such honors, though I was very sensible of them
when conferred upon me; that I should not have voluntarily intruded a
visit, and that, in this case, I had only done what I was informed the
etiquette required of me, but if it would be attended with any
inconvenience to Prince Bariatinski, whom I much esteemed and
respected, I thought the remedy was easy, he had only to erase my
name out of his book of visits received, and I would burn their card.

All the Northern Princes are not ashamed of a little civility
committed towards an American. The King of Denmark, travelling in
England under an assumed name, sent me a card, expressing in strong
terms his esteem for me, and inviting me to dinner with him at St
James's. And the Ambassador from the King of Sweden lately asked me,
whether I had powers to make a treaty of commerce with their kingdom,
for he said his master was desirous of such a treaty with the United
States, had directed him to ask me the question, and had charged him
to tell me, that it would flatter him greatly to make it with a person
whose character he so much esteemed, &c. Such compliments might make
me a little proud, if we Americans were not naturally as much so
already as the porter, who being told he had with his burthen jostled
the Great Czar, Peter, then in London, walking the street; "_Poh!_"
says he, "_we are all Czars here_."

I did not write by Mr Oswald to Mr Laurens, because, from some
expressions in his last to me, I expected him here, and I desired Mr
Oswald, if he found him still in London, or met him on the road, to
give him that reason. I am disappointed in my expectation, for I have
now received (May 25th) the following letter from him.

       *       *       *       *       *

HENRY LAURENS TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Ostend, May 17th, 1782.

  "Sir,

"I had the honor of addressing you on the 30th ult. by post, a
duplicate of which will accompany this, in order to guard against the
effect of a miscarriage in the first instance, and I beg leave to
refer you to the contents.

"On the 10th current and no sooner, your very obliging favor of the
20th preceding reached me in London. Being then on the point of
leaving that place, I deferred a reply until my arrival on this side.
This happened yesterday, too late to catch the post of the day, except
by a single letter, put into my hands, I believe, by Dr Price, which I
sent forward.

"I sincerely and heartily thank you, Sir, for the cordial contents of
your last letter; but, from the most mature reflection, and taking
into consideration my present very infirm state of health, I have
resolved to decline accepting the honor intended me by Congress, in
the commission for treating with Great Britain, and I find the less
difficulty in coming to this determination, from a persuasion in my
own mind that my assistance is not essential, and that it was not the
view or expectation of our constituents, that every one named in the
commission should act. I purpose to repair to, or near Mr Adams, and
inquire of him whether I may yet be serviceable under the commission
to which I had been first appointed, that for borrowing money for the
use of the United States; if he speaks in the affirmative, I shall,
though much against my own grain, as is well known at our little
Court, proceed in the mission with diligence and fidelity; otherwise,
I shall take a convenient opportunity of returning to give an account
there, of having in the course of two years and upwards done nothing,
excepting only the making a great number of rebels in the enemy's
country, and reconciling thousands to the doctrine of absolute and
unlimited independence; a doctrine, which I asserted and maintained
with as much freedom in the Tower of London, as I ever had done in
the State House at Philadelphia, and having contentedly submitted to
the loss of my estate, and being ready to lay down my life in support
of it, I had the satisfaction of perceiving the coming of converts
every day. I must not, however, conclude this head without assuring
you, that should you think proper to ask questions respecting American
commerce, or the interest of any particular State, I will answer with
candor and the best judgment I am possessed of, but of that judgment I
sincerely protest I have the utmost diffidence. God prosper your
proceedings in the great work; you shall be called blessed by all the
grateful of the present generation, and your name will be celebrated
by posterity. I feel myself happy in reflecting, that, in the great
outlines of a treaty, our opinions exactly coincide, that we shall not
want the countenance and assistance of our great and good ally, and
that you have so honest a man as Mr Oswald to deal with for
preliminaries. I know him to be superior to chicanery, and am sure he
will not defile his mind by attempting any dirty thing.

"I entreat you, Sir, to present my humble respects to M. de Vergennes,
and thank his Excellency for his polite expressions respecting me, and
be so good as to say all that shall appear necessary in excuse for my
non-appearance at his Court.

"Lord Cornwallis called on me the day before I left London, and was,
as you may suppose, very anxious to know when he might probably hear
from me on the subject of his release; let me, therefore, request your
opinion in answer to what I had the honor of writing in my last
concerning that affair. I wish it may prove satisfactory to his
Lordship, by enabling me, with your consent and concurrence, to
cancel a debt, which does not set easy upon me, and which cannot with
honor to our country remain unpaid. I think we shall not, it is
impossible we should, incur displeasure by doing an act of common
justice, and our authority may be fairly implied.

"His Lordship declares he has no intention of returning to America,
but desires to be reinstated in his legislative and military character
in his own country, and I am of opinion, that in the former he will
rather be friendly to us than otherwise. For my own part, if the war
continues, I should not be uneasy if his Lordship were to go to the
Chesapeake again.

"I have a thousand compliments and good wishes to present to you from
friends in England, where, males and females, I am sure you have at
least so many, that your own remembrance will lead you to individuals
of your old acquaintance.

"Tomorrow I intend to proceed to Brussels, and thence, probably, to
the Hague and Amsterdam; my movements must, unavoidably, be as slow as
water carriage. My weak under limbs cannot bear continual thumping on
the pavement in the rough machines of this country, and the feebleness
of my pocket will not admit the indulgence of a more convenient
vehicle. I beg, Sir, you will write to me at the house of Mr Edward
Jennings, or under the protection of any other friend in that city,
that will be at the trouble of finding out a voyager, who is at all
times, and in all places, with the highest esteem and respect, Sir,
&c.

  HENRY LAURENS."

To the above, I wrote the following answer.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO HENRY LAURENS.

  Passy, May 25th, 1782.

  "Sir,

"I am now honored with yours of the 17th. I had before received one of
the 7th, which remained unanswered, because from the words in it,
'when I reach the Continent, which will probably happen in a few
days,' I flattered myself with the pleasure of seeing you here. That
hope is disappointed by your last, in which you tell me you are
determined not to act in the commission for treating of peace with
Great Britain. I regret your taking this resolution, principally
because I am persuaded, that your assistance must have been of great
service to our country. But I have besides some private or particular
reasons, that relate to myself.

"To encourage me in the arduous task, you kindly tell me I shall be
_called blessed_, &_c._ I have never yet known of a peace made, that
did not occasion a great deal of popular discontent, clamor, and
censure on both sides. This is, perhaps, owing to the usual management
of the leaders and Ministers of the contending nations, who, to keep
up the spirits of their people for continuing the war, generally
represent the state of their own affairs in a better light, and that
of the enemy in a worse, than is consistent with the truth; hence the
populace on each side expect better terms than can really be obtained,
and are apt to ascribe their disappointment to treachery. Thus the
peace of Utrecht, and that of Aix la Chapelle, were said in England to
have been influenced by French gold, and in France, by English
guineas. Even the last peace, the most glorious and advantageous for
England that ever she made, was, you may remember, violently decried,
and the makers as violently abused. So that the blessing promised to
peace-makers, I fancy, relates to the next world, for in this they
seem to have a greater chance of being cursed. And, as another text
observes, that in '_the multitude of counsellors there is safety_,'
which I think may mean safety to the counsellors as well as to the
counselled, because if they commit a fault in counselling, the blame
does not fall upon one or a few, but is divided among many, and the
share of each is so much the lighter, or because when a number of
honest men are concerned, the suspicion of their being biassed is
weaker, as being more improbable; or, because _defendit numerus_; for
all these reasons, but especially for the support your established
character of integrity would afford me against the attacks of enemies,
if this treaty take place, and I am to act in it, I wish for your
presence, and the presence of as many of the Commissioners as
possible, and I hope you will reconsider and change your resolution.

"In the meantime, as you have had opportunities of conversing with the
new Ministers, and other leading people in England, and of learning
their sentiments relating to terms of peace, &c. I request you would
inform me by letters of what you think important. Letters from you
will come safer by the Court courier than by the post, and I desire
you would, if you should continue determined not to act, communicate
to me your ideas of the terms to be insisted on, and the points to be
attended to respecting commerce, fisheries, boundaries, and every
other material circumstance, that may be of importance to all or any
of the United States.

"Lord Shelburne having written to me on the subject of the wished for
peace, I acquainted him in my answer, sent by our friend, Mr Oswald,
that you were one of the Commissioners, appointed by Congress to treat
with Britain, and that I imagined his Lordship would therefore think
proper to discharge you entirely from the obligations you entered
into, when you were admitted to bail, that you might be at liberty to
act freely in the commission. He wrote to me in reply, that you were
accordingly discharged immediately. His Lordship mentioned nothing of
any exchange being expected for you, nevertheless I honor your
sensibility on the point, and your concern for the credit of America,
that she should not be outdone in generosity by Great Britain, and
will cheerfully join with you in any act, that you may think proper,
to discharge in return the parole of Lord Cornwallis, as far as in our
power may lie; but we have no express authority for that purpose, and
the Congress may possibly, in the meantime, have made some other
arrangement relative to his exchange. I conceive, that our acts should
contain a clause, reserving to Congress the final approbation or
disallowance of the proceeding; and I have some doubt whether Lord
Cornwallis will think himself well freed of his engagements, and at
liberty to exercise his military employments, by virtue of any
concession in his favor made by persons, who are not vested with
authority for that purpose. So that, on the whole, perhaps the best
and surest way will be our writing immediately to Congress, and
strongly recommending the measure. However, I will do what you shall
think best.

"I heartily wish you success in any endeavors you may use in Holland
for raising a loan of money. We have pressed rather too hard on this
Count, and we still want more than they can conveniently spare us; but
I am sorry, that too scrupulous regard to our wants and difficulties
should induce you, under the present infirmity of your lower limbs, to
deny yourself the necessary comfort of an easy carriage, rather than
make any use of the public assistance, when the public must be much in
your debt. I beg you would get over that difficulty, and take of me
what you may have occasion for.

"The letter you forwarded to me was from America's constant friend,
the good Bishop of St Asaph. He speaks of you in terms of the highest
esteem and respect.

"Mr Oswald has gone back again to London, but intended to return again
immediately. Mr Grenville remains here, and has received power to
treat, but no further steps can be taken till Spain and Holland have
empowered Ministers for the same purpose.

"I shall inform you and Mr Adams, (if he does not come) of the
proceeding from time to time, and request your counsel in cases of any
difficulty. I hope you will not think of hazarding a return to America
before a peace, if we find any hopes of its being soon obtained; and
that if you do not find you can be useful in the manner you wish, in
Holland, you will make me happy by your company and counsel here. With
great and sincere esteem, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN."

May the 26th, I received the following letters and papers from Mr
Hartley.

[One of these letters is dated May 1st, which, together with a paper
called the _Breviate_, is printed above, pp. 343, 351.]

       *       *       *       *       *

DAVID HARTLEY TO B. FRANKLIN.

  London, May 13th, 1782.

  "My dear friend,

"I wrote you a long letter dated May 1st, 1782, by Mr Laurens, who
left London on Saturday last, but I will add a few lines now by a
conveyance, which I believe will overtake him, just to tell you two or
three things, which I believe I omitted in my last. Perhaps they may
not be of any consequence, but as they relate to my own conduct, I
could wish to have you understand them.

"After several conferences with the late Ministry, I gave in the
paper, called the _Breviate_, on the 7th of February, but I never
received any answer from them. They resigned on the 20th of March.
Upon the accession of the new Ministry, I heard nothing from them upon
the subject, nor indeed did I apply to them. I did not know whether
that paper would not come into their hands by succession, and I
doubted whether it might not be more proper for me to wait till I
heard from them. While I remained doubtful about this, I received your
letters, which determined me to go to Lord Shelburne. This was about
the beginning of the present month. I communicated to him some
extracts, such as those about the prisoners, &c. and likewise the
whole of your letter of April 13th, containing the offer of the late
Ministry, the King of France's answer, together with your reflections
in the conclusion respecting peace. As you had given me a general
permission, I left with him a copy of the whole letter.

"Upon the occasion of this interview, Lord Shelburne told me that he
had made much inquiry in the offices for the correspondence and
papers, which had passed between the late Ministry and me, but that he
could not meet with them. He expressed a regret, that he had not
conversed with me at an earlier day, with many civilities of that
kind. In short, I had been backward to intrude myself, and he
expressed regret that he had not sent for me.

"Upon this opening on his part, I stated to him the substance of what
passed between the late Ministry and myself, and I left a copy of the
_Breviate_ with him. He gave me a very attentive audience, and I took
that opportunity of stating my sentiments to him, as far as I could,
upon every view of the question. Upon his expressing his regret that
he had not seen me sooner, I told him that I always had been, and
always should be, most ready to give any assistance in my power
towards the work of peace. I say the same to you.

"I do not believe that there is any difference of sentiment between
you and me, _personally_, in our own minds upon independence, &c. &.c.
But we belong to different communities, and the right of judgment, and
of consent and dissent, is vested in the community. Divide
independence into six millions of shares, and you should have been
heartily _welcome_ to _my_ share from the beginning of the war. Divide
Canada into six millions of shares, I could find a better method of
disposing of _my_ share, than, by offering it to France, to abandon
America. Divide the rock of Gibraltar into six millions of pieces, I
can only answer for one portion. Let Reason and Justice decide in any
such case, as universal umpires between contending parties, and those
who wish well to the permanent peace of mankind, will not refuse to
give and to receive equal justice.

"I agree with you, that the equitable and the philosophical principles
of politics can alone form a solid foundation of permanent peace; and
the contraries to them, though highly patronized by nations
themselves, and their Ministers, are no better than vulgar errors; but
nations are slow to convictions from the personal arguments of
individuals. 'They are jealous in honor, seeking the _bubble
reputation_ even in the cannon's mouth.' But until a confirmed
millennium, founded upon wiser principles, shall be generally
established, the _reputation_ of nations is not merely a _bubble_. It
forms their real security.

"To apply all this, in one word, let all nations agree, with one
accord, to beat their swords into ploughshares, and their spears into
pruning hooks, or give me wooden walls to Great Britain! I have
nothing further to add. My reason for writing this, was just to
communicate to you in what position I had delivered over my
conferences and arguments with the late Ministry into the hands of the
present. And I will conclude with your own words, may God send us all
more wisdom. I am ever, most affectionately, yours, &c.

  D. HARTLEY."

"_P. S. May 17th, 1782._ Since writing the above, I have likewise
left a copy of the enclosed preliminaries with Lord Shelburne."

       *       *       *       *       *

PRELIMINARIES.

  May, 1782.

"1. That the British troops shall be withdrawn from the Thirteen
Provinces of North America, and a truce made between Great Britain and
the said Provinces, for ---- years. (Suppose ten or twenty years.)

"2. That a negotiation for peace shall _bona fide_ be opened between
Great Britain and the allies of America.

"3. If the proposed negotiation between Great Britain and the allies
of America should not succeed so far as to produce peace, but that war
should continue between the said parties, that America should act, and
be treated as a neutral nation.

"4. That whenever peace shall take place between Great Britain and the
allies of America, the truce between Great Britain and America shall
be converted into a perpetual peace, the independence of America shall
be admitted and guarantied by Great Britain, and a commercial treaty
settled between them.

"5. That these propositions shall be made to the Court of France, for
communication to the American Commissioners, and for an answer to the
Court of Great Britain."

       *       *       *       *       *

The same day Mr Grenville visited me. He acquainted me, that his
courier was returned, and had brought him full powers in form to treat
for a peace _with France and her allies_. That he had been at
Versailles, and had shown his power to M. de Vergennes, and left a
copy with him. That he had also a letter of credence, which he was not
to deliver till France should think fit to send a Minister of the same
kind to London; that M. de Vergennes had told him, that he would lay
it before the King, and had desired to see him again on Wednesday.
That Mr Oswald had arrived in London, about an hour before the courier
came away. That Mr Fox in his letter had charged him to thank me for
that which I had written, and to tell me, that he hoped I would never
forget, that he and I were of the same country.

I answered, that I should always esteem it an honor to be owned as a
countryman of Mr Fox. He had requested me at our last interview, that
if I saw no impropriety in doing it, I would favor him with a sight of
the treaty of alliance between France and America. I acquainted him
that it was printed, but that if he could not readily meet with a
copy, I would have one written for him. And as he had not been able to
find one, I this day gave it to him.

He lent me a London gazette, containing Admiral Rodney's account of
his victory over M. de Grasse, and the accounts of other successes in
the East Indies, assuring me, however, that these events made not the
least change in the sincere desire of his Court to treat for peace.

In the afternoon the Marquis de Lafayette called upon me. I acquainted
him with what Mr Grenville had told me respecting the credential
letter, and the expectation that a person on the part of this Court
would be sent to London with a commission similar to his. The Marquis
told me he was on his way to Versailles, and should see M. de
Vergennes. We concluded, that it would now be proper for him to make
the proposition we had before talked of, that he should be the person
employed in that service.

On Monday, the 27th, I received a letter from Mr Jay, dated the 8th,
acquainting me, that he had received mine of the 21st and 22d past,
and had concluded to set out for Paris about the 19th, so that he may
be expected in a few days.

I dined this day with Count d'Estaing, and a number of brave marine
officers, that he had invited. We were all a little dejected with the
news. I mentioned, by way of encouragement, the observation of the
Turkish bashaw, who was taken with his fleet at Lepanto, by the
Venetians. "Ships," says he, "are like my master's beard, you may cut
it, but it will grow again. He has cut off from your government all
the Morea, which is like a limb, which you will never recover." And
his words proved true.

On Tuesday I dined at Versailles with some friends, so was not at home
when the Marquis de Lafayette called to acquaint me, that M. de
Vergennes informed him, that the full power received by Mr Grenville
from London, and communicated by him, related to France only. The
Marquis left for me this information, which I could not understand. On
Wednesday I was at Court, and saw the copy of the power. It appeared
full with regard to treating with France, but mentioned not a word of
her allies. And, as M. de Vergennes had explicitly and constantly,
from the beginning, declared to the several messengers, Mr Forth, Mr
Oswald, and Mr Grenville, that France could only treat in concert with
her allies, and it had in consequence been declared on the part of the
British Ministry, that they consented to treat for a general peace,
and at Paris, the sending this partial power seemed to be insidious,
and a mere invention to occasion delay, the late disasters to the
French fleet having probably given the Court of England fresh courage
and other views.

M. de Vergennes said he should see Mr Grenville on Thursday, and would
speak his mind to him, on the subject very plainly. "They want," said
he, "to treat with us for you, but this the King will not agree to. He
thinks it not consistent with the dignity of your state. You will
treat for yourselves; and every one of the powers at war with England
will make its own treaty. All that is necessary for our common
security is, that the treaties go hand in hand, and are signed all on
the same day."

Prince Bariatinski, the Russian Ambassador, was particularly civil to
me this day at Court, apologised for what passed relating to the
visit, expressed himself extremely sensible of my friendship in
covering the affair, which might have occasioned to him very
disagreeable consequences, &c. The Count du Nord came to M. de
Vergennes, while we were drinking coffee, after dinner. He appears
lively and active, with a sensible, spirited countenance. There was an
opera at night for his entertainment. The house being richly finished
with abundance of carving and gilding, well illuminated with wax
tapers, and the company all superbly dressed, many of the men in cloth
of tissue, and the ladies sparkling with diamonds, formed altogether
the most splendid spectacle my eyes ever beheld.

I had some little conference today with M. M. Berkenrode, Vanderpierre
and Boeris, the Ambassador of Holland and the agents of the Dutch East
India Company. They informed me, that the second letter of Mr Fox to
the mediating Minister of Russia, proposing a separate peace with
Holland, made no more impression than the first, and no peace would be
made but in concurrence with France.

The Swedish Minister told me he expected orders from his Court
relative to a treaty, &c.

I had, at our last interview, given Mr Grenville a rendezvous for
Saturday morning, and having some other engagements for Thursday and
Friday, though I wish to speak with him on the subject of his power, I
did not go to him, but waited his coming to me on Saturday. On Friday,
May 31st, Mr Oswald called on me, being just returned, and brought me
the following letters from Lord Shelburne, the first of which had been
written before his arrival.

       *       *       *       *       *

LORD SHELBURNE TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Whitehall, May 28th, 1782.

  "Sir,

"I am honored with your letter of the 10th instant, and am very glad
to find that the conduct, which the King has empowered me to observe
towards Mr Laurens, and the American prisoners, has given you
pleasure. I have signified to Mr Oswald his Majesty's pleasure, that
he shall continue at Paris till he receives orders from hence to
return. In the present state of this business, there is nothing for me
to add, but my sincere wishes for a happy issue, and to repeat my
assurances, that nothing shall be wanting on my part which can
contribute to it. I have the honor to be, with very great regard,

  SHELBURNE."

       *       *       *       *       *

LORD SHELBURNE TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Whitehall, May 29th, 1782.

  "Sir,

"I have the honor to receive your letter of the 13th of May, by Mr
Oswald. It gives me great pleasure to find my opinion of the
moderation, prudence, and judgment of that gentleman confirmed by your
concurrence. For I am glad to assure you, that we likewise concur in
hoping that those qualities may enable him to contribute to the speedy
conclusion of a peace, and such a peace as may be firm and long
lasting. In that hope he has the King's orders to return immediately
to Paris, and you will find him, I trust, properly instructed to
co-operate in so desirable an object. I have the honor to be, &c.

  SHELBURNE."

       *       *       *       *       *

I had not then time to converse much with Mr Oswald, and he promised
to come and breakfast with me on Monday.

_Saturday, June 5th._ Mr Grenville came, according to appointment. Our
conversation began by my acquainting him that I had seen the Count de
Vergennes, and had perused the copy left with him of the power to
treat. That after what he, Mr Grenville, told me of its being to treat
with France _and her allies_, I was a little surprised to find in it
no mention of the allies, and that it was only to treat with the King
of France and his Ministers; that, at Versailles, there was some
suspicion of its being intended to occasion delay, the professed
desire of a speedy peace being, perhaps, abated in the British Court
since its late successes; but that I imagined the words relating to
the allies might have been accidentally omitted in transcribing, or
that, perhaps, he had a special power to treat with us distinct from
the other. He answered, that the copy was right, and that he had no
such power in form, but that his instructions were full to that
purpose, and that he was sure the Ministers had no desire of delay,
nor any of excluding us from the treaty, since the greatest part of
those instructions related to treating with me. That, to convince me
of this sincerity of his Court respecting us, he would acquaint me
with one of his instructions, though, perhaps, the doing it now was
premature, and therefore a little inconsistent with the character of a
politician, but he had that confidence in me that he should not
hesitate to inform me, (though he wished that at present it should go
no further,) _he was instructed to acknowledge the independence of
America, previous to the commencement of the treaty_. And he said he
could only account for the omission of America in the POWER, by
supposing that it was an old official form copied from that given to
Mr Stanley, when he came over hither before the last peace. Mr
Grenville added that he had, immediately after his interview with the
Count de Vergennes, despatched a courier to London, and hoped, that
with his return the difficulty would be removed. That he was perfectly
assured their late success had made no change in the disposition of
his Court to peace, and that he had more reason than the Count de
Vergennes to complain of delays, since five days were spent before he
could obtain a passport for his courier, and then it was not to go and
return by way of Calais, but to go by Ostend, which would occasion a
delay of five days longer. Mr Grenville then spoke much of the high
opinion the present Ministry had of me, and their great esteem for me,
their desire of a perfect reconciliation between the two countries,
and the firm and general belief in England, that no man was so capable
as myself of proposing the proper means of bringing about such a
reconciliation, adding that if the old Ministers had formerly been too
little attentive to my counsels, the present were very differently
disposed, and he hoped that in treating with them, I would totally
forget their predecessors.

The time has been when such flattering language, as from great men,
might have made me vainer, and had more effect on my conduct, than it
can at present, when I find myself so near the end of life as to
esteem lightly all personal interests and concerns, except that of
maintaining to the last, and leaving behind me the tolerably good
character I have hitherto supported.

Mr Grenville then discoursed of our resolution not to treat without
our allies. This, says he, can only properly relate to France, with
whom you have a treaty of alliance, but you have none with Spain, you
have none with Holland. If Spain and Holland, and even if France
should insist on unreasonable terms of advantage to themselves, after
you have obtained all you want, and are satisfied, can it be right
that America should be dragged on in a war for their interest only? He
stated this matter in various lights and pressed it earnestly. I
resolved, from various reasons, to evade the discussion, therefore
answered, that the intended treaty not being yet begun, it appeared
unnecessary to enter at present into considerations of that kind. The
preliminaries being once settled and the treaty commenced, if any of
the other powers should make extravagant demands on England, and
insist on our continuing the war till those were complied with, it
would then be time enough to consider what our obligations were, and
how far they extended. The first thing necessary was for him to
procure the full powers, the next for us to assemble the
plenipotentiaries of all the belligerent parties, and then
propositions might be mutually made, received, considered, answered,
or agreed to. In the meantime I would just mention to him, that though
we were yet under no obligations to Spain by treaty, we were under
obligations of gratitude for the assistance she had afforded us; and
as Mr Adams had some weeks since commenced a treaty in Holland, the
terms of which I was not yet acquainted with, I knew not but that we
might have already some alliance and obligations contracted there. And
perhaps we ought, however, to have some consideration for Holland on
this account, that it was in vengeance for the friendly disposition
shown by some of her people to make a treaty of commerce with us, that
England had declared the war against her.

He said it would be hard upon England, if having given reasonable
satisfaction to one or two of her enemies, she could not have peace
with those till she had complied with whatever the others might
demand, however unreasonable, for so she might be obliged to pay for
every article four fold. I observed, that when she made her
propositions, the more advantageous they were to each, the more it
would be the interest of each to prevail with the others to accept
those offered to them. We then spoke of the reconciliation, but his
full power not being yet come I chose to defer entering upon that
subject at present. I told him I had thoughts of putting down in
writing the particulars that I judged would conduce to that end, and
of adding my reasons, that this required a little time, and I had been
hindered by accidents; which was true, for I had begun to write, but
had postponed it on account of his defective power to treat. But I
promised to finish it as soon as possible. He pressed me earnestly to
do it, saying, an expression of mine in a former conversation, that
there still remained _roots of good will_ in America towards England,
which if properly taken care of might produce a reconciliation, had
made a great impression on his mind, and given him infinite pleasure,
and he hoped I would not neglect furnishing him with the information
of what would be necessary to nourish those _roots_, and could assure
me, that my advice would be greatly regarded.

Mr Grenville had shown me at our last interview a letter from the Duke
of Richmond to him, requesting him to prevail with me to disengage a
Captain McLeod, of the artillery, from his parole, the Duke's brother,
Lord George Lenox, being appointed to the command of Portsmouth, and
desiring to have him as his aid-de-camp. I had promised to consider of
it, and this morning I sent him the following letter.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO MR GRENVILLE.

  Passy, May 31st, 1782.

"Sir,

"I do not find, that I have any express authority to absolve a parole
given by an English officer in America, but desirous of complying with
a request of the Duke of Richmond, as far as may be in my power, and
being confident, that the Congress will be pleased with whatever may
oblige a personage they so much respect, I do hereby consent, that
Captain McLeod serve in his military capacity in England only, till
the pleasure of the Congress is known, to whom I will write
immediately, and who, I make no doubt, will discharge him entirely. I
have the honor to be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN."

America had been constantly befriended in Parliament by the Duke of
Richmond, and I believed the Congress would not be displeased, that
this opportunity was taken of obliging him, and that they would by
their approbation supply the deficiency of my power. Besides, I could
not well refuse it, after what had passed between Mr Laurens and me,
and what I had promised to do for that gentleman.

_Sunday, June 2d._ The Marquis de Lafayette called and dined with me.
He is uneasy about the delay, as he cannot resolve concerning his
voyage to America, till some certainty appears of there being a treaty
or no treaty. This day I wrote the following letter to Mr Adams.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO JOHN ADAMS.

  Passy, June 2d, 1782.

  "Sir,

"Since mine of May 8th, I have not had anything material to
communicate to your Excellency. Mr Grenville indeed arrived just after
I had despatched that letter, and I introduced him to M. de Vergennes,
but, as his mission seemed only a repetition of that by Mr Oswald, the
same declaration of the King of England's sincere desire of peace, and
willingness to treat at Paris, which were answered by the same
declarations of the good dispositions of this Court, and that it could
not treat without the concurrence of its allies, I omitted writing
till something should be produced from a kind of agreement, that M. de
Vergennes would acquaint Spain and Holland with the overture, and Mr
Grenville would write for full powers to treat, and make propositions;
nothing of importance being in the meantime to be transacted.

"Mr Grenville accordingly despatched a messenger for London, who
returned in about twelve days. Mr Grenville called on me, after having
been at Versailles, and acquainted me that he had received the power,
and had left a copy of it with M. de Vergennes, and that he was
thereby authorised to treat with France and her _allies_. The next
time I went to Versailles, I desired to see that copy, and was
surprised to find in it no mention of the allies of France, or any one
of them, and, on speaking with M. de Vergennes about it, I found he
began to look upon the whole as a piece of artifice to amuse us, and
gain time; since he had uniformly declared to every agent who had
appeared there, viz. to Forth, Oswald, and Grenville, that the King
would not treat without the concurrence of his allies, and yet England
had given a power to treat with France only, which showed she did not
intend to treat at all, but meant to continue the war.

"I had not till yesterday an opportunity of talking with Mr Grenville
on the subject, and expressing my wonder, that, after what he told me,
there should be no mention made of our States in his commission, he
could not explain this to my satisfaction, but said, he believed the
omission was occasioned by their copying an old commission given to Mr
Stanley at the last treaty of peace, for he was sure the intention
was, that he should treat with us, his instructions being fully to
that purpose. I acquainted him, that I thought a special commission
was necessary, without which we could not treat with him. I imagine,
that there is a reluctance in their king to take this first step, as
the giving such a commission would itself be a kind of acknowledgment
of our independence. Their late success against Count de Grasse may
also have given them hopes, that by delay and more successes they may
make that acknowledgment and a peace less necessary.

"Mr Grenville has written to his Court for further instructions. We
shall see what the return of his courier will produce. If full power
to treat with each of the powers at war against England does not
appear, I imagine the negotiation will be broken off. Mr Grenville, in
his conversation with me, insists much on our being under no
engagements not to make a peace without Holland. I have answered him,
that I know not but that you may have entered into some, and if there
should be none, a general pacification, made at the same time, would
be best for us all, and that I believe neither Holland nor we could
be prevailed on to abandon our friends. What happens further shall be
immediately communicated.

"Be pleased to present my respects to Mr Laurens, to whom I wrote some
days since. Mr Jay, I suppose, is on his way hither. With great
respect, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN."


On Monday the 3d, Mr Oswald came according to appointment. He told me
he had seen and had conversations with Lord Shelburne, Lord
Rockingham, and Mr Fox. That their desire of peace continued uniformly
the same, though he thought some of them were a little too much elated
with the late victory in the West Indies, and when observing his
coolness, they asked him if he did not think it a very good thing;
yes, said he, if you do not rate it too high. He went on with the
utmost frankness to tell me, that the peace was absolutely necessary
for them. That the nation had been foolishly involved in four wars,
and could no longer raise money to carry them on, so that if they
continued, it would be absolutely necessary for them to stop payment
of the interest money on the funds, which would ruin their future
credit. He spoke of stopping on all sums above £1000, and continuing
to pay on those below, because the great sums belonged to the rich,
who could better bear the delay of their interest, and the smaller
sums to poorer persons, who would be more hurt, and make more clamor,
and that the rich might be quieted by promising them interest upon
their interest. All this looked as if the matter had been seriously
thought on.

Mr Oswald has an air of great simplicity and honesty, yet I could
hardly take this to be merely a weak confession of their deplorable
state, and thought it might be rather intended as a kind of
intimidation, by showing us that they had still that resource in their
power, which he said would furnish five millions a year. But, he
added, our enemies may now do what they please with us, _they have the
ball at their foot_, was his expression, and we hope they will show
their moderation and magnanimity. He then repeatedly mentioned the
great esteem the Ministers had for me, that they, with all the
considerate people of England, looked to, and depended on me for the
means of extricating the nation from its present desperate situation;
and that, perhaps, no single man had ever in his hands an opportunity
of doing so much good as I had at this present time, with much more to
that purpose. He then showed me a letter to him from Lord Shelburne,
partly, I suppose, that I might see his Lordship's opinion of me,
which, as it has some relation to the negotiation, is here inserted.
He left it with me, requesting that I would communicate it to Mr
Walpole.

       *       *       *       *       *

LORD SHELBURNE TO RICHARD OSWALD.

  Whitehall, May 21st, 1782.

  "Sir,

"It has reached me, that Mr Walpole esteems himself much injured by
your going to Paris, and that he conceives it was a measure of mine,
intended to take the present negotiation with the Court of France out
of his hands, which he conceives to have been previously commenced
through his channel, by Mr Fox. I must desire that you will have the
goodness to call upon Mr Walpole, and explain to him distinctly, how
very little foundation there is for so unjust a suspicion, as I knew
of no such intercourse. Mr Fox declares, he considered what had
passed between him and Mr Walpole, of a mere private nature, not
sufficiently material to mention to the King or the cabinet, and will
write to Mr Walpole to explain this distinctly to him.

"But if you find the least suspicion of this kind has reached Dr
Franklin, or the Count de Vergennes, I desire this matter may be
clearly explained to both. I have too much friendship for Dr Franklin,
and too much respect for the character of the Count de Vergennes, with
which I am perfectly acquainted, to be so indifferent to the good
opinion of either, as to suffer them to believe me capable of an
intrigue, where I have both professed and observed a direct opposite
course of conduct. In truth, I hold it in such perfect contempt, that,
however proud I may be to serve the King in my present situation, or
in any other, and however anxious I may be to serve my country, I
should not hesitate a moment about retiring from any situation which
required such services. But I must do the King the justice to say,
that his Majesty abhors them, and I need not tell you that it is my
fixed principle, that no country in any moment can be advantaged by
them. I am, with great truth and regard, &c.

  SHELBURNE."

In speaking further of the Ministry's opinion of the great service it
might be in my power to render, Mr Oswald said, he had told them in
one of his conversations, that nothing was to be expected of me but
consistency, nothing unsuitable to my character, or inconsistent with
my duty to my country. I did not ask him the particular occasion of
his saying this, but thought it looked a little as if something
inconsistent with my duty had been talked of or proposed. Mr Oswald
also gave me a copy of a paper of memorandums, written by Lord
Shelburne, viz.

     "1. That I am ready to correspond more particularly with Dr
     Franklin, if wished.

     "2. That the _Enabling Act_ is passing, with the insertion of
     Commissioners recommended by Mr Oswald; and, on our part,
     Commissioners will be named, or any character given to Mr Oswald,
     which Dr Franklin and he may judge conducive to a final
     settlement of things between Great Britain and America; which Dr
     Franklin very properly says, requires to be treated in a very
     different manner from the peace between Great Britain and France,
     who have always been at enmity with each other.

     "3. That an establishment for the loyalists must always be on Mr
     Oswald's mind, as it is uppermost in Lord Shelburne's, besides
     other steps in their favor to influence the several States to
     agree to a fair restoration or compensation for whatever
     confiscations have taken place.

     "4. To give Lord Shelburne's letter about Mr Walpole to Dr
     Franklin."

On perusing this paper, I recollected that a bill had been sometime
since proposed in Parliament, _to enable his Majesty to conclude a
Peace or Truce with the revolted Provinces in America_, which I
supposed to be the enabling bill mentioned, that had hitherto slept,
and not having been passed, was perhaps the true reason why the
Colonies were not mentioned in Mr Grenville's commission. Mr Oswald
thought it likely, and said that the words, "Insertion of
Commissioners, recommended by Mr Oswald," related to his advising an
express mention in the bill of the Commissioners appointed by
Congress to treat of peace, instead of the vague denomination of _any
person or persons_, &_c._ in the first draft of the bill.

As to the loyalists, I repeated what I had said to him when first
here, that their estates had been confiscated by the laws made in
particular States where the delinquents had resided, and not by any
law of Congress, who, indeed, had no power, either to make such laws
or to repeal them, or to dispense with them, and, therefore, could
give no power to their Commissioners to treat of a restoration for
those people; that it was an affair appertaining to each State. That
if there were justice in compensating them, it must be due from
England rather than America; but, in my opinion, England was not under
any very great obligations to them, since it was by their
misrepresentations and bad counsels, she had been drawn into this
miserable war. And that if an account was to be brought against us for
their losses, we should more than balance it by an account of the
ravages they had committed all along the coasts of America.

Mr Oswald agreed to the reasonableness of all this, and said he had,
before he came away, told the Ministers, that he thought no recompense
to those people was to be expected from us; that he had also, in
consequence of our former conversation on that subject, given it as
his opinion, that Canada should be given up to the United States, as
it would prevent the occasions of future difference, and, as the
government of such a country was worth nothing, and of no importance,
if they could have there a free commerce; that the Marquis of
Rockingham and Lord Shelburne, though they spoke reservedly, did not
seem very averse to it, but that Mr Fox appeared to be startled at
the proposition. He was, however, not without hopes that it would be
agreed to.

We now came to another article of the note, viz. "on our part
Commissioners will be named, or any character given to Mr Oswald,
which Dr Franklin and he may judge conducive to a final settlement of
things between Great Britain and America."

This he said was left entirely to me, for he had no will in the
affair; he did not desire to be further concerned, than to see it _in
train_, he had no personal views either of honor or profit. He had now
seen and conversed with Mr Grenville, thought him a very sensible
young gentleman, and very capable of the business; he did not,
therefore, see any further occasion there was for himself; but if I
thought otherwise, and conceived he might be further useful, he was
content to give his time and service, in any character or manner I
should think proper. I said, his knowledge of America, where he had
lived, and with every part of which, and of its commerce and
circumstances he was well acquainted, made me think, that in
persuading the Ministry to things reasonable relating to that country,
he could speak or write with more weight than Mr Grenville, and,
therefore, I wished him to continue in the service; and I asked him
whether he would like to be joined in a general commission for
treating with all the powers at war with England, or to have a special
commission to himself for treating with America only. He said he did
not choose to be concerned in treaty with the foreign powers, for he
was not sufficiently a master of their affairs, or of the French
language, which, probably, would be used in treating; if, therefore,
he accepted of any commission, it should be that of treating with
America. I told him I would write to Lord Shelburne on the subject;
but Mr Grenville having sometime since despatched a courier, partly on
account of the commission, who was not yet returned, I thought it well
to wait a few days, till we could see what answer he would bring, or
what measures were taken. This he approved of.

The truth is, he appears so good and so reasonable a man, that, though
I have no objection to Mr Grenville, I should be loth to lose Mr
Oswald. He seems to have nothing at heart but the good of mankind, and
putting a stop to mischief; the other, a young statesman, may be
supposed to have naturally a little ambition of recommending himself
as an able negotiator.

In the afternoon, M. Boeris, of Holland, called on me, and acquainted
me that the answer had not yet been given to the last memorial from
Russia, relating to the mediation; but it was thought it would be in
respectful terms, to thank her Imperial Majesty for her kind offers,
and to represent the propriety of their connexion with France in
endeavors to obtain a general peace, and that they conceived it would
be still more glorious for her Majesty to employ her influence in
procuring a general, than a particular pacification. M. Boeris further
informed me, that they were not well satisfied in Holland with the
conduct of the Russian Court, and suspected views of continuing the
war for particular purposes.

_Tuesday, June. 4th._ I have received another packet from Mr Hartley.
It consisted of duplicates of former letters and papers already
inserted, and contained nothing new but the following letter from
Colonel Hartley, his brother.

       *       *       *       *       *

W. H. HARTLEY TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Soho Square, May 24th, 1782.

  "Dear Sir,

"It is with the greatest pleasure I take up my pen to acknowledge your
remembrance of me in yours to my brother, and to thank you for those
expressions of regard which I can assure you are mutual. My brother
has desired me to copy some letters and papers, by way of sending you
duplicates. I am particularly happy at the employment, because the
greatest object of my parliamentary life has been to co-operate with
him in his endeavors to put a period to this destructive war, and
forward the blessed work of peace. I hope to see him again in that
situation, where he can so well serve his country with credit to
himself; and while I have the honor of being in Parliament, my
attention will be continued to promote the effects, which will
naturally flow from those principles of freedom and universal
philanthropy you have both so much supported. While I copy his words,
my own feelings and judgment are truly in unison, and I have but to
add the most ardent wish, that peace and happiness may crown the
honest endeavors towards so desirable an end.

"I am, dear Sir, with the greatest respect and esteem, yours
sincerely,

  W. H. HARTLEY."


_Wednesday, June 5th._ Mr Oswald called again to acquaint me, that
Lord Cornwallis, being very anxious to be discharged from his parole
as soon as possible, had sent a Major Ross hither to solicit it,
supposing Mr Laurens might be here with me. Mr Oswald told me, what I
had not heard before, that Mr Laurens, while prisoner in the Tower,
had proposed obtaining the discharge of Lord Cornwallis in exchange
for himself, and had promised to use his utmost endeavors to that
purpose, in case he was set at liberty, not doubting of the success. I
communicated to Mr Oswald what had already passed between Mr Laurens
and me, respecting Lord Cornwallis; which appears in the preceding
letters, and told him I should have made less difficulty about the
discharge of his parole, if Mr Laurens had informed me of his being
set at liberty in consequence of such an offer and promise, and I
wished him to state this in a letter to me, that it might appear for
my justification in what I might, with Mr Laurens, do in the affair;
and that he would procure for me from Major Ross a copy of the parole,
that I might be better acquainted with the nature of it. He
accordingly in the afternoon sent me the following letter.

     [See this letter above, p. 362.--Also the answer, p. 363.]

_Friday, June 7th._ Major Ross called upon me, to thank me for the
favorable intentions I had expressed in my letter to Mr Oswald,
respecting Lord Cornwallis, and to assure me, that his Lordship would
forever remember it with gratitude, &c. I told him it was our duty to
alleviate, as much as we could, the calamities of war; that I expected
letters from Mr Laurens, relating to the affair, after the receipt of
which I would immediately complete it. Or if I did not hear from Mr
Laurens, I would speak to the Marquis de Lafayette, get his
approbation, and finish it without further delay.

_Saturday, June 8th._ I received some newspapers from England, in one
of which is the following paragraph.


_From the London Evening Post, of May 30th, 1782._

"If report on the spot speak truth, Mr Grenville, in his first visit
to Dr Franklin, gained a considerable point of information, as to the
powers America had retained for treating _separately_ with Great
Britain, in case her claims, or demands, were granted.

"The treaty of February 6th, 1778, was made the basis of this
conversation; and by the spirit and meaning of this treaty, there is
no obligation on America not to treat separately for peace, after she
is assured England will grant her independence, and a free commerce
with all the world.

"The _first_ article of that treaty engages America and France to be
bound to each other, as long as _circumstances_ may require;
therefore, the granting America all she asks of England is breaking
the bond, by which the _circumstances_ may bind America to France.

"The second article says, the meaning and direct end of the alliance
is to insure the freedom and independence of America. Surely then,
when freedom and independence are allowed by Britain, America may, or
may not, as she chooses, put an end to the present war between England
and America, and leave France to war on through all her mad projects
of reducing the power and greatness of England, while America feels
herself possessed of what she wishes.

"By the 8th article of the treaty, neither France nor America can
conclude peace without the assent of the other; and they engage not to
lay down their arms, until the independence of America is
acknowledged, but this article does not exclude America from entering
into a separate treaty for peace with England, and evinces more
strongly than the former articles, that America may enter into a
separate treaty with England, when she is convinced that England has
insured to her _all that she can reasonably ask_."

       *       *       *       *       *

I conjecture that this must be an extract from a letter of Mr
Grenville's; but it carries an appearance as if he and I had agreed in
these imaginary discourses, of America's being at liberty to make
peace without France, and whereas my whole discourse, in the strongest
terms, declared our determinations to the contrary, and the
impossibility of our acting, not only contrary to the treaty, but the
duties of gratitude and honor, of which nothing is mentioned. This
young negotiator seems to value himself on having obtained from me a
copy of the treaty. I gave it him freely, at his request, it being not
so much a secret as he imagined, having been printed, first in all the
American papers soon after it was made, then at London in Almon's
Remembrancer, which I wonder he did not know; and afterwards in a
collection of the American Constitutions, published by order of
Congress. As such imperfect accounts of our conversations find their
way into the English papers, I must speak to this gentleman of its
impropriety.

_Sunday, June 9th._ Doctor Bancroft being intimately acquainted with
Mr Walpole, I this day gave him Lord Shelburne's letter to Mr Oswald,
requesting he would communicate it to that gentleman. Doctor Bancroft
said it was believed both Russia and the Emperor wish the continuance
of the war, and aimed at procuring for England a peace with Holland,
that England might be better able to continue it against France and
Spain.

The Marquis de Lafayette having proposed to call on me today, I kept
back the discharge of Lord Cornwallis, which was written and ready,
desiring to have his approbation of it, as he had in a former
conversation advised it. He did not come, but late in the evening sent
me a note, acquainting me that he had been prevented by accompanying
the Great Duke to the review, but would breakfast with me tomorrow
morning.

This day I received a letter from Mr Dana, dated at St Petersburgh,
April 29th, in which is the following passage. "We yesterday received
the news, that the States-General had, on the 19th of this month (N.
S.) acknowledged the independence of the United States. This event
gave a shock here, and is not well received, as they at least profess
to have flattered themselves, that the mediation would have prevented
it, and otherwise brought on a partial peace between Britain and
Holland. This resentment, I believe, will not be productive of any ill
consequences to the Dutch republic." It is true, that while the war
continues, Russia feels a greater demand for the naval stores, and
perhaps at a higher price. But is it possible, that for such petty
interests, mankind can wish to see their neighbors destroy each other?
Or has the project, lately talked of, some foundation, that Russia and
the Emperor intend driving the Turks out of Europe, and do they
therefore wish to see France and England so weakened, as to be unable
to assist those people?

_Monday, June 12th._ The Marquis de Lafayette did not come till
between eleven and twelve. He brought with him Major Ross. After
breakfast, he told me (Major Ross being gone into another room) that
he had seen Mr Grenville lately, who asked him when he should go to
America. That he had answered, I have staid here longer than I should
otherwise have done, that I might see whether we were to have peace or
war, but as I see that the expectation of peace is a joke, and that
you only amuse us without any real intention of treating, I think to
stay no longer, but set out in a few days. On which Mr Grenville
assured him that it was no joke, that they were very sincere in their
proposal of treating, and four or five days would convince the Marquis
of it.

The Marquis then spoke to me about a request of Major Ross's in behalf
of himself, Lord Chewton, a Lieutenant Colonel and Lieutenant Haldane,
who were aids-de-camp to Lord Cornwallis, that they too might be set
at liberty with him. I told the Marquis that he was better acquainted
with the custom in such cases than I, and being himself one of the
Generals, to whom their parole had been given, he had more right to
discharge it than I had, and that if he judged it a thing proper to be
done, I wished him to do it. He went into the bureau, saying he would
write something, which he accordingly did, but it was not as I
expected, a discharge that he was to sign, it was for me to sign. And
the Major not liking that which I had drawn for Lord Cornwallis,
because there was a clause in it, reserving to Congress the
approbation or disallowance of my act, went away without taking it.
Upon which I the next morning wrote the following to Mr Oswald.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO RICHARD OSWALD.

  Passy, June 11th, 1782.

  "Sir,

"I did intend to have waited on you this morning to inquire after your
health, and deliver the enclosed paper relating to the parole of Lord
Cornwallis, but being obliged to go to Versailles, I must postpone my
visit till tomorrow.

"I do not conceive that I have any authority, in virtue of my office
here, to absolve that parole in any degree; I have, therefore,
endeavored to found it as well as I could on the express power given
me by Congress to exchange General Burgoyne for Mr Laurens. A
reservation is made of confirmation or disapprobation by Congress, not
from any desire to restrain the entire liberty of that General, but
because I think it decent and my duty to make such reservation, and
that I might otherwise be blamed as assuming a power not given me, if
I undertook to discharge absolutely a parole given to Congress,
without any authority from them for so doing. With great esteem and
respect, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN."

I have received no answer from Mr Laurens. The following is the paper
mentioned in the above letter.


_The Discharge of Lord Cornwallis from his Parole._

"The Congress having, by a resolution of the 14th of June last,
empowered me to offer an exchange of General Burgoyne for the
Honorable Henry Laurens, then a prisoner in the Tower of London, and
whose liberty they much desire to obtain, which exchange, though
proposed by me, according to the said resolution, had not been
accepted or executed, when advice was received, that General Burgoyne
was exchanged in virtue of another agreement. And Mr Laurens thereupon
having proposed another Lieutenant General, viz, Lord Cornwallis, as
an exchange for himself, promising that if set at liberty, he would do
his utmost to obtain a confirmation of that proposal; and Mr Laurens
being soon after discharged, and having since urged me earnestly, in
several letters, to join with him in absolving the parole of that
General, which appears to be a thing just and equitable in itself; and
for the honor therefore of our country I do hereby, as far as in my
power lies, in virtue of the above resolution, or otherwise, absolve
and discharge the parole of Lord Cornwallis, given by him in Virginia;
setting him at entire liberty to act in his civil or military
capacity, until the pleasure of Congress shall be known, to whom is
reserved the confirmation or disapprobation of this discharge, in case
they have made or shall intend to make a different disposition.

"Given at Passy, this 9th day of June, 1782.

  B. FRANKLIN,
  _Minister Plenipotentiary from the United States
  of America to the Court of France._"

I did not well comprehend the Major's conduct in refusing this paper.
He was come express from London, to solicit a discharge of Lord
Cornwallis's parole. He had said that his Lordship was very anxious to
obtain that discharge, being unhappy in his present situation. One of
his objections to it was, that his Lordship with such a limited
discharge of his parole could not enter into foreign service. He
declared it was not his Lordship's intention to return to America. Yet
he would not accept the paper, unless the reservation was omitted. I
did not choose to make the alteration, and so he left it, not well
pleased with me.

This day, _Tuesday, June 11th_, I was at Versailles, and had a good
deal of conversation with M. de Rayneval, Secretary to the Council. I
showed him the letters I had received by Mr Oswald from Lord
Shelburne, and related all the consequent conversation I had with Mr
Oswald. I related to him also the conversation I had had with Mr
Grenville. We concluded that the reason of his couriers not being
returned, might be the formalities occasioning delay in passing the
enabling bill. I went down with him to the cabinet of Count de
Vergennes, where all was repeated and explained. That Minister seemed
now to be almost persuaded, that the English Court was sincere in its
declarations of being desirous of peace. We spoke of all its attempts
to separate us, and of the prudence of our holding together and
treating in concert. I made one remark, that as they had shown so
strong a desire of disuniting us, by large offers to each particular
power, plainly in the view of dealing more advantageously with the
rest, and had reluctantly agreed to make a general treaty, it was
possible, that after making a peace with all, they might pick out one
of us to make war with separately. Against which project I thought it
would not be amiss, if before the treaties of peace were signed, we
who were at war against England should enter into another treaty,
engaging ourselves, that in such a case, we should again make it a
common cause, and renew the general war; which he seemed to approve
of. He read Lord Shelburne's letter relating to Mr Walpole, said that
gentleman had attempted to open a negotiation through the Marquis de
Castries, who had told him he was come to the wrong house, and should
go to Count de Vergennes; but he never had appeared; that he was an
intriguer, knew many people about the Court, and was accustomed to
manage his affairs by hidden and round-about ways; but, said he, "when
people have anything to propose, that relates to my employment, I
think they should come directly to me; my cabinet is the place where
such affairs are to be treated." On the whole he seemed rather
pleased that Mr Walpole had not come to him, appearing not to like
him.

I learnt that Mr Jay had taken leave on the 7th past, of the Spanish
Ministers, in order to come hither, so that he may be daily expected;
but I hear nothing of Mr Laurens or Mr Adams.

_Wednesday, June 12th_. I visited Mr Oswald this morning. He said he
had received the paper I had sent him, relating to the parole of Lord
Cornwallis, and had by conversing with Major Ross, convinced him of
his error in refusing it; that he saw I had done everything that could
be fairly desired of me, and said everything in the paper that could
give a weight to the temporary discharge, and tend to prevail with the
Congress to confirm and complete it. Major Ross coming in, made an
apology for not having accepted it at first, declared his perfect
satisfaction with it, and said he was sure Lord Cornwallis would be
very sensible of the favor. He then mentioned the custom among
military people, that in discharging the parole of a general, that of
his aids was discharged at the same time. I answered, I was a stranger
to the customs of the army, that I had made the most of the authority
I had for exchanging General Burgoyne, by extending it as a foundation
for the exchange of Lord Cornwallis, but that I had no shadow of
authority for going further; that the Marquis de Lafayette having been
present when the parole was given, and one of the generals who
received it, was I thought more competent to the discharge of it than
myself; and I could do nothing in it. He went then to the Marquis,
who, in the afternoon, sent me the drafts of a limited discharge,
which he should sign, but requested my approbation of it, of which I
made no difficulty, though I observed he had put into it that it was
by my advice. He appears very prudently cautious of doing anything,
that may seem assuming a power that he is not vested with.

_Friday, the 14th._ M. Boeris called again, wishing to know if Mr
Grenville's courier was returned, and whether the treaty was like to
go on. I could give him no information. He told me it was intended in
Holland, in answer to the last Russian Memorial, to say, that they
could not now enter into a particular treaty with England, that they
thought it more glorious for her Imperial Majesty to be the mediatrix
in a general treaty, and wished her to name the place. I said to him,
as you tell me their High Mightinesses are not well satisfied with
Russia, and had rather avoid her mediation, would it not be better to
omit the proposition, at least of her naming the place, especially as
France, England, and America have already agreed to treat at Paris? He
replied, it might be better, but, says he, we have no politicians
among us. I advised him to write and get that omitted, as I understood
if would be a week before the answer was concluded on. He did not seem
to think his writing would be of much importance. I have observed,
that his colleague, M. Vanderpierre, has a greater opinion by far of
his own influence and consequence.

_Saturday, June 15th._ Mr Oswald came out to breakfast with me. We
afterwards took a walk in the garden, when he told me, that Mr
Grenville's courier returned last night. That he had received by him a
letter from Mrs Oswald, but not a line from the Ministry, nor had he
heard a word from them since his arrival, nor had he heard of any news
brought by the courier. That he should have gone to see Mr Grenville
this morning, but he had omitted it, that gentleman being subject to
morning headache, which prevented his rising so early. I said I
supposed he would go to Versailles, and call on me in his return. We
had but little further discourse, having no new subject.

Mr Oswald left me about noon, and soon after Mr Grenville came, and
acquainted me with the return of his courier, and that he had brought
the full powers. That he, Mr Grenville, had been at Versailles, and
left a copy with Count de Vergennes. That the instrument was in the
same terms with the former, except that after the power to treat with
the King of France, or his Ministers, there was an addition of words,
importing a power to treat with the Ministers of any other Prince or
_State_ whom it might concern. That Count de Vergennes had at first
objected to these general words, as not being particular enough, but
said he would lay it before the King, and communicate it to the
Ministers of the belligerent powers, and that Mr Grenville should hear
from him on Monday. Mr Grenville added, that he had further informed
Count de Vergennes of his being now instructed to make a proposition
as a basis for the intended treaty, viz. the peace of 1763. That the
proposition intended to be made under his first powers, not being then
received, was now changed, and instead of proposing to allow the
independence of America, on condition of England's being put into the
situation she was in at the peace of 1763, he was now authorised to
_declare the Independence of America previous to the treaty_, as a
voluntary act, and to propose separately as a basis the treaty of
1763. This also Count de Vergennes undertook to lay before the King,
and communicate to me.

Mr Grenville then said to me, he hoped all difficulties were now
removed, and that we might proceed in the good work. I asked him, if
the enabling bill was passed? He said, no. It passed the Commons, and
had been once read in the House of Lords, but was not yet completed. I
remarked, that the usual time approached for the prorogation of
Parliament, and possibly this business might be omitted. He said there
was no danger of that, the Parliament would not rise this year till
the middle of July; the India affairs had put back other business
which must be done, and would require a prolongation of the session
till that time. I then observed to him, that, though we Americans
considered ourselves as a distinct independent power, or State, yet,
as the British Government had always, hitherto; affected to consider
us only as rebellious subjects, and as the enabling act was not yet
passed, I did not think it could be fairly supposed, that his Court
intended by the general words, _any other Prince or State_, to include
a people whom they did not allow to be a State; and that, therefore, I
doubted the sufficiency of his power as to treating with America,
though it might be good as to Spain and Holland. He replied, that he
himself had no doubt of the sufficiency of his power, and was willing
to act upon it. I then desired to have a copy of the power, which he
accordingly promised me.

He would have entered into conversation on the topic of
reconciliation, but I chose still to waive it, till I should find the
negotiation more certainly commenced; and I showed him the London
paper containing the article above transcribed, that he might see how
our conversations were misrepresented, and how hazardous it must be
for me to make any propositions of the kind at present. He seemed to
treat the newspapers lightly, as of no consequence, but I observed
that before he had finished the reading of the article, he turned to
the beginning of the paper to see the date, which made me suspect that
he doubted whether it might not have taken its rise from some of his
letters.

When he left me, I went to dine with M. de Chaumont, who had invited
me to meet there Mr Walpole, at his request. We shook hands, and he
observed that it was near two years since we had seen each other.
Then, stepping aside, he thanked me for having communicated to him
Lord Shelburne's letter to Mr Oswald, thought it odd that Mr Oswald
himself had not spoken to him about it; said he had received a letter
from Mr Fox upon the affair of St Eustatia, in which there were some
general words, expressing a desire of peace; that he had mentioned
this to the Marquis de Castries, who had referred him to Count de
Vergennes, but he did not think it a sufficient authority for him to
go to that Minister. It was known that he had business with the
Minister of the Marine on the other affair, and, therefore, his going
to him was not taken notice of; but if he had gone to Count de
Vergennes, Minister of Foreign Affairs, it would have occasioned
speculation, and much discourse; that he had, therefore, avoided it
till he should be authorised, and had written accordingly to Mr Fox;
but that in the meantime, Mr Oswald had been chosen upon the
supposition, that he, Mr Walpole, and I, were at variance. He spoke of
Mr Oswald as an odd kind of man, but that, indeed, his nation were
generally odd people, &c. We dined pleasantly together with the
family, and parted agreeably, without entering into any particulars of
the business. Count d'Estaing was at this dinner, and I met him again
in the evening, at Madame Brillon's. There is at present among the
people, much censure of Count de Grasse's conduct, and a general wish
that Count d'Estaing had the command in America. I avoid meddling, or
even speaking on the subject, as improper for me, though I much esteem
that commander.

_Sunday, the 16th._ I heard nothing from Versailles. I received a
letter from Mr Adams, acquainting me he had drawn upon me for a
quarter's salary, which he hoped would be the last, as he now found
himself in the way of getting some money there, though not much. But
he says not a word in answer to my late letters on public affairs, nor
have I any line from Mr Laurens, which I wonder at. I received also a
letter from Mr Carmichael, dated June 5th, at Madrid. He speaks of Mr
Jay being on his journey, and supposes he would be with me before that
letter, so that I may expect him daily. We have taken lodgings for him
in Paris.

_Monday, the 17th._ I received a letter from Mr Hodgson, acquainting
me that the American prisoners at Portsmouth, to the number of three
hundred, were all embarked on board the transports, that each had
received twenty shillings' worth of necessaries at the expense of
government, and went on board in good humor; that contrary winds had
prevented the transports arriving in time at Plymouth, but that the
whole number there now of our people, amounting to seven hundred, with
those arrived from Ireland, would soon be on their way home.

In the evening the Marquis de Lafayette came to see me, and said he
had seen Count de Vergennes, who was satisfied with Mr Grenville's
powers. He asked me what I thought of them, and I told him what I had
said to Mr Grenville of their imperfection with respect to us. He
agreed in opinion with me. I let him know that I proposed waiting on
Count de Vergennes tomorrow.

He said he had signed the paper relating to Major Ross's parole, and
hoped Congress would not take it amiss, and added, that in
conversation with the Major, he had asked him why England was so
backward to make propositions? We are afraid, says the Major, of
offering you more than you expect or desire. I find myself in some
perplexity with regard to these two negotiators. Mr Oswald appears to
have been the choice of Lord Shelburne, Mr Grenville that of Mr
Secretary Fox. Lord Shelburne is said to have lately acquired much of
the King's confidence. Mr Fox calls himself the Minister of the
people, and it is certain, that his popularity is lately much
increased. Lord Shelburne seems to wish to have the management of the
treaty, Mr Fox seems to think it in his department. I hear that the
understanding between these Ministers is not quite perfect. Mr
Grenville is clever, and seems to feel reason as readily as Mr Oswald,
though not so ready to own it. Mr Oswald appears quite plain and
sincere; I sometimes a little doubt Mr Grenville. Mr Oswald, an old
man, seems now have no desire but that of being useful in doing good.
Mr Grenville, a young man, naturally desirous of acquiring reputation,
seems to aim at that of being an able negotiator. Mr Oswald does not
solicit to have any share in the business, but, submitting the matter
to Lord Shelburne and me, expresses only his willingness to serve, if
we think he may be useful, and is equally willing to be excused, if we
judge there is no occasion for him. Mr Grenville seems to think the
whole negotiation committed to him, and to have no idea of Mr
Oswald's being concerned in it, and is, therefore, willing to extend
the expressions in his commission, so as to make them comprehend
America, and this beyond what I think they will bear. I imagine we
might, however, go on very well with either of them, though I rather
should prefer Oswald, but I apprehend difficulties if they are both
employed, especially if there is any misunderstanding between their
principals. I must, however, write to Lord Shelburne, proposing
something in consequence of his offer of vesting Mr Oswald with any
commission, which that gentleman and I should think proper.

_Tuesday, the 18th._ I found myself much indisposed with a sudden and
violent cold, attended with a feverishness and headach. I imagined it
to be an effect of the influenza, a disorder now reigning in various
parts of Europe. This prevented my going to Versailles.

_Thursday, the 20th._ Weather excessively hot, and my disorder
continues, but is lessened, the headach having left me. I am, however,
not yet able to go to Versailles.

_Friday, the 21st._ I received the following note from the Marquis de
Lafayette.

       *       *       *       *       *

M. DE LAFAYETTE TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Versailles, Thursday morning, June 20th, 1782.

  "My dear Sir,

"Agreeably to your desire, I have waited upon the Count de Vergennes,
and said to him what I had in command from your Excellency. He intends
taking the King's orders this morning, and expects he will be able to
propose to Mr Grenville a meeting for tomorrow, when he will have time
to explain himself respecting France and her allies, that he may make
an official communication both to the King and the allied Ministers.
What Count de Vergennes can make out of this conversation will be
communicated by him to your Excellency, in case you are able to come.
In the other case I shall wait upon you tomorrow evening with every
information I can collect. I have the honor to be, very respectfully,
&c.

  LAFAYETTE."

In the evening the Marquis called upon me, and acquainted me, that Mr
Grenville had been with Count de Vergennes, but could not inform me
what had passed.

_Saturday, the 22d._ Messrs Oswald and Whiteford came and breakfasted
with me. Mr Oswald had received no letters or instructions. I told him
I would write to Lord Shelburne respecting him, and call on him on
Monday morning to breakfast, and show him what I proposed to write,
that it might receive such alterations as he should judge proper.

_Sunday, the 23d._ In the afternoon Mr Jay arrived, to my great
satisfaction. I proposed going with him the next morning to
Versailles, and presenting him to M. de Vergennes. He informed me,
that the Spanish Ministers had been much struck with the news from
England, respecting the resolutions of Parliament to discontinue the
war in America, &c. and that they had since been extremely civil to
him, and he understood intended to send instructions to their
Ambassador at this Court, to make the long talked of treaty with him
here.

_Monday, the 24th._ Wrote a note of excuse to Mr Oswald, promising to
see him on Wednesday, and went with Mr Jay to Versailles. Count de
Vergennes acquainted us that he had given to Mr Grenville the answer
to his propositions, who had immediately despatched it to his Court.
He read it to us, and I shall endeavor to obtain a copy of it. Count
de Vergennes informing us, that a frigate was about to be despatched
for America, by which we might write, and that the courier who was to
carry down the despatches would set out on Wednesday morning, we
concluded to omit coming to Court on Tuesday, in order to prepare our
letters. Count de Vergennes appeared to have some doubts about the
sincerity of the British Court, and the _bon foi_ of Mr Grenville, but
said the return of Mr Grenville's courier might give light. I wrote
the following letters to Mr Secretary Livingston, and Mr Morris.[36]

  [36] See the letter to Mr Livingston, p. 368, the letter to Mr Morris
  is missing.

_Wednesday, the 26th._ I sent away my letters, and went to see Mr
Oswald. I showed him the draft of a letter to be addressed to him
instead of Lord Shelburne, respecting the commission, or public
character he might hereafter be vested with; this draft was founded on
Lord Shelburne's memorandums, which Mr Oswald had shown to me, and
this letter was intended to be communicated by him to Lord Shelburne.
Mr Oswald liked the mode, but rather chose that no mention should be
made of his having shown me Lord Shelburne's memorandums, though he
thought they were given to him for that purpose. So I struck that part
out, and new modelled the letter, which I sent him the next day, as
follows.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO RICHARD OSWALD.

  Passy, June 27th, 1782.

  "Sir,

"The opinion I have of your candor, probity, and good understanding,
and good will to both countries, made me hope you would have been
vested with the character of Plenipotentiary to treat with those from
America. When Mr Grenville produced his first commission, which was
only to treat with France, I did imagine that the other to treat with
us was reserved for you, and kept only till the Enabling Bill should
be passed. Mr Grenville has since received a second commission, which,
as he informs me, has additional words, empowering him to treat with
the Ministers of any other _Prince_ or _State_ whom it may concern,
and he seems to understand that those general words comprehend the
United States of America. There may be no doubt that they may
comprehend Spain and Holland, but as there exist various public acts,
by which the government of Britain denies us to be States, and none in
which they acknowledge us to be such, it seems hardly clear that we
could be intended at the time the commission was given, the _Enabling
Act_ not being then passed. So that though I can have no objection to
Mr Grenville, nor right to make it if I had any, yet as your long
residence in America has given you a knowledge of that country, its
people, circumstances, commerce, &c. which, added to your experience
in business, may be useful to both sides in facilitating and
expediting the negotiation, I cannot but hope that it is still
intended to vest you with the character abovementioned, respecting the
treaty with America, either separately or in conjunction with Mr
Grenville, as to the wisdom of your Ministers may seem best. Be it as
it may, I beg you would accept this line as a testimony of the sincere
esteem and respect with which, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN."

_Friday, June 28th._ M. de Rayneval called upon me, and acquainted me
that the Ministers had received intelligence from England, that
besides the orders given to General Carleton to propose terms of
reunion to America, artful emissaries were sent over, to go through
the country and stir up the people to call on the Congress to accept
those terms, they being similar to those settling with Ireland; that
it would, therefore, be well for Mr Jay and me to write and caution
Congress against these practices. He said Count de Vergennes wished
also to know what I had written respecting the negotiation, as it
would be well for us to hold pretty near the same language. I told him
that I did not apprehend the least danger, that such emissaries would
meet with any success, or that the Congress would make any treaty with
General Carleton. That I would, however, write as he desired; and Mr
Jay coming in, promised the same. He said the courier would go
tomorrow. I accordingly wrote the following letter to Mr Secretary
Livingston.[37]

  [37] See above, p. 373.

M. de Rayneval, who is Secretary to the Council of State, called again
in the evening. I gave him copies of the three preceding letters to
peruse and show to Count de Vergennes, to convince him that we held no
underhand dealings here. I own I had, at the same time, another view
in it, which was, that they should see I had been ordered to demand
further aids, and had forborne to make the demands, with my reasons,
hoping that if they could possibly help us to more money, they might
be induced to do it.

I had never made any visit to Count d'Aranda, the Spanish Ambassador,
for reasons before mentioned. M. de Rayneval told Mr Jay and me this
morning, that it would be well for us to wait on him, and he had
authority to assure us, we should be well received. We accordingly
concluded to wait on his Excellency the next morning.

_Saturday, June 29th._ We went together to the Spanish Ambassador's,
who received us with great civility and politeness. He spoke with Mr
Jay on the subject of the treaty they were to make together, and
mentioned in general, as a principle, that the two powers should
consider each other's conveniency, and accommodate and compensate each
other as well as they could. That an exact compensation might,
perhaps, not be possible, but should be approached as nearly as the
nature of things would admit. Thus, says he, if there is a certain
thing which would be convenient to each of us, but more convenient to
one than to the other, it should be given to the one to whom it would
be most convenient, and compensation made by giving another thing to
the other, for the same reason. I suppose he had in view something
relating to boundaries or territories, because, he added, we will sit
down together with maps in our hands, and, by that means, shall see
our way more clearly. I learnt from him, that the expedition against
Providence had sailed, but no advice was yet received of its success.
On our going out, he took pains himself to open the folding doors for
us, which is a high compliment here; and told us he would return our
visit, (_rendre son devoir_) and then fix a day with us for dining
with him. I dined with Mr Jay and a company of Americans at his
lodgings.

_Sunday, July 1st._ Mr Grenville called on me.[38]

  [38] Dr Franklin's Journal closes here. His ill slate of health seems
  to have been the cause of his discontinuing it. The narrative of the
  negotiation is kept up, however, in the letters of Dr Franklin, Mr
  Jay, Mr Adams, and Mr Laurens.

       *       *       *       *       *

CORRESPONDENCE CONTINUED.

TO HENRY LAURENS.

  Passy, July 2d, 1782.

  Sir,

I received the letter you did me the honor of writing to me from Lyons
the 24th past.

I wonder a little at Mr ---- not acquainting you whether your name was
in the commission or not. I begin to suspect, from various
circumstances, that the British Ministry, elated perhaps too much by
the success of Admiral Rodney, are not in earnest to treat
immediately, but rather with delay. They seem to hope that further
successes may enable them to treat more advantageously; or, as some
suppose, that certain propositions to be made to Congress by General
Carleton, may render a treaty here with us unnecessary. A little bad
news, which it is possible they may yet receive from the same quarter,
will contribute to set them right; and then we may enter seriously
upon the treaty; otherwise I conjecture it may not take place till
after another campaign. Mr Jay is arrived here. Mr Grenville and Mr
Oswald continue here. Mr Oswald has yet received no commission; and
that of Mr Grenville does not very clearly comprehend us according to
British ideas; therefore it requires explication. When I know more,
you shall have further information.

Not having an immediate answer to what I wrote you, concerning the
absolution of Lord Cornwallis's parole, and Major Ross coming over
hither from him to press it, I gave him the discharge you desired.
Enclosed I send you a copy. I hear it has proved satisfactory to him;
I hope it will be so to you.

  Believe me to be, with great esteem, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

ROBERT B. LIVINGSTON TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, July 5th, 1782.

  Dear Sir,

I have the honor to transmit to you a letter from the United States in
Congress to his Most Christian Majesty, together with a copy for your
perusal, I also enclose a resolution of Congress on the subject of Mr
Lee's demands, which you will see carried into effect.

Nothing of moment has occurred since I last wrote you. It is very long
since we have heard from Europe. We wait for your despatches with some
degree of impatience. I hope they will be sufficiently particular to
answer our expectations.

  I have the honor to be, Sir,
  ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

       *       *       *       *       *

NOTE FROM M. DE LAFAYETTE TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Paris, July 9th, 1782.

I have the honor to inform you, my dear Sir, that Mr Grenville's
express is arrived this morning, by way of Ostend. The gentleman is
gone to Versailles. I fancy he will wait upon you, and I will be much
obliged to you to let me know what your opinion is. I am going to
Saint Germain, but if any intelligence comes to hand, I will
communicate it as soon as possible.

  I rest respectfully and affectionately yours,
  LAFAYETTE.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO M. DE LAFAYETTE.

  Passy, July 9th, 1782.

  Dear Sir,

Mr Grenville has been with me in his return from Versailles. He tells
me that Lord Rockingham being dead, Lord Shelburne is appointed First
Lord of the Treasury, and that Mr Fox has resigned; so that both the
secretaryships are vacant. That his communication to Count de
Vergennes was only, that no change was thereby made in the
dispositions of that Court for peace, &c. and he expects another
courier with fuller instructions in a few days. As soon as I hear more
I shall acquaint you with it.

I am ever, with great respect and affection, your most obedient humble
servant,

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO DAVID HARTLEY.

  Passy, July 10th, 1782.

  Dear Sir,

I received your favor of the 26th past by Mr Young, and am indebted to
you for some preceding. I do not know why the good work of peace goes
on so slowly on your side. Some have imagined that your Ministers,
since Rodney's success, are desirous of trying fortune a little
further before they conclude the war; others, that they have not a
good understanding with each other. What I have just heard seems to
countenance this opinion. It is said Mr Fox has resigned. We are ready
here, on the part of America, to enter into treaty with you in
concurrence with our allies, and are disposed to be very reasonable;
but if your _plenipotentiary_, notwithstanding that character, is upon
every proposition obliged to send a courier and wait an answer, we
shall not soon see the happy conclusion. It has been suspected, too,
that you wait to hear the effect of some overtures, sent by General
Carleton for a separate peace in America. A vessel just arrived from
Maryland brings us the unanimous resolutions of their Assembly, for
continuing the war at all hazards, rather than violate their faith
with France. This is a sample of the success to be expected from such
a measure, if it has really been taken, which I hardly believe.

There is methinks a point that has been too little considered in
treaties, the means of making them durable. An honest peasant, from
the mountains of Provence, brought me the other day a manuscript he
had written on the subject, and which he could not procure permission
to print. It appeared to me to have much good sense in it; and
therefore I got some copies to be struck off for him to distribute
where he may think fit. I send you one enclosed. This man aims at no
profit from his pamphlet or his project, asks for nothing, expects
nothing, and does not even desire to be known. He has acquired, he
tells me, a fortune of near one hundred and fifty crowns a year,
(about eighteen pounds sterling) with which he is content. This you
may imagine would not afford the expense of riding to Paris, so he
came on foot; such was his zeal for peace, and the hope of forwarding
and securing it, by communicating his ideas to great men here. His
rustic and poor appearance has prevented his access to them, or his
obtaining their attention; but he does not seem yet to be discouraged.
I honor much the character of this _véritable philosophe_.

I thank you much for your letters of May the 1st, 13th, and 25th, with
your proposed preliminaries. It is a pleasure to me to find our
sentiments so concurring on points of importance; it makes discussions
as unnecessary as they might between us be inconvenient.

I am, my dear Sir, with great esteem and affection, yours ever.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO BENJAMIN VAUGHAN.

  Passy, July 10th, 1782.

  Sir,

By the original law of nations, war and extirpation were the
punishment of injury. Humanizing by degrees, it admitted slavery
instead of death. A further step was, the exchange of prisoners
instead of slavery. Another, to respect more the property of private
persons under conquest, and to be content with acquired dominion. Why
should not the law of nations go on improving? Ages have intervened
between its several steps, but as knowledge of late increases rapidly,
why should not those steps be quickened? Why should it not be agreed
to as the future law of nations, that in any war hereafter the
following descriptions of men should be undisturbed, have the
protection of both sides, and be permitted to follow their employments
in surety, viz.

1. Cultivators of the earth, because they labor for the subsistence of
mankind.

2. Fishermen, for the same reason.

3. Merchants and traders, in unarmed ships, who accommodate different
nations by communicating and exchanging the necessaries and
conveniences of life.

4. Artists and mechanics, inhabiting and working in open towns.

It is hardly necessary to add, that the hospitals of enemies should
not be molested; they ought to be assisted.

In short, I would have nobody fought with, but those who are paid for
fighting. If obliged to take corn from the farmer, friend or enemy, I
would pay him for it; the same for the fish or goods of the others.

This once established, that encouragement to war, which arises from a
spirit of rapine, would be taken away, and peace therefore more likely
to continue and be lasting.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO BENJAMIN VAUGHAN.

  Passy, July 11th, 1782.

  Dear Sir,

In mine of yesterday, which went by Mr Young, I made no mention of
yours of May 11th, it not being before me. I have just found it.

You speak of a "proposed dependent State of America, which you thought
Mr Oswald would begin with." As yet I have heard nothing of it. I have
all along understood (perhaps I have understood more than was
intended) that the point of dependence was given up, and that we are
to be treated with as a free people. I am not sure that Mr Oswald has
explicitly said so, but I know that Mr Grenville has, and that he was
to make that declaration previous to the commencement of the treaty.
It is now intimated to me from several quarters, that Lord Shelburne's
plan is to retain the sovereignty for the King, giving us otherwise an
independent Parliament, and a government similar to that of late
intended for Ireland. If this be really his project, our negotiation
for peace will not go very far. The thing is impracticable and
impossible, being inconsistent with the faith we have pledged, to say
nothing of the general disposition of our people. Upon the whole I
should believe, that though Lord Shelburne might formerly have
entertained such an idea, he had probably dropped it before he sent Mr
Oswald here; your words above cited do however throw a little doubt in
my mind, and have, with the intimations of others, made me less free
in communication with his Lordship, whom I much esteem and honor, than
I should otherwise have been. I wish, therefore, you would afford me
what you can of eclairoissement.

This letter going by a courier, will probably get to hand long before
the one preceding in date, which went by Mr Young, who travels on
foot. I therefore enclose the copy of it, which was taken in the
press. You may return it to me when the other arrives.

By the return of the courier, you may oblige me, by communicating what
is fairly communicable, of the history of Mr Fox's and Lord J.
Cavendish's resignation, with any other changes made or likely to be
made.

With sincere esteem, I am ever, my dear friend, yours most
affectionately,

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO RICHARD OSWALD.

  Passy, July 12th, 1782.

  Sir,

I enclose a letter for Lord Shelburne, to go by your courier, with
some others, of which I request his care. They may be put into the
penny post. I have received a note informing me, that "some opposition
given by his Lordship to Mr Fox's decided _plan of unequivocally
acknowledging American independence_, was one cause of that
gentleman's resignation;" this, from what you have told me, appears
improbable. It is further said, "that Mr Grenville thinks Mr Fox's
resignation will be fatal to the present negotiation." This perhaps is
as groundless as the former. Mr Grenville's next courier will probably
clear up matters. I did understand from him, that such an
acknowledgment was intended previous to the commencement of the
treaty; until it is made, and the treaty formally begun, propositions
and discussions seem in consideration to be untimely; nor can I enter
into particulars without Mr Jay, who is now ill with the influenza.
My letter, therefore, to his Lordship is merely complimentary on his
late appointment. I wish a continuance of your health, in that at
present sickly city, being with sincere esteem, Sir, your most
obedient and most humble servant,

  B. FRANKLIN.

_P. S._ I send you enclosed the late resolutions of the State of
Maryland, by which the general disposition of people in America may be
guessed, respecting any treaty to be proposed by General Carleton, if
intended, which I do not believe.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO THE EARL OF SHELBURNE.

  Passy, July 12th, 1782.

  My Lord,

Mr Oswald informing me, that he is about to despatch a courier, I
embrace the opportunity of congratulating your Lordship on your
appointment to the treasury. It is an extension of your power to do
good, and in that view, if in no other, it must increase your
happiness, which I heartily wish.

Being with great and sincere respect, my Lord, your Lordship's most
obedient and most humble servant,

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO M. DE LAFAYETTE.

  Passy, July 24th, 1782.

  Dear Sir,

In answer to your questions, Mr Oswald is doing nothing, having
neither powers nor instructions; and being tired of doing nothing,
has despatched a courier requesting leave to return. He has, I
believe, received no letters, since I saw you, from Lord Shelburne. Mr
Grenville's return hither is, I think, doubtful, as he was
particularly connected in friendship with Mr Fox, but if he stays, I
suppose some other will be sent, for I do not yet see sufficient
reason to think they would abandon the negotiation, though, from some
appearances, I imagine they are more intent upon dividing us, than
upon making a general peace. I have heard nothing further from Mr
Laurens, nor received any paper from him respecting Lord Cornwallis.
And since that General's letter, written after the battle of Camden,
and ordering not only the confiscation of rebels' estates, but the
hanging of prisoners, has been made public, I should not wonder if the
Congress were to disallow our absolution of his parole, and recall him
to America.

With everlasting esteem and respect, I am, dear Sir, yours most
affectionately,

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

DAVID HARTLEY TO B. FRANKLIN.

  _London, July 26th, 1782._

  My Dear Friend,

You will have heard before you receive this, that Mr Thomas Townshend
is appointed Secretary of State for that department to which the
American correspondence belongs. He is, and has been for many years,
one of my most intimate friends. A more honorable and honest man does
not exist. I have been requested, in connexion with him, to undertake
one branch of his office relating to America, as instrumental to some
necessary arrangements in the course of a negotiation for peace with
America. The point which I have been requested to undertake is the
case, or rather the diversity of cases, of the American refugees. I
understand, that in the progress of this business, I shall be referred
to a correspondence with you, as matter may arise. My purpose,
therefore, for the present, is only to advertise you of this, in case
you should have any preliminary matter to give or receive elucidation
upon. I am very ready to undertake any matter, which may be necessary
or instrumental towards peace, especially in connexion with my worthy
friend Mr Townshend.

You know all my principles upon American pacification, and _sweet
reconciliation_. I shall always remain in the same. But the delegation
of a single point to me, such as the case of the refugees, does not
entitle me to advise upon the great outlines or principles of such
pacific negotiations. I shall retain my full reservation in such
points as events may justify. My personal motive for saying this to
you is obvious. But, in point of justice to those who have at present
the direction of public measures in this country, I must request that
this caution of mine may be accepted only as personal to myself, and
not as inferential upon the conduct of others, where I am not a party.
Having taken a zealous part in the principles and negotiations of
peace, I wish to stand clear from any collateral constructions, which
might affect myself, and at the same time not to impose any collateral
or inferential constructions upon others.

God prosper the work of peace and _good will_ (as the means of peace)
among men.

  I am ever your affectionate friend,
  D. HARTLEY.

       *       *       *       *       *

LORD GRANTHAM TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Whitehall, July 26th, 1782.

  Sir,

As the first object of my wishes is to contribute to the establishment
of an honorable and lasting peace, I address myself to you without
ceremony, upon the conviction that you agree with me in this
principle. If I was not convinced that it was also the real system of
the Ministers of this country, I should not now be co-operating with
them. The step they had already taken, in sending Mr Grenville to
Paris, is a proof of their intentions, and as that gentleman does not
return to his station there, I trust that the immediate appointment of
a person to succeed him, will testify my agreement to the principles
upon which he was employed. I therefore beg leave to recommend Mr
Fitzherbert to your acquaintance, who has the King's commands to
repair to Paris.

As I have not the advantage of being known to you, I can claim no
pretence for my application to you, but my public situation, and my
desire to merit your confidence upon a subject of so much importance,
as a pacification between the parties engaged in a calamitous war.

I have the honor to be, with great regard, Sir, your most obedient
humble servant,

  GRANTHAM.

       *       *       *       *       *

LORD SHELBURNE TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Shelburne House, July 27th, 1782.

  Sir,

I am much obliged by the honor of your letter of the 12th instant. You
do me most acceptable justice, in supposing my happiness intimately
connected with that of mankind, and I can with truth assure you it
will give me great satisfaction, in every situation, to merit the
continuance of your good opinion.

I have the honor to be, with very sincere regard and esteem, dear Sir,
your most obedient and most humble servant,

  SHELBURNE.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO RICHARD OSWALD.

  Passy, July 28th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have but this moment had an opportunity, by the departure of my
company, of perusing the letters you put into my hands this afternoon,
and I return them directly without waiting till our interview tomorrow
morning, because I would not give a moment's delay to the delivery of
those directed to other persons.

The situation of Captain Asgill and his family afflicts me, but I do
not see what can be done by any one here to relieve them. It cannot be
supposed, that General Washington has the least desire of taking the
life of that gentleman. His aim is to obtain the punishment of a
deliberate murder, committed on a prisoner in cold blood, by Captain
Lippincott. If the English refuse to deliver up or punish this
murderer, it is saying, that they choose to preserve him rather than
Captain Asgill. It seems to me, therefore, that the application should
be made to the English Ministers for positive orders, directing
General Carleton to deliver up Lippincott, which orders being
obtained, should be despatched immediately by a swift sailing vessel.
I do not think any other means can produce the effect desired. The
cruel murders of this kind, committed by the English on our people,
since the commencement of the war, are innumerable. The Congress and
their Generals, to satisfy the people, have often threatened
retaliation, but have always hitherto forborne to execute it; and they
have been often insultingly told by their enemies, that this
forbearance did not proceed from humanity, but fear. General Greene,
though he solemnly and publicly promised it in a proclamation, never
made any retaliation for the murder of Colonel Haynes, and many others
in Carolina, and the people, who now think if he had fulfilled his
promise this crime would not have been committed, clamor so loudly,
that I doubt General Washington cannot well refuse what appears to
them so just and necessary for their common security. I am persuaded
that nothing I could say to him on the occasion would have the least
effect in changing his determination.

Excuse me, then, if I presume to advise the despatching a courier
immediately to London, proposing to the consideration of Ministers the
sending such orders to General Carleton directly. They would have an
excellent effect in other views. The post goes tomorrow morning at ten
o'clock, but as nine days have been spent in bringing the letters here
by that conveyance, an express is preferable.

With sincere esteem, I have the honor to be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO COUNT DE VERGENNES.

  Passy, August 8th, 1782.

  Sir,

Yesterday Mr Oswald communicated to Mr Jay and me a paper he had just
received from his Court, being a copy of the King's order to the
Attorney or Solicitor-General, to prepare a commission to pass the
great seal, appointing him to treal with us, &c. and he showed us a
letter from Mr Secretary Townshend, which expresses his concern, that
the commission itself could not be sent by this courier, the officers
who were to expedite it being in the country, which would occasion a
delay of eight or ten days; but that its being then sent might be
depended on, and it was hoped the treaty might, in the mean time, be
proceeded on. Mr Oswald left with me a copy of the paper, which I
enclose for your Excellency's consideration, and am, with great
respect, Sir, your Excellency's, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

COUNT DE VERGENNES TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Translation.

  Versailles, August 8th, 1782.

I have received, Sir, the letter of this day, with which you have
honored me, and the copy of the power, which Mr Oswald has
communicated to you. The form in which it appears is not that which is
usual on similar occasions, but it has not prevented me from forming
my opinion in the first instance. I have bestowed the greatest
attention on it, and if you will be so good as to favor me with a
visit on Saturday morning, I shall confer with you and Mr Jay, if it
will be convenient for him to accompany you.

I have the honor to be, most sincerely, Sir, your most humble servant,

  DE VERGENNES.

       *       *       *       *       *

ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO B. FRANKLIN.

  Philadelphia, August 9th, 1782.

  Dear Sir,

Having written to Mr Jay, who I presume is with you, I do not think it
necessary to repeat what I have mentioned to him. We have not heard
from you since March; a very long period, considering the interesting
events that have taken place between that time and this. Many vessels
have arrived without bringing us a line from you. I am apprehensive
that Mr Barclay does not communicate to you the frequent opportunities
that offer of writing. I shall write to him upon the subject.

Sir Guy Carleton and Admiral Digby have informed the General, that a
negotiation for a general peace is now on foot, and that the King, his
master, has agreed to yield the independence of America without making
it conditional. I shall enclose a copy of his letter at large, which
refers to another object; the exchange of prisoners. This great point
once yielded, I see nothing that will obstruct your negotiations,
except three points of discussion, which I have before written to you
about. I wish it had been possible to obtain the estimates I mention,
as they might have been rendered useful to you upon one of them. But
the negligence of the Governors, or Legislatures of the several
States, have rendered all my endeavors hitherto unsuccessful,
notwithstanding repeated promises to give this subject their earliest
attention. The restoration of confiscated property has become utterly
impossible, and the attempt would throw the country into the utmost
confusion.

The fisheries are too important an object for you to lose sight of,
and as to the back lands, I do not conceive that England can seriously
expect to derive any benefit from them, that will be equivalent to the
jealousy that the possession of them would awaken and keep alive
between her and this country. I transmit to you a bill for seventyone
thousand three hundred and eighty livres, being the amount of one
quarter's salary to yourself, and Messrs Jay, Adams, Carmichael, Dana,
and Dumas. No provision is made for the private Secretaries or
contingencies, not having been furnished with an account of them. I
also send bills for the first quarter, commencing in January, so that
you will, on the receipt of this, be enabled to pay one half year's
salary to our Ministers and their Secretaries.

I just now learn, that Carleton has published his and Digby's letter
to the General. The design of this must either be, to see whether the
people of this country will catch so eagerly at the proposition for a
peace, which yields them their independence, as to be careless about
the alliance, or to impress us with an idea, that we are more indebted
for our freedom to the generosity of Great Britain, than to tha
attention of France to our interests in the general treaty. It is not
to be doubted, that the good sense and the gratitude of this country
will defeat both these objects.

  I have the honor to be, &c.

  ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

_P. S._ If Mr Jay should not be at Paris, I must beg you to open and
decipher for him the letter of this month, and the resolution
contained therein, marked on the back, below the seal, _August_, and
send it to him by the earliest opportunity.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

  Passy, August 12th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have lately been honored with your several letters, No. 10, March
9th; No. 11, May 22d; and No. 12, May 30th.

The paper, containing a state of the commerce in North America, and
explaining the necessity and utility of convoys for its protection, I
have laid before the Minister, accompanied by a letter, pressing that
it be taken into immediate consideration; and I hope it may be
attended with success.

The order of Congress, for liquidating the accounts between this Court
and the United States, was executed before it arrived. All the
accounts against us for money lent, and stores, arms, ammunition,
clothing, &c. furnished by government, were brought in and examined,
and a balance received, which made the debt amount to the even sum of
eighteen millions, exclusive of the Holland loan, for which the King
is guarantee. I send a copy of the instrument to Mr Morris. In reading
it, you will discover several fresh marks of the King's goodness
towards us, amounting to the value of near two millions. These, added
to the free gifts before made to us at different times, form an object
of at least twelve millions, for which no returns but that of
gratitude and friendship are expected. These, I hope, may be
everlasting. The constant good understanding between France and the
Swiss Cantons, and the steady benevolence of this Crown towards them,
afford us a well grounded hope that our alliance may be as durable and
as happy for both nations; there being strong reasons for our union,
and no crossing interests between us. I write fully to Mr Morris on
money affairs, who will doubtless communicate to you my letter, so
that I need say the less to you on that subject.

The letter to the King was well received; the accounts of your
rejoicings on the news of the dauphin's birth give pleasure here; as
do the firm conduct of Congress, in refusing to treat with General
Carleton, and the unanimous resolutions of the assemblies of different
States on the same subject. All ranks of this nation appear to be in
good humor with us, and our reputation rises throughout Europe. I
understand from the Swedish Ambassador, that their treaty with us will
go on as soon as ours with Holland is finished; our treaty with
France, with such improvements as that with Holland may suggest, being
intended as the basis.

There have been various misunderstandings and mismanagements among the
parties concerned in the expedition of the Bon Homme Richard, which
have occasioned delay in dividing the prize money. M. de Chaumont, who
was chosen by the captains of all the vessels in the expedition as
their agent, has long been in a state little short of bankruptcy, and
some of the delays have possibly been occasioned by the distress of
his affairs. He now informs me, that the money is in the hands of the
Minister of the Marine. I shall in a few days present the Memorial you
propose, with one relating to the prisoners, and will acquaint you
with the answer. Mr Barclay is still in Holland; when he returns he
may take into his hands what money can be obtained on that account.

I think your observations respecting the Danish complaints through the
Minister of France perfectly just. I will receive no more of them by
that channel, and will give your reasons to justify my refusal.

Your approbation of my idea of a medal to perpetuate the memory of
York and Saratoga victories gives me great pleasure, and encourages me
to have it struck. I wish you would acquaint me with what kind of a
monument at York the emblems required are to be fixed on; whether an
obelisk or a column; its dimensions; whether any part of it is to be
marble, and the emblems carved on it, and whether the work is to be
executed by the excellent artists in that way which Paris affords; and
if so, to what expense they are to be limited. This puts me in mind of
a monument I got made here and sent to America, by order of Congress,
five years since. I have heard of its arrival, and nothing more. It
was admired here for its elegant antique simplicity of design, and the
various beautiful marbles used in its composition. It was intended to
be fixed against a wall in the State House of Philadelphia. I know not
why it has been so long neglected; it would, methinks, be well to
inquire after it, and get it put up somewhere. Directions for fixing
it were sent with it. I enclose a print of it. The inscription in the
engraving is not on the monument; it was merely the fancy of the
engraver. There is a while plate of marble left smooth to receive such
inscription as the Congress should think proper.

Our countrymen, who have been prisoners in England, are sent home, a
few excepted, who were sick, and who will be forwarded as soon as
recovered. This eases us of a very considerable charge.

I communicated to the Marquis de Lafayette the paragraph of your
letter which related to him. He is still here, and as there seems not
much likelihood of an active campaign in America, he is probably more
useful where he is. His departure, however, though delayed, is not
absolutely laid aside.

The second changes in the Ministry of England have occasioned, or have
afforded, pretences for various delays in the negotiation for peace.
Mr Grenville had two successive imperfect commissions. He was at
length recalled, and Mr Fitzherbert is now arrived to replace him,
with a commission in due form to treat with France, Spain, and
Holland. Mr Oswald, who is here, is informed by a letter from the new
Secretary of State, that a commission, empowering him to treat with
the Commissioners of Congress, will pass the seals, and be sent him in
a few days; till he arrives, this Court will not proceed in its own
negotiation. I send the _Enabling Act_, as it is called. Mr Jay will
acquaint you with what passes between him and the Spanish Ambassador,
respecting the proposed treaty with Spain. I will only mention, that
my conjecture of that Court's design to coop us up within the Allegany
mountains is now manifested. I hope Congress will insist on the
Mississippi as the boundary, and the free navigation of the river from
which they could entirely exclude us.

An account of a terrible massacre of the Moravian Indians has been put
into my hands. I sent you the papers, that you may see how the fact is
represented in Europe. I hope measures will be taken to secure what is
left of those unfortunate people.

Mr Laurens is at Nantes, waiting for a passage with his family to
America. His state of health is unfortunately very bad. Perhaps the
sea air may recover him, and restore him well to his country. I
heartily wish it. He has suffered much by his confinement.

Be pleased, Sir, to present my duty to the Congress, and assure them
of my most faithful services.

  With great esteem, I have the honor to be, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

       *       *       *       *       *

TO ROBERT MORRIS.

  Passy, August 12th, 1782.

  Sir,

I have received (many of them at the same time) your sundry letters of
March the 23d, April 8th and 17th, May 17th, 18th, two of the 23d and
29th. It would be a satisfaction to me, if you would likewise mention
from time to time the dates of those you receive from me.

Most of your letters press my obtaining more money for the present
year. The late losses suffered in the West Indies, and the unforeseen
necessary expenses the reparation there and here must occasion, render
it more difficult, and I am told, impossible; though the good
disposition of the Court towards us continues perfect. All I can say
on the head of money, more than I have said in preceding letters is,
that I confide you will be careful not to bankrupt your banker by your
drafts; and I will do my utmost that those you draw shall be duly
honored.

The plan you intimate for discharging the bills in favor of
Beaumarchais, though well imagined, was impracticable. I had accepted
them, and he had discounted them, or paid them away, or divided them
amongst his creditors. They were, therefore, in different hands, with
whom I could not manage the transactions proposed. Besides, I had paid
them punctually when they became due, which was before the receipt of
your letter on that subject. That he was furnished with his funds by
the government here, is a supposition of which no foundation appears;
he says it was by a company he had formed; and when he solicited me to
give up a cargo in part of payment, he urged, with tears in his eyes,
the distress himself and associates were reduced to, by our delay of
remittances. I am glad to see that it is intended to appoint a
Commissioner to settle all our public accounts in Europe. I hope he
will have better success with M. Beaumarchais than I have had. He has
often promised solemnly to render an account in two or three days.
Years have since elapsed, and he has not yet done it. Indeed, I doubt
whether his books have been so well kept as to make it possible.

You direct me, in yours of May 17th, to pay over into the hands of Mr
Grand, on your account, such monies belonging to the United States as
may be in Europe, distinct from those to be advanced for the current
year. I would do it with pleasure if there were any such. There may
be, indeed, some in Holland, raised by the new loan, but that is not
in my disposition, though I have no doubt that Mr Adams will, on
occasion, apply it in support of your credit. As to all the aids given
by the crown, all the sums borrowed of it, and all the Dutch loans of
ten millions, though the orders to receive have been given to me, the
payments from the _Tresor Royal_ have all been made on my orders in
favor of Mr Grand, and the money again paid away by him on my drafts
for public services and expenses, as you will see by his accounts; so
that I never saw or touched a livre of it, except what I received from
him in discharge of my salary, and some disbursements. He has even
received the whole six millions of the current year, so that I have
nothing in any shape to pay over to him. On occasion of my lately
desiring to know the state of our funds, that I might judge whether I
could undertake to pay what you were directed to pay to Mr William
Lee, by vote of Congress, as soon as the state of public finances
would admit, Mr Grand wrote me a note, with a short sketch of their
then supposed situation, which I enclose. You will probably have from
him, as soon as possible, a more perfect account; but this will serve
to show, that I could not prudently comply with your wish, of making
that payment to Mr Lee, and I have accordingly declined it; the less
unwillingly as he is entitled by the vote to interest.

I send herewith the accounts of the supplies we have received in
goods, which I promised in my last.

The sum of their value is included in the settlement made with this
Court, mentioned in a former letter. Herewith I also send a copy of
the contract, which has been long in hand, and but lately completed.
The term of the first yearly payment we are to make was readily
changed at my request, from the first to the third year after the
peace; the other marks of the King's bounty towards us will be seen in
the instrument. The interest already due and forgiven amounts to more
than a million and a half. What might become due before the peace is
uncertain. The charges of exchange, commissions, brokerage, &c. of the
Dutch loan, amount to more than five hundred thousand livres, which is
also given, so that we have the whole sum net, and are to pay for it
but four per cent. This liquidation of our accounts with the Court
was completed before the vote of Congress directing it came to hand.
Mr Grand examined all the particulars, and I have no doubt of its
being approved.

Mr Grand, to whom I have communicated your letter of April 17th, will
soon write to you fully. We shall observe the general rule you give
respecting the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th bills. The attention, care, and
pains necessary to prevent, (by exact accounts of those accepted, and
an examination of those offered,) impositions which are often
attempted by presenting at a distant time, the 2d, 3d, &c. are much
greater than I could have imagined. Much has been saved by that
attention, of which of late we keep an account; but the hazard of loss
by such attempts might be diminished, together with the trouble of
examination, by making fewer small bills.

Your conduct, activity, and address as a financier and provider for
the exigencies of the State, are much admired and praised here, their
good consequences being so evident, particularly with regard to the
rising credit of our country and the value of bills. No one but
yourself can enjoy your growing reputation more than I do.

Mr Grand has undertaken to pay any balance, that may be found due to
Messrs le Couteulx out of the money in his hands. Applying for so
small a sum as 5000 livres would be giving trouble for a trifle, as
all applications for money must be considered in Council.

Mr Grand having already received the whole six millions, either in
money or accepted bills, payable at different periods, I expect he
will deliver up to me the bills for that sum, which you have drawn
upon me, the rather as they express value received by you. I never
heard of any mention here of intended monthly payments, or that the
money could not be obtained but by your drafts. I enclose a letter, by
which the payment was ordered of the last three millions.

I observe what you mention of the order, that the Ministers' salaries
are to be hereafter paid in America. I hereby empower and desire you
to receive and remit mine. I do not doubt your doing it regularly and
timely; for a Minister without money, I perceive, makes a ridiculous
figure here, though secure from arrests. I have taken a quarter's
advance of salary from the 4th of last month, supposing it not
intended to _muzzle_ immediately _the mouth of the ox that treadeth
out the corn_.

  With great esteem, I am, &c.

  B. FRANKLIN.

_P. S._ Your boys are well, and Mr Ridley and Mr Barclay still in
Holland.

       *       *       *       *       *

DAVID HARTLEY TO B. FRANKLIN.

  London, August 16th, 1782.

  My Dear Friend,

Yours I received by Major Young, together with the work of your
_véritable philosophe_, which is full of humanity. I was not before
that at a loss where I should have looked for my _véritable
philosophe_, in the present actual scene of public politics. Your
honest, anxious, and unremitted endeavors towards the re-establishment
of peace, must endear you to your own country, and to all mankind.
Whatever may have been transacted in America, (if it can be possible,
that the suspicions which you mention should become true, viz. to
tamper with America for a breach of faith, of which some suspicions
seem to be thrown out by the Provinces of Maryland and Philadelphia,)
I can give the strongest testimonies of the constant honor and good
faith of your conduct and correspondencies; and my letters to you will
bear me equal testimony, that I have never thrown out any dishonorable
suggestions to you. When the proposed Congress of your _véritable
philosophe_ shall meet, neither of us need fear its censures, upon the
strictest examination of our correspondence. We will claim the poet's
character of the sincere statesman,

       "Who knew no thought, but what the world might hear."

In times of suspicion, it must be some satisfaction to both of us to
know, that no line or word has ever passed between us, but what the
governments of Great Britain, France, and America, might freely peruse
as the words of good faith, peace, and _sweet reconciliation_.

The resolutions of Maryland and Philadelphia, together with the slow
proceedings of our _plenipotentiaries_, and even the doubt suggested,
whether they may not be waiting for events in America, give me much
concern. Not being informed to a certainty of the state of the
negotiation, I have declined any concern with the Ministry upon the
subject of the refugees, &c. My assistance cannot be indispensable
upon that topic, but I deem it indispensable to myself not to be
committed in unknown ground, which, from the points abovementioned,
must appear dubious to me. These are the reasons which I gave to the
Minister for declining. I must, at the same time, give him the justice
of the most absolute and unlimited professions of sincerity for
peace. Whatever divisions there may have been, as you say, suspected
in the Cabinet, there are some of his colleagues still remaining, in
whom I have the greatest confidence for sincerity and good intentions.
The public prints of this country have stated what are called _shades_
of difference as to the mode. Those opinions, which are imputed to Mr
Fox, are certainly most suitable to my opinions. I am free to confess
to you, that my wishes would have been to have taken the most decisive
ground relating to independence, &c. immediately from the 27th of
March last, viz. the accession of the change of Ministry. But I agree
with you in sentiment, viz. to concur with all the good that offers,
when we cannot obtain all the good that we might wish. The situation
of my sentiments at present is, an unbiassed neutrality of
expectation, as events may justify.

I shall be obliged to you for the earliest communications of any
public events in America, that may come to Europe with any public
resolutions of Congress or the Provinces, &c., and all memorials or
negotiations, which may pass between the parties in America. I am very
anxious to have the earliest information to form my opinions upon, and
to be prepared accordingly. My utmost endeavors will always be exerted
to the blessed work of peace.

I am ever, your affectionate

  D. HARTLEY.

       *       *       *       *       *

     END OF THE THIRD VOLUME.

       *       *       *       *       *

Transcriber's note:

Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).

Small capital text has been replaced with all capitals.

Variations in spelling, punctuation and hyphenation have been retained
except in obvious cases of typographical error.

Omitted words, shown as blank spaces in the original, have been
transcribed as four hyphens ( ---- ) in the following cases:

Page 108: I received the letter your Excellency did me the honor to
write to me of the ---- of June last

Page 202: by William Lee, amounted to ---- which I paid.

Page 268: The instructions given Mr Adams on the ---- day of ---- last

Page 435: the said Provinces, for ---- years