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[Illustration: A PICTURE STORY--PARTS 1 AND 2]

[Illustration: A PICTURE STORY--PARTS 3 AND 4]




                  BEGINNERS' BOOK IN LANGUAGE


                   A BOOK FOR THE THIRD GRADE


                               BY

                           H. JESCHKE

            JOINT AUTHOR OF "ORAL AND WRITTEN ENGLISH"
                      BOOK ONE AND BOOK TWO




                        GINN AND COMPANY

               BOSTON - NEW YORK - CHICAGO - LONDON
           ATLANTA - DALLAS - COLUMBUS - SAN FRANCISCO


                *       *       *       *       *

               COPYRIGHT, 1918, BY GINN AND COMPANY

                   ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL
                       ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

                              622.1




                       The Athenæum Press

                GINN AND COMPANY - PROPRIETORS
                         BOSTON - U.S.A.

              *       *       *       *       *


                             PREFACE


How shall we bring it about that children of the third grade speak as
spontaneously in the schoolroom as they do on the playground when the
game is in full swing?

How shall we banish their schoolroom timidity and self-consciousness?

How shall we obtain from them a ready flow of thought expressed in
fitting words?

How shall we interest them in the improvement of their speech?

How shall we inoculate them against common errors in English?

How shall we displace with natural, correct, and pointed written
expression the lifeless school composition of the past, the laborious
production of which was of exceedingly doubtful educational value and
gave pleasure neither to child nor to teacher?

These are some of the questions to which this new textbook for the third
grade aims to give constructive answers. Needless to say, much more is
required in the way of answer than a supply of raw material for language
work or a graded sequence of formal lessons in primary English.

It is the purpose of the present book to provide a series of schoolroom
situations, so built up as to give pupils delightful experiences in
speaking and writing good English. Since one can no more teach without
the interest of the pupil than see without light, these situations have
for their content the natural interests of children. They therefore
include child life and the heroic aspects of mature life, fairies and
fairyland, and the outer world, particularly animal life. Then, each
situation is considerably extended, not only that interest may be
conserved but also that it may be cumulative. Instead of the rope of
sand that one finds in the textbook of unrelated assignments, there is
offered here an interwoven unity of nearly a dozen inclusive groups of
interrelated lessons, exercises, drills, and games. Among these groups
are the fairy group, the Indian group, the fable group, the valentine
group, and the circus group.

These groups or situations call for much physical activity, pantomime,
dramatization. They provide for story-telling of great variety; for
instruction and practice in punctuation, capitalization, and other
points of form; for habit-creating drills in good English; for
correct-usage games; for simple letter writing; for novel exercises in
book making; and, second in importance to none of these, for the
improvement by the pupils themselves of their oral and written
composition,--all the work being socialized and otherwise variously
motivated from beginning to end.

Careful experiments made with children of the third grade while these
lessons were still in manuscript insure that the book will produce the
desired results under ordinary school conditions. Very exceptional work
may be expected where teachers conscientiously read the entire book at
the beginning of the school year and enter into the spirit of it. That
they may do this with the least expenditure of time and energy, the
lessons have been provided with cross references and numerous notes.

                                                       THE AUTHOR




CONTENTS

SECTION                                                             PAGE

   1. Study of a Picture Story                                        1

   2. Story-Telling                                                   3

   3. Making Stories Better                                           4

   4. Study of a Poem. "Queen Mab"      _Thomas Hood_                 6

   5. Story-Telling                                                   9

   6. Correct Usage--_Saw_                                           11

   7. Study of a Fable. "The Ants and the Grasshoppers"     _Æsop_   13

   8. Telling a Fable                                                18

   9. Making up Fables                                               19

  10. Correct Usage--_Saw_, _Seen_                                   21

  11. Words sometimes Mispronounced                                  23

  12. More Making up of Fables                                       24

  13. Story-Telling                                                  26

  14. Telling about Indians. "An Indian Boy's Training"
                                        _Charles A. Eastman_         28

  15. Studying Words                                                 33

  16. More Telling about Indians                                     35

  17. Still More Telling about Indians                               38

  18. Correct Usage--_Have_                                          40

  19. The Names of the Months                                        41

  20. Making Riddles                                                 44

  21. Correct Usage--_Did_, _Done_                                   45

  22. Telling Fairy Stories. "Peter and the Strange Little Old Man"  47

  23. Study of a Poem. "The Fairy Folk"       _Robert M. Bird_
       "A Child's Song"                    _William Allingham_       52

  24. More Telling of Fairy Stories. "Peter Visits the Strange
        Little Old Man's Workshop"                                   56

  25. Making Riddles                                                 65

  26. Making Riddles Better                                          65

  27. Study of a Poem. "The Light-Hearted Fairy"       _Unknown_     68

  28. Correct Usage--_Rang_, _Sang_, _Drank_                         70

  29. Making up Fairy Stories                                        72

  30. Writing Dates                                                  74

  31. Telling Interesting Things                                     75

  32. Story-Telling. "Jack and Jill"      _Louisa M. Alcott_         76

  33. Explaining Things                                              80

  34. Words sometimes Mispronounced                                  81

  35. Telling Interesting Things. "How the Eskimo builds his
        House"                                                       82

  36. Study of a Poem. "Jack Frost"      _Gabriel Setoun_            87

  37. Game                                                           90

  38. Correct Usage--_May_, _Can_                                    92

  39. Talking over Plans                                             94

  40. Letter Writing                                                 95

  41. More Letter Writing                                            97

  42. Still More Letter Writing                                     102

  43. Improving Letters                                             103

  44. Study of a Poem. "Mr. Nobody"      _Unknown_                  104

  45. Making a Little Book                                          107

  46. Correct Usage--_No_, _Not_, _Never_                           109

  47. Telling Interesting Things                                    111

  48. Study of a Picture Story                                      114

  49. Correct Usage--_Went_, _Saw_, _Came_, _Did_                   119

  50. Two Punctuation Marks                                         120

  51. Another Study of a Picture Story                              121

  52. Letter Writing                                                123

  53. Words sometimes Mispronounced                                 124

  54. Story-Telling. "The Daughter of Ceres"                        125

  55. Telling Interesting Things. "The Return of Spring"            131

  56. Story-Telling. "Ceres and Apollo"                             133

  57. Correct Usage--_I am not_                                     141

  58. Riddles                                                       141

  59. Story-Telling. "Ceres and Pluto"                              144

  60. Talking over Plans                                            150

  61. Letter Writing                                                152

  62. Addressing Letters                                            153

  63. Telling Interesting Things                                    155

  64. Making Riddles                                                158

  65. Telling about Wild Animals                                    159

  66. Making a Little Book                                          162

  67. Correct Usage--_Good_, _Well_                                 163

  68. Talking over the Telephone                                    165

  69. Words sometimes Mispronounced                                 166

  70. Talking over Vacation Plans                                   166

  NOTES TO THE TEACHER                                                i

  INDEX                                                            xiii




BEGINNERS' BOOK IN LANGUAGE[A]




=1. Study of a Picture Story[1]=


The four pictures at the beginning of this book tell a story. It is
about a boy of your age. His name is Tom. Let us try to read that
picture story. Perhaps you have already done so. Perhaps you have
already found out what happened to Tom.

=Oral Exercise.=[2] 1. Look at the first of the four pictures. What is
happening?

Perhaps the owl thinks that the little man is a little animal. Perhaps
the owl wants to eat him for supper. What might the owl say if it could
talk? Say it as if you were the owl.

You know, of course, that the little man is an elf. And of course he
does not want to be eaten. What is he doing? Call for help as if you
were an elf. Remember that the owl is after you. Call with all your
might. Call as if you were frightened.

     [A] NOTE TO TEACHER. Immediately preceding the Index are the
     Notes to the Teacher. Cross references to these are given in the
     text, as on the present page. Note 1 may be found on the page
     that follows page 168.

See the surprised look on Tom's face. Play that you are picking flowers
in a meadow. Suddenly you hear a call for help. Show the class how you
look up and about you to see what is the matter. What might you say when
you notice the owl and the elf?

2. Look at the brave boy in the second picture. He has dropped his
flowers and run over to the elf. What is he doing? What is he shouting?
Do these things as if you were Tom in this picture.

Play this part of the story with two classmates.

3. The good elf has taken Tom to a wonderful tree in the woods. What do
you think he is saying to Tom? Should you be a little afraid to open the
door if you were Tom? Why? What questions might Tom ask before he opens
it?

Play that you and a classmate are Tom and the elf in the third picture,
standing in front of the door in the tree. Talk together as they
probably talked together. Some of your classmates may be other elves,
peeking out from behind large trees.

4. Just as Tom reached out his hand to open the door in the tree, what
do you think happened? Look at the sleepy but surprised boy in the
fourth picture. Why is he surprised?

Play that you are Tom. Show the class how you would look as you awoke
from the exciting dream.[3] What should you probably say?

Play this part of the story with a classmate. The classmate plays that
she is the mother. What do you think the mother is saying to Tom? What
might Tom answer?

5. Now you and several classmates will wish to play the entire story.[4]

Then it will be fun to see others[5] play it in their way. Perhaps these
will play it better. Each group of pupils playing the story tries to
show exactly what happened, by what the players say and do and by the
way they look.




=2. Story-Telling=


Tom awoke just as he was opening the door in the tree. We do not know
what would have happened next. Perhaps there was a stairway behind the
door. Perhaps this led to a beautiful garden in which were flowers of
many colors and singing birds. We do not know whom Tom might have met in
that garden. We do not know what might have happened there.

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Play that you are Tom. Tell the class your dream. But
make believe that you did not wake up just as you were opening the door.
Tell your classmates what happened to you after you opened it.

Perhaps you found yourself in a room that was full of elves. Perhaps the
king of the elves was there. How did he show that he was glad that you
had saved the life of one of his elves? What did he say? Did the elves
clap their hands? Did they play games with you in the woods?

Or perhaps the room was full of playthings, like a large toystore.
Perhaps the elf told you to choose and take home what you wanted most.

As you and your classmates tell the dream, it will be fun to see how
different the endings are.

2. It may be that the teacher will ask you and some classmates to play
the best dream story that is told. The first part of it you have already
played. Play it over with the new ending. The pupil who added this may
tell his classmates how to play it. Should he not be one of the players?
He will know, better than any one else, exactly what should be said and
done.[6]




=3. Making Stories Better[7]=


On the morning when Tom awoke from his dream he found his mother at his
bedside. The first thing he did was to tell her his strange dream. This
is what he said:

     Mother, I dreamed about a door. It was in the trunk of a tree. A
     kind elf showed it to me. I drove away a wicked owl that was trying
     to carry the elf away.

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Do you think that Tom told his dream very well? Did
he begin at the beginning or at the end of it? Did he leave anything
out?

2. Does Tom's story tell what he was doing when he first saw the elf?
Does it tell how the elf looked?[8] How might Tom have begun his story?

3. Does Tom's story tell how he drove the owl away? What might Tom have
said about this? Look at the second picture of the story and see what it
tells.

4. Tom's story says nothing about going into the woods. It does not tell
what was written on the strange door. Look again at the third picture.
What does it tell you that Tom left out?

       *       *       *       *       *

The questions you have been answering are much like the questions that
Tom's mother asked him. When he answered them, Tom saw that he had not
told his dream very well.

"I left out some of the most interesting things," Tom said, as he
thought it over on his way to school.

A few days after this, Tom's teacher asked the pupils whether they
remembered any of their dreams. Tom raised his hand. The teacher asked
him to tell his dream. This is what he told his classmates:

     I dreamed that I was picking flowers. The sun was shining, and the
     meadow was beautiful. Suddenly I heard a cry. Some one was calling
     for help. I turned and saw a big owl. Its claws were spread out. It
     was trying to get hold of a little elf and carry him away.

     I ran to help the elf. The owl flew up in the air. I waved my arms
     and shouted and frightened it away.

     The good elf said that I had saved his life. He led me into the
     woods where there were very large trees. In the side of one of the
     largest I saw a little door. OPEN ME AND STEP IN was written on it.

     At first I was afraid to go near the door. But the good little elf
     told me to fear nothing. Just as I reached out my hand to open the
     door, I awoke.

=Oral Exercise.= Did Tom tell the class the same dream he told his
mother? Read again what he told her. Now point out where he made it
better. What did he add? Which additions do you like most?




=4. Study of a Poem=


Some say that one of the fairies brings the dreams. They say that it is
Queen Mab, a queen of the fairies, who brings them. The following poem
tells about this good fairy, who flutters down from the moon. It tells
how she waves her silver wand above the heads of boys and girls when
they are asleep. Then, at once, they begin to dream. They dream of the
pleasantest things. They dream of delicious fruit trees and bubbling
fountains. Sometimes, like Tom, they dream of an elf or a dwarf who
leads them over fairy hills to fairyland itself.[9]

             QUEEN MAB

  A little fairy comes at night,
    Her eyes are blue, her hair is brown,
  With silver spots upon her wings,
    And from the moon she flutters down.

  She has a little silver wand,
    And when a good child goes to bed,
  She waves her wand from right to left
    And makes a circle round its head.

  And then it dreams of pleasant things,
    Of fountains filled with fairy fish,
  Of trees that bear delicious fruit
    And bow their branches at a wish,
  Of pretty dwarfs to show the ways
  Through fairy hills and fairy dales.

                            THOMAS HOOD (Abridged)[10]

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Let us make sure that we understand this poem. Find
the following words in it and tell what you think each one means:[11]

  flutters
  wand
  circle
  fountains
  delicious
  branches
  dwarfs
  dales

2. Have you ever read about fairies? Tell the class how you think a
fairy looks. If you tell it well, you may draw on the board with colored
chalk your picture of a fairy. Explain your picture to the class.

[Illustration]

3. Play that you are holding a wand in your hand. Wave it as you think
the fairy waved it round the head of a sleeping child.

=Written Exercise.= Copy that part of the poem which you like best. Copy
all the little marks that you find. Write capital letters where you find
them. Every line of the poem begins with a capital letter. Perhaps you
can do this copying without making a mistake.[12]

=Memory Exercise.=[13] Read the poem aloud over and over until you can
say it without looking at the book. Then stand before the class and
recite it. If you make a mistake, you must take your seat. The pupil who
saw your mistake may then recite the poem.




=5. Story-Telling=


=Oral Exercise.= Think of some dreams you have had. Choose the one that
the class would probably like to hear most, but not one that will take
long to tell. Explain to the class how the dream began, what came next,
what after that, and how it ended.

If you cannot remember any dream, make up one. It may be that you can
make up one that will be more wonderful than any real dream of your
classmates.[14] But do not make it too long.

=Group Exercise.=[15] After you have told your dream, your classmates
will point out what they liked in the story itself and in your way of
telling it. Then they will explain to you how you might have told it
better. Perhaps, like Tom, you left out many interesting little points.

=Oral Exercise.= Make believe you dreamed that, as you were on your way
to school one morning, you came upon a big elephant standing on the
sidewalk. Tell the class what you did in your dream and how you got to
school.

Or play you dreamed that a smiling elf met you on your way to
school. He gave you a pretty box. He told you to open it when you
reached the schoolroom. Tell your classmates what you found in it.

Or make believe you dreamed that a lion came into the school. Tell the
class what you did. Were you and the teacher the only brave ones in the
room? Tell what some of your classmates did in your dream.

Or play you dreamed that you found a gold coin in the schoolyard. When
you could not learn who the owner was, you made a plan for spending the
money for the school. Tell the class about this plan.

Perhaps the teacher will ask you and the other pupils to play some of
these dream stories, if they are very interesting.

=Written Exercise.= 1. The teacher will write on the board one or more
of the stories told by you and the other pupils.[16] The class will read
them carefully and point out where each could be made better.[17] Copy
one that the teacher has rewritten. The next exercise, which you may
read at once, will tell you why you should do this copying without
making mistakes.

2. Now the teacher will cover with a map the story on the board that you
have copied, and will read it to you, while you write it again.[18] This
exercise will show whether you can write a story without making any
mistakes. You will need to know where to put capital letters and the
little marks that are placed at the ends of sentences. Besides, you will
need to know the spelling of words.

3. Compare what you have written with what is on the board. Look for
three things:

         (1) Capital letters

         (2) The mark at the end of each sentence

         (3) The spelling of words

Did you have everything right? If not, correct the mistakes you made.




=6. Correct Usage--_Saw_=


Some pupils use the word _seen_ when they should use _saw_. Mistakes of
this kind spoil stories, just as a song is spoiled when some one sings
wrong notes. Let us begin to get rid of these unpleasant mistakes by
learning how to use the word _saw_ correctly.[19]

=Oral Exercise.= The word _saw_ is used correctly in the three sentences
that follow. Read these sentences aloud several times.

     1. Tom said he saw an owl in his dream.

     2. I saw a pretty dollhouse in my dream last night.

     3. I dreamed that I saw a beautiful yellow bird sitting on a fruit
     tree and singing.

=Game.= Let all the pupils, except one, play that they have fallen
asleep. When they have closed their eyes and rested their heads on their
folded arms, the one pupil who plays that she is Queen Mab tiptoes up
and down between the rows of seats. With a fairy wand she makes a circle
round several heads. Then the fairy disappears, the class wakes up, and
each pupil who has had a dream tells his classmates the most interesting
one thing that he saw in it. Thus, one pupil might say:

     I saw an elf. He was sitting in front of the door of his
     tree-house. He was making a toy for a little boy.

Another pupil might say:

     I saw a dwarf. He was riding over the fruit-tree tops. He was on
     the back of a beautiful eagle.

Another might say:

     I saw an owl. It had big, round, shiny eyes. It looked at me, but I
     was not afraid.

Still another might say:

     I saw a fine white horse. It had a golden harness. A brave soldier
     sat on its back.

Each pupil begins with the words _I saw_ and tries to say something
that is very different from what his classmates say they dreamed, and
much more wonderful.[20]




=7. Study of a Fable=


=Oral Exercise.= Did you ever read the story or fable of the ants and
the grasshoppers? Read it carefully as it is told on this and the next
pages. See whether you can tell your classmates the lesson that it
teaches.

[Illustration]

     THE ANTS AND THE GRASSHOPPERS

     In a field one summer day some ants were busily at work. They were
     carrying grain into their storehouses. As they plodded steadily to
     and fro under their loads, they were watched by a number of
     grasshoppers. The grasshoppers were not working. Instead, they were
     sunning themselves by the roadside. Now and then these idle
     fellows droned out a lazy song, or joined in a dance, or amused
     themselves by making fun of the ants. But the ants were tireless
     workers. They kept steadily on. Nothing could take their minds off
     their business.

     "Why don't you come with us and have some fun?" at last called one
     of the grasshoppers to the ants.

     "Oh, stop that work," another cried. "Come and have a good time, as
     we are doing!"

     But the ants kept right on with their work.

     "Winter is coming," said an ant. He was busily pushing a rich grain
     of wheat before him. "We need to get ready for the days when we can
     gather no food. You had better do the same."

     "Ah, let winter take care of itself," the grasshoppers shouted, all
     together. "We have enough to eat to-day. We are not going to worry
     about to-morrow."

     But the ants kept on with their work. The grasshoppers kept on with
     their play.

     When winter came, the grasshoppers had no food. One after another
     they died. At last only one was left. Sick with hunger, he went to
     the house of an ant and knocked at the door.

     "Dear ant," he began, "will you not help a poor fellow who has
     nothing to eat?"

     The ant looked him over a few seconds. "So it is you, is it? As I
     remember, you are the lazy fellow who did not believe in work. I do
     not care to have anything to do with you." And he turned his back
     on the lazy fellow.

     Sadly the grasshopper made his way to another door and knocked
     again.

     "You have nothing to eat?" cried the ant that lived here, in great
     surprise. "Tell me, what were you doing while the weather was warm?
     Did you lay nothing by?"

     "No," replied the grasshopper. "I felt so happy and gay that I did
     nothing but dance and sing."

     "Well, then," answered the ant, "you will have to dance and sing
     now, as best you can. We ants never borrow. We ants never lend."
     And he showed the lazy fellow out of the place.

     The hungry grasshopper dragged himself to a third house.

     "I am sorry," said the ant that opened the door. "I can spare you
     nothing. All that I have I need for my own family. If you spent the
     summer without working, you will have to spend the winter without
     eating." And he shut the door in the grasshopper's face.--ÆSOP

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Show the class how you would carry a heavy load.
Play that a bag of wheat stood before you. Lift it from the ground,
balance it on one of your shoulders, walk with it across the room, and
set it carefully down in the corner. Then go back for another, and
another. Let several classmates do the same.

2. Play that you and several classmates are the ants in the fable,
busily carrying loads from the field to the storehouses. What might you
ants be saying to each other while you work? Should you speak of the
sunny day, of the pleasant field, of the fun of working together? Should
you probably speak of the pleasure of seeing the grain pile up in the
storehouses? Should you be thinking, now and then, of the long, cold
winter ahead? What might you say about it? What might you say to each
other as you pass the grasshoppers loafing by the roadside?

3. Show the class how you would walk about if you had nothing to do all
day long. Would your walk be brisk? Should you look wide-awake? Play
that you and several classmates are the grasshoppers in the fable. What
will you do? Will you walk lazily to and fro before the class, one of
you twanging a guitar, another singing, and the third dancing about?
What might you grasshoppers be saying to each other about the weather?
What might you say about the busy ants you see passing by with loads on
their backs? What might you say about the coming winter?

4. Play the part of the fable that tells what happened in the summer.
First the ants will be seen at their work. They talk with each other as
they work. They say what they think about the lazy grasshoppers they see
in the distance. Now the grasshoppers slowly come along, humming tunes.
They talk about the beautiful summer. They laugh at the hard-working
ants. At last they call to the ants and invite these to join them in a
dance or in a song. Read the fable to see what each thinks and says and
does in this part of the story.

5. Now play that winter has come. You and several classmates may be the
grasshoppers. You are shivering in the cold and have no food to eat.
Remember, you grasshoppers are not singing and dancing now. What might
you say to each other about the summer that is gone? One grasshopper
dies of hunger. What might the others say? Another dies. What does the
last one say to himself and decide to do?

6. Can you see the last grasshopper going from house to house, begging
for food? How does he look? Show the class how he walks and how he
talks. What does he say at each door?

7. With three classmates, that will be the three ants, play the last
part of the fable,--the part in which the last grasshopper goes from
door to door. The fable tells what each ant says and does.

8. Another group of pupils may now play the whole story. Let them do it
in their own way.[5] If the story is played well, the class will see
everything as it happened.




=8. Telling a Fable=


The fable of the ants and the grasshoppers may be told in different
ways.[21] You could tell it as if you were one of the ants. In that case
the story might begin in this way:

     I am a busy ant. I really have no time to stop to talk with you.
     But perhaps a few minutes' rest will do me good. Yes, I will tell
     you about the grasshoppers.

     One day last summer I noticed some of these good-for-nothing
     fellows near the field where I was working. They were sunning
     themselves by the roadside. They were too lazy to work.

Or you could tell the fable as if you were one of the grasshoppers. Then
it would perhaps begin as follows:

     I am a grasshopper. I had a hard time last winter. All my
     companions died then. I think it is wonderful that I am still
     alive. But my health has been ruined.

     You see, last summer we grasshoppers did not feel like doing any
     work. We thought it was more fun to dance and sing and to laugh at
     the ants. We thought they were foolish to work so hard.

=Oral Exercise.= Tell the fable of the ants and the grasshoppers in your
own way. As you speak to your classmates, shall you play that you are an
ant or a grasshopper?

=Group Exercise.= As each pupil tells the fable, the class will listen
to see whether any important parts have been left out. The class should
tell each speaker where he did well and where the fable might have been
told better. There is a good way and a poor way of telling a story. Do
you not remember the two ways in which Tom told his dream?




=9. Making up Fables=


As you know, the fable of the ants and the grasshoppers teaches the
lesson that during worktime one should work. The same lesson could be
taught by other stories. Let us try to make up a fable of our own. Our
fable should show what happens to those who will not work.

=Oral Exercise.= 1. What animals shall we have in our story to take the
place of the ants? They must be very busy animals. They must be good
workers. They must not waste their time in idleness. They must not play
when they should be going about their business. Would bees do? Now, what
animals shall take the place of the grasshoppers? What do you think of
butterflies for this part?

2. Make up a fable about bees and butterflies and tell it to your
classmates. Will you tell it as if you were one of the bees? Or will you
be a butterfly? Or will you tell the fable as if you were a bird or a
field mouse that saw all that happened and heard all that was said?

=Group Exercise.= After each telling of the fable you and the other
pupils should tell the story-teller, first, what things in his story you
liked, and, second, what could be made better.

Sometimes pupils do not speak loud enough for the class to hear.
Sometimes they do not seem strong enough to stand squarely on their two
feet while they are speaking. They seem to need to hold on to a chair or
table, so as not to fall. Those who stand well and speak with a clear,
ringing voice should be praised for it by their classmates.[22]

=Oral Exercise.= Read the following ideas for stories. Perhaps you can
make up a story from one of them that the class would like to hear.
Perhaps you can make up a very interesting story that the class would
like to play.

1. There are two dogs living in neighboring houses. One is too lazy to
watch his master's house. The other is faithful. When a burglar comes,
the faithful dog drives him away. Then the burglar enters the neighbor's
house. There he finds the lazy watchdog fast asleep. What happens next
morning when the master of each dog learns what took place during the
night?

2. The billboards say that a circus is coming. In a month it will be in
a certain city where two boys live. These two boys plan to go. They need
to earn the money for the tickets. One of them begins at once and works
steadily. The other is unwilling to give up his play.




=10. Correct Usage--_Saw_, _Seen_=


Some time ago we began to learn about the correct use of the word _saw_.
Some pupils use _saw_ when only _seen_ is correct, and _seen_ when only
_saw_ is correct. The following sentences show the correct use of these
two troublesome words:

     1. I _saw_ some ants busily at work.

     2. _Have_ you _seen_ them?

     3. Have you ever _seen_ a grasshopper at work?

     4. I never _saw_ one.

     5. But I _have_ often _seen_ ants at work.

     6. _Has_ your brother _seen_ the ant hill in the field?

=Oral Exercise.= 1. In any of the sentences above do you find _saw_ used
with _have_ or _has_? Do you find _seen_ used in any sentence without
_have_ or _has_? Can you make a rule for the use of _saw_ and _seen_?

2. Using what you have just learned about _saw_ and _seen_, fill the
blanks below with the correct one of the two words:

     1. The grasshoppers ---- the ants, and the ants ---- them.

     2. I have ---- many ants and many grasshoppers.

     3. Has any one ever ---- this grasshopper doing any work?

     4. I once ---- two ants carrying a heavy grain of wheat together.

     5. I ---- them at work.

     6. Have you ---- the ants carrying grain this summer?

     7. My brother once ---- a beehive.

     8. He ---- hundreds of bees.

     9. I have never ---- butterflies gathering food for the winter.

=Game.= 1. The teacher sends one of the class from the room. The
remaining pupils close their eyes. The teacher tiptoes to one of them
and shows him a pencil (or a book or a cap) belonging to the pupil in
the hall. When that one returns to the room, he asks each of his
classmates in turn, "George (or Fred or Mary), have you seen my pencil?"

The answer is, "No, Tom (or Lucy or John), I have not seen your pencil,"
until at last the pupil is reached who has seen it. He answers, "Yes,
Tom, I have seen it."

Then he in turn leaves the room, and another round of the game begins.

2. The teacher points to one pupil after another and asks each, "What
did you see on your way to school?" The answers come:

     1. I saw many children all going in the same direction.

     2. I saw a poster of the circus that is coming to town next week.

     3. I saw a farmer driving a cow.

     4. I saw a policeman.

Each answer begins with the words _I saw_. After half a dozen pupils
have spoken, the one who gave the most interesting reply[23] takes the
teacher's place. He asks his classmates a question beginning with the
words _What did you see?_ He might say:

     1. What did you see at church last Sunday?

     2. What did you see when you visited your grandfather?

     3. What did you see when you went to the woods?

After half a dozen answers, another pupil becomes the questioner. Each
pupil tries to ask interesting questions and to give interesting
answers.[20]




=11. Words sometimes Mispronounced=


It often happens that a story is spoiled because the person who tells
it makes mistakes in English. It is as unpleasant to hear a mistake in a
speaker's language as it is to see a spot on a picture. You have already
learned the proper use of _saw_ and _seen_. In this lesson we shall take
up another matter. Sometimes pupils do not pronounce all their words
correctly. We must get rid of mistakes of this kind, too.

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Pronounce each word in the following list as your
teacher pronounces it to you:

  can
  catch
  just
  when
  where
  why
  what
  which
  while
  often
  three
  because

2. Read the entire list rapidly, but speak each word distinctly and
correctly.

3. Use in sentences the words in the list above.




=12. More Making up of Fables=


Of course you have heard the fable of the foolish little chick. That
chick paid no attention to its mother's warning to stay near her. You
probably remember that it boldly wandered away from her and was caught
by a hawk.

=Oral Exercise.= 1. If there are any pupils in the class who do not know
the fable of the foolish chick, some pupil who remembers it clearly
should tell it to them, so that all may know it. What is the lesson of
that fable?

2. Make up a short fable like the one of the careless chick and the
hawk. Read the following list of ideas for such a fable. Perhaps it will
help you to make up an interesting story to tell the class. Perhaps the
class will wish to play your story.

          The Foolish Lamb and the Wolf

          The Bear Cub and the Bear Trap

          The Heedless Puppy and the Automobile

          The Reckless Mouse and the Cat

[Illustration]

=Group Exercise.= The teacher will write on the board the best of the
fables that you and your classmates make. Then you and they may try to
improve these fables, as Tom improved the story of his dream. Make each
one as interesting as you can.[24] Think of bright things to add to each
one.

=Written Exercise.= Copy from the board one of the fables that the class
has improved. Write capital letters and punctuation marks where you find
them in the fable. What you write should be an exact copy of what is on
the board.[25] Do you think that there is any one in the class who can
make such an exact copy? Are you that one?




=13. Story-Telling=


=Oral Exercise.= Did you ever see a sign with the words SAFETY FIRST?
Explain to your classmates what you think it meant.

The three pictures on the opposite page tell three stories. Each story
teaches the lesson, "Safety First."

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Make up a story that you and your classmates may
play. Let it fit one of the three pictures. Tell it to the class.

2. Together with two or three classmates, whom you may choose yourself,
play your story. Perhaps you and the other players will meet before or
after school, and then you can tell them how each one must look, what he
must do, and what he must say, in playing his part. Try to do it all
without the teacher, but if you need the teacher's help, ask for it.
Play the story once or twice before playing it in the presence of the
class.

=Group Exercise.= Other pupils will play their stories. The class will
tell what it likes and what it does not like in the playing of each
story. These questions will help to show whether a story was well
played:

     1. Did the players say enough?

     2. Did the players speak clearly, distinctly, and loud enough?

     3. Did the players look and act like the persons in the story?

     4. How might the story have been played better?

[Illustration: SAFETY FIRST]




=14. Telling about Indians[26]=

[Illustration]


Long ago there were no cities and no railroads in our country. The white
men had not yet come. Only Indians lived here. As you probably know,
their houses were tents made of skins. They had no guns, but hunted with
bows and arrows. Their clothes were very different from those we wear.

=Oral Exercise.= 1. You have probably read or heard interesting things
about the Indians. What can you tell your classmates about them?

2. Of course you know that Indian children were not sent to school as
you are. They did not learn to read books. Do you know what they did
learn? Tell the class what you know about it.

3. Read what an Indian says in the following true story. When this
Indian boy grew to be a young man, he learned English. He has written a
number of books about his boyhood. As you read what follows, notice how
many things you are told which you never heard of before. Perhaps you
had thought that little Indian boys were never afraid of the dark. This
story tells how they get over it. What else does it tell that is
interesting to you?

     AN INDIAN BOY'S TRAINING[B]

     My uncle was my teacher until I reached the age of fifteen years.
     He was strict and good. When I left the tepee in the morning, he
     would say: "Boy, look closely at everything you see." At evening,
     on my return, he used to question me for an hour or so.

     He asked me to name all the new birds that I had seen during the
     day. I would name them according to the color, or the shape of the
     bill, or their song, or their nest, or anything about the bird that
     I had noticed. Then he would tell me the correct name.

     One day he told me what to do if a bear or a wild-cat should attack
     me. "You must make the animal fully understand that you have seen
     him and know what he is planning to do. If you are not ready for a
     battle, that is, if you are not armed, the only way to make him
     turn away from you is to take a long, sharp-pointed pole for a
     spear and rush toward him. No wild beast will face this unless he
     is cornered and already wounded."

     [B] Copyright, 1913, by Little, Brown and Company.

[Illustration: KNIFE IN ITS BEADED CASE]

     When I was still a very small boy, my stern teacher began to give
     sudden war whoops over my head in the morning while I was sound
     asleep. He expected me to leap up without fear, grasp my bow and
     arrows or my knife, and give a shrill whoop in reply. If I was
     sleepy or startled and hardly knew what I was about, he would laugh
     at me and say that I would never become a warrior. Often he would
     shoot off his gun just outside the tepee while I was yet asleep, at
     the same time giving bloodcurdling yells. After a time I became
     used to this.

     My uncle used to send me off after water when we camped after dark
     in a strange place. Perhaps the country was full of wild beasts.
     There might be scouts from warlike bands of Indians hiding in that
     very neighborhood.

     Yet I never objected, for that would have shown cowardice. I picked
     my way through the woods, dipped my pail in the water, and hurried
     back. I was always careful to make as little noise as a cat. Being
     only a boy, I could feel my heart leap at every crackling of a dry
     twig or distant hooting of an owl. At last I reached the tepee.
     Then my uncle would perhaps say, "Ah, my boy, you are a thorough
     warrior." Then he would empty the pail, and order me to go a second
     time.

     Imagine how I felt! But I wished to be a brave man as much as a
     white boy desires to be a great lawyer or even President of the
     United States. Silently I would take the pail and again make the
     dangerous journey through the dark.--CHARLES A. EASTMAN (OHIYESA),
     "Indian Child Life" (Adapted)

[Illustration: INDIAN ARROWS]

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Play that you are an Indian boy or girl. Make
believe that you are walking through the dark woods. Remember, there may
be wild beasts in the woods, or the scouts of warlike Indian bands. Show
the class how you would walk and how you would look about you as you
picked your way to a spring to fetch water for the camp. Tell the class
what you might see and hear on this dangerous trip.

[Illustration: A TEPEE]

2. Now let three or four of your classmates be white boys and girls.
They are passing carefully through the same woods. Let these white
children show the class exactly how they would make their way through
the woods. What might they be whispering to each other?

3. Play that suddenly you and the white hunters meet in these dangerous
woods. At first you see them a little distance away. What do you try to
do? But they have also seen you. What do they try to do? At length you
find that they are friendly, and they see that they need not fear you.
When you meet them, what might you say to them? What questions might you
ask them? What might they ask you?

4. Make believe that the white boys and girls know very little about
Indian boys, and that they wonder why you are not in school studying
your lessons. What will you tell them? When they ask you whether you
never learn anything, tell them what you have learned in the woods.

5. Now tell them that you know nothing about the schools to which white
children go. Ask them to tell you why they go to school and what they do
there. Ask them more questions until they have told you all about their
school.




=15. Studying Words=


When the first white men who came to this country met the Indians, they
learned from them some new words. The white men used these Indian words
more and more. To-day we think of the words as English words, and we
have almost forgotten where we got them. In talking about Indians we
shall need these words. Let us learn them at once. Then we shall make
no mistakes when we use them.

[Illustration: STONE HATCHET]

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Listen carefully as the teacher pronounces each word
in this list of Indian words. Then pronounce it the same way. Then read
the entire list distinctly and rapidly without making a single mistake.

  tepee
  squaw
  wampum
  hominy
  toboggan
  wigwam
  papoose
  moccasin
  tomahawk
  tobacco

2. Which of these words do you already know? Make sentences using each
of these to show that you know what they mean. Learn the meaning of the
others and then use them in sentences.

=Group Exercise.= With each of the Indian words in the list make one
interesting sentence. This the teacher will write on the board. Then the
entire class will make it as much better as possible. The teacher will
write the improved sentence on the board under the other one. Thus, with
the first word in the list, you might give this sentence:

     The hunter saw a tepee.

The class tries to make the sentence more interesting. At last the
following sentence is seen on the board:

     The brave Indian hunter saw a large new tepee in the woods.




=16. More Telling about Indians=


     One way of starting fire was for several of the boys to sit in a
     circle and, one after another, to rub two pieces of dry, spongy
     wood together until the wood caught fire.--CHARLES A. EASTMAN
     (Ohiyesa), "Indian Child Life"

[Illustration: FLINT KNIVES]

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Do you know in what kind of houses the Indians
lived? Explain to the class how large you think an Indian house was, how
it was made, and what kind of door it had. If you can, draw on the board
a picture of the tepee about which you are talking.

2. In which of the following questions are you interested most? You
probably know something about it already. Learn as much more as you can.
Ask your teacher and your father and mother, and try to find something
about it in books. Then tell your classmates what you know. If you can
draw on the board[26] a picture of the thing about which you are
talking, it may help your classmates to understand you better. Or you
may make a drawing on paper with colored crayons.

     1. What sort of boat did Indians use and how did they make it?

     2. What did the Indians wear?

     3. How were the Indian babies taken care of?

     4. What did the Indians use for money?

     5. How are the Indians of to-day different from the Indians whom
     the first white men saw?

=Group Exercise.= 1. After each pupil's talk the class should explain to
the speaker, first, what they liked in the talk, and, second, how the
talk might have been better.

2. One of these talks the teacher will write on the board.[16] Then the
whole class should study it together, improving it as much as possible.
The following questions may help in this work:

     1. Is anything important left out?

     2. What could be added to make the talk more interesting?

=Written Exercise.= 1. When the talk that you have just been studying
has been rewritten on the board in its improved form, copy it. Before
doing so, read the exercise that follows. It will show you why it is
very important that you try to copy the talk without making a single
mistake. Look out for the spelling of words, for the capital letters,
and for the punctuation marks. In this way you will be preparing for the
battle in the next exercise.

2. The entire class may now be divided into two Indian tribes. The
tribes are to have a battle in the schoolroom. The battle will be a
writing battle. It will show which tribe can write from dictation[18]
with the fewer mistakes. What you have just copied from the board is to
be used for this dictation. Before the exercise begins, each tribe may
give its war whoop.

[Illustration: WALKING STICKS USED BY THE OLD MEN OF A TRIBE]

3. Compare what you have written with what is on the board.[12] How many
mistakes in spelling have you made? How many times have you written
small letters where there should be capitals? How many punctuation
marks have you forgotten? How many mistakes have all the Indians in your
tribe made? Did your tribe make fewer mistakes than the other tribe?
Then your tribe may give its war whoop as a sign of victory. The losing
tribe must remain silent.




=17. Still More Telling about Indians=


     What boy would not be an Indian for a while when he thinks of the
     freest life in the world? This life was mine. Every day there was a
     real hunt.--CHARLES A. EASTMAN (OHIYESA), "Indian Child Life"

=Oral Exercise.= 1. What did Indian boys and girls enjoy that you do not
have? What pleasant things do you enjoy that the Indian children had
never heard of before the white men came to this country?

2. Make believe that you are an Indian boy or girl. Play that you have
been asked by the teacher to visit the school. The teacher asks you to
tell about your pleasant life in a tepee in the woods, and why you are
glad you are an Indian. The teacher will meet you at the door, lead you
before the class, and say something like this:

     Boys and girls, I want to introduce you to our visitor. As you see,
     he is an Indian boy, who has come to us from his home in the
     woods. He will tell us why he likes the Indian life and why he
     would not exchange places with us.

What will you say to the class?

[Illustration: BARK WIGWAM WITH CURVED ROOF]

3. Now play that the class is a tribe of Indians. You have been
captured by them as you were wandering through the woods.[27] They want
you to live with them and to grow up with the Indian boys and girls.
Stand before this Indian tribe. Tell them bravely why you would rather
stay with the white men. Ask them to let you return to your home. Give
good reasons why they should do so. Which of the following ideas will
you use in your talk?

     1. You would rather spend your life in the city than in the woods.

     2. You like the white men's houses and ways of living better than
     those of the Indians.

     3. You want to learn to read better so that you may enjoy many
     storybooks of which you have heard.




=18. Correct Usage--_Have_[28]=


A game that Indians often played was called "Finding the Moccasin." The
players formed a circle around one who stood in the center and was "it."
They passed a small toy moccasin quickly from hand to hand. The one in
the center tried to guess who had it. If he guessed right, then the
player who had the moccasin became "it" for the next game.

[Illustration: MOCCASINS]

=Game.= Make believe that you and your classmates are a band of Indians
playing "Finding the Moccasin." Make a small moccasin of paper or cloth.
Pass it quickly from hand to hand as you stand in a circle. Be careful
that the player in the center does not see you passing it. He will ask
one after another in the circle, "Have you the moccasin?" The answer
will always be, "No, I haven't (or have not) the moccasin," until the
one who does have it answers, "Yes, I have the moccasin." Then this
player is "it" for the next game.




=19. The Names of the Months=


Here are two lists of names. The second gives the Indian names for the
months. As you see, the Indians use the word _moon_ instead of the word
_month_.

  January       Snow Moon
  February      Hunger Moon
  March         Crow Moon
  April         Wild-Goose Moon
  May           Planting Moon
  June          Strawberry Moon
  July          Thunder Moon
  August        Green-Corn Moon
  September     Hunting Moon
  October       Falling-Leaf Moon
  November      Ice-Forming Moon
  December      Long-Night Moon

=Oral Exercise.= 1. As you read the two lists above, do you see the
reason for each Indian name? Do you like the Indian names as well as the
names we use? Which Indian name do you like best of all? Which do you
think could be improved? Can you make up other names for the twelve
months?[29]

2. Can you name the twelve months in order? Remember to pronounce all
the _r's_ in _February_.

3. Let twelve pupils be the twelve months. Let the pupil who is January
speak first. He should tell who he is and what he brings. He might speak
as follows:

     I am January. The Indians call me Snow Moon. I bring cold weather,
     ice, and snow. Healthy boys and girls like me. When I am here, they
     can go coasting and skating. When I bring too much cold, they stay
     indoors by the fire and read books about Indians.

[Illustration: INDIAN SLED, OR TOBOGGAN]

In this way each of the twelve pupils may tell the class what kind of
month he is.

=Group Exercise.= After each month has spoken, the class should tell
him, first, what was specially good in his talk, and then, what might
have been better. These questions will help the class to see how good
each talk was:

     1. What was the best thing in the talk?

     2. Did the speaker leave out anything interesting?

     3. Did he use too many _and's_?[30]

=Written Exercise.= You and eleven classmates may go to the board. The
teacher will name a month for each pupil. Each is to write a sentence
that tells what he likes to do in one of the months. If you are to write
what you like to do in November, you might write a sentence like the
following:

     In November I like to read books and play games by the warm fire.

While the twelve pupils are writing on the board, the pupils in their
seats will write on paper.

[Illustration: STONE AX]

Do not forget that the name of every month begins with a capital letter.
Do not forget that the word _I_ is always written as a capital letter.

=Group Exercise.= 1. The class may now point out any mistakes there are
in each of the twelve sentences on the board. These questions will help
pupils to find mistakes:

     1. Is the name of the month spelled correctly? Does it begin with a
     capital letter?

     2. Does the sentence begin with a capital letter?

     3. Does the sentence end with a period?

     4. If the word _I_ is used, is it written as a capital letter?

2. Now the sentences that pupils wrote at their desks may be read. Those
that are very good may be written on the board under the ones about the
same months. Then the class will point out mistakes in them, if there
are any.




=20. Making Riddles=


=Oral Exercise.= 1. Can you guess either one of the following riddles?

     I come once in a year. I always bring Santa Claus with me. When I
     leave, a new year begins at once. What am I?

     I come once a year. Turkeys do not like me, but everybody else
     gives thanks after I have been here several weeks. What am I?

2. Make riddles about the months, for your classmates to guess. Begin
your riddles like the two above.

[Illustration: WOODEN BOWL]

=Game.= Twelve pupils stand in a row in front of the class. The teacher
whispers to each the name of one of the months. The game is for the
class to arrange these pupils in the order of the months of the year. Of
course January will be placed at the beginning of the row. December
will be placed at the end. Each pupil in the row makes a riddle about
the month he is. The class must guess who is January, who is February,
and so on to December.

Those who guess the riddles may be the months in the second game.

=Group Exercise.= Pupils who make very good riddles may write them on
the board. Then the class will try to make them still better.

[Illustration: BUFFALO-HORN SPOONS]

=Written Exercise.= When the riddles on the board have been corrected,
copy the one or two you like best. Take these copies home to show to
your parents. Write the name of the month under each riddle you copy.
Begin that name with a capital letter. How will you make sure that you
have spelled it right?




=21. Correct Usage--_Did, Done_=


Some pupils spoil their talks and stories because they make mistakes in
using _did_ and _done_. They say _did_ when they should say _done_, and
_done_ when they should say _did_. The sentences at the top of the next
page show these words used correctly:

     1. The Indian boy _did_ a brave deed.

     2. He _has done_ deeds of bravery before.

     3. I never _did_ anything so daring.

     4. _Have_ you _done_ your work?

     5. I _had done_ my work long before you spoke.

=Oral Exercise.= 1. As you read the sentences above, try to find out
when it is right to use _did_ and when _done_.

2. Read the sentences again. Now notice that nowhere is the word _done_
used unless _has_ or _have_ or _had_ is used in the same sentence. Is
this true of the word _did_ also?

Let us remember, then, never to use _done_ alone, and never to use _did_
with _have_ or _has_ or _had_.

[Illustration: EARTHEN COOKING POT]

=Game=.[31] 1. One of the pupils plays that he or she is an old Indian
squaw. All the other pupils are her children. She stands before them and
says: "Children, I must go to the river. I must see whether the warriors
are catching many fish for supper. I want you all to stay here in the
tepee and finish your work." In a little while the squaw returns from
the river. She walks up and down the aisles and asks each of her
children this question: "Have you done your work?" Each one answers:
"No, I have not done my work, but I think that John (pointing to the
next pupil) has done his." The questions and answers go on until every
pupil in the class has spoken. Then those who made no mistake in their
answers join in an Indian dance. They march up and down the aisles,
clapping their hands and chanting, "All good Indians have done their
work."

2. The old Indian squaw again leaves and again returns to her children.
This time she asks each one, "What were you doing while I was gone?"
Each one answers, "I did the work you gave me to do." All those who
answer correctly join in an Indian dance, singing, "I did my work
yesterday, and I have done my work to-day."[32]




=22. Telling Fairy Stories[33]=


     PETER AND THE STRANGE LITTLE OLD MAN[9]

     On the edge of a great forest there once lived a toymaker and his
     little family. Although he worked hard, he was very poor. His wife
     had to help him whittle and paint the toys, which he sent to the
     nearest village to be sold.

     "Times are hard," the toymaker said one night to his wife, "I
     cannot save any money. Christmas is near at hand, and I am afraid
     we shall have no presents for the boys."

     They had two boys. These looked as like as two peas from the same
     pod, but they were very unlike at heart. Peter, the younger one,
     made his father and mother very happy. Joseph, the elder, caused
     them much worry.

     The toymaker would say: "Put wood on the fire, boys. We cannot work
     if we are not warm." Peter would go to the shed at once, bring in
     an armful of wood, put some of it in the stove and the rest in the
     woodbox. All the while Joseph would stay in the warm room and would
     not lift a finger to help him.

     So it was with everything. Peter worked steadily at his father's
     side most of the day, whittling and gluing and painting toys, while
     Joseph slipped away and spent his time in idleness and play. In the
     evening it was Peter who helped his mother dry the dishes.

     One day as the three workers were busily bent over the bench, a
     knock was heard at the door. They were surprised to see standing
     outside a strange little old man, no higher than the tabletop.

     "Excuse me," he said, lifting his red cap very politely. "I have
     lost my way. Would one of the boys kindly be my guide through the
     woods?"

     "Yes, of course," answered the toymaker. He looked from one of his
     sons to the other, wondering which one to send. He hoped that
     Joseph would offer to go, because he was the elder. But Joseph was
     already shaking his head very hard and turning away. Peter caught
     his father's look and put on his hat and coat.

     "I know all the paths," he said to the stranger, "and will help you
     find your way."

     They started off at once. When they had gone a short distance, it
     began to snow. They trudged along just the same until the ground
     was covered with a thick white blanket as far as they could see.
     They talked very little, but kept their eyes open for the way, and
     hurried along. At last they reached a place where four great oak
     trees stood in a row, as if some one had planted them so.

     "This is the place," said the little old man. He took a golden
     whistle from his pocket and blew it. A low sweet tone came from it,
     that sounded like pleasant music in the silent woods. In a moment a
     large sleigh, drawn by eight prancing reindeer, appeared before
     them. The little old man motioned Peter to follow him and jumped
     in. As soon as Peter had jumped in too, they drove away as fast as
     they could go, bells ringing, and sparks flying as the reindeer's
     hoofs struck the ground. Now and then the strange little old man
     spoke to the reindeer. They seemed to know his voice. He called
     each by name, "Now, Dasher," and "Now, Dancer," and "Get up,
     Prancer." Then they dashed and danced and pranced faster than ever.

     They had been moving over the ground in this way for more than an
     hour. Then Peter saw in the distance a building that was longer and
     wider and higher than any building he had ever seen or heard about.
     As they got nearer, a steady buzzing sound was heard. Peter thought
     it was the sound of machinery. He thought a thousand wheels must be
     turning and humming within. As he looked and listened, the sleigh
     suddenly came to a stop. They stood at the entrance to the mighty
     building.

     "What is this building?" asked Peter.

     "This is my workshop," said the strange little old man, as he
     jumped out of the sleigh. "Some day I shall take you inside. You
     are the kind of boy I like. I know how you help your father and
     mother. To-day you have helped me. Here is a little present to take
     home with you."

     He placed something in Peter's hand. Then he hurried up the broad
     stairs and into the workshop. The big door slammed shut behind him,
     and at that very moment the sleigh, the reindeer, and the workshop
     itself suddenly disappeared. Much to his surprise Peter found
     himself alone in the woods and not far from his father's hut.

     He wondered whether he had only dreamed all that had happened. No,
     that could not be, for he still held in his hand a small leather
     bag, the present from the little man. Holding this tightly, he
     hurried to his home.

     You may imagine the surprise of his parents and his brother when he
     told his story. They asked him to tell it again and again. Each one
     examined the small leather bag. There were two beautiful gold coins
     in it. Peter gave these to his father and mother.

     His father patted him on his curly head.

     "We shall spend these for Christmas," he said.

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Which part of this story do you like best? Tell your
classmates what sort of picture you would make with colored crayons for
this part of the story. Explain exactly what will be in the picture.
Then make the picture.

2. Why did the strange little old man help Peter? Do you know any story
in which a fairy helps good people?

3. Think of the fairy stories that you have heard or read. What is the
name of the one you like best? Would it not be fun for each pupil to
tell the class his favorite fairy story? When you tell yours, do not let
it be too long. Tell only the important parts of it.[22]

=Group Exercise.= After each story, you and your classmates should tell
the speaker what you liked in his story and in his telling of it. Then
tell what you did not like.




=23. Study of a Poem=


=Oral Exercise.= 1. Tell your classmates how you think fairies look. How
tall do you think they are? What kind of clothes do they wear? After you
have answered these questions, draw on the board or on paper, with
colored chalks or crayons, a picture of a fairy.

2. Do fairies always walk or run, or can they fly, or have they tiny
horses and wagons?

3. Can you see the picture of the fairies in the following lines? What
do those lines tell you about fairies that you did not know before?

  Their caps of red, their cloaks of green,
    Are hung with silver bells,
  And when they're shaken with the wind
    Their merry ringing swells.
  And riding on the crimson moths
    With black spots on their wings,
  They guide them down the purple sky
    With golden bridle rings.

                         ROBERT M. BIRD, "The Fairy Folk"

4. Where do you think the fairies live? What do they eat? The following
poem gives one answer to these questions, and tells us still more about
fairies. What is the name of the poem? The child that sings it is afraid
of fairies. Do you know any other children that are afraid of them?

[Illustration: "AND RIDING ON THE CRIMSON MOTHS"]

  A CHILD'S SONG

  Up the airy mountain,
    Down the rushy glen,
  We daren't go a-hunting
    For fear of little men;
  Wee folk, good folk,
    Trooping all together;
  Green jacket, red cap,
    And white owl's feather!

  Down along the rocky shore
    Some make their home,
  They live on crispy pancakes
    Of yellow tide-foam;
  Some in the reeds
    Of the black mountain-lake,
  With frogs for their watchdogs,
    All night awake.

  Up the airy mountain,
    Down the rushy glen,
  We daren't go a-hunting
    For fear of little men;
  Wee folk, good folk,
    Trooping all together;
  Green jacket, red cap,
    And white owl's feather!

                   WILLIAM ALLINGHAM (Abridged)

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Let us make sure that we understand every line of
this pretty poem or song. In the first line, why is the mountain called
_airy_? A _rushy glen_ is a narrow valley in which many rushes or swamp
reeds grow. Have you ever seen such a place? Draw a picture of a rushy
glen.

2. Which lines in the first part of the poem tell about fairies? These
fairies go in a troop or band or company. Which line tells us that? With
colored crayons draw a picture of a fairy wearing a green jacket, a red
cap, and a white owl's feather.

3. The second part, or stanza, of the poem tells where some of these
fairies live. What do some of them do all the night? As they watch, who
keeps them company?

4. When you read this poem, does it seem to be a song? Do you like the
way it reads? Which part do you like best? Draw with colored crayons a
picture for this part. Before you draw, explain how the picture looks in
your mind. Perhaps you will draw a picture of a troop of fairies, or of
a fairy in the reeds with fairy watchdogs near by.

=Memory Exercise.= Which do you like better, this poem you have just
studied or the part of another poem about fairies that is printed before
this? Read aloud, several times, the one you like better, until you can
say it without once looking at the book.




=24. More Telling of Fairy Stories=


     PETER VISITS THE STRANGE LITTLE OLD MAN'S WORKSHOP

     Over a week had passed since Peter's ride in the strange little old
     man's sleigh, but the little man had not come again. Peter was
     beginning to fear that he might never return. One afternoon,
     however, just as the early winter twilight began to darken the
     great forest, the jingling of sleighbells was heard in front of the
     toymaker's hut.

     "Whoa, Dasher! Steady, Dancer! Whoa, Prancer!" was what Peter heard
     as he pressed his face against the windowpane. Yes, there were the
     reindeer, and there, bundled up to his chin in furs, was the
     strange little old man. He saw Peter at once and made signs to the
     boy to come along with him. Peter could not put on his cap and coat
     fast enough. In less than a minute he had climbed into the sleigh,
     tucked himself in snugly, and was flying over the frozen,
     snow-covered ground by the side of his strange companion. Soon they
     had left the lighted hut far behind them and were making their way
     through the woods on an old logging road that Peter knew. After a
     while, however, they reached parts of the forest that Peter had
     never seen. Here grew trees whose names he had never heard. Now
     and then he caught glimpses of animals that were unlike any of
     those with which he was familiar. Peter was so much interested in
     these that he hardly noticed the great building, the little man's
     workshop, until the sleigh had stopped before the main door of it.
     But then he forgot everything else. The big shop was brightly
     lighted in every story, and the steady hum of machinery filled the
     evening air.

     "We're working overtime now," explained the little man. "You see,
     Christmas is near."

     The humming grew louder and the lights seemed a great deal
     brighter, as they entered the building. Peter was much excited.
     When the inner doors were opened, and Peter stood in the great
     roaring workshop itself, he could hardly believe his eyes. Before
     him, in long rows, he saw a thousand pounding and buzzing machines,
     all running at full speed. Ten thousand workbenches stood in
     orderly rows beyond the machines. The unending room fairly swarmed
     with busy workmen, like a hive over-flowing with bees. And such
     workmen! Each wore a green coat and a red cap, decorated with a
     white owl's feather. Each was no higher than Peter's knee. They
     were fairies.

     As he stood there, trying to understand it all, troop after troop
     of the fairies passed him. They were pushing long, high baskets,
     that stood on wheels. Down the long room they rolled these and
     through a great double swinging door at the other end. These
     baskets were filled to the top with playthings. Some held dolls,
     some sleds, some drums. Others were full of various kinds of
     musical instruments. Still others gave forth the pleasantest
     smells. They contained cookies and ginger snaps and all sorts of
     Christmas goodies.

     [Illustration]

     "Why, they are all Christmas things!" cried Peter in great
     surprise, turning to the strange little old man at his side. But
     the strange little old man was gone, and Peter stood alone in the
     doorway of this wonderful Christmas workshop.

     Before he could decide what to do, a group of little workmen called
     him by name, as pleasantly as if they had known him all his life.

     "Peter, come and help us with this basket!"

     "I will," answered Peter.

     He was glad to join in the work. Hanging coat and cap on a near-by
     hook, he put his shoulder against one of the heavy baskets. Soon he
     had it rolling merrily down the long aisle. Past machines that
     sawed boards he pushed it, past planing wheels, past long rows of
     benches where the workers were hammering or gluing or painting,
     past wide ovens where the little bakers were busy over hundreds of
     pans of frosted gingerbread--on and on, down the great room he
     pushed it so fast that his wee comrades were almost left behind. As
     he passed machines and benches and ovens, the workmen looked up
     from their work an instant. They smiled at the newcomer.

     "When you get through with that," shouted the workmen at the saws,
     "come and help us with these boards."

     "All right, I will," said Peter as he moved along with his basket.

     "When you get through with the sawing," cried the planers, "come
     and help us."

     Peter smiled at them. "I will," he shouted back as loud as he
     could, so as to be heard above the noise of the machinery.

     "When you finish planing," the painters called to him next, "come
     and help us."

     "I will," Peter replied. "I like to paint, anyway."

     Now he passed the bakers. They tossed him a cooky. "When you finish
     painting," they said, "perhaps you will come and help us."

     "That I gladly will," answered Peter in his pleasantest tone. It
     was quieter here, and he did not need to shout.

     At last he reached the double swinging door. Through this he had
     seen basket after basket disappear before him. Here was the
     storeroom. It was even larger than the workroom. The walls were
     lined with shelves, on which were placed the Christmas things. This
     was an interesting place, but Peter had no time to stay. He was
     eager to help at the machine saws, at the planing machines, at the
     workbenches, and in the bakeshop. So he hurried back to these. He
     did first one thing, then another, as he was needed. He was used to
     work and liked to help.

     The fairies were careful workers and jolly comrades. Now and then
     they sang as they worked. Then the machines themselves, like the
     fingers and arms and legs of the workmen, seemed to move faster and
     the work to be easier.

     Suddenly a loud but very pleasant whistle sounded through the
     mighty workshop. It was the signal for a recess. The machines
     stopped. The fairies laid down their tools and brushes. All was
     quiet for a time. Now another kind of fun began. The fairies
     started various games. They formed rings and danced round and round
     as they sang:

          "Oh, who is so merry, so merry, heigh ho!
           As the light-hearted fairy? heigh ho,
                         Heigh ho!"

     They played at guessing riddles. These were about toys.

     "You see," whispered a fairy who explained everything to Peter,
     "when the snow comes, and Christmas is near, we leave our homes in
     the woods and spend our winters making toys for all the good
     children in the world. Sometimes we cannot make all the toys we
     need, but we do not wish a single child anywhere to be without a
     Christmas."

     Peter soon learned that the fairies took pride in speaking
     correctly. Those who sometimes made mistakes played special games
     to help themselves get over bad speaking habits. At one place they
     stood like soldiers in a row and pronounced words that were printed
     on the board.

     "Don't you sometimes wish for the woods and moonlight nights?"
     asked Peter.

     He could not hear the answer. At a signal the machinery had started
     again. The fairies were hurrying back to their places. Peter took
     his place with the rest. He worked steadily at one job and another.
     The time flew by. Another whistle blew, and it was time to stop for
     the day. Then the strange little old man appeared.

     "It's time for you to go back home," he said. "Should you like to
     be here always?"

     "Oh, yes," answered Peter. "But I have pleasant work to do at home
     too."

     The strange little old man took a ring from his pocket and held it
     up before the boy's eager face.

     "You are the kind of boy I like," he said. "You are willing to help
     and work. Take this ring home with you. I give it to you. It is a
     magic ring. Wear it on Christmas Day. On that day wish any one
     thing you please. The ring will get it for you."

     While he was talking they had walked to the main door of the
     building. Peter had put on his cap and coat. Now the door stood
     open, and they said good-bye. Peter walked slowly down the steps,
     staring at the magic ring on his finger. When he reached the last
     step, he turned and looked back. In the doorway stood the strange
     little old man, watching him. Peter thought he looked different.
     Yes, he seemed taller and stouter than before. He seemed jollier.
     Peter glanced at the red cap, red coat, and leather leggings he
     wore. He noticed the laughing face, the twinkling eyes, rosy
     cheeks, and white beard.

[Illustration]

     "Can this be Santa Claus?" he thought.

     Instantly the great workshop disappeared. Peter found himself, as
     before, not far from his father's house. His parents and brother
     caught sight of him as he came out of the forest, and they ran out
     to meet him. They listened in astonishment to what he told them he
     had seen. They could not admire enough the magic ring on his
     finger.

=Oral Exercise.=[34] 1. What interested you most as you read the story
about Peter? What kind of picture should you make with colored crayons
for the part of the story you liked best? Draw the picture after you
have told your classmates about it.

2. Do you remember what kind of boy Peter's brother, Joseph, was? What
do you think he would have done if he, instead of Peter, had been in
that workshop? What might have happened to him?

3. Play the part of the story about Peter that tells of Peter and the
fairies as they worked together in the great toyshop. Who shall be
Peter? Who shall be the fairies at the saws? Who shall be the bakers?
Who shall be the painters? What toys and things will you make?

4. Play the same part of the story but as it would have happened if
Joseph had been there instead of Peter.

5. Make believe that, as you awoke one Saturday morning, you found a
letter on your pillow. When you read it, you learned that it was from a
fairy. This fairy invited you to meet him at the old tree near the
school-house. When you met him there, you and he went off into the
woods. Tell your classmates what happened. It may be that your story
will be somewhat like that of Peter. Still, you may have seen and heard
and done things that were very different.




=25. Making Riddles=


You remember that during the recess in Santa Claus's workshop some of
the fairies made riddles. Peter said that these were about toys. Here
are two they might have made:

     It has two arms, two legs, and a head, like a human being, but it
     cannot walk or work or talk. What is it?

     I spend most of my life in a little wooden box. I press against its
     cover day and night. I want to get out. Oh, how I leap when some
     one opens the box! Oh, how frightened little girls and boys look
     when they first see me! What am I?

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Of course you have guessed the first of these two
riddles. But can you guess the second one?

2. Make riddles for your classmates to guess, about toys and other
things that are suitable for Christmas presents.




=26. Making Riddles Better=


A schoolgirl once made this riddle:

     It makes beautiful colors. Children like it. What is it?

The answer is, a box of crayons.

=Oral Exercise.= Do you think this riddle can be made better? Is
anything important left out? Is it bright enough? Try to make a better
riddle about the box of crayons.

A schoolmate changed the riddle of the box of crayons. He thought this
was better:

     We are twelve little men in a little tight box. Each one of us
     writes his name in a different color. What are we?

=Oral Exercise.= Which of the two riddles do you like better? Can you
tell why? Does the first riddle say anything about the box? Does it tell
that anything is in a box?

Three other schoolmates made up other riddles about the box of crayons.
Here they are:

     We are a band of fairies living in our cozy little home. Each of us
     wears in his cap a feather of a different color. What are we?

     I am a piece of the rainbow caught and put in a little tight jail.
     A little schoolgirl uses parts of me when she draws pictures. What
     am I?

     We are a company of soldiers. Each of us wears a cap of a
     different color. We spend most of our time in a small pasteboard
     fort. When we go out, we are sure to make our mark. What are we?

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Of all the riddles of the box of crayons, which do
you think is the best? Which is the second best? Which is the poorest?

2. Now again make riddles about toys and Christmas presents. But you
should now be able to make better ones than you did before.

=Group Exercise.= 1. The class, after a riddle has been guessed, should
point out what is good in it and then should tell how it might be made
better. Should it be made shorter? Should it be made longer? How could
it be made brighter?

2. The best riddles should be repeated slowly, so that the teacher may
write them on the board. Now these may be read over, and the class may
try to make each one better.[20] The teacher will rewrite each in its
improved form.[35]

=Written Exercise.= 1. Copy the riddle that the class likes best. As you
copy, notice the spelling of the words, the capital letter at the
beginning of each sentence, and the mark at the end of each sentence.
This careful copying will prepare you for the next exercise.

2. Write from dictation the riddle that you have copied. Then correct
any mistakes.[36] These questions will help you to find out whether you
have made any:

     1. Is every word spelled correctly?

     2. Does every sentence begin with a capital letter?

     3. Is every sentence followed by the right kind of punctuation
     mark?




=27. Study of a Poem=


You read in the story of Peter's visit to Santa Claus's workshop that
the fairy workers sometimes sang while they worked. At recess too they
had songs. One of these you will probably enjoy very much. As you read
it you can see the fairies dancing in a ring in the moonlight.

        THE LIGHT-HEARTED FAIRY

  Oh, who is so merry, so merry, heigh ho!
  As the light-hearted fairy? heigh ho,
                Heigh ho!
        He dances and sings
        To the sound of his wings
  With a hey and a heigh and a ho.

  Oh, who is so merry, so airy, heigh ho!
  As the light-headed fairy? heigh ho,
                Heigh ho!
        His nectar he sips
        From the primroses' lips
  With a hey and a heigh and a ho.

  Oh, who is so merry, so merry, heigh ho!
  As the light-footed fairy? heigh ho,
                Heigh ho!
        The night is his noon
        And the sun is his moon,
  With a hey and a heigh and a ho.

                                 UNKNOWN

Would it not be pleasant to dance in a ring with your classmates? You
might play that you are all fairies, and you might say this poem while
you dance. Each pupil could make a red cap of paper. He might stick a
white owl's or a white chicken's feather in it as fairies do. He could
wear it while reciting the poem. But, first of all, you must make sure
that you understand every line of the song, else you cannot say it well.

=Oral Exercise.=[37] 1. What do you like about this poem? Have you
noticed that the fairy is called _light-hearted_ in the first stanza of
the poem, but light-headed in the second and _light-footed_ in the
third?

2. What do fairies drink? The second stanza tells. They find this
delicious sweet drink in the cups of flowers.

3. As you know, fairies are rarely, if ever, seen in the daytime. The
night is their day, when they dance and sing and do good deeds. What is
meant in the poem by the line, _The night is his noon_? What is the
fairies' sunlight?

=Memory Exercise.= 1. Read this poem aloud a number of times. You will
not have to read it often before you will be able to say it without the
book. When you know it, recite it to the class as well as you can. Wear
your red cap and think of the merry, airy, light-hearted fairy as you
recite it. That will help you to say it in a lively way.

2. Perhaps the teacher will permit the five or six pupils who have
recited best to form a ring in front of the class and dance round and
round as they recite the poem. Then the class may point out what might
have been done better. Perhaps other bands of fairies will recite, each
trying to recite best.




=28. Correct Usage--_Rang_, _Sang_, _Drank_=


The story about Peter does not tell us the words with which some of the
fairies had trouble. If some fairies are like some pupils, then they
need to learn how to use the words _rang_, _sang_, and _drank_
correctly.

=Oral Exercise.= 1. As you read the following sentences, notice that
_rang_, _sang_, and _drank_ are not used with _have_ or _has_ or _had_.
Are _rung_, _sung_, and _drunk_ used with _have_ or _has_ or _had_?

     1. I _rang_ the bell for the teacher.

     2. Have you ever _rung_ it?

     3. I _sang_ the Christmas song.

     4. Have you ever _sung_ it?

     5. I _drank_ the grape juice.

     6. Have you ever _drunk_ apple juice?

     7. The fairies danced and _sang_, and _drank_ nectar.

     8. They had _rung_ the bell.

     9. They had _sung_ that song before.

     10. He has never _drunk_ nectar.

2. Which of the six words that you have been studying in this lesson are
used with _have_ or _has_ or _had_? Which are not used with them? Make
these two lists. Would it be right to make the following rule?

Never use _rang_ or _sang_ or _drank_ with _have_ or _has_ or _had_.

3. Using what you have just learned, fill the blanks in the following
sentences with the right words, _rang_ or _rung_, _sang_ or _sung_,
_drank_ or _drunk_:

     1. The strange little old man had already ---- his morning coffee.

     2. He ---- an old song that he had ---- many times before.

     3. When he had ---- a silver bell, a troop of fairies appeared.

     4. Peter is not a fairy. He has never ---- nectar.

     5. But he has often ---- the song he heard the fairies sing.

     6. He has never ---- a silver bell.

     7. Have you ever ---- the school bell?

     8. Have you ever ---- spring water?

=Game.= Let the girls of the class, working together in a group, write
on the board six sentences in which _rang_, _sang_, and _drank_ are used
correctly. Let the boys in the same way write six sentences in which
_rung_, _sung_, and _drunk_ are used correctly. The boys will correct
the girls' sentences, and the girls the boys'. The teacher will decide
whether the boys or the girls made fewer mistakes, and which group wrote
the more interesting sentences. Then all the sentences may be read aloud
by several groups of pupils in turn, each trying to read the most
clearly.




=29. Making up Fairy Stories=


The magic ring that Santa Claus gave Peter would bring him any one thing
that he might wish. When Christmas morning came, he had only to say his
wish, and it would be fulfilled.[38]

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Suppose that you had such a magic ring. What would
be your one big wish? It will be fun to see whether you and your
classmates have the same wish.

2. What do you think Peter himself wished when Christmas morning came?
What happened then? Tell your classmates the story of Peter's wish on
Christmas Day, exactly as you think everything happened.

=Group Exercise.= One or two of the best stories about Peter's wish
should be told a second time. This time the teacher will write them on
the board. Now you and the other pupils should read them carefully to
see where they can be made better.[20] These questions may help in this
work:

     1. Can better words be used for some of those in the story?

     2. Should some of the _and's_ be left out?

     3. Can anything be added to make the story interesting?

=Written Exercise.= Silently read one of the improved stories, perhaps
more than once, noticing the spelling of the words, the capital letter
at the beginning of each sentence, and the mark at the end of each
sentence. Write it from dictation. Then compare your paper with what is
written on the board, and correct any mistakes you may have made.

=Oral Exercise.= Suppose that Peter lost the magic ring before Christmas
came. Who might have found it? What might have happened then? Make up a
story to tell this. You might call it "The Lost Magic Ring." Try to make
up a fairy story that your classmates will be very glad to hear. Try to
think of some wonderful happenings for it. Perhaps the following ideas
will help you to begin your story:

1. When Peter learned that he had lost the magic ring, and could find it
nowhere, he started off at once into the woods. He wanted to find the
strange little old man and tell him what had happened. Peter had not
gone very far when he met a giant. On the giant's finger Peter saw his
magic ring. What did he do?

2. Peter's careless and lazy brother, Joseph, saw the magic ring on the
window sill. Peter always laid it there when he washed his hands. Joseph
took the ring in order to tease his brother. Then the thought came to
him that he would wish himself something on Christmas Day. On Christmas
morning he placed the fairy ring on his finger and spoke his wish. What
was that wish? Was the wish fulfilled, or did a fairy appear to punish
the boy? What happened then?

3. The strange little old man himself took the ring from Peter's finger
while Peter was asleep. Why did he do this? Did he want to see what
Peter would do? Did he plan to give him another ring instead,--a ring
that held three wishes instead of one? How did Peter find the strange
little old man? When and where did he receive the more wonderful ring?
What were his three wishes on Christmas morning?[39]




=30. Writing Dates=


If you were asked to write on a slip of paper your name and the date of
your birth, could you do it? Of course you know how to write your name.
Some time ago you learned to write the names of the months. Now you are
to learn how to write dates. You will need to know this when you begin
letter writing, which will be soon.

=Written Exercise.= 1. Here are two dates:

  January 1, 1918

  December 25, 1917

The first date is that of a New Year's Day some time ago. The second
date is that of Christmas more than a year ago. See the little mark (,),
called a comma, between the year and the day of the month. Write the
date of the last New Year's Day; of the next New Year's Day. Write the
date of last Christmas; of next Christmas.

2. Write the date of your birth; the date of the birth of your mother;
of a friend.

3. Write from dictation the list of dates that your teacher will give
you.[40]




=31. Telling Interesting Things=


Now the Christmas vacation is over. Of course you had a good time. Of
course Santa Claus brought you something. It would be fun for every
pupil to tell the class about his Christmas. Probably each one's
Christmas was different in some ways from that of his classmates.

=Oral Exercise.=[41] 1. Did Santa Claus come to your home? Did you see
him? If you did, tell the class how he looked. Show the class how he
walked into the house. How did he talk? What did he say?

2. Tell the other pupils what Santa Claus brought you. If he brought you
a little engine, or a sand machine, or a small airplane, or a steamship
that runs by clockwork, or a baby sewing machine, or a music box, or a
doll stove on which one can really cook, or some other interesting toy,
explain to the class exactly how it works. Perhaps it would be pleasant
if each pupil brought a toy to school and held it up before the class
while he explained how it works.

3. What was the best fun you had during the Christmas vacation? Tell
the class about it.




=32. Story-Telling=


     JACK AND JILL[C]

[Illustration]

     "Clear the lulla!" was the general cry on a bright December
     afternoon. All the boys and girls of Harmony village were out
     enjoying the first good snow of the season. Up and down three long
     coasts they went as fast as legs and sleds could carry them. One
     smooth path led into the meadow. One swept across the pond, where
     skaters were darting about like waterbugs. The third, from the very
     top of the steep hill, ended abruptly at a rail fence near the
     road. There was a group of lads and lasses sitting or leaning on
     this fence to rest after an exciting race.

     [C] Copyright by Little, Brown and Company.

     Down came a gay red sled. It carried a boy who seemed all smile and
     sunshine, so white were his teeth, so golden was his hair, so
     bright and happy his whole air. Behind him clung a little gypsy of
     a girl. She had black eyes and hair, cheeks as red as her hood, and
     a face full of fun and sparkle.

     "It's just splendid! Now, one more, Jack!" cried the little girl,
     excited by the cheers of a sleighing party that passed them.

     "All right, Jill," answered he, and they started back up the hill.

     Proud of his skill, Jack made up his mind that this last "go"
     should be the best one of the afternoon. But they started off,
     talking so busily that Jill forgot to hold tight and Jack to steer
     carefully. No one knows how it happened. They did not land in the
     soft drift of snow or stop before they reached the fence. Instead,
     there was a great crash against the bars, a dreadful plunge off the
     steep bank beyond, and, before any one could see what was
     happening, a sudden scattering of girl, boy, sled, fence, earth,
     and snow, all about the road. There were two cries, and then
     silence. Down rushed boys and girls, ready to laugh or cry, as the
     case might be. They found Jack sitting up, looking about him with a
     queer, dazed expression, while an ugly cut on the forehead was
     bleeding. This sobered the boys and frightened the girls half out
     of their wits.

     "He's killed! He's killed!" wailed one of the girls, hiding her
     face and beginning to cry.

     "No, I'm not. I'll be all right when I get my breath. Where's
     Jill?" asked Jack stoutly, though still too giddy to see
     straight.--LOUISA M. ALCOTT, "Jack and Jill" (Adapted)

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Make believe that you are the Jack or the Jill in
the story. Play that the accident has just happened. You are lying in
the snow. Your classmates are standing around you wondering whether you
are alive or dead. Slowly you sit up. What do they do and say? Let some
of your classmates do and say these things. What do you say? What
happens next? Play the story up to the time when the doctor looks you
over and says that you will have to stay in bed a long time.[42]

2. Again make believe that you are Jack or Jill. Play that the accident
happened some time ago. Tell your classmates about that afternoon's
coasting and how it ended. Could you walk home that day? Did the other
children lay you both on sleds and slowly draw you to your homes? What
did your mother do and say when she saw you coming? Did they put you to
bed at once and run for the doctor? What did the doctor do and say?

3. Do you own a sled? Tell the class about this sled. Tell about going
coasting on it.

4. What can one do with a sled besides go coasting? What was the best
fun you ever had with your sled? Where were you? What did you do? After
you have told the class about the fun you had, you may make one or two
pictures about it with colored crayons. Perhaps the following list will
help you to remember some good times you have had:

     1. The first sled ride that I remember

     2. Hitching behind with a sled

     3. A race down a hill on sleds

     4. The toboggan slide

     5. The longest hill I ever coasted down

     6. The steepest hill I ever coasted down

     7. Six of us on a bob

5. Did you ever have an accident with your sled? Accidents sometimes
happen. Perhaps you are very careful and have never had any trouble. But
you have probably heard of accidents and narrow escapes. Tell the class
of one, and explain how it might have been avoided.




=33. Explaining Things=


Winter is here. There are many games to play and many pleasant things to
do after school and on Saturdays. You would enjoy talking with your
classmates about these. Perhaps you can plan some good times together.

=Oral Exercise.= Make believe that your class is having a meeting to
plan some fun for after school and Saturdays. What games do you think
would be best? Think out a clear plan. Then stand before your classmates
and explain it to them. Tell exactly how it is to be carried out. Tell
where, when, and everything else they must know. The following list may
help you to make a good plan:[43]

     1. A skating party some Saturday

     2. A skating race to see who is the best boy skater and who is the
     best girl skater in the class

     3. Building one or two snow forts

     4. A snowball battle between your class and another

     5. A straw ride

     6. A game of shinny, or hockey, between your class and another

     7. A class tramp with the teacher through the woods or parks

     8. A basket-ball game between your class and another

     9. A class party at some one's house

     10. A coasting party

=Group Exercise.= After the plans have been told, you and your classmates
must decide which one you will carry out. You may wish to ask some of
the speakers questions. At last the class may vote.




=34. Words sometimes Mispronounced=


Some pupils do not know how to speak certain words correctly. If they
did, their talks would be much more pleasing.[44]

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Pronounce the following words as your teacher
pronounces them to you, in a clear, strong, and pleasant voice. Then
read the whole list as rapidly as you can without speaking any word
indistinctly or incorrectly.

  looking
  seeing
  walking
  running
  jumping
  smiling
  laughing
  crying
  teasing
  speaking
  talking
  hearing
  saying
  eating
  paying

2. Use in sentences each of the words in the list above. Try to make
sentences that will give pleasure to your classmates. Anybody can use
the word _looking_ to make uninteresting sentences like these:

     Some one is _looking_ for me.

     I am _looking_ for some one.

     He is _looking_ at me.

Try to make sentences like these:

     The boys were looking at Jack's big red sled.

     The girls were looking for a story-book at the public library.

     The hunter was looking at the panther, and the panther was
     looking at him.

Perhaps the teacher will write the best sentences on the board, or let
the pupils who give them write them on the board.[20]




=35. Telling Interesting Things=


Far north of us lies a part of the world where it is very cold both in
summer and in winter. It is so cold there that trees cannot live. No
cities are to be seen there, and no farms. The people who make their
homes in this world of ice and snow live by hunting and fishing. They
are called Eskimos. Their clothes are warm suits made of the fur of the
polar bear, the seal, and the reindeer. Let us learn about the Eskimos.

     HOW THE ESKIMO BUILDS HIS HOUSE

     The house in which an Eskimo family lives is made of ice and snow.
     First the builder makes a ring on the snow-covered ground. This he
     makes as large as he wishes the house to be. On this ring he places
     blocks of snow. Then he lays more blocks on top of these. Each row
     or ring of blocks is a little smaller than the row or ring below
     it. As more and more rows of blocks are laid, these rows at last
     close the top like a roof. Then snow is shoveled over it, until not
     a crack remains in the solid wall.

[Illustration]

     Now a narrow hallway is made. This is the only way into the house.
     It is long, and the opening is hung with skins. The Eskimos creep
     through it on their hands and knees.

     There is only one window in the Eskimo's house. It is a small hole
     in the wall, over the low hallway. There is no glass in it, but it
     is covered with a thin skin that keeps out the wind and cold.[45]

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Can you think of a good reason why the Eskimos have
no such houses as ours? Why have they no fine large coal or wood stoves
in that cold country? What would happen if an Eskimo placed our kind of
stove in his house and started a roaring fire in it?

2. The Eskimo has only three things with which to build. What are they?
If you had only snow and the skins and bones of animals to work with,
what kind of house should you make? Can you think of any way in which
you could make the Eskimo house warmer or safer?

3. Does the Eskimo way of building a house give you an idea of a good
way of building a snow fort? Tell your classmates what you think would
be the best way of building one. Shall you put a roof over it?

4. Play that you are an Eskimo. Make believe that you are in the frozen
North and are just beginning to build yourself a new house. You have
already drawn a ring on the snow-covered ground. Draw a ring on the
floor of the schoolroom with a piece of chalk. Other pupils will play
that they have come to the Far North in a ship. They will pretend that
they know nothing about the way Eskimos live or build their houses. They
stand around while you work at your new house. They ask you many
questions about it. Stop in your work and explain it to them. Remember
that they know nothing at all about it. Perhaps some of their questions
will seem very stupid to you. But patiently explain to these strangers
everything they want to know.

=Group Exercise.= The class will tell you and the other pupils how the
meeting between the Eskimo and the strangers might have been played
better. But first they will point out what they liked in the play.
Several other groups of pupils will each try to show the class how the
meeting should be played.

[Illustration]

=Oral Exercise.= Find out from a book or from your parents or your
teacher some interesting fact about the Eskimos and the country where
they live. Let it be something that you think the class does not know.
The other pupils will do the same. Then each one will stand before the
class and tell what he has learned.

Some might tell about how cold it is in this North-Pole part of the
world.

Some might tell about polar bears, seals, reindeer, or walruses.

Some might tell the class what Eskimos eat and how they cook their food.

Some might tell about the inside of the Eskimo house.

Other pupils might tell the class about some of the men from our country
who traveled in this cold part of the world. Some of these men wished to
reach the North Pole.

=Group Exercise.= When each pupil has spoken, some of those who spoke
best will tell again what they said. The teacher will write on the board
what they say. Now the class will try to make this better. The following
questions will help the class improve what has been written on the
board:[46]

     1. What is the best part of the account on the board?

     2. Is anything important left out?

     3. Could anything be left out because it is not needed?

     4. Are too many _and's_ used?

     5. What could be added to make the account better?

=Written Exercise.= When all the accounts on the board have been
rewritten, study the one the teacher selects. Notice the spelling of the
hard words. Notice the capital letter at the beginning of each sentence
and the punctuation mark at the end of each sentence. This study will
make it easier for you to write the account from dictation without
making any mistakes. Write it from dictation.




=36. Study of a Poem=


You remember, of course, that the house of snow in which Eskimos live
has only one window. But this is only a hole in the wall, covered with a
thin skin. There is no glass in it. So the little Eskimo boys and girls
do not know the wonderful things that Jack Frost sometimes pencils on
the windowpanes when children are asleep. The Eskimo children could not
understand the poem below. But you have seen these sights on your own
windows--castles, high and rocky places, knights with waving plumes, and
trees and fruits and flowers. You will learn from the poem how Jack
Frost paints them there.[9]

                JACK FROST

    The door was shut, as doors should be,
      Before you went to bed last night;
    Yet Jack Frost did get in, you see,
      And left your window silver white.

    He must have waited till you slept;
      And not a single word he spoke,
    But pencilled on the panes, and crept
      Away again before you woke.

    And now you cannot see the hills
      Nor fields that stretch beyond the lane;
    But there are fairer things than those
      His fingers traced on every pane.

    Rocks and castles towering high;
      Hills and dales and streams and fields;
    And knights in armor riding by,
      With nodding plumes and shining shields.

    And here are little boats, and there
      Big ships with sails spread to the breeze;
    And yonder, palm trees waving fair
      On islands set in silver seas.

    And butterflies with gauzy wings;
      And herds of cows and flocks of sheep;
    And fruits and flowers and all the things
      You see when you are sound asleep.

    For creeping softly underneath
      The door when all the lights are out,
    Jack Frost takes every breath you breathe,
      And knows the things you think about.

    He paints them on the windowpane
      In fairy lines with frozen steam;
    And when you wake you see again
      The lovely things you saw in dream.

                                GABRIEL SETOUN

=Oral Exercise.= 1. How did Jack Frost get into the house? Has he
visited your house this winter? Did he pencil, or trace, on your windows
some of the pictures of which the poem speaks? Which ones?

2. What is a castle? What is a knight? What is a knight's armor? What is
a knight's plume? Can you draw a picture of it on the board for those
who do not know how it looks? Why did knights have shields? Draw a
picture of a shield on the board.

3. Can you draw on the board a picture of a palm tree? Draw an oak or an
apple tree beside it, so that every one will see how a palm tree is
different. Explain your drawings.

4. Which part, or stanza, of the poem do you like best? Read it so that
your classmates may see why you like it.

5. Play that you are Jack Frost. Show the class how you tiptoed into the
room and out again without waking any one. Think of the following
questions, and tell the class what you did last night when all children
were sound asleep:

     1. Did you visit more than one home?

     2. What did you paint on the windowpanes?

     3. Did you paint the same pictures in all houses?

=Memory Exercise.= When you understand every stanza in this poem, read
the whole poem aloud several times. Perhaps the teacher will read with
you, so that you may be sure to read correctly. After a few readings you
will find that you can say the poem without looking at the book. It will
be fun to see which pupils will know it first. But which pupils can
recite it best?[47]




=37. Game=


=Group Exercise.= 1. Did you ever telephone? Make believe that you are
telephoning to a classmate. Hold the make-believe telephone in your
hands and call for the pupil with whom you wish to talk. He will take up
his make-believe telephone and answer you. Ask him some questions.
Listen to what he says. Reply to what he asks. In this way carry on a
conversation with him.

2. The class will listen, and when you have finished talking they will
tell you what they liked and what they did not like in the telephone
conversation. The following questions[15] will help the class to decide
how the talks might have been better:

     1. What interesting thing was said by the speakers?

     2. Was any poor English used?

     3. Were the voices of the speakers pleasant?

     4. What might have been said that the speakers did not say?

3. Other pairs of pupils may now telephone. Each pair will of course try
to make their conversation as bright as they can. The class will enjoy
listening to the bright talks.

4. Would it not be a good plan, before going on with this game of
telephoning, for the class to make a telephone directory? All names
beginning with _A_ could be written on one page of a little notebook
that you could make. All names beginning with _B_ would go on another
page. And so it would go on, through the _C's_, the _D's_, the _E's_, to
the end of the alphabet. Then each name could be given a number, just as
in telephone books. Perhaps the teacher will bring a telephone directory
to class and explain it to you.

[Illustration]

5. It might be fun to place in your telephone directory such names as
Jack Frost, Santa Claus, Peter the toymaker's son, Joseph his brother,
Queen Mab, the busy ant, the lazy grasshopper, and some of the Indians
and Eskimos that you have come to know in this book. Then you could
telephone to these. One pupil would be Jack Frost and would always
answer when Jack Frost's number rang. Another would be Santa Claus,
another would be Peter the toymaker's son, another Queen Mab, and so
on.

6. You and your classmates may now have the following conversations
over the make-believe class telephone:

     1. A conversation between Queen Mab and Jack Frost about some pupils
     in your class

     2. A conversation between Peter and Joseph about the lost magic ring

     3. A conversation between the ant and the grasshopper in the fable

     4. A conversation between an Indian boy and a white boy

     5. A conversation between two fairies, one in the woods and one in
     Santa Claus's workshop

     6. A conversation between a polar bear and a boy hunter (the bear
     objects to being hunted)

     7. A conversation between an Eskimo girl and a girl in your class

     8. A conversation between Santa Claus and the teacher about some
     pupils in your class

     9. A conversation between two girls about a plan for a good time
     next Saturday with which to surprise the class

     10. A conversation between two girls about a new dress that one of
     them will soon wear to school




=38. Correct Usage--_May_, _Can_=


A mistake that pupils sometimes make is to use the word _can_ when they
mean the word _may_. These two words do not have the same meaning. The
following conversation shows this:

     "Mother, can I eat another piece of pie?" once asked a boy at the
     dinner table.

     "I suppose you can, Tom," replied his mother. "You have teeth to
     bite and chew, and there is room in your stomach for another piece.
     Yes, I suppose you _can_ eat another piece. But you _may_ not,
     because I want to save it for to-morrow."

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Read the following sentences and try to tell the
difference in meaning between _may_ and _can_:

     1. I can run faster than you.

     2. I can write my name.

     3. May I write my name in your notebook? Will you let me?

     4. May I run over to George's house, mother?

     5. I can do many things.

     6. May I read the book Santa Claus gave you?

     7. I can read books.

2. Do you see that when you say, "I can do this," you mean, "I am able
to do this"? What do you mean when you say, "May I go to the
moving-picture theater, Mother?" Do you mean, "Will you permit me to
go?"

3. Fill each blank in the sentences below with the right word, _may_ or
_can_:

     1. John, ---- you spell _Eskimo_?

     2. Father, ---- I go with John to the game?

     3. Miss Brown, ---- I change my seat?

     4. Miss Brown, ---- you see me when I stand here?

     5. Mary, ---- you find that book for me?

     6. ---- you touch the ceiling when you are on the chair?

     7. ---- I go home at three o'clock, Miss Smith?

     8. Miss Smith, ---- I borrow a pencil of Ruth?

     9. Miss Smith, ---- you speak French?

    10. Miss Smith, ---- I have another sheet of paper?

=Game.= 1. Let the boys write on the board a number of sentences in
which _may_ is used correctly. Then let the girls do the same. Now let
the girls read the boys' sentences. The boys will read those written by
the girls. Who made the fewer mistakes?

2. After all sentences have been corrected (if they need to be
corrected), let the boys read their sentences aloud, and the girls
theirs. The teacher will tell whose reading was the better.




=39. Talking over Plans=


Valentine Day is near at hand. Why could not your class plan a special
good time for that day? Other classes have done it. One plan would be
for pupils to send each other valentines. You could have a post office
right in the schoolroom. One of the pupils could be the postmaster. It
would be the business of the postmaster to see that each valentine went
to the right person.

=Group Exercise.= Make plans with your classmates for Valentine Day.
Think out what should be done and how it should be done. Then stand
before the class and explain your plan. The other pupils will explain
theirs. At last the whole class will choose the one that seems best. The
following questions will help in the making of plans:

     1. How shall the class post office be run?

     2. Who shall be the class postmaster? What shall he do? Shall there
     be letter carriers?

     3. Would it be more fun for pupils to send short notes to each
     other than valentines bought at the store? Perhaps red-paper
     borders could be pasted around the edges of the letters? Some of
     the letters might be from Jack Frost, Queen Mab, Peter, and other
     friends you have met in this book.




=40. Letter Writing=


First of all, in getting ready for Valentine Day, you will need to learn
how to write letters.

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Who wrote the first of the following letters? How
can you tell? Who wrote the second? To whom is it written? To whom is
the first written?

     Dear Jill:

        The doctor says that I am perfectly well again. I should like
     to go coasting Saturday. Shall we go together? I want to show you
     how careful I can be in steering a sled.

                                         Jack

     Dear Jack:

       My mother will not let me go coasting. I wish you would come
     over to my house Saturday. We could write valentine letters
     together, to our friends. We could pop some corn too.

                                         Jill

2. Do you see the little mark (:) after the words _Dear Jack_ and _Dear
Jill_ in these two letters? That mark must always[48] be written there
in a letter. Next, do you see how the first line in each letter is
different from the other lines? The first line of a letter must always
begin a little to the right of the other lines. Notice where the name of
the writer of each letter is placed. Is there any mark after it?

=Written Exercise.= 1. In order that you may not forget the points you
have just learned about letter writing, copy Jack's letter to Jill. Then
compare your copy with the letter as it stands in the book, and correct
mistakes.

2. Now read carefully Jill's letter to Jack. Notice once more exactly
how the different parts of the letter are written. Write the letter from
dictation. Then correct what you have written by comparing it with the
letter in the book.

It is well that you now know how to write a letter. There is at this
very time an important letter that needs to be written by you. As you
know, the teacher will soon choose some one in your class to be the
postmaster for Valentine Day. Whom do you want for that position?
Perhaps you would like to be postmaster yourself. Or do you want to be
one of the letter carriers? The next exercise will give you a chance to
tell the teacher.

=Written Exercise.= It would take too much of the teacher's time to
listen to each pupil's opinion about those post-office questions.[49]
Then, too, the teacher might not remember all that each pupil said. So
there is only one thing to do. Each pupil must write his ideas and
wishes in a letter to the teacher. Write your letter, beginning it thus:

     Dear Teacher:

Tell in your letter exactly what you would tell the teacher in a private
talk. No one but the teacher will see your letter.[50]




=41. More Letter Writing=


When Valentine Day comes, you will wish to write very good letters to
your classmates. You already know how to write a letter, but it is
another matter to write a bright letter.

Do you remember that boy, Tom, who once dreamed about an owl and an elf?
One day Tom told his mother that his school was planning a special good
time for Valentine Day. "We shall have a post office in our room," he
said. "Everybody is to send everybody else letters."

"What kind of letters are they to be?" asked his mother.

"Well," answered Tom, "each pupil is to write at least one bright letter
about himself. Those who receive the letters have to guess who wrote
them. You see, we do not sign our names."

Tom had already written his letter, and he showed it to his mother. It
was to his best friend, Fred. Here it is:

     Dear Fred:

       I am four feet three inches tall. I weigh seventy-five pounds.
     I like to run and jump. I like to read books, too. I am your best
     friend.

                                         Somebody

=Oral Exercise.= What do you think of Tom's letter to Fred? Is it a
bright letter? How does every sentence in it begin? Do you like to have
all the sentences begin the same way?

Tom's mother read the letter. Then she read it again. Then she said,
"Tom, you can do better than that."

Tom was surprised. He thought it was a good letter. "Are there any
mistakes in it?" he asked. "No, there is not a single mistake in it,"
answered his mother. "You have the right mark after the words _Dear
Fred_. You have begun every sentence with a capital letter. You have the
right mark at the end of every sentence. But, Tom, it isn't a bright
letter."

"How shall I make it bright?" asked Tom.

His mother smiled. "Look at the first sentence in your letter," she
said. "It tells that you are four feet three inches tall. How
uninteresting that is! Who cares to know your exact height, down to an
inch! Why not say instead, 'I am a funny little blue-eyed chap with
brown hair all over the top of my head'! Would not that be much brighter
than 'I am four feet three inches tall'? Now look at the next sentence.
It tells that you weigh seventy-five pounds. How uninteresting that is!
Is some one thinking of buying you by the pound, as if you were a little
pig or a calf? Why not say instead, 'I am as round and fat as a ball of
butter'? Look at the third sentence. It says that you like to run and
jump. That is true. You do like to run and jump. But why not tell it in
a bright way? You might have said, 'My brother says I can run like a
deer and jump like a frog.'"

Tom took the letter back and gave a shout. "I see what you mean," he
cried. "I'll write the whole letter over." A little later he showed his
mother the following:

     Dear Fred:

       I am a funny little blue-eyed chap with brown hair all over the
     top of my head. I am as round and fat as a ball of butter. My
     brother says I can run like a deer and jump like a frog. My
     sister says I am a bookworm. But rather than be a deer or a frog
     or a bookworm, I want to be your best friend.

                                         Somebody

=Oral Exercise.= Which of the letters that Tom wrote do you like better?
Can you tell why? Point out bright sentences in his first letter. Point
out interesting sentences in his second letter.

Tom was very much pleased that he had written his letter over. "The next
time I have to write a letter," he said, "I shall write two, and send
the second one."

"That's a good plan," said his mother. "First write the best letter you
can. Then read it over and make it better." Tom began at once to write
more letters for Valentine Day. "It's fun," he said, "and the teacher
told us that we might send more than one if we cared to." He followed
the new plan of writing a first letter, rather rapidly, and then slowly
writing it over and making it better. Then he would throw away the
first. Tom worked more than an hour. At the end of that time he showed
his mother three letters. Here is one, written to a schoolmate named
Marjorie:

     Dear Marjorie:

       I have two blue eyes and a roof of brown hair. Besides, I have
     a nose, a mouth, and two ears. But I must not tell you any more,
     or you will guess who I am. My name is short and begins with
     _T_.

                                          Somebody

Tom's next letter was written to George, the biggest and strongest boy
in the room. He and Tom were good friends. Probably Tom wrote the letter
in order to have some fun with George. This is it:

     Dear George:

       I am the boy who can spank you. I think I shall do it soon, if
     I feel like it. Better be good when I am near. Of course you know
     who I am. My name is short and begins with _T_. Better be good,
     George.

                                          Somebody

Tom's mother asked whether this letter might not hurt George's feelings.

"Oh, no," laughed Tom. "He knows that I am only joking. Why, he is so
big and strong, he could spank me, if he wanted to."

Tom's third letter was to a friend whose name was Mary. Tom liked to
tease her. Only a few days before, he had thrown snowballs at her. Here
is the letter:

     Dear Mary:

       I am the very, _very_ good boy who _never_ teases you. I never
     pull your hair. I never throw more than one snowball at you, at
     a time.

                                          Somebody

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Which one of the three letters by Tom do you like
best? Read the sentence or sentences in it that you like specially.

2. What plan does Tom follow in writing letters? Why did he decide to
follow this plan?




=42. Still More Letter Writing=


=Written Exercise.= 1. Write a letter for Valentine Day. Write it to one
of your classmates. Have your letter tell about yourself, just as Tom's
told about himself. Sign it _Somebody_, and let the receiver guess who
wrote it. Better write the letter twice. Make the first one as good as
you can, but write it rather rapidly. Then read it over carefully and
make it better wherever you can. Let the second letter be the one you
send.

2. If you would like to write more than one letter, as Tom did, do so;
but it is better to write one very carefully than two or three
carelessly.

Now all the letters should be taken to the class post-office. Each
letter should be folded and should show on the outside the name of the
person to whom it is to go. Perhaps the class postmaster will have a
box for all this mail. In this the letters may be kept until Valentine
Day. On that day the entire mail should be sorted by the postmaster. All
the letters for each row may be placed in a separate pile. The letter
carriers, one for each row, will deliver them.




=43. Improving Letters=


After the Valentine letters have been read, and the writer of each has
been guessed, it will be time to copy some[51] of the letters on the
board for the following exercise.

=Group Exercise.= 1. The first letter on the board should be read
carefully by the class. You and your classmates should tell clearly what
you like and what you do not like in it. The teacher will rewrite it on
the board as the class tells how it can be made better. The following
questions will help in this work:

     1. Is the letter as good as it might be?

     2. What do you like best in it?

     3. Can you tell how it may be made better?

     4. What bright thought might be put in the letter?

     5. Are there any mistakes in the letter?

2. Other Valentine letters should be studied in the same way.




=44. Study of a Poem=


Our friend Tom, who wrote the bright letter we read a few days ago, was
somewhat careless about putting his things in their proper places.

"I wonder where my cap is," he shouted one morning, just as it was time
to hurry to school.

"Where did you put it?" his mother asked quietly.

"On the hook in the hall," answered Tom.

"Well," said his mother with a smile, "if you are sure you put it there,
Mr. Nobody must have taken it away. Perhaps he threw it on a chair in
the kitchen or on the table in the hall."

And there, to be sure, on a chair or table somewhere in the house, or
even on the floor, the cap was found. Mr. Nobody had put it there.

On another day Tom was unable to find a story-book he had been reading.

"I'm sure I put it back in the bookcase," he said.

"Isn't it there now?" asked his mother.

"No!"

"Then Mr. Nobody must have been reading it," she answered. "He always
forgets to put the books back where they belong. Perhaps he left it on
the lounge, where you were reading last night."

And there, to be sure, in a corner of the lounge, was the lost book.

In Tom's house Mr. Nobody was always doing mischief. He was always
mislaying Tom's things. He was always tearing his books, leaving doors
ajar, and making finger marks on the doors. Now and then he spilled the
ink on Tom's desk. He usually forgot to put Tom's boots where they
belonged. He was so careless and forgetful that he got Tom into trouble
nearly every day.

Does Mr. Nobody visit your house, too? If he does, you will understand
the following poem about him:

          MR. NOBODY

    I know a funny little man,
      As quiet as a mouse,
    Who does the mischief that is done
      In everybody's house!
    There's no one ever sees his face,
      And yet we all agree
    That every plate we break was cracked
      By Mr. Nobody.

    'Tis he who always tears our books,
      Who leaves the door ajar;
    He pulls the buttons from our shirts,
      And scatters pins afar;
    That squeaking door will always squeak
      For, prithee, don't you see,
    We leave the oiling to be done
      By Mr. Nobody.

    He puts damp wood upon the fire,
      That kettles cannot boil;
    His are the feet that bring in mud,
      And all the carpets soil.
    The papers always are mislaid,
      Who had them last but he?
    There's no one tosses them about
      But Mr. Nobody.

    The finger marks upon the door
      By none of us are made;
    We never leave the blinds unclosed,
      To let the curtains fade.
    The ink we never spill, the boots
      That lying round you see
    Are not our boots; they all belong
      To Mr. Nobody.

                             UNKNOWN

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Read the poem again in order to see which of the
four stanzas you like best. Can you tell why? Look through the poem and
tell all the things that Mr. Nobody does. Which of them has he done at
your house?

2. Did you ever see Mr. Nobody at your house? Do you think you could
catch sight of him if you looked in the mirror? Make believe that you
did see him at your house. Tell your classmates exactly how he
looked.[52]

=Group Exercise.= As each pupil gives the class a picture of Mr. Nobody
the class will say whether this picture looks like the pupil speaking.
Then the class will point out what they liked and what they did not like
in that pupil's way of speaking. These questions will help in this work:

     1. Did the pupil stand squarely on both feet, or was he so weak
     that he had to hold onto a chair or desk to keep from falling over?

     2. Did he speak so clearly that every one in the class could
     understand him?

     3. Did he make a stop at the end of every sentence and drop his
     voice there to show that the sentence was finished?

     4. Did he use too many _and's_?




=45. Making a Little Book=


Would it not be pleasant for you and your classmates to make a class
picture book? Perhaps you do not know how to make one. This is the way.
Every pupil writes a few sentences that tell how he looks. These give
the reader a picture of each writer. Then these pictures are all put
together in a little book.

One pupil might write this picture of herself:

     I am a short little girl with straight yellow hair, blue eyes, and
     red cheeks. My mother says I am always giggling. So my picture
     would show my round face covered with smiles.

Another pupil might write as follows:

     I am a boy with black hair that is curly, brown eyes, and a long,
     thin nose. You would know me by my size, for I am the tallest pupil
     in the room.

=Written Exercise.= Write a picture of yourself. Write what will help a
reader to see you as you are. You need not say that you have two eyes,
two ears, two arms, and two legs. But if you have only one leg, or only
one arm, say that. If you wear your hair in two braids, say that.
Perhaps you will write twice, using the first writing as a help for the
improved second writing, as Tom learned to do when he wrote letters.

[Illustration]

=Group Exercise.= 1. When every pupil has finished his picture of
himself, all these should be given to the teacher. Then the teacher will
read one after another aloud, and the class will try to tell whose
picture each one is. You see, this will be like a game. If the class
cannot guess a picture, the teacher will read the name of the writer.
Then the class will explain what should be added to the writing, or
changed in it, so that it may give a true picture of the writer.

2. You and your classmates should now rewrite your pictures, making them
better. After that they should be neatly copied. Then[53] all these
pictures should be fastened together to form a book. A cover should be
made for the book, on which may be written words like these:

  +----------------------------------+
  |           PICTURE BOOK           |
  |                                  |
  |              OF THE              |
  |                                  |
  | THE PUPILS OF MISS SMITH'S ROOM  |
  |                                  |




=46. Correct Usage--_No, Not, Never_=


     _I haven't_   means   _I have not_
     _you don't_   means   _you do not_
     _he doesn't_  means   _he does not_
     _never_       means   _not ever_

It is a common mistake to use two _not_-words in a sentence when one is
enough. Each of the following sentences is correct. Each contains only
one _not_-word.

     1. I have _never_ seen your father.

     2. I _haven't_ ever seen your father.

     3. I have _no_ money in my pocket.

     4. I _haven't_ any money in my pocket.

     5. I _don't_ see any mistakes in this example.

     6. I see _no_ mistakes in this example.

     7. I _don't_ ever go down that street at night.

     8. I _never_ go down that street at night.

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Point out the _not_-word in each of the eight
sentences above. Are there any sentences there that need another
_not_-word? Do you see that the second sentence is only another way of
saying the first? Which sentence do you like better, the first or the
second? The third or the fourth? The fifth or the sixth? The seventh or
the eighth?

2. Say each of the following sentences in another way without changing
the meaning:

     1. I haven't any ink.

     2. He has no book.

     3. She hasn't any paper, and I haven't a pencil.

     4. I have no ticket.

     5. My father doesn't do any work on Saturday.

     6. My father does not play any kind of instrument.

     7. Haven't you ever seen a circus?

     8. I have no pocketknife.

     9. I haven't seen a ball game this year.

     10. He had no money to spend.

=Game.= A pupil, who may be called _John_, is sent from the room. The
teacher gives a flower, a piece of colored paper, a thermometer, or some
other object that is not usually found in pupils' desks, to a member of
the class. Then John is told that he may return.

     TEACHER: John, some one in this room has a flower (or whatever the
     object may be) in his desk. Try to guess whose desk it is. You may
     ask any of your classmates whether they have it.

     JOHN (to a classmate): Have you that flower in your desk?

     THE CLASSMATE (if he does not have it): I have no flower in my desk
     (or, I haven't any flower in my desk).

     THE CLASSMATE (if he has it): I have it in my desk. Here it is.

[Illustration]




=47. Telling Interesting Things=


=Oral Exercise.= 1. What kind of dog should you like to have for your
pet? Stand in front of the class and tell your classmates why you like
that kind of dog and what you would do with him.

2. Dogs can do many useful things. Tell the class of a remarkable thing
you have seen a dog do. If you cannot do that, tell of some intelligent
and brave deed which you have heard that a dog did. Perhaps the
following list will help you:

     1. Some dogs are faithful watchdogs. They may be trusted to guard a
     house, a small child, an automobile, or a flock of sheep.

     2. Some dogs are used in hunting.

     3. Some dogs are good rat catchers.

     4. Some dogs are taught tricks. Such dogs are sometimes seen at the
     circus.

     5. In some countries dogs are used to haul carts; in others they
     draw sleds.

     6. The St. Bernard dog and the Newfoundland dog are famous as
     life-savers.

     7. Dogs make good playmates for boys and girls.

3. Think of a dog you like. Without telling what kind of dog he is, make
your classmates see exactly how he looks. There is no need of saying
that the dog has four legs, two ears, two eyes, and a tail. Every dog
has these. But tell what the class must know in order to see the dog as
you see him in your mind. Perhaps you will make the class see a picture
something like one of the following:

     I

     My dog has long hair but he himself is short. He looks like a white
     muff. His bark and bite are sharp, but no one is afraid of him. He
     might just as well be a rabbit.

[Illustration: After a painting by Landseer]

     II

     The dog I am thinking about is nearly as tall as I am. He is so
     heavy that I cannot lift him off the ground. He is so strong that
     he can carry me. His beautiful brown and white hair is long and
     curly. He is a good dog, and I should feel safe with him anywhere
     on the darkest night.

=Group Exercise.=[54] 1. The class will try to guess the kind of dog
each pupil tells about. Then it will tell each speaker (1) what was good
in his talk, and (2) where the talk might have been better.

2. Some of the talks should be given a second time. This time the
teacher will write them on the board.[16] How can each of them be made
better?

3. You and your classmates might make an interesting dog picture book.
After writing about each dog, you could draw his picture or cut it out
of a magazine and paste it beside what you have written.[55]




=48. Study of a Picture Story=


I

=Oral Exercise.= 1. What is happening in the first picture on the next
page? Does the dog want to go along? Why do the boys not take him?

2. Make believe that you are the boy on the back seat in the boat. Look
at the dog as that boy looks at him. Hold up your finger as the boy
does. What does that mean? Now, as your boat slowly moves from shore,
talk to the dog. Are you sorry that he must stay? How do you show that?
Do you sternly warn him not to leave his post?

=Group Exercise.= 1. Some of your classmates will now play that they are
talking to the dog. Each tries to show how it really happened.

2. The class will tell what it likes in each pupil's talking and
playing, and what it does not like. The following questions will help
the class:

     1. Did the pupil talk as he really would talk to his dog if the
     class were not there to hear him?

     2. What was the best thing he said?

     3. What might he have said that he left out?

[Illustration: AN UNFINISHED STORY]

=Oral Exercise.= 1. You and a classmate may now play that you are the
two boys in the first picture. Make believe that you are just arriving
at the lake on your bicycles. Jump off and lean them against trees.[56]
Talk about the lake and the beautiful day. Look the boat over and talk
about your plan to go rowing. Talk about where to leave the bicycles.
Decide to have the dog watch them. Explain this to the dog. Tell him you
are sorry that he cannot go along. Then untie the boat, jump in, and
push off. One of you is rowing. The other is sitting on the back seat
and talking to the dog.

2. Two other pupils, and two others, may now play the same
happenings.[57] They should try to talk exactly as they would if they
were really the boys in the picture. Those two boys probably talked all
the time.

=Group Exercise.= The class will tell what it likes in each playing of
the picture, and what it thinks could be done better. The following
questions will be useful in these talks:

     1. Did the boys jump off their make-believe bicycles as if these
     were real? Did they lean them carefully against trees?

     2. Did they talk together as if they were really on a day's picnic?

     3. Did they get into the boat carefully? Did one of them row the
     make-believe boat as if it were a real boat? Did he look back now
     and then to see where he was going?

     4. Which two boys played the picture best? Which two talked the
     best?


II

In the second picture the boys are seen on the water, well out from
shore. They have just made an unpleasant discovery.

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Play that you are one of the boys in the boat and
have suddenly discovered your dog in the water near by. Look as you
think this boy looked. Say what you think he said to the dog. Say what
he said to the boy rowing the boat.

2. Now, with a classmate, play this part of the story. Begin where you
stopped in the first picture. You have left the dog on shore and are
rowing out into the middle of the lake. What can you see out there? What
do you say to each other? Think of the things that two boys out in a
boat would talk about,--birds flying by, fish, the sky, the depth of the
water, whether they could swim ashore. Say these things. Then, right in
the middle of your good time, the dog! After you have scolded him, you
and your classmate talk together about what to do. What does each say,
and what do you decide?

=Group Exercise.= Other pupils will now play this part of the story in
their own way. Each two will try to show the others the best way. After
each playing, the class will talk about it. These questions will help
the class to see whether the playing was good or not:

     1. Did the players talk enough? What more could each one have said?

     2. Did they act and move as if they were sitting in a boat out on a
     lake or as if they were standing on dry land?

     3. Did they lean over the edge of the boat and look for fish? Did
     they speak about how the shore looked from the middle of the lake?
     Did they see other boats on the water?

=Oral Exercise.= How did the story end? Did the boys row on and let the
dog swim after them until he got tired and returned to shore? Or did
they take the wet animal into the boat and leave the bicycles to take
care of themselves? What happened then? Were the bicycles still there
when the boys returned from their boat ride? Tell your classmates how
you think the story ended. If the ending is a good one, the teacher may
ask you and other pupils to play it.

=Group Exercise.= The teacher will write some of the story endings on
the board. Perhaps one or two pupils who have told good endings may
write these on the board. Then the class will try to make each one
better.[58] The following questions will help in this class work:

     1. Does every sentence begin with a capital letter?

     2. Does every sentence end with the right kind of mark?

     3. Are there mistakes in any sentence?

     4. Where can better words be used than those of the writer?

     5. Where can a sentence or two be added to make the story better?

=Written Exercise.= Of all the story endings that have been corrected and
rewritten on the board, the best one should now be copied. As you copy,
notice the spelling of the hard words, the capitals, and the punctuation
marks. Then, together with two or three classmates, correct your work
and theirs.




=49. Correct Usage--_Went_, _Saw_, _Came_, _Did_=


An interesting game is sometimes played by pupils, which teaches them to
use four words, _went_, _saw_, _came_, and _did_, correctly. Besides, it
teaches them to have sharp eyes.

=Game.= Many things are placed on the teacher's desk. At a word all the
pupils in the class march past the desk and try to see everything on it
as they pass. When they have returned to their seats, the teacher asks
questions that the pupils answer. For example:

     TEACHER (to first pupil): Tom, what did you do?

     TOM: I _went_ to your desk, I _saw_ a pencil on it, and I _came_ to
     my seat. That is what I _did_.

     TEACHER (to the next pupil): Mary, what did you do?

     MARY: I _went_ to your desk, I _saw_ a knife on it, and I _came_ to
     my seat. That is what I _did_.

Each pupil must name an object on the desk that no other pupil has
spoken of. One of these objects the teacher has marked on its under
side. The pupil who names that object wins the game, if he has made no
mistake in his language, and he may go to the desk and mark another
object for the next game. In this second game only those may play who
made no mistake in the first.




=50. Two Punctuation Marks=


You already know that every sentence must begin with a capital letter.
Besides, you have learned that some sentences end with a little mark (.)
that is called a period, and some with a mark (?) that is called a
question mark.

=Written Exercise.= In order to prepare for the game on the next page,
copy the following sentences on the board.[59] Put capital letters where
they belong. Place the right mark, a period or a question mark, at the
end of each sentence.

     1. what do you see on the side of the mountain

     2. a large dog is standing in a snowdrift and barking

     3. does he want to call us to him

     4. these Saint Bernard dogs are very intelligent

     5. they are beautiful dogs

     6. what happened to the two boys who went boating on the lake

     7. did they take the disobedient dog back to shore

     8. the next picture in this book shows what they did

     9. what should you have done

=Game.= The class is divided into two equal sides. Five pupils of one
side go to the board. Each pupil writes a question. The questions may be
about dogs or horses or Indians or anything that the class may choose.
When they are written, the whole class reads them carefully to see
whether there are any mistakes in them. Every mistake that is pointed
out counts one score for the side that finds it. When the questions have
been corrected, five pupils of the other side write the answers. These,
in turn, are read by the class for mistakes. Then five more questions
are written by five other pupils, and so on. When one of the two sides
has made a certain score, twenty-five or more or less, the game ends.
The side first reaching that score wins.




=51. Another Study of a Picture Story=


Of course you remember the two boys whose dog followed them out into the
lake. When they rowed back to land, they found the bicycles untouched.
Nobody seemed to have passed there. Still, the boys were afraid to leave
them, and of course they could not take them along in the rowboat.

=Oral Exercise.= 1. What plan are the boys carrying out in the first
picture on the next page? Do you think it is a good plan? Could you
think out a better one? Explain it to your classmates.

[Illustration: A STORY TO FINISH]

2. Look at the second picture and tell what has happened since the boys
tied the dog to the bicycles. How did the boat happen to upset? Is this
dog a good swimmer? Could he probably save the drowning boy if he were
not tied? What will happen next? This exciting story might end in
several ways. Tell the class how you think it ended. Begin your story
with the tying of the dog.




=52. Letter Writing=


It is over a month since you mailed a letter in the class post office.
Shall we have another letter-writing day? It might be fun for all the
pupils to send short letters to each other.

=Written Exercise.= 1. Think of a question that you would like to ask
one of your classmates.[60] It may be something you really want to know,
or it may be a question that you are asking just for fun. It does not
matter. Write a short note asking the question.

2. Before mailing the letter, read it over several times with one of the
following questions in your mind at each reading:

     1. Have you begun the letter correctly? If it begins with a
     greeting like _Dear Tom_ or _Dear Mary_, there should be this mark
     (:) after the name of the pupil to whom you are writing.

     2. Have you written your own name in the right place at the end of
     the letter? No mark should follow your name.

     3. Does the first line of the letter begin a little more to the
     right than the lines below it?

     4. Did you place a question mark at the end of the question you are
     asking?

     5. Would it be a good plan to write your letter over so that it
     will be one of the best and neatest letters in the class post
     office?

3. The class letter carrier will bring you the letter that one of your
classmates has sent you. Write a letter[61] answering the question you
have been asked. You know how to write dates. Place in the upper
right-hand corner of your letter the date of your writing. The following
letter shows the date written in the right place and in the right way:

                                                      March 25, 1919
     Dear Tom:

       The question you sent me is the same as the one my letter asks
     you. I wonder whether the answers will be the same. My answer
     is, Yes, I do want to go to the woods next Saturday.

                                         Fred




=53. Words sometimes Mispronounced=


It is very pleasant to listen to speakers who make no mistakes in
pronouncing words. In the list below are some of the words that give
trouble to some pupils.

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Listen carefully as the teacher pronounces the words
in the following list. Then read the whole list as rapidly as you can,
pronouncing no word incorrectly or indistinctly.

  again
  Tuesday
  picture
  I wish
  drowned
  you
  threw
  Italian
  could have
  window
  into
  chimney
  to-morrow
  nothing
  February
  just

2. Ask your classmates questions in which the words above are used. The
answers, too, should use words from the list.




=54. Story-Telling=


     THE DAUGHTER OF CERES

     Long ago there lived on the earth a good goddess or fairy whose
     name was Ceres.[62] It was she who made the corn and the grass and
     the flowers grow. She drove over the fields in her magic chariot
     and waved her wand. Then the trees put forth green leaves, the
     grain sprouted, and the fruits glistened in red and gold colors.
     She was the queen of all growing plants.

     Ceres had an only daughter, of whom she was very fond. Her name was
     Proserpina.[62] One day Proserpina begged her mother to allow her
     to go into the meadow to gather flowers.

     "You hardly ever let me wander in the fields, Mother," she said.
     "Other girls go. Do let me go to-day. I shall be gone only a short
     time."

     Ceres did not like to let her daughter go. She feared some harm
     might come to the little girl. But Proserpina begged so piteously
     that, finally, Ceres agreed.

     "But," she said, "you must not go farther than the brook that
     borders the meadow. Do not cross that. I want to be able to see you
     when I look out of my window."

     Proserpina promised gladly. In a minute she had put on her bonnet
     and had kissed her mother good-bye. With a basket on her arm she
     ran gaily toward the near-by fields. They were dotted, on this
     sunny morning, with the most beautiful flowers. Ceres at her window
     watched the happy girl for a time. Then she returned to her work,
     for she was always very busy.

     Proserpina, like a butterfly that is glad to use its wings,
     wandered delightedly from flower to flower. Never had the sunshine
     seemed brighter and pleasanter. Never had the birds sung more
     happily. Never had she seen such beautiful flowers. The violets
     seemed larger and sweeter than ever before. The roses, the pinks,
     and the lilacs seemed to be wearing holiday clothes. In a short
     time she had filled not only her basket but also her apron with the
     choicest blossoms. Then she sat in the tall grass and clover to
     make some wreaths. She decided to make one for herself and a large,
     beautiful one for her mother.

     As she sat there in the sunshine and twined the stems of flowers
     into pretty wreaths, she suddenly heard a low murmuring. It seemed
     to come from near by. She listened. The sound kept steadily on. She
     arose to see what it was. A few steps showed her that she had heard
     only the murmuring and splashing and babbling of a little brook. It
     bordered the meadow in which she had been gathering flowers and was
     the very brook that her mother had told her not to cross.

     And now a strange thing happened. As Proserpina stood beside the
     running water, she saw, just a little distance on the other side, a
     large shrub such as she had never set eyes on before. It was
     completely covered with the most wonderful flowers in the world.
     Before she knew what she was doing she had stepped lightly across
     the brook. The nearer she came to the beautiful plant, the more
     attractive it looked; and when she stood close to it, its beauty
     seemed richer than anything she had ever seen. There were a hundred
     flowers on it. Each had a color of its own. All together they made
     one beautiful bouquet.

     Proserpina was so charmed with what she saw that she did nothing at
     first but look and look at the magical sight. At length, however,
     she made up her mind to pull the shrub up and carry it home.

     "I will plant it in our garden at home," she said.

     So she took hold of the thick stem at the center of the plant and
     pulled. It would not come up. She tried harder and loosened it a
     little. Then she grasped it firmly near the ground with both hands,
     and pulled and pulled with all her might. Suddenly, up came the
     shrub, roots and all, so suddenly that Proserpina nearly fell. A
     deep hole had been left in the soil where the plant had grown. As
     Proserpina looked at this hole, it grew wider and wider and deeper
     and deeper. In a few moments it had grown so deep that the bottom
     seemed to be entirely gone.

     Suddenly a tall man arose from the black depths. He wore a helmet
     and carried a shield. As soon as he saw the frightened maiden, he
     made a sign to her to come nearer.

     "Do not be afraid," he said. "I shall do you no harm. I have come
     to take you to my palace. You may live there as long as you
     please."

     Proserpina was so frightened that she wanted to run away. But she
     was not able to move.

     "No, no," she cried. "I don't want to go to your palace. I want to
     go to my mother."

     The stranger leaped swiftly to where she stood. He caught her in
     his arms. In a moment he had jumped with her into the deep and
     almost bottomless opening. There, far down, stood a golden
     chariot, drawn by six coal-black horses. Into this chariot the
     stranger stepped, carrying the frightened girl. He laid her gently
     on the floor of the car and took the reins in his hands. They were
     off at once at a furious pace. In a minute they had left the
     meadows and the brook far behind them. Then the opening slowly
     closed. Nowhere was there left the least mark or sign to tell what
     had happened.

[Illustration]

=Oral Exercise.= 1. What did you like best in this story? Do you like
the ending? How do you wish it had ended?

2. With a classmate play the first part of the story. This is the part
that tells about Ceres and Proserpina before Proserpina goes to the
meadow. What does Proserpina say? What does Ceres say?

3. Now with another pupil play the part of the story that tells what
happened after Proserpina crossed the brook. First, she sees the
beautiful shrub. What does she say when she sees that? Next, she tries
to pull it up. How she tugs and tugs at it! This must be shown in the
playing. What does she say as she pulls away at it? How does she look
and what does she say when she sees the deep hole that grows wider and
deeper every moment? Last, the stranger is seen. He and Proserpina talk
together before he carries her away. Does Proserpina scream as the
stranger picks her up? Scream as if you were being carried away.

4. Now that spring is here, shall you be going into the fields and woods
to gather flowers? Tell the class the best places you know, how to reach
them, and what flowers may now be found there. Do you know any place
where some rare wild flower grows every year? What is the most beautiful
wild flower you have ever found or seen?

5. Did you ever see a brook? If you did, tell your classmates how a
brook looks. How is it different from a river or a lake? Can you tell
the class where to go to see a brook?




=55. Telling Interesting Things[63]=


     THE RETURN OF SPRING

     Have you noticed any signs that spring is coming? The bluebirds are
     usually among the first to tell us that winter is over. Soon after,
     the robins tell the same glad story. Then the song sparrow puts the
     good news into a beautiful song. At about this time boys and girls
     begin to talk of going into the woods for flowers.

     But the air still seems a little too cold. The ground is still too
     wet. The tramps into the country are put off a while. In the
     meantime a pretty flower, an early dandelion perhaps, shows itself
     here and there along the roadside or on a green lawn. Then,
     suddenly, one fine warm day, a boy brings to school a handful of
     yellow marsh marigolds. He found them in the low meadows. Now every
     boy and girl starts out, and spring flowers are seen in every
     schoolroom and in every home.

     Gradually the pleasant weather grows still warmer. One boy sees a
     snake. Another finds a turtle. These have been enjoying their long
     winter sleep deep down, a yard or more, in the ground. Now they are
     glad to lie in the pleasant sunshine, as if they needed to thaw
     out. In the ponds the frogs sing day and night. More and more
     flowers start up, more and more birds arrive and begin to build
     their nests. Boys play marbles and make willow whistles. Farmers
     start their early plowing. A veil of delicate green shows clearly
     on the forest trees. Spring has come.

=Written Exercise.= Make a list of all the birds you know. Make a list
of all the flowers you know. Make a third list of all the flowers,
birds, and animals other than birds, that you have seen this spring.

=Correction Exercise.= The teacher will now write three lists on the
board. The first will give the names of all the birds the class knows.
The second will name all the flowers the class knows, and the third all
the flowers and all the birds and other animals that have been seen this
spring. Compare your own lists with those on the board, and correct any
mistakes in spelling that you may have made.

=Group Exercise.= Think of one of the birds or flowers or animals in
your three lists. Tell your classmates an interesting fact about it.
Tell it in two or three sentences. Thus, you might choose the bluebird
from your list and say:

     A pair of bluebirds is building a nest in a bird-box my father put
     up. They lived in the same box last year.

Your classmates will tell about some bird or flower or animal in their
lists. The teacher will write some or all these groups of sentences on
the board,[64] or ask some of the pupils to write their own on the
board. Then the class will try to improve each of these short accounts.
Thus, what was said about the bluebird might be changed to read as
follows:

     A bluebird family has rented the birdhouse that my father built in
     our back yard. They seem to like it, for they lived there last
     year. Perhaps they will buy it some day and decide to live there
     always.

Or:

     Mr. and Mrs. Bluebird have started housekeeping in a little flat
     near my home. I saw them getting the straw mattress ready. They are
     old neighbors, for they lived here last summer.




=56. Story-Telling=


     CERES AND APOLLO[62]

     Ceres, the good queen of fruit trees, grains, vegetables, and all
     growing plants, returned to her work after watching Proserpina run
     gaily to the meadow to pick flowers. She was very busy. Now and
     then during the afternoon she went to the window. She wanted to
     make sure that her daughter was in sight and safe. She saw the girl
     sit down in the long grass.

     "The child is getting a little tired, I suppose," she said. "She
     will be coming home before long."

     But an hour passed, and Proserpina had not yet returned.

     "She has probably fallen asleep in the soft grass," said her
     mother. "When she awakes, she will run home as fast as her legs
     will carry her."

     But when another hour had slipped by, and Proserpina was still not
     in sight, Ceres became greatly worried.

     "I wonder what has happened," she cried, as she hurried outdoors.
     She ran into the meadow. She called. Here and there she found a
     withered flower that the girl had dropped. At length Ceres reached
     the place where Proserpina had sat in the grass and where, as Ceres
     supposed, she had fallen asleep. There was nothing here but an
     unfinished wreath beside a pile of flowers. Ceres hastened to the
     brook. Yes, there in the soft ground on the edge of the water
     Proserpina's footprint was plainly to be seen. A little farther on,
     Ceres came upon the shrub that Proserpina had pulled out of the
     soil. But no other trace of the girl could she discover anywhere.

     A farmer chanced to be passing. He was on his way home from the
     fields where he had been at work all day.

     Ceres called to him. "Have you seen a little girl around here
     to-day?"

     The farmer thought a moment. Then he shook his head.

     A little later Ceres met an old woman in a meadow. The old woman
     was gathering herbs. She had seen no girl.

     It was not only human beings whom Ceres asked about her daughter.
     She asked the animals too. A robin on a tree top was merrily
     singing his evening song. Ceres asked him. A pair of squirrels were
     chattering noisily in a pine tree. Ceres stopped a minute to
     question them. But no one had seen the lost maiden.

     At last night fell. Ceres left the fields and entered the open
     road. At the door of every house she knocked. Wondering and pitying
     faces looked at her curiously as she told her story. Some asked her
     to come in and rest a while. But Ceres had no thought of rest. All
     night long she kept up her search, and when morning came she was
     far from home. She looked about her in the early light. She found
     that she had wandered to that far eastern place where the sun rises
     and begins the day.

     In a few minutes, indeed, Apollo, the sun-god, appeared. He was all
     ready to drive his sun-chariot across the sky. In this way he
     gives light and warmth to the people of the earth. His six white
     horses wore golden harness, which jingled pleasantly as they
     pranced about. They were anxious to be off. Apollo held them in
     check with a firm hand, when he saw Ceres approaching.

[Illustration]

     "What brings you here before sunrise, Mother Ceres?" he called to
     her gaily, for he had known her a long time. Then he saw that her
     eyes were red with weeping, and he leaped from his chariot to take
     her hand.

     "What has happened?" he asked in a gentle tone.

     "Oh, Apollo," cried Ceres, while the tears streamed down her
     cheeks, "I have lost Proserpina. Only yesterday I allowed her to go
     into the meadow near my house to gather flowers. She did not
     return, and I can find no trace of her. Oh, tell me, have you seen
     her? You see everything as you drive across the sky."

     Apollo thought a moment. "Let me see," he said. "Could that have
     been little Proserpina I saw in Pluto's[62] chariot--"

     "In Pluto's chariot?" cried Ceres. "What would she be doing in
     Pluto's chariot?"

     "It was she," said Apollo. "Now that I think of it, I am certain it
     was she."

     Then Apollo told Ceres all that had happened. He told her about the
     shrub of marvellous flowers. He told of the hole that its roots
     left in the ground. He told of Pluto and his six black horses, and
     of how Pluto had carried off Proserpina.

     "He will never bring her back," said Apollo.

     Then Ceres dried her tears. Her face grew stern and cold. She stood
     straight and held her head high, like a queen.

     "He will bring her back," she said. "I shall make him bring her.
     Until he does, I shall allow nothing on the earth to grow. Until he
     brings Proserpina to me, no tree shall put forth leaves or fruit,
     no grass shall become green, no grain shall sprout,--nothing,
     nothing at all, shall grow on the earth."

     Scarcely had she said this when a change came over the earth. The
     leaves on trees and shrubs everywhere grew yellow and dropped to
     the ground. The green fields became brown and gray. Fruits rotted
     on the stem, and vegetables dried where they grew. Even flowerbeds
     lost their bloom and became patches of dry stalks.

     Mother Ceres looked upon all these changes with a hard heart.

     "Never," she said, "will the earth grow green again, until my
     daughter is returned to me."

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Play that you are Ceres working in her house and
glancing out of the window now and then. Say what she said when she saw
Proserpina sit down in the long grass. Say what she said when, after
several hours, her daughter was still absent. Say it in the way you
think she said it. Now show your classmates how she hurried into the
meadow to find Proserpina; how she picked up the half-finished wreath
and crossed the brook; how she looked when she saw her daughter's
footprint in the soft ground near the brook. What do you think she was
thinking then?

2. One of your classmates will be the farmer in the story, another the
old woman, another the robin, two others the pair of squirrels. Still
other pupils will be the people in the houses at whose doors Ceres
knocks. Now play that you are Ceres looking for her daughter, and asking
everywhere for her. Remember how Ceres must have felt. Show that feeling
in what you say and in the way you say it. The pupils playing the other
speakers in the story will answer your questions. Try not to ask your
questions always in the same words.

=Group Exercise.= 1. Now let other groups of pupils play this part of
the story.

2. Each time[57] the class will say what they liked and what they did
not like. The following questions should be answered by the class:

     1. Did the pupil playing Ceres look very much worried over
     Proserpina's not returning? Several pupils should try to show the
     class how the player ought to have looked.

     2. Did the pupil playing Ceres talk like a worried person? Several
     pupils should show how Ceres probably did talk.

     3. Did the pupil playing Ceres talk enough? What might she say as
     she looks out of the window now and then? What might she say when
     she finds the unfinished wreath? What might she say when she sees
     Proserpina's footprint and, a little farther along, the beautiful
     shrub pulled out of the ground?

     4. Did the pupils playing the farmer, the old woman, the robin,
     the squirrels, and the other people speak as persons really would
     speak if a poor woman should ask them where her daughter was? What
     might these say that none of the players said?

     5. Did the pupil playing Ceres ask each of the other players the
     same question in the same way? Would it be better if this player
     asked the question differently of different persons? Should this
     player grow more worried and more excited all the time?

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Make believe that you are Apollo. Obtain a long rope
and harness your six horses. Choose six classmates to be the horses, but
first explain to the class how you plan to harness them. Then drive them
up and down in front of the class once or twice. As you do so, you see
Ceres coming toward you. You pull in your horses in great surprise. Show
your classmates this surprise. What might you say in a low tone to
yourself to express this surprise?

2. Talk with Ceres. The pupil playing Ceres will answer you very sadly
at first. But at the end of the story the manner of Ceres changes. How
does Apollo look and what does he say when Ceres declares that nothing
shall grow on earth until Proserpina is returned?

=Group Exercise.= 1. Several pairs of pupils should play the meeting
between Apollo and Ceres. Each pair should try to show the class exactly
how they think Apollo and Ceres looked and spoke and acted.

2. Then the class will tell what they liked and what they did not like
in each playing.

3. Now the entire story should be played several times. After each time
the class will explain to the players how the story might have been
played better.




=57. Correct Usage--_I am not_[65]=


=Game.= The teacher asks a pupil to stand before the class. This pupil
plays that he is a certain bird, flower, or animal other than a bird,
that is seen in the woods in the spring, but he tells no one except the
teacher what he is. The class must guess this. No pupil may guess more
than once, and only ten guesses are allowed the whole class. The pupil
before the class says nothing except that he is or is not the bird,
flower, or animal guessed. The game moves along as follows:

     FIRST GUESSER: Are you a dandelion, John?

     PUPIL BEFORE THE CLASS: No, Fred, I am not a dandelion.

     SECOND GUESSER: Are you a turtle, John?

     PUPIL BEFORE THE CLASS: No, Mary, I am not a turtle.

     THIRD GUESSER: Are you a song sparrow, John?

     PUPIL BEFORE THE CLASS: Yes, Nellie, I am a song sparrow.

The pupil who guesses correctly is the next flower or bird. If no one of
the ten guesses is correct, the pupil before the class says,
"Classmates, I am a song sparrow." Then he names the pupil who is to
take his place in the game.




=58. Riddles=


One day our old friend Tom read his mother a riddle he had made. This is
it:

     I am a tiny little thing and have an orange face. What am I?

"Can you guess it, mother?" he asked. "A dandelion," she answered. "Yes,
that's right," said Tom. "What do you think of it?"

"It's a pretty good little riddle," his mother replied, "but I think you
can make it better. Is _orange_ the best word for a dandelion? And
should you not put in something to show that you do not mean a bird?
Your riddle, as it is, would do for a yellow bird as well as for a
dandelion."

Tom thought this over. Then he wrote the following riddle:

     I am a tiny little thing with a bright yellow face. I have no legs
     or wings, but I come and go with spring. What am I?

Tom's mother was very much pleased with this riddle, and so was Tom. Tom
thought he could not make it the least bit better. The next day,
however, he had made the riddle over once more. "This," said Tom, "is
the very best that I can do."

Here it is:

     My face is bright yellow. I have hundreds of brothers and sisters.
     We have fine parties on the lawn. I cannot walk, but I can fly when
     I am old and white-haired. What am I?

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Which of Tom's three riddles do you like the best?
Which do you care for least? Why? Do you think the third riddle is too
long? What is in the third riddle that you do not find in the second?

2. Can you make a riddle of your own about the dandelion?

3. Make riddles for your classmates to guess, about flowers, birds, and
animals that are seen in the spring.

=Written Exercise.= Write on paper the best riddle of a bird or a flower
that you can make. Then, as Tom did, think it over a little longer and
try to make it better. When you think it is so bright that your
classmates will be much pleased with it, read it to them.[66]

=Group Exercise.= Some of the riddles should now be copied neatly on the
board. It will be fun for the whole class to try to make them better.
The very best ones the teacher will copy in a book to show to other
classes.[35]

=Written Exercise.= 1. Copy the riddle or riddles that your teacher
chooses. As you copy them, notice the spelling of the words, the capital
letters, the punctuation marks, and the beginning of the first line of
each riddle. This will help you to write the riddles correctly when you
reach the next exercise. Together with another pupil, correct your copy
and his.

2. Write from dictation the riddles you have copied. Then correct any
mistakes you may have made. You may do this work of correcting either
alone or with one or more other pupils.




=59. Story-Telling=


     CERES AND PLUTO

     In the underground world, where Pluto was king, stood a magnificent
     palace, in which he lived. The pillars that held up the roof were
     of solid gold. Jewels of many colors shone and sparkled in the
     walls.

     Two persons were talking together in a room in this wonderful
     building. One of these, who was no other than the lost Proserpina,
     was crying. Before her stood Pluto. He was trying to comfort her.

     "Why do you keep on weeping day after day?" he asked. "Look about
     you and see what a beautiful place it is to which I have brought
     you."

     Proserpina only shook her head and cried the harder. "I do not care
     how beautiful it is," she said. "I want to go back to my mother. I
     want to see the sunshine and the blue sky, and the flowers growing
     in the meadows."

     Pluto pointed to the jewels that gleamed from the walls and floor
     and ceiling of the palace. Some were red as roses, others blue as
     violets. Still others shone yellow as dandelions or purple as
     lilacs or green as the young grass that grows on the banks of
     brooks.

     "There are flowers for you," said he. "See all their colors! And
     these flowers are unlike those on the earth, that last only a day
     or a week. These never wither and never fade."

     But Proserpina did not so much as look at the jewels that Pluto
     praised so highly.

     "Please take me back to the earth," she begged. "If you will do
     that, I shall always think of you as a kind king. Perhaps I should
     visit you now and then."

     Pluto smiled and shook his head. "I do not dare let you go back to
     the earth, Proserpina," he explained. "I am almost sure you would
     never come back to me. Think how lonely I should be down here. I
     should have no one to share my palace and my riches with me. But
     let me tell what I will do."

     He took the golden crown from his head. It was the most splendid
     crown in all the world. He held it out before her. It sparkled with
     a thousand lights. The most skilful goldsmiths in Pluto's kingdom
     had made it.

     "This," said Pluto, "I will give you, if you will stay with me."

     Before Proserpina could answer, the bark of a dog was heard outside
     the palace wall. It was Pluto's giant mastiff. He was a huge
     three-headed dog that guarded the palace gate. Some one was
     coming. A minute later a loud knock sounded on the door. At once
     this flew open and showed a tall young man standing there. His
     face was flushed and he was breathless, as if he had run a long
     distance.

     [Illustration]

     When the stranger saw the king and Proserpina, he drew himself up
     to his full height and made a deep bow.

     "What is it?" asked Pluto.

     The tall stranger stepped into the room. He was still breathing
     hard. "I am the bringer of sad news, King Pluto," he began. "I come
     from the earth to let you know what has happened."

     "Well, what has happened?" impatiently asked the king.

     "The earth has lost its color and its beauty," answered the
     stranger. "Nothing grows any more. Where once there were beautiful
     fields and orchards, now there is nothing but the uncovered ground
     and bare branches to be seen. And Ceres sends me to you with this
     message, O Pluto. Until you return her daughter, not a blade of
     grass, not a shoot of corn shall grow, not a flower shall bloom,
     not a tree shall put forth leaves, on the whole earth that was once
     so green and wonderful."

     Pluto smiled at these words. "What care I," he said, "whether
     anything grows on the earth!" Then he saw that Proserpina was
     weeping. His voice grew softer. "What does Ceres want me to do?" he
     asked.

     "She wants you to return that which you have taken away," was the
     solemn answer.

     "That," said Pluto, "I will never do."

     The messenger of Ceres turned to go, without another word.
     Proserpina stepped forward and stopped him.

     "I have a plan," she said, "that will help us all." She turned to
     Pluto. "Let me spend half of every year with Mother Ceres," she
     said, "and I will gladly spend the other half with you."

     Pluto looked at her and made no answer. He did not like being alone
     in his great palace six months of every year. But then he thought
     of how unhappy Proserpina would be if he never allowed her to see
     her mother again. He did not wish her to be unhappy. At last he
     said, "I will do it."

     Proserpina clapped her hands. She laughed and danced about. "Six
     months here," she said, "and six months on earth. That will make
     six months of green and bloom on earth, and six months of bare
     branches and empty fields. Every year when I start back to the
     earth, things will begin to grow and bud and blossom. That will be
     spring. Every year when I return to this underground world, the
     leaves will fall from the trees, the grass will become yellow, and
     flowers will wither and fade. That will be fall."

     Proserpina at once prepared for her journey back to the earth. When
     she had said good-bye to Pluto, Ceres's messenger led the way. They
     passed the growling three-headed dog. They passed the iron gates of
     Pluto's kingdom. Far ahead they saw a bright light. It was the
     sunshine of the earth. They hastened toward it. As they hurried
     along, Proserpina noticed that the dry fields began to change.
     Green grass sprang up in them, and flowers. A veil of green covered
     all the shrubs and trees, and fruit blossoms began to unfold. The
     farmers had been sad over the long winter. Now they worked merrily
     in the fields, glad at the coming of spring.

     It was not long before Proserpina saw that she had reached the
     meadow in which she had gathered flowers. Yes, there was the brook
     she had crossed without really meaning to do it. There was the
     place where she had sat in the grass to weave wreaths. And there,
     at the edge of the meadow, stood her mother's house. Hurrying from
     it and toward Proserpina with outstretched arms was Mother Ceres
     herself.

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Make believe that you are Proserpina in the story
above. Think how you would feel if you were in an underground palace far
from your mother. A classmate will play that he is King Pluto. Ask him
to let you go back. Speak as Proserpina probably spoke. Pluto will
answer you. He will try to explain to you that you ought to stay with
him.

2. Make believe that you are the messenger from Ceres. Make the deep bow
that he made when he saw the king. Tell the king what is happening on
the earth. Give him the message from Ceres.

3. You and two classmates should now play the story. Would it be a good
plan to have some one play the dog?

=Group Exercise.= 1. Now three other pupils[67] should play the story,
and then three others. Each group will try to show the class exactly how
everything happened in the story. Each player will try to look and act
and speak exactly as he thinks the person in the story did.

2. The class will praise what is good in the playing and point out what
might be done better.




=60. Talking over Plans=


Why couldn't the class plan a spring festival? It might be held on a
Friday afternoon. Every pupil could invite his parents and friends. The
festival would be one way of showing how glad you and your classmates
are that spring has come.

=Oral Exercise.= 1. Make a plan for a spring festival.[68] Then stand
before the class and tell the other pupils what your plan is. The
following questions may help you to make a plan that your classmates
will enjoy carrying out:

     1. Shall the festival be held in the schoolroom or outdoors?

     2. Shall you decorate the room with spring flowers?

     3. Shall the festival begin with a march by the pupils?

     4. Do you know a suitable story that could be played by a group of
     pupils?

     5. Could some suitable poems be recited?

     6. Would it be a good plan to have each pupil play that he is a
     spring flower or a bird and make a riddle about himself for the
     visitors to guess?

     7. How shall visitors be invited? Shall each pupil write a letter
     inviting somebody and mail it in the United States Post Office?

2. It would be fun to have you and a classmate talk the spring festival
over on the class telephone. Of course this is only a make-believe
telephone, but two pupils can talk to each other over it just as well as
if it were real. Tell your classmate at the other end of the telephone
what you think of the spring-festival plan. Ask him questions about it.
He will ask you questions.

3. Use the class telephone to invite persons to the spring festival.
Different classmates of yours will play that they are Mr. Brown and Mrs.
Brown and others whom you wish to invite. Tell them about the spring
festival. Tell them why the class will have it, and what it is to be
like. Then invite them to come.

=Group Exercise.= The class of course hears these telephone
conversations. After each one the class should talk about it with the
following questions[69] in mind:

     1. Did the speakers telephone in clear, pleasant voices that could
     easily be heard?

     2. Were the speakers polite to each other?

     3. Did the speakers make any mistakes in English? Did they
     pronounce any words incorrectly?

     4. Did the speakers say bright things that every one likes to hear?

     5. Can you think of anything the speakers might have said to make
     the telephone talk more interesting?




=61. Letter Writing=


A few days before the spring festival you will be inviting your parents
and friends to come to it. You could write short letters asking them to
come. You could take your letters to their houses or you could send the
invitations by mail.[70]

Here is an invitation to the spring festival. It was written, as you
see, by a boy named George Smith to his friend Mr. Brown.

  +----------------------------------+
  |                     May 9, 1919  |
  |                                  |
  |  Dear Mr. Brown:                 |
  |                                  |
  |  Come to our spring festival.    |
  |                                  |
  |                 George Smith     |
  |                                  |

=Oral Exercise.= What do you think of George Smith's invitation? What do
you think Mr. Brown will say when he receives it? Does George Smith seem
to be a very polite boy? How could the invitation be made more polite?
What should the invitation tell about the spring festival?

=Written Exercise.= Write one of your invitations for the spring
festival. Put in it all that you think such an invitation should say to
the one who receives it. Before you begin it, notice how the following
greetings are written. This may help you in writing yours.[71]

     Dear Mr. Brown:
     Dear Mrs. Brown:
     Dear Miss Brown:
     Dear Friend:
     Dear Uncle:
     Dear Teacher:

=Group Exercise.= A number of the invitations should now be copied
neatly on the board. Then you and your classmates may point out what is
good in each, and may try to make each one better.




=62. Addressing Letters=


If you send your invitations by mail, you will need to know how to write
the addresses on the envelopes. Perhaps you can learn this most quickly
by carefully copying addresses that are correctly written. Before
copying them you should read them with care. Notice every capital letter
and punctuation mark.

=Oral Exercise.= Read the name of the person to whom each of the
following envelopes is addressed. Is it placed nearer the top or the
bottom edge of the envelope? Is it nearer the right or the left edge of
the envelope? Is it placed exactly in the middle of the envelope? Is
the second line of the address exactly under the first line? Is the
third line exactly under the second line?

  +-----------------------------+
  |                             |
  |   Mr. James Smith           |
  |       46 Oak Street         |
  |            Toledo, Ohio     |
  +-----------------------------+

  +-----------------------------+
  |                             |
  |   Mrs. Henry Jones          |
  |     1616 Superior Street    |
  |          Portland, Oregon   |
  +-----------------------------+

=Written Exercise.= 1. Draw lines to mark off an envelope on your paper.
Then copy the first of the addresses above. Mark off another envelope,
and copy the second address.[72]

2. Cut figures of paper the size and shape of an envelope, and on each
write one of the following addresses:

     1. The address of your father

     2. The address of your mother

     3. Your own address

     4. The address of a friend not in the class

     5. The address of a friend who is a classmate




=63. Telling Interesting Things=


=Oral Exercise.= 1. When did you last go to the circus?[73] Of course
you remember many interesting things about it. Think of these a minute;
then tell your classmates about them. Perhaps the following questions
will help you remember:

     1. Did you see the circus come to town early in the morning?

     2. Did you see the men putting up the tents?

     3. Did you see the parade?

     4. Where did you buy your ticket?

     5. What did you see first when you entered the tent?

     6. What did you like best of all you saw and heard?

2. If you were old enough to travel with a circus, and if your parents
would allow you to go, what should you most like to be? Should you like
to be an animal trainer? Should you like to be a horseback rider?
Should you like to be a juggler, a tightrope walker, or a clown? Tell
your classmates what you would be if you could join a circus. Besides,
tell what that kind of performer needs to know and do. Tell how he does
some of his tricks.

You and your classmates may now plan to make a book about the circus.
Each pupil should write a page for it. One could tell about the parade,
another about the tents and the seats and the rings, another about the
horses, another about the jugglers, another about the trapeze
performers, and so on. When all the pages are finished, they should be
bound and a cover put on them. On the cover might be written or printed
in large letters:[74]

  +----------------------------------+
  |         THE CIRCUS BOOK          |
  |                                  |
  |              MADE BY             |
  |                                  |
  | THE PUPILS OF MISS SMITH'S CLASS |
  |                                  |

=Written Exercise.= Choose what you will write about for the circus
book. Think what you can say that your classmates will enjoy reading.
Then write the account. Better write a short and bright account than a
long and stupid one. First, write on your paper rather rapidly the best
account you can. When this is finished, read it several times and try to
make it better. If you were writing about the juggler, your first,
rapidly written account might read like this:

     THE JUGGLER AT THE CIRCUS

     There was a juggler at the circus. I cannot tell all the tricks he
     did. It must take a long time to learn to do tricks. I wish I could
     do some.

Of course this first, rapid account can be made much better. It does not
tell how the juggler looked. It does not tell clearly what he did. After
you have added these and other points, the account might be like this
one:

     THE JUGGLER AT THE CIRCUS

     I saw the wonderful Japanese juggler at the circus. He was dressed
     in red silk. He stood in the ring before all the people. I saw him
     do one trick after another. It was like magic. He threw five shiny,
     sharp knives up in the air. He kept them flying up and down without
     dropping one.

=Group Exercise.= Some of the circus stories should be copied neatly on
the board. Then the whole class may try to make them better before they
are copied on the pages of the circus book.[75]




=64. Making Riddles=


=Oral Exercise.= Make believe that you are one of the performers or one
of the animals in a circus. Tell your classmates two facts about
yourself: (1) what you look like and (2) what you do. But do not tell
what you are. Thus, you might say:

     I look just like you, but I spend much of my time in a cage. No, I
     am not a monkey. It is my business to be in a cage. Lions are
     afraid of me, and I am afraid of them, but you can see us side by
     side in the same circus cage in every parade. What am I?

Or you might say:

     My face is pale, and my clothes are white. I look like a very
     foolish, sad, and solemn person. Everybody laughs at me. I don't
     mind it. It is my business to look silly. If I did not look silly,
     I should lose my place in the circus. What am I?

Your classmates will try to guess what you are.

=Group Exercise.= 1. Some of the riddles may now be written on the
board. Then the class will try to make them better. The teacher will
write each improved riddle beside the one from which it was made. 2.
When everybody in the class has made a riddle, and all the riddles have
been guessed, you and the other pupils will enjoy having a circus
parade. In this circus parade the whole class marches around the room
and up and down the aisles. Each pupil plays, as he did in making the
riddles, that he is one of the performers or one of the animals in a
circus. Each without speaking tries to show what performer or animal he
is. For example, if you are a circus horse, show it by prancing about,
but do not lose your place in the parade. If you are an elephant, show
it by your walk. You might use a piece of rope or cloth for an
elephant's trunk. If you are a horseback rider, show it by talking to
your horse in low tones and by holding him in line. If you are a clown,
show it by acting as clowns do.[76] If you are a musician, play your
instrument as you march.

Perhaps the teacher will let the parade pass into the hall, so that the
piano may be played as the class marches.




=65. Telling about Wild Animals[77]=


Sometimes boys and girls play menagerie. Each makes believe that he is
the keeper or trainer of some wild animal. When his turn comes, he
stands before the class and tells about the animal that is supposed to
be in a cage at his side.

[Illustration: AFRICAN LION]

=Oral Exercise.= Choose the animal of which you will play that you are
the keeper. Then tell the class about this animal. Tell everything
interesting that you know or can find out about it. Perhaps the
following list of questions will help you to think of what to say:

     1. What does the animal look like? What is its size, color, and
     shape?

     2. Where does the animal live?

     3. How does it live? How does it obtain its food?

     4. Is the animal very different from most wild animals in any
     important ways?

     5. Can it be easily tamed?

=Group Exercise.= 1. The two following accounts are such as a
make-believe trainer might give of a lion. One of these is much better
than the other. Can you tell which is the better one?

2. What do you like in the first account? Notice that all of the
sentences begin in the same way. Do you like that?

3. Do you like the word _frames_ in the second account? What is the
difference in meaning between _dangerous_ and _cruel_?

4. After each talk the class should tell whether that talk was more like
the first or the second of these accounts:

     I

     The lion is a large animal. It has four legs, one on each corner.
     Its body is covered with yellow hair. It has a shaggy mane. It has
     a long tail. It lives in the wild parts of Africa. It will eat
     human beings.

     II

     Ladies and gentlemen, the big animal that you see in this cage is a
     lion. See his beautiful yellow coat. See the shaggy mane that
     frames his head. You probably know that the lion is a dangerous
     beast. But do you know that he is the most dangerous and cruel of
     all the wild animals? The father of this fine-looking specimen
     before you was caught in Africa. Human bones and several copper
     bangles were found in his den.

[Illustration: BENGAL TIGER]




=66. Making a Little Book=


Now you and your classmates are ready to make a book about wild animals.
Every page of the book should contain a short but interesting account of
some wild animal. A cover of stiff paper might have these words written
or printed on it:

  +---------------------------------+
  |                                 |
  |    A BOOK ABOUT WILD ANIMALS    |
  |                                 |
  |       WRITTEN AND MADE BY       |
  |                                 |
  | THE PUPILS OF MISS SMITH'S ROOM |
  |                                 |

=Written Exercise.= Write your page[78] for the class book about wild
animals. Better write it twice. After the first, rather rapid writing is
finished, read it over several times and try to make it better. Try to
put better words in the places of some of those you used. Try to add a
bright sentence or two. Leave out sentences and words that are not
needed. Copy what you then have.

=Group Exercise.= Before each pupil's account is put in the book, that
account should be read by the class to make sure that there are no
mistakes in it. The class might be divided into a number of groups of
five or six pupils each. Each group could then correct its five or six
accounts. The pupils of each group would work together, correcting one
account at a time.[79] In this work of finding mistakes the following
questions[80] will be useful:

     1. Does every sentence in the account begin with a capital letter?

     2. Does every sentence end with a period or question mark?

     3. Is every word correctly spelled?

     4. Are there any mistakes in English?




=67. Correct Usage--_Good, Well_=


Some pupils make the mistake of using the word _good_ when they should
use _well_.

The word _good_ is correctly used to tell what sort of person or thing
you are speaking of. Thus, you may say, "He is a _good_ writer."

The word _well_, on the other hand, usually tells _how_ something is
done. Thus, you may say, "He writes _well_."

=Game.= Tom plays that he is the manager of a circus. His classmates
want to work in the circus. Each one makes up his mind what kind of work
he will play that he can do. Then one after another raises his hand and
asks Tom for a position.

For instance, Fred says: "Tom, have you a position for me in your
circus?"

Tom answers: "What kind of work can you do well, Fred?"

Fred says: "I am a good ticket seller. I can sell tickets well."

Then Nellie asks: "Tom, have you a position for me in your circus?"

Tom answers: "What kind of work can you do well, Nellie?"

Nellie replies: "I am a good cook. I can cook well."

Other pupils are good musicians, they can play well; or good tightrope
walkers, they can walk the tightrope well; or good singers, they can
sing well; or good drivers of horses, they can drive horses well; or
good shoemakers, they can repair shoes well. After each pupil has told
what he can do well, all those who made no mistake in speaking to the
manager of the circus may march around the room, saying or singing, "We
are good circus workers. We do our work well."




=68. Talking over the Telephone=


=Oral Exercise.= Talk to a classmate over the make-believe class
telephone.[81] Play that he is the ticket seller in a circus. You want
to know about the prices of seats. Ask the time at which the doors are
open. Ask him whether you and your two children may all go in on one
ticket. He will say no to the last question. Try to make him see that he
should let you in on one ticket. Then telephone to other classmates. The
following ideas[82] for telephone talks will help you think of what to
say:

     1. Telephone to the lion trainer. Tell him that you want to become
     a lion trainer. Ask him what you must do to get ready for this
     work. Ask his advice about it. Perhaps he will tell you something
     interesting about lions.

     2. Telephone to the keepers and trainers of other wild animals.

     3. Telephone to the clown, or the juggler, or the tightrope walker,
     or the horseback rider.

     4. Telephone to a pupil and try to make a plan with him for going
     to the circus to-morrow. Where shall you meet him? How will you
     prove to your parents and to your teacher that it will do you more
     good to spend the afternoon at the circus than in school?

     5. Telephone to a classmate and ask him where the circus is to be.
     Play that you are a new pupil in the school and do not know the
     roads and streets very well. Keep asking the classmate questions
     about how to reach the circus grounds. He should answer so clearly
     that a stranger would not miss the way.




=69. Words sometimes Mispronounced=


=Oral Exercise.= Pronounce each of the following words clearly and
distinctly as the teacher pronounces it to you. Then pronounce the
entire list as rapidly as you can, but still clearly, distinctly, and
correctly.

  horse
  because
  engine
  evening
  eleven
  lying
  lion
  address
  library
  elm
  perhaps
  something
  often
  father
  theater
  bouquet
  across
  iron
  parade
  fourth
  third

=Game.= Ask a classmate a question that has in it one of the words in
the list above. The classmate will answer your question, using the same
word from the list. If he pronounces the word correctly, he will ask a
classmate a question containing another word from the list. And so it
will go on until every one in the class has both asked and answered a
question.




=70. Talking over Vacation Plans=


Soon the school term will come to an end. Then the long summer vacation
will begin. What good times you will have! Perhaps your parents have
already made plans for you. Perhaps they have planned a trip away. Or it
may be that they will send you to the summer school. Or, like most
pupils, perhaps you will spend the summer at home. You will play
outdoors with boys and girls who live near you.

=Oral Exercise.= Tell your classmates what you think you will be doing
during the coming summer vacation. Perhaps the following questions will
help you:

     1. What games do you think you will play during the summer?

     2. Shall you go to any city parks? What can you see and do there?

     3. Shall you go swimming or boating? Shall you go on a picnic to a
     pleasant place?

     4. Shall you go to the public library?

     5. Shall you take a trip away from home?

Earlier in this book you read about fairies. You know what wonderful
things they can do. They can make wishes come true. If a fairy came to
your schoolroom and spoke to you and your classmates, you might be very
much surprised. But you would be still more surprised if the fairy stood
before the class, perhaps on the top of the teacher's desk where all
could see, and made this little speech in a tiny but musical voice:

     Boys and girls, I have been very glad all the year to see you
     having such good times together in this room. I think that young
     folks who enjoy school as much as you do should have a very
     pleasant vacation too.

     As you see, I have brought my magic wand with me. Watch me as I
     wave it in the air. Yes, I am waving it more than once. I want to
     make a ring in the air for every boy and girl in the class. There,
     I have done it. Now each of you may have a wish, just as Peter was
     given a wish by the strange little old man. Each of you may wish a
     summer vacation exactly as he would like it best. All these wishes
     will come true.

     Some of you boys will probably wish for a trip to the moon in a
     magic airplane. The trip is yours the moment you speak your wish.
     Some of you girls will probably wish to spend the two summer months
     in fairyland. Your wish, too, will come true.

     Now I must say good-bye. Before I leave I shall make one more
     circle in the air with my wand. For whom is this? It is for the
     teacher. When the wishing begins, the teacher must have a wish,
     too.

When the fairy left the room, the planning and wishing would begin. Each
pupil would probably have a wish very different from that of his
classmates. Some of the plans and wishes would be very interesting. It
would be fun to hear them all.

=Oral Exercise.= Tell your classmates how you would like to spend the
long summer vacation if you could spend it any way you wished.[83]




=NOTES TO THE TEACHER=

(The page number following each note number indicates the first
appearance of the note in the text)


=Note 1= (page 1). Although the lessons in this book are addressed to
the pupil, it will probably be advisable for the teacher to reproduce
the procedure of the first ones orally and independently of the text,
rather than to confront the class at once with the printed page. In some
instances, however, it will be preferred from the beginning to work out
each lesson as it stands, the class reading and studying the text with
the teacher (the "study recitation"). In no case should there be haste.
If the teacher finds that the Christmas lessons cannot easily be reached
by December, or the valentine lessons by early February, much depending
on the class, judicious omissions are advised. The plan of the text
makes this both permissible and easy. The teacher is asked to read the
Preface and is strongly urged to read the entire book, including the
Notes, at the beginning of the year's work.

=Note 2= (page 1). The spirit of play should pervade the composition
period. Pupils should feel as free and happy as on the playground. It is
suggested that they be encouraged to "let go" when they are playing
stories. Let there be much action, even exaggerated action. Let there be
unembarrassed speaking, even if it be sometimes a little louder than
necessary. Let there be energetic pantomime. When animals are imitated,
or sleepy boys, or elves, let it be done with a will, perhaps even
ludicrously. This freedom and abandon of play and fun will help lay the
foundation for natural, vigorous, and interesting self-expression.

=Note 3= (page 2). A number of pupils may be asked to show how the
sleepy boy looked as he wakened. Let each one lie on the platform or
floor before the class, apparently fast asleep; then awaken and stretch
and yawn prodigiously; and finally awake fully and realize lazily that
mother is at the bedside. This may represent an awakening from dreamless
sleep. Next, let each player awake with a start, as Tom may have done
after his exciting dream. It may be advisable with some classes, as a
preliminary "warming up," to ask that (for example) flying a kite,
riding a horse, picking flowers, sweeping and dusting a room, rowing a
boat, be represented in pantomime.

=Note 4= (page 3). No finished dramatic product is looked for in these
exercises. The ends are (1) the pupils' keen pleasure in the activity
and expression involved in the play; (2) the creation of a situation
that means for the pupils freedom and absence of self-consciousness; (3)
purposeful speech by the children "in the situation"; (4) development of
increasing interest in the story as a basis for further, and now
story-telling, expression work. _No_ rehearsing, _no_ memorizing of
speeches, but originality, extemporaneous expression, natural,
spontaneous speech, are desired. Later on, different pupils should be
asked to be managers of plays, selecting players, giving stage
directions, urging the actors to speak more, to act more naturally, etc.

=Note 5= (page 3). It is desirable that all pupils take part in the
dramatizations, and not only the favored or the forward few. Besides,
each pupil should be encouraged to play the part _as he sees it_.
Originality, not thoughtless imitation, is desired. It is the
_differences_ that will be recognized as interesting and valuable in
schoolrooms where individuality is encouraged; and it is the differences
that justify repeated playing of the same story before the same
audience. See Note 57.

=Note 6= (page 4). It is astonishing and delightful how well little
people do when they are permitted to take the initiative and to assume
responsibility. Frequently pupils should be allowed to work out a play
alone, the teacher helping only when asked or when the situation calls
loudly for her assistance.

=Note 7= (page 4). If the purpose of language teaching is the
improvement of pupils' speaking and writing, pupils must speak and write
abundantly. But they must do more. Two garrulous housewives may gossip
over the back fence for years and at the end of that time speak no
better than at the beginning. The same grammatical errors with which
they began, the same infelicities of expression, the same lack of
organization, the same meager and overworked vocabulary, the same
mispronunciations and slovenly utterance, will still be there. Why is
this? The reason indicates clearly that it is not enough that pupils
speak and speak and write and write. This is only half the battle. In
addition there must be continual attention to the problem of improvement
in speaking and writing. This improvement is a task of years, and only
one step can be taken at a time. In these first lessons criticism should
be directed mainly to the matter of the pupil's expressing himself
fully. See Notes 20 and 64.

=Note 8= (page 5). As pupils suggest improvements, Tom's dream should be
rewritten on the board, sentence by sentence, the point being throughout
that Tom did not tell all that he had in mind. The class will greatly
enjoy and profit by seeing Tom's original bald, fragmentary story become
a vivid narrative, full of interesting detail and realistic color. See
Note 64. Later this should be compared with Tom's improved narrative as
it stands on pages 5 and 6. Pupils should not conclude, however, that
_length_ is necessarily a virtue in compositions. What is desired is not
mere fullness but fullness of interesting detail.

=Note 9= (page 7). After pupils have read the introduction to the poem,
or the teacher has freely developed one (see Note 1), the poem should be
read aloud by the teacher, in order that the class may be impressed at
once with its rhythm and thought. A second reading by the teacher,
immediately following the first, may be advisable, in order to deepen
the first favorable impression. With most classes every selection in the
book should be read, the first time, by the teacher to the class. Many
teachers memorize the poems, reciting instead of reading them.

=Note 10= (page 7). Some teachers will desire to use the second half of
this poem. Judiciously employed, that half will be greatly enjoyed by
children and will, in fact, give added point to the first half.

=Note 11= (page 7). When the force of each word has been explained,
pupils should use it in sentences of their own and thus show that they
understand its meaning.

=Note 12= (page 8). Far better than the traditional correction of
completed papers by the teacher at home it is for the teacher to walk up
and down the aisles while pupils are busy copying, and to point out
sympathetically their mistakes, making concrete and constructive
suggestions where they are needed.

=Note 13= (page 9). The best way for the pupil to memorize, as is well
stated in Pillsbury's "Essentials of Psychology," page 192, is "to read
through the whole selection from beginning to end, and to repeat the
reading until all is learned, rather than to learn bit by bit." The
teacher should join the class in reading the poem aloud repeatedly, in
order that pupils may have the right emphasis and expression while they
memorize.

=Note 14= (page 9). Pupils will enjoy, in this connection, hearing some
of the wonderful tales, which might very well have been fantastic
dreams, of Baron Munchhausen. See "Tales from Munchhausen," edited by
Edward Everett Hale (D. C. Heath & Co.). The telling of dreams involving
comical situations should by no means be discouraged. The funnier they
are, other things being equal, the better.

=Note 15= (page 9). The term _group exercise_ designates in this book
those class activities in which pupils manage the matter in hand mainly
themselves, or in which they work together on a problem as in a
laboratory.

=Note 16= (page 10). It is suggested that the term _sentence_ be used
incidentally by the teacher while writing on the board. The beginning
capital letter and the final punctuation mark (period or question mark)
should be pointed out, as well as capital _I_, also incidentally.
Besides, the terms _punctuation mark_, _period_, and _question mark_
should receive passing notice. The object is to give pupils a
preliminary acquaintance with these technicalities. No definition of the
sentence should be attempted in this grade, but the foundation for
sentence sense may be laid successfully.

=Note 17= (page 10). Improvement here should take the form of adding
interesting and significant details, as was done on pages 4 and 5 in the
improvement of Tom's dream. The matter of variety in expression may be
lightly touched. By no means should the work be formal or heavy or above
the heads or interests of the pupils. So far as possible let them make
the suggestions.

=Note 18= (page 10). Let the dictation clearly indicate, by a dropping
of the voice and by a pause, the end of each sentence. Thus the
dictation work will be a drill rather than a test in the writing of
sentences. Preparation for dictation work may include counting the
capital letters in the selection to be written, counting the periods,
etc. It is suggested that occasionally the pupils be asked to repeat
each sentence aloud as it is read by the teacher, and then write it.

=Note 19= (page 11). See page 21 for the fuller presentation of _saw_
and _seen_. In this connection the teacher need hardly be reminded that
good English is largely a matter of habit rather than of knowledge, and
that repetition under stimulus and in the atmosphere of interest is the
means of establishing habits. Of course the game is one of the best of
these means.

=Note 20= (page 12). Encourage originality. Applaud unusual conceptions.
Let pupils give free rein to their imaginations. Some of the best
sentences may be written on the board, both for their content interest
and to emphasize again the capital letter at the beginning, the
punctuation mark at the end, and capital _I_. Besides, work in variety
of expression or in amplification may profitably become an incident of
the game. Thus, a sentence like "I saw an automobile" offers a real
opportunity. It should be placed on the board. By means of questions the
class should be led to amplify it, to give it definition, color,
interest. What sort of automobile was it? Was it new or old? Where was
it? Who was in it? Etc. Finally the original meager sentence becomes, "I
saw an old, unwashed automobile that stood by the roadside with the
driver asleep on the back seat," or, "I saw a shining new automobile
spin noiselessly down the street with three laughing children on the
back seat." See Notes 7 and 64.

=Note 21= (page 18). While the fable of the ants and the grasshoppers is
occupying the attention of the pupils certain classic phrasings of its
lesson may profitably be put on the board. See Proverbs, Chapter VI,
verses 6-11, besides the quotations below. A lesson devoted to the study
of these may be given, followed by exercises in copying and memorizing.

     "Whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap."

     "Work while it is day: for the night cometh, when no man can work."

     "There is a time for work and a time for play."

     "He that will not work shall not eat."

     "When you play, play with all your might. When you work, do not
     play at all."

=Note 22= (page 20). Pupils should stand before the class as they tell
their stories. Only when they _face_ their classmates can they speak
_to_ them effectively. There is no good in pupils' speaking unless they
speak _to_ some one. They must, like adults, have a real audience and
something to tell that audience which it does not already know. Or, if
there be repetition, this must be for a purpose that is of interest to
the audience and therefore to the speaker.

=Note 23= (page 23). A little talk on "Sharp Eyes" is suggested.

=Note 24= (page 25). The expansion should not go too far. There is no
virtue in mere length. Quality of work should be emphasized. Besides,
one of these fables, the shortest one, is to be used in the subsequent
exercise in copying.

=Note 25= (page 25). The work in copying should be motivated by placing
before the pupils the problem involved, namely, making an exact
reproduction of the original. _Can it be done?_ This is the question
before the class. Copy only a part of a fable rather than make the
exercise too long. See Note 12.

=Note 26= (page 28). It is suggested that the room be decorated
appropriately for these lessons that deal with Indian subject matter.
Possibly a small Indian tepee may be pitched in one corner of the
schoolroom. A Navajo rug may adorn the wall, and pictures of Indian
weapons, tools, utensils, and other articles of various kinds may be
drawn in color on the board. Besides the book quoted in the text,
Frederick Starr's "American Indians" (Heath) and Gilbert L. Wilson's
"Myths of the Red Children" (Ginn), from the latter of which the Indian
illustrations in the present textbook have been taken with the kind
permission of Mr. Wilson, will be found replete with authoritative
information. At the discretion of the teacher this problem of room
decoration may be solved in a series of group exercises in English (see
Note 15), each pupil expressing his views as he stands before the class.

Pupils will enjoy drawing tepees, tomahawks, Indian chiefs, squaws, and
papooses on paper with colored crayons; dressing dolls as Indians;
dressing themselves as Indians; making tepees, canoes, etc. out of paper
and cardboard; making an Indian scene on the sand table.

The following are war whoops or Indian calls: "Ki-yi, whoo-oo! Ki-yi,
ki-yi, ki-yi, whoo-oo!" and "Boom, boom, boom, boom, boom, boom, boom,
boom!"

=Note 27= (page 39). It is suggested that this exercise be preceded by a
pantomime in which a pupil plays that he is wandering through the woods,
while the class pretend that they are Indians waylaying him. Some may
approach on the river in canoes. Some may follow his tracks on the
ground. The women and the papooses would remain in the safe background.
Finally the boy is captured. Then a little extemporized dramatization
takes place before the captured boy makes his speech. Sensitive children
should perhaps be informed that such captures no longer happen.

=Note 28= (page 40). This game is designed to help stop the incorrect
use of _got_. If some chicken feathers can be obtained, each player may
wear one.

=Note 29= (page 41). Some Indians call January "Cold Moon," April
"Green-Grass Moon," May "Song Moon," June "Rose Moon," and November "Mad
Moon."

=Note 30= (page 42). The antidote for the _and_ habit is not a _don't_
but a _do_. If pupils are trained to drop the voice at the ends of
sentences and to make a pause there, not only will many thoughtless
_and's_ remain unspoken, but sentence sense will be developed. Let the
class read the January selection in the text, exaggerating the pause at
the end of each sentence.

=Note 31= (page 46). The teacher should not hesitate to modify any game
to suit the needs of the class. Games 1 and 2 on pages 46 and 47 should
be played on different days, to avoid confusion. Few mistakes will be
made in these easy games, nor are mistakes desirable. The repetition of
the correct form is desirable. It must not be a thoughtless repetition.

=Note 32= (page 47). Parent coöperation in the work of eradicating
common errors is to be sought. Some schools send cards to the pupils'
homes, explaining the errors for the removal of which the teachers ask
the help of the parents.

=Note 33= (page 47). Pictures of fairies should now be drawn on the
board, in order to help create the proper atmosphere for the present
lessons. Later in the month let Christmas decorations be added. Perhaps
a small Christmas tree could be brought in and ornamented with
inexpensive colored papers. See Note 26.

The story in the text may be used for story-telling, although it is
given here merely to create an appropriate atmosphere for the pupils'
stories and as a prelude to the work of the next weeks.

It depends very much on the class whether teachers will read or freely
retell the stories and other selections in the book or whether they will
utilize them for reading lessons or for study recitations. With many
classes it will be decidedly best for the teacher to read or reproduce
the stories and selections. See Notes 1 and 9.

=Note 34= (page 64). A number of possible exercises suggest themselves
here. Thus, several lesson periods might profitably be devoted to each
pupil's explaining how to make a toy or other Christmas thing. If
correlation with manual training be possible, pupils may actually make
toys, Christmas cards, New Year's cards, and calendars. This may be
handled dramatically. Pupils may play that they are a band of fairies
going to Santa Claus to offer their services in the great toyshop. One
pupil is Santa Claus. He asks each pupil to _explain_ what he can do in
the way of making Christmas things. Then he puts them to work. See the
game in section 67.

=Note 35= (page 67). Teachers who preserve the best riddles will find
them useful means of stimulating subsequent classes to their best
endeavor. A riddle book may gradually be made by a teacher's successive
classes, each class contributing its best. Only worthy pieces of work
may be included. Thus a school or a schoolroom tradition in English may
be made to grow up, whose educational value would be not inconsiderable.

=Note 36= (page 67). An exchange of papers, or the correction of each
paper by a small group of pupils working as a team, will often prove
desirable.

=Note 37= (page 69). Very incidentally during the study of the poem, use
the word _stanza_ to designate each of the three large sections of it,
and call attention to the interesting fact that every line of poetry
begins with a capital letter.

=Note 38= (page 72). The teacher may read or tell the class the Spanish
fairy tale "The Three Wishes" (see Wiggin and Smith's "Tales of
Laughter," Doubleday, Page & Company). The story of Midas should be
postponed until the fourth grade. See "Oral and Written English" (Ginn),
Book One, page 100.

=Note 39= (page 74). The last lesson period preceding Christmas may be
given to the teacher's reading aloud "A Visit from St. Nicholas," by
Clement C. Moore.

=Note 40= (page 75). Dictate twelve dates, one in each month. Remind the
pupils of the spelling of _February_ and of the fact that the names of
the months begin with capital letters.

=Note 41= (page 75). Let children of foreign parentage tell about their
unusual customs. Let them realize, as they tell about their home
traditions, that they are making a most interesting contribution to the
class entertainment.

=Note 42= (page 78). Pupils will enjoy and profit by a pantomimic
presentation of the scene, as a preparation for the real dramatization.
Let one pupil show how Jack slowly and painfully rose from the ground.
Let another show the alarmed mother, another the wise doctor. Then ask
each actor what the person represented might have said. See Notes 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, and 27.

=Note 43= (page 80). Other subjects will readily suggest themselves: as, a
toboggan party, making an ice rink, trapping for muskrats or rabbits,
fishing through the ice, ice boating, visiting the museum, visiting the
zoo, visiting the botanical gardens, visiting the aquarium, a class
dance, a class workshop for making things of wood, paper, or cloth.

The meeting may be presided over by a member of the class. Set speeches
should be required and order maintained. The discussion should not lapse
into undirected, fragmentary conversation. It is not enough for a pupil
to say, "Let us go to the museum next Saturday afternoon." The speech
should say when and where the class is to meet, how long it is to stay,
what it is to do when it reaches the museum, who the leader is to be,
whether the teacher is to be invited, and why this plan is preferable to
the others proposed.

For seat work the class may make a picture book of winter fun, using
colored crayons. An opportunity will here be incidentally offered to
impress pupils with the fact that _if they could only write their
thoughts_ they might now make a real book about winter fun, and not
simply a picture book. The promise may be made that as soon as they
learn to write their thoughts well, they will be given a chance to make
books.

=Note 44= (page 81). The moment a word is mispronounced in the
story-telling or other exercises, it should be added to a list kept on
the board. Pupils will soon become alert for errors of this kind. From
such a small beginning may well grow a class language conscience, a
class pride in its English, and thus finally an individual
conscientiousness in the use of the mother tongue.

=Note 45= (page 83). Freely rendered after Chance's "Little Folks of
Many Lands." Other books containing suitable material are Andrews's "The
Seven Little Sisters" and "Each and All," as well as Peary's "Snow Baby"
and "Children of the Arctic." Some Eskimos do have houses of wood,
mainly driftwood, but others do not. It is with these latter that the
present lessons are concerned.

=Note 46= (page 86). It is advised that, as pupils suggest improvements,
each account be rewritten by the teacher. The improved account should be
placed on the board beside the original, so that the differences may be
apparent to all. Teachers should guide in these criticisms and
reconstructions, but very gently, leaving pupils free to suggest and
change, making them responsible for the improvement, putting nothing
down that does not appeal to the class, thus _confronting the pupils
with the problem of making each account better_ and permitting them to
feel and to enjoy the full challenge of this problem.

=Note 47= (page 89). Parents may be invited to hear the class recite
poems. This will give an occasion and reason for reviewing the poems
learned during the year.

=Note 48= (page 96). It seems inadvisable, in the present state of
conflicting usage, to follow the greeting of some letters with a comma
and of others with a colon. Not only may this arbitrary distinction
prove embarrassing when a writer does not wish definitely to commit
himself as to whether his letter is strictly business or merely
friendly, but it also compels the teaching of two forms where one will
do.

=Note 49= (page 97). Since the question may arise, why the subject
should not become a matter of class discussion, it is advised that
emphasis be placed on the fact that each pupil would probably prefer to
talk the matter over with the teacher privately. Few pupils would like
to announce publicly their desire to be postmaster, but all would be
willing to tell this wish to the teacher alone. All these individual
conferences, however, would be impracticable for the reasons stated in
the text. There thus arises a real occasion and need for the personal
letter from each pupil to the teacher.

=Note 50= (page 97). This will probably prove the strategic time for a
conference between the teacher and each pupil. The letter written by
each pupil alone should be made the occasion for this meeting.
Sympathetic, constructive suggestions by the teacher, covering letter
form (just taught) as well as the capitalization and punctuation of
sentences, will do much toward giving letter writing a promising start
with the class.

=Note 51= (page 103). Some of the best letters, as well as some of the
poorest, should be utilized for criticism, in order that pupils may
appreciate the excellence of the best and, on the other hand, may have
ample opportunity for constructive, improving work in making over the
poorest. See Note 20.

=Note 52= (page 106). This exercise involves, of course, the description
of each pupil by himself. It is suggested that the spirit of play and
fun be permitted to permeate the exercise, in order that wooden
descriptions, mere catalogues of qualities, may be avoided.

=Note 53= (page 109). A committee of pupils, or several committees, may
profitably be appointed to see that each pupil rewrites and copies
neatly his sketch of himself. The committee would have charge of the
making of the book after each sketch has been finished. During this work
the need may arise of learning ways of lettering book titles. Then and
there the teacher should study titles of books and articles with the
class and inductively teach the rule that the first and every important
word in a title should begin with a capital letter.

=Note 54= (page 113). Do not hurry in these critical exercises. Continue
each one as long as the interest of the pupils will permit.

=Note 55= (page 114). If pupils manifest a desire at this point to talk
about ponies, horses, goats, chickens, ducks, pigeons, rabbits, or other
domestic animals, this desire should be utilized for a series of
exercises similar to those about dogs.

=Note 56= (page 116). Pupils should arrive on their bicycles in animated
talk, should dismount and lean the bicycles very carefully against the
tree. Then they should step cautiously into the boat. When the boat
leaves shore, the boy in the stern is sitting half twisted around and
talking to his dog, while the other boy is seated squarely, well braced,
so that he may row with steady strokes. Two girls may play the story as
if it were about two girls.

=Note 57= (page 116). Repetition in these dramatizations must always
have a clear and justifiable purpose that pupils understand. For
instance, having a new audience (the pupils from another room or a
visitor) would usually constitute a good reason for a second
performance. Then, repetition before the _same_ audience might be
justified by the endeavor to improve the playing by introducing more
action or more speech and thus achieving a better representation, which
the class recognizes as desirable. But every wise teacher knows that the
play must stop before it has lost its savor. See Note 5.

=Note 58= (page 118). If this exercise is to reach the maximum of profit
for the class, it will include constructive work in word study, variety
in expression, expansion by happy additions of words and sentences,
contraction, rearrangement, combination of sentences, shortening of
sentences, the striking out of needless _and's_, as well as attention to
mistakes in grammar. Only one critical question should be considered at
each reading.

=Note 59= (page 120). Nine pupils may work at the board at the same
time, each writing one of the nine sentences.

=Note 60= (page 123). Teachers will arrange matters tactfully, that
every pupil may receive a letter from one of his classmates. Pupils may
write more than one letter if they wish, but the postmaster should
accept no slovenly mail.

=Note 61= (page 124). It is recommended that this correspondence be
permitted to continue as long as pupils take pleasure in it. There
should be allowed great freedom of content. Let pupils tease each other,
poke fun at each other, even ask silly questions. See Note 2.

=Note 62= (page 125). Pronounced s[=e]´r[=e]z, pr[=o]-sûr´p[i]-n[_.a_],
[_.a_]-p[o]l´[=o], pl[=o]o´t[=o].

=Note 63= (page 131). Since the next dozen lessons or more assume the
spring-time as their background, it is strongly recommended that the
room be fittingly decorated. If a class excursion could be made into the
woods or to a river or park, it should be done. Some time during this
group of lessons dramatization may take the form of playing that the
schoolroom is a meadow or a wood in which pupils wander about picking
flowers, seeing birds and animals. These they describe to the class.

=Note 64= (page 133). By seeing written products grow in clearness,
force, interest, beauty, and language effectiveness as the class faces
the problem of improving them, by seeing the better word displace the
good and the phrase of color the colorless one, by watching the vague
thought give way to the vivid thought, pupils will be impressed as in no
other way with the fact that the first draft of any written expression,
brief or long, is merely the first draft, merely a basis, a beginning, a
preliminary sketch, for the finished written composition. See Notes 7
and 20.

=Note 65= (page 141). By having another pupil stand before the class and
speak for the pupil who is a bird, flower, or animal (replying, for
instance, "No, he is not a dandelion" or "Yes, he is a sparrow") the
game _I am not_ is easily transformed into the game _He is not_.
Similarly, the games _He has not_ and _He does not_ may easily be
devised.

=Note 66= (page 143). A classroom correspondence, that is, a class
exchange of riddles through the class post office, may be desirable at
this time.

=Note 67= (page 149). The playing of this story, the preliminary
pantomime, the discussion before and after, the playing by different
groups in friendly rivalry, may well occupy several English periods.

=Note 68= (page 150). It is recommended that a real spring festival be
held. See Percival Chubb's "Festivals and Plays" (Harpers). A committee
of pupils may be appointed to take charge of it.

=Note 69= (page 151). During the telephone game the teacher may now and
then take the receiver and show what clear, polite, efficient
telephoning is. In fact, the entire game may be played between the
teacher on the one side and different pupils in succession on the other.

=Note 70= (page 152). Sending by mail may not seem advisable in some
schools; but if it is decided on, it should be preceded by an exercise
on the writing of addresses.

=Note 71= (page 153). The writing of the titles _Mr._, _Mrs._, and
_Miss_ should not be made the object of any extended drill at this time.
Pupils should know how to write them for the purposes of the present
exercises and of a few of the succeeding exercises.

=Note 72= (page 154). While some pupils are copying at their desks,
others may copy at the board. The latter will write copies for class
criticism. Then other addresses, supplied by the teacher, may be written
from dictation or copied, other pupils now writing at the board.

=Note 73= (page 155). It will be delightful to decorate the schoolroom
for this lesson and the lessons immediately following. Pictures of wild
animals, of trick riders, of circus parades, should be hung on the
walls. It would be the best of good luck if a large circus poster could
be obtained and fastened on the front wall. See Note 26.

=Note 74= (page 156). In many schools the making of the book will be
doubly enjoyed if the carrying out of the plan is put in charge of
several committees of pupils, after the work has been initiated by the
teacher.

=Note 75= (page 157). A committee of pupils, or several such committees,
may now take upon itself the work of helping in the improvement of the
remaining circus stories, their final copying, and their arrangement in
the book. The whole class may be divided into six or eight small groups
for this coöperative work. The teacher, apparently in the far
background, is in reality in the thick of the work. See Note 79.

=Note 76= (page 159). A march may be played while the parade is on its
way around the room. Let fun and play abound. Let pantomime be as
extravagant as these dictate. The parade may well precede as well as
follow the making of riddles. In fact, there might be an alternation of
making riddles with marching, a short march following each half-dozen
riddles.

=Note 77= (page 159). Wood's "Animals: their Relation and Use to Man"
(Ginn) is recommended to teachers who wish interesting and reliable
information about lions, tigers, elephants, and other wild animals.

=Note 78= (page 163). For the sake of difference from the preceding oral
work it may be desirable to let each animal tell its own story in the
written accounts for the class book. Each animal may say where it came
from, how it used to live, how it was caught, how it likes to travel
with a circus, and what it would do if it were free again.

=Note 79= (page 163). While this correction work is apparently entirely
in the hands of the pupils, the teacher should make the most of the
situation, first, by allowing pupils to feel the weight of
responsibility (for a book with mistakes is no book at all, since it
cannot be shown to other pupils and teachers), and, second, by
imperceptibly and constructively assisting in the finding and correcting
of mistakes. The teacher should pass from group to group, ready to help
where help is needed, but very cautious about interfering or dominating
or overturning the delicate balance of enjoyment, responsibility, and
coöperative endeavor in any social group of workers.

=Note 80= (page 163). Only one question should be considered at one
critical reading.

=Note 81= (page 165). The more realistic this can be made, the more fun
there will be for the pupils, and the more profit for them from the
English teacher's point of view. Each child should have a telephone
number. A "Central" should answer rings and make connections. A little
bell might be used. Toy telephones might be employed. The children are
to play at telephoning, with emphasis on the _play_. Not until we have a
deep stream of pleasure running in the class consciousness can we float
the technical freight for whose sure delivery to the pupils the language
teacher is responsible.

=Note 82= (page 165). Pupils will enjoy pretending to telephone to the
animals in the circus. These may tell how they like circus life, what
they think of their trainers, whether they would like to return to their
homes in the wilds, what they think of other animals in the menagerie
tent, and which kinds of people they like to have look at them. For
still further variation, the different circus animals, as well as the
circus people, may telephone to each other.

=Note 83= (page 168). If written work be desired at this time, it is
suggested that this oral exercise be followed with the making of a book
of vacation wishes or vacation plans.




INDEX


  (The numbers refer to pages. The Notes designated are the Notes to the
  Teacher, printed at the end of the text)

  Address on envelope, 153, 154, 155

  Alcott, Louisa M., _Jack and Jill_, 76, 77, 78

  Allingham, William, _A Child's Song_, 54

  _And_ habit, the, 42, 72, 86, 107;
    Notes 30 and 58


  Bible, quotations from, Note 21

  Bird, Robert M., _The Fairy Folk_, 52


  _Came_, 119, 120

  _Can_, _may_, 92, 93, 94

  Capitalization, Notes 16, 40, and 53;
    drill in, 8, 11, 25, 37, 45, 67, 72, 86, 119, 143, 163;
    sentences, 11, 25, 37, 67, 72, 86, 99, 118, 163;
    months, 41, 42, 43, 45, Note 40;
    _I_, 43;
    names of persons, 90, 91;
    titles, 153;
    to begin every line of poetry, Note 37

  _Ceres, The Daughter of_, 125-129;
    _Ceres and Apollo_, 133-138;
    _Ceres and Pluto_, 144-149

  Christmas, Notes 33, 34, 39, and 41

  Circus, 155-166

  Colon, 96, 99, 123, 153

  Comma, 74

  Committee of pupils, Note 53

  Completing unfinished story, 3, 4, 72, 73, 74, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119

  Copying, 8, 10, 25, 37, 45, 67, 96, 119, 143, 154;
    Notes 12 and 25

  Correct Usage, Notes 19, 28, and 32;
    _saw_, 11, 12;
    _saw_, _seen_, 21, 22, 23, 119, 120;
    _have_, 40, 41;
    _did_, _done_, 45, 46, 47, 119, 120;
    _rang_, _sang_, _drank_, 70, 71;
    _may_, _can_, 92, 93, 94;
    _no_, _not_, _never_, 109, 110, 111;
    _went_, _came_, 119, 120;
    _I am not_, 141;
    _good_, _well_, 163, 164

  Correlation, Notes 26 and 34

  Criticism of compositions, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 19, 20, 26, 42, 43, 51,
      72, 73, 86, 90, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 109, 113, 114, 116,
      118, 123, 124, 132, 133, 139, 140, 142, 143, 149, 151, 153, 157,
      158, 161, 163,
    Notes 7, 8, 12, 17, 36, 50, 51, 53, 64, and 79;
    questions for, 26, 36, 42, 43, 67, 72, 86, 90, 98, 99, 103, 114,
      116, 118, 123, 124, 139, 140, 151, 163,
    Note 80


  Dates, 74, 75, 124;
    Note 40

  Decoration of schoolroom, Notes 26, 33, 63, and 75

  Description, exercises in, 8, 42, 52, 106, 112, 113, 158, 160, 161, 163;
    Notes 52 and 63

  Dictation, 10, 37, 67, 73, 86, 96, 143;
    Note 18

  _Did_, _done_, 45,46, 47, 119, 120

  _Doesn't_, Note 65

  Dogs, 111-123

  Double negative, 109, 110, 111

  Dramatization, 1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 15, 16, 26, 31, 32, 33, 38, 39, 42, 64,
      69, 70, 75, 84, 89, 91, 92, 114, 116, 117, 130, 138, 139, 140, 149;
    Notes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 27, 42, 56, 57, and 63

  _Drank_, 70, 71

  Dreams, telling, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12;
    Note 14


  Eastman, Charles A. (Ohiyesa), _An Indian Boy's Training_, 29;
    starting a fire, 35;
    character of Indian life, 38

  Eskimos, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86;
    Note 45

  Explanation, 28, 35, 36, 39, 75, 79, 80, 111, 116, 121, 123, 130, 150,
      159, 160, 166, 167, 168;
    Notes 34 and 43


  Fables, 13-25;
    _The Ants and the Grasshoppers_, 13

  Fairies and fairy stories, 1-8, 47-74, 167, 168

  Foreign children, Note 41


  Game, 12, 22, 23, 40, 44, 45, 46, 47, 71, 90, 94, 109, 111, 119, 121,
      164, 166;
    Notes 28, 31, and 69

  _Good_, _well_, 163, 164

  _Got_, 40, 41

  Greeting of a letter, 96, 97, 99, 123, 153;
    Note 48

  Group exercise, 9, 19, 20, 26, 34, 36, 42, 43, 45, 51, 67, 72, 81, 85,
      95, 103, 107, 108, 114, 117, 118, 132, 133, 139, 140, 143, 149, 151,
      153, 157, 158, 161, 163;
    Notes 15, 53, 58, and 79


  _Hasn't_, Note 65

  _Have_, _got_, 40, 41

  Hood, Thomas, _Queen Mab_, 7


  _I_, 43

  _I am not_, 141;
    Note 65

  Improvement in English, 4, 5, 6, 10, 19, 25, 35, 36, 42, 65, 66, 67, 72,
      81, 82, 86, 90, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 107, 109, 113, 118, 133, 142,
      143, 149, 151, 153, 157, 158, 161, 163;
    Notes 7, 8, 17, 20, 24, 46, 50, 51, 53, and 64

  Indention, 96, 124

  _Indian Boy's Training, An_, 29

  Indians, 28-47;
    Notes 26 and 29

  Individuality, Notes 5 and 20

  Initiative, Note 6

  _Isn't_, Note 65


  Letter writing, 95-103, 123, 124, 152-155;
    Notes 49, 50, and 66


  Making a book:
    class picture book, 107-109;
    dog picture book, 114;
    circus book, 156, 157;
    book about wild animals, 162, 163

  _May_, _can_, 92, 93, 94

  Memory exercise, 9, 59, 69, 89;
    Note 13

  Months, 41-45;
    Note 29

  _Mr._, _Mrs._, _Miss_, 153;
    Note 71


  Names, writing, 90, 91

  Negative words, 109-111


  Observation, 22, 23;
    Note 23

  Optional work. _See_ the Preface

  Oral Composition. Not listed, since practically every page of the book
      would be included


  Pantomime, 2, 8, 12, 15, 16, 17, 31, 32, 33, 69, 75, 78, 84, 89, 114,
      116, 117, 138, 139, 140, 159;
    Notes 2, 3, 27, 42, 56, and 76

  Parent coöperation, Notes 32 and 47

  Period, 8, 11, 25, 67, 72, 86, 118, 120, 121, 163

  _Peter and the Strange Little Old Man_, 47;
    _Peter Visits the Strange Little Old Man's Workshop_, 56

  Picture, as basis for composition (_see_ Notes 26 and 33): frontispiece;
    _Safely First_, 27;
    _An Unfinished Story_, 115;
    _A Story to Finish_, 122

  Picture, making a, with colored chalk or crayon, 8, 35, 36, 51, 52, 55,
      64, 89;
    Notes 26 and 33

  Poem, study of:
    _Queen Mab_, 6-9;
    _The Fairy Folk_, 52;
    _A Child's Song_, 54, 55;
    _The Light-Hearted Fairy_, 68-70;
    _Jack Frost_, 87-89;
    _Mr. Nobody_, 104-107

  Post office, class, 94, 95, 97, 102, 103, 124;
    Notes 60 and 66

  Posture, pupil's, while speaking, 20, 107

  Project. _See_ Situation. _See also_ Note 46

  Pronunciation, 23, 24, 34, 81, 82, 124, 125, 166;
    Notes 44 and 62

  Punctuation, Note 16;
    sentence, 8, 11, 25, 37, 67, 72, 86, 99, 118, 119, 143, 163;
    period, 8, 11, 25, 37, 67, 72, 86, 118, 120, 121, 163;
    comma, 74;
    letter, 95, 96, 97, 99, 124;
    colon, 96, 99, 123;
    question mark, 120, 121, 124, 163


  Question mark, 120, 121, 124, 163

  Questions used in criticism of oral and written compositions, 26, 36,
      42, 43, 67, 72, 86, 90, 98, 99, 103, 114, 116, 118, 123, 124, 139,
      140, 151, 163;
    Note 80


  _Rang_, 70, 71

  Responsibility, Note 6

  Review. _See_ Group exercise. _See also_ Notes 15 and 47

  Rhythm in poems, 55, 68, 69, 70

  Riddles, 44, 45, 65, 66, 67, 141, 142, 143, 158, 159;
    Note 35


  _Safety First_, 26, 27

  Salutation of a letter. _See_ Greeting

  _Sang_, 70, 71

  _Saw_, _seen_, 11, 12, 21, 22, 23, 119, 120

  Sentence study, 10, 11, 24, 25, 34, 35, 36, 43, 44, 67, 71, 72, 73, 86,
      94, 97, 113, 119, 120, 121, 133, 143, 157, 158, 163;
    Notes 16 and 58

  Setoun, Gabriel, _Jack Frost_, 87, 88

  Situation, long (_see_ the Preface):
    dreams, 1-12;
    fables, 13-25;
    Indians, 28-47;
    fairies and Santa Claus, 47-74;
    winter, Eskimos, Jack Frost, 80-92;
    valentines, 94-109;
    dogs, 111-123;
    spring-time, 125-151;
    circus, 155-166;
    vacation plans, 166-168

  Spelling, 11, 37, 42, 45, 67, 72, 86, 119, 132, 143;
    Note 40

  Spring festival, Note 68

  Stanza, 55, 69, 89, 106;
    Note 37

  Story-telling, 3, 4, 9, 10, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 26, 47, 51, 56, 64, 72,
      73, 74, 76, 78, 79, 118, 123, 125, 133, 144;
    Notes 22 and 38

  Study recitation, the, Notes 1 and 33


  Telephone directory, making a, 90, 91

  Telephoning, 90-92, 151, 165;
    Notes 69, 81, and 82

  Telling interesting things, 28, 35, 36, 38, 39, 75, 82-86, 111, 131,
      155, 160

  Titles, 153;
    Note 53


  Unfinished story, completing, 3, 4, 72-74, 114, 116-119


  Vacation plans, 166, 167, 168

  Valentine projects, 94, 95, 97, 102, 103

  Variety in expression, Note 58

  Voice, 20, 107, 151;
    Note 30


  _Well_, _good_, 163, 164

  _Went_, 119, 120

  Word study, 7, 33, 34, 35, 55, 69, 72, 118;
    Notes 11 and 58

  Written composition, 45, 97, 102, 108, 114, 118, 123, 124, 143, 156,
      163;
    Notes 43, 49, and 64

       *       *       *       *       *


Transcriber's Notes:

Pronunciation key for Note 62:

  "=" indicates a long vowel (macron above),
  [o] and [i] indicate short vowels (breve above), and
  ".a" appears as the "a" with a dot above.

Phonetics shown in note 62 are more easily read in the html version of
this book.





End of Project Gutenberg's Beginner's Book in Language, by H. Jeschke