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  The Badminton Library
  of
  SPORTS AND PASTIMES


  EDITED BY
  HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF BEAUFORT, K.G.
  ASSISTED BY ALFRED E. T. WATSON


  _YACHTING_

  II.


  [Illustration: Old Flags.]


  YACHTING

  BY

  R. T. PRITCHETT
  THE MARQUIS OF DUFFERIN AND AVA, K.P.
  JAMES McFERRAN
  REV. G. L. BLAKE, T. B. MIDDLETON
  EDWARD WALTER CASTLE AND ROBERT CASTLE
  G. CHRISTOPHER DAVIES, LEWIS HERRESHOFF
  THE EARL OF ONSLOW, G.C.M.G., H. HORN
  SIR GEORGE LEACH, K.C.B., VICE-PRESIDENT Y.R.A.

  [Illustration: Yachts.]

  IN TWO VOLUMES--VOL. II.

  _WITH ILLUSTRATIONS BY R. T. PRITCHETT
  AND FROM PHOTOGRAPHS_

  LONDON
  LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.
  1894




_All rights reserved_




CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME


  CHAPTER                                                         PAGE

     I. ROYAL YACHTS AND ENGLISH YACHT CLUBS                         1
        _By R. T. Pritchett, Marquis of Dufferin and Ava,
        K.P., James McFerran, and Rev. G. L. Blake._

    II. SCOTTISH CLUBS                                              72
        _By R. T. Pritchett and Rev. G. L. Blake._

   III. IRISH CLUBS                                                 99
        _By R. T. Pritchett, Rev. G. L. Blake, and T. B.
        Middleton._

    IV. THE THAMES CLUBS AND WINDERMERE                            152
        _By Edward Walter Castle, Robert Castle, and R. T.
        Pritchett._

     V. YACHTING ON THE NORFOLK BROADS                             190
        _By G. Christopher Davies._

    VI. YACHTING IN AMERICA                                        227
        _By Lewis Herreshoff._

   VII. YACHTING IN NEW ZEALAND                                    287
        _By the Earl of Onslow, G.C.M.G._

  VIII. FOREIGN AND COLONIAL YACHTING                              304
        _By R. T. Pritchett and Rev. G. L. Blake._

    IX. SOME FAMOUS RACES                                          324
        _By R. T. Pritchett._

     X. RACING IN A 40-RATER IN 1892                               332
        _By R. T. Pritchett._

    XI. YACHT RACING IN 1893                                       349
       _By H. Horn._

   XII. THE AMERICAN YACHTING SEASON OF 1893                       400
        _By Lewis Herreshoff._

  XIII. THE AMERICA CUP RACES, 1893                                416
        _By Sir George Leach, K.C.B., Vice-President Y.R.A._

  APPENDIX: THE 'GIRALDA'                                          425

  INDEX                                                            427




ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE SECOND VOLUME

(_Reproduced by J. D. Cooper and Messrs. Walker & Boutall_)


FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS

                                       ARTIST             TO FACE PAGE

  OLD FLAGS                   _R. T. Pritchett_         _Frontispiece_

  HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN GOING TO SCOTLAND
                                  "                                  6

  THE ROYAL YACHT 'VICTORIA AND ALBERT,' 1843
                                  "                                  8

  'PEARL,' 'FALCON,' AND 'WATERWITCH'
                                  "                                 12

  'MYSTERY' WINNING THE CUP PRESENTED BY R.Y.S. TO R.T.Y.C.
                                  "                                 14

  'CORSAIR,' R.Y.S., WINNING THE QUEEN'S CUP AT COWES, 1892
                                  "                                 16

  YACHT CLUB BURGEES          _Club Card_                           48

  'IREX'                      _From a photograph by Adamson_        58

  'YARANA'                        "                                 64

  'ARROW,' ROYAL CINQUE PORTS YACHT CLUB, 1876
                              _R. T. Pritchett_                     68

  'REVERIE'                   _From a photograph_                   70

  NORTHERN YACHT CLUB CRUISING OFF GARROCH HEAD, 1825
                              _From a painting by Hutcheson_        76

  ROYAL NORTHERN YACHT CLUB, ROTHESAY
                              _From a photograph by Secretary_      78

  THE START FOR ARDRISHAIG CUP
                              _From a photograph by Adamson_        84

  'MARJORIE'                      "                   "             86

  'MAY'                           "                   "             88

  'THISTLE'                       "                   "             90

  'LENORE'                        "                   "             92

  'VERVE'                         "                   "             94

  YACHT CLUB FLAGS                                                 104

  'ERYCINA'                   _From a photograph by Adamson_       106

  ROYAL IRISH  YACHT CLUB CUP, KINGSTOWN, 1873
                              _From a picture by Admiral Beechy_   108

  MERMAIDS OF DUBLIN BAY SAILING CLUB                              146

  START OF 25-TONNERS, R.T.Y.C., FROM GREENWICH, 1848
                              _R. T. Pritchett_                    170

  'DECIMA'                    _From a photograph by Symonds_       176

  'GIMCRACK'                  _R. T. Pritchett_                    240

  MODEL ROOM OF NEW YORK YACHT CLUB
                              _From a photograph sent by
                              Secretary N.Y.Y.C._                  242

  'BLACK MARIA,' SLOOP, BEATING 'AMERICA,' SCHOONER, IN TEST RACE,
  NEW YORK, 1850              _Sent by Mr. Stevens of Hoboken,
                              New York_                            244

  INTERNATIONAL RACE, 1886; 'GALATEA' PASSING SANDY HOOK LIGHTSHIP
                              _Photograph sent by Lieutenant W. Henn,
                              R.N._                                258

  'VOLUNTEER'                 _From a photograph sent by General
                              Paine, N.Y.Y.C._                     262

  'VALKYRIE'                  _From a photograph by Adamson_       308

  'YSEULT'                        "                   "            328

  'IVERNA' AND 'METEOR,' DEAD HEAT IN THE CLYDE, JULY 4, 1892
                                  "                   "            330

  'QUEEN MAB'                     "                   "            346

  'SAMOENA'                       "                   "            352


ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT

                              ARTIST                              PAGE

  VARUNA, VENDETTA, AND LAIS (_Vignette_)                 _Title-page_

  DUTCH YACHT. (_From drawing by Vandervelde, dated 1640_)
                              _R. T. Pritchett_                      2

  'EEN BEZAN JAGT,' 1670          "                                  3

  LINES OF CUTTER, 1781       _From Stalkart's 'Naval
                              Architecture'_                         4

  YACHT STERN, 1781               "                                  5

  COWES CASTLE. (_From drawing by Loutherburg_)
                              _R. T. Pritchett_                     10

  SEAL OF ROYAL YACHT CLUB, COWES  _R.Y.S._                         11

  'PEARL,' R.Y.S.            _R. T. Pritchett_                     13

  'DOLPHIN,' R.Y.S.               "                                 14

  'ESMERALDA,' R.Y.S.             "                                 14

  'DE EMMETJE,' LUGGER            "                                 15

  'NEW MOON,' R.Y.S.              "                                 16

  CHART OF THE ROYAL YACHT SQUADRON--(QUEEN'S COURSE)               19

  'THE LADY HERMIONE'         _From working drawings lent by
                              Marquis of Dufferin_                  26

  'THE LADY HERMIONE,' DECK PLAN  "                                 28

  'THE LADY HERMIONE,' FITTINGS   "                                 30

  'FOAM,' R.V.S. 'IN HIGH LATITUDES'                                38

  VIEW FROM THE ROYAL WESTERN YACHT CLUB, PLYMOUTH
                              _R. T. Pritchett_                     40

  CHART OF THE ROYAL WESTERN YACHT CLUB. PLYMOUTH COURSE
                              _Club Card_                           41

  CHART OF THE ROYAL VICTORIA YACHT CLUB COURSE
                              _Club Card_                           44

  INTERNATIONAL GOLD CUP. ROYAL VICTORIA YACHT CLUB.
  WON BY 'BRITANNIA'          _R.V.Y. Club_                         45

  FIRST RACE OF THE MERSEY YACHT CLUB, JUNE 16, 1845
                              _R. T. Pritchett_                     47

  'QUEEN OF THE OCEAN,' R.M.Y.C., SAVING EMIGRANTS FROM
  'OCEAN MONARCH'                 "                                 47

  CHART OF THE ROYAL MERSEY YACHT CLUB COURSES
                              _From Club Card_                      48

  CHART OF THE ROYAL PORTSMOUTH CORINTHIAN YACHT CLUB COURSES
                                  "                                 51

  'MADGE,' 1880--LINES AND MIDSHIP SECTION
                              _G. L. Watson_                        53

  'NEPTUNE,' CUTTER, 1875--LINES AND MIDSHIP SECTION
                              _W. Fife_                             61

  'REVERIE,' 1891--LINES AND MIDSHIP SECTION
                              _J. M. Soper_                         70

  NORTHERN YACHT CLUB SEAL    _From Secretary R.N.Y. Club_          72

  CHART OF THE ROYAL NORTHERN YACHT CLUB COURSES
                              _Club Card_                           73

  ROYAL NORTHERN FLAGS        _From Secretary R.N.Y.C._             75

  'GLEAM,' 1834--LINES AND MIDSHIP SECTION
                              _Fife of Fairlie_                     78

  CHART OF THE ROYAL CLYDE YACHT CLUB COURSES
                              _From Secretary_                      80

  'CLARA'--MIDSHIP SECTION    _W. Fife_                             91

  CHART OF THE ROYAL FORTH YACHT CLUB COURSES
                              _Club Card_                           97

  YACHTS OF CORK WATER CLUB, 1720
                              _R. T. Pritchett_                    101

  CHART OF THE ROYAL CORK YACHT CLUB
                              _Club Card_                          103

  CORK WATER CLUB PUTTING OUT TO SEA, 1720
                              _R. T. Pritchett_                    105

  CHART OF THE ROYAL ST. GEORGE'S YACHT CLUB COURSES               107

  OUTWARD BOUND               _Honourable Artists of the 'Iris'_   125

  'IRIS'--SECTION                 "                                127

  'IRIS'--SECTION SHOWING PERMANENT LEGS
                                  "                                128

  THE BAILEY, DUBLIN BAY          "                                130

  'GRAPHIC' ARTISTS AT WORK DURING THE GALE OF OCTOBER 5, 1892
                                  "                                132

  HER MAJESTY'S MAILS             "                                134

  STORM WITHOUT, CALM WITHIN      "                                135

  KINGSTOWN, DUBLIN BAY           "                                137

  RINGSEND, DUBLIN                "                                141

  MONKSTOWN, DUBLIN BAY           "                                143

  IRELAND'S EYE                   "                                144

  'KING'S FISHER,' 1776       _R. T. Pritchett_                    151

  COMMODORE THOMAS TAYLOR, OF THE CUMBERLAND FLEET, 1776
                              _From a Family Portrait in possession
                              of Robert Taylor, Esq._              152

  'KING'S FISHER,' 1770--LINES
                              _Original Lines_                     153

  'KING'S FISHER,' 1770--MIDSHIP SECTION
                                  "                                154

  'BUTTON,' 1776                  "                                155

  FIRST 'CUMBERLAND,' 1780--MIDSHIP SECTION
                                  "                                157

  FIRST 'CUMBERLAND,' 1780--LINES
                                  "                                158

  SECOND CUMBERLAND, 1790--LINES AND MIDSHIP SECTION
                                  "                                160

  YACHT OF CUMBERLAND FLEET, 1781
                              _R. T. Pritchett_                    161

  CIRCULAR OF CUMBERLAND FLEET, 1775                               163

  OFFICERS' BADGE, R.T.Y.C.   _R. T. Pritchett_                    168

  'MYSTERY' PASSING 'BLUE BELLE,' 1843
                                  "                                170

  'PHANTOM,' R.T.Y.C., 1853       "                                171

  'CYGNET,' 1846                  "                                172

  'DIS,' 1888--LINES AND MIDSHIP SECTION
                              _J. M. Soper_                        176

  'TOTTIE,' ROYAL CORINTHIAN YACHT CLUB
                              _Photograph_                         177

  UPPER THAMES SAILING CLUB AND CLUB HOUSE, BOURNE END, BUCKS
                              _R. T. Pritchett_                    181

  UPPER THAMES STEAM YACHT 'CINTRA'
                              _Photograph_                         182

  'FEELING IT' OFF THE FERRY
                              (_From a photograph by Brunskill, of
                              Windermere_)                         184

  A FAIR START. ROYAL WINDERMERE YACHT CLUB
                                  "                                185

  LIMIT ANGLE OF COUNTER      _Club Book_                          186

  SMART BREEZE FOR RACING WINDERMERE _Brunskill, of Windermere_    186

  CHART OF THE ROYAL WINDERMERE YACHT CLUB COURSE
                              _Club Card_                          187

  FAIR WIND ROUND THE BUOY    _Brunskill, of Windermere_           188

  CALM WEATHER                    "                                188

  THE 'GREYHOUND'             _R. T. Pritchett_                    191

  THE FISHER'S HOME, THE BROADS   "                                192

  REGATTA TIME                    "                                196

  WROXHAM PLEASURE CRAFT          "                                198

  WROXHAM BROAD                   "                                200

  SMOOTH-WATER BOWSPRIT           "                                202

  RIVER WAVENEY CRAFT             "                                206

  'GREYHOUND'--MIDSHIP SECTION
                              _G. C. Davies_                       210

  'GREYHOUND'--LINES OF           "                                211

  'CASTANET'                  _R. T. Pritchett_                    215

  HULL OF THE 'CASTANET'          "                                216

  'MYSTERY' THAMES BOAT ('FOREIGN' BOAT)
                                  "                                218

  A START                         "                                221

  IN THE GLOAMING                 "                                223

  BIRDS OF A FEATHER              "                                225

  COMMODORE STEVENS, FOUNDER OF THE NEW YORK YACHT CLUB
                              _Photo sent by Mr. Stevens, of
                              Hoboken, U.S.A._                     227

  R.Y.S. CUP WON BY THE 'AMERICA,' 1851                            228

  'TROUBLE'--1816, MIDSHIP SECTION
                              _Herreshoff_                         237

  'MARIA,' SLOOP, 1846--MIDSHIP SECTION
                                  "                                238

  'WAVE,' 1832--MIDSHIP SECTION
                                  "                                238

  'ONKAHYA,' 1839--MIDSHIP SECTION
                                  "                                239

  'AMERICA,' 1851, N.Y.Y.C.   _R. T. Pritchett_                    246

  'AMERICA'--LINES AND MIDSHIP SECTION
                              _Hunt's Magazine_                    248

  'SHADOW,' 1872              _Photo, Stebbins, Boston_            250

  'SHADOW,' 1872--LINES AND MIDSHIP SECTION
                              _Herreshoff_                         251

  MIDSHIP SECTION OF AMERICAN YACHTS
                                  "                                253

  'GRACIE'--SAIL PLAN             "                                254

  'GRACIE,' 1868--LINES AND MIDSHIP SECTION
                                  "                                255

  'PURITAN,' 1885, N.Y.Y.C.   _Photo, Gubalman, New York_          260

  'GOSSOON,' KEEL BOAT, 1890  _Photo, Stebbins, Boston_            264

  'GLORIANA,' 1892                "                                265

  'WASP,' 1892                    "                                267

  FIN-KEEL AND BULB           _Herreshoff_                         268

  'CONSUELO,' CAT-YAWL            "                                269

  HERRESHOFF CATAMARAN            "                                270

  NEWPORT (CENTREBOARD) CAT-BOAT
                                  "                                271

  'CONSTELLATION,' 1889, N.Y.Y.C.
                              _Photo, Stebbins, Boston_            274

  THE UBIQUITOUS CAT-BOAT     _R. T. Pritchett_                    277

  FRASCATI AND PIERHEAD AT HAVRE
                                  "                                304

  CHART OF HAVRE REGATTA COURSES
                              _Club Card_                          305

  HARBOUR AT HAVRE            _R. T. Pritchett_                    306

  CHART OF NICE REGATTA COURSES
                              _Club Card_                          307

  LATEEN YACHTS, BOMBAY CLUB, 1887
                              _R. T. Pritchett_                    315

  CHART OF THE ROYAL BOMBAY YACHT CLUB SAILING COURSE
                              _Bombay Card_                        317

  FITTED RACES AT BERMUDA, 1863
                              _R. T. Pritchett_                    319

  BERMUDA RIG                     "                                322

  DUTCH ICE BOAT OF PRESENT TIME
                                  "                                323

  'WATERWITCH' V. 'GALATEA,' 1834 START OF RACE FOR 1,000 GUINEAS
                                  "                                325

  'CORSAIR' V. 'TALISMAN' RACE (1842), RUNNING DOWN CHANNEL
                              _R. T. Pritchett, from a picture
                              by Condy_                            326

  'CORSAIR' V. 'TALISMAN' RACE (1842), THE RETURN
                                  "                                327

  'CORSAIR,' 1832--LINES AND MIDSHIP SECTION
                              _Michael Ratsey, of  Cowes_          328

  'BRILLIANT' AND 'ARIEL' RACE, 1830
                              _R. T. Pritchett_                    329

  GOING ALOFT                     "                                333

  DIAGRAMS SHOWING OLD AND NEW STYLES IN AFT SECTIONS OF 40-RATERS
                              _J. M. Soper_                        335

  DIAGRAMS SHOWING RECENT STYLES IN FORE SECTIONS OF 40-RATERS
                              _J. M. Soper_                        336

  'IREX'--MIDSHIP SECTION     _A. Richardson_                      337

  'IREX'--LINES               _Designed by Alexander Richardson_   338

  'CORSAIR'--GENERAL ARRANGEMENTS PLANS
                              _A. E. Payne_                        339

  'CORSAIR'--MIDSHIP SECTION      "                                340

  LASHING THE EMPEROR'S RACING FLAG
                              _R. T. Pritchett_                    341

  OUR MASTHEAD MAN                "                                341

  'ALL AFT, MY SONNIES!'          "                                342

  'ANOTHER PULL AT THE MAINSHEET, MY LADS!'
                                  "                                342

  CLOSE HAULED                    "                                343

  REAL BUSINESS                   "                                344

  TORQUAY                         "                                346

  CHART OF CHANNEL RACING WESTWARD                                 347

  A CLOSE FINISH, 'QUEEN MAB' AND 'CORSAIR'
                              _R. T. Pritchett_                    348

  'IVERNA,' 1890              _Designed by Alexander Richardson_   354

  'IVERNA'--LINES AND MIDSHIP SECTION
                                  "          "                     355

  CHART OF THE THAMES, HARWICH AND CINQUE PORTS COURSES
                              _F. S. Weller_                       357

  'CALLUNA'                   _From a Kodak photograph_            361

  CHART OF THE ROYAL ULSTER YACHT CLUB, BELFAST COURSES
                              _From Club Card_                     367

  CHART OF THE ROYAL IRISH YACHT CLUB, DUBLIN BAY COURSES
                                  "                                371

  'NAVAHOE,' N.Y.Y.C.         _From a Kodak_                       372

  CHART OF THE ROYAL SOUTHAMPTON YACHT CLUB, WARNER AND
  LYMINGTON COURSE            _Club Card_                          379

  CHART OF THE ROYAL ALBERT YACHT CLUB, SOUTHSEA COURSE
                                  "                                381

  CHART OF THE TORBAY REGATTA COURSE
                                  "                                383

  'SATANITA'                  _From a Kodak_                       385

  CHART OF THE START BAY YACHT CLUB, DARTMOUTH, COURSE
                              _Club Card_                          387

  CHART OF THE ROYAL DART YACHT CLUB, KINGSWEAR, COURSES
                                  "                                389

  'DRAGON III.'               _From a Kodak_                       398

  CHART OF THE NEW YORK YACHT CLUB. REGATTA COURSE
                              _N.Y.Y. Club Sec._                   405

  'VIGILANT,' CUP DEFENDER    _From a photograph by Stebbins,
                              Boston, Mass._                       406

  'VALKYRIE'                  _Adamson, of Rothesay_               408




CHAPTER I

ROYAL YACHTS AND ENGLISH YACHT CLUBS


ROYAL YACHTS

BY R. T. PRITCHETT

The innate love of the English for everything connected with
seafaring, roving and adventure, burst prominently forth in the time
of Queen Elizabeth, when Drake and Raleigh showed what could be done
in small craft in 'ocean cruising,' and, with early Corinthian crews
from Devon and the brave West, sallied forth and straightway laid the
foundation of our navy, and our present numerous fleet of yachts. In
1604 an early designer, one Phineas Pett, built a yacht for Henry of
Wales; and to him the Navy was much indebted for general improvement
in line and build throughout the early part of the Stuart dynasty.

At the Restoration we begin in earnest the History of Yachting, and
find King Charles II. taking most enthusiastically to yacht building
and even racing. That mine of wealth for the details of every-day
life, that minute recorder of modes and fashions, Samuel Pepys, Esq.,
F.R.S., Secretary to the Admiralty, first brings to our notice the
aquatic taste of His Majesty. In his delightful 'Diary' we find:--

     _July 15, 1660._--Found the King gone this morning by 5 of
     the clock to see a Dutch pleasure boat below bridge, where
     he dines and my Lord with him.

In a further notice we find His Majesty winning the first yacht race
in the Thames, over the course of the R.T.Y. Club, Greenwich to
Gravesend and back--a wager of one hundred guineas.

     _January 13, 1660-1661._--Lord's Day. To the Globe to
     dinner, then to Commissioner Pett, to his lodgings there,
     which he hath for the present while he is building the
     King's yacht, which will be a very pretty thing and much
     beyond the Dutchman's.

     _January 15._--The King hath been this afternoon to Deptford
     to see the yacht that Commissioner Pett is building, which
     will be very pretty, as also that his brother Christopher
     Pett (son of Phineas Pett) at Woolwich is making.

     [Illustration: Dutch yacht. From drawing by Vandervelde
     dated 1640.]

     _November 8._--On board the yacht, which indeed is one of
     the finest things that ever I saw, for neatness and room in
     so small a vessel.

     _May 21, 1661._--To Deptford and took barge and were
     overtaken by the King in his barge, he having been down the
     river in his yacht this day for pleasure to try it; and I
     hear Commissioner Pett's do prove better than the Dutchman,
     and that his brother did build at Woolwich.

     _October 1, 1661._--Between Charles II. and his brother the
     Duke of York for 100 guineas. Sailing match from Greenwich
     to Gravesend and back. The King won.

     _July 22, 1662._--Lord Sandwich in yacht to Boulogne in foul
     weather.

     _September, 1662._--By water to Woolwich, on my way saw the
     yacht lately built by our virtuosoes. My Lord Brunkard and
     others, with the help of Commissioner Pett also, set out
     from Greenwich with the little Dutch 'Bezan' to try for
     mastery; and before they got to Woolwich the Dutch beat them
     half a mile. And I hear this afternoon that in coming home
     it got above three miles, which all our people were glad of.

     _July 31, 1663._--Sir William Petty's vessel, which he hath
     built on two keeles, a model whereof built for the King he
     showed me, hath this month won a Wager of 50_l._ in sailing
     between Dublin & Holyhead with the ... Pacquett boat. The
     best ship or vessel the King hath there, and he offers to
     lay with any vessel in the world.

     [Illustration: 'Een Bezan Jagt,' 1670.]

     It is about thirty tons in burden, and carries 30 men with
     good commodation, as much more as any ship of her burden
     also as any vessel of this figure shall carry more men. She
     carries 10 guns of about 5 tons weight. In coming back from
     Holyhead they started together, and this vessel came to
     Dublin by 5 at night and the Pacquett boat not before eight
     the next morning.[1]

     [Footnote 1: Sloane MSS., Brit. Mus., and model sent to, and
     deposited by, Petty in Wadham College.]

     _September 17, 1665._--Lord's Day. To church to Gravesend in
     the 'Bezan' yacht, and then to anchor for all night--and
     with much pleasure at last to sleep--having very good
     lodging upon cushions in the cabbin.

     [Illustration: Cutter, 141 tons, from Stalkart's 'Naval
     Architecture,' 1781.]

     _October 1, 1665._--Lord's Day. Embarked on board the
     'Bezan.' ... After supper on board the 'Bezan,' then to
     cards for a while and so to sleep; but Lord! the mirth it
     caused me to be waked in the night by the snoring around me.

1690.--Macaulay in his 'History' mentions a yacht. Caermarthen's
eldest son--bold and volatile, fond of the sea, and living much among
sailors--had a small yacht of marvellous speed.

1697.--Peter the Great is known to have added to the advancement of
sailing and building yachts during his visit to this country.

1720-1737.--The Water Club of the harbour of Cork was established, to
be held once every spring tide in April to the last in September,
inclusive. The details of this doyen club will be found in its proper
place, p. 99 _et seq._

[Illustration: Yacht stern, 1781.]

Amidst all the voluminous MSS. of the Admiralty secured and
appropriated by Samuel Pepys, it is unfortunate that no sketch or
drawing of the Royal yacht of Charles II. is to be found. Search is
vain among the papers at Cambridge, where most of the Diarist's
gleanings are preserved. We must, therefore, start with existing Royal
yachts, beginning with that built for King George III. in 1814, and
now lying in Portsmouth Harbour.

The Royal yacht 'Royal George' was laid down at Deptford, May 1814,
designed by Sir Henry Peake, Surveyor of the Navy, and she was
launched at Deptford in July, 1817. Her dimensions were as follow:

                                    ft.     in.
  Length between perpendiculars     103     0
    "    keel for tonnage            84     4-1/2
  Breadth, extreme                   26     8
    "      for tonnage               26     6
  Depth of hold                      11     6
               Burden in tons, 330 tons.

The 'Royal George' was used on Her Majesty's accession, 1837; she was
rigged as a ship, and was remarkable for excellent sailing qualities.
The captain appointed was Lord Adolphus FitzClarence, G.C.B., &c. The
'Royal George' was laid up in Portsmouth Harbour, in charge of the
Master and only fitted out when specially required for Royal service.
The lieutenants, mates, assistant-surgeon, and crew were stationed on
board a 10-gun brig, H.M.S. 'Pantaloon,' attached to the Royal yacht
as tender. This vessel was employed in looking after fishermen,
carrying mails, and on other services that might be required.

'Esmeralda,' cutter, under command of the second master, was also
attached to the Royal yacht as tender.

On November 7, 1842, a new steam yacht, 'Victoria and Albert,' was
laid down at Pembroke Dockyard, and on April 26 next year she was
launched. She was designed by Sir William Symonds, Surveyor of the
Navy. Construction: diagonal principle, Dantzic oak without,
horizontal planking of Italian larch. This yacht, it may here be
stated, was subsequently, when a new 'Victoria and Albert' was built,
known as the 'Osborne.'

  _Dimensions_
                                    ft.    in.
  Length                            200     0
  Extreme length                    225     0
  Beam                               39     0
  Over paddle-boxes                  59     0
  Speed 11.5 knots, and commissioned at Blackwall, July 1, 1843.

In 1844, it is to be noted, it was ordered that the Royal yacht should
carry the Royal standard at the main, the Admiralty flag at the fore,
and the Union Jack at the mizzen, which order remains in force at the
present time. In this year, it should perhaps be added, the Queen
stayed at Osborne House, and in the following year the estate was
purchased from Lady Isabella Blatchford by Her Majesty. The steam
yacht 'Fairy' (screw) was built at this period.

[Illustration: Her Majesty The Queen going to Scotland.]

                                          ft.   in.
  Length                                  160    0
  Beam                                     21    0
  Burden, 317 tons. Speed, 13.25 knots, and carrying 18 tons of coal.

The paddle steam yacht 'Elfin' appeared in 1849. It was built at
Chatham, from the design of Mr. Oliver Lang, of mahogany and on the
diagonal principle.

                                         ft.   in.
  Length over all                        112    3
  Length                                 103    6
  Beam                                    13    2
  Over boxes                              25    6
  Burden in tons, 96 tons. Speed, 12 knots. Draught, 4 ft. 10 in.
  H.P. nominal 40. Indicated 192 H.P.

Amongst interesting details which should here be recorded, it may be
remarked that in August of this year Her Majesty in the Royal yacht
visited Cork, and the Cove was henceforth called Queenstown. As
regards the speed and capacity of the 'Victoria and Albert,' her
capabilities for long cruises were tested in 1850. Leaving Plymouth
Sound June 26, 8.45, she arrived in the Tagus off Belem, June 29,
3.10. Distance 772 miles in 66 hrs. 25 mins. Average speed 11-6/10
knots. Tried at a measured mile with anthracite and Merthyr coal
mixed, three years afterwards, her average speed was 11 knots.

A new yacht, under the temporary name of the 'Windsor Castle,' was
started at Pembroke in February 1854, but a few weeks later its
progress was suspended to facilitate work for the Baltic and Black Sea
fleets.

On January 16, 1855, the 'new' 'Victoria and Albert' was launched and
christened, and the name of the old yacht (built 1843) changed to
'Osborne.' The new 'Victoria and Albert' was designed by Oliver Lang,
Master Shipwright at Pembroke Yard.

                                           ft.    in.
  Length figure-head to stern              336     4
    "    between perpendiculars            300     0
  Beam outside paddle boxes                 66     6
  Burden in tons 2,342 tonnage

  Breadth of wales                         40      0
  Diameter of paddle-wheel                 31      0

                                                h. p.
  Engines' power nominal                         600
  Indicated                                    2,700

                                    miles      knots
  Speed                             16.813    14.592
  July 23                           17.762    15.416

Her Majesty's first cruise in the new yacht took place on July 12, and
next day she steamed round the Isle of Wight in 3 hrs. 25 mins. The
'Victoria and Albert' proved an excellent sea-boat. In a heavy gale
soon afterwards four line-of-battle ships drove; but Captain Denman
reported of the new Royal yacht, 'Splendid sea-boat, and rode out the
gale with extraordinary ease, not pitching at all, or bringing the
smallest jerk on the cable.'

As for speed, she was tried from Cork to Madeira, and returned from
the island, 1,266 miles, at an average rate of 10.8 knots. Cork to
Portsmouth, 341 miles, 22 hrs. 7 mins., average 15.4 knots, is also
noted.

The new yacht 'Alberta' (paddle steamer) was built in 1863.

                                           ft.    in.
  Extreme length                           179     0
  Extreme breadth                           22     8
  Over paddle-boxes                         41     0
  Burden in tons, 390. Coal stowage, 33 tons. Speed, 14 knots.

All the fittings of the Royal yachts are as simple as possible, but
the perfect quality of material is not to be surpassed.

The appointments on these vessels are as follows: The commander, three
years; lieutenants, two years. One promoted at end of each year. Names
of all officers to be submitted to the Queen.

[Illustration: The Royal Yacht 'Victoria and Albert,' 1843.

(_First cruise_, 1843.)]

The 'Victoria and Albert' always lies off Cowes during the Queen's
residence at Osborne in the summer. During the winter, when the
Queen is at Osborne, she is in Portsmouth Harbour. The 'Alberta'
always brings the Queen from Gosport to Cowes, and _vice versâ_, and,
as a rule, members of any Royal family. The 'Elfin' runs regularly
with messengers, bringing despatches as may be from time to time
required; the whole fleet is under the command of Admiral Fullerton,
A.D.C., who is always on board any of the yachts in which the Queen
may embark. The 'Osborne' brings the Prince of Wales across to Cowes
in the summer, when the Prince and Princess and family live on board,
remaining generally for about three weeks. The 'Osborne' is an
independent command, being the Prince's Royal yacht. The grandest view
of the Royal yachts is obtained when Her Majesty inspects a fleet at
Spithead. On these occasions the 'Victoria and Albert,' with the Queen
and Royal family, the Lords of the Admiralty in attendance on board,
is preceded by the Trinity yacht 'Irene,' the 'Alberta' being on the
starboard, and the 'Elfin' on the port quarter. Next come the
Admiralty yacht 'Enchantress,' and the Lords and Commons,--generally
in troopships such as the 'Himalaya,'--others according to precedence.

The stately five-knot approach of these vessels is always very
impressive, and forms a nautical pageant well worthy of the Queen of
England and Empress of India, who has bestowed such munificent
patronage on the various yacht clubs of her realms, having presented
since the Accession no fewer than seventy-two valuable challenge cups
to be sailed for by all classes, besides the annual cups to the R.Y.S.
since 1843. The details of these will be recorded later on.


THE ROYAL YACHT SQUADRON

The present club-house of the Royal Yacht Squadron is of no modern
date, but a continuance of Cowes Castle, a fort built in the time of
Henry VIII. for the protection of the Medina River, which runs south
and forms a fine harbour for laying-up yachts of all sizes and
classes, with building yards on either side; and a very busy scene it
presents during the fitting-out season.

The Castle was continued as a fort, and on the death of the last
Governor, the Marquis of Anglesey, who was a very great patron of
yachting small and great, the Marquis Conyngham took a lease of the
property from the Crown and passed it on in 1856 to the Royal Yacht
Squadron, which was established in 1812, as the seal shows. In 1815 a
meeting of the then club was held at the Thatched House Tavern, St.
James's Street, Lord Grantham in the chair, supported by Lords
Ashbrook, Belmore, Buckingham, Cawdor, Craven, Deerhurst, Fitzharris,
Kirkwall, Nugent, Ponsonby, Thomond, Uxbridge, Sirs W. Curtis, J.
Hippesley, G. Thomas, Godfrey Webster, Colonels Sheddon and Wheatley,
&c. when new life was infused into the Association, and from that time
the Squadron has held the proud position of being the first yacht club
in the world, with the much-envied privilege and distinction of flying
the White Ensign.

[Illustration: Cowes Castle, from drawing by Loutherburg.]

After 1815, the R.Y.S. met for some years at the Medina Hotel, East
Cowes, and later on the Gloucester Hotel, at West Cowes, was taken for
the club-house, close to the Fort and Castle, whither, as just
remarked, they moved in 1856. It was at once rebuilt and enlarged. The
situation is beautiful, backed by large elm-trees. The platform
commands a grand view--towards the Motherbank, Ryde, and the Forts to
the eastward, with Calshot Castle, Portdown Hill, and Southampton
Water to the northward, and, away to the westward, Lymington.

[Illustration: Seal of Royal Yacht Club, Cowes.]

Two of the old guns, formerly in the Fort, have been happily
preserved, and are now placed in the grounds which have recently been
added to the Castle property on the west side, towards Egypt.


_The History of the Royal Cups_

The first Royal Cup was presented by His Majesty King William IV.,
1830, to be competed for by yachts belonging to members of the
Squadron; and the gift was continued during His Majesty's reign. The
table appended furnishes details.

  +------+----------+------+------+----------------+
  | Year |  Yacht   |  Rig | Tons |     Owner      |
  +----- +----------+------+------+----------------+
  | 1830 | Alarm    |Cutter|  193 | Jos. Weld      |
  | 1831 | Alarm    |  "   |  193 | Jos. Weld      |
  | 1832 | Alarm    |  "   |  193 | Jos. Weld      |
  | 1833 |    --    |  --  |  --  |      --        |
  | 1834 | Harriet  |  "   |   65 | G. W. Heneage  |
  | 1835 | Columbine|  "   |   90 | J. Smith-Barry |
  | 1836 | Breeze   |  "   |   55 | James Lyons    |
  | 1837 | Amulet   |  "   |   51 | J. Mecklam     |
  | 1838 | Alarm    |  "   |  193 | Joseph Weld    |
  +------+----------+------+------+----------------+

At a meeting of the Royal Yacht Squadron in 1837, it was moved and
seconded: 'That the Commodore be requested to seek an interview or
audience with Her Majesty, with a view to the continuance of the Royal
Cup to be presented to the Yacht Club at Cowes.' The request was
graciously accorded. The list of Cups presented by Her Majesty is
given on p. 18.

On the occasion of the Emperor and Empress of the French visiting
Osborne, and landing in Osborne Bay in 1857, the Royal Yacht Squadron
boats formed an escort round the Royal barge.

[Illustration: 'Pearl,' The 'Falcon' _351 tons_ (_Earl of
Yarborough_), 'Waterwitch.'

_Off Spithead with the Royal Yacht Squadron on their voyage to
Cherbourg_, 1832.]

The Squadron has always been characterised by the large and powerful
class of vessels composing it; and the oil picture now hanging in the
dining-room at the Castle, painted by W. Huggins, 1835, shows the
leading craft of that date, with the Commodore's yacht in the centre.
This is the 'Falcon,' 351 tons, full ship rigged, carrying eleven guns
on the broadside. The 'Pearl,' 130 tons, belonging to the Marquis of
Anglesey, is coming up on the left side, dipping her gaff-topsail to
the Commodore, who is under topsails with top-gallant sails loose; in
the distance is a yacht, 'Pantaloon,' belonging to the Duke of
Portland, brig rigged, with her topsail aback; a large schooner and
several cutters are included. An engraving of this picture is lettered
thus:

'The Right Honourable Lord Yarborough's yacht "Falcon," of 351 tons,
off Spithead with the Royal Squadron, on their voyage to Cherbourg.
Painted by W. Huggins, Marine Painter to His Majesty, and published
by him at 105 Leadenhall Street. January 10, 1835.

This was a grand period in the club's history for large yachts. These
included the 'Pearl' and 'Alarm' cutters, and the schooners 'Dolphin'
(217 tons), 'Xarifa,' 'Kestrel,' and 'Esmeralda.' A picture of this
schooner, by Condy, is still in the possession of Lord Llangattock of
The Hendre. Then came the 'Arrow' cutter of 'Chamberlayne' fame, with
the well-known parti-coloured streak. She won and won until she was
requested not to enter, which was hardly reasonable, as the
enthusiastic owner improved her year by year, and kept well ahead of
his day.

[Illustration: 'Pearl,' R.Y.S., 130 tons (Marquis of Anglesey).
Launched 1821.]

In 1843 the Royal Yacht Squadron gave a cup to be sailed for by the
Royal Thames Yacht Club at Cowes. A very good picture of the race was
painted by Condy of Plymouth. At that time the 25-tonners were the
representative craft in the Thames, and 'Mystery,' 'Blue Bell,'
'Phantom,' 'Cygnet,' and 'Gnome' were generally to the fore. When the
Thames matches were sailed there were invariably some representatives
from the Royal Yacht Squadron to attend the racing, and everyone
looked out for the white ensign. The 'Pearl,' belonging to the Marquis
of Anglesey, always ran up alongside the club steamer, and dipped her
ensign as her owner waved his glazed hat, standing by the gunwale of
his grand craft.

In those days there certainly was intense enthusiasm about the
25-tonners, and great was the enjoyment they afforded the visitors.

[Illustration: 'Dolphin,' R.Y.S., 217 tons, 1839. (G. H. Ackers,
Esq.)]

In 1851 the Royal Yacht Squadron gave a cup to be sailed for, and it
was won by the 'America' schooner, belonging to Commodore J. C.
Stevens, of the New York Club. In America it is always called the
Queen's Cup, and in England the 'America' Cup, but it is really the
Royal Yacht Squadron Cup. The Americans have held it ever since.

[Illustration: 'Esmeralda,' R.Y.S., 1846.]

[Illustration: The 'Mystery' Winning the Cup Presented by R.Y.S. to be
Sailed for by Yachts of R.T.Y. Club.

(_August 1843_.)]

Luggers as yachts were common. In 1827 Lord Harborough had a large
lugger, the 'Emmetje,' of 103 tons, of which he was so proud that he
entered Ramsgate Harbour flying the coach whip of the Royal Navy,
until the officer of the Coastguard came on board and hauled it down.
Some thirty years afterwards came a revival when Lord Willoughby De
Eresby brought out in 1859 his celebrated lugger the 'New Moon.' She
was larger than Lord Harborough's--209 tons, 134 ft. long, 18 ft. 5
in. beam, constructed at Hastings. Her highest speed was attained on
long reach, and was shown on the occasion of her racing back to
Harwich. In a fine breeze she went away from the other yachts, going
14 or 15 knots; but ill fate awaited her; she had to make two boards
to fetch the Cork Lightship and the Bell Buoy. That was her
destruction; the time taken to dip the enormous lugs in going about
allowed the others, who had been nearly hull down, to overhaul her, so
necessary is it to have a craft that comes round like a top with
canvas easily handled.

[Illustration: 'De Emmetje,' lugger, 103 tons, 1827 (Lord
Harborough).]

The Jubilee of the Yacht Club was celebrated at Cowes in 1865, and
another notable event took place on the occasion of the Queen's
Jubilee, June 21, 1887. A procession of the Royal Yacht Squadron
manoeuvred in two columns, canvas and steam, finishing up with a
signal from the Commodore: 'Steam ahead full speed.' A drawing of this
spectacle, by Sir Oswald Brierley, is at the Castle, Cowes.

[Illustration: 'New Moon,' R.Y.S., 209 tons, 1859 (Lord Willoughby De
Eresby).]

The fastest yachts in the Royal Yacht Squadron are shown, of course,
in the list of Queen's Cup winners, which forms a befitting annual
history. Yachting in early days, however, was real yachting in its
truest sense, cruising about, that is to say, for the sake of peace
and rest; the vessels were generally schooners of considerable tonnage
for sea cruising. We have no longer 'Alarm,' 248 tons, 'Aurora
Borealis,' 252 tons; but the faithful 'Egeria,' 152 tons, belonging to
Mr. Mulholland, now Lord Dunleath, is still with us. In 1852-53 there
were only two steam yachts in the Squadron, which was averse to the
new comers; but by degrees a fine schooner class with auxiliary steam
was introduced, including, of well-known boats, 'Sunbeam,'[2] 1874;
'Czarina,' 1877; 'Wanderer' and 'Lancashire Witch,' 1878. New
members from 1890 to 1892 added 7,000 tons to the fleet, principally
steamers up to 1,000 tons and more.

[Footnote 2: Described by Lord Brassey, in his chapter on Ocean
Cruising, Vol. I.]

[Illustration: 'Corsair,' R.Y.S., Winning the Queen's Cup at Cowes,
1892.

_40-rater_ (_Admiral the Hon. Victor Montagu_).]

The squadron at the time of writing is composed of 227 members, and
the fleet consists of 107 vessels, as follows: 44 steam yachts, 10
steam schooners, 28 schooners, 13 cutters, 12 yawls, 107 vessels,
making 20,367 total tonnage. The minimum tonnage is 30 tons register
for sailing vessels, and 30 tons net for steamers (rule, May 1870).

The Queen's Cups are sailed for by yachts belonging to members of the
Royal Yacht Squadron only, but other prizes are given during the
Squadron Week, generally the first week in August.

_Names and dates of yachts owned by H.R.H. the Prince of Wales_

  +----+------------+----------+---------+
  |Date|   Name     |   Rig    | Tonnage |
  |----+------------+----------+---------+
  |1865| Dagmar     |  Cutter  |    36   |
  |1871| Alexandra  |    "     |    40   |
  |1872| Princess   |    "     |    40   |
  |1873| Zenobia    | S.-steam |    38   |
  |1877| Hildegarde | Schooner |   205   |
  |1880| Formosa    |  Cutter  |   104   |
  |1882| Aline      | Schooner |   210   |
  |1893| Britannia  |  Cutter  |   220   |
  +----+------------+----------+---------+

  Beside several steam launches and sailing boats.

The German Emperor, who became a member in 1891, in that year brought
over the 'Meteor,' _née_ 'Thistle,' to compete for the Queen's Cup,
and evinced the greatest enthusiasm, sailing in her for the prize,
August 3. The 'Meteor' finished first, but the 'Corsair,' 40 tons,
Rear-Admiral Victor Montague, R.N., came up with a smart breeze, saved
her time, and won.

Much interest was also taken in the presence of a 40-tonner, designed
by Mr. G. L. Watson for Prince Henry of Prussia, and steered by the
Prince, who seemed thoroughly to enjoy it, and remained all day at the
tiller--a sort of thing the British public fully appreciate.
Unfortunately the wind was not true.

The Queen has always graciously encouraged yachting in every way. The
list of challenge cups presented by Her Majesty will amply confirm the
assertion.

_List of Yacht Clubs to which the Queen has occasionally given Regatta
Cups_

  Royal Yacht Squadron (Cowes)  Every year since 1843, annually
  Dublin Yacht Club             1849
  Royal St. George's Club       1851, 1866, 1870, 1874, 1878, 1884, 1892
  Royal Thames Club             1851, 1868, 1874, 1880, 1885
  Royal Victoria (Ryde) Club    1851, 1852, 1856, 1888
  Royal Southern Club           1851, 1857, 1870, 1891
  Royal Irish Club              1852, 1865, 1871, 1877, 1881, 1885
  Royal Cork Club               1850, 1852, 1858, 1865, 1869, 1889
  Royal Yorkshire Club          1853
  Royal Mersey Club             1853, 1857, 1861, 1866, 1881
  Royal Western (Plymouth) Club 1858, 1861, 1867, 1878, 1882
  Royal Northern Club           1859, 1869, 1882, 1890
  Royal West of Ireland Club    1863, 1867, 1873
  Royal Cornwall                1871, 1884
  Royal Alfred Yacht Club       1872, 1879, 1886
  Royal Albert Club             1873, 1890
  Royal Cinque Ports Club       1875, 1891
  Royal Clyde Club              1876, 1883, 1888
  Royal Ulster Club             1880, 1887
  Royal Harwich Club            1883
  Royal London Club             1886
  Royal Dorset Club             1887
  Royal Portsmouth Corinthian
    Club                        1889
  Royal Forth Club              1892

_Cups given by the Queen to Clubs not Royal_

  Canada Yacht Club             1891
  Upper Thames Sailing Clubs
  (Challenge Cup)               1893

[Illustration: Royal Yacht Squadron. Queen's Course.]

The majority of members of the Squadron own, and chiefly use, large
yachts, but not a few of them are practical seamen. One prominent
member, Lord Dufferin, is specially notable as a keen devotee of
single-handed sailing, and is the owner of a famous boat, 'The Lady
Hermione.' The Editor has thought this an appropriate place to insert
a description of the pastime kindly contributed by his lordship,
followed by an account of his well-known boat.

  SINGLE-HANDED SAILING

  BY THE MARQUIS OF DUFFERIN AND AVA

  The wind blows fair, the vessel feels
    The pressure of the rising breeze,
  And, swiftest of a thousand keels,
    She leaps to the careering seas.

The following description of 'The Lady Hermione' has been written by
my friend Mr. McFerran, who is a much better sailor than myself; but,
as the Editor has asked me to prefix a few observations of my own on
single-handed boat sailing, I have great pleasure in recommending to
the attention of the readers of the Badminton Library that
exceptionally pleasant form of sea adventure.

Probably the proudest moment of the life of anyone who loves the sea,
not even excepting the analogous epoch of his marriage morning, is the
one in which he weighs anchor for the first time on board his own
vessel. It is true that from the first hour he could call her his own
his existence has been a dream of delight, unless perhaps for the
passing cloud cast by the shadow of the cheque he has been required to
draw for her payment. As soon as she has come into his possession, her
ungainly naked bulk, as she lies upon the mud, assumes divine
proportions; and as by slow degrees her 'toilette' proceeds, her decks
whiten, her masts assume a golden hue and clothe themselves with sail
and rigging, his happiness becomes unspeakable. If he is animated by
the proper spirit, he has at once set himself to learn navigation; he
has plunged deep into the 'Sailor's Manual'; and, to the amazement of
his female relations, he is to be seen busily employed in tying and
untying knots on short pieces of rope. But his principal preoccupation
is the fitting of his cabins. The mystery of the ship's practical
garniture he leaves to his master, as being beyond the utmost effort
of his intellect, though he has a certain satisfaction in knowing that
he possesses a pretty accurate knowledge of the way in which the
framework of the vessel has been put together.

At last everything is reported ready. He gives the order to weigh
anchor, and, as if by a magical impulse, he finds that the being upon
whom he has lavished so much affection has become a thing of life, has
spread her wings, and is carrying him into the unknown. He paces the
deck with telescope under his arm, in the proud consciousness that he
is absolute master of her movements, and that with a wave of his hand
he can direct her to the golden islands of the west or to the fabled
homes of Calypso and the Cyclops, according as his fancy may suggest.
No emperor or autocrat has ever been so conscious of his own majesty.
But soon a most unwelcome and humiliating conviction damps his
exaltation. He discovers that for all practical purposes of command
and government he is more incompetent than his own cabin-boy or the
cook's mate: that the real ruler of the ship's movements and destiny
is his 'master,' whom his crew call the 'captain'; and that the only
orders he can issue with a certainty that they are not open to
criticism are those he gives for his breakfast and his dinner, if
indeed he is in a position to partake of either. Officially he is
gratified with the ambiguous title of 'owner,' while he is painfully
conscious that his real social status is that of a mere passenger, and
that this unwelcome servitude has every likelihood of enduring during
his whole career as a yachtsman. He may indeed, as a man of education,
or perhaps of scientific attainments, become in course of time a
better navigator than many of the splendid rough and ready sailormen
who command the ships of our squadron; but, unless he has been able to
spend more time on board than their multifarious occupations allow
most owners of yachts to devote to seafaring, he must know that it is
idle for him to pretend to compete either in seamanship or experience
with the man whom he employs to sail his vessel for him. In short, he
remains an amateur to the end of the chapter, and, if he is sensible
and honest, is always ready to acknowledge himself the disciple of the
professional sailor.

But in single-handed boat sailing this humiliating sense of dependence
and inferiority disappears. For the first time in his life, no matter
how frequent may have been his cruises on bigger vessels, he finds
himself the _bona fide_ master of his own ship, with that delightful
sense of unlimited responsibility and co-extensive omnipotence which
is the acme of human enjoyment. The smallness of his craft does not in
the slightest degree diminish the sense of his importance and dignity;
indeed, there is no reason why it should. All the problems which task
the intelligence and knowledge of the captain of a thousand-tonner
during the various contingencies of its nautical manoeuvres have to be
dealt with by him with equal promptness and precision. Anchored in a
hot tideway and amongst a crowd of other shipping, he has perhaps a
more difficult job to execute in avoiding disaster when getting under
way or picking up his moorings than often confronts under similar
circumstances the leviathans of the deep; and his honour is equally
engaged in avoiding the slightest graze or sixpence worth of injury
either to himself or his neighbours as would be the case were a
court-martial or a lawsuit and 5,000_l_. damages involved in the
misadventure. The same pleasurable sentiments stimulate his faculties
when encountering the heavy weather which waits him outside; for,
though the seas he encounters may not be quite so large as Atlantic
rollers, nor break so dangerously as in the Pentland Firth, they are
sufficiently formidable in proportion to the size of his craft to
require extremely careful steering, and probably an immediate
reduction of canvas under conditions of some difficulty.

Nor are even misfortunes when they occur, as occur they must, utterly
devoid of some countervailing joys. He has neglected to keep his lead
going when approaching land; he has misread the perverse mysteries of
the tides, and his vessel and his heart stop simultaneously as her
keel ploughs into a sandbank. The situation is undoubtedly depressing,
but at least there is no one on board on this and on similar occasions
to eye him with contemptuous superiority or utter the aggravating, 'I
told you so.' Nay, if he is in luck, the silent sea and sky are the
only witnesses of his shame, and even the sense of this soon becomes
lost and buried in the ecstacy of applying the various devices
necessary to free his vessel from her imprisonment. He launches his
Berthon boat, and lays out an anchor in a frenzy of delightful
excitement; he puts into motion his tackles, his gipsy winches, and
all the mechanical appliances with which his ingenuity has furnished
his beloved; and when at last, with staysail sheet a-weather, she
sidles into deep water, though, as in the case of Lancelot, 'his
honour rooted in dishonour stood,' the tragic origin of his present
trial quickly fades into oblivion, and during after years he only
recalls to his mind, or relates with pride to his friends, the later
incidents of the drama.

Another happiness attending his pursuit is that he is always learning
something new. Every day, and every hour of the day, the elements of
each successive problem with which he has to deal are perpetually
changing. As Titian said of painting, seamanship is an art whose
horizon is always extending; and what can be more agreeable than to be
constantly learning something new in a pursuit one loves?

I have heard it sometimes objected that single-handed boat-sailing is
dangerous. Well, all sport is dangerous. People have been killed at
golf, at football, and at cricket; nor is sitting in an easy-chair
exempt from risk; but during an experience of five and twenty years,
though laying no claim to much skill as a mariner, I have never had a
serious accident, though occasionally a strong tide may have swept me
whither I had not the least intention of going; nor have I ever done
more than 10_l._ worth of damage either to my own vessel or my
neighbour's. The principal thing one must be careful about is not to
fall overboard, and in moving about the ship one should never leave go
one holdfast till one's hand is on another. It is also advisable not
to expose one's head to a crack from the boom as one is belaying the
jib and staysail sheets in tacking, for it might very well knock one
senseless.

In conclusion, I would submit that to anyone wearied with the
business, the pleasures, the politics, or the ordinary worries of
life, there is no such harbour of refuge and repose as single-handed
sailing. When your whole thoughts are intent on the management of your
vessel, and the pulling of the right instead of the wrong string, it
is impossible to think either of your breakdown in your maiden speech
in the House of Commons, of your tailor's bills, or of the young lady
who has jilted you. On the other hand, Nature, in all her beauty and
majesty, reasserts her supremacy, and claims you for her own, soothing
your irritated nerves, and pouring balm over your lacerated feelings.
The complicated mysteries of existence reassume their primæval
simplicity, while the freshness and triumphant joyousness of early
youth return upon you as you sweep in a dream past the magic headlands
and islands of the Ionian Sea or glide along the Southern coast of
your native land, with its sweet English homes, its little red brick
villages and homesteads nestling in repose amid the soft outlines of
the dear and familiar landscape. The loveliness of earth, sea, and sky
takes possession of your soul, and your heart returns thanks for the
gift of so much exquisite enjoyment in the pursuit of an amusement as
manly as it is innocent.

N.B.--Single-handed sailing need not preclude the presence of a lady
passenger. On the contrary, she will be found very useful on occasion,
whether in starting the sheets, in taking a spell at the wheel (for
they are all familiar with the art of despotic guidance), in keeping a
sharp look-out, in making tea, or in taking her part in a desultory
conversation.


'THE LADY HERMIONE,' SINGLE-HANDED SAILING YAWL

BY JAMES MCFERRAN

In the course of two summers passed on the shores of the Gulf of
Naples the writer had frequent opportunities of becoming acquainted
with the details of the construction, fittings, and equipment of a
very remarkable little yacht, whose white canvas for a couple of
seasons was constantly to be seen on that unrivalled sheet of water
between the months of June and October. He has thought that a
description of the vessel in question may prove interesting, not only
to such of the readers of these volumes as are devoted to the art of
single-handed sailing--that most delightful, manly, and invigorating
of all sports--but also to the general body of yachtsmen who, during
the summer and autumn months, fill, in ever-increasing numbers, our
various yachting ports with the most perfect specimens of the
shipwright's craft that the world can produce.

'The Lady Hermione,' as the vessel whose qualities and characteristics
it is proposed to describe is called, is the property of Her Majesty's
Ambassador at Paris, his Excellency the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava.
His Lordship, as is well known, has from very early days been a keen
yachtsman, and though for some time past he has had no opportunities
of indulging in his favourite pastime in large yachts, he has long
been devoted to sailing in vessels in which he comprises in his own
person the hierarchy of owner, master, and crew. During the last
fifteen years, in whatever part of the world he may have been,
provided sailing were possible, he has never been without a little
ship specially constructed for this form of amusement. In each
succeeding vessel some new invention or arrangement for her safer,
easier, and more efficient handling has suggested itself, and been
worked out under the owner's direct supervision. In the present boat
the development of the single-handed sailing yacht seems at last to
have reached perfection, and it would hardly be possible for the most
inventive mind to suggest an improvement in her.

[Illustration: FIG. 1.--'The Lady Hermione.']

'The Lady Hermione' is a yawl-rigged yacht (fig. 1), built by Forrest
& Son, of Wivenhoe, to the order of her owner. She is 22 ft. 9 in.
long between perpendiculars, 4 ft. 2 in. in depth, has a beam of 7 ft.
3 in., and a registered tonnage of four tons. She is built with
mild-steel frames, galvanised so as to resist the corrosive action of
sea-water--a mode of construction which has recently been adopted for
torpedo-boats--and is sheathed with East Indian teak and coppered. A
novel feature in the hull of so small a boat is its division into
water-tight compartments by transverse and longitudinal bulkheads,
composed of galvanised steel plates riveted to the steel frames. These
bulkheads form a large forward compartment, two compartments on each
side of the cabin, and a compartment at the stern, thus rendering the
vessel water-tight as long as they remain intact.

On the deck, forward and aft, are hatchways which give entrance to the
bow and stern compartments respectively. The hatches to these
openings, which are kept constantly closed at sea, are fastened down
with strong gun-metal screws fitted with butterfly nuts, the screws
being fastened to the deck and made to fold down on it with joint when
not in use. The coamings of the hatchways, as well as the inner edges
of the hatches themselves, are lined with india-rubber, so as to
render the covers perfectly water-tight. Access to the side
compartments is obtained by means of manholes opening from the cabin,
and covered with steel plates screwed into the bulkhead. In the event
of the yacht's shipping any water, it is removed by a pump leading
through the deck near to the cockpit and within easy reach of the
steersman's hand. The cover of the pump works on a hinge, and lies
flush with the deck when closed. The pump-handle is made to ship and
unship at will, and is in the form of a lever, which renders the
operation of pumping more easy than in the ordinary form of pump
usually employed in small boats (c, figs. 2 and 11).

'The Lady Hermione' is ballasted with lead, the greater portion of
which is carried outside in the form of a keel, which weighs about two
tons. On trial, it was found that the little craft was too quick on
her helm--a quality which, however useful in racing vessels, is
undesirable in a single-handed boat, where the operation of getting
aft the sheets when going about naturally requires somewhat more time
than it does when the crew is composed of more than one hand. In order
to remedy this defect a deep oak keel has been fixed outside the lead
keel, and has to a considerable extent answered its purpose. It has
also added immensely to the boat's stiffness; and it is blowing very
hard indeed when a reef requires to be taken down. In fact, owing to
her deep build and her heavy outside keels, 'The Lady Hermione' is
virtually uncapsizable, while her water-tight compartments render her
unsinkable. It is impossible to overrate the value of these two
elements of safety in a boat which is always worked by one person and
is taken out in all weathers.

Stepping on board 'The Lady Hermione,' the visitor, however much he is
accustomed to yachts, is struck by the number and apparent
complication of the contrivances which meet his eye (fig. 3), the
interior of the vessel looking, as a witty naval officer once observed
on being shown over her, 'something like the inside of a clock'; but,
after a few explanations, the usefulness and practical efficiency of
the various devices become evident. The principle which has been
adhered to throughout in the rigging and fittings is, that all
operations connected with the handling and management of the boat
shall be performed by one person without the application of any
considerable physical force. It has also been laid down as a _sine quâ
non_ that everything shall work perfectly in all weathers and under
all conditions of wind and sea. The result of the owner's ingenuity
is, that the sails can be hoisted and lowered, the sheets attended to,
the anchor let go and weighed, and the tiller fixed and kept fixed in
any desired position, without the necessity of the one person, who
composes the crew leaving the cockpit. The arrangements for carrying
out these objects will now be described in detail.

[Illustration: FIG. 3.--'The Lady Hermione.' Deck plan.]

The first contrivance which claims attention is that for keeping the
rudder fixed at any desired angle (figs. 4 and 5A). In his account of
his cruise in the yawl 'Rob Roy' the late Mr. Macgregor says that he
had never seen any really satisfactory method of accomplishing this
object; but the difficulty has been solved by Lord Dufferin, who,
indeed, has had fitted in many of his previous boats an apparatus
similar to that in the present one. On the deck aft, about a couple of
feet in advance of the rudder-head, are fitted two brass stanchions.
These support a brass bar which on its lower side is indented with
notches similar to the teeth of a saw, and of a depth of about half an
inch (A, fig. 4). On the tiller there is fitted a brass tube or
cylinder made so as to slide backwards and forwards within a limit of
some eight or ten inches, and bearing on its upper surface a
triangular fin of brass (A, fig. 5). When it is desired to fix the
tiller in any particular position, the cylinder is instantaneously
slipped back until the fin catches one of the notches of the bar, and
the tiller is thus securely fixed. The tiller is unlocked by simply
flicking forward the cylinder with the hand, the locking and unlocking
being done in a second. The toothed brass bar, it may be mentioned, is
curved so that the fin may fit into any desired notch, no matter at
what an angle it may be desired to fix the rudder (A, fig. 4). The
cockpit of the yacht being somewhat small, it was found that when
there was a lady passenger on board the movement of the tiller
interfered with her comfort, and, in order to obviate this difficulty,
a steering-wheel has recently been fixed on the top of the cabin
immediately in front of where the helmsman stands (fig. 6). When the
wheel is used a short tiller is employed, with steel tackles leading
from it through pulleys and fair-leads to the wheel itself. The axis
of the wheel carries a brass cap fitted with a screw, by half a turn
of which the steering apparatus can be locked or unlocked, and the
helm fixed in any position. If it is desired at any time to substitute
steering with the tiller for steering with the wheel, the process is
very simple. A brass handle of the requisite length, and bearing a
cylinder and fin as above described, is screwed on to the short
tiller, and the tiller ropes are cast off, the whole operation being
performed in a few seconds. The wheel, the stand for which slides into
brass grooves on the cabin top, can also be unshipped and stowed out
of the way in a very short time.

[Illustration: Fittings of 'The Lady Hermione.']

We now proceed to examine the gear for letting go the anchor, which,
though difficult to describe, will readily be understood from the
drawing (fig. 7). The anchor, a Martin's patent, when stowed, rests
upon two crescent-shaped supports, which project from the bulwarks
just forward of the main rigging (A, A', fig. 7). These supports are
fixed to a bar or tumbler lying close to the inside of the bulwark,
and arranged so as to turn on its axis (B, fig. 7; and C, fig. 12).
Fixed to the tumbler inboard there is a small bar which fits into a
socket attached to the covering board. On the socket is a trigger (C,
fig. 7, and D, fig. 12) from which a line leads along the inside of
the bulwarks to within easy reach of the cockpit (D, fig. 7). By
pulling this line the socket is made to revolve, so as to release the
arm; the weight of the anchor forces the tumbler to turn on its axis,
bringing down with it the crescent-shaped supports, and the anchor
falls into the sea.

This operation having been completed, it will probably be thought that
now at last the crew must leave his point of vantage, and go forward
to stopper and bit his cable. But no; we have not by any means yet
reached the limits of ingenuity displayed in this extraordinary little
ship. The chain cable runs out through a hawse-pipe in the bow, and
across the hawse-hole a strong steel plate or compressor, with a notch
cut in it to fit the links of the cable, runs in grooves. By pulling a
line which leads to the cockpit this compressor is drawn over the
hawse-hole, and the cable is thus effectually snubbed. When the anchor
has to be got up, or it is required to let out more chain, the
compressor can be drawn back by another line which also leads to the
cockpit. These two contrivances for letting go and stopping the
anchor, together with the apparatus for weighing it without leaving
the cockpit, which will now be dealt with, get rid of that fruitful
source of discomfort in boats manned by one hand--namely, the
necessity of the solitary mariner's having to go forward to deal with
his ground tackle at a time when perhaps he has other pressing calls
on his attention in connection with the management of his vessel.

Equally as ingenious as the means of letting go the anchor is the
machinery employed for weighing it. The windlass used is an ordinary
yacht's windlass, except that on its outer end on its starboard side
it carries a cogged wheel (fig. 8). Close alongside the windlass there
rises from the deck a spindle cut with an endless screw (A, fig. 9),
the threads of which take the teeth of the cogged wheel. This spindle
runs through the deck, and has at its lower extremity a cogged wheel
(B, fig. 9), fitting into another cogged wheel attached to a shaft,
which runs aft on bearings in the ceiling of the cabin to the cockpit
(C, fig. 9). At the cockpit end it is furnished with a large wheel (D,
fig. 9, and fig. 10), on turning which the motion is communicated
through the shaft and a system of cog-wheels (figs. 9 and 11), to the
Archimedian screw rising up through the deck forward, and this screw
in its turn revolves the windlass, and the anchor comes merrily home.
The slack of the chain, as it comes in, drops perpendicularly through
the hawse-pipe to the chain-locker below, and requires no attention or
handling. The machinery for getting the anchor possesses great power,
and, even when the anchor has a tight hold of the bottom, the wheel in
the cockpit can be turned almost with one finger. The wheel is made to
ship and unship, and when not in use is hung up to the side of the
cabin. As a general rule, especially when weighing in a crowded
harbour, the anchor is simply hove up close to the hawse-hole until
open water has been gained, the ropes carefully coiled down, and
everything made snug and shipshape. The vessel is then laid to, or the
helm fixed so as to keep her on her course, as circumstances may
determine, and the crew goes forward to do the one thing he cannot
perform from aft, the catting and fishing of his anchor. Suspended
from the head of the mainmast is a tackle of the kind known to seamen
as a 'Spanish burton,' with a long iron hook attached to its lower
block. In fishing the anchor this burton is first overhauled, and,
leaning over the bow, the operator fixes the hook in a ring let into
the shank of the anchor at a point where the anchor exactly balances
itself when suspended horizontally. He then passes the various parts
of the fall of the tackle through an eye at the end of a
fish-davit--similar in shape to the boat-davits used in large
ships--which stands up from the deck close to the bulwarks, a little
forward of the supports for the anchor already mentioned (A, fig. 12).
By pulling on the hauling part of the burton the anchor is raised
close to the end of the davit, and the davit, by an ingeniously
arranged spring, on a lever at its base (B, fig. 12), being pressed
with the foot, can be swung round until the anchor is suspended
immediately above its resting-place, into which it is then lowered,
the crescent-shaped supports already referred to having been
previously placed in position, and the trigger locked. Here it rests
in perfect security, and is ready to be let go by pulling on the line
attached to the trigger. On the port side a second anchor is carried,
an Admiralty pattern, weighing about fifty pounds, and secured in
precisely the same way as the starboard or working anchor, though in
weighing it the windlass is used with an ordinary ratchet, as the
windlass barrel on the port side is not connected with the shaft
previously described. It may here be mentioned that the starboard
barrel of the windlass can also be used in the ordinary way, as the
spindle with the endless screw already mentioned is made with a joint,
so that it can be disconnected from the cogged wheel and laid down
flat on deck out of the way whenever necessary (C, fig. 8; and D, fig.
9).

We now pass on to what is the most important thing in all
single-handed sailing boats, the arrangement of the halliards and
sheets in such a manner that all operations connected with making and
shortening sail can be performed from the cockpit. In 'The Lady
Hermione' this essential principle has been carried out to its fullest
extent. At the foot of the mainmast on each side is a brass fair-lead
fitted with ten or twelve sheaves (figs. 13 and 14). Through these
sheaves all the halliards (except, of course, those connected with the
mizzen) are rove, and then led aft over the top of the cabin to within
a few inches of the cockpit (fig. 3). Here they are belayed to a
large belaying-pin rack which crosses the cabin top in front of the
steersman and within easy reach of his hand (fig. 15). The frame of
this rack is pierced with horizontal holes for the ropes to pass
through, after which they are belayed to the pins, while the falls are
allowed to drop down on to the cabin floor, where they are snugly
coiled away in a box with a number of compartments which has been made
to receive them. The object of passing the halliards through holes in
the belaying-pin rack is to afford a straight pull when getting up
sail, and to prevent the ropes from flying away out of the steersman's
reach when they are let go. 'The Lady Hermione' is, or rather was
originally, fitted with all the running rigging that would be employed
in the largest-sized yacht, and this will give some idea of the number
of ropes that have to be dealt with by one person:--main and peak
halliards, two topping-lifts, tack tackle and tack tricing line,
topsail tack, sheets, halliards, and clew line, jib and staysail
halliards, and jib and staysail down-hauls. As originally rigged,
main, peak, and jib purchases were employed for getting the mainsail
and jib well up, but the introduction of the gipsy winches mentioned
in the next paragraph rendered these ropes unnecessary, and they have
consequently been dispensed with. The system employed, however, has
always worked without the slightest hitch, and enables whoever may be
sailing the boat to attend to all the halliards without leaving the
helm. On the belaying-pin rack each pin has the name of the rope for
which it is intended engraved on a small brass plate, so that no
confusion can arise as to what part of the gear it may at any time be
desired to deal with; though, after a little practice, whoever is
sailing the boat knows the lead of each rope by instinct. At the foot
of the mizzen-mast fair-leads, similar to those near the mainmast,
bring the gear of the mizzen to within reach of the cockpit. The jib
and staysail sheets also lead aft, through bull's-eye fair-leads fixed
inside the bulwarks, and are belayed to cleats screwed on to the
coamings of the cockpit.

Even in a boat of the size now under description, it will be
understood that the hoisting of the sails and the getting aft of the
head-sheets in a strong breeze would tax the strength of an ordinary
person; but, still carrying out the principle of doing everything with
the least possible exertion, small gipsy winches of a peculiar pattern
are largely employed, and form a very remarkable feature in the
fittings of the vessel (figs. 16 and 17). These winches are all made
so as to be easily shipped and unshipped at will, as they slide into
brass grooves affixed to the deck, and are worked with ratchet
handles, to which are attached strong steel springs in order to insure
the ratchets always biting in the cogs. Altogether, there are ten
gipsy winches on board, two on the deck on each side of the cockpit,
two on the cabin top just forward of the belaying-pin rack, and two on
the deck in front of the mainmast. The two on each side of the cockpit
are used for the head-sheets. The sheets, led aft as previously
described, are given a couple of turns round the barrel of the winch,
and then belayed to their cleats. In getting them in after going
about, they are first hauled hand-taut, then the ratchet handle is
worked until they are as tight as may be desired, after which they are
belayed. These operations are performed in a very few seconds, and the
power of the winches is so great that the sheets are got in flatter
than would be possible by any other means. The four winches on the
cabin top are employed in the same manner for the main and peak
halliards, or for the topsail tack, sheet and halliards, as may be
required. The two forward of the mast are used for any purpose for
which it may be required to use a purchase. The winches have all
worked admirably from the time they were first fitted; they are not in
the least in the way, and the simplicity of their operation and the
extraordinary power which can be developed from them would scarcely be
credited by anyone who has not seen them in actual use. The jib and
staysail sheets were at first fitted with tackles; but the
introduction of the winches has rendered tackles unnecessary. For the
same reason, the main, peak and jib purchases, which were fitted when
the little vessel was first prepared for sea, have been dispensed
with, as the winches give all the power that can be desired.

Forward of, and attached to, the mainmast a long hawser is kept
constantly stowed, to be used as a tow-rope in case towing by a
steam-launch or tug should be necessary, as sometimes happens in a
calm. This hawser is bulky and unwieldy to handle when wet, and it is
understood that on the first opportunity there is to be substituted
for it a light steel-wire hawser wound on a miniature but sufficiently
strong drum, carried forward, in the same manner that steel hawsers
are disposed of on the decks of large vessels.

Having now completed the description of the main features of the
vessel, a word or two may be said about her minor fittings, which are
also worthy of notice.

In most single-handed boats the helmsman is constantly bothered by his
head-sheets, especially when there is a strong breeze, getting foul of
something, thus necessitating his going forward to clear them. In 'The
Lady Hermione' this inconvenience is entirely obviated by brass guards
placed over all the projections upon which it is possible for a rope
to catch. In this way the fair-leads in the bow, the windlass and the
gipsy winches forward, are all protected, so that it is impossible for
a rope to get foul anywhere.

In order to harmonise with the rest of the metal-work, the screws by
which the rigging is set up are all of gun-metal, instead of the
galvanised iron usually employed for the purpose.

Round the entire gunwale there runs a steel-wire ridge-rope, supported
on brass stanchions, so that anyone moving about the deck in heavy
weather may have something to hold on by.

In front of the mast there is a ladder made of steel-wire rope with
wooden steps, leading from the deck to the crosstrees, which is very
convenient in case anything has to be done aloft. This ladder is set
up to the deck with brass screws, similar to those used for the
rigging.

On the top of the cabin, in front of the steersman and between the
gipsy winches, is a lifeboat liquid-compass fitted with a binnacle,
the compass, like almost every fitting on board, being made to ship
and unship, so as to be stowed out of the way when not in use (figs.
18 and 19).

As the little vessel when abroad was frequently sailed in the winter
months, when, even in the Mediterranean, it is somewhat bitterly cold,
a brass charcoal stove or chafing-dish of the kind used in Turkey, and
there called a 'mangal,' is fitted at the bottom of the cockpit. It is
covered with a brass grating, which forms a floor for the helmsman to
stand on; and the heat from below keeps him comfortably warm, even in
the coldest weather.

Another provision against the weather is a large umbrella for the use
of any lady passenger when sailing under a strong sun. When in use the
handle is fitted into a socket on the coaming of the hatchway, the
socket being fitted with a universal joint, so that the umbrella may
be adjusted in any desired position. There are two sockets, one on
either side of the cockpit, in order that the umbrella may be carried
on whichever side is most convenient (fig. 20).

On either side of the gunwale aft is fitted a brass crutch for
supporting the main boom when the vessel is at anchor (fig. 21). At
sea the clutches also serve the purpose of receiving the topsail-yard,
one end of which is stowed in a crutch, while the other is made fast
with a tying to the outside of the main rigging, thus getting rid of
the inconvenience of having such a long spar on deck.

A very important fitting is a hatch by which the cockpit can be
completely covered in in heavy weather. The hatch is made in sections
hinged together, its two halves being also hinged to the back of the
seats in the cockpit on either side. When unfolded and fixed in
position it covers the entire cockpit, with the exception of a small
circular opening left for the steersman, and the vessel is rendered
almost as water-tight as a corked bottle. This small circular opening
can also be closed, if necessary, by a wooden-hinged cover made for
the purpose.

Most of the running rigging is of white cotton rope, which looks
exceedingly smart and has answered its purpose fairly well; but it has
not the durability of manilla, and when wet it has a great tendency to
kink.

The cabin is very plainly fitted up, and is without berths or seats,
its only furniture being some racks and cupboards used for stowing
away a few necessary articles. When anyone sleeps on board, a mattress
is spread on the floor and forms a very comfortable bed.

[Illustration: Lord Dufferin's 'Foam,' R.Y.S. 'In high latitudes,'
1856.]

In the cabin there is carried, folded up, a 10-ft. Berthon dinghy,
which can be expanded and launched in a few minutes. This does away
with the necessity of towing a dinghy, while there is not room to
carry one on deck.

In conclusion, it may be said that 'The Lady Hermione' presents a very
smart appearance and is an extraordinarily good sea-boat. The writer
has frequently seen her out in the Gulf of Naples in weather which
even the largest native craft would not venture to face. She is also
admirably sailed by her owner, and it is a great pleasure to watch her
being handled by him under sail, everything being done with great
method and system and in a highly seamanlike style. Her cruising
ground has now been transferred to the stormier regions of the English
Channel; and two summers ago she was sailed to Trouville, where she
remained for some time, running back to the Solent in October in half
a gale of wind, during which she behaved admirably, and made better
weather than many large vessels could have done.

This paper has run to a greater length than the writer at first
intended; but he trusts he will be forgiven in consideration of his
having made known to his fellow-yachtsmen the existence of what is
really a most unique and wonderful little craft. A model of her hull
was included in Messrs. Forrest & Son's exhibit in the late Naval
Exhibition at Chelsea, and it is to be regretted that the vessel
herself, or, at all events, an accurate model showing her rigging and
all her fittings, was not on view also, for she would not have been by
any means the least attractive of the many nautical objects of
interest contained in the collection in question, which has done so
much to make the British public acquainted with the maritime history
and greatness of their country.

[Illustration: View from the Royal Western Yacht Club, Plymouth.]


ROYAL WESTERN YACHT CLUB, PLYMOUTH.

No wonder Plymouth was early in the field with yachting, in view of
the tempting facilities for every variety of aquatic pastime which
nature has there provided in the midst of lovely scenery, with shelter
close at hand in case of sudden change of weather; in fact, the whole
atmosphere is nautical with mighty precedents, for is not this the
West-country long famed for mariners with stirring historical
associations? Who can walk on the Hoe without thinking of Drake, of
Armada fame, and the stout hearts that gathered round him in the hour
of need for the defence of England against an overwhelming force?
Plymouth is a delightfully picturesque spot. On the S.-W. is the seat
of the Earl of Mount Edgcumbe, where the timber is specially fine on
the hills which afford shelter from the prevalent S.-W. wind, and blow
it truly can on occasions, not infrequently at the Regatta time, when
it is least wanted, now that the small raters are in such force. Still
it is surprising what weather some of these little fellows make of it
as they round the Breakwater. The present club-house of the Royal
Western Yacht Club is situated at the west end of the Hoe. The view
from the club-house is extremely fine. On the right the wooded heights
of Mount Edgcumbe, with the Hamoaze beneath, a little to the right,
also Drake's Island and the starting point for yacht and trawler
racing; due south the great Breakwater, and in clear weather the new
Eddystone Lighthouse. Bearing to the left beyond the Breakwater is the
well-known 'Mewstone' and familiar 'Shag Rock,' whilst inside lie a
variety of craft. Any foreign men-of-war visiting Plymouth generally
bring up at this spot, and the training brigs 'Seaflower,' 'Pilot,'
and 'Martin' give quite an idea of old days in the British Navy,
imparting much life to the whole sea view, for the lads are always
getting under way, or loosing sails, going out or coming in. On still
to the left is a range of high hills running out to the Start Point
and Prawle Point, and just beyond the Hoe to the eastward is the
Catwater, where yachts get a snug berth clear of the entrance to the
inner harbour full of trawlers and every possible variety of hookers,
fishing craft, &c.

[Illustration: Royal Western Yacht Club Plymouth.]

The Royal Western Yacht Club was established in 1827, and was at that
time known as the Port of Plymouth Royal Clarence Regatta Club; in
1833 it became the Royal Western Yacht Club. H.R.H. the Duke of Sussex
consented to become patron and H.R.H. the Duchess of Kent patroness,
eight presidents were appointed, one of whom, Sir T. D. Acland, is
still living in Devonshire. The vice-presidents, twenty-one in number,
were all men of high position and great influence. A most interesting
list of the yachts in 1835, giving the names of the boats, is still in
the possession of the club. Unfortunately there is not space to print
this in full, valuable as it would be as a record; still certain
points must be noted. There were 43 yachts in the list: of these 17
were clinker-built, like the 'Harriet' cutter of Cowes, 96 tons,
belonging to Sir B. R. Graham, Bart., a very handsome craft carrying a
crew of eleven hands. Ten were carvel-built, 16 not classified. This
was the period of general introduction of carvel surfaces. Sir T. D.
Acland's yacht 'Lady St. Kilda' was the largest schooner and largest
yacht belonging to the Royal Western Yacht Club. Her complement of
hands was eleven. Another point worthy of attention is the proportion
of rigs adopted: out of 43 vessels, 29 were cutters, 5 schooners, 4
yawls, 5 no rig given.

The regattas were held at first on the anniversary of the coronation
of His Majesty George IV., and the members were to be distinguished by
a uniform worn on the day of the regatta, and at such other times as
they might think proper.

Undress: Short blue jacket with round collar, single-breasted--six
buttons in front, and three on each cuff. White or blue kerseymere
waistcoat, with six buttons. White trousers. Blue and white shirt.

Full dress: Blue coat, with buttons on breast and cuffs. White
kerseymere waistcoat. White shirt, black handkerchief, white trousers.
The president, the vice-presidents, and the stewards were to have
three buttons on a slash cuff, and to wear blue pantaloons.

The regatta takes place about September 1, when there is generally a
great meeting. About four hundred members and one hundred yachts
belong to the club. The Royal Navy contributes innumerable classes of
craft to compete in the racing, whilst the trawlers and fishing
vessels all come in for the sports, producing one of the most
picturesque gatherings to be seen anywhere. The secretary is Capt. H.
Holditch, who has kindly furnished the information here given.


THE ROYAL VICTORIA YACHT CLUB, RYDE

The R.V.Y.C., established in 1844, made a strong start, as the
foundation stone of the present house was laid by H.R.H. the Prince
Consort in March 1846. It is well placed close to the end of Ryde
Pier, having a commanding view of very wide range from its windows.
The club has always been noted for its encouragement of yacht racing,
and has endeavoured to bring about international contests. In 1890 a
Gold Challenge Cup was instituted, value 600 guineas, subscribed for
by the members, and the famous race for the trophy in 1893 between
H.R.H. the Prince of Wales's 'Britannia' and Mr. Carroll's 'Navahoe'
will be found described in the account of the sport which took place
in that memorable year. The R.V.Y. Club at Ryde is often called the
Red Squadron, in contradistinction to the R.Y.S. with the White
Ensign.

In 1891 the club started regattas for the small classes which were
then becoming so prominent. These have been warmly taken up and
attended with great success.

[Illustration: Royal Victoria Yacht Club.]

[Illustration: International Gold Cup, Royal Victoria Yacht Club,
1883. Won by 'Britannia.']

There is yet another Challenge Cup in the hands of the Committee,
value 100 guineas. As yet it has not been sailed for, but it is
decided that the course is to be in the open Channel, not less than
150 miles, such as Ryde, round Plymouth Breakwater, Cherbourg
Breakwater, and back to Ryde for the finish. The Cup was presented by
Mr. T. B. C. West, of 'Wendur' and 'Queen Mab' fame. Probably the
length of the course has deterred competition; at least, a well-known
skipper, Captain John Nichols, who sailed 'Alarm,' 'Mosquito,' and
'Cygnet,' always says that 'nine hours at the tiller is quite enough
to do it properly'; and his experience spreads over many years and
many a tough tussle for mastery. Mr. Fife of Fairlie declares that the
'Cuckoo,' 90 tons, never showed her real capability until 'Captain
John' sailed her. The Royal Victoria Yacht Club has recently added a
very large room fronting the sea, and acquired a 'look-out' at the end
of the Pier, which seems almost like sitting in an armchair at
Spithead. The small raters have a good friend in the Secretary, Mr.
Percy Thellusson, who dearly loves them, without neglecting in any way
the interests of the larger craft.

An eccentric finish to a yacht race occurred in connection with this
club, in the contest for Ryde Town Purse, August 11, 1892, and other
prizes for smaller classes. There was a nice breeze from the eastward
at 10 A.M., and like a flight of swans the yachts were away together.
At 2 P.M., when off the Peel Bank, not a breath of wind was there to
help them. The committee decided to run up signal to shorten course
and conclude at the first round. No sooner was this done and carried
out than a brave westerly breeze sprang up and brought in about
fifteen of the craft, all classes together, both great and small, all
with feathered bows. The whole of the starters returned together
within about ten minutes. The uncertainty of the turf is proverbial,
but the uncertainty of the sea is no less remarkable.

[Illustration: 'Princess Royal,' steamer 'Leda,' 'Seagull,' 'Hebe,'
'Phoebe.'

First race of Mersey Yacht Club, June 16, 1845.]

[Illustration: 'Queen of the Ocean,' R.M.Y.C., Commodore Littledale,
saving emigrants from 'Ocean Monarch,' August 24, 1848.]


THE ROYAL MERSEY YACHT CLUB

This club, which was established in 1844, originally had its
headquarters at Liverpool, the first commodore having been Dr.
Grinwood, whose brother is now the only original member left. About
1878 the club quarters were moved to a large house in Birkenhead,
close to the river, on the banks of which a pavilion has been
constructed, as well as a large slip and two gridirons. During the
whole time the club has only had two honorary secretaries, the past
and the present. To the late secretary, Mr. Henry Melling, we are
indebted for the two illustrations (p. 47); he drew and published them
himself, much to his credit, as valuable data showing the rig of the
time. The annual regatta is generally held at the latter end of June,
the great drawback to Liverpool yachting being the tides and the bar,
to diminish which great efforts are being made by dredging on an
enormous scale. 1893 was the Jubilee Regatta. This was a great
success. 'Britannia,' 'Satanita,' 'Iverna,' took part in the races,
which were accompanied by the club steamer, carrying the Commodore,
Col. Gamble, C.B., and the Hon. Secretary, Captain James Gladstone.

[Illustration: Royal Mersey Yacht Club.]

[Illustration: Yacht Club Burgees.]

The first illustration is most interesting as bearing the names of the
yachts which sailed in the first match of the club, Monday, June 16,
1845. The bowlines on the luff of the gaff topsails should be
particularly noticed as a feature of this period. The bowline is also
shown in the drawing of the 'Cygnet,' 35 tons, in a following chapter
on Thames Clubs.

The second outline represents the 'Queen of the Ocean' yacht,
Commodore Littledale, R.M.Y.C., going to the rescue of the 'Ocean
Monarch,' emigrant ship, on fire in Abergele Bay, North Wales,
Thursday, August 24, 1848.


THE ROYAL PORTSMOUTH CORINTHIAN YACHT CLUB

BY G. L. BLAKE

What the Clyde is to Scotland, and Kingstown and Queenstown are to
Ireland, that the Solent and Southampton Water (which constitute the
waters more or less shut off from the Channel by the Isle of Wight)
are to the South of England. It is no matter of wonderment, then, that
attempts should have been made from time to time, and dating back some
generations, to form clubs which would have for their express purpose
the encouragement of seamanship, and the racing and building of
yachts.

To many old yachtsmen the 'ups and downs' of some of these societies
which are still in existence form a history of no small interest;
while the rise, doings, and fall of those now defunct ought to teach
many valuable and important lessons to the officers and committees
that are working hard for the prosperity and welfare of present day
yacht clubs.

The club which above all others has tended to encourage the
proficiency of amateur salts, so that they have become capable of
manning, piloting, and steering their own or their friends' vessels to
glory, is the Royal Portsmouth Corinthian Yacht Club. Instituted at a
time when small-yacht sailing and amateur seamanship had little or no
patronage from the big clubs, and when no ruling spirit appeared
willing to come forward to help them on to any great degree, when the
annual local regattas of the Itchen Ferry, Ryde, and Cowes Town,
Southampton, and a few other seaside resorts, were the only
opportunities afforded for sport and racing among the small fry,
perhaps no club deserves more notice among those south of London than
the one in question. Its birth took place at a meeting held on
Saturday, May 22, 1880, in the committee-room of the Prince of Wales
Club, High Street, Portsmouth, under the patronage of the late Admiral
Ryder, R.N., and General H.S.H. Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar, at that
time the Commander-in-Chief and Governor of Portsmouth, Rear-Admiral
the Honourable F. A. C. Foley, R.N., and Major-General Sir F.
Fitz-Wygram, with Captain Garrett, R.A., in the chair. A provisional
committee was elected, among whom were Messrs. W. Gilman, C. Johnson,
Thomas and Charles McCheane, F. Ruck, R.E., W. C. Storey, W. V.
Dickenson, 69th Regiment, J. Bewicke, 69th Regiment, Colonel Savory,
Admiral Hallowes, Commander Britten, R.N., H.M.S. 'St. Vincent,'
Captains Sutton, R. Kennedy, Rasch, the Reverends C. P. Grant, Vicar
of Portsmouth, and J. F. Brown, R.C. Military Chaplain. General Prince
Edward of Saxe-Weimar, Captain Garrett and Captain Sutton were the
first officers appointed to serve as Commodore, Vice- and
Rear-commodores, and Messrs. Gilman and C. McCheane with Captain
Kennedy undertook other duties. Among the yachts owned at that period
by the young club, the best known were the 'Vega,' 40 tons, belonging
to Captain Garrett; Mr. Gilman's little 'Zephyr,' 11 tons (for many
seasons one of the fastest of the old 12-ton class); and the 'Zoe,'
one of the most successful 21-ft. boats on the Solent, which was
fortunate in being owned and piloted by one of the best amateur
helmsmen and sailormen in the south of England--the late Mr. C.
Johnson, of Gosport.

[Illustration: Royal Portsmouth Corinthian Yacht Club.]

At the third meeting the Yacht Racing Association rules were adopted,
while the fourth settled that very much vext and troublesome question
as to what constitutes 'a yachting amateur,' and accordingly drew out
the rule that 'No person shall be considered an amateur who has been
at any time engaged in the navigation or sailing of a yacht for pay,'
the wording of which has since been altered to the following: 'An
amateur is a gentleman who has never received pay for sailing in a
fore-and-aft vessel, officers of the Royal Navy and Mercantile Marine
excepted.' At the same meeting Mr. C. McCheane undertook the sole
duties of honorary secretary in place of Captain Kennedy.

On June 26, 1880, the first regatta of the newly formed club was held,
when five events were pulled off under the most favourable auspices.
So successful was this first attempt at bringing the local boats
together, that the next regatta, which was similar in its classes,
brought out no fewer than eight entries in the race for the service
boats of Her Majesty's ships, all of which were steered by naval
members of the club, with the one exception of the 'Wren,' which, it
is interesting to chronicle, was steered by Miss Foley, daughter of
the Admiral commanding the Portsmouth Steam Reserve. She was the first
lady member, and one of the first ladies--if indeed there was one
before her--to pilot home the winning yacht in a race. Now that so
many ladies enter into the sport of yacht racing and come out as
famous helmswomen, the position held by Miss Foley is one to be proud
of. In the fourth race Mr. Baden-Powell's old boat, the 'Diamond,' 5
tons, at this time owned by Messrs. Sutton, put in an appearance as a
25-ft. boat; and in the fifth race Mr. J. H. Baillie's 20-ft. boat
'Kate,' the earliest of Mr. Beavor Webb's outputs, entered.

[Illustration: Midship Section.

'Madge,' 10 tons. Designed by G. L. Watson, 1880.]

Besides periodical regattas, the club was able to take in hand a good
many matches, which were made up whenever a sufficient number of
racing yachts to create sport happened to be lying off Southsea or
about the port, and good prizes were always forthcoming, for, as is
the case in the Royal Alfred Yacht Club of Kingstown, all money was
devoted at this time to racing purposes. The match held on the 14th of
August, 1880, is a very fair example of what these extemporaneous
races were like. It was for yachts of 20 tons and under. The entries
included: 'Madge,' 10 tons, Mr. J. Coats; 'Louise,' 20 tons;
'Euterpe,' 20 tons, Mr. Bayley; 'Freda,' 20 tons, Mr. Freke; 'Maggie,'
15 tons, Mr. Taylor; 'Viola,' 20 tons, Mr. Kelly; 'Sayonara,' 20 tons,
Mr. G. W. Richardson. By the end of the first season the club had
advanced to such a strong position in the eyes of yachting men and in
the public estimation, that Her Majesty was pleased to accede to the
request of the Commodore, Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar, to have it
made a Royal club, and accordingly commanded that from May 27, 1880,
the club should be styled the Royal Portsmouth Corinthian Yacht Club.
Except perhaps in the cases of the Royal Cork, the Royal Yacht
Squadron and Royal Highland, no yachting club has ever been known to
grow so rapidly into popularity as to obtain the Royal warrant within
the space of less than six months.

The season of 1881 began on April 6 with a yacht tonnage of 3,569 tons
and 220 members belonging to the club. The year was an important one
in its annals, for some of the best known of yachtsmen became members
of the community. Captain Garrett gave up the Vice-Commodoreship, and
was succeeded by Captain F. Sutton, late 11th Hussars, whilst Admiral
Byng undertook the office vacated by Captain Sutton.

The greater number of those who had up to this time joined the Royal
Portsmouth Corinthian Yacht Club were yachting members, and lived in
all parts of the United Kingdom. The opening regatta was held on the
glorious 4th of June, so dear to Eton and other memories. It witnessed
the entry, in the race for yachts of 11 to 25 tons, of that favourite
old 20-ton clipper the 'Vanessa,' and the old Fairlie 25-tonner
'Santry.' The courses this year finished between a mark-boat and the
Southsea Pier.

At the third regatta another famous old ship threw down the glove to
the 'Gadfly' and Mr. Arthur Glennie's 'Sonata,' viz. the 16-ton
'Satanella.' On August 13, by the special command of Her Majesty, the
club had the honour of holding its Annual Royal Regatta in Osborne
Bay. The entries were large for all the items of the programme, no
fewer than twelve boats starting in a class for 30 ft. and under, and
thirty-one for the race for centreboarders. In this last race the
Prince of Wales sailed his little crack 'Belle Lurette,' and won the
second prize. In the race for yachts of 40 tons and upwards the
'Samoena,' 'Annasona,' and 'Sleuthhound' started. It may be stated
here, that on the day of the regatta the club had 400 names on its
list of members, the greater number of whom claimed some pretensions
to being yachtsmen. This was a rapid increase of 180 in less than four
months, and distinctly proved that the club was already satisfactorily
filling the much-desired need on the Solent, and it was most
gratifying to those who had given their time and their energy towards
the success of the venture that nothing but praise poured in from all
quarters, because of the perfect organisation with which all regattas,
matches, and general arrangements were carried out. Perhaps it is not
too much to say here that the club owed much at this period of its
existence to its honorary secretary, the late Mr. Charles McCheane,
whose unflagging zeal and well-known gift of organisation helped to a
very considerable extent to bring about the prestige which it was
beginning to enjoy.

One great feature of the season of 1881 was the addition of a rule
allowing any boat that had been hired by a member for a space of over
three months to enter for the club races, in order to give every
encouragement to the sport of yacht-racing. Many have been the times
that such a rule has been begged for by yachtsmen, especially tiros at
the game; but the Yacht Racing Association, and, in fact, all Royal
Yacht Clubs with the exception of the Royal Portsmouth Corinthian,
have placed a veto on any proposition which included in any way its
introduction. With the Royal Portsmouth Corinthian the rule proved in
the early days of the club a great success, but latterly, as yacht
tonnage was added to the club and members became provided with their
own ships, the rule gradually died out, till at last it has
disappeared altogether from the Book of Rules and Regulations.

The year 1882 was notable chiefly for the introduction of a new class
in the regatta programmes, viz. that for 3-tonners. Four of these
little vessels did battle in all kinds of weather and proved most
successfully how much power and what fine sea-going qualities can be
obtained by length and depth with almost a minimum of beam. Mr. Wynne
Eyton and Mr. Quilter designed and raced the composite built
'Mascotte,' Mr. A. W. Courtney the 'Naiad,' the late Lord Francis
Cecil the 'Chittywee,' and Lord Ailsa and Mr. Baden-Powell the
'Snarley Yow.' Of these the 'Chittywee' was the best all-round boat,
though the 'Mascotte' gave her all she could do to beat her.

In the small length classes, the 20-ft. 'Kate,' which had become the
property of the Honorary Secretary during the winter of 1881, came to
the fore in a remarkable manner, saving her time when necessary, and
giving all comers a fair beating. The next year, however, witnessed
her total defeat by Mr. Popham's little 'Bird of Freedom,' a boat that
is still to the fore.

The Annual Royal Regatta of 1883 was held as before at Osborne Bay,
and proved a complete success, and the club could now boast of a
patronage second only to that of the Royal Yacht Squadron. The
programme on August 11, the day of the regatta, exhibited a great
advance on those of the two previous years, as the classes ranged more
after the fashionable formulæ, viz. for yachts of 40 tons and under,
20 and over 14, 14 and over 9 tons. The race for 40-ton yachts fell
through, but was afterwards sailed on August 22, when the 'Annasona,'
'Tara,' 'Sleuthhound,' 'Phryne,' and 'Silver Star' crossed the line,
and 'Tara' and 'Silver Star' (their first appearance under the flag of
the Royal Portsmouth Club) came in first and second. Among the
twenties, which showed up for the first time, were the 'Freda' and two
well-known old warriors from St. George's Channel, the 'Quickstep' and
'Challenge.' In the race for 10-tonners the 'Ulidia,' designed by Mr.
W. Fife, jun., was the new addition to the club, and she fought it out
with the 'Buttercup,' this latter favourite being thoroughly beaten on
all points of sailing.

During the year of 1884 the prosperity of the club was decidedly on
the increase. In the first place, during the winter, the premises in
the High Street, Portsmouth, which had up to this time formed the
Prince of Wales's Club House, had been bought, altered and improved to
suit the club's requirements. As it stands now, it is one of the most
comfortable club-houses in the South of England.

The club also opened on Southsea Beach a Station House of its own,
which has telephonic communications with the house in High Street, and
all parts of the towns of Portsmouth and Southampton. It consists of a
railed-off space, sufficient to allow of a fair frontage, besides room
for the flagstaff, guns, and all such necessary fittings. The building
is a very comfortable cabin, with all modern conveniences. The
telephonic communication with Southampton is of the greatest possible
service, as most of the small raters make the Itchen and its precincts
their home.

On June 7 in this year, the custom (which has now died out) of having
an opening cruise under the club officers was originated. Nothing can
make up for the teaching which manoeuvring under sail affords, and it
is a great pity more of such cruises do not take place, and that at
regular intervals.

The officers of the club had remained the same up to this year, when
Admiral Byng gave up the Rear-Commodoreship in favour of Mr. J. R.
West. One of the great features of the season was the recognition of
the foot classes, which became so popular during the following four
years. The first and second regattas introduced races for boats or
yachts of 25 feet and 30 feet on the load water-line. In the latter
class the 'Eclipse' and 'Keepsake' were competitors, the 'Eclipse'
being the better of the two boats; and in the former the 'Daphne,'
'Wave,' and 'Lil' were the three to race, the 'Lil' being the
principal winner. The Annual Royal Regatta, owing to the sad
bereavement that had visited the Court, took place by royal command
off Bembridge, instead of in Osborne Bay as heretofore. No fewer than
fourteen items constituted the programme, of which the most
interesting was the ten-ton match between the 'Ulidia' and 'Ulerin,'
representatives of Messrs. Fife and Watson, the great Scotch yacht
designers. On August 16 a fine match was brought off, and the
amateurs' powers put to the test, when 'A Corinthian Plate,' a very
handsome piece of silver work, weighing 134 ozs., was sailed for by
the 'Genesta,' 'Marguerite,' and 'Irex.'

Perhaps the most sporting matches that have been sailed under the red
burgee with crown, star, and half-moon in centre, were three that
sprang out of a race for yachts of 20 tons and under, and took place
at the last regatta of the season. On this occasion the 'Enriqueta,'
20-ton (cutter that was, but at this time a) yawl, snatched, by some
few seconds on time allowance, first honours from the old 'Quickstep.'
On the Monday following the regatta a friendly match was sailed
between the two vessels, ending with the same result as on the
Saturday. Two matches were then arranged to be sailed on the next and
following days, the conditions of which were that amateurs alone were
to man one yacht, while professionals were to take charge of the
other. No pilot was to be allowed, and the prize was to be 1_l._ from
each amateur should the professionals win, and a sixpenny pipe from
each professional should the amateurs be successful. Lots to be drawn
for the choice of yacht in the first race, yachts to be exchanged for
the second.

The result of the lots on the Tuesday gave the amateurs the choice of
ships, and they took the 'Enriqueta.' The course was across an
imaginary line from the Signal Station flagstaff to the mark-boat,
round the Spit buoy, Warner Lightship and East Sturbridge buoy,
leaving all on the starboard hand, thence round the Spit buoy and
mark-boat on port hand, to finish between the mark-boat on port hand
and Signal Station. Twice round, 20 miles.

[Illustration: 'Irex' _64 tons_ (_John Jameson, Esq._) _Designed by
Alex. Richardson_, 1884.]

The wind was light from the south-east. The professionals in the
'Quickstep' were the first over the line, but it was before the gun
fired, and they had to recross it. This was not taken advantage of by
the 'Enriqueta,' for the yacht, just as the gun fired, was, for some
unaccountable reason, kept in irons quite two minutes by her helmsman.
The 'Enriqueta' was steered by her owner and Major Urquhart. The
'Quickstep' won by 12 mins. 13 secs. On the following day the
conditions were identical, except that the yachts were exchanged.
The tide, wind, and weather were the same as on the Tuesday. Both
yachts crossed the line at the same time. 'Enriqueta' held the weather
berth, and, hugging the mark-boat, went about at once; but
'Quickstep,' by a very pretty piece of steering on the part of Mr.
Maxwell Heron, was put about and brought on 'Enriqueta's' weather.
'Enriqueta' got away again under 'Quickstep's' lee, owing to the
latter having her sails too closely pinned in. This error was
fortunately rectified, and the 'Quickstep,' with sheets slightly
checked, at once sprang ahead and forereached on the yawl, but not
sufficiently to prevent the 'Enriqueta,' when off Southsea Castle,
from going about and crossing 'Quickstep's' bow, a proceeding which,
had it not been for the fine helmsmanship displayed, must have ended
in a collision. When the yawl tacked the next time, however, the
'Quickstep' was to windward once more, and led round the Warner
Lightship by 4 mins. The mark-boat was rounded at the end of the first
round by the 'Quickstep' 14 mins. 15 secs. ahead of the 'Enriqueta.'
On the second round the wind fell light, shifting and flukey, and,
except that the 'Quickstep' won, offered no very interesting points of
sailing worth noting. Such matches as the foregoing are worth
repeating; for it is when acting in competition with men who make
fore-and-aft sailing their business that amateurs find out the value
of their seafaring knowledge, and can accordingly gauge their strength
and learn to amend their weak points.

In 1885 the first regatta--and regattas now took place once a
fortnight regularly--was memorable for the maiden races of the 'Elma'
among the service boats, and the 'Syren' in the 25-ft. class. The
'Elma' had been an open whale-shaped admiral's barge. She was rigged
with dipping lugs, and manned by sub-lieutenants from H.M.S.
'Excellent.' The writer had the privilege of seeing her work her way
to Bembridge late in the season, and the smart manner in which the
boat was handled, and the lugs lowered, dipped, and hoisted, was one
of the prettiest sights of the season.

The second regatta witnessed the _début_ of the two latest additions
to the 30-ft. class--the 'Curtsey' and 'Yum Yum.' The 'Curtsey' proved
herself the best boat of her year.

It was during this year that the new A, B, C classes were, for the
first time, given a prominent place in the regatta programmes. These
severally were supposed to include the full-blown racer, the
out-of-date racer, and the ordinary cruiser. The idea was to try to
create a method by which all yacht-owners might have an opportunity of
joining in yacht racing. The system proved only a partial success, and
the real gainers by the innovation, if there were any, were the
sailmakers, who were kept employed, owing to many an 'old box'
requiring spinnakers and other light muslin quite foreign to their
original sail-plan.

The fourth regatta of the season took place away from the port, and
off the new watering-place, Lee-on-Solent. The principal course
started from over an imaginary line lying between the committee vessel
and a flagstaff at Lee-on-Solent, round the north-east and east Middle
buoy, the west Middle buoy, round the Bramble buoys, omitting the
Thorn, Calshot Lightship, and Hill Head buoy, to pass between the
committee vessel and shore, leaving all marks on the starboard hand;
three times round.

On July 25, the first club match round the Isle of Wight took place.
It was open to all yachts of 9 tons and upwards in the B and C
classes. Two of Fairlie's old clippers came out in new feathers for
this race, the 'Neptune' and 'Fiona'; and the former not only in this,
but in many another thrash round a course during this and the
following seasons, kept well in the van and showed that age had in no
way been detrimental to her speed. The Royal Regatta was again held
off Bembridge on August 8, when for the 10-tonners' prize the 'Queen
Mab,' and in the 5-ton class the pretty 'Cyprus,' showed their
wonderful weatherly qualities. The day is one that will long be
remembered by those who took part in the trips round the Nab. The
course, for all the classes from 5 tons and upwards, was from an
imaginary line between the committee boat and H.M.S. 'Speedy,' round
the Warner Lightship, the Dean Tail buoy and Nab Lightship, leaving
all to starboard, to finish between the committee vessel on the port
hand and the 'Speedy'; twice round. The weather was boisterous, with
half a gale of wind blowing from the southward and westward. There was
a nasty cross sea off the Nab, which frightened more than one hardy
salt from making a start, and the owners of the 30-ft. yachts did
their best to have their course shortened. The only accident, which
might have turned out disastrous, was the capsizing of the 'Elma,'
when making a board off the Nab Lightship. She was, however, righted,
bailed out, and one by one all her crew got on board.

[Illustration: Midship section.

'Neptune,' cutter, 50 tons. Built by Fife, 1875.]

The next year (1886) exhibited a still further advance in the
well-being of the club. The number of regattas during the season was
increased from eight to ten, exclusive of matches and the annual Royal
Regatta, which this year took place at Stokes Bay. Numerous new and
old yachts were added to the club tonnage, for the B and C classes
began to fill, and many a forgotten old heroine was made to come out
and don her long-left-off racing suits. Of those which thus appeared
all spick and span were the 'May,' 40 tons; 'Foxhound,' 35 tons;
'Veronica,' 92 tons; 'Terpsichore,' 38 tons; 'Leander' and 'Nadejola,'
twenties; and 'Naiad' and 'Lily,' old Mersey tens. Of the new yachts
the 'Hyacinth' was the fruit of the new classification, as she was
designed and built by Mr. Arthur Payne, to race in the B class. This
was the last year that any yachts were built to the 25-ft. and 21-ft.
classes, the 'Verena,' 25 ft., and the 'Minima,' and 'Volador,' 21
ft., being the last that were laid down on the stocks.

The number of members up to this date had been steadily on the
increase, so that by the end of the year the list had reached over
600. Since the club had started in 1880, over 73 regattas and matches
had been held, and more than 2,600_l._ given in prizes--a past history
such as few, if any, of the older clubs can show.

In 1887 the Yacht Racing Association rating rule came into force, and
though some races were provided for the 25-ft. class, still the main
racing was among the A, B, and C and rater classes. The 'Thalassa' and
'Stella' were the first representatives of the 2-1/2-raters, the
'Sybil,' 26 tons, and 'Mary,' 25 tons, coming out to wrest the prizes
from the 'Hyacinth.'

The next year it was found quite impossible to suit all owners so as
to fill every event on a programme. This was owing to there still
being a tonnage class, A, B and C, the new rating and the length
classes. The consequence was that only seven regattas came off during
the season, exclusive of the Royal Regatta, which was again held at
Bembridge. During the season of 1888, the question of shifting keels
was brought before the club committee, and a hard fight was made to
have them abolished. There was the same curious assortment of classes
as in the preceding year, because the rating rule had not as yet taken
hold of the yacht-racing public.

By 1889 so great had become the popularity of the club and the demand
for membership that it was decided to raise the annual subscription to
2_l._ 2_s._, with an entrance fee of 5_l._ 5_s._ for non-yacht-owners,
and 2_l._ 2_s._ for yacht-owners. The rating classes had now come into
full swing, and the season started with a match for 20-raters, unique,
in that it brought together no fewer than five newly launched
competitors, viz.: the 'Chiqueta,' 'Dragon,' 'Ghost,' 'Siola,' and
'Velzie.' By the third regatta eight 2-1/2-raters were ready for the
fray, seven of which were new boats that season--'Cock-a-whoop,'
'Cosette,' 'Humming Bird,' 'Madcap,' 'Nadador,' 'Heathen Chinee,' and
'Musume.' Among the 10-raters were the old 5-ton flyer 'Doris,' now
swelled out to meet the more modern school, 'Fantan,' 'Dis,' 'Decima,'
and 'Ethel.' The new 'Blue Belle,' 'Tar Baby,' and sometimes the
'Thief,' formed the 5-rating class.

The event of the season was the handicap race for the Cup given by the
Queen, which took place on August 10. It was open to yachts of 20 tons
and over, and 17 started. The course chosen lay to the eastward, from
an imaginary line between the flagstaff on the Spit Fort, and the
committee boat, round the Nab Lightship, west buoy of the middle and
committee vessel, leaving all on the starboard hand, to finish between
the committee vessel and the Spit buoy. There was a strong
south-westerly breeze blowing all day, which suited the large yachts
well, and some of the finest sailing of the year was witnessed by
those who were fortunate enough to follow the race.

Nothing of note occurred during the 1890 period of the club's history.
The match which took place on August 2, for yachts rated at 40 tons
and over, was the most successful of the season, for it brought
together all the large cracks of the year, viz. the 'Iverna,' 119,
'Thistle,' 120, 'Valkyrie,' 76, and 'Yarana,' 72. The 5-rater class
proved a very full one, the leading yacht architects sending out as
representatives of their skill the 'Valentine,' 'Glycera,' 'Quinque,'
'Alwida,' 'Archee,' and 'Fair Geraldine.' The 2-1/2-rater class
received as new additions the 'Troublesome,' 'Babe,' 'Janetta,'
'Dolphin,' 'Camilla,' and 'G.G.' A class, however, which gave a fund
of amusement, and was allowed a place in the club's programmes for the
first time this year, was the 1/2-rater. No fewer than ten little
boats formed its racing fleet, and were always ready to cross the line
whenever a prize and race were offered them.

In 1891 these mosquitoes had a Champion Cup presented to them by Mr.
Blair Cochrane, and eleven started at the third regatta of the season
for this trophy, which was won by the little 'Kittiwake,' the
'Coquette' coming in second. Another new class, for 1-raters, was
started this year, but only four competitors composed it, among them
being the 'Kelpie,' 'Samoena,' and 'Unit.' The Royal Regatta was held
at Wootton Creek on August 8, and the annual race round the Island was
perhaps the best race of the season. It will be seen that, after the
rating rule came into force, racing among old cast-offs found no
further favour in the eyes of the community, and as an example of the
modern programme, the following on the next page, which is that of the
Royal Regatta, is a very good specimen.

Of the sailing committee, which has done so much good work, there are
names that have appeared on its list as serving members almost from
the time a sailing committee was first formed. Capt. Sutton, the
honoured Vice-Commodore, and Mr. Gilman, the Hon. Treasurer, deserve
first mention, as they have been office-holders from the foundation of
the club, and Mr. Gilman's name appears in the earliest committee
list. Admiral Hallowes and Major Bulkeley are next in order of
seniority. Capt. Hayes, R.N., Messrs. Crampton and A. H. Glennie (the
latter is the present Rear-Commodore) follow in order, while Capt.
Nottage, Messrs. Flemmich, Laity, Walford, and Wildy bring up the
rear. The membership of a sailing committee of such a club as the
Royal Portsmouth Corinthian is no sinecure, and a man must be a keen
yachtsman who will undertake the duties entailed.

[Illustration: 'Yarana' (now 'Maid Marion').

_72 tons._ _Designed by G. L. Watson_, 1883.]


  ROYAL PORTSMOUTH CORINTHIAN YACHT CLUB

  1891.

  _Commodore_--GENERAL H.S.H. PRINCE EDWARD OF SAXE-WEIMAR, G.C.B.
  _Vice-Commodore_--CAPTAIN F. SUTTON ('Gadfly,' 20 tons).
  _Rear-Commodore_--J. R. WEST, Esq. ('Goshawk,' 239 tons).


  THE ANNUAL REGATTA

  _Under the Patronage of their Royal Highnesses_
  THE PRINCE AND PRINCESS OF WALES

  Will take place (weather permitting)
  OFF WOOTTON CREEK,
  _On Saturday, August 8th._


  FIRST RACE--YACHTS of 40-rating.

    PRIZE, Cup value Sixty Guineas, presented by A. H. Glennie, Esq.
    Helmsman, value 5_l._ 5_s._ Entrance fee, 3_l._

  SECOND RACE--HANDICAP--YACHTS of 60-rating and upwards.

    FIRST, value 50_l._  }
                         } prizes presented by A. H. Glennie, Esq.
    SECOND, value 25_l._ }
      Entrance fee, 50_s._ Helmsman, value 5_l._ 5_s._, presented by
      F. C. Hill, Esq.

  THIRD RACE--HANDICAP--YACHTS under 60-rating.

    FIRST PRIZE, value 25_l._, presented by Julian Senior, Esq.
    SECOND PRIZE, value 10_l._ Entrance fee, 25_s._

  FOURTH RACE--YACHTS of 20-rating.

    FIRST PRIZE, value 20_l._, presented by S. M. Richards, Esq.
    SECOND PRIZE, value 5_l._, presented by Lt.-Col. A. D. MacGregor.
      Entrance fee, 20_s._

  FIFTH RACE--YACHTS over 2-1/2, but not exceeding 5-rating.

    FIRST PRIZE, a Silver Cup, presented by Captain A. K. Wilson R.N.,
      V.C., C.B., and Officers H.M.S. 'Vernon.'
    SECOND PRIZE, value 5_l._ 5_s._, presented by W. A. Beauclerk, Esq.
      Entrance fee, 15_s._

  SIXTH RACE--YACHTS not exceeding 2-1/2-rating.

  FIRST PRIZE, the 'Fernie' Cup, value 10_l._ 10_s._ (presented by Mrs.
    Fernie in memory of the late Robertson Fernie, Esq.)
  SECOND PRIZE, value 5_l._ 5_s._, presented by the Vice-Commodore,
    Captain F. Sutton. Entrance fee, 10_s._ 6_d._

  SEVENTH RACE--YACHTS of 1-rating.

    FIRST PRIZE, value 6_l._ 6_s._, presented by Rear-Admiral Hallowes.
    SECOND PRIZE, value 2_l._ 2_s._, presented by Colonel F. J. Smith, R.E.
      Entrance fee, 6_s._

  EIGHTH RACE--YACHTS of 1/2-rating, belonging to any recognised Yacht
    Club.

    FIRST, value 3_l._ _3s._  Prizes presented by Paul A. Ralli, Esq.
    SECOND, value 2_l._ 2_s._  Entrance fee, 3_s._

  NINTH RACE--SERVICE YACHTS.

    FIRST PRIZE, value 5_l._ _5s._, presented by A. G. Wildy, Esq.
    SECOND PRIZE, value 2_l._ 2_s._ Entrance fee, 5_s._

  All Yachts must belong to the club, eighth and ninth races excepted.
  Yachts in all the races must be steered by Amateur Members of any
  recognised Yacht Club. The Races will be sailed according to Y.R.A.
  Rules. Exceptions, time of entry, _two_ to compete or no race; _four_,
  or no second prize.

  _The second and third Races will be handicapped by the Committee
  without appeal._

That the naval officers who are honorary members have been valued
friends to the club goes without saying. Nothing could exceed the
interest that has been taken in the club's welfare by the Commodore,
H.S.H. General Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar, especially whilst in
command at Portsmouth. Neither must the club's mainstay, the honorary
secretary, Mr. John Main, be forgotten. Almost from the beginning Mr.
Main had acted as under-secretary to the then honorary secretary, Mr.
C. McCheane, and it is not too much to say that when acting in that
capacity he was the kedge anchor to the club, and frequently on
occasions was called upon to play the part of best bower. When Mr.
McCheane resigned his office on July 14, 1887, after an interregnum of
three months, during which Captain Haldane was made acting secretary,
Mr. Main was chosen unanimously to fill the vacant office, and not
only those connected with the club, but all who have had to hold
communication with him, know how well its arduous duties have been
performed. It is to this gentleman that the writer is indebted for
help in compiling this notice.

With a commodious house, a signal station to keep up, and prizes to be
provided (nearly 6,000_l._ have been given to be sailed for up to
1893), the expenses, it is needless to say, are great and tax the
funds considerably. Money, however, is always forthcoming through the
liberality displayed by many of the members. Among those who have come
forward to help the club with gifts of cups and prizemoney are the
following gentlemen, whose names are rarely absent from any notice or
list calling for an extra supply towards the prize fund: Captain
Sutton, Vice-Commodore; Mr. J. R. West, late Rear-Commodore; Mr. A. H.
Glennie, Rear-Commodore; and Messrs. Julian Senior, S. Richards, and
B. Paget. Mrs. Robertson Fernie makes an annual present of a purse in
memory of her late husband, who was always a contributor up to the
time of his death.

The club has certainly done more for amateur seamanship than any
other inside the Isle of Wight; it was the first to start a system of
fortnightly regattas, and has always been chosen by outside clubs to
time the arrivals of their ocean races to the port of Portsmouth.

The usual annual regatta was held last year, 1893, somewhat
unfortunately, during the squadron week at Cowes, whither the big
cutters of the season had attracted so many lovers of yacht racing as
well as general sight-seers. A very varied programme was provided,
including all classes from the 100-tonner to the 1/2-rater, in all
about five different races. The first was a handicap for yachts
exceeding 19-rating, the course being from between the
committee-vessel and the Spit Fort, round the N.E. middle buoy, Warner
lightship, and Boyne buoy, all marks to be left on the port hand. This
afforded a great opportunity for the spectators on Southsea beach to
see the racing thoroughly well, as the competitors had to accomplish
three rounds, making about a 40-mile course.

The object of handicaps is to get sport amongst craft of varied
tonnage, class, and build, by giving time allowance. In the present
case the largest vessel was 'Mabel,' late 'Irex,' 100-rating; the
smallest,'Marigold,' 22-rating; 'Mabel' allowing 'Marigold' 39
minutes. Six started. A good race ensued, as the following time of the
finish will corroborate:--'Columbine,' winner, 4 hrs. 32 mins. 41
secs.; 'Castanet,' 2nd prize, 4 hrs. 36 mins. 15 secs.; 'Creole,' 3rd
prize, 4 hrs. 33 mins. 43 secs.; 'Mabel,' 4 hrs. 38 mins. 14 secs.

  +---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
  |  Yacht  | Rig  |Rating| Handicap |      Owner      |
  +---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
  |Mabel    |cutter| 100  | scratch  |Mr. Muir         |
  |Creole   |  "   |  40  |10 minutes|Lieut.-Col. Bagot|
  |Columbine| yawl |  50  |12    "   |Mr. W. B. Paget  |
  |Castanet |cutter|  40  |14    "   |Mr. W. R. Cookson|
  |Hyacinth | yawl |  50  |27    "   |Mr. T. C. Garth  |
  |Marigold |cutter|  22  |39    "   |Mr. W. R. Martin |
  +---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+

The 20-raters were represented by 'Dragon,' 'Deirdré,' and 'Molly.'

The 2-1/2-raters brought together were in number eight--'Elf,'
'Gareth,' 'Gavotte,' 'Kismet,' 'Meneen,' 'Papoose,' 'Faugh-a-Ballagh,'
and 'Undine.'

This race was for the Fernie Cup, value 10 guineas, won by 'Kismet,'
Miss Mabel Cox.

Four 1-raters started over a 12-mile course, and the 1/2-raters
finished a very successful regatta by having a match over an 8-mile
course; the 'Mosquito,' belonging to Admiral Hallowes, beating the
'Coquette' by half a minute.


ROYAL CINQUE PORTS YACHT CLUB, DOVER

ESTABLISHED 1872

  _Commodore_: H.R.H. DUKE OF CONNAUGHT, K.G.
  _Vice-Commodore_: EARL OF PEMBROKE

The leading feature in the regatta of the Royal Cinque Ports Yacht
Club is the race to Boulogne and back, which really is the Channel
match of the season; and in the year 1877, which was remarkable for
hard winds and even gales on racing days, such as that when the
Weymouth, as well as other regattas, was hopelessly stopped, the
grandest race of the series was sailed June 14. The following fine
fleet started:--

  +-----------+-------+-----------+---------+---------------------+
  |   Yacht   |Tonnage|Description| Builder |       Owner         |
  +-----------+-------+-----------+---------+---------------------+
  |Australia  |  207  | Schooner  |  Inman  |W. W. Hughes, Esq.   |
  |Phantom    |  172  |     "     |  Hoad   |A. O. Wilkinson, Esq.|
  |Corinne    |  160  |     "     | Ratsey  |N. Wood, Esq.        |
  |Sea Belle  |  142  |     "     | Harvey  |H. Taylor, Esq.      |
  |Miranda    |  135  |     "     | Harvey  |G. C. Lampson, Esq.  |
  |Lufra      |  208  |    Yawl   | Ratsey  |J. Houldsworth, Esq. |
  |Florinda   |  138  |     "     |Nicholson|W. Jessop, Esq.      |
  |Jullanar   |  127  |     "     | Bentall |A. D. Macleay, Esq.  |
  |Vol au Vent|  103  |   Cutter  | Ratsey  |Col. Markham         |
  +-----------+-------+-----------+---------+---------------------+

With a very hard E.N.E. wind blowing all reefed mainsails and
jibheaders, 1877 was a great season for carrying away spars, and June
14 added its share. The arrival time round Boulogne mark-boat is
worth recording.

[Illustration: 'Arrow,' Royal Cinque Ports Yacht Club.

_117 tons_ (_Tankerville Chamberlayne, Esq._). _June 24, 1876_.]

                        h.  m.  s.
  Phantom                2  17   0
  Australia              2  21  30
  Corinne                2  29   0
  Lufra                  2  29  30
  Miranda                2  32   0
  Florinda               2  32  19
  Sea Belle              2  35  15
  Jullanar               2  36   0
  Vol au Vent            3   0  15

The E.N.E. was now a little before their beam; with flattened sheets
they all began to dive a little more than on the voyage out. At last,
some five miles or so after rounding the Boulogne mark-boat, the
leading schooner, 'Phantom,' took a dive that was too much for her
bowsprit, which snapped off short. Poor 'Phantom,' in the prime of
life, leading grandly and full of promise! After this there were no
more accidents. The 'Australia' had the lead, and finished, winning
the 100_l._ prize, and establishing a record, 4 hrs. 12 mins. 40 secs.
for the course, which has not been beaten up to the present.

The other racers came in as follows:--

                        h.  m.  s.
  Australia              4  12  40
  Corinne                4  26  18
  Florinda               4  30  38
  Phantom                4  33   3
  Miranda                4  34  32
  Jullanar               4  36  30
  Sea Belle              4  37  48
  Lufra                  4  38  38
  Vol au Vent            5  24   0

Another good race over the same course, on June 28, 1880, was won by
'Latona,' 160 tons, built by J. White; A. B. Rowley, Esq.; duration of
race, 4 hrs. 14 mins. 4 secs. Started 10.30 A.M., arrived at Dover 2
hrs. 44 min. 4 secs.

[Illustration: 'Reverie,' 40-rater. Built for A. D. Clarke, Esq.,
1891, by Messrs. Fay. Designed by J. M. Soper.]

[Illustration: 'Reverie.'

_40-rater, by Fay & Co. Designed by J. M. Soper, 1891. Hauled up at
Fay's Yard._]

On July 22, 1889, the 'Wendur,' yawl, 124-rating, 43 tons, built by
and belonging to Thos. B. C. West, Esq., ran this time very close,
starting 10 A.M., arrived at Dover 2 hrs. 14 mins. 28 secs. Duration
of race, 4 hrs. 14 mins. 28 secs., being 24 seconds longer than
'Latona.'

A race on Tuesday, June 14, 1892, was a very remarkable one, and
showed what a 40-tonner is capable of in bad weather and hard wind in
the Channel, which is not the smoothest water in a strong
North-easter. The finish was as follows:--

                                   Arrived at Dover
                                        h.  m.  s.
  Lethe, yawl                           3  17  11
  Queen Mab, cutter (winner, 70_l._)    3  34   9
  Iverna, cutter                        3  38   1
  Thalia, cutter (2nd prize, 5_l._)     3  47  28
  Creole, cutter                        3  57  32
  Varuna, dismasted

Duration of race, 4 hrs. 32 mins. 11 secs. Wind north-east, strong and
squally.




CHAPTER II

SCOTTISH CLUBS


THE ROYAL NORTHERN YACHT CLUB, ROTHESAY

BY R. T. PRITCHETT

The Clyde is, and always has been, the great yachting nursery and
centre of the North. The very mention of the name arouses all who have
pleasurable recollections of the great waters which lead up to the
narrow Clutha, whence emerged those monsters of the deep, 'Lucanias,'
and other triumphs of modern science. As recently as 1886 the steamer
'Industry,' built by Fife of Fairlie in 1814, was lying in the mud at
Haulbowline, after running some sixty years between Greenock and
Glasgow. Yacht-building has always been vigorously carried on in the
Great Estuary for three generations. The Fifes of Fairlie have
designed and built grand vessels there, though the flat shore presents
immense difficulties, which are greatly added to by the present
increase of draught and lead ballast in yachts of all classes.

[Illustration: 1824. Northern Yacht Club Seal.]

The Royal Northern Yacht Club is installed at that delightful spot,
Rothesay, noted for its fine bay; and though Clyde weather is known to
yachting men as being somewhat impulsive and petulant, whipping out
spars, destructive to balloon canvas unless the skipper is very
weatherwise indeed, still for real sailing the Clyde affords some of
the best courses in the world and the grandest sport from 23-footers
to 200-tonners.

[Illustration: Royal Northern Yacht Club, Rothesay.]

The Royal Northern Club had a very interesting origin. It dates from
1824, when it was founded by some gentlemen in the north of Ireland
and west of Scotland who were devotees of yachting. A few years later
the club was separated into two branches, an Irish and Scotch
division, as will be perceived by the flags given here in
illustration. One has the shamrock wreath, the other the thistles,
each division having its own committee and officials.

_Original Members_, A.D. 1824

  No.
   1. Thomas Pottinger (Admiral 1825)
   2. John Turnley
   3. J. E. Matthews
   4. R. Kennedy
   5. Robert Thomson (first secretary) 1824, and admiral, 1827
   6. Gordon Thomson
   7. G. Matthews
   8. Henry J. McCracken
   9. Edward S. Ruthven
  10. Thos. Ch. Stewart Corry
  11. George Russell
  12, 13, 14. McCrackens, junrs.
  15. J. Smyth, Helensburgh (for many years Commodore of R.N.Y.C.)
  16. J. Carrick, Greenock
  17. Robert Langtry
  18. Robert Christian, Sligo
  19. Claudius Armstrong, Dublin
  20. Robert F. Gordon
  21. Edward Forbes Orson, Balyreggan House, Stranraer
  22. John Kennedy, Cuttra

The records of the Scotch division prior to 1846 were unfortunately
destroyed by an accident some years ago. The minute-book of the Irish
division has, however, survived. From it we find that at a meeting of
gentlemen interested in the foundation of the Northern Yacht Club,
held at Belfast on November 5, 1824, it was resolved 'that the
establishment of a yacht club is a highly desirable object.' A
committee was accordingly appointed to that end, Mr. Robert Thomson
being requested to act as secretary, and at a general meeting held
April 8, 1825, Mr. John Allan of Glasgow accepted the post of
secretary for the Clyde. At a general meeting at Belfast May 2, 1825,
the secretary was instructed to write to Mr. Allan, to consult with
the Scotch members and fix with them the place of rendezvous for the
first general meeting of the boats of the club. The date arranged was
the first Monday in June, and the Irish members declared that they
were ready to meet the Scotch members 'in any part of the Clyde' on
that day.

The club was known as the Northern Yacht Club. There is no record in
the minute-book of the burgee adopted, but in an old picture, now in
the club-house at Rothesay, the yachts are shown cruising off Garroch
Head, in the Clyde, with red ensigns, the burgee also red, with the
letters N.Y.C. in white. The present secretary has courteously sent a
photograph of this picture, also of the flags, as an historical
contribution. The first prizes offered were for pulling (rowing)
matches to take place in Ireland.

The Marquis of Donegall was the first President of the club, and Mr.
Thos. Pottinger, Admiral for 1825.

[Illustration: Royal Northern flags.]

The full dress of the club consisted of a blue coat with crimson silk
lining, with 'Marall's' vest, white or black pantaloons or breeches,
and silk stockings to correspond. Members who appeared at the dinners
of the club without this dress were fined 10s. At a general meeting
held at Greenock, on August 3, 1825, Mr. James Hamilton, of Holmhead,
was appointed Admiral for the ensuing year.

In May 1826, at Belfast, the yachts were divided into three classes:--

  1st class           over 30 tons register
  2nd   "              "   15   "     "
  3rd   "            under 15   "     "

The first regatta took place at Belfast, June 20, 21, 22, and on June
23 pulling races were rowed by members and their friends. On June 24
the yachts were to sail together 'in a fleet,' and 'manoeuvre under the
directions of the Admiral.' This is quite an echo of the Cork Water
1720 Club.

A proposal of the Scottish members to separate the Club into two
distinct branches was agreed to on May 16, 1827. It was probably after
this date that each division had a distinguishing burgee; from an old
print of these flags now in the club-house at Rothesay, the Irish
division seems to have flown a red burgee with a harp, the Scottish
division being distinguished by a lion in white.

H.M. King William IV. became Patron of the club in September 1830, and
from that time it was known as the Royal Northern Yacht Club.

In 1831 the yachts of the Club were arranged in classes as under:--

  1st class           over 75 tons register
  2nd   "               "  50 tons and under 75 tons
  3rd   "               "  30   "   "    "   50   "
  4th   "               "  20   "   "    "   30   "
  5th   "               "  15   "   "    "   20   "
  6th   "            under 15 tons

A two days' regatta was held at Belfast in 1836. The different classes
just described were started at an interval of half an hour between
each, beginning at 10.30 A.M., the prize for each class being ten
sovereigns. On the second day a very important event took place, the
race for the Belfast Cup, value 100_l._, a time race for all sizes.
Eight vessels to start, or no race. Entry 3_l._; the second yacht to
save her stake. It is to be regretted that the details of this race
cannot be given. On May 21, 1838, at a meeting held of the few
remaining members of the Irish division, it was resolved to dissolve
that half of the Club and hand over any funds (they amounted to 14_l._
17_s._ 2_d._) to the secretary of the Scottish division.

[Illustration: Northern Yacht Club cruising off Garroch Head, 1825.

(_From a Painting by Hutcheson at R.N.Y. Club, Rothesay._)]

It is unfortunate that the records of the Scottish division and of the
Royal Northern Club, after the dissolution and prior to 1846, have
been lost. It had prospered much. The Clyde was developing rapidly and
with great energy, as is shown by their four days' Regatta in 1835,
the first day at Helensburgh, the second at Greenock, the third at
Dunoon, the fourth at Largs, which is without doubt one of the most
enthusiastic of yachting stations.

It would be well to record here the cracks of the Clyde in 1835. The
'Gleam' (see illustration on next page), Falcon, 'Nymph' and
'Clarence,' were very leading craft.

  Tartar           30 tons           A. Morris
  Sylph            30  "             J. Crooks
  Dream            66  "             A. Ranken
  Gleam (Fife)[3]  30  "             H. Gore Booth
  Clarence         15  "             R. Sinclair
  Amethyst         20  "             J. Smith
  Wave             15  "             T. C. Buchanan
  Emma             15  "             Jas. Bogle
  Falcon           15  "             Jas. Kerr
  Nymph            15  "             H. F. Campbell

[Footnote 3: The first celebrated cutter by Fife of Fairlie was
'Lamlash,' 1814.]

Clyde yachting was now firmly established; Largs, Gourock, Greenock,
Dunoon, Helensburgh, Rothesay, were the stations most frequented, and
each successive season brings them forward more prominently, with
well-sustained reputation.

The present club-house at Rothesay was built in 1878, and the Royal
Northern Yacht Club regattas are naturally always now held at that
place, started from the Commodore's yacht which is moored off
Craigmore for that purpose. A chart of the course is given, showing
the whole set of different distances.

The prominent feature of this club is that it has from a very early
period of its history had a club yacht, which is open to hire by
members for periods not exceeding a fortnight, and fine vessels they
have from time to time chosen. The first was the well-known 'Orion,'
then came 'Mosquito,' a grand iron boat built in 1848, designed by
Waterman, and now a pilot boat doing good work. 'Æolus' came next. In
1885 the club had their present vessel, the 'Ailsa,' 66 tons, built by
Fife of Fairlie; and who better could have been chosen?

It has already been mentioned that Mr. John Allan, of Glasgow, was the
first secretary for the Clyde, 1825. Mr. E. F. Donald is the present
secretary.

[Illustration: Midship Section.

'Gleam,' designed and built by Fife of Fairlie, 1834.]

There is no doubt that, if variety be really charming, very charming
weather can be found in the Clyde waters, even within the six-hour
limit: dead calm, Zephyr, good sailing breeze, rain squalls, white
squalls, and the rest.

[Illustration: Royal Northern Yacht Club, Rothesay.]


ROYAL CLYDE YACHT CLUB

BY G. L. BLAKE

The history of the Royal Clyde Yacht Club affords one more proof of
the old belief that slow and steady progress is the most enduring.

It is now nearly forty years since the following very modest
announcement, under the heading 'Clyde Model Yacht Club,' appeared in
the 'Glasgow Herald,' of August 28, 1856:--

     A number of gentlemen connected with yachting propose to
     form a club under the above designation, with the view of
     furthering a greater amount of emulation amongst the
     proprietors of small yachts. It is proposed to take in
     yachts under 8 tons only, being the smallest acknowledged by
     the Royal Northern Yacht Club, and to have an annual
     regatta, to be held in rotation at the various
     watering-places along the coast.

In answer to this call a meeting was held shortly after at the Globe
Hotel, Glasgow, on which occasion about thirty-one gentlemen entered
their names on the club's list as members. Messrs. Jas. Gilchrist,
Archibald Kennedy, Richard Ferguson, Jas. Mum, J. Gibson, Jas.
Spencer, Jas. Sutherland, and W. Kennedy were chosen to form the first
committee and draw up a code of rules, Mr. W. Kennedy acting as
secretary and treasurer.

At a general meeting held the following month, September, the late Mr.
Jas. Smith, of Jordan Hill, was elected first Commodore, and Mr. Tom
Holdsworth Vice-Commodore, and before the end of the year the little
club boasted some fifty members.

[Illustration: Royal Clyde Yacht Club Hunter's Quay. Est. 1856.]

On January 27, 1857, the Admiralty warrant was granted, allowing the
club to fly the blue ensign with their burgee: blue with a red lion on
a yellow shield in centre. Measuring officers were told off, who had
to deal with the old Thames Rule of measurement, excepting in the
method of taking the length, the club rule being that 'the length must
be taken from outside of the stem to the outside of the sternpost at
half the depth of each from the load water-line.' A curious provision
was made, too, with regard to racing flags. The club had a series of
flags numbered from 1 to 10, and each yacht was provided with a number
according to priority of entry for a race, but this kindly
thoughtfulness on the part of the ruling powers did not continue
beyond a couple of seasons, and members had to provide racing flags
for themselves, as they have done ever since.

Though an opening and other cruises had been held, together with a
small meeting at Largs, the first great event of the Clyde Model Yacht
Club took place on August 29, 1857, off Helensburgh, when four items
made up the programme, and Captain Small, Messrs. James Rowan, James
Gilchrist, Robert Hart, Dan Buchanon and Thomas Falconer did duty as
the sailing committee. The Commodore's yacht 'Wave' was moored off the
baths for the occasion, and the course chosen was from the Commodore
round the Shoal buoy--thence round a flag boat moored off Ardmore
Point and back round the Commodore's yacht, leaving all on the port
hand; twice round for the first and second races, and once round for
the third and fourth.

The first race was for yachts of 8 tons and under, and for this the
'Fairy Queen,' 8 tons, Mr. Grant, junior; 'Armada,' 7-1/2 tons, Mr.
Dickie; 'Bella,' 8 tons, Mr. Walker; and 'Maud,' 8 tons, Mr. St. Clair
Byrne, sailed, and finished in the order given.

In the second face for yachts of 6 tons and under, the 'Pearl,' 4-1/2
tons, Mr. Ferguson; 'Maria,' 5 tons, Mr. R. Lyall; 'Leda,' 6 tons, Mr.
Alexander Finlay; 'Comet,' 5 tons, Mr. Steven; and 'Clutha,' 5 tons,
Mr. Spencer, entered, the three first coming in as named.

The third race, for yachts of 4 tons and under, brought four
competitors together--the 'Francis,' 3-1/2 tons, Mr. Miller; 'Lily,'
3-1/2 tons, Mr. Ure; 'Echo,' 2-1/2 tons, Mr. Sutherland; and the
'Banshee,' 4 tons, Mr. Taylor. The 'Francis' won, followed home in the
order as above. The fourth item was for boats of 19 ft. over all, a
class which, though developed almost out of recognition, has always
remained a firm favourite.

It may here be noted that an attempt made at the close of the season
to introduce the American 'sail area' rule of measurement signally
failed.

Between the years 1857 and 1862 little of importance took place.

During 1863 the first symptoms of a break out from bounds was
exhibited, and prizes were given for a race for yachts of 25 tons and
under, besides one for yachts of 10 tons and under. A stipulation was
made with regard to the latter race--viz. that each yacht was to be
manned by one hand only, a dangerous though sporting condition which
had previously brought disaster and proved fatal in Irish waters, and
has never been permitted since. Both races filled, Mr. Fulton's
'Glide,' 14 tons, won the first, and Mr. McIver's 'Brenda,' 8 tons,
the second.

With this divergence from the original scheme on which the club was
founded the society threw off its old name and came out under the more
independent title of the Clyde Yacht Club. To celebrate this era the
annual regatta was lengthened out to a two days' programme, and the
'Lesbia,' 37, cutter; 'Reverie,' 41, schooner; 'Kilmeny,' 30, cutter,
and 'Dawn,' yawl, met to do battle with the 15-ton 'Torch,' the crack
of the year. Besides the annual regatta, at which yachts from all
parts of the kingdom were invited to compete, the Corinthian regatta
of the club must not be lost sight of or hidden away behind the lustre
of the great event of the season. It had formed part of each season's
programme of events for some years, and had been the means of
cultivating a true taste for amateur seamanship. Many a member can
look back to his first Corinthian race as the beginning of his
practical experience in yacht racing. The races at these regattas have
been mostly handicaps, and two or three are always open to yachts in
cruising trim. The only conditions of the regatta are that 'Yachts may
carry their ordinary paid hands, but no extra paid hands, and must be
steered by members of a yacht club.'

It is always pleasant to meet with names which are as well known as
the club to which they belong, to whom their club owes much, and whose
pride and interests are centred in its prosperity. It was in 1863 that
two such members' names were added to the official list--the late Mr.
J. A. Lockett as Rear-Commodore and Mr. William York as treasurer.
Both these gentlemen have for the last thirty years been busily
engaged in furthering the welfare of the club, the one in his capacity
as secretary or treasurer, or both, the other in several offices, but
principally as one of the house committee.

When the year 1867 closed the Clyde Yacht Club's first racing decade,
the club was well under way and able to hold its own with any existing
yacht-racing community, both as a provider of sport and for the
attractions offered to the lovers of yachts and yachting, when with
their friends they were brought together on the waters of the 'Bonny
Clyde.' This was noticeable in 1863, but it became much more so in
1865, when the well-known clippers 'Mosquito,' 59 tons; 'Glance,' 35
tons; 'Fiona,' 78 tons; and the 'Vindex,' 44 tons, came round to the
Firth to sail under the Clyde Club's auspices.

Though opening and closing cruises had always been in vogue since the
foundation of the club, it was left for the tenth year to start the
long series of these expeditions, which last from a Thursday to the
Monday morning following, and, with the combined attractions of
racing, cruising and social gatherings, have proved such pleasant
features in each season's yachting. The list of members had now
reached over 100, while the yacht tonnage had risen to 1,200 gross,
comprising 87 yachts of 5 to 103 tons. Among these were included the
three most successful yachts of the year in the United Kingdom, and,
to the praise of the Clyde shores it may be said, all built and
designed by Mr. W. Fife of Fairlie--the 'Fiona' in the 1st, the
'Kilmeny' in the 2nd, and the 'Torch' in the 3rd class.

The season of 1868 would have passed without note or comment had it
not been that the club founded an annual Corinthian match, in which
two paid hands were to be allowed for yachts of 15 tons and over, and
one paid hand to all the smaller yachts. The helmsman was to be an
amateur, and no _shot-bag or shifting ballast_ of any kind was to be
permitted. Besides proving that the club possessed amateur seamen
capable of handling a racing yacht of any size, the fact that that
unseaworthy equipment shifting ballast, which had been in use in the
Clyde foot classes and in most racing yachts during the early Fifties,
was to be abolished, at all events in this race, was a move in the
right direction.

1869 is a year of real historical importance, for it not only gives
the date when the 40-, 20-, and 10-ton classes became generally
acknowledged, but it brings credit to the Clyde Yacht Club where
credit is due, as being the founder of these classes, which held sway
for so many years. A year later the club was the first to introduce
the smaller class of 5 tons as a standing dish in its regatta
programmes, and to the Clyde Yacht Club belongs the honour of being
the first in the field to recognise that this diminutive class of
flyers was well worthy on its own merits of being encouraged.

[Illustration: The Start for Ardrishaig Cup.]

Channel matches had been long ere this time a matter of annual
interest with some of the clubs in the south of England, as well as
the Royal Alfred Yacht Club at Kingstown, and Royal Northern in
Scotland; but the sport of Channel racing and open-sea work had either
not been thought of, or had met with no favour, for the first Channel
match held in connection with the Clyde Club did not take place till
1871. The race came off after the regatta held that year at Barrow and
before the Clyde regattas, the course being from Barrow to the Clyde,
so that the yachts about to visit and race in the Firth might find it
worth their while to put on a spurt and make the best of their way
to their destination. No better course could be chosen for trying a
vessel on all points of sailing, to say nothing of her sea-going
powers, including as it does the passage between the Isle of Man and
the Mull of Galloway. For this race the 'Enid,' 57 tons; 'Livonia,'
280; 'Glance,' 35; and 'Coralie,' 35, started, all yachts at that date
as racers. The 'Glance' saved her time and carried off the trophy.

If 1871 opened up Channel groping under racing trim, 'progress' must
truly be held the motto for 1872. Not only was the club made a Royal
club, and allowed the privilege of placing a crown over the lion's
head in the burgee crest, but early in the spring of this year the
Royal Clyde opened to its members the house which Mr. Hunter, of
Hafton, had built for them at Hunter's Quay adjoining the hotel.

Of course with a settled headquarters, Hunter's Quay became the future
rendezvous for all club fixtures, such as opening and closing cruises,
regattas, matches and the like; and as the opening cruise this year
may be considered the first general meeting of members afloat off the
new house, it will not be amiss to give a short description of it. The
meeting took place on Thursday, May 30, and began at 2 P.M. with a
lunch at the club-house, after which at 4 P.M. the yachts weighed
anchor under the Commodore, and sailed under his orders till the
signal was made from the flagship for them to make the best of their
way to Rothesay. On arrival there, those who were not required on
board their vessels to stow sails and clear up for the night took
their dinghies ashore, or were taken in their gigs, for a stroll
through the old town. In the meantime on board the yachts, as soon as
the decks had been cleared up and ropes coiled down in their places,
the galley fires were lighted, so that by 7 P.M. the men had had their
tea, and the cooks and stewards were ready with goodly repasts
awaiting the coming on board again of the hungry masters and their
friends.

Dinner over, the pleasures of the evening began with what is known as
'ship-visiting'--that is, the yacht-owner starts off, and either rows
himself and friends in his dinghy, or is rowed in correct form, to
some friend's yacht where he may remain, or, after a short visit,
proceed, taking with him his host and as many of his friends as he can
pack away in the gig's stern-sheets, to some other yacht, and so on
_ad infinitum_. To row himself is much the better plan, since it means
independence of the crew (which perhaps may consist only of one hand),
and avoidance of a troubled conscience, that the man or men are being
kept up and prevented from turning in.

The following morning only a few burgees were visible, most of the
yachts having donned their silken racing flags, for an early start had
to be made in a handicap race to be sailed _viâ_ the Garroch Head (the
most south-westerly extremity of the Isle of Bute) to Tignabruich.
More than half the yachts were started in this race, for which four
cups were provided as prizes. The contingent of small non-racers made
Tignabruich by way of the Kyles of Bute, as did also some of the
larger sailing yachts, which preferred calm and untroubled travelling
to a dusting round the Garroch Head. The gathering at the head of the
Kyles is, if anything, more enjoyable than that spent at Rothesay. The
anchorage is more land-locked, and therefore less liable to
disturbance from winds or sweeping seas, and ship-visiting can be
carried on without any fear of a ducking or other unpleasantness.

On the Saturday morning, the members of the club and their friends
breakfasted together at 9.30 at the Royal Hotel, when the prizes were
presented to the winners; after which a few returned to their yachts,
got under way, and dispersed with the object of extending their
cruise, while those left behind remained to enjoy the beautiful
scenery and walks with which the locality abounds, and on Sunday
attend church parade on board Lord Glasgow's yacht.

[Illustration: 'Marjorie.'

_Blue, with white cross. 68 tons_ (_J. Coats, Jun., Esq._). _Built by
Steele & Co._, 1883.]

Beyond the adoption by the club of the Royal Alfred Yacht Club rules
and regulations, nothing of any moment worth chronicling took place
till 1875, in which year the purchase was completed by the club of
the whole of the grounds and buildings, including the hotel and
club-house, and early in 1876 the members enjoyed the privilege of not
only having a club-house, but also an establishment worked on the
principle of a private hotel, where they could provide themselves and
their families or friends with comfortable quarters on very reasonable
club terms.

In this matter the Royal Clyde Yacht Club is specially fortunate, as
also in one other, viz. the magnificent scenic setting by which their
possession is surrounded. Nothing can equal the Holy Loch for beauty
and charm of colour, on a summer's evening, particularly about sunset,
or an early winter's morning, with its sunrise lowering and
accompanied by ever-changing tints lending their enchantments to the
rugged grandeur of the hills which bound it. This, with the distant
view up the Clyde, obtained from the club-house windows or frontage,
is not to be surpassed in any country in the world.

At the opening of the season of 1877, and the close of the second
decade, the club numbered no fewer than 643 members, with a fleet of
yachts computed at 195, and as the Club Regatta now occupied two days,
the three Clyde clubs--viz. the Royal Clyde, the Royal Northern, and
the four-year-old Mudhook Yacht Club--considered it necessary to work
together for the furtherance of sport, and held their first meeting to
arrange a suitable date for celebrating a 'Clyde Week.' A change was
also made this season in the several courses at the regattas, a change
which had been for some time considered desirable, and which turned
out a welcome improvement.

The new courses were as follows: For First-Class Yachts, from Hunter's
Quay to Toward buoy, thence to Skelmorlie buoy, thence to the Powder
Vessel's buoy, and thence to Hunter's Quay, leaving all on the port
hand; twice round, distance 50 miles.

The Second-Class Course lay from Hunter's Quay to Skelmorlie buoy,
thence to the Powder Vessel's buoy, and thence to Hunter's Quay,
leaving all on the port hand; twice round, distance 40 miles.

The Third-Class Course was from Hunter's Quay to a flagboat moored in
Inverkip Bay, thence to the Powder Vessel's buoy and back to Hunter's
Quay; twice round, distance 30 miles.

The Fourth-Class Course was from Hunter's Quay to the Inverkip
flagboat, and back to Hunter's Quay; twice round, distance 24 miles.

The Fifth-Class Course lay from Hunter's Quay to a flagboat moored off
Dunoon Pier, thence to a flagboat moored off Kilcreggan and back to
Hunter's Quay; twice round, distance 11 miles.

Another new feature this season was the introduction of the Yacht
Racing Association's scale of time allowances, based originally on
that drawn up for the Royal Alfred Yacht Club by their late secretary,
Mr. James A. Lyle. This scale had been in general use by the R.A.Y.C.
for many years.

In 1878, not only the club, but all those who had partaken of its
hospitality, had to lament their loss in the death of Mr. Samuel King,
one of the most kind and genial of its members. This year was
remarkable for the entry in the race for first-class yachts on the
second day of the regatta. Five yachts crossed the line for the 60_l_.
prize, not one of which was less than 100 tons measurement, viz., the
'Lufra,' 222 tons, yawl; 'Jullanar,' yawl, 130 tons; 'Condor,' 190
tons; 'Cythera,' cutter, 116 tons; and 'Formosa,' cutter, 103 tons.
From that day to this there has never been such a meeting of so many
first-class large racing yachts, showing so great a tonnage. It may be
said also of the useful little 5-ton class, at this time at its zenith
of popularity, that the entries this season were the largest that have
ever been known. No fewer than eight of these mosquitoes, including
Mr. York's pretty little 6-ton yawl 'Rocket,' came to the fore on all
the great occasions provided for their sport.

[Illustration: 'May'

_42 tons_ (_W. Chrystal, Esq., Vice-Com. Royal Clyde_). _Built by
Steele & Co._, 1881.]

During the years 1879, 1880, and 1881, there was a satisfactory
increase in the number of members, and a consequent augmentation of
the club funds. The annual amount given away at this period in prizes
had reached something over 450_l._ The entries at the regattas during
the seasons of 1880 and 1881 were splendid in the 20-ton class; no
fewer than seven 20-tonners and the 15-tonner 'Maggie' crossed the
line in 1880, and in 1881 the same number, less the 'Maggie,' did
likewise. A new class of 2-1/2-tonners was started in 1880 with seven
yachts to its name, and in 1881 still another class had to be catered
for, consisting of 3-1/2-tonners. The entries, too, this year, in the
first class must not be forgotten; for in these days of fashionable
small yacht racing it almost reads like a fairy tale when it is said
that, out of nine entries, seven yachts were of 89 tons and over, the
other two being about 60 tons each.

If the above two years are notable in the annals of the club, in the
following year, 1882, its prosperity was evinced in a marked degree by
the addition to its possessions of a club yacht; and as there are only
one or two clubs which provide such a luxury for their members, it may
not be amiss to give a short account of the _modus operandi_ employed
in connection with it. Among the 600 to 700 members of the club there
were many who did not care to keep yachts of their own, but enjoyed an
occasional cruise. It was in answer to a proposition made by one of
these gentlemen that funds were procured by means of shares, which
were bought by individual members, and by the club itself. In this way
the necessary amount of purchase money was speedily collected, and a
committee was told off to superintend the choice, purchase, and
fitting out of a yacht, with all arrangements connected with manning,
and the carrying out of the regulations in regard to hire, &c. The
yacht thus secured by the club was the 'Alcyone,' 35-ton cutter, which
had been built by Mr. D. Hatcher, and had proved herself no mean
performer in the 40-ton class. She is a good wholesome vessel, and a
fast and able sea-boat. Her accommodation is excellent, and includes
berths for five passengers at least. There is capital headroom between
decks, and any amount of space for stowage of baggage, &c.

The 'Alcyone' is manned by a captain and four hands, and when a member
hires the yacht he has no expenses whatever to provide for beyond the
hire and the keep of himself and friends while on board. Four rules
were framed by the committee in charge, as being necessary for the
working of the scheme, viz:

     First.--The limit of time for hire is 14 days. Second.--The
     cost of hire is 3_l._ 10_s._ per diem, including cruet
     stores. Third.--The club is to keep a supply of liquors on
     board, to be supplied at a small profit. Fourth.--Hirers are
     bound, if called upon, to deliver up the yacht in the Holy
     Loch, or at any other anchorage inside the Cumbrae Head.

If it is desired to keep the yacht for a month, then it must be done
by two members joining together in the hire, the one putting his name
down for the first fortnight, and the other for the second. The cost
of hire may seem at first sight somewhat heavy, but the 'Alcyone' is
kept up like a private yacht, and no money has been spared to provide
every possible contrivance which might be conducive to comfort. The
success of the venture is proved by the fact that she has rarely been
disengaged or unlet for more than a day or two during any one season
since her purchase.

Another sign of prosperity was the institution of an annual club ball,
which is held at the St. Andrews Hall, Glasgow, during the winter
months, and acknowledged to be one of the principal balls of the year
and one of the great events of the winter season.

The next year--1883--showed a still further advancement in the club's
popularity, for it was the chosen recipient of a Queen's Cup. This
prize was sailed for on July 14, during the 'Clyde Week,' in a race
for all yachts over 40 tons, and no fewer than eleven yachts started.

[Illustration: 'Thistle'

_Winning the Queen's Cup in the Clyde._]

If, however, 1883 has been rendered famous for being a Queen's Cup
year, 1884 will be noted for the success of its closing cruise, and
the sport it provided. This season surpassed itself in the number of
entries for the closing cruise handicap, and never have so many yachts
come forward to race for the handsome cups, the gifts of members of
the club, as on this occasion. In the first match for yachts over 40
tons, ten entered, including five over 90 tons, three 60-tonners, and
two of 40 tons. It was the race for 20-tonners, however, that gave
real character to the meeting, and there can be no mistake in saying
that no other club in the kingdom has ever had to start so many as
nine 20- and two 15-tonners in one race, all clever fast yachts, and
no third or fourth rate cruisers, as will be seen from their names:
'Clara,' 'Lenore,' 'Amathea,' 'Louise,' 'Sayonara,' 'Irene,' 'Thyra,'
'Maggie,' 'Calypso,' 'Rival,' and 'Gem.' In the race for 10-tonners
seven started, among them the old 'Helen' schooner, 17 tons, a yacht
which saw more hard sailing than perhaps any other belonging to the
club. She was built at Cowes, and was one of Halliday's pretty
creations, a few of which are still to be met with. In 1892 she was
unfortunately driven on the rocks off Hafton in the Holy Loch, during
a severe gale, and was soon smashed into matchwood. For the prize in
the 5-ton class three put in an appearance, all the fastest racing
yachts of the year.

[Illustration: 'Clara,' 10 tons, midship section.]

The courses for yachts of 40 tons and upwards were altered in 1885;
instead of rounding the Powder buoy a mark buoy anchored off
Kilcreggan became the furthest point. In 1886 the club forwarded a
challenge to the New York Yacht Club, in the name of Mr. Jas. Bell,
and this ended in the yacht 'Thistle,' now known as the 'Meteor' and
owned by H.I.M. the German Emperor, being built, and sent across the
Atlantic, to contend for the Cup won by the 'America.' The 'Thistle'
and 'Volunteer' matches were the consequence, and they are so well
known that it would be superfluous here to furnish an account of them;
suffice it to say that, though the Scotch yacht did not win the great
event, her performances with the 'Volunteer' not only taught British
yachtsmen many a lesson, but afforded not a few hints to their
American rivals.

At the beginning of 1887, the end of the club's third decade, the
finances of the club consisted of a capital of 6,990_l._, and the
amount at this time annually expended on yacht racing was 487_l._,
exclusive of gifts of money made by individual members. During the ten
years the numbers on the list of members fluctuated from 610 to 640:
in this particular year only 610 names appeared on the list. With
regard to the number of yachts sailing under the club flag, there had
been the same variation, for though always between 180 and 197, this
year the yachts numbered only 189, or 11 fewer than the previous year,
the gross tonnage amounting to 12,302 tons.

During the winter of 1886 many matters were discussed which brought
forth fruit in the season of 1887, and made that year more important
than it otherwise would have been. First of all, the club had to
regret the loss of their Commodore, Lord Glasgow, who, after acting
for over a quarter of a century in that office, was compelled to give
up the appointment owing to failing health. Mr. John Clark was elected
to take his place, and Messrs. Jas. Bell and H. Lamont became Vice-
and Rear-Commodores. Mr. York, to whom the writer is much indebted for
assistance given him in compiling this notice, held the office of
secretary and treasurer, which he had so ably filled for over twenty
years. During the winter the club had acquired three boats, of 19 ft.
length on the load water-line, for the benefit of those members who
wished to go out for a day's sail; the three boats being made, as far
as the designer, builder, and sailmaker were concerned, as nearly
equal in merits as it was possible for them to be, in order that they
might show good sport when taken out racing together. Prizes for a
race for these boats have since been regularly given at the regattas,
to encourage members to take them out match sailing. In this way
they have proved very useful in initiating many a tiro into the
secrets and mysteries of yacht racing.

[Illustration: 'Lenore'

_Fife of Fairlie_, 1882.]

This year, too, witnessed another change in yacht measurement. The
Yacht Racing Association had formulated and passed a rule of
measurement by length and sail area, the length to be taken along the
load water-line. This rule was adopted by the club, and at the
regattas all yachts were rated according to it, with the exception of
the 3-1/2-tonners; these, as they happened to be the class of the
year, were allowed to race under the old rule for which they were
built. As many as six of these little vessels made the Clyde their
headquarters and sailed at the regattas.

Through the club's agency, it must not be forgotten, telegraphic
communication was opened up between Hunter's Quay, Glasgow, and the
outer world. The club provided an office and guaranteed the sum
required by the Post Office authorities, and by so doing conferred a
benefit not only on themselves but on the whole surrounding
neighbourhood.

Early in 1888 the club was engaged in determining the several classes
under which yachts built to the 'rating rule,' as it was called,
should sail. For this purpose, Messrs. R. Wylie and J. B. Hilliard,
the two well-known representative Clyde yachtsmen, were chosen
delegates to consult with the other leading yacht clubs in the North
regarding the adjustment of a classification for the smaller yachts
and sailing boats racing on the Clyde, and full powers were given them
to carry out any decision that might be arrived at. Those adopted were
the 10, 6 and 3 rating classes with two length classes, one of 17 ft.
on the water-line and 19 ft. over all, with a sail area limited to 530
ft.; the mainsail or lugsail not to exceed .75 of the total sail area;
the other class to be for boats 15 ft. on the water-line. The 6-rating
class was chosen that it might form one in which the 3-tonners of the
preceding year would be able to enter, as they ranged over 5 and under
6 as raters. At the time these changes were taking place a rule was
introduced that there were to be no 'restrictions on the use of
centreboards.'

The great feature of this year's regatta was the 'Queen's Cup,' the
second presented to the club within five years, an event of which the
members may justly be proud. In the interim between the Corinthian and
annual regattas a channel match round Arran was inaugurated, for
yachts not exceeding 9 tons Thames measurement and belonging to any
recognised yacht club, for 50_l._, given in two prizes of 35_l._ and
15_l._, and presented by two members of the club. The course lay from
Hunter's Quay down the Firth, through the Kyles of Bute, down
Kilbrennan Sound between Arran and Cantyre, rounding Pladda Island,
and home by any route. The yachts were to be _bona fide_ cruisers, and
only jib-topsails were prohibited. No restrictions were made as to
crew or helmsman. No fewer than eight small yachts sailed in the race,
and it proved a far greater success than was at first expected.

If this is to be known as the second Queen's Cup year, it will also
have to be remembered for the terrible fire and loss of the club-house
and hotel on July 12, nothing of which was saved, with the exception
of some furniture, one or two models, and a few odds and ends. A club
could be called upon to face no greater calamity, especially at a time
when the season is at its height. Craigend Villa, within a short
distance of the old house, was promptly rented as a makeshift for a
year, and fitted up to meet all immediate necessities, while steps
were taken at once to make arrangements for the building of a new
house on the old site. To forward this the sum of 10,000_l._ was
voted, which with another 8,000_l._ did not cover all the expenses. At
the present moment there does not exist a more beautiful or
conveniently arranged yacht club-house in the kingdom.

[Illustration: 'Verve'

_23-footer_ (_Robert Wylie, Esq._)]

Notwithstanding the liberal sums devoted by the club to match sailing,
there have always been at each regatta meeting a plentiful supply of
cups and purses forthcoming to swell the list of prizes, the gifts of
individual members. To enumerate all the donors would be out of place
here, but it is impossible to overlook such names as Bell, Buchanon,
Clark, Coates, Falconer, Ferguson, Forrester, Lockett, Ure, Wylie,
and York, names which will ever be linked with the club's successful
past.

The year 1890 was remarkable principally for the number of 10-raters
belonging to members, and entered for races in that class. It seemed
like a resuscitation of the old 10-tonner days. On the other hand, the
Clyde, the home of the 5-tonner, had not a single 5-rater to its name,
and a 6-rating class had to be formed to take in the Irish contingent,
which with Mr. Inglis's little 'Darthula' raced for the prizes
provided for them. The 2-1/2-rater class made its entry in the club
programmes, and started with a small fleet of seven yachts, including
four belonging to the Royal Ulster Yacht Club; but in 1891 this class
became the fashionable class of the year, and the club of itself could
boast of no fewer than eight of these small fry.

The fleet belonging to the club in the year 1857 numbered 56 yachts,
mostly of very small tonnage. By 1867 the number had risen to 87 only,
but then the gross tonnage was very much greater, viz. 1,200 tons. In
1877 there were 194 yachts, including a few screw steamers. In the
year 1887, 189 names appeared on the club yacht list, i.e. five fewer
than in 1877, but the total tonnage on the other hand amounted to
12,302 tons. The last half-decade, however, has quite eclipsed all
preceding years, for the yachts now flying the Royal Clyde Yacht Club
burgee number 267, which represent a gross tonnage of no less than
14,407 tons. Last year not far short of 1,000_l._ was given in prizes.

The club at the present time numbers 951 members, which will be seen
to be an increase of over 300 within the last five years. It is a
pleasure seldom accorded to writers of club histories to have to
record such an exceptional advance, and in bidding farewell to the
society, it may be firmly hoped and prophesied that long ere the close
of its fourth decade the R.C.Y.C. will have increased its list of
members to over four figures and its yachts and yacht-tonnage in
proportion.


THE ROYAL FORTH YACHT CLUB

BY R. T. PRITCHETT

The Forth Club was established in 1848 under the name of the 'Granton
Yacht Club,' and received permission from the Queen to assume the
title of 'Royal Forth' in 1883. The flag of the club is the blue
ensign of Her Majesty's fleet, with a gold crown and Maltese cross.
The club is now well supported, having as patron the Duke of
Buccleuch, K.T. Sir Donald Currie, K.C.M.G., is Commodore, backed by
a very influential staff. The Hon. Secretary is Mr. Bruce Fenwick. The
number of members amounts to nearly 2,000, with a total tonnage of
about 4,600; but the Firth of Forth has serious disadvantages as a
yachting centre, being favoured neither by nature nor circumstances as
is the Firth of Clyde, which absorbs all yachting interests. Mr. T. B.
C. West, who carried off the Queen's Cup at the Regatta in 1892 with
his well-known 40-rater 'Queen Mab,' presented a challenge cup of 100
guineas, to be sailed for annually in the month of June. That,
however, was not sufficient inducement to get a large entry. The fact
is there are so many regattas now that the tendency is to
concentration, and consequently outlying stations suffer.

The Royal Forth Yacht Club had a match in June 1893, at the beginning
of their water sports, from Hartlepool to Granton, for a prize of
30_l._ The starters were

  The Creole  Cutter  40-rater  Lieut.-Col. Bagot.
  Daydream    Yawl    89- "     Mr. James Shepherd.

[Illustration: Royal Forth Yacht Club Courses.]

The wind was very light at the start, which took place at 10.50 A.M.
on Thursday, June 22. Later on light airs from east-north-east helped
them; but off the Farne Islands--without any notice or disturbed
appearance in the sky--a tremendous squall struck 'Creole'; she,
however, behaved splendidly, and was specially well handled. By
Saturday morning the weather had moderated and they got the mainsail
on her and ran up past Inch Keith, getting the gun at 11.34 A.M. from
the 'Iolanthe.'

The larger vessel, the yawl of 89-rating, had her troubles too, and
finally got into the Tyne on Saturday morning, under storm canvas.

On the last day of the racing--June 26--there was a match for yachts
belonging to the Royal Forth Yacht Club, for the T. B. C. West
Challenge Cup, the entries confined to members of the club. Five
yachts entered for the race, over a course of forty miles. The tonnage
was very small, and the handicap one of large range; it will be noted
that 'Ida,' at scratch, allowed 'Lintie' 1 hr. 23 mins. 48 secs.

  +---------------+--------+-------------------+-----------------------+
  |               |        |                   |                       |
  | Yacht   Rig   | Rating |    Handicap       |       Owners          |
  |---------------+--------+-------------------+-----------------------|
  |               |        |                   |                       |
  | Ida    Cutter |   12   |     Scratch       | Messrs. Park & Wilson |
  | Nora     "    |    8   |     12 m. 24 s.   | Dr. W. S. Armitage    |
  | Uranus   "    |  3.9   |     36 m. 47 s.   | Mr. F. A. Robertson   |
  | Glance   "    |  3.7   |     40 m. 42 s.   | Mr. W. A. Bell        |
  | Lintie  Lug   |   --   | 1 hr. 23 m. 48 s. | Mr. G. W. Mitchell    |
  +---------------+--------+-------------------+-----------------------+

The start took place at 10.37 A.M., with a nice breeze from the
north-west. 'Lintie' led off, but 'Nora' soon took up the running and
led all the way home, finishing at Granton:--

                   h.  m.  s.
  Nora (winner)     6  21  32
  Ida               6  29  30
  Uranus            6  47   0
  Glance            7  42  32
  Lintie            7  58   0

This will give some idea of the application of time allowance.

The ROYAL EASTERN, established 1835, is a small Scottish Club whose
existence may be noted; but yachting does not flourish much on the
East Coast.




CHAPTER III

IRISH CLUBS


THE ROYAL CORK YACHT CLUB

BY R. T. PRITCHETT

The ancestral origin of this club, which has its station at
Queenstown, was the Water Club of the Harbour of Cork, established in
1720. It is therefore the _doyen par excellence_, and its rules and
orders as carried out in its early days are original and entertaining.
A few of the rules may be quoted:

     I. Ordered that the Water Club be held once every spring
     tide, from the first spring tide in April to the last in
     September inclusive.

     II. That no Admiral do bring more than two dishes of meat
     for the entertainment of the club.

     III. Resolved that no Admiral presume to bring more than two
     dozen of wine to his treat, for it has always been deemed a
     breach of the ancient rules and constitutions of the club,
     except when my Lords the Judges are invited.

     V. Ordered that the Secretary do prepare an Union flag, with
     the Royal Irish harp and crown on a green field in the
     centre.

     Ordered that the Water Club flag be hoisted on club days
     early in the morning on the Castle of Haulbowline.

     IX. Ordered that no long tail wigs, large sleeves or ruffles
     be worn by any member at the club.

     Ordered that when any of the fleet join the Admiral, if they
     have not guns to salute they are to give three cheers, which
     are to be returned by the Admiral, and one cheer to be
     returned by the Captain so saluting.

     XIII. Resolved that twenty-five be the whole number of the
     members that this club may consist of.

     XIV. Resolved that such members of the club or others as
     shall talk of sailing after dinner be fined a bumper.

     XX. Ordered that the Knight of the Island for the time being
     do suffer no person or persons whatsoever to go into the
     club room, unless brought by a member, or by an order of
     five members at the least, under their hands, on pain of
     being cashiered.

     XXI. That the Admiral singly, or any three captains whom he
     shall appoint, do decide all controversies and disputes that
     may arise in the club, and any Captain that shall refuse to
     abide by such decision is to be expelled. N.B. This order to
     extend to the Chaplain, or any other inferior officer.

     _April 21, 1737._--Ordered that for the future, unless the
     company exceed the number of fifteen, no man be allowed more
     than one bottle to his share, and a peremptory. [What a
     'peremptory' was remains a mystery.]

  _Old Members_, 1720

  Lord Inchiquin
  Hon. James O'Bryen
  Charles O'Neal
  Henry Mitchell
  Rich. Bullen, Chaplain
  John Rogers


  _New Members_, 1760

  * Thomas Newenham
    Morough O'Bryen
    George Connor
    Rich. Longfield
    James Nash
    William Hodder
  * Philip Lavallin
    John Newenham
    Walter Fitzsimonds
  * Samuel Hoare
    William Hays
    Michael Parker
  * Abraham Devonshere
    John Bullen
  * Robert Rogers
  * James Devonshere
    John Walcot
    Thomas Parsons
    Henry Puxly
    Robert Newenham, Sec.

1760.--Members whose names are marked thus * subsequently died or left
the club; the following were elected in their room, and are added in
MS. in the old copy:--

  Edward Roche
  Edmund Roche
  Richard Dunscombe
  John Atkins
  John Baldwin
  Robert Baldwin
  Sampson Stawell

[Illustration: Yachts of Cork Water Club, 1720. From an old picture
at the R.C.Y.C., Queenstown.]

_Sailing orders for the Water Club fleet_, 1720

     The fleet to rendezvous at Spithead on club days by the
     first quarter ebb, any boat not being in sight by the time
     the Admiral is abreast of the Castle in Spike Island, to
     forfeit a British half-crown for gunpowder for the fleet.

     When the Admiral hoists his foresail half up, it is for the
     fleet to have a peak upon their anchor, and when the
     foresail is hoisted up and a gun fired, the whole fleet is
     to weigh.

     _Observe_ that if the Admiral wants to speak with any of the
     fleet he will make the following signals.

     If with the Vice-Admiral he will hoist a white flag at the
     end of the gaff or derrick, and fire two guns.

     If with any private Captain he will hoist a pendant at his
     derrick, and fire as many guns as the Captain is distanced
     from him and from the same side.

     When he would have the fleet come to an anchor, he will show
     double Dutch colours at the end of his gaff and fire a gun.

     When the Admiral will have the whole fleet to chase he will
     hoist Dutch colours under his flag, and fire a gun from each
     quarter; if a single boat he will hoist a pendant and fire
     as many guns from the side as a boat is distanced from him.
     When he would have the chase given over, he will haul in his
     flag and fire a gun.

Some storm seems suddenly to have burst upon the gay fleet, for after
the year 1765 there is a long vacuum in the records. The club journal
sets forth, however, that on July 1, 1806, the Marquis of Thomond,
Lord Kingsale, the Fitzgeralds, the Penroses, the Newenhams, the
Drurys, and others, styled therein 'original members,' met, and agreed
to revive the old Water Club; but there is no reason to suppose that
the club was set afloat in its ancient splendour, and the attention of
the members would appear to have been chiefly directed to the useful
purpose of exciting competition among the fishing and rowing boats in
the harbour, to which they gave annual prizes.

[Illustration: Royal Cork Yacht Club Queenstown.]

Towards the end of the year 1821, the yachting spirit of both sexes in
Cork Harbour declined, and the Water Club was but feebly kept up;
indeed, Lords Thomond and Kingsale, Messrs. Savage, French, Cooper
Penrose, Thomas Roland, John Marragh, William Harrington, John Roche,
with a few others, were its sole representatives; and the club as a
body at this period may be almost said to have become extinct, as no
meetings were held, or proceedings recorded.

But the next year a party of youngsters, higher up the river, took
possession of the vacant territory, and in 1822 a little fleet was
again seen in the harbour. This society, originating in a picnic club,
having its rendezvous at Monkstown, and consisting of small craft, did
not assume the title of the Cork Harbour Club, but contented itself
with the more humble appellation of the 'Little Monkstown Club.' From
these small beginnings, however, the present Royal Cork Yacht Club had
its immediate origin, in 1828, when Thomas Hewitt, Caulfield Beamish,
and a few other enterprising individuals of the Monkstown Club,
supported by the patriotic proprietor of 'Footy,' John Smith-Barry,
and the greater part of the old Water Club members then living, met
and resolved to revive and re-establish it on a solid and permanent
basis.

The new arrangements were judiciously made, and the club,
re-established under the title of the Cork Yacht Club, rose rapidly to
eminence.

The Water Club is ably and favourably noticed in the 'Tour through
Ireland.' (London. Printed for J. Roberts, in Warwick Lane, 1748.)

[Illustration: Yacht Club Flags.

_The dates show when the Clubs were established._]

[Illustration: Cork Water Club putting out to sea, 1720.]

     I shall now acquaint your Lordships with a ceremony they
     have at Cork. It is somewhat like that of the Doge of Venice
     wedding the sea. A set of worthy gentlemen who have formed
     themselves into a body, which they call the 'Water Club,'
     proceed a few leagues out to sea once a year, in a number of
     little vessels, which for painting and gilding exceed the
     King's yacht at Greenwich and Deptford. Their Admiral, who
     is elected annually, and hoists his flag on board his little
     vessel, leads the van and receives the honours of the flag.
     The rest of the fleet fall in their proper stations and keep
     their line in the same manner as the King's ships. This
     fleet is attended with a prodigious number of boats, which,
     with their colours flying, drums beating, and trumpets
     sounding, forms one of the most agreeable and splendid
     sights your Lordships can conceive.

     The Union with harp and crown in the centre on a green
     field, was granted by the Lords of the Admiralty to William,
     Earl of Inchiquin, for the Cork Harbour Yacht Club, in 1759.

The present club-house is delightfully situated at Queenstown; though
old association clings rather to Haulbowline, with its quaint history.
The old pictures in the club-rooms of the Water Club yachts are
valuable as showing what the craft were in those days. Age has sombred
them down so much that many details are unfortunately lost. We are
indebted to Major H. H. Newman, the Hon. Secretary, for his
assistance, and also to Major Lysaght, who kindly photographed these
paintings.


THE CLUBS AT KINGSTOWN, DUBLIN Co.

Kingstown Harbour, so admirably adapted for sailing, has long been a
favourite spot with yachtsmen. Formerly Kingstown was a small creek
called Dunleary, but King George IV. embarked there on September 3,
1821, and promised a grant for a new harbour, which was finished in
1859 at a cost of 825,000_l._ This harbour encloses a clear sheet of
water 250 acres in extent, of depth from 15 ft. to 27 ft. at low
water, with a rise of 8 ft. or 9 ft. It affords good holding ground
and shelter from all winds, and, being a harbour of refuge, there are
no harbour fees. As a yachting station, in addition to being a safe
anchorage, it has the advantage of enabling a yacht to get in or out
to the open sea in a few minutes at any tide. The East Pier is a mile
long, and forms one of the most perfect marine promenades in the
world. Yachting took root here when the St. George's Yacht Club was
established in 1838, though perhaps it should more strictly be dated
from 1845 as it was in the latter year it obtained its Admiralty
warrant. It has now become Royal, with Her Majesty the Queen as
Patroness; Lord Dunleath (formerly John Mulholland, Esq.,)
Vice-Commodore. A remarkably fine class of yachts is brought
together in this club, and when the regatta is held Kingstown Harbour
presents one of the finest aquatic spectacles in the world, embracing
yachts and sailing boats of all classes. The 'Mermaids' and the 'Water
Wags,' which give annually great sport in the Bay, are described in a
following chapter. The Royal Irish Club has its club-house in a fine
and convenient situation; established as it was in 1846, there will
soon be two yachting jubilee regattas in Dublin Bay. July is the month
when aquatic revelry is in full swing. Many is the hard race sailed
from the harbour round The Kish, and many the spar carried away when
the high-spirited Corinthians have been cracking on. The Royal Ulster
meets at Bangor, Co. Down, having the Marquis of Dufferin as
Commodore; Lord Dunleath as Vice-Commodore; Captain Sharman-Crawford,
of 'Red Lancer' fame, as Rear-Commodore.

[Illustration: 'Erycina'

_96 tons_ (_F. B. Jameson. Esq., R. St. George's Yacht Club_). _Built
by Fife_, 1881.]

[Illustration: Royal St George's Yacht Club, Dublin Bay.]


ROYAL ALFRED YACHT CLUB

BY G. L. BLAKE

No sporting society in the whole of the three kingdoms has done more
to encourage seamanship than that which has its station in Dublin Bay,
and has been known for so many years past as the Royal Alfred Yacht
Club. Worked on a basis somewhat different from that of most clubs,
whose object is the encouragement of amateur sailing, this community
sprang into being on March 19, 1857, at a meeting held in Gilbert's
Hotel, Westland Row, Dublin, under the chairmanship of that fine
practical yachtsman the late Mr. William Cooper, so well known to all
patrons of the sport by his valuable works on the pastime he loved so
well, written under the pseudonym 'Vanderdecken.'

[Illustration:

  'Oimara' _169 tons_
  'Flying Could' _75 tons_
  'Iona' _63 tons_
  'Fiona' _78 tons_
  'Arethusa' _58 tons_
  'Flag Boat'
  'Pantomine' _142 tons_
  'Gwendoline' _197 tons_
  'Garrion'

_Royal Irish Yacht Club Cup, Kingstown, July 24, 1873_
(_from a picture by Admiral Beechy_).]

'Smartness' might have been the motto of the newly launched club, for
within a few weeks of the above date the Irish Model Yacht Club--thus
it was christened while yet on the ways--had taken on board all the
essentials necessary for a lengthened and prosperous voyage. Acker's
signals were its code, and words of wisdom in the form of club rules
had been duly got out and printed. A captain of the fleet, secretary,
and treasurer, backed up by a very able committee of thirteen,
constituted the 'powers that be'; and under their auspices, on May 21,
the yachts of the club made their début in company in Ireland's Bay of
Naples.

It was during the following year that one of those rules was framed
which proved for so many years such a notable club feature. It ran as
follows: 'Every Saturday shall be a Fleet day unless there be notice
to the contrary, and all yachts on the station, under a fine of 5_s._,
shall be bound to join the fleet at a given hour, unless a
satisfactory reason for the yacht's absence be given to the Sailing
Committee. No yacht is to join unless the owner, or a member of a
Yacht Club, be on board.' Of course this regulation has had to be
rescinded in order to allow of club matches taking place, and the
cruises in company have become less frequent; but it is impossible to
estimate the value to seamanship of fleet sailing, because there is no
method by which the sailor can more readily attain to the complete
command of his vessel, and make her answer to his bidding. Sailing as
he will be on such occasions in company with yachts of various sizes,
sail-carrying power and speed, the yachtsman who can keep station will
have learnt not only to have a confidence in himself and his vessel,
but also how to vary her degrees of sailing from the reeling off of
knots to an up and down log line.

In 1859 the club was practically reorganised. A new book of amended
rules and regulations was printed, and a book of signals produced and
compiled by Mr. Jas. A. Lyle, who had been appointed honorary
secretary. Among these new rules was this very useful and simple one:
'Each owner is to lodge with the secretary a duplicate of his racing
flag, and this flag is to be carried on board the Commodore's yacht of
the day, to facilitate signalling and avoidance of mistakes.'

Towards the end of the season Lord Otho Fitzgerald, who had up to this
time acted as captain of the fleet, gave up the office, and till it
was eventually done away with, a Challenge Cup was instituted, open to
all yachts of 15 tons (the largest size among the racing fleet) and
under, to be sailed for annually. It was ruled that in future the
holder of this cup should fill the office of captain of the fleet for
the ensuing year.

So far the club matches had been few and somewhat irregular. Three
classes had been formed, consisting of yachts of 10 and not exceeding
15 tons, of 6 and not over 10, and of others under 6 tons. This year,
however, was started the annual series of racing matches, which have
for over thirty years been so popular with the racing fraternity of
St. George's Channel and the Clyde; and each season's programme has
only undergone such alterations as have been necessitated by the
increased tonnage of the competing yachts, or as may further racing
according to the fashionable sizes of the yachts of the period. About
this date, too, it was found necessary to obviate the difficulty which
was being felt with regard to manning and sailing yachts, owing to the
number of large yachts, which already flew the club burgee; the
original rule, that permitted members only to be employed, was
therefore stretched, in order to admit of any member of a Royal Yacht
Club, who had paid his subscription, or any gentleman amateur not a
seafaring man, being entered as a racing hand.

In 1864 the club advanced another step safely, and emerging from its
chrysalis stage of a model yacht club, butterflied it in public as the
Prince Alfred Yacht Club, keeping the same objects in view as
hitherto, viz., the encouragement of match sailing and the acquisition
of practical knowledge amongst its members of how to steer and handle
their own vessels, especially while sailing. Commodores were appointed
in place of a captain of the fleet, to carry on the more extended
duties of the club; and Messrs. Putland, Scovell, and Bolton, whose
names are household words throughout the yachting world, were the
first officers to hold the appointments. No fewer than five classes
had now to be created to take in the racing fleet; the class for
yachts of 40 tons and over included all the big ones, that for 7 tons
and under was open to the small fry.

Two years later (1866) the Duke of Edinburgh identified himself more
closely than heretofore with the club that bore his name, by becoming
its patron, and presenting a cup to be sailed for; and it was during
this season that prizes were instituted, in the shape of gold pins
bearing the club burgee, to especially encourage the art of
helmsmanship. 1866 is also worthy of being remembered as having
witnessed the introduction of the annual Kingstown and Holyhead
matches, with which, since that time, the racing programme of the
season has nearly always started.

The standing rule which specially distinguishes this club is that all
money received shall go towards racing expenses and prize funds. The
consequence follows that, limited though the club is to 300 members
(there were 200 in 1864), it is able to provide good prizes for all
classes, and can show more sport for its money than many another
richer club which is hampered with a house. The proof of the pudding
is in the eating, and the success of this homeless club, as many have
called it, should read a really useful lesson to the committees of all
young yachting or other sporting communities, not to be too anxious
about bricks and mortar or entering on the responsibilities of
housekeeping.

In 1868 another new feature, which at once became popular and is so to
the present day, was started by Mr. G. B. Thompson. This was a series
of matches to be held each year for yachts manned by amateurs only;
and it is in some of these races, which have taken place during the
past quarter of a century, that the capabilities of the members have
prominently appeared as first-class able seamen. This season, however,
will always be remembered for the race that was sailed on June 1 by
the 2nd class yachts--viz. those over 25 and under 40 tons, in which
the 3rd class yachts were allowed to enter at 26 tons. The 'Xema,'
35; 'Vampire,' 20 (rated at 26); 'Echo,' yawl, 37; 'Secret,' 31;
'Kilmeny,' 30; 'Wavecrest,' yawl, 35; and 'Amberwitch,' yawl, 52 tons,
started. Three paid hands were allowed to each yacht. The course lay
from Kingstown Harbour, round the North Bar buoy, Kish Lightship, and
the Hauling buoy in Kingstown Harbour--twice round, to start from
moorings. Though the weather was anything but satisfactory, all the
morning had been fine, and there had been scarcely any wind, so that
light muslin, in the shape of large topsails, balloon foresails, and
big No. 1 jibs, was donned by all the competitors, at all events for
the reach out to the Bar buoy. The old 'Bat' was the first to get
away, but she was soon overhauled by the 'Echo,' the rest following in
line abreast. As the day grew on, the wind, from being shifty and all
over the place, gradually settled down from the eastward, and the
'Wavecrest' being the first to feel the true wind, she very naturally
made use of it, and went through her vessels as if they had been at
anchor. She was not allowed, however, to have the game all to herself
for many moments, as the 'Amberwitch' and 'Xema' were soon on her
track, while the 'Kilmeny' and 'Vampire' indulged in a luffing match,
and almost allowed the 'Secret' and 'Echo,' which were doing
rearguard, to overtake them.

The buoy was rounded in the order given above, and as the wind had
been increasing rapidly the crews were now called on to show their
smartness in handing in the wind persuaders and substituting second
jibs and working foresails for the close-haul out to the Kish. Those
who know what the face of the waters is like off the Kish Bank when a
hard easterly wind has set in will have some idea of the kind of
business that was being transacted on this occasion, on the outward
journey. Soon it became evident that topsails were altogether out of
place, and those who had shifted ballooners for small square-headers
had to take them in again and house their topmasts. The 'Xema' alone
held on, though it could easily be seen that her topsail was not
helping her at all. She had quite trouble enough too, as it turned
out, without having useless top-hamper aloft, for her weather bowsprit
shrouds began to show such signs of distress that it became necessary
for her to hand in her head-sail and set a small jib. The 'Amberwitch'
was heeling and toeing it to such an extent that, by sagging away to
leeward, it became quite clear she was by no means having things her
own way. The 'Xema,' on the other hand, notwithstanding her sail-plan,
coming up under the 'Kilmeny's' lee, was forereaching well on her,
when a further trouble overtook her in the parting of the main
outhaul, and the traveller coming in as far as the reef battens--there
were no outhaul horses in 1868--left the mainsail in a bag, a
misfortune which was at once taken advantage of by the 'Kilmeny,' who
promptly gave her the go-by.

The 'Vampire' had quite as much as she liked with the broken sea she
had to drive through, but it would have rejoiced the heart of the late
Mr. Dan Hatcher, her builder, had he seen the way in which his little
vessel stepped it out to windward and held her own with her larger
sisters. The Kish was passed by the 'Kilmeny' as leader of the van,
and she was followed by the 'Xema,' 'Amberwitch,' 'Echo,' and little
'Bat' in the order named. Now that they had rounded the lightship
topmasts were sent on end again by all, with the exception of the
'Echo,' whose crosstrees had come to grief; square-headers were once
more seen aloft, and sheets were checked well off for the run to the
harbour. On nearing the piers the wind lightened as quickly as it had
got up; it left the leading yachts almost becalmed, and only just able
to gybe round the mark.

Starting away again for the second round, the 'Xema' made use of the
lack of wind to set up her headgear and secure her bowsprit shroud,
but she had barely set things to rights before the wind came on with
double vigour. It was a reach this time out to the Kish, and weight
naturally telling, 'Kilmeny' was outpaced by the 'Xema,' which led
round the lightship, followed closely by the 'Amberwitch,' 'Kilmeny,'
'Echo,' and 'Vampire,' with 'Wavecrest' to bring up the rear. The
'Secret' had got into difficulties about a mile from the lightship by
her bowsprit snapping off close at the gammon iron, and with the sea
that was running its crew had their work cut out for them in clearing
the wreckage and sending out a jury spar. With the rest of the fleet
it was a case once more of up topmasts and topsails for the run home,
and a most exciting race was being sailed by the 'Xema' and
'Amberwitch' for the first place (the latter had to allow 'Xema' 2
mins. 12 secs., as she was a 51-ton yawl), when the wind, drawing off
the shore as before on nearing their destination, brought it to an
end. The sheets had accordingly to be hardened in, and a board to be
made into Scotsman's Bay to get the benefit of the young flood, which
was running in shore. A couple of short tacks now brought the 'Xema'
clear out on the weather of the 'Amberwitch' and 'Kilmeny,' so that,
gaining inch by inch, she managed to win at last. Nothing could have
exceeded the smart manner in which the shifting of sails and the work
aloft was carried out on board all the yachts.

In 1869, the honorary secretary, Mr. Lyle, to whom the Club will ever
be indebted for the care and interest he has shown in furthering its
welfare, gave a tankard as a prize for a one-handed race, the
conditions of which were: 'Only one man, and he a member of the Club,
shall be on board, and all others must leave before any canvas is set
or station taken.' Flying starts had not yet come into fashion, and
therefore buoys had to be picked up. No fewer than ten yachts started
for this race, five of which were over 10, and three over 5 tons. The
'Queen,' 15 tons, was the winner, but the season will be best known by
the introduction of the celebrated Champion Cups, which have ever
since shared the honours with the Corinthian matches in the Club
programmes. To secure the necessary funds for providing these
luxuries, members were permitted to commute their annual subscriptions
by the payment down of 10_l._ By this means the greater portion of the
handsome pieces of plate, for which so many flyers of their day have
competed, were obtained.

The Duke of Edinburgh, who, as already remarked, had been patron,
assumed in 1871 the duties of commodore, a post he is still holding;
the club had become Royal in the previous winter. The limit in the
number of members was increased from 200 to 300, and the club burgee
also underwent a change. Up to this date the club had sailed under no
fewer than four different burgees. The original flag consisted of a
red anchor on a blue field, but this only enjoyed a short life, as the
anchor was changed into an Irish crown before the first season was
over. In 1859, the flag appeared with a white ground, a blue cross
with four points at the intersection of the cross forming the design,
and in 1861 the field was changed again from white to red, with the
new device of a yellow foul anchor. Now for the last time the device
was altered from the ordinary foul anchor to that of a foul patent
Trotman under an Imperial crown. The patent improved anchor represents
the club's leading position as a Corinthian yacht racing society.

Besides five champion cups of the several values of 120_l._, 60_l._,
35_l._, 25_l._, and 15_l._, one in fact for each class, the Duke of
Edinburgh presented a 50_l._ cup. A gale of wind sprang up during the
race for this prize, which was won by Mr. George Putland in the
'Enid.' She was the only one of all the yachts that crossed the
line--flying starts were instituted this year--to finish the course,
and it was the rounding of the Kish Lightship in this race by the
'Enid' that Admiral Beechy took as the subject of one of his most
celebrated sea pictures. The 'Egeria,' schooner, was disabled very
early in the race by the carrying away of the iron strop round her
boom.

During the season of 1872 the club was presented with the first of the
three Queen's Cups of which it has been a recipient. Matches during
the summer alternated each Saturday with cruises in fleet under one of
the club officers, with regard to which one great point should be
noticed, viz., that it has been the custom to sail only one match as a
rule on each of the racing Saturdays. There are many other clubs
which would do well to follow this example, as it is not infrequently
next to impossible with some clubs for outport members and
yacht-owners, when wishing to join in Corinthian matches, to obtain
competent hands.

1872 was the last year in which single-handed racing received club
support. A single-handed match had been sailed each season since their
inauguration by Mr. Lyle, Mr. Alec Richardson winning twice (in 1870
and 1871) in the 'Naiad,' 10-tonner; but the sad loss of Mr.
O'Connell, one of the most popular and sporting members of the club,
together with his yacht, and the narrow escape from foundering of
another, emphasised the advisability to stop such races for the
future. The race in which this disaster occurred took place on June 1.
The day was a peculiar one. A double-handed match had been sailed
during the fore- and early afternoon, when a nice S.E. breeze favoured
the competitors, which had one and all carried large topsails aloft.
This race was finished, however, in a heavy downpour of rain, and was
won by the Vice-Commodore, Mr. George Thompson, in the 'Madcap,' 20
tons. After the race was over the rain came down in such torrents that
there was some hesitation about allowing the single-handed match to
start, though there was no appearance of any heavy weather setting in.
This fact, and there being no sea to speak of, settled the question,
and accordingly the 'Petrel,' 10 tons, Mr. W. G. Jamieson; 'Mocassin,'
10, Mr. Corrigan; 'Madcap,' 20, the Vice-Commodore; 'Torment,' 5, Mr.
Miller; and 'Peri,' 5 tons, Mr. O'Connell, most of them with reefed
mainsails, made a start at 3 hrs. 5 mins. in the order named. The
weather soon afterwards became very thick, and nothing was seen of the
yachts till 6 hrs. 34 mins., when the 'Petrel' was discovered making
for home. A number of yachts were out all the afternoon, and some of
them on coming into harbour had passed the word that things were not
going on as sweetly as they might outside. The wind had shifted to the
S.W., and a considerable sea was running, increased or rather broken
by the flood-tide. The 'Mocassin,' who had given up, corroborated the
statement that was flying about, and soon after the 'Heroine,' 60-ton
cutter, arrived with her topmast gone, followed by the 'Whirlwind'
yawl, with the loss of her gig washed away from her davits.

The danger was now clearly apparent, and a tug was immediately sent
out to look for the yachts, as it was feared the small ones would be
unable to beat up against the sea and make their port. The 'Pleione,'
schooner, had fortunately fallen in with the 'Madcap,' and put a hand
on board her just in the nick of time, for she had shipped a heavy
cargo of water below owing to her fore hatch having been washed
overboard, and her head-sheets had gone. The 'Torment' ran for Howth,
whence she was helped back to her moorings by a friendly tug, which
was sent later on to her assistance. The 'Pleione,' however, reported
that the unfortunate 'Peri' had been pooped, and that she had
immediately foundered, taking with her her plucky crew. The schooner
had sailed on and about the spot for some time, hoping against hope to
recover some memento of the catastrophe to carry back to Kingstown,
and the tug was also employed in cruising round the locality, but to
no purpose, as nothing was seen after she went down of either the
'Peri' or her owner. Though it is now more than ten years since this
sorrowful occurrence, the name of Mr. D. O'Connell, beloved by all who
knew him as a keen sportsman and a most genial friend, still remains
green in the memory of Irish yachtsmen.

Useful as the single-handed matches were for bringing out a display of
seamanship, confidence and independence, it was as well under the
circumstances that at this time they should end; but it seems a pity
that the two-handed matches should have received their death-blow as
well. The extra hand means all the difference between danger and
safety.

Of the work carried out by the club perhaps the programme for 1874
gives as fair a sample as it is possible to choose, taking one year
with another. The list of matches was as follows:--

     Nos. 1 and 2. Matches to and from Douglas, Isle of Man.

     No. 3. Match for yachts not exceeding 7 tons. No. 5 Champion
     Cup, with 7_l._ added.

     No. 4. Match for yachts not exceeding 20 tons. Corinthian
     Race. 25_l._ Helmsman 5_l._, with tankards for the crew.

     No. 5. For yachts not exceeding 25 tons. No. 3 Champion Cup;
     with 25_l._ added.

     No. 6. Open to all yachts. Corinthian Race, 50_l._ Helmsman
     5_l._, and tankards for crew.

     No. 7. For all yachts not exceeding 7 tons; 15_l._ given by
     Mr. Macartney.

     No. 8. Match open to all yachts. No. 1 Champion Cup, 50_l._
     added; two helmsmen's prizes of 4_l._ each.

     No. 9. For all yachts not exceeding 15 tons; 1st prize
     15_l._, 2nd prize 10_l._, given by Mr. Fulton. Helmsman
     5_l._

     No. 10. For all yachts not exceeding 40 tons. 2nd Champion
     Cup, with 35_l._ added.

     No. 11. For all yachts not exceeding 15 tons. 4th Champion
     Cup, with 15_l._ added.

One more race, which was promoted this year, must not be forgotten, as
it would prove a very advantageous item in all yacht-club programmes,
viz. a swimming match in clothes. The conditions were as follows:
'Each member must wear woollen socks, a pair of slippers, shoes or
boots, woollen or canvas trousers, a flannel shirt, with a guernsey or
yachting jacket; the distance to be covered 200 yards.'

In the Corinthian matches it may be noticed that the club not only
gives the customary helmsman's prize, and that a good one, but each
member of the winning crew receives a tankard with the yacht's
complement or the club burgee engraved on it, a principle again worthy
of adoption by all Corinthian yacht clubs in races where no paid hands
are permitted.

At this period the club had the fine total of 163 yachts to a list of
fewer than 300 members; and to show how admirably everything was
carried on to the furtherance of sport, prizes were given to the
amount of 364_l._ out of an income of 521_l._, the club expenditure
being more than covered by 78_l._ These statistics are of interest as
showing what can be done by a club when not fettered by club premises.

The entry in the season of 1875 for the No. 1 Champion Cup is worthy
of a notice here, since no fewer than seven of the large cracks of the
year put in an appearance--'Fiona,' 75 tons; 'Cuckoo,' 92; 'Neva,' 62;
'Speranza,' yawl, 85; 'Latona,' yawl, 165; 'Egeria,' schooner, 147;
and 'Gwendolin,' schooner, 197 tons; and as an example of a R.A.Y.C.
Corinthian match, that which took place on July 17, 1876, for 'Twenty
Tonners' will long be remembered, not so much for its record of
spar-breaking, as for the seamanlike way in which difficulties were
overcome. The description of the race is here given almost in the
words of an account for which the writer is indebted to Mr. James
Drury, who was himself an active witness on the occasion. The weather
was far from favourable owing to a strong gale during the previous
night having raised a nasty tumbling sea on the banks, while the wind,
though moderate in the early part of the afternoon, at times blew in
fierce squalls, rendering it necessary to reduce canvas at awkward
moments.

The entries were:--

  'Hinda'     18 tons  Mr. G. B. Thompson.
  'Sheilah'   20  "    Mr. Pascoe French.
  'Challenge' 20  "    Mr. Fred Thompson.
  'Sunshine'  20  "    Mr. D. MacIvor.

Prizes: Owner, 25_l._; helmsman, 5_l._; crew, tankards. Course No. 3
(24 miles), no paid hands allowed. Though the number of competitors
was smaller than usual, the quality was extremely good, all four being
well known as about the best of their class. A nice southerly breeze
was blowing, making it an easy reach to the South Bar buoy, and the
tide was just beginning to flow to the northward. The 'Hinda' was the
first away, steered by her owner, followed close astern by the
'Sunshine,' which had won so many prizes in 1874, with Mr. Henry
Dudgeon at her helm. 'Sheilah' was third, with the late Mr. Pascoe
French as pilot, and last, though only some 45 seconds behind the
leader, came the 'Challenge,' with a crew who had come over from
Liverpool in her or by steamer, and comprised the cream of the Mersey
and Cheshire yacht clubs, among them Mr. Richardson, her designer, who
now handled the lines. The 'Hinda' and 'Sunshine' each carried a crew
of eight hands all told, while the 'Sheilah' and 'Challenge' had a
complement each of ten hands, including the helmsman.

All the yachts had whole lower canvas and jibheaded topsails set,
except the 'Sheilah,' who had a small square header aloft, and
'Sunshine,' who had prudently reefed her mainsail and foresail,
although they still looked big enough for a 30 even thus reduced. The
'Sheilah' soon showed her speed off the wind, as, going through
'Sunshine's' lee like a dart, she led the fleet and placed herself
some 50 seconds ahead of any other by the time she had made the first
turning point, where it was 'gybe ho,' and she increased this lead to
2-1/4 minutes at the Rosebeg, the others having played at luffing and
thus impeded each other.

Sheets were now hardened in for a close haul to the North and South
Burford buoys, and 'Sheilah' soon found her topsail too much for her
in the jumpy sea; but unfortunately it had been set with the tack to
leeward, and was not therefore handy for shifting, while, worse than
this, her big No. 1 jib was pulling her head off, and with a single
sheet only it was more than her foremast hands could manage to get it
properly aft. The 'Challenge' held a beautiful wind, and getting clear
of the other two, weathered fast on 'Sheilah,' though she did not
headreach on her. Mr. French, wishing to shift his topsail, went about
on the port tack before he could weather the South Burford, but
meeting the 'Challenge' on the starboard tack, and fearing he would
not be able to clear her, stayed under her lee, with the effect of
being dead covered for four or five minutes, when the first bitter
puff that came clear of the after leach of 'Challenge's' mainsail
whipped 'Sheilah's' topmast over her side. She was immediately hove
about, and her crew set to work to clear away the wreck, Messrs.
Drury and Dunne running aloft and casting off the topsail lacing; but
before they could get the sail down or the rigging secured, it was
found necessary to go about again in order to pass the mark on the
proper hand, and four or five minutes banging about of the wreck to
leeward laced everything up into such a horrible state of confusion
that it took the crew all they knew to get the topsail below, the
broken mast on deck, and the rigging secured.

The 'Challenge' in the meantime, capitally sailed and handled, crept
away steadily, and the 'Hinda' drew up on the 'Sheilah,' while the
'Sunshine' still kept the rear, not seeming to like the rough water.
At 2 hrs. 27 mins. 35 secs. the 'Challenge' stayed round the buoy in
Kingstown Harbour, followed by the 'Sheilah' 2 hrs. 33 mins. 10 secs.,
having her tricolour flag flying from her crosstree. The 'Hinda'
rounded at 2 hrs. 34 mins. 55 secs., and the 'Sunshine' at 2 hrs. 37
mins. 30 secs. The wind was now much more westerly, and the squalls
stronger. The 'Sheilah' set her balloon foresail for the reach out, in
hopes of lessening the distance between her and the leader, and
certainly gained a little. After the gybe Mr. French determined to
shift his jib, especially as the starboard whisker had begun to
buckle, and for this purpose gybed back and ran in under Howth--a
great loss of time, for when the boom came over again the 'Hinda' was
ahead.

The 'Sunshine,' after reaching Rosebeg, carried away her mast bodily,
some 17 ft. from the deck, and the whole top-hamper fell overboard,
leaving her helpless, and in anything but a pleasant predicament with
so heavy a sea running, and the rocks of Howth under her lee. However,
several yachts and a tug went off to her assistance, and after
drifting round the Bailey, the tug got hold of her and brought her
back, a sad wreck, to Kingstown Harbour. Meanwhile the squalls were
becoming sharper, and the sea heavier and more broken, threatening
destruction to bowsprits and bobstays, as the little vessels wallowed
in the trough. The 'Sheilah,' showing her power, drew up abreast and
close to the 'Hinda' between the Burfords, and all hands were
admiring the way she was carrying her canvas, having her jib-topsail
still aloft, and going like a bird, when crash! away went her mast,
just under the hounds, leaving her quite as helpless as the
'Sunshine,' but in clearer and more open water. No one was hurt, and
the 'Sheilah' at once triced up her tack, lowered her foresail, and
hove to alongside her disabled consort in order to give help if
required. Her crew employed themselves, while waiting, in hauling down
a reef. This 'Challenge' perceived, and having matters quite safe, she
at once followed suit, and made all snug for the thrash home of four
miles; a happy matter for her, as her mast was badly sprung and might
have gone at any moment. By the time the reefs were down, the
'Whirlwind,' 77-ton yawl, belonging to Mr. J. Townsend, had hastened
to the assistance of her disabled little sister, and sending a warp to
her, took her in tow. The 'Challenge,' on resuming her course, was
well ahead, and eventually the race ended by her rounding the
flagships at 4 hrs. 37 mins. 10 secs., winning the prize for her
owner, the helmsman's prize for Mr. Alec Richardson, and tankards for
her crew, who deserved them well for their pluck in coming from
Liverpool and for the way they sailed and handled their vessel. In
addition to other damages, it was discovered on reaching the Harbour
that the 'Sheilah's' mast, with the rigging and all, had settled down
2 inches, having badly torn the wood of the mast, while 'Challenge's'
mast was also reported 'queer' aloft.

The No. 1 Corinthian Match, which took place in 1879, would also give
subject for much interesting reading and reflection did space permit,
for smarter seamanship or a more exciting finish could not have been
seen anywhere, not even in the bonny Clyde. It is only right to say
that the members of this little club spare no energy or pains in order
to become efficient racing yachtsmen; and to go out on a dirty
afternoon to practise under difficulties shifting sail, reefing down,
sending up and housing topmast, reefing in bowsprit and seamanship in
general, is one of the means that have been before now employed to
bring about the state of perfection which is exhibited by its leading
hands, and for which the club is and always has been so famous.

At the beginning of the eighties the courses underwent some slight
alterations, and as these hold good at the present day it may be found
useful information if they are given here.

     No. 1 Course.--From outside Kingstown Harbour to the South
     Bar buoy, thence to Rosebeg Bank buoy, the Kish Lightship,
     to a flagship moored off the East Pier End; three times
     round--48 miles.

     No. 2 Course.--The same as No. 1; only twice round--32
     miles.

     No. 3 Course.--Kingstown Harbour to South Bar buoy, thence
     to Rosebeg Bank buoy, North Burford buoy, South Burford
     buoy, to flagship moored off the East Pier End; twice
     round--24 miles.

     No. 4 Course.--Same as No. 3, only once round, thence to
     South Bar buoy and the flagship off the Pier--16 miles.

     No. 5 Course.--Kingstown to South Bar buoy, thence to a
     flagboat moored two miles S.E. half-E., and to the flagship;
     twice round--4 miles.

Of the various new classes that have sprung up within the last ten
years, perhaps that in which the 3-tonners 'Rival,' 'Duchess,'
'Senta,' 'Currytush,' and 'Mimmie' are chiefly prominent has given
about the most sport. Of these little ships, the 'Currytush,' one of
the late Mr. Payton's greatest successes, could not only show her tail
to the flyers of her class wherever she presented herself, but she
gave the Solent 30-ft. class a good dressing in a thrash to windward
against a nasty head sea and in a hard blow. The small class for
yachts of seven or six tons and under has always been a great
favourite in Dublin Bay, but for two or three years a regular 5-ton
class held sway, and the season of 1885 witnessed its dying kick in
the coming together of the 'Shona,' 'Luath,' 'Delvin,' and 'Doris.'
The 'Luath' and 'Doris' were new this season. The 18-ft. and 25-ft.
open-boat classes, however, both have run these very fine in public
favour, especially the latter. The rule of measurement adopted, and
the conditions of sailing, are as follows:--

     The extreme draft is not to exceed one-sixth of the
     load-water-line.

     The counter, if any, is not to exceed one-sixth of
     load-water-line, nor is the rabbit, where it intersects the
     afterside of the sternpost, to come nearer the surface of
     the water than 4 in.

     The overhang of the bow, if any, is not to exceed one-sixth
     of the load-water-line. Any excess of overhang beyond these
     limits must be added to the length of the load-water-line,
     and the result taken for class and time-allowance.

     The whole overhang of any counter, whose rabbit, where it
     crosses the afterside of the sternpost, is less than 4 in.
     above the surface of the water, must be added to the length
     of the load-water-line, and the result taken as the length
     for class and time-allowance.

     The crew, including helmsman, is not to exceed one man for
     every 7 ft. or fraction of 7 ft. One of these may be a paid
     hand.

     Centreboard boats are allowed to compete, but the plates are
     never to be lowered beyond the limit of one-sixth of their
     load-water-line and must be kept down at a fixed draught
     during the whole race. (If the latter part of this rule has
     been altered, it is only lately that the alteration has been
     made.)

The Royal Alfred Yacht Club is still houseless, and keeps to its
original purpose of devoting all its available funds to the
encouragement of match-sailing. It has lost within the last few years
the valuable assistance of its late secretary, Mr. James A. Lyle, who
might almost be said to have fathered the club from its earliest
infancy; but with a foundation so ably laid, a working team of
thoroughly practical seamen to officer and steady the helm (and to
whom I am greatly indebted for the help given me in compiling this
paper), the members have every reason to be proud of the position
their association holds as a representative racing yacht club.


"GRAPHIC CRUISERS" OF DUBLIN BAY

_Notes by the Hon. Skipper_

A lovely night, a gentle breeze, a glassy, heaving ebb, all sail set,
the boat coaxingly pulling at her moorings, her port and starboard
eyes bright and glistening, her punts (choked with artists'
sketchings, gear, and a gun-case or two) safe at the davits; her deck
rather littered with Gladstones and canvas bags; a murmuring sound
from below, accompanied by a light clatter of coffee cups: on deck are
only 'Billy' (our cook), 'Jack,' the 'boy' (general fag and
washer-up), and the 'skipper' (one of the party selected by ballot for
the cruise).

The buoy is overboard, 'Jack' hauls the stays'l to windward, Billy
lowers the chain silently through the hawse, the 'Iris' gently glides
from among the surrounding boats, and is off for a week or two,
heavily laden with an artistic, musical, medical, legal, and other
'crew' seeking relaxation, and a recovery from that dyspepsia which
sooner or later overtakes every hard worker in this so-called
temperate climate.

[Illustration: Outward bound.]

In this boat the passengers are converted into 'crew'; all must work,
all obey the lawful commands of the skipper for the time being, though
perchance he may not be the best sailor; and although some of the
members are crack yachtsmen, all loyally avoid offering nautical
advice _unasked_. Each is allotted some particular duty. One is
medical officer, another is second in command, and the most onerous
task is that accepted by the 'steward.' He is generously assisted by
the advice of such of the crew as have had experience, and has 'Billy'
and 'the boy' to carry out his behests; neither of the latter
appearing much on deck, for the boat is worked in easy watches by the
'crew.'

It would almost appear that some insidious apology should prelude a
description of such a homely and slow craft as that selected for this
occasion; but, as she fills a space in the different classes of
yachts, and has proved an unspeakable comfort for the purposes
intended, these, and the means adopted, may have an interest for many
who enjoy quiet pursuits. The crew was a typical one. There were
several artists, several ardent naturalists, and a photographer (a
lawyer, who could prove to demonstration that a photographer _might_
also be an artist), and all practised music.

The cruise was limited to Dublin Bay and a few harbours north and
south.

Some of the most beautiful spots, from an artist's point of view,
cannot be reached in a deep boat, and so our draught was limited to
less than 3 ft. 6 in., a condition complied with by the 'Iris.' She is
60 ft. long over all, with a beam of 12 ft. 6 in., diagonally built of
mahogany, with a metal keel, as well as internal ballast cast to fit
her. Her mid-transverse section shows a rather barrelled bottom, but
her form forward and aft is such that she rolls very little; and, for
this reason, and also from the fact that her saloon table is not far
from the plane of her centre of rolling motion, the swinging apparatus
of the dining-table has been removed, and it is now a satisfactory
fixture.

As it was intended to frequent shallow waters and dry harbours like
Howth, Lambay, Rush, Skerries, Wicklow, &c., provision had to be made
for taking the ground comfortably. It is not possible to do this with
'legs.' There is always a doubt on the mind of the responsible officer
as to which side she is likely to cant, and whilst on one side of the
boat there may be good hard sandy ground, on the other may be a patch
of soft mud, into which the leg may gently subside if she
unfortunately happen to cant in that direction. Again, the time when
the tide will leave her may be some hours hence, and a weary waiting
ensues, perhaps after a stiff passage, when all hands long to 'turn
in.' Of course, when you have a paid crew, they do the waiting; but a
paid crew in this cruise would in great measure defeat the main object
of the expedition.

[Illustration: Section of 'Iris.']

To obviate the necessity for 'legs,' a simple and efficient substitute
is shown in the transverse section. Two deep bilge pieces 10 feet long
are bolted to broad stringers above the timbers, and extend fore and
aft some 5 feet longer than the bilge pieces, thus distributing the
strain over a large portion of the boat. They are wide at the skin,
and taper downwards. The bolts are inserted diagonally, and the bilge
pieces are shod with keel bands; they are modelled on the outsides,
but the inner faces are flat and _almost_ parallel, being further
apart aft than forward by one inch, for reasons that need not here be
mentioned. Such a contrivance helps to improve the leeway of so
shallow a boat, although not proportionately to the area immersed. It
is objectionable on grounds set forth by Kemp and others, as offering
a larger surface for friction than is the coefficient for the lateral
gain; but it is a great comfort when you have to take the ground and
wish to have dinner with ease of mind (a necessity with a dyspeptic),
and a joyful exchange for the sloppy, and lumbering, and inconvenient
and unsteady 'legs.'

[Illustration: Section of 'Iris,' showing permanent legs.]

The boat is 'ketch' rigged--probably the safest of all rigs, and
certainly the simplest and least laborious to be worked by few hands;
indeed, this boat has been worked to windward in a narrow tideway,
single-handed, over and over again. This comfortable rig was
determined upon after many experiments. The boat was originally
schooner-rigged, with sails by Lapthorn; but she would not wear, at
least quickly enough for safety, in narrow waters and crooked
channels, especially in strong winds. This difficulty in 'wearing' is
common to many good-sized boats. Quite recently I saw a revenue cutter
charging away towards a bank with several hands at the tiller, and the
main sheet eased off without affecting her mad career until the
officer scandalised her mainsail; then she slowly yielded the point,
and just cleared the bank by tearing up the sand and mud, leaving a
yellow track behind her. Again, during the recent racing season, the
pilot-boat (about sixty tons) started from Kingstown Harbour for her
cruising ground. The old pilot at the helm sucked his pipe with
confident air as she slipped; you could almost imagine his saying,
'This old boat and I are old chums; I know her. See how, with one
finger on the tiller, I make her gracefully fall off to avoid that
group of yachts ahead!' Suddenly the smile disappears; the pipe is
chucked from his mouth. She won't fall off! she is charging bang into
the yachts! The old man's legs are toughened out, and both hands grasp
the tiller, as a shout from the man forward, who is hauling the jib to
windward, calls the attention of the other pilots aboard, and one who
grasps the situation rushes to the peak-halliards and scandalises the
mainsail; then she tears away showing her copper as she fills, while
skippers around fire a volley of muttered blanks at the 'old tub' as
she makes for the harbour's mouth.

But with the ketch-rig the helmsman of the 'Iris,' by manipulating the
mizzen-sheet, threads her in safety to or from the wind along a
shallow tortuous gut left by the fallen tide. Remember she is 60 ft.
by 12 ft. 6 in., and with _a draught of less than 3 ft. 6 in._ Her
ability to take the ground upright is a source of gratification to the
artistic members of her crew; neither flowing nor ebbing tide, nor a
shift of wind, makes it necessary to alter the positions of the
sketching-seats, easels are a convenience that may be comfortably
indulged in, and then the operations of the steward are not disturbed.
But there is another great advantage in being able to take the ground
in this manner when you have to stop in harbours that are nearly half
dry at low water--an advantage having a large element of safety, and
best illustrated by a case in point, an incident in our recent cruise.

We had spent the night on the beach at Ireland's Eye, an island north
of Howth, rich in geological, archæological, and botanic interest. On
one side a shingle and a silver strand, a ruined abbey, and a charming
view. On the other, wild and romantic cliffs, thousands of sea birds,
a smuggler's cave, a seal cave, and a very remarkable profile rock.
Here in the summer you may see a Lord Justice picnicking with his
family, a Bankruptcy Judge, a gallant and skilful yachtsman, prowling
after rabbits, a Churchill gazing at profile rock and smoking like a
furnace, an Academician describing the hermit's cell, a citizen from
Dublin dining with his friends, an excursion of the Dublin Sketching
Club working in platoons, and, should lovely harmony startle the night
air, perhaps some members of an opera company have come down by the
last train after the performance to breathe the fresh air and sleep
aboard the 'Iris.'

[Illustration: The Bailey, Dublin Bay.]

Well, as I said, we spent the night at Ireland's Eye, and in the
morning found the barometer dropping rapidly far away at the harbour
on the mainland. The coastguards had hoisted the one point downwards,
indicating a gale from the south'ard. We were in perfect shelter, but
as we had arranged to help the Tennis Club Entertainment that
afternoon by playing some stringed instruments, we hoisted sail and
made for Howth Harbour, coming to anchor in nice time to escape the
preliminary bursts of the truthfully predicted 'blow.' The wind blew
off shore, and so there was no send or swell in the harbour. We were
free to anchor in very shallow water, careless whether we were left
high and dry or not, and herein lay our safety, not from wind nor
wave, but from vessels rushing for shelter into the small and crowded
portion of the harbour where the water is deep, and also from craft
dragging.

Last year, during a gale off shore, eleven boats of different sizes,
one an iron steamer, dragged into a corner of the harbour and crunched
one another into matchwood. There was no '_sea_,' only a disordered
and irregular 'chop.' The 'Iris,' drawing only a few feet of water and
anchored within an inch or two of the bottom, could not be approached
by any dragging or sailing boat of greater draught; long before
reaching her they would be fast aground.

[Illustration: 'Graphic' artists at work during the gale of October 5,
1892.]

In the evening, after our labours for our friends ashore had been
satisfactorily completed, we pulled aboard fairly dry, and in a few
moments were seated at dinner, the boat perfectly upright and
immovable, with about 2 ft. 6 in. of water around us. The lamps gave a
rich glow of colour and glitter to our table, all the more comfortable
from the contrast with the sudden cold without and the howling and
moaning of the gale. After coffee we lounged on deck, well wrapped up,
to enjoy a cigar and observe the storm. The lighthouse lamps burned
brilliantly, and the anchor lights of the craft in harbour flickered
and struggled for a feeble existence, their movements showing that
over there at any rate there was rolling and uneasiness. Here, our
steadiness was enjoyable, as was also our dry deck, due to our
bulwarks of over 2 ft. high. Suddenly above the breakwater appeared a
black pyramid, growing bigger every moment; then another, then many.
They were fishing-vessels beating for the harbour for shelter, but
they slowly disappeared one by one; they had gone about on the other
tack; we might shortly expect them in. Soon there struggled in the
narrow mouth the shadow of a close-reefed trawler of sixty tons or so.
Why does she stop? Is she on the rocks at the light? No, she has
missed stays; there is not room to do more than drift astern, and she
disappears in the darkness. And in less than half an hour she will try
again, for the harbour has a difficult entrance. A few minutes
afterwards there rushes in a more fortunate vessel; then comes
another, and another--each in turn makes straight for us, but we smoke
quietly; we know they cannot approach. Still they are near enough to
enable us to hear, above the fighting winds, the shrill cries of the
men to 'Let draw,' or 'Hold on, Pat,' the rattling of blocks, the
vicious flap of the canvas and shock of the heavy boom as each vessel
goes about, and soon the rattling of cables as anchors are dropped,
followed by such silence as the gale permits, while the men seek some
rest after a heavy battle with nature. In the meantime the occupants
of the other boats at anchor have had serious moments; dangerously
near came some of the fishing vessels, and even when anchors had been
let go anxious eyes blinkingly peered against the salt, blinding wind
to see if the trawlers' anchors held, and that the boats were not
drifting down upon them with inevitable result. Skippers also watched
their own holding gear with some concern; for if one of these crafts
dragged, she would be broken up against the breakwater, and should she
be fortunate enough to ground she would be down at the ebb, but,
especially if she were a racer, she would not rise again with the next
flow. Here we leave them and go below to our comparatively calm and
safe berths, knowing that even should it calm down by morning we shall
see tired and worn faces around us, and that we, thanks to our
substitute for 'legs,' shall have slept in ease and peace, and
awakened refreshed in body and in mind.

In order to get headroom there is 'trunk' 'rise' on the deck, as shown
on the cross-section drawing, 18 in. high (in one place higher) and
some 40 ft. long, leaving a conveniently wide gangway on the deck at
either side; this rise has a number of dead lights at the sides, as
well as skylights above; and during its infancy the boat was severely
criticised. She was called the 'Tramcar,' and had other more
opprobrious compliments paid her. As to her speed, there were sundry
allusions to crabs and their propensities for walking backwards. It
was therefore excusable, taking into account the windage due to the
superstructures and high bulwarks, and to the general form of the boat
and also to the bilge pieces, if we had very humble notions as to the
speed of the 'Iris'; and although we all believed in 'the craft you
sail in,' it was with some amazement that we found her unexpectedly
fast in reaching, and therefore fast with the wind aft. This
particularly struck us one morning when we saw a fine racing-cruiser
rounding the Bailey. The wind was fresh and free; someone said, 'Here
comes Charlie. Watch how he will swoop past us in his triumph.' But
Charlie didn't triumph, neither did he swoop; we watched carefully
until we saw that _Charlie was going astern!_--a fact that surprised
us as much as it did Charlie.

[Illustration: Her Majesty's Mails.]

Again, many said that a boat with such a high freeboard and so little
draught would not claw off a lee-shore in a bad sea; but as she was
designed for artist's work chiefly in local waters, where there is
protection every four or five miles, it was not intended that she
should be submitted to heavy weather. We always had a lurking
suspicion that she would not do very well in a seaway, but here we
were again agreeably surprised; for, seizing a favourable opportunity,
we brought her round the nose of Howth (as nasty a spot as anyone
could wish in dirty weather), and there we put her through her
facings, with the result that we found her an able vessel, safe to
stay even when much knocked about, and when we purposely allowed her
to make a stern board, with the aid of the mizzen, we could put her
head in which direction we chose. Several steamers passed us during
the trials, and these were shipping tons of water, while we did not
take a cupful. Around the boat, six inches below the covering board,
is a very wide 'rubbing-piece,' a ribband of 'thumb' moulding, whose
form will be understood by reference to the cross-section drawing.
This projects some inches from the side of the boat, and the effect of
this small bead in throwing off seas is most remarkable. Often have we
watched green lumps of water lapping up her sides with a rush that
threatened to bring them over the bulwarks in the next instant,
especially at her bows, but on reaching this 'stroke' the whole mass
seemed diverted outward, and to drop back into the sea. True it is
that action and reaction are equal and opposite, and the momentum of
the wave must have been communicated to the boat in some way (likely
to be detrimental to her speed and affecting her leeway), but we were
unable to realise practically any injurious effect to at all balance
the pleasure of a dry boat. Such, indeed, is the general success of
the boat as a quiet, safe cruiser, that it is intended to have a new
one designed by some crack authority with better lines, built of
steel, with the important existing features adhered to, but doubtless
with much improvement in the speed. As to the rigging, the stays'l
carries a boom and the sheet travels on a 'horse,' the jibsheets run
aft, and the mizzen-sheet is made fast to a cleat on the under side of
the mizzen-boom; thus the helmsman can put her about single-handed if
he please. In smooth water he puts the helm down, and, when she fills
on the other tack, shifts the jib. In a short sea, if she is likely to
lose way in stays, he puts the helm down, slips a loop over it, then
hauls on the mizzen-sheet till the sail is fore and aft, when she goes
about with certainty. He then shifts jib; he does not take the sheet
from the cleat, but simply hauls on the fall; consequently the sail
does not require adjustment when the vessel fills. In smooth water,
such as the Broads or Windermere, or the Liffey Estuary, no particular
tactics are needed in going about, but in the frequently troubled
water of Dublin Bay these matters are noteworthy when we remember that
she is 60 feet long, has a beam of 12 ft. 6 in., and draws only 3 ft.
6 in. of water.

[Illustration: Storm without, calm within.]

[Illustration: Kingstown, Dublin Bay.]


_Report of the Hon. Medical Officer_

In one of the steamers of which I had medical charge it was a common
saying that all that was medicinally required by the crew and
passengers was a weekly dose of 'one pint of sulphur wash and 2 oz.
bilge nails,' and that teeth might be drawn by the 'key of the
kelson.' No such drastic treatment should be required on a yachting
cruise, but a few medicines and surgical appliances should always be
on board, and the sanitary condition of the boat should be rigorously
and minutely inspected, not only before starting, but daily during the
cruise, be it long or short. To begin with, before stores or
passengers come aboard I have the carpet or other covering taken up
and some of the flooring lifted along the entire length of the boat,
and I carefully see that no fragments of food, animal or vegetable,
have accidentally got about the ballast, that no pieces of paper,
however small, nor sawdust, nor shavings, nor 'matter out of its
proper place' of any kind whatever, is left below the flooring. I
personally see that the limbers are cleared, and that a copious flush
of water redolent of calcium chloride or 'Sanitas' is poured in
forward and pumped out of the well aft. Next, I inspect the sail
lockers, and if there be any musty smell, I have the sails, &c.,
removed on deck and hung up to thoroughly dry; in the meantime the
locker beams and ceiling are washed over with a solution of chloride
of lime and thoroughly aired. The steward's store lockers and cooking
utensils are carefully examined, a solution of potassic permanganate
being freely used; the mattresses are turned over and searched for the
slightest mouldiness, and, if any be detected, are sent ashore to be
taken asunder and stoved; the lockers under the berths are aired, and
the Indian matting with which the bunks are lined taken down and
examined, and, should there be any mustiness, which will surely be the
case if it has not been kept dry, I condemn it and get
fresh--fortunately it is a cheap material. The w.c.'s are of the
underline type and consequently require rigorous examination, as that
kind is subject to leakage, and they should always be provided with
simple means for tightening up the joints, and so devised that all the
strains due to pumping, &c., are self-contained. There should also be
an automatic supply of a strong solution of permanganate of potash
every time the w.c. pump is used. Besides this, however, I always make
the boy pour in a pint of strong permanganate solution night and
morning, and with a good air-draught, secured by having the door made
so that there are several inches above and below between it and its
frame, I have never had the slightest reason to doubt the efficiency
of the apparatus as a sanitary appliance. Earth-closets are a
delusion; you cannot get earth, nor even sand, when on a cruise, and
there are other serious objections. Carpets should be examined for
mould in the interstices of the material, and should any be detected,
however slight, the carpets should be taken ashore--they cannot be
properly treated in a small boat. In short, fungoid life of any kind
must be stamped out, and it is to be observed that yachts of every
kind, and especially small ones, are peculiarly subject to this kind
of parasite, for it frequently happens that boats are not inhabited,
or only partially so, for some weeks, or even months. Without fires in
the cabins, or other means adopted to withstand the moist air
inseparable from the conditions, then it is that the microscopic
fungoid plants flourish.

Anon, fires are lighted, the air becomes dried, people move about,
currents of air sweep through the cabins, and the spores, invisible to
the naked eye, are wafted in myriads about the saloon,
sleeping-cabins, and galley, until they come to rest on some moist
place, there to propagate again if not checked. Fortunately, when the
moist place happens to be the mucous membrane of our nostrils, the
spores betray their presence, for the motion produced by the impact
due to such shape and weight and composition produce the sensations
which we term 'a musty smell.' I have frequently noticed objectionable
odours of this class about many fine yachts, and most small ones, but
they are never absent from short-voyage cross-Channel steamers; these
almost invariably reek with them to such an extent that often strong,
good sailors feel ill before the vessel leaves the wharf.

With such precautions as I have outlined, almost any boat may be made
'sweet.'

Accidents of a serious nature involving surgical aid seldom occur in
yachts; and if the cruise be a short one, a couple of needles, a
scalpel, a forceps for extracting splinters, a stronger one for
fish-hooks, a thermometer, and a long strip, two inches wide, of
india-rubber sticking-plaster rolled up in an air-tight tin-box, will
enable one to meet any case likely to arise. And for medicine I carry
a mild aperient, magnesia cit., in bottles with air-tight covers, a
supply of compound zymine (a most valuable ferment), and Burroughs's
pocket-case. Phosphates I administer by selecting the food of the
person under treatment. And I see that there is an abundant supply of
fruits on board. Often I have noticed individuals in a yachting party
come aboard for a cruise of a few weeks, all life and gaiety, and next
day be quite depressed by the reaction from the excitement and novelty
of the change. Such a person requires a little immediate treatment, or
several days may elapse before he or she will be fit to enjoy the
pleasures of the situation. It is necessary that there should be
agreeable amusements to occupy the minds of the party, when lamps are
lighted and all assembled in the saloon; and the function of providing
these in some measure falls within the doctor's duty.

The food should be carefully considered by the medical officer. When a
party of very young men embark on a yachting excursion they seldom pay
much attention to the quality of this necessary fuel; quantity appears
to be with them the important consideration. But when the party
consists mainly of men who have already embarked upon the
responsibilities of life, men whose brain power is severely taxed, the
_cuisine_ must be such that, although they be not persons who 'live to
eat,' they can regard the table as an additional attraction to the
company surrounding it.

One of the most important elements towards the smooth working of the
whole party is the presence of a lady, wife or mother or daughter of a
member; her advent has a humanizing influence on the male members,
however diverging their temperaments may be. If she be an artist or a
musician (every lady should be a musician in its best sense) and does
not object to smoking--if she be an artist she _won't_--in a properly
ventilated, not draughty, cabin, her presence will be still more
appreciated; and whether she be ashore or afloat, the fact that a
gentlewoman is a member of the party helps to give a peaceful restful
glamour to the whole cruise. These remarks are intended to apply
chiefly to small vessels. In large steamers, Transatlantic or others,
the duties of the medical officer are rather directed to restoring
people when they have become ill. On a yachting cruise his great aim
should be to keep people well.


_Notes by the Hon. Steward_

When I first accepted this post I felt rather inclined to resign at
once, for when the party came on board I was saluted with what were
intended to be facetious orders. It was nothing but, 'Steward! take
care of this ammunition.' 'Steward! let me have some soap and hot
water; get my bag down from deck and let me have a brandy and soda,
and, look here! be quick about it, like a good fellow.' But having
often benefited by the efforts of predecessors, I endured the
good-natured badinage, which died off after the first day. My first
duty was to see that the cooking appliances, cutlery, and table
furniture were in good serviceable condition; and I found that 'Billy'
had the entire service present on parade. The stove was a cast-iron
one, a 'Fortress,' Smith & Wellstood, of Glasgow. It is a remarkable
success. Though perhaps a little large for a small boat, as a great
piece of the trunk deck was removable in fine weather, and the galley
was otherwise well ventilated in cold, the heat was never objected
to--at any rate 'Billy' never mentioned it. Catering for a cruise
lasting a day or two, however large the party, does not call for any
special remark, as it is easily done; but a cruise of more than four
or five days in a yacht of limited accommodation involves some
forethought as regards a _menu_ offering a sufficient and agreeable
variety. If you can calculate on making harbour periodically,
arrangements may be made to have provisions sent from town to the
railway station, to be called for. But in that case you are tied to
call, and this fixity of programme is objected to by 'Graphics.' It
follows that the provisions for the whole cruise must be carried. Now,
as regards meats, flies are great enemies to the satisfactory hanging
of meat in a boat. It is surprising the number one comes across on a
coasting trip. I have often met three or four bees or wasps far away
from shore, and big bluebottles turn up in the galley, unexpected and
unwelcome guests. One of these is sufficient to make several joints of
meat very objectionable in forty-eight hours. A perfect corrective for
this state of things is a CO_{2} box--that is, a box like a
refrigerator, fairly air-tight, and with a communication from a small
steel cylinder of compressed carbonic-acid gas; this gas is in a
liquid state, and a little is allowed to expand into the box
occasionally. So long as there is carbonic-acid gas in the box, the
lamb, or mutton, or beef, or other food, will not be troubled with
insect life, larvæ or otherwise. If it be desired to cool the contents
of the box, a good gush of the liquid gas is admitted. As it expands
into the gaseous state it absorbs heat, and a temperature of -20º C.
has thus been produced. The carbonic acid used is a by-product,
hitherto wasted, from the fermenting tuns of breweries. It is now
collected and pumped into steel cylinders. I am informed that before
long it will be sold for 1_d._ per pound liquid: at present the price
is 3_d._ in Dublin. In practice we do not use so low a temperature as
that above mentioned, which would blister some hands, and leaves a
hoar frost over the contents of the box. We simply fill the box with
gas at ordinary temperature, taking advantage only of its antiseptic
properties. We have kept lobsters under a little pressure for six
months. At the end of that time they had not parted with the delicate
flavour of fresh lobster, and were totally unlike the tinned lobster
one buys, which, with nearly all the tinned meats I know of, will keep
you from starvation, and that is all that can be said in their behalf.
The prolonged high temperature to which they must be subjected in
order to kill the bacillic spores practically destroys the best
qualities of the natural juices. Some of the tinned vegetables are
good and nutritious. Apples, French peas, French beans, pineapples,
sweet corn, potatoes, pears, peaches, and tomatoes, arranged in order
of merit as I have found them, are invaluable in a boat; but before
using them examine the tins inside, especially those containing acid
fruits. If the tins display a beautiful crystalline pattern inside,
the contents should be dropped into cold water and rinsed for a few
minutes before using. In any case the peas and beans and apples should
invariably be rinsed in an abundant supply of cold water, and the
fluid contents of the tins thrown away. It often surprises me that the
makers of tins for 'canning' purposes do not invariably use those that
are enamelled or 'glazed' inside; then there would be no fear of
metallic oxides. At present, for what reason I will not state
positively, the soups sold in tins do not agree with people. The
flavours and the different kinds certainly afford variety enough, and
would be unspeakably convenient aboard; but any experimenter, who has
not a stomach like an ostrich, will find that if he uses these for a
few days he will be ill. I make the statement without qualification.
You cannot make any kind of soup in an ordinary way that will keep in
bottle. The 'extracts of meat' do not contain any nourishing property;
in fact, if you take any two animals, human or otherwise, feed one on
water only, and the other on 'extracts of meat' only, the latter will
be _sure_ to die first (proven). As a consequence of all this we find
it desirable to make our soups aboard, and for that purpose carry
meats, &c., in the carbonic-acid box I have described.

[Illustration: Ringsend, Dublin.]

[Illustration: Monkstown, Dublin Bay.]

But the 'extracts of meat' _are_ of great use in making rich and
delicious gravies. They may not be very economical, but that cannot be
perfectly studied in a boat, and it is possible to dress up the not
too stewed contents of the stewpot, after the soup has been poured
off, with a few capers, a little salt, a suspicion of pepper, and a
thickened gravy made of 'extract of beef,' just thick enough to make a
coating around each piece of meat--call it 'stewed beef,' or a more
elaborate name if you like--and you will find that not only will none
of it be left, but also no one will suspect it to be the remains of
the soup at table a quarter of an hour before. The fish we have had
meantime, it goes without saying, considering we are in Dublin Bay, is
abundant and delicious. I do not know why Dublin Bay herrings should
have such a delicate and inimitable flavour. The fish are much smaller
than the Scotch herrings and are beautifully marked, and require only
a drop or two of Harvey's sauce (Lazenby's) to bring out the proper
flavour--they are of course grilled.

[Illustration: Ireland's Eye.]

With the small stores I have found it economical and convenient to set
aside portions for each day. Thus, if the cruise is to be for ten
days, I wrap up ten portions of cheese, for example, in air-tight
paper, and there is not a moment's loss of time when cheese is
required for dinner. Butter for each day is similarly kept in jars;
that which is over after each day is not wasted. Bread is kept in
glazed earthen crocks with covers; salt in glazed earthenware jars;
tea and coffee in bottles with air-tight screw covers; everything that
can be put into an air-tight case is so protected, and each case has a
particular fitting in a particular locker, so that no time is lost
looking for it, no room is wasted, and if the boat gives a lurch or
two nothing falls about nor is spilled.

In a coasting cruise you can always send a boat ashore for plenty of
fresh vegetables; but, except fish, eggs, and crustacea, you cannot
get any other good provisions at any provincial place of call.

'Billy,' our cook, had been to sea on a coaster, where he filled a
similar berth. His ideas of the perfection of cooking took the
direction of 'plum duff,' of course taking especial care that most of
the plums were at one end, the end the skipper would be sure to
select. We had no 'plum duff' in the 'Iris,' but Billy's training was
of such use that little instruction was needed to enable him to make a
very respectable orange pudding, and to deftly and lightly make a
paste suitable as a cover for any baked dish. In utilising food that
is always at hand in a cruising boat, as crabs, scollops, oysters,
&c., few can excel a sailor cook after he has been carefully shown how
to dress them; and to this end it is necessary that the hon. steward
should be able to perform each operation himself. It is not sufficient
to have a cookery book aboard; as a general rule some little petty
detail is omitted, it may be a quantity, or a matter of _modus
operandi_, which perplexes the operator at the critical moment and
makes the dish a solemn doubt. On the other hand, if the hon. steward
selects such recipes as he thinks will be useful from some good
cookery books, and practically tests them ashore, he will be able to
find out the weak points and amend them, and will have the
gratification to know that the crew is not doing violence to itself by
tasting his dishes in commiseration for his feelings. In small craft
it too often, indeed nearly always, happens, that the feeding
department is very crudely dealt with, and the material aliment itself
is adequately described by the half-raw, half-boiled, stale, tough,
naked generic term of 'grub.'


'WATER WAGS' AND 'MERMAIDS' OF DUBLIN BAY

BY THOMAS B. MIDDLETON

Kingstown is the headquarters of the Royal Alfred Yacht Club, the
Royal Irish Yacht Club, the Royal St. George Yacht Club, and several
minor sailing clubs, including the Water Wags.

The pleasantest part of a coast to reside on is, perhaps, that which
has a sandy beach shelving gently down into deep water. Along such a
beach in fine weather boating, bathing, and fishing are easy and
enjoyable occupations; the wavelets ripple, making soft music with the
pebbles, and the little skiff lies half in the water waiting to be
stepped into and pushed off. But such halcyon weather cannot always be
counted on in this climate. The waves are not always ripples; they
quickly turn first to breakers and then to a heavy surf, that surges
up to the highest water mark if the weather becomes at all broken or
the wind comes in from the sea, and consequently the boatman must be
prepared to deal with such a change when it occurs, and overcome the
many difficulties then presented.

[Illustration: Mermaids of Dublin Bay Sailing Club.

Water-Wag Dublin Bay.

_All matches sailed under Rules of the WATER-WAG Club_]

First, the boat cannot be left anchored in the open, as she will
surely be lost or damaged in a gale. She must therefore be able 'to
take the ground handsomely'; that is, she cannot have a deep keel, for
her bottom must be broad and flat; and, secondly, she cannot have any
weight of ballast in her, as it would fatally strain her when she
stranded, and make her too heavy to draw out of the reach of the
waves. Now, a boat with no keel and no ballast makes, as everyone
knows, a bad sailor; in fact, she will only run dead before the wind
like a duck's feather on the water: so a little keel of 3 in. or 4 in.
is generally used, and the boat ballasted with sandbags filled on the
beach, or stones, which are emptied or thrown overboard before landing
again. This plan has the objections of being very laborious and making
the boat very heavy to launch. If she ships two or three seas in the
operation she becomes hopelessly submerged, and the advantages
gained are very slight, as such a boat will scarcely sail closer to
the wind than a broad reach--even then making considerable leeway and
being very slow and uncertain in stays.

It was to improve on this state of affairs on the beach of this
description that is to be found at Shankill, in the county of Dublin,
that the 'Water Wag' was evolved from a Norwegian _pram_, into which a
boiler-plate was fitted for a centreboard as an experiment. This novel
craft was called the 'Cemiostama.' She was built in the year 1878, and
was a great success; she sailed like a witch, carried a large sail
with ease without any ballast save the iron-plate, worked well to
windward without making any leeway, spun round like a top when the
tiller was put down, and when the boiler-plate was raised she ran in
on the surf, floated in a few inches of water, and eventually sat on
the strand on her flat bottom. The plate (which weighed nearly 1 cwt.)
was then lifted out of her, and she became as light to haul up as an
ordinary shore skiff.

It was accordingly decided to build seven or eight centreboard
double-ended 13-ft. punts with great beam (4 ft. 10 in.), full lines,
and a flat floor. The 13 ft. was chosen as the best size that two
persons could haul up without help, a larger boat being too heavy for
two, and consequently liable to damage by being left in the surf while
help was being obtained; and the round stern was to divide the surf
when the forepart stranded, and prevent it jumping into the boat as it
does in the case of a square stern.

In order that these boats might have an occasional race between
themselves, to preserve the type and to save the expense of
outbuilding and the trouble of handicapping and time allowance, it was
further arranged that all the boats should be built on the same lines,
and the canvas limited to a cruising amount. This was accordingly
done, and they proved themselves to be such good seaboats, and so
generally useful for two or three amateurs to amuse themselves along
the shore in, that 'The Water Wag Association' was started in 1887,
to further develope and preserve the principles of the class. Though
it was started by boys, several older Wags joined, and as the boat was
never designed for speed, the racing was not originally intended to be
hard-down serious sport, but more a sort of friendly sail round a
course in boats all alike, and that consequently should be all
together; but of course skill in working would bring one to the front
and make her harder to catch. Hence the rollicking title 'Water Wag,'
and the institution of a king and queen, bishops, knights, and rooks,
to manage the affairs of the club, their chief duties being to get up
as much fun and as many jolly water excursions as possible.

The first two or three seasons saw this idea carried out with great
success; but gradually the racing grew more keen and serious, until it
eventually became the sole object for which the boats assembled, so
much so that it is now nothing but racing from early in April till
late in September. The Water Wags' own races are held round Kingstown
Harbour (the head quarters having migrated there when the generation
which formed the Shankill Corinthian Sailing Club grew up and
disintegrated over the world); others are got up for them by the
Dublin Bay Sailing Club in Scotchman's Bay, outside the harbour, and
there are races at the local regattas at Kingstown, Dalkey Bray,
Greystones, Wicklow, Clontarf, Howth, and Malahide; so that since the
class was started they have had nearly 300 competitions.

They have greatly increased in numbers, and have become quite a local
type of small boats in Kingstown, as they work in and out through the
yachts and shipping, and are very handy to take four or five persons
in to listen to the bands from the water.

They are not confined to Kingstown Harbour, however, as they have sent
representatives to the River Plate, Hong Kong, the Persian Gulf,
Australia, and many foreign ports. Their principle has been largely
adopted in the B division of the Dublin Bay Sailing Club, which
consists of 18-ft. boats, called 'Mermaids,' which are practically
large Water Wags, being entirely open, with 6-feet beam, fitted with
centreboard and carrying no ballast. These have a limited racing
sail-area of 180 feet, but they are not further confined as to shape,
and some have the rounded stern and some the square. They are very
fast, lively boats, requiring a crew of three or four nimble hands,
principally to be employed in shifting ballast, and they give a great
deal of sport, as many as twelve or fourteen starting in a race every
Saturday afternoon.

The 'Water Wag' costs complete between 15_l._ and 20_l._, a silk
racing lug from Lapthorn and Ratsey alone coming to 2_l._ 15_s._
McAllister, of Dumbarton, built most of them; but Atkinson, of
Bullock, Co. Dublin, and Doyle, of Kingstown, have built many more.

In handling, the skipper--especially if he is a tiro at the art--must
be very careful, as 75 sq. ft. of canvas, and a 13-ft. mast in a
13-ft. boat, without ballast, require attention and caution if there
are any puffs knocking round; so that the mainsheet must never be made
fast, no matter how fine and calm the weather is; the halliards should
also run very free, and the oars should always be carried, in case it
becomes judicious to lower the sail in a squall. But a little practice
will enable the skipper to sail his boat without danger during weather
that any small open boat can be out in; and it is really marvellous
what weather and seas the Water Wags have gone through.

Sailing out of sight of help in any small open boat is to be
deprecated, and no exception to this rule is to be made with Water
Wags, as they unquestionably run a risk of filling in unskilful hands;
but, in that event, the absence of ballast is an advantage, for they
do not go to the bottom as a ballasted boat will, but will actually
support their crew if no attempt is made to climb up on them.

A lug of 60 sq. ft. is ample to begin with; and for most days when not
racing, and for single-handed sailing, a reef should be taken in, or
two kegs of water-ballast carried, unless on a very fine day.

The following sailing regulations are carefully enforced during
racing:--

     Only the boats of members shall compete in the races, and as
     it is one of the fundamental principles of the Water Wags
     that the boats shall be similar in every respect save
     sail-plan, it shall be in the power of the officer of the
     day to disqualify any boat that, in his opinion, is trying
     to gain an unfair advantage by infringing the above
     principle.

     Each boat shall not carry more than three or less than two
     persons during a race, all of whom shall be amateurs, and
     shall be steered by either a member or a lady. And no money
     shall be awarded to a boat for a walk-over, but she may fly
     a flag therefor. Each boat shall carry on all proceedings of
     the Water Wags, all her platforms, floorings, thwarts, and
     stern sheets, also a pair of oars not less than 9 ft. long,
     with spurs or rowlocks for same; also, either one solid cork
     ring-shaped life-buoy, not less than 30 in. in external
     diameter, and capable of floating for three hours 21 lbs. of
     iron suspended therefrom, or two smaller ones of the same
     material and shape, which shall each float for the same time
     14 lbs. of iron; or they may substitute a cork life-belt
     that will float 10 lbs. for three hours for each of the
     small life-buoys, providing each life-belt is worn the
     entire time the boat is afloat. Before taking a prize the
     owner of the boat shall declare to the party awarding it
     that the spirit of this rule has been carried out. And it
     shall also be the duty of every other competitor to protest
     against a boat without a life-buoy. The life-buoys shall
     rest unattached to anything in the boat, with nothing over
     or resting on them, so that they will immediately float out
     in the event of a capsize.

     All persons on board who cannot swim 100 yards are requested
     to _wear_ life-jackets.

The following are the limitations of a 'Water Wag' 13-footer:

     Length over all, 13 ft.; beam, 4 ft. 10 in.; depth and
     lines, that of model A.

     Centreboard to be of iron and pivoted at forward end of
     casing. Length shall not exceed 4 ft. When hauled up flush
     with top of casing, no portion shall project below keel.
     Immersed surface below keel shall not exceed 2-1/2 sq. ft.
     Thickness at any point shall not exceed 3/8 of an inch.

     Keel outside garboard strake, inclusive of thickness of
     keelband, if any, shall not exceed in depth 1-1/2 in.
     Keelband of iron, brass, or copper, not to exceed in
     thickness 1/4 in.

     Stem and stern post.--Moulded depth of, to be clear of hood
     by not less than 2 in.

     Kedge not to exceed 15 lbs. No metal cable allowed. No
     ballast of any description save water.

     Mast not to exceed over all 13 ft., measured from top of
     keel to truck, and not to be stepped above keel more than 3
     in.

     Fore and aft sails not to exceed 75 sq. ft. in area.

     Spinnaker not to exceed 60 sq. ft. in area, and is only to
     be used before the wind, and in no case as a jib.

A full-sized tracing of the builder's moulds can be obtained by
sending 2_s._ to the Society for Employment of Women 21 Kildare
Street, Dublin.

[Illustration: 'King's Fisher,' 1776.]

[Illustration: Commodore Thomas Taylor, of the Cumberland Fleet,
1780.]




CHAPTER IV

THE THAMES CLUBS AND WINDERMERE


THE ROYAL THAMES YACHT CLUB

BY EDWARD WALTER CASTLE AND ROBERT CASTLE

In the year 1775 was founded the 'Cumberland Fleet,' and as the Royal
Thames Yacht Club is its lineal descendant, the latter may with all
justice claim the title of the 'Mother of Yacht-racing,' at least in
Great Britain.

The year 1770 was a most important epoch in Thames yachting, and we
think the lines and drawing of our first cup-winning yacht should be
given here. The 'King's Fisher,' as the sketch shows, was clinker
built. Her owner, Commodore Thomas Taylor of the Cumberland Fleet, was
so thoroughly the practical founder of yacht racing on the Thames that
his statue should be placed on the Thames Embankment--with a bronze
plaque of his yacht and the cups he won--and if times are too bad to
go that length, a medallion portrait plaque could go on the Temple
Embankment Arch, for the 'King's Fisher' was built close by. Her
dimensions, as shown in her lines, were, length 20 ft., beam 7 ft.

The Cumberland Fleet, or, as it is often called, the Cumberland
Sailing Society, was founded under the following circumstances.

[Illustration: The 'King's Fisher,' 1776, midship section.]

In the year of grace 1775 the first rowing regatta that was ever held
in England took place upon the Thames--on June 23. Previously to this,
however, a meeting of 'several very respectable gentlemen, proprietors
of sailing vessels and pleasure boats on the river,'[4] held their
annual meeting at Battersea, and resolved that on the regatta day they
would draw up in a line opposite Ranelagh Gardens, so as not to be in
the way of the competing rowing boats. On July 6 of the same year an
advertisement appears in the 'Advertiser,' that his Royal Highness
Henry Frederick, Duke of Cumberland (a brother of George III., and an
admiral in the British Navy) was about to give a silver cup[5] to be
sailed for on July 11. The advertisement is as follows:--

     A Silver Cup, the gift of His Royal Highness the Duke of
     Cumberland, is to be sailed for on Tuesday, the 11th
     instant, from Westminster Bridge to Putney Bridge and
     back, by Pleasure Sailing Boats, from two to five tons
     burthen, and constantly lying above London Bridge. Any
     gentleman inclined to enter his Boat may be informed of
     particulars by applying to Mr. Roberts, Boat-builder,
     Lambeth, any time before Saturday Noon next.

[Footnote 4: _Public Advertiser_, June 1, 1775.]

[Footnote 5: The cup of 1775 was destroyed in a fire. _Morning
Herald_, June 23, 1781.]

[Illustration: Lines of the 'King's Fisher,' of the Cumberland Fleet,
1776. Commodore Thomas Taylor's yacht.

Winner of Silver Cup, 1776.]

On account of the weather, however, the race was postponed until July
13, when it came off with great success, and the 'Aurora,' owned by a
Mr. Parkes, described as 'late of Ludgate Hill,' won the cup. The
second boat in was named the 'Fly,' but who owned her the newspapers
of the day forgot to mention. From 'the Morning Post'[6] we get the
information that only those boats 'which were never let out to hire'
would be allowed to enter, and also that 'the Gentlemen, about 18 or
20 in number, who sail for the prize have come to a resolution to be
dressed in aquatic uniforms.' This seems to prove that the club had
already been formed before the match, and was probably an outcome of
the club at Battersea mentioned above. We also find from the old
newspapers that the owners (who, by the way, were always styled
'captain') had to steer their respective vessels, and in the case of
this first match were allowed two assistants; so it would seem that
what nowadays are called 'Corinthian rules' were in the early period
of yacht-racing a _sine quâ non_.

[Footnote 6: _Morning Post_, July 10, 1775.]

[Illustration: Button, 1776.]

There were very solemn ceremonies attending all these early races. The
Duke embarked on board his state barge from one of the stairs, and the
royal standard was immediately hoisted at the bow. Another barge was
in company with a band of music, and they then proceeded to the place
of starting. The racing boats were anchored in line, with their sails
furled; their places having beforehand been determined by lot. Each
vessel, when racing, carried at her gaff a white flag with a red St.
George's Cross upon it, and with one, two, three, or more blue balls,
according to her position at starting. The captains were stationed in
wherries, and on the arrival of the Duke's barge were by signal
ordered on board their respective vessels. Then, on the firing of a
gun, the race was started. Time allowance was an unknown quantity in
those primitive days, and the boat which succeeded in passing the
winning-post first claimed the cup. The victorious captain was then
taken on board the commodore's barge, and with great ceremony
introduced to his Royal Highness. In the meantime the Duke's butler
had filled the cup with claret and handed it to his Royal Highness,
who thereupon drank the health of the winner, and then presented him
with the cup. The captain then drank to the Duke and Duchess, with
three cheers; the whole ceremony having been performed amidst the
strains of martial music, salvos of artillery, and the huzzas of the
crowd upon the river and its banks. The fleet then proceeded up the
stream to Smith's Tea Gardens, which lay where the gasworks now are,
on the Surrey side of Vauxhall Bridge, and dined together. The Duke
himself was very often present at these festive gatherings, and later
on in the evening they all visited Vauxhall Gardens and made a night
of it. The first commodore of the club was a Mr. Smith, who, we
believe, was the proprietor of Smith's Tea Gardens, and he probably
held the office until 1779. That year the commodore's broad pennant
was changed from red to blue, and the club dined at the Royal Oak,
Vauxhall, which seems to show a change of officers. Anyhow, the
following year, 1780, Mr. Thomas Taylor was commodore, as is shown by
the cup he won,[7] and he held that office until the year 1816, when
he gave up yachting. The Cumberland Fleet had the white ensign, but
without the St. George's Cross in the fly, and their burgee was a
white one, with an equal armed red cross on it; i.e. the cross did not
come out to the point of the flag. At the Royal Thames Club House they
have several relics of the ancient fleet; there is the chairman's
ivory gavel with the inscription 'Cumberland Fleet,' which is still
used at every annual meeting; there are also (besides some curious
prints and pictures) a cap of one of the rowers of the commodore's
barge, and a club button, though it is not known whether it belonged
to one of the rowers or to a member of the club. The Cumberland course
originally was, as we have already shown, from Westminster Bridge to
Putney and back, but in 1776 it was altered to Blackfriars Bridge,
Putney, and back. Later on, the winning-post was at Smith's Tea
Gardens, by that time called Cumberland Gardens.

[Footnote 7: This cup is in the possession of the Taylor family, as
are those won in 1776 and 1782.]

The fleet evidently used to sail together and manoeuvre as well as
race, for in 1776, in honour of His Majesty's birthday, 'they went up
the river with colours flying and music playing'; and in 1793 a set of
signals were printed (a copy of which may be seen framed at the Royal
Thames Club House) whereby the commodore could manoeuvre the sailing
boats like a fleet of men-o' war; indeed there is a print extant,
dated 1778, wherein the fleet are being so manoeuvred off Sheerness.

[Illustration: First 'Cumberland,' 1780, midship section.]

The first private match, under the auspices of the club, seems to have
come off, between two of the sailing boats, on April 20, 1776, but no
mention is made of their names. Some of the expressions used in the
newspapers about the different matches are very curious; in one paper
it is called 'Fluviatic and Fresh Water Frolics,' and in another
'Thamesian Pleasantry,' and again, 'Water-racing Galloways,' but the
best of the lot is in the 'Morning Post'[8] of 1782, where the race is
described as 'a Fluviatic Cavalcade.'

[Footnote 8: _Morning Post_, July 26, 1782.]

[Illustration: Lines of Commodore Taylor's yacht, first 'Cumberland,'
of Cumberland Fleet (Thames), 1780.

Winner of Gold Cup, 1780.]

The yachts belonging to the Cumberland Fleet did not confine
themselves to river sailing, for in one of the papers of 1777 it is
stated that the 'Hawke' had been cruising about the Channel, and had
been chased into Calais by an American privateer. The Duke of
Cumberland gave a silver cup each year, of the value of twenty
guineas; but in 1781, when the seventh became due, a silver-gilt cup
of the value of fifty guineas was presented to the club by His Royal
Highness. This was to be sailed for by the boats that had won the
former prizes, and the advertisement goes on to say, 'The members of
the Society do hereby, with the permission of His Royal Highness,
challenge and invite all gentlemen, proprietors of pleasure sailing
boats, within the British dominions, to join with them in the
contention.'[9] The first attempt at this race on June 25 failed for
want of wind, and the match had to be re-sailed on July 9, when the
cup was won by the 'Cumberland,' belonging to Commodore Taylor. This
race, the first open match ever sailed, seems to have caused a good
deal of excitement, and the river and its banks were densely crowded.
The papers of the day speak of the many thousands present, of all
sorts, 'from the peerless "Perdita" to the Princess "Ran."'[10]

[Footnote 9: _Morning Chronicle_, May 5, 1781.]

[Footnote 10: _Morning Herald_, June 27, 1781.]

For some unexplained reason, 1782 was the last year that the Duke gave
a cup to the 'Fleet.'[11] He certainly remained its patron up to his
death in 1790, but he ceased to take any personal interest in the
affairs of the club. This cup was won by the 'Caroline,'[12] belonging
to Captain Coffin, and seems to have had a curious history, as in 1886
it was discovered in a pawnshop at San Francisco, and, it is said, was
bought and raced for by some yacht club in America. On August 10,
1782, the first below-bridge match of the Cumberland Fleet took place.
It was between the 'Caroline,' Captain Coffin, and the 'Eagle,'
Captain Grubb, for a wager of 40_l._: the course being from Cuckolds
Point to the Lower Hope, and back again. The 'Caroline' won easily.

[Footnote 11: There is a print of the start for the 1782 match at the
R.T.Y.C.]

[Footnote 12: _Times_, August 9, 1886.]

[Illustration: Lines of Commodore Taylor's yacht, second 'Cumberland,'
launched February 14, 1790.]

The years 1783 to 1785 have no matches recorded against the club. On
August 21, 1784, the commodore's boat the 'Cumberland' went badly
ashore on the rocks off Margate.[13] She must, however, have been
afterwards saved, as she was commodore's boat at the match of 1786. A
new era opened to the 'Cumberland Fleet' in the year 1786.[14]
Jonathan Tyars became proprietor of Vauxhall Gardens, and to celebrate
the jubilee of the Gardens (which had been open just fifty years), and
also the new management, he gave an annual silver cup and cover, to be
sailed for by the Cumberland Fleet, and a wherry to be rowed for by
the watermen on the Thames.

[Footnote 13: _Public Advertiser_, August 25, 1784.]

[Footnote 14: _Morning Post_, July 5, 1786.]

[Illustration: Yacht of Cumberland Fleet, 1781.]

The one thing curious about this match is that the 'Prince of Wales'
sailing boat was advertised for sale, and it goes on to say, 'which no
doubt will have the best chance to win the Jubilee Silver Cup which
will be sailed for on the 17th inst.' She won that cup!

The proprietors of Vauxhall Gardens continued giving an annual cup to
the club until the year 1810, when the last prize offered by them was
sailed for on August 6, and won by the 'St. George,' 7 tons, Captain
James Gunston. The ceremonies attached to the giving of the Vauxhall
Cup differed but slightly from those attending the Duke of
Cumberland's prize. The race started, as before, from Blackfriars
Bridge and sailed round a boat stationed near Putney Bridge and back
past a boat moored off Vauxhall Stairs, next door to Cumberland
Gardens.

The gardens in the evening were magnificently illuminated; a
wonderful transparency of the sailing match was on show, and the
former prize cups won by the club were arranged on pedestals in front
of it. There are many incidents connected with the Cumberland Fleet
during all these years. The 'Morning Chronicle'[15] says: 'There was
an attempt of foul play against the "Prince of Wales," the winning
vessel of 1786, by other boats getting in her way, but she got all
clear by a liberal use of handspikes.' In 1787 the match on July 19
was ordered by the club to be re-sailed August 3, on account of some
mistakes in the sailing directions made by the competing yachts; this
was eventually won by the 'Nancy,' Captain Dore, but the 'Blue Dragon'
was disqualified for booming out her jib.

[Footnote 15: _Morning Chronicle_, July 19, 1786.]

There must have been some form of Admiralty warrant extant in those
days, as we find that the members of the club are requested (in an
advertisement) to meet at the Crown and Anchor Tavern in the Strand,
and it goes on to say,[16] 'The gentlemen who enter their boats are to
attend at the same time to draw lots for situation at starting; and
are hereby informed that they are expected either to produce their
licence from the Admiralty, or other proofs of being owners of the
vessels they intend to sail.'

[Footnote 16: _Public Advertiser_, June 7, 1788.]

In 1791,[17] Commodore Taylor, with a party of friends, started in the
'Cumberland' for Bordeaux, but we have found no reference to his
having arrived there. This year there was a dreadful accident at the
race for the Vauxhall Cup, by the bursting of a cannon at Cumberland
Gardens, at the moment that the 'Mercury,' Captain Astley, was
winning; by this two persons lost their lives. This is also the first
year in which a second prize was given, viz. a silver goblet. The year
1793 was kept as a septennial one, and a handsome silver-gilt cup was
presented to be raced for; the club thereupon challenged the world.

[Footnote 17: _Star_, June 13, 1791.]

[Illustration: Circular of Cumberland Fleet, 1775.]

On July 27, 1793, the 'Cumberland,' Commodore Taylor, and the
'Eclipse,' Captain Astley, had a match for a turtle, which the
commodore won, and the members of the Club had a turtle feast on the
strength of it. In 1794 the proprietors of Vauxhall put a wonderful
car upon the river, on the match day. It was drawn by tritons and was
moved by invisible oars. It contained, besides bands of music, Father
Thames attended by his river gods; and for several years this
appeared, but with different devices.

A curious light is let in by the newspapers of 1795[18] on the way
they managed matters when racing. The 'Mercury,' which was the leading
boat, somehow got foul of the 'Vixen'; whereupon the captain of the
'Vixen' cut away the rigging of the 'Mercury' with a cutlass and
fairly well dismantled her, another boat, the 'Mermaid,' winning the
cup. We have failed entirely to find any sort of protest against such
high-handed proceedings. There was another cup presented to the Club
besides the Vauxhall one in 1796; it was given by the proprietor of
Cumberland Gardens. A match for a wager of forty guineas took place on
August 11, 1797,[19] between the 'Mercury' and the 'Providence,' from
the Gun Wharf at Blackwall round the Nore Light and back; this was won
easily by the 'Mercury,' which did the distance in 12 hrs. 5 mins.,
beating the 'Providence' by twenty miles.

[Footnote 18: _Times_, July 23, 1795.]

[Footnote 19: _Star_, August 15, 1797.]

The year 1800 was again kept as a septennial one, or, as the papers
prefer to call it, a 'Jubilee,' and there is in existence a print of
the 'Cumberland,' Captain Byrne, winning the cup. Mr. E. Smith, owner
of the 'Atalanta,' which won the Vauxhall Cup in 1801, presented the
same year a cup to be raced for, and it was won by the 'Mercury,'
Captain Astley. Another septennial (or Jubilee) cup was given by the
proprietors of Vauxhall Gardens in 1807, and this fell to the
'Bellissima,' owned by Captain Farebrother. This year the contractors
for the State Lottery gave a cup to be raced for on the Thames, and
all the boats entered for it belonged to the Cumberland Fleet. A new
public Garden was started in 1809, called the Minor Vauxhall, and Mr.
Sheppard, its proprietor, gave a silver cup to be sailed for on the
river. The first two attempts failed to come off, but at the third and
final one the 'St. George,' Captain Gunston, won the prize. The last
cup given by the proprietors of Vauxhall Gardens, in 1810, was won by
the 'St. George,' and the same year Mr. Sheppard (who had changed the
name of his Gardens to 'The New Ranelagh') again gave a cup, which was
won by the 'Sally,' belonging to Captain Hammond. The proprietor of
the New Ranelagh Gardens also gave cups in the years 1811 and 1812,
and although the club is not mentioned in connection with them, none
but vessels belonging to the Cumberland Fleet were entered. On July
16, 1812, the club gave two cups, by subscription, to be raced for
from Blackwall to Gravesend and back, which were won respectively by
the 'Mercury' and the 'Vixen.' As the years roll on the newspapers get
rather confused about the sailing matches, and the name of the old
club very rarely occurs, although we have seen an account book where
the subscription of one guinea is mentioned as having been paid to the
secretary of the Cumberland Fleet, in the year 1818.

The years 1814, 1821, and 1822 have no sailing matches recorded
against them, but these, with 1783 to 1785, are the only ones in which
we have failed to find a race of some sort or other. After Commodore
Taylor's retirement it is believed that Mr. Edward Nettlefold was
elected in his place, but there is, great confusion on the subject,
for in 1817 he is called commodore of the 'London Yacht Club,' which
in another number of the same paper is called the 'New Cumberland
Fleet.' Most probably there had been some dissensions among the
members of the club, but whatever had happened, there is no getting
over the fact that in the year 1823 the Cumberland Fleet had a
below-bridge race, and that it was under the direction of Commodore
Edward Nettlefold.

The year 1823 is a most important one in the history of the club. On
July 17 there was a race for a silver cup in honour of the King's
coronation,[20] and the newspapers[21] go on to say:--

     The 'Favourite' steam packet, soon after ten o'clock, came
     down from the Tower. This boat was elegantly decorated, and
     was crowded with ladies. The gentlemen of the 'Old
     Cumberland Fleet' were on board, under the direction of
     their respected Commodore, Edward Nettlefold, Esquire, under
     whose direction the match took place.

[Footnote 20: George IV.]

[Footnote 21: _Morning Advertiser_, July 18, 1823; _Sporting
Magazine_, July, 1823; _Morning Chronicle_, July 19, 1823; _Globe_,
July 18, 1823; _Public Ledger_, July 19, 1823.]

The cup was won by the 'Venus,' belonging to Captain George Keen. In
the 'Public Ledger' of July 17, 1823, is the following
advertisement:--

     _HIS MAJESTY'S CORONATION_

     The Subscribers and Members of the Old Cumberland Fleet will
     dine together at the Ship Tavern, Water Lane, Tower Street,
     this day at four o'clock precisely to celebrate the
     coronation of His Most Gracious Majesty King George IV.;
     when the superb silver cup, sailed for in honour of that
     event, on Thursday last, from Blackwall to Coal House Point,
     below Gravesend and back, by gentlemen's pleasure vessels,
     will be presented to Captain George Keen, the winner of the
     prize; and to arrange the articles for the sailing match to
     take place on Wednesday afternoon, the 30th instant, and to
     start at three o'clock from Blackfriars Bridge, and sail to
     Putney and back to Cumberland Gardens, under the especial
     patronage of the proprietors of the Royal Gardens,
     Vauxhall.'

At this dinner the club must have decided to change their name, as
appears from the following extract from a Vauxhall programme of July
30, 1823, announcing the match 'given by His Majesty's Coronation
Sailing Society, entered into for celebrating annually the Coronation,
and formed by new subscribers and members of the old Cumberland
Fleet'; the last three words being printed right across the page in
large type. They also changed their flag, adopting a white one with a
crown in the upper corner next the staff, with the letters 'G.R. IV.'
underneath, and the words 'Coronation Fleet' in the fly. This flag had
a crimson border all round, with lettering of the same colour.

[Illustration: Officers' badge, R.T.Y.C.]

This match of July 30, 1823, is a very important one, as, owing to a
dispute over the prize, the present Royal Thames Yacht Club was
formed. The facts are as follows:--In the race the 'St. George,'
Captain Brocklebank, came in first, and the 'Spitfire,' Captain
Bettsworth, was the second boat. Captain Bettsworth, however,
protested against the 'St. George' being given the prize, for the
following reasons:--'That the "St. George" during the match was
steered by two persons, which was contrary to the sailing articles
signed by all the competitors previously to starting. The articles
alluded to state that "the vessels must be sailed by their respective
owners, or by any person they may think proper to appoint." The
appellant states the breach of articles to have been committed between
Blackfriars and Waterloo Bridges.'[22] On August 6 the Club met to
consider the question at the Ship Tavern, Water Lane; and after Capt.
Bettsworth had produced witnesses and the matter had been argued out,
it was determined by ballot, and by a majority of one, that the race
should be re-sailed on Monday, August 11. On August 7, however, a
protest was sent to the commodore, signed by seven members of the club
(none of whom, by the way, had a boat in the match), asking him to
call another meeting of the society, to either confirm or rescind the
vote on August 6, and mentioning the fact that Captain Brocklebank had
not been present at the ballot. On August 8 another meeting was held,
at the Ship Tavern, of the captains and owners of the pleasure boats
that had been in the race of July 30; they resolved to send in a
protest to Commodore Nettlefold, in which they stated 'that if such
resolution be rescinded, we have unanimously determined never to enter
any of our boats for any cup to be given on any future occasion by the
"Coronation" Fleet,' as they considered the merits of the question had
been fully and fairly discussed. This protest was signed by eight of
the captains who sailed in the match. On August 9 a further meeting of
the club was held, and the resolution of the 6th instant rescinded,
in spite of the protest, the cup being handed over to Captain
Brocklebank as the victor. On this decision the captains held another
conference (probably on the evening of August 9), decided to form a
new club, and to call a special meeting on the question. On August 14,
1823, at the White Horse Tavern, Friday Street, it was decided to form
such new club, and to call it the 'Thames Yacht Club.' Most of the old
members of the 'Cumberland' Fleet are supposed to have joined it. The
'Coronation' Fleet went on with varying fortunes until the year 1827,
when it seems to have fallen into abeyance; but it was revived again
in 1830 with a great flourish of trumpets, only to be absolutely
dissolved on January 3, 1831, at a meeting of the club, held at the
British Coffee House, Charing Cross; and that very same year their
commodore, Lord Henry Cholmondeley, was racing as an ordinary member
of the Thames Yacht Club. So that those members of the 'Coronation'
Fleet who did not join in 1823 were finally absorbed in the Thames
Yacht Club in 1831. Since that period the life of the club has flowed
along pretty evenly, with a few ups and downs, like the noble river
from which it takes its name. The first match of the Thames Yacht Club
was held on September 9, 1823, for a cup valued at 25 guineas, when
ten boats entered. They sailed the old course from Blackfriars Bridge,
and finished at Cumberland Gardens; but in this case, for want of
wind, the match had to be re-sailed on the 10th, when the cup was won
by the 'Spitfire,' Mr. T. Bettsworth. The following year they had an
above- and a below-bridge match, and this was regularly continued
until 1840, after which the above-bridge match was given up. The 'Don
Giovanni,' owned by Mr. J. M. Davey, won cups in 1824 and 1826; she
was considered the crack boat of her day, and there is a song in
existence which ends as follows:--

  Now toast the Don Giovanni's crew, who bear the prize away,
  And may they always sail as well as they have sail'd to-day!
  Then fill each glass with sparkling wine, and bumpers let them be,
  And drink to Captain Davey's health--his health with three times three:

      For the cup is won, the match is done,
         And settl'd is the rub;
      Let mirth abound, and glee go round.
         In this--the Thames Yacht Club.

[Footnote 22: _Globe_, August 5, 1823.]

In 1827 a 50-guinea cup was given to be raced for, from Blackwall to
Gravesend and back, to celebrate the event of His Royal Highness the
Duke of Clarence becoming patron of the Thames Yacht Club. This was
won by the 'Lady Louisa,' belonging to Mr. T. Smith.

The following year there was a split off from the club, caused by
their refusal to give prizes for very small boats, so the seceders
formed the Clarence Yacht Club, which existed for several years. On
August 28, 1830, two cups were given to be raced for below bridge, in
honour of the Duke of Clarence coming to the throne as William IV. The
yachts sailed in two classes, the first of which was won by the
'Matchless,' 19 tons, Mr. J. Hyatt; and the second by the 'Brilliant,'
8 tons, Mr. W. Bucknall. On October 7 of the same year, at a meeting
of the club, it was resolved 'that the uniform button should be
altered from T.Y.C. to R.T.Y.C.'; in other words, they had become the
'Royal Thames Yacht Club.' This year the fleet of the club consisted
of forty-three vessels.

[Illustration: Lord Alfred Paget's 'Mystery' passing 'Blue Belle' May
23, 1843.]

The burgee of the Thames Yacht Club was probably a red one, with the
letters T.Y.C., as we find that on February 3, 1831, a red burgee was
agreed to having the letters R.T.Y.C. under a crown. There were two
cups given by the club, on September 15, 1831, to celebrate the
coronation of their Majesties William IV. and his Queen. The first was
won by the 'Lady Louisa,' and the second by the 'Water Witch.' In
December 1834 a white burgee was adopted with a crown and the letters
R.T.Y.C. in red; and on February 19, 1835, an Admiralty warrant was
granted to the club authorising their vessels to carry a white ensign
without a red cross, but with the union-jack in the upper corner, and
bearing in the fly a crown over the letters R.T.Y.C. in red. William
IV. died on June 20, 1837, and on July 27 of the same year Her Majesty
Queen Victoria became patroness of the club. The following year
special prizes were given in honour of the Queen's coronation, and
there is in possession of the club a portrait of Commodore Harrison
holding the cup in his hand. In 1840 a challenge cup of the value of
100 guineas was given, to be won twice consecutively by the same
yacht, without reference to ownership. It was eventually secured by
the 'Secret,' Mr. J. W. Smith, on June 8, 1847. The Admiralty took
away the white ensign from the Royal Thames Yacht Club in 1842 (as
well as from several other clubs that had the right of flying it), and
only allowed the Royal Yacht Squadron to continue its use. In July of
the same year, however, the Admiralty granted to the Royal Thames a
blue ensign with a crown in the fly. On June 30, 1845, a cup of the
value of 60_l._ was presented by Earl Fitzhardinge, and the yachts had
to be manned, steered, and handled by members of the club only. The
'Belvidere,' 25 tons; the 'Prima Donna,' 25 tons; the 'Phantom,' 20
tons; and the 'Widgeon,' 24 tons, were entered, the cup being won by
the 'Belvidere,' belonging to Vice-Commodore Lord Alfred Paget. In the
year 1848 the Admiralty granted to the club a further warrant, dated
July 24, giving them the plain 'blue ensign of Her Majesty's Fleet,'
and of this they still enjoy the use. Time allowance first appears in
the matches of the Royal Thames on June 29, 1849, in a race from Erith
to the Nore and back, when half a minute per ton for difference of
tonnage was allowed. July 8, 1851, the Queen for the first time gave a
cup to be raced for by the club, the course being from Erith, round
the Nore and back; it was won by the 'Cygnet,' 35 tons, owned by Mr.
H. Lambton, M.P. The club established an annual schooner match, which
was held regularly for several years, the first having been on June
1, 1853. In 1855 the club had 170 yachts in its fleet, but in 1861
they had reached to 241 vessels; at the present date they are some 350
strong. In 1862 the 'Marina,' on rounding the Nore lightship, ran
into the club steamer, the 'Prince of Wales,' damaging herself
considerably, and had to be towed back. As she was leading vessel at
the time, and it was the fault of the steamer getting in the way, she
received a special prize. On May 21, 1866, the first Nore to Dover
race of the club took place, although they had one or two matches to
Harwich and the Isle of Wight before that date. At the beginning of
1868 there was another split in the Royal Thames, and those who left
established the 'New Thames Yacht Club,' which is still in existence.
The same year the club was again honoured by the presentation of a
Queen's Cup, which was raced for from Gravesend to the Mouse and back.
In 1874 His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales became commodore, and
for the first time in the history of the club a rear-commodore was
elected, Mr. Thomas Brassey. Queen's Cups have also been given to the
club in 1874, 1880, and 1885; but in the year 1887, on the occasion of
Her Majesty's Jubilee, the club, to mark that event, gave a special
prize of 1,000 guineas in an ocean match round Great Britain, the
winning-post being at Dover. This was won by the 'Genesta,' belonging
to Sir Richard Sutton, Bart.

[Illustration: Start of 25-tonners, Royal Thames Yacht Club, from
Greenwich, 1848.]

[Illustration: 'Phantom,' 25 tons, R.T.Y.C., 1853.]

[Illustration: 'Cygnet,' 35 tons, built by Wanhill, 1846. Winner of
Queen's Cup, R.Y.S., 1849; of Queen's Cup, R.T.Y.C., 1851.]

Such, in bare outline, is a rough history of the oldest yacht racing
club in existence. It is epitomised from a larger work on the same
subject, which has been our labour of love for some years, and we hope
that the book will be published to the world at some future time.


ROYAL CORINTHIAN YACHT CLUB, ERITH

BY R. T. PRITCHETT

Perhaps one of the most sporting clubs on the Thames or elsewhere is
the Royal Corinthian Yacht Club, which has its headquarters at Erith.
This, the original Corinthian Club, was formed in May 1872; but
several other clubs have since been started at various ports, and have
copied the title with the affix of the place to which they belong.

During the first year some 200 members were enrolled, but the number
rapidly increased, and the club has now close upon 500 members, and
possesses a valuable freehold club-house standing in an acre of ground
on the banks of the Thames at Erith. The house includes a large
club-room, nearly 70 feet long, a committee room, and a bunk-room for
the use of members wishing to sleep there. Underneath are extensive
stores, with twenty large sail lockers, each capable of holding the
gear of a 20-tonner. These are let to members at 30s. per annum. There
is room in the grounds for any number of the smaller fry which are not
too heavy to be hauled over the wall, and they have a good snug berth
here for the winter.

The classification of the yachts for racing purposes does not extend
to anything exceeding 20-rating, and for this size of vessel only one
paid hand is allowed. The remainder of the crew, including the
helmsman, must be members of the club.

In the first year or so of the club's existence the racing was mostly
confined to the smaller classes, and the 5-ton 'Arrow,' at that time
head of her class, was a frequent competitor. About this period the
'Adèle' and the 'Ada' were in the Thames. These gave way in turn to
the 'Virago,' 6 tons, 'May,' 6 tons, and the 'Alouette' and 'Freda,'
each 5 tons. The 10-ton 'Zephyr' then came up into the river, and had
some hard tussles to save her time from the smaller vessels; and Major
Lenon's 'L'Erie,' 10 tons, also competed occasionally with success. In
the larger class 'Dudu,' 'Torch,' 'Ildegonda,' 'Surge,' 'Aveyron,'
'Sweetheart,' 'Dione,' and 'Nadejda,' gave some good racing, and one
memorable day, when all the above but 'Ildegonda' and 'Torch' sailed a
race in a gale of wind, in company with the yawl 'Dryad,' nearly every
yacht in the race had some mishap to gear, 'Dryad' and 'Dione' being
dismasted.

From 1875 to 1880 the racing was kept alive by the 10-ton class, the
meeting of the 'Lily,' 'Florence,' 'Merle,' 'Mildred,' 'Chip,'
'Preciosa,' 'Juliet,' 'Elaine,' and 'Robinson' being looked forward to
with eagerness by the amateur crews. 'Florence' was the pick of this
bunch, but the arrival of the 'Maharanee,' and then of the celebrated
'Buttercup,' soon altered the state of affairs. 'Buttercup' swept the
board for some time until Mr. W. Cory brought 'Ulidia' into the club,
and she in turn scored off 'Buttercup.' This virtually closed the
10-ton racing in the Thames.

In 1881 some excitement was caused by the starting of the 3-ton class
on the Thames, and as no paid hands were allowed in these little
vessels, the Corinthians were in request in club matches. The 'Muriel'
was brought over from Ireland by the Messrs. Fox, and had for
competitors the 'Maramah,' 'Mascotte,' 'Naida,' 'Primrose,' 'Venilia,'
and 'Snarley Yow,' of which the latter was probably the fastest. The
excitement culminated in a race for a 50_l._ cup, subscribed for by
several enthusiastic members, and sailed for under the auspices of the
Corinthian Yachting Club on June 13, 1882, 'Muriel' winning the cup
after a splendid finish with 'Snarley Yow.' The next year saw the
advent of 'Chittywee,' who spread-eagled the old fleet, and was in
turn knocked out by the redoubtable 'Currytush.' This killed the 3-ton
class in the Thames, and for some time class racing was at a discount.
The Corinthian Yacht Club, however, by arranging a system of handicaps
and other races to suit the vessels belonging to the club, nearly
always succeeded in getting good entries for its matches, an annual
handicap race from Erith to Ramsgate, open to all yachts in the club,
being still one of the most popular events of the season.

The 20-rating class has not been patronised for some time in the
Thames, but 'Decima,' 'Fan Tan,' 'Dis,' and 'Corona' have had some
good racing between 1890 and 1892 in the 10-rating matches. The
entries in the numerous handicap matches have included the above four
yachts and such vessels as 'Gardenia,' 'Neaira,' 'Terpsichore,'
'Norman,' 'Mimosa,' 'Wenonah,' 'Cyclone,' 'Ildegonda,' 'Oenanthe,'
'Nadejda,' 'Alpha Beta.'

[Illustration: Lines and midship section of the 'Dis,' 10-rater, built
for A. D. Clarke, Esq., 1888. Designed by J. M. Soper.]

In 1888 an attempt was made by the club to encourage a class of small
cruising yachts by limiting the length and sail-area, and seven or
eight were built from the designs of Messrs. G. L. Watson, Fife, Dixon
Kemp, J. T. Howard, Douglas Stone, A. E. Payne, A. Watkins, and
others. This class, known as the Thames 21-foot class, has since then
furnished extremely close racing, and it is worthy of note that the
first boat built, the 'Tottie,' designed by Mr. Watson, successfully
held her own for five seasons. The season of 1892, however, showed
that the 'Eva,' designed and built by Mr. Stone, of Erith, was
quite as good as, if not better than, 'Tottie,' her new owner, Mr.
Wyllie, sailing her in first-class form. Much of the 'Tottie's'
success must be put down to her extremely skilful handling by the
brothers Simpson, who rank among the best amateurs of the day. While
the 21-foot class has undoubtedly been a most popular one in the
Thames, it is unfortunately the fact that the original idea of
encouraging a good useful cruising boat was not fulfilled, the
ingenuity of the designers being too much for the few restrictions
imposed. We believe that three of the original boats which were not so
successful in racing are now being used as cruisers, but the faster or
deep-keeled boats are hardly of the type that would be chosen for this
purpose.

[Illustration: 'Decima'

_A. E. Payne_, 1889.]

The names of the 21-footers are 'Tottie,' 'Eva,' 'Diskos,' 'Haze,'
'Dorothy,' 'Fancy,' 'Mehalah,' 'Genie,' 'Magnolia,' 'Saivnara,' 'March
Hare,' 'Narwhal,' 'Nyleptha,' and 'Macnab.'

[Illustration: 'Tottie,' Royal Corinthian Yacht Club, 21-ft. class.]

During the last two or three years prizes have been offered for
2-1/2-raters, but the class has not as yet taken any hold on the
Thames men, the only entries having been 'Camilla' and 'Cock-a-whoop.'
This club now offers a challenge cup for 1-raters, viz. the cup won by
the 3-ton 'Muriel,' and presented to the club by Captain H. C. Fox.

The Club received the Admiralty warrant to fly the Blue Ensign in
1884, and in 1893 Her Majesty the Queen was graciously pleased to
command that the club should be called the Royal Corinthian Yacht
Club.

The present officers of the club are: Robert Hewett, Esq., Commodore,
and Rear-Commodore of Royal Thames, and of 'Buttercup' celebrity; J.
Weston Clayton, Esq., Vice-Commodore; Frank C. Capel, Esq.,
Rear-Commodore; H. Neville Custance, Esq., Hon. Treasurer; and T. G.
F. Winser, Esq., Secretary.

In order to extend the usefulness of the club to its members, the
committee last year secured a club-room at Burnham on the Crouch, a
most charming piece of water for small craft. With the greatly
improved state of the Thames at Erith, however, it is probable that
most of the yachts will come back to the headquarters of the club as
of old. It is many years since fish were caught at Erith, but of late
they have returned, and the Thames is now in as good condition as
could be desired. This river and its estuary form a perfect cruising
ground for the amateur yachtsman, and with a snug anchorage and
comfortable quarters at the end of a cruise, such as the Royal
Corinthian Yacht Club affords, he must be a glutton who is not
satisfied.

The number of yachts belonging to the club is 220, ranging from 1 to
500 tons.


ROYAL LONDON YACHT CLUB

The Royal London was established in 1838, and takes the lead in the
Victorian period. It began its career in May 1838 as the Arundel Yacht
Club, when the majority of the yachts were probably kept on the
foreshore at the foot of Arundel Street, Strand. Its flag at that time
was a red field, white border, and white letters.

In 1845 the name was changed to the London Yacht Club, and the flag
adopted was a white field with a blue cross, the union in the upper
corner, a gold star in the lower. In 1846 the star was changed for
the City arms, on receipt of a grant of this privilege from the
Corporation of the City of London. 1849 was an important year in its
history. The club received the patronage of Queen Adelaide, whereby it
became Royal (a privilege not so easily obtained in those days), and
also the recognition of the Admiralty by which the possession of an
Admiralty warrant was secured to its members.

In early days the races were sailed above bridge, with an occasional
bold venture as far down the river as Erith or Gravesend; but, finding
by experience that no serious dangers existed in such then
comparatively unknown waters, the above-bridge races were in a few
years abandoned, and the time-honoured course from Erith round the
Nore and back adopted. After many years, owing to the increase in the
size of the yachts, and in both the number and size of the vessels
navigating the Thames, another change was made. The Royal London
always showed energy where yachting progress was concerned, and was
the first to adopt flying starts on the Thames. A small class raced
thus May 14, 1878, and it may be noted that the club was one of the
first clubs in the United Kingdom, if not actually the first, to adopt
the Y.R.A. rules, October 20, 1892. The office of Admiral was filled
by the election of H.R.H. the Duke of York to that post. A striking
illustration, not only of the progress of the club, but also of the
development of yachting, is shown in the following table:--

  +------+------------------+-------------------+-----------------+
  | Year | Number of Yachts | Aggregate Tonnage | Average Tonnage |
  +------+------------------+-------------------+-----------------+
  | 1848 |       15         |        161        |     11          |
  | 1892 |      248         |     17,000        |     69          |
  +------+------------------+-------------------+-----------------+

On the social side its advance has been equally striking. After
wandering about for many years, in 1857 rooms were engaged at the
Caledonian Hotel, Adelphi. In 1882 the prosperity of the club
justified the opening of a branch club-house at Cowes, and three years
later the London headquarters were moved to their present position in
Savile Row. These changes were attended by the most satisfactory
results. The numbers, instead of fluctuating between 200 and 300 as
they had done for a series of years, at once began to increase, and
now there are over 700 names on the books. The yachts have increased
correspondingly.


THE LONDON SAILING CLUB, HAMMERSMITH

The London Sailing Club is a vigorous and practical association which
has to be specially commended for two features lately introduced. The
first of these was an exhibition in its rooms of 1-rater half-models,
scale 1 inch to the foot, each to carry a centre-plate--the design to
show shear plan, body plan, and half-breadth plan. Each design was
accompanied by a sealed envelope containing the designer's name. These
envelopes were not opened until after the designs and models had been
judged, and the prizes, three in number, awarded by Mr. Dixon Kemp.
The whole arrangements were most satisfactorily carried out. The
exhibition opened February 21, 1893, the models remaining on view
until March 6. These models, from the hands of professionals as well
as amateurs, were in some cases very beautiful. The first prize was
awarded to Mr. David Weir, of Partick. The second ran Mr. Weir very
close indeed, and when the envelope was opened the name of J. M. Soper
was discovered, a name associated with many leading Solent small
raters. The awarding of prizes is always a responsibility, but with
Mr. Dixon Kemp's experience and scientific knowledge he had little
difficulty.

The second feature referred to was the reading of papers by leading
authorities on practical subjects connected with construction and
sailing. The first paper, on centreboards, was read by Mr. Dixon Kemp,
and illustrated with diagrams on the blackboard, and a discussion
opened by Mr. Warrington Baden-Powell, of canoe fame, followed. The
reading of these papers has a good influence in bringing members and
their friends together. For special subjects experts and specialists
are invited, and much valuable information is often afforded. About
it as a club there is nothing very particular to be said. It is
popular with its members, and very successfully carries out the
objects of the foundation.


THE UPPER THAMES SAILING CLUBS

[Illustration: Upper Thames Sailing Club and Club-house, Bourne End,
Bucks, 1893.]

In the year 1893 the Queen graciously extended her patronage to the
small raters, now so much in vogue, inland and on the coast, by
presenting a 50-guinea Challenge Cup, to be annually sailed for by the
Upper Thames Sailing Clubs during the Bourne End week, when the Upper
Thames Club hold their fresh-water festival opposite the club-house
which was constructed in 1889 at Bourne End, Bucks. The spot is well
selected, and affords a commanding view of the long clear reach in
which the matches are sailed over a course of nine miles. The Duke of
Connaught is their President, the commodore, Colonel FitzRoy Clayton,
a practical enthusiast of great experience, one day thrashing a
1-rater through bad weather inland, and the day after perhaps hauling
on to the mainsheet of one of our big racers out in the open, equally
enjoying both. The secretary is most practical and does much to assist
the club with his large fleet of divers kind, from Norwegian punt and
American sneakie built by himself, to his steam launch 'Leopard.' He
has yet another craft of considerable interest, a Dutch yacht, a
perfect marvel of the Hollander's handicraft and beauty of finish; she
was built in Friesland about 1830, and is as sound now as when first
launched. The Challenge Cup, which is in the form of a bold flagon,
pilgrim bottle shape, height 17 in., weight 99 oz., was first sailed
for at Bourne End on Jubilee Day, June 21, 1893, by the following
clubs, Thames, Thames Valley, Upper Thames, Tamesis, Thames United,
and Oxford University. The morning of the 21st was bright with a
strong sailing breeze. The race was set for 1.30, and soon after noon
all the crews were carefully overhauling their gear and studying the
barometer. The weather suggested then having to reef down at the last
minute. It must be remembered that the river is not wide at Bourne
End, and that it was a flying start. Ten boats were under weigh, all
trying and manoeuvring for position, and yet all was done without a
foul or a protest; the handling was admirable, it was really a sight
to see. A little water might have been shipped, but that was soon
baled out, and the curious acrobatic performances of the shifting
ballast, stretching out to windward, was also a prominent feature.

[Illustration: Upper Thames steam yacht 'Cintra.']

The 'Challenge,' 1.1-rater, O.U.S.C., led at first for three or four
rounds, 'Mona,' .85, close up, 'Mirage,' 1.0, going well and looking
very handsome. At the finish there was capital racing. In the last
round but one 'Mona,' .85, leading, caught a hard gust and took in a
reef in a very workmanlike way to make sure of saving her mast. It was
admirably done and elicited great praise, as she came in running neck
and neck with 'Challenge,' 1.1-rater, both on different gybes,
'Challenge' with her little spinnaker on the port hand and 'Mona,'
.85, on the starboard. The spinnaker must be the same size as the jibs
in these races. The secretary had handed over his steam launch
'Leopard' to Captain Bell of the Thames Conservancy, whilst he and the
commodore sailed the 'Kitten,' which came in fourth. The six-day
festival of the six Thames Sailing Clubs, so happily and pleasantly
blended, promises well for small-rater sport in the future.


THE ROYAL WINDERMERE YACHT CLUB

The beautiful Lake district is provided with an excellent yacht club,
well organised, with workmanlike system and detail; and, as a
fresh-water club, it is here described after the Thames associations.
It was founded in 1860 and possesses a Royal Warrant dated 1887. The
headquarters are at Bowness, adjoining the Old England Hotel, and
consist of club-house, reading-rooms, billiard and committee room, and
boat landings; and the club has a very hospitable arrangement, like
the Bombay Club, by which gentlemen not residing within ten miles of
Bowness, on being proposed and seconded by two members, can be
admitted as temporary members, for a week, fortnight, or month, for a
moderate fee. The sailing committee request owners to see that
professional crews of yachts engaged in races wear white or blue
jerseys, yachting or man-of-war caps, or straw hats. The ensign is red
with crown in fly.

The leading feature of the Royal Windermere Lake Yacht Club is well
shown in the illustration on p. 185, as, out of comparatively few
members, fourteen are at the starting line, a proportion very seldom
met with in any club, and certainly suggesting great unanimity and
good feeling. The beautiful surroundings of the lake constitute a
great charm, though crews in racing craft have not much time to admire
picturesque landscape.

[Illustration: 'Feeling it' off the Ferry.]

The Windermere Club takes precautions to ensure as much as possible
real, well-contested races, and like the 'Water Wags' at Dublin has
definite club measurements, thus:--

(_a_) Length of yacht on load-water-line, from fore side of stern to
after side of rudder post, shall not exceed 20 ft., and the total
length from fore side of stern to extreme end of counter shall not
exceed 25 ft. 6 in., and no part of stern above or below water shall
or sternpost below water shall project beyond the 20-ft. gauge. A
yacht shall be considered to be on her load-line when she lies adrift
from her moorings in smooth water, without crew, with all sails set
and racing gear on board.

[Illustration: Royal Windermere Yacht Club. A fair start.]

(_b_) Beam (extreme outside measurement) shall not be less than 6 ft.
6 in. without beading or moulding.

(_c_) The draught of water shall not exceed 5 ft. 6 in. when the yacht
is on her load-water-line.

(_d_) The yacht shall show at least one-quarter of an inch of her
rudder-post clear of the water when on her load-water-line.

(_e_) No part of the counter shall intersect a triangle or the
produced perpendicular thereof shown on p. 186. Base 5 ft. 6 in. on
load-water-line produced perpendicular 1 ft. 4 in. from water.

(_f_) The length of mast from deck to trunk or end of pole shall not
exceed 26 ft. 8 in. Bowsprit from fore side of mast to extreme end
shall not exceed 19 ft. in length. The boom from aft side of mast to
the end shall not exceed 18 ft. 6 in. and the gaff (measured parallel
to the boom) shall not exceed 16 ft. 8 in. in length. It shall,
however, be optional to have a boom 22 feet in length from aft side of
mast to the end, provided that the gaff does not exceed 15 ft. in
length. Topsail yard shall not exceed 18 ft. 9 in. in length.

[Illustration: Limit angle of counter.]

(_g_) Hoist of mainsail from thimble to thimble 16 feet.

(_h_) From deck to pin of jib halliard sheave or pin of block shall
not exceed 23 ft. 9 in.

(_i_) Mast from deck to pin of topsail sheave shall not exceed 25 feet
9 inches.

[Illustration: Smart breeze for racing, Windermere.]

(_j_) No yacht shall have less than 32 cwt. of ballast, and no
ballast shall be carried inside of yacht.

[Illustration: Royal Windermere Yacht Club, Bowness.]

[Illustration: Fair wind round the buoy.]

These restrictions certainly tend to uniformity and good sport. The
yachts have to be constructed with _natural frames_, spaced not more
than two feet apart with steamed timbers, between with single pine,
larch, oak, pitch pine, American elm, English elm, bay wood or teak
planking, and decks. Iron floors are allowed, but no iron or steel
frames.

[Illustration: Calm weather.]

The size of racing flag at the main peak during a match to be 2 ft. 6
in. by 1 ft. 6 in.

Fore and aft sails--namely, mainsail jib and topsail only, and no
square sails or other sails set as square sails--must be used at Club
matches. No footsticks or jackyards are allowed to gaff topsails; no
booming out of the sails is permitted even by hand, except by sheets
hauled aft of the fairleader. Every yacht sailing in a race must carry
at least two life buoys ready for immediate use.

The general and sailing rules published by the Royal Windermere Yacht
Club are practical and ably drawn up.

As will be seen by the chart, Bowness is situated about a little north
of the half length of the Lake. The Ben Holme flag boat opposite, at
the north end, is the Waterhead flag buoy, and at the south end of the
lake is the Town Head buoy.

The club course is from the ferry round a flag buoy off Town Head at
the south extremity of the Lake and back to the Ben Holme flag boat,
opposite Bowness. The distance is 18 miles.

The Waterhead course is from Waterhead, N. extremity of the Lake,
round flag buoy, off Ben Holme (Bowness), thence round flag buoy in
Lowood Bay, thence round flag buoy in Pull Wyke Bay, thence round
Waterhead flag buoy, sailing the same course again and turning off
Waterhead. The natural formation of the surrounding district explains
the special necessity for the two life buoys ready for immediate use,
as squalls and stormy weather are characteristics of the Lake
district, although the regattas are sailed in the finest season,
during the month of July. The secretary, Lieut.-Col. Arthur L. Reade,
has courteously furnished details of this interesting inland club. The
photographs of the 'Beauties of the Lake' of Windermere are by Mr.
Bronskill, of Bowness.




CHAPTER V

YACHTING ON THE NORFOLK BROADS

BY G. CHRISTOPHER DAVIES


The sailing of small yachts and boats is vigorously indulged in upon
the rivers and lakes of Norfolk and Suffolk, in what is popularly
known as the Broad District. There is, indeed, every temptation to the
sport in this favoured region. No _mal de mer_ can haunt its smooth
waters; there is no tossing about in exposed anchorages, but instead
the mooring by grassy banks odorous with flowers. Gales lose their
terrors and zephyrs gain additional charm on these placid and sinuous
waterways and toy lakes. Yet there is room enough and to spare for all
the evolutions the boat-sailer delights in, and the exploring cruises
dear to the owners of small yachts, while life on sailing houseboats
is sufficiently tempting to the laziest lotus-eater. The adventurous
can make adventure, the explorer can lose himself in mazy reed-beds,
the lounger can lounge with the minimum of trouble, the young can
picnic in the most luxurious fashion, ladies can 'yacht' in the most
ladylike way, and complexions will not pale (what is so piteous as a
seasick woman?) upon these favoured streams. Even the sturdiest sea
cruiser acknowledges the charm of the quiet gliding between their
verdant banks, and the quiet sleep dependent upon neither watch nor
riding light. No one enjoys a sail at sea in fair summer weather more
than I do; but upon the many occasions upon which the sea has been
rougher than I approved of, I have said in my haste: 'What a fool I
must be to desert the safety and surety of the Broads for this, which
is neither safe nor sure!' At the same time it is only fair to say
that, after a quick and pleasant passage to some foreign port, I have
also said: 'Better one such sail than many on the Broads.' My boating
life has been spent in a vacillation between the quiet pleasures of
the Broads and the excitement of the sea; and I have made many
attempts to procure craft in which to enjoy either at will. This is a
difficult matter, inasmuch as the draught necessary for able work at
sea is too great for the rivers.

[Illustration: The 'Greyhound.']

Although many thousands know well the district of the Broads, yet to
the bulk of people it is still a _terra incognita_. It is therefore
necessary to give at least a brief description of the _locus in quo_.
Taking one's stand at Great Yarmouth, with one's back to the sea and
facing inland, one sees--or could in truth see if one ascended the
lofty Nelson Monument--first the narrow and busy harbour which conveys
the waters of all the rivers to the sea, then a great tidal lake known
as Breydon Water, four or five miles long. From this one can ascend by
vessel the greater river Yare, which for twenty miles of broad and
sinuous course threads the marshes to Norwich. On the right is the
Bure, commonly called the North River, which twists and turns for
twenty-seven miles to Wroxham, and is navigable further yet to
Coltishall and Aylsham. Tributary to this river are the Ant and the
Thurne, giving access to the largest of the Broads. Southward of
Breydon is the deep and clear Waveney, with Beccles twenty-three miles
from the sea at Yarmouth, and a short cut to the sea by Oulton Broad
and Lowestoft.

[Illustration: The fisher's home, the Broads.]

Broadenings of these waterways at many points have become, by the
growth of reeds and accumulations of soil, lakes or Broads, more or
less separate from the rivers, but in most cases having navigable
access to them. The characteristic of the district is its extreme
flatness and the consequent slight fall of the river-beds, the current
being mainly tidal, with not much difference of level at that. Yet
this flatness is not monotonous; for, in addition to the ever-varying
and ever-pleasing cloudscapes seen to best advantage in flat regions,
there are beauties on the marshes and river borders of no common
order. The luxuriant growth of reeds around the lakes gives the
feeling of utter seclusion from the madding crowd. The gay hues of
flowering plants, altering with sunshine and shadow of clouds on the
wind-swept marsh, the deep shades of groves, the clear and winding
rivers, the dark-brown and high-peaked sails of the wherries with
their graceful curve of leach, and the white sails of the yachts
scattered here and there, now reflected in a glassy reach, and again
seeming to thread the verdant marshes where no water is visible from
one's standpoint; the kestrel hovering over the 'rand,' a jay hunting
a reed-bed for nests and eggs, waterfowl of many kinds, the splash of
fish in a quiet bay, a heron by a lilied dyke, and innumerable
noticeable incidents of bird and insect life, make the hours too short
which are spent on these singular waterways.

In order to fully understand the peculiarities of the craft navigating
the Broads and rivers both for trade and pleasure it is desirable to
appreciate the necessities of the district; and for this purpose it
would be well to step on board some kind of craft on which one can be
independent of hotels as well as railways. For it is quite clear that
journeys by rail cannot show one the life of the Broads. It is
singular what a difference the point of view makes. Thus there are
reaches where the rail and river run near each other. From the rail
there is nothing to see but a flat marsh and a winding river. But from
a boat on the river the view assumes an altogether different aspect.
If one pleases, the tall and swaying reeds, brown topped and feathery,
may bound the scene, hide the rail, and provide one with the
loneliness of nought but water and sky--a veritable solitude; or from
a higher standpoint the eye may travel with a keen interest over the
reed-beds and the brilliant-hued marsh, past windmill and dwarf tree
to the undulating and wooded higher lands which are the shores of the
marsh.

For choice for a mere cruising holiday, I would take, if middle-aged,
a real Norfolk wherry converted into a roomy houseboat as presently to
be described. The Norfolk wherry is a craft quite unlike those of any
other district, and eminently suited to the shallow and somewhat
narrow waters of its birthplace. The limit of suitability seems to
have been reached by perfection, since of late years no alteration
whatever has taken place in the design of the wherry or its sail. As
it is the aboriginal craft, so to say, of these waters, and its
graceful sail forms a constant object of interest upon the waterways,
it merits the pride of place in a description of Norfolk craft. It has
greater interest also in that it is suitable for cruising in other
waters, notably in those of Holland and Friesland, where Mr. Doughty
found that a Norfolk wherry was even more suitable for Dutch waters
than the Dutch vessels, so far as pleasure purposes go.[23]

[Footnote 23: See _Friesland Meres in a Norfolk Wherry_.]

The draught of an unladen wherry is from 2 ft. 4 in. to 2 ft. 6 in.,
with a beam of 13 ft. and a length of 52 ft. It has a short hollow
bow, with the greatest beam well forward and a fine run aft. It has
only a few inches outside keel, yet in fairly smooth water it lies
remarkably close to the wind, going fast through the water all the
time. The mast is stepped 12 ft. 6 in. from the stem, and is a
splendid spar of spruce fir or pitch pine 37 ft. deck to hounds,
without any stay other than a forestay, and supports a single sail of
the following dimensions: luff, 27 ft.; foot, 28 ft.; head, 29 ft.;
and leach, 44 ft. 6 in. There is no boom, and the gaff has a high
peak. The sail is hoisted by a single halliard set up by a winch on
the mast. A drawing and lines of a wherry accompany an article by
myself which was published in the 'Field' of March 20, 1880, to which
the reader who may be interested can refer. The mast swings in a
tabernacle, and the heel is weighted with lead and iron to the extent
of 1-1/2 ton, and is so well balanced that a boy can lower and raise
it. It will be seen that the rig has the extreme of simplicity to
recommend it. One man can sail a 30-ton wherry, although he generally
has the assistance of his wife or a mate. When within a few yards of a
fixed bridge the sail is rapidly lowered, the forestay tackle cast off
and windlass unhitched from the mast, and down comes the mast as
gently as possible; the wherry shoots through the bridge, and up go
mast and sail the other side. The mainsheet works on a horse on the
cabin-top in front of the steersman, and with his back against the
tiller he controls the great craft with ease. The stern is pointed,
and the rudder is no less than 5 ft. in breadth. Of course the tonnage
of the craft varies; the above measurements are those of a
medium-sized one. A cabin about 6 ft. long in front of the small
steering-well accommodates the crew, and there is a long hold,
reaching to the mast and protected by movable hatches, for the cargo.

A few years ago some ingenious person hit upon the idea of converting
a trading wherry into a pleasure one by raising and permanently fixing
the hatches, placing windows at the sides (there is no bulwark, and
but a narrow plankway between the edge and the cabin sides), dividing
the roomy interior into saloon and bedrooms, and so producing a
commodious and comfortable sailing houseboat, which has become
exceedingly popular. There are numbers of them about now, and they are
always in demand for hire by parties visiting the Broads.

The large sail carries a sort of flounce laced on to the bottom of it
called a bonnet, and the removal of this is equivalent to lowering a
topsail. The trading wherries carry no ballast when empty of cargo,
but the pleasure wherries have a sufficient quantity of scrap iron.
They move in the lightest of airs, and in strong winds are
marvellously stiff. They will tack in channels no wider than their own
length, but in narrow waters they are helped round by the man giving
the bows a set off each bank with a 'quant' or long pole (Latin
_contus_); they are capable of high speeds, and the easy way in which
they get about the narrow and shallow waters is surprising.
Occasionally they essay the sea passage from Yarmouth to Lowestoft,
instead of going round by the rivers, and even race at sea; but it
cannot be doubted that in doing so they go beyond the margin of
safety. Although Mr. Doughty successfully towed a wherry behind a
steam tug from Yarmouth to Stavoren, another wherry essaying the same
feat was lost. The low, long, flat hull cannot stand rough water, and
the heavy mast with its weighted heel is a dangerous lever in the
wrong position.

[Illustration: Regatta time.]

Many yachts have been built after the plan of the wherry, but with
yacht-like hulls above water. At first the simple wherry rig was
retained, but soon there came a boom to the sail, and then a bowsprit
and jib, additions which, no doubt, make the vessel faster, but mean
more help in handling--two men instead of one, and so on. These
barges, as they are called, have increased greatly in number during
the last few years. The other day I counted no fewer than twelve lying
moored on Oulton Broad, where five years ago one such would have
attracted attention. The immense influx of visitors to the Broads is,
of course, responsible for this increase. The latest of these barges,
the 'Waveney,' is no less than 58 ft. long, but it is believed that
there is considerable difficulty in getting her about.

The barge yacht is more seaworthy than the wherry, and one--the
'Ianthe'--has twice crossed the North Sea to Holland for cruising in
Dutch waterways. She was fortunately favoured with fine weather, and
it would, no doubt, be needful to make as sure as possible that the
weather was set fair for a day or two before venturing. The draught is
but 5 ft. or less, and the heavy pole mast is set far forward, while
there is an open well, so it would not be the best kind of craft for
bad weather. Still, for modest sails out of the harbour, for Dutch
waters, and for Norfolk rivers, these barges possess every advantage,
while they are most comfortable to live upon.

The barges look smarter than the wherries, inasmuch as they have white
sails instead of brown or black, and yacht-like decks and fittings;
but I must say that for pure river cruising I prefer the plain wherry.
It is more picturesque in appearance, and, size for size, easier to
handle, although, no doubt, the latest types of barges are faster.

Taking one's departure from Wroxham, one finds a narrow river crowded
with boats. Only a few years ago the arrival of a single yacht at
Wroxham was an event. Now both banks of the river are lined with
wharves, yachts, and boats, and boat-builders' sheds are springing up
on every side. A striking tribute to the favour in which the Broads
are held is the boat-letting establishment of Mr. Loynes, who at the
first Fishery Exhibition exhibited models of small open centreboard
boats, to be converted at night into sleeping cabins by most
ingeniously contrived awnings. In consequence of this he desires, and
very properly, to divide with the writer the honour of first drawing
the public attention to these favourite cruising grounds. From the
small beginning he then made he has come to own many yachts, large (20
tons) and small (3 or 4 tons), mostly built by himself, capable of
navigating the shallowest of the Broads, comfortably fitted with all
essentials of comfort, and attended by most civil and capable men. He
is now introducing his boats to the Friesland meres, and it is
probable that many of his Norfolk customers will follow him to that
larger lake-land. His vessels are mostly centreboard and of light
draught, the latter, by the way, being of more vital necessity than
ever. The tourist steamers which now rush up and down the Bure draw
down the soft mud from the sides and deposit it in the channel, so
decreasing the depth. A few days before writing this I had a 25-ton
cutter towed up from Yarmouth to Wroxham, for the purpose of laying
up, by a steam-launch. By taking out ballast her draught was reduced
to 5 ft. 6 in., yet she grounded at least twenty times in the upper
reaches, right in the middle of the channel.

[Illustration: Wroxham pleasure craft.]

The river below Wroxham is very narrow and very sinuous; its banks
lined with groves of trees which intercept the wind. The lofty peak of
our wherry's sail holds the air over the bushes, and we keep slowly
moving along, while smaller boats are either becalmed or, catching
sudden puffs, lay over at alarming angles. It is a Saturday evening,
and very many little yachts, from the open lugsail sailing boat on
which a high-roofed cabin-top has been placed to the 4- or 8-ton
yachts of smarter build, are making their way down to more open waters
for the happy and healthy week end, most blessed to the person whose
occupations are sedentary. A mile or two of charming river reaches
brings us to Wroxham Broad--a lovely sheet of water surrounded by an
inner circle of tall green and feathery topped reeds and an outer
circle of bushes and trees. It is entered by a narrow gateway from the
river, and boating is freely permitted, subject to certain wise
regulations which are as much to the interest of the public as to that
of the riparian owners.

The reeds have a golden belt where the rise and fall of the water has
left its yellow mark, shining brightly in the westering sun. In the
smooth patches under the lee of the reeds one may see the sparkle of
bait flying out from pursuing pike or perch, and in the still bays the
coots and water-hens dive and splash. Across and across the Broad skim
the white sails of boats and canoes making the most of the dying
breeze, and the wavelets sink to ripples, and the ripples are shot
with streaks and patches of cloud-reflecting calm. We leave this, the
most beautiful and deepest of the Broads, to make the most of the
evening air down the river.

On the occasion of the annual regatta there is a prodigious water
frolic at Wroxham, which is attended by perhaps a hundred sailing
craft of all kinds, and much merriment results.

Gliding quietly down stream we pass on the left Hoveton Broads, Great
and Little--nurseries of wildfowl and kept strictly private, with
chains across the entrance; on the right Salhouse Broads, Great and
Little, on which boating is permitted under protest; and further still
on the right Woodbastwick Broad, also strictly private. Hoveton little
Broad is a breeding-place of the black-headed gull, which nest here in
great numbers.

So by wood and mere and sighing reed we pass with many a twist and
turn until we reach the hostelry of Horning Ferry. Here, as night
draws on, many vessels arrive. Strolling along the bank we can note
what is after all the great fun of Broad yachting--the camping and
living on board a floating house, however small. The big wherries and
barges are of course floating houseboats, comparatively luxurious; but
at the other extreme here are three or four open boats covered in with
canvas tents or awnings luminous with the lamps within, and with
myriads of dazzled night insects pattering against the shining canvas.
The evening meal is being discussed, then there is the clatter of
washing-up, the cleaning of knives by thrusting them into the soft
bank, the washing of plates with tufts of paper, and the general
tidying-up which is part of the fun to young men, but which ceases to
possess any charm to older ones. These rivers are capital places for
the man fond of single-handed sailing. One well-known and elderly
amateur sails a lugsail boat alone, but at a proper distance behind
him comes his man in another single-handed boat. The latter pitches
his master's tent and relieves him of household troubles, and retires
to his own boat tent when not wanted. This is really a capital
arrangement.

[Illustration: Wroxham Broad.]

When the stars come out, the herons settle in the shallow pools; the
wild duck fly from the sheltered decoys and preserved sanctuaries to
more open feeding-grounds; a shot rings out on the August night from
some reed-hidden gunner who has been patiently awaiting the evening
flight. In contrast come the notes of a piano and song from a barge;
along the bank is a row of lights from cosy cabins; the inn is
thronged with boat-sailers eagerly discussing their common sport; then
the last cheery good-nights, and silence falls over the lone marsh and
winding river.

In the morning there is the splash of swimmers, blankets and bedding
are put out to air on the cabin-tops, spirit and paraffin stoves
mingle their scent with that of frying bacon and the wild thyme on the
banks. About ten o'clock the little yachts spread their sails to the
freshening breeze, and off they go. If we have ladies on board, they
will probably wish to go to Horning Church in the morning, and can
then sail in the afternoon with a clear conscience--a compromise
approved by the strictest sabbatarian, who finds in the peace and
quiet of Norfolk waters an assurance that neither the wind nor he is a
sinner in the gentle movement.

After lunch the wind has freshened so that we take our bonnet off (off
the sail, that is) and smaller vessels reef. The wind, too, is ahead,
and we have to tack a great deal as we continue our course down
stream. Still the river course is so tortuous that every reach is not
a head one; sometimes, indeed, we can lay one reach on one tack and
the next reach on the other tack. It is pretty to watch the yachts
shooting from side to side of the river (which widens as we proceed);
they lay over, with the water bubbling over the lee deck and the foot
of the great balloon jib deep in the water. The long bowsprit sweeps
over the grass of the margin as the helm is let go; the boat shoots up
into the wind, is upright with fluttering jib for a moment, then off
she goes on the other tack to repeat the manoeuvre at the opposite
shore. If the mainsheet is well handled the mainsail never shakes. As
it loses the wind on one side it catches it on the other, the jib
being kept slightly aback until the boat's head is well off the wind.
It is no joke to handle the jibsheets of an 8- or 10-ton boat. In
spite of soft cotton rope being employed, the chafe will try the
horniest hand. In sailing the jib is worked to every puff, eased off
or drawn in at every variation in direction or strength of wind. The
man in charge watches the wind pressing down the grasses and reeds and
darkening the water in advance, and trims his sheet to every puff or
lull. If he does not, why, the boat is not sailing her best--that is
all. The mainsheet man, too, is almost as particular. When there are
hands enough to work the sheets no one thinks of making a sheet fast.
The bends of the river are too frequent for that. Again, there is
almost always another yacht ahead or astern, and you strive to
overtake the one or sail away from the other, so that every day's sail
is more or less of a race. In passing or meeting other craft the
rules of the road are well observed, and the steering is usually so
excellent that a space of six inches is considered an ample margin of
distance from the other vessel. These narrow rivers soon develop
considerable skill in this direction, and accidents do not often
happen. The least rare is that of misjudging the rate at which a
wherry is coming, and getting athwart her bows while tacking; but a
direct collision is averted, and the yacht's bowsprit or mainsheet is
the only thing which suffers.

[Illustration: Smooth-water bowsprit.]

On the right we pass Ranworth Broad, a fine lake in two sections, the
larger of which is now in process of being closed to the tourist; on
the left the mouth of the narrow river Ant, which, after twisting like
an eel for some five miles, opens into the navigable but shallow
Barton Broad, of considerable size. There is a bridge over the Ant so
narrow that the larger kind of vessels cannot get through.

The tract of marsh widens out and the view broadens. On our right is a
mile-long channel leading to South Walsham Broad, part of which is
navigable and part private. As an instance of how vibrations of
movement are carried along water, a gentleman residing at South
Walsham tells me that when the water near the staith is covered with a
thin veneer of ice he can tell when a wherry entered the mouth of
South Walsham Dyke from the river, a mile and a half away, by the ice
rippling and cracking.

Passing the ruins of St. Benedict's Abbey on the left, we presently
come to the mouth of the river Thurne, up which we sail for a few
miles to Potter Heigham Bridge, where in company with several barges
and yachts we moor, with the intention of visiting Hickling Broad and
Horsey Mere on the morrow. The night falls dark and lowering, with
flashes of summer lightning in the south lighting up the great
distance of flat and treeless marsh; but no rain falls, and a quiet
night and sound sleep bring us to the dewy morn of another glorious
summer day.

Most of the larger yachts and pleasure wherries have centreboard
sailing dinghies, and it is more convenient to take ours through the
narrow arch where the tide-impelled current sweeps upward to diffuse
itself over the terminal lakes, twenty-five miles from the sea by
river, three miles by land. Here, save in the tourist-crowded month of
August, may be found true solitude. The river runs through
far-reaching marshes, a branch leads through a wilderness of water and
tall reeds, the brown tops of the latter trembling against the clouds
from our low point of view. Water, reeds, clouds; a kestrel hovering
overhead, our boat gliding on clear, shallow water over trailing weeds
and shoals of startled rudd; then the wider channel of Heigham Sounds,
and at last the expanse of Hickling Broad. Four hundred acres it is
said to be, but the reedy margins absorb a great part of this. Still,
there is water enough to make the scene imposing, and the first
thought of a boating-man is--What a splendid place for sailing! But
looking down through the clear water one sees that the bottom is
almost within reach of one's arm, and even in the channels there is
only sufficient water for a wherry. It is obvious, therefore, that the
shallow centreboard boat is the only type fit for Hickling. It maybe
useful to mention that a recent judicial decision gives as the law
that the public have the rights of navigation and passage over
Hickling Broad, but that those of fishing and shooting are vested in
the riparian owners.

Not far from Hickling, and connected with it by Heigham Sounds and a
narrow dyke, is Horsey Mere, so near the sea that the sea-water at
times wells into it in the shape of salt springs. At the entrance of
the mere a small cruising yacht is lying, the men having gone ashore
for a walk over the sand dunes to the sea. The mooring rope is fast to
a deck scrub thrust into the bank, and a heifer, having found out the
roughness of the scrub, is leisurely rubbing herself all over and most
thoroughly against the bristles. A wherry sweeping down the dyke with
peak lowered leaves us but scant room to pass as we sail back to
Heigham Sounds.

From Potter Heigham we sail in the wherry down the Thurne, into the
Bure, and so on to Acle Bridge, where the mast has to be lowered. From
Acle to Yarmouth the sail is not so interesting. The tide runs
strongly and the banks are shoal. This part of the passage is
undertaken of necessity, and not for pleasure. At Yarmouth we enter
Breydon Water, where the greater space and depth of channel brings us
into contact with larger yachts. Still, it is yachting in miniature,
and the man accustomed to Cowes must think it rather ridiculous of us
to call our small craft yachts. I much prefer the old and truly
descriptive term of pleasure boats. When the Broad sailor comes to
Breydon he feels that, comparatively speaking, he is in the open sea,
and a beat across it with a smart breeze against tide means wet
plankways and an exciting sail.

At the top of Breydon to the left is the entrance of the river
Waveney, so shallow and dangerous as to be avoided. The river Yare, to
the right, is wide and deep, and gives good sailing ground up by
Reedham to Cantley, where the chief river regattas are held, and
higher still to Norwich. From Reedham a narrow and straight canal,
called Haddiscoe Cut, leads into the Waveney at a point above its
shallows and a fixed bridge. The bridges on the Yare and the Upper
Waveney from Haddiscoe to Beccles are railway bridges, opening save
when a red flag or lamp denotes the arrival of a train. The scenery on
both rivers seaward of Reedham is flat and uninteresting, and it is
above Reedham, on the Yare, and St. Olave's, on the Waveney, that the
beauty of the landscape adds interest to the sailing.

As one proceeds up the Waveney and through the narrow dyke which
connects the Mid-Waveney with Oulton Broad, Lake Lothing, and the sea
at Lowestoft, one meets great numbers of yachts and sailing boats, and
we may now dwell more closely upon the characteristics of these.

The old term in existence before the more ambitious title of yacht was
_pleasure boat_. This was applied to the decked sailing boats we now
call yachts, and is perpetuated in the sign of the Pleasure-boat Inn,
Hickling. A favourite type, of which but few examples exist, was the
lateener, first, I believe, consisting of two lateen-shaped sails, but
afterwards of a lateen-shaped foresail and a gaff-mizen. The foresail
was set upon a short mast right in the bows and raking well forward,
and the yard was often twice the length of the vessel. Such a rig was
very close-winded, and handy enough to handle once the sail was up;
but the long yard was a great nuisance in raising and lowering the
sail, and the reefing had to be done along the long yard instead of
the short boom. The boats also were dangerous in running before the
wind, being apt to run under head first. This may have been partly
owing to the short and full bow which was deemed necessary to support
the weight of the mast and sail, and which at high speed created a
great hollow in the water. Possibly a lateen-rigged, sharper-bowed
boat would even now be found to be a very fast and handy type for our
rivers. The balance lug so much in vogue is but a lateen sail with the
fore-angle cut off. I only know of two lateeners of late on our
waters--the 'Ariel' of Beccles, a boat of about 10 tons, and the
'Black Maria' of Barton Broad. The owner of the latter died recently,
and it is possible the yacht is not now in commission; but she looked
picturesque threading the narrow and sinuous reaches of the Ant on her
way to and from Barton Broad.

[Illustration: River Waveney craft.]

A light-displacement boat is a necessity upon Norfolk waters. It is
not only that the depth is small and that the draught of a boat should
not exceed 4 ft. 6 in. if she is to get about comfortably, but the
water displaced by her movement has but little room to disperse in the
narrower channels. It is sufficient to watch the light-displacement
sailing wherry going fast through the water with scarcely a ripple,
and making but slight difference in the level of the water at the
grassy margins, and then to see a heavy-displacement steam wherry
going not so fast, yet piling up the water in front of her, filling
and emptying the dykes and runlets as she passes, to understand that
the one thing essential for speed is light displacement. Again, in a
heavy-displacement craft of my own which is sometimes brought upon the
rivers, whenever the waterway is constricted she moves slowly and the
river craft gain upon her. When the channel suddenly broadens she
seems to leap forward and away in a striking manner.

Many yachts have come to try their speed with the Norfolk boats, but
generally having greater displacement have come off second-best,
although possibly better craft in more open waters. The old type is a
flat-bottomed boat with a deep keel spiked on to it; the angle between
the keel and the hull is filled in with more or less graceful curves,
but the principle is the same in the most successful of the modern
racing yachts, as it was in the older craft: a beamy, flat hull and a
comparatively deep keel. Practically there is no change in the midship
sections other than that which more skilled workmanship and more
artistic design have evolved. The principle is only the same, however,
so far as the midship section is concerned. Great advances, or at all
events alterations, have gradually been made in the longitudinal
design of the boats.

Quick turning has always been a necessity with the yachts of the
Broads, and this has been attained by the help of three
peculiarities--a keel short for the length of the boat, a rudder so
large as to be in reality a movable keel or leeboard, and an enormous
jib, which is the only head-sail. The size of the jib is also
influenced by the fact that it has to balance the equally enormous
mainsail. In order partly to carry as much sail as is required for
these smooth waters the mast is always well forward, and with a large
mainsail and boom projecting far over the counter great head-sail is a
necessity.

The old measurement of racing craft used simply to be length on the
'ram' or keel, which as long as all boats were of the same type in
other respects was fair enough. But a boat, say, 20 ft. over all would
have a counter of 9 ft. or 9 ft. 6 in.; practically half her length
would be counter. I do not think this great counter was altogether the
result of an attempt to cheat the tonnage measurement, although no
doubt this may have had some influence. It was more the result of
circumstances; the yacht with a short keel, well forward, and great
rudder, turned more quickly than a boat of similar size with longer
keel and smaller rudder. About half this great counter was permanently
immersed, and when a boat laid over, almost the whole of it came into
bearing. It was popularly supposed that the broad, flat counter
peculiar to the old boats bore the weight of the boom; the yachts,
though very quick and handy, carried tremendous weather helm and were
very hard to steer, sometimes taking the strength of two men to
prevent them shooting into the wind. When the helm is let go, the
little vessel shoots so quickly into the wind that she might be put
about on the other tack by backing the jib, without further touch of
the tiller. In fact, so powerful is the great overhang of mainsail and
jib in controlling the balance pivoted on the short keel that I have
many times tacked a 4-ton boat up a narrow reach without touching the
tiller at all, simply by manipulating the sheets, and this, too, while
sailing single-handed. This was by way of experiment only. The usual
way of sailing a 4-ton, or, for the matter of that, a 10-ton yacht
single-handed, is while going to windward to make the mainsheet fast,
steer with your back, and work the jibsheet with your hands. Reaching
or going free you work the mainsheet and jibsheet alternately as best
you can. All the boats have large open wells, the jibsheets lead aft
through a couple of blocks shackled to the clew of the sail, with the
standing part fast to eyes on each plankway, and leading blocks
further aft. Thus there is just sufficient purchase to enable a strong
man to control the jibsheet of a 10-ton boat. In sailing these boats
there is no making the jibsheet fast if you wish to get the best speed
out of the vessel. They are trimmed to an inch, and every bend of the
river means a careful and anxious adjustment of the jibsheet. The same
remarks apply to the mainsheet, and where two or three equally capable
amateurs are engaged in sailing there will be keen differences of
opinion as to the proper quantity of sheet to be allowed out, and hot
arguments as to the advisability of an inch more or less, when to the
man accustomed to sailing in more open water the difference would
appear immaterial.

In tacking, the stern of the boat swings upon the pivot of the
forefoot, and it frequently happens that in sailing close to the bank
of the river before putting about, although the bowsprit bends the
grasses, and the stem is clear of the bank, yet the counter cannons
against the bank or shaves the mud.

Whether it was found that advantage was taken of the keel measurement
to get larger boats by means of immersed counters, or whether it was
simply to give more scope to designers, is a matter of controversy;
but it was ordained that half the length of the counter had to be
added to the length of keel to form the factor of length, the rest of
the measurement being according to the Thames rule. This rule of
measurement prevailed for many years without any particular alteration
in the type of boat supervening. Then, and only recently, length on
the load-water-line was taken, and presently the Y.R.A. rules of
measurement and rating were adopted.

The effect of the alteration has been to lengthen the keel, and
perhaps to round up the forefoot a little. It has been suggested that
it would be as easy to attain the quick turning by rounding the
forefoot and having the greatest draught aft as it is by the present
method of keeping the draught well forward and shortening the keel;
but there is this objection--the shores next the banks are frequently
shoal and muddy. When the boat swings round on her deep forefoot, if
that is free from mud the lighter draught stern is sure to follow; but
when a light draught forefoot is still free from the mud, the deeper
draught stern swings on to it and is caught, and the boat's head pays
off to leeward before she releases herself. Experience goes to show
that in the larger classes the boat with much drag aft is not suitable
for these shallow-margined rivers, and that to succeed in racing it is
necessary to be able to perform the feat of waltzing a boat round and
round in little more than her own extreme length, as the writer has
done by way of experiment. A boat which will only handle when she has
steerage way does not stand much chance.

[Illustration: 'Greyhound,' midship section.]

The yachts used generally to be built by that rule-of-thumb method,
the result of long and slow experience, which has often proved more
sure than the experiments of science; but of late years two
boat-builders have studied intelligently the principles of design, and
have applied them with great success to the building of the most
successful craft yet seen upon these waters. These two are Mr.
Brighton of Yarmouth, and Mr. Mollett of Brundall. The former has
confined his attention to the larger class of craft in use here, and
the latter to the smaller vessels. First of Mr. Brighton's boats to
attract attention was the 3-tonner 'Trixie,' then the 9-tonner
'Wanderer,' and then the 4-tonner 'Greyhound,' all in their time the
best boats of their class, although run hard by those of other
designers. The 'Trixie' is a boat 27 ft. 6 in. over all, 20 ft. 6 in.
stem to sternpost, 24 ft. on the water-line, 6 ft. 6 in. beam, and 3
ft. 9 in. draught of water; boom 25 ft., gaff 20 ft., bowsprit
outboard 22 ft. She carried about 4 tons of lead ballast. The
'Greyhound' was designed by William Brighton, but built by workmen of
the owner, Mr. John Hall, of Yarmouth. In design she is undoubtedly
the best produced by Brighton, and therefore the best boat of her size
on the rivers. Proportionately to size, she is a better boat than the
'Wanderer.' Since she was built, in 1889, she has won 175 first prizes
and 30 second, in addition to several challenge cups, and is also a
good little boat at sea, thinking nothing of making the 'outside'
passage direct from Lowestoft to Dover in fair weather. The design we
give is traced from the moulds off which the yacht was built. The
dimensions are as follows:--

  Length L.W.L.             25.27 feet
     "   over all           34.45  "
  Beam                       6 feet 8 inches
  Overhang forward           3.30 feet
     "     aft               5.88  "
  Rudder-head from taffrail  6.0   "
  Draught amidships          5.0   "
  Lead on keel               3 tons
  No inside ballast.

  For sea-work her rating is 3.9 tons.

  Boom                      22.55 feet
  Gaff                      17.15  "

  Foresail                  359.3 square feet
  Topsail                   110.0   "     "
  Mainsail                  452.2   "     "
                            -----
                            921.5   "     "

[Illustration: Lines of the 'Greyhound,' 1892, Norfolk Broads yacht.]

For river-work she spreads 1,014 sq. ft. sail-area, and her rating is
about 4.5.

The boat is built entirely without caulking, with not a single butt in
deck or hull. The keel is Memel oak; skin of yellow pine 1-1/8 inch;
sawn timbers 2 inches square, with steamed timbers 1-1/2 inch square.
She is in every respect beautifully finished, and some of her success
may be attributable to the excellence of her workmanship.

The designer has refused us any dimensions of the 'Wanderer,' but we
believe that practically she is an enlarged edition of the
'Greyhound.' She has been run close, if not excelled, by the 'Corona,'
a boat designed for both sea and river, and fairly good on each. She
has greater draught and more rise of floor, with greater displacement.
At first she was fitted with a centreboard, which, however, was found
as useless as it generally is in a boat of comparatively deep draught.
Its province is in shoal boats. I tried a centreboard in the 4-tonner
'Swan,' but discarded it after one season. None of the racing yachts
over 3 tons have centreboards, and experience has shown that on these
waters the centreboard is only of use for the smaller and flatter
boats. It is true that Loynes, the boat-letter, has many yachts up to
about 20 tons fitted with centreboards, but then his vessels are
designed to navigate the shallowest Broads, and centreboards are a
necessity in his case. He is, by the way, an adept at fitting
centreboards with various devices to facilitate handling them, and his
cranks and automatic brakes and other mechanical contrivances are most
ingenious and effective.

The 'Corona' was designed and built by Peed of Oulton, who had built
several fast-sailing boats. She is supposed to be a better boat in
rough water than the 'Wanderer,' running her close also in the river
reaches at Cantley, where the regattas are frequently held. She is
also a comfortable cruising boat, having two cabins with good
accommodation. Her chief measurements are:--

  Length over all   50 feet
    "    W. L.      33 feet 6 inches
  Beam               9  "
  Draught            6  "
  Ballast            6 tons

Mr. Mollett's boats have chiefly been of the open and half-decked
class. His first great success was the 'Cigarette,' a centreboard
lugsail boat, which won a great number of prizes and was a perfect
witch in going to windward. He followed this up by several similar
boats, all fairly successful and betraying advances in cleverness of
design and experiments upon well-thought-out principles.

In 1890 Mr. Mollett startled the boating fraternity by producing a
kind of double-hulled boat called the 'Gossip,' which, to use his own
words, is 'curious though fast.' Her deck appearance is that of an
oblong raft, and the section of her hull is that of a flattened W.
There is no actual division between the hulls, but a hollow runs along
the middle so that when the boat is on an even keel the top of the
hollow is upon the water-line. When she heels over the windward hull
is raised more or less out of the water, and the vessel sails on the
support of the leeward portion, the windward portion acting as a kind
of outrigger or windward ballast. The buttock lines are, roughly
speaking, segments of a circle of long radius with only the middle and
lower part of the segment immersed. She had no keel, but a centreboard
dropping between the hulls, and a deep rudder. Her dimensions are:
Length over all, 28 ft.; length on L.W.L., 17-1/2 ft.; beam, 7-1/4
ft.; depth, 2-1/4 ft.; draught of hull, 10 in.; draught with plate
down, 3-3/4 ft.; area of sail in foresail and lug mainsail, 460 ft.

[Illustration: 'Castanet.']

The 'Gossip' was extremely fast running and when sailed full, and won
several races. Her mode of going to windward looked peculiar, as she
was sailed broad full and rattled from side to side of the river at a
rare pace, so that although neither sailing so close as the other
competing craft nor shooting so far in stays, being so light, yet she
would often make a point to windward quicker than any of them by
reason of her speed; and, after all, as Mollett says, the object is to
get to windward as quickly as possible, no matter how you do it.

The 'Gossip' had, however, one grave defect. She would turn turtle
with astonishing suddenness. Her vanishing point was soon reached. She
had to be sailed with the utmost skill and caution, and it is only by
good luck that she has not yet drowned anyone. The only time I sailed
in her, being unaware of this peculiarity, I as nearly as possible had
her over in a sudden puff; which, as I had my children on board, might
have been a serious matter. Her owner tells me that she has capsized
five times, and has very frequently been on the verge of capsizing.

A design of this remarkable craft, and an interesting article upon her
by Mr. Mollett, appears in the 'Field' of January 10, 1891. Mollett
took the centreboard out and substituted a fixed keel with 5 cwt. of
lead on it, which he was sanguine enough to say rendered the boat
practically uncapsizable. She has, however, capsized several times
since then. He afterwards removed the keel and returned to the
centreboard, with which he thought the boat was faster and handier.
Since then a succeeding owner has reverted to a sort of heavy
fin-keel, but the boat has not done so well in racing as formerly. Her
canvas is, however, worn and stretched, which may have something to do
with it. We hope, for the sake of her owner and his companions, that
she will disappear somehow or another before any fatal accident
results from her use.

Noticing how cleanly our flat counters leave the water, Mollett
thought--What is the use of having a sharp bow to divide the water?
Why not have a double-sterned boat, and let the bow slide over the
water instead of through it? Something of this idea was present in the
building of the 'Gossip,' but in the 'Castanet,' lately built for Mr.
Russell Colman, the idea has had full sway. There is a broad, flat,
spoon bow, differing very slightly on deck from the stern, and not
differing at all on the water-line, so that it is practically
immaterial which end is selected to go first. There are the same
segments of large circles for buttock lines. The load-water-line is 17
ft. 3 in., and on deck 29 ft., the overhang being very nearly equal at
each end. The beam is 7 ft., and the extreme draught of the short
fixed keel, which is spiked to the bottom of the spoon, is 3 ft. 2
in., with 23 cwt. of lead. The latter is disposed at the bottom of the
keel in a triangular bulb.

If you take an ordinary tablespoon and press it into a soft substance
at different inclinations, the water-lines which it will mark are much
the same. The principle is the same in the 'Castanet.' The water-lines
lengthen and narrow as she heels over, and the length at which she is
measured when upright is considerably exceeded at both ends. The spoon
comparison is only to a certain extent applicable, as one end of a
spoon is smaller than the other, while in the case of the 'Castanet'
both ends are large ends. There is no deadwood except what is
necessary for the keel, and the rudder is a projecting one. Mollett's
theory is that it is better to cut away every inch of deadwood which
is not absolutely necessary for preventing leeway. He finds the boats
so constructed sail faster in every way. As to whether a fin-keel or a
weighted centreboard is the better, he has not yet made up his mind.

[Illustration: Hull of the 'Castanet.']

The 'Castanet,' although beaten in her first race by the 'Gladys,' a
boat of conventional design, has subsequently proved herself the
fastest of her class. When sailing fast she lifts herself out of the
water forward and slides very easily over it, although her flat bow
makes a noisy brabble of the surface water, which is, however, not
detrimental to her speed. Of course she would not do in rough water,
but in smooth she is stiff, fast, and remarkably handy. In spite of
her square ends, which are but little narrower than the rest of the
boat, she is, owing to excellence of workmanship, rather a handsome
boat than otherwise. It is not likely that another 'Gossip' will be
built, but the 'Castanet' is a taking precedent which may be followed
up with advantage.

There are other designers and builders of fast boats, which have,
however, nothing peculiar in build or rig to justify especial notice.
They are simply well-designed boats of light displacement and large
sail-area, very fast and very handy.

There are two boating clubs in existence which provide regattas for
the encouragement of sailing. The senior and more select club is the
Norfolk and Suffolk Yacht Club, which professedly holds races for the
9-and 10-tonners--the 'large yachts' of the Norfolk rivers. It has a
club-house at Lowestoft which is a great convenience to yachtsmen
using the harbour, but as a river club it has not much vitality. The
junior club is the Yare Sailing Club, which welcomes all amateurs as
members who can pay a 5_s._ subscription. It professedly encourages
the sailing of open and half-decked boats, and the smaller class of
yachts of 4 tons or thereabouts. It has a large number of members,
most of them keen boat-sailers, and its regattas are well attended and
the races numerously and keenly contested.

The classes in the Norfolk and Suffolk Club are: Not exceeding
2-rating, exceeding 2 and under 5-rating, and exceeding 5-rating; and
those in the Yare Sailing Club as follows:--Class I.--Exceeding
2-rating and not exceeding 5-rating. Class II.--Exceeding 1-rating and
not exceeding 2-rating. Class III.--Not exceeding 1-rating. Any
'foreign' boats (all persons not natives of Norfolk are foreigners)
which can sail in these classes are welcome, and any wrinkle they can
teach will be quickly taken up.

The 'Mystery,' a Thames open boat, is almost the only strange boat
which has succeeded in showing the way to the local racers, and I
think she would not be second to either 'Castanet' or 'Gladys.' It
would be most interesting to see a match between the well-known Thames
'Ruby' and our Y.S.C. boats. Regattas are held at various points on
the river, and there are, in addition, local regattas unconnected with
clubs.

[Illustration: 'Mystery,' Thames boat ('foreign' boat).]

Once a year there is what is called an Ocean Match--that is, a match
from Lowestoft to Harwich--on the Saturday before the regatta of the
Royal Harwich Yacht Club. This is looked upon as a great adventure by
the river boats, which tackle the sea under the cloud of canvas which
is enough on the rivers. The trip to Harwich and back, and the
excitement of bringing up in wide water, after the safety of a grassy
margin, furnish food for many tales for the rest of the year. The
_crux_ of the thing is the passage round the bleak Orfordness, where
the tidal race raises a cruel sea if there is any wind; the great
mainsails with their long booms cannot easily be reefed under way.

One necessary rule upon these rivers sometimes causes trouble to
strangers who are unaware of it. In the narrow reaches it is almost
impossible to pass a boat to leeward, so if the overtaking boat can
but get a few inches of her bowsprit overlapping to windward of the
slower boat, the latter must give way and let the other pass to
windward of her.

Visitors often get nervous when they see a wherry bearing down upon
them, but there is no occasion for them to do so. If the boat-sailer
observes the rule of the road, he may be sure that the wherryman will
do so. The latter are a very civil and obliging class of men, taking a
keen interest in the doings of smaller craft and yachts. It is usual,
however, for the yachtsman to remember that he is on pleasure bent and
the wherryman on business, and he therefore gives way sometimes when
not compelled to do so, to save the wherryman from having to put his
craft about. In return the wherryman will often, when tacking, keep
his craft shooting in stays to let a yacht beat past him. The wherries
are so long and take up so much of the river when beating to windward
that it is often very difficult to pass them at all unless they make
this concession. The rowing boats which are hired by inexperienced
people in great numbers at Oulton Broad are great sources of danger.
The occupants generally go the wrong side of a sailing boat, and it is
a wonder that accidents do not more often occur. Another source of
difficulty are the anglers, who are very fond of mooring off the
windward bank (where there is a quiet 'lee') well out in the channel,
and perhaps at a 'scant' corner--that is, where the next reach being
to windward the sailing vessels hug the corner as closely as possible
in order to get a good shoot into the next reach and so save a tack.
It does not do, however, to hug the corner too closely, as if it is at
all shallow the way of the boat is deadened, though she may not
actually touch the mud. The 'putty,' as the black soft mud of the
river bottom is locally termed, plays an important part in sailing on
Norfolk rivers. It serves sometimes to help a vessel to windward. Thus
a wherry might not be able to hug the weather shore or to lay close
enough to sail along the middle of a reach, but if she drops to the
leeward shore the pressure of water between her bows and the mud will
'shoulder' her off and stop her leeway, so that she can drag round a
corner and save a tack. Some of the wherrymen will say that they could
not put their craft aground if they would while sailing sideways along
the mud. The deeper-draught yachts do not reap this advantage to any
extent.

One of the things which make a yachtsman ask if life is worth living
is to run hard on the putty. He gets out his quants and shoves; but
the poles sink deep into the mud, and require more force to withdraw
them than to drive them in. Those who know the river best seem to me
to get oftenest aground, because they cut it too fine, and if their
calculations are out by an inch or two they stick fast. The desperate
struggles to get free are more amusing to other people than to the
chief actors in the scene. How blessed is the sight under such
circumstances of a friendly steam-launch! I remember well one
heart-breaking experience of my own in a 4-ton yacht which I was
sailing single-handed. I got aground in the Bure at Yarmouth in the
awful place known as the North End, and with a falling tide. I got off
at last, after exerting myself until my heart beat frantically, my
mouth was parched, and my eyes dim; then seizing a bottle I supposed
to contain beer, I tossed half a tumblerful down my throat ere I found
it was _vinegar_!

A good half of Oulton Broad is taken up by yachts lying at their
moorings, which are buoys at a sufficient distance apart to give the
boats room to swing. There appears to be some doubt as to what
authority has the right to interfere, and so nothing is done; but a
better plan would be to have proper mooring-places along the shore
where yachts might moor in tier, a small charge being made for the
privilege.

Below Oulton Broad is Lake Lothing, a tidal lake communicating with
Lowestoft Harbour. A lock gives access to it. Lowestoft Harbour is a
most convenient one, easily entered at all states of the tide. A large
basin is reserved for the use of yachts during the summer months, and
from its easy facilities for a day's sail at sea or a run up the
Broads in the dinghy or steam-launch it is yearly becoming more
popular with yachtsmen.

Leaving Oulton Broad and re-entering the Waveney, we find deep water
right up to Beccles, which some sea-going trading vessels use as their
port; but in the upper reaches the river is very narrow. It is,
however, extremely pretty. Almost the last of the lateeners--the old
'Ariel'--hails from Beccles.

On every Whit Monday there are great goings-on at Oulton. There is for
one thing a regatta, and the Broad is literally crowded with boats;
and for another it is the smacksman's yearly holiday, and he is very
much in evidence both ashore and afloat. It is, however, but fair to
say that the disgraceful scenes of drunkenness and fighting which
formerly characterised Whit Monday are not so marked. The smacks'
crews are now so well looked after by mission-ships afloat and
Salvation Armies ashore that a most gratifying improvement has taken
place in their manners and customs.

[Illustration: A start.]

On a Sunday morning it is interesting to stroll round by the fish
wharves in Lowestoft and listen to the outdoor services and services
on smacks, and note the intense earnestness animating the
rough-looking seamen who are the speakers, and the respect with which
they are listened to even by well-known rowdies.

We leave Oulton Broad in company with several barges, and it is a race
between us to get to Cantley, on the Yare, in time for a regatta of
the Yare Sailing Club. Our wherry is gradually left behind by all the
barges, but they have to wait at Herringfleet Bridge on account of a
train, and as we come up just as the bridge is opened we are again on
even terms with them, and are third out of six as the procession files
along the narrow Haddiscoe Cut. At Reedham we meet the contingent of
trading wherries which have started from Yarmouth with the flood, and
several yachts on their way to Cantley, so that as we pass the
picturesque village of Reedham and turn to windward up the broad
reaches of the Yare the scene is a very animated one. At Cantley it is
difficult to find a mooring-place, and the northward bank is lined
with yachts for half a mile.

After the regatta we can sail up a most interesting part of the river,
by the pretty ferries of Buckenham, Coldham Hall, and Surlingham,
exploring Rockland and Surlingham Broads in the dinghy, and so on up
to Norwich, just below which city the riverside scenery is most
beautiful.

The rapidly increasing popularity of the Broads has given a great
impetus to the trade of boat-letting, and the agencies are too
numerous to mention. It may be useful, however, to say that, just as
Loynes has made Wroxham a well-known starting point, so Bullen, of
Oulton Broad, has done the same by the latter water. He owns or has
the command of a large number of yachts and barges, some of which are
suitable for Holland. At Norwich Messrs. Hart & Son, of Thorpe, have a
similar agency, and the fishing-tackle makers and secretaries of yacht
and sailing clubs keep lists of yachts to let. An advertisement in the
'Eastern Daily Press' will elicit replies. Also, if any reader of this
article chooses to write to me at Norwich, stating what kind of craft
he wants, _and enclosing a stamp_, I will forward the letter to a
suitable yacht agent. I will not, however, undertake to reply to any
letter, because in one or two of my boys' books I promised to do so,
and the consequence is I get a recurring crop of letters from boys in
many parts of the world, which are excessively inconvenient to a busy
man, although it would be unkind not to reply to them.

To sum up, the rivers of Norfolk and Suffolk, with Oulton, Wroxham,
Barton, and Hickling Broads, are most excellent cruising grounds for
small yachts and sailing boats; and as for racing, I really think that
'foreign' boats, if their owners would remember that light
displacement and a gigantic spread of canvas are essentials, would
have an excellent chance of lowering the pride of the local men. The
power of quick turning is, of course, a _sine quâ non_.

[Illustration: In the gloaming.]

Practically the chief interest of the Broads to visitors lies in their
cruising advantages rather than the yacht racing to be obtained or
seen; and it may serve a useful purpose to go more into detail as to
the nature and cost of the craft to be hired for cruising, and to give
itineraries of short cruises. While yachts can be hired at Norwich,
Wroxham, Yarmouth, and Oulton Broad, the business is more
scientifically carried on at Wroxham and Oulton than elsewhere, and
the convenience of visitors more thoroughly consulted by the persons
already named as catering for the public there. The class of craft is
also rather different. At Oulton there are for comfort the usual
barges and wherries, and for fast sailing the usual four to ten
tonners of the smart type already described. At Wroxham a fleet has
been built consisting of vessels chiefly designed for ease of handling
and comfort of camping and cruising, without any pretensions to racing
speed. They are also of shallower draught than the Oulton boats, and
have as a rule centreboards instead of the deep fixed keels of the
others. It is, therefore, a matter of individual taste, and further
comparisons would be invidious and perhaps unjust. With the deeper
yachts it is customary to explore the shallower Broads in the jolly,
while the smaller centreboards can be taken there. Those who chiefly
love the science of sailing will prefer one sort, and those who
delight most in exploring every lilied pool and in camping will prefer
the other.

It is unfortunate, perhaps, to have to mention names in a book not
intended to advertise persons whom it will probably survive, and it
may seem unjust to other meritorious traders in the same line; but in
the interest of the reader it has to be admitted that Bullen of Oulton
and Loynes of Wroxham have taken too prominent a part in the
exploration of the Broads for us to shirk mentioning them, any more
than we can avoid naming the chief builders and designers.

None of Loynes' craft draw more than 3 ft. 6 in., and they range from
twenty-three tons downwards. The largest will sleep four ladies and
four gentlemen. The cost of hire is from 10_l._ to 12_l._ 10_s._ per
week, according to the season, the height of the season being July and
August. The hire includes two men, who are boarded by the hirers. This
boarding of the men is rather a nuisance, but it is so much the custom
that attempts to make the men board themselves, paying them increased
wages, do not answer on the rivers. The 4-ton boats will sleep three,
and the hire per week with attendant is 4_l._ 10_s._, and without an
attendant 3_l._ 15_s._ All household necessaries are supplied, and
visitors need only bring rugs, towels, and provisions.

At Oulton, Bullen has a number of craft, ranging from a large pleasure
wherry accommodating twelve persons, and let at 12_l._ per week, to
the typical 10- and 5-tonners. He has also several of the barge
yachts, now so fashionable. One of them, the 'Ianthe,' has been twice
to Holland, crossing the North Sea with safety, notwithstanding the
shallow draught and large sail, with heavy mast set well forward.
Bullen says that, for gentlemen who wish to get plenty of sailing,
his 10-tonners are the best, but for ladies who require comfort and
real pleasure the barge yachts or wherries are preferable.

A fortnight is required to do all the rivers and Broads properly,
although much may be done in a week if the winds and weather are
favourable.

With only a week to spare, it would be best to stick to the North
river, or Bure. Thus, if starting from Oulton, Norwich, or Yarmouth,
sail straight away to Wroxham, say two days' journey; on the third day
back to Horning and up the coast to Barton Broad; fourth and fifth
days up the Thurne to Potter Heigham, and do Hickling and Horsey Mere;
sixth and seventh back to the starting point. Much depends, however,
whether the object of the cruise is to loiter about and fish, or to
sail and cover the ground. In the latter case the following is an
itinerary I have carried out in a week.

[Illustration: Birds of a feather.]

Starting from Wroxham, Yarmouth can be reached the first day; second
day up the Yare to Norwich; third day Norwich to Oulton Broad; fourth
day up the Waveney to Beccles; fifth day Beccles to Yarmouth; sixth
day Yarmouth to Potter Heigham; seventh day do Hickling Broad in the
morning, and sail up to Wroxham in the evening. A dead calm, or a
combination of head wind and adverse tide, might, however, upset the
plan by a day. It would be well, therefore, to stipulate in the hire
that the yacht might be left short of its destination, to be taken
back by the man.

Most people will take fishing tackle with them on a cruise on the
Broads, but I hope everybody will leave their guns at home. The
incessant popping away with shot-guns and pea-rifles is quite useless
in results, very annoying to riparian owners, and very dangerous to
the public. A camera is a much better weapon. Few districts offer
better or more artistic subjects for the photographer's skill. A dark
room is provided upon some of the pleasure wherries, and the tripod is
almost as common an object on the marshes as the windmills.

[Illustration: Commodore Stevens, founder of the New York Yacht Club,
1844.]




CHAPTER VI

YACHTING IN AMERICA

BY LEWIS HERRESHOFF


The degree of leisure and wealth, so essential to the development of
yachting, was not realised by the citizens of the American seaboard
until nearly one-third of this century had passed, and even then only
a mere handful of nautically inclined sportsmen could spare time from
the stern duties of country settling and fortune-hunting to follow in
any measure their tastes in seeking pleasure on the alluring waters
that flowed at their very feet.

It must not be supposed, however, that our ancestors took absolutely
no pleasure in sailing; they had their pirogues and other small craft
which were kept ostensibly for trade, but which served the double
purpose of affording gain and pleasure.

In the traditions of my ancestry I learn of a small boat kept by one
who used her to visit an island farm, whence he brought produce; and
another would sail down the bay (Narragansett) for the love of it, but
largely to meet and pilot up the tortuous channel his returning
vessels from their coastwise trade.

No people were ever more advantageously situated for yachting, as to
frequency of harbours and tempting conditions of water and weather,
than are the dwellers on the eastern seaboard of North America. True
that the season for yachting is from May to November only in the more
northerly portions (north of Hampton Roads); but if a genuine
yachtsman takes in five months of his beloved sport, it will be found
that the remaining seven will be none too long to talk over the
exploits of the past season, and prepare and plan for the coming.

[Illustration: R.Y.S. Cup, won by the 'America,' 1851.]

As the character of water and weather that surround a locality has a
direct bearing and influence on the form and rig of yacht, it is
thought that a short sketch of the coast and its surrounding waters
will be of interest.

The shores of Maine, as well as those of the British Provinces,
present one of the most interesting fields for yachting that can be
found in the whole continent of North America.

The deeply indented coastline and numerous outlying islands afford
endless variety in scenery as well as in the surface of the water.
Choice may be had between sheltered bays and the open sea.

The atmosphere during the first half of the yachting season is
somewhat obscured by fogs, but after July the air is clear and
bracing, with pleasant breezes from the sea during the day, and land
winds during the night from north-west. Tidal currents are swift and
the change of level is large, particularly on the shores of the
provinces, ranging from 10 ft. or 12 ft. at Portland to far more as
one sails eastward, whilst in the Bay of Fundy the rise and fall often
reach 50 ft. Moving southerly, good yachting ground will be found from
Cape Anne to Cape Cod; the waters thus included are fairly smooth in
summer with harbours available every few miles, the shores being fully
occupied by summer resorts where the visitors are, as a rule,
yacht-owners, or deeply interested in aquatic sports. In fact, this
locality, embracing Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bays, with their many
inlets and harbours (the chief being Boston Harbour), is the scene of
more yacht racing and boat racing than any other sheet of water in
America, as evidence of which some of the open regattas often start no
fewer than 130 yachts and boats varying from 15 ft. to 50 ft. in
length.

The winds off the coast of Massachusetts are moderate, twelve to
fifteen miles an hour, easterly in the early part of the season, and
south-west during the summer, with north-west in the autumn. Tidal
currents are moderately strong, with range of level from 6 ft. to 10
ft., fogs are infrequent and short in duration. After rounding Cape
Cod, Nantucket Sound is entered, a large semi-enclosed sheet of water
full of sand shoals, amongst which the tide rushes to and fro with
great speed, and whilst it is always traversed by yachts and trading
vessels, it cannot be said to be strictly a favourable yachting
ground, although sail-boats of shoal draught may be seen sailing for
pleasure or fishing, which pastimes are enjoyed by the visitors that
flock to the island of Nantucket and the adjacent mainland during the
summer season. Fogs are very dense and frequent during nearly, the
whole of the yachting season; the winds are more fresh than in
Massachusetts Bay, and usually are from south to south-west, except in
autumn when north or north-west may be expected.

From the foregoing we sail directly into Martha's Vineyard Sound,
where strong winds and tidal currents are found, with fewer
obstructions in way of shoals than in Nantucket Sound.

On the right of Martha's Vineyard Sound lie the Elizabeth Islands,
some of which are picturesque. The nearest one to the mainland at
Wood's Holl, called Naushon, is owned by several of the Forbes family,
who for many years have been--and still are--most interested and
intelligent patrons of yachting; and in one of the most beautiful
little harbours on the north side of Naushon may be seen their fleet
of yachts, lying at the safest of anchorages, often a dozen, some
sailing vessels, and others steam.

Through many of the passages between the Elizabeth Islands access may
be had to Buzzard's Bay, whose shores are everywhere dotted with the
houses of summer dwellers, singly and in small villages; so it goes
without saying that yachting; or more correctly boating, is the chief
pastime, and no more agreeable field can be found for it, save perhaps
the adjoining Bay of Narragansett, which without doubt is the paradise
of yachtsmen.

The winds of Buzzard's Bay are fresh, even strong, and seeing that its
expanse is unbroken by islands, it is often rough--perhaps too rough
for pleasure-sailing in boats of the size usually seen; but in
Narragansett Bay, though the winds are fresh its waters are not so
rough, as its many islands prevent in a great measure the formation of
waves uncomfortably large. Here, as in Buzzard's Bay, the tidal
currents are moderate and change of level from 4 ft. to 6 ft.; fogs
are less frequent than in Buzzard's Bay, and are never long in
duration.

In the ocean, directly south from the mouth of Narragansett Bay, lies
the most favoured spot on the entire coast for yacht racing, and for
the last forty-five years it has been the scene of the most
interesting races held away from the racing grounds at the approach to
New York Bay; but for the best results of racing no place on the coast
is equal to it, its winds are fresh and constant, its tidal currents
are moderate and regular in their time and direction, so that little
advantage can be had by one familiar with the locality over those who
are not.

Few 'flukey' days can be remembered off Newport, and year after year
the races there are becoming more and more important, as the waters in
New York Harbour and its approaches become crowded, and as yachtsmen
seek more open water than exists in the vicinity of New York. Twenty
miles west of Narragansett Bay, Long Island Sound is entered; it is a
glorious expanse of water, more than one hundred miles long and having
an average width of fifteen miles; it is a thoroughfare for an
enormous traffic, and in the season yachting and boating are most
successfully and agreeably followed. Its tidal currents are generally
moderate; in a few places they are swift; fogs are infrequent.

South of Long Island, and protected from the sea by a narrow spit of
sand, are several shallow bays on which boating is largely followed;
proximity to New York makes this shore sought for as a summer resort,
and as boating is the only thing to be done in way of pastime, it is
small wonder that so many boats are to be seen.

The harbour of New York with its approaches, and surrounding waters of
the East and Hudson Rivers, are all splendid ground for sailing; but,
seeing that traffic has so taken possession of nearly every available
spot, yachting is forced into the more distant waters of the lower
bay, and those parts of the Hudson less frequented by trading vessels.
That part of the sea east and south of the Sandy Hook Lightship is a
famous racing ground, and is destined to become even more so as
competing yachts find the crowded waters of even the lower bay
unsuitable for a just comparison of the speed of their vessels. The
sea-coast of New Jersey, like that of Long Island, has many inlets
leading to sheltered, shallow bays, where may be seen numberless small
yachts and sail-boats from 40 ft. in length downward to the most
unpretentious cat-boat.

Delaware Bay and River are well adapted for yachting, but few large
yachts are to be seen there, the dwellers in that section being
content with boats and small sloop yachts.

Chesapeake Bay is a noble stretch of water that is almost unknown to
the yachtsman. Its advantages are many, and in the near future it is
to be hoped that the inhabitants along its shores will avail
themselves of so fortunate an opportunity for sailing with more
agreeable conditions than exist anywhere south of New York Bay.

Fogs are rare and tidal currents slight, except when induced by a
constant high wind either up or down the bay; the rise and fall also
from purely tidal causes are very small.

Hampton Roads and tributary waters are all well adapted for yachting
and boating, but all their reputation as a yachting centre has yet to
be made. For boats or small yachts there exists an inland watercourse
through the Canal of the Dismal Swamp from Hampton Roads to the chain
of sounds that skirt the sea-coast of the Carolinas, the waters of
which are for the most part shallow, but well suited for small sailing
craft, and more particularly for small steam yachts drawing less than
6 ft. of water. Albemarle, the most southerly of these sounds, is
broad and deep, and well adapted for the navigation of yachts of the
largest tonnage. Access to the ocean may be had at Hatteras Inlet, or
still farther south for smaller vessels at Morehead City, where the
navigator must take to the open sea if he would continue his voyage
still farther to the south. More than 200 miles of open ocean must be
passed before Charleston, South Carolina, is reached, which port is
well suited for small yachts and sail-boats, many of both classes
being already in use as purely pleasure craft. Southward from
Charleston is good ground for sail-boats and small steam yachts,
numerous islands forming protected channels through which one may
pass as far south as Savannah in Georgia. At Brunswick, in the same
state, is a bay with a large area of protected water formed by the
shelter of islands in which yachts of modest size thrive, but apart
from convenience for shooting and fishing little use is made of any
craft unless by the more venturesome tourists from the Northern
States.

Florida is more the home of the steam yacht than of the sailing craft;
you may ascend St. John's River for a distance of 260 miles in a steam
yacht; at a few places where this beautiful stream swells into a lake
boating may be pursued with no small degree of satisfaction. In the
Bay of St. Augustine one finds many small yachts and a very agreeable
place to sail them, a yacht club, and many evidences of civilisation
in the way of opportunities for sport and pleasure-seeking.

There is also in Florida an extended system of inland navigation,
which at present is but partly developed; soon, however, the entire
length from north to south may be traversed in a vessel of moderate
draught. Of course steam-yachting in such situations is by far the
most satisfactory. The Gulf Coast in general does not present a very
favourable field for yachting except under steam; in summer it is too
hot, and in winter the winds are not steady nor well suited to the
taste of the average yachtsman.

There is a deal of semi-protected water along the shores of
Mississippi and Louisiana, and also some at widely separated bays in
Texas, so that, with a few exceptions, yachting has not been
established; at New Orleans, however, there is a yacht club that has
for its field some of the large inland lakes where yachts of moderate
size can be used with satisfaction.

The Pacific coast is not well designed for yachting on account of the
extreme infrequency of harbours, and the generally rough sea found off
the coast from Puget's Sound as far south as Point Conception. Puget's
Sound is said to be a most favourable place for all marine sports,
fishing and shooting as well as yachting; it is surely large enough,
and also there is no lack of depth of water, but some time must elapse
before the dwellers along its shores will find sufficient time and
money to indulge in any pastime. The Bay of San Francisco is well
adapted for yachting with vessels of moderate size, the winds are
mostly from seaward and are strong, even more so in summer than in
winter. There is a yacht club in San Francisco with a large membership
and a goodly number of yachts, but most of their sailing is done
inside. The scarcity of coal, and consequent large cost, seems to
hinder the introduction of steam yachts, but a large number of naphtha
launches are used with evident satisfaction.

South of Point Conception the conditions are far more favourable for
yachting than in the north; but the want of good harbours, well
distributed, will always serve as a block to the sport. It is true
that, owing to the wonderfully quiet waters, a shelter is not
essential, for a gale of dangerous force is a rarity from a direction
that would render anchorage unsafe; but it is the unceasing swell of
the ocean that renders landing difficult, and makes felt the absence
of a harbour over at least two-thirds of the coast from Santa Barbara
to San Diego.

Santa Barbara channel is a charming expanse of water which in summer
is admirably calculated to afford great pleasure to the lover of
yachting. Fogs are rare, winds steady and moderate in force from
S.S.W.; but in winter there is such an entire absence of wind that
sailing is wholly impracticable.

On the islands that form the southerly limit of Santa Barbara channel
may be found several pretty harbours with most interesting
surroundings in scenery, as well as fine fishing and shooting. Forty
miles eastward of the Santa Barbara Islands lies the beautiful island
of Santa Katalina, where there is a fine harbour for small yachts; and
as this island is somewhat removed from the influences of the ocean it
may become, in the near future, a favourite centre for all aquatic
sports. San Pedro, the port of Los Angeles, has what passes for a
harbour, in which may be seen a few yachts and smaller pleasure craft,
the embryo squadron of the Los Angeles Yacht Club. San Diego boasts of
the finest harbour in South California, and, taken in connection with
the neighbouring islands, it is truly a very attractive spot for
yachting, which, as yet, has not made much advancement; but by the
recent organisation of a yacht club it is hoped that the sport will
become well established, and afford pleasure to the many tourists who
flock to that blessed climate, where sun and air invite one to spend
one's days in comfort and in love with all nature. It will be years,
however, before yachting on the Pacific coast will have reached
anything like the proportion that it has assumed in the east.

It will be easily seen that the Atlantic coast of the United States
and British Provinces offers the greatest facilities for both boating
and yachting. In almost every situation there can be found large areas
of sheltered and semi-sheltered water specially suitable for small
yachts and boats; and it is at once seen that all these expanses of
protected water are easily accessible from the open ocean, where those
disposed and properly provided may find as large a range of sailing or
cruising as their fancy or means will admit. The very favourable
distribution of wind, the infrequency of fogs, and the rarity of
storms during the yachting season, all combine to make the conditions
for general yachting as advantageous as possible--in fact, nothing
more perfect could be found even if we search the world over.

From June 1 to the middle of September only one storm of any
importance may be expected; it is from the north-east, lasting two
days, and occurs about August 20. About the middle of September a gale
from the south-east is expected, but it is short in duration, not over
eight hours, and if other storms come from the east or north-east,
they are always foretold two or more days in advance by the Weather
Bureau, prompt notice of them being published in every daily paper in
the section threatened; north-east, east, north-west storms are always
heralded by the same office; the south-east storms are the only ones
that come unforetold. Thunderstorms and sudden squalls are becoming
more and more infrequent on the northern and middle Atlantic coast.
It is thought that the settling of the country, with its network of
railways and telephonic wires, exerts a dispersing influence on all
local electrical storms; but, be that as it may, they are now little
felt where once they were of almost daily occurrence in the height of
summer.

The generally quiet character of the water available for yachting, and
the prevailing pleasant weather with moderate winds, combined to
influence the form and rig of boats and yachts in use for the first
half of this century, and if one carefully examines the situation, it
will be found that the style of pleasure craft chiefly in vogue was
well adapted to the requirements of the then yachtsman; but as years
passed, new influences were at work and new requirements sought for,
so that to-day the build and rig of boats and yachts used by our
ancestry seem likely to disappear, save perhaps in certain localities
where the shoal draught must be considered, as along the south shore
of Long Island, the coast of New Jersey, and in much of the waters of
the Southern States.

In illustration of the effect that winds and waters have on the form
and rig of yachts, one need only compare the yachts in England with
those in America. The conditions of weather and sea are as different
in the two countries as are their vessels; but it must also be
admitted that the rules of time allowance arranged to equalise yachts
of different size in racing has also had large influence in separating
so widely the form of yachts in the two countries, a difference which,
under the newest order of rules and intercourse, is rapidly
disappearing.

The history of yachting in America begins with the brilliant career of
the Stevens brothers, notably the elder of the three, John C., whose
life and labour seem to have been devoted to the development of the
best type of vessel for pleasure. He may justly be called the father
of yachting. The Stevenses lived in Hoboken, and in the early years of
this century to cross the Hudson to New York by the established ferry
boat was slow and uncertain, so naturally the Stevens brothers had
each his own boat, and crossed the river by his own skill, either by
sail or oar. Through ferrying themselves over the river, they became
very skilful in the management of boats, and the love and talent thus
awakened were held by them all their lives.

The first craft of any importance owned by John C. Stevens was
'Diver,' built in 1809, but of her there exists no record, save the
fact of her being 20 ft. long. He built 'Trouble,' in 1816; she was a
pirogue, a style of vessel much in vogue in those days, 56 ft. long,
two masts, one in the extreme bow, the other a little aft of
amidships, with no bowsprit or jib. Her mid-section is here shown; she
was wide and flat, with a round, full bow, and was said to be very
fast for that class of craft; she has the honour of being the first
yacht in America, and without doubt was a comfortable seaworthy
vessel, but was soon put aside by her progressive master, who in the
following fifteen years built and owned several craft of various sizes
and rig.

[Illustration: A Pirogue built about 1816. Mast stepped close to bow.
Length on W.L. 56 Ft.

'Trouble,' midship section.]

It seems to have been a passion of Mr. Stevens to experiment. Indeed,
this striving for something better was the key-note of his life, and a
boon to yachting, since the science of naval architecture made very
rapid progress during his career; for he died having carried the form
of vessels from their rude model in early times to the vastly improved
'Maria,' which famous yacht stands as a monument to his skill and
determination to improve.

One of the fancies of Mr. Stevens was a catamaran, or a boat with two
hulls. She was built in 1820 and named 'Double Trouble.' The sides of
the hulls toward the centre were parallel. But the old 'Trouble' beat
her easily, and she was laid aside to make room for something new and
better. In 1832 Mr. Stevens built the schooner 'Wave'; she was 65 ft.
water-line and proved to be fast. She visited Boston in 1835 and 1836,
and beat all yachts she found there.

[Illustration: 'Maria,' sloop, 1846, midship section.]

'Wave' was sold to the United States Government in 1838, and used in
the Revenue Marine Service. Her section is here given.

About this same date other yachts began to appear. The schooner
'Dream' was built in New York by Webb & Allen; her length was 47 ft.
over all, and she was a well-known yacht, until 1855, when she was
lost near Bridgeport, Connecticut. The schooner 'Sylph' was built in
Boston in 1833 by Wetmore & Holbrook, for John P. Cushing, and finally
sold to R. B. Forbes. After he sold 'Wave,' Mr. Stevens brought out
'Onkahya,' a schooner, in 1839; her tonnage was 250, length on
water-line 91 ft.

[Illustration: Built by Bell & Brown 1832. Foot Houston St East River,
Length on W.L. 65 Ft.

'Wave,' midship section.]

'Onkahya' was a departure from other craft in many respects, some of
which may be seen in her mid-section here shown. Her keel was of iron,
which gave her unusual stability, and her bow was long and fine to a
degree. She was but a moderate success as a racer, but was a very good
cruiser, having made a voyage to the West Indies. She was sold to the
United States Government in 1843.

After five years' service under the Revenue Marine flag, 'Onkahya' was
lost on the Caicos Reefs, West Indies.

Mr. Stevens next appeared on board 'Gimcrack,' a schooner built in
June, 1844, by William Capes, of Hoboken, and designed by George
Steers. She was about 51 ft. extreme length, and 49 ft. on water-line,
13 ft. 6 in. beam, 5 ft. 2 in. deep, and drew 7-1/2 ft. of water. Her
chief peculiarity was a sort of fixed centreboard of heavy
plate-iron--in short, like the fin-keel of to-day, only without being
loaded with lead at the lower edge. This fin was 4 ft. wide, and 12
ft. or 15 ft. long.

[Illustration: 'Onkahya,' midship section.]

'Gimcrack' was not wholly satisfactory to her owner, but served for
three years; several years later she was broken up at Oyster Bay, Long
Island. No model or drawings of her now exist.

The little cabin of 'Gimcrack' has the honour of being the birthplace
of the New York Yacht Club, an organisation that has done vastly more
than anything else to foster a love of yachting, and to promote
progress in naval architecture. On its roll is entered the name of
every noted yachtsman in America, and every important yacht has at one
time or another been the property of one or more of its members. The
story of the formation of the New York Yacht Club is best told by
reading the minutes of the first important meeting, and as it has such
a direct bearing on the progress of yachting, it is here given in
full:--

     MINUTES OF THE NEW YORK YACHT CLUB

     On board of the 'Gimcrack,' off the Battery (New York
     Harbour), July 30, 1844, 5.30 P.M.

     According to previous notice, the following gentlemen
     assembled for the purpose of organising a Yacht Club, viz.:
     John C. Stevens, Hamilton Wilkes, William Edgar, John C.
     Jay, George L. Schuyler, Louis A. Depaw, George B. Rollins,
     James M. Waterbury, James Rogers, and on motion it was
     resolved to form a Yacht Club. On motion it was resolved
     that the title of the club be The New York Yacht Club. On
     motion it was resolved that the gentlemen present be the
     original members of the club. On motion it was resolved that
     John C. Stevens be the Commodore of the club. On motion it
     was resolved that a committee of five be appointed by the
     Commodore to report rules and regulations for the government
     of the club. The following gentlemen were appointed, viz.:
     John C. Stevens, George L. Schuyler, John C. Jay, Hamilton
     Wilkes, and Captain Rogers. On motion it was resolved that
     the club make a cruise to Newport, Rhode Island, under
     command of the Commodore. The following yachts were
     represented at this meeting, viz.: 'Gimcrack,' John C.
     Stevens; 'Spray,' Hamilton Wilkes; 'Cygnet,' William Edgar;
     'La Coquille,' John C. Jay; 'Dream,' George L. Schuyler;
     'Mist,' Louis A. Depaw; 'Minna,' George B. Rollins; 'Adda,'
     Captain Rogers. After appointing Friday, August 2, at 9
     A.M., the time for sailing on the cruise, the meeting
     adjourned.

                                     JOHN C. JAY, Recording Secretary.

The New York Yacht Club soon showed vitality, energy, and power, as
the following reports of the first matches will clearly show what
amateur and Corinthian crews could do in those days. 'None but members
to sail and handle their yachts' was the rule, and Commodore Stevens's
big sloop 'Maria,' a winner in 1848, was 160 tons.

[Illustration: 'Gimcrack.'

_Mr. J. Stevens_, 1844.]


FIRST AMATEUR CORINTHIAN REGATTA

OF THE

NEW YORK YACHT CLUB

OCTOBER 6, 1846

For a Cup subscribed for by members of the New York Yacht Club. None
but members to sail and handle their yachts. The allowance of time on
this occasion was reduced to 45 seconds per ton Custom House
measurement.

The course was from a stake boat (the 'Gimcrack') anchored off the
Club House, Elysian Fields; thence to and around a stake boat anchored
off Fort Washington Point; thence to and around a stake boat anchored
in the Narrows (off Fort Hamilton), turning it from the eastward and
return to the place of starting. Whole distance 40 miles.


SECOND AMATEUR CORINTHIAN REGATTA

OF THE

NEW YORK YACHT CLUB

OCTOBER 12, 1847

_Over the New York Yacht Club Course_

By a resolution passed at the second general meeting, July 13, 1847,
it was decided by members, not yacht-owners, that on the second
Tuesday in October, a regatta should take place for a prize made by
their subscription, the yachts to be manned and sailed exclusively by
members, allowing each boat 'yacht' a pilot.

The following gentlemen were appointed a committee to regulate the
regatta, with full power to postpone if the weather should prove
unfavourable.

  EDWARD CEUTER.
  LEWIS M. RUTHERFURD.
  NATHANIEL P. HOSSACK.

_October 6, 1846._--_Corinthian Regatta of New York Yacht Club--Club
Course Entries and Record of the Regatta_

  +--------+-----------+------------------+-------+--------+--------+--------+-------+-------+
  |        |           |                  |       |        | S.     | L.     | S.W.  | House |
  |  Rig   |   Name    |       Owner      |Tonnage|  Start | Island | Island | Spit  | stake |
  |        |           |                  |       |        |        |        |       |  boat |
  +--------+-----------+------------------+-------+--------+--------+--------+-------+-------+
  |Schooner|Gimcrack   |John C. Stevens   |   25  |10.00.00|12.19.23|   --   |  --   |  --   |
  |   "    |Dream      |George L. Schuyler|   28  |10.02.00|   --   |   --   |  --   |  --   |
  |   "    |Spray      |Hamilton Wilkes   |   37  |10.04.00|12.04.55|12.12.10|  --   |4.28.28|
  |   "    |Cygnet     |John R. Snydam    |   45  |10.06.00|12.06.35|12.13.52|  --   |  --   |
  | Sloop  |Una        |J. M. Waterbury   |   59  |10.08.00|11.40.11|11.47.00|1.28.43|3.43.40|
  |Schooner|Siren      |W. E. Miller      |   72  |10.10.00|12.07.02|12.14.22|2.02.05|4.23.00|
  |   "    |Cornelia   |William Edgar     |   94  |10.12.00|12.21.11|   --   |   --  |  --   |
  +--------+-----------+------------------+-------+--------+--------+--------+-------+-------+

  'The Dream,' 'Gimcrack,' 'Cygnet,' and 'Cornelia' did not finish.
  The 'Una' won the prize--a Silver Cup. Wind fresh from the West
  during the race.

_October 12, 1847._--_Corinthian Regatta of New York Yacht Club--Club
Course Entries and Record of the Regatta_

  +--------+-----------+------------------+-------+--------+--------+--------+-------+-------+
  |        |           |                  |       |        |Fort Wa-|        |       | Actual|
  |  Rig   |   Name    |       Owner      |Tonnage|  Start |shington| Narrow |Finish | time  |
  |        |           |                  |       |        |Point   |        |       |       |
  +--------+-----------+------------------+-------+--------+--------+--------+-------+-------+
  | Sloop  |_Maria_    |John C. Stevens   |  160  |10.58.20|11.54.00| 2.38.10|4.02.45|5.04.25|
  |   "    |Lancet     |George B. Rollins |   20  |10.00.00|10.54.00|   --   |4.36.09|6.36.09|
  |Schooner|_Siren_    |W. E. Miller      |   72  |10.21.40|11.17.00| 2.48.55|4.24.20|6.02.40|
  |   "    |Cygnet     |D. L. Snydam      |   45  |10.10.45|11.05.00| 2.38.00|4.26.15|6.15.30|
  |   "    |Spray      |Hamilton Wilkes   |   37  |10.07.05|11.01.00| 2.40.00|4.28.31|6.21.26|
  |   "    |La Coquille|John C. Jay       |   27  |10.02.35|10.58.00| 2.45.00|4.29.12|6.26.27|
  +--------+-----------+------------------+-------+--------+--------+--------+-------+-------+

  This was 'Maria's' first race.
  The tide at starting was at the last of the flood, tide turning ebb
    at 12 m. Wind strong from S.W. The 'Maria' won, beating the 'Siren.'
                                                { GEORGE L. SCHUYLER.
                              Sailing Committee { ANDREW FOSTER, JUN.
                                                { WILLIAM E. LAIGHT.

[Illustration: Model Room of New York Yacht Club.

(_From Photograph sent by J. V. S. Oddie._)]

The formation of the New York Yacht Club was followed by a rapid
augmentation of the yachting fleet, and general interest seemed to be
suddenly awakened in the sport. The attention of designers and
builders became centred on pleasure craft, so that in the first five
years of the life of the club several new builders and designers came
into public notice. Foremost among them was George Steers, who showed
marked ability in designing; indeed, it is not too much to say that
his ideas in naval architecture and construction were a guide in the
art for many years. Some of his best known yachts of this period were
'La Coquille,' schooner, 1842, length 44 ft. 6 in.; 'Cygnet,'
schooner, 53 ft. 2 in., 1844; 'Cornelia,' schooner, 1847, length over
all 74 ft.; 'Gimcrack,' before mentioned.

In 1846 Winde & Clinckard, of New York, built 'Coquette,' schooner,
length 66 ft.; she made the passage from Boston to New York in 29
hrs., and returned in 28 hrs. 'Brenda,' schooner, was turned out by
the same builders in 1845; she was 48 ft. over all. She visited
Bermuda in May 1849, and on the 14th of that month sailed there a
match with 'Pearl,' beating her 55 secs., this being the first
international race found in any American record.

The schooner 'Spray,' was built by Brown & Bell, of New York, in 1844;
her length was 49 ft. 8 in. over all.

Commodore Stevens contented himself with 'Gimcrack' for three years,
during which time he was evidently accumulating strength for a great
stroke in yachting, which in the autumn of 1847 culminated in his last
and by far the most famous yacht, the sloop 'Maria,' the largest
pleasure craft of her class ever built in this or any country. George
Steers assisted the Commodore in designing, and during the winter of
1847 and 1848 she was built by William Capes in Hoboken. Sloop 'Maria'
was originally 92 ft. long on water-line, she had the full round
entrance and gradually tapering after body, a style popularly known as
the 'cod head and mackerel tail,' a form that prevailed generally in
all vessels up to about this date. After two years Commodore Stevens
became tired of the full round bow of 'Maria,' and in 1850 she was
lengthened forward, so that she became 110 ft. on water-line, and 116
ft. on deck.

'Maria' was such a departure from accepted rules, and became so well
known in all yachting circles, that a full description of her is
deemed worthy of record in these pages.

Her beam was 26 ft. 6 in., 8 ft. 3 in. depth of hold, 5 ft. 2 in.,
draught of water at stern, and 8 in. forward. She had two
centreboards, a small one near the stern to aid in steering, and the
large board 24 ft. long in the usual position; this main board was of
iron and lead, weighing over seven tons. When first launched 'Maria's'
centreboard was not pivoted, but worked in a vertical line, both ends
being dropped to the same depth.

The great weight of this board was partly balanced by two large spiral
springs, one at either end, which were extended when the board was
lowered. Length of mast 92 ft., 2 ft. 8 in. in diameter at deck, and 1
ft. 11 in. at hounds; it was a hollow spar, being bored out, for the
first 20 ft. having a hole 12 in. in diameter; for the next 20 ft. 10
in., and above that the bore was 7 in. Her main boom was 95 ft. long,
2 ft. 7 in. in diameter and 2 ft. 4 in. at the slings; it was built up
with staves like a barrel, inside it was a system of truss-work with
long tension-rods reaching nearly to the ends. Length of main gaff 61
ft., with a diameter of 2 ft. 2 in. Her bowsprit had an extreme length
of 38 ft., with a diameter of 2 ft.; it entered the hull of the yacht
below deck, leaving the deck space above all free and clear; there was
also a jibboom which materially lengthened the bowsprit, so that the
point where the jib-stay was attached was 70 ft. from the mast. Area
of mainsail, 5,790 sq. ft.; the cloths of this were placed parallel to
the boom, the bighting running fore and aft instead of vertically as
usual. It was thought by the Commodore and his brothers Robert and
Edward, who were equally interested with him in the ownership of the
yacht, that a sail thus constructed offered less opposition to the
passage of wind than a sail made in the usual style; but the plan was
open to objections, so that it never became popular. Her jib presented
2,100 ft. of surface, leach 69 ft.; its foot, 70 ft.; foot of
mainsail, 94 ft.; hoist, 66 ft.; head, 60 ft.; and leach, 110 ft.
'Maria' had a working topsail, but it was rarely set.

[Illustration: 'Black Maria,' Sloop, beating 'America,' Schooner, in
Test Race, New York, 1850.

_132 tons._ _Built 1848._ (_Commodore Stevens, N.Y.Y.C._)

(_Contributed by E. A. Stevens, of Hoboken, U.S.A._)]

Commodore Stevens with his famous craft took part in many races and
matches during the first six years of 'Maria's' life; she usually beat
all her competitors, the few failures she suffered being attributable
to the failure of one or other of some new devices in her rigging or
fittings; for her owners were for ever trying something new in way of
experiment.

At one time the ballast of 'Maria' was disposed in a layer on the
outside of her planking, the lead being about 2 in. thick at the
rabbit and tapering to a half-inch about half-way out to the turn of
the bilge. 'Maria' had several test matches with the schooner
'America,' just before that vessel departed on her eventful voyage to
England in 1851; 'Maria' usually beat the schooner easily,
particularly in smooth sea and moderate wind. It is related of 'Maria'
that on one day when conditions favoured her she sailed three times
completely around 'America' in a comparatively short distance, which
performance forms the subject of a spirited picture here given.

After the death of Commodore Stevens, and when 'Maria' was the
property of his brother Edward, the yacht was lengthened about 6 ft.
or 7 ft., and finally rigged as a schooner. She was then sold and used
in the fruit trade, making voyages to the coast of Honduras; but in
October 1870, as she was bound to New York with a load of cocoa-nuts,
a storm overtook her when in the vicinity of Hatteras, in which she
succumbed, and vessel and crew were never more heard of.

James Waterbury was also a prominent yachtsman in those early days.
The sloop 'Una' was built for him in 1847 by George Steers, 64 ft.
long, lengthened in 1851 to 68 ft., and again in 1854 to 71 ft. 9
in.; tonnage, 70. The sloop 'Julia' was built for Mr. Waterbury in
1854 by George Steers, and designed by Nelson Spratt; her length was
78 ft. 8 in. extreme, and 70 ft. on water-line. This wonderful vessel
seems to have sprung into existence by chance; her designer was a
quiet, obscure man, whose ideas of naval architecture appear to have
been far in advance of his time.

[Illustration: 'America,' 170 tons, 1851 (Commodore Stevens,
N.Y.Y.C.)]

'Julia' was one of the handsomest yachts of her day, and the fastest
when proper allowance for difference of size was made. It is true that
'Maria' nearly always beat her, but in those days the system of
allowance favoured the larger vessel, which error exists in allowance
tables in use at present. The sloop 'Rebecca' was built in 1855 by
William Tooker, a brother-in-law of George Steers, for J. G. van Pelt.
Her length over all was 72 ft., 65 ft. on water-line, 19 ft. 2 in.
beam, 5 ft. 8 in. deep, 6 ft. 3 in. draught, 3297.62 sq. ft. of sail
spread, tonnage 77.6. The schooner 'America,' the most famous yacht of
her day, was built by George Steers and W. H. Brown, designed and
superintended by George Steers, launched May 3, 1851, for John C.
Stevens, Hamilton Wilkes, George L. Schuyler, James Hamilton, J.
Beekman Finlay, and Edward A. Stevens, brother of Commodore Stevens.

The 'America' was 94 ft. long on deck, 83 ft. water-line, 22 ft. 6 in.
beam, 9 ft. 3 in. depth of hold, 11 ft. 6 in. draught; her mainmast
was 81 ft. long, 76 ft. 6 in. foremast, her main topmast was 33 ft. 6
in. long, no foretopmast, 58 ft. main boom, no fore boom, 28 ft. main
gaff, 24 ft. fore gaff, 17 ft. bowsprit outboard, 170 tonnage. After
'America' finished her brilliant career in England in August 1851, she
was sold there to Lord De Blaquiere and remained in foreign waters for
ten years; she then fell into the hands of the Southern Confederacy,
and when the U.S.S. 'Ottawa' visited Florida in 1862 'America' was
found sunk in St. John's River. She was raised, pumped out, and sent
to Port Royal, thence to Annapolis, Maryland, where she remained in
Government service for several years, and was finally sold to General
B. F. Butler. She still remains in yachting service as staunch as
ever, and by no means the least handsome nor slowest of the national
pleasure fleet; in fact, she is to day a monument to the skill of her
designer and excellent thoroughness of her builder.

The racing of the 'America' in England 42 years ago has without doubt
had more influence, directly and indirectly, on the yachting world
than the performance of any other yacht, and both countries concerned
owe to her designer and owners a debt of gratitude that will remain
uncancelled for generations; for it has been the means of bringing the
two yachting nations together in many friendly contests, resulting not
only in marked modifications in the form and rig of the yachts of both
countries, but the social intercourse begun so many years ago has
continued and increased greatly to the benefit of yachting, and has
led to a more complete union of all interested in the promotion of
close international relations.

[Illustration: Lines and midship section of the 'America,' launched
May 1, 1851.]

In 1845 Robert and Isaac Fish (brothers) established themselves in New
York as builders and designers of yachts and other vessels. On the
death of Isaac, 'Bob Fish' continued the business and turned out many
well-known yachts, sloops at first and later schooners. His yachts
were generally successful as racers, and next to Steers his designs
were thought to be best; but whilst his yachts were fast and usually
successful in other respects, their form was not destined to live, for
the system of shoal draught and wide beam is now obsolete, except in
waters where the conditions require special features. Fish showed no
tendency to change the model then in vogue, his last yacht being just
like the earlier in form and in general proportions.

Mr. Fish had great skill in 'tuning up' a yacht for racing, and many
craft owe their success to his ability.

A few of the best-known yachts by Mr. Fish were, sloop 'Newburg,'
1845; sloop 'Undine,' sloop 'Gertrude,' 1852; 'Victoria,' 1856--this
last became a blockade-runner in 1863, was captured, sold, and
afterwards wrecked. Sloop 'Eva,' 1866, afterwards a schooner, was
capsized and lost on Charleston Bar. 'Meteor,' schooner, 1869, a large
and fine vessel, was lost the same year on Cape Bonne, whilst cruising
in the Mediterranean. Schooners 'Wanderer' and 'Enchantress' were both
very successful vessels, and fast in their day. In 1869 Mr. Fish
remodelled 'Sappho,' giving her wholly new lines and changing
essentially her proportions, vastly improving the sailing qualities of
the yacht, as was afterward proved by her successes in foreign waters
as a racer. Another designer and builder of about this period was D.
D. Mallory, of Noank, Connecticut; he brought out many fast and
otherwise successful sloops, but it can be said of him, as of Robert
Fish, that his tendencies in designing were not in a direction toward
improvement; the same wide, flat, shoal-draught vessels were adhered
to from first to last.

Some of Mallory's best-known yachts were 'Mystic,' 1856, 'Richmond,'
1857, 'Mallory,' 1858, 'Haswell,' 1858, 'Plover,' 1859, 'Zouave,'
1861. In 1864 the Herreshoffs began yacht building and designing in
Bristol, Rhode Island. They had inherited tendencies toward everything
connected with marine affairs, and having been born and bred on the
shore of Narragansett Bay, their attention was early turned to
boating, and later to yachting. From the outset the Herreshoffs
departed from old forms, and struck out for something better than the
'skimming-dish,' as the popular model was truly but irreverently
called. Some of the best known yachts built in Bristol were 'Kelpie,'
1864, 'Qui Vive,' 1864, 'Clytie,' 1865, 'Sadie,' 1867, 'Orion,' 1870,
the schooners 'Ianthe,' 'Triton,' 'Faustine,' and a great number of
smaller craft of either sloop or cat rig.

[Illustration: 'Shadow,' 1872.]

In 1872 Mr. N. G. Herreshoff, the younger of the two brothers
connected in yacht-building, and the designer, brought out the
'Shadow,' 37 ft. over all, a sloop whose fame is still fresh in the
mind of every yachtsman in America. She has won more races than any
American yacht, and even to-day can give the best of the new yachts a
very hard pull. The 'Shadow' has the honour of being the first yacht
built on what was afterwards known as the 'compromise model'; that is,
a design that combines the beam of the American with the depth of the
English yacht. From her earliest performance 'Shadow' showed speed
and admirable qualities, but strangely enough, her form was not
reproduced nor copied for nearly fifteen years, which may be accounted
for in a measure by her designer having deserted the yachting field
and turned his attention to steam engineering and to the designing of
steam yachts. Mr. Herreshoff, however, did not wholly abandon his
interest in sailing vessels, and occasionally put forth a sailing
yacht, or more properly boat, one of which, the cat-boat 'Gleam,' was
very famous for speed both in native and English waters.

[Illustration: Lines and midship section of the 'Shadow,' designed by
N. Herreshoff, 1872.]

Another well-known cat was 'Alice,' 1879; she took twelve first prizes
out of eleven starts during her first year, in one race there having
been two prizes offered. During the ten years from 1860 to 1870,
covering the period of the War of the Rebellion, yachting interests
were at a low ebb, and comparatively few pleasure vessels of any kind
were built.

A change presently came over the fancy of yachtsmen, which was shown
by a feeling against large sloops, mostly on account of their being
difficult in management. The long boom is always an element of danger
and inconvenience, so that during the period alluded to many of the
old sloops were rigged into schooners, and toward the latter part of
the decade schooners became more successful and popular on account of
their ease in handling, and their being far better adapted for ocean
cruising, which at that time became more and more general with the
owners of pleasure craft. The coming of 'Cambria' in 1870, and later
of 'Livonia,' seemed to act as a stimulant in the construction of
schooners, and many were built and found to be very satisfactory and
successful. A list of the best known and most successful schooners
that existed about 1870 and 1871 would include:--'Phantom,' 123 tons;
'Maggie,' 132 tons; 'Sylvie,' 106 tons; 'Tidal Wave,' 153 tons;
'Madeleine,' 148 tons; 'Rambler,' 160 tons; 'Idler,' 133 tons;
'Dauntless,' 268 tons; 'Magic,' 97 tons; 'Fleetwing,' 206 tons;
'Palmer,' 194 tons; 'Alice,' 83 tons; 'Fleur de Lys,' 92 tons; 'Eva,'
81 tons; 'Restless,' 95 tons; 'Josephine,' 143 tons; 'Calypso,' 109
tons; 'Widgeon,' 105 tons; 'Halcyon,' 121 tons; 'Tarolenta,' 204
tons; 'Alarm,' 225 tons; 'Vesta,' 201 tons; 'Wanderer,' 187 tons;
'Columbia,' 206 tons; 'Sappho,' 310 tons; 'Enchantress,' 277 tons;
'Mohawk,' launched in June, 1875, 326 tons; 'Ambassadress,' 1877, 431
tons; 'Intrepid,' 1878, 276 tons; 'Grayling,' 1883, 91 ft. long, 136
tons, designed by Philip Elsworth, remodelled by Burgess in 1888;
'Montauk,' Elsworth designer, 1882, 193 tons; 'Sea Fox,' 1888,
designed and owned by A. Cass Canfield, 204 tons.

[Illustration: Midship sections.]

Some very fast sloops appeared after 1860, but in less number than
before that date. The following list covers those that were best known
and noted for speed:--the 'Mannersing,' built by David Kirby, Rye, New
York, launched June 11, 1858, 58 ft. over all, 54 ft. 4 in. length on
water-line, 18 ft. beam, 5 ft. 1 in. deep, and 4 ft. draught,
centreboard, 24 tons; she was very fast, won three races out of five,
was later owned in New Bedford, where she was wrecked. The 'Mallory,'
built by D. D. Mallory, 1858, 55 ft. over all, 51 ft. length on
water-line, 18 ft. beam, 6 ft. deep, 5 ft. draught, a very handsome
and fast vessel, 45 tons; she was lost at sea on a voyage from Havanna
to New York, no survivors. The 'Annie,' built by Albertson Brothers,
Philadelphia, designed by Robert Fish, 1861, 53 ft. over all, 45 ft. 6
in. length on water-line, 18 ft. beam, 4 ft. 2 in. deep, 3 ft. 6 in.
draught, centreboard. 'Annie' was first owned by Mr. Anson
Livingston, who was the best amateur yachtsman of that day; he sailed
'Annie' in five races and won them all; she was finally shipped to
California on the deck of the vessel 'Three Brothers,' and is now
doing very satisfactory duty in the Bay of San Francisco. 'Addie,' V.
sloop, built by David Kirby for William Voorhis, 1867, 65 ft. 10 in.
over all, 57 ft. length on water-line and 17 ft. beam, 5 ft. 4 in.
deep, 4 ft. 4 in. draught, centreboard; she was but fairly fast, and
underwent many changes. 'Coming,' sloop, centreboard, designed by R.
Fish, 1868, 62 ft. over all, 57 ft. length on water-line, 20 ft. 3 in.
beam, 5 ft. 5 in. deep, 5 ft. draught, 53-25/95 tons; she was not at
first fast, but later, when owned in Boston, she developed very good
speed, and won several races.

[Illustration: Sail plan of 'Gracie.']

'Gracie,' launched July 1868, was modelled and built by A. Polhemus
at Nyack, New York. Her dimensions were then 60 ft. 3 in. over all, 58
ft. 6 in. water-line, 18 ft. 8 in. beam, 5 ft. 6 in. depth of hold,
and 5 ft. draught, centreboard lengthened 2 ft. aft in 1869. In 1874
she was lengthened to 72 ft. 9 in. over all, 62 ft. water-line, 20 ft.
6 in. beam, 6 ft. 6 in. depth of hold, and 5 ft. 8 in. draught. In
1879 she was again rebuilt and altered by David Cool at City Island,
and lengthened to about 80 ft. over all, with same water-line, a beam
of 22 ft. 6 in., 7 ft. depth of hold, and 6 ft. 8 in. draught. Her
mast was 74 ft. over all, topmast 36 ft., boom 63 ft., gaff 31 ft.,
whole length of bowsprit, of which 19 ft. is outboard. That was the
dimension she had when she sailed with the 'Bedouin,' the 'Puritan,'
and 'Priscilla.' She was again altered in 1886, giving her 16 tons
inside ballast, the rest on the keel.

When she was launched her tonnage, old measurement, was 54-45/95;
to-day it is 102-68/95.

[Illustration: Lines and midship section of 'Gracie,' New York Yacht
Club, launched July 1868.]

Such are the changes made in old yachts now-a-days. A new one every
year is all the fashion; no alteration of originals, but new lines
entirely.

The following were notable yachts:--

The sloop 'Madeleine,' built by David Kirby, Rye, New York, and
launched March, 1869, designed by J. Voorhis. Length over all 70 ft.,
65 ft. length on water-line, 21 ft. beam, and 7 ft. 9 in. deep, 6 ft.
6 in. draught. In her original form she was a failure, but in 1870 was
changed to a schooner. After alterations to her design of hull in 1871
and again in 1873, she became a fast yacht, and was chosen to defend
the 'America' Cup against the 'Countess of Dufferin' in 1876.

The cutter 'Vindex,' built by Reanyson and Archibald in Chester,
Pennsylvania, in 1871, designed jointly by A. Cary Smith and her
owner, Robert Center. She is the first iron yacht built in this
country, being a new departure in design as well as rig, though not
famous for speed, and was not a racer; still she was an excellent
vessel for cruising, and was particularly comfortable in beating to
windward in strong weather. 'Vindex' was 63 ft. overall, 56 ft. length
on water-line, 17 ft. 4 in. beam, 7 ft. 6 in. deep, 8 ft. 10 in.
draught, keel, 68 tons.

The sloop 'Vixen,' centreboard, built by Albertson Bros., of
Philadelphia, for Anson Livingston, designed by R. Fish, 1871, length
overall 52 ft., 44 ft. length on water-line, 16 ft. 6 in. beam, 6 ft.
deep, 4 ft. 5 in. draught, 37 tons. Sailed thirty-seven races in the
New York Yacht Club, and won eighteen first prizes.

The sloop 'Fanny,' built by D. O. Richmond, in Mystic, Connecticut,
1873. Length over all 72 ft., 66 ft. length on water-line, 23 ft. 9
in. beam, 6 ft. 9 in. deep, 5 ft. draught, centreboard, 90 tons. She
sailed twenty-six races in the New York Yacht Club, and won ten
prizes. Sloop 'Arrow,' built by David Kerby for Daniel Edgar, 1874, 66
ft. 6 in. over all, 61 ft. 8 in. length on water-line, 20 ft. 2 in.
beam, 6 ft. 6 in. deep, 5 ft. 6 in. draught, 69-64/95 tons. Her career
was short and creditable under the flag of the New York Yacht Club,
she having, in her first year, entered five races and won four prizes.
Sloop 'Mischief,' designed by A. Cary Smith, built by the Harlan
Hollingsworth Co., of Wilmington, Delaware, of iron, 1879; 67 ft. 6
in. over all, 61 ft. length on water-line, 19 ft. 11 in. beam, 7 ft. 9
in deep, 5 ft. 3 in. draught, 79-27/95 tons. 'Mischief' was chosen to
defend the 'America' Cup against 'Atalanta' in 1881; she has sailed
twenty-six races and won eleven prizes. The sloop 'Pocahontas' was
built by David Kirby for a syndicate. Launched in 1881, she was 71 ft.
11 in. She was intended to defend the 'America' Cup against
'Atalanta,' but was badly beaten by 'Mischief' and 'Gracie,' and was
retired, bearing the well-deserved sobriquet 'Pokey.'

The sloop 'Priscilla' was built of iron by the Harlan Hollingsworth
Co., Wilmington, Delaware, and designed by A. Cary Smith for James G.
Bennett and William Douglas, with a view to defend the 'America' Cup
against 'Genesta,' but the trial races showed 'Puritan' to be the best
yacht, 1885. She was sold in 1886 to A. Cass Canfield, who did all in
his power to bring her into racing form, but improvements in designing
set her hopelessly astern. 'Priscilla' was 95 ft. 6 in. over all, 85
ft. 3 in. length on water-line, 22 ft. 6 in. beam, 8 ft. 9 in. deep, 8
ft. draught, centreboard. She was rigged into a schooner in 1888, but
as a racer has never made a creditable record.

The sloop 'Atlantic' was built by J. F. Mumm at Bay Ridge, Long
Island, designed by Philip Elsworth for Latham A. Fish and others. She
was built to defend the 'America' Cup against 'Galatea,' but in the
trial races she was beaten by both 'Puritan' and 'Mayflower,' and was
retired. In 1887 she was sold, and changed into a schooner. Length
over all 95 ft., 84 ft. 6 in. length on water-line, 23 ft. 2 in. beam,
9 ft. 6 in. deep, 9 ft. draught, centreboard, 159-81/95 tons.

Amongst designers of this period A. Cary Smith, whose name is
mentioned above, stands unquestionably first in New York; his boats
were and are to-day favourites amongst yachtsmen. It may be said of
him that he displayed good sense in designing, and whilst his
productions have not been famous as racers, still they are by no
means the last to return; and when we consider qualities of
staunchness, trustworthiness of working in stress of weather, and all
except the extreme of speed, his yachts have not been excelled. In
late years, beside yacht designing, Mr. Smith has taken up the
modelling of fast screw and side-wheel steamers for special passenger
coastwise traffic, in which line his skill has proved pre-eminent;
vessels of his design are to-day the fastest afloat, and, like his
other work, are marked by evidence of perfect understanding of the
requirements; in short, he builds for the special use demanded, and
therefore his labours are followed by success.

He first came before the public in 1871, when he jointly with Robert
Center designed the iron cutter 'Vindex,' at Chester, Pennsylvania.
Then he built the schooner 'Prospero,' and it was said that he laid
down the lines from paper draughts without having a model, which was
at that time a great fad. Then he designed and built the 'Norna' and
'Intrepid,' 'Mina,' 'Iroquois,' and 'Zampa'; he has now designed and
is superintending the building of two schooners, two ferry-boats, and
one 'Sound' steamer. He is also a fine marine artist, and has painted
many noted yachts: the 'Sappho' for Commodore Douglas, and 'Dauntless'
for Commodore Bennett, the 'Wanderer,' 'Columbia,' the 'Vindex,'and
many other celebrated yachts.

About twenty years after the organisation of the New York Yacht Club,
the Brooklyn Yacht Club was formed, and, soon following it, the
Atlantic Yacht Club appeared. The new clubs were composed of men who
owned generally a smaller class of yachts than that in the older club,
but their members were interested and active, and races were held in
early summer and in autumn, as well as a cruise to Newport in
midsummer.

[Illustration: International Race, 1886. 'Galatea' (Lieut. W. Henn,
R.N.) passing Sandy Hook Lightship.]

The desire for club formation was prevalent in Boston about the same
time that the Brooklyn and Atlantic were started. The Boston Club was
a promising institution, and called together a very respectable fleet
of yachts; races and cruises were held, and much discussion on, and
comparison of, designs were indulged in, to the decided advantage of
the style of rig and general management of pleasure craft both in
cruising and racing.

Early in the '70's there appeared a sudden disposition to form
yachting clubs wherever a handful of boats could be found with owners
living near each other. Club after club was started, many of which
were short-lived, but in a little time the discordant elements were
separated, and in all the clubs that now exist can be found a healthy
social spirit, and a true disposition to advance the cause of yachting
by the encouragement of Corinthian races and cruises. With the
organisation of the Seawanhaka Yacht Club of New York, and the Eastern
Yacht Club in Boston, the circle of really important clubs seems to be
filled; but it is to-day easy to find as many as twenty-five or thirty
clubs scattered from Maine to Florida, whose influence and example
offer encouragement to the promotion of social intercourse and yacht
designing.

About the year 1880 there began to arise amongst yachtsmen a feeling
of uneasiness in respect of the design of yachts then in vogue, and
for so many years in successful use.

It was the natural sequence of the gradual change that was being
wrought in the surroundings of the class that seek pastimes, and with
increase of leisure and wealth there came a desire for more seaworthy
vessels; cruising had then become a settled thing, and a winter's
cruise in southern waters was no unusual event. The ever-increasing
communication with England, and consequent friendly intercourse, led
directly to a desire on the part of many American yachtsmen to adopt a
design--if not an exact copy--something more after the style of the
English yacht.

The sad accident to the 'Mohawk' also had its influence in unsettling
our faith in the wide, flat model, and in 1881, when the 'Madge' came
in amongst us and showed what speed and weatherly qualities were
present in the English design, and when also the cutter 'Clara' drove
home and clinched the work the 'Madge' had begun, there then set in a
regular _furore_ amongst American designers and yachtsmen for
something that was different from the then accepted forms of hull and
styles of rig. In 1885, when it became necessary to defend the
'America' Cup against 'Genesta,' it dawned on the yachting fraternity
that a stroke must be made or the much-prized trophy would return to
its native shores.

[Illustration: 'Puritan,' 1885 (General Paine, N.Y.Y.C.)]

As usually happens in a country of progressive and intelligent people,
the need calls forth its own means of cure, and Edward Burgess came to
the front with a solution of the difficulty.

The new designer created nothing newer than a refinement of what
existed in the sloop 'Shadow,' built fourteen years before; but his
clever combination of what is best in English and American designs
gave us in the 'Puritan' a vessel of which a designer might well be
proud. The nation was satisfied with her performance, and grateful to
her promulgator. The success of the cutter 'Puritan' at once placed
Mr. Burgess in advance of all American designers, and at the same time
her form and rig were pronounced to be entirely successful, and from
that moment the compromise model, as it was called, became established
on what has proved most firm foundation; for it has not only
revolutionised designing in America, but has had a very marked
influence on the form of yachts in England, to their evident
improvement--at least, it is natural to conclude that the best of two
widely divergent results in yacht designing would lie in a middle
position between the two.

In 1886 Burgess brought out the cutter 'Mayflower' to meet 'Galatea,'
but the former yacht had small need of her superiority over 'Puritan,'
for 'Mayflower' easily beat her opponent, and again the cup renewed
its length of days on this side of the ocean.

In 1887 a most determined and well-planned movement was made by
Scottish yachtsmen against the 'America' Cup. It was beyond question
the most hard-fought battle in yachting that had occurred up to that
date, but the hastily built 'Volunteer,' also designed by Mr. Burgess,
proved again that it was no easy task to carry off the cup that had
then been fully naturalised by a residence in this land of thirty-six
years.

The much-coveted cup now enjoyed a season of comparative rest, and
year after year the new design became stronger and more securely
established in the good opinion of American as well as English
yachtsmen. The old question of centreboard _v._ keel still vexed the
minds of those interested, and without doubt it will be long
insoluble; but seeing that both have inalienable advantages, both
types of construction will be used so long as a demand for yachts for
varying conditions shall exist. Let it be admitted, however, that the
newest design of keel yachts have their form below water so shaped as
to very nearly resemble a centreboard, and the best shape of
centreboard yachts have lateral resistance enough to do fairly good
work to windward with their board drawn up; so in this particular, as
in the general form of the hull, the best practice lies in combining
both devices. It must also be freely admitted that for the pure
comfort and pleasure of sailing, for an appreciation of the
inspiriting motion, as well as for the comfort of increased deck and
cabin room, nothing yet has exceeded the form of yacht now falling
into disuse; and for the pleasure of sailing on the usually smooth
waters of our sheltered bays, and wafted by the moderate breezes that
are most frequently found, nothing can surpass for pure enjoyment the
cat-boat of middle size, say about 25 ft. in length.

In 1888, the lovers of racing pinned their faith to the 30-foot class,
and Burgess's fame rose higher and higher. He became the idol of his
countrymen; a gift of 10,000 dollars indicated in some measure the
regard of his admiring friends, and really he deserved it: he was
gentle and unassuming in manner, always courteous, and interested not
only in his favourite profession, for unlike many gifted men he had
more than one side. His love for and knowledge of natural history were
scarcely less remarkable than his skill in the pursuit to which he
devoted all his time during the last four years of his life. Mr.
Burgess was for many years secretary of the Natural History
Association of Boston, and resigned that position only when forced by
pressure of business, consequent on the supervision of construction
and fitting out of the many yachts that he yearly put forth. The
appended list and dimensions of some of the best known and most
successful of Mr. Edward Burgess's yachts is interesting as showing
the change in chief proportions of the several yachts as compared with
craft of the older design.

[Illustration: 'Volunteer'

(_From Photograph sent by General Paine, N.Y.Y.C._) 1887.]

At this time the minds of our yachtsmen were sorely fretted by the
performance of the cutter 'Minerva' from Scotland. She laid all low
who dared to wrestle with her, and not until the concentrated
strength of our great designer was invoked could she be beaten. Even
then the 'Gossoon' could not always outstrip her, but the newly
developed skill that she set in motion did not rest with the beating
of 'Minerva,' and to-day she would have no chance. Great strides were
made in 1891, placing on an even footing the famous 46-foot class with
yachts of 20 ft. superior length.

  +------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------+------+
  |                  | Over  |       |       |       |      |      |
  |                  |  all  |  W.L. | Beam  |Draught| Tons | Date |
  +------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------+------+
  |                  |ft. in.|ft. in.|ft. in.|ft. in.|      |      |
  |Schooners:--      |       |       |       |       |      |      |
  | Sachem, C.B.     |105 0  | 86 6  | 23 5  |  8 5  |  --  | 1886 |
  | Marguerite, C.B. | 97 0  | 79 9  | 21 0  | 11 0  |  65  | 1888 |
  | Quickstep, C.B.  | 83 0  | 65 0  | 20 0  |  7 0  |  54  | 1889 |
  |Cutters:--        |       |       |       |       |      |      |
  | Volunteer, C.B.  |104 0  | 85 9  | 23 2  | 10 0  |  --  | 1887 |
  | Mayflower, C.B.  | 96 9  | 85 7  | 23 5  | 10 0  |  --  | 1886 |
  | Puritan, C.B.    | 93 0  | 81 1  | 22 9  |  8 2  |  --  | 1885 |
  | Harpoon, C.B.    | 63 0  | 45 8  | 16 0  |  7 5  |  --  | 1891 |
  | Oweene, K.       | 62 0  | 45 8  | 13 3  | 11 0  |  23  | 1891 |
  | Gossoon, K.      | 53 0  | 39 6  | 12 0  |  9 2  |  --  | 1890 |
  | Hawk, C.B.       | 42 0  | 29 8  | 11 0  |  8 0  |   8  | 1890 |
  | Titania, C.B.    | 81 5  | 69 9  | 21 0  |  8 1  |  --  | 1887 |
  +------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------+------+
          C.B. Centreboard. K. Keel boats. W.L. Water-line.

The year of 1891 was famous in bringing to a climax the development of
the new idea; several new designers of merit appeared, notably Mr.
William Gardiner of New York. His 'Lyris' was a marvel of speed, and
in her class she was well nigh invincible. 1891, indeed, opened with
every nerve at the highest tension. One incident was the return of Mr.
N. G. Herreshoff to the field of sail-yacht designing from which he
had retired nineteen years before. To add to the interest and
excitement, several designers contributed their skill in forming the
famous class of 46-footers that rendered that season long remembered
in yachting annals. Burgess had four, and Fife of Scotland, General
Paine of Boston, Herreshoff of Bristol, and J. R. Maxwell of New York,
each sent one yacht to the lists; so the new fleet represented, not
only well-tried skill, but the work of several who were new in the
field.

No one of the fleet of racers attracted so much interest and
discussion as the cutter 'Gloriana,' keel, the Herreshoff production;
she was a decided departure from accepted forms, and destined to
create a revolution in the science of naval architecture.

Criticism was poured upon 'Gloriana' from every side--a very few
thought she might sail moderately fast, but the majority who expressed
their minds all united in declaring that nothing but abject failure
could follow such an act of boldness as her model appeared to all but
her designer, and perhaps her owner, Mr. E. D. Morgan.

[Illustration: 'Gossoon,' keel boat, 1890. Designed by E. Burgess.]

Mr. Herreshoff, however, had built a small craft in the autumn of 1890
which was on much the same lines as 'Gloriana,' except that the latter
was a more complete representative of the new system; the trial boat
of the previous autumn showed qualities in sailing and handling that
gave the designer of 'Gloriana' courage to proceed with a craft that
called forth general condemnation before she was launched, a feeling
which was quickly changed to astonishment and approval as soon as she
was tried against other members of her class. The feature of
'Gloriana' that marked her amongst all other yachts of that season was
her abnormal overhang, showing a length over all of 70 ft. to that on
water of 45 ft. 3 in.

This unusual degree of overhang gave an opportunity for the elongation
of the body of the yacht, the fulness of the bilge being extended
quite to the extreme point of the bow and stern.

[Illustration: 'Gloriana,' 1892. Designed by Herreshoff.]

The lines of 'Gloriana's' entrance seemed almost bluff; but owing to
the flare of that portion of the hull where contact is first made with
the water, she appeared to roll it underneath her in a manner that
disposed of the displacement more easily than by the nearly vertical
sides of the usual wedge-shaped bow; at least if one could judge from
the very slight and superficial character of the 'fuss' made around
her bow, and also by the diminished effect of the wave under the lee
bow to turn the yacht to windward (shown by her very easy helm), the
inference is clear that this form of entrance does its work with less
expended power than the old form. Another most advantageous result of
the elongation of the body of 'Gloriana' is the fact that when she
plunges into rough water the part of the hull immersed by pitching
presents lines that are just as long and easy as those shown when the
yacht is sailing in smooth water.

This feature of 'Gloriana's' performance gives her a higher rate of
speed when compared with yachts of old type at times and conditions
when the speed of all the old formed yachts suffer a marked
diminution.

Besides the fact of a gain in speed with a given power, this form
affords an increase of space below as well as on deck, and if the
vastly increased buoyancy be considered, enabling the yacht to carry
greater spread of sail and carry it well, it will be seen what a
really important improvement was demonstrated in 'Gloriana.' She
sailed during her maiden season eight races and took eight first
prizes--a clean record--and with the exception of one race all were
sailed with her largest club topsail set. Had she met with fairly
rough water, as occurred on one of the races, her superior sailing
qualities would have stood forth in even stronger contrast.

The yachting season of 1891 was clouded by the death of Mr. Burgess,
which happened soon after the close of the June races, the result of
which he never knew, as the defeat of his 'Syanara' and 'Mineola' was
never told him. By his death, yachting received a blow from which it
may not quickly recover; he enjoyed to the utmost the regard and
gratitude of the public, the measure of which was shown by the
voluntary creation of a fund for the education of his children.

As was predicted, the season of 1892 was not as exciting as the
previous year; the 46-foot class received a new member in the cutter
'Wasp,' from the Herreshoff hand; she was an advance on
'Gloriana'--the same ideas more fully developed--the changes being in
part suggested by or taken from the design of a new type of boat
afterwards called 'fin-keel,' the first of which craft was launched
and tried in the autumn of 1891; but of this more will be said later.

'Wasp' found as opponents her sister 'Gloriana,' now passed from the
hands of her original owner and from good management, and the reformed
'Beatrix,' a centreboard cutter of 1891, now worked by the Adams
Brothers, two of the most acute yachtsmen in the country, who so
improved the 'Harpoon,' as they renamed her, that for a time it was
thought 'Wasp' would be out-sailed; but except in the Goelet cup race
off Newport, when 'Wasp's' skipper made a capital blunder, the
Herreshoff flyer made a record but little less clean than that of
'Gloriana' in 1891. 'Gloriana' took third place to the 'Harpoon's'
second, the result of poor handling, and in a degree to the constantly
prevailing light winds in which all the races were sailed, light club
topsails being carried in every instance.

[Illustration: 'Wasp,' 1892. Herreshoff's design.]

A novel and interesting feature of the yachting season of 1892 was
the 'fin-keel' boat, a production of N. G. Herreshoff. It will be seen
from the cut below that some of the peculiarities of the 'Gloriana'
form are embodied in this singular craft--namely, the long overhang
and the rounded elongation of the bilge to the extreme limits of the
bow and stern.

The chief characteristic, however, is the fin, or in effect a fixed
centreboard carrying a weight of lead on its lower edge sufficient to
give the craft stability enough to balance the rigging and press of
wind in the sails.

The most successful fin-keel boats have a length on water equal to
three-and-a-half beams, and as the section of the hull is round or
nearly so, stability is gained in a manner already explained.

[Illustration: Fin-keel and bulb.]

The first of this style of craft was built and launched in the autumn
of 1891, and was called 'Dilemma'; she had a very moderate-sized rig,
the jib-stay being secured to the extreme point of the bow, but with
this she easily beat the old style of cat-boat, and showed, besides
unusual speed, many other desirable qualities.

In 1892 the fin-keel boat was generally introduced, three or four
sailing in Boston waters, while New York, the Lakes, and Buzzard's Bay
claimed one each to two in their home waters of Narragansett Bay.

[Illustration: 'Consuelo,' cat-yawl.]

The 'Wenona' and 'Wee Winn,' the first in the North and the latter in
the South of England, showed our friends on the other side of the sea
what their racing qualities were, which are soon told by referring to
their record. Out of twenty starts made by 'Wenona' she won 17 first,
2 second, and 1 third prizes, and her sister in the South was even
more fortunate, winning 20 first and 1 second prizes out of twenty-one
starts. The fin-keel type at home was almost as successful, except
when brought into competition with a centreboard boat of sloop rig, 21
ft. length on water-line, called 'Alpha.' She was built and designed
by the projector of the fin-keels, and was the chief member of a large
21-foot class that was fully exploited in Boston during the season of
1892, where the 'Alpha' won in every race she entered. The value of
the fin-keel type in adding to the resources of yachting is limited;
the type does not contribute anything of living value to yachting, it
serves only as a means to show that old types can easily be beaten,
but that it takes a 'machine' to do it. Fin-keels are, it is true,
very pleasant to sail in, and they work beautifully, but the design is
probably limited in size to 35- or 40-ft. water-line in length, for
above that size the fin becomes a very troublesome adjunct in its
handling and adjustment. When the boat is afloat the fin is not
objectionable, but in taking the bottom by accident, or in hauling it
out, it makes the boat most troublesome to handle.

Larger fin-keel boats have been projected, and one of 45 ft. length on
water-line has just been built, but their success from a general
view-point is highly questionable. Mr. N. G. Herreshoff, in 1883,
introduced a very useful rig, which was first tested to his complete
satisfaction on 'Consuelo.' These boats are styled 'cat-yawl,' and
since their introduction the type has become very popular, and most
deservedly so, as for ordinary sailing, and particularly cruising, the
rig offers many important advantages. In reefing the mainsail is
accessible, and the absence of the long boom of the cat-boat is
readily appreciated.

The rig of the cat-yawl has been applied successfully to all designs
of yacht, deep and moderate beam as well as the shallow broad type,
and always with increasing satisfaction. The rig, however, seems to be
confined to boats not over 40 ft. length on water-line, as, the
mainmast being placed so near the bow, it is impossible to stay it,
and too large a mast unstayed is not desirable in a cruising boat.

[Illustration: Herreshoff catamaran.]

The proportions between the mainsail and jigger as recommended by the
projector is 4 in the former to 1 in the latter--that is, the
dimensions of the jigger should be exactly one-half those of the
mainsail. Mr. Herreshoff is also responsible for another marine
curiosity that appeared in 1876. This was a catamaran or double-hulled
boat--intended to be handled by one man. This boat differs from its
kinsfolk of the southern ocean, the point of widest departure being
that the hulls are connected by flexible means, so that each hull can
adjust itself to the surface of the water it moves in.

The means employed in forming this flexible union were through the
agency of a complex system of ball-and-socket joints which had range
of motion enough, so that one hull might be riding a wave, whilst its
sister would be in the depths of a hollow.

A small tray-shaped car for passengers, and the mast and rigging, were
supported between and above the hulls by a system of truss-work with
adjustible tension rods of iron.

These catamarans carried a mainsail and jib, and in smooth water made
wonderful speed; 21 miles an hour has been attained under favourable
conditions. This aquatic marvel was not destined to become popular;
the boats required special skill in their management, and were best
calculated for an afternoon's sail in smooth, sheltered water. The
absence of anything like cabin accommodations was also against their
use, but cruising has been successfully accomplished in them through
the use of a tent to make shelter, covering the car, and of sufficient
height for one to stand under it.

[Illustration: Newport (centreboard) cat-boat.]

The respect of all dwellers on the shore is due to the cat-boat. She
is distinctly American, and whilst her use may be more and more
circumscribed, still the old cat will live and continue to fill a
place that no other rig could do. But the cat-boat in the usual
acceptation means something more than its simple rig; it stands for a
shallow, wide boat, with one mast crowded into the extreme bow, and a
boom reaching far over the stern, as in the cut on p. 271. The 'cat'
is seen on our seaboard from Maine to Florida, but 95 per cent. of all
yachting and boating is done north of the capes of the Delaware. In
this connection it is not out of place to speak of our very large
fleet of small yachts and of boats for sailing and cruising which from
their size may not properly be called yachts.

The number of these craft is legion, they swarm in every northern
port, and in a few places in the south are frequently met; their rig
is always of the sloop for the larger, and for the smaller--say below
25-ft. water-line--the cat-rig is in preponderance. The value of this
'Mosquito fleet' as a school for yachting cannot be over-estimated.

The fancy for cruising in small sloops or cat-boats has increased
greatly of late, and as the type of craft for this work improves it
will become a very general pastime.

It is not here intended to cast too deep a slur on the cat-boats;
seeing that the wind and weather are so generally moderate and
dependable on our coast, cruising can safely be done in a cat of
moderate rig. Even in heavy weather, if properly handled, a cat is
sure to come in to port with flying colours, as the writer can attest
by his own experience.

There are several other types of boats seen on the Atlantic coast of
the United States and British Provinces; they vary in design of hull
as well as in the rig, and are adapted to the work required and the
surrounding condition of weather and water. They are mostly
modifications of the old pirogue, and as a rule are more used in trade
or some occupation than for pleasure.

Since yacht and boat racing began, there have been many different
plans suggested for measurement, and for allowance between contending
craft of different length.

The same questions still agitate the mind of the yachtsman, and
doubtless will for all time; but if the subject be wisely considered,
it will be found that that system of measurement that conduces to the
best form of hull and moderate-sized sail-spread is to be preferred.

It is mainly owing to the differing systems of measurement that the
English and American designs are so widely separated; extreme depth
with a minimum breadth in the first, and broad, shallow vessels in the
latter. It must be said, however, that sailing conditions had quite as
much influence in dividing the types as measurement, but in the new
compromise design all differences are happily united, and, be the
water rough or smooth, the weather light or heavy, the new types will
answer all requirements of speed or seaworthiness.

The present idea of measurement that embraces sail-area and length is
without question a very sensible one--surely, indeed, the best yet
devised--but the tables of allowance cannot make just equality between
vessels of widely different size, nor do they make just allowance
between yachts of varying size in or under all conditions of wind. A
system of measurement that will conduce to the construction of vessels
of normal design and rig, and a table of allowance that will equalise
yachts in any force of wind and condition of sea, are desiderata most
devoutly wished for by all who are interested in the development of
the yacht, and especially in racing. The sail of a yacht is such an
essential factor in its performance that some words respecting makers
of duck and of the sails themselves are not out of place.

The quality of duck as to evenness of the spinning and weaving of the
component yarns, and also the equality in the staple itself, are both
factors of the utmost importance when the ultimate 'set' of the sail
is considered. These inequalities in material, in conjunction with the
personal differences of the men employed in sewing, all combine to
make the set of the sail a very unknown quantity, and the differences
can be removed only by the utmost care in making duck and in selection
of sewers. A wholly satisfactory setting sail is a very rare sight on
an American yacht, mainly on account of the uncertain characteristics
of the duck, and only within the last year, as a result of the highly
commendable efforts of Mr. Adrian Wilson, of the firm of Wilson &
Silsby, sailmakers of Boston, has duck been produced that can stand
comparison with that made in England for the exclusive use of
Lapthorn. The thanks of all earnest yachtsmen are due to Mr. Wilson
for his interest and untiring labours in inducing the makers of yarn
and weavers of duck to produce an article that will meet the difficult
requirements of a racing sail.

Wilson & Silsby of Boston and John Sawyer & Co. of New York are
considered the best sailmakers in America; but many others enjoy a
good reputation: and now that really good duck can be obtained, it is
hoped that better setting sails will be more easily obtained than
heretofore.

[Illustration: 'Constellation,' 1889, New York Club. Designed by E.
Burgess.]

Many of our yachtsmen possess skill in designing, and are also fully
capable of supervising and directing the construction of a yacht as
well as her rigging and fitting out; and when that is done they can
take the helm, and under their guidance their craft will be as well
handled as by the best professional skipper.

Prominent among these skilled yachtsmen in New York is Mr. E. D.
Morgan, Commodore of the New York Yacht Club, who in the height of his
yachting career owned a whole harbour full of yachts, ranging from an
ocean-cruising steamer to a naphtha launch in machine-propelled craft,
and from a first-class schooner yacht to a cat-yawl amongst the
sailing vessels. Others but a degree less devoted and skilful are
Messrs. J. R. Maxwell, A. Cass Canfield, L. A. Fish, Archibald Rogers;
and, in Boston, General Charles J. Paine, Mr. C. H. W. Foster, Com. J.
Mal. Forbes, Messrs. George C. Adams, C. F. Adams, jun., Bayard
Thayer, Charles A. Prince, John Bryant, Henry Bryant, Gordon Dexter.
The chief designers in New York are Messrs. Winteringham, Gardiner,
and A. C. Smith; whilst in Boston, Messrs. Stuart & Binney and
Waterhouse & Chesebro are amongst the best known; but many others
scattered along our seaboard have designed and built most creditable
yachts, and occasionally a craft is turned out that rivals the
productions of the best and most experienced designers.

Yachting on the waters of the British Possessions in North America has
developed rapidly, and, fostered by the formation of clubs, and the
establishment of regular seasons for racing and cruising, there is no
doubt that the improvement of design and rig will progress
satisfactorily.

The seaboard of the British Provinces is well adapted for cruising and
racing, and due advantage is taken of all yachting facilities on the
coast as well as on the Great Lakes, and to a considerable extent on
the St. Lawrence River.

In glancing over the yachting situation in the United States there is
every reason to feel satisfied with what has been accomplished; all
improvements in design and rig have been eagerly adopted by our
yachtsmen, and if we have drawn from the English in some points, they
have been fully repaid by gleanings from American practice. Yachting
is appreciated in other localities than on the seaboard, with its bays
and rivers; the great lakes have a small fleet of pleasure vessels,
and on some of the smaller lakes, as Minnietonka in Minnesota, racing
is carried to a degree of perfection wholly unsurpassed by the owners'
salt-water friends.

During the season of international matches, in 1885-87, the public
interest awakened was extreme; reports of the racing were read with
interest from Maine to California. When there is no international work
on hand, the chief yachting event of the year is the cruise of the New
York Yacht Club. Following the lead of 'Gimcrack,' in 1884, the cruise
always takes place during the first week in August, embracing also a
part or whole of the second.

Starting from a port on the Sound easily accessible from the city of
New York, the squadron makes its way eastward, stopping at several of
the principal places of resort along the Sound.

Of late years it has been the custom to race from port to port,
regular entries being made and prizes awarded.

At every port along its course the New York Yacht Squadron receives
large augmentations of both sailing and steam yachts, so that at last,
when the fleet anchors in the harbour of New London, it is an armada
of pleasure craft laden with pleasure-seeking yachtsmen, all in accord
to make this demonstration the brightest and gayest event of the
season. The entrance of the squadron into Narragansett Bay is one of
the most beautiful of all imaginable marine pictures; the ranks are
then complete, often numbering 200 vessels, by steam and sail. Every
available craft is pressed into service by the dwellers of Newport and
vicinity to go out to meet the arriving yachts; steamers laden with
passengers, tugs, trading schooners with their decks black with
unusual freight, the ubiquitous cat-boat, all assemble in waiting off
the Lightship at Brenton's Reef to welcome the approaching fleet that
is already coming into view off Point Judith.

The yacht squadron is escorted to the beautiful harbour of Newport by
the motley fleet in attendance, and anchors there with a flutter of
canvas and the booming of cannon.

[Illustration: The ubiquitous cat-boat.]

At evening the fleet is illuminated with coloured lights, the steam
yachts contribute electric glare, forming a scene worth many miles of
journeying to witness. Then follow races in the open sea outside
Newport, after which the cruise is continued to New Bedford, and
Edgartown on Martha's Vineyard Island; more racing, and then a cruise
around Cape Cod to Boston, where more racing and much festivity is
enjoyed, after which the squadron disbands, most of the yachts return
to Newport, whilst others cruise to Mount Desert Island and beyond.
About the middle of August it is usual to have more racing off
Newport under the auspices of the Atlantic and Seawanhaka Clubs, and
this usually closes the season for racing; a few matches, however, are
generally expected in the autumn, but by the middle of October nearly
all the yachts go out of commission.

Winter cruising to Florida and the West Indies usually begins soon
after Christmas, returning early in April, whereby the rigours of our
northern winter are avoided.

As a rule, the American yachtsman is not inclined to racing to an
extent that would afford the best information and knowledge as to the
design and rig of his craft. At times, however, when under the
stimulus of rivalry of designers, as occurred in 1891, or particularly
when there is an international contest on hand, our marine phalanx
stand forth in battle array, sacrifice no end of personal effort, and
stake willingly their bottom dollar.

_'America' Cup Competitions_

  +------------+-------------------+---------+-----+-------+
  |    Year    |        Name       |  W.L.   |Beam |Draught|
  |            |                   | Length  |     |       |
  +------------+-------------------+---------+-----+-------+
  |            |                   |   ft.   | ft. |  ft.  |
  |        1870{ Magic             | 78.11   |20.9 |  6.7  |
  |August  1870{ Cambria           |100.0    |20.5 | 12.4  |
  |            |                   |         |     |       |
  |        1871{ Sappho            |119.4    |27.4 | 12.8  |
  |        1871{ Columbia          | 96.0    |25.1 |  6.0  |
  |October 1871{ Livonia           |107.5    |23.3 | 12.8  |
  |            |                   |         |     |       |
  |        1876{ Madeleine         | 95.2    |24.0 |  7.4  |
  |August  1876{ Countess Dufferin |107.0    |24.0 |  6.6  |
  |            |                   |         |     |       |
  |        1881{ Mischief          | 61.0    |19.10|  5.4  |
  |Nov.    1881{ Atalanta          | 64.0    |19.0 |  5.5  |
  |            |                   |         |     |       |
  |        1885{ Genesta           | 81.0    |15.0 | 13.0  |
  |Sept.   1885{ Puritan           | 85.1-1/2|22.7 |  8.8  |
  |            |                   |         |     |       |
  |        1886{ Galatea           | 87.0    |15.0 | 13.03 |
  |Sept.   1886{ Mayflower         | 85.7    |23.6 |  9.9  |
  |            |                   |         |     |       |
  |        1887{ Thistle           | 86.46   |20.03| 13.8  |
  |Sept.   1887{ Volunteer         | 85.88   |23.02| 10.0  |
  |            |                   |         |     |       |
  |October 1893{ Vigilant          | 86.19   |26.25| 14.0  |
  |            { Valkyrie          | 86.8    |22.33| 16.3  |
  +------------+-------------------+---------+-----+-------+

It is the earnest wish of every American yachtsman to encourage
frequent and friendly intercourse with his English cousins who are
working for the true interest and advancement of yacht designing. The
breadth of the interlying ocean and the disparity between the winds
and water of the two countries should make no barrier to closer
relations, to the end that the noble science of naval architecture and
its most useful teachings may find in the progress of yachting a fit
subject to bind more and more closely two nations of one blood, one
language, and one desire--to attain to that which is highest and best
even in sports and pastimes.

The valuable assistance of Mr. Niels Olsen, superintendent of the New
York Yacht Club, and of Mr. E. A. Stevens, of Hoboken, nephew of
Commodore J. C. Stevens, is hereby gratefully recognised. But for them
my work would have been difficult, and in many respects impossible.


STEAM YACHTING IN AMERICA

The rapid development of the steam engine as a motive power, and its
widely distributed application, soon attracted the attention of the
lovers of nautical sports, and before the year 1860 the all-conquering
engine began to be used for the propulsion of pleasure craft. The
invasion of fields of sport by the engine did not then recommend, nor
has it since recommended, itself to the hearts of true yachtsmen; all
that is so attractive in yachting seems to vanish as soon as the
element of uncertainty is eliminated: all the poetry of motion, all
the sense of freedom from disagreeable surroundings, as well as all
interest in winds and water--all are sunk when the sail is changed for
the engine as a propelling force.

The steam yacht should be considered chiefly in the light of a very
agreeable mode of locomotion, and as such it is unquestionably a very
desirable adjunct to our resources, filling as it does a place that
would be wholly impossible for sailing craft, when the uncertain
character of winds and water is considered.

The first idea of steam yachting in America was realised in the
famous cruise of the 'North Star,' a side-wheel steamship of
2,004-25/95 tons, built for Mr. Cornelius Vanderbilt in 1852. She was
the most handsomely appointed vessel of her day, and sailed
temporarily under the flag of the New York Yacht Club, which fixed her
identity as a yacht, although she was built for merchant service.

The 'North Star,' brigantine rig, was built by Jeremiah Simonson, of
Green Point, Long Island. Length over all, 270 ft., 38 ft. beam, 28
ft. 6 in. depth, 16 ft. draught. She was fitted with two vertical beam
engines, cylinders 60 in. diameter by 10 ft. stroke; two boilers, 10
ft. diameter by 24 ft. long; paddle-wheels, 34 ft. in diameter. She
was broken up at Cold Spring, Long Island, in 1870. The Aspinwalls
were the first promoters of real steam yachting, and as early as 1854
the 'Firefly' was launched by Smith & Dimon, of New York, for Messrs.
W. H. Aspinwall and J. L. Aspinwall. Her length was 97 ft. 8 in. over
all, 19 ft. beam, 5 ft. 2 in. hold, 3 ft. 9 in. draught, engines built
by the Morgan Iron Works, oscillating cylinders 20 by 36 in.,
locomotive boiler, paddle-wheels 8 ft. 8 in. diameter, size of paddles
17 by 45 in. She was sold to the United States Government for duty on
the Coast Survey Service--89-93/95 tons. 'Clarita,' built for Leonard
W. Jerome by Lawrence Faulkes Williams, 1864; length over all, 125
ft.; 121 ft. 9 in. water-line, 22 ft. beam, 9 ft. depth, draught 11
ft. 6 in., 231-30/95 tons. Engine by Novelty Iron Works, 2 cylinders
22 by 22 in., diameter of screw 9 ft. 6 in. Sold to Pacific Mail
Steamship Company, and is now doing towing duty on the Kennebec River,
Maine.

The 'Ocean Wave' was built for Mr. R. T. Loper by Reany & Naeafy, of
Philadelphia, in 1865, iron. She was 87 ft. over all, 19 ft. beam, 7
ft. depth, 2 cylinders each 12 by 18 in., 38 nominal horse-power. The
Police Department of Philadelphia bought her.

'Day-Dream,' composite construction, built by the Continental Iron
Works, Green Point, Long Island, for W. H. Aspinwall, 1871. Length
over all, 115 ft.; length on water-line, 109 ft.; beam, 19 ft.; depth
of hold, 5 ft.; draught of water, 7 ft. Her engine was built by the
Delamater Works of New York, vertical condensing, 2 cylinders each 14
by 14 in., one boiler 8 ft. long, diameter of screw 7 ft. 6 in., with
10 ft. pitch. She was sold to the United States Government for postal
service in the Gulf of Mexico, and is now at New Orleans.

The 'Day-Dream' was really the first successful steam yacht, and set
the type of pleasure craft for many years; in fact, it is but a few
years ago that the style called 'deck-house' yachts went out of use,
and they are at present almost entirely superseded by the
deeper-hulled, flush-deck yachts.

During the early Seventies the steam launch, or open yacht, rapidly
multiplied in numbers and seemed to fill a demand for afternoon
sailing in the sheltered waters of our seaports, and as preparatory to
something better they did good service.

The open steam-launch as then used was from 25 to 45 ft. long, and 6
to 8 ft. wide, usually with vertical engines, and used a pipe
condenser and boiler of upright form, generally of tubular
construction. After the open launch came the small yacht, having a
small cabin enclosed mostly by glass with a standing room aft. This
very popular form is still much used, and answers a widely sought
demand for day sailing or short cruising; the boats are usually about
45 to 70 ft. long, and from 8 to 10 ft. wide. This style of small
yacht had no deck room that was available for real use, but the
standing room with an awning over it with adjacent cabin made a very
serviceable craft, in which cruising could be done from May until
October on our coast with perfect safety.

In those days 8 miles an hour was thought fast enough for anybody, but
in a few years, when the engine and boiler were both more perfected,
more speed was demanded, so that the type in question attained to 12
or 13 miles an hour, which in some cases has been pushed to 15, whilst
the speed of the open launch which at first was but 8 to 10 miles an
hour, reached, under the stimulus of popular desire and better motive
power, to 16 and even 20 miles an hour in quiet smooth water.

About 1885 the flush-deck yacht became more popular, and most
deservedly so, as the style is superior in all essential points to the
old deck-house form. It is true that the cabin of the older form is
pleasanter, being lighter and more airy, but the strength of
construction gained by the flush deck, its broad expanse of deck
everywhere available for sitting and promenading, all these points of
advantage give the present form decidedly the first place in the
estimation of all lovers of steam yachting. Since 1880, steam yachting
has increased with prodigious rapidity, and, particularly since the
introduction of naphtha as a factor in motive power, our waters fairly
swarm with craft propelled by a machine.

In about the year 1884 a club was formed for steam-yacht owners only,
called the American Yacht Club, and for several years it offered
prizes to be run for in Long Island Sound; but steam-yacht racing did
not become popular, principally because of the danger of forcing
machinery to its utmost limit of safety, and also the difficulty of
classifying yachts of different size and power of engine. For the most
part the devotees of steam yachting are drawn from the general public
without special regard of the situation of their home, as a yacht can
be kept on the seaboard or on the lakes, whilst the owner may live far
from the sight and sound of the sea; the restless spirit of our
countrymen prompts them to embark into every scheme of
pleasure-making, as well as business enterprise.

Naturally, however, by far the greater number of steam-yacht owners
have their homes on or very near some navigable water, upon which they
pursue their favourite sport as a pastime only, or in connection with
the daily engagements of business life.

Many men of large means and wide business interests who may be seen
daily on Wall Street or in other centres of trade in New York have
homes on the head waters of Long Island Sound, or on the lower
stretches of the Hudson, whence they daily run to the city of New York
in a steam yacht, which, after landing its luxurious owner, waits
until his day is done in the city, and bears him again to a home of
comfort and quiet retreat.

Yachts used chiefly for such purposes are always fast; when the speed
falls below 20 miles an hour, their owners fret and fume, and wonder
why she is not doing as well as she might.

Steam yachts having abnormally high speed are occasionally seen in a
large yachting fleet. There are always a few men, who, from a love of
seeing their names in print and their movements and those of their
yacht recorded in the newspapers of the day, find that by tearing up
the waters of our bays and harbours with yachts which show a speed of
25 miles an hour, their fondest hope is realised; for every eye
follows them, and every reporter wastes his pencil in recording the
performances of the speedy craft. It is their delight on regatta days
to dart about amongst the fleet of yachts and craft of the lookers-on,
and astonish everybody by some new flight of speed or some skilful
evolution. I am happy to record, however, that the number of these
flyers is small, and becoming less: such speeds are attained only by
great danger to life and limb of those in charge of the machine, and
an entire loss of comfort from the violent vibration of the vessel;
for she must be built as light and carry as powerful machinery as
possible, to give the results desired by these morbid lovers of
notoriety, who are no more yachtsmen than is the man who takes a
balloon trip so as to be seen by the crowd.

It must be admitted that comfort and pleasure can be, and doubtless
are, found on many steam yachts; for instance, a yacht of 125 ft.
water-line, by 19 ft. beam, with a well-kept flush-deck, a comfortable
deck-house forward, a large awning spread over all, the deck set out
with Persian rugs, tables, and comfortable rattan chairs, and a number
of congenial friends present, who are not tired of life and each
other--I think no one will deny that pleasure in the highest degree
could be realised with such surroundings.

Our prevailing pleasant weather during the yachting season, and the
uniformly sheltered character of our waters, have had their effect on
the form and construction of steam yachts as well as those by sail.
Nearly 95 per cent. of all steam yachts in America are built expressly
for bay, harbour, and river work, and when it is necessary to make any
extended trip, as for instance to the coast of Maine, they usually
creep close along shore, moving cautiously from port to port.

We can, however, boast of a few deep-sea craft, as fine and seaworthy
as any pleasure vessels in the world, such as those owned by the late
Jay Gould, Mr. W. W. Astor, the Vanderbilts, and few others. The
general dimensions of many steam yachts are ruled by the probability
of their taking the passage through the Erie Canal, the locks of which
are 100 ft. long and 17 ft. wide, and admit a vessel drawing 6 ft. of
water.

There is a marked advantage in taking the Erie Canal to reach the
great lakes; with a vessel of proper size the passage of the canal is
safe and easy, whilst the trip around by the Gulf and River of St.
Lawrence is very long and surrounded by difficulties, although the
voyage will richly repay one for taking it, as it affords greater
variety in sea and landscape than any other possible in America. Steam
yachting on the great lakes is also increasing rapidly, and in the
harbours of the large cities, as Buffalo, Cleveland, Toledo, Detroit,
Milwaukee, and Chicago, many steam pleasure craft may be seen, usually
of a length of 100 ft. or less, so as to make their way to the salt
water by the canal.

As in the case of sailing yachts, 95 per cent. of steam craft are to
be found north of the capes of the Delaware, but their numbers are
increasing south of that point more rapidly than their sailing
sisters. The Gulf and tributary waters as yet show very few pleasure
craft of either sort, and the Pacific coast, on account of the high
cost of fuel, is not the scene of steam yachting to any considerable
extent.

In the Bay of San Francisco, however, are a large number of naphtha
launches that find very favourable water in that shallow sea. There is
far less variety of form and rig among steam yachts than in any other
pleasure craft. The accepted form at present is a flush-deck vessel
with pole masts, triple-expansion engine, and some modification of the
old Belville boiler, a form that has many varieties, none of which are
satisfactory in more than a few points. They are generally safe from
explosion, but very short-lived, and difficult to manage.

The compound engine was introduced into yachting craft about the year
1875, and its success was as marked as in all other branches of marine
construction.

The triple-expansion engine was first used in 1884 with increased
success over its ancestor, the compound, and in 1888 the quadruple
engine was put into a few yachts; but it may be questioned if it
possesses any advantages over the triple for the general uses of
yachting.

The use of high-expansion engines not only results in a marked economy
of fuel, but, through a wide distribution of power and strain, far
greater durability is attained, as well as greater freedom from
vibration, which often imparts discomfort to the passengers, and
injury to the hull of the yacht.

With regard to the designing and construction of steam yachts, it
seems to be the aim of every designer and builder to try his hand at
this branch of naval architecture, and, as might naturally be
expected, the resultant vessel is too often an example of
semi-successful work of the novice, clumsy in form, construction, and
machinery, rude in design and ill fitted to its duty. Nearly all the
deep-sea pleasure craft are built on the Delaware, and as a rule are
staunch, seaworthy vessels with good speed, and generally satisfactory
performance in all situations. The Herreshoff Co., of Rhode Island,
have passed No. 180 in steam vessels, the larger number of which are
small launches, a good proportion small cabin yachts, and the rest of
the every-day class of along-shore craft which satisfy the desires of
nearly all who find pleasure on our coast in steam yachts. The
Herreshoff Co. turns out the fastest vessels of their class, and for
general qualities are the best examples of careful designing and
construction as applied to both hull and machinery. They have the
advantage of building every member of a yacht, hull, engines, and
boiler, so the result is more harmonious, and in the main is more
conducive to speed and that condition, called 'well balanced,' which
is so desirable in all steam vessels.

During the last five years naphtha engines, as applied to launches,
have been greatly improved, so that their use has become immensely
popular. They vary in size from 20 to 45 ft. in length, with speed
from 6 to 10 miles an hour; in a measure they have displaced small
steam launches as tenders for yachts, and in many places where no
great degree of skill is required to run them; in fact, the ease of
running and little time required to start a launch are the chief
reasons of their popularity, in spite of the fact that they are noisy
and malodorous.

The use of the steam yacht will, without doubt, continue to increase
more rapidly than the sailing craft, but there is not the least
probability that the latter will be superseded. In so large a
community of sea-loving people there will always be a few whose good
taste and love of true sport will guide them toward the sail as a
means of motion, and the forces of nature as motive power; but happy
is he on whom fortune smiles to the extent of enabling him to keep
both a steam and sailing yacht, for times do come when to reach an
objective point is highly desirable, and at other times nothing can
give so much pleasure as the quiet and peaceful sensation that is
found only in a sailing craft. There is room then for every yacht,
both steam and sail; each contributes to the pleasure of its owner,
and each deserves our best efforts to develop and make perfect that
which contributes so largely to our resources of enjoyment and
healthful pastime.




CHAPTER VII

YACHTING IN NEW ZEALAND

BY THE EARL OF ONSLOW, G.C.M.G., &c.


As has already been said, there exists every facility in our
Australasian Colonies both for cruising and racing. These colonial
waters are indeed the only ones in the world where yachting can be
enjoyed among our fellow-countrymen on summer seas and in a temperate
climate during that portion of the year when yachts are laid up in the
mud in England and yachtsmen shiver in the bitter winds, the fogs and
frosts of Northern Europe.

The travelling yachtsman may either take out his yacht with him, if
she be large enough, or if this be deemed to involve too great trouble
and expense, he will find but little difficulty in making arrangements
to hire a comfortable craft at the Antipodes.

The southern coast of Australia, though it possesses many beautiful
harbours, is washed by the great rollers of the Pacific, coming up
through the 'roaring forties' without anything to break their force,
straight from Antarctic regions, to dash themselves in mile-long
breakers against the Australian coast. Yachting is therefore better
confined to the sheltered harbours, and specially to those which have
been selected for the sites of the capital cities of Adelaide,
Melbourne and Sydney.

No more lovely sea exists in the world on which to cruise than that
part of the eastern coast of the Australian continent, sheltered as it
is from ocean storms by the Great Barrier Reef, extending for miles
from Rockhampton to Cape York, along the Queensland coast. Numberless
coral islands, the roosting places of countless Torres Straits pigeons
that spend the hours of daylight feeding on the mainland, afford
abundant sport for the gunner. These pigeons are quick-flying
black-and-white birds about the size of the blue rock; they twist and
turn in their flight with great rapidity, and tax the gunner's
quickness of eye and hand not less than the best blue rocks from the
pigeon-cotes of Mr. Hammond. Unfortunately this long stretch of calm
blue water is beset with perils from coral reefs so numerous that the
traveller is lost in admiration at the skill of Captain Cook as well
as at the good fortune which enabled him, in complete ignorance of the
dangers now carefully marked on our charts, to escape with but one
mishap. Among the apt terms which he applied in all his nomenclature
only one, Cape Tribulation, bears witness to the risks which he ran.

Still, an enterprising yachtsman, choosing the time of year when the
monsoon, blowing softly on these confines of its influence, is in the
favourable direction, may start from any of the ports touched by
vessels of the British India Steamship Company, and, by careful study
of the chart coupled with information obtained from local mariners,
may enjoy without great risk a prolonged cruise amid tropical scenery
and vegetation as far south even as Brisbane.

It is to New Zealand, however, that the yachtsman will turn as the
paradise of his sport--abounding in harbours, offering every variety
of climate from semi-tropical Auckland to the equable temperature of
Cook's Strait, and on to the colder harbours of Stewart's Island--he
will find as great variety in scenery as in climate. But let him not
imagine that after cruising in Australian waters he may trust himself
to the tender mercies of the Tasman Sea, or cross to New Zealand in a
small yacht. No more terrible sea exists in either hemisphere.

Once arrived in the harbour of Auckland, however, the potentialities
which lie before the amateur navigator are boundless. As he passes
down the coast from the lighthouse on Cape Maria van Diemen, he will
see the entrance to the singular harbour of Whangaroa, where masses of
limestone rock lay piled one above another, dominated by the
cupola-shaped dome of Mount St. Paul. Either this or the historically
more interesting Bay of Islands may be visited in a yacht from
Auckland. The Bay of Islands is one of the most beautiful yachting
bays in the colony. It has a width of ten miles at the entrance, and
is divided in two by a peninsula, while, with the exception of the
Onslow Pinnacle rock, which has 19 feet on it at low water, it is
devoid of all dangers. Here is the scene of the earliest settlement of
the colony. In this bay the fleets of whalers, who trafficked in dried
and tattooed human heads, and who had dealings of all kinds with the
Maories (not always the most reputable), conducted a lucrative
business, which has now ceased entirely.

Here the first missionaries established themselves, and here was
signed the treaty with the natives which brought the islands under the
sovereignty of the Queen, a sovereignty which was not to remain
undisputed, save after many bloody contests, and after a loss of life
and treasure which still burdens the New Zealander with a load of war
taxation, happily not imposed on his neighbour of the Australian
continent. In this bay many days may profitably be spent in studying
the interesting Maori tribes who dwell on its shores, and of whom none
have stood more loyally by the English settlers than those who fought
under Tamati Waka Nene. Every sort of provision may be obtained in the
bay from the once flourishing town of Russell, while a sufficiently
good cheap coal may be procured at Opua.

It is around the harbour of Auckland, in the Hauraki Gulf, and the
Firth of Thames, however, that the perfection of yachting may be
enjoyed. As the traveller approaches the earlier capital of New
Zealand he will observe how the aptly named Great and Little Barrier
Islands protect the Gulf from the heavy seas of the Pacific, and as
the steamer wends its way through the islands that dot the Gulf and
opens up the land-locked Firth of Thames on one side and the Waitemata
Harbour on the other, he will realise the advantages afforded by the
situation of Auckland.

Two comfortable and well-managed clubs exercise the proverbial
hospitality of colonists to properly accredited arrivals from England.
In addition to which the Auckland Yacht Club is an association from
which all information as to both cruising and racing will readily be
obtained.

The history of yachting in New Zealand is of but recent date; for,
although for many years races have taken place and regattas been held
annually, the competitors were rather the cutters, schooners, and
scows that did the coasting trade of the colony before the Union
Steamship Company inaugurated their line of well-found, fast and
regular coasting steamers to and from every port of New Zealand. These
were assisted by the boats and crews of Her Majesty's ships, whose
presence was, and still is, ardently in request on Regatta days. The
era of pleasure yachts dates from the last eight or ten years, and the
Auckland Yacht Club now occupies, in the number of yachts belonging to
the squadron, the first place among the Australasian Colonies. The
club has one hundred members and the register of yachts exceeds sixty,
which does not by any means exhaust the number of vessels used solely
as pleasure-boats in the harbour.

Colonial yachts, like the great majority of colonial incomes, are not
large, and nearly all the boats used are built locally. Shipbuilding
is a trade extensively carried on at Auckland. During the year 1875,
when the prosperity of that part of the colony was at its highest, not
less than forty vessels were built, their aggregate tonnage being
1,930. A few steam yachts, such as the 'Sunbeam,' the 'St. George,'
and the R.Y.S. schooner 'Blanche' with auxiliary screw, used by Sir
James Fergusson when Governor of the colony, have cruised in New
Zealand waters; but a vessel of 20 tons burden is considered among
the Tritons of colonial pleasure craft. The 'Thetis,' a small yacht of
10 or 12 tons, was built on the Clyde, and was brought out by five
gentlemen, her owners, to the Antipodes.

Perhaps the most interesting yacht now sailing in New Zealand waters
is the 'Mascotte,' both on account of the circumstances under which
she was built, as well as for the remarkable success which has
attended her during her sailing career.

In the year 1890 a strike in the shipping trade broke out in
Australia, and after a few days was extended to other trades connected
with shipping, finally spreading to New Zealand. During the enforced
idleness of certain shipbuilding hands at Lyttelton, the port of
Christchurch, some of the men bethought themselves of laying down the
lines of a yacht for themselves. The 'Mascotte,' commenced under these
circumstances, was found, when finished, to be an exceptionally fast
sailer. Within eighteen months of her completion she was manned and
sailed by her owners in six regattas, netting for them 395_l._,
besides numerous smaller prizes in club races--not a bad outcome of
work which, at the time, was doubtless done with no little amount of
grumbling, because no wages were coming in weekly on account of it.
The result, however, has been a very considerable falling off in the
entries for the races last year. For the Champion Cup at Lyttelton
only the 'Tarifa,' rated 8, the 'Mima,' 10, and the 'Maritana,' 14,
put in an appearance. The First Class Championship race for 100_l._ at
Wellington, the capital, was among those secured by the 'Mascotte.'

It is, however, in the cruising opportunities to be found in New
Zealand that readers of the Badminton Library will be chiefly
interested. Taking Auckland as headquarters, it may safely be asserted
that throughout the season the yachtsman may lie in a different creek,
harbour, or estuary every night that he is out.

He may coast up the north shore till he reaches Waiwera, where he
will find an excellent hotel. He can bathe in a large and luxurious
hot swimming bath, formed from the thermal springs rising close to the
sea, or he may go on to the beautiful island of Kawau, once the
property of Sir George Grey, which has been so graphically described
by Mr. Froude in 'Oceana.' He may lie in the harbour of Bon Accord,
which indents the island a mile and a half, and affords shelter in all
weathers.

On landing he will find planted by the erstwhile owner of Kawau every
sort of tree, shrub, and rare plant that will live either at Madeira
or the Cape.

He will see the wallaby from Australia, deer, sheep, and wild goats.
The beautiful Pohutukawa, or Christmas-tree, covered at Christmas-tide
with scarlet blossom, feathering down to the clear blue sea till its
lowest branches are covered by the rising tide, so that oysters
cluster on them with all the appearance of being the natural fruit. In
the rocky depths of the clear water great lazy stingarees may be seen
floating along with the tide, like sheets of brown paper flapping idly
from side to side in the tide race. A perfectly appointed English
country gentleman's house fronts the harbour. Its lawn and park-like
slopes are timbered with the forest trees of Europe. The opossum of
Australia may be seen nimbly springing from the boughs of an English
oak to those of the silver tree of South Africa, the whole being a
combination of the flora and fauna of all continents, bewildering to
the brain of the naturalist.

As the total population of the island is thirty-two, and consists of
the family and dependents of the owner, visitors, unless they wish to
run the risk of abusing hospitality which is always cordially
accorded, must bring a sufficiency of provisions with them.

The Little Barrier Island, though possessing no harbour, has several
yachting anchorages. It is uninhabited, and is chiefly interesting
from the fact that it is the last remaining stronghold of many rare
species of New Zealand birds. This is attributable in some degree to
its distance from the mainland. The bee has not found its way across
to Little Barrier, and the honey-eating birds, driven away from
elsewhere by the stings of bees seeking a common food, have made this
island their last habitat. It is greatly to be hoped that the New
Zealand Government will complete the pending negotiations for its
purchase from the natives, so that it may be made into a national park
for the preservation of these unique ornithological specimens.

Great Barrier Island is larger than the Isle of Wight, being 21 miles
long. It is about eight miles eastward of the Little Barrier, and
possesses in Port Fitzroy one of the finest harbours in New Zealand.
Yachts enter by a channel 1-1/4 mile wide, pass under a remarkable
rock resembling the Duke of Wellington's head, and come to Governor's
Pass, a narrow channel, 178 feet across, which opens out into an inner
harbour three miles in length and more than half a mile wide,
surrounded on all sides by high mountains which give complete security
from every wind. The harbour is full of fish of every kind, from the
little New Zealand herring to the flat stingaree resembling an
enormous skate with a formidable spiked tail. Unless the fisherman
cuts this off before he proceeds to deal with the fish, he may find
one blow from it compel him to seek for several weeks an asylum in the
Auckland Hospital. If the yachtsman has on board a seine net, he may
realise something of the miraculous draught of fishes mentioned in the
Bible. Let him also bring his rifle, for the island is swarming with
wild goats, and if he can steel his heart against the piercing and
humanlike screams to which they give utterance when wounded, he may,
by getting up to the highest ground and stalking them down the
mountain-sides, secure more than he will find it possible to get back
to his yacht, be he never so impervious to powerful odours. He will,
moreover, earn the gratitude of the settlers by so doing, for the
goats eat not a little of that pasture which would more profitably be
utilised in affording sustenance to the domestic sheep of the island
farmers.

Many years ago Selwyn Island, at the entrance to the harbour, was
stocked with the large silver-grey rabbit, and a good day's shooting
may still be had among them, though the skins are no longer of the
great value they were when first acclimatised.

Having explored the creeks of the Waitemata, which open into the
harbour of Auckland to the north, the yachtsman may proceed to cruise
in the southern waters of the Hauraki Gulf. On his way he may run in
for a few hours to one of the Maori villages, where he will find some
very well-to-do natives, owners of valuable property close to
Auckland, but who still practise all the old-fashioned Maori customs
of cooking and manufacture. He will be interested, too, in the long
war canoe with its carved prow, one of the few now remaining in New
Zealand.

All the islands between the mouth of the gulf and the Firth of Thames
are interesting. The most remarkable in appearance is Rangitoto,
guarding the entrance to the Auckland harbour. In shape it is a
perfect cone. The mountain is an extinct volcano, rising to a height
of 920 feet, and presents a precisely similar appearance from whatever
aspect it is regarded. The summit of the mountain is composed of
masses of scoria, but there is no fresh water on the island. Rangitoto
is connected by a sandy neck, a quarter of a mile long, dry at high
water, with Motu Tapu, the Sacred Island. Whatever odour of sanctity
may have attached to it in earlier days, it is now the island most
profaned by the feet of Auckland yachtsmen. Herds of deer scamper
across its grassy slopes, and afford excellent stalking to the
hospitable owner and his guests. No one who takes care to keep on the
shores of the island and refrain from disturbing the deer is likely to
be forbidden to shoot a few rabbits. From some of the higher points
round the coast he may espy the acclimatised emus stalking over the
hills; the pheasants feeding round the edges of the patches of
woodland, and the flocks of turkeys, once tame, but which now require
the persuasion of the fowling-piece before they can be brought to
table.

From the Thames the yacht may be taken round to the harbour of
Tauranga; this is a quiet and comfortable little town, the harbour
land-locked by an island running down to meet a sandy spit. From this
spit rises the Mawayanui Rock, 860 ft. in height, conspicuous for
miles, both from the land and sea sides of the harbour.

The entrance is tortuous, narrow in places, and liable to gusts and
eddies when the wind is blowing from the sea, but of considerable
capacity inside. Tauranga is close to the scene of a conflict between
the Maories and English troops, in which the 68th Regiment lost more
officers than did any regiment at Waterloo. It is the best harbour
whence to visit the volcano of White Island, and is the nearest also
to the Maori Settlements, the hot lakes and springs of the interior of
the North Island.

White Island is sixty miles off, and the steam blowing off the crater
to a height varying from 2,000 to 10,000 feet is clearly visible in
fine weather. This island is well worth a visit, though great care
must be exercised in landing, for the whole island is so hot that
walking is not pleasant, while the clouds of sulphurous steam blowing
to leeward are suffocating. It is about three miles in circumference,
having in the centre a crater about a hundred yards in circumference,
surrounded by steam geysers, which make a roaring, deafening noise,
like a hundred engines massed in one engine-room. Although there is no
vegetation on the island, the base of the crater gives the appearance
of a well-watered meadow in spring. This effect is produced by the bed
of crystallised sulphur traversed by the streams from the several
geysers. Myriads of sea birds, chiefly gannets, circle round the
island, and the remarkable Tuatara lizards may be seen crawling on the
hot rocks. There is no harbour in the island, but there is shelter
between the principal islet and a little islet half a mile to
south-east.

Yachting on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand is less
agreeable; there is no convenient centre from which to start on many
cruises, and between the harbours are long distances of usually
stormy sea.

Once inside the Kaipara Harbour a large expanse of rather
uninteresting water is available, but the rivers which flow into it
are wide and picturesque, afford excellent wildfowl shooting, and are
the home of the trade in Kauri timber. The huge logs are cut up by
sawmills with giant circular saws. The trunks of the Kauri trees may
be seen floating down the rivers from the forests above till they are
caught, as they pass the various mills, by baulks stretched at an
angle across the stream to intercept their progress. In the same way,
once you get across the bar of the Hokianga River, many days may be
spent in the land of oranges and lemons.

Travelling to the southern end of the North Island to the harbour of
Port Nicholson, we come to Wellington, the capital, where the Port
Nicholson Yacht Club have their headquarters.

An annual regatta is held here in January. The harbour, though
magnificent for steamers or vessels of large tonnage, is subject to
the gales and sudden squalls which blow through Cook's Strait as
through a blast pipe, and therefore not always to be trusted. Not a
few sad accidents have happened to small craft sailing on the waters
of the harbour.

Most enjoyable excursions may be made from Wellington to the sounds on
the northern shores of the South Island, but great care should be
exercised in crossing Cook's Strait, though the distance to the first
sound is but a few miles. The winds are local, and almost invariably
north-west or south-east. Yachts running through the Straits should,
therefore, be on the look out for a rapid change from the south-east
to north-east, or from north-west to south-west, as they open out
either entrance. Queen Charlotte and the Pelorus are the most
picturesque of these sounds. They resemble somewhat the fiords of
Norway, and though they have not the grandeur of the sounds on the
west coast of this island, they are remarkable for the soft green
contour of their slopes and the striking contrast between sky, shore,
and sea which they present in clear weather.

Picton, at the head of Queen Charlotte Sound, is picturesquely
situated, with a good wharf. Like those in the south, the sounds are
so deep (20 to 25 fathoms) that, except in the coves, of which,
fortunately, there is no lack, vessels have difficulty in finding an
anchorage. Like the harbour of Wellington across the strait, these
sounds are liable to many gusts from the mountain gullies, and care
should be exercised whenever it is known to be blowing hard outside.

Pelorus Sound has even more coves and bays than Queen Charlotte Sound,
and no inconsiderable time is necessary to explore the whole of it.

There is abundance of both wood and fresh water; in every part
excellent fishing with the line may be had. Most of the catch will be
new to English fishermen. Rock cod, blue cod, schnapper, the giant
hapuka, a sort of cod, and the game kahawai, which will run like a
salmon, are the best from a gastronomical and sporting point of view.
Enough has been caught by a single line in a day to feed the whole
crew of a man-of-war. Every sort of necessary provision is obtainable
both at Havelock and Picton, at the heads of the respective sounds.

From the northern sounds every traveller will wish to proceed through
the remarkable French pass to Nelson in Blind Bay. This bay is
singularly free from gales and storms. Often, while a hurricane is
tearing and raging through Cook's Strait, calm weather will be found
to prevail without disturbance in Blind Bay.

The harbour of Nelson is formed by a very remarkable bank 4-1/2 miles
in length, covered with huge boulders and forming a natural breakwater
to the harbour. There are one or two gaps in the bank at high water
where boats and very small vessels may pass over, but the tide runs
with such force that it is not advisable to attempt it.

The entrance is not more than 50 yards wide, and lies between the bold
pinnacle of the Arrow Rock and the barrel beacon at the edge of the
Boulder Bank. The entrance is easily effected on the flood, but the
tides run very strong in and out of the narrow entrance. The climate
of Nelson is perhaps the most perfect in all New Zealand, and the
scenery of the bay, with its blue waters and background of
snow-covered mountains in winter and early spring, excels anything
that can be seen on the Riviera, while the climate closely resembles
that of the French littoral of the Mediterranean; the only
unpleasantness being the Waimea wind, felt in early spring down the
valley of the Waimea, but it is neither so continuous nor so
unpleasant as the Mistral of the Riviera.

Very pleasant expeditions may be made to Motueka and Collingwood, on
the opposite shores of the bay. The Californian quail exists in great
abundance on these shores; so much so that the little steamers plying
weekly bring sackloads of the birds to Nelson, where they are
preserved whole in tins for export.

The yachtsman should spend a sufficient length of time in exploring
the indentations of the northern coast of the South Island, for next
to that of the surroundings of Auckland he is likely to meet with the
best weather for his pursuits to be found in New Zealand.

If he then wishes completely to exhaust the opportunities which the
colony affords him, he may, choosing a fine day and favourable
barometric indications, venture on the ocean to the southward. Let
him, however, avoid the west coast, where the harbours are few and far
between, and where those that exist are rendered difficult of access,
save where great expense (as at Westport and Greymouth) has been
incurred by the local authorities to erect breakwaters and dredge the
bars. It is noteworthy that the harbours on the west coast of both
islands, where they are also the estuaries of rivers, have dangerous
shifting sand-bars, while those on the east coast are comparatively
free from this objection.

If the yacht be taken down the east coast to Lyttelton, the traveller
will pass in full view of the grand range of snow-covered mountains,
the Kaikouras. With a north-easterly wind the sea does not get up to
any extent, but if it should change to south there is convenient
shelter for small craft at Kaikoura.

The harbour of Lyttelton is an indentation of considerable depth and
width in Banks Peninsula, which, rising from the flat plains of
Canterbury to a height of some 3,000 feet, juts out into the ocean and
extends twenty miles from the mainland with an average width of
sixteen miles. This peninsula affords plenty of facilities for
yachting. Lyttelton has a yacht club, and is connected by eight miles
of railway with Christchurch, a town that has always borne the
reputation of resembling those of the old country more closely than
any other in New Zealand.

Inside the harbour are many pleasant anchorages for yachts, especially
Quail Island and Ripa Island; also Governor's Bay, a favourite holiday
resort of the people of Christchurch. It should be borne in mind that
with a north-easterly wind a heavy swell comes rolling up the harbour,
but a secure inner harbour of 107 acres has been formed by moles of
rubble, where there is perfect safely for vessels of every kind.

There are many pleasant cruises to be made from Lyttelton to the
various bays and harbours in the peninsula, such as to Port Leny and
to Pigeon Bay, formerly a favourite station for whaling vessels; but
the most interesting as well as the most beautiful is the harbour of
the old French settlement of Akaroa. This harbour penetrates the
peninsula to a distance of eight miles. The town of Akaroa is the
centre of a fine pastoral district, most picturesquely situated on the
slopes of green hills turned into fertile gardens. The French language
is no longer to be heard in the streets, but the green 'persiennes'
and the white fronts of the older houses bear witness to the
nationality of their builders. Lucky it was for the Anglo-New
Zealander of to-day that Captain Hobson, Lieutenant-Governor at
Auckland in 1840, was both of hospitable intent and impressed with the
necessity of 'pegging out claims' for the future of the English race.
Lucky, too, that Captain Lavand, on his way to prepare for a shipload
of French colonists, stayed to enjoy Captain Hobson's hospitality in
Auckland, while the latter, having ascertained his guest's intentions,
had time to despatch H.M.'s brig 'Britomart' with all possible speed
to Akaroa, so that when the gallant Frenchman arrived he found the
smart sailors of the 'Britomart' sitting at the foot of a recently
erected flagstaff admiring a Union Jack flying from the top; by virtue
of which they claimed the South Island of New Zealand for Queen
Victoria in the same manner as Captain Hobson had recently done in the
case of the North Island. These same French emigrants, stopping at St.
Helena on their way out, visited the tomb of Napoleon, and piously
preserved sprays cut from the weeping willows that surrounded it. From
these sprays, planted and cherished on their arrival at Akaroa, sprang
all the beautiful willows which grow with such rapidity, thrive so
remarkably, and are so conspicuous a feature throughout New Zealand.
In December of every year a regatta is held at Akaroa, and yachts from
all parts of New Zealand, as well as boats' crews of one of H.M.'s
ships, come to take part in it.

The yachting grounds proper of New Zealand may be said to be completed
by the exploration of the peninsula below Christchurch, and yet the
most remarkable waters of the colony remain unvisited.

These are the sounds of the south-western extremity of the island. To
get to them, however, many miles of open ocean must be sailed over.
Rarely does the wind blow from the east, and hard threshing against
the wind is the usual condition of sailing from the 'Bluff' to the
sounds. When they are reached, the giant mountains which hedge them in
on every side shut out from some, for days and weeks together, the
least puff of wind to fill the sails of the yacht; while the deep
gullies running down the sides of the mountains in others admit sudden
and violent gusts of wind full of danger to the small sailing craft.

There are interesting places to be visited on the way, such as the
harbours of Timaru and Oamaru, where man at vast labour and expense
has wrested from the violence of the ocean a small space of calm
water in the long straight coast line, well named the Ninety-mile
Beach, on which the rollers break and roar with ceaseless monotony; or
the beautiful harbour of Port Chalmers, leading to Dunedin, the Scotch
capital of Otago. The uninviting looking harbour of the Bluff, where
the traveller may touch the most southerly lamppost in the world, lies
opposite to Stewart's Island, and is separated from it by Foveaux
Strait, one of the most extensive oyster beds in the world. There are
several fine harbours in Stewart Island, especially the spacious port
of Paterson's Inlet, full of coves and bays.

Yachts bent on visiting the sounds should be warned that a strong
current consequent on the quantity of water pouring down from the
mountain torrents is usually found to oppose the entrance of a yacht
into each sound, and that it is very rarely that the wind blows strong
enough to bring yachts in. Generally speaking, within a mile of the
entrance a dead calm with heavy swell will be found, rendering it both
difficult and dangerous to make the entrance.

Once inside the depth is so great that, except where a river runs in
at the head, there is little chance of anchorage, and the vessel must
be made fast by tying her to a tree.

There is land communication with one sound (Milford) alone, and that
only by a foot track. One or two men manage to eke out a hermit's
existence in certain of the sounds, but are chiefly dependent on the
periodical visits of the Government steamer; otherwise the only living
things on the land are the wingless kiwis and kakapos, and an
occasional seal lying upon the rocks. Probably no one visiting New
Zealand will care to omit a trip to these sounds; but let the
yachtsman leave his vessel snugly berthed in the harbour of Lyttelton
or Port Chalmers, and pin his faith to the screws of the Union
Steamship Company's well-found vessels, rather than to the sails of
his own craft.

For a yachting expedition to New Zealand the month of January,
February, March, or April should be chosen. During these months in
the northern parts of the colony and on the coast a N.E. sea breeze
sets in daily about ten in the morning, and dying away at sunset is
succeeded by a westerly or land wind. The yachtsman may generally
reckon on these winds; but if the land wind should not set in towards
evening the sea breeze may increase to a gale, when he can remain safe
at his anchorage till it has blown itself out--a proceeding which
generally occupies not more than twenty-four hours. These gales occur
on an average but once in six weeks, and should be looked for when the
moon changes or comes to the full.

I have already spoken of the winds of Cook's Strait; those likely to
be met with between it and Banks Peninsula will be chiefly
north-easterly and light in summer. Southerly and south-easterly
gales, known as 'southerly busters,' often last three days, and bring
cold rain and dirty weather. Very strong, hot north-westers blow
across the Canterbury plains to Banks Peninsula, and are particularly
drying and unpleasant. Their approach can generally be foretold by a
remarkable clearness of the atmosphere, and an arch of cloud over the
Southern Alps, showing blue sky between the cloud and the snow peaks.

The climate in the central and southern parts of the colony is
remarkably like that of Great Britain, with more wind and more
sunshine, while the northern part resembles that of the shores of
Europe washed by the Mediterranean. Indeed, if one takes the map of
New Zealand and turns it upside down, imagining the two islands joined
together at Cook's Strait, its general similarity in outline and
configuration to Italy will at once become apparent. The Southern
Alps, the Spencer Mountains, and the Ruahine Mountains, like the Alps
and Apennines in Italy, form the head and backbone of the country. The
rich plains of Otago and Canterbury answer to those of Lombardy and
the Campagna, while the palms and fern-trees of Auckland wave against
a sky as blue as that of Naples.

The coast is more indented, the harbours more spacious than those of
the Mediterranean; the islands in the north are more numerous, and
though the winds blow stronger and the sea runs higher when gales come
on, the weather is far less treacherous than that of the
Mediterranean, and gives better warning of its approach. For those who
wish to enjoy two summers without a winter, to see some of the most
remarkable natural phenomena of the world, and the most interesting
and most developed savage race with which Englishmen have come in
contact; to explore fresh waters; to find an ample supply of good
provisions, suited to European requirements; to live among
fellow-countrymen who will assuredly give a hearty and hospitable
welcome, and to realise something of the extent, the variety and the
vastness of the Queen's Empire, I can suggest no better nor more
enjoyable cruise during the English winter months than one round the
beautiful islands of Antipodean Britain.




CHAPTER VIII

FOREIGN AND COLONIAL YACHTING

FRANCE

BY R. T. PRITCHETT


[Illustration: Frascati and pierhead at Havre.]

The year 1891 will be memorable in the history of French yachting as
the date of the beginning of a thorough organisation for the
encouragement of what in France is called 'navigation de plaisir,' a
term which will soon contract to our simpler word 'yachting.' The
French have long, however, had a taste for the sport. For half a
century at least Havre has been _en fête_ in the month of July with a
great deal of rowing and sailing, encouraged by crowds on the quays of
the port, whence they could enjoy the sport much more than if they
were afloat. All this is due to the energy and encouragement of the
Société des Régates au Havre, under the patronage of the Minister of
Marine and the City of Havre.

[Illustration: Havre Regatta Chart. Havre.]

In the year 1891 the regatta was first conducted in a business-like
manner. A yachting tribunal was instituted in Paris to make rules and
arrange the details of racing. The society, styled 'Union des Yachts
Français,' 45 Rue Boissy d'Anglas, Paris, was very heartily taken up
by all the best men in France, and absorbed the other clubs. The
President is Contre-Amiral Baron Lagé; Vice-Presidents, M. E.
Pérignon, Baron Arthur de Rothschild, Comte Alain de Guébriant, and M.
Henri Menier, with a Council of twenty-eight, and a tremendous
administration of commissions or committees for everything. The list
of members amounts to 520, and their yacht list comprises over 300
vessels of sorts and sizes.

[Illustration: Harbour at Havre.]

[Illustration: Nice Regatta Chart.]

After Havre, Nice ranks as a French yachting centre. The regatta is
always held about the 12th to 15th of March--a time of the year when
we are generally experiencing a kind of weather which totally removes
any idea of yachting from our minds. The Union des Yachts Français
patronise this _fête nautique_, which is sometimes assisted by English
yachts that are in the Mediterranean; for instance, Lord Dunraven's
'Valkyrie' has been amongst them, and Lieut. W. Henn's 'Galatea,' he
being a member of the Club Nautique, 8 Quai Masséna, Nice, a club
founded in 1883, with rather more than one hundred members. At the
present time several English gentlemen belong to it. Their 'Siège' is
No. 12 Rue St. François de Paula à Nice. These foreign yacht races do
not offer any inducements to our finer and larger craft, as few of the
competitors are over 20 tons. The City of Nice gives good prizes, as
under:--

                      _Above 20 tons_

                                        Francs
  1st Prize for yachts above 20 tons, }
  'City of Nice'                      } 5,000 and gold medal

  2nd Prize for yachts above 20 tons, }
  'City of Nice'                      } 2,500 and silver medal

  3rd Prize for yachts above 20 tons, }
  'Société des Bains de Monaco'       } 1,000 and silver medal

                      _Under 10 tons_

  1st Prize for yachts under 10 tons, }
  'Monte Carlo'                       } 1,500 and gold medal

  2nd Prize for yachts under 10 tons, }
  'Monte Carlo'                       } 750 and silver medal

  3rd Prize for yachts under 10 tons, }
  'Monte Carlo'                       } 400 and bronze medal

The courses are very short--about 11-1/2 miles in the triangle once
round; and in the race from Nice to the flagboat off Monaco the course
there and back is only about 19 miles. The whole arrangements are
carried out according to the rules and regulations of the U.Y.F.,
which have given great satisfaction at Nice as well as at Havre.

It was at Nice that the idea of a race for steam yachts was first
carried out. Two vessels entered, and only two; and as the 2nd prize
and medal was 120_l._, they both had something to try for. The two
were the 'Eros,' 850 tons, Baron A. Rothschild, and 'Francisca.' The
'Eros' won the first prize, 600_l._ and medal.

[Illustration: 'Valkyrie,' No. 1.

_53 tons_ (_Commendatore Florio, Nice Yacht Club_).]


GERMANY

His Majesty the Emperor William having bought the English yacht
'Thistle,' 170 tons, and Prince Henry of Prussia having built a new
40-rater, the 'Irene,' designed by G. L. Watson (as also a small
rater, the 'Niny,' from Arthur E. Payne), the idea of an Imperial
German Yacht Club naturally arose, and in 1891 one was established at
Kiel, a place admirably adapted for the purpose. The whole matter was
taken up so heartily along the coast that there are at the present
time more than 550 members belonging to the club. Of course the number
of yachts is not in proportion as yet, but this will gradually
develope, and in the meantime it is very pleasant to know that the
'Thistle' has become the mother of such a club.


SWEDEN

The Swedish Club, established 1832, is very strong, having five
yachting stations--Stockholm, Goteborg, Norrköping, Malmö, and
Ornskoldsirk--the members owning vessels of good tonnage, schooners,
screw steamers, cutters and yawls, numbering over 170.


CANADA

BY G. L. BLAKE

Yachting in Canada dates back as a pastime almost to the first days of
its colonisation. Halifax, Toronto, and Quebec can boast of yacht
clubs which were formed long before the seventies, one of the oldest,
if not the oldest, being the Royal Canadian Yacht Club at Toronto,
which was started as far back as the year 1852, and now has a fleet of
forty yachts and more. On Lake Ontario, a superb sheet of water some
200 miles long by 40 in breadth, with a depth in places of over 100
fathoms, and well adapted for either cruising or racing, the sport
has been cultivated as a science for many years, so much so in fact
that, in 1873, a leading authority on such matters wrote, 'Yachting is
fast becoming the national pastime of Canada.'

In 1872 there were yachting stations at Toronto, Coburg, Kingston,
Hamilton,--the club at Hamilton was made a Royal Club in
1888--Belleville, and other ports on the confines of the Lake, where
numerous regattas have been held each season; but, as the prosperity
of colonial yachting entirely depends on the state of trade, these
small communities have seen many ups and downs. During Lord Dufferin's
tenure of office as Governor of Canada a great impetus was given to
things maritime, and the author of 'Letters from High Latitudes,' who
owned and sailed a small 7-tonner at the time, lent a very able
helping hand to all that concerned yachting in Canadian waters. Yachts
of all descriptions are to be found there, from the small skimdish of
a 'sharpie,' with its enormous centreboard and cloud of canvas, to the
stately schooner of 200 tons and over. In 1872 there were only one or
two vessels of English design or build on Ontario (which is
practically the chief yachting centre), of which the best known was
the little 'Rivet,' 17 tons, that had been built at Glasgow and was
brought out in frame some years before. At the present time, however,
anyone visiting Ontario would see many old Scotch and English
favourites cruising about; more than one of our smartest 10- and
5-tonners are now registered on Canadian books, while most of our
principal yacht designers have representatives of their skill flying
racing flags and built to the Canadian tonnage rule.

As there is communication with the ocean by canal and river _viâ_
Montreal, Quebec and the St. Lawrence, besides through canal with New
York, yachts from outports are not infrequent visitors, and they take
part from time to time in the several local regattas. The lake, as
might be expected, is often troubled by severe squalls, which now and
then, if of long continuance, create a very heavy sea disturbance.
Luckily, this does not occur very often, though moderately greasy
weather sometimes has its advantages in giving tone and colour to the
enjoyments of open sea navigation.

Of the principal Canadian outports, Halifax and Quebec are the oldest
and most sporting. The Royal Nova Scotia Yacht Club, which was
established in 1875, and is stationed at Halifax, is one of the
leading clubs in the Dominion; that at Quebec dates back over twenty
years; and the St. Lawrence Club, at Montreal, with its fleet of
eighty yachts, some five years. At Halifax there used to be a very
sporting club, called the Royal Halifax Yacht Club, which would hold
precedence of the R.N.S.Y.C., as one of the oldest societies of the
kind in Canada, did it exist as such, but it is believed to have been
blended into the latter club and to have assumed its new name.

Canada is rich in all the necessaries that are called into play in
ship-and yacht-building, the woods she provides for the purpose being
some of the finest in the world. Nothing can come up to her timbers,
such as the spruce, yellow and red pine varieties, either for length,
evenness of grain, or freedom from knots, and it is to Canada that we
in England are so deeply indebted for most of the timber used in our
shipbuilding yards.


AUSTRALIA

In Australia yachting has had, and in some places still has, a hard
fight to assert itself against the exciting sport of horse-racing. The
oldest yachting community is that stationed at Sydney, New South
Wales, where the two leading clubs date back to the years 1863 and
1867, viz. the Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron, and the Prince Alfred
Yacht Club. Yacht-racing, however, was carried on long before those
years, and perhaps owing to the fine piece of water, some twelve
square miles in area, enclosed within Port Jackson Heads, which lends
itself to aquatic pursuits, yachting here has taken greater hold of
the inhabitants than at any other place in the Southern Ocean. No
finer boat sailers exist anywhere than at Sydney. There are a goodly
number of yachts connected with the Port, and no money or care has
been spared to keep the Sydney fleet up to date. Both Messrs. G. L.
Watson and W. Fife, jun., to say nothing of other well-known
designers, have from time to time given a helping hand towards
furthering this end. The classes, however, which give the most sport,
and which can draw together 5,000 or more onlookers during a racing
day, are those that include the open boats. These are altogether a
speciality of Sydney.

The limits of the three principal classes are--for the

First Class.--24 ft. length, with not less than 7 ft. beam, and 3 ft.
depth.

Second Class.--19 ft. length, with not less than 6.5 ft. beam, and 30
in. depth.

Third Class.--17 ft. length, with not less than 5 ft. beam, and 20 in.
depth.

These boats are all centreboarders. When in Australia the writer was
shown the 'Victor' as the finest example at that time of the large
class. She was 34 ft. long, had 8 ft. beam, and a depth of 3 ft. A
description of her was given in 'Hunt's Yachting Magazine' some years
ago. She was built of colonial cedar, and of 1/2-in. planking. Her
frames were of bent elm, the sternpost and knees of tea-tree, while
her keel was of tallow-wood. Her draught aft was 21 in., and forward 2
in., with the crew of sixteen men on board. She carried a racing
centreboard of 1/4-inch plating, 9 ft. long, and 6 ft. deep, with a
double drop, allowing the plate when lowered to hang with its length
horizontal to the keel. For ordinary occasions the racing centreboard
was unshipped, and a smaller one substituted in its place. No dead
ballast is allowed in these boats, and two air-tight or cork cushions
are carried under the thwarts, because no boat is permitted to start
for a race unless she possesses sufficient buoyancy to keep afloat
should she happen to turn turtle or capsize. The 'Victor' was fitted,
like all the boats of her class, with stringers running fore and aft,
about two feet from the gunwale, which allowed the crew to sit
double-banked, the outside contingent on the weather gunwale, with
their feet under the stringer, the inside on the stringer itself. When
shifting from the starboard to the port tack, or _vice versâ_, both
outside and inside men go over at the same time, the inside men
becoming outside, and the outside of the previous tack becoming
inside. The 'Mantura' and 'Craigielee' are also fine specimens of the
24-feet class. Photographs of these two boats under way are hung in
the billiard-room of the Royal Clyde Yacht Club House.

The wood these boats are planked with is fine, hard, durable stuff;
and lends itself, when finished off, to the formation of a beautifully
smooth surface, which readily takes a good polish. This colonial cedar
is used for deck-fittings, &c., and takes the place of mahogany with
us. New South Wales is certainly very bountiful to yacht-builders in
its supply of timber for all purposes connected with their trade,
though New Zealand has to supply the pine-wood for yachts' decks. For
floors three native woods are employed--honeysuckle, white mahogany,
and tea-tree--while iron bark, so well known for its value in the
building of whalers, is excellent for knees and suchlike. All these
woods offer strong, naturally grown shapes, and forks of the most
acute angles. Spotted gum is generally employed for bent timbers;
another wood is found in the tallow-tree, which is very suitable for
keels, owing to its hard yet oily nature.

From its position the harbour suffers from uncertain winds, but should
there be a clear sky and a hard north-easter there need be no fear
that the racing will not prove of the very best. The regatta course
forms an obtuse-angled triangle, and as a short stretch has to be
taken across the mouth of the harbour, it not infrequently happens
that a very uncomfortable sea has to be negotiated before the second
buoy can be rounded for the run home.

Hobson's Bay is a much larger tract of water, being close upon ninety
miles in circumference. It is not, however, navigable in all parts
owing to extensive shoals. These, though very much in the way of
navigation, help to form a kind of breakwater to the anchorages off
Sandridge and Williamstown, which are open to southerly and
south-westerly winds, and would accordingly, but for them, be often
swept by very heavy seas. The principal yacht club is the Royal Yacht
Club of Victoria, established at Melbourne; but there are numerous
small yacht and boat clubs scattered about the colony at various
towns, such as Sandhurst, Bendigo and Ballarat, where there are
lagoons or lakes varying in size from three to many miles in
circumference. The Albert Park Yacht Club, at Melbourne, is a good
type of one of these inland institutions. The yachts or boats employed
on the Albert and Ballarat lagoons range from 14 feet to 30 feet over
all, They have great beam, and because the depth of water is as a rule
shallow, have rarely over 4 feet to 5 feet draught. Good sport is
obtained out of them, and races are continually taking place.

At Geelong, which is a fine natural harbour about forty miles from
Melbourne, and off the open anchorages of St. Kilda and Brighton,
yachts are moored during the season, and at these places are to be
found any number of yachting enthusiasts.

The club course is a very good one for trying the respective merits of
competing yachts, and many an exciting race has been sailed over it.
Intercolonial regattas have been held, which have proved great
successes, and for these, owners of yachts of 40 tons and under think
nothing of working their way from port to port over an expanse of a
thousand miles or so of ocean. The yachts built in the colony are
framed and planked with the wood of the red gum-tree, which is, in
fact, the only wood the colony produces that is of any real value for
the yacht-builder's use. It takes the place of larch or pitch-pine
with us.

Both Adelaide, in South Australia, and Auckland, in New Zealand,
possess yacht clubs, and are the homes of many keen lovers of yacht
racing. The Royal South Australian Yacht Squadron, at the former
place, has been in existence for almost a quarter of a century. The
New Zealand yachtsmen can boast of possessing in their midst perhaps
the finest woods in the world, and nothing can beat the kauri pine for
decks, though in England and other countries it is generally known
only for the excellent masts and spars that can be got out of it. A
Scotch builder once reported that he found it very apt to twist and
warp; but most likely the wood had been cut badly, for that is not the
general opinion regarding it in the colonies, where it is almost
invariably employed for decks. New Zealand, however, has been treated
at length in the preceding chapter.


BOMBAY, ETC.

At Bombay, Malta and Hong Kong regular annual regattas are held,
besides numerous matches and races during the yachting seasons.
British built or designed yachts, to say nothing of those produced by
local talent, are to be met with in all three ports. At Malta and
Bombay very flourishing Royal Yacht Clubs exist.

[Illustration: Lateen yachts, Bombay Club, 1887.]

The yachts at Malta are principally cutter or Bermuda rigged vessels,
and range from 20-tonners downward. The Royal Bombay Yacht Club
possesses a house beautifully situated near the Apollo Bunda, or main
pier, and the yacht anchorage is within hail of the club lawn. About
two dozen or more yachts make use of it, among them being steamers and
vessels of every method of fore-and-aft rig. Two or three are British
built, and among these is the easily recognised little 3-tonner
'Senta,' so well known in Kingstown during the palmy racing days of
the 3-tonner class. One of the latest additions to the fleet is a
small Clyde-built yacht something under 5 tons, with the fashionable
fiddle-headed bow. This boat the writer saw under way. There were a
number of dhows, large enough to carry three or four such yachts
inboard, making up harbour with a fine sailing breeze just a point
abaft the beam, which placed them on one of their best points of
sailing. They appeared to be slipping through the smooth water at a
high speed, leaving it as clean as if it had never been disturbed, and
everything was in their favour for making a quick passage. The little
Clyde boat had been knocking about the harbour and was well astern of
the dhows, when she was hove round and made to stand on after them.
Favoured with the same wind, gradually she began to draw up to them,
and bit by bit overhauled and passed each one, leaving them in a
manner which made me doubt very much whether the rate of speed with
which dhows are so often credited can really be so great. The
dhow-rigged racing yachts make very good reckonings. They have
considerable draught forward, with a small draught aft, and the
foremast (the masts rake forward) has its step almost over where the
largest body and the greatest draught happens to be. These yachts,
like all vessels of a similar rig and build, are never tacked, but are
always gybed, and naturally in a triangular course they lose much time
when racing against cutters and schooners.

[Illustration: Royal Bombay Yacht Club.

1886. Sailing Course.]

The rules of the Yacht Racing Association, with the measurements,
regulations, and time allowances, have been adopted by most of, if not
all, the clubs mentioned in the Australias and elsewhere, and nothing
can equal the cordial reception accorded to all lovers of yachting
who visit their colonial cousins. It is only to be desired that, as
in rowing and cricket, so in yachting, a systematic and frequent
interchange of friendly contests may soon be inaugurated between them
and their mother-country which shall eventuate in a general
enlightenment all round on things pertaining to yachting.


BERMUDA

BY R. T. PRITCHETT

The Bermudian's hobby is going to windward, and to be really happy he
must have a semicircular fin or plate on his keel like that described
by Lord Pembroke. Bermuda has a Royal Yacht Club which gives prizes
and holds regattas at Hamilton. There is also a Dinghy Club, of which
the Princess Louise is Lady Patroness. Lord and Lady Brassey each
presented a Challenge Cup when they visited Hamilton in 1883 in the
'Sunbeam.' One class here deserves special notice.

'Fitted Races' are the chief joy of the true Bermudian. The owner
apparently gives up his boat to the fiendish devices of his 'pilot,'
as the nigger boatman is called, who gets the biggest mast, spars and
sails he can find, often a 50-foot mast in a 25-foot boat, and a 35-
or 40-foot boom topping up with a huge square-sail as big as a ship's
maintop-gallant-sail. He then collects all the other niggers he can
find, dresses them in striped jerseys and caps, puts them up to
windward, over a ton and a half of shifting ballast, serves out a lot
of rum all round, and off they go, generally with the head of the
mainsail lashed (no halliard) to the masthead, so that she must carry
her whole sail all through the race or swamp. The present writer's
experience is confined to many good dustings in that admirable craft
the 'Diamond,' with her very able skipper Burgess, coloured gentleman
(_bien culotté_), both of which were lent to Lady Brassey by Admiral
Sir Edmund Commerell. She was built of cedar, and her lines and
midship section are given in Dixon Kemp's 'Boat-sailing.'

[Illustration: Fitted races at Bermuda, 1863.]

_Dimensions of average Bermudian boat of 5 tons_

  Length          25 ft.
  Mast            44 ft.
  Boom            33 ft.
  Bowsprit        19 ft.
  Spinnaker boom  25 ft.
  General rule, greatest girth + length = height of mast and hoist.

Mr. Charles Ricardo, Secretary of Upper Thames Sailing Club, who
sailed with the owner of the 'Cara,' a 28-foot boarder, kindly
furnishes the following description of a Fitted Race.

The morning of the race it blew hard, and we sailed out to the leeward
mark-boat half under water, the 'Cara' having only about 14 in.
freeboard, and on board there were six hands, a big spinnaker boom,
and some two dozen so-called sandbags for shifting. These had been
apparently filled with mud, not sand, and as they rapidly got soaked,
we looked more like navvies fresh from a clay-pit than boat sailers.
There are many gradations of dirt and various degrees of saturation
from salt water, but this combination is unapproachable. We caught a
line from the mark-boat and shifted jib, owner going out on the
bowsprit for this function, and getting a couple of green seas well in
the small of his back--it didn't matter. We were well soaked already,
so more or less was quite immaterial to us. We were hanging on to the
stake-boat some time, waiting for the other craft to arrive, with
nothing particular to do but bale out and try to dodge the things
kicking about in the bottom of the boat. I had no shoes on, and there
was one baler. I thought I had put it into a locker three times, and
was watching the wretched thing edge out again and prepare to fall on
my toes, sharp edge down of course, when the owner sung out lustily,
'Boat bearing down to hang on!' She was a regular Bermudian with
'fitted' gear, enormous spars, and her big sail up, a crew of coloured
gentlemen crowded up to windward, and foaming through it like a
tugboat after a homeward-bounder. She had to gybe under our stern and
run lip alongside the mark-boat, and--Swish, over came the boom
again; swish, went the end of it into the water. She heeled over
tremendously, and did not seem to right, as she ought to have done. We
guessed at once what had happened: her ballast was to leeward--those
mud bags--it had not been shifted in time as she came round, and of
course kept her on her beam ends; she gradually settled down and sank
in about four minutes. The water was full of yelling niggers, who
mostly swam for us; there seemed to be some hundred of them--anyway
they yelled like it. They nearly swamped us scrambling in; finally we
got rid of them on to the mark-boat, and very glad we were, as a few
dozen damp niggers all asking at the same time for drinks are not much
fun in a small boat with a bit of a sea on. At the time it was not
enjoyable; still it is an episode in yachting experiences which grows
more pleasant to refer to as it looms astern and becomes ancient
history. When one starts for a day's sport, it is weak to allow a
trifling incident like this to mar the even tenor of its way, and at
Bermuda one dries so soon.

A great deal of dinghy racing is done at St. George's, and it will be
well to notice here the peculiarity of these boats and their gear. The
normal dimensions of the dinghy are as follows:--

  Length     14 ft.
  Beam        4 ft. 6 in.
  Draught     2 ft.
  Mast       25 ft. to 30 ft.
  Boom       25 ft.
  Bowsprit   15 ft.

Dinghies are fearfully and wonderfully made things, with their plate
on as in the big boats, the sails lashed up and set in. Five lunatics
come next in the prescription; these embark very gingerly
indeed--quite a bit of fancy work--while some one holds on to the mast
from the top of the wharf to prevent accident, and when they think
they are ready and balanced they are shoved off. Directly she feels
the wind over she goes, and four hands stretch out to windward as far
as possible, the fifth being busy baling, which is a most important
feature of dinghy sailing. A very exciting amusement it is. As long as
the boats can be kept right side up they do go a tremendous pace.
Waiting about before the race and gybing are the most exciting and
dangerous times, as three dinghies have been known to capsize in one
race before starting. Bathing costume is considered the correct thing,
and is well adapted to the climate; it is also desirable in this sport
to be able to swim, as there is no room in the boats for such
superfluities as life-belts. The 'Diamond' was a very fine boat, and
splendid in a wind; as the mainsail represents the usual mainsail and
jackyarder all in one, the whole sail-area forms the desirable
equilateral triangle a little aft to send her up to the wind.

[Illustration: Bermuda rig.]

The fitting of the boom is different from any other rig, as it passes
on one side beyond the mast; a tail block hauls the boom right aft,
and counteracted by the mainsheet gives a very flat sail indeed; great
results are obtained, all the advantages of a standing lug on a large
scale being secured, while the tension can be increased and the canvas
made flatter. Space cannot be afforded for her lines, midship section
and sail-plan, good as they are, still 'Diamond' is decidedly a good
cedar-built representative craft:--

  Length on water-line  34 ft.
  Beam                  11 ft. 2.5 in.
  Draught                6 ft. 6 in.

The extravagances of Bermudian water frolics have been given here as
very extreme instances of yachting enjoyments; still Bermuda is a
splendid place for sailing. You can leave the island on a Friday for
New York, arriving on Monday; leave New York on Tuesday, and in a week
more be back in the old country.

[Illustration: Dutch ice boat of present time.]




CHAPTER IX

SOME FAMOUS RACES

BY R. T. PRITCHETT


[Illustration: 'Waterwitch,' 331 tons (Earl of Belfast) and 'Galatea,'
179 tons. The start for a race for 1,000 guineas, September 1, 1834.]

In former days, matches were made between yachts as between horses on
the turf, and the stakes were often heavy, but such events are now
almost unknown; the increase in the number of craft has divided the
attention of the public, and the performance of each vessel is so well
known that there are no dark sea-horses to bring out as a surprise.
The records of bygone matches are, however, far from easy to obtain,
if, indeed, they are obtainable. Newspapers were formerly less
numerous than they are at present, nor did there apparently exist much
thirst for information and minute detail on the part of the public.
Accounts remain, however, of some few of the most important matches.
One for a thousand guineas, August 29, 1771, sailed between the Duke
of Richmond and Sir Alexander Smith, the course being from Brighton to
Beachy Head and back, has been already mentioned, but from this date
much search has yielded scanty results. The war must have interfered
greatly with the sport, for there is a long lapse of time when
yachting scarcely came at all under the notice of the press. The Royal
Yacht Squadron's fine class of schooners and vessels of large tonnage,
however, created and revived rivalry. On September 1, 1834, a great
race for one thousand guineas took place between 'Waterwitch,' brig,
331 tons, belonging to the Earl of Belfast, and 'Galatea,' schooner,
179 tons; in this race Mr. Charles Ratsey sailed, and he is now hale
and hearty in Cowes. The course was from the Nab Lightship, round the
Eddystone Lighthouse, and back. The start took place at 10 A.M., on
the Monday morning, when the weather was fine, wind tolerably fresh
from south and west. The first day, in the afternoon, the wind fell
light, almost a calm at 7 P.M., the yachts being then only off
Dunnose, Isle of Wight. The schooner at this time was two miles to
windward. On Tuesday, at 7 P.M., the two yachts were off Berry Head,
Torbay, the schooner 'Galatea' still to windward. About this time, as
the breeze freshened, she had the misfortune to carry away her
jibboom, and got too close under Bolthead by the Start, thereby losing
her tide. They rounded the Eddystone nearly together; from which
point, both running large, the brig gradually drew away from the
schooner, and finally reached the Nab Lightship at 2 P.M. on
Wednesday, September 3, 'Galatea' coming in at 2.20 P.M. The course
was about 130 miles, and the time occupied 52 hours. The race, in
August 1842, also round the Eddystone, in an easterly gale, between
'Corsair,' 80 tons, and 'Talisman,' 84 tons, is justly celebrated.
'Corsair' won by 1 min. 30 secs. Two pictures of this race were
painted by Condy, of Plymouth. Running down channel 'Corsair' is
represented with a mizzen, which Mr. Charles Ratsey informed the
writer was stuck in at the last minute and was carried away turning to
windward; she is therefore shown without one on her return.

[Illustration: 'Corsair' and 'Talisman' race round Eddystone, August
1842, 'Corsair' winning.]

There was talk of a race between the Marquis of Anglesey's 'Pearl' and
Mr. J. Weld's 'Alarm' for a thousand guineas, but it never came off;
in fact, the Marquis never raced her from the time 'Pearl' was built
in 1821 to the year of his death, 1854. The 'Mosquito,' with Captain
John Nichols at the tiller, once came out on his weather, and the
Marquis very politely dipped his ensign to the yacht that weathered
him for the first time in all his years of cruising. The 'Arrow' and
'Mosquito' once finished a fine race, which was a marvellously close
thing between them, 'Arrow,' 6 hrs. 59 mins. 30 secs., 'Mosquito,' 6
hrs. 59 mins. 31 secs.!

[Illustration: 'Talisman,' 84 tons, and 'Corsair,' 80 tons, race,
1842.]

A very good account is handed to us of how yachtsmen more than half a
century since--in 1830--enjoyed a real rough day's sailing on the
Thames. A cup had been subscribed for of the value of fifty guineas,
and all the cracks of the day entered for it:--

                tons
  Matchless       19
  Vixen           19
  Lady Louisa     13
  Fairy           13
  Daisy           19
  Venus           13
  Rob Roy         16
  Brilliant        8
  Donna del Lago   9
  Ariel            8

[Illustration: Lines and midship section of 'Corsair,' built by M.
Ratsey, Cowes, 1832. Length for tonnage, 57 ft. 9 in.; breadth, 18 ft.
6 in.; tonnage, 84-84/94.]

[Illustration: 'Yseult'

_10-rater_ (_P. Donaldson, Esq._) _Designed by Fife_, 1892.]

The race was from Greenwich to Gravesend and back, and it certainly
was not lacking in interest. The sport began early. 'Matchless'
carried away her boom, running into 'Lady Louisa's' quarter; 'Lady
Louisa's' bowsprit caught 'Rob Roy's' backstay, and she followed
'Matchless' ashore, dragging 'Lady Louisa' after her. At this time
'Daisy' was leading. Soon after 'Brilliant' became first and 'Ariel'
second boat. In Erith Reach on the return 'Venus' was waterlogged.
'Donna del Lago' carried away her bowsprit; 'Vixen' carried away
outhaul, and when she got into Erith Roads 'Vixen's' mast went by
the board. Finally 'Brilliant' won by 1 minute from 'Ariel,' who was
second. They were both reefed down to the balance-reef, as shown in
the illustration taken from an old print. Balance-reefs are seldom
seen nowadays, although they are occasionally carried by fishing
craft.

[Illustration: 'Brilliant' and 'Ariel' race, 1830.]

There was one day's racing in 1892 which should be handed down as a
remarkable instance of what the new boats can do in a stress of
weather. It was Largs Regatta, July 12, when the Largs men witnessed
and took part in the kind of sport they so dearly love; they are
severe critics, but give honour where honour is due, especially to
weatherly craft and good seamanship. The wind was from the east,
freshening up towards the time for the start. Unfortunately 'Meteor'
and 'Iverna' were not competing, the former having damaged her gaff.
The forties were there, four in number--'Queen Mab,' 'Corsair,'
'Varuna,' and 'White Slave'--the 'Mohican' was flagship, in line with
a flag on Largs Pier. It was a truly wild morning, white squalls being
frequent and severe. The Firth was all spoondrift; 'Queen Mab' and
'Varuna' had housed topmasts, one reef down, 'Corsair' topmast on end.
Under Knockhill the squalls were tremendously heavy, very patchy and
local. Off Skelmorlie the racers got the true east wind hard, and
found the flagboat dragging her anchor. They rounded, however: 'Queen
Mab' was timed 11 hrs. 8 mins. 16 secs., 'Varuna,' 11 hrs. 8 mins. 52
secs. Coming over towards Largs they got into a lull, when 'Corsair'
set her gaff-topsail, 'Mab' and 'Varuna' getting topmasts on end; the
latter set her topsail, the former did not. Soon a mighty rush of wind
burst down from between Tomont End and Largs. At the 'Knock' again
there was a kind of vacuum-cum-Mäelström. Soon after, in a wilder
phase of Clyde weather, 'Mab' and 'Varuna' were caught by a fierce
squall and laid down to it. 'Corsair,' unfortunately, was the victim
of a squall spout, which carried away her mast close to the
board--such was the strain that something must have gone. The 'White
Slave,' belonging to Mr. F. W. L. Popham, was at this time off the
Knock; she took in her topsail, and nearing 'Corsair' further reduced
her canvas, lowering her mainsail to assist her. Ultimately 'Corsair'
was towed by Duncan, of 'Madge' fame. Skelmorlie mark was rounded at
12 hrs. 42 mins. 30 secs. by 'Queen Mab,' at 12 hrs. 45 mins. 12 secs.
by 'Varuna.'

After this all was flying spoondrift and canvas reduced to two
sails--the wind harder than ever. Smoking bows were the order of the
day, clouds of spray soaked the mainsails nearly to the peak, gaffs
were like rainbows in curve, all hands were warily standing by to
lower foresail or meet the next emergency. 'Queen Mab' finished in 1
hr. 43 mins. 35 secs., 'Varuna' 1 hr. 49 mins. 33 secs.

Parker sailed 'Queen Mab,' Gould 'Varuna,' Sycamore 'Corsair.' It was
indeed a hard blow, and a fine display of yacht handling and good
seamanship under most trying circumstances; the 'Yseult,' 10-tonner,
lost her bowsprit, and everybody lost something. All credit to the
skippers, who never lost their heads.

[Illustration: 'Iverna' (J. Jameson, Esq.) and 'Meteor' (H.I.M. The
Emperor of Germany).

_Dead heat in the Clyde, July 4, 1892._]

The '6-rater' match seemed to be the joy of Largs, especially on this
occasion, when the weather enabled the crews to show what the Irish
boats could do. So much damage had been done that three only were left
to start: 'Red Lancer,' Col. Crawford, 'Savourna,' Mr. H. L.
Mulholland, and 'Windfall,' Mr. Gubbins. They seemed to revel in the
storm; 'blow high, blow low,' was all the same to them. More would
have started had they not been unhappily crippled in one way or the
other, but those that did were nearly blown out of the water. The
maxim of 'Batten down' was in every case emphasised. After a
tremendous experience of what the Clyde can do to encourage real
seamanship and fearless daring 'Savourna' came in at 2 hrs. 3 mins.,
and 'Red Lancer,' 2 hrs. 3 mins. 39 secs; 'Red Lancer' taking 1st
prize, 'Savourna' 2nd prize. Largs Regatta in 1892 will long be
remembered; it was no flat racing, but real steeplechasing in the
Clyde.

1892 also leaves us a dead heat between the two champions of the
season, the 'Iverna' and the 'Meteor.' This occurred at the Royal
Clyde Club, July 4, 1892; wind W.N.W., a fine breeze, both carrying
jibheaders at the finish, as shown in the illustration. 'Iverna' led
by 19 seconds--3 hrs. 25 mins. 28 secs., allowing 'Meteor' 19 seconds;
'Meteor' finished at 3 hrs. 25 mins. 47 secs. Dead heat.

This was sailed off, July 8, in the Wemyss Bay programme, and resulted
in a very fine race, topmasts struck, first reef down in
mainsail--real going, both vessels made the most of and thoroughly
well handled. Mr. William Jameson and O'Neil were on 'Iverna,' and
Gomes was at the tiller of 'Meteor.' It was a grand exhibition of
yacht-racing, and finished, 'Iverna,' 4 hrs. 18 mins. 26 secs.,
'Meteor,' 4 hrs. 21 mins. 22 secs.




CHAPTER X

RACING IN A 40-RATER IN 1892

BY R. T. PRITCHETT


Most of the races described in these volumes are from the standpoint
of the looker-on ashore, or else on board some vessel which was not
competing; the present chapter describes a race from that point of
vantage, the deck of the winning yacht.

[Illustration: Going aloft.]

Cowes in the early morn is not generally known to visitors. The 'wood
and brass work'--a term better known on board than on shore--is now in
full swing, for this admirable function must be completed by eight
bells. If cleanliness be next to godliness, surely yachts have very
much to commend them, with their spotless decks, bleached runners, and
immaculate canvas. In leaving the pontoon for the offing, the various
craft increase in size as the water deepens. First the small raters
are passed, 1/2-, 1-, 2-1/2-raters, 'Wee Winn,' 'Polynia,' 'Hoopoo,'
and 'Kitten'--described by 'Thalassa' in his Solent chapter. Passing
the tens and twenties the French yachts are reached, for of late years
the burgee of the French club is often seen at Cowes, and the American
flag is more frequent than of yore. The Guard-ship now looms. The
Royal yacht, 'Victoria and Albert,' is at her buoy, the Royal Yacht
Squadron nobly represented. Eight bells now strike. Immediately the
morning flutter of bunting flies to the mastheads, where all the
burgees should arrive simultaneously, taking the time from the
flagship--but they do not, unfortunately. (N.B.--Racing flags can be
lashed before eight bells, as they have no halliards.) By this time we
see the 40 just astern of a yawl and ahead of a Frenchman. 'Queen Mab'
is basking and glistening in the bright morning sunshine, in perfect
repose, yet rather fretting to be off, for with her colour she knows
what is coming. Having come alongside very carefully, without touching
the varnish, we are soon on board, and find all in motion. The
business of the day has begun, the preliminary functions are
completed, such as sending the gig away with the superfluous gear of
squeegees, mops, oars. The 12-ft. dinghy is already lashed over the
skylight, with the stem wedged up to the coaming abaft of the
companion. The tyers are off the mainsail, and it is soon on the
hoist. The crew are going aloft, to string down on the throat
halliards; gradually the peak rises, well up, about 45°, and with the
modern lacing down to the boom the sail soon becomes fairly set. Next,
the gaff topsail. In America, in the 'Puritan' and other racers,
photography shows that they start with two, jibheader and jackyarder
or club foresail, so called from the club or yard at the foot. In the
'Vigilant,' the jackyarder was set most cleverly over the jibheaded
topsail when running back in the final race. In joining a racer there
is nothing so comfortable for host and guest too as being on board in
good time. With a flying start it is very important to be under way
to the minute, especially in light winds and with a tide running, such
as the swill in Cowes Roads generally is, whether spring or otherwise.
It is no joke for a boatman to catch a racer once under way, even
without her head sails, in the offing, to say nothing of the anathemas
of the owner, and the skipper's suppressed comments.

Soon comes the welcome of the owner of 'Queen Mab,' Col. T. B. C.
West, well known in the yachting world in connection with that grand
yawl 'Wendur,' 143 tons, T.M., built in 1883, his famous 10-rater
'Queen Mab' in the Clyde, and now the 'Queen Mab' of 1892. The forties
are a very prominent class and justly so; they emphasise the sport of
class racing over handicaps.

About this time the racing flags of other craft are a subject of
intense interest, and the crew are immensely keen. Should an old
adversary not be getting under way, the why and wherefore will be at
once discussed; this generally brings out prominently any hand of the
'sea lawyer' class, if the owner has unfortunately shipped one. The
head sails have now been set, and we are curvetting and pirouetting
about waiting for preparatory gun. There is no doubt that wonderful
skill is shown in the handling of the various craft. A dexterity and
firmness are apparent which could never be secured with the American
system of adjusted time: thus if 'Vigilant' were four minutes late at
the start, that time would be deducted from the winner at the finish.
Now comes the full excitement of the start. 'First gun, sir; fifteen
minutes to go!' is the word, and for the next eighteen minutes all is
extra wariness, sometimes fourteen yachts under way, manoeuvring, and
keenly watching each other. 'Blue Peter, sir, five minutes!' is next
heard. The owner, watch in hand, by the skipper, records the fleeting
moments as they pass, calling out the minutes: at length it comes to 1
min., 50 secs., 40 secs., 30 secs., 20 secs. 'How much, sir?' 'Ten
seconds'; then 'Let her go!' and she goes--with her cranse iron over
the line directly after the gun. Everyone now turns attention to the
recall numbers. Are there any? There has been such a thing as three
over the line out of four starters, so great is the eagerness for a
lead.

[Illustration: Old Style.]

[Illustration: New Style.]

[Illustration: 'Reverie,' 1891.]

[Illustration: 'Corsair,' 1892.]

[Illustration: 'Queen Mab,' 1892.]

[Illustration: 'Doreen,' 1892.]

Among the larger classes everyone looks out for Mr. Jameson being
first over line, with O'Neil at the tiller, famed for his special
gift for quick starting and weather berths. A good start is a grand
beginning. So long as one is leading no explanation is required why
the good ship is not showing her best form, or how it is that she is
not in her right trim. By this time the fleet is getting sorted; with
a good sailing breeze the large craft draw out ahead in many cases,
and it is well to do so; the large cutters are started, say, a quarter
of an hour ahead, and the forties together. In 1892 the forties were
very strongly represented, 'Thalia,' 'Reverie,' 'Queen Mab,'
'Corsair,' 'Creole,' 'Varuna,' 'White Slave.' This gave most
interesting sport, far preferable to handicapping, which is only
adopted to bring vessels of different tonnage together. A curious
instance of this occurred at Cowes, when 'Irex,' 'Genesta,' and
'Lorna' all came in together within five minutes, and having brought
up, stowed canvas and dined, it was discovered that 'Sleuthhound' was
coming in, almost saving her time allowance of about 53 min. It is
certainly most uninteresting to the spectators on shore to see the
first fine craft come in close together, and returning from afternoon
tea to perhaps discover that the real winner is just sailing in round
the flagboat and getting the gun.

[Illustration: 'Irex,' midship section.]

By this time the 'sun is over the foreyard' and all are settling down
for a fine race. Sailing in a race affords excellent opportunity for
noticing the other competing craft and admiring the goodly company
assembled around. The big cutters are leading, and some of the forties
astern. That 'Queen Mab' will hold her own with the best is a point
upon which we feel happily confident, her racing flags being proof of
her capacity--thirty-six is the number she showed at the end of the
season. This yacht, as mentioned elsewhere, was built with a
centreboard, but instead of a huge partition in the centre of the
saloon, the board came under the main companion, and was quite
unnoticeable. As with Mr. Jameson's 'Irex,' 'Mab's' centreboard was
discarded, and each became the crack of her respective season.
'Varuna,' also a new boat this year, designed by Mr. G. L. Watson with
a Watson bow, as in 'Mab,' was a beautiful craft, really perhaps the
designer's favourite. These bows, with those in 'Corsair' and others,
elicited sighs and groans from the old school of yachting men; for
what with the schooner bow, the Viking bow, the inverted Roman nose
bow, the bottle-nose bow, the Fife bow, and the canoe bow, one's idea
of what a bow should be became somewhat confused. However, overhang
forward carries the day up to 200 tons. 'Corsair,' 40-rater, designed
by Mr. Arthur Payne of Southampton, was a grand boat, with less beam
than 'Mab,' beautiful counter, long boom, very workmanlike all round.
She was built for that enthusiastic yachtsman, Admiral the Hon. Victor
Montagu, a dear lover of all good English sports. 'Thalia' was a fine
craft, by Fife of Fairlie, a splendid sea boat. Many is the good
race Mr. Inglis has sailed in her, with Carter, who sailed
'Britannia,' 1893, at the tiller.

[Illustration: 'Irex,' built for John Jameson, Esq., 1884.

Length B.P. 88'0"; length L.W.L. 83'6"; beam extreme 15'0".

Tonnage R.T.Y.C. Rule 88. tons; tonnage register 74.67 tons; Y.R.A.
Rating 98 tons.]

[Illustration: Longitudinal elevation.]

[Illustration: Cabin plan.

Corsair (Admiral the Hon. Victor Montagu), 40-rater, 1892. Designed by
Arthur E. Payne.]

We live in an age of rather rapid development; 1892 becomes ancient
history in 1893, still it seems sad that when one has a good vessel
like 'Thalia,' she should so soon be outclassed. Fashion always runs
to extremes; now that fashion has attacked yachting, the belle of one
season is extinguished in the next. 'Sic tempora et naves mutantur.'
In old days enthusiastic yacht-owners lengthened their pets, almost
rebuilt them sometimes, as in the cases of 'Alarm' and 'Arrow'; the
associations were retained and duly cherished.

[Illustration: 'Corsair,' midship section.]

We have started, it should have been said, for the Australian Cup,
value 50_l._, presented by Mr. Gibson Miller for yachts exceeding 20
tons and not exceeding 40 tons. The second prize, 30_l._, is given by
the Royal Squadron. The westerly wind turned out very light, and
without a good sailing breeze racing becomes peaceful repose. Much
interest, however, is felt in the performance of 'Irene,' 40-rater,
designed by Mr. G. L. Watson for Prince Henry of Prussia, who was at
the tiller all day, heart and soul in it, longing for a breeze, and
probably keeping up the old superstition by giving an unintentional
whistle for one; but still it would not come. At 4 hrs. 0 min. 35
secs. 'Queen Mab' came in the winner, 'Thalia' taking second prize.

For real racing a true wind, such as we had in the race for prizes
given by the Royal Southampton Yacht Club, August 6, is indispensable.
This was a small but sporting muster. 'Iverna' and 'Meteor' were sent
away at 10.45 A.M., 'Iverna' crossing the line to a second. The
forties, 'Corsair,' 'Queen Mab,' and 'Thalia,' were despatched half an
hour later at 11 A.M., to a perfect start and a whole-sail westerly
breeze, 'Mab' crossing two seconds after the Blue Peter was hauled
down. The gun missed fire. We hailed the Committee Boat, 'Are we all
right?' when the pleasant echo returned, 'All right, go on,' and away
we went.

[Illustration: Lashing the Emperor's racing flag.]

[Illustration: Our masthead man.]

It was a fine reach down Southampton Water, the three close together
in single file. Passing Calshot Lightship we hauled our wind and stood
over for Cowes, feeling the westerly breeze which came sweeping up
from the Needles; below Egypt we went about and took our jumps
merrily--a nasty sea, if the sea can be nasty; our working topsail
relieved her somewhat--for 'Corsair' and 'Thalia' were carrying
jackyarders. It was a grand beat down to Lymington; the rain was
heavy, but after a few hard squalls the sun came out and the Lymington
mark-boat was rounded, 'Queen Mab' 12 hrs. 45 mins. 10 secs.,
'Corsair' 12 hrs. 46 mins. 20 secs., 'Thalia' 12 hrs. 47 mins. 35
secs. As the mark-boat was neared all were astir. 'Get your gear on
your spinnaker boom, my lads, and top him as soon as you can. Will you
take the time, sir, of "Meteor" and "Iverna" rounding?' Before this
our masthead man George had gone aloft by an acrobatic performance
which is always interesting to the beholder: on the port tack with
the port foot on a hoop, and the starboard foot on the sail, as
indicated in the illustration. George was a good compact cheery hand,
and must have been born for this particular function. By this time we
are round.

[Illustration: 'All aft, my sonnies!']

[Illustration: 'Another pull at the mainsheet, my lads!']

[Illustration: Close hauled.]

'Down spinnaker boom,' and now every thread draws and the whole sail
is pulling hard. 'All aft, my sonnies!' and the skipper Parker seems
to smile upon his pet. At this time bread and cheese and beer are
served out, and form a very pleasant pendant to 'all aft' except the
look-out, who took his mid-day in solitude by the unfilled foresail. A
splendid dead run from the Lymington mark back to Cowes now takes
place. See! 'Corsair's' spinnaker is here suddenly taken in, Sycamore,
her skipper, having discovered that her mast was sprung, and he
therefore went into Cowes. This was a great disappointment to us, and
must have been to Admiral Victor Montagu, who so dearly loves racing,
especially in a true wind. We were now cracking on for the Warner, our
enjoyment only once disturbed by a hail from the look-out, 'Boat right
under bow, sir,' and in the same breath, 'Only a photogger, sir,' and
on we sped. Rounding the Warner 'Thalia' carried away her throat
halliards, but soon continued the race. Rounding mark-boats and
lightships is thrilling work, and beautifully it is done on 'Queen
Mab.' It is delightful to see the judgment and decision, and how
cheerily the hands haul on to the mainsheet; truly this is sport and
excitement not easily beaten. 'Queen Mab' bends gracefully to it, and
well it suits her; we are hissing through it. It is generally supposed
that racing yachts are regularly gralloched and cleared out below; it
is so in America and was done to 'Navahoe' in her races; but it is not
so here. Everything is in its place, and when the head of the steward
appears at the companion with the welcome words, 'Lunch, sir!' we find
that all is well--but look out for the swinging table: touch that and
there will be a ghastly crash. The 40-rater has the owner's cabin and
the lady's cabin, with a very comfortable one for a guest, to say
nothing of accommodation for sea bachelors who do not require shore
luxury. The ladies' conning tower is generally the top step of the
companion, but in the 'Seabelle' Mrs. Taylor had an armchair swung
like a gimbal compass, in which she knitted comfortably at whatever
angle the yacht might be in a seaway. After lunch we are close-hauled
lying for Calshot Castle, hissing through it with a pleasant swish of
spray, ever and anon making some of the hands duck their heads as they
lie up to windward. Many is the dry remark and cheery yarn that one
hears under these circumstances; not many words but much to the
purpose, old recollections are revived, and there is always something
to be learnt.

[Illustration: Real business.]

Each hand is on the look-out in calm weather, scouring the horizon for
a wandering catspaw, or in bad weather, watching the other craft to
see how they take it. To note the skipper's face is a study; his eye
on every leach and every sheet, keen and ready for any emergency,
entirely absorbed in 'her' and how she is going and how he can best
cosset her. Such was the impression left of Ben Parker at the tiller
of 'Queen Mab.' He had done good work in Mr. Hill's 'Dragons' of the
20's. His first command was the 'Ulidia,' Fife's 10-tonner, after
having sailed for some years under Tom Diaper and O'Neil, and his
Channel race from Dover in 1892 will never be forgotten. It was a
merry close haul back from the Warner to Southampton Water. As the
wind was drawing down the river we had a beat up to the
Committee-boat, which was reached, 'Queen Mab' 4 hrs. 9 mins. 57
secs., winner, 40_l._ and silver medal; 'Thalia,' 4 hrs. 58 mins.,
second prize 10_l._ 'Thalia,' built by Fife of Fairlie, had a rare
good crew, and Mr. I. A. Inglis has sailed many a famous race in her
with his skipper, Carter, whose season of 1893 in H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales's 'Britannia' speaks for itself. We get the 'gun,' that great
joy at the end of a good race. 'Down foresail,' and round she comes.
The cheering is over, so now to clear up. Unlash the dinghy, get back
the cutter and gear, and fill in the Declaration, which has to be sent
in by every owner or his representative immediately after a race is
won. It runs thus:

  _Y.R.A. Declaration that Rules have been observed_

  I hereby declare that . . . . . . . . yacht whilst sailing in the
  . . . . . . . Race this day has strictly observed the sailing Rules and
  Regulations.

  Date . . . . . .          Signed . . . . . . .

The gig is by this time alongside, and it must have been delightful to
the owner as he stepped into her and left the side of the victorious
'Queen Mab,' to look up and see five winning flags flying,
representing five first prizes in five starts in one week.

It is not the purpose of this chapter to record all 'Queen Mab's'
victories, but it may be noted that she won the 40_l._ prize given by
the Royal Dorset Yacht Club in August of this year--1892. The club
was founded in 1875, and holds forth many inducements to yacht-owners
to visit Weymouth. For small raters it is admirably adapted, as the
Esplanade is of immense length, and the short courses can be seen from
one end to the other.

[Illustration: Torquay.]

At Dartmouth also 'Queen Mab' had two fine races, in a hard wind round
the Skerries. The first, August 26, was very good, but the second,
August 27, was better, though only one round, at the end of which we
found the flagboat bottom up. 'Queen Mab' won first prize on both
days. At Plymouth, in the following week, continuing the 'Westward Ho'
procession, 'Mab' sailed over, with double-reef mainsail No. 3 and
jib, no foresail, 'Thalia' and 'Corsair' not caring to start. Outside
the Breakwater it was very grand, and outside Rame Head grander still,
as the rollers came in after a 48 hours' gale. The pilot admired
'Mab' immensely, she made such good weather of it. The gale was great
sport for us, and it was surprising to see how the small boats
thrashed through it. 'Dis' carried away her bowsprit, and there was
much harmless wreckage of gear. One lesson might be learnt, that with
the short bowsprit produced by the overhang forward there is much
strain taken off that very important spar. Plymouth often gets a hard
blow about this time, which is the more to be regretted from the
extraordinary variety of boats and classes, from the 'Britannia' class
down to the rowing matches of the bum-boat women. Devonport and the
Navy training brigs and colleges all join the water frolic, and great
is the disappointment when the weather is unfavourable.

[Illustration: 'Queen Mab'

_40-rater_ (_T. B. C. West, Esq._) _Designed by G. L. Watson_, 1892.]

[Illustration: Channel Racing Westward.]

[Illustration:  A close finish, 'Queen Mab' and 'Corsair,' R.T.Y.C.,
May, 1892.]




CHAPTER XI

YACHT RACING IN 1893

BY H. HORN


An exceptional year, alike in regard to weather and sport, for not
within living memory has there been so fine a spring, summer and
autumn, and there is no previous record of such a sequence of eventful
and stirring racing. It is highly gratifying that sport so truly
national in character as yacht racing enlisted more general interest
during the past season than has ever previously been the case; in
fact, it can further be said that the doings of the 'Britannia,'
'Valkyrie,' 'Satanita,' 'Calluna,' 'Navahoe,' and 'Iverna' arrested
world-wide attention.

Lord Dunraven's commission, given in the fall of 1892, for a new
'Valkyrie' of about double the rating of his first cutter of that
name, heralded a revival of big-cutter racing, and later on yachting
enthusiasts were almost delirious with joy when authentic
announcements were made that the Prince of Wales had given orders for
a sister ship to the 'Valkyrie,' and that a big cutter was to be built
at Southampton for Mr. A. D. Clarke, and one on the Clyde for a
syndicate of Scotch yachtsmen.

Mr. G. L. Watson had a free hand in designing the 'Valkyrie' and
'Britannia,' which were built side by side at Partick by Messrs.
Henderson, and parenthetically it may be said they fitted out, moored
together, and kept singularly close company in all their matches. The
'Satanita,' which was designed by Mr. J. Soper to sail on a 94-feet
water-line, was built by Fay & Co., while Mr. W. Fife, junr. was
responsible for the 'Calluna's' model, and the vessel was built by
Messrs. J. & A. Inglis of Pointhouse, Glasgow, in an incredibly short
space of time. Although very certain that the 'Iverna' would be quite
outbuilt by the new ships, Mr. John Jameson determined to bring her
out, and 'Iverna's' well-tried antagonist, the 'Meteor,' was under
orders to join the fleet later on.

Just before the advent of the new year, Lord Dunraven's challenge for
the new 'Valkyrie' to sail a series of races for the America Cup was
accepted by the New York Yacht Club, and about the same time came a
notification from Mr. Carroll, a prominent American yachtsman, that he
was having a sloop (the 'Navahoe') built by Messrs. Herreshoff, with
which he intended to challenge for the Royal Victoria Gold Cup, and
also make an attempt to win back the Cape May and Brenton Reef Cups.

The year was thus launched auspiciously enough in respect to big ship
racing, and prospects were reassuring in regard to sport in all the
other classes except the tens. There was a fining down however in
number of the 40-rating division compared to 1892, and regrets were
general that the sale of the 'Queen Mab' had led to her expatriation.
But Admiral Montagu was replacing the absentee 'Corsair' with the
'Vendetta,' a fin-bulb and balance-rudder craft, with a beam of about
17 feet, and Mr. John Gretton, jun., who did not get much fun out of
the 10-rater 'Doreen,' had determined on having a 40 from a Fife
design, the outcome being the 'Lais.' 'Varuna' was being fitted out
again by Capt. Towers-Clark, and the 'Thalia,' which had passed into
the possession of Judge Boyd, was to be raced, but not to go all round
the coast. The second class was thus virtually made up of 'Vendetta,'
'Varuna,' and 'Lais,' which verily proved a militant trio, and their
owners had plenty of racing, and no end of exciting and eventful
sport. With the new 'Dragon'--the third of that name Fife's had built
for Mr. F. C. Hill--Lord Dunraven's 'Deirdré,' by 'Valkyrie's'
designer, and the 'Vigorna,' by Nicholson--which Lord Dudley intended
to take the place of the 5-rater 'Dacia'--there was promise of keen
competition for the 20-rating prizes; but it was not in the best
interests of sport that a joint arrangement was made that this class
would not be raced outside the Isle of Wight--at least from the
beginning of the season, until the Western meetings came on in the
fall. The 'Zinita,' a new 20 by Fife, had things pretty much her own
way on the Clyde, and it was a pity that she did not meet the new
boats which starred in Southern waters. 'Idalia'--the first
'Dragon'--was the 'Zinita's' most formidable opponent on the Clyde,
and the 'Molly'--'Dragon' the second--after a good spell of Solent
racing, went North, but found the 'Zinita' as bad to beat as she did
the 'Dragon' and the 'Deirdré.' There were no new boats in the
10-rating class, and racing in this division was confined to the
Clyde, where the 'Dora,' 'Ptarmigan,' 'Maida,' 'Phantom' and
'Woodcock' had some good sport. The 6-raters, which were a feature in
the Clyde and Irish regatta programmes in 1892, had gone out of
fashion, and 23-feet 'lengthers' were the reigning favourites with
small shipmen on the Clyde, Mr. Robt. Wylie's 'Vida,' a Watson design,
being the crack in a fleet of eight. The Solent 5-rating class could
not boast of a new boat, and the 'Dacia,' although she headed the list
of prize-winners in the South, did not sail up to her 1892 form. The
'Red Lancer,' which went all round the coast, was the pride of the
season of the fives, and she was equal to taking down 'Dacia' pretty
easily. The 'Fleur-de-Lis' and 'Quinque' also frequently lowered
'Dacia's' colours, and honours were about easy with the trio at the
end of the season. In the 2-1/2-rating class the 'Meneen,' a
Herreshoff boat, had a better average than the over-year Nicholson
boat, 'Gareth,' and in the 1-rating class the 'Morwena'--another
Herreshoff--was the principal winner. It cannot be said that the
branch of the sport known as handicap sailing flourished during the
season, though there were some keen and interesting battles with the
ex-racers. The most successful vessels in this division were the
'Creole,' 'Castanet,' 'Columbine,' 'Mabel' and 'Samoena.'

The big-cutter contests were of such exceptional interest that a
review of the season would not be complete without a history of all
the races sailed, and the opportunity is embraced of embodying many
unreported incidents in the subjoined _résumé_ of the first-class
racing.

[Illustration: 'Samoena'

_94 tons._ _Built for John Jameson, Esq., by Inman_, 1880.]

There was a thoroughly representative assemblage of yachtsmen afloat
the first day the big cutters had racing flags lashed up, and it may
be said that never during the half-century the Royal Thames has been
an institution has a more critical company, collectively, been present
at a river match of the premier metropolitan club. A white haze was
hanging about the lower Thames on the morning of Thursday, May 25, and
when the 'Valkyrie,' 'Britannia,' 'Calluna' and 'Iverna' were ready to
answer the starting gun, a breeze from the west-north-west of balloon
topsail strength was blowing. The quartet began the race at 12.5, and
went reaching down the Lower Hope, with flowing sheets and carrying a
swirl of ebb-tide with them. 'Valkyrie' had made a clever start, and
keeping to the Essex side was first to square away in Sea Reach, and
get spinnaker set to port. 'Britannia' had been edged off to the heart
of the fairway, but about Thames Haven she was drawn in across
'Valkyrie's' wake, and straightened on a down-river course directly
she had angled the latter's wind. 'Valkyrie's' first racing burst was
satisfactory, inasmuch as she kept pride of place for about 14 miles,
albeit she never held more than a clear length's lead of 'Britannia.'
About a couple of miles below Southend the wind had a hank off the
sands, and, with square canvas gathered and sheets trimmed in a
little, 'Britannia' raced up broad on the weather beam of 'Valkyrie,'
while wide away 'Calluna' was booming along with a rally of wind aft,
and for a few minutes certainly led the fleet. On an easy reach
'Britannia' gave evidence that she had the foot of the sister ship,
yet it was a marvellously close race, the Prince of Wales's cutter
drawing by the wind round the Mouse at 2.10 with about three lengths
lead of 'Valkyrie,' while the 'Calluna' was only 1 min. 11 secs. and
'Iverna' 2 mins. 5 secs. astern of the leader. With a beat back over a
lee tide in perspective the lead round the lightship was an immense
advantage, and, in order to keep weather gauge, 'Britannia' was kept
shooting so long that 'Valkyrie' had no chance of a successful hug,
and it would have been suicidal for her to have turned about in the
body of the tide. The alternative was sailing hard to get the wind
clear to leeward; but when 'Valkyrie' came round outside the edge of
the tide rift, 'Britannia,' drawing a foot less water, was able to
cast about dead in the wind's eye of her rival. A grand breeze
squeezing trial went on right up Sea Reach, 'Valkyrie,' although the
quicker of the pair in stays, getting now and again a staggering
weather bower. It was a racing treat, however, and, despite the duel,
the 'Calluna' and 'Iverna' were getting a hollow beating. The breeze
freshened with the flood, and from off Shellhaven 'Britannia,' which
was a bare hundred yards to windward of 'Valkyrie,' was, on starboard,
pointing clear of the Blyth, and did not therefore follow her rival on
an inshore cast. After passing the Lower Hope point, sheets were
checked, jib topsails and balloon staysails were set, and, with a
puffy breeze broad off the Essex side, they went straight up the
fairway pushing on a big bow wave. 'Britannia' going thus free was
dropping 'Valkyrie' a trifle, yet the race looked open until
'Valkyrie's' bowsprit snapped short off close to the stem head. She
was eased in to the weather shore, and her topmast saved in a
wonderful way, and eventually she followed 'Britannia' home. 'Calluna'
had split her big jib across the diagonal seam in Sea Reach, but got
another set, and looked likely--consequent on 'Valkyrie's' mishap--to
gain second honours. An attempt, however, to pass inside the Ovens
ended by 'Calluna' sticking deep in the mud, and 'Iverna' got home
soon enough to save her time on 'Valkyrie.' This, the first race, was
a fair trial to leeward and to windward, and it showed 'Britannia' and
'Valkyrie' to be wonderfully evenly matched, while 'Calluna's' _début_
was disappointing.

[Illustration: 'Iverna,' 1890. (John Jameson, Esq.)]

[Illustration: Lines and midship section of 'Iverna.'

Dimensions, &c.: Length (on L.W.L.), 83.50 ft.; beam, extreme, 19 ft.;
depth, 10.70 ft.; tonnage, registered, 84.40 tons; tonnage, y. m. 152
tons; Y.R.A. rating, 118 tons. Designed by Alexander Richardson for
John Jameson, Esq.]

The valedictory match on the river on May 27 proved the best racing
test, and furnished the most stirring sport of the trio. 'Valkyrie'
was ready to join in, and the fleet was similarly constituted to the
opening day. The race was under the Royal London burgee, and was
sailed in gloomy weather and a smart north-east breeze. A sensation
was served up before the contest proper had been started, and directly
after the heavily freighted official steamer had got down to the Lower
Hope, through 'Calluna's' mast breaking off short as a Jersey
cabbage-stalk. With her whole canvas pile carrying away over the side
it was feared some of the crew might be entangled; but luckily
everything went clear and no one was hurt. It was 12.45 before the
Commodore started the race, and at the time the Hope was full of
trading craft. A bulky hopper barred 'Britannia's' way, and both
'Valkyrie' and 'Iverna' had to be shoved up in the wind; and while the
two last named were hovering, 'Britannia' stood away for the Kent side
into the full scour of the ebb, and came off on the starboard tack in
weather berth. 'Valkyrie' had to short tack at the top of Sea Reach
to clear her wind, and as a long leg could be made, 'Britannia'
reached away with the lead, 'Valkyrie,' half a dozen lengths astern,
pointing high for her weather quarter. The wind was puffy and both
dropped 'Iverna,' but the two leaders were sailing a grand race, and
made a long stretch as far as the East River Middle without breaking
port tack. Hereabout, however, the wind suddenly shortened on them
from the eastward, and the 'Valkyrie' most unluckily was thrown dead
under the lee of 'Britannia.' With the tide soaking them bodily to
windward, they both fetched under the Nore Sand, which had to be stood
from for water, and by short turnings they then made a fine race to
the Nore Lightship. Here they got in deep water, and after a short
hitch and a rap-full stretch to clear had failed, 'Valkyrie' went in
for short boards of about twenty seconds, and ended by being given lee
helm directly she was full. This meant that 'Britannia,' being slower
in stays, had not got sheets in before she wanted to go about again,
and she would to a certainty have been weathered by 'Valkyrie,' before
getting as far on as the West Oaze, had not the Prince of Wales's
cutter been treated to longer boards. 'Britannia' then got away and
weathered the Mouse, after as fine a display of short tacking as has
ever been seen on the river, with a lead of 39 seconds, and the duel
had let 'Iverna' get within 10 minutes of the leader. They ran back
against the tide with spinnakers to port; but it was dead running, and
'Valkyrie,' edging in to the Maplins, got through into first place
above the Admiralty mile. The wind then came off shore, and
'Britannia' at once began to luff in. 'Valkyrie' was determined to
keep her weather wind clear, the pair had a match up to Southend, and
on keeping away both touched the ground, the 'Britannia' bumping three
times hard on the north head of Leigh Sand. The Prince of Wales's
cutter, however, keeping wide, slipped past 'Valkyrie' about the
Chapman, drew to, and came fair ahead. The pair kept up a grand race
on the Essex side of the river, but 'Iverna,' greatly favoured by the
wind and her opponents' jockeying, had got within a couple of minutes
of the leaders when off Holehaven. Spinnakers were carried through
the Hope, and a grand race finished with a free reach from Coalhouse
Point home, 'Britannia' beating 'Valkyrie' by 73 seconds; but 'Iverna'
won the prize by time.

[Illustration: Thames, Harwich, and Cinque Ports Courses.]

A very fine open-water match was that of the Royal Thames Club on June
10 from the Nore round the back of the Goodwins to Dover. The usual
tale of five of the national rig and the schooner 'Amphitrite' made up
the entry, and all mustered at the rendezvous. It was a cheerless
morning, the sky being heavy and of slaty hue, whilst a brisk
north-easter blew cold off the water. The schooner had a yard-topsail
set, 'Calluna' her No. 2 jackyarder, and the 'Britannia,' 'Valkyrie,'
'Satanita,' and 'Iverna' their jibheaders. Reef-tackles were ready to
pull earings down, but the breeze veered to the east north-east and
did not harden. They had a beat to the Tongue with a swinging weather
tide, 'Britannia' made a capital start, and twice crossed ahead of
'Valkyrie'; but exactly half an hour after the start, off the 'West
Oaze,' 'Britannia' found her sister marching clear ahead. 'Calluna'
had been in Tilbury Dock since her inglorious performance at Harwich;
she was there lightened of tons of dead weight, and the syndicate ship
was very much livelier, and infinitely more able at breeze squeezing;
while the turnings were too short for 'Satanita' to be cutting a dash.
'Britannia' jumped up on 'Valkyrie' every time the long leg on port
came, and at the entrance of the Alexandra Channel 'Valkyrie,' on the
bearing tack, had to come about under the lee bow, the Prince of
Wales's cutter thus becoming 'bell wether.' 'Valkyrie' stayed for
'Britannia,' which was however on port, but the former was clear
enough ahead before getting abreast of the beacons on the Girdler. The
two leading boats worked shorter tacks than the rest down the
Alexandra to the southern pitch of the Shingles, and they were
consequently getting picked up a little by 'Calluna' and 'Satanita.'
After a long leg on port, the last tack was made for weathering
distance of the Tongue Lightship, and on passing this mark after a
beat of 19 miles with a weather tide, the 'Valkyrie' led 'Britannia'
2 mins., 'Calluna' 7 mins. 30 secs., 'Satanita' 9 mins. 30 secs., and
'Iverna' 15 mins. 30 secs. It may be said that the distance was
covered by the leader in 2 hrs. 18 mins. After allowing for a sweep of
fair tide they had a broad reach off to the North Sandhead, and
although 'Britannia' raced up on 'Valkyrie,' she stopped directly she
began to yaw about on the leader's quarter sea, and was half a minute
astern at the North Goodwin Lightship. 'Satanita's' was a remarkable
piece of sailing, as according to the 'distance table' it is 14-3/4
miles from the Tongue Lightship to the North Sandhead, and she was
timed officially as taking just over one hour to do the distance; it
should be added that the tide was running about two knots, and setting
under the weather quarter, whilst it is worthy of note that between
the marks 'Satanita' had two luffs with 'Calluna' and shifted her
jibheaded topsail for a jackyarder. In a run to the East Goodwin main
booms were carried to starboard, and 'Britannia,' running the nearer
to the sands, was placed to cover 'Valkyrie,' when an inevitable gybe
came off at the East Goodwin. 'Valkyrie' came over all standing just
after passing the lightship, and unluckily for her the parts of the
mainsheet got under the counter. 'Britannia' was also gybed in a
hurry, and, covering her opponent, she slipped past into pride of
place, while 'Valkyrie' was unable to pull her boom in and luff; oddly
enough, however, 'Britannia' was in the same mess as her sister, and
it was some time ere both had mainsheets running free through the
blocks. With the North Sea tide swinging along hot, a fine head of
speed was kept up, and about the Calliper head-sails were taking well
and spinnakers were got in. Although the wind was quarterly from the
Southsand Lightship home, 'Britannia' made but a very trifling gain on
'Valkyrie,' and, according to official clocking, crossed the line with
a lead of 17 secs., and, having 13 secs. to allow, thus won with 3
secs. to spare--a remarkable finish of a grand race. 'Satanita' was 5
mins. 52 secs. astern of the leader, 'Calluna' 7 mins. 26 secs., and
'Iverna' 18 mins. 32 secs.

A smart easterly wind on the morning of the cross Channel match from
Dover to Boulogne very naturally gave rise to anticipations that the
time record for the course would be broken. The breeze came unsteady,
however, and put a veto on the accomplishment of a fast journey either
way, whilst a serious collision at the start, in which the 'Valkyrie,'
'Britannia,' and 'Vendetta' were involved, had the effect of utterly
spoiling the race. A fleet of eight responded to the starting
gun--namely, 'Britannia,' 'Valkyrie,' 'Calluna,' 'Iverna,' 'Mabel,'
'Lais,' 'Vendetta,' and 'Varuna'--and they ran in close flight for the
line before a north-east wind, with booms to starboard and having a
gybe to make immediately after crossing. 'Vendetta' got away first and
was reaching off on her course when 'Valkyrie's' bowsprit end took the
40 on the port quarter and forced her round until she filled on the
starboard tack, her topmast being carried away as she was slewing.
There was not much room between the outer flagboat and the port side
of 'Valkyrie,' but 'Britannia's' helm was drawn down--after gybing--to
give her a chance of finding a passage. She fouled the mark, however,
and through 'Valkyrie's' way being deadened when she fouled
'Vendetta,' 'Britannia' had the alternative of steadying her helm and
giving 'Valkyrie' a sliding blow, or of keeping it a little a-lee and
crashing right through the 40. The 'Britannia's' helm was eased, and
she put her bowsprit inside 'Valkyrie's' rigging, while 'Vendetta,'
after getting her bowsprit broken off by 'Britannia,' got some of the
gear foul and dropped alongside the Prince of Wales's vessel, with her
counter up about level with the big cutter's main rigging, and the
stem even with the taffrail. The three vessels, locked together,
sidled away towards shore, 'Britannia,' listing to the wind, pressed
her mainsail on to 'Vendetta's' port crosstree, and the sail split up
from boom to gaff. The trio laid thus entangled for ten minutes, but
meantime 'Valkyrie's' crew had chopped away at 'Britannia's' bowsprit
and headgear; eventually the spar broke, and then the three vessels at
once got clear. Meanwhile 'Calluna' and 'Iverna' had been racing away
for the French coast with a fine leading wind, and twelve minutes
after they had crossed the line 'Valkyrie' started in pursuit. The
wind was shy and very puffy after getting inside Grisnez, and
'Valkyrie' picked up six minutes on 'Calluna,' which had beaten
'Iverna' only 3 mins. 45 secs. in going across, and 'Varuna,' the
leading 40, by 24 mins. 'Calluna' hung on to her jackyard topsail in a
wonderful way, as some of the puffs laid her over until the lee decks
were full. 'Valkyrie' passed 'Iverna,' but 'Calluna' well kept her
lead, the wind easting enough for all to fetch clean full home.
'Calluna' beat 'Valkyrie' by 5 mins. 27 secs., 'Iverna' by 8 mins. 52
secs., and 'Lais,' the first of the 40's, by 46 mins. 6 secs.

[Illustration: 'Calluna,' 141-rater (Peter Donaldson, Esq.)]

There was a full muster of the heavy-weight cutters at the Royal
Southern rendezvous, the club having a first-class match on June 17,
the second day of its 'Jubilee' Regatta. 'Satanita's' light blue
banner was carried nearer the water-level than in her previous racing
essays, owing to the lower mast having been clipped 3 feet, and
additional lead had been put on her keel. 'Britannia' had made good
the damage sustained at Dover, and with 'Valkyrie,' 'Calluna,' and
'Iverna' the fleet was brought up to normal strength. It was a lovely
morning, glorified by fervent sunshine, and softened by a gauzy haze,
but a southerly chill was not strong enough to 'carry' the smoke of
the starting gun, and the surface of the Solent looked smooth as
burnished steel. With flying airs filling jackyard topsails, they
started the race, and ere going half a mile 'Calluna' got aground on
the Calshot Spit. 'Valkyrie' was lucky to strike the first of a
gathering breeze, and went reaching fast from the fleet down the West
Channel. She afterwards gave a fine display by the wind, and showed
matchless form on a dead run. 'Valkyrie' eventually beat 'Britannia'
by 5 mins. 32 secs., and 'Satanita' by 16 mins. 4 secs., 'Calluna' and
'Iverna' both being miles astern. 'Valkyrie's' was a good performance,
but she was distinctly lucky in getting the first of the wind, and she
likewise was kindly treated subsequently by Dame Fortune.

Rather singularly the Jubilee Regatta of the Royal Southern Club was
followed by the Jubilee of the Royal Mersey; but the latter meeting,
on June 24, did not open under such exhilarating influences as the
Solent gathering, particulars having just come to hand of the
'Victoria' disaster in the Mediterranean, while the weather was
dismally dull, and a tearing north-north-west wind blowing. Consequent
on the prevailing stiff breeze an alternative course--three times
round the Formby--had been plotted off overnight--probably not,
however, from any tender consideration whether the racing vessels
could cross the bar safely, the anxiety more likely being in regard to
the Committee-boat and her freight. The inside course was named on the
day, but, in spite of foresight and precaution, the racing was
disappointing. The 'Valkyrie,' which had come round from Cowes with
her mainsail an underdeck passenger, could not get the sail bent owing
to the rain and wind; then 'Calluna' got her anchor foul, and being
25 minutes late, did not start. 'Britannia' alone was near the line
when the Blue Peter came down, yet she lost 1 min. 50 secs., while
'Satanita' came 2 mins. later, and 'Iverna' a minute after 'Satanita.'
There was wind enough to warrant second earings being hardened down,
all topmasts were housed, and with the tide flying to windward the
ground was sidled over very fast. The start meant victory--barring
accidents--in beating out of the narrow Mersey channel, and although
'Satanita' worked right up under 'Britannia,' she was kept safely
pinned. There was a short jump of sea, and the two new ships were
giving a free display of the fore body, smashing the tidal combers
into blinding clouds of sea dust. 'Satanita' had a rare drilling from
'Britannia,' and although she also ran the faster, she could not get
through in such a limited stretch of water. Thus the game was played
to the end, it being a flog out from New Brighton to the Formby, and a
run back each round. Had the 'Satanita' got her opponent's start, she
would probably have beaten the Prince of Wales's cutter fully 5 mins.,
as in such a breeze she was clearly the faster to windward. 'Iverna'
was very soon done with, and at the finish 'Britannia' finished 2
mins. 19 secs. before 'Satanita.'

The Royal Northern Regatta opened on July 1 with a piping breeze
strong enough for slab reefs to be pulled down; before noon, however,
jackyard topsails were wanted, and calms and partial breezes made
tiresome work afterward, flukes being as plentiful as motes in a
sunbeam. The 'Calluna' put in an appearance, and when viewed broadside
on her big sail-plan gave her quite an over-hatted look. 'Satanita,'
'Britannia,' 'Valkyrie,' and 'Iverna' all made their number, and the
match commenced in a rush of wind, 'Satanita' clearing out of Rothesay
Bay faster than any steamboat ever left it--perhaps a madder burst of
reaching was never seen. The Southampton boat was at the head of
affairs for some time, but after some fluking 'Valkyrie' led. At the
end of the second round, however, 'Satanita,' through a sheer slice of
luck, got 3 mins. ahead of 'Britannia,' and as it was then 4.30 and
clock calm in the Clyde, it was thought the match would be stopped.
The Committee, however, wanted the distance done, and 'Britannia,'
being the faster in light airs, got home late in the evening 1 min. 49
secs, before 'Satanita,' 'Valkyrie,' which was nearly 20 mins. astern
of the latter at the end of the first round, getting in 1 min. 32
secs, after, and saving her time for second prize. The 'Calluna's'
wide wings did not seem to help her as they should have done in flaws
and catspaws.

The Mudhookers opened the ball on July 5 at Hunter's Quay, and a very
capital sailing programme was put forward by the exclusive 'forty'
which constitute the club, the leading event being a prize value
100_l._ for big cutters. With 'Britannia' and 'Calluna' disabled, the
affair virtually resolved itself into a match between 'Valkyrie' and
'Satanita,' although the 'Iverna' was a starter. It was imperative
that the helmsmen should be amateurs, and Mr. W. G. Jameson shipped
for the day as timoneer of 'Satanita,' Lord Dunraven having Mr. George
Watson to relieve him on 'Valkyrie.' Starting with a free sheet in a
smart breeze, 'Satanita' went away so fast that 'Valkyrie' looked
likely to have a stern chase; but the wind got baffling, in beating up
the Firth from Ascog 'Valkyrie' worked up, and off Dunoon, in standing
off on port, she had to come round under the lee bow of her rival. A
wind-jamming trial then followed, and 'Satanita' either sidled away
and dropped down on 'Valkyrie,' or the latter ate up under her rival,
as the end of 'Satanita's' gaff hooked 'Valkyrie's' topmast shrouds,
and Lord Dunraven's cutter was towed along for some minutes. After
getting clear, it was thought 'Valkyrie's' topmast was slightly
sprung, and there were cross protests at the finish of the round. A
desperately close race was sailed on the second turn round the course,
and 'Satanita,' which was only 27 secs. ahead at the finish, got
beaten on time by 'Valkyrie.' 'Iverna' finished 26 secs. after the
leader.

Amateur helmsmen were in request for the big ships on Clyde Corinthian
Club day, when the 'Britannia,' 'Valkyrie,' 'Satanita,' and 'Iverna'
responded to the starting gun. The weather was very uncertain, the
breezes being so light that only one round of the course could be
sailed. 'Valkyrie' was the lucky ship as she rounded the Kilcreggan
flagboat, two and a half miles from the Commodore, last boat. Standing
off in the Firth, along the edge of a flaw, whilst her opponents were
lying becalmed, she tacked into a breezy lane, and, passing 'Iverna,'
'Satanita,' and 'Britannia' in turn, carried her way up to the line,
getting the winning gun 30 secs. before 'Britannia' struggled through,
and 2 mins. 15 secs. in advance of 'Satanita.' The 'Valkyrie' was
steered by her owner, the 'Britannia' by Mr. W. G. Jameson, and the
'Satanita' by Mr. R. Ure.

A more unfavourable racing day than that which opened the Royal Club
Regatta has never been experienced even on the unutterably fluky
Firth. Sudden spurts of wind, calms, a very long spell of what was
quite a deluge of rain, deafening thunder, blinding lightning and
depressing gloom, made up the sample of weather vouchsafed to the
competitors during the time that the 'sport' was progressing. The big
cutters mustered in full force, and had a light easterly breeze, which
gave a reach down the Clyde. Just before the start, 'Britannia' on the
port tack, with the wind pretty broad abeam, made 'Calluna,' which had
run down from the eastward with boom over the port side, come round;
and this was deemed cause for 'Calluna' to pursue a protest, on the
ground that a breach of the rules of the road had been committed.
'Valkyrie,' too, made a mark of 'Britannia,' the latter getting the
stem, and sustaining damage to the port bulwarks aft and the taffrail.
After an unsatisfactory start, 'Britannia' and 'Satanita' went round
the Ascog mark together, but just as the latter was stepping out in
style, and apparently in first place, her bobstay pendant burst and
the bowsprit broke off short to the stem-head. Topsails had been
shifted, as there was a prospect of a strong breeze, but the outcome
was a tempest without a rattle of wind. 'Britannia' sailed in fine
form, and simply lost her opponents directly 'Satanita's' accident had
put that boat out of the way. It was a wretchedly poor time, however,
and, thanks to not a little good fortune, 'Britannia' beat 'Valkyrie'
by 41 mins. 40 secs., and 'Calluna' by 62 mins. 17 secs., while
'Iverna' gave up. Protests were lodged against 'Britannia' on behalf
of both 'Calluna' and 'Valkyrie.' The 'Calluna's' objection was
considered, and about midnight the Sailing Committee decided to
disqualify the 'Britannia,' only one witness, be it said, from the
last-named vessel having been called. There was really not a semblance
of racing on the second day of the Royal Clyde Regatta, which was the
valedictory fixture in the so-called 'Clyde fortnight.' Flying chills
and draughts out of every 'airt,' with long spells of calm, kept the
vessels hanging about the lower part of the Firth until the shadows
were well slanting eastward. An evening breeze helped 'Valkyrie' home,
but it took her nearly seven hours and a half to cover one half the
course, and she finished 54 mins. 9 secs. before the 'Calluna,' 1 hr.
31 mins. 30 secs. before 'Britannia,' and about 2 hrs. 40 mins. before
'Satanita,' the last named taking 10 hrs. to cover 25 miles.

Inspiriting racing marked the opening of the Irish fixtures at Bangor,
and the Royal Ulster Regatta attracted all the big cutters. The wind
was fresh from the north-north-east, slab reefs were down in mainsails
and sharp-headed topsails set. A thrilling and eventful contest
followed a perfectly judged start, and 'Britannia,' 'Satanita,' and
'Valkyrie' formed first flight in a plain sail round the Lough as far
as the South Briggs flagboat, where the last named lost her place
through one of her hands getting knocked overboard in a gybe. At the
same mark in the second round 'Britannia' got the inside turn, when
the main boom had to come over; but 'Satanita' at once began to luff,
and with mainsheet blocks together on both they went heading out in
the Lough. Foot by foot 'Satanita' came up, off Ballyholme Bay she had
ranged broad on the weather-beam of her rival, and was thus able to
claim room at the home flagboat, which she luffed round with 5 secs.
lead, and Jay then kept her shooting almost as long as she would to
keep weather berth. 'Britannia' unluckily got her mainsheet jammed,
and as she could not in consequence be sprung to the wind--at
once--so high as 'Satanita,' she dropped under the lee quarter, and
got a severe blanketing all the way up the Lough. The pair sailed an
exciting match round the rest of the course, and 'Satanita' travelling
like a shooting star reached home winner with 5 secs. in hand. It may
be said that the feat was accomplished in one third of the course,
16-1/2 miles, and that she beat 'Britannia' 2 mins. 29 secs. in that
distance, which was a very high tribute indeed to 'Satanita's' speed.
'Calluna' finished 7 mins. 19 secs. after the winner. 'Valkyrie' never
regained any of the time lost in picking up the hand who got
overboard.

[Illustration: Royal Ulster Yacht Club Belfast.]

The breeze steadied down during the dark hours, and the 'Valkyrie' had
a day just to her liking. 'Iverna's' well-known racing banner was
missed for the first time in the season, owing to her rudder-head
being twisted. Spectators were treated to a magnificent light-weather
match between the 'Valkyrie' and 'Britannia.' The former took the lead
directly after the flash of the starting gun, but she did not seem to
ghost along in the usual peerless style. 'Britannia' was with
difficulty kept pinned under the lee; in fact, it was evident that
'Valkyrie' could not allow her opponent a cross-tacking chance, or her
quarry would certainly have slipped her. The breezes were paltry and
patchy, with plenty of white water spots about, and the course was
shortened to the extent of one third the distance, 'Valkyrie'
eventually crawling home winner about three lengths ahead of
'Britannia,' although there was 1 min. 56 secs. difference between
them in time. 'Calluna's' big sail-plan availed her little, and
'Satanita' never once really woke up in the prevailing zephyrs.
'Calluna' finished 16 mins. 53 secs. astern of 'Valkyrie,' and
'Satanita' struggled in against the tide 8 mins. 6 secs. after
'Calluna.'

There was a piping breeze from the westward on the opening day of the
Royal Irish Regatta, and a stirring struggle with 'Satanita,'
'Britannia,' and 'Calluna' for Her Majesty's Cup was accordingly
anticipated. 'Calluna' risked a whole mainsail, but 'Britannia' and
'Satanita' had the baby reef in and all set jibheaded topsails.
Perfect judgment was shown on the 'Satanita' and 'Britannia' in
manoeuvring for the start, but 'Satanita's' skipper scored first
honours as he gave his ship a wipe away at the nick of time, and she
reached through the line, fairly foaming a length ahead of the Prince
of Wales's cutter, 'Calluna' being about a hundred yards astern. They
went along the wind at a tearing pace to the Muglins Mark,
jib-topsails being cracked on, and on going to the Kish the wind was
brought on the quarter, a nasty roll tried spars and gear, and an ugly
gybe came on before making the Lightship. At this mark 'Satanita' had
given a startling illustration of her speed with a free sheet, as she
led the 'Britannia' 2 mins. 5 secs., with 'Calluna' only 19 secs.
astern of the latter. A very fast piece of close reaching was done
between the Kish and the Rosebeg, then came a dead peg across the Bay.
'Britannia' tried hard to get 'Satanita' into short tacking, and the
latter, having to turn about more often than suited her, found
'Britannia' settling up, enabling 'Calluna' to profit by the game her
opponents were playing. In a hard squall the second round commenced,
and through a backing of the wind they had a run with spinnakers to
the Kish. A gybe had to be made, and it was a heavy one. 'Satanita'
and 'Britannia' got their booms over all right, but 'Calluna's' came
in a hurry, and while the boom-end was buried deep in the water, the
inner part came with a surge against the runner and broke off, the
outer half of the spar launching in board and lying square across the
deck. Luckily no one was hurt, which was simply a miracle. The
'Satanita' and 'Britannia' sailed a desperate race during the rest of
the round, and this time the former had the better of her rival
beating across the bay. In going free to the Kish on the last turn,
'Satanita' sailed in peerless form, and had a lead of 4 mins. 44 secs.
at the Lightship. In a close reach to the Rosebeg, 'Satanita' lost a
few seconds, and then followed a splendid race tack and tack home.
'Britannia' was the better on this point, but 'Satanita' kept her
under the lee and weathered the line with a lead of 2 mins. 47 secs.,
winning the Royal trophy and scoring a brilliant victory with 69 secs.
to spare.

The Royal Irish Regatta finished on Thursday, July 20, in changeable
weather and baffling breezes. With 'Calluna' crippled, the 'Satanita'
and 'Britannia' had a match for the club prize, and not at all
unexpectedly 'Britannia' was winner. She scored by no means a
bloodless victory, and her crew had a scare when 'Satanita' struck
into a breeze about half water between the Muglins and Kish, and went
streaking past like a flash of greased lightning. 'Satanita' was
pluckily sailed, but had not wind enough to wake her up and, when the
match was stopped at the end of the second round, 'Britannia' had a
lead of 4 mins. 4 secs.

[Illustration: Royal Irish Yacht Club. Dublin Bay.]

[Illustration: 'Navahoe,' 161-rater: N.Y.Y. Club (Royal Phelps
Carroll, Esq.)]

Most auspicious was the opening of the Cowes racing week in regard to
wind and weather, there being every indication of the morning breeze
of Monday freshening when the stream bent westward, and of lasting
sunshine and a clear atmosphere. The match was under the Royal London
burgee, and the club had adopted a new course of which it may be said
that a better could not have been marked off inside the Isle of Wight.
The big cutter entry included the 'Valkyrie,' 'Britannia,' 'Satanita,'
'Calluna,' 'Iverna,' and the Gold Cup challenger 'Navahoe,' and there
was general rejoicing on the morning of the day that the American
would be certain to get a trustworthy test of speed in her first
racing essay. Curiosity to see how she would acquit herself under the
circumstances ran high. The match commenced with a free reach to the
eastward on the back of a fair tide, and the wind followed and gave a
run, but it came in streaks and the fleet were all together at the
Warner, the 'Valkyrie' being leader, with 'Navahoe' 75 secs. astern. A
nice breeze was found to windward, and in turning in to the Noman
'Valkyrie' worked away from the Yankee and then went for 'Britannia,'
which, with 'Satanita,' stood away for the north shore. 'Valkyrie' was
then left with 'Navahoe,' and the latter along Ryde Sands and on to
the Motherbank got more wind and a slacker tide, inside 'Valkyrie,'
and forereached so much the faster that on coming off she crossed
comfortably ahead of Lord Dunraven's cutter. 'Navahoe' performed this
feat 'on her uppers,' while 'Valkyrie' was stiff as a tree, perhaps
through having less wind than there was to leeward. The breezes
continued to be served out partially in strength and direction, and
'Britannia,' 'Satanita,' and 'Calluna' were having a bad time in
working the north shore down. 'Valkyrie' picked up 'Navahoe' in
beating on to Calshot, and went round that mark with just a clear
lead. The breeze was unsteady and puffy in reaching to Lepe, but for
the most part sheets were checked, and 'Navahoe's' big sail-plan
dragged her by to windward of 'Valkyrie,' and she was first round Lepe
buoy, but she made a wide sweep in the gybe and 'Valkyrie' ran on to
the fore. With a leading wind 'Navahoe' slipped through to leeward
into first place before getting to Cowes, and thence they squared
away. 'Valkyrie' was not raced with the same spirit as 'Britannia' was
on the first run eastward, or the 'Navahoe' would have been luffed out
into Spithead; the latter was, in fact, allowed to keep the even
tenour of her way, and she rounded the Warner with 10 secs. lead of
'Valkyrie,' 'Britannia' having run up on both, while 'Satanita' had
taken the American in nearly 3 mins. With a weather tide and truer and
fresher breeze, they had a fair test to windward, and a couple of
boards sufficed for 'Valkyrie' and 'Britannia' to weather the
American. 'Valkyrie' was sailed to bother 'Britannia,' while the
'Navahoe' was fairly let run loose. Had the sister ships been simply
sailing boat against boat, they could not have carried on a keener
duel. 'Britannia' beat 'Valkyrie,' but instead of having a substantial
lead at Calshot Lightship, she was only just to windward of
'Valkyrie,' and but 1 min. 33 secs. ahead of 'Navahoe.' In reaching to
Lepe, 'Britannia' and 'Valkyrie' gained in distance on the American,
but nothing in time, owing to the rushing lee-tide. There was a smart
breeze to blow them home against the boiling stream, and the
'Navahoe's' big sail-plan helped her. Both 'Britannia' and 'Valkyrie,'
however, kept to the fore, and 'Britannia' finished winner of a hard
race, 63 secs. ahead of 'Valkyrie,' 1 min. 23 secs. of 'Navahoe,' 3
mins. 50 secs. of 'Satanita,' and 7 mins. 36 secs. of 'Calluna.' It
may be said that 'Satanita' gained 4 mins. 34 secs. and 'Calluna' 6
mins. 18 secs. on the 'Navahoe' in sailing the second round; the pair
picked up on 'Britannia' and 'Valkyrie' simply owing to the suicidal
tactics adopted in racing the sister ships.

A breeze was wanting on the opening morning of the Royal Yacht
Squadron Regatta to put animation in the scene afloat, still in the
flood of sunshine it was a brilliant spectacle. There was a galaxy of
private yachts, and quite a fleet of fighting ships of various
nationalities riding on the Solent dressed in bunting, the German
Emperor's new 'Hohenzollern' looming up a very Triton amongst the
host, through which the racing fleet had presently to thread their way
eastward. The starters for Her Majesty's Cup were the 'Meteor,'
'Britannia,' 'Valkyrie,' 'Viking,' _née_ 'Wendur,' and 'Mohawk.' An
alteration in the course had been made by substituting the Bullock
patch buoy for the Nab, and with thoughtful consideration for the
length of leg of the modern craft, the three-fathom North Bramble
Channel was left out. A dreadfully slow run was made eastward, the
16-1/2 miles from Cowes to the eastern limit of the course taking
about 2-1/2 hours to cover. The breezes came in puffs out of every
cloud, but mostly from the north or north-west, and in this sort of
weather it was absolutely humiliating that the aspirant for America
Cup honours should be led round the lee mark by the seven-season-old
'Meteor.' With a better and fairly true breeze westerly 'Valkyrie' and
'Britannia' on a close reach in to the Noman passed the Emperor's
cutter, and, from mark to mark eight miles, 'Valkyrie' beat 'Meteor'
exactly 4 mins. After fetching well up to Cowes, they turned through
the roads, and then got a northerly slant in the west channel; a
flying weather-tide settled them bodily to windward, and at Lymington
mark 'Valkyrie,' which had gone in grand form to windward, was 3 mins.
ahead of 'Britannia' and 15 mins. 40 secs. of 'Meteor,' the time
allowance of the last named having thus run out by 68 secs. The wind
was breezing up, and they ran through a roaring ebb tide at a fair
speed, the modern boats pushing out a tremendous bow wave. The
'Meteor' unquestionably had a stronger following breeze than the two
leaders, and with about 3-1/2 ft. less draught than 'Valkyrie,' she
could be edged inside the tide rift on the north shore, the result
being that she gained 50 secs. on 'Valkyrie,' yet with an allowance of
14 mins. 32 secs. she thus lost by 18 secs. On the question being
raised that 'Valkyrie' had not followed the track marked on the
official chart furnished, it was admitted that she had left the Nab on
the wrong hand, and the Sailing Committee disqualified her and
declared the 'Meteor' winner of Her Majesty's Cup. It may be said that
the 'Wendur' after rounding Lymington mark attempted to set her
spinnaker, but lost the sail, which was picked up by a pilot boat.
Worse still, the boom was let drop in the water, and on it breaking
two of the crew were badly hurt.

Wednesday, August 2, was chosen by the Royal Yacht Squadron for the
match for the Meteor Challenge Shield presented by the German Emperor,
the course being from Cowes round the Isle of Wight (outside Nab),
thence round the Shambles Lightship and back through the Needles
passage to Cowes, a distance of 112 miles. According to the conditions
four yachts were to start or no race, but out of an entry of six only
'Britannia' and 'Satanita' went for the trophy. The start, which was
fixed for seven o'clock, was delayed an hour owing to the card and
sailing directions differing. At 8 o'clock, when 'Britannia' and
'Satanita' got away, the 'Valkyrie's' crew, which had made a show of
getting the vessel ready, had proceeded as far as hoisting a jib in
stops and lashing up the fighting colours, the vessel subsequently
lying listless at anchor all day. A charmingly bright clear morning
with a bonny breeze from the north-west sent the two ships scudding
out in hot haste to the eastward. Spinnakers were on and jackyard
topsails, and at the Nab 'Britannia' had run out a lead of 4 mins.
Coming on a reach the east stream was faced, and 'Satanita,' doing a
wonderful stretch of sailing, had almost drawn level with her rival,
when the wind came ahead and gave a beat of about forty miles to the
Shambles. In order to shun the tide the Island shore was worked, but
'Satanita' got too close and bumped hard several times on Atherfield
Ledge. In working on a nasty short jump of sea was trying the vessels,
and off Swanage the breeze came in such hard puffs that big topsails
were got down. 'Britannia' worked away from her rival, and after a
pretty considerable amount of pile-driving got round the Shambles at 4
o'clock with a lead of 10 mins. They had to face a west tide, and as
the evening closed in the wind almost entirely failed. In the west
channel it was mere tide-work, and at 9.30 'Britannia' drove across
the line winner, 'Satanita' at the time being barely discernible
astern. It was an uninteresting match, but a hard one for ships and
crews, and in the heavy plunging which went on between the Needles and
St. Albans 'Britannia' sprung her mast.

Thursday morning opened with a fine singing breeze from the
west-south-west, and the match for the Cowes Town Cup gave promise of
stirring sport. 'Britannia's' absence, owing to her mast being sprung,
was generally regretted; but 'Navahoe,' 'Valkyrie,' 'Satanita,' and
'Calluna' appeared under fighting flags. All had a single reef in
mainsails, and 'Valkyrie's' topmast was struck, the rest keeping
theirs on end. They were sent first to the westward, and had a clean
reach to the first mark, a capitally judged start being made.
'Satanita,' nearest the Hampshire shore, was first on the line, with
'Valkyrie' overlapping the western quarter, and 'Calluna' and
'Navahoe' broad to windward. Laying down to the hard breeze,
'Satanita' was given the weight of it, and went smoking away, while
'Navahoe' in weather berth was getting comparatively very lightly
sailed. A hard breeze, however, caught the Yankee, making her curl up
to an ugly angle, and as she went off her helm, 'Calluna's' crew were
getting scared that she would either drop down flat on them or make a
wild shoot into their ship. A heavier slam than the first put the
'Navahoe' fairly out of control, and she went down on her side and
wallowed helplessly in a smother of foam, until a gripe up to the wind
relieved her and she came upright, when particular care was taken not
to fill on her again. The weight of the wind had burst the mainsail at
the clew, and, after getting the sail off the vessel ran away up
Southampton Water, International rivalry thus coming to a summary end
for the day. Owing to the strong wind and flood tide, the mark-boat
had driven about a mile eastward, so it was soon reached down to, and
'Satanita' was first round, then 'Valkyrie' and 'Calluna.' It was a
broad reach to the Warner, and cracking on a jibheaded topsail
'Satanita' was ploughing along at an astounding speed; in fact, she
was doing 14-1/2 knots when crossing the Admiralty mile. With a
jibheader on, the leader was leaving 'Valkyrie,' which had lost
'Calluna's' close company through the latter, when careening to a
squall, fouling the jibboom of the steam yacht 'Cleopatra,' the cutter
getting mainsail split and gaff broken. 'Satanita' stayed round the
Warner at 10.52, 1 min. 18 secs. before 'Valkyrie,' and the former had
the benefit of a reach back as far as Cowes. Heavy squalls came off
the Island, and 'Satanita' had lee decks full, 'Valkyrie' by
comparison standing up manfully. Owing to the flagboat drifting, they
went round Lepe buoy, and having to nip to fetch, 'Valkyrie' gained a
trifle. Coming back free, 'Satanita' was driven along with jibheader,
and she held a lead of 7-1/2 mins. at the Warner. The homeward track
could be laid clean full, and the wind coming off with
canvas-splitting force, 'Satanita's' lee decks were washing like a
porpoise's back, but she was travelling at a tremendous speed and
would have gone much faster and on a more even keel had the topmast
been struck. It was a wonderful display of fast sailing on her part,
as she finished 8 mins. 13 secs. before 'Valkyrie,' and covered the
distance, 48 miles, allowing for the drifted flagboat at Lepe, in 3
hrs. 40 mins. 50 secs., thus averaging a little over 12-1/2 knots.

An exceedingly brilliant wind-up of an eventful regatta was made at
Cowes on Friday, August 4, when the Royal Yacht Squadron prize was
sailed round the Warner-Lepe course. The competitors were 'Satanita,'
'Valkyrie,' 'Calluna,' and 'Navahoe,' and they started on a short beat
down the west channel in a rising breeze from the west-south-west,
jibheaded topsails being set over whole mainsails. In the first board
'Navahoe' was weathered by each of her rivals, the Yankee being kept
hovering in the wind, instead of being made to feel the weight of it,
the previous day's experience perhaps being the cause. A heavy squall
with sheets of rain passed over before the Western mark-boat was
weathered, and they drove back to Cowes with spinnakers, all but the
Yankee being run on the wrong gybe. From a run they came to a free
reach off Osborne, and went streaking out at a great pace to the
Warner, all except 'Satanita' cracking on jackyarders, but 'Valkyrie'
shifted back to jibheader off the Sandhead buoy. The latter kept pride
of place going east, but in coming back clean full the wind came off
the Island in savage puffs and 'Satanita' was racing up. A regular
flame of wind struck off above the Peel, and 'Satanita' went by the
windward into first place, leaving 'Valkyrie' fairly stuck up.
'Navahoe' and 'Calluna' hung on to big topsails too long, the Yankee
continuing whipper-in and falling down flat on her side in the hardest
of the gushes. 'Satanita,' too, crabbed up badly, but did not heel to
such an angle as 'Navahoe,' and was always lively and manageable in
the puffs; she also got up a higher head of speed the fresher the wind
piped. On the second round it was harder driving between 'Satanita'
and 'Valkyrie' than with 'Calluna' and 'Navahoe,' and after the free
reach to the Warner the first named was 2 mins. 2 secs. ahead or 3
secs. short of her allowance. It was just a clean reach from the Noman
to Cowes, and some of the puffs came off the Island with the rush of a
white squall. 'Satanita' was knocked down flatter than 'Valkyrie,' but
she did not steady her speed, and finished a splendidly fought and
most exciting race with 2 mins. 9 secs. lead of 'Valkyrie,' 'Satanita'
winning with 4 secs. to spare. 'Calluna' was 5 mins. 22 secs. astern
of the winner, and 'Navahoe' 7 mins. 36 secs.

[Illustration: Royal Southampton Yacht Club.

1892. "Warner and Lymington Course".]

Ill fortune has of late haunted each annual Saturday fixture of the
Royal Southampton Club, and that of August 5, instead of attracting
the fleet of heavy weights, was reduced to a match between the
'Navahoe' and 'Calluna.' The 'Britannia' had her new mast in, but was
not ready, 'Satanita' was getting a strengthening band shrunk on her
masthead, and 'Valkyrie,' which had come across from Cowes to
Southampton Water, did not start, fearing there would be too much wind
for her sprung main-boom. A north-wester came shooting down
Southampton Water fresh enough for 'Navahoe's' small reef to be pulled
down, 'Calluna,' however, had whole mainsail and both jibheaders.
The Scotch clipper was unluckily sailed through the line too soon,
and the 'Navahoe' got two minutes start; but 'Calluna' bringing quite
a rattle of wind, nearly nailed her rival at Calshot Spit. The breeze
got light in the west channel and came bare, while the tide had to be
stemmed. 'Navahoe' kept sailing into the first of the wind, and,
getting a fine lift near the Lymington Mark, led by 3 mins. 'Calluna'
was sailed without heart or judgment in the run up the west channel,
and so on to the Warner. She might well have carried her jackyard
topsail going west, and certainly wanted it, coming back with sheets
off. 'Calluna' was gybed in Cowes Roads for some reason; and while her
opponent was running clean with boom the other side, the Scotch boat
was 'by the lee.' 'Navahoe' at length was first to shift her big
topsail, and had 6 mins. lead at the time, but when 'Calluna' did go
to work sail shifting, it took her crew eighteen minutes to get down
the jibheaded topsail and replace it with jackyarder. In the beat from
the Warner up past Browndown there were some flukes lying under the
north shore which might have been picked up for the seeking, and
'Calluna's' poor attempt at match sailing ended by 'Navahoe'
weathering the line off Netley with a lead of 11 mins. 25 secs.

The racing fleet mustered in force on the Royal Albert Station, and
cruisers swarmed thick as bees to do honour to the last of the Solent
racing fixtures. A light gauzy haze in the early morning of Monday,
August 14, did not bode well for sport, but an air came just before
the starting hour for the Albert Cup, and stretched out the fighting
flags of 'Britannia,' 'Navahoe,' 'Calluna,' and 'Satanita.' A
south-east breeze of about weight enough for small jib-topsails to be
carried with profit to windward was drawing in against the last of the
east-going stream, when an eventful race commenced with 'Satanita's'
bowsprit end showing first across the line; the others were close at
hand, and a pretty start was made.

[Illustration: Royal Albert Yacht Club. Southsea.

1892.]

The wind freshened at night after Weymouth Regatta, and on Sunday
morning there was an ugly sea off the Bill. The yachts which made the
passage to Torquay had a coarse time, some of them ran back, others
did not leave the Dorset port, the consequence being that there was a
poor muster in Torbay. The 'Satanita,' 'Navahoe,' 'Britannia,' and
'Calluna' were ready to answer the starting gun on Monday morning when
the wind was piping loud from the westward. All had a reef in
mainsails, and topmasts were housed when anchors were broken out, but
'Satanita's' was very unwisely got on end, and she subsequently set a
jibheader. 'Satanita,' over-eager, sailed the line too soon, and her
opponents had been racing for the off mark nearly 3 mins. before she
followed them across. With the wind quarterly, she soon smoked out to
the first flagboat, where 'Navahoe' was leader and 'Calluna' second.
Then came a beat in a little head jump, and the full drift of the wind
was felt. 'Navahoe's' performance in beating to Brixham was far and
away her worst display, as she simply crabbed on her uppers and sidled
away, while 'Satanita,' crippled as she was with jibheader, was--truth
to tell--not shaping a whit better, and seemed to be simply wallowing
in dead water. Off Brixham, 'Satanita' had another set back, through
one of her extra hands slipping overboard, but a very smart job was
made in picking the man up. 'Satanita' was punished with jibheader
again on the second round, and 'Britannia,' 'Calluna,' and 'Navahoe'
were waltzing away from her. On the third round the sail was pulled
down and the spar housed, but it was too late in the day to pick up
the first flight. 'Satanita,' however, began to tramp away, and in
addition to reaching her rivals beat the lot going to windward. The
wind fairly whistled off shore as they reached on for Goodrington, but
'Calluna' and 'Navahoe' did not lower staysails as on the second
round. The 'Britannia's' jib, however, burst, and 'Navahoe' shifted
hers. The latter was in the way of a regular canvas splitter as she
kept away round the Goodrington mark, and falling down flat she swept
the mark-boat with her mainsail, but continued the match. At the end
of the third round 'Navahoe' was 8 mins. astern of 'Britannia,' and 4
mins. of 'Calluna,' while 'Satanita' had gained 4 mins. on the Yankee
in 10 miles. The 'Navahoe's' mainsail was found to be damaged at the
clew, and to be giving out at the reef lacing, and just as 'Satanita'
was collaring her off the Imperial she drew to the wind and gave up.
On the last round 'Satanita' gained 1 min. 42 secs. on 'Britannia,'
the latter finishing an easy winner 4 mins. 30 secs. ahead of
'Calluna,' and 7 mins. 9 secs. of 'Satanita.'

[Illustration: Torbay Regatta Race Chart Torquay.]

The wind hardened during the dark hours, and was blowing a moderate
gale from the south-west at sunrise. It had veered westerly and
moderated a little an hour before the start, and the 'Britannia,'
'Calluna,' and 'Satanita' housed topmasts, got first reef in
mainsails, and set third jibs in anticipation of a dusting. 'Navahoe'
could not start, owing to her damaged mainsail; but had she joined in
there is no reason to suppose that she would have shaped better than
on the previous day, as the wind was about the same in strength and
direction, and the course almost identical. 'Britannia' and 'Satanita'
made a grand start, but with the wind abaft the beam the latter
cleared out at once from under her rival's lee, and gave a really
phenomenal display of speed going to the flagboat outside Hope's Nose,
covering the distance in 13 mins. 50 secs. She was at the mark in the
thick of a passing squall, and when the tiller was put down to bring
her by the wind it broke off close into the rudder-head, Jay, who
always steers from the lee side, being just saved from going
overboard. The mishap was alike annoying to crew and spectators as the
vessel would, without doubt, have established a record over the Torbay
course. The 'Britannia' and 'Calluna' then had a match, and, curious
to state, 'Calluna' in the hard wind which prevailed during the first,
second, and third rounds, fairly beat 'Britannia' on each turn while
sailing with a free sheet, the advantage gained by the latter being on
the beat between the sea mark and Brixham. On the last round the wind
took off a little and 'Britannia' made an all-round gain, eventually
beating her antagonist by 4 mins. 17 secs.

[Illustration: 'Satanita,' 162-rater (A. D. Clarke, Esq.)]

In contrast to the tearing pipe-up at Torquay, variable breezes,
flaws, catspaws, and calms prevailed in Start Bay when the Royal Dart
matches were decided. Owing to the death of the Duke of Coburg the
'Britannia' did not start, but 'Navahoe' was under racing colours
again, and she was opposed by 'Calluna' and 'Satanita,' Mr. Crocker,
of New York, having arrived just in time to sail the American. All
light kites were set, and 'Satanita' led the race on a reach to the
Skerries buoy, at which mark 'Navahoe' was whipper-in. 'Calluna,'
through luffing out to cover 'Satanita,' let 'Navahoe' through into
second place, and the latter ran up close to the leader. The breeze
got so soft that they could hardly gain on the tide, and getting a
flaw first on one quarter and then on the other positions kept
changing, till at the last mark 'Satanita' was just clear ahead of
'Calluna'; the tide, however, hooked the latter and set her on to the
mark-boat, and she at once gave up. 'Satanita' and 'Navahoe' reached
along in a trickling air with all light kites set, and 'Satanita'
finished the first round with a lead of 1 min. 18 secs. Both got in
the doldrums near the Start mark, but taking a chill 'Navahoe' got
away with a long lead. 'Satanita,' however, brought enough wind to
drag her by to windward, and give her a good lead at the east mark.
'Satanita' was lucky enough to get a new wind first, which kept pretty
true and steady afterward, and she eventually beat 'Navahoe' in a
fluky race by 7 mins. 45 secs.

The rising Start Bay Club, to its credit be it said, catered for the
big ships, and in return secured the entry of the familiar quartet.
After a breathless morning an opportune breeze from the south-east
travelled in from sea and put a little life into the start. The
'Satanita,' however, had just before drove on to the outer flagboat
and she was then kept lying with staysail to windward. 'Navahoe'
crossed the line first, and in a soft breeze went clean full and by
for the Torcross flagboat, 'Britannia' and 'Calluna' being sailed
finer. 'Satanita,' when told by the Committee to 'go on,' crossed the
line 11 mins. 20 secs. after 'Navahoe,' and getting a better breeze
than the leaders she gained about 7 mins. on 'Navahoe.' The last named
went stealing along in the gentle breeze and finished the first round
33 seconds before 'Britannia.' The breeze freshened and they came on a
taut bowline, and after 'Navahoe' had tried her best to wind
'Britannia,' the latter squeezed through her lee and in the next board
crossed ahead, while 'Satanita' closed up. After a run from the west
to east mark, they had a broad reach home in a fine breeze,
'Britannia' keeping bell-wether. 'Navahoe' held second place in the
beat to Torcross, but 'Satanita' went past in going down wind for the
next mark. It was a curious finish, as after reaching in fairly
foaming, the wind cut off within a quarter of a mile of the winning
line, and 'Britannia' came upright. She then got a cyclonic cooler,
which filled the lower sails one way and the topsail the other.
'Britannia's' long lead looked likely to be wiped out, as the
'Satanita,' 'Navahoe,' and 'Calluna' were meanwhile tearing in
foaming. They in turn got stuck up, however, in the same vortex, and
'Britannia' was logged winner with a lead of 7 mins. 16 secs. of
'Satanita,' 9 mins. 20 secs. of 'Navahoe,' and 12 mins. 44 secs. of
'Calluna.' 'Satanita's' was a remarkably fine performance in such
weather; but, after all, she had a bootless journey, the 'Navahoe'
taking second prize.

[Illustration: Start Bay Yacht Club Dartmouth.

4 Times Round.]

The 'Navahoe' did not go further west than Dartmouth, but gave
topsail-sheet for Cowes to get her wings clipped and a thorough brush
up before the Gold Cup and other challenge cup matches with
'Britannia.'

Had the matches for the Royal Victoria Gold Cup been set for decision
earlier in the season, and the challenger and defender not previously
gauged their speed, deeper and wider interest would very naturally
have been taken in the contests. As matters stood, the result appeared
a foregone conclusion, yet many were warned by the 'Navahoe's'
admirers that a little clipping and other alterations would be found
to have wrought an improvement both in stability and speed, and that
she would make a closer fight than was generally anticipated. The club
arrangements for the first match of the series, on Wednesday, Sept. 6,
appeared to be as perfect as possible, and excitement ran high on the
morning of the day. There was a great crowd on Ryde Pier, and the
official steamer which embarked ticket-holders at Southampton, Cowes,
Ryde, and Southsea carried a large and critical company.

[Illustration: Royal Dart Yacht Club. Kingswear.]

Friday was appointed for the final match over the long Victoria
course, and it turned out a very coarse time, the wind coming in
tearing squalls and the rain in sheets. 'Navahoe's' mainsail gave out
at the eyelet lacings, and the second reef was got down, the start
meanwhile being delayed. The American, however, eventually brought up,
and Mr. Jameson, who was acting for the Prince of Wales on the
'Britannia,' declined, under the circumstances, to take advantage of a
'sail over,' it being mutually agreed subsequently to race on Monday.
Monday opened with a rattling breeze from the eastward, but it had
toned down at 11 o'clock, and was then a typical time to test the
rivals under lower canvas with mainsails single reefed. As usual with
the wind out there was a tumble of sea off Spithead. They started to
the eastward at 11.5, and had a beat to the Nab, 'Britannia' having
the best of it, as she was broad to windward at the flash of the gun.
The west tide was going, and a long stretch was made across Spithead,
'Britannia' giving her rival a blistering for a time. She was too far
ahead off the Warner to be spilling 'Navahoe's' head-sail, and,
smashing through the short sea in peerless style, beat the American 9
mins. 5 secs.--or a minute a mile--turning to the Nab. Spinnakers
Irish-reefed and hoisted to masthead were set after they had reached
on to the Spit mark, and a gybe was made off Lee, the western flag
being tacked round, and here 'Britannia' led by 9 mins. 7 secs.
'Navahoe' after rounding appeared to be starved for wind, while
'Britannia' was getting rammed along. Soon the jibsheets of the
American ran out, and the sail had to be secured, sheets rove, and the
sail reset, 'Britannia' meanwhile having hopped a long distance away;
and she weathered the home flagboat and finished the first round with
a lead of 17 mins. 7 secs. The Nab was turned to in a lighter breeze
and smoother water, and 'Navahoe,' getting a northerly slant when off
the Elbow buoy of the Dean, made a long leg out, while 'Britannia' had
been pegging away at short turnings. The latter, however, weathered
the lightship holding a lead of 14 mins. 5 secs., and she only added
10 secs. in going free to the western mark. The wind having backed to
the eastward, they could lay clean for home, and with a fair tide the
ground was covered very fast. 'Britannia's' masthead had gone aft, and
the heel of her housed topmast was sticking out so far that it had
torn the staysail just inside the tabling, and the sail split up from
foot to head just before she crossed the line victorious in her
defence of the Royal Victoria Gold Cup. The 'Britannia' finished at 4
hrs. 29 mins. 17 secs., and 'Navahoe' at 4 hrs. 44 mins. 25 secs.

After having finished the deciding match for the Royal Victoria Gold
Cup, conqueror and conquered sailed away westward and rode the night
out at anchor in Cowes Roads. Tuesday, Sept. 12, was fixed for the
race for the Brenton Reef Cup, and it turned out a bright crisp
morning, with a fine singing breeze easterly, and, gauged by the loom
on the seascape, it appeared probable the wind would prevail from that
quarter. According to conditions the course was from off the Needles
Rocks round Cherbourg breakwater, passing in at the west end and out
at the east, and returning to the Needles, the distance being computed
at 120 miles. The antagonists were towed away after breakfast to the
rendezvous, and going down the west channel a reef was put in
mainsails, No. 3 jibs hoisted in stops, and flying jibs stowed at
bowsprit ends, while jibheaded topsails were set after the last pull
had been taken at purchases. The owner of the 'Navahoe's' wish that 5
mins. be allowed for crossing the line and the difference corrected at
the finish of the match was acceded to, and about 11.30 the official
steamer was in position, Mr. R. Grant, secretary of the Royal Yacht
Squadron, being officer in charge. The imaginary starting line was
formed by bringing the three Needles Rocks in one, and at noon the
Blue Peter was lowered and the match commenced. 'Britannia' reached
across the line at 12 hrs. 1 min. 6 secs. P.M., the 'Navahoe' at 12
hrs. 2 mins. 5 secs., the Prince of Wales's cutter thus having 54-1/2
secs. to allow at the finish. Sheets were trimmed for a beam wind, and
with flying jibs and balloon staysails set they went racing fast
across the down-coming ebb. There was a nasty ground swell, and on
getting clear from under the lee of the land the full weight of the
wind was felt, the sea getting crested and heavy. Jibheaders were
handed, flying jibs lowered, and working staysails set, and travelling
upwards of twelve knots there was plenty of drift knocking about.
'Britannia' continued to keep 'Navahoe' astern, and two hours after
the start 25 miles had been logged. The wind kept true and they
continued to sail a punishing race, the vessels labouring a good deal
in the lumpy sea, and yawing in all directions. Keeping up an even
speed of about twelve knots, they made the breakwater about four and a
half hours after the start, and up to this time 'Britannia' had kept
her lead. When about five miles off, 'Navahoe' was let come up sharp
across the leader's wake, and, making a shoot afterward off her helm,
she looked like coming in to her opponent. 'Britannia' dropped back
after being thus covered up, and then came into her rival's wake, and
they raced on into the comparative smoothing under the land, with
'Navahoe' holding a few lengths lead. Topmasts were housed, and they
passed into the breakwater ready for the two-miles beat through
Cherbourg Roads. This was at 5 o'clock, and 'Navahoe' had a lead of 25
secs. 'Britannia' drew to close round the buoy, 'Navahoe' found her
opponent beating out broad on her weather, and in the first board
'Britannia' held a clear lead. In the last tack 'Britannia' stood on
until she could spoil her opponent, and it took 'Navahoe' a few
minutes to recover the winding. 'Britannia' headed out of the eastern
end with about 2 mins. lead, and on getting in the open the ebb was
still going west. It was a clean fetch back, but the wind was heavier
and the sea steeper than on coming over. When night closed in they
were about half-way across Channel, the vessels then getting fearfully
punished. They raced together, however, in a wonderful way,
'Britannia' keeping the lead, with 'Navahoe' about 150 yards astern,
the latter running wildly about, pointing one minute wide of the
leader's weather quarter and anon for the lee side. Foresails had with
difficulty been lowered when the vessels were about two miles off the
breakwater, but with the wind more moderate, when they were about five
miles off St. Catherine's they were reset. The flood tide was
streaming hard, but 'Britannia' on closing in to the Needles was
hauled up a bit for fear the wind should draw off the land, while
'Navahoe' was sailed hard along and closed on the leader. As the club
steamer could not be anchored in the fairway outside the Needles, she
was brought into Alum Bay and moored, and according to official timing
'Britannia' showed 'on' with the Needles Light at 10 hrs. 37 mins. 35
secs. P.M., the 'Navahoe' at 10 hrs. 38 mins. 32 secs., 'Britannia'
thus being winner on corrected time by 2-1/2 secs. Mr. Carroll
protested that the judge's steamer was not in position, and that the
difference between the vessels at the finish was not so much as 57
secs. A meeting of the Royal Yacht Squadron Sailing Committee was
called, and it was decided to adjudge 'Navahoe' winner. It need hardly
be said that this ruling was thought hard on 'Britannia' after such a
grand race, and no explanation of the finding was forthcoming. It was
understood that the owner of the 'Navahoe' would not agree to the
match being re-sailed.

It was arranged to sail for the Cape May Cup on Friday, Sept. 15,
under precisely similar conditions to those which governed the Brenton
Reef Cup, and over the same course. In order to obviate any difficulty
about timing in the dark, it was agreed that the start and finish
should be from Alum Bay, and Col. J. Sterling undertook the duties of
starter and time-keeper. Seven o'clock was named for a beginning, but
the vessels could not move out of Cowes Roads until 9.30, owing to a
dense fog choking up the west channel.

On getting down to Alum Bay a further wait had to be made, owing to a
glass calm prevailing, and it was not until 12.30 that the preparatory
flag was broken out. There was a soft westerly breeze at the time,
which gave a short beat out to the Needles. Fine generalship was
displayed on 'Britannia,' which was intentionally sailed through the
line before the gun, and 'Navahoe' was allowed the honour of showing
the way. 'Britannia' followed 10 secs. later, and on meeting 'Navahoe'
standing off on port tack put her round, and presently stayed dead in
her wind. 'Navahoe' got a terrible shake-off, and was 2-1/2 mins.
astern at the Needles. They then had a close reach off into the
Channel, and with the light breeze narrowing only slow progress was
made. An hour and a half after the start 'Britannia' held a lead of
about a mile, and at 7 o'clock she was judged to be three miles ahead.
At 8 o'clock there was not a breath of wind, the vessels laid in a
perfect calm for about two hours, and it was reckoned that 'Britannia'
was then about twenty miles off the Wight. At 10.15 a north-east
breeze gathered in, 'Britannia' ran away with it, and in the pitchy
darkness 'Navahoe' could not be made out.

The breeze kept up, and the spinnaker was carried on 'Britannia'
until Cape Barfleur lights were made out right ahead. Owing to an
alteration in the character of the lights not being noticed on the
chart for a time, it was thought 'Britannia' was too far to the
westward, the spinnaker was then got off, and the vessel hauled up a
little. The western end was made in the grey of the morning, and on
entering at 5.29 'Britannia' was holding about three miles lead, but
'Navahoe' was closing up fast. The wind was drawing through Cherbourg
Roads, a few boards were made to get weathering distance of the east
end, and 'Britannia' was going out at the one end while 'Navahoe' was
about entering at the other, the distance between them being a trifle
over two miles. The breeze, which came from the northward by east, was
growing, and jib topsails were pulled down when about ten miles off.
'Britannia' was sailed to keep her opponent fair in her wake, and she
might have been made fetch Christchurch head, but Durleston was the
landfall, and the leader tacked off the Dorset headland at 10.15,
'Navahoe' following at 10.45. It was a beat hence home with a weather
tide, and 'Britannia' at this game made a terrible exhibition of her
opponent, weathering the line winner of the Cape May Cup with a lead
of 36 mins. 13 secs. The official timing was, 'Britannia' 12 hrs. 57
mins. 19 secs. P.M., 'Navahoe' 1 hr. 33 mins. 32 secs. P.M. It may be
said that 'Britannia's' sail-area in the Gold Cup, Brenton Reef, and
Cape May races was 10,327 square feet, and the 'Navahoe's' 10,815
square feet, the latter having been clipped to the extent of 270 feet.

In summing up this review it may be said there is little reason to
doubt that the 'Britannia' was the best all round vessel of the fleet;
the 'Valkyrie' was a trifle the quicker in stays and in light breezes,
the better vessel to windward, or even on a long close reach, and also
in a dead run. In hard winds and plain sailing the 'Satanita's' 10 ft.
greater length on the load-line gave her the mastery over the Prince
of Wales's cutter, but on any point and in any weather 'Britannia' was
equal to lowering the 'Calluna's' colours. The 'Britannia' and
'Navahoe' were desperately close matched whenever the latter could
get a broad reach or run and keep the lee rail out of water, but the
Prince of Wales's cutter was immeasurably her superior on the
all-important point--going to windward. Perfect handling contributed
not a little to 'Britannia's' success, and, sailed as she was by John
Carter and Mr. W. G. Jameson, it is certain nothing was given away or
lost. She had a peerless record in her class--namely, 33 prizes in 43
starts; the gross value of the prizes won, including challenge cups,
being in round numbers 2,500_l._

It must have been highly gratifying to the 'Valkyrie's' designer that
the vessel excelled in the very weather and sailing points
desired--namely, going to windward and dead running. Her trials with
'Britannia' showed how wonderfully evenly matched the vessels were in
moderate weather, and artistic handling was always conspicuous
whenever Lord Dunraven's cutter was under a racing flag. 'Valkyrie'
made her mark in the short season she had in home waters, her record
being 15 prizes in 24 starts, her winnings amounting to 955_l._

The 'Satanita' was a particularly unlucky boat, and on the Clyde her
ill fortune passed into a proverb. After breaking the spell with a
victory in Belfast Lough, she, however, scored several notable
victories, and it was a great feat to win two events at a Royal Yacht
Squadron regatta. Her fastest reaching display was no doubt in the
Nore to Dover race, but for a short burst the speed she attained in
going from the New Pier, Torquay, to the flagboat outside Hope's Nose
has perhaps never been equalled by anything of yacht kind. 'Satanita'
was not such a handy boat to get round marks or herring-bone through a
crowded roadstead as 'Britannia' and 'Valkyrie,' but Jay is deserving
of the highest praise for the able way he sailed his charge.
'Satanita's' winnings included a Queen's Cup and the Albert Cup, and
in 36 starts she won 13 prizes, value 760_l._

The 'Calluna' was a disappointing boat; indeed, her designer got into
a way at last of calling her 'My unlucky boat,' for which expression
there was all-sufficient reason. The best of 'Calluna' perhaps
remains to be got out of her, yet she went by fits and starts in a
wonderful way, but could rarely maintain her form to a finish. She had
very strong opposition in 'Britannia,' 'Valkyrie,' and 'Satanita,' but
likely enough she would have been an all-round better boat, and
perhaps a real flier, with 2-1/2 ft. less beam and 2-1/2 ft. more
load-water length. Her skipper, A. Hogarth, is exceptionally smart in
handling a small craft; 'Calluna' was his first charge of the
heavy-weight line, and she certainly was not the sort of craft to
serve an apprenticeship in. The Clyde cutter managed to win 10 prizes
in 36 starts, but it was only on two occasions that she sailed home in
the van.

To small details in a racing vessel's outfit the Americans give much
more consideration than British yachtsmen think necessary. Many a
wrinkle might have been picked up, however, in making a careful study
of the 'Navahoe's' outfit, and there is no doubt that much of the gear
and ironwork in English yachts is too heavy. 'Navahoe's' failing was
want of stability, and this was found out on the other side before she
set out from home. Her iron skin was not in her favour, and we, on
this side, have yet to learn that a vessel can be properly laid on a
wind when steered with a wheel. The 'Navahoe' started 18 times and won
6 prizes. Including the Brenton Reef Challenge Cup, her gross winnings
amounted to 445_l._

The record of broken masts and other spars in connection with
first-class vessels was a remarkable one. It is likely that poor
quality wood brought about the majority of the breakages; in fact,
last season's spars were a rank bad lot. The case was different in
'Thistle's' year, that vessel having a really splendid lot of sticks.
It may be said that the 'Britannia' had no fewer than three masts in
her forty-three racing essays, one topmast, two bowsprits, and one
gaff; 'Calluna' two masts, one main boom, and one gaff; 'Valkyrie' one
mast, one topmast, one boom, and one bowsprit; and 'Satanita' one
bowsprit and one boom.

Referring to the 40-rating class, it was feared at the outset of the
season that neither 'Lais' nor 'Vendetta' was any improvement on the
over-year 'Varuna.' The last named had quite a triumphal march at the
outset, winning four class matches right off. It was at Lowestoft that
'Lais' first gave 'Varuna' a taste of her quality, as she beat the
latter by 13 mins. 34 secs. in moderate weather. 'Lais' was afterwards
victorious at Dover, Southampton (R. Southern), Largs Regatta, Royal
Western of Scotland, Mudhook, Royal Ulster, Royal Irish, Royal Alfred,
Royal Yacht Squadron (Australian Cup), Royal Victoria. Altogether she
made up a string of 29 prizes in 39 starts, and the gross value of her
winnings was 827_l._ 'Varuna' gained first honours in the Royal London
match (Thames), Brightlingsea Regatta, Royal Harwich (both days),
Royal Mersey (both days), Royal Clyde, Royal Ulster, Royal Cornwall
(S.O.), Royal Southampton (2), Royal Albert (2), Royal Dart, and Royal
Western, her winning total being 23 prizes in 40 starts, value 605_l._
The 'Vendetta' won her maiden race, and only one more (R. Southern),
before leaving the Channel. She was an improved boat when she joined
in on the Clyde and won round the Royal Northern course, and she was
subsequently to the fore in the Clyde Corinthian Regatta, Royal Clyde,
Royal Irish, Royal London (Cowes), Royal Yacht Squadron, Royal Dorset
and Torbay (2). In all she gained 18 flags in 33, and the value of her
prizes amounted to 490_l._ The 'Thalia' only carried Judge Boyd's
colours ten times, and won six prizes, value 150_l._

The 'Dragon III.' was crack of the 20-rating class, and she had a very
brilliant record--namely, 31 prizes, value 445_l._, in 34 starts. The
'Dragon' did not go through the season without a little doctoring, her
formidable opponent, the 'Deirdré,' being found very hard to beat
after being shortened about 10 in. on the water-line, and getting 45
square feet more sail-area; so 'Dragon' was altered in like manner,
and 'Deirdré' had again to take second place. The new 'Vigorna' was a
failure, and 'Dragon' and 'Deirdré' were too good for the 'Molly'
('Dragon II.'). The 'Zinita' would perhaps have proved equal to
tackling the 'Dragon III.' by the wind, but Mr. Hill's boat would
certainly have been able to score heavily with checked sheets.
'Deirdré's' record was 21 prizes in 35 starts, and the 'Zinita's' 18
in 24 starts. The 'Phantom' was the crack of the tens, with 14 prizes
in 24 starts; and the 5-rater 'Red Lancer' in going round the coast
managed to win 24 flags in 34 racing essays.

[Illustration: Mr. Hill's 'Dragon III,' 20-rater.]

This review would not be complete without some reference to sails, and
it may be said that those made by the joint firms of Laphorn and
Ratsey were really wonderful and perfect specimens of the art. Still,
'Valkyrie's' canvas elicited the greatest praise in America, and
especially from General Paine, who said her suit 'fitted like a
glove; the most perfect canvas he had ever seen in America.' The
quality of the material and workmanship was strikingly evident in
'Britannia's' mainsail, which lasted a season through, and after all
the fagging and rough work it had, it kept its shape to the end of the
season. The 'Valkyrie' had a mainsail made of Sea Island cotton for
the America Cup matches, but most people would vote flax good enough
after seeing such a sail as 'Britannia's.' The 'Satanita,' 'Calluna,'
and 'Valkyrie's' mainsails stood equally well as 'Britannia's,' and
those of the 40-raters 'Lais' and 'Vendetta' could not have been
better. The twenties were quite as well done by; but the plan of
giving the last-named class wide cloths in a measure spoils the beauty
of the sails. The patent jibs introduced by T. Ratsey were very pretty
sails, but they seemed liable to go across the diagonal seam in a
gusty wind.




CHAPTER XII

THE AMERICAN YACHTING SEASON OF 1893

BY LEWIS HERRESHOFF


The yachting season of 1893 was inaugurated by the laying of
'Navahoe's' keel in the autumn of 1892, at the construction shops of
the Herreshoff Company, in Bristol, R.I.

Interest was soon centred in her, for it was clear that she was
intended for some unusual service, and when her owner Mr. R. P.
Carroll, announced his programme for the season of 1893, of going to
England to try for the American cups there, and to take part in what
racing he might, there was an astonishing awakening of enthusiasm on
both sides of the Atlantic, which culminated in the international
contest off New York in October 1893, that being without question the
most exciting and interesting series of races ever witnessed. Early in
December 1892 the challenge from Lord Dunraven was finally settled and
adjusted, creating a patriotic ardour in all English and American
yachtsmen.

Almost simultaneously the 'Valkyrie,' 'Britannia,' 'Calluna,' and
'Satanita' in England, and 'Colonia,' 'Vigilant,' 'Jubilee,' and
'Pilgrim' in America, were begun, the last three English yachts being
expressly intended to defend the American and other trophies against
the attack of 'Navahoe,' as well as more fully to test the value of
'Valkyrie,' on which rested the herculean task of returning the
America Cup to its native shores. The early months of 1893 were spent
by the yachting circles of both England and America in discussions on
and comparisons of the merits of their favourite design and
construction, rig and so forth.

All attempts by the designers and builders to keep their work secret
were utterly futile, for all essential information as to dimensions
and chief characteristics found their way into the newspapers, giving
zest to the public interest and discomfiture to the builders, who set
seals on the mouths of their workmen and watchmen, and blocked every
door and window where the prying public might steal a view of the
coming wonder; but seals and watchmen could not evade the desire to
know what was to be the form and outline of the 'Defenders,' as the
American yachts were popularly called. The table on p. 402 gives
important information concerning the five American yachts of 1893, to
which is added 'Valkyrie,' her dimensions being important for
comparison with the American vessels. 'Navahoe' was built under
restrictions that precluded all expectations of attaining the highest
speed; she was intended for a cruiser which in the event of necessity
could be rigged and sailed so as to make a good show with yachts then
in existence. Her performance in English waters, although
disappointing, was but little below the anticipations of those who
knew her and understood the value of her opponents, whose lines were
not drawn when 'Navahoe' was begun.

The yachts 'Navahoe,' 'Colonia,' and 'Vigilant' are all after the type
of 'Gloriana' and 'Wasp,' but differing widely in some points, the
first and last being centreboard vessels, and 'Colonia' a keel, but of
not sufficient lateral plane, rendering her windward work faulty.

'Vigilant' represents perhaps more nearly than the others the
so-called American type; she combines a broad beam with good depth,
and with her centreboard down draws about 23 ft.

  +---------+---------------+----------------+-------------+--------+------+----+--------+------+-----------+
  | Cutter  |     Owner     |    Designer    |   Builders  | Length |L.W.L.|Beam| Draught| Sail-|Sail-makers|
  |         |               |                |             |over all|      |    |        | area |           |
  +---------+---------------+----------------+-------------+--------+------+----+--------+------+-----------+
  |         |               |                |             |   ft.  |  ft. | ft.|ft. ins.|  ft. |           |
  |         |               |                |             |        |      |    |        |      |           |
  |Navahoe  {R. P. Carroll, |  N. G.         {Herreshoff   }  123   |  --  | 23 { 13  0  |  --  {Wilson and |
  |         {N.Y.           |  Herreshoff    {Manufacturing}        |      |    { 23  0  |      {Silsby     |
  |         |               |                {Co.          }        |      |    |        |      |           |
  |         |               |                |             |        |      |    |        |      |           |
  |Colonia  {Arch. Rogers   }     "          |      "      |   128  | 85.48| 24 | 15  3  |11,340|    "      |
  |         {and others,    }                |             |        |      |    |        |      |           |
  |         {N.Y.           }                |             |        |      |    |        |      |           |
  |         |               |                |             |        |      |    |        |      |           |
  |Vigilant {E. D. Morgan   }     "          |      "      |   127  | 86.12| 26 { 14  0  |11,312{Wilson and |
  |         {and others,    }                |             |        |      |    { 24  0  |      {Griffen,   |
  |         {N.Y.           }                |             |        |      |    |        |      {N.Y.       |
  |         |               |                |             |        |      |    |        |      |           |
  |Valkyrie |Lord Dunraven  |  Geo. L. Watson|  Henderson  | 117.25 | 85.50| -- | 17  6  |  --  |  Ratsey   |
  |         |               |                |             |        |      |    |        |      |           |
  |Jubilee  {Chas. J. Paine,} J. B. Paine    {Lawley Corp.,}   125  | 84.47| 23 { 13  9  |11,342{Wilson and |
  |         {Boston         }                {Boston       }        |      |    { 22  0  |      {Silsby     |
  |         |               |                |             |        |      |    |        |      |           |
  |Pilgrim  {Bayard Thayer  } Stewart and    |Pussey and   }   123  | 85.28| 23 | 22  6  |10,261|    "      |
  |         {and others,    } Binney         |Jones        }        |      |    |        |      |           |
  |         {Boston         }                |             |        |      |    |        |      |           |
  +---------+---------------+----------------+-------------+--------+------+----+--------+------+-----------+

The chief characteristic of her construction is the employment of
Tobin bronze for her plating (save the upper row of plates, which are
of steel), and her centreboard, also of bronze, is made of two plates
set apart with ribs between, the space of 2-1/2 in. being filled with
cement; the structure weighing 7,750 lbs., and being operated from the
cabin by means of differential lifts, capable of raising 6 tons.

'Jubilee' is of unusual design and construction; her body is wide and
shallow, with a fin attachment carrying about 40 tons of lead at a
depth of 13 ft. below the water's surface, and to increase the lateral
plane she has a centreboard that works through the fin and its bulb of
lead, exposing surface enough to ensure most excellent windward work,
dropping about 8 or 10 ft. below the bulb. 'Pilgrim' is an out-and-out
fin-keel yacht, the largest vessel of that type ever built. Like
'Jubilee,' she is broad and shallow of body, the fin being of a
separate construction, and this with its bulb of 15 tons weight was
attached to the vessel in New York, the hull having been built in
Wilmington on the Delaware. She carried her bulb 23 ft. below water,
which gave her good stability and power to hold her course when
sailing to windward; but with her, as in some measure with 'Jubilee,'
they did not represent any authorised, well-tested type of yacht, and
though their performances were interesting and highly instructive,
they did not fill the mind of the true yachtsman with glowing
satisfaction, seeing that the work that was in hand was one of
national importance and required designs of equally high character.
The middle of July found all four yachts in sailing, if not racing,
trim; their owners scrupulously avoided contact with each other; each
claimed unheard-of speed and other noble qualities; and each felt that
his craft was that on which would rest the honour of defending the
America Cup. It was soon found that the booms of 'Colonia' and
'Vigilant' were not satisfactory; they were not stiff enough to hold
the sail where it should be to ensure a flat set, and when swung off
their weight was found to list the yacht too much, both of which
difficulties were to be expected in spars of their length and diameter
(100 ft. long by 16 in.). Hollow booms of different construction were
tried. Those where the spar was sawed lengthwise and the core dug
out, then glued and trenailed together, were found to be the best.
Booms of highly elaborate construction made for 'Colonia' and
'Vigilant' were tried and found unsuitable. They were built up of long
staves, having double skins which were well glued and fastened, and
weighed less than half the solid spar; they were 30 in. at slings, 18
in. at after, and 15 in. at forward ends, but they evidently were
lacking in material enough to endure the tension on one side and the
compression on the other, and were condemned after a short trial.

In the first regatta of the N.Y.Y.C. cruise on August 7, 'Colonia' and
'Vigilant' met; it was at the head of Long Island Sound, triangular
course.

There came a puff of wind a moment after starting, and before the
defenders sailed a mile 'Vigilant' broke down and withdrew, leaving
'Colonia' without an opponent, as 'Jubilee' and 'Pilgrim' did not join
the fleet until later.

The race for the Goelet Cups off Newport on August 11 was famous for
first bringing together all four of the 'Defenders,' and infamous in
the annals of yachting for being the most disappointing occasion that
was ever remembered. Calms varied by light baffling breezes, generally
from the east; mists mitigated by clearing moments, which finally
settled into a hopeless calm and densest of fogs. 'Colonia' came
drifting home nearly fifteen hours from the start, with 'Vigilant' and
'Jubilee' an hour or two behind. 'Pilgrim' had long before withdrawn.
The course was from Brenton's Reef light-vessel to that at the
entrance to Vineyard Sound, thence a short leg to the light-vessel at
the entrance of Buzzard's Bay, and thence to the point of
starting--about thirty-six miles.

The only fact disclosed by this race was that 'Jubilee' was as good as
'Vigilant' in beating out to the Vineyard Light, and that 'Vigilant'
was faster than 'Jubilee' in reaching, for the latter was caught and
passed by 'Vigilant' a few moments before the wind wholly disappeared.

[Illustration: New York Yacht Club.

1893. Regatta Course.]

During the continuation of the cruise there were several tests of
speed in going from port to port, in which 'Vigilant' showed herself
to be the fastest.

[Illustration: 'Vigilant,' Cup defender.]

The races for the Astor Cups off Newport were in the main
unsatisfactory as real tests of speed and desirable qualities, but in
all it was more and more assured that 'Vigilant' was the best, and
also that 'Pilgrim' was far from fulfilling the expectations of those
responsible for her. The August races ended without affording any
definite information as to the comparative value of the 'Defenders,'
but there was a growing opinion that 'Vigilant' was best, with
'Colonia' and 'Jubilee' about even, and 'Pilgrim' well astern; this
classification, however, was from inference rather than any absolute
test. 'Jubilee' and 'Pilgrim' went to Boston to prepare for the final
trial, to take place off New York in a series of races beginning
September 7. It was decided by the owners of 'Pilgrim' to give her
more power; lead was added to her bulb, spars lengthened, and
sail-spread increased. 'Jubilee' underwent only minor alterations,
whilst 'Colonia' and 'Vigilant' tried to improve the set of their
sails (a hopeless task) and otherwise prepared for the all-important
final race. In the first of the trial series 'Colonia' and 'Vigilant'
were about even, the Boston boats being disabled by damage to their
gear. The second and third races were victories for 'Vigilant,' the
last race being sailed in a fine wind and fairly rough sea.

Those who wanted to see an actual test of qualities were again
bitterly disappointed, for the Boston boats did not show as they might
have done had their rigging and spars remained intact; but in the case
of 'Pilgrim' it was clear that her increased sail-spread and
consequent augmentation of weights below and aloft imposed too severe
strains on her hull and rigging, so that structural weakness became
alarmingly evident before the close of the race, when she was at once
put out of commission, since which she has been sold, and will appear
next as a harbour steamer for passengers.

The choice of 'Vigilant' to defend the cup was a wise one--in fact,
the committee could decide nothing else, for it was clear that
'Colonia' could not do good work to windward, through lack of lateral
resistance; and 'Jubilee,' although unquestionably a very fast
yacht--in some instances the equal of 'Vigilant'--was rigged with such
untrustworthy material that she could not be depended upon to enter so
important a struggle as the defence of the America Cup. After the
trial races and consequent choice of 'Vigilant' as defender, public
attention was centred on the coming of 'Valkyrie.' Day after day
passed and yet no news of her; at last anxiety was felt for her
safety, seeing that she had not been positively reported since her
sailing. But, after a thirty days' voyage, she appeared at sunrise off
Sandy Hook, none the worse for her stormy passage.

'Valkyrie' was quickly put in racing trim, and on the arrival of Lord
Dunraven all the final arrangements for the contest were settled and
both yachts prepared for the struggle, the last act being the docking
of them to make their wetted surfaces as smooth and repellent of water
as possible.

The America Cup races were set to begin on October 5 and four
following alternate days, the first, third, and last to be 15 knots
from the lightship off Sandy Hook and return in a course parallel with
the wind; the second and fourth races to be triangular, 10 knots on
each leg, to start from the same point, and to have one leg to
windward; all races to be started from a single gun, and to be sailed
in a limit of six hours.

[Illustration: Earl of Dunraven's 'Valkyrie.']

As the day approached the excitement became intense; yachtsmen and
sportsmen flocked to New York from all parts of the country. Betting
ran in favour of 'Vigilant' (3 to 2), some bets being taken at large
odds against 'Valkyrie's' not being able to win a single race in the
series.

_First Race, October 7, 1893_

  +---------+-----+--------+--------+--------+---------+
  |   --    |Start|  Turn  | Finish |Elapsed |Corrected|
  +---------+-----+--------+--------+--------+---------+
  |         |h. m.|h. m. s.|h. m. s.|h. m. s.|h. m. s. |
  |Vigilant |11 25| 1 50 50| 3 30 47| 4  5 47| 4  5 47 |
  |Valkyrie |11 25| 1 58 56| 3 38 23| 4 13 23| 4 11 35 |
  +---------+-----+--------+--------+--------+---------+

'Vigilant' wins by 5 mins. 48 secs.


_Second Race, October 9, 1893_

  +---------+-----+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------+
  |         |Start| First  | Second | Finish |Elapsed |Corrected|
  |   --    |     |  mark  |  mark  |        |        |         |
  +---------+-----+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------+
  |         |h. m.|h. m. s.|h. m. s.|h. m. s.|h. m. s.|h. m. s. |
  |Vigilant |11 25| 1  6 35| 1 56 55| 2 50  1| 3 25  1| 3 25  1 |
  |Valkyrie |11 25| 1 11 20| 2  5 52| 3  2 24| 3 37 24| 3 35 36 |
  +---------+-----+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------+

'Vigilant' beat 'Valkyrie' on first leg 4 mins. 35 secs., on second 4
mins. 12 secs., and on third 3 mins. 26 secs. 'Vigilant' won by 10
mins. 35 secs.


_Third Race, October 13, 1893_

  +---------+-----+--------+--------+--------+---------+
  |   --    |Start|  Turn  | Finish |Elapsed |Corrected|
  +---------+-----+--------+--------+--------+---------+
  |         |h. m.|h. m. s.|h. m. s.|h. m. s.|h. m. s. |
  |Vigilant |12 27| 2 35 35| 3 51 39| 3 24 39| 3 24 39 |
  |Valkyrie |12 27| 2 33 40| 3 53 52| 3 26 52| 3 25 19 |
  +---------+-----+--------+--------+--------+---------+

To windward 'Valkyrie' gained 1 min. 55 secs. Off the wind 'Vigilant'
gained 4 mins. 8 secs. 'Vigilant' won by 40 secs.

Every steamer, tugboat, or anything propelled by an engine within 250
miles of the scene of the contest was pressed into service; and the
fleet by sail and steam started for New York, bearing eager,
interested men who had laid aside every business or social engagement
to witness what was felt to be the greatest yachting event the world
had ever known.

The 5th came. The bay and surrounding waters were alive with craft
loaded with excited spectators, but all were doomed to the bitterest
disappointment. It was a perfectly exasperating day--light winds
varied by calms; and spectators saw the nation's hope absolutely
forsaken by the treacherous breeze, whilst her opponent sailed away
with favouring flaws until the American was hopelessly distanced. The
time limit was reached before two-thirds of the course were covered,
and yachtsmen as well as spectators returned utterly disgusted. The
abortive race of the 5th afforded not the slightest clue to the
comparative value of the contending yachts, so on the 7th the
prospects of the coming race were as uncertain as ever.

The day was again disheartening; a waning westerly wind gave no
promise of a good race; the attendance was still large, but there was
a decided falling off in numbers from the first day.

The yachts were sent off east by south at a six or seven mile pace,
the 'Vigilant' slowly gaining; but when about half-way to the outer
mark 'Vigilant' took a start and rapidly drew away from 'Valkyrie,' so
that when within three miles of the mark she was one and a quarter
mile in the lead. Here a soft spot in the wind occurred, and
'Valkyrie' drew on the brass-bottomed boat; but at that moment the
wind shifted more southerly, blowing over the quarter rail of the
yachts, and 'Vigilant' again drew away from her pursuer, turning
nearly a mile and a half in advance.

The wind having changed in direction there was no windward work, the
yachts returning two or three points free, and maintaining the same
relative distance at the close as at the outer mark. The race of the
7th, although a decided victory for the American, was not generally
considered as a satisfactory test of sailing qualities; the wind was
unsteady in force and direction, and to some extent fluky, but in the
opinion of those who were competent to judge, the 'luck' was rather
more on the side of the 'Valkyrie' than the 'Vigilant,' the English,
however, stoutly declaring the reverse.

The real value of the two yachts in windward work was still unknown,
and although 'Vigilant' had scored by a good margin one race, still
the result was then quite uncertain.

October 9 opened with a fair promise of wind; the interest was still
deep and the attendance large; the course was triangular, ten miles
each side. The first leg was to windward; the yachts started about
equal as to time and position.

At first 'Valkyrie' seemed to lead--that is, she outfooted the
American; but the latter was slowly edging up toward the wind, and
later, when a good weather position was gained by 'Vigilant,' her
skipper gave her more power, and with the increasing wind she rapidly
left her opponent astern, rounding the first mark well in the lead.

The next leg was a broad run, and all that witnessed it unite in
declaring that yachts never made such time in a race before. They
flew; but 'Vigilant' flew the faster, and nearly doubled the handsome
lead that she had obtained on the rounding of the first mark.

The home leg was with a freshening free wind two points forward of
beam. It was made without incident, save that 'Vigilant' had to favour
her bowsprit that was sprung on the windward stretch, her jib-topsail
was lowered, and head-sails eased in regard for the weakened spar. On
the home stretch 'Vigilant' still further widened the distance between
her and the English yacht, and made a most decided point in her
favour. The race was a fine one, but it seemed to seal the fate of
'Valkyrie'; still with native pluck her undaunted owner made ready for
the next race. By a most masterful stroke a new mainsail was bent, and
more lead given the cutter, so that she lost fifteen seconds of time
allowance from the American.

October 11th proved another disappointing day. Light breezes and calms
ruled; the beat of fifteen miles resulted in no decisive difference in
the sailing of the yachts, for when the time-limit was reached the
yachts were far from home, with the American yacht leading.

On the 12th a gale was reported as working up the coast, and great
hopes were entertained of a fresh wind for the fifth start. Many
thought that the American yacht would beat her opponent more easily in
a strong wind and rough sea, but they were disappointed, as the sequel
proved. When October 13 dawned an easterly gale was blowing up; early
in the morning the wind began to pipe and the sea to roughen, and by
the time of starting the wind had set in strong and steadily from the
east. After some delay caused by an accident to the rigging of
'Valkyrie,' that was speedily repaired on board, the two yachts shot
away for a fifteen-mile thresh to windward, the 'Valkyrie' at the
south end of the line, and 'Vigilant' at the north end--a fair start.
At first 'Vigilant' outfooted 'Valkyrie' and held nearly or quite as
well to the wind; but when the windward work was about half finished
the wind drew more from the south of east, it soon began to increase
in good earnest, and from that moment 'Valkyrie' got further away from
'Vigilant,' and turned the outer mark nearly two minutes ahead. On
starting, the yachts had each a reef down, 'Vigilant' a whole reef,
'Valkyrie' a half reef in her mainsail, each her working topsail set,
with usual head-sails. After the mark was turned it became apparent
that if 'Vigilant' were to win she must work, and, as it proved, no
lack of energy was displayed on either yacht. The reef was turned out
of 'Vigilant's' mainsail, and her No. 1 club topsail set over it. The
storm that had been threatening all day now began to increase, the
wind rose rapidly and the sea became very rough.

'Vigilant' gained noticeably on her opponent, and passed her when
about half-way to the home point. The contest was now most exciting;
the rigging of both yachts was strained to the last degree. Soon
after the 'Valkyrie' was passed by 'Vigilant,' her spinnaker, that was
torn in setting, became disabled by splitting; another but smaller one
was set in its place, but that also soon gave way to the
ever-increasing force of the wind. The last three miles of the race
were a mad rush for the 'Vigilant'; she carried all the sail that
could be spread, and it seemed that an inch more of canvas would carry
everything by the board. She gained more quickly than ever on her
crippled follower, and crossed a close winner in the midst of the most
exciting scene that yachting annals have ever recorded.

It is hard to say if the 'Vigilant' would have won had 'Valkyrie' not
lost her light sails; but if the latter claims that her race was thus
lost, 'Vigilant,' with equal sense of right, can claim that a
maladjustment of her centreboard lost her at least five minutes on the
beat out.

Closely following the termination of the races both yachts were put
into winter quarters, and owners as well as crews took breath,
enjoying a well-earned rest. It is not possible at this early moment
to draw any absolutely settled conclusions as to the merits or
demerits of the contesting yachts. Fortunately Lord Dunraven decided
to leave 'Valkyrie' in the States for a continuation of the contest in
1894, when if the races that are now hoped for occur, and all the
yachts take part that now promise to do so, it will be a far more
useful and interesting contest than was afforded by the races of 1893.

A few points that are worth considering force themselves on the close
observer of the international races of 1893.

October is one of the worst periods of the whole year for racing, at
least during the first half of the month; the winds then are light and
inconstant in force and direction, and calms are of longer duration
than at any period during the yachting season.

From August 15 until September 20 is without doubt the most favourable
time for racing, and when another international contest is
contemplated, it is to be hoped that the races will be set at least
three weeks earlier than those of 1893.

This international sport awakens such a widespread interest, serving,
as it were, as a great national school in yachting and racing, that it
is to be hoped as much facility as possible may be afforded the public
for witnessing them; therefore, let all international races be held in
New York waters, where they were in 1893, as that point is more
accessible than any other to those interested. We in America must
establish some school for the training of skippers and crews; there is
not to-day a professional skipper in the country, nor a crew that is
capable of sailing a yacht against the English. The best school
possible is actual racing, and when we present to our yachtsmen a
racing list as long as that published in England, then we can hope to
have captains and men fit to hold their own. The English may learn of
the Americans how to design a yacht that will bear pushing to extreme
speeds without making such a disturbance in the water as did
'Valkyrie.' They can also take lessons in staying the mast and
masthead, and in proportioning the sizes of spars and standing rigging
more closely to the labour assigned them. The Americans may learn of
the English how to make canvas that will stand where it is desired;
and when it is made they can also learn of them how to make sails and
how to set them; and in general to copy the management of their yachts
when racing, that when we meet the English in international races we
may be able to rig and sail our yachts in such manner that an expert
would be able to say whether any advantage on either side was due to
design, or if not to that factor alone, to place the cause of
advantage where it belongs, so that the lesson set by such races may
be of some benefit to those who have the improvement of
yacht-designing and sailing near their hearts.

The long-mooted question of keel _v._ centreboard still remains
unanswered, and in fact it never can be determined as a general rule.
In close windward work there seems little or no difference between the
keel and centreboard as to speed; the latter has some advantage when
sailing free by raising the board, thus lessening the wetted surface
of the yacht.

The great and undeniable superiority of the centreboard lies in the
fact that a yacht possessing it can essentially reduce her draught of
water so as to work in depths that would be wholly impossible for the
keel vessel. It would seem, therefore, that the advantage gained in
the use of the centreboard is mainly not one of sailing qualities, but
one of desirability for use in certain locations where shallow water
prevails.

The interest exhibited in the international races by those who were
able to be present has already been mentioned, but it yet remains to
notice the astonishing degree of excitement as to the result of the
races evinced by the public at large.

From Maine to California, and from Michigan to Florida, news of the
struggle was eagerly awaited, and in all the cities, towns, and even
villages the exact position of the yachts was exposed on a bulletin
board, the news being sent by telegraph every five or ten minutes, or
more often if the change of position of the yachts demanded it. In
some of the larger cities where the interest was most intense such
crowds collected in front of the bulletin boards that traffic had to
be suspended; in New York City the stock-board was deserted, and
business generally was at a standstill.




CHAPTER XIII

THE AMERICA CUP RACES, 1893[24]

BY SIR GEORGE LEACH, K.C.B.

[Footnote 24: Though the subject is so ably treated by Mr. Herreshoff
in the previous chapter, the Editors, recognising the extraordinary
importance of these races, have thought well to include a detailed
description of events kindly furnished by a prominent English
yachtsman.]


On October 5th, the opening day of the races, the first thing to
strike the observer was the extraordinary number and diversity of
craft attracted by the spectacle. Near the Sandy Hook Lightship we
find the racers were under way, with whole mainsails and jackyarders
set. 'Vigilant' looks a bigger ship than 'Valkyrie,' with a more
numerous crew, and four battens in the leach of her mainsail and three
in her staysail. The two vessels were easily distinguished one from
the other, 'Vigilant' being painted white above her bright yellow
Tobin bronze, 'Valkyrie' black with gilt line. The starting-line was
between the commodore's steam yacht 'May,' the New York Club's
flagship, and Sandy Hook Lightship. There was no tide. The wind was a
little east of north, and the course 15 miles to leeward round a mark
and back. 'Vigilant' allowed 'Valkyrie' 1 min. 48 secs. The first gun
was at 11.15 A.M., the start gun 10 mins. after. Just prior to the
start the yachts set their head-sails. 'Vigilant' sent up a large
bowsprit spinnaker, a very favourite sail in American waters, and
'Valkyrie' a large jib-topsail. The crowd was immense, excursion
steamers, tugs, yachts; and at the start came the horrible screech of
steam whistles, customary on these occasions, but dreadful all the
same.

Spinnakers were at once run up on the starboard side, but the wind was
so light that, in spite of the enormous sail-areas, little progress
was made. By noon the sky was clear and the sun came out, but at 1.30
there was a marked change. The wind shifted, and a light air came from
S.W. 'Vigilant' took in her bowsprit spinnaker a little too soon, for
'Valkyrie,' holding on somewhat longer, ran up, and passing to
windward so effectually blanketed 'Vigilant' that she lost steerage
way for some ten minutes. During this time 'Valkyrie' crept up to the
S.W. wind, and was going on her way rejoicing. The S.W. wind held
true; it became a close haul to the mark, which 'Valkyrie' rounded at
3 hrs. 37 mins. 20 secs. The 15 miles took 4 hrs. 12 mins. 'Vigilant'
rounded at 4 hrs. 2 mins. 30 secs., twenty-five minutes after
'Valkyrie,' whose performance created great disappointment to English
sympathisers. At 5.10 the Committee stopped the race--if race it could
be called. The excitement on shore as well as afloat was intense.
Upwards of 200 steamers of various kinds accompanied the race, all
crowded with spectators, and some of them got terribly in the way at
the start of the race, the police-boat warning them off, and
'Valkyrie' holding up from her deck, in large letters, 'Keep further
off.' On the whole, the course was fairly kept, and there was
certainly no intention to injure 'Valkyrie's' chance--quite the
contrary. I am happy to say the spirit of _fair_ play appeared to
animate all; the anxiety of the captains of the steamers to show their
friends as much as possible was really the sole cause of trespass.

This day's race was another example of the frequency with which races
to windward and leeward and return fail in their object, especially in
early October in these waters, when the wind is more fluky and lighter
than at any other time of the year. If the S.W. wind had piped up a
little, it would have been a reach both ways. On the whole, triangular
races are best courses.

On the second day, October 7, after rain in the early morning, it
became fine and bright as the New York Club's steamer left No. 8 Pier
at 9.15. Not quite so many steamers appeared, although there were
probably over 150, many large excursion ones, and yachts. One yacht
stood prominently out, and was conspicuous for her taut brig rig and
large tonnage, 2,400--a grand vessel, the 'Valiant,' designed by St.
Clare Byrne for Mr. Vanderbilt, and built at Liverpool. There was also
a large yacht of the 'Chazalie' type; and I may also mention Commodore
Morgan's steam yacht 'May,' designed by Mr. G. L. Watson. The wind, W.
by S., was still very light, with a gentle swell from the southward.
Course, 15 miles to leeward, round mark, and return. The start at
11.25 was admirable. 'Valkyrie,' beautifully handled, out-manoeuvred
'Vigilant,' and crossed the line to windward about 10 secs. ahead.
Spinnakers were at once hauled out on the starboard side, both setting
balloon jib-topsails and lowering foresails. Bowsprit spinnakers are
more correctly to be termed balloon jib-topsails, the difference being
that the balloon jib-topsail is hanked on the stay. 'Vigilant' drew
ahead, and at 12.25 was a quarter of a mile in front. 'Vigilant,' a
quarter of a mile to the eastward, got a streak of wind and increased
her lead, her balloon jib-topsail drawing well. At 1.30 'Vigilant' was
nearly a mile ahead; she tacked round the mark 1 hr. 50 mins. 30
secs., 'Valkyrie' following at 1.59, when she was bothered by a small
steamer. The 15 miles took 2-1/2 hrs. to accomplish, but on the return
there was no beating to windward, a close haul with jib-topsails set.
The windward work was again frustrated by shift of wind. It was a
plain sail home, and

                                       h.   m.   s.
  'Vigilant' crossed the line           3   30   16
  'Valkyrie'    "          "            3   37   57

After deducting time allowance, the English boat lost by 5 mins. 53
secs. One of the members of the Committee took the velocity of the
wind at different periods of the race, as follows:--

           Velocity
  h.  m.   per hour
  11  25   10
   1  56   14.5
   2   3    9
   3  23    9
   3  35    8.8

It will be well to remember that here velocity does not indicate
strength as we feel it at home. As Lord Dunraven particularly noticed,
the dryness of the wind reduces the pressure, which the moisture of
our climate so materially increases.

The result of the race seemed to show that the two yachts were fairly
matched, so that if one got a slice of luck the other was not likely
to recover without a slice too, or a good streak. The course was
better kept; but, although the race was not affected by it, the
'Valkyrie' was favoured by the wash of steamers on the return from the
mark-boat.

On the third day, October 9, everything promised well; the weather was
all that could be desired to test the relative merits of the two
racers; the morning bright, with a good topsail breeze, and the white
crests on the wavelets gave hopes of great sport. The Club steamer
left the pier at 9 A.M.; but on our arrival at Sandy Hook no breeze
was there. The steamers were fewer in number; I had, however, no
difficulty after the start in counting fifty, besides yachts under
canvas. Going down the river we passed one very striking object, the
well-known gigantic and magnificent statue of Liberty, which stands on
a small island. I must say I never saw anything finer, either in
conception or execution.

The wind was from the S.W., the course triangular, round marks placed
by steamers with a large red ball hoisted, the steamers remaining near
to indicate their positions, which were so stationed as to make each
side of the triangle ten miles. Both yachts carried jackyarders and
jib-topsails. The start took place at 11.30, after some pretty
manoeuvring as usual, 'Valkyrie' getting the weather berth, and a
little ahead. About 12.30 the wind increased, with a little jump of
sea, and both went round on the port tack; here 'Vigilant's' power
began to tell. 'Vigilant' bore round the first mark at 1 hr. 6 mins.,
and 'Valkyrie' 4 mins. 50 secs. later. A broad reach on starboard
followed, 'Vigilant' setting her balloon jib-topsail very smartly.
Soon after this 'Vigilant' sprung her bowsprit and took in her
jib-topsail. The second mark was rounded by 'Vigilant' at 2 hrs. 1
min., 'Valkyrie' at 2 hrs. 10 mins. 3 secs.

Now came the last ten-mile reach on the port tack to the finish. The
wind piped up still stronger; but 'Vigilant,' though carrying only a
small jib-topsail, still increased her lead, finishing a winner at 2
hrs. 49 mins. 3 secs., 'Valkyrie' coming in 12 mins. 20 secs. after
her. After deducting time allowance she lost the race by 10 mins. 32
secs.

The wind velocities were as follows:--

  At the start            10 miles per hour
     "   first mark       15  "        "
     "   second mark      22  "        "
     "   finish           29  "        "

On the fourth day, October 11, the start was delayed, the competitors
hoping for wind, but it was made at 1.45. Course, south by west to
windward and back. 'Valkyrie,' there is no doubt, was always
beautifully handled, and it would be wrong not to recognise the
ability Cranfield has shown throughout, whether in manoeuvring for the
line or in sailing 'Valkyrie' during the races in waters far from
home. To these he is not a stranger, having had some experience with
Sir Richard Sutton in the 'Genesta' (1885) when sailing against
'Puritan.' This race, October 11, could not be finished within the
prescribed time, six hours, and therefore the tugs took the
competitors in tow, homeward bound.

On the fifth day, October 13, the course was to windward and leeward.
This was the great day, and included many most exciting episodes.
'Valkyrie' had altered her trim, but news had arrived of a hard blow
in the south, and in heavy weather what could she do against the more
powerful boat, the 'Vigilant'? The weather was overcast and cloudy,
wind S.E., blowing moderately at Sandy Hook Lightship. When 'Valkyrie'
was below the Narrows her mainsail was lowered, one of the
throat-halliard blocks had to be repaired, and it was 11.19 before she
neared the starting point. The course, due east, was given from the
steam yacht 'May.' Signals now came from 'Vigilant,' 'Time wanted for
repairs.' Her centreboard was jammed, but finally it was lowered about
eleven feet. At 12.7 the Blue Peter was run up on the flagship. The
two were under the same canvas, each with jibheader over single-reef
mainsails, foresail, and jib. At 12.17 came the preparatory gun, and
then began some of the prettiest manoeuvring ever seen in these waters
as the two big cutters chased each other like a couple of kittens for
the weather berth. 'Valkyrie' passed the line up to windward 12 hrs.
27 mins. 10 secs., 'Vigilant' to leeward 3 secs. later. It was a long
tack, some six miles, towards Long Island, 'Valkyrie' carrying her
canvas decidedly the better of the two; to-day she was notably
stiff--in fact, at no time has she ever been tender. She pointed as
high as 'Vigilant,' and held her weather berth easily. The latter was
heeling over much at 1 hr. 18 mins. 'Valkyrie' was on her weather bow.
'Vigilant's' jibsheet got adrift. The wind was now stronger, and they
were getting a head sea, which did not suit 'Vigilant's' beam and bow.

This long tack lasted an hour, and at 2.15 'Valkyrie' led by
three-eighths of a mile. As they neared the outer mark the time was

                   h.  m.  s.
  'Valkyrie'        2  33  40
  'Vigilant'        2  35  35

In the beat to windward of fifteen miles 'Valkyrie' gained 1 min. 55
sec.

Spinnakers were now on both, the wind increasing, and at 2.47
'Valkyrie's' biggest balloon jib-topsail went up. 'Vigilant' had some
trouble forward with hers, and a hand was smartly sent down the
topmast stay before the sail could be sent up in stops. At 2.50 it
broke up and revealed that favourite sail in America a balloon
jib-topsail, and a rare good puller it is. Some very smart work was
now done on board 'Vigilant' on the run. The reef in the mainsail was
shaken out by a hand slung from the masthead in the bight of a
gaut-line, and hauled along the boom by an outhaul as he cast off the
stops. Next a hand was out on the gaff. This led to hoisting the
second club topsail over the jibheader left standing to leeward, and
just before the club topsail went up she ran through 'Valkyrie's' lee.
'Valkyrie's' white spinnaker burst. It was most smartly taken in, and
the light one set. This split before it was belayed, from head to
foot, right down, and 'Valkyrie's' chance had now gone. A large
jib-topsail was set on her, but was of no use against the sail area of
'Vigilant.' Some ten minutes more and

                                   h.  m.  s.
  'Vigilant' finished and won       3  51  39
  'Valkyrie'                        3  53  52

losing by 40 secs. corrected time.

                                       m.  s.
  To windward 'Valkyrie' led by         1  55
  To leeward 'Vigilant' led by          4   5

On this day the course was kept very clear. The wind increased at the
finish, but the fact that 'Vigilant' carried full mainsail, second
club topsail, balloon jib-topsail, and large spinnaker, shows that it
was not blowing the gale described by some journalists.

After the finish in the lower bay the wind piped up, the sea got up,
and all raced hard for home.

It was a splendid race, nobly sailed, and both yachts admirably
handled. There always must be some luck, but it was most untimely for
'Valkyrie's' spinnakers to burst. The question at once suggests
itself, should they not be sent up in stops? 'Valkyrie's' mast was
sprung and worse, and that prevented her getting more canvas put on
her. When one yacht gains to windward and the other to leeward they
must be well matched; in England we consider that windward work should
take precedence of running free. For English waters 'Valkyrie' is a
most successful and beautiful craft, and for American waters, with
light winds and long reaching, 'Vigilant' has proved a great success.
Certainly this last race was the grandest ever sailed for the America
Cup, and we may be proud of our representative. The 1,200 feet of
sail-area in 'Vigilant,' and extra crew, gave her a decided advantage,
and the centreboard was supposed to be a gain to windward; but that
good sportsman Lord Dunraven is not disheartened in any way, neither
is he won over to centreboard yachts.




APPENDIX

THE 'GIRALDA'


It chances that while these volumes were being prepared, a steam yacht
of a remarkable character was being built, and it seems desirable to
include a few words about this vessel, for the reason that she is,
perhaps, the most perfect boat ever constructed for a private
gentleman. Reference is made to the magnificent twin-screw steam yacht
'Giralda,' the property of Mr. Harry McCalmont of Cheveley Park,
Newmarket. 'Giralda' gives evidence of the perfection to which vessels
of this type are now being brought. She is about 1,800 tons yacht
measurement, and her principal dimensions are: Length between
perpendiculars, 275 feet; breadth moulded, 35 feet; depth moulded, 19
feet. She is built with thirteen water-tight bulkheads of
Siemens-Martin's steel to Lloyd's highest class, and so constructed as
to be readily converted into a light-armed cruiser or despatch vessel
for Admiralty requirements.

A notable point will be her speed of twenty knots, to develop which
she is fitted with twin-screw machinery and five boilers, three of
which are double-ended, and two single-ended, with sixteen furnaces,
all adapted for forced draught. The machinery consists of two
independent and separate sets of triple-expansion direct-acting
surface-condensing engines, one set to each screw propeller, and will
indicate with forced draught 6,500 horse-power, or with natural
draught 5,000 horse-power. The bunker capacity is 400 tons of coal,
and the fresh-water tanks are ample for Admiralty requirements; in
addition to which she is fitted with fresh-water condenser capable of
producing 1,200 gallons per diem. The yacht is also fitted with large
ice-house and refrigerating chamber.

One of the special features in the 'Giralda' is that the
saloons--consisting of smoking-room, boudoir, or library, spacious
dining saloon and drawing-room--are all on the main deck, where there
are also situated lavatories for cabins and crew, three galleys, and
ample pantry and service spaces. Owner's sleeping accommodation is
below, fore and abaft the machinery space, having intercommunication
on the main deck through the house. The officers and crew are berthed
forward, and the servants' quarters are aft. It is almost unnecessary
to add that the cabin accommodation has had the most special
attention, both in respect of arrangement and fittings, and the
greatest care has been taken throughout for ventilating, heating, and
insulation where necessary. A large bridge or shade deck extends along
about 160 feet of the vessel, on which, forward, is the bridge, and
also the chart and wheel houses. The boats are housed on this deck,
and there is steam hoisting gear for steam launch and larger boats.

The yacht is lighted throughout by electricity, there being over 200
incandescent lamps. In addition to these, there are fitted two
regulation-size search lights, and groups of electric lights for each
mast. There are two separate and independent engines and dynamos,
connected with large accumulators of sufficient capacity to supply the
whole of the lamps for many hours without re-charging.

Mr. McCalmont has himself taken the very greatest personal interest in
the arrangement of all details, which have been carried out by Messrs.
Cox & King, of Suffolk Street, Pall Mall, London, under the direction
of Professor Elgar, the designer of the well-known Fairfield
Shipbuilding and Engineering Co., of Govan, Glasgow by whom the yacht
is being built.




INDEX

TO

THE SECOND VOLUME


  Abergele Bay, North Wales, rescue of emigrant ship, 49

  Accidents on board yachts, 138

  Ackers, G. H., owner of 'Dolphin,' R.Y.S., 1839, 14

  Acland, Sir T. D., president of R. Western Y.C., 42;
    his 'Lady St. Kilda,' 1835, 42

  'Ada,' 174

  Adams, C. F., Boston Y.C., 275

  Adams, G. C., Boston Y.C., 275

  'Adda,' Captain Rogers's, 240

  'Addie,' American sloop, 254

  Adelaide, Australia, 314

  Adelaide, Queen, patroness of R. London Y.C., 179

  'Adèle,' 174

  Admiralty, warrant to members of Cumberland Fleet, 162;
    to R.T.Y.C., 170, 171

  'Æolus' (R.N.Y.C. yacht), 78

  'Ailsa' (66 tons), 78

  Ailsa, Lord, owner of 'Snarley Yow,' 56

  Akaroa, N.Z., 299

  'Alarm' (193 tons), R.Y.S., winner of Royal Cup in 1830, 1831,
    1832, 1838, 12, 13, 326

  'Alarm' (225 tons), American schooner, 253

  'Alarm' (248 tons), 16, 45

  Albemarle Sound (U.S.), 232

  Albert Park Yacht Club, Melbourne, 314

  'Alberta,' royal yacht, 1863, dimensions, 8;
    duties, 9

  Albertson Brothers, boat-builders, Philadelphia, 253, 256

  'Alcyone' (35 tons), cutter, R. Clyde Y. C., 89;
    crew and terms of hire, 90

  'Alexandra' (40 tons), Prince of Wales's, 17

  'Alice,' American cat-boat, 252

  'Aline' (210 tons), Prince of Wales's, 17

  Allan, John, of Glasgow (sec. R.N.Y.C., 1825), 74, 78

  'Alouette' (5 tons), 174

  'Alpha' (21-footer), 269

  'Alpha Beta,' 175

  'Alwida' (5-rater), 63

  Amateur, an, definition of, 52

  'Amathea,' 91

  'Ambassadress' (431 tons), 253

  'Amberwitch' (52 tons), yawl,
  112, 113

  America Cup, really R.Y.S. Cup, 14;
    held by the Americans since 1851, 14;
    movement against by Scottish yachtsmen, 261;
    competitions for, from 1870 to 1893, 278;
    arrangements for 1893, 408;
    description of that year's contest, 409-423

  'America,' Commodore J. C. Stevens's schooner, wins the cup of the
      R.Y.S. in 1851, 14;
    (170 tons), beaten by 'Maria' in test matches, 245;
    design and build, 246, 247;
    career, 247;
    influence on the yachting world, 247;
    lines and midship section, 248

  America, North, eastern seaboard of, 228, 235

  American yachting, schooners favoured, 252;
    46-footer class, 263;
    'fin-keel' boat, 267;
    cat-yawl, 270;
    measurement and time allowance, 272;
    duck and sails, 273;
    cruise of N.Y.Y. Squadron, 276;
    winter cruising to Florida and the West Indies, 278;
    steam yachting, 279;
    open steam launch, 281;
    in 1893, inaugurated by 'Navahoe,' 400;
    merits of the 'Defenders,' 406;
    three races for the America Cup, 410-415

  American Yacht Club, formed for steam-yacht owners, 282

  'Amethyst' (20 tons), 77

  'Amphitrite,' schooner, 1893, in R.T.Y.C. race of June 10, 358

  'Amulet' (51 tons), R.Y.S., wins Royal Cup in 1837, 12

  Anglesey, Marquis of, 10, 12, 13, 326

  'Annasona' (40 tons), 54, 56

  Anne, Cape, 229

  'Annie,' Anson Livingston's sloop, 253;
    her success, 254

  Ant, river, 192, 202, 206

  'Archee' (5-rater), 63

  'Ariel' (8 tons), 327, 329

  'Ariel' (10 tons), of Beccles, a lateener, 205, 221

  'Armada' (7-1/2 tons), 81

  Armitage, Dr. W. S., owner of 'Nora,' 98

  Armstrong, Claudius, of Dublin
  (R.N.Y.C., 1824), 74

  Arran, 94

  'Arrow' (5 tons), 174

  'Arrow,' American sloop, 256

  'Arrow,' cutter, T. Chamberlayne's, 13

  Arundel Yacht Club. _See_ Royal London Yacht Club

  Ashbrook, Lord, R.Y.S. 1815, 10

  Aspinwall, W. H. and J. L., first promoters of steam yachting in
    America, 280

  Astley, Captain, owner of 'Mercury,' 162, 164

  Astor, W. W., 284

  'Atalanta,' competes for America Cup in 1881, 257, 278

  'Atalanta,' Cumberland Fleet, winner of Vauxhall Cup in 1801, 164

  Atkins, J., Cork Water Club, 100

  Atkinson, Mr., boat-builder, of Bullock, Co. Dublin, 149

  'Atlantic,' American sloop, 257

  Atlantic Yacht Club, 258

  Auckland Yacht Club, 290

  Auckland, N.Z., 288, 314

  'Aurora Borealis' (252 tons), 16

  'Aurora,' Cumberland Fleet, wins the first match of club (1755), 155

  Australia, 148;
    southern coast of, 287;
    yachting in, 311;
    clubs at Sydney, 311;
    the 'Victor,' 312;
    native woods for yacht-building, 313-315;
    Hobson's Bay, 313;
    Royal Yacht Club of Victoria, 314;
    Albert Park Y.C., Melbourne, 341;
    Geelong, 314;
    Royal South Australian Y.S., 314;
    adoption of Y.R.A. rules, 316

  'Australia' (207 tons), wins the race in 1877 from Dover to Boulogne
    and back, 68

  'Aveyron,' 174

  Aylsham, 192


  'Babe' (2-1/2-rater), 64

  Baden-Powell, Mr., owner of the 'Diamond,' 52;
    of the 'Snarley Yow,' 56

  Baden-Powell, Warrington, 180

  Bagot, Lieut.-Col., owner of 'Creole,' 67-96

  Bailey, the, Dublin Bay, 130, 133

  Baillie, J. H., owner of the 'Kate,' 52

  Baldwin, John (C.W.C.), 100

  Baldwin, Robert (C.W.C.), 100

  Banks Peninsula, N.Z., 292, 302

  Banshee (4 tons), 82

  Barrier Islands, N.Z., 289

  Barrow to the Clyde, matches from, 84

  Barton Broad, 202, 205, 206

  'Bat,' 112, 113

  Bay of Islands, N.Z., 289

  Bay, St. Augustine, Florida, 233

  Bayley, Mr., owner of the 'Euterpe,' 53

  Beamish, Caulfield (Cork Water Club), 104

  'Beatrix,' American centreboard. _See_ 'Harpoon'

  Beccles, 192, 205, 221

  'Bedouin,' American yacht, 255

  Beechy, Admiral, his picture of the 'Enid,' 115

  Belfast, Earl of, owner of 'Waterwitch' (1834), 324

  Belfast, regatta of R.N.Y.C. at, in 1826, 76;
    two days' regatta of same in 1836, 76;
    race for cup of R.N.Y.C., 77

  Bell, Captain, of the Thames Conservancy, 183

  Bell, James (vice-commodore R. Clyde Y.C.), 91, 92

  Bell, W. A., owner of 'Glance,' 98

  'Bella' (8 tons), 81

  'Belle Lurette,' the Prince of Wales's, 54

  Belleville, Canada, 310

  'Bellissima,' Captain Farebrother's, wins the Jubilee Cup in 1807, 164

  Belmore, Lord, R.Y.S., 1815, 10

  'Belvidere,' the (25 tons), R.T.Y.C., 1845, Lord Alfred Paget's, 171

  Bennett, James G., part owner of 'Priscilla,' 257;
    owner of 'Dauntless,' 258

  Bentall, Mr., builder of 'Jullanar,' 68

  Bermuda, international yacht race in 1849, 243;
    yachting at, 318;
    clubs, 318;
    'fitted races,' 318;
    dimensions of average 5-tonners, 320;
    Mr. Ricardo's experience of a 'fitted race,' 320;
    dinghy racing, 321-323;
    sailing advantages, 323

  Bettsworth, Captain, owner of 'Spitfire,' 1823, 167, 168

  Bewicke, J., R.P.C.Y.C., 50

  'Bezan Jagt' (1670), Dutch, 3

  'Bird of Freedom,' Mr. Popham's, 56

  'Black Maria,' of Barton Broad, 205

  Blake, G. L., on the Royal Portsmouth Corinthian Yacht Club, 49
      _et seq._;
    on the Royal Clyde Yacht Club, 79 _et seq._;
    on Royal Alfred Yacht Club, 108 _et seq._;
    on yachting in Canada, 309 _et seq._

  'Blanche' (R.Y.S.), 290

  Blatchford, Lady Isabella, sells Osborne House to the Queen, 6

  Blind Bay, N.Z., 297

  'Blue Bell' (25-tonner), 13

  'Blue Belle' (5-rater), 63

  'Blue Dragon,' Cumberland Fleet, 1787, 162

  Bluff, harbour of the, N.Z., 301

  Bogle, James, 77

  Bolton, Mr. (commodore R.A.Y.C.), 110

  Bombay, yachting at, 315;
    R.B.Y.C. house, 315;
    yachts, 316;
    dhows, 316;
    adoption of Y.R.A. rules, 316;
    sailing course, 1886, 317

  Bon Accord, Kawau, N.Z., 292

  Booth, H. Gore, 77

  Boston Harbour, 229

  Boston Yacht Club, 258

  Bourne End, Bucks, 181

  Bowness, Windermere Lake, 183, 189

  Boyd, Judge, owner of 'Thalia,' 1893, 350

  Brassey, Lord, 16, _note_;
    first rear-commodore of the R.T.Y.C., 1874, 173

  Brassey, Lady, 318

  'Breeze' (55 tons), 12

  'Brenda' (8 tons), 82

  'Brenda,' American schooner, beats the 'Pearl' in 1849, 243

  Brenton Reef Cup, race for, between 'Britannia' and 'Navahoe,' 390

  Breydon Water, 192, 204

  Brierley, Sir Oswald, his drawing of the procession of the Royal
    Yacht Squadron, 16

  Brighton, Mr., boat-builder of Yarmouth, his craft for the Norfolk
    Broads, 210 _et seq._

  'Brilliant' (8 tons), W. Bucknall's, R.T.Y.C., 1830, 169, 327, 329

  'Britannia' (220 tons), the Prince of Wales's, 17;
    match with 'Navahoe' for the Gold Cup of the Royal Victoria Y.C., 43;
    at the Jubilee Regatta of the R. Mersey Y.C., 1893, 49;
    in 1893, 349;
    wins R.T.Y.C. race May 25, 352, 353;
    in race of May 27, 354-358;
    wins R.T.Y.C. race of June 10, 258;
    in match from Dover to Boulogne, 360;
    in match of Royal Southern of June 17, 362;
    wins Royal Mersey match on June 24, 363;
    wins Royal Northern of July 1, 363;
    in Clyde Corinthian Club match, 364;
    in the Royal Clyde regatta, 365;
    in the Royal Ulster Regatta, 366;
    in the Royal Irish regatta, 368;
    in Royal London match at Cowes, 370;
    in R.Y.S. Regatta, 374;
    wins 'Meteor' challenge shield, 375;
    in Royal Albert match, August 14, 380;
    in Torbay regatta, 382;
    wins Start Bay Club match, 386;
    beats 'Navahoe' for Royal Victoria Gold Cup, 388;
    loses Brenton Reef Cup, 390;
    wins match for Cape May Cup, 393;
    sail-area in the three matches, 394;
    best all-round vessel, 394;
    record for the season, 395;
    mainsail, 399;
    intended to defeat 'Navahoe,' 400

  British India Steamship Company, 288

  'Britomart' (H.M.S. brig), 300

  Britten, Commander R.N., R.P.C.Y.C., 50

  Brocklebank, Captain, owner of 'St. George,' 1823, 167

  Bronskill, Mr., of Bowness, 189

  Brooklyn Yacht Club, class of yachts, 258

  Brown & Bell, boat-builders, New York, 243

  Brown, J. F., R.P.C.Y.C., 50

  Brown, W. H., boat-builder, 246

  Brundall, Norfolk, 210

  Brunkard, Lord, 3

  Brunswick, Georgia, 232

  Bryant, Henry, Boston Y.C., 275

  Bryant, John, Boston Y.C., 275

  Buccleuch, Duke of, Patron of Royal Forth Yacht Club, 96

  Buchanan, T. C., 77

  Buchanon, Dan (R. Cl. Y.C.), 81

  Buckenham, 222

  Buckingham, Lord, R.Y.S., 1815, 10

  Bulkeley, Major, R.P.C.Y.C., 64

  Bullen, John (Cork Water Club, 1760), 100

  Bullen, Mr., of Oulton Broad, 222;
    his craft, and their terms of hire, 224

  Bullen, Richard (chaplain Cork Water Club, 1720), 100

  Bure, river (or North River), 192, 198, 204, 220, 225

  Burgess, the coloured skipper of 'Diamond,' 318

  Burgess, Edward, American boat-builder, 253;
    designer of 'Puritan,' 260;
    'Mayflower,' 261;
    the 'Volunteer,' 261;
    growth of fame, 262;
    love for natural history, 262;
    successful yachts, 263;
    46-footer class, 263;
    his death, 266;
    'Constellation,' 1889, 274

  Burnham on the Crouch, 178

  Burroughs's pocket-case for yacht voyages, 139

  Butler, General B. F., buys 'America,' 257

  'Buttercup' (10 tons), 56, 175

  Byng, Admiral, rear-commodore R.P.C.Y.C., 54, 57

  Byrne, Captain, his 'Cumberland' wins Jubilee Cup of Cumberland
    Fleet in 1800, 164

  Byrne, St. Clare, designer of 'Valiant' (2,400 tons), 418

  Buzzard's Bay, 230


  Caicos Reefs, West Indies, 239

  'Calluna,' in 1893, 349;
    in R.T.Y.C. race, May 25, 352, 353;
    breaks a mast in race of May 27, 355;
    in R.T.Y.C. race, June 10, 358;
    race from Dover to Boulogne, 360;
    in match of Royal Southern, June 17, 362;
    match of Royal Mersey, June 24, 362;
    match of Royal Northern, July 1, 363;
    in Royal Clyde regatta, 365;
    Royal Ulster regatta, 368;
    Royal Irish regatta, 368;
    in Royal London match at Cowes, 370;
    race for Cowes Town Cup, 376;
    for R.Y.S. prize, Aug. 4, 377;
    Royal Southampton match, Aug. 5, 378;
    Royal Albert match, Aug. 14, 380;
    Torbay regatta, 382;
    Royal Dart match, 385;
    Start Bay Club match, 386;
    a disappointing boat, 395;
    record for the season, 396;
    mainsail, 399;
    intended to defeat the 'Navahoe,' 400

  'Calypso,' 91

  'Calypso' (109 tons), American schooner, 252

  'Cambria,' 252;
    competes for America Cup, 278

  Camera, the, 226

  'Camilla' (2-1/2-rater), 64, 117

  Campbell, H. F., 77

  Canal of the Dismal Swamp (U.S.), 232

  Canfield, A. Cass, designer and owner of 'Sea Fox,' 253;
    attempts on 'Priscilla,' 257;
    member of N.Y.Y.C., 275

  Canned provisions, 142

  Canterbury, New Zealand, 299

  Cantley, on the Yare, 204, 213, 221, 222

  Cape Maria Van Diemen, 289

  Cape May cup, race for, between 'Britannia' and 'Navahoe,' 393

  Cape Tribulation, 288

  Cape York, Queensland, 288

  Capel, Frank C., rear-commodore of R.C.Y.C., Erith, 178

  Capes, William, boat-builder, Hoboken, 239;
    builder of Commodore Stevens's 'Maria,' 243

  'Cara' (28-foot boarder), in 'fitted race,' 320

  Carolinas, the (U.S.), 232

  'Caroline,' Cumberland Flt., 159

  Carpets on board yachts, 136, 138

  Carrick, J., of Greenock (R.N.Y.C., 1824), 74

  Carroll, Royal Phelps, owner of 'Navahoe,' 43;
    challenges for Victoria Cup and Cape May and Brenton Reef Cups, 350;
    his programme for 1893, 400, 402

  Carter, John, skipper of 'Britannia,' 340, 345, 395

  'Castanet,' Mollett's description of Russell Colman's, 215-217

  'Castanet' (40-rater), W. R. Cookson's, 67, 352

  Castle, E. W. and R., on the Thames Clubs and Windermere, 152 _et seq._

  Catamaran introduced by N. G. Herreshoff in 1876, 270

  Catwater, Plymouth, 42

  Cat-yawls, introduced in 1883, 270;
    characteristics, 270, 271

  Cawdor, Lord, R.Y.S., 1815, 10

  Cecil, Lord Francis, owner of 'Chittywee,' 55

  'Cemiostama,' the, 147

  Center, Edward, N.Y.Y.C., 241

  Center, Robert, owner and joint designer of 'Vindex,' 256, 258

  Centreboard _v._ keel, question of, 261, 414

  'Challenge' (20 tons), 56, 119-122

  'Challenge,' the (1.1-rater), 183

  Channel matches, 84, 94

  Charles II., his enthusiasm for yacht-building, 1;
    wins first yacht race on the Thames, 1;
    beats Duke of York in a sailing match from Greenwich to Gravesend
      and back, 2

  Charleston, South Carolina, 232

  Chesapeake Bay, 232

  'Chip' (10 tons), 174

  'Chiqueta' (20-rater), 63

  'Chittywee' (3 tons), 55, 56, 175

  Cholmondeley, Lord Henry, commodore of the Coronation Sailing
    Society, 1831, 168

  Christchurch, New Zealand, 291, 299

  Christian, Robert, of Sligo (R.N.Y.C., 1824), 74

  'Cigarette' (centreboard lugsail boat), 213

  'Cintra,' Upper Thames steam yacht, 182

  'Clara' (10 tons), 91;
    her influence in changing the design of American yachts, 259

  Clarence (15 tons), 77

  Clarence, Duke of (afterwards William IV.), becomes patron of
    R.T.Y.C., 169

  Clarence Yacht Club, an offshoot of the R.T.Y.C., 169

  'Clarita,' American steam yacht, 1864, 280

  Clark, John, commodore of R. Clyde Y.C., 92

  Clarke, A. D., 70, 176, 349

  Clayton, Colonel Fitzroy, commodore of the Upper Thames Sailing Club, 181

  Clayton, J. Weston, vice-commodore of the R.C.Y.C., Erith, 178

  Clontarf, 148

  Club Nautique, Nice, 308

  'Clutha' (5 tons), 72, 81

  Clyde, the, yachting nursery of the North, 72;
    development of yachting on, 77;
    crack yachts in 1835, 77;
    yachting stations, 77;
    weather on, 78;
    match from Barrow to, 84;
    opening meeting in 1872 of the R.C.Y.C., 85, 86;
    beauty of Holy Loch, 87;
    celebration of a 'Clyde week' by the clubs, 87;
    new courses of the R.C.Y.C., 87, 88;
    small raters in 1890, 95

  Clyde Corinthian Yacht Club match, 1893, 364

  Clyde Model Yacht Club. _See_ Royal Clyde Yacht Club

  Clyde Yacht Club. _See_ Royal Clyde Yacht Club

  'Clytie,' American yacht (1865), 250

  Coats, J., owner of 'Madge,' 53

  Cochrane, Blair, presents a Champion Cup to the R.P.C.Y.C. for
    1/2-raters, 64

  'Cock-a-Whoop' (2-1/2-rater), 63, 177

  Coffin, Captain, owner of 'Caroline,' 159

  Collingwood (N.Z.), 298

  Colman, Russell, his 'Castanet,' 215

  'Colonia,' 1893, 400;
    characteristics, 401;
    dimensions, 402;
    unsatisfactory boom, 403;
    in first regatta of the N.Y.Y.C. cruise of 1893, 404;
    for Goelet Cups, 404

  Coltishall, 192

  'Columbia' (206 tons), American schooner, 253, 258, 278

  'Columbine' (90 tons), winner of Royal Cup in 1835, 12

  'Columbine' (50-rater), 67;
    (1893), 352

  'Comet' (5 tons), 81

  'Coming,' American sloop (1868), 254

  Commerell, Admiral Sir E., 318

  'Condor' (190 tons), 88

  Condy, Mr., of Plymouth, his pictures of 'Esmeralda,' 13;
    and of the match between 'Corsair' and 'Talisman,' 326

  Connaught, Duke of, 68, 181

  Connor, George, Cork Water Club, 1760, 100

  Consort, Prince, lays foundation stone of Royal Victoria Yacht Club
    house, Ryde, March 1846, 43

  'Constellation,' N.Y.Y.C., 1889, 274

  'Consuelo,' American cat-yawl, characteristics, 270

  Conyngham, Marquis, transfers lease of Cowes Castle to R.Y.S., 10

  Cook, Captain, 288

  Cook's Strait, New Zealand, 288, 296, 297, 302

  Cooks, yacht-sailor, 145

  Cookson, W. R., owner of 'Castanet,' 67

  Cool, David, boat-builder, City Island (U.S.), 255

  Cooper, W. (R.A.Y.C.), 108

  'Coquette' (1/2-rater), 64, 68

  'Coquette,' American schooner, 243

  'Coralie' (35 tons), 85

  'Corinne' (260 tons), 68, 69

  Corinthian matches of R.A.Y.C., 118;
    of R. Clyde Y.C., 82, 84

  Cork Water Club established, 5

  Cork Yacht Club. _See_ Royal Cork Yacht Club

  'Cornelia' (94 tons), 242, 243

  'Corona' (10-rater), 175, 212, 213

  Coronation Sailing Society, origin of, 166;
    dissolved, 168

  Corry, Thomas Charles Stewart (R.N.Y.C., 1824), 74

  'Corsair,' Admiral Montagu's, 17, 333-342, 346, 350

  'Corsair' (80 tons, 1832), 326;
    midship section and lines, 328;
    (40-rater), 329, 330

  Cory, W., his 'Buttercup,' 175

  'Cosette' (2-1/2-rater), 63

  'Countess Dufferin,' 256, 278

  Courtney, A. W., his 'Naiad,' 55

  Cove of Cork, 7

  Cowes, 332

  Cowes Castle, club-house of R.Y.S., 9

  Cox, Miss Mabel, owner of 'Kismet,' 68

  Cox and King, Messrs., 426

  'Craigielee,' 313

  Craigmore, 78

  Crampton, Mr., R.P.C.Y.C., 64

  Cranfield, skipper of 'Valkyrie' in America Cup races of 1893, 420

  Craven, Lord, R.Y.S., 1815, 10

  Crawford, Colonel, owner of 'Red Lancer,' 330

  'Creole' (40-rater), 67, 71, 96, 352

  Crooks, J., 77

  'Cuckoo,' 90, 119

  'Cumberland,' Commodore Taylor's, 157, 158;
    wins Duke of Cumberland's Cup in 1781, 159;
    the second, lines of, 160;
    Captain Byrne's, wins Jubilee Cup of Cumberland Fleet in 1800, 164

  Cumberland Fleet, founded in 1775, 152, 154;
    button, 155;
    ceremonies of early races, 155;
    ensign, 156;
    first courses, 157;
    first private match, 157;
    first below-bridge match, 159;
    the Vauxhall Cup, 161;
    second prize, 162;
    circular of Fleet in 1775, 163;
    dissensions, 165;
    race in honour of coronation of George IV., 165;
    change of name and flag, 166;
    match of 1823, 166

  Cumberland Gardens, 1791, 157, 162;
    proprietor presents a cup to Cumberland Fleet in 1796, 164

  Cumberland, Henry Frederick, Duke of, gives a cup in 1775 for
      sailing boats on the Thames, 154, 155, 156;
    his gifts to Cumberland Fleet, 159

  Currie, Sir Donald, commodore Royal Forth Y.C., 96

  'Currytush' (3-tonner), 123, 175

  Curtis, Sir W., R.Y.S., 1815, 10

  'Curtsey' (30 feet), 60

  Cushing, John P., his 'Sylph,' 238

  Custance, H. Neville, hon. treas. of R.C.Y.C., Erith, 178

  'Cyclone,' 175

  'Cygnet' (25 tons), R.T.Y.C., 1843, 13

  'Cygnet' (35 tons), 45, 49, 171, 172

  'Cygnet,' American yacht, 240, 242, 243

  'Cyprus' (5 tons), 60

  'Cythera' (116 tons), cutter, 88

  'Czarina,' steam yacht, 1877, 16


  'Dacia' (5-rater), 1893, 351

  'Dagmar' (36 tons), Prince of Wales's, 17

  'Daisy' (19 tons), 327

  Dalkey Bray, 148

  'Daphne' (25 feet), 57

  Dartmouth, 346

  'Dauntless' (268 tons), American schooner, 252, 258

  Davey, J. M., owner of 'Don Giovanni,' R.T.Y.C. 1824, 168

  Davies, G. Christopher, on yachting on Norfolk Broads, 190 _et seq._

  'Day Dream,' American steam

  'Day Dream' (89-rater), yawl, 96;
    yacht, 280, 281

  'Dawn,' yawl, 82

  De Blaquiere, Lord, purchases the 'America,' 247

  'Decima' (10-rater), 63, 175

  Deerhurst, Lord, R.Y.S. 1815, 10

  'Deirdré' (20-rater), 67, 350, 351, 397, 398

  Delaware Bay, 232

  Delaware River, 232

  'Delvin' (5-tonner), 123

  Denman, captain of 'Victoria and Albert,' 1855, 8

  Depaw, Louis A., N.Y.Y.C., 240;
    his 'Mist,' 240

  Devonshere, Abraham, Cork Water Club, 1760, 100

  Devonshere, James, Cork Water Club, 1760, 100

  Dexter, Gordon, Boston Yacht Club, 275

  Dhows, at Bombay, 316

  'Diamond' (5 tons), 52

  'Diamond' (Bermuda), in a 'fitted race,' 318, 322

  Diaper, Tom, 345

  Dickenson, W. V., R.P.C.Y.C., 50

  Dickie, Mr., his 'Armada,' 81

  'Dilemma,' the first fin-keel yacht, 268

  Dinghy Club, Bermuda, 318;
    racing at St. George's, 321-323;
    kind of craft, 321-323

  'Dione,' 174

  'Dis' (10-rater), 63, 175, 176, 348

  'Diskos' (21-footer), 177

  'Diver' (1809), John C. Stevens's, 237

  'Dolphin' (217 tons), 13, 14

  'Dolphin' (2-1/2-rater), 64

  'Don Giovanni,' R.T.Y.C., 1824, 168;
    song on, 169

  Donald, E. F. (sec. R.N.Y.A.), 78

  Donaldson, Peter, owner of 'Calluna,' 361

  Donegall, Marquis of (first president R.N.Y.C.), 75

  'Donna del Lago' (9 tons), 327

  'Dora' (10-rater), 1893, 351

  Dore, Captain, Cumberland Fleet, 162

  'Doreen' (1892), 336, 350

  'Doris,' 63, 123

  'Dorothy' (21-footer), 177

  'Double Trouble,' John C. Stevens's, 237

  Doughty, Mr., on Friesland meres in a Norfolk wherry, 194-196

  Douglas, Commodore, 257, 258

  Doyle, Mr., boat-builder, of Kingstown, 149

  'Dragon' (20-rater), 63, 67, 350, 397

  'Dragons' of the 20's, 345

  Drake, Francis, 1, 39

  Drake's Island, 40

  'Dream' (66 tons), 77

  'Dream,' George L. Schuyler's, 238, 240, 242

  Drury, James, his description of No. 1 Corinthian match,
    R.A.Y.C., 119 _et seq._

  'Dryad,' yawl, 174

  Dublin Bay, 130, 133, 136, 137, 144

  Dublin Bay Sailing Club, 18, 148

  'Duchess' (3-tonner), 123

  Dudley, Lord, his 'Vigorna,' 351

  Dudgeon, Henry, R.A.Y.C., 119

  'Dudu,' 174

  Dufferin, Lord, his description of single-handed boat-sailing, 20;
    his 'Lady Hermione,' 25-39;
    'Foam,' 38;
    Commodore of R. Ulster Y.C., 108;
    impetus given by him to maritime affairs when gov.-gen. of Canada, 310

  Duncan (of 'Madge' fame), 330

  Dunedin, N.Z., 310

  Dunleary (now Kingstown), 106

  Dunleath, Lord (formerly H. L. Mulholland), his 'Egeria,' 16;
    vice-commodore of R. St. George's Y.C., 106;
    R. Ulster Y.C., 108;
    his 'Savourna,' 330

  Dunne, Mr. (R.A.Y.C.), 120

  Dunoon, 77

  Dunraven, Lord, his 'Valkyrie' at Nice, 306;
    effect on big-cutter racing of his commission for a second, 349;
    challenges for America Cup, 350;
    his 'Deirdré,' 350;
    America Cup challenge adjusted, 400;
    'Valkyrie' to remain in U.S. till 1894, 413;
    notices effect on pressure of dryness of wind, 419;
    adverse to centreboards, 423

  Dunscombe, Richard (Cork Water Club), 100

  Dutch yacht of 1640, illustration, 2


  'Eagle,' in match with 'Caroline,' 159

  Earth closets on yachts, 138

  East River, 231

  Eastern Yacht Club, Boston, 259

  'Echo' (2-1/2 tons), 82

  'Echo' (37 tons), yawl, 112, 113

  'Eclipse,' in match with 'Cumberland' 1793, 162

  'Eclipse' (30 feet), 57

  Edgar, Daniel, owner of American sloop 'Arrow,' 256

  Edgar, William, N.Y.Y.C., 240, 242

  Edgartown, Martha's Vineyard Island (U.S.), 277

  Edinburgh, Duke of (patron of R.A.Y.C.), 111;
    becomes commodore, 115

  'Egeria,' schooner, 16, 115, 119

  'Elaine' (10 tons), 174

  'Elf' (2-1/2-rater), 67

  'Elfin' (paddle steam yacht), H.M.'s, 7, 9

  Elgar, Professor, yacht designer, 426

  Elizabeth Islands, 230

  Elizabeth, Queen, 1

  'Elma,' service boat, 59;
    capsized off the Nab, 61

  Elsworth, Philip, yacht designer, 253, 257

  'Emma' (15 tons), 77

  'Emmetje, De' (103 tons), 15

  'Enchantress,' Admiralty boat, 9

  'Enchantress,' Amer. schooner, 249, 253

  'Enid' (57 tons), 85

  'Enriqueta' (20 tons), her matches with the 'Quickstep,' 58, 59

  Eresby, Lord Willoughby De, R.Y.S., 1859, 15, 16

  Erie Canal, 284

  Erith, the Thames at, 178

  'Eros' (850 tons) st. yacht, 308

  'Esmeralda,' R.Y.S., 13, 14

  'Esmeralda,' cutter, tender to 'Royal George,' 6

  'Ethel' (10-rater), 63

  'Euterpe' (20 tons), 53

  'Eva' (10-rater), 176, 177

  'Eva' (21-footer), 177

  'Eva' (81 tons), American schooner, 249, 252

  'Excellent,' H.M.S., 59

  Extracts of meat, 143

  Eyton, Wynne, part owner of 'Mascotte,' 55


  'Fair Geraldine' (5-rater), 63

  Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Co., Govan, Glasgow,
    builders of 'Giralda,' 426

  'Fairy,' H.M. s.s. yacht, 6

  'Fairy' (13 tons), 327

  'Fairy Queen' (8 tons), 81

  'Falcon' (15 tons), 77

  'Falcon' (351 tons), R.Y.S., 1835, 12

  Falconer, T. (R. Clyde Y.C.), 81

  Famous races, 324;
    match in 1771, 324;
    match between 'Waterwitch' and 'Galatea,' in 1834, 324;
    in 1842 between 'Corsair' and 'Talisman,' 326;
    between 'Arrow' and 'Mosquito,' 326;
    match on the Thames in 1830, 327;
    match at Largs regatta, in 1892, 329

  'Fancy' (21-footer), 177

  'Fanny' (90 tons), American sloop, dimensions, 256

  'Fantan' (10-rater), 63, 175

  Farebrother, Captain, Cumberland Fleet, his 'Bellissima' wins
    Jubilee Cup in 1807, 164

  Farne Islands, 96

  'Faugh-a-Ballagh' (2-1/2-rater), 68

  'Faustine,' American schooner, 250

  'Favourite,' st. packet, 1823, 165

  Fay & Co., Messrs., 70, 349

  Fenwick, Bruce (hon. sec. R.F.Y.C.), 96

  Ferguson, Richard (R. Clyde Y. C.), 79, 81

  Fergusson, Sir James (formerly governor of N.Z.), 290

  Fernie, Mrs. Robertson, 66

  'Field,' the (March 20, 1880), on Norfolk wherries, 194;
    (Jan. 10, 1891) on the Norfolk 'Gossip,' 214

  Fife, Mr., of Fairlie, on Captain John Nichols, 46;
    his old clippers 'Neptune' and 'Fiona,' 60;
    'Kilmeny' and 'Torch,' 84;
    sends a 46 footer to the yachting lists in 1891, 263

  Fife, W., jun., designer of 'Ulidia,' 56, 57;
    supports Australian yachting, 312;
    his 'Thalia,' 338;
    designer of the 'Calluna,' 350

  Fife, Messrs., of Fairlie, their status as Clyde yacht-builders, 72;
    their cutter 'Lamlash,' 77;
    Thames 21-foot class, 176

  Fin-keel boats, N. G. Herreshoff's, 267;
    objections to, 269

  Finlay, Alex., his 'Leda,' 81

  Finlay, J. Beekman, part owner of 'America,' 247

  'Fiona,' 60, 83, 84, 119

  'Firefly,' 280

  Firth of Thames (N.Z.), 289, 290, 294

  Fish, 'Bob,' yacht designer and builder, 247;
    'tuning up' racing yachts, 249;
    best-known yachts, 249;
    sloops 'Annie,' 253;
    'Coming,' 254;
    and 'Vixen,' 256

  Fish, Latham A., N.Y.Y.C., 275

  Fish, Robert and Isaac, yacht-builders, New York, 247

  Fishing on the Norfolk Broads, 226

  'Fitted races,' 318-321

  FitzClarence, Lord Adolphus, captain of 'Royal George,' 6

  Fitzgerald, Lord Otho, 110

  Fitzhardinge, Earl, gives a cup in 1845 to the R.T.Y.C., 171

  Fitzharris, Lord, R.Y.S., 10

  Fitzsimons, Walter, Cork Water Club, 1760, 100

  Fitz-Wygram, Major-General Sir F., R.P.C.Y.C., 50

  Fleet sailing, 109

  'Fleetwing' (206 tons), 252

  Flemmich, Mr., R.P.C.Y.C., 64

  'Fleur-de-Lis' (5-rater), 351

  'Fleur de Lys' (92 tons), American schooner, 252

  'Florence' (10 tons), 174, 175

  Florida, 233

  'Florinda' (138 tons), 68, 69

  'Foam,' R.Y.S., 1856, 38

  Foley, Miss, owner of 'Wren,' 52

  Foley, Rear-Admiral the Hon. F. A. C., R.P.C.Y.C., 50

  Food for yachting, 139

  Forbes, Com. J. Mal., Boston Y.C., 275

  Forbes, R. B., 238

  Forbes family (Maine, U.S.), 230

  'Foreign' boats in Norfolk waters, 217, 218

  'Formosa' (104 tons), Prince of Wales's, 17, 88

  Forrest & Son, Wivenhoe, builders of 'The Lady Hermione,' 26;
    their model of her hull, 39

  Fortress stove, 140

  Forty-rater, a, racing in, in 1892, 352 _et seq._

  Foster, A., jun., N.Y.Y.C., 242

  Foster, C. H. W., Boston Y.C., 275

  Foveaux Strait (N.Z.), 301

  Fox, Captain H. C., R.C.Y.C., Erith, 177

  'Foxhound' (35 tons), 62

  France, yachting in, 304;
    Havre, 304, 306;
    Société des Régates, 306;
    Union des Yachts Français, 306;
    Club Nautique, Nice, 308

  'Francis' (3-1/2 tons), 81

  'Francisca,' steam yacht, 308

  'Freda' (5 tons), 174

  'Freda' (20 tons), 53, 56

  Freke, Mr., owner of the 'Freda,' 53

  French, Mr. (Cork Water Club), 104

  French, Pascoe, owner of 'Sheilah,' 119, 120, 121

  'Friesland Meres in a Norfolk Wherry,' Doughty's, 194

  Froude, Mr., his 'Oceana,' 292

  Fullerton, Admiral, 9

  Fulton, Mr. (R.A.Y.C.), 82, 118

  Fundy, Bay of, 229

  Fungoid growths in yachts, 138


  'Gadfly,' 54

  'Galatea,' Lieut. W. Henn's, 257;
    beaten by 'Mayflower' in race for America Cup, 1886, 261;
    dimensions, 278

  'Galatea' (179 tons), schooner, 1834, 325

  Gamble, Col., C.B., commodore of R.M.Y.C., 49

  'Gardenia,' 175

  Gardiner, William, designer of 'Lyris' (1891), 263, 275

  'Gareth' (2-1/2-rater), 68, 351

  Garrett, Captain, R.A., 1st vice-com. R.P.C.Y.C., 50, 54

  Garroch Head, Clyde, 75, 86

  Garth, T. C., owner of 'Hyacinth,' 67

  'Gavotte' (2-1/2-rater), 68

  Geelong, yachting at, 314

  'Gem,' 91

  'Genesta,' Sir Richard Sutton's, 58;
    wins 1000-guinea prize of R.T.Y.C. in 1887, 173, 257, 260, 278, 337

  'Genie' (21-footer), 477

  George III., his yacht, 5

  George IV., establishes Kingstown Harbour, 106;
    Cumberland Fleet race on his coronation, 165

  German Emperor William II., R.Y.S., sails his 'Meteor' (late
      'Thistle') for the Queen's Cup in 1891, 17, 91;
    stimulus given to yachting in Germany by him, 308

  Germany, yachting in, 309

  'Gertrude,' American sloop (1852), 249

  'G.G.' (2-1/2-rater), 64

  'Ghost' (20-rater), 63

  Gibson, J., R. Clyde Y.C., 79

  Gilchrist, James, R. Clyde Y.C., 79, 81

  Gilman, Mr., R.P.C.Y.C., 50, 64

  'Gimcrack,' John C. Stevens's, 239, 240, 242, 243

  'Giralda' (1,800 tons), 425, 426

  Gladstone, Captain James, hon. sec. R.M.Y.C., 49

  'Gladys,' 216

  'Glance' (35 tons), R. Clyde Y.C., 83, 85

  'Glance' (3.7-rater), R. Forth Y.C., 98

  'Glasgow Herald' quoted, 79

  Glasgow, Lord, R. Cl. R.C., 92

  'Gleam,' American cat-boat, 252

  'Gleam' (Fife of Fairlie's), 77;
    lines and midship section, 78

  Glennie, A. H., rear-commodore R.P.C.Y.C., 64, 66

  'Glide' (14 tons), 82

  'Gloriana,' characteristics of, 264-266;
    successes, 266-268

  'Glycera' (5-rater), 63

  'Gnome' (25-tonner), R.T.Y.C., 1843, 13

  Gomes, skipper of the 'Meteor' in the Wemyss Bay regatta of July 8,
    1892, 331

  Gordon, Robert F., R.N.Y.C., 1824, 74

  'Gossip,' 213, 214

  'Gossoon,' American cutter, 263, 264

  Goteborg, Sweden, 309

  Gould, Jay, 284

  Gould, skipper of 'Varuna,' 330

  Gourock, 77

  Governor's Bay, Lyttelton, N.Z., 299

  Governor's Pass, Great Barrier Island, N.Z., 293

  'Gracie,' American yacht (1868), sail-plan, 254;
    dimensions, 255;
    lines and mid-section, 255;
    beats 'Pocahontas,' 257

  Graham, Sir B. R., Bart., owner of 'Harriet,' R.W.Y.C., 42

  Grant, Mr., jun., his 'Fairy Queen,' 81

  Grant, R., sec. R.Y.S., 391

  Grant, C. P., R.P.C.Y.C., 50

  Grantham, Lord, R.Y.S., 10

  Granton Yacht Club. _See_ Royal Forth Yacht Club

  'Graphic cruisers' of Dublin Bay, 124;
    notes by the Hon. Skipper, 124 _et seq._;
    preliminaries of a cruise, 125;
    the crew, 125, 126;
    description of the 'Iris,' 126-129, 133, 134;
    at Ireland's Eye, 129;
    the Sketching Club at work, 130, 132;
    craft making for Howth harbour, 131;
    the 'Tramcar' distances 'Charlie,' 133;
    sanitary and medical precautions, 136 _et seq._;
    the Steward's duties, 140 _et seq._

  'Grayling' (136 tons), 253

  Great Barrier Reef, Australia, 288

  Greenock, 77

  Gretton, John, jun., his 'Lais,' 350

  Grey, Sir George, his island of Kawau, N.Z., 292

  'Greyhound' (4-tonner), 210;
    lines, 211;
    dimensions, 212

  Greymouth, N.Z., 298

  Greystones, 148

  Grinwood, Dr., first commodore of the R.M.Y.C., 46

  Grubb, Captain, owner of 'Eagle,' 159

  Gubbins, Mr., owner of 'Windfall,' 330

  Guébriant, Comte Alain de, 306

  Gulf Coast, 233

  Gunston, Captain, owner of 'St. George,' 161, 164

  'Gwendolin' (197 tons), 119


  Haddiscoe Cut, 204, 205, 222

  'Halcyon' (121 tons), American schooner, 252

  Haldane, Capt., R.P.C.Y.C., 66

  Halifax, Canada, 309, 311

  Hall, John, of Yarmouth, owner of 'Greyhound,' 210

  Halliday, Mr., his 'Helen,' 91

  Hallowes, Admiral, R.P.C.Y.C., 50, 64, 68

  Hamilton, Bermuda, 318

  Hamilton, Canada, 310

  Hamilton, James, of Holmhead (R.N.Y.C. 1826), 76, 247

  Hamoaze, the, 40

  Hampton Roads (U.S.), 232

  Harborough, Lord, owner of the 'De Emmetje,' 1827, 15

  Harlan Hollingsworth Co., boat-builders, Wilmington, Delaware, 257

  'Harpoon,' American cutter, 263, 267

  'Harriet' (65 tons), R.Y.S., 1834, 12

  'Harriet' (96 tons), R.W.Y.C., 1835, 42

  Harrington, William, Cork Water Club, 104

  Harrison, commodore R.T.Y.C., 1838, 170

  Hart, Robert, R. Clyde Y.C., 81

  Hart & Son, of Thorpe, boat-letters, 222

  Harvey, builder of 'Sea Belle' and 'Miranda,' 68

  Harwich, 218

  'Haswell,' American yacht, 249

  Hatcher, Dan, boat-builder, 89, 113

  Hatteras, Cape, 245

  Hatteras Inlet (U.S.), 232

  Haulbowline, Ireland, 99, 106

  Hauraki Gulf, N.Z., 289, 294

  Havelock, N.Z., 297

  Havre, as a yachting centre, 304;
    chart of regatta course, 305;
    Société des Régates, 306

  'Hawk,' American cutter, 263

  'Hawke,' Cumberland Fleet, chased into Calais by an American
    privateer, 159

  Hayes, Capt. R.N., R.P.C.Y.C., 64

  Hays, William, Cork Water Club, 1760, 100

  'Haze' (21-footer), 177

  'Heathen Chinee' (2-1/2-rater), 63

  'Hebe,' R.M.Y.C., 1845, 47

  Heigham Sounds, 204

  'Helen' (17 tons), loss of, 91

  Helensburgh, 77;
    races of the R. Clyde Y.C. at, in 1857, 81

  Henderson, Messrs., of Partick, builders of 'Valkyrie' and
    'Britannia,' 349, 402

  Heneage, G. W., owner of 'Harriet,' R.Y.S., 1834, 12

  Henn, Lieut. W., his 'Galatea,' 308

  Henry, Prince, of Prussia, his interest in yachting, 17;
    'Irene,' 309, 340

  'Heroine' (60-ton), cutter, 117

  Heron, Maxwell, R.P.C.Y.C., 59

  Herreshoff, Lewis, on yachting in America, 227 _et seq._;
    on the American yachting season of 1893, 400 _et seq._

  Herreshoff, N. G., designs and builds the 'Shadow,' 250;
    cat-boat 'Gleam,' 252;
    returns to sail-yacht designing, 263;
    designs 'Gloriana,' 264;
    the 'Wasp,' 266;
    'fin-keel' boat, 267;
    cat-yawl, 270;
    catamaran, 270;
    'Navahoe,' 'Colonia,' and 'Vigilant,' 402

  Herreshoffs, Messrs., boat-builders, Bristol, Rhode
    Island, 249, 285, 350, 400, 401

  Herrings, Dublin Bay, 144

  Hewett, Robert, commodore R.C.Y.C., Erith, 178

  Hewitt, Thomas, Cork Water Club, 104

  Hickling Broad, 203-205, 222, 225

  'Hildegarde' (205 tons), Prince of Wales's, 17

  Hill, F. C., his 'Dragon,' 350

  Hilliard, J. B., R. Clyde Y.C., 93

  'Himalaya,' troopship, 9

  'Hinda' (18 tons), 119-122

  Hippesley, Sir J., R.Y.S. 1815, 10

  Hoad, builder of 'Phantom,' 68

  Hoare, Samuel, Cork Water Club, 1760, 100

  Hoboken (U.S.), 236

  Hobson, Captain, secures the South Island, N.Z., in 1840, for the
    British, 299

  Hobson's Bay, Australia, 313

  Hodder, William, Cork Water Club, 1760, 100

  Hoe, the, Plymouth, 39

  Hogarth, A., skipper of 'Calluna,' 396

  Hokianga River (N.Z.), 296

  Holditch, Captain H., sec. R.W.Y.C., 43

  Holdsworth, Tom, vice-commodore R. Clyde Y.C., 79

  Holy Loch, 87, 91

  Honduras, 245

  Hong Kong, 148, 315

  Horn, H., on yacht racing in 1893, 349 _et seq._

  Horning Ferry, 199, 201, 225

  Horsey Mere, 203, 204, 225

  Hossack, N. P., N.Y.Y.C., 241

  Houldsworth, J., owner of 'Lufra,' 68

  Houseboats, sailing, 195

  Hoveton Broads, 199

  Howard, J. T., designer, 176

  Howth, 126, 129, 130, 134, 148

  Hudson River, 231, 236

  Huggins, W., marine painter, his picture of the leading craft of
    the R.Y.S. of 1835, 12

  Hughes, W. W., owner of 'Australia,' 68, 69

  'Humming Bird' (2-1/2-rater), 63

  Hunter, Mr., of Hafton, 85

  Hunter's Quay, club-house of R. Clyde Y.C. at, 85

  'Hunt's Yachting Magazine' on the 'Victor,' 312

  'Hyacinth' (50-rater), 62, 67

  Hyatt, J., owner of 'Matchless,' R.T.Y.C., 1830, 169


  'Ianthe,' Amer. schooner, 250

  'Ianthe,' Norfolk barge, 197, 224

  'Ida' (12-rater), cutter, 98

  'Idalia' (20-rater), 351

  'Idler' (133 tons), American schooner, 252

  'Ildegonda,' 174, 175

  Imperial German Yacht Club, 309

  Inchiquin, Lord, Cork Water Club, 100, 106

  'Industry,' steamer, 72

  Inglis, I. A., owner of 'Darthula,' 95;
    'Thalia,' 340, 345

  Inglis, J. and A., Glasgow, builders of 'Calluna,' 350

  Inman, Mr., builder of 'Australia,' 68

  'Intrepid,' American yacht, 253, 258

  'Iolanthe,' 98

  Ireland's Eye, 129, 130

  'Irene' (40-rater), Prince Henry of Prussia's, 91, 309, 340

  'Irene,' Trinity yacht, 9

  'Irex,' 58, 337, 338

  'Iris,' the, description of, 126-129, 133, 134;
    alias the 'Tramcar,' 133;
    typical sanitation of, 136 _et seq._;
    the hon. steward's duties on board, 140 _et seq._

  Irish Model Yacht Club. _See_ Royal Alfred Yacht Club

  Irish Yacht Clubs:--Royal York, 99-106;
    clubs at Kingstown, 106-108;
    Royal Alfred, 108-124;
    'Graphic' Cruisers of Dublin Bay, 124-145;
    Water Wags and Mermaids, 146-151

  'Iroquois,' American yacht, 258

  'Iverna,' cutter, 49, 63, 71;
    her match with the 'Meteor,' 331;
    in R.S.Y.C. race of August 6, 1893, 340, 341;
    R.T.Y.C. race, May 25, 1893, 352, 353;
    wins race of May 27, 354-358;
    her lines, 355;
    in R.T.Y.C. race, June 10, 358;
    race from Dover to Boulogne, 360;
    matches of Royal Southern, June 17, 362;
    Royal Mersey, June 24, 362;
    Royal Northern, July 1, 363;
    Hunter's Quay, July 5, 364;
    Clyde Corinthian Club, 364;
    Royal Clyde regatta, 365;
    Royal London match at Cowes, 370


  Jameson, John, designer of 'Iverna,' 350

  Jameson, W. G., 331, 335, 337, 364, 365, 388

  'Janetta' (2-1/2-rater), 64

  Jay, John C, N.Y.Y.C., 240;
    his 'La Coquille,' 240

  Jerome, Leonard W., owner of 'Clarita,' 1864, 280

  Jessop, W., owner of 'Florinda,' 68

  Johnson, C., R.P.C.Y.C., 50

  'Josephine' (143 tons), American schooner, 252

  'Jubilee,' American yacht, 1893, 400;
    dimensions, 402;
    characteristics, 403;
    in the race for the Goelet Cups, 404

  'Julia,' J. M. Waterbury's sloop, 245, 246;
    midship section, 253

  'Juliet' (10 tons), 174

  'Jullanar' (yawl), 68, 69, 88


  Kaikoura (N.Z.), 299

  Kaipara harbour (N.Z.), 296

  'Kate' (20 feet), 56

  Kauri timber for yachts, 296, 314

  Kawau, island of (N.Z.), 292

  Keen, Captain George, Cumberland Fleet, 1823, 166

  'Keepsake' (30 feet), 57

  Kelly, Mr., owner of 'Viola,' 53

  'Kelpie,' American yacht, 250

  'Kelpie' (1-rater), 64

  Kemp, Dixon, 176, 180

  Kennedy, A., R. Clyde Y.C., 79

  Kennedy, Captain R., hon. Sec. R.P.C.Y.C., 50, 51

  Kennedy, John, R.N.Y.C., 74

  Kennedy, R., R.N.Y.C., 74

  Kennedy, W., R. Clyde Y.C., 79

  Kent, Duchess of, patroness of R.W.Y.C., 1833, 42

  Kerr, James, 77

  'Kestrel,' schooner, 1835, 13

  Kiel, yachting at, 309

  'Kilmeny' (30 tons), 82, 84, 112-114

  King, Samuel, R.C.Y.C., 88

  'King's Fisher,' Commodore Taylor's, drawing of, 151;
    lines, 153, 154

  Kingsale, Lord, C.W.C., 102

  Kingston, Canada, 310

  Kingstown (Dublin Co.), clubs at, 106, 107, 146

  Kirby, David, boat-builder, Rye, New York, 253-257

  Kirkwall, Lord, R.Y.S., 1815, 10

  'Kismet' (2-1/2-rater), wins Fernie Cup of R.P.C.Y.C., 68

  'Kitten,' Upper Thames Sailing Club, 183

  'Kittiwake' (1/2-rater), wins the Champion Cup of R.P.C.Y.C. in 1891, 64


  'La Coquille' (27 tons), 240, 242, 243

  Ladies on board yachts, 139

  'Lady Hermione,' Lord Dufferin's, 20, 25;
    rig and dimensions, plan, sail and fittings, 26-38

  'Lady Louisa' (13 tons), R.T.Y.C., 1827, 169, 327

  'Lady St. Kilda,' 1835, Sir T. D. Acland's, 42

  Lagé, Contre-Amiral Baron, President of Union des Yachts Français, 306

  Laight, W. E., N.Y.Y.C., 242

  'Lais' (40-rater), 350;
    in race from Dover to Boulogne, 360;
    record for the season, 397

  Laity, Mr., R.P.C.Y.C., 64

  Lake Lothing, 205, 220

  Lake Ontario, Canada, 309, 310

  Lambton, H., M.P., owner of 'Cygnet,' R.Y.T.C. 1851, 171

  'Lamlash' (cutter), 77

  Lamont, H., rear-commodore R. Clyde Y.C., 92

  Lampson, G. C., owner of 'Miranda,' 68

  'Lancashire Witch,' steam yacht, 1878, 17

  'Lancet' (20 tons), 242

  Lang, Oliver, designer of H.M.'s 'Elfin' and 'Victoria and Albert,' 7

  Langtry, R., R.N.Y.C., 1824, 74

  Lapthorn, Messrs., 128, 149, 274, 398

  Largs, 77, 81;
    regatta, racing in 1892, 329

  Lateeners, 205, 315

  'Latona' (yawl), wins race from Dover to Boulogne and back
    in 1880, 69; 119

  Lavallin, Philip, Cork Water Club, 1760, 100

  Lavand, Captain, 300

  Lawley Corporation, Boston, builders of 'Jubilee,' 402

  Leach, Sir George, on America Cup races of 1893, 416 _et seq._

  'Leander' (20 tons), 62

  'Leda' (6 tons), R. Cl. Y.C., 81

  'Leda,' R.M.Y.C., 1845, 47

  Lee-on-Solent, 60

  Lenon, Major, his 'L'Erie,' 174

  'Lenore,' 91

  'Leopard,' steam launch, Upper Thames Sailing Club, 182, 183

  'L'Erie' (10 tons), 174

  'Lesbia' (37 tons), cutter, 82

  'Lethe' (yawl), 71

  Liffey estuary, the, 136

  'Lil' (25 feet), 57

  'Lily' (3-1/2 tons), 82

  'Lily' (10 tons), 62, 174

  Little Barrier Island (N.Z.), 292

  Littledale, com. R.M.Y.C., 47, 49

  Liverpool, yachting at, 47

  Livingston, Anson, owner of 'Annie,' 253

  'Livonia' (280 tons), 85, 252, 278

  Llangattock, Lord, 13

  Lockett, J. A., rear-commodore R. Clyde Y.C., 83

  London Sailing Club, Hammersmith, 180

  Long Island Sound, 231, 236

  Longfield, Richard, Cork Water Club, 1760, 100

  Loper, R. T., owner of 'Ocean Wave,' 280

  'Lorna,' 337

  Los Angeles Yacht Club, 234

  Louise, Princess, Lady Patroness of Bermuda Dinghy Club, 318

  'Louise' (20 tons), 53, 91

  Louisiana, 233

  Loutherburg, artist, his drawing of Cowes Castle, 10

  Lowestoft, 205, 220, 221

  Loynes, Mr., of Wroxham, 197, 212, 222, 224

  'Luath' (5-tonner), 123

  'Lucanias,' 72

  'Lufra,' yawl, 68, 69, 88

  Lyall, R., his 'Maria,' 81

  Lyle, James A., hon. sec. R.A.Y.C., 88, 109;
    his prize for a one-handed race, 114

  Lyons, James, owner of the 'Breeze,' R.Y.S., 1836, 12

  'Lyris,' designed by W. Gardiner (1891), 263

  Lysaght, Major, 106

  Lyttelton (N.Z.), 298, 299, 301


  'Mabel,' late 'Irex' (100-rater), 67, 352, 360

  McAllister, Mr., Dumbarton, 149

  McCalmont, Harry, owner of 'Giralda,' 425, 426

  Macartney, Mr., R.A.Y.C., 118

  McCheane, Charles, hon. sec. R.P.C.Y.C., 50, 52, 55, 56

  McCheane, T., R.P.C.Y.C., 50

  McCracken, Henry J. (R.N.Y.C. 1824), 74

  McFerran, James, his description of 'The Lady Hermione,' 20, 25 _et seq._

  Macgregor, 'Rob Roy,' 28

  McIver, Mr., his 'Brenda,' 82

  MacIvor, D., owner of 'Sunshine,' 119

  Macleay, A. D., owner of 'Jullanar,' 68

  'Macnab' (21-footer), 177

  'Madcap' (2-1/2-rater), 63

  'Madcap' (20 tons), 116

  'Madeleine' (148 tons), American schooner, 252, 256, 278

  'Madge' (10 tons), 53

  'Madge,' influence of, on American yacht design, 259

  'Maggie' (15 tons), 53, 89, 91

  'Maggie' (132 tons), American schooner, 252

  'Magic' (97 tons), American schooner, 252;
    midship section, 253;
    dimensions, 278

  'Magnolia' (21-footer), 177

  'Maharanee' (10 tons), 175

  'Maida' (10-rater), 1893, 351

  Main, John, R.P.C.Y.C., 66

  Maine (U.S.), 228

  Malahide, 148

  'Mallory,' American yacht (1858), 249, 253

  Mallory, D. D., yacht designer, Noank, Connecticut, 249, 253

  Malta, 315

  'March Hare' (21-footer), 177

  'Maria' (5 tons), R. Lyall's, 81

  'Maria,' Commodore Stevens's sloop, N.Y.Y.C., 240;
    dimensions, 242;
    characteristics, 243;
    matches with the 'America,' 245;
    lost off Cape Hatteras, 245

  'Mannersing,' 253

  'Mantura' (24-footer), 313

  'Marguerite,' 263

  'Maritana' (14 tons), 291

  'Mascotte,' 291

  'Matchless,' 327

  Maxwell, J. R., 275

  'May,' 418, 420

  'Mayflower,' 257, 261, 263

  'Mehalah' (21-footer), 177

  'Meneen,' 68, 351

  'Mercury,' 162, 164, 165

  'Merle' (10 tons), 174

  Mermaids of Dublin Bay, 108, 149

  'Meteor,' German Emperor's yacht, 17, 91, 329, 331, 374

  'Mildred' (10 tons), 174

  'Mima' (10 tons), 291

  'Mimmie' (3 tons), 123

  'Mimosa,' 175

  'Mina,' 258

  'Mineola,' 266

  'Minerva,' 262, 263

  'Minna,' 240

  Minor Vauxhall Gardens, 164

  'Mirage' (1.0), 183

  'Miranda,' 68, 69

  'Mischief,' 256, 257, 278

  'Mist,' 240

  'Mohawk' (326 tons), 253, 259, 374

  'Mohican,' 329

  Mollett, Mr., of Brundall, 210, 213-217

  'Mona' (.85), 183

  Montagu, Hon. Victor, 17, 338, 339, 350

  'Montauk' (193 tons), 253

  Morgan, E. D., 265, 275, 402, 418

  Morris, A., 77

  'Morwena' (1-rater), 1893, 351

  'Mosquito' (1/2-rater), 68

  'Mosquito' (59 tons), 83

  'Mosquito,' R. Northern Y.C., 1848, 45, 78, 326

  Motueka (N.Z.), 298

  Mount Desert Island (U.S.), 277

  Mount Edgcumbe, 40

  Mudhook Yacht Club, 87;
    regatta of 1893, 364

  Muir, Mr., owner of 'Mabel,' 67

  Mulholland, H. L. _See_ Dunleath

  Mum, James, R. Clyde Y.C., 79

  Mumm, J. F., boat-builder, Bay Ridge, Long Island, 257

  'Muriel' (3 tons), 175, 177

  'Musume' (2-1/2-rater), 63

  'Mystery' (25 tons), R.T.Y.C., 1843, 13

  'Mystery,' the (Thames open boat), 217

  'Mystic,' American yacht (1856), 249


  'Nadador' (2-1/2-rater), 63

  'Nadejda,' 175

  'Naiad' (3-tonner), 55

  'Naiad' (10 tons), 62

  'Naida' (3 tons), 175

  'Nancy' (1787), 162

  Nantucket Sound, 229, 230

  Narragansett Bay, 228, 230, 231, 249, 276

  'Narwhal' (21-footer), 177

  Nash, James, C.W.C., 100

  Naushon Island, Maine, 230

  'Navahoe,' R. P. Carroll's, 349;
    matches, 370-393;
    sail-area in the three matches, 394;
    record for the season, 396;
    interest in her production, 400;
    characteristics, 401;
    dimensions, 402

  'Neaira,' 2, 175

  Nelson (N.Z.), 297

  'Neptune' (50 tons), 60, 61

  Nettlefold, Edward, Commodore of Cumberland Fleet, 165-166

  'Neva' (62 tons), 119

  New Bedford (U.S.), 277

  New Jersey, 232, 236

  New London (U.S.), 276

  'New Moon' (209 tons), 15, 16

  New Orleans, 233

  New South Wales, timber of, 313

  New Thames Yacht Club, an offshoot of the R.T.Y.C., 173

  New York, 236;
    Bay, 231

  New York Yacht Club. 91;
    birthplace, 239;
    minutes, 240;
    early regattas, 241, 242;
    first international race, 243;
    'Maria,' 243-245;
    'America,' 246;
    annual cruise, 276;
    cruise of 1893, 404;
    Goelet Cups, 404;
    map of course, 405;
    Astor Cups, 406

  New Zealand, yachting in, 287;
    variety of climate, 288, 302;
    Auckland, 288;
    Bay of Islands, 289;
    Auckland Yacht Club, 290;
    colonial yachts, 290;
    the 'Mascotte,' 291;
    cruises in, 291 _et seq._;
    Little and Great Barrier Islands, 293, 294;
    fish, 293, 297;
    goats and rabbits, 293;
    Firth of Thames, 294;
    Rangitoto, 294;
    the Sacred Island, 294;
    Tauranga, 295;
    west coast of the North Island, 295;
    Wellington, 296;
    Queen Charlotte and Pelorus Sounds, 296, 297;
    Nelson harbour, 297;
    north coast of South Island, 298;
    Lyttelton harbour, 299;
    old French settlement of Akaroa, 299;
    the sounds, 300, 301;
    months suitable for yachting, 302;
    winds, 302;
    timber, 313

  'Newburg,' American sloop, 249

  Newenham, John, Cork Water Club, 1760, 100

  Newenham, R., C.W.C., 100

  Newenham, T., C.W.C., 100

  Newman, Major H. H., 106

  Nice, as a yachting centre, 306;
    chart of regatta course, 307;
    races and prizes, 308

  Nichols, Captain John, on long courses, 45;
    skipper of 'Mosquito,' 326

  Nicholson, Mr., builder of 'Florinda,' 68

  'Niny,' 309

  'Nora' (8-rater), 98

  Norfolk and Suffolk Yacht Club, 217:
    rating classes, 217

  Norfolk Broads, yachting on, 190;
    scenery, 193;
    craft for navigating, 193;
    the 'Ianthe,' 197, 224;
    river below Wroxham, 198;
    Wroxham Broad, 199;
    Hoveton Broads, 199;
    houseboats, 199;
    at Horning, 200;
    steering on a tortuous river, 201;
    Ranworth Broad, 202;
    Barton and South Walsham Broads, 202;
    movement along water, 202;
    river Thurne, 203;
    Hickling Broad, 203;
    Horsey Mere, 204;
    the Bure, 204;
    Acle to Yarmouth, 204;
    Breydon Water, 204;
    the river Waveney, 204;
    the Yare, 204;
    Haddicoe Cut, 204;
    Reedham and St. Olave's, 205;
    pleasure boats, 205;
    the lateener, 205;
    the 'Ariel' and the 'Black Maria,' 205;
    types of boats, 207;
    old measurement of racing craft, 207;
    sailing single-handed, 208;
    alteration in rule of measurement, 209;
    craft built by Mr. Brighton of Yarmouth and Mr. Mollett of
      Brundall, 210-217;
    boats built by Mr. Peed of Oulton, 213;
    Mr. Mollett's 'Gossip,' 213-215;
    his 'Castanet,' 215-217;
    clubs, 217;
    the Thames 'Mystery,' 217;
    rule for passing in narrow reaches, 218;
    rowing boats and anglers, 219;
    'putty,' 219, 220;
    Oulton Broad and Lake Lothing, 220;
    Lowestoft Harbour, 220;
    Oulton, 221;
    Cantley on the Yare, 221;
    Norwich, 222;
    boat-letting agencies, 222;
    Bullen, of Oulton Broad, 222, 224;
    Hart & Son, of Thorpe, 222;
    an offer of assistance in hiring yachts, 222;
    best cruising grounds, 222, 223;
    Wroxham and Oulton as yachting centres, 223;
    Loynes's and Bullen's craft and terms of hire, 224;
    time required to do the rivers and broads, 225;
    fishing and photography, 226

  Norfolk wherries, 194

  'Norman,' 175

  'Norna,' American yacht, 258

  Norrköping, Sweden, 309

  North America, British, 275

  North Island (N.Z.), 295

  'North Star,' American steam yacht, 279;
    dimensions, 280

  Norwegian prams, 147

  Norwich, 192, 204, 222, 223, 225

  Nottage, Capt., R.P.C.Y.C., 64

  Nugent, Lord, R.Y.S., 1815, 10

  'Nyleptha' (21-footer), 177

  'Nymph' (15 tons), 77


  Oamaru harbour (N.Z.), 300

  O'Bryen, Hon. James, Cork Water Club, 1720, 100

  O'Bryen, Morough, Cork Water Club, 1760, 100

  'Ocean Monarch,' emigrant ship, rescued by 'Queen of the Ocean,'
    1848, 47, 49

  'Ocean Wave,' American steam yacht, 1865, 280

  O'Connell, D., loss of, in the 'Peri,' 116, 117

  'Oenanthe,' 175

  Olsen, Niels, N.Y.Y.C., 279

  O'Neal, Charles, Cork Water Club, 1720, 100

  O'Neil, Mr., 331, 335, 345

  'Onkahya,' John C. Stevens's, 238;
    loss, 239

  Onslow, Earl of, on yachting in New Zealand, 287 _et seq._

  Onslow Pinnacle Rock, Bay of Islands (N.Z.), 289

  Orfordness, sea disturbance off, 218

  'Orion,' American yacht, 250

  'Orion,' R. Northern Y.C., 78

  Ornskoldskirk, Sweden, 309

  Orson, Edward Forbes, of Stranraer, R. Northern Y.C., 1824, 74

  'Osborne' (formerly the 'Victoria and Albert'), 6, 9

  Otago (N.Z.), 301, 302

  'Ottawa,' U.S.S., 247

  Oulton Broad, 192, 197, 205, 219-224

  'Oweene,' American cutter, 263

  Oxford University Sailing Club, 182, 183

  Oyster Bay, Long Island, 239


  Pacific coast, 233

  Paget, B., R.P.C.Y.C., 66

  Paget, Lord Alfred, vice-commodore R.T.Y.C., his 'Mystery' and
      the 'Blue Belle,' May 23, 1843, 170;
    'Belvidere' wins the 60_l._ cup in 1845, 171

  Paget, W. B., owner of the 'Columbine,' 67

  Paine, General, Boston Y.C., his 46-footer, 1891, 263;
    as a yachtsman, 275;
    on the canvas of the 'Valkyrie,' 398;
    owner of 'Jubilee,' 402

  Paine, J. B., designer of 'Jubilee,' 402

  'Palmer' (194 tons), 252

  'Pantaloon,' H.M.S., tender to 'Royal George,' 6

  'Pantaloon,' R.Y.S., 1835, 12

  'Papoose' (2-1/2-rater), 68

  Park, Mr., part owner of 'Ida,' 98

  Parker, Ben, skipper, 330, 345

  Parker, Michael, Cork Water Club, 1760, 100

  Parkes, Mr., owner of 'Aurora,' Cumberland Fleet, 155

  Parsons, Thomas, Cork Water Club, 1760, 100

  Paterson's Inlet (N.Z.), 301

  Payne, Arthur, designer of the 'Hyacinth,' 62;
    the 'Niny,' 309;
    and 'Corsair,' 338

  Payton, Mr., builder of 'Currytush,' 123

  Peake, Sir Henry, designer of 'Royal George,' 1814, 5

  'Pearl' (4-1/2 tons), 81

  'Pearl' (130 tons), R.Y.S., 1835, 12, 13, 243, 326

  Peed, Mr., of Oulton, builder of 'Corona,' 213

  Pelorus Sound (N.Z.), 296, 297

  Pelt, J. G. van, owner of 'Rebecca,' 246

  Pembroke, Earl of, Royal Cinque Ports Yacht Club, 68

  Penrose, Cooper, Cork Water Club, 104

  Pepys, Samuel, quoted, 1-5

  'Peri' (5 tons), 116, 117

  Pérignon, M. E., vice-president U. des Y.F., 306

  Persian Gulf, the, 148

  Peter the Great, 5

  'Petrel' (10 tons), 116

  Pett, Christopher, 2

  Pett, Commissioner, builds a yacht for Charles II, 2, 3

  Pett, Phineas, builds a yacht for Henry of Wales in 1604, 1, 2

  Petty, Sir William, his two-keeled vessel, 3

  'Phantom,' R.T.Y.C., 13, 171

  'Phantom' (10-rater), 351, 398

  'Phantom' (123 tons), American schooner, 252

  'Phantom' (172 tons), 69

  'Phoebe,' R.M.Y.C., 1845, 47

  'Phryne' (40 tons), 56

  Picton, Queen Charlotte Sound (N.Z.), 297

  Pigeon Bay (N.Z.), 299

  'Pilgrim,' American yacht, 1893, 400;
    dimensions, 402;
    characteristics, 403;
    race for Goelet Cups, 404; 407

  'Pilot,' H.M.S., training brig, 40

  'Pleione,' schooner, 117

  'Plover,' American yacht, 249

  Plymouth, 39

  'Pocahontas,' Amer. sloop, 257

  Polhemus, A., boat-builder, Nyack, New York, 254

  Ponsonby, Lord, R.Y.S., 10

  Popham, F. W. L., owner of 'White Slave,' 330

  Popham, Mr., owner of 'Bird of Freedom,' 56

  Port Chalmers (N.Z.), 301

  Port Fitzroy, Great Barrier Island (N.Z.), 293

  Port Leny (N.Z.), 299

  Port Nicholson (N.Z.), 296

  Portland, Duke of, owner of 'Pantaloon,' R.Y.S., 1835, 12

  Potter Heigham, 203, 204, 225

  Pottinger, Thomas, Admiral R.N.Y.C., 1825, 74, 75

  Prams, Norwegian, 147

  'Preciosa' (10 tons), 174

  Preservation of food on yacht voyages, 141

  'Prima Donna' (25 tons), R.T.Y.C., 145, 171

  'Primrose' (3 tons), 175

  Prince Alfred Yacht Club, Sydney, 311

  Prince, C. A., Boston Y.C., 275

  'Prince of Wales,' Cumberland Fleet, 1786, 161, 162

  'Princess' (40 tons), Prince of Wales's, 17

  'Princess Royal,' steamer, R.M.Y.C., 1845, 47

  'Priscilla,' Amer. yacht, 225, 227

  Pritchett, R. T., on royal yachts and English yacht clubs, 1 _et seq._;
    on Royal Forth Yacht Club, 96;
    on Royal Northern Yacht Club, Rothesay, 72 _et seq._;
    on Royal Cork Yacht Club, 99 _et seq._;
    on Royal Corinthian Yacht Club, Erith, 173 _et seq._;
    on foreign and colonial yachting, 304 _et seq._;
    on yachting at Bermuda, 318;
    on famous races, 324;
    on racing in a 40-rater in 1892, 332

  'Providence,' Cumberland Fleet, 1797, 164

  'Ptarmigan' (10-rater), 351

  Puget's Sound, 233

  'Puritan,' General Paine's, 255, 257, 260, 261, 263, 278, 333

  Pussey & Jones, builders of 'Pilgrim,' 402

  Putland, George, Commodore R. Alfred Y.C., 110, 115

  Puxly, Henry, Cork Water Club, 1760, 100


  Quail Island, Lyttelton (N.Z.), 299

  Quebec, 309, 310, 311

  Queen, Her Majesty the, purchases Osborne House, 6;
    first cruise in the 'Victoria and Albert,' 8;
    patronage of yacht clubs, 9, 18;
    patroness of the Royal St. George's Yacht Club, Kingstown, 106;
    of the R.T.Y.C., 170, 171

  'Queen' (15 tons), 114

  Queen Charlotte Sound (N.Z.), 296, 297

  'Queen Mab,' 60, 71, 96, 329, 330, 333, 334, 336, 337, 340, 343,
    345-347, 350

  'Queen of the Ocean,' R.M.Y.C., 47, 49

  Queensland, coast of, 288

  Queenstown, 7

  'Qui Vive,' American yacht, 250

  'Quickstep,' Amer. schooner, 263

  'Quickstep' (20 tons), 56;
    her matches with the 'Enriqueta,' 58, 59

  Quilter, Mr., part owner of the 'Mascotte,' 55

  'Quinque' (5-rater), 63, 351


  Racing in a 40-rater in 1892, a detailed description, 332 _et seq._

  Raleigh, Walter, 1

  'Rambler' (160 tons), 252

  Rangitoto (N.Z.), 294

  Ranken, A., 77

  Ranworth Broad, 202

  Rasch, Captain, R.P.C.Y.C., 50

  Ratsey, Charles, boat-builder, 68, 149, 325, 326, 398, 402

  Reade, Lieut.-Col. Arthur L., secretary of the Royal Windermere
    Lake Yacht Club, 189

  Reany & Naeafy, builders of 'Ocean Wave,' 280

  Reanyson & Archibald, boat-builders, Chester, Pennsylvania, 256

  'Rebecca,' J. G. van Pelt's, 246

  'Red Lancer' (5-rater), 330, 331, 351, 398

  Reedham, 204, 205, 222

  'Restless' (95 tons), American schooner, 252

  'Reverie' (40-rater), 1891, lines, 70; 336, 337

  'Reverie' (41 tons), Clyde Y.C., cutter, 82

  Ricardo, Charles, secretary of Upper Thames Sailing Club, his
    account of a 'fitted race,' 320, 321

  Richards, S., R.P.C.Y.C., 66

  Richardson, Alex., owner of the 'Naiad,' 116;
    designer of 'Challenge,' 120, 122

  Richardson, G. W., owner of the 'Sayonara,' 53

  'Richmond,' American yacht (1857), 249

  Richmond, D. O., boat-builder, Mystic, Connecticut, 256

  Richmond, Duke of (1771), 324

  'Rival,' 91

  'Rival' (3-tonner), 123

  'Rivet' (17 tons), 310

  'Rob Roy' (16 tons), 327

  'Rob Roy,' Mr. Macgregor's, 28

  Robertson, F. A., owner of 'Uranus,' 98

  'Robinson' (10 tons), 174

  Roche, Edmund, Cork Water Club, 100

  Roche, John (C.W.C.), 104

  'Rocket' (6 tons), yawl, 88

  Rockland, on the Yare, 222

  Rogers, Archibald, N.Y.Y.C., 275;
    part owner of 'Colonia,' 402

  Rogers, James, N.Y.Y.C., 240;
    his 'Adda,' 240

  Rogers, John (C.W.C., 1720), 100

  Rogers, Robert (C.W.C., 1760), 100

  Roland, Thomas (C.W.C.), 104

  Rollins, George B., N.Y.Y.C., 240;
    his 'Minna,' 240

  Rothesay, the Royal Northern Yacht Club at, 72;
    R.N.Y.C. club-house, 77

  Rothschild, Baron A. de, 306

  Rowan, J. (R. Clyde Y.C.), 81

  Rowley, A. B., owner of the 'Latona,' 69

  Royal Albert Yacht Club: Queen's Cups received, 18;
    Corinthian matches, 118;
    number of yachts and members, 118;
    entry in 1875 for the No. 1 Champion Cup, 119;
    description of a Corinthian match in 1876, 119 _et seq._;
    Corinthian match in 1879, 122;
    alterations in courses, 123;
    3-tonners and 5-tonners, 123;
    rule of measurement and conditions of sailing, 123;
    houseless, 124;
    the regatta of 1893, 380

  Royal Alfred Yacht Club, Kingstown, Queen's Cups received, 18;
    its Channel matches, 84;
    origin of, 108;
    first named Irish Model Yacht Club, 108;
    rule on fleet sailing, 109;
    reorganisation, 109;
    rule on racing flags, 109;
    challenge cup instituted, 110;
    club matches, 110;
    named Prince A.Y.C., 110;
    commodores appointed, 110;
    Duke of Edinburgh patron, 111;
    prizes, 111;
    amateur matches, 111;
    race for 2nd and 3rd class yachts in 1868, 111-114;
    Mr. Lyle's prize for a one-handed race, 114;
    introduction of Champion Cups, 114;
    Duke of Edinburgh commodore in 1871, 115;
    a 'Royal' Club, 115;
    increase of members, 115;
    burgee, 115;
    'Enid' wins Duke of Edinburgh's gold cup, 115;
    presented with a Queen's Cup, 115;
    fatalities in single-handed racing in 1872, and stoppage of
      same, 116, 117;
    matches in 1874, 117, 118;
    swimming match in clothes, 118;
    headquarters, 146

  Royal Bermuda Yacht Club, 318

  Royal Bombay Yacht Club, 315

  Royal Canadian Yacht Club, 309

  Royal Cinque Ports Yacht Club, Queen's Cups received, 18;
    estab. 1872, 68;
    regatta, 68

  Royal Clyde Yacht Club: Queen's Cups received, 18;
    instituted as Clyde Model Yacht Club, 79;
    original members, 79;
    ensign and burgee, 79;
    chart of course, 80;
    measurement rule and racing flags, 81;
    meeting in 1857, 81;
    American 'sail-area' measurement, 82;
    called Clyde Yacht Club, 82;
    annual regatta, 82;
    Corinthian regatta, 82;
    opening and closing cruises, 83;
    members and yachts in 1867, 83;
    foundation of annual Corinthian match in 1868, 84;
    founder of 40-, 20-, 10-, and 5-ton classes, 84;
    Channel matches, 84;
    made a 'Royal' club in 1872, 85;
    new club-house at Hunter's Quay, 85;
    opening meeting of 1872, 85;
    adoption of Royal Alfred Y.C. rules, 86;
    club-house, 87;
    members and tonnage in 1877, 87;
    a 'Clyde week,' 87;
    new courses, 87, 88;
    Y.R.A.'s system of time allowances, 88;
    entries of large racing yachts in 1878, 88;
    entries and prizes in 1880-1881, 89;
    purchase of 'Alcyone,' 89;
    terms of that yacht's hire, 90;
    recipient of Queen's Cup in 1883, 90;
    closing cruise of 1884, 90;
    alteration of courses, 91;
    challenges New York Yacht Club, 91;
    'Thistle' and 'Volunteer' matches, 91;
    finances, 92;
    resignation of Lord Glasgow, 92;
    officials, 92;
    acquisition of three boats, 92;
    adoption of Y.R.A. length and sail-area rule, 93;
    classes under 'rating rule,' 93;
    second Queen's Cup, 64;
    match round Arran, 94;
    loss of club-house by fire, 94;
    renting of Craigend Villa, 94;
    cups and money prizes, 94;
    small raters in 1890, 95;
    present fleet, 95;
    present members, 95;
    regatta of 1893, 365

  Royal Corinthian Yacht Club, Erith (the original Corinthian club), 173;
    premises, 174;
    classification of yachts, 174;
    racing, 174;
    10-ton class, 174;
    3-ton class, 175;
    21-foot class, 176;
    2-1/2-raters, 177;
    officers in 1894, 178

  Royal Cork Yacht Club: Queen's Cups received, 18;
    origin, 99;
    Water Club of Harbour of Cork, 99;
    early rules, 99;
    members of 1720 and 1760, 100;
    sailing orders for Water Club fleet, 1720, 102;
    decadence from 1765 till 1822, 102;
    chart of course for 40-raters, 103;
    institution of Little Monkstown Club, 104;
    re-establishment of Water Club under title of Cork Yacht Club, 104;
    club-house and its pictures at Queenstown, 106

  Royal Cornwall Club, 18

  Royal Dart Club matches, 385

  Royal Dorset Club, Weymouth, receive a Queen's Cup in 1887, 18;
    founded in 1875, 345

  Royal Eastern Yacht Club, 98

  Royal Forth Yacht Club, establishment of, 96;
    present officials, 96;
    members, 96;
    match from Hartlepool to Granton in 1893, 96;
    the Queen's Cup, 96;
    chart of courses, 97;
    match for T.B.C. West Challenge Cup, 98

  'Royal George,' royal yacht, dimensions, 5;
    used on occasion of the Queen's accession, 6

  Royal Halifax Yacht Club, 311

  Royal Harwich Y.C., 18, 218

  Royal Irish Yacht Club:
    Queen's Cups received, 18;
    established 1846, 108;
    regatta of 1893, 368;
    map of the course, 371

  Royal London Yacht Club, 18;
    established 1838, 178;
    flag, 178;
    adopt flying starts, 179;
    development of yachting, 179;
    regatta of 1893, 370

  Royal Mersey Yacht Club: Queen's Cups received, 18;
    established 1844, 46;
    moved from Liverpool to Birkenhead, 46;
    first race, 47;
    plan of course, 48;
    Jubilee regatta, 49;
    regatta of 1893, 363

  Royal Northern Yacht Club:
    Queen's Cups received, 18;
    home at Rothesay, 72;
    chart of Clyde course, 73;
    origin of, 74;
    original members, 74;
    Irish and Scotch divisions, 74, 76;
    burgee, 75, 76;
    full dress of members, 75;
    classing of yachts in 1826 and 1831, 79;
    first regatta at Belfast, 76;
    William IV. patron, 76;
    two days' regatta at Belfast in 1836, 76;
    dissolution of Irish division in 1838, 77;
    club-house, 77;
    yachts, 78;
    present secretary, 78;
    Channel matches, 84;
    regatta 1893, 363

  Royal Nova Scotia Y.C., 311

  Royal Portsmouth Corinthian Yacht Club, 49;
    instituted 1880, 50;
    first officers, 50;
    map of course, 51;
    definition of amateur, 52;
    first regatta, 52;
    matches, 52;
    popularity, 53;
    season of 1881, 54;
    increase of membership, 54;
    introduction of 3-tonners, 55;
    regatta of 1883, 56;
    prosperity in 1884, 56;
    opening cruise, 57;
    foot classes, 57;
    A, B, C classes, 60;
    increase in number of regattas, 61;
    shifting keels, 62;
    rating classes, 63;
    1/2-raters, 64;
    programme for 1891, 65;
    service to amateur seamanship, 66;
    the regatta of 1893, 67

  Royal St. George's Yacht Club, Kingstown:
    Queen's Cups received, 18;
    established 1838, 106;
    chart of course, 107

  Royal South Australian Yacht Squadron, Adelaide, 314

  Royal Southampton Yacht Club, 340;
    the regatta of 1893, 378;
    map of the Warner and Lymington course, 379

  Royal Southern Yacht Club: Queen's Cups received, 18;
    Jubilee regatta of 1893, 361

  Royal Sydney Yacht Sq., 311

  Royal Thames Club, 13, 18, 167-172;
    matches of 1893, 352-358

  Royal Ulster Yacht Club:
    Queen's Cups received, 18;
    2-1/2-raters, 95;
    headquarters, 108;
    regatta of 1893, 366;
    map of the course, 367

  Royal Victoria Yacht Club, Ryde, 18, 43-45

  Royal West of Ireland Club, Queen's Cups, 18

  Royal Western Yacht Club, Plymouth, 18, 39-43

  Royal Windermere Lake Yacht Club, founded 1860, 183;
    leading feature, 184;
    precautions to insure good racing, 184;
    map of course, 187

  Royal Yacht Club of Victoria, Australia, 314

  Royal Yacht Squadron:
    club-house, 9;
    established 1812, 10;
    position in yachting world, 10;
    new club-house, 10;
    seal, 11;
    reception of Emperor and Empress of the French, 12;
    class of vessels, 12;
    cup to R.T.Y.C. in 1843, 13;
    cup of 1851 taken by 'America,' 14;
    Jubilee (1865), 15;
    in Queen's Jubilee year, 16;
    Queen's Cup winners, 16;
    averse to steam yachts, 16;
    fleet, 17, 18;
    Queen's course, 19;
    regatta of 1893, 374

  Royal Yorkshire Club, 18

  'Ruby' (Thames boat), 218

  Ruck, F., R.E., R.P.C.Y.C., 50

  Russell, George (R.N.Y.C., 1824), 74

  Rutherford, L. M., N.Y.Y.C., 241

  Ruthven, Edward S., R.N.Y.C., 1824, 74

  Ryder, Admiral, R.P.C.Y.C., 50


  'Sachem,' Amer. schooner, 263

  'Sadie,' Amer. yacht (1867), 250

  St. Augustine, Bay of (U.S.), 233

  'St. George,' st. yacht, 1875, 290

  'St. George,' Coronation Sailing Society dispute regarding the
    match of 1823, 167

  'St. George' (7 tons), Cumberland Fleet, 161, 164

  St. George's, Bermuda, dinghy racing at, 321-323

  St. John's River (Florida), 233;
    'America' found sunk in, 247

  St. Kilda, Australia, 314

  St. Lawrence Club, Montreal, 311

  St. Lawrence river, Canada, 310

  St. Olave's, on the Waveney, 205

  'Saivnara' (21-footer), 177

  Salhouse Broads, 199

  'Samoena,' 54, 64, 352

  San Francisco, Bay of, 234

  Sandwich, Lord, 3

  Sandy Hook Lightship, 231

  Sanitary precautions on yachts, 136-142

  'Sanitas' for yacht sanitation, 136

  Santa Barbara, 234

  Santa Katalina, 234

  'Santry' (25 tons), 54

  'Sappho,' American schooner, 249, 253, 258, 278

  'Satanella' (16 tons), 54

  'Satanita,' in Jubilee Regatta of R. Mersey Y.C., 1893, 49;
    designer and builder, 349;
    R.T.Y.C. race June 10, 1893, 358;
    the Royal Southern, June 17, 361;
    Royal Mersey, June 24, 363;
    Royal Northern, July 1, 363;
    at Hunter's Quay, July 5, 364;
    in Clyde Corinthian Club match, 364;
    Royal Clyde regatta, 365;
    Royal Ulster regatta, 366;
    Royal Irish regatta, 368;
    Royal London match, 370;
    the Meteor Challenge Shield, 375;
    wins Cowes Town Cup, 376;
    and R.Y.S. prize on Aug. 4, 377;
    wins Royal Albert match, Aug. 14, 380;
    Torbay regatta, 382;
    Royal Dart match, 385;
    Start Bay Club match, 386;
    points superior to 'Britannia,' 394;
    record for season, 395;
    mainsail, 399;
    versus 'Navahoe,' 400

  Savage, Mr., Cork Water Club, 104

  Savannah (Georgia), 232

  'Savourna,' 330, 331

  Savoy, Colonel, R.P.C.Y.C., 50

  Sawyer, John, & Co., sailmakers, New York, 274

  Saxe-Weimar, Prince Edward of, com., R.P.C.Y.C., 50, 53, 66

  'Sayonara' (20 tons), 53, 91

  Schuyler, George L., N.Y.Y.C., 240;
    his 'Dream,' 240, 242;
    part owner of 'America,' 246

  Scovell, Mr., R.A.Y.C., 110

  'Sea Fox' (204 tons), American schooner, 253

  'Seabelle' (142 tons), 68, 69, 344

  'Seaflower,' H.M. brig, 40

  'Seagull,' R.M.Y.C., 1845, 47

  Seawanhaka Yacht Club, New York, 259

  'Secret,' R.T.Y.C., 170

  'Secret' (31 tons), 112, 114

  Selwyn Island (N.Z.), 293

  Senior, Julian, R.P.C.Y.C., 66

  'Senta' (3-tonner), 123, 316

  'Shadow,' American sloop, built on 'compromise model,' 250;
    lines, 251

  Shankill (Co. Dublin), 147

  Shankill Corinthian Sailing Club, 148

  Sharman-Crawford, Captain, rear-commodore R. Ulster Y.C., 108

  Sharpies, Canadian, 310

  Sheddon, Col., R.Y.S. 1815, 10

  'Sheilah' (20 tons), 119-122

  Shepherd, J., his 'Daydream,' 96

  Sheppard, Mr., starts the Minor Vauxhall Gardens, 164;
    gives cups to Cumberland Fleet, 164, 165

  'Shona' (5-tonner), 123

  Signals, J. A. Lyle's book of, 109

  'Silver Star' (40 tons), 56

  Simonson, Jeremiah, builder of 'North Star,' 280

  Simpson, Messrs., 177

  Sinclair, R., 77

  'Siola' (20-rater), 63

  'Siren' (72 tons), 242

  'Sleuthhound' (40 tons), 54, 56, 337

  Small, Captain, R.C.Y.C., 81

  Smith, A. Cary, joint designer of 'Vindex,' 256, 258;
    designer of 'Mischief,' 256;
    'Priscilla,' 257;
    position as a designer, 257, 275;
    marine artist, 258

  Smith & Dimon, boat-builders, New York, 280

  Smith & Wellstood, Glasgow, 140

  Smith-Barry, John, Cork Water Club, 12, 104

  Smith, E., Cumberland Fleet, 164

  Smith, James (first commodore R. Clyde Y.C.), 77, 79

  Smith, J. W., owner of 'Secret,' R.T.Y.C., 1847, 170

  Smith, Mr., first commodore of Cumberland Fleet, 156

  Smith, Sir Alex. (1771), 324

  Smith, T., R.T.Y.C., 169

  Smyth, J., of Helensburgh, com. R. Northern Y.C., 74

  'Snarley Yow' (3 tons), 56, 175

  Snydam, D. L., joint owner of 'Cygnet,' 242

  Snydam, John R., joint owner of 'Cygnet,' 242

  Société des Régates au Havre, 306

  'Sonata,' Arthur Glennie's, 54

  Soper, J. M., boat designer, 70, 176, 180, 349

  South California, 234

  South Walsham Broad, 202

  South Walsham Dyke, 203

  'Speedy,' H.M.S., 61

  Spencer, J., R. Clyde Y.C., 79

  'Speranza' (85 tons), yawl, 119

  'Spitfire,' Cumberland Fleet, dispute in match of 1823, 167;
    wins first match of R.T.Y.C., 168

  Spratt, Nelson, designer of 'Julia,' 246

  'Spray' (37 tons), 240, 242, 243

  Stalkart's 'Naval Architecture,' design from, 4

  Start Bay Yacht Club Regatta, 1893, 386;
    map of course, 387

  Stawell, Sampson, Cork Water Club, 100

  Steam yachting in America:
    the 'North Star,' 279, 280;
    'Firefly,' 'Clarita,' 'Ocean Wave,' and 'Day Dream,' 280;
    open steam launch, 281;
    flush-deck yacht, 282, 285;
    deep-sea craft, 284;
    engines, 285;
    naphtha engines, 286

  Steers, George, designer of 'Gimcrack,' 239;
    ability, 243;
    share in designing the 'Maria,' 243;
    'Una' and 'Julia,' 245;
    'America,' 246

  'Stella' (2-1/2-rater), 62

  Sterling, Colonel J., 393

  Steven, Mr., his 'Comet,' 81

  Stevens, Commodore John C., N.Y.Y.C., his schooner 'America'
      wins R.Y.S. Cup in 1851, 14, 246;
    founder of N.Y.Y.C., 227;
    his 'Diver,' 237;
    'Trouble' and 'Double Trouble,' 237;
    'Wave' and 'Onkahya,' 238;
    'Maria' and 'Gimcrack,' 237, 242-245

  Stevens, Edward, part owner of 'Maria,' 244, 245

  Stevens, Edward A., part owner of 'America,' 247, 279

  Stevens, Robert, part owner of 'Maria,' 244

  Steward, duties of an honorary, on a yacht, 140 _et seq._

  Stewart and Binney, designers of 'Pilgrim,' 402

  Stewart's Island (N.Z.), 288, 301

  Stockholm, 309

  Stone, Douglas, yacht designer, 176;
    builder of 'Eva,' 177

  Story, W. C., R.P.C.Y.C., 50

  Stoves for yachts, 140

  'Sunbeam,' Lord Brassey's steam yacht, 16, 290

  'Sunshine' (20 tons), 119-122

  'Surge,' 174

  Surlingham Broads, 222

  Sussex, Duke of, patron of Royal Western Y.C., 1833, 42

  Sutherland, James (R. Clyde Y.C.), 79;
    his 'Echo,' 82

  Sutton, Captain, first rear- and vice-commodore
    R.P.C.Y.C., 50, 54, 64, 66

  Sutton, Messrs., owners of the 'Diamond,' 52

  Sutton, Sir Richard, owner of 'Genesta,' 173

  'Swan' (4-tonner), 212

  Sweden, yachting in, 309

  Swedish Yachting Club, 309

  'Sweetheart,' 174

  'Syanara,' American yacht (1891), 266

  'Sybil' (26 tons), 62

  Sycamore, skipper of 'Corsair,' 330, 342

  'Sylph' (30 tons), R.N.Y.C., 77

  'Sylph,' American schooner, 238

  'Sylvie' (106 tons), American schooner, 252

  Symonds, Sir W., designer of the old 'Victoria and Albert,' 6

  'Syren' (25 feet), 59


  'Talisman' (84 tons), 326

  Tamesis Sailing Club, 182

  'Tar Baby' (5-rater), 63

  'Tara' (40 tons), 56

  'Tarifa' (8-rater), 291

  'Tarolenta' (204 tons), American schooner, 252

  'Tartar' (30 tons), 77

  Tauranga Harbour (N.Z.), 295

  Taylor, Commodore Thomas, Cumberland Fleet, 1780, 152;
    his clinker-built 'King's Fisher,' 152-154;
    founder of Thames yacht-racing, 154, 156;
    his 'Cumberland,' 157-159, 162;
    wins the match against 'Eclipse' in 1793, 162;
    retirement, 165

  Taylor, Mr., 53, 68, 82

  Taylor, Mrs., 344

  'Terpsichore' (38 tons), 62, 175

  Texas, 233

  'Thalassa' (2-1/2-rater), 62

  'Thalia,' 71, 337, 338, 340, 343, 345, 346, 350, 397

  Thames, the:
    the year 1770 an important epoch for yachting, 152;
    first rowing regatta, 154;
    introduction of 21-foot class, 176;
    improved state at Erith, 178;
    match 1830, 327

  Thames, Harwich, and Cinque Ports courses, map of, 357

  Thames Sailing Club, 182

  Thames United Sailing Club, 188

  Thames Valley Sailing Club, 182

  Thames Yacht Club. _See_ Royal Thames Yacht Club

  Thayer, Bayard, Boston Y.C., 275, 402

  Thellusson, Percy, secretary R.V.Y.C., Ryde, 46

  'Thetis,' 291

  'Thief' (5-rater), 63

  'Thistle' (afterwards 'Meteor'), 63, 91, 278, 309

  Thomas, Sir G., R.Y.S. 1815, 10

  Thomond, Marquis of, Cork Water Club, 10, 102

  Thompson, F., owner of 'Challenge,' 119

  Thompson, G. B., R.A.Y.C., 111, 116, 119

  Thomson, Gordon, R.N.Y.C., 1824, 74

  Thomson, Robert, R.N.Y.C. (sec. 1824, admiral 1827), 74

  'Three Brothers,' 254

  Thurne, river, 192, 203, 204, 225

  'Thyra,' 91

  'Tidal Wave' (153 tons), 252

  Timaru harbour (N.Z.), 300

  'Times' (August 9, 1886) cited, 159;
    (July 23, 1795), 164

  Tinned fruits and vegetables, 142

  'Titania,' American cutter, 263

  Tooker, William, builder of 'Rebecca,' 246

  Torbay regatta, 1893, 382;
    race chart, 383

  'Torch' (15 tons), 82, 84, 174

  'Torment' (5 tons), 116, 117

  Toronto, 309, 310

  Torres Straits, 288

  'Tottie' (21-footer), 176, 177

  Towers-Clark, Captain, owner of 'Varuna,' 350

  Townsend, J., owner of 'Whirlwind,' 122

  'Triton,' Amer. schooner, 250

  'Trixie' (3-tonner), 210

  'Trouble,' J. C. Stevens's, 237

  'Troublesome' (2-1/2-rater), 64

  Turnley, J., R.N.Y.C., 1824, 74

  Tyars, Jonathan, proprietor of Vauxhall Gardens, 161;
    presents Cumberland Fleet with a cup, 161


  'Ulerin' (10 tons), 57

  'Ulidia' (10 tons), 56, 57, 175, 345

  'Una,' sloop, N.Y.Y.C., 241;
    lengthened, 245

  'Undine' (2-1/2-rater), 68

  'Undine,' American sloop (1852), 249

  Union des Yachts Français, 306

  Union Steamship Co., 290, 301

  'Unit' (1-rater), 64

  Upper Thames Sailing Club, club-house at Bourne End, 181;
    Challenge Cup, 182

  'Uranus' (3.9-rater), cutter, 98

  Ure, Mr., his 'Lily,' 82

  Ure, R., 365

  Urquhart, Major, 58

  Uxbridge, Lord, R.Y.S., 1815, 10


  'Valentine' (5-rater), 63

  'Valiant' (2,400 tons), 418

  'Valkyrie' (76 tons), 63

  'Valkyrie,' Lord Dunraven's, 278, 308, 349;
    in races in 1893, 352-377;
    compared with 'Britannia,' 394;
    record for the season, 395;
    canvas, 398;
    dimensions, 402;
    in American waters, 407;
    matches against 'Vigilant,' 410-412, 418-421

  'Vampire' (20 tons), 111-113

  Vanderbilt, Cornelius, owner of 'North Star,' 280;
    'Valiant,' 418

  Vanderbilts, the, 284

  'Vanessa' (20 tons), 54

  'Varuna,' 71, 329, 330, 337, 350, 360, 397

  Vauxhall Cup, Cumberland Fleet, 161, 162

  Vauxhall Gardens, proprietors place a wonderful car on the Thames
      in 1794, 163;
    cups given by them to the Cumberland Fleet, 164

  'Vega' (40 tons), 50

  Velocity of wind, difference in the effect of, in English and
    American waters, 419

  'Velzie' (20-rater), 63

  'Vendetta' (40-rater), 360, 397

  'Venelia' (3 tons), 175

  'Venus,' Cumberland Fleet, 166

  'Venus' (13 tons), 327

  'Verena' (25 feet), 62

  'Veronica' (92 tons), 62

  'Vesta' (201 tons), American schooner, 253

  'Victor,' 312

  'Victoria,' American sloop (1856), blockade-runner, 249

  Victoria, Australia, 314

  'Victoria and Albert,' 1843, 6, 7;
    new yacht, 7, 8

  'Vida' (23-footer), 1893, 351

  'Vigilant,' 278, 333, 334, 400;
    characteristics, 401;
    dimensions, 402;
    boom, 403;
    in first regatta of N.Y.Y.C., cruise of 1893, 404;
    Goelet Cups, 404;
    pitted against 'Valkyrie,' 407;
    wins three matches, 410-412, 418-421

  'Vigorna' (20-rater), 351, 397

  'Viking,' 374

  'Vindex' (44 tons), 83

  'Vindex' (68 tons), first iron yacht built in America, 256, 258

  'Viola' (20 tons), 53

  'Virago' (6 tons), 174

  'Vixen,' Cumberland Fleet, in a race in 1795, 164;
    wins a club cup in 1812, 165

  'Vixen' (19 tons), 1830, 327

  'Vixen' (90 tons), American sloop, dimensions, 256

  'Vol au Vent' (103 tons), 68, 69

  'Volador' (21 feet), 62

  'Volunteer,' 263, 278

  Voorhis, J., designer of the 'Madeleine,' 256

  Voorhis, William, owner of 'Addie,' 254


  Waimea (N.Z.), 298

  Waitemata (N.Z.), 290, 294

  Waiwera (N.Z.), 292

  Walcot, John, Cork Water Club, 1760, 100

  Wales, Prince of, names and dates of yachts owned by him, 17;
    his 'Britannia' competes with 'Navahoe,' for Gold Challenge Cup
      of R.V.Y.C., 43;
    his 'Belle Lurette,' 54;
    Commodore of R.T.Y.C., 173;
    enthusiasm evoked by 'Britannia,' 349

  Walford, Mr., R.P.C.Y.C., 64

  Walker, Mr., his 'Bella,' 81

  'Wanderer' (9-tonner), 210, 213

  'Wanderer' (187 tons), American schooner, 249, 253, 258

  'Wanderer,' steam yacht, 16

  Wanhill, Mr., 172

  'Wasp' (46-footer), 266, 267

  Water Wag Association, institution of the, 147

  'Water Wags' and Mermaids of Dublin Bay, 146-151

  'Water Witch,' R.T.Y.C., 169

  Waterbury, J. M., N.Y.Y.C., 240, 242, 245, 246

  Waterhouse & Chesebro, 275

  Waterman, Mr., designer of 'Mosquito,' 78

  'Waterwitch' (331 tons), brig, Earl of Belfast's, 324

  Watkins, A., yacht designer, 176

  Watson, G. L., designer, 17, 53, 57, 176, 309, 312, 337, 340, 349,
    351, 402, 418

  'Wave' (15 tons), 77, 81

  'Wave' (25 feet), 57

  'Wave,' John C. Stevens's, 238

  'Wavecrest' (35 tons), yawl, 112, 113

  'Waveney' (Norfolk barge), 192, 197

  Waveney, river, 204, 205, 220

  Webb & Allen, Messrs., American boat-builders, 238

  Webb, Beavor, builder of 'Kate,' 52

  'Wee Winn,' fin-keel boat, 269

  Weir, David, of Partick, his 1-rater half-model, 180

  Weld, Joseph, owner of 'Alarm,' R.Y.S., 1830, 12, 326

  Wellington (N.Z.), First Class Championship yacht race at, 291, 296, 297

  Welshe, Sir G., R.Y.S., 1815, 10

  'Wendur' (43 tons), 45, 69, 334

  'Wenona,' fin-keel boat, 268, 269

  West, J. R., R.P.C.Y.C., 57, 66

  West, T. B. C., 45, 69, 96, 334

  Westport (N.Z.), 298

  Wetmore & Holbrook, 238

  Weymouth, 346

  Whangaroa (N.Z.), 289

  Wheatley, Col., R.Y.S. 1815, 10

  Wherries, Norfolk, 195

  'Whirlwind' (77-ton), yawl, 122

  White Island (N.Z.), 295

  White, J., builder of 'Latona,' 69

  'White Slave,' 329, 330, 337

  Wicklow, 148

  'Widgeon' (24 tons), R.T.Y.C., 171

  'Widgeon' (105 tons), American schooner, 252

  Wildy, A. G., R.P.C.Y.C., 64

  Wilkes, Hamilton, N.Y.Y.C., 240;
    his 'Spray,' 204, 242;
    part owner of 'America,' 246

  Wilkinson, A. O., owner of 'Phantom,' 68, 69

  William IV., gives a cup to R.Y.S., 11;
    patron of the R.N.Y.C., 76;
    of the R.T.Y.C., 169;
    death of, 170

  Williams, Lawrence Faulkes, 280

  Wilson, Adrian, his improvements in duck and yarn, 273

  Wilson, Mr., part owner of 'Ida,' 98

  Wilson & Griffen, sailmakers, 402

  Wilson & Silsby, sailmakers, Boston (U.S.), 273, 274, 402

  Winde & Clinckard, boat-builders, New York, 243

  'Windfall,' 330

  'Windsor Castle,' 1854, 7

  Winsor, T. G. F., hon. sec. R.C.Y.C., Erith, 178

  Winteringham, Mr., yacht-designer, New York, 275

  Wood, N., his 'Corinne,' 68

  Woodbastwick Broad, 199

  'Woodcock' (10-rater), 351

  'Wren,' Miss Foley's, 52

  Wroxham, 192, 197, 198, 199, 222, 223, 225

  Wroxham Broad, 199, 222, 223

  Wylie, Robert, 93, 177, 351


  'Xarifa,' schooner, 1835, 13

  'Xema' (35 tons), 111-114


  Y.R.A. rule of measurement by length and sail-area, 93

  Yacht racing in 1893, 349;
    decline in 10- and 40-raters, 350;
    20-raters, 351;
    10-raters, 351;
    23-footers, 351;
    5-raters, 351;
    2-1/2-raters, 351;
    1-raters, 351;
    review of big-cutter contests, 352-396;
    records of 40-raters, 396;
    of 20-raters, 397

  'Yarana' (72 tons), 63

  Yare, river, 192, 204, 205, 221, 222

  Yare Sailing Club, 217;
    rating classes, 217;
    regatta, 221

  Yarmouth, 192, 196, 198, 204, 220, 222, 223, 225

  York, Duke of, Admiral of the Royal London Y.C., 179

  York, Duke of, loses a sailing match to Charles II., 1661, 2

  York, William (treasurer R. Clyde Y.C.), 83, 88, 92

  'Yseult' (10-tonner), 330

  'Yum-Yum' (30 feet), 60


  'Zampa,' American yacht, 258

  'Zenobia' (38 tons), Prince of Wales's, 17

  'Zephyr,' 50, 174

  'Zinita' (20-rater), 351;
    record for the season 1893, 398

  'Zoe,' C. Johnson's, 50

  'Zouave,' American yacht, 249

  Zymine, compound, for yacht voyages, 139


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