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    DANES, SAXONS, AND NORMANS;

    OR,

    Stories of our Ancestors.

    BY
    J. G. EDGAR,
    AUTHOR OF "BOYHOOD OF GREAT MEN," "CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS," ETC.


    LONDON:
    S. O. BEETON, 248, STRAND.
    1863.




PREFACE.


In the following pages I have endeavoured to tell in a popular way the
story of the Norman Conquest, and to give an idea of the principal
personages who figured in England at the period when that memorable
event took place; and I have endeavoured, I hope not without some
degree of success, to treat the subject in a popular and picturesque
style, without any sacrifice of historic truth.

With a view of rendering the important event which I have attempted to
illustrate, more intelligible to the reader, I have commenced by
showing how the Normans under Rolfganger forced a settlement in the
dominions of Charles the Simple, whilst Alfred the Great was
struggling with the Danes in England, and have recounted the events
which led to a connexion between the courts of Rouen and Westminster,
and to the invasion of England by William the Norman.

It has been truly observed that the history of the Conquest is at once
so familiar at first sight, that it appears superfluous to multiply
details, so difficult to realize on examination, that a writer feels
himself under the necessity of investing with importance many
particulars previously regarded as uninteresting, and that the defeat
at Hastings was not the catastrophe over which the curtain drops to
close the Saxon tragedy, but "the first scene in a new act of the
continuous drama." I have therefore continued my narrative for many
years after the fall of Harold and the building of Battle Abbey, and
have traced the Conqueror's career from the coast of Sussex to the
banks of the Humber and the borders of the Tweed.

For the same reason I have narrated the quarrels which convulsed the
Conqueror's own family--have related how son fought against father,
and brother against brother--and have indicated the circumstances
which, after a fierce war of succession in England, resulted in the
peaceful coronation of Henry Plantagenet, and the establishment of
that great house whose chiefs were so long the pride of England and
the terror of her foes.

                                                     J. G. E.




ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS.


    CHAPTER I.


    ROLFGANGER AND HIS COMRADES:--Rolfganger's banishment--Settles
    in France--Ludicrous incident during the ceremony of
    Rolfganger's taking the oath of fealty to Charles the Simple


    CHAPTER II.

    WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR:--His birth and parentage--Duke Robert's
    pride in him--Is declared successor to Robert the Devil--Duke
    Robert's death--Opposition to William's succession--Conspiracy
    headed by Bessi and Cotentin--William flees from them--Defeat of
    the conspirators, and accession of William to the ducal throne
    of Normandy--His cruelty--Good qualities of William


    CHAPTER III.

    THE DANES IN ENGLAND:--The Saxons come to the assistance of the
    Britons--Seize on Britain--Formation of the Kingdom of
    England--The first inroad of the Danes--Death of Ethelred, and
    accession of Alfred the Great to the throne of England--Alfred
    in the swineherd's cottage--Visits the Danish camp--Drives the
    Danes from England--Sweyn, King of Denmark, invades England--Is
    bribed to retire--Massacre of St. Brice--Sweyn again invades
    England--His sudden death--Canute succeeds him--Treachery and
    punishment of Edric Streone--Canute's marriage--Death of
    Canute--Accession of Harold Harefoot--His death--Accession of
    Hardicanute--His death


    CHAPTER IV.

    EARL GODWIN:--Ulf and Godwin--Canute's partiality to
    Godwin--Godwin becomes Earl of Wessex--Marries the daughter of
    Sweyn, King of Denmark--Godwin espouses the cause of
    Hardicanute--Godwin procures the crown of England for Edward the
    Confessor


    CHAPTER V.

    EDWARD THE CONFESSOR:--His parentage--Death of his brother
    Alfred--Edward demands justice of Hardicanute--Ascends the
    English throne--Edward and the leper--Edward marries Edith,
    daughter of Godwin


    CHAPTER VI.

    THE KING AND THE KING-MAKER:--Edward's Norman friends--Dislike
    of the Normans by the English--Quarrel between Eustace of
    Boulogne and the townsmen of Dover--Godwin's quarrel with
    Edward--Godwin is outlawed--William of Normandy visits
    England--His reception--Godwin returns to England--Is restored
    to power--Godwin's awful death


    CHAPTER VII.

    MATILDA OF FLANDERS:--William of Normandy determines to marry
    Matilda of Flanders--Matilda's pedigree--Her father's
    acquiescence in William's proposal--Her refusal to the
    espousal--William's love-making--Matilda's consent is
    obtained--The Pope's opposition to the marriage--William
    overcomes the Pope's scruples--Obtains a dispensation--Marries
    Matilda of Flanders


    CHAPTER VIII.

    SIWARD THE DANE:--His appearance--The mystic banner--Siward's
    reception by Hardicanute--Tostig's raillery and its
    punishment--Battle between Eadulph, Earl of Northumberland, and
    Siward--Siward is sent by Edward the Confessor to defend the
    Northumbrian coast--Death of Siward


    CHAPTER IX.

    HAROLD, THE SAXON KING:--Harold's personal appearance--Harold's
    first appearance in national affairs--His great military
    reputation--Harold proposes to visit Normandy--King Edward tries
    to dissuade him--He sets out--His cordial reception by Duke
    William--Harold accompanies William in a war against the
    Bretons--William extorts a promise from Harold to aid him in
    obtaining the English crown--Death of Edward the Confessor


    CHAPTER X.

    DUKE WILLIAM AND HIS DIFFICULTIES:--William has news of Harold's
    accession to the English throne--Harold is summoned by the Court
    of Rome to defend himself on the charges of perjury and
    sacrilege--He refuses to acknowledge the jurisdiction of the See
    of Rome--William is ordered by the Pope to invade England--He
    prepares to set out--William Fitzosborne overrules the
    objections of the Norman nobles.


    CHAPTER XI.

    TOSTIG, SON OF GODWIN:--Tostig is made Earl of
    Northumberland--His cruelty--The Northumbrians force him to
    flee--Harold is sent against the insurgents--Tostig is
    deposed--His anger is turned against Harold--The massacre of
    Hereford--Tostig repairs to Flanders--Obtains aid from William
    of Normandy--Tostig's unfavourable reception by Sweyn, King of
    Denmark


    CHAPTER XII.

    HAROLD HARDRADA:--His personal appearance--Harold at the battle
    of Stiklestad is wounded--Harold with his companions goes to
    Constantinople and takes service as a varing--The varings--Goes
    to Africa and Sicily, and makes an armed pilgrimage to
    Jerusalem--Drives out the Moslems--Returns to Constantinople--Is
    enamoured of Maria, niece of the Empress Zoe--The Empress in
    love with Harold--Magnus, the illegitimate son of Olaf, usurps
    the throne of Norway--Harold, wishing to assert his superior
    claim, is detained in Constantinople by the Empress--Is
    delivered by a Greek lady--Rouses his companions, carries off
    Maria, and sets sail for Denmark--Hardrada shares the throne
    with Magnus--Death of Magnus--Tostig applies to Hardrada for
    assistance against Harold, King of England--Tostig makes a
    descent on England--Hardrada sails for England--The
    apprehensions of the Norwegians


    CHAPTER XIII.

    THE ALARM IN ENGLAND:--Harold's indefatigable exertions for the
    welfare of England--Duke William claims fulfilment of Harold's
    promise--Harold's refusal--Duke William sends again to
    Harold--His offers again refused--William's threat--The
    alarm--Tostig lands in the North--Harold goes against him


    CHAPTER XIV.

    THE BATTLE OF STAMFORD BRIDGE:--Tostig and Hardrada burn
    Scarborough, take York, and encamp on the river Derwent at
    Stamford Bridge--The approach of the English--Harold's
    proposition to Tostig--Tostig's refusal--The battle--Hardrada is
    slain--Harold a second time offers peace--Is refused--Tostig is
    slain--The defence of the bridge--Termination of the
    conflict--The Norwegians leave England--Harold claims the booty
    as his own--Discontent in the army--Harold receives news of
    William's landing


    CHAPTER XV.

    PHILIP OF FRANCE:--William of Normandy seeks the assistance of
    Philip, King of France--The French barons refuse to aid him in
    his invasion


    CHAPTER XVI.

    THE NORMAN ARMAMENT:--William decides to invade England in
    August, 1066--William's treatment of the Saxon spy--The weather
    not being favourable, the Normans are filled with superstitious
    fears--William's strategy to calm their apprehensions--The
    Normans set sail--William's ship sails away from the rest--The
    landing--William burns his fleet--Overruns the county of
    Sussex--Receives intelligence of the Saxons' approach


    CHAPTER XVII.

    HAROLD'S HOST:--Harold arrives in London--His ill-timed
    rashness--Not being able to attack William unawares, Harold
    halts at Epiton, and fortifies his position--The Saxon chiefs
    advise a retreat--Harold refuses to listen to them--William
    denounces Harold as a perjurer and liar--The effect of William's
    message on the Saxons--Gurth advises Harold to quit the
    army--The night before the battle


    CHAPTER XVIII.

    THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS:--Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, blesses the
    Norman army--Arrangement of the Norman army--William in
    1066--Superstitious fears of the Normans--William's address to
    his soldiers--Taillefer, the Norman minstrel--The attack--The
    Norman first division is repulsed--They renew the
    charge--Obstinate resistance of the Saxons--William's
    strategy--Its success--Harold and Leofwine are slain--Gurth's
    courageous resistance--Gurth is slain--Rout of the
    Saxons--William pitches his camp for the night


    CHAPTER XIX.

    THE BODY OF HAROLD:--William returns thanks for his
    victory--Calls over the muster-roll--The Saxons seek to bury
    their dead--William refuses to allow the body of Harold to be
    buried--At the intercession of the monks of Waltham he
    relents--The search for the body--Harold's burial


    CHAPTER XX.

    THE CONQUEROR AND THE KENTISHMEN:--William finding no allegiance
    paid him, takes Dover and marches towards London--Is opposed by
    a large body of Kentishmen--The advancing wood--Parley with the
    Kentishmen--William turns towards the west, and crosses the
    Thames at Wallingford--The Saxon Wigod's
    treachery--Berkhampstead is taken


    CHAPTER XXI.

    EDGAR ATHELING:--The Londoners determine upon crowning Edgar
    Atheling--Edgar's birth and parentage--His popularity with the
    people--Harold, afraid of Edgar's popularity, treats him with
    great respect and honour--Edgar is proclaimed king--Ansgar, the
    standard-bearer of the City of London, excites the people to
    deliver the keys of London to the Conqueror--Edgar Atheling, the
    archbishops, and chief citizens pay homage to William


    CHAPTER XXII.

    CORONATION OF THE CONQUEROR:--William marches towards
    London--The Abbot and inhabitants of St. Albans oppose
    him--William, doubting the propriety of accepting the crown,
    holds a council of war--The speech of Aimery de Thouars decides
    the council--Christmas day, 1066, is fixed for the
    coronation--The ceremony is performed by Aldred, Archbishop of
    York; Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury declining to crown
    him--Tumult during the coronation--The lion banner of Normandy
    is planted on the Tower of London, and the south and east of
    England given to William's followers--He embarks for
    Normandy--His enthusiastic reception--He refuses to take the
    oath of fealty to the Pope


    CHAPTER XXIII.

    THE SIEGE OF EXETER:--During William's absence in Normandy, the
    Norman barons treat the Saxons with great cruelty--Saxon leagues
    are formed--William, receiving notice of the state of affairs in
    England, returns home--He ingratiates himself with the chiefs
    and the populace--William proceeds westward--Is opposed at
    Exeter--He attacks the town--Desperate resistance of the
    besieged--Exeter is taken--Somerset and Gloucester
    subjugated--Escape of Githa, Harold's mother--Bad treatment of
    the Saxon women


    CHAPTER XXIV.

    MATILDA AND BRIHTRIK:--Matilda's arrival and enthusiastic
    reception in England--Origin of Matilda's popularity--Her
    vindictive spirit--In her early years becomes enamoured of
    Brihtrik--Brihtrik does not reciprocate her affection--Brihtrik
    leaves Bruges--Matilda's indignation at his
    coolness--Probability of Brihtrik's speaking too freely about
    the Duchess Matilda--Matilda, after the siege of Exeter keeps
    Brihtrik's possessions as her share of the spoil--Brihtrik is
    imprisoned--His death


    CHAPTER XXV.

    THE NORMANS IN NORTHUMBERLAND:--State of the county of
    Northumberland in 1068--The Conqueror marches northward--York is
    taken--Robert Comine is deputed to extend the conquest as far as
    Durham--Eghelwin, Bishop of Durham's advice to Comine--The
    vengeance of the Northumbrians--The King of Denmark sends a
    fleet to the assistance of the English--The Saxons and Danes
    march upon York--The Normans are driven into the citadel--The
    citadel is taken--William's wrath at the death of Comine and the
    destruction of York--He bribes the Danes to depart--William
    again marches upon York--York is once more taken by the
    Normans--After ravaging Northumberland, the Normans reach
    Durham--The bishop and clergy of Durham set out for Holy
    Island--William enters Durham, and surprises the
    Saxons--William's guides, marching to Hexham, lose the way, and
    are separated from the rest of the army--The army is
    regained--William halts at Hexham--The subjugated territory is
    divided amongst William's nobles--The Normans erect castles for
    the better governance of the Northumbrians


    CHAPTER XXVI.

    COSPATRICK AND THE CONQUEROR:--William determines to conciliate
    the Northumbrians--Cospatrick--His birth and parentage--The
    crimes of the house of Godwin--Cospatrick's enmity to
    Harold--Cospatrick claims the earldom of
    Northumberland--William's bargain with Cospatrick


    CHAPTER XXVII.

    SAXON SAINTS AND NORMAN SOLDIERS:--The saving of the church of
    St. John of Beverley--The inhabitants of Beverley take refuge in
    the church of St. John--The Normans hear reports of the riches
    lodged within the walls of the church--Toustain heads the
    Normans in the pillage of the church--Toustain's
    misadventure--Superstitious terror of the Normans


    CHAPTER XXVIII.

    THE REDUCTION OF CHESTER:--William determines to take
    Chester--The soldiers murmur--William marches into
    Chester--Gherbaud, a Fleming, made Earl of Chester--Gherbaud,
    finding the earldom too much trouble, resigns--Hugh le Loup is
    appointed in his stead--His parentage--Nigel joins Hugh le Loup
    at Chester--Gilbert de Lacy is granted the domain of
    Pontefract--Blackburn and Rochdale succumb to him


    CHAPTER XXIX.

    LANFRANC OF PAVIA:--The Pope's legates arrive in
    London--Deposition of the Saxon bishops--Lanfranc is appointed
    to the Archbishopric of Canterbury--Lanfranc's birth-place--His
    fame at Bec-Hellouin--Lanfranc gains the friendship of William
    the Norman--Lanfranc opposes William's marriage--He gains a
    dispensation for William--Is restored to favour--Is made Abbot
    of Caen--William's delight at Lanfranc's appointment to the
    province of Canterbury--The Pope's letter to
    Lanfranc--Lanfranc's entry into Canterbury--The church in
    ruins--Lanfranc gains the primacy of England for
    Canterbury--Undertakes a revision of the Scriptures--The Saxons
    averse to the revision--Lanfranc the people's champion


    CHAPTER XXX.

    EDWIN AND MORKAR:--Their personal appearance--Edwin the
    handsomest man of his age--They took no part in the battle of
    Hastings--Aspire to the throne--Edgar Atheling's adherents too
    strong--Go to York--Their plans--William attempts to conciliate
    them--William promises his daughter in marriage to Edwin--Edwin
    and Morkar accompany William to the Continent--William refuses
    to give his daughter to Edwin--Edwin and Morkar escape from
    Court--Their enterprise fails--Reconciliation to William--A
    mighty conspiracy formed--The camp of refuge--Morkar is deluded
    by William's promises and imprisoned--Edwin resolves to leave
    Ely--Is betrayed by three of his officers--Is attacked by the
    Normans--Attempts to escape--Edwin's death--William's grief


    CHAPTER XXXI.

    IVO TAILLE-BOIS:--His unpopularity--His marriage to Lucy, sister
    of Edwin and Morkar--His tyranny--His various modes of
    annoyance--His oppression of the monks of Spalding--The monks
    leave Spalding--Some Angevin monks are substituted in their
    place


    CHAPTER XXXII.

    HEREWARD THE SAXON:--Hereward, living in Flanders, is told by
    some exiles of the spoliation of his home--He sets out for
    England--Assembles his friends and retakes his paternal
    home--His popularity--Is made captain of the camp at Ely--Is
    admitted a member of the high Saxon militia--Is sneered at by
    the Norman knights--Turauld, the fighting churchman--Turauld is
    appointed Abbot of Peterborough--Hereward makes a descent on the
    abbey and carries off the crosses, sacred vestments,
    &c.--Turauld arrives at Peterborough--Ivo Taille-Bois proposes
    to Turauld to attack the camp of Ely--Hereward attacks Turauld's
    soldiers at the abbey, seizes upon the abbot and his attendants,
    and detains them prisoners--Sweyn, King of Denmark, fits out a
    fleet for the assistance of the Saxons--Sweyn joins Hereward at
    Ely--William bribes him to return--Departure and sacrilege of
    the Danes--The Normans commence siege operations--Hereward
    attacks the workmen--Hereward is suspected of being in league
    with the Evil One--Ivo Taille-Bois procures the services of a
    witch to disenchant Hereward's operations--Hereward's
    bonfire--Blockade of the Isle of Ely--Treachery of the monks of
    Ely--Rout of the Saxons--Hereward's escape--His daring attack on
    the Norman station--Exploits of Hereward and his
    followers--Hereward's marriage--Hereward accepts the king's
    peace--His treacherous assassination--Valorous defence--Asselm's
    remark


    CHAPTER XXXIII.

    BUILDING OF BATTLE ABBEY:--William begins to build Battle
    Abbey--Deficiency of water--William's promise--The abbey
    built--Endowment of the abbey


    CHAPTER XXXIV.

    MALCOLM CANMORE:--William determines to invade
    Scotland--Malcolm's parentage--Siward, upon Malcolm's flight
    from Scotland, protects him--Edward the Confessor's court--The
    Scots request the restoration of Malcolm--Malcolm prepares to
    attack Macbeth--Defeat of Macbeth--His death--Lulach attempts to
    usurp the throne--His death--Malcolm is crowned at Scone--A
    conspiracy is formed to dethrone Malcolm--The conspirators
    defeated--Malcolm's ingratitude to the English--Northumberland
    devastated by the Scots--Malcolm shelters Edgar and Margaret
    Atheling--Malcolm marries Margaret Atheling--Malcolm raises an
    army to vindicate Edgar Atheling's right to the English
    throne--Treaty with William


    CHAPTER XXXV.

    THE DEATH OF COSPATRICK:--Cospatrick attempts to draw Malcolm
    from Northumberland--Durham cathedral in disorder--Deposition of
    the Bishop of Durham--Cospatrick is deprived of the earldom of
    Northumberland--He goes to Flanders--The clergy enemies to
    Cospatrick--Cospatrick's pilgrimage to the Holy Land--His
    illness--Sends to Melrose for the hermits Aldwin and
    Turgot--Cospatrick's gifts--His death--His son--Burial in Norham
    church--Norham a memorial of his greatness


    CHAPTER XXXVI.

    ATHELING AND HIS ALLIES:--Malcolm Canmore promises to aid Edgar
    Atheling--Malcolm's inability to do so--Atheling seeks a
    reconciliation with William--Obtains it--Atheling being
    suspected, again flies to Scotland--Personal appearance of Edgar
    Atheling--Atheling seeks allies in Flanders--Is
    disappointed--Philip of France offers his assistance--Offers
    Atheling the fortress of Montreuil--Atheling's misfortunes--His
    fleet lost at sea--Determines to seek peace with William--Joins
    William at Rouen--His amusements


    CHAPTER XXXVII.

    FITZOSBORNE AND DE GAEL:--The marriage at Norwich--William's
    disapproval thereof--The marriage feast--Signs of a coming
    storm--The conspiracy--The conspirators apply to Sweyn, king of
    Denmark, for aid--Roger Fitzosborne raises an army at
    Hereford--Is stopped at Worcester--Fitzosborne
    excommunicated--The battle at Worcester--Defeat of
    Fitzosborne--De Gael raises his standard at Cambridge--Is
    defeated at Fagadon--De Gael escapes--Flies to Norwich--Goes to
    Brittany for aid--The Bretons expelled from England--Sweyn's
    descent on the eastern coast--Fitzosborne refuses William's
    present at Easter--William's anger


    CHAPTER XXXVIII.

    WALTHEOF, SON OF SIWARD:--Tostig usurps the earldom of
    Northumberland--Waltheof figures as Earl of Huntingdon--Waltheof
    submits to the Conqueror--He joins the Northumbrians in their
    insurrection--His share in the death of Comine--Prodigies of
    valour--Reconciliation with William--Marriage to
    Judith--Friendship with Vaulcher--Fitzosborne and De Gael try to
    persuade him to join their conspiracy--Promises secrecy--Is
    betrayed by his wife--Is confined in Winchester
    Castle--Sentenced to death--Fearing a riot, Waltheof is
    privately executed--Judith, Waltheof's wife, is destined for
    Simon de Senlis--Her dislike to the match--Judith repairs to
    Croyland--Her death in poverty


    CHAPTER XXXIX.

    WULSTAN, BISHOP OF WORCESTER:--Wulstan accompanies Edgar
    Atheling to make his submission to William--Wulstan a simple
    weak-minded man--Wulstan is confirmed in his diocese--His
    services to the Norman king--Lanfranc reports Wulstan
    incapacitated--Is summoned to the great council in Westminster
    church--Is commanded to give up his robes and staff--Resigns his
    staff at the tomb of the Confessor--Wulstan is entreated to
    resume his episcopal robes--Wulstan beloved by the Saxons


    CHAPTER XL.

    ROBERT CURTHOSE:--William's dismal forebodings--Robert, his
    eldest son--Robert recognised as heir of Normandy--Badly
    trained--His good qualities--His nickname--Robert claims
    Maine--William refuses to cede it to him--Robert's
    indignation--William Rufus' and Henry Beauclerc's practical
    joke--Its evil consequences--Robert attempts to seize Rouen--His
    failure--Robert's bad counsellors--Robert asks Normandy, or part
    of England, of his father--Being refused, he leaves Normandy and
    goes to Flanders--Is everywhere well received--His waste of
    money


    CHAPTER XLI.

    THE CONQUEROR AND HIS HEIR:--Curthose craves support from Philip
    of France--Repairs to Gerberoy--Curthose's reception at
    Gerberoy--Matilda sends money to Curthose--William's
    displeasure--Matilda still sends to Curthose--William upbraids
    her--Matilda's maternal affection--William orders Samson the
    Breton to have his eyes put out--Samson escapes--Curthose raises
    an army--William besieges Curthose in Archembrage--Curthose's
    sally--His success--Hand to hand with his father--William
    unhorsed--His rescue--William refuses to be reconciled with
    Curthose--Forgives Curthose--Malcolm Canmore invades
    England--Curthose is sent to repulse him--Malcolm retreats into
    Scotland--Curthose founds Newcastle--Matilda of Flanders
    dies--William's quarrel with Curthose again breaks out


    CHAPTER XLII.

    ODO, BISHOP OF BAYEUX:--Odo, regent of England--William enriches
    his relations on his mother's side--Odo, no shaveling--The
    warrior-monk--Odo celebrates mass at Hastings--Leads the cavalry
    at that battle--Odo is created Grand Justiciary of England--Earl
    of Hereford--Odo, during William's absence, behaves badly--The
    murder of Liulf--Vaulcher attempts to mediate between Leofwin
    and Gislebert, and the relations of Liulf--Meets the Saxons at
    Gateshead--Eadulf, the Saxon spokesman--Eadulf incites the
    Northumbrians to slay the bishop--Odo marches northward to
    punish the murderers--The Saxons, unable to take Durham,
    disperse--Odo's cruelty--Odo prepares to leave England for
    Italy--Reasons for doing so--William much displeased at Odo's
    intention--Odo intercepted off the Isle of Wight--Arraigned
    before the council of barons--William's impeachment of
    Odo--William sentences Odo--Odo defies his authority--Odo is
    carried to Normandy and imprisoned


    CHAPTER XLIII.

    DOOMSDAY BOOK:--William begins to think about casting up his
    subjects' accounts--His commissioners--Bad understanding between
    the king and the barons--The manner of carrying out the
    undertaking--The council for the discussion of the Doomsday
    Book--The Goddess of Discord in the council--William asserts
    himself proprietor of all the land that belonged to Edward the
    Confessor, Harold, and the house of Godwin--Several barons
    renounce their allegiance--Their descendants


    CHAPTER XLIV.

    THE CONQUEROR'S DEATH:--Louis le Gros--Curthose and Beauclerc at
    Conflans--The quarrel between Louis and Beauclerc--Philip
    ravages Normandy--William goes against him--Christina Atheling
    is persuaded to take the veil--Edgar is sent on a
    pilgrimage--The bone of contention--William's lying-in--Curthose
    joins Philip--William reaches Mantes--The town on fire--The
    accident--William is removed to the priory of St.
    Gervase--Conscience-stricken--William's bequests--Death of
    William


    CHAPTER XLV.

    THE BURIAL AT CAEN:--Consternation in Rouen--Inside the priory
    of St. Gervase--The conqueror's body deserted--The Archbishop of
    Rouen attends to the funereal honours--Interruption of the
    ceremony--Fitzarthur is recompensed--The Anglo-Norman barons
    decide for Robert as King of England


    CHAPTER XLVI.

    THE RED KING:--William Rufus--Personal appearance--Gains the
    support of Lanfranc--Wulnoth and Morkar committed to
    prison--Odo, bishop of Bayeux, at the head of a conspiracy to
    dethrone William--Lanfranc as prime minister--Rufus conciliates
    the Saxon Thanes--The insurgents repulsed at Rochester--Curthose
    is bribed to let William remain on the throne--William forgets
    his promises to the Anglo-Saxons--Lanfranc's disgust at his
    perfidy--Death of Lanfranc--Rufus a bachelor--His dissolute
    morals--Ravages committed by William's followers--London Bridge
    built--Westminster Hall founded--Discontent in the land


    CHAPTER XLVII.

    RUFUS AND THE JEWS:--The Jews in England--Favour with Rufus--The
    disputation--Conversion of the young Jew--William's avarice


    CHAPTER XLVIII.

    RUFUS AND THE SCOTS:--William's longings for Normandy--Atheling
    being expelled from Normandy, once more takes refuge with
    Malcolm Canmore--Canmore invades England--William patches up a
    peace with Curthose, and prepares to march against the
    Scots--Malcolm falls back--Everything wrong with the
    English--Malcolm's defiance--Peace--Rufus being sick, sends for
    Malcolm to settle disputes--Rufus treats him badly--Malcolm
    ravages Northumberland as far as Alnwick--The castle of Ivo de
    Vesci besieged--Hammond Morael--His deliverance of the
    garrison--Malcolm's death--Morael's escape--The sally--Rout of
    the Scots--Malcolm's burial--Donald Bane usurps the Scottish
    throne--Atheling returns to England


    CHAPTER XLIX.

    ROBERT DE MOUBRAY:--Possessions of Moubray--The
    conspiracy--Moubray suspected--The King marches
    northward--Tynemouth taken--Bamburgh impregnable--Erection of
    Malvoisin--Moubray captured--Moubray's wife defends the Castle
    of Bamburgh--Surrender of Bamburgh--Moubray imprisoned at
    Windsor--His death


    CHAPTER L.

    HENRY BEAUCLERC:--Personal appearance of Beauclerc--A native of
    England--His manners--His learning--Military education--Addicted
    to gaming--Beauclerc's avarice--Beauclerc lends money to
    Curthose--Lord of Cotentin--Selection of a chaplain--Takes part
    with Curthose in the defence of Normandy--Firm dealing at
    Rouen--Curthose comes to terms with Rufus--They besiege Henry in
    the Castle of Mont St. Michael--The Red King in danger--Defence
    of the saddle--Want of water in the fortress--Curthose grants
    permission to Beauclerc to get water--Beauclerc
    defeated--Departs to Brittany--Beauclerc feels assured he will
    ascend the throne of England--Is elected governor of
    Damfront--Rufus, jealous of Beauclerc, invites him to
    England--Joins his brother--Fondness for the
    chase--"Deersfoot"--Presentiments


    CHAPTER LI.

    THE DEATH OF RUFUS:--Rufus at Malwood--His vision--The Abbot of
    Gloucester's despatch--The breakfast--The six arrows--Departure
    for the chase--Tyrel and Rufus hunt together--The King's
    bow-string breaks--Commands Tyrel to shoot--The King's
    death--Tyrel escapes to France--The King's last ride


    CHAPTER LII.

    A CHANGE OF FORTUNE:--Beauclerc goes to Winchester--William de
    Breteuil protests against Henry having the keys--Beauclerc
    secures the public money and regal ornaments--Is crowned at
    Westminster--Curthose's adherents--Beauclerc marries Edith,
    daughter of Margaret Atheling--Edith changes her name to
    Maude--Godrick and Godiva--Where is Curthose?


    CHAPTER LIII.

    CURTHOSE AT THE CRUSADE:--Peter the Hermit--Success of his
    preaching--Curthose and Atheling resolve to take part in the
    Crusade--Rufus supplies them with money--Curthose's
    popularity--Edgar Atheling does not go with Curthose--Atheling
    sets out for Scotland, to dethrone Donald Bane--Curthose meets
    the other princes at Constantinople--Curthose's valour--At
    Antioch--Edgar Atheling joins Curthose--Atheling and Curthose
    the terror of the Saracens--Election of the King of
    Jerusalem--Curthose declines the honour--Death of Odo, Bishop of
    Bayeux--Curthose at Conversano--The territory of
    Conversano--Curthose marries Sybil, daughter of the Count of
    Conversano--Waste of time


    CHAPTER LIV.

    BEAUCLERC AND CURTHOSE:--Ralph Flambard, "the fighting bishop,"
    is imprisoned--Flambard incites Curthose to invade
    England--Curthose embarks for England--Curthose sells his
    birthright--Resigns his pension in favour of the queen--His
    indignation at finding himself duped--The castle of
    Rouen--Beauclerc proposes to purchase Normandy--Being refused,
    he prepares to take it by force--Tinchebray--The battle--Fortune
    against the English--Treason!--Nigel de Albini--Curthose and
    Atheling captured--Curthose imprisoned in Cardiff--Attempts to
    escape--Is subjected to a rigorous durance--Edgar Atheling's old
    age


    CHAPTER LV.

    AFTER TINCHEBRAY:--William Clito--Louis of France attempts to
    place Clito on the throne of Normandy--Death of
    Clito--Beauclerc's reputation not so good--The Queen Maude's
    popularity--Death of Henry's son--Geoffrey of Anjou--His
    marriage to the daughter of Henry--Stephen of Bouillon seizes
    the crown of England--The treaty of Wallingford--Henry
    II.--Conclusion




    INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.


    ALTAR
    ANDIRON
    APPEAL TO HAROLD HARFAGHER, HILDA'S
    ARCHERS, ENGLISH
    ARMS
    BARBACAN
    BATTLE ABBEY, HASTINGS
    BATTLE-FIELD, THE
    BAYEUX TAPESTRY, FROM THE
    BODY OF RUFUS, BRINGING HOME THE
    BONDMAN, SAXON (FROM STRUTT)
    BOOKS, THE DOOM'S-DAY
    BOSS
    BOSTON, FEN COUNTRY NEAR
    BOUILLON, GODFREY DE, ELECTED KING OF JERUSALEM
    BOWS
    BRACKET
    BRINGING HOME THE BODY OF RUFUS
    BROTHER HAROLD, TOSTIG'S PARTING SPEECH TO HIS
    BRUGES, BELFRY AT
    BUTTRESS
    CHARLES THE SIMPLE, ROLFGANGER PAYING HOMAGE TO, 6
    CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHRE, JERUSALEM
    CHURCH PORCH
    CLOISTERS
    COMMOTION DURING THE CROWNING OF WILLIAM
    CONQUEROR, EDWIN, EARL OF MERCIA, AND THE DAUGHTERS
    OF THE
    COOKS--FROM BAYEUX TAPESTRY
    CROSSBOW
    CROZIER
    CRUSADE, PETER THE HERMIT PREACHING THE
    CURTHOSE AND THE SARACEN
    DEATH OF MALCOLM CANMORE
    DEATH OF SIWARD WITH HARNESS ON HIS BACK
    DEATH, SWEYN STRUCK BY THE HAND OF
    DELIVERANCE FROM HIS EASTERN DUNGEON, HARDRADA'S
    DISTAFF, WOMAN WITH
    DOOM'S-DAY BOOKS, THE
    DOOR OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY
    DOVER, SHAKESPEARE'S CLIFF
    EDWIN, EARL OF MERCIA, AND THE DAUGHTERS OF THE CONQUEROR
    ENGLISH ARCHERS
    FEN COUNTRY NEAR BOSTON
    FERN ISLANDS, OFF THE COAST OF NORTHUMBERLAND
    FLINT CASTLE, ON THE ESTUARY OF THE DEE
    FOREST LAWS, OLD
    FOREST, THE
    FORUM AT ROME, RUINS OF THE
    GIRDLE AND PURSE
    GODFREY DE BOUILLON ELECTED KING OF JERUSALEM
    GODWIN, THE JUDGMENT OF GOD ON
    GOOD SHIP MOIRA, THE, WILLIAM OF NORMANDY, OWNER
    HAND OF DEATH, SWEYN STRUCK BY THE
    HARDRADA'S DELIVERANCE FROM HIS EASTERN DUNGEON
    HARFAGHER, HILDA'S APPEAL TO HAROLD
    HAROLD HAS NEWS OF WILLIAM'S LANDING
    HAROLD, TOSTIG'S PARTING SPEECH TO HIS BROTHER
    HAROLD, WILLIAM EXTORTING A PROMISE FROM
    HART, THE
    HASTINGS, BATTLE ABBEY
    HAWK
    HAWKING
    HAWK STRIKING THE QUARRY
    HENRY BEAUCLERC AND LOUIS LE GROS, THE QUARREL OF
    HERALDIC VANE
    HERDSMAN (FROM STRUTT)
    HERMIT, PETER THE, PREACHING THE FIRST CRUSADE
    HEXHAM, WILLIAM'S MARCH ON
    HILDA'S APPEAL TO HAROLD HARFAGHER
    HOLY SEPULCHRE, JERUSALEM, CHURCH OF THE
    HOMAGE TO CHARLES THE SIMPLE, ROLFGANGER PAYING
    HUNTING
    INITIAL LETTER A
    INITIAL LETTER I
    INITIAL LETTER O
    ISLANDS, FERN, OFF THE COAST OF NORTHUMBERLAND
    JERUSALEM, CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHRE
    JERUSALEM, GODFREY DE BOUILLON ELECTED KING OF
    JERUSALEM, PILGRIMS IN SIGHT OF
    JUDGMENT OF GOD ON GODWIN, THE
    KNIGHTS JOUSTING (FROM STRUTT)
    LAWS, OLD FOREST
    LINCOLNSHIRE, TATTERSHALL CASTLE
    LOCH LOMOND
    LONG BOW
    LOUIS LE GROS, THE QUARREL OF HENRY BEAUCLERC AND
    LOVE-MAKING, WILLIAM'S
    MALCOLM CANMORE, DEATH OF
    MINERVA
    MOIRA, THE GOOD SHIP, WILLIAM OF NORMANDY, OWNER
    MUNDANE TREE OF THE SCANDINAVIANS, YGGDRASILL
    NORMAN PRELATES BLESSING THE TROOPS
    NORMAN RUSTIC (FROM STRUTT)
    NORMAN RUSTIC, ELEVENTH CENTURY
    NORWEGIAN CHAMPION AT THE BATTLE OF STAMFORD BRIDGE,
    THE
    OLD FOREST LAWS
    PARTING SPEECH TO HIS BROTHER HAROLD, TOSTIG'S
    PEASANT, WILLIAM AND THE
    PETER THE HERMIT PREACHING THE FIRST CRUSADE
    PILGRIMS IN SIGHT OF JERUSALEM
    PROMISE, WILLIAM EXHORTING A, FROM HAROLD
    PURSE AND GIRDLE
    QUARREL OF HENRY BEAUCLERC AND LOUIS LE GROS, THE
    QUARRY, HAWK STRIKING THE
    "RAVEN OF EARTHLY TERROR," THE
    ROCHESTER
    ROLFGANGER PAYING HOMAGE TO CHARLES THE SIMPLE
    RUINS OF THE FORUM AT ROME
    RUFUS, BRINGING HOME THE BODY OF
    RUSTIC, NORMAN (FROM STRUTT)
    RUSTIC, NORMAN, ELEVENTH CENTURY
    SARACEN, CURTHOSE AND THE
    SAXON BONDMAN (FROM STRUTT)
    SCANDINAVIANS, YGGDRASILL, THE MUNDANE TREE OF THE
    SEPULCHRE, CHURCH OF THE HOLY, JERUSALEM
    SHAKESPEARE'S CLIFF, DOVER
    SHIELDS
    SIWARD, DEATH OF, WITH HARNESS ON HIS BACK
    STAMFORD BRIDGE, THE NORWEGIAN CHAMPION AT THE BATTLE
    OF
    SWEYN STRUCK BY THE HAND OF DEATH
    TAILPIECE TO CHAPTER I.
    TAILPIECE TO CHAPTER V.
    TAILPIECE TO CHAPTER VIII.
    TAILPIECE TO CHAPTER XV.
    TAILPIECE TO CHAPTER XXXV.
    TAILPIECE TO CHAPTER XLI.
    TAILPIECE TO CHAPTER XLIV.
    TAILPIECE TO CHAPTER LI.
    TAILPIECE TO CHAPTER LIV.
    TAPESTRY, FROM THE BAYEUX
    TATTERSHALL CASTLE, LINCOLNSHIRE
    THOR
    TOSTIG'S PARTING SPEECH TO HIS BROTHER HAROLD
    TRIESTE
    TROOPS, THE NORMAN PRELATES BLESSING THE
    TYNEMOUTH
    VANE, HERALDIC
    WESTMINSTER ABBEY, DOOR OF
    WILLIAM AND THE PEASANT
    WILLIAM, COMMOTION DURING THE CROWNING OF
    WILLIAM EXTORTING A PROMISE FROM HAROLD
    WILLIAM'S LANDING, HAROLD HAS NEWS OF
    WILLIAM'S LOVE-MAKING
    WILLIAM'S MARCH ON HEXHAM
    WOMAN WITH DISTAFF
    YGGDRASILL, THE MUNDANE TREE OF THE SCANDINAVIANS




DANES, SAXONS, AND NORMANS;

OR,

Stories of our Ancestors.




I.

[Illustration: Hilda's appeal to Harold Harfagher.]

ROLFGANGER AND HIS COMRADES.


One day towards the close of the ninth century, Harold, King of
Norway, exasperated at the insubordination and contumacy of the chiefs
among whom that land of mountain, and forest, and fiord was divided,
vowed not to cut his fair hair till he had reduced the whole country
to his sovereign authority. The process proved, as he doubtless
foresaw, somewhat difficult and slow. Indeed, the chiefs of Norway,
who were, in fact, petty kings, disputed the ground inch by inch, and
Harold was occupied for so many years ere consummating his victories,
that his hair, growing ridiculously long and thick, led to his
receiving the surname of "Hirsute."

Even after having sustained numerous defeats on the land, the fierce
chiefs--all Vikings, and, like their adversaries, worshippers of
Odin--taking to the sea, ravaged the coasts and islands, and excited
the Norwegians to rebellion. Harold, however, resolved to do his work
thoroughly, went on board his war-fleet, sailed in pursuit of his
foes, and, having sunk several of their vessels, forced the others to
seek refuge in the Hebrides, where the exiled war-chiefs--many of them
ancestors of the Anglo-Norman nobles--consoled themselves with horns
of potent drink, with schemes for conquering kingdoms, and with the
hope of better fortune and brighter days.

It appears that in the long and arduous struggle which gave him the
sole and undisputed sovereignty of Norway, Harold had been faithfully
served by a Jarl named Rognvald; and it was to this Jarl's
timber-palace, in Möre, that the victorious King repaired to celebrate
the performance of his vow. Elate with triumphs, perhaps more signal
than he had anticipated, Harold made himself quite at home; and
having, before indulging in the Jarl's good cheer, refreshed himself
with a bath and combed his hair, he requested Rognvald to cut off his
superfluous locks.

"Now, Jarl," exclaimed Harold, when this operation was over, "methinks
I should no longer be called 'Hirsute.'"

"No, King," replied Rognvald, struck with surprise and pleasure at the
improvement in Harold's appearance; "your hair is now so beautiful
that, instead of being surnamed 'Hirsute,' you must be surnamed
'Harfagher.'"

It happened that Rognvald, by his spouse Hilda, had a son named Rolf,
or Roll, who was regarded as the foremost among the noble men of
Norway. He was as remarkable for his sagacity in peace, and for his
courage in war as for his bulk and stature, which were such that his
feet touched the ground when he bestrode the horses of the country.
From this peculiarity the son of Rognvald found himself under the
necessity of walking when engaged in any enterprise on the land; and
this circumstance led to his becoming generally known among his
countrymen as Rolfganger.

But the sea appears to have been Rolfganger's favourite element. From
his youth he had delighted in maritime adventures, and in such
exploits as made the men of the north celebrated as sea-kings; and one
day, when returning from a cruise in the Baltic, he, while off the
coast of Wighen, shortened sail, and ventured on the exercise of a
privilege of impressing provisions, long enjoyed by sea-kings, and
known as "strandhug." But he found that, with Harold Harfagher on the
throne, and stringent laws against piracy in force, the rights of
property were not thus to be set at defiance. In fact, the peasants
whose flocks had been carried away complained to the King; and the
King, without regard to the offender's rank, ordered him to be tried
by a Council of Justice.

Notwithstanding Rognvald's services to the King and his personal
influence with Harold Harfagher, Rolfganger's chance of escaping
sentence of banishment appeared slight. Moved, however, by maternal
tenderness, Hilda, the spouse of Rognvald, made an effort to save her
son. Presenting herself at the rude court of Norway, she endeavoured
to soften the King's heart.

"King," said she, "I ask you, for my husband's sake, to pardon my
son."

"Hilda," replied Harold, "it is impossible."

"What!" exclaimed Hilda, rearing herself to her full height; "am I to
understand that the very name of our race has become hateful to you?
Beware," continued she, speaking in accents of menace, "how you expel
from the country and treat as an enemy a man of noble race. Listen,
King, to what I tell you. It is dangerous to attack the wolf. When
once he is angered, let the herd in the forest beware!"

But Harold Harfagher was determined to make the laws respected, and,
notwithstanding Hilda's vague threats, a sentence of perpetual exile
was passed against her tall son. Rolfganger, however, was not a man
to give way to despair. Fitting out his ships in some rocky coves,
still pointed out, he embarked at an island off the mouth of
Stor-fiord, took a last look at his native country, with its rugged
scenery, its rapids, cataracts, and fiords, forests of dark pine and
mountains of white snow, herds of reindeer and clouds of birds, and,
sailing for the Hebrides, placed himself at the head of the banished
Norwegians, who speedily, under his auspices, resolved on a grand
piratical enterprise, which they did not doubt would result in
conquest and plunder.

Having cut their cable and given the reins to the great
sea-horses--such was their expression--the Normans made an attempt to
land in England, where Alfred the Great then reigned. Defeated in this
attempt by the war-ships with which the Saxon King guarded the coast,
they turned their prows towards France, and, entering the mouth of the
Seine, sailed up the river, pillaging the banks as they proceeded,
and, with little delay, found themselves admitted into Rouen, on which
they fixed as their future capital.

It was the year 876 when Rolfganger and his comrades sailed up the
Seine; and on becoming aware of their presence in France, Charles the
Simple, who then, as heir of Charlemagne, wielded the French sceptre
with feeble hand, summoned the warriors of his kingdom to stop the
progress of the Normans. An army, accordingly, was mustered and sent,
under the command of the Duke of France, to encounter the grim
invaders. Before fighting, however, the French deemed it prudent to
tempt the Normans with offers of lands and honours, on condition of
their submitting to King Charles, and sent messengers to hold a
parley. But the Normans treated the proposals with lofty disdain.

"Go back to your King," cried they, "and say that we will submit to no
man, and that we will assert dominion over all we acquire by force of
arms."

With this answer the ambassadors returned to the French camp, and ere
long the Normans were attacked in their entrenchments. But Rolfganger
and his comrades rushed to arms, and fought with such courage that the
French suffered a complete defeat, and the Duke of France fell by the
hand of a fisherman of Rouen.

The Normans, after vanquishing the host of King Charles, found
themselves at liberty to pursue their voyage; and Rolfganger, availing
himself of the advantage, sailed up the Seine, and laid siege to
Paris. Baffled in his attempt to enter the city, the Norman hero
consoled himself by taking Bayeux, Evreux, and other places, and
gradually found himself ruling as a conqueror over the greater part of
Neustria. At Evreux, he seized as his prey a lady named Popa, the
daughter of Count Beranger, whom he espoused; and, becoming gradually
more civilized, he rendered himself wonderfully popular with the
inhabitants of the district subject to his sway.

Meanwhile the French suffered so severely from the hostility of the
Normans, that Charles the Simple recognised the expediency of securing
the friendship of warriors so formidable. With this object he sent the
Archbishop of Rouen to negotiate with Rolfganger, and the result was
that the Sea-King consented to become a Christian, to wed Gisla, the
daughter of Charles, and to live at peace with France, on condition
that the French monarch ceded to him the province of Neustria.

Matters having reached this stage, preparations were made to ratify
the treaty in a solemn manner, and for that purpose Charles the Simple
and Rolfganger agreed to hold a conference at the village at St.
Clair, on the green-margined Epte. Each was accompanied by a numerous
train, and, while the French pitched their tents on one side of the
river, the Normans pitched theirs on the other. At the appointed hour,
however, Rolfganger crossed the Epte, approached the chair of state,
placed his hand between those of the King, took, without kneeling, the
oath of fealty, and then, supposing the ceremony was over, turned to
depart.

"But," said the Frenchmen, "it is fitting that he who receives such a
gift of territory should kneel before the King and kiss his foot."

"Nay," exclaimed Rolfganger; "never will I kneel before a mortal;
never will I kiss the foot of any man."

The French counts, however, insisted on this ceremony, and Rolfganger,
with an affectation of simplicity, made a sign to one of his comrades.
The Norman, obeying his chief's gesture, immediately stepped forward
and seized upon Charles's foot. Neglecting, however, to bend his own
knee, he lifted the King's foot so high in the effort to bring it to
his lips, that the chair of state was overturned, and the heir of
Charlemagne lay sprawling on his back.

[Illustration: Rolfganger paying homage to Charles the Simple.]

At this ludicrous incident the Normans raised shouts of derisive
laughter, and the French held up their hands in horror. For a few
moments all was confusion, but fortunately no serious quarrel
resulted; and soon after, Rolfganger was received into the Christian
Church, and married to Gisla, the King's daughter, at Rouen.

Rolfganger, having begun life anew as a Christian and a Count, divided
the territory of Neustria among his comrades, and changed its name to
Normandy. Maintaining internal order by severe laws, and administering
affairs with vigour, he soon became famous as the most successful
justiciary of the age. Such was the security felt under his
government, that mechanics and labourers flocked to establish
themselves in the newly-founded state, and the Normans applied
themselves to the arts of peace with as much ardour as they had
previously exhibited in their predatory enterprises.

Gradually adopting the French tongue, and refining their manners,
Rolfganger's comrades and their heirs were metamorphosed from a band
of pagan sea-kings and pirates into the most refined, the most
chivalrous, and the most religious race in Christendom--orators from
their cradle; warriors charging in chain mail, with resistless
courage, at the head of fighting men; and munificent benefactors to
religious houses, where holy monks kept alive the flame of ancient
learning, and dispensed befitting charities to the indigent and poor.

[Illustration]




II.

WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR.


One glorious afternoon in the autumn of the year 1023, some damsels of
humble rank were making merry and dancing joyously under the shade of
trees in the neighbourhood of Falaise, when, homeward from the chase,
accompanied by knights, squires, and grooms, with his bugle at his
girdle, his hawk on his wrist, and his hounds running at his horse's
feet, came, riding with feudal pride, that Duke of Normandy whom some,
in consideration, perhaps, of substantial favours, called Robert the
Magnificent, and whom others, in allusion to his violent temper,
characterized as Robert the Devil.

Not being quite indifferent to female charms, Duke Robert reined up,
and, as he did so, with an eye wandering from face to form and from
form to face, the grace and beauty of one of the dancers arrested his
attention and touched his heart. After expressing his admiration, and
learning that she was the daughter of a tanner, the duke pursued his
way. But he was more silent and meditative than usual; and, soon
after reaching the Castle of Falaise, he deputed the most discreet of
his knights to go to the father of the damsel to reveal his passion
and to plead his cause.

It appears that the negotiation was attended with considerable
difficulty. At first, the tanner, who had to be consulted, treated the
duke's proposals with scorn; but, after a pause, he agreed to take the
advice of his brother, who, as a hermit in the neighbouring forest,
enjoyed a high reputation for sanctity. The oracle's response was not
quite consistent with his religious pretensions. Though dead,
according to his own account, to the vanities of the world, the hermit
would seem to have cherished a lingering sympathy with human frailty.
At all events, he declared that subjects ought, in all things, to
conform to the will of their prince; and the tanner, without further
scruple, allowed his daughter to be conducted to the castle of Robert
the Devil. In due time Arlette gave birth to a son, destined, as
"William the Conqueror," to enrol his name in the annals of fame.

It was the 14th of October, 1024, when William the Norman drew his
first breath in the Castle of Falaise. Arlette had previously been
startled with a dream, portending that her son should reign over
Normandy and England; and no sooner did William see the light than he
gave a pledge of that energy which he was in after years to exhibit.
Being laid upon the floor, he seized the rushes in his hands, and
grasped them with such determination, that the matrons who were
present expressed their astonishment, and congratulated Arlette on
being the mother of such a boy.

"Be of good cheer," cried one of them, with prophetic enthusiasm; "for
verily your son will prove a king!"

At first Robert the Devil did not deign to notice the existence of the
boy who was so soon to wear the chaplet of golden roses that formed
the ducal diadem of Normandy; but William, when a year old, was
presented to the duke, and immediately won the feudal magnate's heart.

"Verily," said he, "this is a boy to be proud of. He is wonderfully
like my ancestors, the old dukes of the Normans, and he must be
nurtured with care."

From that time the mother and the child were dear to Duke Robert.
Arlette was treated with as much state as if a nuptial benediction had
been pronounced by the Archbishop of Rouen: and William was educated
with more than the care generally bestowed, at that time, on the
princes of Christendom. At eight he could read the "Commentaries of
Cæsar;" and in after life he was in the habit of repeating a saying of
one of the old counts of Anjou, "that a king without letters is a
crowned ass."

It happened that, about the year 1033, Robert the Devil, reflecting on
his manifold transgressions, and eager to make atonement, resolved on
a penitential pilgrimage to Jerusalem. A serious obstacle, however,
presented itself. The Norman nobles, with whom the descendant of
Rolfganger was in high favour, on being convened, protested loudly
against his departure.

"The state," they with one voice exclaimed, "will be in great peril if
we are left without a chief."

"By my faith!" said Robert, "I will not leave you without a chief. I
have a little bastard--I know he is my son; and he will grow a gallant
man, if it please God. Take him, then, as your liege lord; for I
declare him my heir, and bestow upon him the whole Duchy of Normandy."

No objections were raised to the Duke's proposal. In fact, everything
seems to have gone more smoothly than could have been anticipated.
William was formally presented to the assembly, and each feudal lord,
placing his hand within those of the boy, took the oath of allegiance
with such formalities as were customary.

Having arranged matters to his satisfaction, and placed his son under
the protection of the court of France, Duke Robert took the pilgrim's
scrip and staff, and, attended by a band of knights, set out for the
Holy Sepulchre. On reaching Asia Minor he fell sick, and, dispensing
with the company of his knights, hired four Saracens to carry him in a
litter onward to Jerusalem. When approaching the Holy City, he was met
by a palmer from Normandy, and waved his hand in token of recognition.

"Palmer," cried the duke, "tell my valiant lords that you have seen me
carried towards Paradise on the backs of fiends."

The fate of Duke Robert was never clearly ascertained; but from his
pilgrimage to Jerusalem it is certain that he did not return to
Normandy. Within a year of his departure, indeed, news reached Rouen
that the pilgrim-duke had breathed his last at Nice; and the Normans,
though without implicitly believing the report, gradually came to
think of him as one who had gone to his long home.

With news of the death of Robert the Magnificent came the crisis of
the fate of "William the Bastard." Notwithstanding the oath taken with
so much ceremony, the Norman barons were in no humour to submit to a
boy--and to a boy, especially, who was illegitimate.

It was in vain that the guardians of young William exerted all their
energies to establish his power. One pretender after another was put
down by the strong hand. But the old Norman seigneurs, who had
submitted with reluctance to the rule of legitimate princes, steeled
their hearts against the humiliation of bending their knees to a
bastard.

Among the nobles of Normandy, by far the haughtiest and most turbulent
were the seigneurs of Bessi and Cotentin. These men were proud to
excess of their Norwegian descent, and very tenacious of their
Scandinavian traditions and customs. Indeed, they treated with
something like contempt the conversion of the Normans to Christianity,
carried pagan devices on their shields, and rode into battle with the
old Scandinavian war-cry of "Thor aide!" Rejoicing, above all things,
in the purity of their blood, these ancient seigneurs not only talked
with ridicule of the idea of submitting to the son of Arlette, but
formed a strong league, marshalled their fighting men, and prepared to
display their banners and seize William's person.

When this conspiracy was formed, William had attained his seventeenth
year, and, utterly unconscious of his danger, was residing in a castle
unprepared for defence. The Counts of Bessi and Cotentin were making
ready to mount their war-steeds and secure their prey, when one of
their household fools stole away during the night, reached the castle
where William was, clamoured for admittance in a loud voice, and would
not be silenced till led to the young duke's presence. On getting
audience of William, the fool hastily told him of his peril, and
warned him to fly instantly.

"What say you?" asked William in surprise.

"I tell you," answered the fool, "that your enemies are coming, and,
if you don't fly without delay, you'll be slain."

After some further questioning, William resolved to take the fool's
advice, and mounting, spurred rapidly towards the Castle of Falaise.
But he was imperfectly acquainted with the country; and he had not
ridden far when he missed his way. William reined up his steed, and
halted in perplexity and dismay; and his alarm was increased by
hearing sounds as of enemies following at no great distance.
Fortunately, at that moment, however, he met a peasant, who, by
pointing out the way to the fugitive, and setting the pursuers off in
a wrong direction, enabled the duke to reach Falaise in safety.

At that time, Henry, grandson of Hugh Capet, figured as King of
France, and wore the diadem which his grandsire had torn from the head
of the heirs of Charlemagne. In other days, Henry had been protected
against the enmity of an imperious mother and a turbulent brother by
Robert the Magnificent; and when William hastened to the French court,
Henry, moved by the young duke's tale of distress, and remembering
Robert's services, promised to give all the aid in his power. Ere long
he redeemed his pledge by leading a French army against the
insurgents. The result was the defeat of the rebel lords in a pitched
battle at the "Val des Dunes," near Caen, and a victory which, for a
time, gave security to Arlette's son on the ducal throne of Rollo.

William's youth was so far fortunate. His friends regarded him with
idolatry; and his enemies, forced to admit that he seemed not unworthy
of his position, became quiescent. The day on which he mounted his
horse without placing foot in stirrup was hailed with joy; and the day
on which he received knighthood was kept as a holiday throughout
Normandy.

As time passed on, William showed himself very ambitious, and somewhat
vindictive. He made war on his neighbours in Maine and Britanny on
slender provocations, and resented without mercy any offensive
allusion to his maternal parentage. One day, when he was besieging the
town of Alençon, the inhabitants, to annoy him, beat leather skins on
the walls, in allusion to the occupation of his grandfather, and
shouted, "Hides, hides!" William, in bitter rage, revenged himself by
causing the hands and feet of all his prisoners to be cut off, and
thrown by the slingers over the walls into the town.

But, whatever William's faults, he was loved and respected by his
friends. Nor could the duke's worst enemy deny that he looked a prince
of whom any people might well have been proud. In person he was scarce
above the ordinary height; but so grand was his air, and so majestic
his bearing, that he seemed to tower above ordinary mortals. His
strength of arm was prodigious; and few were the warriors in that age
who could even bend his bow. His face was sufficiently handsome to
command the admiration of women, and his aspect sufficiently stern to
awe men into submission to his will. No prince in Europe was more
capable of producing an impression on a beholder than, at the age of
twenty-five, was the warrior destined to attempt and accomplish that
mighty exploit since celebrated as the Norman Conquest of England.

[Illustration]




III.

[Illustration: Sweyn struck by the hand of death.]

THE DANES IN ENGLAND.


At the time when William the Norman was making good his claim to the
Dukedom won by Rolfganger, the Saxons had been settled in England for
nearly six centuries. During that long period, however, the country
had frequently been exposed to the horrors of civil war and to the
inroads of those ruthless Northmen, who "replunged into barbarism the
nations over which they swept."

It was about the year 451 that the Saxons, with huge axes on their
shoulders, set foot on the shores of Britain. At that period--when the
ancient Britons, left by the Roman conquerors at the mercy of the
Picts and Scots, were complaining that the barbarians drove them to
the sea, and that the sea drove them back to the barbarians--there
anchored off the coast of Kent three bulky ships, commanded by Hengist
and Horsa, two Saxon chiefs, who claimed descent from Woden, their god
of war, and boasted of some military skill acquired when fighting in
the ranks of Rome. From Hengist and Horsa, still worshippers of Thor
and Woden, the Britons implored aid against the Picts and Scots; and
the Saxon chiefs, calling over a band of their countrymen, speedily
drove the painted Caledonians to their mountains and fastnesses.

After having rescued the Britons from their northern neighbours, the
Saxons did not exhibit any haste to leave the country which they had
delivered. Indeed, these mighty sons of Woden rather seemed ambitious
of making Britain their own; and Hengist, having settled in
Lincolnshire, gave a great feast. Among other guests who on this
occasion came to the Saxon's stronghold was Vortigern, a King among
the Britons, and, his eye being arrested and his heart inflamed by the
grace and beauty of Rowena, the daughter of Hengist, while she
presented the wassail-cup on bended knee, he became so desperately
enamoured that he never rested till the fair and fascinating Saxon was
his wife. After the marriage of Vortigern and Rowena, the Saxons
plainly intimated their intention of being masters of Britain, and,
the sword having been drawn, the two races--the Saxons and the
Celts--commenced that struggle which lasted for more than a hundred
and fifty years, during which King Arthur and the Knights of his Round
Table are said to have wrought those marvellous exploits which have
been celebrated by chroniclers and bards.

At length, however, the Saxons, in spite of prolonged resistance,
established their supremacy, and, during the existence of the Saxon
Heptarchy, which included the whole country, subject to seven
Princes, the conquerors of Britain became converts to Christianity,
and members of the Catholic Church; and, abandoning the worship of
Thor and Woden, they endeavoured to show their zeal by erecting
churches and monasteries.

As time passed on, Egbert, King of Wessex, in 827 prevailed over all
rivals, formed the separate provinces into a single state, and reigned
as King of England. But while the Saxons were still engaged in putting
down the Celts and cutting each other to pieces, a band of grim
adventurers one morning sailed into the port of Teignmouth. In the
discharge of his duty, a Saxon magistrate proceeded to the shore to
learn whence they came and what they wanted. Without deigning an
answer, the strangers slew the magistrate and his attendants,
plundered the town, carried the booty to their ships, and then,
hoisting their sails, took their departure. This was the first
appearance in England of those Danes who were, ere long, to rend the
Anglo-Saxon empire in pieces, and place their King on the English
throne.

In fact, from the time of this their first visit to the English coast,
the Danes were constantly finding their way to England, and
signalising their inroads by every kind of barbarity. They were the
most reckless of pirates and pagans, calling the ocean their home and
the tempest their servant, and delighting to shed the blood of
Christian priests, to desecrate churches, and to stable their steeds
in chapels. In their cruel inroads, they tossed infants on the points
of their spears, and mocked the idea of tears and mourning. For them,
indeed, death had no terrors, for they believed themselves secure,
especially if they fell in battle, of being conveyed to Valhalla; and
gloried in the prospect of feasting in the halls of Odin, waited on by
lovely damsels, and quaffing beer out of huge cups of horn. Settling
gradually in Northumberland, East Anglia, and Mercia, the Danes
occupied the whole country north of the Thames. Only one province
remained to the Saxons, that of Wessex, which then extended from the
mouth of the Thames to the Bristol Channel.

Such was the state of affairs when, in 871, a Saxon King, named
Ethelred, was slain in a conflict with the Danes, and was succeeded by
his son, Alfred, afterwards Alfred the Great, but then a youth of
twenty-two. At first, the courage and ability of the young King
inspired the Saxons with high hopes. But Alfred, puffed up with
conceit of his superior knowledge, despised those whom he governed,
and his contemptuous indifference to their opinions and wishes
rendered him ere long so very unpopular that when, after having
reigned seven years, he was under the necessity of preparing against
an inroad of the Danes, he found himself, to his mortification, almost
unsupported. In vain the King, after the fashion of his ancestors,
sent messengers of war to town and hamlet, bearing the arrow and naked
sword, and proclaiming, "Let each man that is not a nothing leave his
house and come!" So few obeyed the summons that Alfred, deeply
mortified, abandoned his throne, and sought refuge in Cornwall.

It was at this dismal period that Alfred found shelter in the hut of a
swineherd, and, while examining his arrows, allowed the cakes to burn.
"Stupid man!" cried the swineherd's wife, unaware of his quality, "you
will not take the trouble to prevent my bread from burning, though
you're always so glad to eat it."

But, ere long, Alfred emerged from his obscure lurking-place, visited
the Danish camp disguised as a harper, and, while entertaining the
rude Northmen with music and song, became so well acquainted with the
situation of affairs that he took immediate steps to restore the old
Saxon nationality. Summoning fighting men of the Saxon race from every
quarter, Alfred met the Danes in the field, vanquished them in eight
battles, and finally reduced them to submission and obedience.

After the death of Alfred the Great, who had, after his restoration,
reigned with lustre and glory, Ethelstane, pursuing Alfred's
conquests, recovered York, crossed the Tweed, defeated the Danes and
Cambrians at Bamborough, and brought the whole island under his
dominion. For some time after Ethelstane's triumphs, the Saxons were
allowed unmolestedly to sow and reap, to buy and sell, to marry and
give in marriage.

In 994, however, Sweyn, King of Denmark, turned his eyes covetously
towards England, where Ethelred the Unready then reigned; and
forthwith, in company with Olaf, King of Norway, undertook an
expedition. Despairing of opposing the invaders with success,
Ethelred bribed them with a large sum of money to retire, and both of
them withdrew, after having sworn not again to trouble England.
Nevertheless, in 1001, Sweyn, in whom the spirit of the pirate was
strong, reappeared; and the Saxon King, seeing no way of getting rid
of such a foe except by bribery, agreed to pay an annual tribute, to
be levied throughout England under the name of "Dane-gold."

Sweyn, to whom an arrangement that was every year to replenish his
treasury seemed satisfactory, returned to Denmark. Many Danes,
however, remained in England, and conducted themselves with such
intolerable insolence that the Saxons projected a general massacre of
their unwelcome guests, and fixed on St. Brice's Day, 1002, for the
execution of their hoarded vengeance. Ethelred, who, having lost his
first wife, Elgira, the mother of Edmund Ironsides, had espoused Emma,
sister of the Duke of Normandy, and who deemed himself secure in the
alliance of the heir of Rolfganger, unhappily consented to the
massacre, and, on the appointed day, the Saxons applied themselves to
the work of extermination, little dreaming what would be the
consequences.

No sooner did Sweyn hear of the massacre of St. Brice, than he vowed
revenge, and, embarking with a mighty force, landed in England, and
commenced a work of bloodshed, carnage, sacrilege, destruction, and
every kind of enormity. Ethelred, after a vain attempt at resistance,
fled to Normandy, with Emma his wife, and their two sons, Alfred and
Edward; while Sweyn, left a victor, caused himself to be proclaimed
King of England. But he did not live long to enjoy his conquests. One
day, while feasting at Thetford, drinking to excess, and threatening
to spoil the monastery of St. Edmund, he suddenly felt as if he had
been violently struck, and the chiefs, who sat around in a circle,
observed that his face underwent a rapid change.

"Oh!" exclaimed Sweyn, gasping for breath, "I have been struck by this
St. Edmund with a sword!"

"Nay," said the Danish chiefs, who did not share their King's
superstitious feeling, "there is no St. Edmund here."

Death, however, seemed written on Sweyn's face, and horror took
possession of his soul. After suffering terrible tortures for three
days, he breathed his last, and left his claims and pretensions to his
son Canute, who, coming victoriously out of that struggle with Edmund
Ironsides, in which the royal Saxon, after repeatedly defeating the
Danes, perished by the hand of an assassin, succeeded to the English
throne, where he was destined to render his name memorable and his
memory illustrious as Canute the Great.

It appears that, during these unfortunate struggles with the Danes,
Ethelred and his son Edmund Ironsides relied much on the services of a
man whom the Saxon King delighted to honour, and whom English
historians have since branded as one of the most infamous traitors
that ever breathed English air. This was Edric Streone, who had
obtained from Ethelred the Earldom of Mercia, and who evinced his
gratitude for that and countless favours by betraying his benefactor
and suborning a ruffian to stab his benefactor's son.

After Ironsides' murder, Edric hastened to Canute and claimed a
reward. Not unwilling, perhaps, to profit by the treachery, but
abhorring the traitor, the Danish conqueror had recourse to
dissimulation, and spoke to Edric in language which raised the
villain's hopes.

"Depend upon it," said Canute, "I will set your head higher than any
man's in the realm;" and, by way of redeeming his promise, he soon
after ordered the traitor to be beheaded.

"King," cried Edric, in amazement, "remember you not your promise?"

"I do," answered Canute, with grim humour. "I promised to set your
head higher than other men's, and I will keep my word." And having
ordered Edric to be executed, he caused the body to be flung into the
Thames, and the head to be placed high over the highest of the gates
of London.

After having won considerable popularity among the Saxons by the
execution of Edric Streone, Canute, who figured as King of Denmark and
Norway, as well as England, endeavoured to strengthen his position by
a matrimonial alliance. With this view the royal Dane wedded Emma of
Normandy, the widow of Ethelred; and it was supposed that, at his
death, Hardicanute, the son whom he had by this fair descendant of
Rolfganger, was to succeed to the English throne.

In 1035, however, when Canute the Great went the way of all flesh, and
when his remains were laid in the Cathedral of Winchester, there was
living in London one of his illegitimate sons, named Harold, who, from
his swiftness in running, was surnamed Harefoot. Immediately, Harold
Harefoot claimed the crown, and a contest took place between his
adherents and those of Hardicanute, who was then in Denmark. Harold
Harefoot, however, being favoured by the Danes of London, carried the
day; and finding that the Archbishop refused to perform the ceremony
of coronation, he placed the crown on his head with his own hand,
became an avowed enemy of the Church, lived as one "who had abjured
Christianity," and displayed his contempt for religious rites by
having his table served and sending out his dogs to hunt at the hour
when people were assembling for worship.

After reigning four years, however, he breathed his last, and was
buried at Westminster.

When Harold Harefoot died, Hardicanute was at Bruges with his mother,
the Norman Emma, and he immediately sailed for England. No attempt
seems to have been made to restore the Saxon line. Indeed, Hardicanute
found himself received with general joy, and commenced his career as
King of England by causing the body of his half-brother to be dug out
of his tomb at Westminster and thrown into the Thames. Hardicanute
then abandoned himself to gluttony and drunkenness, and scandalously
oppressed the nation over which he swayed the sceptre. His career,
however, was brief, and his end was so sudden, that some have ascribed
it to foul play.

It was the 8th of June, 1041, and Hardicanute was celebrating the
wedding of a Danish chief at Lambeth. Nobody expected a catastrophe,
for he was still little more than twenty, and his constitution was
remarkably strong. While revelling and carousing, however, he suddenly
tossed up his arms and dropped on the floor a corpse. Some ascribed
the death of Hardicanute to poison, but none lamented his fate; and,
by the Saxons, the event was rather hailed as a sign for the
restoration of the Saxon line and the heirs of Alfred.




IV.

EARL GODWIN.


One morning, at the time when Edmund Ironside and Canute were
struggling desperately for the kingdom of England, and when the son of
Ethelred had just defeated the son of Sweyn in a great battle in
Warwickshire, a Danish captain--Ulf by name--separated from his men,
and, flying to save his life, entered a wood with the paths of which
he was quite unacquainted. Halting in one of the glades, and looking
round in extreme perplexity, he felt relieved by the approach of a
young Saxon, in the garb of a herdsman, driving his father's oxen to
the pastures.

"Thy name, youth," said Ulf to the herdsman, saluting him after the
fashion of his country.

"I," answered the herdsman, "am Godwin, son of Wolwoth; and thou, if I
mistake not, art one of the Danes."

"It is true," said Ulf. "I have wandered about all night, and now I
beg you tell me how far I am from the Danish camp, or from the ships
stationed in the Severn, and by what road I can reach them."

"Mad," exclaimed Godwin, "must be the Dane who looks for safety at the
hands of a Saxon."

"Nevertheless," said Ulf, "I entreat thee to leave thy herd and guide
me to the camp, and I promise that thou shalt be richly rewarded."

"The way is long," said Godwin, shaking his head, "and perilous would
be the attempt. The peasants, emboldened by victory, are everywhere up
in arms, and little mercy would they show either to thee or thy
guide."

"Accept this, youth," said the Dane, coaxingly, as he drew a gold ring
from his finger.

"No," answered Godwin, after examining the jewel with curiosity, "I
will not take the ring, but I will give you what aid I can."

Having thus promised his assistance to Ulf, Godwin took the Danish
captain under his guidance, and led him to Wolwoth's cottage hard by,
and, when night came, prepared to conduct him, by bye-paths, to the
camp. They were about to depart when Wolwoth, with a tear in his eye,
laid his hand in that of the Dane.

"Stranger," said the old man, "know that it is my only son who trusts
to your good faith. For him there will be no safety among his
countrymen from the moment he has served you as a guide. Present him,
therefore, to Canute, that he may be taken into your king's service."

"Fear not, Saxon," said Ulf, "I will do more than you ask for your
son. I will treat him as my own."

The Dane and Godwin then left Wolwoth's cottage, and, under the
guidance of the young herdsman, the Dane reached the camp in safety.
Nor was his promise forgotten. On entering his tent, Ulf seated Godwin
on a seat as highly-raised as his own, and, from that hour, treated
him with paternal kindness.

It was under such romantic circumstances, if we may credit ancient
chroniclers and modern historians, that Godwin entered on that
marvellous career which was destined to conduct him to more than regal
power in England. Presented by Ulf to Canute, the son of Wolwoth soon
won the favour of the Danish king; nor was he of a family whose
members ever allowed any scrupulous adherence to honour to stand in
the way of ambitious aspirations. Indeed, he was nephew of that Edric
Streone who had betrayed Ethelred the Unready, and whom Canute had
found it necessary to sacrifice to the national indignation; and it
has been observed that, "even as kinsman to Edric, who, whatever his
crimes, must have retained a party it was wise to conciliate, Godwin's
favour with Canute, whose policy would lead him to show marked
distinction to any able Saxon follower, ceases to be surprising."

But, however that may have been, Godwin, protected by the king and
inspired by ambition, rose rapidly to fame and fortune. Having
accompanied Canute to Denmark, and afterwards signalized his military
skill by a great victory over the Norwegians, he returned to England
with the reputation of being, of all others, the man whom the Danish
King delighted to honour. No distinction now appeared too high to be
conferred on the son of Wolwoth. Ere long he began to figure as Earl
of Wessex, and husband of Thyra, one of Canute's daughters.

Godwin's marriage with the daughter of Canute did not increase the
Saxon Earl's popularity. Indeed, Thyra was accused of sending young
Saxons as slaves to Denmark, and regarded with much antipathy. One
day, however, Thyra was killed by lightning; soon after, her only son
was drowned in the Thames; and Godwin lost no time in supplying the
places of his lady and his heir.

Again at liberty to gratify his ambition by a royal alliance, he
wedded Githa, daughter of Sweyne, Canute's successor on the throne of
Denmark; and the Danish princess, as time passed on, made her husband
father of six sons--Sweyne, Harold, Tostig, Gurth, Leofwine, and
Wolwoth--besides two daughters--Edith and Thyra--all destined to have
their names associated in history with that memorable event known as
the Norman Conquest.

Meanwhile, Godwin was taking that part in national events which he
hoped would raise him to still higher power among his countrymen, when
Canute the Great breathed his last, and was laid at rest in the
cathedral at Winchester. Then there arose a dispute about the
sovereignty of England between Hardicanute and Harold Harefoot. The
South declared for Hardicanute, the North for Harefoot. Both had their
chances; but Harold Harefoot being in England at the time, as we have
seen, while Hardicanute was in Denmark, had decidedly the advantage
over his rival.

Godwin, however, favouring Hardicanute, invited Queen Emma to England.
He assumed the office of Protector, and received the oaths of the men
of the South. But for once the son of Wolwoth found fortune adverse to
his policy; and, having waited till Emma made peace with Harold
Harefoot, the potent Earl also swore obedience, and allowed the claims
of Hardicanute to rest.

But when time passed over, and affairs took a turn, when Harold
Harefoot died, and Hardicanute, having come to England, ascended the
throne, excited the national discontent by imposing excessive taxes,
and was perpetually alarmed, in the midst of his debaucheries, with
intelligence of tax-gatherers murdered and cities in insurrection, it
became pretty clear that the Danish domination must, ere long, come to
an end. Then Godwin, who had ever a keen eye to his interest,
doubtless watched the signs of the times with all the vigilance
demanded by the occasion, and marked well the course of events which
were occurring to place the game in his hands. Accordingly, when, in
the summer of 1041, Hardicanute expired so suddenly at Lambeth, while
taking part in the wedding festivities of one of his Danish chiefs,
Godwin perceived that the time had arrived for the restoration of
Saxon royalty. With his characteristic energy, he raised his standard,
and applied himself to the business. His success was even more signal
than he anticipated. Indeed, if he had chosen, he might have ascended
the throne of Alfred and of Canute. But his policy was to increase his
own power without exciting the envy of others. With this view he
assembled a great council at Gillingham. Acting by his advice, the
assembled chiefs resolved on calling to the throne, not the true heir
of England--the son of Edmund Ironsides, who resided in Hungary, and
probably had a will of his own--but an Anglo-Saxon prince who had been
long absent from England--an exile known to be inoffensive in
character as well as interesting from misfortune, and with whom Godwin
doubtless believed he could do whatever he pleased. At all events, it
was as King-maker, and not as King, that the ennobled son of Wolwoth
aspired, at this crisis, to influence the destinies of England.




V.

EDWARD THE CONFESSOR.


While Duke William was overcoming his enemies in Normandy, and Earl
Godwin was putting an end to the domination of the Danes in England,
there might have been observed about the Court of Rouen a man of mild
aspect and saintly habits, who had reached the age of forty. He was an
exile, a Saxon prince, and one of the heirs of Alfred.

It was about the opening of the eleventh century that King Ethelred,
then a widower, and father of Edmund Ironsides, espoused Emma, sister
of Richard, Duke of Normandy. From this marriage sprung two sons and a
daughter. The sons were named Edward and Alfred; the name of the
daughter was Goda.

Edward was a native of England, and drew his first breath, in the year
1002, at Islip, near Oxford. At an early age, however, when the
massacre of the Danes on the day of St. Brice resulted in the exile of
Ethelred, Edward, with the other children of Ethelred and Emma, found
refuge at the Court of Normandy. It was there that the youth of Edward
was passed; it was there that his tastes were formed; and it was there
that, brooding over the misfortunes of his country and his race, he
sought consolation in those saintly theories and romantic practices
which distinguished him so widely from the princes of that fierce and
adventurous period which preceded the first Crusade.

When Ethelred the Unready breathed his last, in 1016, and Canute the
Great demanded the widowed queen in marriage, and Emma, delighted at
the prospect of still sharing the throne of England, threw herself
into the arms of the royal Dane, her two sons, Edward and Alfred,
remained for a time securely in Normandy. Indeed, they do not appear
to have been by any means pleased at the idea of their mother uniting
her fate with a man whom they had regarded as their father's mortal
foe. However, as years passed over, the sons of Ethelred received an
invitation from Harold Harefoot to visit their native country, and
they did not think fit to decline. At all events, it appears that
Alfred proceeded to England, and that he went attended by a train of
six hundred Normans.

On arriving in England, Alfred was immediately invited by Harold
Harefoot to come to London, and, not suspecting any snare, he hastened
to present himself at court. No sooner, however, had the Saxon prince
reached Guildford than he was met by Earl Godwin, conducted under some
pretence into the Castle, separated from his attendants--who were
massacred by hundreds--and then put in chains, to be conveyed to the
Isle of Ely, where he was deprived of his sight, and so severely
treated that he died of misery and pain.

Edward, who had remained in Normandy, soon learned with horror that
his brother had been murdered; and when Hardicanute succeeded Harold
Harefoot, he hastened to England to demand justice on Godwin.
Hardicanute received his half-brother with kindness, promised that he
should have satisfaction, and summoned the Earl of Wessex to answer
for the murder of Prince Alfred. But Godwin's experience was great,
and his craft was equal to his experience. Without scruple, he offered
to swear that he was entirely guiltless of young Alfred's death, and
at the same time presented Hardicanute with a magnificent galley,
ornamented with gilded metal, and manned by eighty warriors, every one
of whom had a gilded axe on his left shoulder, a javelin in his right
hand, and bracelets on each arm. The young Danish king looked upon
this gift as a most conclusive argument in favour of Godwin's
innocence--and the son of Wolwoth was saved.

Edward returned to Normandy, and passed the next five years of his
life in monkish austerities. But when the Danish domination came to an
end, and the Grand Council was held at Gillingham, Godwin, as if to
atone for consigning one of the sons of Ethelred to a tomb, hastened
to place the other on a throne. Edward, then in his fortieth year, was
accordingly elected king, and, on reaching England, was crowned at
Winchester, in that sacred edifice where his illustrious ancestors
and their Danish foes reposed in peace together.

It is related by the chroniclers of this period, that when Edward,
arrayed in royal robes, and accompanied by bishops and nobles, was on
the point of entering the church to be crowned, a man afflicted with
leprosy sat by the gate.

"What do you there?" cried the king's friends. "Move out of the way."

"Nay," said Edward, meekly, "suffer him to remain."

"King!" cried the leper, in a loud voice, "I conjure you, by the
living God, to have me carried into the church, that I may pray to be
made whole!"

"Unworthy should I be of heaven if I did not," Edward replied; and,
stooping forward, he raised the leprous man on his back, bore him into
the church, and prayed earnestly, and not in vain, for his
restoration. Roger Hoveden even asserts that the king's prayers were
heard, and that the leper was made whole from that hour. But, in any
case, there can be no doubt that on the fierce nobles and people of
his realm such a scene as this must have produced a strange
impression. It was believed that Edward's sanctity gave him the power
to heal; and belief in the influence which his hand was in this way
supposed to have, led to the custom of English sovereigns touching for
the king's evil.

In fact, however, people soon discovered that Edward was more of a
monk than a monarch; and far happier would he have been if he had
remained in Normandy, and sought refuge from the rude and wicked world
in the quiet of a cloister. It soon appeared, moreover, that the son
of Ethelred was intended to be king but in name; and that the son of
Wolwoth was to be virtually sovereign of England. The plan was not
unlikely to succeed. Indeed, Edward was so saintly and so simple, that
Godwin might, to the hour of his death, have exercised all real power,
had he not, with the vulgar ambition natural to such a man, risked
everything for the chance of his posterity occupying the English
throne.

It appears that Godwin, by his marriage with Githa, the Danish
princess, had, besides six sons, two daughters, Edith and Thyra.
Edith, at the time of the restoration of the Saxon monarchy, is
described as having been young, beautiful, and remarkable for her
learning. It can hardly be doubted that her character and disposition
contrasted favourably with the other members of the family that then
domineered in England; and she was praised for not resembling them.
"As the thorn produces the rose," people said, "so Godwin produced
Edith."

The idea of making his daughter the wife of a king, and perhaps living
to see his grandson wear a crown, fired Godwin's imagination; and it
is even said that Edward, before leaving Normandy, was forced to
swear, in the most solemn manner, that, if elected, he would marry
Edith. But however that may have been, the imperious Earl insisted on
the meek king becoming his son-in-law; and a man who, even in the days
of his youth, had been much too saintly to think of matrimony, was
compelled, when turned of forty, to espouse a woman on the hands of
whose father was his brother's blood, and to whose family he had,
naturally enough, a thorough aversion.

[Illustration]




VI.

[Illustration: The judgment of God on Godwin.]

THE KING AND THE KING-MAKER.


It was 1042 when Edward--afterwards celebrated as the Confessor--found
himself placed by the hand of Godwin on the throne of his ancestors,
and provided with a wife and queen in the person of Edith, Godwin's
daughter. At first, matters went pleasantly enough, and, indeed,
appeared promising. But no real friendship could exist between the
Anglo-Saxon king and the man whom he regarded as his brother's
murderer. Ere six years passed, Godwin and the king were foes, and
England was the scene of discord and disorder.

At that time the prejudice of the Anglo-Saxons against foreigners was
peculiarly strong. Before returning to the land of his birth,
therefore, Edward was under the necessity of promising that he should
bring with him no considerable number of Normans. The condition was
observed in so far that few Normans did accompany Edward to England.
But no sooner was he seated on the throne, and in a position to grant
favours, than his palace was open to all comers; and guests from the
court of Rouen flocked to the court of Westminster.

When Edward's Norman friends presented themselves, they met with the
most cordial welcome; and being, for the most part, men of adventurous
talents, they soon began to look upon the country as their property,
and grasped at every office which the king had to bestow. Ere long,
Norman priests found themselves bishops in England; Norman warriors
figured as governors of English castles; and the court became so
thoroughly Normanized, that the national dress, language, and manners,
went wholly out of fashion.

The Anglo-Saxon nobles do not appear to have manifested any jealousy
of the king's friends. In fact, their inclination was quite the
reverse. The polish and refinement of their new associates excited
their admiration, and they hastened to adopt the Norman fashions.
Throwing aside their long cloaks, they assumed the short Norman
mantle, with its wide sleeves; they neglected their native tongue to
imitate, as well as they could, the language spoken by Norman prelates
and warriors; and, instead of signing their names, as of old, they
began to affix seals to their deeds. The Anglo-Saxon dress, manners,
and language were no longer accounted worthy of men who pretended to
rank and breeding.

Meanwhile, Godwin not only steadily abstained from adopting the Norman
fashions, but looked upon the king's foreign friends as mortal foes,
and regarded everything about them with hatred. He felt, with pain,
that they kept alive the memory of Prince Alfred and their murdered
countrymen, and he perceived with uneasiness that each new arrival had
the effect of weakening his influence with the king. It was under such
circumstances that he set his face against foreigners, and found means
of exciting the popular prejudices against the man whom, for selfish
purposes, he had, to the exclusion of the true heir, placed on the
English throne. The multitude, ever ready to be deluded, took
precisely the view Godwin wished, and began to speak of the pampered
and overgrown adventurer as a neglected and long-suffering patriot.

"Is it astonishing," said one, "that the author and support of
Edward's reign should be indignant at seeing new men from a foreign
nation raised above him?"

"And yet," observed another, "never does he utter a harsh word to the
man whom he himself created king."

"Curse all Norman favourites!" exclaimed a third.

"And," cried a fourth, "long life to the great chief--to the chief
magnanimous by sea and land!"

While such was the situation of affairs, Eustace, Count of Boulogne,
happened, in the year 1048, to come as a guest to England. Eustace was
husband of Edward's sister, Goda; and the king naturally strove to
make the visit of his brother-in-law as pleasant as possible. After
remaining for some time at the English court, however, Eustace
prepared to return home; but on reaching Dover, where he intended to
embark, an awkward quarrel took place between his attendants and the
townsmen. A fray was the consequence; and in a conflict which took
place, twenty of the count's men were unfortunately slain. Angry and
indignant at the slaughter of his followers, Eustace, instead of
embarking, turned back to demand redress, and hastened to lay his
complaint before the king, who was then keeping his court in the
castle of Gloucester.

Edward, ashamed of the riot, and horrified at the bloodshed, promised
that condign punishment should be inflicted on the perpetrators of the
outrage, and deputed the duty to Godwin, in whose earldom the town of
Dover was included.

"Go without delay," said Edward, "and chastise by a military
execution, those who have attacked my relative with arms in their
hands, and who have disturbed the peace of the country."

"Nay," said Godwin, "it is not right to condemn, without hearing, men
whom it is your duty to protect."

Nettled by the tone of Godwin's refusal, and aware of the refractory
spirit by which the earl was animated, Edward gave way to anger, and
convoked a great council at Gloucester. Before this assembly Godwin
was summoned to answer for his conduct. Instead of appearing, the Earl
of Wessex mustered an army with the object of setting Edward at
defiance. England seemed on the verge of a civil war, but a peace was
patched up by the mediation of Siward, Earl of Northumberland, and
Leofric, Earl of Mercia, husband of that Godiva whose equestrian feat
at Coventry the grateful citizens have since so often commemorated.
But the efforts of Siward and Leofric proved vain. The king and Godwin
indeed pretended to be reconciled. But neither was sincere. Ere long,
the quarrel broke out afresh with great bitterness; and the earl,
finding the king much more resolute than could have been expected,
consulted his safety by escaping with his wife and family to Flanders.

Freed from the presence of his imperious father-in-law, and feeling
himself at length a king in reality, Edward passed sentence of
outlawry on Godwin and his sons, seized on their earldoms, and
confiscated their property. Even Edith, the queen, did not escape her
share of the adversity of her house. After being deprived of her lands
and money she was sent to a convent in Hampshire, and condemned in a
cloister to sigh with regret over the ambition that had united her
fate with that of a man who had regarded her with a sentiment akin to
horror.

"It is not meet," said Edward's Norman friends, ironically, "that
while this woman's family undergo all the evils of exile, she herself
should sleep upon down."

"But the King's wife!" remonstrated the Anglo-Saxon nobles.

"Tush!" answered the Normans, significantly; "she is his wife only in
name."

While Godwin was an exile in Flanders, William, Duke of Normandy, paid
a visit to the King of England. Edward received his kinsman with
great affection, entertained him magnificently, and treated him with
such distinction as encouraged the Norman Duke's most ambitious hopes.
Indeed, it has been said that "William appeared in England more a king
than Edward himself, and that his ambitious mind was not slow in
conceiving the hope of becoming such in reality." Nor did William
return to Normandy without tokens of Edward's good will. Magnificent
presents of armour, horses, dogs, and falcons were the substantial
pledges with which the monk-king accompanied his assurances of
friendship for the warrior-duke.

But, meantime, Godwin grew weary of exile and eager for revenge.
Impatient to return to England, and to wreak his fury on the Norman
favourites, the banished earl resolved, at all hazards, on leaving
Flanders. Having obtained ships from Count Baldwin, he sailed from
Bruges; and, soon after Edward had witnessed the departure of his
martial kinsman for Normandy, the fleet of his outlawed father-in-law
sailed up the Thames and anchored at Southwark.

Edward was in London when Godwin's fleet appeared in this menacing
attitude; and, assembling his council, the king, with a flash of
ancestral spirit, evinced a strong desire to oppose force to force.
But, though the Norman courtiers were anxious to come to blows with
their mortal foe, the king was the only Englishman who participated in
their sentiments. Not only were the citizens of London all ready to
take up arms for the outlawed earl; but even Siward and Leofric, the
chiefs who had ever stood in opposition to Godwin, were in favour of
his restoration; and the soldiers who formed the royal army were
animated by such an antipathy to the foreign favourites, that it was
felt they could not be depended on in the event of matters being
pushed to extremity. In these circumstances, the king reluctantly
consented to refer the question to a council of nobles; and this
council, presided over by Robert Stigand, Bishop of East Anglia,
decided that the whole case should be submitted for judgment to the
Witenagemote, the National Council of the Anglo-Saxons.

On learning what had occurred, the Norman courtiers perceived that
there was no hope for them but in escape. Without hesitation,
therefore, they mounted their horses, and spurred from the palace of
Westminster. Headed by Robert, Archbishop of Canterbury, and William,
Bishop of London, a troop of Norman knights and gentlemen dashed
eastward, fought their way through the city, and, making for the
coast, embarked in fishing-boats; others fled to northern castles,
held by Hugh the Norman, and Osbert, surnamed Pentecost; and thence,
with Hugh and Osbert, made for the north, crossed the Tweed, and
sought security on Scottish soil. No mercy, they well knew, could be
expected at the hands of Godwin, and quite as little at the hands of a
multitude believing in his patriotism and exasperated against his
foes.

Meanwhile, the Witenagemote having been convoked, and all the best men
in the country having assembled to take part in the deliberations,
Godwin spoke in his own defence. The proceedings, as had been foreseen
from the beginning, resulted in the revocation of the sentence of
outlawry against the earl and his sons, and restoration to their lands
and honours. An exception was, indeed, made in the case of Godwin's
eldest son, Sweyn, who, having debauched the abbess of Leominster, and
murdered his kinsman, Earl Beorn, was deemed unworthy of the company
of Christians and warriors. But Sweyn relieved his family from all
awkwardness on this point by voluntarily undertaking a penitential
pilgrimage on foot to the Holy Sepulchre.

Matters having been thus arranged, the king accepted from Godwin the
oath of peace; and Godwin, as hostages for his good faith, placed his
youngest son, Wolnoth, and Haco, the son of Sweyn, in the hands of the
king, who sent them to the court of Rouen. At the same time, William,
the Norman Bishop of London, was, by the king's wish, recalled to
England; but Robert, the Norman Archbishop of Canterbury, was not so
fortunate. Stigand, instituted as Robert's successor, took possession
of the pallium which the Norman prelate had left behind in his sudden
flight.

When her kinsmen were restored to England, Edith, the queen, brought
from her convent in Hampshire, once more appeared at the palace of
Westminster; and the house of Godwin seemed more firmly established
than ever. The king, ceasing to struggle against the earl's influence,
occupied his attention with completing the abbey which he had been
building at Westminster, and Leofric and Siward seemed to bow to their
great rival's power and popularity. But the days of Godwin were
numbered.

It was the spring of 1054; Edward was holding his court in the castle
of Winchester; and Godwin and his sons were among the guests. One day,
when the feast was spread, and the king and the earl were seated at
the board, an attendant, who was stepping forward to pour wine into a
cup, happened to stumble with one foot, and quickly recovered himself
with the other. Edward smiled; and Godwin, willing to give a hint to
his sons, who were perpetually brawling with each other, turned
towards them.

"Well," remarked the earl, "you see how the brother has come to the
support of the brother."

"Ay," said the king, in a significant tone; "brother needs the aid of
brother; and would to God my brother Alfred yet lived to aid me!"

"Oh, king!" exclaimed Godwin, startled and irritated, "why is it that,
on the slightest recollection of your brother, you ever look so
angrily on me?"

Edward deigned no reply; but his pale brow grew stern, and his
withered cheek flushed with resentment.

"If," continued the earl, taking a piece of bread in his hand--"if I
contributed, even indirectly, to your brother's death, may the God of
Heaven grant this may choke me!"

With these words Godwin put the bread into his mouth; and, as he did
so, and as the eyes of the king were bent intently on his countenance,
the earl fell from his seat.

"It is the judgment of God!" muttered the courtiers with a shudder.

Tostig and Gurth, two of Godwin's sons, rushed forward, raised him in
their arms, and bore him from the hall; and, five days later, the Earl
of Wessex was a corpse.




VII.

[Illustration: William's love-making]

MATILDA OF FLANDERS.


On the memorable day on which William the Norman, during the exile of
Earl Godwin, appeared as an honoured guest in the halls of
Westminster, and speculated on the probability of figuring, at no
distant period, as King of England, the crown worn by Edward the
Confessor was not the only prize on which the young duke had set his
mind. In fact, love was blended with ambition in William's heart. He
had determined, somewhat in defiance of canon and precedent, to
espouse Matilda of Flanders; and no one who visited Bruges and looked
upon the fair and intelligent face of that graceful Flemish princess
could have wondered that a warrior-duke, not yet thirty, should
meditate the indiscretion of defying popes and prelates to enjoy the
privilege of calling her his own.

Matilda's pedigree was such as to make her a desirable bride for the
struggling son of Duke Robert. She was one of the daughters of
Baldwin, Count of Flanders, by Adele, daughter of Robert, King of
France; and, through an Anglo-Saxon ancestress, she had in her veins
the blood of Alfred the Great. But even with a much less illustrious
descent, Matilda would have been highly distinguished among the
princesses of the eleventh century. Nature had gifted the daughter of
Count Baldwin with beauty and talent, and careful education had
rendered her one of the most attractive and captivating among the
high-born maidens of whom Christendom could boast. William's ambition
and his heart were naturally enough fascinated with the idea of
wedding a princess of such rank and beauty; and while yet he found the
coronal of Normandy sitting somewhat uneasily on his brow, he sent
ambassadors to the Court of Flanders to demand Matilda's hand.

Notwithstanding William's illegitimate birth and disputed title, Count
Baldwin expressed no objection to accept him as a son-in-law. Indeed,
the count, feeling that William could prove a valuable friend or a
formidable foe, hailed the proposal with gratification. But two
obstacles immediately presented themselves--one difficulty was the
repugnance of Matilda, the other was the laws of the Church.

Matilda had no stronger objections to being led to the altar than
other ladies of her age. In fact, she is understood to have already
dreamed of the bridal veil and the marriage vow, and to have been
eager to become the spouse of a Saxon nobleman named Brihtrik, who had
appeared at her father's court. Perhaps Matilda's thoughts had dwelt
on Brihtrik longer than prudence warranted. In any case, when the
ambassadors from Rouen presented themselves at Bruges, she set
herself decidedly against the proposal of which they were the bearers.

"Why," said Baldwin, "do you object to the Count of the Normans?"

"Mention him not!" exclaimed Matilda, with a disdainful toss of her
finely-shaped head. "I will not have a bastard for my husband!"

But William, who feared not man's wrath, was not to be daunted by
woman's scorn. Every day he became more convinced of the necessity of
uniting himself with some princess capable, by her rank and lineage,
of giving dignity to his position. It appears, moreover, that the
warrior-duke really entertained a strong affection for Matilda; and he
seized an opportunity of manifesting the excess of his attachment by a
violent kind of love-making, which has long been out of fashion.

It is related that one day, when Matilda had been at mass, and was
quietly walking with her ladies of honour along the streets of Bruges
on her way to the palace, to employ her hands with the embroidery work
for which she was destined to become famous, and perhaps to occupy her
thoughts with the fair Saxon noble who had won her young heart without
giving his in return, William, arrayed as if for battle and mounted on
horseback, suddenly and unexpectedly made his appearance. Alighting
with a bound, he seized the princess in his strong arms, shook her,
beat her, rolled her on the ground, and fearfully damaged her rich
garments. After this extraordinary exhibition, he sprang into his
saddle, set spurs to his horse, and rode away at full speed.

It might have been supposed that William's violent conduct would have
increased Matilda's aversion to the match. The reverse, however, was
the case. The princess, in fact, appears to have been overwhelmed by
such a proof of affection.

"I am now convinced of the sincerity of his love," she said, "and I
will offer no further objections to taking him as a husband."

Ere Matilda began to conquer the repugnance she had expressed to a
union with the son of Duke Robert, William found, to his annoyance,
that the Church opposed his marriage with the fair Flemish princess,
on the ground of their being within the prohibited degrees of
relationship. It would seem, in fact, that Adele, Countess of
Flanders, had, in early youth, been betrothed to William's uncle,
Richard, Duke of Normandy; so that the mother of Matilda stood in the
relationship of aunt to the Norman duke, "an affinity," as has been
observed, "quite near enough to account for, if not to justify the
interference of the Church."

Nevertheless, William did not despair. Indeed, he had thoroughly made
up his mind to be Matilda's husband and Baldwin's son-in-law, and to
permit no priest to baffle him in a matrimonial scheme which ambition
and love alike rendered dear to his heart. It was in vain that Pope
Nicholas set himself in opposition to the marriage, and that the
legitimate heirs of Rolfganger prepared to take advantage of a rupture
between the son of Arlette and the See of Rome. William's perseverance
and policy overcame all obstacles, and at length, with a dispensation
in his hand, he claimed and received the bride he had so long wooed.

It was after his visit to the Court of Westminster, in 1052, and after
the restoration of Godwin and his sons to their country, that William
the Norman led Matilda of Flanders to the altar, and flattered himself
that, by espousing a descendant of Alfred, he had smoothed his way to
the throne from which Alfred had ruled England.

[Illustration]




VIII.

[Illustration: Death of Siward with harness on his back.]

SIWARD THE DANE.


At the time when Godwin and Edward were at feud, and when the earl was
browbeating the saintly prince whom he had placed on the English
throne--among the Saxons and Normans who assembled around the king to
discuss a grave question, or strike a great blow, might have been
observed an aged warrior of gigantic stature, leaning on a two-handed
sword, and regarding Saxon thane and Norman count with an expression
indicative of some degree of calm contempt. His dress recalled the
days of Canute and Hardicanute; his hair was white with years; his
frame was bowed with time; but his spirit was such as time could
neither bend nor break; and his eye still glanced at the sight of
battle-axe and shield. "Gray and vast, as some image of a gone and
mightier age, towered over all Siward, the son of Beorn, the great
Earl of Northumberland."

Siward was one of the most remarkable men who figured in the reign of
Edward the Confessor, and he had a history still more remarkable than
himself. A Dane, and of noble birth, he had, at an early age, left his
native shores, with an idea, perhaps, of emulating the feats of
Hasting or Haveloke. Landing in the Orcades, he engaged in single
combat, and put to the rout a large dragon, which had long been the
terror of the rude islanders. After performing this exploit, Siward
put to sea, left the Orcades behind, and, guiding his ship as a
horseman does a steed, reached the northern coast of England. Having
sprung ashore, and wandered into the forest in quest of adventures, he
met a venerable old man, with a long white beard, who entered into
conversation with him, presented him with a mystic banner, and gave
him some sage advice.

"This banner," said the venerable man, "is called 'the raven of
earthly terror;' take it as thy standard; direct thy voyage southward
to the mouth of a river called the Thames, which will lead thee to a
city called London, where reigns the son of Canute, who will bid thee
welcome, and aid thee to become great in this land."

Siward does not appear to have disdained the idea of exchanging the
pine plank for the rush-strewed hall. At all events, he took the
mystic banner and the advice of the venerable man, steered his course
towards the Thames, and, reaching London, presented himself to the
king. It was an age when men of huge proportions and fearless hearts
were in great request; and Siward's reception was all that could have
been wished.

The favour shown by the Danish king to Siward naturally made him the
object of envy. Many absurd stories were consequently circulated
about his origin and parentage. He was described as the grandson of a
bear; and Tostig, Earl of Huntingdon, took occasion to affront him
before the whole court. But the adventurous Dane gave his enemies a
lesson which they never forgot. Defying Tostig to mortal combat, he
signalized his prowess beyond all dispute, and terminated the duel by
cutting off his antagonist's head. More convinced than ever of
Siward's value as an adherent, Hardicanute bestowed on him the earldom
which Tostig had enjoyed.

After being installed as Earl of Huntingdon, Siward played his part
with energy and wisdom. The ability he displayed seemed fully to
justify his sudden rise to importance, and a circumstance ere long
occurred which gave him an opportunity of still further advancing his
fortunes.

It happened that Uchtred, the great Saxon Earl of Northumberland,
having been gathered to his fathers, Eadulph, the son of Uchtred,
ruled from the Humber to the Tweed. Not content, however, with this
territory, Eadulph undertook an expedition against the Welsh, and
committed fearful depredations. Enraged at the northern earl making
war without his consent, Hardicanute resolved on a severe
chastisement, and entrusted Siward with the duty of inflicting it.
Aware of his danger, Eadulph mounted, and hastened towards London to
implore the king's clemency. But it was too late. While Eadulph was on
his way south, Siward, going north, met him face to face. A conflict
ensued. Eadulph fell, and Siward carried his head to Hardicanute.

It was shortly after the encounter which terminated in the death of
Eadulph, that Edward the Confessor ascended the throne of his
ancestors. At that time the fortunes of Siward, as foreigner and Dane,
were probably in great peril. The event, however, proved to his
advantage. There was some dread of a Danish fleet appearing on the
Northumbrian coast; and the new king, in considerable alarm, took
counsel with his great men.

"What is to be done?" asked the king.

"It is best," answered the thanes, "that the little devil should be
first opposed to the great devil. Let Siward the Dane be sent to rule
that part of your realm likely to be invaded by the Danes."

The king listened, and, as he was advised, nominated Siward Earl of
Northumberland. Siward, repairing to York, the capital of the North,
won the favour of the province by espousing Alfleda, granddaughter of
Uchtred, and then governed the inhabitants with an ability and a
vigour that excited the admiration of Leofric, and roused the jealousy
of Godwin. The Danes, considering, perhaps, that their gigantic
countryman would be a formidable antagonist to encounter, refrained
from any attempt at invasion, and, moreover, sent messages of peace
and friendship to Edward. "We will," said they, "allow you to reign
unmolested over your country, and content ourselves with the lands
which God has given us."

Years passed over, and Siward was keeping his court at York, and
ruling Northumberland with complete success, when the unfortunate
conflict between the townsmen of Dover and the train of Eustace of
Boulogne brought the quarrel of Edward and Godwin to a crisis. Siward
and Leofric were then summoned to the king's aid, and commanded to
lead their fighting men against the forces of the refractory earl.
Both obeyed, and, at their call, the inhabitants of Northumberland and
Mercia took up arms. Hostile, however, as Siward and Leofric were to
Godwin, they could not help perceiving that the country was wholly on
his side. Indeed, the murmurs of their own soldiers convinced the
Earls of Northumberland and Mercia of the utter impolicy of pushing
matters to extremity. Generously sacrificing resentment to patriotism,
they raised their voices in favour of Godwin's restoration and against
Godwin's foes.

Scarcely had Godwin gone to his account, when Siward became aware that
his own end was drawing nigh. The Danish earl had just returned from
that expedition into Scotland which resulted in the overthrow of
Macbeth, when he was prostrated with sickness at York. Feeling that
the great destroyer was upon him, Siward became horrified at the
prospect of dying in bed, and in night-gear.

"Raise me," he said to those who watched his uneasy couch. "Let me die
like a warrior, and not huddled up together like a cow!"

"What wouldest thou, great earl?" asked the attendants.

"Put my coat of mail on my back," said Siward; "place my helmet on my
head, my shield on my left arm, and my gilt axe in my right hand, that
I may expire as a warrior should."

The command of the dying earl was obeyed. Clad, by his own desire, in
all the habiliments of war, and sitting up in his bed, Siward, with
calm courage, awaited the last enemy, and died with the same martial
dignity which had characterized his life. His remains were laid in the
monastery of Galmanho, which he had founded at York; and, as a
memorial of his prodigious prowess, there was long afterwards shown a
rock of granite which he was said to have split with one blow of his
mighty battle-axe.

[Illustration: Yggdrasill, the Mundane Tree of the Scandinavians]




IX.

[Illustration: William extorting a promise from Harold.]

HAROLD, THE SAXON KING.


When Earl Godwin breathed his last, under circumstances so memorable,
his second son, Harold, succeeded to his earldom, and inherited his
influence. A robust and active man, of tall, though not gigantic
stature, with long fair hair, a pleasing countenance, dignified
manners, and popular address--such appears to have been Harold, the
son of Godwin.

It was when Hardicanute died so suddenly, at the marriage feast at
Lambeth, that Harold began to figure in public, and to take a
prominent part in national affairs. At that crisis, Harold was one of
the first to raise a standard against the Danes, and he is even said
to have contributed to the triumph of the Saxon cause, by inviting
many of the Danish chiefs to a banquet, and causing them to be put to
the sword while over their cups. But, whatever truth there may be in
such a story, it seems that Harold shared in the prosperity of the
house of Godwin at the opening of Edward's reign, and that when
Godwin, outlawed and exiled, in 1048 escaped to Bruges, Harold, with
his brother Leofwin, fled to Bristol, and there took shipping for the
Irish coast. When Godwin returned from Bruges, Harold and Leofwin,
coming from Ireland, joined their father at the Isle of Wight, and
took part in that formidable demonstration which startled King Edward
and his Norman courtiers in the halls of Westminster.

After the restoration of Godwin, and the banishment of the Normans,
Harold would seem to have been higher in Edward's favour than any of
his kinsmen; and after the death of Godwin, Harold was quietly put in
possession of the vast earldom south of the Thames which his sire had
so long enjoyed. Both as regarded military reputation and territorial
power he was now foremost among the Anglo-Saxons, and he immensely
increased his fame by the skill he displayed in a war with the
refractory Welsh.

The originator of this war was Algar, son of the great Leofric, who,
becoming discontented, gave his daughter Aldith in marriage to a Welsh
prince named Griffith, and encouraged that crowned Celt to make an
incursion into the English territories. During this inroad the city of
Hereford was sacked and much mischief done; but Harold, on being sent
with an army, speedily put the Welsh to the rout, and forced Griffith
to submit. Untaught, however, by his severe experience of the
superiority of the English, Griffith once more rebelled; and Harold,
marching back to the borders of Wales, caused such terror, that, to
pacify him, the Welsh sacrificed Griffith to save themselves, and
sent the head of the murdered prince to the English camp, on the point
of a spear.

After his victories over the Welsh, Harold returned to London, and
found himself hailed by the multitude as a conqueror. His popularity
was now immense, and wherever he appeared his name was shouted with
enthusiasm.

"Harold! Harold the Earl!" was the cry.

"Since Edward the king has no heirs," was the saying, "no man is so
worthy to succeed to the crown."

While such was the popularity of the son of Godwin, and while all
rivalry with him was so completely out of the question that Algar died
of despair and regret, Harold, with a view of recovering his brother
Wolnoth and his nephew Haco, who had been sent as hostages to Duke
William, and who were still retained at the court of Rouen, proposed
to visit Normandy. On intimating his intention to Edward, however, the
king hesitated to grant permission.

"Your journey," said the king, "will certainly bring some evil on
yourself, and on your country."

"In what way, O king?" asked Harold in amazement.

"I know Duke William and his crafty mind," replied Edward; "he hates
you, and will grant you nothing unless he gain greatly by it. The only
way to obtain the hostages from him were to send some one else."

"I fear it is otherwise," said Harold.

"Well," said Edward, "I will not prevent your going; but, if you do
go, it will be without my consent."

Not much influenced by Edward's warnings, Harold departed for
Normandy. As if going on an excursion for pleasure, he set out,
surrounded by his gay comrades, with his hawks and his hounds.

But a circumstance soon occurred to make him serious. Having sailed
from one of the ports of Sussex, Harold's vessels were driven by
contrary winds towards the mouth of the Somme; and the earl, forced to
land on the territories of Guy, Count of Ponthieu, was seized by that
feudal personage as a captive, despoiled of all his property, and
placed securely under lock and key, in the castle of Beaurain.

One day, when William the Norman was at Rouen, a messenger from Harold
arrived hurriedly and in haste, with intelligence of his captivity.
William expressed high indignation, and demanded extradition of the
Saxon earl with a menace, which was meant to serve for ransom. Guy of
Ponthieu, however, demanded a fine estate and a large sum of money,
and would listen to no proposal less advantageous to himself. William
was, in consequence, obliged to grant what the count demanded; and,
the matter having been arranged, Harold was set free and conducted to
Rouen.

On reaching the Norman capital, Harold met with a reception which soon
effaced the remembrance of his captivity in the stronghold of Count
Guy. At the same time William intimated that the hostages were at
Harold's disposal; but he pressed the earl to remain for a time as his
guest, and see something of the land. Harold, who was bold and
confident, accepted the invitation; and having, with his companions,
been admitted into the Norman order of knighthood, he began to figure
prominently in the festivals and pageants of the Norman court.

While Harold the Saxon was in this position, William the Norman
undertook an expedition against the Bretons. Before setting out, the
martial duke requested Harold's company; and Harold, consenting
without hesitation, went with his Saxon comrades to take part in the
war. During this campaign, William treated Harold with the utmost
consideration; and the Norman duke and the Saxon earl slept in one
tent, ate at the same table, and conducted themselves towards each
other like men on terms of the most intimate friendship.

In this expedition against the Bretons, Harold and his Saxon
companions bore themselves with a courage which excited high
admiration; and, in spite of Edward's prophecy, everything seemed to
go smoothly; when one day, as the duke and the earl rode along, side
by side, enlivening the way with friendly colloquy, William artfully
turned the conversation to his early acquaintance with the King of
England, and suddenly revealed the ambitious project which was
occupying his mind.

"In the days of my youth," said William, turning on his saddle,
playing with his bridle-rein, and looking Harold in the face, "your
king and I lived under the same roof like brothers; and he then
promised that, if ever he came to be King of England, I should be
nominated heir to his crown."

Harold, in perplexed surprise, muttered some words.

"Wherefore, Harold," continued William, "if thou wouldst aid me in
realizing this promise, be sure that, if I obtain the kingdom,
whatever thou askest thou shalt have. What is thine answer?"

"Be it as thou sayest," murmured Harold, taken by surprise, and
finding it impossible to answer otherwise than with some vague words
of compliance.

"Then," added William, growing bolder in his proposals, "since thou
consentest to serve me, thou must engage to fortify the castle of
Dover, to dig there a well of fresh water, and when the time comes, to
deliver up the place to my people. Moreover, to make the bond between
us the stronger, thou must give thy sister Thyra in marriage to one of
my barons; and thou must take to wife my daughter Adeliza. On thy
departure, thou must leave me, as guarantee for thy promise, one of
the two hostages thou hast come to reclaim, and I will restore him to
thee in England when I come there as king."

"I acquiesce in your demands," said Harold, eager to get rid of a
subject which every moment became more embarrassing, and, without
pursuing the conversation further, the duke and the earl rode on side
by side towards Bayeux.

But it soon became apparent that William the Norman was by no means
satisfied with the promise he had wrung from his Saxon guest. No
sooner had the duke reached Bayeux than he prepared to exact a more
solemn and ceremonious pledge; and, having caused such sacred relics
as bones of saints to be brought from the churches, placed in a vessel
in the council hall of the castle, and covered with a rich cloth of
gold, so as to have the appearance of a table, he convoked his barons
and prelates on a certain day, and intimated to Harold that his
presence would be required.

At the hour appointed, baron and bishop crowded to the council hall;
and William, with a sword in his hand and the coronal of Normandy on
his brow, took his seat on the throne, caused two small reliquaries
to be placed on the cloth of gold, and intimated, by a gesture, his
desire that Harold should approach.

"Harold," said the Duke, "I require thee, before this noble assembly,
to confirm, by oath, the promises thou hast made to me--namely, to aid
me to obtain the kingdom of England after the death of King Edward, to
marry my daughter, and to send thy sister, that I may give her to one
of my lords."

"I swear," said Harold, extending his hand over the two reliquaries,
"to execute my promise as far as lies in my power, if I live, and if
God aid me."

"God aid him!" repeated the barons and bishops who stood around.

The ceremony being thus complete, William made a sign; the cloth of
gold was raised; and before Harold's eyes lay bones and entire
skeletons of saints, upon which he had, without suspecting their
presence, so solemnly sworn. With a shudder and a change of
countenance, which did not escape notice, he turned away from the
sight. But the oath which he had sworn appeared to the Normans far too
sacred ever to be broken; and he was allowed to depart for England
with his nephew, the son of Sweyn. William accompanied them to the
seaside, made them valuable presents, and repaired to Rouen, rejoicing
in the thought, that the man most likely to have baffled his
aspirations after the crown of England, was bound, by the most solemn
oath, to aid him to the utmost.

Meanwhile, Harold's ships went tilting over the waters; and, on
reaching England in a mood the reverse of serene, he hastened to
London, presented himself to Edward, and related what had passed
between the duke and himself. The saintly king heard the tidings with
sadness, and expressed himself in words of woe.

"Did I not warn you," he said, after a painful silence, "warn you over
and over again, that I knew Duke William, and that thy journey would
bring evil on thyself and on thy country?"

"It is true," said Harold.

"Heaven grant," continued Edward, "that these evils happen not in my
time!"

And, in truth, there was little danger of Edward living to witness
the troubles in store for the land of his fathers. The king's days
were now "dwindling to the shortest span." Aware that he was hourly
sinking, Edward occupied himself more and more with religious
devotions, and manifested much anxiety for the completion of the Abbey
of Westminster, which, under his auspices, had risen on Thorney Island
in the form of a cross, with a high tower in the centre. Intending to
consecrate this edifice with great splendour at the Christmas of 1065,
Edward summoned all the nobles and clergy to be present. But before
the appointed day he became too weak to leave his chamber.

Edith, the queen, consequently presided at the consecration; and
scarcely was the ceremony over, when Harold became aware that his
royal brother-in-law could not survive many days. In fact, Edward,
stretched on a bed of sickness, and haunted by terrible visions of
fiends wandering over England, was looking, almost with impatience,
for the hour that was to deliver him from the evils to come. Nor was
the patience of the royal saint put to any long or severe trial.

It was Thursday, the 5th of January, 1066, and the king lay in that
chamber of the palace of Westminster long afterwards, when known as
"The Painted Chamber," associated with his memory. Robert Stigand,
Archbishop of Canterbury, with many nobles and prelates, stood by his
couch; for Edward was on the eve of going where the weary are at rest;
and nobles and prelates were, doubtless, anxious to hear his last
will. He was, however, entirely absorbed in melancholy forebodings;
and, as passages of Scripture denouncing woe to nations occurred
involuntarily to his memory, he repeated them with a wild energy which
horrified those who surrounded his couch.

"The Lord has bent his bow," exclaimed the dying king, "the Lord has
prepared his sword; he brandishes it like unto a warrior; his wrath is
manifested in steel and flame."

"The saints defend us!" muttered those present, terrified at the
king's ejaculations.

"Tush!" exclaimed Archbishop Stigand, with a sneer of contempt; "why
tremble ye at the dreams of a sick old man?"

In such a frame of mind, Edward the king breathed his last; and it is
said that, having been asked whom he wished to succeed to his throne,
he named Harold, son of Godwin. But whether or not such was the case,
Harold was elected on the day after Edward's funeral, and allowed
himself to be crowned at once, in violation of his oath to William the
Norman, and in defiance of the claims of Edgar Atheling, grandson of
Edmund Ironsides, and heir of the Saxon kings. In order to bind the
chiefs of the House of Leofric to his interest, and to render his
throne more secure, Harold espoused Aldith, daughter of Earl Algar,
and widow of that Griffith whose head the Welsh had sent to him on the
point of a spear.

Nevertheless, the position of Harold was encompassed with danger, and
the minds of his subjects were filled with gloom and apprehension. As
men reflected on the dying words of Edward the king, they recalled to
mind old prophecies which increased their alarm. One of these
predicted such calamities as the Saxons had never experienced since
they left the Elbe; and another, which was more to the point,
predicted the conquest of England by a people from France. While vague
terrors preyed upon England, the appearance of a comet daunted all
hearts, and was regarded, as it seemed to come, as a herald of woe.

"Thou hast then returned," said a monk of the period; "thou hast
returned at length, thou who wilt cause so many mothers to weep! Many
times have I seen thee shine; but thou lookest to me more terrible now
that thou announcest the ruin of my country."

[Illustration]




X.

DUKE WILLIAM AND HIS DIFFICULTIES.


It was early one day, about the opening of the year 1066, and the
ground was hard with frost, when William the Norman left the palace of
Rouen, and crossed the Seine to test some new arrows in the park of
Rouvray. While the duke was occupied in stringing that mighty bow
which, save himself, no man then living could bend, a messenger from
England reached him with tidings of such import, that his colour
changed, and his lip quivered with emotion. It was to the effect that
Edward the Confessor was dead, and that Harold, son of Godwin, had
seized the English crown.

Giving his bow to an attendant, William walked to the margin of the
Seine, stepped into his barge, and, without speaking, indicated by a
gesture his wish to return to Rouen. On reaching the castle, he
entered the great hall, and paced up and down with a restless and
excited step, "often," say the chronicles, "changing posture and
attitude, and oft loosening and tightening the strings of his mantle."
Such, indeed, seemed his agitation, that no member of his household
ventured for some time to ask the cause.

Meantime, rumours of the intelligence brought by the messenger from
England began to creep about, and a Norman noble, probably William
Fitzosborne, the duke's seneschal, and the proudest of Norman
magnates, presented himself to learn the actual state of affairs.
Fitzosborne, who was Count of Breteuil, and destined one day to higher
rank, had such a reputation for _hauteur_ that he was surnamed "The
Proud Spirit." Without any of that hesitation exhibited by others, he
approached William the Norman, and inquired the cause of his emotion.

"My lord," said he, "pray communicate your news. It is bruited about
that the King of England is dead, and that Harold, breaking faith with
you, has usurped the crown."

"They say truly who so report," answered the duke; "and my grief is
touching the death of Edward, and my anger is touching the wrong done
me by Harold."

"Sir," said Fitzosborne, "chafe not at what may be amended. For
Edward's death, it is true, there is no remedy; but there is a remedy
for the injury done you by Harold. Yours is the right, and you have
stout warriors. Strike with courage: the work is already half done."

Genius, however, is generally patient; and William was too crafty to
spoil his game by indiscreet haste. He went cautiously and gradually
to work; and not till he had twice, in courteous phrase, required
Harold to fulfil the treaty so solemnly concluded, did he threaten the
Saxon with invasion and punishment. Then, however, he cast hesitation
to the winds, and resolved on inflicting a signal chastisement. "I
doubt not," he said, "of finding that man a feeble foe, who has proved
so faithless a friend."

In the meantime negotiations were vigorously commenced at Rome, and
Harold was charged before the pontifical court with perjury and
sacrilege. The Saxon king was summoned to defend himself, and
endeavoured to escape by refusing to acknowledge the jurisdiction of
the court. But this did not serve his purpose. The conclave assembled
at the Lateran, under the inspiration of the famous Hildebrand,
decided that William should enter England, and bring that kingdom back
to the Holy See; and a papal bull, directed against Harold and his
adherents, was presented to William, along with a consecrated banner,
an agnus of gold, and a ring which contained a hair of St. Peter, set
in a diamond of great price.

A council of high Norman nobles was now convened at Rouen; and
William, addressing his friends, demanded counsel and aid. There was
no difference of opinion. All were ready to take part with their duke
in the invasion of England, and each man present delighted his soul
with visions of rich manors on the Thames or the Mersey. However, they
advised him to consult the general feeling of the community; and,
accordingly, the merchants and traders of Normandy, as well as the
lords and knights, were summoned to confer with the duke.

Lillebonne was the place appointed for this memorable assembly, and
thither came all the wealthiest and most important subjects of
Normandy. William, after opening his heart to them, explained his
views and craved pecuniary aid, and they then withdrew to deliberate
in freedom. The result was not quite satisfactory. The Normans were
greatly divided in opinion. Some were anxious to aid the duke with men
and money; but others positively objected, declaring that they had
already more debts than they could pay.

It was now that William Fitzosborne did better service than a hundred
knights could have rendered to his liege lord. Raising his voice above
the tumult, he exerted that eloquence for which the Norman nobles were
so remarkable.

"Why this confusion and discord?" asked Fitzosborne. "Why dispute thus
among ourselves? The duke hath need of us, and he is our lord----"

"William is our lord; but we owe him no aid beyond the seas,"
interrupted the assembly.

"It is our duty to make offers of aid, rather than to wait his
requests," continued Fitzosborne. "He hath need of us now; and if we
fail him, and he gains his end, he will remember it to our
disadvantage. Let us, then, prove by our acts that we love him, and
let us entitle ourselves to his gratitude."

"Doubtless, William is our lord," cried the Normans; "but is it not
enough for us to pay him his dues? We owe him no aid beyond the seas.
He hath already oppressed us enough with his wars; let him fail in
this new enterprise, and our country is undone."

"Well," said Fitzosborne, changing his plan, "let us return to the
duke; and I, as knowing the position of each man present, will take
upon me to excuse the limited offers of the assembly."

"So be it," was the answer; and the Normans, with Fitzosborne at their
head, returned to Duke William's presence.

"Sire," said Fitzosborne, addressing William, "I do not believe that
there are in the whole world people more zealous than yours. You know
the aids they have given you--the onerous services they have rendered.
Well, sire, they will do more. They offer to serve you beyond the seas
as they have done here."

"No, no!" cried the Normans, "we did not charge you with such an
answer."

"For my own part," continued Fitzosborne, "I will, out of love to you,
give sixty well-appointed ships, each charged with fifty fighting men.
Forward, then, and spare us in nothing! He who hath hitherto only
supplied you with two good mounted soldiers will now supply four."

"We did not say that," cried the Normans, "and it shall not be so. In
things within his own country, we will serve the duke, as is due; but
we are not bound to assist him to conquer another man's country.
Besides, if once we rendered double service, and followed him across
the sea, he would make it a right and a custom for the future; he
would burden our children with it."

"It shall not be--it cannot be!" shouted the assembled Normans
vociferously; and, after forming themselves into groups of ten,
twenty, and thirty, they declaimed tumultuously, and then separated.

William was enraged beyond measure--the blood of Rolfganger boiled in
his veins--and the spirit of Robert the Devil flashed from his eyes.
Nevertheless, by such an effort as only such a man is capable of, he
exercised sufficient command over himself to control his temper, bow
his pride, and resort to artifice. Summoning separately the men with
whom in a body he had failed, he requested the support of each as a
personal favour. This plan of proceeding proved completely successful.
No Norman, when alone with the duke, and under the influence of his
eloquence and his eye, had the courage to refuse; and every one of
those who had shouted "It cannot be!" consented to give to the full
extent of his means.

With the papal bull in his hands, and promises of aid from his
subjects, carefully registered when they had been made, William
summoned the Normans to the consecrated banner, and published his ban
in the neighbouring countries, with promises of pay and pillage. Both
Normans and foreigners answered his call. From all directions martial
adventurers crowded to his standard. The papal bull and the promises
of plunder did their work. From France and Flanders; from Maine, and
Aquitaine, and Brittany, and from Anjou, ruled by the ancestors of
the Plantagenets--from the Alps, and from the banks of the
Rhine--multitudes crowded, with sword and cross-bow, to range
themselves under the consecrated banner, and to aid in the conquest
and share in the plunder of England.

[Illustration]




XI.

[Illustration: Tostig's parting speech to his brother Harold.]

TOSTIG, SON OF GODWIN.


In the spring of 1066, when the crown of Edward the Confessor was
placed on the head of Harold the Saxon; and when the news of the
coronation, carried to Rouen, kindled the ire of William the Norman,
there was living in Flanders, musing over the past, watching events
with a keen eye, an English exile, who was Harold's brother and his
sworn foe. This exile was Tostig, the third son of Godwin and Githa.

When the riot between the townsmen of Dover and the train of Eustace
of Boulogne resulted in the dispersion of the family of Godwin,
Tostig, then in the pride of early manhood, accompanying his father to
Flanders, wedded Judith, daughter of Count Baldwin, and sister of
Matilda, whom William the Norman, after vanquishing so many obstacles,
received as his bride. This high alliance would seem to have rendered
Tostig's pride intolerable; and he returned to England with ridiculous
notions of his hereditary claims, and absurd ideas of his personal
importance. It was a period, however, when the members of Godwin's
house were encouraged to conduct themselves as if England had existed
solely for their advantage; and when Siward died, leaving one son too
young to succeed to his authority, Tostig claimed and received the
earldom of Northumberland.

Accustomed to the sway of such chiefs as Uchtred and Siward, the men
of the north were not perhaps particularly pleased with their new
earl. But whether or not, Tostig soon gave them cause to be
discontented. Cruel and tyrannical in his notions, he appeared at York
with the tax-gatherer on one hand, and the executioner on the other,
and treated the Northumbrians as if he had been a conqueror, and they
had been the inhabitants of a conquered province. Brooking no
restraint, he violated old customs and laws, levied enormous imposts,
and violently put to death those who refused to submit to his
exactions. Gamel, the son of Orm, and Ulf, the son of Dolphin, are
mentioned as among the thanes of high rank whom, with fell treachery,
he allured to the castle of York, and caused to be put to death, under
his own roof, and in his own chamber.

Of all people, the Northumbrians were the least likely to tolerate
such tyranny. Meeting at Gamelburn, Dunstan, son of Agelnoth, and
Gloricern, son of Eadulf, with two hundred soldiers, raised the
standard of insurrection; and, under the command of their native
chiefs, the men of the north sprang to arms to avenge their
slaughtered countrymen and fight for their ancient liberties. Marching
to York, Dunstan and Gloricern prepared to seize the tyrant in his
castle.

Tostig was in the capital of the north, when he suddenly became aware
that armed men were approaching with hostile intent. Unprepared for
resistance, and shrinking from the peril he had defied, the son of
Godwin resolved to fly; and, escaping with some of the chief ministers
of his violence and injustice, he left his officers and servants to
contend with the men whom he had exasperated. The Northumbrians,
taking possession of York, seized the arsenal and treasury, and,
assembling a council, formally deposed Tostig, and elected Morkar,
one of the sons of Algar, and one of the grandsons of Leofric and
Godiva, in his stead.

When news of the tumult in Northumberland, and of the expulsion of
Tostig, reached the Confessor's court, Harold mustered an army and
marched northward to deal with the insurgents. This, however, he soon
found would be no easy operation. The Northumbrians met him at Oxford,
and in such a way as convinced him of the expediency of listening to
their complaints. A conference was consequently held, and Harold
endeavoured to exculpate his brother and to soften the Northumbrians.

"If," said Harold, "you will receive Tostig again as your earl, I
promise that he will govern with equity, and according to law."

"No!" cried the Northumbrians with one voice, and with that Danish
burr which their descendants have inherited; "we were born free; we
were brought up free; and a haughty ruler we cannot abide. We have
been taught by our ancestors to live free or to die. We have said.
Bear thou our answer to Edward the king."

Harold could not dispute the justice of the complaints of the
Northumbrians. Without delay he went to explain their grievances to
the king; and Edward sent him back to give the royal sanction to
Tostig's deposition, and to the election of Morkar, the grandson of
Leofric.

Henceforth, it was not so much against the Northumbrians as against
Harold that Tostig's wrath burned fiercely; and when the brothers soon
after met at Windsor, at Edward's board, a scene was enacted which
made the blood of the saintly king run cold. Harold, it appears,
pledged Edward in a cup of wine; and Tostig, exclaiming that such
familiarity with the king was unseemly, pulled Harold by the hair of
his head. A scuffle immediately ensued, and but for the presence of
the king would have ended in bloodshed.

"It is notorious," said Edward, raising his hands in holy horror,
"that all the sons of Godwin are so transcendently wicked, that if
they see any house which they covet, they will murder the owner in the
night-time, and destroy his children, to get possession. Verily, they
will one day destroy each other."

After this outrageous scene at Windsor, Harold and Tostig were at
deadly feud; and when Harold, somewhat later, was on his way to
Hereford with the king, Tostig, going thither and entering his
brother's house, attacked the servants, who were preparing a great
feast. Killing the unoffending men, and severing the heads and hewing
the limbs from the bodies, he put the corpses into the winecasks, and
then, riding forth as if to meet the king and his party, he hinted at
the brutal enormity he had perpetrated.

"Harold," he said, as he turned away, "you will find the meat for your
feast well powdered."

And, as Tostig spoke these words, the brothers parted, not to meet
again till that day when they met face to face as foes, each with a
weapon in his hand and an army at his back.

After the massacre at Hereford, Tostig, with revenge gnawing at his
heart, and threats on his lips, sailed from England and repaired to
the court of Flanders. For a time he remained brooding in silence over
his wrongs, and watching his opportunity. No sooner, however, did he
receive intelligence of Edward's death and Harold's coronation, than
he sprang to action, and cried that the time for vengeance had
arrived. Mounting in haste, he made his way without delay to Normandy,
and urged Duke William, his brother-in-law, to lose no time in hurling
Harold from the throne.

"Be not so impatient, brave Tostig," said William.

"Why," asked Tostig, excitedly, "should a perjurer be allowed to reign
in peace? Have not I more credit and power in England? Yea, and I can
assure possession of the country to any one who will unite with me to
make the conquest."

But William was not the man to be imposed upon by vain boasts; and
Tostig was somewhat mortified at the reception with which his
proposals were met. Willing, however, to test the banished Saxon's
influence, the duke furnished him with some ships to make a descent.
But Tostig, instead of sailing for England, sailed to the Baltic
trusting to secure the aid of his uncle, Sweyn, King of Denmark. This
attempt, however, failed. Sweyn gave Tostig a harsh refusal; and the
nephew, leaving his uncle in discontent, but still breathing threats
of revenge against his brother, made for Norway, where a king reigned
more likely than Sweyn to take part in a bold adventure, and better
qualified to conduct a bold adventure to a triumphant conclusion.




XII.

[Illustration: Hardrada's deliverance from his eastern dungeon.]

HAROLD HARDRADA.


When Tostig's ships came to anchor, and when Tostig, landing at
Drontheim, presented himself at the rude palace of the old kings of
Norway, the crown of that northern realm was worn by the last of those
heroes who called the ocean their home and the tempest their servant.
This was Harold Hardrada, a warrior of high renown, who had fought
countless battles on the sea as well as on the land, who had probably
seen more of the world than any man then living, and who, in every
respect, looked worthy of the fame he had won. His height exceeded
seven feet; and, though the hands and feet appeared somewhat large,
the whole person was fairly proportioned. He had a short beard, a long
moustache, and fair hair falling over his shoulders. His aspect was,
on the whole, pleasing, and would always have been so but for the
circumstance of one eyebrow being somewhat higher than the other, and
giving a sinister expression to his face when he frowned.

Hardrada was son of Sigurd and brother of Olaf--that King of Norway
who established Christianity in his kingdom by the strong hand.
Hardrada, however, appears to have been more of a sea-king than a
saint.

At an early age, Hardrada fought by the side of Olaf in the sanguinary
battle of Stiklestad. The elder brother fell, but the younger escaped,
after his body had been covered with wounds, and his blood freely
poured out. Taking to the forest, he was received into the cottage of
a woodman, and there lay concealed till his wounds were healed and his
spirits revived.

Restored to health and hope, Hardrada left his lurking-place, and
turned his face eastward. Faring forth with a brave band of comrades
on a career of adventure, he set foot, after many romantic wanderings,
on the banks of the Bosphorus, and, halting with his comrades at
Constantinople, took service, as a varing, in the bodyguard then
maintained by the Emperor of the East.

The varings were of high account at the Imperial Court. Generally
Danes, Swedes, or Germans, they exhibited the courage characteristic
of Northmen, and wore their hair long, after the fashion of their
native countries. Armed with huge axes, which they were in the habit
of carrying on their shoulders, they stood as guards at the door of
the emperor's chamber, and paraded his capital, imposing respect and
awe.

Among the varings, Hardrada, though the brother of a king, did not
disdain to enrol himself and his comrades. But his wild and free
spirit could ill brook the necessary subordination, and, after some
quarrel with a Greek commander, he repaired to Africa. Fighting there
with the Saracens, and despoiling them of gold and jewels, he became
celebrated and rich. Turning to Sicily, he increased his fame and his
wealth; and then, as if to consecrate his deeds of violence, he made
an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem, not yet visited by Peter the Hermit;
and, sweeping Moslem and marauder from his path, ascended Mount
Calvary, and knelt at the Holy Sepulchre.

From Jerusalem Hardrada returned to Constantinople, and there became
enamoured of Maria, a niece of the Empress Zoe, while he himself
became dear to the heart of the empress. The predicament was
perplexing, and might have baffled the ingenuity of another man. But
Hardrada was equal to the occasion, and freed himself by a romantic
elopement from the snares by which he was surrounded.

It appears that Olaf, the brother of Hardrada, though deemed worthy of
canonization, had been somewhat general in his attentions to the fair
sex; and, among other consequences of his amours, was an illegitimate
son, named Magnus. In the absence of Hardrada, Magnus contrived to win
the sovereignty of Norway from the heir of Canute; and no sooner did
Hardrada hear of his nephew's elevation than he determined to assert
his own superior claim.

But Hardrada had scarcely intimated his intention of returning to
Norway, when he found there was a lioness in the way. Eager to detain
the varing who had won her heart, the empress caused him to be charged
with some irregularity, and imprisoned. Hardrada was accordingly
incarcerated. But a Greek lady, incited by a dream, resolved to
attempt his deliverance, and lowered ropes from the roof of a tower to
the dungeon in which he lay. Escaping in this way, Hardrada hastily
roused his varings, proceeded to the palace of Maria, niece of the
empress, bore off the princess in his strong arms to the quay,
embarked with her in his galley, and gave his sails to the wind.

At length, Hardrada, with the bride and the wealth he had won, set his
foot on the shores of Norway, and, raising an army, made an effort to
grasp the crown. Magnus, however, proved a formidable adversary; and
Hardrada, perceiving the difficulty of a complete triumph, made a
compromise, and agreed to share the kingdom with his nephew.

On the death of Magnus, however, Hardrada became king of all Norway.
Such he was, and highly considered among European sovereigns on
account of his experience, his prowess, and his wealth, when Tostig,
with the proposals which had been coldly treated in Normandy and
scornfully repelled in Denmark, reached Drontheim, appeared at the log
palace, and approached him with honeyed words. "The world knows well,"
said the banished son of Godwin, "that there lives no warrior worthy
to be compared to thee. Thou hast only to will it, and England will be
thine."

Hardrada was neither insensible to such flattery, nor proof against
such a temptation. Allowing himself to be persuaded, he promised to
put to sea whenever the ice should melt and the ocean become
navigable, and commenced preparations for the grand expedition.

Tostig, however, was much too impatient to await the convenience of
his Norwegian ally. With his own fleet he set out to prepare the way,
and, with a band of men recruited in Flanders, Holland, and Friesland,
he made a descent on the northern coast of England. But the
inhabitants, roused at the news of villages pillaged, and granges
burned, rose in such numbers that he was compelled to make for
Scotland, and, anchoring off the Orkney Islands, he waited till the
winds should blow the Norwegian ships to his aid.

Hardrada, meanwhile, fitted out several hundred ships of war; and the
Norwegians, encamped on their coast, waited the signal to embark.
Their enthusiasm was not excessive. Vague presentiments of evil
pervaded their ranks, and the sleep of many of the warriors was broken
by ill-omened visions. One dreamed that, the fleet having put to sea,
flocks of vultures perched on the masts and sails; and that a woman,
sword in hand, sitting on a rock, cried to the birds with a loud
voice, "Go without fear; you shall have enough to eat and to choose
from, for I go with them." Another dreamed that he saw his comrades
land in England, and encounter an English army, in front of which was
a woman of gigantic stature, riding on a wolf, and giving it human
bodies to devour.

The imaginations of the Norwegian warriors were disagreeably
influenced by these presages; and more threatening than either of the
dreams appeared an incident that occurred as the Norwegian king, with
his son Olaf, and his war-steed black as a raven, and his banner, "The
Ravager of the World," embarked. As Hardrada set foot in the royal
barge, the weight of his body pressed the boat so much down in the
water, as to cause general apprehension. But, undismayed, Hardrada set
sail, touched at the Orcades, and joined his fleet with that of
Tostig, who was all impatience for carnage and revenge.




XIII.

[Illustration: Door of Westminster Abbey.]

THE ALARM IN ENGLAND.


It was the summer of 1066, and William the Norman was gathering
continental warriors to his standard, and Harold Hardrada was manning
his lofty war-ships with grim Norwegians, and Harold the Saxon king
was applying his energies with diligence and care to the difficulties
of his position, when the people of England were seized with alarm at
the prospect of an invasion.

From the day of Harold's coronation at Westminster, he devoted himself
ably and vigorously to his regal duties. Never, indeed, had English
monarch shown himself more considerate for the people's feelings, or
more ardent for their welfare. The new reign was marked by a complete
return to the national customs, by a diminution of the taxes
previously levied, and by a more decided impartiality in the
administration of justice. By all means in his power Harold
endeavoured to render his reign popular. "Ever active for the good of
his country," says the chronicler, "he spared himself no fatigue by
land or by sea."

Notwithstanding his vigour and energy, clouds soon began to gather
around the Saxon king. In the midst of his efforts to keep together a
decaying empire, Harold was disagreeably interrupted by the arrival of
a messenger from Duke William to claim fulfilment of the promise made
at Bayeux.

"William Duke of Normandy," said the messenger, "reminds thee of the
oath which thou didst swear to him upon good and holy relics."

"It is true that I swore such an oath to Duke William," replied
Harold, "but I swore it under compulsion. I promised that which did
not belong to me, and which I could not perform. My royalty is not
mine, nor can I divest myself of it without consent of the country. As
for my sister Thyra, whom the duke claims, to marry her to one of the
chiefs, she died this year. Would he have me send her body?"

The Norman with this answer departed, and hastened to Duke William.
But, with as little delay as possible, he was sent back, and appeared
at Westminster with a new message, couched in terms of gentle
remonstrance.

"Duke William," said the messenger, "entreats you, if you will not
abide by all the conditions, at least to execute one of them, and
take, as wife, his daughter Adeliza, whom you promised to marry."

"I could not marry," said Harold, "without the country's consent; and
besides," he added, "it is now impossible for me to wed the daughter
of Duke William, since I have already wedded another woman."

"Is this thine answer?" asked the Norman.

"It is," replied Harold.

"Then," said the Norman, "Duke William swears that, within the year,
he will come and demand the whole of his debt, and pursue you, as
perjurer, to the very places where you think you have the surest and
firmest footing."

Rumours of William's projects crept about England, and the country was
soon in serious apprehension. The appearance of the comet, coming, it
was believed, as a harbinger of woe, added to the general alarm; and
while thousands nightly went out to gaze at "the blazing star,"
merchant and pilgrim carried to castle and cottage intelligence of the
formidable preparations making by Duke William for the subjugation of
England.

In the midst of the alarm which prevailed, Harold at first displayed a
vigilance worthy of the crisis. All summer, and far into autumn, he
remained steadily at his post, guarding the southern coast. Even when
news of Tostig's ravages came, he did not leave London, but left the
chastisement of his brother to the Northumbrians and their earl.

But events baffled Harold's plans. When summer passed and autumn came
without an invasion, men, wise in their own conceit, began to ridicule
the idea of the peril being imminent; and Harold, not uninfluenced by
the general impression that William would not attempt to land before
winter, allowed his army to disband, and the fleet to run short of
provisions.

Such was the position of affairs, when news reached London that
Hardrada, in company with Tostig, had landed in the North, defeated
the Northumbrians in a sharp battle, and taken measures for forcing
York to yield.

No sooner did Harold become aware of the new danger than he roused
himself to action. Convincing himself, perhaps reluctantly, that the
peril which he left behind was not extreme, the Saxon king hastily
drew his men together, and prepared to crush the host of grim
Norwegians. Turning his face northward, Harold pushed on, by forced
marches, to York, and succeeded in reaching the capital of the North
on the very evening before Hardrada and Tostig anticipated placing on
its walls "The Ravager of the World."




XIV.

[Illustration: The Norwegian Champion at Stamford Bridge.]

THE BATTLE OF STAMFORD BRIDGE.


The month of September, 1066, was drawing towards its close, and so
far all had prospered with Tostig and his Norwegian ally. After
burning Scarborough, they had sailed up the Humber, advanced towards
York, fought a tough battle, and placed themselves in such a position
before the capital of the North, that the citizens recognised the
necessity of yielding. Indeed, they had agreed to open the gates on
the morning of the 25th, and on that morning Tostig and Hardrada--who
had broken up their lines, and encamped on the river Derwent, at
Stamford Bridge, seven miles from York--were to march in triumph into
the city, and hold a grand council to regulate the affairs of the
province.

It was a Monday; and early in the morning, Hardrada and Tostig,
leaving part of their army encamped on the other side of the Derwent,
rode side by side towards York, accompanied by some thousands of their
soldiers. The weather being warm--for it was "one of those autumnal
days in which the sun is still in all its vigour"--and no resistance
being anticipated, the Norwegians laid aside their coats of mail, and
dispensed with all defensive armour except helmets and bucklers. When
approaching York, however, they suddenly perceived clouds of dust,
and, through the clouds, steel glittering in the sun.

"Who are these men?" asked Hardrada, in surprise.

"They must be Northumbrians," answered Tostig, "coming either to crave
friendship or to ask pardon."

The Norwegians, however, had not advanced many paces, when Tostig was
disagreeably undeceived. The approaching mass grew more distinct, and
the sun revealed an army in battle order.

"It is King Harold," said Tostig, scarce mustering voice sufficient to
speak the words.

"Ride!" said Hardrada, turning to three of his horsemen--"ride! and,
with all haste, bring our warriors from the camp."

The horsemen darted off with the speed of the wind; and Hardrada,
unfurling "The Ravager of the World," on the folds of which a vast
raven was depicted, ranged his men round the banner in a long, narrow
line, curved at the extremities. Pressing against each other, with
their spears planted in the ground, and the points turned against the
foe, the Norwegians stood ready for conflict; and their king, mounted
on his coal-black steed, his helmet glittering with gold, rode along
the line, singing, as was his wont on such occasions, extempore
verses, to excite the valour of his men.

"Let us fight," he sang, "though without our cuirasses; let us forward
to the edge of blue steel. Our helmets shine in the sun. For brave men
that is enough."

While Hardrada thus sang, about twenty mounted warriors--horses and
riders clad in steel--dashed out from the Saxon ranks. Approaching the
Norwegian lines, they suddenly halted, and intimated their wish to
hold a parley.

"Where," cried one of them, "is Tostig, the son of Godwin?"

"Here," answered Tostig, spurring forward his steed.

"If thou art Tostig," said the Saxon, "thy brother greets thee by me,
and offers thee peace, with his friendship, and thine ancient
honours."

"These are fine words," said Tostig, bitterly; "but if I accept your
offers, what shall be given to the noble King Hardrada, son of Sigurd,
my faithful ally?"

"He," replied the Saxon, "shall have seven feet of English land, or a
little more, for his height exceeds that of other men."

"Then," said Tostig, "go back and say to my brother that he may
prepare to fight; for none but liars will ever say that the son of
Godwin deserted the son of Sigurd."

The parley ended; and the Saxon warriors rode back to their host. The
Norwegians and Saxons then closed in the shock of war, and the
conflict immediately became fierce and sanguinary. But, from the
first, the invaders had the worst of the encounter. With their huge
battle-axes, wielded with both hands, the Saxons rushed furiously on
their foes, cleaving down all opposition, and breaking the first rank
of the Norwegians. Hardrada, pierced with an arrow, fell in the heat
of the strife; and, as his gigantic form disappeared from the black
steed, the banner he had brought from Norway was trampled in the dust
and captured by the foe.

No sooner did Hardrada fall than Tostig took command of the
Norwegians, and prepared to continue the strife. Harold, however,
paused in his assault, and sent once more to offer peace. But the
Norwegians would not listen to terms.

"We will rather die," said they, "than owe our lives to those who have
killed our king."

On receiving this answer, the Saxon king led on his men to the attack,
and fearful was the carnage that ensued. In vain did bands of the
Norwegians, roused in their camp by Hardrada's riders, hurry up to the
aid of their fast-falling comrades. Fatigued with their hasty march
under a burning sun, they fell in heaps before the axes of their foes.
Ere long, the struggle ceased: Tostig lay dead on the ground, and
around him the Norwegian chiefs who had followed their king to
minister to his vengeance.

But, meanwhile, the Norwegians who had not passed the Derwent drew
together to make a desperate defence; and the Saxons advanced to
consummate their victory. This, however, proved no easy achievement.
In fact, the strength and resolution of one man long kept the Saxons
at bay.

At that time the Derwent was crossed by a wooden bridge. Long and
furiously was this bridge contested; and when the Norwegians, yielding
to overwhelming press of numbers, retreated, one warrior, of tall
stature and mighty strength, remained to defy, single-handed, the
might of his foes. Armed with a battle-axe, which few men could have
wielded, he struck down every one who ventured within his reach; and,
when forty men had fallen by his hand, the boldest Saxons recoiled in
dismay from a foe who appeared armed with supernatural power.

But at length the Norwegian was taken unawares. Perceiving the
certainty of death in attempting an encounter hand to hand, one of the
Saxons seized a long spear, leaped into a boat, and floated quietly
under the bridge. Availing himself of a favourable opportunity, the
Saxon dexterously thrust his spear through the planks right into the
Norwegian's body; and the huge champion, without even seeing his new
adversary, fell mortally wounded. Harold then became master of the
bridge, and led his soldiers to the Norwegian camp.

Nothing that could be called resistance was now attempted. The
Norwegians had given way to despair; and when Harold, for the third
time, sent to offer peace, the proposal was gladly accepted.
Accordingly, a treaty was hastily concluded; and after Olaf, son of
Hardrada, had sworn friendship to the Saxon king, the Norwegians took
to their ships, and, with sad hearts, set sail for their northern
homes.

The victory at Stamford Bridge placed much booty, and a considerable
quantity of gold, in the hands of the Saxons. All this Harold, as
king, claimed as his own; and deep was the discontent which the
avarice, or economy, of the son of Godwin, on this occasion, created
in the ranks of the victorious army. Many of the Anglo-Saxon chiefs
took mortal offence, and ridiculed the idea of serving a king who had
not sufficient generosity to share the spoil of a vanquished enemy
with those by whom the enemy had been vanquished.

The discontent of the Anglo-Saxons was at its height, when Harold
suddenly became aware that he was in no position to lose friends and
adherents. The breezes in which his banners waved at Stamford Bridge
had filled the sails, and impelled to the English shores, the fleet of
an invader more formidable than the adventurous Hardrada. While Harold
the Saxon was wrangling with his earls and thanes in the city of York,
William the Norman had landed with his counts and vavasors, on the
coast of Sussex.

Alarm now appeared on the face of every Saxon, and confusion added to
the discontent that pervaded Harold's ranks. But no time was to be
lost. Without even taking time to bury the slain, the Saxon king
turned his face southward. For many years after, the bones of the
slaughtered Norwegians whitened the scene of the battle of Stamford
Bridge; and, so late as the nineteenth century, swords, heads of
halberds, and horseshoes, have often been turned up, and excited
interest, as memorials of the day on which the great Hardrada was
overthrown, and the "Ravager of the World" trampled in the dust.

[Illustration]




XV.

PHILIP OF FRANCE.


While Duke William was preparing for the invasion of England, and the
nobles of Normandy were mustering their fighting men, and adventurous
warriors were flocking from all quarters, with eager anticipation, to
take part in the daring enterprise, he bethought him of repairing to
the court of France, with the object of enlisting the sympathies, and
securing the support, of the French king.

Philip, the son of Henry, and great-grandson of Hugh Capet, was then a
boy of fourteen, and reigning under the guardianship of Baldwin, Count
of Flanders. He was residing at St. Germain when William appeared to
ask his aid and salute him with a degree of feudal deference seldom
shown by the Dukes of Normandy to the Capetian kings.

"You are my seigneur," said William, addressing the young king; "and
if it please you to aid me, and I, by God's grace, obtain my rights
over England, I promise to do you homage for it, as though I held it
from you."

"Well," answered Philip, "I will assemble my council of barons; for,
without their advice, I cannot decide an affair so important."

A council was accordingly called, and the expediency of assisting
William was discussed; but the French barons, one and all, pronounced
strongly against rendering any aid.

"You know," said they to the king, "how ill the Normans obey you now."

"True," said Philip.

"It will be worse if they possess England," said the barons. "Besides,
it would cost us a great deal to assist Duke William; and, if he fail
in his enterprise, the English will be our enemies for ever."

The council, having determined on giving William no aid, rose; and
Philip, repairing to the Norman duke, communicated the decision.

"My barons," said he, "are of opinion that they ought not, in any way,
to aid you in the conquest of England."

"Are they?" exclaimed William, much disappointed. "Then, by the
splendour of God! I will show them that I can conquer England without
their help."

"But," asked the boy-king, with a sneer, "who will take care of your
duchy while you are grasping at a crown?"

"My duchy," answered William, fiercely, "shall not trouble my
neighbours. I have a spouse of prudence, who can take charge of my
duchy, and could take charge of much more, if it were necessary."

And King Philip parted with his great subject, whom he was never
henceforth to think of but as a formidable foe.

[Illustration]




XVI.

[Illustration: The good ship Moira, William of Normandy, owner]

THE NORMAN ARMAMENT.


All through the summer of 1066, while England was ringing with alarm,
Normandy was resounding with preparations; armourers were busy forging
weapons and coats of mail; shipwrights were occupied with the
construction of vessels; and men were continually employed carrying
arms from workshop to port. Everything, meantime, seemed to favour
William's project of conquest; and he fixed on a day about the middle
of August as the time for his departure.

The mouth of the Dive was appointed as the rendezvous; and there, in
good time, William's mighty armament was ready for the enterprise.
Sixty thousand men came to the Norman standard; and the fleet
consisted of four hundred ships and a thousand other vessels, great
and small. For a month, however, the winds, proving adverse, detained
the fleet in port. An Anglo-Saxon was caught making observations,
taken into custody, and carried before William.

"You are a spy," said the duke.

The man, with William's terrible eye upon him, could not muster
courage to deny the charge.

"Nevertheless," said the duke, "you shall see everything; though
Harold need not trouble himself to ascertain my force; for he shall
both see and feel it, ere the year has run its course."

At length a southern breeze sprang up, and the Normans set sail. But
they soon found the impossibility of proceeding on their voyage.
Carried as far as the roadstead of St. Valery, at the mouth of the
Somme, they were under the necessity of landing and submitting to a
further delay.

William's patience was now severely tried. The weather was stormy;
rain fell in torrents; some ships, shattered by the tempest, sank with
their crews; and the men began to lose heart. The fearful difficulties
that beset the enterprise forced themselves on every mind; and while
conversing with each other under their tents, dripping with water,
they talked of the ships that had been lost, and exaggerated the
number of the bodies cast ashore.

"The man is mad who thus seeks to seize the land of another," said
some of the soldiers.

"And, doubtless," suggested others, "God is offended with such
designs, and proves it by refusing us a favourable wind."

Not unaware that such conversations were held, William became uneasy
and restless. He plied the men with strong drink to stimulate their
courage, and was frequently observed to enter the church of St.
Valery, to remain long in prayer, and to gaze anxiously, as he left
the building, at the weathercock that ornamented the belfry.

On Tuesday, the 26th of September, while William was occupied with
somewhat sad thoughts, a brilliant idea crossed his brain, and filled
his heart with hope. Either prompted by sincere faith, or by a desire
to dissipate the gloom that hung over his mighty host, he caused a
coffer containing the bones of St. Valery to be taken from the church
and solemnly carried through the camp. The duke made rich offerings;
every soldier gave his mite; and the adventurers in a body joined in
prayer. This ceremony had the effect of calming superstitious fears;
and when next morning dawned, it seemed as if their prayers had been
answered and a miracle wrought; for the weather was fine, and the wind
was favourable.

No time was now lost. At daybreak the sleepers were roused from their
repose; orders for immediate embarcation were given; the soldiers,
cheered by the change of weather, joyfully hastened on board; and the
mariners made ready to haul up their anchors and spread their sails.

William's own ship--a gift of Matilda the duchess--was named the
Moira, commanded by a skipper of skill, known as Stephen, the son of
Gerard, and ornamented by a figure-head representing William Rufus,
then a little boy, with a bent bow in his hands. On the sails of
divers colours were painted the arms of Normandy, and at the masthead
flew the consecrated banner sent to William by the pope. Large
lanterns, fixed on poles, were intended to serve as a rallying-point
for the whole fleet.

After much bustle and exertion, everything was in readiness for
sailing; and, William having embarked, the Moira, followed by fourteen
hundred vessels, great and small, made for the open sea, while a cheer
rose from sixty thousand tongues. The voyage was, on the whole,
prosperous. But the Moira, sailing much more swiftly than the other
ships, outstripped them during the day, and at night left them far
behind. In the morning William found to his dismay that his friends
were not to be seen.

"Go to the masthead," said the duke, addressing Stephen; and the
skipper obeyed.

"I see only sky and sea," said the skipper.

"Never mind," said William, affecting a gay countenance; "cast anchor
till they come in sight."

At the same time, to keep away fear and anxiety, he ordered a copious
repast, with spiced wines; and, this having been disposed of, he
caused the skipper again to go aloft.

"What do you see now?" asked William.

"Four vessels," answered the skipper.

"Look again," said William.

"Ah!" cried the skipper, "I see a forest of masts and sails."

"Our fleet!" exclaimed William, joyfully; and ere long, the fourteen
hundred vessels having come up, the Moira was once more at their head,
and gallantly leading the way to the coast of Sussex.

On that September day, the Norman fleet, without encountering the
slightest opposition, sailed into the Bay of Pevensey, and cast anchor
hard by that ancient castle, whose foundations were then washed by the
waves, though the sea is now a mile distant from its stately ruins.
The process of disembarking the troops was immediately commenced.
First landed the archers, clad in short coats, with their bows in
their hands; then the horsemen, in steel helmets and coats of mail,
with long lances and double-edged swords; and then the armourers,
smiths, carpenters, and pioneers. Everything was done in perfect
order, and with a degree of precision which must have pleased
William's eye.

The duke was the last to land; and, as he did so, a slight accident
occurred, which some were inclined to regard as a presage of evil, but
to which, with his wonted tact, he contrived to give an interpretation
highly favourable to the fortunes of their enterprise. When his foot
touched the shore, he slipped and fell on his face, and a murmur
instantly arose.

"God preserve us!" exclaimed some in horror.

"This is a bad sign," cried others.

"Lords, what is it you say?" exclaimed William, rising with a spring.
"Why are you amazed? See you not that I have taken seizin of this land
with my hands, and all that it contains is our own?"

It is said that after landing, William ordered the ships forming his
fleet to be burned, that the Normans, seeing all hope of retreat cut
off, might be induced to fight the more desperately; and then he
marched towards Hastings.

On a broad plain, between Pevensey and Hastings, the Normans pitched
their camp. Having erected two wooden castles, brought with them to
serve as receptacles for provisions during the campaign, or as places
of refuge in case of disaster, they sent out bodies of troops to
overrun the neighbourhood. The inhabitants, terrified at the approach
of foes whom they were utterly unprepared to meet, fled from their
dwellings to the churches; and the country seemed to lie so open,
that many of the invaders indulged in the anticipation of taking
possession without resistance.

Far otherwise, however, was it ordered. In fact, the Anglo-Saxons were
rising from the Thames to the Tweed; and William soon received warning
from one of the Normans settled in England not to trust to
appearances.

"Be upon your guard," was the message, "for in four days the son of
Godwin will be at the head of a hundred thousand men."

The warning was well meant, but somewhat unnecessary. William was not
the man to be taken by surprise, as Hardrada had been. His camp was
carefully guarded; and his outposts, extending to a great distance,
kept watch night and day with unceasing vigilance. At length, on the
morning of Friday, the 13th of October, horsemen galloped into the
camp in such haste, that they had scarcely breath sufficient to
communicate their intelligence.

"With what tidings come you?" asked the Normans eagerly.

"With tidings," answered the horsemen, "that the Saxon king is
advancing furiously."

[Illustration: Harold has news of William's landing.]




XVII.

HAROLD'S HOST.


As Harold, after his victory over the Norwegians, left York to hasten
to London, he summoned the men of the provinces through which he
passed to arm in defence of their country. The Anglo-Saxons obeyed the
summons with the utmost possible celerity, and bands of armed men were
soon on their way to the capital. But Harold's conduct ruined all.
With a rashness of which even Tostig would hardly, under such
circumstances, have been guilty, he resolved to venture on a battle
before the great Anglo-Saxon nobles and their fighting-men came up;
and, accompanied by his brothers, Gurth and Leofwine, he left the
capital at the head of an army composed mainly of Kentishmen and
Londoners, utterly inferior both in numbers and discipline to the
force arrayed under the banner of his potent foe.

Elate with the success of his arms at Stamford Bridge, and probably
deluding himself with the idea that he could conquer William as he had
conquered Hardrada, Harold marched with fierce rapidity till he was
within seven miles of the Norman camp. But convinced, at that stage,
of the impossibility of coming on William unawares, he changed his
tactics, halted near the village then known as Epiton, took possession
of some hilly ground, and fortified his position with ditches,
palisades, ramparts of slates, and willow hurdles. Thus strongly
intrenched, he resolved to stand on the defensive.

Meanwhile, some spies, sent to make observations on the hostile army,
and bring intelligence of the disposition and force of the Normans,
returned to the camp, and gave their report.

"There are more priests," said the spies, "in Duke William's camp,
than there are fighting men on the English side."

"Ah," said Harold, with a smile, "you have mistaken warriors for
priests, because the Normans shave their beards, and wear their hair
short. Those whom you saw in such numbers are not priests, but brave
soldiers, who will soon show us what they are worth."

"It seems to us," said some of the Saxon chiefs, on whom the report of
the spies, doubtless, was not without effect, "that we should act
prudently in avoiding a battle for the present, and retreating towards
London, ravaging the country as we go, and thus starving out the
foreigners."

"I cannot ravage the country which has been committed to my care,"
answered Harold. "By my faith, that were indeed treason; and I prefer
taking the chances of battle with my courage, my good cause, and the
few men I have."

But ere long the Saxon chiefs had reason to doubt the goodness of
Harold's cause. While this conversation as to the expediency of a
retreat was taking place, a monk from William arrived with a message
for Harold, and found his way to the presence of the Saxon king.

"William, Duke of Normandy," said the monk, addressing Harold,
"requires thee to do one of three things: either to surrender to him,
the crown of England; or to submit your quarrel to the arbitration of
the pope; or to refer its decision to the chances of a single combat."

"And my answer," said Harold, briefly, "is, that I will not resign the
crown; I will not refer the matter to the pope; and a single combat I
will not fight."

"Then," said the monk, solemnly, "Duke William denounces thee as
perjurer and liar; and all who support thee are excommunicated. The
papal bull is in the Norman tent."

The mention of excommunication produced an instantaneous effect on the
Saxon chiefs, and they looked at each other like men suddenly seized
with superstitious terror.

"This is a business of great danger," they murmured.

"Whatever the danger may be, we ought to fight," said a thane; "for
here is not a question of receiving a new lord as if our king were
dead; the matter in hand is very different. William of Normandy has
given our lands to his barons and his people, most of whom have
already rendered him homage for them. They come not only to ruin us,
but to ruin our descendants also, and to take from us the country of
our ancestors."

"It is true," cried the Saxons, recovering their courage. "Let us
neither make peace, truce, nor treaty with the invader."

"Let us swear," cried all, "to drive out the Normans, or die in the
attempt."

An oath was accordingly taken by the Saxon chiefs. But when their
enthusiasm evaporated, the thought of fighting for national existence
under the auspices of a man branded as "perjurer and liar" troubled
every conscience. Even Harold's brothers could not conceal their
uneasiness, and Gurth frankly and honestly expressed his sentiments.

"Harold," said Gurth, "let me persuade you not to be present in the
battle, but to return to London and seek fresh reinforcements, while
we sustain the Norman's attack."

"And why?" asked Harold.

"Thou canst not deny," replied Gurth, "that, whether on compulsion or
willingly, thou hast sworn an oath to Duke William upon the relics of
saints. Why risk a combat with a perjury against thee? For us, who
have taken no oath, the war is just: we defend our country. Leave us,
then, to fight the battle. If we retreat, thou canst aid us; if we
fall, thou canst avenge us."

"My duty," said Harold, "forbids me to remain apart while others risk
their lives."

The night of Friday, the 13th of October, had now come, and by the
Saxons little doubt was entertained that the Norman duke would attack
them on the morrow. Nor was their anticipation incorrect. Indeed,
William had intimated to his army that next day would be a day of
battle; and, while the Norman warriors prepared their arms, Norman
monks and priests prayed, and chanted litanies, and confessed the
soldiers, and administered the sacrament.

The Saxons passed the night in a far different and much less devout
manner. It seems that the 14th of October was the day of Harold's
nativity, and that the Saxons, eager to celebrate such an occasion, or
hailing it as a fair excuse for carousing, dedicated the night to
joviality. Around their fires wine and ale flowed in abundance, and
men, grouped in large circles, sang national ballads, and filled and
emptied horns and flagons with a reckless indifference to the
probability that next morning their ideas would be confused and their
nerves disordered.

And thus, almost face to face with the Normans, and soon to be hand to
hand, the Saxons, under King Harold's standard, beheld the break of
that day on which, against fearful odds, they were to fight a battle
for the sovereignty of England.

[Illustration: Battle Abbey, Hastings.]




XVIII.

[Illustration: The Norman prelates blessing the troops.]

THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS.


On the morning of Saturday, the 14th of October, 1066, the day of St.
Calixtus, William the Norman rose from his couch, and prepared to tear
the crown of Edward the Confessor from the head of Harold, son of
Godwin.

Before forming into battle order, the Normans went through an
impressive religious ceremony. Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, and Geoffrey,
Bishop of Coutance, celebrated mass, and solemnly blessed the troops;
and then Odo, who was warrior as well as prelate, and wore a hauberk
under his rochet, mounted his tall white charger, and, with a baton of
command in his hand, aided to marshal the cavalry.

The Norman army was ranged in three divisions. In the first were the
men of Boulogne, Ponthieu, and most of the continental adventurers,
whom the prospect of pay and plunder had brought to the invading
standard; in the second appeared the auxiliaries from Brittany, Maine,
and Poitou; while the third was composed of the high Norman chivalry,
and comprised hundreds of knights and nobles, whose names were
afterwards registered in the roll of Battle Abbey, and whose
descendants ranked among the mediæval magnates of England. Gallantly
they mounted--Fitzosborne and Warren, Gourney and Grantmesnil, Percy
and Peverill, Montgomery and Mortimer, Merley and Montfichet, Bruce,
Bigod, and Bohun, De Vere, De Vesci, De Clare, De La Val, and De
Roos--completely covered with linked mail, armed with lances and
swords, and with crosses or dragons and wolves painted on their
shields.

But, while warriors were mounting, the proudest and grandest of these
barons attracted little attention. It was on the chief of that mighty
host that all eyes were turned--on the martial duke, under whose
auspices was now to be fought one of the greatest battles of the
world--a battle the result of which has ever since exercised no
unimportant influence on the destinies of the human race.

William was now in his forty-third year, and time had left its traces
behind. But, bald as he was, and worn with the cares of four decades,
the Norman duke had all the vigour, energy, and martial enthusiasm of
youth. Never, perhaps, had he appeared more worthy of his high
fortunes than when, with some of the relics on which Harold had sworn,
around his neck, he stood in view of the great army of which he was
the soul.

This display having served its purpose, William hastened to complete
the process of arming; and his squires, while handing him his hauberk,
in their haste presented him with the backpiece first.

"This is an evil omen," said the lords around.

"Tush!" exclaimed William, laughing their fears to scorn. "Methinks it
is rather a good omen: it betokens that the last shall be first--that
the duke will be a king."

Having completely armed himself, with the exception of his helmet,
William intrusted his standard to Tonstain le Blanc, a young warrior,
and sprang upon his magnificent Spanish charger, which the King of
Castile had sent him as a gift. Thus armed, and thus mounted, with the
consecrated standard waving over his head, he raised his voice to
address his soldiers ere they marched upon the foe.

"Normans and warriors," said the duke, "you are now about to encounter
your enemies. Fight your best, and spare not. What I gain, you gain;
if I conquer, you conquer; if I take the land, you will share it. We
shall all be rich. Know, however, that I came here not merely to take
that which is my due, but to revenge our whole nation for the felon
acts, perjuries, and treasons of these Saxons. In the night of St.
Brice they put to death the Danes, both men and women. Afterwards they
decimated the companions of my kinsman, Alfred, and put him to death.
On then, in God's name, and chastise them for all their misdeeds!"

As William concluded his address, the Norman priests and monks retired
to a neighbouring hill to pray for victory; and the Norman warriors,
with a shout of "Dieu aide!" began their march to the Saxon camp. In a
short time they came in sight of the place where Harold and his men,
all on foot around their standard, and strongly posted, stood ready,
with their huge axes, to fight to the death.

While such was the position of the hostile armies, a Norman minstrel,
named Taillefer, rendered himself prominently conspicuous. Giving the
spur to his horse, he rode out in front of the Norman array, and, in a
loud voice, raised the song of Charlemagne and Roland, then so famous
throughout Christendom. As he proceeded, he played with his sword,
tossing the weapon far into the air, and then catching it in his right
hand with wondrous dexterity; while the warriors behind vociferously
repeated the burthen of his song, and loudly shouted, "Dieu aide!"

When the Normans approached the Saxon intrenchments, their archers
began the conflict by letting fly a shower of arrows, and the
crossbowmen discharged their bolts. But neither arrows nor bolts did
much execution. In fact, most of the shots were rendered useless by
the high parapets of the Saxon redoubts, and the archers and bowmen
found, with dismay, that their efforts were in vain.

But the infantry, armed with spears, and the cavalry, with their long
lances, now advanced, and charging the gates of the redoubts,
endeavoured to force an entrance. The Saxons, however, forming a solid
mass, encountered their assailants with courage, and swinging with
both hands their heavy axes, broke lances into shivers, and cut
through coats of mail.

It was in vain that the Normans forming the first division of
William's army perseveringly endeavoured to tear up the stakes and
penetrate the redoubts. Foiled and dispirited, archers and bowmen,
infantry and cavalry, fell back on that column where the duke, in
person, commanded.

But William was not to be baffled. Spurring his Spanish charger in
among the archers, he ordered them to shoot, not straightforward, but
into the air, so that their arrows might fall into the enemy's camp.

"See you not," said the duke, "that your shafts fall harmless against
the parapets? Shoot in the air. Let your arrows fall as if from the
heavens."

The archers then, advancing in a body, profited by William's
suggestion; and so successful proved the manoeuvre, that many of the
Saxons, and, among others, King Harold, were wounded in the face.

In the meantime, the Norman horse and foot renewed the attack with
shouts of "Notre Dame!" "Dieu aide!" and an impetuosity which seemed
to promise success. But if the attack was fierce, the resistance was
stubborn. Notwithstanding the execution done by arrows and bolts, and
their frightful wounds, Harold and his men fought with mighty courage.
Driven back from one of the gates to a deep ravine, which was
concealed by brushwood and long grass, the Normans found their
situation deplorable. Horses and men rolled over each other into the
ravine, perishing miserably; and, when William's Spanish charger was
killed under him, and the great war-chief for a moment disappeared,
alarm seized the invaders.

"The duke is slain!" was the cry; and the Normans, giving way to
panic, commenced a retreat.

"No!" exclaimed William, in a voice of thunder, as he disentangled
himself from his fallen steed; "I am here. Look at me. I still live,
and, with God's help, I will conquer."

And taking off his helmet that he might be the more readily
recognised, William threw himself before the fugitives, and
threatening some, striking others with his lance, he barred their
passage, and ordered the cavalry to return to the attack. But every
effort to force the redoubts proved fruitless; still the charge of the
Normans was broken on the wall of shields; and, in spite of the
fearful odds against them, the Saxons still held gallantly out.

It was now that William determined on a stratagem to lure the Saxons
from their intrenchments, and ordered a thousand horse to advance to
the redoubts and then retire. His command was skilfully obeyed; and
when the Saxons saw their enemies fly as if beaten, they lost the
coolness they had hitherto exhibited, and, with their axes hanging
from their necks, rushed furiously forth in pursuit.

But brief indeed was their imaginary triumph. Suddenly the Normans
halted, faced about, and being joined by another body of cavalry, that
had watched the manoeuvre, turned fiercely upon the pursuers with
sword and lance, and quickly put them to the rout.

Evening was now approaching; and William, availing himself of the
confusion and disorder which the success of his stratagem had created
among the Saxons, once more assailed the redoubts, and this time with
success. In rushed horse and foot, hewing down all who opposed them.
In vain the Saxons struggled desperately, overthrowing cavalry and
infantry, and continued the combat hand to hand and foot to foot.
Their numbers rapidly diminished; and at length the king and his two
brothers were left almost without aid to defend the standard.

No hope now remained for the Saxons, and soon all was over. Harold,
previously wounded in the eye, fell to rise no more. Leofwine shared
his brother's fate and died by his side; and Gurth, courageously
facing the foe, maintained a contest single-handed against a host of
knightly adversaries. But William, pushing forward, mace in hand,
struck the Saxon hero a blow of irresistible violence, and Gurth fell
on the mangled corpses of his kinsmen and countrymen.

Ere this the sun had set, and still the conflict was continued; and
the Saxons, vain as were their efforts, maintained an irregular
struggle till darkness rendered it impossible to know friend from foe,
except by the difference of language. The vanquished islanders then
fled in the direction of London. But when the moon rose, the victors
fiercely urged the pursuit. The Norman cavalry, flushed with triumph,
granted no quarter. Thousands of Saxons, dispersed and despairing,
fell by the weapons of pursuers, and thousands more died on the roads
of wounds and fatigue.

Meanwhile, William ordered the consecrated standard to be set up where
that of the Saxons had fallen, and, pitching his tent on the field of
battle, passed that October night almost within hearing of the groans
of the dying.

[Illustration]




XIX.

THE BODY OF HAROLD.


No sooner did Sunday morning dawn than William, having first evinced
his gratitude to Heaven for the victory gained, applied himself to
ascertain the extent of his loss. Having vowed to erect on the field
of battle an abbey, to be dedicated to St. Martin, the patron saint of
the warriors of Gaul, the Conqueror drew up his troops, and called
over the names of all who had crossed the sea, from a list made at St.
Valery.

While this roll was being called over, many of the wives and mothers
of the Saxons who had armed in the neighbourhood of Hastings to fight
for King Harold appeared on the field to search for and bury the
bodies of their husbands and sons. William immediately caused the
corpses of the men who had fallen on his side to be buried, and gave
the Saxons leave to do the same for their countrymen.

[Illustration]

For some time, however, no one had the courage to mention the
propriety of giving Christian burial to the Saxon king; and the body
of Harold lay on the field without being claimed or sought for. At
length Githa, the widow of Godwin, sent to ask the Conqueror's
permission to render the last honours to her son, but William sternly
refused.

"The mother," said the messengers, "would even give the weight of the
body in gold."

"Nevertheless," said William, "the man, false to his word and to his
religion, shall have no other sepulchre than the sands of the shore."

William, however, relented. It happened that Harold had founded and
enriched the abbey of Waltham, and that the abbot felt himself in duty
bound to obtain Christian burial for such a benefactor. Accordingly he
deputed Osgod and Ailrik, two Saxon monks, to demand permission to
transfer the body of Harold to their church; and the Conqueror granted
the permission they asked.

But Osgod and Ailrik found their mission somewhat difficult to fulfil.
So disfigured, in fact, were most of the dead with wounds and bruises,
that one could hardly be known from another. In vain the monks sought
among the mass of slain, stripped as they were of armour and clothing.
The monks of Waltham could not recognise the corpse of him whom they
sought, and, in their difficulty, they resolved to invoke female aid.

At that time there was living, probably in retirement, a Saxon woman
known as Edith the Fair. This woman, who was remarkable for her
beauty, and especially for the gracefulness of her neck, which
chroniclers have compared to the swan's, had, before Harold's
coronation and his marriage with Aldith, been entertained by him as a
mistress; and, on being applied to, she consented to assist the monks
in their search. Better acquainted than they were with the features of
the man she had loved, Edith was successful in discovering the corpse.

The body of Harold having thus--thanks to the zeal and exertions of
the monks--been found, was, with those of his brothers, Gurth and
Leofwine, placed at the disposal of their mother, the widowed Githa.
With her consent they were buried in the abbey of Waltham. The
Conqueror sent William Mallet, one of his knights, to see the corpse
honourably interred; and at the east end of the choir, in a tomb long
pointed out as that containing the remains of the Saxon king, were
inscribed the words--

                          "HAROLD INFELIX."

"But here," says Sir Richard Baker, "Giraldus Cambrensis tells a
strange story, that Harold was not slain in the battle, but only
wounded and lost his left eye, and then escaped by flight to Chester,
where he afterwards led a holy anchorite's life in the cell of St.
James, fast by St. John's Church."




XX.

[Illustration]

THE CONQUEROR AND THE KENTISHMEN.


After his victory at Hastings, William remained for some time on the
field, waiting for the men of the country to appear at his camp and
make their submission. Finding, however, that nobody came, he marched
along the sea coast, took Dover, and then advanced by the great Roman
road towards London.

While passing through Kent, the conquerors, for a time, pursued their
way without interruption. Suddenly, however, at a place where the
road, approaching the Thames, ran through a forest, they found their
passage disputed by a large body of Kentishmen. Each man carried in
his hand a green bough, and at a distance they presented the
appearance of a wood in motion.

"This," said the Normans, crossing themselves, "is magic--the work of
Satan."

On drawing near, however, the Kentishmen threw the green boughs to the
ground, raised their banner, and drew their swords; and William, aware
that the men of Kent were not foes to be despised, asked with what
intent they came against him in such a fashion.

"We come," cried the men of Kent, "to fight for our liberty, and for
the laws we have enjoyed under King Edward."

"Well," answered William, whose object it now was, if possible, to
conciliate, "ye shall have your ancient customs and your laws which ye
demand, so that ye acknowledge me king of England."

The Kentishmen, on hearing this, consented to lay down their arms,
having concluded a treaty by which they agreed to offer no further
resistance, on condition that they should be as free as they had
before been. William sent forward five hundred horsemen towards
London; and learning that the citizens were likely to stand on their
defence, he resolved to turn towards the west, and passed the Thames
at Wallingford.

On reaching Wallingford, which had been regarded by the Saxons as a
stronghold of the first importance, William was struck with the
capacity of the place, and eager to secure it as one of his
strongholds. On this point there was no difficulty. In fact,
Wallingford was in possession of a Saxon thane named Wigod, who had
neither the will nor the power to resist, but who had an only daughter
named Aldith, with no insuperable objection to become the bride of a
Norman knight. The Conqueror immediately provided the fair Aldith with
a husband, in the person of Robert D'Oyley, one of his favourite
warriors; and the marriage ceremony having been performed without any
unnecessary delay, D'Oyley was left, in the company of his bride and
his father-in-law, to make the castle as strong as possible; while the
Conqueror, marching to Berkhampstead, cut off all communication
between London and the north, and continued so to hem in the city that
the inhabitants became every day more apprehensive of being exposed to
the horrors of famine.




XXI.

EDGAR ATHELING.


News of the Norman victory at Hastings speedily reached London; and
the city became the scene of commotion and debate. So strong, however,
appeared the necessity for doing something decisive, that men calmed
themselves to consider their position; and, by way of dealing with the
crisis, they resolved on placing the Confessor's crown on the head of
Edgar Atheling, the Confessor's kinsman, and the undoubted heir of the
Saxon kings.

Atheling was grandson of Edmund Ironsides, and a native of Hungary. In
fact, it seems that when Canute the Dane, in 1017, made himself master
of England, he found in the kingdom two sons of Ironsides, who bore
the names of Edmund and Edward. Wishing, it is said, to have the Saxon
princes put to death, but apprehensive of the consequences of ordering
their execution, Canute sent them to the King of Sweden, with a
request that they might be secretly made away with. Not caring,
however, to have the blood of two innocent boys to answer for, the
royal Swede sent them to Hungary; and the king of that country, after
receiving them with reluctance, reared them with kindness. As time
passed on, Edmund died without heirs; but Edward, known as The Exile,
espousing Agatha, daughter of an Emperor of Germany, became father of
a handsome and fair-haired boy, known as Edgar Atheling, and two
girls, named Margaret and Christina.

During the reigns of Harold Harefoot and Hardicanute, the son of
Ironsides remained forgotten in exile. But the Confessor, in his old
age, finding himself childless, and knowing that his end was drawing
nigh, turned his thoughts towards his expatriated kinsman, and
despatched Aldred, Archbishop of York, to escort the heir of Alfred
from the German court. The result was, that Edward the Exile, bringing
with him his wife and three children, returned to the country of his
ancestors, with high hopes of wearing the crown. But not long after
arriving in England he went the way of all flesh, leaving his son much
too young to assert his own rights, and without adherents sufficiently
influential to cope successfully with the wealthy and popular chief of
the House of Godwin.

At the time when the Confessor drew his last breath, in the Painted
Chamber, Edgar Atheling was a boy of ten; and Harold had very little
difficulty in excluding him from the throne. It has been asserted,
indeed, that, from the earliest period, minors had been set aside, as
a matter of course, by the Saxon customs; and that the Atheling's
nonage positively disqualified him from wearing the crown.
Nevertheless, the youth, the beauty, the hereditary claims of the boy,
won him many friends; and he was much beloved by the people, who, in
their loyal affection, called him their darling.

"He is young and handsome," said they, "and descended from the true
race, the best race of the country."

It would seem that the Atheling's claims caused Harold considerable
uneasiness. In fact, historians state that the son of Godwin was kept
in constant dread "of anything being contrived against him in favour
of Edgar by those who had a great affection for the ancient royal
family." However, Harold, to keep them quiet, showed the boy great
respect, gave him the earldom of Oxford, and "took care of his
education," says one historian, "as if he would have it thought that
he intended to resign the crown to him when he should be of fit age to
govern."

But whatever may have been Harold's motives or intentions, no sooner
did he fall at Hastings than the popular cry rose in Edgar's favour.
Opinions, however, were divided as to the person most worthy of being
king. Edwin and Morkar, the grandsons of Leofric, claimed the honour
for one of themselves; and men influenced by the papal bull, stood up
for Duke William. But both Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, and
Aldred, Archbishop of York, declared strongly for the Atheling; and at
length, after much hesitation and much dispute, the boy was publicly
proclaimed.

Such was the stage at which affairs had arrived in London, when
William, from his camp at Berkhampstead, found a way of communicating
with Ansgar, the standard-bearer of the city, an officer whom, in
1051, he had seen at Edward's court; and when Ansgar, assembling the
chief citizens, without informing them of William's message to
himself, impressed upon them the expediency of negotiating with the
invaders.

"Honourable brothers," said Ansgar, "our resources are nearly
exhausted. The city is threatened with assault, and no army comes to
our aid."

"True," murmured the citizens.

"Such," continued Ansgar, "is our situation; but when strength is
exhausted, when courage can do no more, artifice and stratagem still
remain. I advise you to resort to them."

"In what way?" asked the citizens.

"The enemy," answered Ansgar, "is not yet aware of our miserable
position: let us profit by that circumstance, and send them fair words
by a man capable of deceiving them, who will feign to convey your
submission, and, in sign of peace, will lay his hand in theirs if
required."

"Yes," cried the citizens: "we will, in that case, be able to obtain a
suspension of hostilities, and protract negotiations until the arrival
of succours."

After this scene, in which Ansgar skilfully acted his part, his
counsel was enthusiastically adopted. But the messenger sent to delude
William returned to London devoted to the Norman duke's cause, and
gave so flattering a report of the Conqueror, that the citizens became
eager to acknowledge such a man as King of England. The feeling proved
marvellously contagious, and London was soon under the influence of
one of those popular outbursts which nothing can resist.

"What should be done?" asked Ansgar.

"Let the keys of the city be carried to Duke William," was the answer.

The warriors and prelates who surrounded Edgar Atheling were probably
somewhat surprised at this sudden resolution, and they were certainly
in no position to restrain or counteract it. They therefore yielded to
the current; and the young king, accompanied by the two archbishops,
Stigand and Aldred, by Wulstan, Bishop of Worcester, and by the chief
citizens, proceeded to Berkhampstead to make their submission. On
presenting themselves to the Conqueror they swore fidelity, gave
hostages, and received his promise to be gentle and clement. William
regarded the grandson of Ironsides with interest, kissed the boy
tenderly, and spoke to him with kindness. Doubtless, in the eye of a
prince of Edgar Atheling's age, a dog and a pony would have seemed
more to be desired than the crown and throne of England; nor can it be
said that, in after years, when his valour and his capacity had been
proved, he ever looked back with excessive regret to the crown he had
lost and the throne from which he had been excluded.

[Illustration: Saxon Bondman (from Strutt).]




XXII.

[Illustration: Commotion during the crowning of William.]

CORONATION OF THE CONQUEROR.


After Edgar Atheling and the Saxon chiefs and prelates had made their
submission to the conqueror of Hastings, and given hostages for their
fidelity, William--having previously sent forward a strong body of
soldiers to construct a fortress in the heart of London--left
Berkhampstead, and marched towards the wealthy city on the Thames, ere
long to become the capital of England.

It seemed as if the progress of the Normans would now be easy. Most
men of rank and worldly discretion, especially the bishops--whose
influence was strong--believed that the national cause could not be
maintained, and were inclined to support Duke William as a matter of
duty.

"It is needful," men said to each other, "to fall in with the times,
and not to oppose the will of God, by whom the powers of the world are
raised up."

But all Saxons did not take this view; and while the Normans were on
their way from Berkhampstead to London, an incident occurred which
gave William an idea of the hostile spirit by which many of the
natives were animated. On approaching the ancient abbey of St. Alban's
he found, with surprise, that numbers of huge trees had been cut down,
and so disposed as to intercept the march of his army. William
immediately sent for the abbot, whose name was Frithrik, and demanded
the reason of this attempt to intercept his passage.

"Why," asked the Conqueror, "hast thou thus cut down thy woods?"

"I have done my duty," answered the abbot, boldly; "and had all of my
order done the same, as they ought to have done, thou wouldst not have
advanced so far into our country."

After having advanced near London, William, pondering the propriety of
assuming the crown, held a council of war, ostensibly to discuss the
means of promptly completing the conquest, but in reality to get
nearer the object on which his heart had so long been set.

"It appears," said some of William's friends, addressing their chief,
"that, in order to mitigate resistance, it is politic that thou
shouldst assume the title of King of the English."

"No," said William, feigning an indifference which he was far from
feeling; "I demand, at least, some delay. I have not come to England
for my own interest alone, but for that of the whole Norman nation.
And besides, if it be the will of God that I should become king, the
time has not yet arrived. Too many countries and too many men have yet
to be subjected."

"Yes; it is not yet time to create a king," said the Norman nobles,
interpreting William's scruples literally.

"This is too modest of Duke William," said Aimery de Thouars, a
captain of auxiliaries, rising and speaking with much energy. "It is
too modest of him to appeal to soldiers, whether or no they will have
their lord a king. Soldiers have nothing to do with questions of this
nature; and our discussions only serve to retard that which, as a
matter of feeling, we all so ardently desire."

After the speech of Aimery de Thouars, the Norman nobles felt bound to
support the opinion he had expressed; and it was unanimously resolved
that William should be crowned before proceeding farther with the work
of the conquest. Accordingly, he entered London, took up his residence
at the Tower, and ordered the necessary preparations to be made for
the ceremony.

Christmas was the day fixed for placing the Confessor's crown on the
Conqueror's head, and the church of Westminster was decorated for the
occasion. The Archbishop of Canterbury was invited to perform the
office; but Stigand declined. The Archbishop of York was then invited;
and Aldred consented. The Norman cavalry, posted around Westminster,
carefully watched over the safety of those who took part in the
ceremony; and William, walking between two ranks of soldiers, entered
the abbey, accompanied by two hundred and sixty of his counts and
captains.

When everything was ready for the ceremony of coronation, Geoffrey,
Bishop of Coutance, and Aldred, Archbishop of York, ascended a
platform; and Geoffrey asked the Normans, and Aldred asked the
English, whether they would have William for their king. Those present
answered by acclamations so loud as to produce awkward results. The
Norman cavalry posted in the vicinity, mistaking the meaning of the
cries, and hastily concluding that a riot had taken place, drew their
swords, spurred towards the church, and, in their confusion, set fire
to some houses. The noise and tumult reaching the interior, caused
Normans and Saxons hastily to disperse, and William was left alone
with Aldred and the Saxon and Norman priests. The ceremony was,
however, completed; and William somewhat hastily took the oaths to
treat the Saxon people as well as the best king ever elected by them.

Having planted the lion banner of Normandy on the Tower of London, and
portioned out the south and east of England among his followers,
William embarked at Pevensey to visit his continental dominions,
taking with him as hostages, Edgar Atheling and several Saxon chiefs,
and more gold and silver than could have been found in all Gaul.

In Normandy he was received with boundless enthusiasm. Crowds flocked
from Rouen to the seashore to welcome his return. The Normans and the
French vied with each other in doing him honour. William's vanity was
gratified, and he displayed his munificence by presenting his guests
with the chased gold and silver plate, and the massive drinking-cups,
of which the Saxons had been despoiled.

No one dared now to allude to his illegitimacy, or to mention his
grandsire, the tanner. William had, in fact, made himself the most
independent of European sovereigns; and even the great Hildebrand,
when exalted to the papal throne as Gregory the Seventh, in vain asked
for the oath of fealty.

"I hold my kingdom of God and of my sword," was the stern answer of
the Conqueror.

[Illustration]




XXIII.

THE SIEGE OF EXETER.


After having seated himself on the throne of Edward the Confessor, and
attained the object of his ambition, William was not, perhaps,
unwilling to pursue a policy of clemency and conciliation towards the
Saxons. The Norman barons and knights might have been satisfied with
the lands of the Saxons who had fallen at Hastings. But the numerous
adventurers who had followed the Norman standard had yet to be gorged
with plunder. While the Conqueror was on the Continent, these men were
guilty of indiscreet severity; and the Saxons, unable to brook their
insolence, formed leagues, and vowed to assert their liberty or die in
its defence.

Messengers, hastily despatched, carried to Rouen intelligence of the
state of affairs; and William in alarm hastened to Dieppe, and on a
cold December night embarked for England. On reaching London he found
that city in a ferment; and conscious that his military force was not
as yet sufficient to keep down a whole nation, he resorted to
artifice--called around him Saxon chiefs and prelates, promised all
they asked--celebrated, in their company, the festival of
Christmas--and having in this way gained over the leaders, addressed
to the populace a proclamation, couched in the Saxon language, and
engaging to maintain the laws of King Edward.

After making these and other promises, never intended to be kept,
William left London, and proceeded westward, to pursue the work of
conquest. At Exeter, where Githa, the widow of Godwin and mother of
Harold, had resided since Hastings, the citizens, bent on resistance,
fortified their walls, repaired their towers, and, summoning fighting
men from the neighbouring country, indicated their determination to
bid the Conqueror defiance.

Informed of the attitude assumed by the men of Exeter, William halted
at a place four miles distant from the city, and sent, summoning the
citizens to surrender and swear the oath of fidelity.

"No," answered the citizens of Exeter; "we shall swear no oath of
fidelity to this pretended king, nor admit him within our walls. But
if he thinks proper to receive, by way of tribute, the impost we pay
to our kings, we will give it to him."

"I require subjects," was William's scornful reply, "and I will have
them on no such conditions as are offered."

Without further parley, William ordered his banner to advance
forthwith, and the Norman army speedily invested Exeter. Ere the
assault began, however, some of the chief men, in pursuance of a
secret negotiation, came to the king, demanded peace on terms of
surrender, and delivered hostages. But on returning within the walls,
the bulk of the citizens exclaimed against their treaty, kept the
gates closed, and stood to their arms. William, who was not to be
trifled with, caused one of the hostages to be brought in sight of the
ramparts, and had his eyes put out. But the determination of the
inhabitants was inflexible; and it was not till the siege had lasted
nearly three weeks, and till forty-eight houses were destroyed, that
their courage gave way, and they repaired to the Norman camp, in the
attitude of suppliants, with their priests bearing missals and sacred
vessels.

Having gained possession of Exeter, William ordered a strong fortress
to be constructed out of the houses that had been destroyed during the
siege, and proceeded with the subjugation of the west; adding Somerset
and Gloucester to the conquered territory; dividing the land among his
warriors; and on almost every eminence erecting strong and gloomy
castles to keep the Saxons in awe. Recognising the importance of
Gloucester as a barrier against the incursions of the Welsh, William
fortified the north and south with embattled walls and gates, and
selected its castle for his residence in winter, as he had already
made the Tower of London his residence in summer, and the palace of
Winchester his residence in spring.

Ere Exeter surrendered, Githa, the widow of Godwin, and a number of
other women, escaped to one of the islands of the Severn; then to
Bath; and from Bath gained the western coast, and embarked for
Flanders. Fortunate, comparatively speaking, were those who thus
betook themselves to exile. Cruel, indeed, if we are to believe
historians, was the fate of those who remained. While thanes of high
name and great descent were supplanted by men who had been weavers in
Flanders and drovers in Normandy, their wives and sisters were
degraded to the dust.

"Ignoble grooms, the scum of armies," says the chronicler, "did as
they pleased with the noblest women, and left them nothing but to weep
and wish for death."

[Illustration]




XXIV.

[Illustration: Belfry at Bruges]

MATILDA AND BRIHTRIK.


While William the Norman was occupied with the subjugation of the
west, Matilda of Flanders arrived in England to share her husband's
triumph. It was in the spring of 1068, after the siege of Exeter, that
Matilda, with her children, set foot on English ground. Her reception
was all that she could have desired. Her grace and majesty quite
charmed the people; and when, with great state, she was crowned at
Westminster, she was cheered enthusiastically.

The popularity of Matilda arose from a belief that her counsels often
softened the heart of the Conqueror towards the Saxons, and disposed
him to clemency. Such was probably the case. On one occasion, however,
the royal lady manifested a most vindictive spirit, and exercised the
influence she possessed with her husband to avenge, in a signal
manner, a slight which she deemed had been put upon her in the days of
a somewhat wayward youth.

It appears that when the daughter of Count Baldwin was a girl at
Bruges, with nothing particular to occupy her attention, a young and
noble Saxon, named Brihtrik, arrived at her father's court as
ambassador from Edward the Confessor, and brought with him the
reputation of being enormously rich. Matilda was then passing her time
in exchanging sharp sayings with her sister, Judith, going to mass
with her ladies of honour, working at the embroidery in which she had
such skill, and applying her fine intelligence to the studies which
rendered her one of the most accomplished of European princesses.
Captivated with Brihtrik's handsome person, long hair, and fair face,
and being at an age when ladies are supposed to fall in love without
profoundly calculating the consequences, the Flemish princess soon
found her heart full of a romantic kind of affection for the
interesting stranger.

Brihtrik, however, does not appear to have evinced excessive joy at
his good fortune. In vain the daughter of Count Baldwin indulged in
dreams and in hints of uniting her fate with his. The Saxon lord,
either from having another bride in view, or not relishing the idea of
ladies taking the initiative in love, proved insensible to
allurements, and left the court of Bruges, and the beautiful Matilda,
without having given proof of anything like reciprocity of sentiment.

Matilda was by no means gratified with Brihtrik's coolness. Indeed,
she would seem to have brooded over the memory of the Saxon for many
long years. In any case, when time passed over, and she became the
bride of William the Norman, Queen of England, and the mother of sons
destined to wear crowns and coronals, she had not forgotten Brihtrik
the Saxon.

It is just probable that Brihtrik might not always have spoken of the
daughter of Count Baldwin with the discretion which he ought to have
exercised. When the alarm of invasion was agitating England, and the
name of Duke William was on every tongue, the Saxon, over his cups in
his own hall, or even in the palace of Westminster, might have been
tempted, under the influence of repeated potations, to speak too
freely of his early acquaintance with Matilda the duchess; and his
words might have been carried to the palace of Rouen. At all events,
she still sighed for vengeance on the man who had trifled with her
affections, or treated her advances with indifference.

Matilda had an early opportunity of proving to Brihtrik that he had
not been forgiven. The possessions of Brihtrik, which included
Tewkesbury and Thornbury, lay in the south-west of England; and after
the taking of Exeter, the lands of the vanquished in that quarter were
divided among the conquerors. One of the first names inscribed on the
partition-roll was that of Matilda of Flanders; and her portion of the
plunder was all the land of Brihtrik the Saxon. But Matilda's
resentment was too deep to be satisfied with impoverishing Brihtrik;
and the potent queen still further avenged her outraged vanity by
imprisoning the object of her youthful love after she had plundered
him.

Accordingly, Brihtrik, having been arrested at his manor-house, was
incarcerated in the castle of Winchester. In a dungeon of that
palatial stronghold, with misery for his mate, and precluded,
probably, from looking on the face of day, save through the iron bars
of a prison house, Brihtrik had the prospect of leisure to lament the
coolness of which he had been guilty towards the daughter of Count
Baldwin, and to curse the fate that had made the offended fair one the
spouse of a king and conqueror of England.

But Brihtrik did not long survive the date of his incarceration.
Whether he died a natural death, or fell a victim to Matilda's
relentless vengeance, does not clearly appear. It is certain, however,
that the Saxon lord drew his last breath in prison, and that he was
buried with a degree of secrecy which suggested suspicions of foul
play.




XXV.

[Illustration: William's march on Hexham]

THE NORMANS IN NORTHUMBERLAND.


It was the autumn of 1068, and the south, east, and west of England
having yielded to the Conqueror, and been portioned out among his
adventurous followers, the theatre of English independence became
somewhat limited. William, however, had not yet reason to sigh for
another country to conquer. North of the Humber was a vast province,
where no Norman banner had yet waved, where no Norman horseshoe had
left its print, but where tall Danes and wealthy Saxons, who were
prepared to do battle fearlessly for their liberty, were leaving their
houses to sleep in tents, or in the open air, swearing never again to
repose beneath the shelter of a roof till they had freed their
country.

At length, however, the Conqueror marched northward, and, advancing
upon York, slaughtered all who attempted resistance, and, sword in
hand, entered the capital of the north. Feeling that the struggle was
hopeless, many of the chief Northumbrians descended the Humber in
boats, and sought refuge on Scottish soil, there to watch events; and
William, after erecting a strong castle, and appointing William Malet
as Governor of York, returned southward. But the aspect of affairs
speedily became so alarming, that the king prepared for a second
expedition, and reached York at the very time when the citizens and
the inhabitants of the country had formed a league, and were besieging
the Norman fortress. Attacking them with his wonted energy, William
succeeded in killing or dispersing the insurgents, and, determined on
extending his sovereignty at least as far as Durham, he entrusted the
task of doing so to Robert Comine, whom he by anticipation created
earl of the county that was to be subdued.

With an army of nine thousand men, twelve hundred of whom were
horsemen, Robert Comine ventured on his perilous enterprise. At first
all seemed to go prosperously; and he became quite confident when he
found himself approaching Durham without having seen the face of a
foe. At that point, however, he was met by Eghelwin, Bishop of Durham,
who hinted that there was danger in the way.

"I advise you," said the bishop, "to be prudent and beware of a
surprise."

"Who would attack me?" asked Comine, with contempt. "None of you, I
imagine, would dare to do so." And with these words the Norman warrior
rode into the city and took up his quarters in the bishop's palace,
while his troops encamped in the square.

Everything, so far, seemed secure; but after nightfall a wonderful
change occurred. On every hill a signal-fire was lighted, and armed
men, gathering from the banks of the Tyne, assembled in great numbers,
and hastened towards Durham. By daybreak they were before the walls,
and, forcing the gates, they entered with a mighty rush, and fell
ferociously upon the Normans. Dismayed, but not yet despairing, Comine
attempted to rally his soldiers in the bishop's palace, erected
barricades, and showered arrows from the roofs; but every effort
proved vain. The Northumbrians, resolutely pressing on, set fire to
the episcopal mansion, and Comine and every man within the walls
perished in the flames.

After this successful attempt at revolt, the Northumbrians summoned
allies to their side. They implored aid from the King of Denmark, and
they recalled the Saxons who had exiled themselves to the Scottish
frontier. Both responded with alacrity. A Danish fleet, sent by the
King of Denmark, under the command of his brother, entered the Humber;
and Edward Atheling, Siward Beorn, and Merlesweyn, and Waltheof, son
of the great Siward, who had all taken refuge in Scotland, hastened to
Durham.

It was the autumn of 1069, when the Saxons and Danes, after uniting
their forces, marched upon York, the Saxons forming the van, the Danes
the main army. Messengers went before, announcing deliverance from the
invaders; and, ere long, the Normans were surprised to find the city
invested on all sides. For several days the garrison offered a brave
resistance, but on the eighth day--it was Saturday, the 19th of
September--the besiegers had made such progress that the Normans,
seeing that they must depend on their citadel, and fearing that the
neighbouring houses might be used as materials for filling up the
moats, set them on fire. The flames, leaping from house to house, made
rapid progress; and the Northumbrians and their Danish allies, guided
by the light, penetrated within the walls.

The Normans now took to the citadel, and still hoped to save
themselves. The assault of the besiegers, however, proved
irresistible. The citadel was taken. A conflict of the most desperate
character took place: the Northumbrians and the Danes sought to excel
each other in deeds of valour; and thousands of Normans fell in the
sanguinary encounter. The victors granted quarter to William Malet and
his wife and children, who were conveyed on board the Danish fleet,
and then imprudently proceeded to destroy the fortifications erected
by the Normans, in order to efface all vestiges of the invasion. This
done, they raised the shout of triumph, and expressed their impatience
for the arrival of spring to march southward, and drive the conquerors
from the land. Meanwhile, as King of England, Edgar Atheling concluded
a treaty of alliance with the citizens of York, and had the
gratification of being recognised from the Humber to the Tweed.

William was hunting in the Forest of Dean when he received
intelligence that the Northumbrians had killed Robert Comine at
Durham, and taken possession of York. The wrath of the Norman king
burned fiercely.

"By the Divine splendour!" he exclaimed, "I will never again lay aside
my lance till I have slain all the Northumbrians;" and he prepared
forthwith to execute his threat. But, resolved to facilitate
operations by buying off the Danes, he sent messengers to the Danish
king's brother, with offers of a large sum of money; and the Dane,
yielding to temptation, agreed to take the bribe, and withdrew without
striking another blow.

Having thus deprived the Northumbrians of their allies, William
assembled an army composed of picked soldiers, and, by forced marches,
suddenly appeared at York. The Northumbrians, taken by surprise, and
dispirited by the departure of the Danes, nevertheless girded
themselves up for the combat, resisted with the courage of despair,
and fell by thousands while attempting to oppose the Conqueror's
passage through the breaches of the walls. But long as was the
struggle, and dearly-purchased as was William's success, his victory
was complete. Edgar Atheling left as a fugitive the land of his
ancestors, and all who could, made their escape northward.

Finding himself once more master of York, William determined to extend
his conquest to the Tweed. Cruelly and savagely the work was begun.
Precipitating themselves on Northumberland, the Normans wreaked their
fury on all that the land contained. Flocks and herds were massacred
as well as men; corn-fields were burned with the towns and hamlets
they surrounded; and the devastation seems to have been pursued on
such a scale as to render the country uninhabitable. Wasting, burning,
slaughtering as they went, the Normans at length reached Durham, which
in the previous year had witnessed the death of Robert Comine.

When, one winter's day, news of the Conqueror's approach reached
Durham, the bishop and his clergy were well-nigh in despair. It was
the very depth of the season. Nevertheless, they resolved to be gone.

"Let us fly," they cried, "to some place where neither Norman, nor
Burgundian, nor brigand, nor vagabond can reach us."

Accordingly they set out for Holy Island, carrying with them the bones
of St. Cuthbert and all their moveables of value. They left, however,
a crucifix, richly adorned with gold and silver gems, which had, in
other days, been presented to the church by Tostig, the son of Godwin,
and his haughty countess, Judith of Flanders. This crucifix appears to
have been too heavy for the monks to carry. But they consoled
themselves with the idea that, instead of tempting sacrilege, it would
act as a protection to the church, and to the sick and infirm persons
who had crawled to seek refuge within the sacred precincts, and who,
overcome with pain, and misery, and fatigue, lay in crowds on the bare
stones.

While the bishop and clergy were flying, William entered Durham, and
the Normans took possession of the city, without being disturbed in
their slumbers as Robert Comine had been. Indeed, resistance was now
scarcely thought of, even by the most desperate; and the conquering
army traversed Northumberland in all directions, killing the
unresisting. The sufferings of the inhabitants were fearful. Between
the Humber and the Tweed, more than a hundred thousand human beings
perished by famine and the sword; and many, bidding farewell for ever
to the fields and homesteads of their fathers, hurried northward, and
sought safety in the Merse and Lothian.

But the expedition proved infinitely more fatiguing than any
previously undertaken by the conquerors. Their march was through
terrible roads, across rivers, and over hills covered with snow. On
reaching Hexham, William's army had suffered severely. Horses sank
never to rise again, and the riders complained of the hardships as
intolerable. One dark night William was horrified to learn that his
guides had missed their way, and that he was separated from his army.
The Conqueror found himself in the awkward predicament of being in a
strange and hostile country, with not more than six attendants. The
circumstance caused him some pensive reflection; and when, with the
aid of the morning light, he regained his army, it appeared that the
danger he had passed had produced considerable effect on his mind.

On reaching Hexham, William halted; and ordering his captains to
overrun the country to the north and west, he returned to York, and
caused himself to be crowned in the northern capital. At the same time
he endeavoured to confirm his conquests by planting Norman warriors of
high rank throughout the territory that had been subjugated. William
de Warren, William de Percy, and others were gifted with manors and
villages in Yorkshire; William de Lacy obtained the great domain of
Pontefract; Robert de Brus was settled in Durham; Ralph Meschines took
possession of the mountainous district of Cumberland; Robert de
Umfraville had a grant of Prudhoe and Redesdale; William de Merley
obtained the lands of Morpeth, on which he and his heirs built the
castle of Morpeth and the abbey of Newminster; and Ivo de Vesci became
lord of Alnwick, and husband of the heiress of a Saxon chief who had
fallen at Hastings. All these Norman warriors erected strong castles,
manned the walls with foreign soldiers, and applied their energies to
keep down the Northumbrians.

[Illustration]




XXVI.

COSPATRICK AND THE CONQUEROR.


It would seem that William's taste of Northumberland during his
campaign made him pause and ponder. Perceiving the difficulty of
retaining such a district in subjection against the inclination of the
inhabitants, he recognised the policy of conciliation. Under such
circumstances he bethought him of the claims of a Saxon of illustrious
birth, whom the Northumbrians regarded with pride as the heir of their
ancient earls.

At the time when Harold reigned at Westminster, when Tostig was
tempting the King of Norway to invade England, and when William the
Norman was preparing that mighty armament the accounts of which filled
the minds of the Saxons with dismay and alarm, without rousing them to
preparations for a patriotic resistance, there might have been seen,
in the north of England, riding somewhat discontentedly to the
Northumbrian earl's court at York, or stalking about the woods of
Raby, with a spear in his right hand, a hawk on his left wrist, and
greyhounds running at his heels, a young man with fair face and blue
eyes, whose dress was the short garment, reaching to mid-knee, of the
Normans, but whose moustache, long hair, and speech, strongly
tinctured with the "burr" which the Danes introduced into
Northumberland, indicated, in a manner not to be mistaken, his
genuinely English birth. He was a Saxon thane of high consideration,
and was known as Cospatrick. Frank and hasty was this personage, ever
too ready to trust foes and to quarrel with friends; but with all his
faults, he was destined to play in his own day a conspicuous part in
the affairs of struggling England north of the Humber, and to figure
in history as male ancestor of the two mighty mediæval families of
Neville and Dunbar.

The father of Cospatrick was Malred, the son of Crinian; and his
mother was Algitha, daughter of the great Uchtred, Earl of
Northumberland. Moreover, the blood of the Saxon kings ran in
Cospatrick's veins; for Uchtred had married Elfgiva, King Ethelred's
daughter; and of that marriage Algitha was the issue. It was natural
that, with such a pedigree, Cospatrick should be somewhat
discontented; that he should look with discontent on the domination of
the House of Godwin; that, as grandson of Uchtred, he should grow
indignant at the sight of Tostig figuring as Earl of Northumberland;
that, as great-grandson of Ethelred, he should boil with indignation
at the sight of Harold on the throne of his young kinsman, the
Atheling.

It is necessary, in order to comprehend the course taken by the great
Anglo-Saxon Houses at the time of the Conquest, to remember that the
members of Godwin's House appeared to them wholly different beings
from the personages represented to our generation by the writers of
romantic histories and historic romances. Almost every one of them
stood charged with some fearful crime. Edric Streone was the worst of
ingrates and traitors. Godwin had on his hands the blood of the young
Alfred. Sweyn had debauched a nun and assassinated a kinsman. Harold
had the weight of perjury and usurpation on his soul. Tostig's name
was associated with bloodshed, savagery, and treason. Even Edith, the
queen, was not free from reproach. Chroniclers tell how, on the fourth
night of Christmas, 1065, while the Confessor was on his death-bed,
starting restlessly from dreams of woe and terror, Edith, for love of
her brother, Tostig, caused some Northumbrians, who were dependents of
Cospatrick, to be murdered in the king's court.

Such being the idea entertained of the House of Godwin, Cospatrick was
probably in no mood to pray for the usurpation of Harold being
attended with success. More probably, indeed, the Saxon magnate, rich,
potent, ambitious, and surrounded, in his halls at Raby, by a huge
household of warriors, coerles, serfs, and adherents of every
description, who fed at his board, lived on his hospitality, and
ministered to his pride, reflected with bitterness on being excluded
from the government of that magnificent province, which from infancy
he had been taught to regard as his birthright, and only awaited a
favourable opportunity to enforce his hereditary claim to these fair
domains.

Thus it came to pass, that when the enterprise of the Normans so
prospered, that the Saxon prelates and chiefs carried Edgar Atheling
to Berkhampstead, Cospatrick claimed the earldom of Northumberland, as
heir of Uchtred. William the Conqueror, however, proved as
unaccommodating as Harold the Usurper had been; and Cospatrick not
only saw the government of Northumberland bestowed upon another, but
found that he was no longer safe on the south of the Tweed.

However, when William perceived the necessity for cultivating the
good-will of the Northumbrians, he entered into negotiations with
Cospatrick, and indicated his readiness to come to terms. A bargain
was soon struck between the Conqueror and the grandson of Uchtred.
Cospatrick paid William a large sum of money, and William invested
Cospatrick with the earldom of Northumberland.

[Illustration]




XXVII.

SAXON SAINTS AND NORMAN SOLDIERS.


At the time when William the Conqueror was north of the Humber; when
the Normans were ruthlessly ravaging Northumberland with fire and
sword; when the bishop and clergy of Durham were carrying off the body
of St. Cuthbert to Holy Island; and when the invaders were
slaughtering man and beast without a thought of mercy, one spot of
ground escaped, as if by miracle, from devastation, and remained
cultivated and covered with buildings, when every other part of the
country around was laid waste or given to the flames. The land thus
miraculously saved from the spoiler's hand lay around, and belonged
to, the church of St. John of Beverley.

It appears that, in 1070, when the Normans were encamped about seven
miles from Beverley, many Northumbrians, in utter despair of resisting
the invaders with the slightest success, remembered, in the hour of
darkness, that St. John of Beverley was a saint of Saxon race, and, in
accordance with the ideas prevalent at the time, believed he was
potent enough to afford them protection. Alarmed beyond measure at the
approach of the Conqueror, and at the accounts of atrocities
perpetrated by the victorious Normans, many women of rank whose
husbands and brothers had fallen, and old men on the verge of the
grave, taking with them their most valuable property, gathered to the
church of Beverley, and prostrating themselves at the shrine of St.
John, prayed to their canonized countryman, "that he, remembering in
heaven he was born a Saxon, might protect them and their property from
the fury of the foreigners." Having thus committed themselves to the
care of St. John, the refugees awaited the issue, with fear and
trembling indeed, but not without hope of salvation.

In the meantime, there reached the Norman camp tidings that many
Northumbrians of great riches had sought shelter in the church of
Beverley, and that most of the wealth of the neighbourhood had been
lodged in safety within the walls. This report roused the avarice of
the invaders; nor did any thought of the sacred character of the
edifice, or of the saint to whom it was dedicated, restrain their
aspirations after plunder. Whatever an Umfraville or a Merley might
think of sacrilege, the crime was one which the majority of the
conquerors lightly regarded. Every consideration, however holy,
vanished in presence of the temptation presented by the prospect of
booty; and the warriors of the Conquest had as little hesitation in
robbing a church as in plundering a henhouse.

Among the military adventurers encamped near Beverley was a soldier
named Toustain. This man, who seems to have had neither scruples nor
fears, on hearing that spoil was to be easily come by, immediately
resolved on a foray. Buckling on his mail, calling out his men, and
mounting his horse, Toustain, at the head of his troops, rode from the
camp, and dashed across the country to Beverley, eager to commence the
work of pillage, and only uneasy at the possibility of any one being
before him.

But Toustain was destined to disappointment. Entering Beverley with
his band at his back, he rode on, and pursued his way towards the
church without encountering resistance, and found that the people had
taken refuge and crowded together in the cemetery. Giving his horse
the spur, Toustain leaped the wall; and running his keen eye along the
crowd, he was attracted by an old man, whose attire was of the richest
description.

The individual on whose figure the eye of Toustain thus rested was an
aged thane--so advanced in years, indeed, that he probably remembered
the days of Earl Uchtred. With his long, loose robe, long white hair,
and long white moustache, the aspect of the man was venerable and
striking. But what attracted Toustain's attention was not the white
beard, nor the long robes, but the bracelets with which, according to
the custom of the country, the arms of the aged thane were loaded. In
fact, the sight of the bracelets caused Toustain's eye to gleam with
avarice; and drawing his sword, he spurred forward with the intention
of making them his own.

But, according to the proverb, there is much between the cup and the
lip; and the truth of this Toustain now found to his cost. Terrified
at the Norman's drawn blade and menacing manner, the old thane
tottered hastily to the church, to place himself under the protection
of the patron saint of the place; and Toustain, who had no more
respect for the Saxon saint than for those who invoked his aid,
pursued sword in hand. Scarcely, however, had the Norman, with avarice
at his heart and blasphemy on his lips, spurred through the doorway,
when his horse, touching the pavement, slipped, lost its footing, and
fell, bearing its rider to the ground with a crash which seemed
sufficient to break every bone in his body.

On seeing their leader fall, and lie as if dead, the Norman soldiers
were seized with superstitious terror. It seemed as if the Saxon saint
had, in his wrath, struck Toustain down. Hurriedly turning their
horses' heads, they left Beverley at a gallop, hastened in terror to
their camp, and related to the companions of their enterprise the
terrible example which St. John of Beverley had just given of his
power. The accident produced a lasting effect on the invading army;
and when the Normans again marched to slay and plunder, not one
soldier in their ranks was daring enough to expose himself to
supernatural vengeance by molesting any person under the protection of
St. John of Beverley.

[Illustration]




XXVIII.

THE REDUCTION OF CHESTER.


While the conquerors of Northumberland passed the winter of 1070 at
York, and rested from the fatigues they had undergone in their
campaign north of the Humber, William occupied his mind with schemes
for the reduction of the country around Chester--"the one great city
of England that had not yet heard the tramp of the foreigners'
horses." When winter passed, and spring began to bring back the grass
to the fields and leaves to the trees, the Norman king intimated his
intention of setting out on the important expedition.

But the effect produced by William's orders, that war-steeds should be
saddled, and warriors should mount, to encounter new perils, was such
as he could hardly have anticipated. Loud murmurs immediately arose in
the army, especially among the auxiliaries from Anjou and Brittany.
Exaggerated accounts of the ruggedness of the province of Chester and
of the ferocity of the inhabitants circulated through the camp; and
the terrible hardships suffered in Northumberland utterly disinclined
the soldiers for a campaign on the banks of the Dee.

"This service," said they, "is more intolerable than slavery. We
demand leave to return to our homes."

"Wait awhile," said William, coaxingly: "after victory I promise you
repose; and with repose, great estates, as the reward of your
exertions."

After some difficulty the murmurs of the Normans were silenced; and
William, leading his army over the intervening mountains by paths till
then deemed impracticable for cavalry, entered the city of Chester as
a conqueror. Having erected a strong castle to keep the natives in
awe, he gave the command of the province to a Fleming, named Gherbaud,
with the title of Earl of Chester.

Elate, doubtless, with his good fortune, Gherbaud entered on his
duties with vigour. His ardour, however, was speedily damped. It
appeared that the accounts of the ferocity of the men of Chester that
had reached York were not altogether without foundation. The English
and Welsh, hitherto sworn foes, and continually at strife, seemed to
vie with each other in their attacks on the invaders. Harassed on
every hand, and exposed to continual anxiety and peril, Gherbaud grew
tired of Chester, abandoned his earldom, and intensely disgusted with
his taste of the conquered country, retired to Flanders.

It now appeared necessary to place the earldom of Chester in the hands
of a man who, while gifted with the governing faculty, could laugh at
danger, and fatigue, and ferocious foes. Accordingly, William, duly
weighing the circumstances of the case, conferred the post of danger
on that feudal personage who figures in the history of the period as
Hugh d'Avranches, and who, from bearing a wolf's head painted on his
shield, was familiarly known among his contemporaries as Hugh le Loup.

Hugh le Loup was son of Richard Gosse, and, on the mother's side,
stood to William in the relationship of nephew. Full of courage and
ambition, he shrunk neither from the perils nor the toils that had
disgusted and dismayed Gherbaud. Passing the Dee with his two
lieutenants, Robert de Malpas and Robert d'Avranches, Hugh conquered
Flintshire, and built a castle at Rhuddlan, which was occupied by
Robert d'Avranches; while Robert de Malpas having built a castle on a
high hill, gave the place his name, which it still bears. Both of
these warriors exhibited high courage, carried on a fierce war with
the natives, and fought sanguinary battles, in which they dyed their
spears in Welsh blood.

When Hugh le Loup found himself installed as Earl of Chester, but
surrounded on all sides by implacable foes, he naturally felt desirous
of having some of his countrymen at hand to share his fortunes. With
this view he sent to Normandy for an old friend, named Nigel, who
brought with him five brothers, to whom Hugh granted lands in the
earldom of Chester. Besides appointing Nigel Constable and Hereditary
Marshal of Chester, Hugh granted him the town of Halton, near the
Mersey, and all four-legged beasts of more than one colour taken from
the Welsh, besides other privileges; and the five brothers were all
provided for. One was gifted with the office of Constable of Halton,
and the lands of Weston and Ashton, with all the bulls taken from the
Welsh, and the best ox for the man-at-arms who carried his banner; the
second of the brothers received as much land as an ox could plough in
two days; the third, who was a priest, was gifted with the church of
Runcorn; and two others became lords of a domain in that village.

About the time that Hugh le Loup was consolidating his power in
Chester, Gilbert de Lacy, to whom William had granted the magnificent
domain of Pontefract, passed the mountains west of York, advancing
boldly into the county of Lancaster, which then formed part of
Chester. Gilbert took possession of this immense territory, extending
south and east to the borders of Yorkshire, forcibly expelled the
ancient proprietors, and constituted himself lord of the towns of
Blackburn and Rochdale, and all the land which he overran.

[Illustration: Flint Castle, on the Estuary of the Dee]




XXIX.

[Illustration: Ruins of the Forum at Rome]

LANFRANC OF PAVIA.


About Easter, 1070, three ecclesiastics of high rank, sent by the
Pope, at King William's request, arrived in England in the capacity of
legates. One was bishop of Sion, the other two were cardinals, and
their errand was to set the Church of England in order. After being
received by William with great honour, and magnificently entertained
in the castle of Winchester, the legates convoked a great assembly of
Norman priests and warriors, and summoned to it the Anglo-Saxon
prelates and abbots. Having opened the business of the assembly by
solemnly placing the Confessor's crown on the Conqueror's head, they
proceeded to the discharge of their harsh duties, and pronounced
sentence of deposition on many abbots and prelates.

Among those who were deposed, the most important, from his position
and influence, was Robert Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury. The
difficulty of finding a proper successor to Stigand was not
overlooked. Without delay, the legates prepared to bestow the
archbishopric of Canterbury on Lanfranc of Pavia, one of the greatest
scholars and most remarkable men of the century in which he lived.

Lanfranc was a native of the city of Pavia, and a man of gentle blood.
A scholar by nature, he early applied himself to those studies which
enabled him to figure as the leader of the intellectual movement of
the age. It has been said that, "to comprehend the extent of his
talents, one must be Herodian in grammar, Aristotle in dialectics,
Cicero in rhetoric, Augustine and Jerome in scriptural lore."

Becoming a monk of Bec-Hellouin, Lanfranc rapidly raised that humble
monastery to the dignity of a university, and came to be acknowledged
as the great teacher of Latin Christendom. So signal was his success,
and so high his reputation, that, from the remotest parts of Western
Europe, and even from Greece, students resorted to Bec-Hellouin as to
a new Athens.

While at Bec-Hellouin, Lanfranc had the gratification to gain the
confidence of William the Norman, and he became zealously attached to
the ambitious duke's fortunes. But a serious difference arose.
Lanfranc happened to set himself in opposition to William's marriage
with Matilda of Flanders, as being within the degrees of relationship
prohibited by the Church; and as, in regard to this affair, the duke
would brook no contradiction, the priest of Pavia was commanded to
depart. It is related that William, to speed Lanfranc on his way back
to his native land, sent him a horse so lame of one foot, that it
might be said to go on three legs, and that Lanfranc, meeting William
on the road, begged at least to have a quadruped, and not a tripod,
for his journey. But however that may have been, Lanfranc found his
way to Rome, and placed himself under the wing of the Pope.

Once at Rome, Lanfranc began carefully to examine the case of
William's relationship to Matilda in all its bearings. Ere long, his
opinion as to its merits underwent a change. After examining canon and
precedent, he arrived at the conclusion that, though the letter of the
law was against the union of the duke and the Flemish princess, yet
that the alliance came under the category of those to which the Church
should accord dispensation. Having convinced himself on this point,
Lanfranc exerted his efforts earnestly as William's advocate, and
though dealing with a Pope decidedly averse to the marriage, he
managed matters so skilfully as to obtain a formal dispensation, which
not only restored him to the Norman duke's good opinion, but gave him
a higher place in the martial magnate's favour than he before
occupied.

Removed from the cloisters of Bec-Hellouin to figure as Abbot of Caen,
Lanfranc became the soul of William's councils and his plenipotentiary
at Rome. He it was who, in that capacity, brought to a successful
issue the negotiations regarding the invasion of England.

When the papal legate proposed Lanfranc as Stigand's successor in the
archbishopric of Canterbury, William gladly approved of the selection.
Lanfranc was then at Caen. No time, however, was lost in sending him
to England. Matilda hastened his departure; and his arrival was
celebrated by the Normans with joy. "He is," said they, "an institutor
sent from God to reform the habits of the English."

The gratification which the elevation of Lanfranc caused was not
confined to the conquerors of Neustria and England. The Pope evinced
his high satisfaction by sending his own pallium to the new
archbishop, with an epistle worded in the most complimentary strain.

"I long to see your face," wrote the Pontiff, "and am only consoled
for your absence by reflecting on the happy fruits which England will
derive from your care."

When Lanfranc made his entry into Canterbury, the condition to which
the church was reduced filled his heart with sadness. During the
Conquest the edifice had met with rough treatment. It had been
pillaged, despoiled of its ornaments, and even set on fire, and the
high altar was half buried beneath a heap of rubbish.

It was not difficult for a man of Lanfranc's influence to repair the
church; but there was a grave question, whether Canterbury or York
should possess the primacy of England, which had long furnished matter
for dispute. It was a serious controversy, and one from which Lanfranc
felt that it would ill become him to shrink.

By this time the Saxon Alred, bowed down with sorrow, had gone where
the weary are at rest, and Thomas, one of William's Norman chaplains,
figured as Archbishop of York. Thomas was naturally reluctant to give
up his claims; and some of the earlier evidences were so ambiguous,
that he had a fair excuse for being pertinacious. After a long
process, however, Lanfranc established his claim to the primacy;
became, as such, first member of the Grand Council of State, and by
his success established the great principle, "that whatever rights had
legally subsisted before the Conquest were to be preserved and
maintained, unaffected by the accession of a new dynasty."

After thus being recognised as primate, Lanfranc was hailed as, "by
the grace of God, father of all the churches," and as such undertook a
task of great delicacy. Owing to the ignorance of Anglo-Saxon
transcribers, the text of the biblical books had become much
corrupted; and Lanfranc employed himself in a new edition of the Holy
Scriptures, diligently occupying himself with the work, and executing
much of it with his own hand. The Saxons, incapable of comprehending
the necessity that existed for such revision, raised a cry that the
primate was falsifying the sacred books. But Lanfranc went on with his
labours, and without heeding the hostile attitude assumed towards him
by the vanquished islanders, was ever zealous in standing up for their
rights. He endeavoured to enact the part of a father to the conquered
populace; he devoted his whole energies to the service of his adopted
country, and he ever rejoiced in the name of Englishman.

[Illustration]




XXX.

[Illustration: Edwin, Earl of Mercia, and the daughters of the
Conqueror.]

EDWIN AND MORKAR.


While Lanfranc was, as Archbishop of Canterbury, establishing his
claims to the primacy of England, the year 1071 witnessed the utter
ruin of that great Saxon House of which, in the days of Edward the
Confessor, Leofric, Earl of Mercia, had been the head.

Edwin and Morkar, the sons of Algar, and grandsons of Leofric and
Godiva, were fair to look upon and pleasant to converse with. They
were proud, indeed, but their pride did not detract from their
popularity. The people rather thought it became them; for it was well
known that, while the immediate forefathers of most Saxon thanes had
held the plough or enriched themselves by trade, the Mercian earls
could justly boast of a long pedigree. Leofric, the husband of Godiva,
was sixth in descent from his renowned ancestor of the same name; and
his heirs were all the prouder of the circumstance, that their
position had been maintained with honour and dignity, while other
families, yielding to wars, revolutions, and confiscations, had ceased
to exist or degenerated into ceorles.

Edwin, Earl of Mercia, was considered the handsomest man of his age.
With the earldom of Leofric, he had inherited the beauty of Godiva.
His frank features, valiant spirit, and engaging manners made him a
great favourite with men; and few women, whether peasant girls or
princesses, could look without admiration upon his fair face, blue
eyes, handsome figure, and the long light hair that flowed over his
manly shoulders.

Edwin and Morkar had taken no part in the battle of Hastings. That,
however, was no fault of theirs, for Harold, rashly as it would seem,
had left London to encounter the Normans before his brothers-in-law
could possibly bring up the men of the north to his aid. On reaching
London they heard of his defeat and fall.

The idea of aspiring to the vacant throne was not unnatural to men
situated as Edwin and Morkar were. They accordingly appeared as
candidates for the difficult post of King of England. What might have
been the result if one of them had been elected it would be useless to
speculate. Sufficient it is to say that the adherents of Edgar
Atheling were too resolute to be influenced and too numerous to be
overawed. Finding their claims disregarded, Edwin and Morkar took
their sister Aldith, the widow of Harold, from the palace of
Westminster, escorted her to Chester, and then repaired to York with
some dream of separating the northern provinces from the rest of
England, and defending them to the death against the Norman invaders.

Events speedily opened the eyes of the northern earls to the absurdity
of their project. Almost every day brought to York such intelligence
as convinced them that they were pursuing an impolitic course; and
when they learned that William the Norman had obtained possession of
London and the Confessor's crown, they deemed it prudent to hasten
southward to present themselves to the Conqueror, to profess their
friendship, and offer their allegiance.

William, well understanding the importance of being recognised as king
by such men as Edwin and Morkar, treated the sons of Algar with
distinction. Moreover, to insure the fidelity of the two brothers,
William promised Edwin one of his daughters in marriage; and,
fascinated by the prospects opened up to their view, they remained
quietly and submissively at the Conqueror's court. It does not appear
to have occurred to them that they were regarded in the light either
of captives or of hostages.

As months passed on, however, and William, anxious to display himself
on the Continent in his new character, prepared to embark at Pevensey
for Normandy, Edwin and Morkar suddenly learned their real position.
The Conqueror peremptorily commanded the attendance of the two Saxon
earls, and they were fain to obey. But it was with sullen reluctance;
and when, after having been duly admired and criticised by the dames
and damsels at the court of Rouen, they returned to England, it was
with a determination to break their chains without delay.

Matters were soon brought to a crisis. Edwin reminded William of the
promise of his daughter's hand, and demanded her in marriage. William
made a reply which sounded like a refusal, and seemed to savour of
insult. The Saxon earl tossed back his head with an air of defiance,
as if to indicate his opinion that the granddaughter of Arlette would
have been highly honoured by becoming the wife of the grandson of
Godiva. Soon after, it was publicly known that Edwin and Morkar,
having escaped from the court, had departed for the north; and the
prayers of the people accompanied them in their flight, while monks
and priests offered up fervent orisons for their safety and success.

The prayers and orisons, however, cannot be said to have proved of
much avail. The enterprise of Edwin and Morkar resulted in failure;
the Saxon earls were fain to retreat to the borders of Scotland; and
events ere long seeming to render the Saxon cause hopeless, the
chiefs, after William's coronation at York, lost heart and hope, and
consented to capitulate. On the banks of the Tees, where William was
encamped, a formal reconciliation took place. Edwin and Morkar, with
other Saxons of high name, made their peace with the Conqueror, and
with a sigh for the freedom they left behind, returned to his court.

Brief, however, was the residence of the Saxon earls in the halls of
the Norman king. In fact, the deposition of the Saxon bishops, and the
sufferings they had to endure, fired the soul of every Saxon with
fierce indignation. A mighty conspiracy was formed, with ramifications
over all England; and men, driven to the last stage of despair,
determined to establish an extensive armed station.

At that time the district to the north of Cambridgeshire, of which Ely
and Croyland formed part, was almost a moving bog, intersected by
rivers, overgrown with rushes and willows, clouded with fogs and
vapours, and presenting the appearance of a vast lake interspersed
with islands. On these islands there stood, as monuments of the piety
of the Saxon kings, religious houses, built on piles and earth brought
from a distance--here an abbey, there a hermitage.

It was to this district, wholly impracticable for cavalry and
heavily-armed troops, that Saxon chiefs despoiled of their lands, and
Saxon priests deprived of their livings, repaired in great numbers.
Constructing intrenchments of earth and wood, they formed what was
called the Camp of Refuge. Thither, from Scotland, came Robert
Stigand, the deposed Archbishop of Canterbury, and Eghelwin, the
deposed Bishop of Durham; and thither, from the court of the Norman,
after having escaped countless perils, and wandered for months in
woods and solitary places, came Edwin and Morkar, the Saxon earls.

William was startled at this second escape of his long-haired
captives, and by no means easy at the idea of their being at liberty.
He immediately contrived to convey to them promises never intended to
be kept, and Morkar was sufficiently credulous to listen. Yielding to
the temptations held out, the young earl abandoned the camp at Ely.
Scarcely, however, had he left the intrenchments when he was seized,
bound hand and foot, carried to a Norman castle, put forcibly in
irons, and left under the custody of Robert de Beaumont--one of those
men from whose keeping there was small chance of escaping.

Edwin, hearing of his brother's imprisonment, became somewhat
desperate. He resolved to leave Ely, not to surrender, but to struggle
so long as life remained. With a few adherents he wandered for six
months from place to place, vainly endeavouring to rouse his
countrymen to a great effort for their deliverance. While thus
occupied he was betrayed by three of his officers, who basely sold him
to the Normans. Warned of his danger, Edwin was one day riding, with
twenty attendants, towards the sea, with some notion of reaching the
coast of Scotland, when a band of Normans suddenly rushed upon him.
Endeavouring to escape, the Saxon earl galloped on; but stopped by a
brook so swollen with the tide that it was impossible to cross, he
dismounted from his steed and turned desperately to bay.

Nor in that hour did the young and popular Saxon earl bear himself in
a manner unworthy of his position as one of the great race which for
six centuries had given kings and war-chiefs to the British isles. For
a long time he defended himself with heroic courage against a host of
assailants; and at last--when overborne by numbers and forced to his
knees, he fell as, in such circumstances, a brave man should--he died
without fear, as he had fought without hope.

The death of Edwin was lamented by Normans as well as Saxons; even the
grim Conqueror's heart was touched to the core. When the head of the
Saxon earl, with its long, flowing hair, was carried to London,
William could not restrain his tears. The king, says the chronicler,
wept over the fate of one whom he loved, and whom he would fain have
attached to his fortunes.




XXXI.

[Illustration: OLD FOREST LAWS]

IVO TAILLE-BOIS.


Among the martial adventurers of the Continent whom William the
Norman, before sailing to the Conquest, allured to his standard, and
whose services he rewarded with the lands and lordships of the
Saxons, slain, imprisoned, or expatriated during his progress from the
coast of Sussex to the verge of "mountainous Northumberland," one of
the most unpopular with the vanquished islanders was Ivo Taille-Bois.

Nevertheless, Ivo Taille-Bois was a remarkable man in his way. A
native of Angers, he came to the Conquest as a captain of Angevin
auxiliaries, with a spirit equally mercenary and unscrupulous. Fortune
favoured his career; and having done much work from which a Norman
noble would have shrunk, he found that his aspirations after wealth
and power were likely to be realized. It was on the ruins of the great
House of Leofric that Ivo eventually contrived to exalt himself.

When Edwin was killed, under circumstances so touching, and Morkar was
imprisoned, under circumstances so melancholy, Ivo Taille-Bois
received in marriage Lucy, the youngest sister of the two earls, and
with her a large part of their hereditary domains. This immediately
made Ivo a man of importance; and as the bulk of his land was situated
about Spalding, towards the borders of Cambridge and Lincoln, he
called himself Viscount of Spalding, and began to let the inhabitants
feel his territorial power in such a way, that they cursed the chance
which had metamorphosed a captain of mercenaries into a feudal lord.

Among a band of conquerors such as accompanied William the Norman to
England, there must always be many more or less tyrannical to the
vanquished; but the tyranny of Ivo Taille-Bois was something by
itself. He was so fond of outraging the feelings and invading the
rights of the populace, that he seemed to indulge in it as a luxury;
and no humility on their part could in the slightest degree mitigate
his violence. It was in vain that they paid all the rents he demanded;
that they rendered all the services he required; that they appeared in
his presence on bended knee; and that they addressed him in the most
deferential tone: he only became the more cruel and more exacting.

The account given by a contemporary chronicler of the oppressions
practised by Ivo Taille-Bois on the inhabitants of the district
subject to his sway is sufficient, even at this distance of time, to
excite strong indignation. Though they rendered him all possible
honour, he showed them neither affability nor kindness; on the
contrary, he vexed them, imprisoned them, tormented them, and tortured
them. Often he hounded his dogs on their cattle while quietly grazing,
drove their beasts into the marshes, drowned them in ponds, broke
their backs or limbs, and by mutilating them in various ways, rendered
them unfit for service.

Ivo seemed to delight in cruelty for cruelty's sake; and under such
treatment, the people who were his victims gradually gave way to
despair. Selling what little they still possessed, they sought in
other lands the peace no longer to be found at home. Ivo, however,
feeling the necessity of somebody to oppress, and looking round, fixed
his eyes on some Saxon monks.

It happened that there stood near Spalding, and by the gates of the
terrible Angevin, a religious house which was dependent on the abbey
of Croyland and inhabited by some of the Croyland monks. Ivo, having
forced the peasantry of the neighbourhood to decamp, turned his
attention to this religious house, and soon succeeded in making it an
earthly purgatory. The monks attempted to save themselves by
refraining from giving the slightest offence; but this only added to
his bitterness. He lamed their horses and cattle, killed their sheep
and poultry, attacked their servants on the highway, and oppressed
their tenants in every way which his ingenuity could invent.

Nevertheless, the monks held on. Not by any means inclined to yield
their home without a struggle, they did all they could, by prayers,
supplications, and presents to his dependents, to soften Ivo's heart.
But they were utterly unsuccessful. They found that matters became
worse and worse. Their patience and long-suffering came to an end.
They packed up their books and their sacred vessels, and committing
their house to God's keeping, prepared to depart. "We have tried all,
and suffered all," said they; "now let us begone;" and shaking the
dust from their feet, they repaired to Croyland.

On the departure of the monks Ivo was rejoiced beyond measure. He
immediately despatched a messenger to his native town of Angers, and
requested to have some holy men sent over to England. A prior and five
monks soon appeared, and took possession of the religious house at
Spalding. The Abbot of Croyland, who was an Anglo-Saxon, protested
against their installation, and complained to the king's council
against proceedings so lawless. But no redress could be obtained; and
Ivo Taille-Bois continued in the daily perpetration of enormities, for
which, had he lived two centuries later, he would have been tried
before a jury at Westminster, and hanged at the Nine Elms.

[Illustration: Norman rustic (from Strutt)]




XXXII.

[Illustration: Tattershall Castle, Lincolnshire.]

HEREWARD THE SAXON.


While Edgar Atheling was seeking refuge in Scotland, and while Edwin
and Morkar were, by their wavering, bringing ruin on the House of
Leofric, and rendering the Saxon cause utterly hopeless, there was
living in Flanders a native of England, who bore the name of Hereward
and a high reputation for courage and prowess.

Hereward, having long been settled in Flanders, had taken no part in
the earlier struggle between Normans and Saxons. Some of the
vanquished islanders, however, flying from the Conqueror's sword,
sought their countryman, and intimated that they brought him bad news.

"Your father," said the exiles, "has been dead for a year; your mother
has been exposed to many indignities and vexations; and your heritage
is in possession of a foreigner."

"By the Holy Rood!" exclaimed Hereward, "if such are the tidings you
bring from England, it is high time for me to be there."

After this, Hereward was not guilty of any delay. He prepared for a
voyage, embarked for England, reached the coast, and made his way to
Lincolnshire, where, surrounded by woodland and marshes, with a wide
avenue in front, and an orchard in the rear, near the abbeys of
Croyland and Peterborough, and near the Isle of Ely, stood the rude
wooden mansion which his fathers had called their own. The sight of
his birthplace fired Hereward's patriotism; and making himself known
to such of his friends and kinsmen as had survived the struggle, he
induced them to arm. Having, without exciting the suspicion of the
Normans, assembled them in a body, he attacked the foreigner who had
evicted his mother, and conducted the enterprise with such courage,
that he was enabled to take possession of his property.

But scarcely had Hereward installed himself in his paternal property,
when he found that he could not, with safety, limit his operations to
a single exploit. Accordingly he commenced a partisan warfare in the
neighbourhood of his dwelling, and at the head of his little band
encountered the garrisons of towns and strongholds. Such were the
skill and courage he displayed, that his name soon became celebrated
over England. Songs in his praise were sung in the streets, and the
Saxons turned their eyes towards him with hope long unfelt.

On hearing of the exploits of Hereward, the Saxons who had formed the
Camp of Refuge at Ely requested him to become their captain; and
Hereward, most readily consenting, passed, with the comrades of his
victories, to the Isle. His arrival excited the courage and revived
the hopes of the Saxons. Before taking the command, however, he
desired to become a member of the high Saxon militia, and to be
admitted with the proper ceremonies into that body.

The demand was suggestive of some difficulties, for it was necessary
to have the services of a priest of high rank to bless the arms, and
at this stage of the Conquest few priests of high rank were
sufficiently courageous to defy the wrath of the conquerors. Among
those, however, who regarded Hereward as the hero destined to save his
country was Brand, the Abbot of Peterborough. This abbot, a man of
high temper and indomitable spirit, consented to perform the ceremony;
and Hereward repaired to the abbey. Having confessed at evening, and
watched all night in the church, he laid his sword on the altar at the
hour of mass in the morning, received, while kneeling, his blade from
the hand of the abbot, took the sacrament, and rose to go forth and
wield it in the cause of his country.

The ceremony that was performed in the abbey of Peterborough was no
secret to the Normans in the neighbourhood. The knights with whom
Hereward had crossed swords soon learned that he had repaired to the
abbey, and sneered scornfully at the idea of a warrior's belt being
girded on by an abbot.

"He who has his sword girded on by a priest," said they, "is not
knight, but a degenerate burgess."

But it was against the Saxon abbot, in the first place, and not
against Hereward, that the wrath of the conquerors was directed. No
sooner did news of the ceremony at Peterborough reach the ears of
those high in authority, than Brand was doomed; and ere long soldiers
appeared to seize him in the king's name. They, however, were too
late. Before their arrival he had breathed his last; and a foreigner
was, without delay, appointed to fill the bold Saxon's place.

Among the fighting churchmen whom the Conquest had introduced to
England was a native of Fécamp, named Turauld. Accommodated with an
abbey at the expense of the vanquished, this man had rendered himself
notorious by the stern method he used of drilling the Saxon monks into
discipline. Whenever they proved refractory he was in the habit of
crying, "A moi, mes hommes d'armes;" and he made his abbey the scene
of military violence.

The system pursued by Turauld in his abbey soon became a matter of
notoriety, and reached the king's ears. William thought himself bound
to interfere, but was at some loss to decide in what way such an
offender should be punished. On the death of Abbot Brand, however, the
difficulty vanished, and Turauld was immediately appointed to the
abbey of Peterborough.

"That is somewhat near the Saxon Camp of Refuge," remarked Turauld.

"It is a dangerous post, doubtless," said William, smiling grimly;
"but very fit for an abbot who is so good a soldier."

Attended by Norman warriors, Turauld in due time approached
Peterborough to take possession. But apprehensive of danger, he halted
some leagues from the abbey, and sent men forward to ascertain the
position of the refugees.

The monks of Peterborough, in the utmost trepidation, determined to
admit the foreigner; and Hereward, not unaware of their intentions,
made a descent on the abbey. Finding that the monks could not be
relied on, he resolved on a desperate expedient. While the scouts of
Turauld were making observations, he carried off the crosses,
chalices, sacred vessels, and whatever valuable ornaments the abbey
contained, and conveyed them by water to the camp.

"Now," he said, "we have hostages for the fidelity of the monks."

Soon after Hereward left the abbey of Peterborough, Turauld,
encompassed by Norman lances, presented himself at the gates. The
monks, trembling for their lives, bent their shaven crowns, and
admitted their new abbot without hesitation; and Turauld, having taken
possession, was forthwith installed. At the same time he appropriated
sixty-two hides of land belonging to the abbey to his soldiers, to
reward their services and encourage their zeal.

Meantime, Ivo Taille-Bois, clad in his linked mail, and followed by
armed men, rode to the abbey of Peterborough. On being admitted to the
abbot's presence Ivo proposed an expedition to the Isle of Ely, to
destroy the Camp of Refuge and crush the insurgents. Turauld
sanctioned the expedition, but declined to take an active part in it;
and everything having been arranged, the Angevin viscount advanced
boldly with his men through the forests and willows which served the
Saxons as intrenchments, while the abbot, surrounded by Normans of
high rank, remained at what he considered a safe distance.

But Ivo Taille-Bois was destined to miss his foes, and Turauld to meet
those whom Ivo sought. Aware of the projects of the Normans and of
their movements, Hereward was on the alert. Contriving to escape
unobserved from the wood by one side while Ivo entered by the other,
the Saxon chief, leaving the Angevin viscount to pursue his search in
vain, fell suddenly upon the abbot and the abbot's Norman attendants,
seized them without difficulty as prisoners, and kept them securely in
the marshes till they paid a large ransom.

Nevertheless, the position of Hereward and his comrades became every
day more perilous. About this time, however, they were reinforced by
allies, whose presence inspired them with some hope of accomplishing
their country's deliverance. Indignant at his brother's conduct at
York, Sweyn, King of Denmark, fitted out a new fleet, and came in
person to the aid of the vanquished islanders. But the royal Dane soon
tired of an enterprise which he found was much less promising than he
had anticipated. After sailing up the Humber without receiving any
particular encouragement, he returned to Denmark.

But, however disappointed he might have been, Sweyn, while departing
from the shores of England, did not withdraw his fleet. Entering
Boston Wash, the Danish ships, by the mouth of the Ouse and the Glen,
succeeded in reaching the Isle of Ely. Hereward hailed with joy the
arrival of the Danes, and welcomed them as friends and liberators.

William was startled at the arrival of Danish auxiliaries, but he was
not particularly perplexed. Perfectly comprehending how to deal with
King Sweyn, the Conqueror hastened to send ambassadors to Denmark with
artful messages and costly presents. The successor of Canute,
completely won over to the Norman cause, did without scruple that
which he had, some months earlier, punished his brother for doing; and
Hereward and his comrades soon learned to their dismay that they were
once more betrayed by their Northern allies.

When the Danes at Ely, on whose powerful aid Hereward had built such
hopes, received orders to return home, they were far from manifesting
any reluctance. They seemed determined, however, not to go
empty-handed. In fact, the temptation of carrying off the ornaments
and sacred vessels which Hereward had brought from the abbey of
Peterborough was more than the grisly Northmen could resist; and
seizing everything in the way of treasure upon which they could lay
hands, they embarked, and turning the prows of their ships homewards,
gave their sails to the wind, laughing grimly at the ridiculous plight
in which they left the men they had come to save.

Affairs now hurried to a catastrophe. Ivo Taille-Bois and Abbot
Turauld rejoiced in the hope of triumph and revenge; and Hereward
could not but confess that the prospects of the Saxons at Ely were
dismal in the extreme. By-and-by news reached the Camp of Refuge that
William was assembling forces, and that a great blow was to be struck,
and as weeks passed on, the Camp of Refuge was invested by land and
water. On every side workmen were set to form dykes and causeways over
the marshes; and on the west, over waters covered with reeds and
willows, the Normans commenced the construction of a road three
hundred paces in length.

But most of the labour was found to be in vain. The Normans had no
rest. Hereward and his friends, incessant in their attacks and artful
in their stratagems, constantly interrupted the work; and the workmen,
finding themselves disturbed in the most sudden and unexpected manner,
gave way to superstitious terror.

"Assuredly," they exclaimed, "this Hereward is in league with the Evil
One."

"Think you so?" cried Ivo Taille-Bois; "then we must fight him with
his own weapons."

The idea of the Angevin viscount was highly approved of; and he soon
procured the services of a witch, whose enchantments, he declared,
would disenchant Hereward's operations. Accordingly this woman was
brought to the scene of action, and posted in a wooden tower at the
place where the work was in progress. The result, however, was not
such as Ivo had predicted. In fact, while the Norman pioneers and
soldiers were all confident in the potency of the witch's charms,
Hereward suddenly made a sally, set fire to the osiers that covered
the marsh like a forest, and gave witch, workmen, and warriors to the
flames.

At this fresh misfortune the Normans began to consider their
enterprise hopeless, and the blood of Ivo Taille-Bois boiled at the
thought of being baffled by a "degenerate burgess" like Hereward. The
address and activity of the Saxon chief really seemed to preclude the
possibility of success. Nevertheless, the Normans persevered; and for
months the Isle of Ely was blockaded so closely that provisions were
with extreme difficulty obtained from without.

When the operations reached this stage, William bethought him of the
monks of Ely, and devised a scheme for enforcing their aid. Without
warning he seized all the manors belonging to the abbey situated
without the Isle; and the monks, unable to endure poverty and misery,
and the famine that stared them in the face, resolved to put an end to
the contest. With this view they sent to the Norman camp, and offered
to show a passage, on condition of being left in possession of their
property. Gilbert de Clare and William Warren having plighted their
faith, and a treaty having been entered into, the monks fulfilled
their promise, and the Normans prepared to penetrate into the Isle.

Hereward and the Saxons, utterly unsuspicious of the treachery of the
monks of Ely, were resting from their arduous exertions, when the
sound of arms and the war-cry of Normans intimated that their foes
were upon them. Completely taken by surprise, the Saxons were in no
position to resist; and after a thousand of them had fallen, the camp
was closely surrounded, and the majority were forced to lay down their
arms. But better far would it have been for them to fight to the last.
Many of those who submitted had their hands cut off and their eyes put
out, and were then turned adrift as warnings against future revolts;
others--and among them Archbishop Stigand and Bishop Eghelwin--were
incarcerated and sentenced to imprisonment for life.

But in the midst of carnage and disaster, Hereward was undaunted. When
others laid down their arms, he still disdained the thought of
yielding. Closely attended by a few zealous adherents, the Saxon
chief broke from the assailants, retreated by paths into which the
Normans did not venture to follow, passed from marsh to marsh, and
overcoming every obstacle, made his way to the lowlands of
Lincolnshire.

It happened that the Normans had a station in the immediate
neighbourhood of the place where Hereward and his friends found
themselves after their hair-breadth escape. The temptation of a daring
adventure was, under the circumstances, irresistible. Hereward made
himself known to some fishermen, who were in the habit of every day
taking fish to the garrison; and the fishermen, sympathizing with his
views, were induced to lend their aid. Receiving Hereward and his
companions into the boats, and concealing them under straw, the
fishermen, next day, approached the station as usual; and the Normans,
who were just sitting down to dinner, preparatory to riding forth on
an expedition, were not in the least apprehensive of danger. Suddenly
strange voices were heard, and Hereward and his men entering with
their axes in their hands, rushed upon the Normans, and hewed down
many before they knew what was taking place. Alarmed and despairing,
the survivors fled, leaving their horses, which were ready saddled, a
prey to the victors.

After this exploit, which struck dismay into the hearts of his
enemies, and considerably modified the joy with which the Normans
announced their success at Ely, Hereward resumed operations with his
old spirit. With a band of patriotic men, which gradually swelled to
the number of a hundred, the indomitable Saxon performed countless
feats of valour. Ever lying in ambush, and granting no quarter, he
exerted his skill and energy with such effect, that he well avenged,
if he could not redeem, the disaster of Ely. His comrades, all well
armed and inspired by his example, encountered the foe with a degree
of courage seldom equalled, and appearing suddenly at various points,
never shrunk from odds save such as appeared overwhelming. Not one of
them was known to have declined a conflict with fewer than four
Normans; and Hereward, on his part, often fought with as many as
seven.

While Hereward was signalizing his prowess and courage in such a way
that his name was idolized all over England, a lady of large
property, named Alswithe, hearing of his fame and admiring his
exploits, offered him her hand. Grateful for such a mark of esteem,
Hereward accepted the proposal, and married her without delay. But
Alswithe, dreading her husband's continual exposure to danger,
employed all her influence to induce him to make his peace with the
Conqueror; and Hereward, who loved his wife tenderly, gradually
yielded to her entreaties, and at length accepted the king's peace.

Having exchanged peril for security, and glory for ease, Hereward
indulged in dreams of peace and comfort. But the Normans were not
disposed to spare so formidable a foe. Determined to rid the country,
by some means, of one who might again prove a mighty adversary, they
several times attacked his house without success. One day, however,
Fortune placed him in their power.

It was a summer afternoon; and, after having dined, Hereward stretched
himself in his orchard, with his hound at his feet, to enjoy some
repose. He was without a coat of mail, but beside him lay his sword
and a short spear, which Saxons of his rank always carried with them.
As Hereward slept, a band of armed men, led by Asselm, a Norman, and
Raoul de Dol, a knight of Brittany, cautiously penetrated into the
orchard; and he, suddenly awakened by the barking of the hound, found
himself hemmed in. But even in this emergency the heart of the hero
did not fail him. Rising with a bound, before which the armed band
recoiled, he faced his foes and demanded their errand.

"Whom seek you?" he asked, sternly.

"You," was the significant answer.

"False traitors!" he cried; "the king has granted me his peace. Seek
you me for my goods or my life?"

"Both."

"Then," exclaimed Hereward, "ye shall pay for them dearly!" and with
these words he thrust his short spear with such force against a Norman
knight who stood near, that it pierced through the hauberk into the
heart, and came out dripping with life's blood.

The Normans, startled, but confident in their numbers, now attempted
to close with Hereward, and inflicted numerous wounds. But the Saxon
hero returned blow for blow. When his spear broke he drew his sword,
and made so desperate a resistance, that, at times, the issue of the
combat appeared doubtful. Even when his sword broke on the helmet of
one of his antagonists, he continued to fight with the pommel; and
fifteen Normans had fallen beneath his hand, when he, at once,
received four lance thrusts, and felt himself borne to the ground.
Still he continued to struggle. Seizing a buckler, he struck Raoul de
Dol so fiercely in the face, that the warlike Breton fell dead on the
spot. But strength and life were now spent, and Hereward sank and
expired.

As Hereward lay dead, Asselm, the Norman, cut off the hero's head, but
not without an emphatic expression of admiration. "By the virtue of
God!" he exclaimed, "I swear that I have never in my life seen so
valiant a man!"

[Illustration: Fen country near Boston.]




XXXIII.

BUILDING OF BATTLE ABBEY.


While pursuing his victorious career, William the Conqueror did not
forget the vow which, immediately after the battle of Hastings, he
made to erect an abbey, to be dedicated to the Holy Trinity and to St.
Martin, the patron of the warriors of Gaul.

It is related that, when the foundations were dug, and the first
stones of the edifice laid, the architects discovered that there would
be a deficiency of water. Somewhat disconcerted, they repaired to
William, and acquainted him with the untoward circumstance.

"Never mind," said the Conqueror, in a tone more jovial than his wont;
"work away, and, if God give me life, there shall be more wine among
the monks of Battle Abbey than there is in the best convent of
Christendom."

According to William's orders, the work was proceeded with: the outer
walls were traced round the hill which Harold and his men had covered
with their bodies; and the adjacent land was granted to the abbey.

When the building of Battle Abbey was finished, William offered his
sword and the regal robe he had worn at his coronation; and
seven-score monks were brought from the great convent of Marmontiers,
near Tours, to inhabit the edifice and pray for the souls of all who
had died on the field. This magnificent structure is now in ruins, and
the altar-stone, standing amid stagnant water, marks the spot where
the Pope's consecrated banner was planted by William in the hour of
carnage and victory.

[Illustration]




XXXIV.

MALCOLM CANMORE.


After devastating Northumberland, reducing the men of Chester, and
entirely crushing the refugees in the camp of Ely, William turned his
attention towards the reduction of Scotland, where reigned a king who
had some power and much inclination to work him annoyance.

Malcolm Canmore was son of Duncan, King of Scots, whose murder by
Macbeth, Buchanan has narrated and Shakspeare immortalized. In danger
of being destroyed by the usurper, Malcolm and his brother, Donald
Bane, after lurking for awhile in Scotland, resolved to fly--one made
for Northumberland, the other for the Western Isles.

At that time Siward the Dane ruled Northumberland; and of that great
and sapient earl the mother of Malcolm had been a near kinswoman. This
circumstance was sufficient to insure the Scottish prince a friendly
reception; and, on reaching York, he had the consolation of being
treated with every possible kindness. Moreover, when Siward carried
him to the court of Westminster, the Confessor--who could not help
comparing Malcolm's circumstances to his own, while an exile in
Normandy--after expressing a strong sympathy with his misfortunes, and
a strong interest in his welfare, bade him be of good cheer.

At the Confessor's court, among Saxon thanes and Norman chevaliers,
Malcolm might have learned to forget the crown which he had lost and
the rude land from which he had been forced to fly; but it happened
that Macbeth, after forfeiting the popularity by the aid of which he
had usurped the Scottish throne, became a cruel and rapacious tyrant.
The Scots, in disgust, manifested a decided desire for Malcolm's
restoration; and Macduff, thane of Fife, abandoning Macbeth's cause,
espoused that of Malcolm with enthusiasm and energy.

About the time of Godwin's restoration to England, messages of
encouragement from the north of the Tweed reached Malcolm in his
exile; and, without much hesitation, the young prince, now grown to be
a man of huge stature, resolved on an expedition to regain his
father's crown. Powerful was the aid on which he had to rely; for the
Confessor readily lent his countenance to the enterprise, and Siward
undertook to conduct it to a successful issue.

A fleet was soon fitted out to land soldiers on the Scottish coast;
and an army of horse, commanded by Siward and his son, escorted
Malcolm across the Tweed and through Lothian. The enterprise proved
perfectly successful. In vain Hugh the Norman, Osborne, surnamed
Pentecost, and other foreigners who had fled into Scotland at the time
of Godwin's return, drew their swords in favour of the usurper. A
battle was fought; the son of Siward fell, and many Anglo-Danes. But
Malcolm was victorious; and Macbeth, who in the battle had lost all
his Norman allies, was deserted by his army, forced to fly, and
overtaken and slain at Lanfanan in Aberdeenshire. An effort was then
made by some of Macbeth's friends to raise a kinsman of the usurper,
named Lulach, to the throne; but the friends of Malcolm soon put an
end to Lulach's pretensions and his life, and the son of Duncan was,
without further opposition, crowned at Scone.

Nevertheless, a plot was soon after formed to put Malcolm to death,
and of this the chief author was a nobleman who frequented the court.
Malcolm early became aware of the existence of the plot, but affected
ignorance, till one day, when out hunting, he took the chief
conspirator aside, and severely reproached him.

"But," said Malcolm, "here is a fit place and time to do that manfully
which you have intended to do treacherously; and here draw your sword,
if you dare."

The nobleman, however, fell on his knees, confessed his fault, asked
forgiveness, and ever afterwards served his king faithfully.

It cannot be said that Malcolm Canmore, when seated securely on the
Scottish throne, displayed any particular gratitude to his
benefactors. Indeed, the nation under the protection of which he had
found safety in the day of adversity, and by the aid of which he had
gained his crown, had more than once strong reason to complain of his
enmity and denounce his ingratitude. But it was chiefly in the third
year after the landing of William the Norman that Malcolm offended.
When the Northumbrians drew together at York, to make head against the
Conqueror's power, Malcolm mustered an army to lead to their
assistance. Ere he was ready to take the field, however, the
Northumbrians were put down; but, unwilling to be baulked of carnage
and plunder, he marched by way of Carlisle, which, with Cumberland, he
then held from the English crown, into Northumberland, and let loose
all the fury of his barbarous subjects on the land where he had found
rest in his weariness and consolation in his despair.

The Scots proceeded with energy to the work of destruction and
bloodshed. Cleveland was savagely overrun; Wearmouth was sacked; St.
Peter's Church was burned; the banks of the Wear were ravaged without
mercy; and everywhere the inhabitants were treated with barbarous
cruelty. Able-bodied men and women were driven off captive, like
flocks of sheep, and in such numbers, that, for many years after,
there was scarcely a tenement in Scotland without English slaves of
one sex or the other. Blood, meanwhile, flowed like water.
Grandfathers and grandmothers, on the verge of the grave, and infants
torn from their mothers' arms, were ruthlessly slaughtered. Warriors,
calling themselves men and Christians, exhibited neither humanity nor
religion. Never had Pagan Danes or Norwegians been guilty of such
atrocities as were perpetrated on this memorable occasion.

One day, while the church of St. Peter was in flames, and while the
Scots were revelling in carnage and cruelty, Malcolm, as he rode along
and witnessed savage outrages which it is charitable to suppose he
could not prevent, received intelligence that Edgar Atheling, with his
mother Agatha, and his two sisters, Margaret and Christina--whom the
chronicler describes as "comely young women"--were on board a ship in
the harbour, waiting for a fair wind, but scarcely knew whither to
steer their course. The tale of their distress appears to have touched
the heart of Malcolm; he sent messages of kindness, invited them to
repair to Scotland, and assured them that they might there reside in
safety as long as they pleased. In their despair, the royal exiles
grasped at this invitation, and the mariners steered for Scotland.

Accordingly, when Malcolm Canmore returned to his own dominions, he
found that the heirs of Alfred and of Ironsides had sought refuge on
the Scottish shores. The young king hastened to make their
acquaintance; and the result was important in its influence on the
destinies of England. The sweetness and piety of Margaret Atheling,
endowed as she was with all the comeliness characteristic of Saxon
women, produced a strange effect on the royal Scot, and he soon
arrived at the conclusion that the opportunity of securing such a
bride ought not to be neglected. A marriage was, in due time,
celebrated; the Saxon Queen of Scots, by her precepts and example,
exercised a softening and civilizing influence on her fierce husband
and his savage subjects; their daughter Maude became the wife of Henry
Beauclerc; and from their ancestress--the heiress of Henry and Maude,
married to Geoffrey, the brave and accomplished Count of Anjou--the
Plantagenets inherited royal Saxon blood, and that sympathy with the
vanquished race which made them, when kings, the favourites and heroes
of the English people.

William the Conqueror was not, of course, inattentive to what was
passing in the north; nor, indeed, did Malcolm allow the Norman to
overlook his existence. In 1073, the Scottish king gathered an army,
and crossed the Border to vindicate the claim of his wife's family to
the English crown. By this time, however, William had put the Saxons
throughout England under his feet, and resolved to bring Malcolm to
reason by demanding the extradition of those who had taken refuge in
Scotland.

With this object William placed himself at the head of his army, and,
for the first time, crossed the Tweed. Not inclined to try conclusions
with an antagonist so formidable, Malcolm presented himself to the
Conqueror at a place near the frontier, which is supposed to have been
Berwick; and, though declining to surrender the Saxon emigrants, "met
King William in a peaceful attitude, touched his hand in sign of
friendship, promised that William's enemies should be his also, and
freely acknowledged himself his vassal and liegeman."

[Illustration: Fern Islands, off the Coast of Northumberland.]




XXXV.

[Illustration]

THE DEATH OF COSPATRICK.


It was the year 1072, when the destruction of the camp of Ely ruined
the last hope which the Saxons entertained of making head against the
Conqueror; and the year 1073 witnessed the exile of the last Saxon of
illustrious lineage whom the Conqueror allowed to occupy a high
position and exercise important functions.

It appears that after the installation of Cospatrick as Earl of
Northumberland, the peace of the North was unbroken save by the
terrible inroad of Malcolm, King of Scots. On that occasion,
Cospatrick, having no force sufficiently powerful to oppose that of
the Scottish king, endeavoured to draw Malcolm from Northumberland by
making an incursion into Cumberland in the direction of Carlisle,
which then lay in ruins. But finding the Scots too intent on carnage
and plunder to move, he was fain to return, to shut himself up in
Bamburgh, and in that fortress to listen, with unavailing regret, to
accounts of the barbarous atrocities perpetrated by the invaders.

At length affairs began to settle; and the Bishop of Durham and his
clergy, hearing that William had departed for the South, ventured back
to their church. They found everything in disorder. Even the
magnificent crucifix, the gift of Tostig and Judith, was stripped of
all its ornaments, and tossed upon the floor. Nor was this the worst
that was to befall. Ere long the bishop was degraded, and a native of
Lorraine, named Vaulcher, instituted in his place.

When Vaulcher, accompanied by a numerous train of Norman knights,
reached York, Cospatrick presented himself, and conducted the new
bishop to Durham. Perhaps, by this attention to Vaulcher, Cospatrick
hoped to escape such a fate as had befallen every other Saxon of high
rank. But if so, he was mistaken. Between the Norman king and the
Saxon earl no real confidence existed. Every movement in
Northumberland hostile to the Normans had exposed Cospatrick to
suspicion; and, after having received Malcolm's homage, William,
thinking he could dispense with the aid of the grandson of Uchtred,
alleged that he had taken part in the murder of Robert Comine and in
the siege of York, and formally deprived him of his earldom.

Cospatrick was now at his wits' end. Mortified at his own reverses,
and grieving at the oppression under which his countrymen were
labouring, but against which it seemed vain to struggle single-handed,
he left England and passed over to Flanders, to which the Saxons still
looked with hope of aid. But all efforts proved vain; and he returned
to die in poverty on the verge of the great northern province which he
had lately ruled.

It would seem that Cospatrick had, by advising the flight of the
bishop from Durham, lost favour with the clergy, and that they used
all their efforts to terrify him with threats of the wrath of St.
Cuthbert. An aged priest of Durham, while in Holy Island, professed
to have had a dream, in which he saw a great Northumbrian thane, who
had maltreated the bishop and his company during their flight,
suffering the torments of hell, and in which St. Cuthbert appeared
denouncing woes against Cospatrick. This dream derived importance from
the circumstance of the Northumbrian thane having died at the very
time; and when related to Cospatrick, now grown old and infirm, it
caused him much trouble of spirit. Indeed, he is said to have
forthwith taken the shoes from his feet, and set out on a pilgrimage
to Holy Island, to propitiate St. Cuthbert by prayers and offerings.

After his pilgrimage to Holy Island, Cospatrick found rest for a time
at Norham, on the Tweed. At that place, weary with adversity and woe,
he soon felt himself sinking under his infirmities. At length, sick
unto death, he bethought him of religious consolation, and intimated
his wish to have the spiritual aid of Aldwin and Turgot, two monks in
whose piety and prayers he had great confidence.

At Melrose--not on the spot occupied by the magnificent ruins of that
great abbey, to which Sir Walter Scott has, in our day, given so wide
a fame, but in a flat peninsula, described by Bede as "almost inclosed
by the windings of the river Tweed"--the Culdees had, in the seventh
century, erected a religious house. After flourishing for two hundred
years, this edifice had suffered at the hand of King Kenneth, and
gradually dwindled down to a chapel sacred to St. Cuthbert. In this
chapel Aldwin and Turgot were "living in poverty and contrite in
spirit for the sake of Christ." On receiving Cospatrick's message,
these holy men hurried down the Tweed, eager to comfort the expiring
sinner.

On reaching Norham the monks found the Saxon earl loudly lamenting his
shortcomings, and expressing penitence for his sins, and they
confessed him with all the ceremonies usual on such occasions. Before
their departure he gave them two dorsals, or pieces of tapestry which
were hung against walls as screens for the back, and begged that, in
whatever place the monks might chance to take rest, they would hang
the dorsals up in memory of him. This scene over, Cospatrick yielded
up his breath.

It was destined that the posterity of this great Saxon, who passed his
last days hovering between two countries, in neither of which he could
find a home, and who died in misery, and with lamentations on his
lips, should exercise the very highest authority in centuries then to
come. He left two sons. One of these was Cospatrick, founder of the
House of Dunbar, whose chiefs were so great in war and peace; the
other was Dolfin, male ancestor of the Nevilles, who became famous for
making and unmaking kings.

Meanwhile, Cospatrick was laid at rest in the porch of the church of
Norham. In the chancel of that ancient edifice, a recumbent effigy, in
the decorated style of the fourteenth century, when his descendants on
both sides of the Tweed were in all their glory, still recalls his
memory, when the places that once knew them know them no more--when
the castle of Dunbar is desolate, and when Raby no longer owns a
Neville as its lord.

[Illustration]




XXXVI.

[Illustration]

ATHELING AND HIS ALLIES.


When Edgar Atheling, after the disastrous defeat of the Saxons at
York, took refuge in Scotland, he found himself treated with great
respect. Malcolm Canmore, saluting the exiled prince as true King of
England, assured him of a secure asylum, and influenced, doubtless, by
the charms of the fair Margaret, still further evinced his sympathy
with the Saxon cause by bestowing offices and lands on the expatriated
chiefs. Moreover, he promised Atheling every aid to regain the throne
of his ancestors.

The King of Scots was probably quite sincere in his professions of
friendship and promises of support; but his power to assist the Saxons
was by no means equal to his will. Besides, the mighty energy of
William, bearing down all opposition, was calculated to daunt the
boldest foe. Malcolm was brave as a lion; yet he might, without
exposing himself to the imputation of cowardice, feel some degree of
alarm as he conjured up visions of Norman warriors crossing the river
Tweed, sweeping through the Merse and Lothian, and pursuing their
victorious career as far north as to cool the hoofs of their horses in
the waters of the Tay, and plant their standard on the towers of the
palace of Scone.

At all events, it is certain that, after a brief residence in
Scotland, Atheling recognised the necessity of seeking a
reconciliation with the Conqueror. This was, without difficulty,
obtained. Then, as ever, William was kind and forgiving to the heir of
Alfred. But, as the work of the Conquest went on, and as the Saxons,
exasperated by the deposition of their bishops and abbots, indicated
their intention of making a great effort to recover their liberty,
Atheling discovered that he was the object of suspicion. Indeed, it
was natural that such should have been the case; for his name was in
the mouth of all ardent patriots, and songs were sung in which he was
described as "the brave, the beautiful darling of England." Perceiving
that snares were set for him, Atheling effected his escape from court;
and, with all the haste he could, made for Scotland.

"Curse him!" exclaimed the Normans; "he is the most fickle of human
beings."

"Ah!" cried the Saxons, "he is young and handsome, and descended from
the true race--the best race of the country."

It must be admitted that, so far as appearances went, the Saxons had
reason to be proud of the heir of their ancient kings. Atheling was
now approaching manhood, and looked worthy, indeed, of a nation's
regard. His person was handsome, his figure tall and graceful, his
manner courteous to excess, his temper serene to a fault, and he spoke
with taste and eloquence. Brave he was beyond question, but somewhat
slow in action; and while ever and anon giving proof that he inherited
the courage of Ironsides, he constantly showed symptoms of having in
his veins the sluggish blood of Ethelred.

Indeed, the prospects of Edgar Atheling were at no time so encouraging
as to tempt him to heroic ventures to regain the crown which had, for
a brief season, been his. After the day on which Malcolm Canmore did
homage to William the Norman, aid from Scotland could not reasonably
be expected. Not yet content, however, to submit tamely to
circumstances, Atheling, in 1075, repaired to Flanders, probably when
Cospatrick, after being deprived of Northumberland, went thither to
crave the alliance of Count Robert, who, though Matilda's kinsman, was
William's political enemy, and, moreover, a descendant of Alfred the
Great. But Atheling's application was not attended with success, and
he returned to Scotland with the impression that the Saxon cause was
too hopeless to enlist the alliance of any European prince, when,
somewhat to his surprise, he was favoured with a friendly message from
the King of France.

Philip, though young, was no longer the mere boy whose countenance and
support William the Norman had asked before undertaking his expedition
against Harold. The heir of Hugh Capet was now in his thirty-third
year, perfectly capable of comprehending his position, and of
estimating the power of a Duke of Normandy who was also King of
England. In fact, he had somewhat recent evidence of William's
strength and his own weakness. While William, who had left England in
1073, was on the Continent, carrying on war in Maine with signal
success, Philip had taken up arms against the Count of Flanders, and
sustained a shameful defeat before Cassel. The idea of a man who had
been vanquished by Count Robert of Flanders having to encounter
William the Conqueror was not pleasant; and the French king, eager in
the extreme to multiply William's enemies on the English side of the
Channel, resolved to afford the Saxons such encouragement as to enable
them to keep their conqueror in his insular dominions.

It was under the influence of such apprehensions, and with a view of
accomplishing such an object, that Philip invited Atheling to France.

"Come hither," wrote the French king to the English prince--"come and
aid me with your counsel. I will give you the fortress of Montreuil,
which is so situated that thence you can either make a descent on
England or ravage Normandy."

Atheling was not proof against such temptation. On receiving Philip's
message, he prepared, with the companions of his exile, to embark for
France, and made arrangements for his voyage. Malcolm, as William's
liegeman, could not openly lend his countenance to the enterprise of
his brother-in-law. Nevertheless, he secretly supplied Atheling with
money, and furnished the companions of the exiled prince with arms.

But the expedition, and all the projects to which it was to lead, were
destined to come to nought. The voyage of the adventurers proved the
very reverse of fortunate. Scarcely had Atheling's fleet lost sight of
the Scottish shores when a violent tempest arose. The vessels were
scattered like leaves in autumn. Some sank, and others, going to
pieces on the northern coast of England, left their crews at the mercy
of the Norman officials, who made them prisoners. Atheling, and those
who sailed in his ship, were wrecked, but escaped captivity. However,
they lost everything; and in sadness and gloom they made their way,
some on foot, others miserably mounted, back to the Scottish court,
where Atheling, with his wonted eloquence, narrated to Malcolm and
Margaret the misfortunes of the voyage.

"And now," asked Atheling, in conclusion, "what is to be done?"

"It seems to me," answered Malcolm, "that fortune is decidedly against
you. Wherefore, struggle no longer with fate, but seek peace, once
more, of William the Norman."

At all times Atheling was easily persuaded; and, on this occasion, he
was in no frame of mind to dispute the wisdom of Malcolm's counsel.
Accordingly he sent a message to William, who was still on the
Continent; and William, responding frankly, asked him to repair to
Normandy. Entering England by the north, passing through the country
escorted by Norman counts, and entertained by them in the tall and
turretted castles which already crowned every height, and which
contrasted strangely with the low, irregular buildings, surrounded by
woods, in which dwelt such of the Saxons of rank as had escaped death
or banishment, Atheling could not fail to be impressed with a
conviction of the fact that the work of the Conquest had gone much too
far to be undone by force of arms, and that any thought of resistance
was absurd.

Embarking for the Continent, he reached Rouen in safety, and was
received by the Conqueror with kindness. A pension was granted to the
banished prince to defray his personal expenses; but, taking a fancy
to a charger in the stables of the palace, he afterwards parted with
his pension in order to become master of the animal. For years
Atheling remained at the palace of Rouen, amusing himself with hawks,
dogs, and horses, and reflecting, with philosophic calmness, on the
crown he had lost and the land from which he was exiled.

[Illustration: Hawk striking the quarry.]




XXXVII.

FITZOSBORNE AND DE GAEL.


One day in the course of the year 1074, when William the Conqueror was
in Normandy fighting with his Continental foes, and while Archbishop
Lanfranc governed England in the king's absence, a great marriage took
place in the castle of Norwich. Many guests of high rank were bidden;
and the occasion was rendered memorable by the circumstance that the
feast with which it was celebrated proved fatal to almost every
individual who happened to be present.

About the year 1073, William Fitzosborne, the Conqueror's famous
comrade in arms, departed this life, leaving two sons, named William
and Roger, and a daughter, named Emma. William, succeeding to his
father's lands in Normandy, was known as Lord of Breteuil; Roger,
inheriting his father's English possessions, became Earl of Hereford;
and Emma was sought in marriage by a young Breton, who figured as Earl
of Norfolk, and naturally felt ambitious of allying himself with the
high Norman nobility. But a union between Ralph de Gael and the
daughter of Fitzosborne did not meet with the Conqueror's approval. In
fact, William set his face decidedly against the matrimonial project,
and, being at the time in Normandy, sent a messenger to forbid, in the
most peremptory tone, the celebration of the marriage.

The interference of William was more than the high spirit of Roger
Fitzosborne could brook. He resolved at once to set the Conqueror's
prohibition at defiance; and, on a day appointed for the wedding,
conveyed his sister to Norwich.

The ceremony was performed with a pomp worthy of the rank of the
parties; and when the feast was spread in the castle hall, Norman
bishops, and lords of high degree, both Norman and Welsh, and ladies
fair to look upon, gathered around the board. So far all went
smoothly. But as dishes were carved and cups emptied the master of the
feast and his guests became rapidly excited and frank to excess. The
habitual respect displayed by the Norman nobles for the great
war-chief who had led them to conquest and plunder vanished as wine
flowed in abundance, and the two earls especially vociferated in a
strain which caused many present to stare in silent surprise.

"What is this man?" asked Roger Fitzosborne, in accents of supreme
contempt--"what is this man, who dictates who are to be the husbands
of ladies descended from the comrades of Rollo?--A bastard, owing this
kingdom to my father, to whose memory this interference is an insult."

"He is a bastard, and a man of low birth," cried the Normans. "He may
call himself a king; but 'tis clear that he is not made for one, and
that he is not agreeable in the sight of God."

"And," exclaimed the Saxons, "he invaded England, he massacred the
legitimate heirs of our kings and nobles, or obliged them to
expatriate themselves."

"What is worst of all," roared the military adventurers who had
followed William's banner in hopes of high reward, "he has not
honoured as he might those who came to his aid--those who raised him
higher than any of his predecessors."

"Yes," cried others; "what has he given to us, the conquerors covered
with wounds? Sterile tracts of land, of which he deprives us whenever
he sees them improving."

"It is true!" shouted the guests, tumultuously; "the man is odious to
all; his death would gladden the hearts of all. Let him die!"

After further vociferation, the two earls, several bishops and abbots,
many Normans and Saxons, and the Welsh chieftains, bound themselves by
oath to rise against William, and arranged to ask the aid of Sweyn,
King of Denmark, to insure the success of their perilous project.
Perhaps, with the morning, repentance came, and many rued the words
they had spoken and the promises they had made over wine at the
festive board. But it was too late to retreat; and the two earls, to
lessen the danger of being betrayed, resolved on immediate action.
Roger Fitzosborne hastened home to raise his banner at Hereford; and
Ralph de Gael prepared to shorten his honeymoon, leave the company of
his bride, and raise his banner at Cambridge.

On reaching the province of which he was earl, Roger Fitzosborne lost
no time in rallying his friends around him. Not only did he gather the
discontented Normans to his standard. The Welsh on the Marches rose at
his summons, and, with wild and vague hopes of recovering
independence, rushed with enthusiasm to his aid. Having assembled a
force which he deemed sufficiently formidable to inspire foes with
terror, he commenced his march eastward, with the intention of joining
De Gael. But, on reaching the Severn, and attempting to pass that
river by the bridge at Worcester, he found, somewhat to his surprise,
that preparations had been made to stop his progress.

In fact, the conspirators at Norwich had not very faithfully kept
their secret. By some means or other, Lanfranc had become acquainted
with the whole project; and when in possession of such intelligence
the great archbishop was not the man to sleep at his post. He
despatched soldiers from London to throw themselves in Roger's path;
and he so far made use of the spiritual artillery at his command as to
level a sentence of excommunication against the Norman earl.

Meanwhile, the king's friends were not idle in the west. Walter de
Lacy, a Norman baron, and Eghelwig, the Saxon abbot of Evesham, roused
the people of the country to take arms against Roger Fitzosborne and
his Welshmen; and the people, regarding the Welsh as their natural
enemies, obeyed the call of Walter and Eghelwig, and crowded to the
royal standard.

At length the royal soldiers and the insurgents met face to face. It
was on the banks of the Severn that the hostile armies encountered and
fought a sanguinary battle. The Welsh, however, were defeated, and
with such slaughter that the river was crimsoned with their blood.
Roger Fitzosborne was made prisoner, and with him many adherents were
taken with arms in their hands. The chief was kept in secure custody
till the Conqueror should decide what was to be his fate. But the
inferior captives were summarily disposed of. Some were hung on
gibbets, some had their eyes put out, and others underwent such
mutilation as to render them incapable of further mischief.

While such disasters attended the adventure of Roger Fitzosborne on
the Severn, Ralph de Gael did not yield to the temptation of lingering
with his fair bride at Norwich. Leaving that city, the bold Breton
encamped in the neighbourhood of Cambridge, and succeeded in alluring
a multitude of Saxons to his standard. But Ralph de Gael's part of the
enterprise proved little more successful than that of Roger
Fitzosborne had been. While the Breton earl was still gathering men to
his camp, William de Warren, with Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, and Geoffrey,
Bishop of Coutance, took the field, and the insurgents found
themselves menaced by a force decidedly superior to them in number.
Not shrinking, however, from a conflict, they bravely faced the royal
force at a place named Fagadon. There a stubborn battle was fought;
but Ralph de Gael's men were completely defeated; and the chief
escaped from the lost field, while many of his adherents were taken
and treated with the utmost cruelty. Indeed, the victors are said to
have been so merciless as to cut off the right foot of every captive,
no matter what his rank or nation.

In the midst of this operation, Ralph de Gael had the fortune to reach
Norwich. He threw himself into the citadel with some vague and
desperate notions of defending himself to the last. Seeing, however,
the impossibility of holding out, he left the fortress under the
charge of his bride, and sailed to Brittany to implore the aid of his
friends. The daughter of Fitzosborne made a brave defence, but her
resistance proved vain. After a somewhat protracted struggle, the
men-at-arms, seeing famine staring them in the face, recognised the
necessity of yielding, and agreed, not only to surrender Norwich, but
to leave England in case of their lives being spared. Almost every
Breton who had come to England with the Conqueror was involved in the
ruin of Ralph de Gael, and departed from the English shores. "Glory be
to God in the highest!" Lanfranc wrote joyfully to King William, "your
kingdom is freed from the filthy Bretons."

On returning to England, William, at Christmas, held a great council
of barons, and dealt with the rebel chiefs. Both were condemned to
lose their estates. De Gael, being absent, could not, of course, be
punished in person; but Fitzosborne, who appeared before the assembly,
was sentenced to perpetual imprisonment.

When matters had reached this stage, a son of Sweyn, King of Denmark,
unaware of the ruin of those who had craved assistance, approached the
eastern coast. But the Danes made no attempt to land. On learning what
had happened they turned their helms towards Flanders, and left
Fitzosborne to his fate.

But even captivity and chains could not break the strong spirit nor
humble the haughty pride of Fitzosborne. Even in his dungeon he found
a way of braving and insulting the king whom he had attempted to
dethrone. One day, during Easter, the Conqueror, according to a Norman
custom, sent him a magnificent suit of precious stuff, as if he had
been at liberty. Fitzosborne received the vestments with a smile,
examined the coat and mantle of silk, and handled the jacket, trimmed
with foreign furs, as if highly pleased. Having done so, however,
Roger ordered a fire to be kindled, and committed coat, mantle, and
jacket to the flames.

"Thus," said he, "does the son of William Fitzosborne treat the gifts
of the bastard to whom his father gave a crown."

"By the splendour of God!" exclaimed the Conqueror, boiling with
anger, when informed of this scene, "the man who has thus insulted me
shall never leave his prison alive."




XXXVIII.

[Illustration: Thor.]

WALTHEOF, SON OF SIWARD.


Siward the Dane, when he expired at York, exhibiting his martial
spirit to the last--clad, at his own request, in all the habiliments
of war, with his helmet on his head, his coat of mail on his back, his
gilt battle-axe in his hand, and that mystic banner, "The Raven of
Earthly Terror," waving over his head--left, by his wife, the daughter
of Earl Alred, one son to inherit his renown. The name of the son of
Siward was Waltheof, and his career was anticipated with hope by the
inhabitants of the provinces which his great father had ruled.

At the time of Siward's death, however, Waltheof was too young to
succeed to Northumberland. Indeed, Tostig, as one of the sons of
Godwin, immediately grasped at the earldom. Waltheof, however, soon
began to figure as Earl of Huntingdon, and gave evidence of
inheriting his father's courage and prowess in the conflicts of the
Northumbrians with Tostig and Harold Hardrada.

After the battle of Hastings, Waltheof made his submission to the
Conqueror. As a consequence, when William visited the Continent, the
son of Siward was taken, with Edwin and Morkar, to grace the
Conqueror's triumphant return to Rouen. But the sympathies of Waltheof
were with the vanquished; and when the spirit of the country rose
against the invaders he left London, and hurried northward, to take
part in the operations of the Northumbrians. He was still very young;
but, like his father, he was remarkable for his tall stature, his
physical strength, and his strong arm; and the presence of the son of
Siward was hailed with delight by those whom Siward had so often led.

When the Northumbrians, after the tragical death of Robert Comine, and
the landing of the Danes, marched from Durham and besieged York,
Waltheof performed prodigies of valour. Placing himself in ambuscade
at one of the gates, battle-axe in hand, he fell upon some Normans who
were attempting to escape, and laid twenty of them dead on the ground.
A hundred men, who hoped to save themselves by flight, took refuge in
a neighbouring wood; but Waltheof, who pursued them closely, was in no
humour to allow them to escape.

"I will save myself further trouble," he said, "by setting the wood on
fire."

Putting his threat immediately into execution, Waltheof gave the wood
to the flames; and a Danish poet, who was also a warrior, celebrating
Waltheof's deeds in verse, compared his valour to that of Odin, and
congratulated him on having given the English wolves an ample repast
on Norman corses.

When William was interrupted, while hunting in the Forest of Dean,
with news of the outbreak beyond the Humber, and swore never again to
lay aside his lance till he had slain all the Northumbrians, and
marched suddenly with his choice troops to York, Waltheof once more
fought like a hero of romance. Planting himself in a breach, through
which only a single person could enter at a time, he cleft Norman
after Norman with his ponderous battle-axe. His prowess on the
occasion moved the admiration of his antagonists; and William was
unable to refrain from expressions of surprise.

"By the Divine splendour!" he exclaimed, "I must make a friend of the
man who dare do such deeds."

Accordingly a reconciliation was proposed; and a meeting was appointed
at the Norman camp on the banks of the Tees. Everything went smoothly.
Waltheof, in token of homage, placed his bare hand in that of the
Conqueror, and William bestowed the earldoms of Huntingdon and
Northampton on the son of Siward.

After this submission Waltheof received Judith, one of the Conqueror's
nieces, in marriage, became the father of two children, and, after the
deprivation of Cospatrick, had his highest ambition gratified by being
installed as Earl of Northumberland. In that capacity the Anglo-Dane
lived in the closest friendship with Vaulcher of Lorraine, Bishop of
Durham. Sitting with Vaulcher in the synods of his clergy, Waltheof
humbly and obediently put in execution the decrees of the bishop for
reforming religion within the diocese. Nor did he by such conduct lose
the favour of the English. All appeared prosperous; and Waltheof,
united to the king's niece, and occupying his father's seat, enjoyed
the favour of the Conqueror without having forfeited his popularity
with the vanquished, when the conspiracy of Norwich, for which he
cannot be considered to have been responsible, involved him in ruin
and cost him his life.

On that day, when Norman counts, Saxon thanes, and Welsh chiefs
assembled at Norwich to celebrate the marriage of Ralph de Gael with
the daughter of William Fitzosborne, conspicuous, by his high head and
gigantic stature appeared Waltheof, the Anglo-Dane. It would seem,
however, that Waltheof took no part in the abuse lavished upon the
uncle of his wife. But when the tumult was at the loudest, one of the
Norman earls, rising suddenly, hushed the assembly to silence, and
solemnly appealed to Waltheof to take part in the revolt.

"Brave man," said the earl, with that eloquence for which the Normans
were so famous, "this is a great moment for your country; this is, for
you, the hour of vengeance and fortune. Join us, and we will
re-establish the kingdom of England in every respect as it was in the
time of King Edward. One of us three shall be king, the other two
shall command under him, and all lordships shall be held of us.
William is occupied beyond sea; we are satisfied that he will not
again cross the Channel. Now, brave warrior, adopt our plan; 'tis the
best for thee, for thy family, and for thy crushed and fallen nation."

"It is! it is!" shouted the guests in chorus.

But Waltheof hesitated and remained silent. Warned by former failures,
and with the fate of Edwin and Morkar before his mind's eye, he shrunk
from embarking in an enterprise which he felt must terminate in
disaster. At length he allowed himself so far to be drawn into the
league that he promised secrecy.

It would seem, however, that Waltheof did not keep his word. The
secret preyed on his mind. Uneasy, restless, and sleepless, he
revealed the conspiracy first to his wife, Judith, and then to
Archbishop Lanfranc. It is even said that he was persuaded by the
primate to repair to Normandy and warn the Conqueror.

At all events, Waltheof did not escape punishment. When, in due time,
the fleet invited from Denmark, commanded by the son of King Sweyn,
approached the coast, Waltheof was accused of having invited the Danes
over, lodged in the Castle of Winchester, and, ere long, brought to
trial. He denied the charge. But the evidence given by Judith against
her husband, whom she disliked, appeared conclusive, and the court was
only divided in opinion as to the punishment to be inflicted.

"He deserves execution as a revolted Englishman," said some.

"No," argued others, "it should be perpetual imprisonment as a
revolted officer of the king's."

While Waltheof remained a prisoner in the Castle of Winchester, his
fate hung in the balance for nearly a year. But his enemies were eager
for his destruction. Judith was eager to be a widow; Ivo Taille-Bois
had set his heart on some of Waltheof's land which adjoined his own;
and many Normans had a keen eye to the great earldom which had been
enjoyed by the son of Siward. William did not resist the pressure, and
sentence of death was pronounced.

The 29th of April, 1075, was appointed for the execution of Waltheof.
But such was his popularity that the Normans apprehended an
insurrection as the consequence of openly beheading him. It was,
therefore, determined that the utmost secrecy should be observed.
Before daybreak, accordingly, while the citizens of Winchester still
slept, Norman officers, appearing in Waltheof's prison, informed him
that his hour was come; and Waltheof, rising, arrayed himself in his
earl's robes and walked forth to execution. Escorted by soldiers,
attended by priests, and followed by some of the poor whose home was
the street, the son of Siward directed his steps to a hill outside the
city. On reaching this place, where the last scene was to be enacted,
he prostrated himself on the ground, and, for a few moments, prayed in
a low and earnest tone.

"Rise, that we may fulfil our orders," said the Normans, alarmed at
the thought of the news spreading and a rescue being attempted.

"Wait," he replied calmly, "till I have said the Lord's Prayer for
myself and for you."

"Yes," said they, consenting.

Waltheof, rising from his prostrate attitude, but remaining on his
knees, said, in a loud voice, "Our Father, which art in Heaven."
However, when he reached the words "lead us not into temptation," the
executioner, growing impatient and uneasy, suddenly drew his large
sword, waved it in the air, and with one blow severed the earl's head
from his body. Alarmed at the approach of day, the Normans hastily dug
a hole between two roads, threw in the body, and covered it with
earth.

The possessions of Waltheof, and the earldom of Northampton, devolved
upon Judith, his widow; and that lady consoled herself in her
bereavement by regaling her imagination with the idea of sharing her
wealth and power with a husband of her own choosing. But it soon
appeared that in this respect the widow of Waltheof had made a serious
miscalculation. William, in fact, without consulting her taste,
destined her hand for Simon de Senlis, a French knight of unquestioned
courage, but lame and somewhat deformed; and Judith expressed her
utter horror of the match.

"What!" she exclaimed, "I marry a man who is lame and ill-shapen?
Never!"

"As you will, madam," said the Conqueror, grimly; "but, at all events,
Simon de Senlis shall be Earl of Northampton."

Meanwhile, the body of Waltheof was removed from the place where it
had been hastily buried to the Abbey of Croyland, and interred in the
chapter-house. Judith, disappointed in her hopes of a second husband,
and mortified at the spectacle of Simon de Senlis figuring as Earl of
Northampton, repaired to Croyland, and, as if to appease the spirit of
the man whom she had betrayed, offered a silken cloth at his
sepulchre. Left with her two children in poverty and obscurity, the
widow of Waltheof passed the remainder of her life mournfully in a
remote corner of England.

[Illustration]




XXXIX.

WULSTAN, BISHOP OF WORCESTER.


In that memorable day when Edgar Atheling appeared at the Norman camp
at Berkhampstead to make his submission to the conqueror of Hastings,
one of the Saxon prelates who accompanied the grandson of Edmund
Ironside was Wulstan, Bishop of Worcester.

Wulstan had taken part in the election of Edgar Atheling, and probably
felt as anxious as any of his neighbours to maintain the national
independence. But after having arrived at the conclusion that the game
was up, and sworn allegiance to William the Norman, he continued
faithful to his oath; and, in doing so, earned the distinction of
being described by a modern historian as "a simple, weak-minded man,
who, after a momentary impulse of patriotic enthusiasm, became
heartily reconciled with the conquerors."

It appears that long after the other prelates of Saxon race were
somewhat summarily deposed, Wulstan was, in consequence of his
fidelity to William, allowed to remain Bishop of Worcester. In that
capacity he rendered to the Norman cause services which only a Saxon
churchman could have rendered. When the violence shown towards the
Saxon clergy raised so much resentment throughout England that in some
provinces no Norman bishop durst show his face, Wulstan made pastoral
visitations, calmed the popular excitement, and proclaimed the
amnesties of the king; and when Roger Fitzosborne, raising the
standard of revolt, marched from Hereford, in hopes of crossing the
Severn and joining Ralph de Gael, Wulstan not only rallied the natives
of Worcester around the royal standard, but marched in person to
oppose the rebel earl's progress.

Wulstan, after these events, doubtless considered his position secure.
Indeed, it was quite natural that he should. But he was deficient in
that kind of erudition which Lanfranc deemed that a bishop ought to
possess--and Lanfranc, being no respecter of persons, reported him as
"insufficient for his place for want of learning."

It was the year 1076; and a great council of barons and bishops was
held in the church of Westminster, under the auspices of Lanfranc and
under the presidency of William. Before that assembly Wulstan was
cited; and by the assembly he was unanimously declared incapable of
exercising episcopal functions. When this judgment was pronounced,
William ordered Wulstan to take off his pontifical robes, and resign
his staff and ring, the ensigns of his ecclesiastical dignity.
Wulstan, however, was so amazed and indignant, that, instead of
obeying quietly, as was anticipated, he rose, turned towards the
Conqueror, and exclaimed, with energy--

"A better man than you, O king! bestowed these robes upon me, and to
him I will restore them!"

As Wulstan spoke, the Norman barons and bishops stared in mute
surprise, and they were astonished when the venerable man, as if under
Divine inspiration, walked to the Confessor's tomb.

"Thou, holy Edward," said he, "gavest me this staff, and to thee I
return and confide it!"

Suiting the action to the words, Wulstan energetically struck the
tombstone with the end of his pastoral staff; and then turning back to
the Normans, he said, with calm scorn--

"I received my staff from a better man than any of _you_! I have
returned it to him. Take it from him if you can!"

At this distant period it would be impossible adequately to describe
the effect produced on the assembled Normans by this scene. Had all
the heroes, saints, and martyrs of that great regal House whose throne
the son of Arlette so unworthily occupied come out of their graves,
and walked in procession before the council, the bishops and barons
could not have been more astonished. The air of Wulstan, his
unexpected energy, and the circumstances under which it was displayed,
produced a feeling of wonder mingled with superstitious awe. The king
did not repeat his demand; but Lanfranc mustered voice to entreat
Wulstan to put on his robes and remain in his bishopric.

But the effect produced on the bishops and barons within the church of
Westminster was trifling compared with the impression produced
throughout the country. According to popular report, something
resembling a miracle had been wrought. It must be confessed, indeed,
that the story lost nothing in the telling. The rumour ran, that when
Wulstan struck the tomb his staff penetrated into the stone as into
soft earth, and that no one was able to draw it but the bishop
himself. The story spread far and wide, and was told by many an
oppressed peasant at the cottage hearth, by many a bold outlaw under
the greenwood tree, and by many a sad-hearted Saxon, driven from his
country, dressed as a Varing, and guarding the palace of the Emperor
of Constantinople.

[Illustration: Herdsman (from Strutt)]




XL.

ROBERT CURTHOSE.


The conquest of England having been accomplished, and the Saxons
completely reduced to submission, the Conqueror, instead of enjoying
his triumph, became sad and uneasy. Doubts as to the fidelity of his
barons, and dismal forebodings as to the fate of his sons, haunted him
day and night; and he even went so far, in his intense anxiety, as to
consult some "wise men," who were supposed to have the gift of
divination, as to the future of his line. Had any magician really had
the power of revealing to him the fortune of his descendants in an
enchanted mirror, as conjurers in another age revealed to Catherine de
Medici the fortunes of her posterity, his worst apprehensions would
have been confirmed. As it was, the conduct of his son Robert filled
his heart with sadness and his mind with gloom.

Robert was the eldest son of William and Matilda. He drew his first
breath about the year 1053; and his appearance was hailed with delight
by his parents. Both William and Matilda appear to have indulged young
Robert in such a way as utterly to spoil him; and when he passed from
childhood to boyhood he acquired most dangerous notions of his
importance.

When William sailed to conquer England, Robert had reached his
thirteenth year. Ere that period he had been formally recognised by
the Norman barons as heir of the duchy, and affianced to the heiress
of the Counts of Maine; and when William sailed in the _Moira_, Robert
was associated with Matilda in the administration of affairs.
Flattered, complimented, and allowed to exercise enormous influence in
Normandy during the absence of his sire, Robert early assumed the airs
of an independent sovereign, and began to treat the parental authority
with undisguised contempt.

Notwithstanding the influence which unfortunate training produced on
the heir-apparent of Normandy, Robert, as he grew up to manhood,
displayed qualities which recommended him to the hearts of the Norman
chivalry. Brave and eloquent, intrepid and generous, he was just the
person to secure the affection of a martial and high-spirited race of
nobles. In war his prowess reminded men of the heroes of romance. But
his appearance was in no respect heroic. He was under the ordinary
height, fat to excess, and large in the bones. Rollo would have been
astonished at the aspect of his heir; and William was so impressed
with the shortness of Robert's legs, that the father, in ridicule,
called the son "Curthose."

While Curthose was emerging from his teens, the death of the heiress
of Maine and the annexation of that province to Normandy resulted in a
quarrel between William and his heir. Eager to have a dominion of his
own, Curthose claimed Maine as husband of the heiress; and the
inhabitants, eager to have a lord of their own, supported Curthose's
claim heart and soul. William, however, treated the idea with cold
contempt; and while Curthose was brooding over this as a serious
injury, circumstances occurred to fire his indignation.

It was the year 1077, and the Conqueror, Queen Matilda, and their sons
happened to be on a visit to Laigle. One day, about noon, Curthose,
with his friends around him, was standing in the courtyard of the
house in which he lodged, expatiating with his wonted eloquence on his
wrongs, and his brothers, William Rufus and Henry Beauclerc, who had
been in the habit of taking part against Curthose in the domestic
feud, coming thither, ascended to the upper rooms, where, making a
great noise, they began to play at dice, after the manner of the
soldiers of that age. Suddenly Rufus and Beauclerc conceived the idea
of varying their amusement, and, without calculating the consequences,
they threw a quantity of water on Curthose and those with whom he was
in earnest and animated conversation.

This insult stung Curthose to the quick. Giving way to irritation, he
swore that no man on earth should so treat him with impunity; and,
drawing his sword, with a gesture of menace he sprang to the doorway,
and rushed upstairs to inflict chastisement. Fortunately, his friends
interfered in time to prevent bloodshed. But high words passed,
defiances were exchanged, and the scene was so tumultuous that the
Conqueror's presence became necessary to prevent the disputants from
coming to blows.

At length order was restored. It was even supposed that the quarrel
was at an end. But, all the time, the blood of Curthose was boiling in
his veins, and his high spirit was swelling with anger and grief. Next
night he left Laigle with a choice band of friends, and proceeded to
Rouen. With some vague notion, he attempted to surprise the citadel.
The enterprise, however, failed, and many of his adherents were
arrested. Curthose, however, escaped, passed the frontier of Normandy,
took refuge in La Perche, and found shelter in the castle of Sorel.

The conduct of his heir naturally excited the Conqueror's wrath.
Curthose, however, had a powerful advocate in his mother, Matilda, and
a reconciliation took place. But this domestic peace was not of long
duration. The adherents of Curthose, generally gay and thoughtless
young men, exercised all their art to stimulate his ambition; and he
yielded somewhat too readily to their suggestions.

"Noble son of a king," said they, "thy father's people must take good
care of his treasure, since thou hast not a penny to bestow on thy
followers. Why endurest thou to remain so poor when thy father is so
rich?"

"But what can I do?" asked Curthose.

"Ask him for a portion of his England," they answered; "or, at least,
for the duchy of Normandy, which he promised thee before all his
barons."

Curthose did as he was advised. Excited and discontented, he went to
William, and demanded to be put in possession of either part of the
kingdom of England or the duchy of Normandy. William, instead of
complying, exhorted Curthose, in a paternal tone, to amend his life,
and to behave in a manner more worthy of the position he was destined
to occupy.

"Return to your duty as a son," said the Conqueror, "and then make
choice of better counsellors than you now have. Make choice of wise
and grave persons of mature age to guide you--such a man, for
instance, as Archbishop Lanfranc."

"Sir King!" replied Curthose, so sharply that William started, "I
came here to claim my right, and not to listen to sermons. I heard
enough of them, and wearisome enough they were, when I was at my
grammar. Answer me, therefore, distinctly, so that I may know what I
have to do; for I am firmly resolved not to live on the bread of
others, and not to receive the wages of any man."

"Know, then," exclaimed William, angrily, "that I will not divest
myself of Normandy, to which I was born, nor share England, which I
have acquired with so much labour."

"Well," said Curthose, "I will go and serve strangers, and perhaps
obtain from them what is refused me in my own country."

Without further ceremony, Curthose summoned his adherents, mounted his
horse, and, with a soul glowing with pride and a spirit swelling with
indignation, rode out from Rouen and away towards Flanders. Passing
from country to country, from castle to castle, and from court to
court, Curthose travelled over Europe, publishing his grievances and
demanding aid. Nor was his story, told in eloquent language, without
influence on the magnates whom he visited. Counts, dukes, and princes
testified their sympathy, and drew their purses. Their liberality,
however, had no beneficial influence on the wanderer's circumstances.
In fact, Curthose was one of those men who can give the most sapient
advice as to the affairs of their friends, while their own affairs are
going to ruin as rapidly as their enemies could wish. All that he
received to support his cause slipped through his fingers.
Mountebanks, parasites, and women of equivocal reputation perpetually
preyed upon him. All that Curthose obtained from barons and princes to
buy arms and equip men passed into the hands of those who ministered
to his amusement or contributed to his pleasure. Hard pressed for
money, inconvenienced by poverty and all its concomitant evils,
compelled to beg afresh, but, probably, with less success than on the
first occasion, he found himself under the necessity of going to the
usurers, and borrowing gold at exorbitant interest. Such were the
steps by which Curthose entered upon that fatal path which finally,
notwithstanding his great fame as a prince and soldier, and as a
champion of the Cross, conducted him to disaster and defeat, and to a
long and dismal captivity in the dungeons of Cardiff.




XLI.

THE CONQUEROR AND HIS HEIR.


While Robert Curthose was journeying from castle to castle and from
court to court, Philip, King of France, now in his twenty-seventh
year, and William the Conqueror's sworn foe, was offering bribes and
protection to all the discontented Normans. After wandering about
Flanders, Lorraine, and Aquitaine, Curthose at length turned his
horse's head towards France, made for St. Germain, and craved sympathy
and support from the great grandson of Hugh Capet.

Never did monarch listen to exiled prince with more eagerness than
Philip of France listened to the heir of Normandy. Fearing and hating
William as he did, Philip smiled with delight at the idea of setting
the son to pull down the father, and readily promised his utmost aid.
After much conversation on the subject, Curthose formed his plan of
action, and, under the auspices of the French king, repaired to
Gerberoy, a castle on the frontiers of Normandy.

At that period it was the custom that the castle of Gerberoy should be
occupied by two viscounts, equal in authority, and that fugitives from
all nations should find protection within its walls. The reception of
Curthose at this stronghold was all that he could have wished. He was
courteously received at the gate by Elie, one of the viscounts, and
afterwards cordially welcomed by Elie's colleague.

Ere this, Matilda of Flanders became aware of the pecuniary
embarrassments of her son, and, eager to administer relief without
informing William, she contrived, by means of a Breton named Samson,
to send Curthose sums of money. Hearing of this, the Conqueror forbade
her to hold any communication with a son who had forfeited all title
to consideration. Matilda, however, had a will of her own. Her
maternal anxiety proving, in this case, infinitely stronger than
respect for her husband's mandate, she continued secretly to assist
Curthose in the midst of his multitudinous difficulties. William,
learning that he had been disobeyed, was highly indignant, and
addressed his spouse in language somewhat reproachful.

"Behold my wife," said the Conqueror; "she whom I have loved as mine
own soul--to whom I have confided the government of my realms, my
treasures, and all that in this world I possess of power and
greatness--she hath supported mine adversary against me; she hath
strengthened and enriched him with the wealth I confided to her
keeping; she hath secretly employed her zeal and subtlety in his
cause, and done everything she could to encourage him against me."

"My lord," answered Matilda, "be not surprised if I feel a mother's
tenderness for my first-born son. By the virtue of the Most High! I
protest that if my son Robert were dead, and hidden far from the sight
of the living, seven feet deep in the earth, and that the price of my
blood would restore him to life, I would cheerfully bid it flow."

"But," said William, "you support my enemy with the very money I have
committed to your keeping."

"And how," asked Matilda, "can you suppose that I could enjoy the
pomps and luxuries with which I was surrounded when I knew that he was
pining in want and misery? Far from my heart be such hardness!"

On hearing this, William grew pale with vexation. In his rage he
bethought him of Matilda's messenger, and gave peremptory orders that
Samson should be arrested and deprived of his sight. But the Breton,
hearing that his eyes were to be put out, made his escape, and sought
safety in the cloister. The old chronicler deemed the circumstance one
in regard to which he had a right to be jocular, and remarked that
Samson turned monk to save at once his body and soul.

Meanwhile, Curthose hoisted his flag and invited mercenaries to
repair, without delay, to the castle of Gerberoy. Thither they flocked
as eagles to the carnage. From France, from Flanders, and from
Normandy they hastened, on foot and on horseback, with sword and with
spear. Even men-at-arms who had served in William's court, who had
lived under his protection, and who had partaken of the fruits of his
successes, willing to worship the rising sun, left Rouen and galloped
to Gerberoy. Curthose ere long found himself at the head of a
formidable force, and Philip of France rejoiced in the triumph which
he anticipated from having set the son against the father.

William was startled at the menacing attitude which Curthose had
assumed, but he acted with all the energy of his earlier days. Landing
in Normandy, the Conqueror prepared to encounter his refractory heir
as he had encountered other foes, and, attended by his son, William
Rufus, appeared in hostile array, and at the head of a numerous army,
before Archembrage, where Curthose then was.

It was now Curthose's turn to feel some degree of anxiety. Inclosed
within the walls of Archembrage, he saw himself hemmed in by a force
with which his own was too weak to cope. But the chivalrous spirit of
the heir of Normandy was not to be daunted by the odds arrayed against
him; and making a sally, with his lance in rest, and his best warriors
at his back, he bore down opposition and carried confusion into the
enemy's camp.

It was on this occasion that Curthose and the Conqueror encountered
hand to hand. Unaware who was his adversary, Curthose so strenuously
exerted his marvellous prowess that William, who had never before been
worsted in close conflict, was wounded and unhorsed. Alarmed at
disasters which to him were quite novel, William bellowed out much
more loudly than was consistent with the dignity of a conqueror, and
the Norman knights, spurring in to the rescue, shouted out that it was
the king. On discovering who was the wounded knight, Curthose
dismounted, lifted William from the ground, aided him to regain his
saddle, and left him at liberty to depart.

After the affray at Archembrage, the Norman counts and bishops used
their utmost endeavours to reconcile William and his son. At first
their efforts were unavailing. The Conqueror would scarcely listen to
their entreaties, and, even after listening, he resisted sternly and
stubbornly.

"Why," he asked, "do you solicit me in favour of a traitor who has
seduced from me those soldiers whom I have fed with my bread and whom
I have supplied with the arms they bear?"

As time passed on, however, William's heart softened. Perhaps, when
cured of his wound, he recovered from the mortification of spirit
caused by the remembrance of his overthrow and affright at
Archembrage. At all events, he yielded to the solicitations of the
Norman counts and bishops, expressed his willingness to forgive the
past, and granted Curthose full pardon for his rebellious exploits.

While the good understanding consequent on this reconciliation between
father and son lasted, William departed for England, and not, perhaps,
deeming it safe to leave Curthose in Normandy, requested the honour of
his company. In England, however, there was work for a warrior to do.
Malcolm, King of Scots, crossing the Tweed, began once more to ravage
Northumberland, and Curthose, placed at the head of an army, was sent
to repel the invader. But in this expedition the heir of Normandy had
no opportunity of winning new laurels. Malcolm, alarmed at the
approach of so redoubted a champion, retreated rapidly to his own
dominions; and Curthose, to leave some memorial of his northern
expedition, erected a strong fort on the Tyne, to which was given the
name of Newcastle.

Matters so far went smoothly; but in the year 1083 Matilda of Flanders
died; and soon after the queen's death, the quarrel between the
Conqueror and his heir broke out afresh.

[Illustration]




XLII.

[Illustration: From the Bayeux Tapestry.]

ODO, BISHOP OF BAYEUX.


During the time that King William was on the Continent fighting with
Robert Curthose, the government of England was committed to Odo,
Bishop of Bayeux. Before this period Odo's arrogance had been
sufficiently conspicuous, and during the time he exercised viceregal
functions events occurred to minister to his pride to such a degree
that he became altogether intolerable.

It was one of the great objects of William the Norman to elevate those
to whom he was related on the mother's side. After the death of Robert
the Devil, Arlette, probably ambitious of figuring in a less equivocal
position than that which she had previously occupied, united herself
in marriage with Herluin de Couteville, and found herself the mother
of two legitimate sons. William did not neglect their interests. One
of them, Robert, became Earl of Mortain; the other, named Odo, and
dedicated to the Church at an early age, became Bishop of Bayeux.

But, though Bishop of Bayeux, Odo was no meek shaveling nor
pale-faced student. He was a daring warrior and a cautious libertine,
and is pictured with defiance in his eye and rings on his finger; at
one time leading a fiery charge of Norman cavalry, at another inditing
love epistles to the dames of Rouen while pretending to be occupied
with a treatise on some such relic as the finger of St. Thomas. His
addiction to sinful pleasures was, in fact, notorious; and one of the
results of his amours was a son, named John, who distinguished himself
in the reign of his kinsman, Henry Beauclerc.

In the scenes with which the Norman invasion of England commenced, Odo
of Bayeux enacted a prominent part. When Edward the Confessor expired,
and Harold usurped the throne of young Atheling, and William
calculated the chances of success in the event of undertaking an
enterprise, Odo was one of the Normans who met at Rouen, who tendered
the hesitating duke their support, and who promised to serve with
money and goods, even to pledging or alienating their inheritances. On
that day, also, which witnessed the battle of Hastings Odo was a
prominent personage. In the morning he celebrated mass and blessed the
troops; and, having performed this duty, he mounted his tall white
charger and displayed his military skill by setting the cavalry in
order for battle.

Hastings having been won, and the work of the Conquest proceeding,
Odo's services did not go unrewarded. While his brother Robert became
Earl of Cornwall, Odo became Grand Justiciary of England, and obtained
the earldom of Kent; and at a later period, having meanwhile shared
the whole of Archbishop Stigand's property with Adeliza, wife of Hugh
Grantmesnil, he, on the forfeiture of Roger Fitzosborne, received a
grant of the earldom of Hereford.

Never had fortune been more favourable to a human being than for years
she seemed to Odo. Unluckily for the warlike Bishop of Bayeux, his
pride swelled as his power and possessions increased; and at length,
when invested, during William's absence from England, with viceregal
authority, he lost all sense of discretion, and acted like a man whose
head prosperity had turned.

It happened that, after the execution of Waltheof at Winchester, the
earldom of Northumberland was purchased from the Conqueror by
Vaulcher, Bishop of Durham, and that his government was somewhat
unsatisfactory. Vaulcher, indeed, appears to have been a learned,
pious, and well-meaning man, and to have shown his respect for popular
sentiment by the high consideration he paid to Liulf, a Saxon thane
connected by marriage with the wife of Siward and with the mother of
Cospatrick. But Leofwin, the bishop's chaplain and chief confidant,
and Gislebert, a kinsman who acted as the bishop's deputy in
administering the affairs of this province, regarded Liulf with envy
and malice. After frequent exhibitions of ill-will, they conspired to
murder Liulf; and Gislebert, entering the Saxon thane's house by
night, put him and his family to the sword.

Vaulcher was naturally much enraged at this atrocity. Such, however,
was his position that he was fain to pass over the crime, and even to
continue his countenance to Leofwin and Gislebert. The Northumbrians,
deeming that this was adding insult to injury, held nocturnal
conferences, as in the time of Robert Comine, and were so evidently
bent on mischief, that Vaulcher recognised the necessity of doing
something to allay the ferment. With this object he announced his
intention of holding a court, and mediating between the relatives of
Liulf on the one part and Leofwin and Gislebert on the other.

It was on the 14th of May, 1080, and at Gateshead, that Vaulcher met
the Northumbrians. The bishop was attended by Leofwin and Gislebert,
and about a hundred men of foreign birth; and the Northumbrians, all
secretly armed, were headed by Eadulf, surnamed Rus, a great-grandson
of Earl Uchtred, and a connexion by marriage of Liulf. Knowing the
French language, Eadulf acted as spokesman, and conferred with the
bishop on the business of the day, and then stated that he must
consult his followers as to the terms proposed. But instead of doing
so, he cried out--"Short reed, good reed, slay ye the bishop;" and the
Northumbrians, who had come with weapons concealed under their
clothes, instantly brandished them in the air. In order to encourage
his followers, Eadulf struck down Vaulcher with his own hand; and the
Northumbrians, rushing on the bishop's attendants, slaughtered them
without mercy. Only two servants, men who were natives of England,
escaped the massacre.

News of this outrage at Gateshead was carried to Odo. The Bishop of
Bayeux smiled grimly, and, girding on his armour, promptly marched
northward to punish the perpetrators of the murder. But, meanwhile,
the Northumbrians had marched to Durham, attacked that city, and,
after finding their efforts vain, dispersed in all directions. Eadulf
and the ringleaders fled the country; and, when Odo's approach was
announced, few remained at home except those who had taken no part in
the insurrection.

But Odo had ridden northward indulging in visions of carnage and
plunder; and he was not to be baffled in his expectations by
considerations of justice. Aware that the murderers of the bishop had
fled, he avenged their crime on the whole province, ravaged the
country, executed many of the inhabitants, mutilated others in the
most revolting manner, plundered the church at Durham of the sacred
ornaments which Bishop Eghelwin had formerly saved by removal to Holy
Island, and gained a high reputation among the most disreputable class
of the Norman conquerors, who proudly described him as "one of the
greatest quellers of the English."

On learning what had occurred in Northumberland, William was doubtless
surprised to hear of his brother acting so like a madman. But his
astonishment was still greater when he learned that Odo was on the
point of leaving England and proceeding to Italy. In fact, the queller
of the Northumbrians, relying on some prediction of an Italian
soothsayer that the next Pope should be named Odo, had bought a palace
in Rome, and, in order to secure his election to the papal chair, was
not only preparing to go thither, but had engaged his nephew, Hugh Le
Loup, Earl of Chester, and many other Norman knights and barons, to
form his court.

The idea of Odo aspiring to the chair of St. Peter proved in the
highest degree displeasing to William. Sailing from Normandy without
delay, he contrived to intercept Odo off the Isle of Wight. Assembling
a council of Norman barons, he presented Odo to them, and accused him
of having abused his power as judge and earl.

"This man," explained William, "has despoiled churches; he has
maltreated the Saxons to the danger of the common cause; and he has
attempted to seduce and take with him beyond the Alps the warriors on
whose fidelity the safety of the country depended. Consider these
grievances," said William, in conclusion, "and tell me how I ought to
act towards such a brother."

The barons looked at each other; but no one ventured to reply.

"Ha!" exclaimed William, "offensive foolhardiness must be restrained
in time. Therefore," continued he, after a pause, "let this man be
arrested and put into safe custody."

But the idea of Odo being a bishop daunted the boldest. None present
had the courage to put out a hand. At length William advanced and
seized Odo's robe.

"I am a priest--I am a minister of God!" cried Odo. "The Pope alone
can judge between us."

"It is not as priest or prelate that I judge," exclaimed William,
grasping the bishop's robe more tightly than before; "it is as my
vassal, my earl, and my false viceroy."

Odo, finding all protests unavailing, was fain to yield to his fate.
Carried to Normandy, he was lodged in a strong fortress, and made to
suffer for the sins committed in the days of his prosperity. In fact,
the licentiousness for which he had been notorious was urged as a
reason against his release, and he remained in durance almost without
hope of seeing his prison-doors opened.

[Illustration: Cooks--from Bayeux Tapestry.]




XLIII.

[Illustration: The Doom's-day Books]

DOOMSDAY BOOK.


The House of Godwin having been overthrown; the son of Siward
executed; one grandson of Leofric in the grave, the other in a
dungeon; and one son of Cospatrick relegated to obscurity in Durham,
the other condemned to exile in Lothian; William the Conqueror shook
off all feelings of apprehension in so far as concerned the
vanquished, and bethought him of casting up accounts with the
companions of his victories. With this view he commissioned Walter
Gifford, Henry de Ferrars, Remi, Bishop of Lincoln, and other persons
of distinction, to traverse the country in all directions, and
ascertain what amount of property each man possessed, and what
proportion each should contribute towards the revenue.

This process, however necessary, does not appear to have been highly
gratifying to those whom it chiefly concerned. Indeed, the Norman
king and the Norman barons had, ere this, begun to regard each other
with distrust and hostility. William accused them of caring more for
their private interests than the general welfare; and they retaliated
by reproaching him with greediness of gain and a desire to appropriate
to himself, under the pretext of public utility, the wealth that had
been acquired by their united exertions. No forcible opposition,
however, was offered to the inquest which William ordered; and the
Royal commissioners proceeded to the execution of their laborious
duties.

Making progresses through the various counties of England, the
commissioners established a court of inquiry in each place of
importance, and caused the results of their investigations to be
regularly registered in a book. The king's name was placed first, with
the lands and revenues he enjoyed; then the names of the chiefs or
smaller proprietors, according to their military rank and the value of
their territory. The whole business was conducted with the utmost
regularity, and with such care as rendered the lapse of years
inevitable before the completion of their inquiry.

When this territorial register, described by the Normans as the "Grand
Roll," but talked of by the Saxons as "Doom's-Day Book," was
completed, all the Norman chiefs, clerks as well as laymen, were
convoked, in 1086, to discuss and decide the various claims that had
been made and disputes that had arisen during the inquest. It was a
magnificent assembly, presided over by William, and consisting of
prelates, barons, and knights, glutted with the blood and gorged with
the spoil of the slaughtered and banished Anglo-Saxon lords. But many
of them came thither in no amicable mood; and the Goddess of Discord
availed herself of their frame of mind to celebrate a festival.

It appears that William asserted himself proprietor, by inheritance,
of all the land that had belonged to Edward the Confessor, to Harold
the Usurper, and to the various members of the House of Godwin, and
thus interfered with the claims of many Normans who had served him
most zealously at the time of the invasion. Much discontent was felt
in consequence, and expressed without hesitation. Men deprived of
their estates held strong language; and, finally, unable to obtain
redress, they renounced their allegiance, left the country they had
helped to conquer, passed the Tweed, and offered their homage to
Malcolm Canmore.

This circumstance was destined to exercise considerable influence in
after ages. The Normans crossed the frontier with feelings the reverse
of tender towards the country they were leaving, and taught their
children to turn the points of their spears southward. Two centuries
later it was the perfidy of their descendants that baffled the genius
of the first Great Edward; and it was the courage and prowess of their
children's children which enabled Robert Bruce to wrest from Edward's
son the crown of Scotland on the field of Bannockburn.

[Illustration: Norman Rustic, 11th century (from Strutt)]




XLIV.

[Illustration: The quarrel of Henry Beauclerc and Louis le Gros]

THE CONQUEROR'S DEATH.


It was the spring of 1086, and Philip, King of France--weak as ever,
and with a reputation decidedly the worse for wear--was at Conflans,
on the Seine; and with him was his son, afterwards, as Louis le Gros,
distinguished as the foremost man of his time, but then scarcely out
of his teens, and showing no signs of the talent and energy which
history has associated with his name. In fact, this prince was "gay,
conciliating all hearts to him, and of such extreme good-nature," says
his biographer, "that to some men he seemed almost weak."

While Philip was at Conflans with his court, Conflans was doubtless an
attractive place. Indeed, the court of Philip included so many young
men sent to be instructed in knightly accomplishments, under the royal
auspices, that they almost formed an army. At the same time, weary,
perhaps, of Rouen, and eager for change of scene Robert Curthose and
Henry Beauclerc--whom the Conqueror had recently invested with joint
authority as governors of Normandy--repaired to Conflans on a visit,
"entertaining the time with a variety of sports."

One day, when the three princes were in the palace, Henry and Louis
commenced playing chess, while Curthose sat looking out on the banks
of the Seine, or paced the room, pondering some vague project
connected with love or war. Henry appears to have had marvellous luck;
and Louis, perhaps not quite satisfied of having fair play, lost not
only his money but his temper also. High words, and a quarrel not
remarkable for princely dignity were the consequences. Louis, getting
into a rage, perhaps for the first time in his life, called Henry the
son of a bastard, and threw the chessmen in his face. Henry, provoked
in the highest degree, reproached Louis with being the heir of
usurping, effeminate, and priest-ridden kings, and felled him to the
floor with the chessboard. In the vehemence of his passion, Henry
would have slain Louis on the spot; but Curthose, recovering from the
amazement produced by the scene, hastily interfered, dragged his
brother away, and hurried to the stables. Mounting, the Norman princes
spurred off with the speed of the wind, and scarcely halted till they
were beyond the French frontier.

On learning what had occurred, Philip swore to be avenged. Rousing
himself from apathy, and availing himself of William's absence from
the Continent, the French king made a hostile incursion into Normandy;
and, ere long, the Conqueror, while in England, learned that his
liege lord was ravaging his territory and besieging his towns.

William was, by this time, in his sixty-third year, and by no means so
energetic as in days gone by. Nevertheless, his spirit was high as
ever. Resolved to go in person to face the danger and punish the
aggression, he prepared to cross the Channel. Before doing so,
however, he determined to remove from the vanquished islanders the
temptation of making a last desperate effort to restore their national
royalty.

At this time, Edgar Atheling, and his sister, Christina, were both in
England. The Atheling, with some touch of sentiment for the land over
which his sires had reigned, had, in the previous year, returned from
Normandy; and Christina, having perhaps exhausted the patience of King
Malcolm, had returned from Scotland. The presence of the royal Saxons
could hardly, under all the circumstances, have been of vital
consequence. But suspicion had now become a disease with the
Conqueror, and he could not embark without having first disposed of
them to his satisfaction. Accordingly, he so strongly impressed upon
Christina the propriety of becoming a religious, that the princess,
albeit not yet forty, still comely to behold, and perhaps by no means
averse to the veil of a bride, was fain to take the veil of a nun in
the convent of Rumsey; and he demonstrated so clearly to Atheling the
propriety of undertaking an expedition to the Holy Land, that the
prince, after being promised money to support his dignity, consented
to set out on a pilgrimage.

Matters having thus been settled, William, with Edgar Atheling under
his wing, and Rufus in attendance, embarked for the Continent. Having
set his iron heel once more on Norman soil, the Conqueror first
shipped off the grandson of Ironside to Apulia, with a retinue of two
hundred knights, and then applied himself to his dispute with the heir
of Hugh Capet.

It appears that the real cause of debate between William and Philip
was the country of Vexin, situated between the Epte and the Oise. This
territory had been wrested from Normandy and united to France during
the troubles consequent upon the rumoured death of Robert the Devil.
William, less inclined than of yore to submit the question of
possession to the arbitrament of the sword, flattered himself that he
should be able to regain the Vexin by peaceful means, and with this
hope opened negotiations.

While negotiations were pending, William, whose corpulence had caused
him serious inconvenience, felt the necessity of placing himself in
the hands of his physicians and, by their advice, he kept his bed, and
attempted to reduce himself by a rigorous diet. Philip, deeming that
he had little to fear from such an adversary, returned evasive replies
to William's demands, and found that the Conqueror bore the delay so
patiently, that he ventured one day, at Paris, to indulge, at
William's expense, in a coarse jest, which was faithfully repeated at
Rouen.

"By my faith!" said Philip, "our cousin, the King of England, is very
long about his lying-in! What rejoicings there will be when he gets
up! What a number of candles I must provide for his churching!"

"Ha!" angrily exclaimed William, when told what Philip had said, "no
cost shall the King of France incur on that day for candles or lights.
For," added he, his anger rising and swelling into fury, "by the
splendour and birth of God! I will be churched at Notre Dame de Paris
with ten thousand lances for my candles."

While the blood of William was boiling with indignation at his liege
lord's insulting jest, an incident occurred which must have added much
to his annoyance. Curthose, falling under Philip's influence, and
allured by Philip's promises, broke once more with his father, and
prepared for the third time to leave the Norman court. William stormed
as was his wont on such occasions, cursed his son's folly, and heaped
maledictions on his head. Curthose, however, paid no regard to the
reproaches of a sire with whom he could not agree; though it could
hardly have been without reluctance that he left the duchy of which he
was the recognised heir, to sit at the hearth, and feed at the board,
and climb the stairs of strangers. But, whatever his feelings,
Curthose did go; and the grim Conqueror cursed him as he departed.

William now shook off sickness, discarded his physicians, rose from
his bed, mustered his men-at-arms, buckled on his mail, and entered
the territory of Philip. More than threescore years had passed since
the son of Arlette drew his first breath; but he proved, in a manner
not to be mistaken, that time had not bent his spirit nor softened his
heart. It was late in July, the harvest was at hand, and the summer's
sun shone on fields of yellow corn, on vineyards rich with grapes, and
orchards laden with fruit. William spared nothing. He ordered his
cavalry to burn the corn, to tear up the vines, and to cut down the
fruit-trees. Slaughtering, destroying, and ravaging with all the fury
he had seventeen years earlier displayed in Northumberland, William
reached Mantes, on the Seine.

It was Sunday, the 15th of August, when the Conqueror appeared at
Mantes; and, on effecting an entrance, he immediately ordered the town
to be set on fire. His orders were promptly obeyed; and as the flames
leaped from roof to roof, seizing on cottages, and castles, and
churches, and shot crackling upwards like a serpent's tongue, William,
as if in a frenzy, shouted at the top of his voice, galloped through
the conflagration, and seemed to enjoy the terrible scene. But
suddenly his haughty spirit was brought low. While riding through the
ruins, he spurred his horse towards a ditch which crossed his path.
While in the act of springing, the animal set its foot on some burning
embers, started, plunged furiously, and came to the ground, throwing
the corpulent rider with such violence against the saddle as to cause
a severe wound in the stomach.

It soon became apparent that William was not destined to reach Paris
or to appear at Notre Dame; in fact, the Conqueror was in no slight
danger. Weak from recent confinement, heated by excitement, by the
fire, and by the weather, he became feverish, and ordered himself to
be conveyed back to Rouen. But when laid in his own chamber he could
not rest; and so great was the annoyance he experienced from the noise
of the streets, that it was deemed expedient to remove him to the
priory of St. Gervase. In that religious house, which belonged to the
monks of Fescamp, and stood on a hill outside the city, William, under
the care of Gilbert, Bishop of Lysieux, and Goutard, Abbot of
Jumieges, who tended him as physicians, languished for weeks. But his
condition daily became worse, and, not deluding himself with hopes of
recovery, he prepared for death.

When stretched on a bed from which he felt there was no probability of
his rising, William reflected seriously on his past life, and regarded
many actions in a very different light from that in which he had been
in the habit of viewing them during the years of health and vigour.
Eager to make atonement, he caused money to be given to the poor, and
to be sent to the religious houses of England and Mantes to rebuild
the churches which, by his orders, had been burned. At the same time
he ordered the prison doors to be opened, and freedom to be given to
captives, among whom were Wulnoth, brother of Harold; Morkar, brother
of Edwin; and William's own brother, Odo of Bayeux.

It was now Wednesday, the 8th of September, 1087, and the Conqueror
became aware that he was on the point of passing that bourne from
which no traveller returns. But still he seems to have remained
somewhat unconvinced of the vanity of sublunary greatness. Ordering
the officers of his household to repair to his chamber, he, weak as he
was, delivered an harangue of some length on his military
achievements, dilated on the renown he had acquired as a ruler of men,
and dictated his last will to his sons. Robert Curthose was at
Abbeville; but William Rufus and Henry Beauclerc were by the bed of
their dying father.

"I leave Normandy," said the Conqueror, "to my eldest son Robert, in
accordance with the wishes of the Normans; but wretched will be the
land subject to his rule. As for England, I leave it to no one,
because I acquired it by force and bloodshed. I replace it in God's
hands, wishing that my son William, who has ever been obedient to me,
may, if it please God, obtain that kingdom and prosper in it."

"And," said Henry, stepping forward and speaking with energy, "what,
then, will you give me, my father?"

"Give thee?" replied William; "I give thee five thousand pounds in
silver from my treasury."

"But," said Henry, "what can I do with this money if I have neither
house nor land?"

"Be content, my son," answered the Conqueror, "and have confidence in
God. Allow thine elder brothers to precede thee. Thy time will come
after theirs."

This scene having been enacted, William awaited that pale spectre
which comes with impartiality to the cottages of the poor and the
castles of kings. Nor was his patience severely tried. At sunrise, on
Thursday morning, he awoke from the feverish slumber in which he
passed the last night his spirit was to spend on earth. It was bright
and clear; the rising sun shone on the storied windows of the priory,
the bells were ringing, and the monks were singing a Latin hymn to the
hour of prime.

"What means that noise?" inquired William, in faint accents.

"They are ringing prime at the church of St. Mary," was the answer.

"Ha!" faltered William; and then adding, "I commend my soul to Mary,
the Holy Mother of God," he raised his hands to heaven, and instantly
expired.

[Illustration]




XLV.

THE BURIAL AT CAEN.


One Thursday the 10th of September, 1087, consternation and dismay
pervaded the city of Rouen. Neither Granada after Boabdil's flight,
nor Edinburgh after the death of King James at Flodden, presented such
a scene of confusion as did the capital of Normandy on that morning
when it became known that William the Conqueror had breathed his last.
Fear fell upon all men who had anything to lose, and they ran wildly
about, beating their breasts, tearing their hair, and imploring
advice, as if a hostile army had been before the gates.

Meanwhile, within the convent of St. Gervase and the castle of Rouen
were enacted such scenes as, when reflected on, make human beings
blush for human nature. No sooner did William breathe his last than
his physicians, and the attendants who had watched his couch during
the night, hastily left the chamber of death, and mounting their
horses, rode away to look after their property; and, when the news
reached the castle, the servants carried off plate, armour, clothes,
linen, and everything that was not too hot or too heavy, and fled
from the place. It is even said that the body of the great
warrior-statesman was left on the floor with scarcely a shred of
covering, and that it remained in that position for several hours.

It is most discreditable, indeed, to the memory of William's two sons,
Rufus and Beauclerc, that such should have been the case. But these
young men were wholly intent on their own interests. Rufus was already
on his way to England, and Beauclerc was busy receiving the five
thousand pounds, seeing the silver carefully weighed, and depositing
the treasure in a chest, fastened with bands of iron, and secured with
strong locks. Never was there a more thorough display of intense
selfishness. Even Curthose, with all his faults, would not have been
guilty of such filial impiety.

It almost seemed as if the Conqueror was to be denied Christian
burial. But William, Archbishop of Rouen, had the decency to think of
the dead king, and ordered a procession to be arranged. Dressed in
their habits, monks and priests, with cross, candles, and censers,
repaired to the chamber to pray for the soul that had departed, and
the archbishop gave orders that the corpse should be conveyed to Caen,
and buried in the cathedral which William had built and dedicated to
St. Stephen. But nobody showed the least inclination to take an active
part in the obsequies.

At length a Norman knight, named Herluin, probably a kinsman of
Arlette's husband, William's stepfather, volunteered to take the
trouble and bear the expense. Having hired a hearse and men, Herluin
removed the body to the banks of the Seine, and, having caused it to
be placed in a boat, attended it, by the river and the sea, to Caen.
On reaching that place the corpse was met by the Abbot of Caen, with
all his monks, and by many other priests and laymen, among whom
appeared Henry Beauclerc. But a fire suddenly breaking out in the town
dissolved the procession, and the corpse, deserted by all but the
monks of St. Stephen, was borne by them to the cathedral.

Between the altar and the choir of the Cathedral of Caen a tomb was
prepared; and when the time appointed for the inhumation arrived all
the bishops and abbots of Normandy assembled for the ceremony. Mass
was then said; and the body, without a coffin, but clothed in royal
robes, was about to be lowered, when suddenly a man, advancing from
the crowd, stepped forward and interrupted the process.

"Priests and bishops," said he, in a loud voice, "this ground is mine.
It was the site of my father's house. The man for whom you have now
prayed took it from me by force to build his church upon it."

"It is true," said several voices.

"I have not sold my land," continued the man; "I have not pawned it--I
have not forfeited it--I have not given it. Mine the ground is by
right, and I demand it."

"Who art thou?" they asked.

"My name," he answered, "is Asselin Fitzarthur, and in God's name I
forbid the body of the spoiler to be laid in this place. Here was the
floor of my father's house--it was violently wrested from us; and I
charge you, as ye shall answer for it before the face of God, not to
cover this body with the earth of my inheritance."

"He hath the law of Normandy on his side," muttered those present.

Perceiving how the matter stood, the bishops caused Fitzarthur to
approach, and a bargain was hastily struck. The bishops agreed to pay
sixty pence for the immediate place of sepulture, and to give
equitable recompence for the rest of the ground; and Fitzarthur,
contented with their assurance, withdrew his protest. The body was
then placed in its narrow receptacle, and, the ceremony having been
hastily completed, the grave closed over the remains of William the
Conqueror.

The right of Robert Curthose to the coronal of Normandy was not
disputed, and when that prince arrived at Rouen he quietly took
possession of the dominions of Rollo. But the succession to the crown
of England was a question which the Anglo-Norman barons deemed
themselves entitled to decide. A council was accordingly held for that
purpose; and at this assembly the majority of those present gave it as
their opinion that crown and coronal should go together--that the two
countries should have one and the same government--and that the crown
of England should be placed where the coronal of Normandy already
was, on the head of Duke Robert. But, in the midst of their
deliberations, the dignity of the assembled barons was rudely shocked.
News, in fact, came across the Channel which seemed to indicate that
their wishes on the subject of the succession were not thought worthy
even of being consulted, and which, by creating bitter animosities,
was destined to produce an alarming and not altogether unimportant
civil war.

[Illustration]




XLVI.

[Illustration: Shakespeare's Cliff, Dover.]

THE RED KING.


About the time when news that the Conqueror had commended his soul to
the Virgin Mary and expired at the convent of St. Gervase was causing
consternation and affright in the city of Rouen, there might have been
seen, at the port of Wissant, near Calais, a thickset and
rude-mannered man, of twenty-seven or thereabouts, who stammered in
Norman French, swore "by the face of St. Luke," and went blustering
about in the excess of his eagerness to embark for the shores of
England.

The appearance of this person was the reverse of prepossessing. His
stature was mean, his figure was ungraceful, his face florid, his
forehead shaped like a window, his hair fiery red, and his
countenance, which had not a redeeming feature, was deformed by a
disagreeable defect in the eyes. It was William Rufus, the Conqueror's
second son, on his way to seize the English throne.

On setting foot in England, Rufus hastened to Winchester, presented
himself to the treasurer, and gained that officer over to his views.
Having obtained the keys of the treasury, he found much silver and
gold, and a quantity of jewels. Upon weighing these carefully, and
taking an inventory, he succeeded in gaining the support of Lanfranc;
and, having prevailed on the Norman barons then in England to
recognise him as king, he was crowned by the archbishop in the
cathedral of Winchester.

It would seem that at this stage Rufus apprehended some danger from
the enmity of the Saxons. At all events, his first act of royal
authority was directed against men of the vanquished race. In
accordance with the Conqueror's dying command, four captives of high
rank had been restored to liberty. These were Roger Fitzosborne, Odo
of Bayeux, Wulnoth, brother of Harold, and Morkar, brother of Edwin.
Of these, Rufus ordered Wulnoth and Morkar to be seized, and again
committed to prison at Winchester.

Events soon occurred to convince the Red King that he had mistaken the
quarter whence danger was to come. In fact, the Norman barons, who had
assembled at Rouen, were furious at the intelligence of a coronation
having taken place without their consent, and, ere long, they reached
England, breathing defiance and threatening vengeance. Soon a party
was formed with the avowed resolution of pulling Rufus from the
throne, and placing the crown of England on Curthose's head.

At the head of this party figured Odo, the fierce and haughty Bishop
of Bayeux, now released from prison. Owing Lanfranc an old grudge, and
willing to pay the debt with interest, Odo exerted all his influence
to destroy the settlement of which the archbishop was author, and
proved so successful in his efforts that a formidable conspiracy was
formed with that object. Day by day it was strengthened by the names
of powerful nobles and influential churchmen. Hugh de Grantmesnil,
Robert Mortain, Earl of Cornwall; Robert Montgomery, Earl of
Shrewsbury; Robert Moubray, Earl of Northumberland; and William
Carilif, Bishop of Durham, were among the many eminent personages who
vowed to place Curthose on the Conqueror's throne. With the object of
perplexing the movements of Rufus while awaiting the coming of
Curthose, they fortified themselves in different parts of the country.
Hugh de Grantmesnil fortified himself in Leicester; the Earl of
Cornwall posted himself at Pevensey; the Earl of Shrewsbury held
Norwich; the Earl of Northumberland seized Bristol; William Carilif
occupied the castle of Durham; and Odo himself took possession of the
castle of Rochester. The banners of the insurgents waved from hundreds
of other strongholds; and they only awaited the arrival of Curthose to
strike a decisive blow.

[Illustration: Rochester]

The position of Rufus appeared somewhat perilous. Left to his own
resources he must have fallen from the throne he so unworthily
occupied. But the circumstance of having a minister of such wisdom and
experience as Lanfranc at his side considerably altered the case; and,
acting under the auspices of the archbishop, Rufus took the only step
likely to save him from impending ruin.

In passing through England, as it then was, foreigners were
surprised, after passing the Norman fortresses, which on every height
frowned with heavy, massive, and gloomy turrets, to come, ever and
anon, on two-storied houses, quite unfortified, and standing in the
midst of parks, through which, watched by the herdsmen, herds and
flocks grazed in security. These were the seats of such Saxons of
consideration as had escaped the Norman sword; not mighty chiefs, like
Edwin or Cospatrick, but thanes who, perhaps, had been too proud to
march under the banner of the son of Godwin; men who had not, for
years, wandered out from the shadow of their paternal oaks; whom
isolation had rendered eccentric, and whom oppression had rendered
irascible.

In the hour of need, Rufus was reminded of these Saxon thanes, who had
long been exclaiming over their cups against Norman tyranny, summoned
them to his court, asked their counsels, and promised, in the event of
their rendering aid, to restore to them the right of carrying arms,
and the privileges of the chase. The simple Saxons fell into the
snare, gave credit to his frank assurances, and issued to the natives
a proclamation couched in the words to which the Saxons had been long
accustomed.

"Let every man," such were the words--"let every man that is not a
nothing, whether in the town or country, leave his house and come."

The appeal was not made in vain. At the time and place appointed
thirty thousand Saxons rallied round the Red King's banner.

It was at the head of this body of men, who were mostly on foot, that
William, with some Norman cavalry, marched towards Rochester, where
Odo of Bayeux was strongly posted. The Saxons, to whom Odo was
peculiarly odious, displayed great eagerness for the strife, vowed
vengeance against the oppressors, and beleaguered Rochester on all
sides. Closely pressed, the Bishop of Bayeux and his friends soon
offered to yield, and to acknowledge Rufus as King, on condition of
being allowed to retain their honours and their lands. Rufus, who was
brave, though his courage somewhat resembled that of a wild beast, at
first refused to listen to such terms. But the Normans in his army,
having no mind to slaughter their friends and kinsmen, pressed him to
accede.

"We, who have aided thee in this danger," said they, "pray thee to
spare our countrymen and relatives, who are also thine, and who aided
thy father to conquer England."

"Well," said Rufus, yielding to their representations, "I will grant
them liberty to depart with arms and horses."

"But," said Odo, "we must stipulate that the king's military music
shall not play in token of victory at our departure."

"By St. Luke's face!" exclaimed Rufus, fiercely, on hearing of this
demand, "I will not make any such concession for a thousand gold
marks."

Accordingly, when Odo and his friends left Rochester, with colours
lowered, the royal trumpets sounded in token of victory; but far
louder were the clamours that arose from the assembled Saxons.

"Bring us cords!" some cried; "we will hang this traitor bishop, with
all his accomplices!"

"O king!" cried others, "why dost thou let him go free? He is not
worthy to live--the traitor, the perjurer, the murderer of so many
thousand men."

The war, after raging for some time longer, was terminated by a
treaty. Curthose was bribed with a grant of land and with a promise of
succeeding to the crown in the event of his surviving Rufus; while his
adherents were pardoned and returned to their estates. But how did
Rufus treat the Anglo-Saxons who had secured him victory? How did he
fulfil the promises made to the Saxon chiefs who had brought their
countrymen around him in the hour of need?

No sooner was the war at an end than Rufus became infinitely more
tyrannical than ever his father had been. In vain Lanfranc, who had,
as it were, stood sponsor, reminded the Red King of the pledges he had
given.

"Remember your promises," said the venerable prelate.

"Tush!" stammered out Rufus; "how can a king keep all the promises he
makes?"

Lanfranc was horrified. Dumb with amazement at the idea of solemn
engagements, for which he had stood security, being thus repudiated,
the archbishop retired into privacy, and soon after went the way of
all flesh. The death of Lanfranc was regarded as a national calamity;
and the Red King, freed from all restraint, and pursuing his career
without scruple and without fear, lived like a scoundrel, and reigned
like a tyrant.

Rufus seems to have had as little sympathy with the sentiments of that
gallant French monarch who said that "society without ladies would be
like the year without the spring; or, rather, like spring without the
flowers," as with the sentiment of another French monarch, who said
that, "if good faith were banished from all the rest of the world, it
should still be found in the breasts of kings." No gentle wife had the
Red King to exercise a softening influence on his harsh heart. From
the first he was a confirmed bachelor, and his morals were dissolute
in the extreme. It is true that at the court of Winchester no mediæval
Diana of Poictiers or Madame Pompadour scandalized the grave and
decorous by the spectacle of an abandoned woman, arrayed in purple and
fine linen, enjoying a degree of royal favour not vouchsafed to a
wedded wife. But Rufus indulged without restraint in amours with
females too obscure to be mentioned by chroniclers; and such was the
reputation of the king's court that, when he made progresses through
England, women who had not discarded decency left their homes to save
their honour, and took refuge in the depths of the forests.

At the same time the country through which the Red King passed was
ruthlessly ravaged by his train. Goods and provisions were lawlessly
seized; and such was the spirit of the courtiers that, when they found
in the houses of the Saxons more than they could consume, they amused
themselves by giving articles of food to the flames, and using wine to
wash the feet of their horses.

Another kind of oppression was heavily felt by the vanquished race.
The king deemed it necessary to construct a new wall round the Tower,
to build a bridge over the Thames, and to add a great hall to the
palace of Westminster. All around London men were taxed, and bands of
labourers were forcibly compelled to take part in the works. Murmurs
and complaints were frequent; but murmurs were useless and complaints
unavailing.

In fact, under the government of the Red King, the affairs of England
were conducted without the least reference to the feelings of those to
whom he owed his throne. Deep, of course, was the discontent.

"Every year that passed," says the chronicler, "was heavy and full of
sorrow, on account of the vexations without number, and the multiplied
taxes."

[Illustration: Knights jousting (from Strutt)]




XLVII.

RUFUS AND THE JEWS.


Among the evils which the Saxons associated with the Norman Conquest,
not the least was the introduction, by William the Conqueror, of a
considerable number of Jews into England. Doubtless, ere that event,
the fame of their wealth, and of the atrocious means by which it had
been acquired, had preceded them. But their arrival from Rouen caused
much dismay. Accounts of their usury, their traffic in human beings,
and the insults offered by them to the Christian religion, were
carried through the land, and so influenced the popular mind, that, of
all the nations of modern Europe, the Anglo-Saxons learned most
thoroughly to despise the degraded remnants of the chosen people.
There was something about the appearance of men of Hebrew race which
raised involuntary antipathy in the breasts of the inhabitants of
England; and wherever the face of a Jew appeared, with the sensual
lip, the sharp, hooked nose, and features the reverse of beautiful,
hands instinctively clenched and lips curled with scorn.

The Red King did not share the prejudices of his Saxon subjects. Being
an infidel, he could not think the worse of them because they were
not Christians; and being a spendthrift, he was glad to avail himself
of their wealth, without particularly inquiring into the nefarious
means by which it had been acquired. In any case, Rufus gave the Jews
considerable encouragement in matters of religion; and, whenever an
opportunity occurred, he showed that he was not above pocketing their
gold.

It appears that on one occasion the Red King even consented to a
disputation being held in his presence between Jews and Christians.
Before the arrival of the day appointed, the Jews came to Rufus, laid
rich presents at his feet, and implored him to insure them a fair and
impartial hearing.

"Doubtless," he answered; "and you must quit yourselves like men."

"Assuredly," said the Jews.

"And if you prevail in argument," exclaimed Rufus, "I swear by St.
Luke's face that I myself will turn Jew, and be of your religion."

This disputation, like most disputations of the kind, came to nought,
and Rufus was not called upon to redeem his pledge of becoming a
convert. He did, however, contrive to turn the conversion of others to
account. When a Jew happened to be brought to a knowledge of the
truth, Rufus was quite ready, on certain terms, to lay his commands on
the convert to return to Judaism. In this way, which ill became the
king of a Christian people, he obtained considerable sums of money.

On one occasion a wealthy old Jew, whose son had seen the error of his
ways, and embraced Christianity, appeared at the king's court, told
his tale of woe, and entreated assistance.

"I am sore troubled," said the Hebrew; "I am bowed down with grief. O
king," he continued, presenting Rufus with sixty marks, "command my
son to return to the faith of his fathers."

"Ay," said Rufus, clutching the money; "bring your son to me, and I
will bring him to reason."

The old Jew retired, and soon after returned with his son. The young
Israelite, however, was unabashed as he entered the Red King's
presence, conscious of the goodness of his cause.

"Young man," said Rufus, by way of settling the business in as few
words as possible, "I command you, without delay, to return to the
religion of your nation."

"King," said the young Israelite, in a tone of mournful reproach, "I
marvel that you can give such advice. Being a Christian, you ought to
feel it your duty rather to persuade me to remain steadfast to
Christianity."

"Dog!" stammered out Rufus, in a loud tone; "get out of my sight
without delay, or it will be the worse for thee."

The convert went his way, and the old Jew remained, deeply mortified
at the result of the royal mediation, for which he had paid so high a
price. But even at that instant his intense love of gold, prevailing
over all considerations of propriety, prompted an attempt to recover
his sixty marks.

"Since, O king," he said, "you have not persuaded my son to return to
his religion, it would be but fair to restore to me the gold I gave to
that end."

"Nay," answered the king, with his usual oath; "I have taken trouble
enough, and have done work enough, for the gold, and more. And yet I
would like to show you how kindly I can deal. Therefore you shall have
one-half of the sixty marks, and in conscience you cannot deny me the
other."

[Illustration: Andiron.]




XLVIII.

[Illustration: Death of Malcolm Canmore, the Scottish King]

RUFUS AND THE SCOTS.


While William Rufus, having set honour and decency at defiance, was
playing the part of a tyrant and oppressor in England, he ever and
anon gave indications, not to be mistaken, of a desire to play the
part of a usurper in Normandy.

Repairing to the Continent, with some idea of taking possession of his
brother's duchy, Rufus expelled from Normandy the unfortunate heir of
the Saxon kings, who had returned from Apulia. Homeless and well-nigh
desperate, Edgar Atheling once more sought refuge in Scotland; and
Malcolm Canmore, irritated, perhaps, at the treatment with which his
brother-in-law had met, resolved on making Rufus feel his enmity.

"Years since," said the King of Scots, "I was fain to recognise
William the Norman as my liege lord; and I acknowledge Robert Curthose
as the heir of William the Norman; but as for this Red King, I can
only recognise him as a usurper, and he shall only know me as a foe."

Rufus was still in Normandy, when intelligence reached him that
Malcolm, accompanied by the Atheling, had, in the month of May, 1091,
crossed the frontier; and he was seriously alarmed at tidings of an
invasion that might lead to important consequences. Under such
circumstances he perceived the policy of going craftily to work; and,
after patching up a peace with his brother Robert, prevailed on the
Norman duke to attend him to England, and aid in bringing Malcolm to
reason. It was in the autumn of 1091 when, with Curthose by his side,
an army at his back, and a fleet at sea, Rufus moved northward to try
conclusions with the royal Scot.

On hearing of the approach of the King of England, Malcolm fell back
in some dismay. Nevertheless, Rufus was not quite in a position to
congratulate himself on the success of his expedition. In fact,
everything went wrong. The weather proved altogether unfavourable.
Before the close of September, the English fleet was destroyed by a
storm; and, soon after Michaelmas, the army began to suffer so
fearfully from cold and want, that there appeared little prospect of
the enterprise having other than a disastrous termination.

While such was the state of affairs, Malcolm Canmore, turning to bay,
sent a messenger to the English camp with expressions of friendship to
Curthose, and of scornful defiance to Rufus. Curthose, however, with
characteristic generosity, stood firmly by Rufus at this crisis.
Mounting his steed, he rode to the Scottish camp, had an interview
with Edgar Atheling, persuaded the Saxon prince that, for all
parties, peace was the wisest policy, and finally succeeded in
negotiating a treaty between the two kings.

Rufus now deemed himself secured against Malcolm's hostility; and
scarcely had Curthose rendered this service when the Norman duke began
to experience the gross ingratitude of the Red King. In utter disgust,
Curthose resolved forthwith to leave England, and, crossing the sea,
he established himself at Rouen with the intention of securing himself
against further hostility.

Meanwhile Rufus, while keeping his court at Gloucester, fell so sick,
that physicians despaired of his life. Stretched on a bed of
suffering, the Red King became extremely penitent and anxious to atone
for his sins. While in this frame of mind, William invited Malcolm
Canmore to come and settle all disputes. But ere the King of Scots
reached Gloucester, Rufus was in a fair way of recovering, and in no
mood to sacrifice either to justice or righteousness. Without even
condescending to see Malcolm, he disdainfully ordered him to submit
his disputes to his peers, the Anglo-Norman nobles; and Malcolm--his
blood boiling at the treatment with which he had met--returned home,
vowing to make the Red King repent his insolence.

No sooner, accordingly, did Malcolm reach Scotland, than he assembled
a great army, and marched towards England. Attended by his eldest son,
Edward, he entered Northumberland, ravaged the country with fire and
sword, advanced as far as Alnwick, invested the castle of Ivo de
Vesci, and besieged that stronghold so closely that the garrison lost
all hope.

It was the month of November, 1093--a Sunday, and the day of St.
Brice. The rain had fallen in torrents; the river Alne was in flood;
and the garrison had given way to perplexity and despair. No chance of
the siege being raised, or of escape by any other means, could be
entertained; and the remembrance of the savage cruelty of the Scots
under Malcolm, twenty years earlier, filled every heart with
consternation. In this emergency, Hammond Morael, of Bamburgh, a
soldier of courage and determination, undertook to deliver the
garrison, or die in the attempt. Mounting a fleet steed, he issued
from the castle, and, carrying the keys on the point of his spear, he
rode towards the Scottish camp. On being challenged, he professed his
willingness to surrender the keys of the fortress, but demanded
permission to present them to the King of Scots in person. Malcolm,
informed of Hammond's approach, immediately came forth; and Morael,
spurring forward, pierced the Scottish king through the heart.

A loud cry arose as Malcolm fell, and the Scotch camp was in
commotion. Hammond, however, had well calculated his danger and his
chances of escape. Turning rein without the delay of an instant, he
gave his horse the spur, galloped towards a wood, made for the Alne,
then swollen with rain, and, dashing in at all hazards, escaped by
swimming the river at a place long afterwards known as "Hammond's
Ford."

While the Scots, amazed at the unexpected fall of their king, were in
confusion, the soldiers forming the garrison of Alnwick availed
themselves of the circumstance. Sallying, they made a fierce attack;
and the Scots, put to the rout, either fell by the sword, or were
drowned in attempting to pass the river. Among the warriors slain on
this occasion was Malcolm's son Edward, a young prince of great
promise.

The rout of the Scots was so sudden, and their dispersion so complete,
that the victors, without opposition, took possession of Malcolm's
body. But though left in the hands of the foe, the corpse was not
denied a Christian's grave. Placed in a cart by the Northumbrians, it
was conveyed to Tynemouth, and there laid, with funereal honours, in
the priory of St. Oswin, a famous religious house, which Robert de
Moubray had wrested from the monks of St. Cuthbert, and bestowed on
the monks of St. Alban's.

In the meantime, news that Malcolm and his son had fallen at Alnwick
reached the Scottish court, and overwhelmed Queen Margaret with grief.
Nothing seemed sufficient to console the royal lady for the loss she
had sustained. Indeed, she is said to have prayed that she might not
survive them, and to have expired within three days of the catastrophe
which made her a widow.

The children of Malcolm Canmore and Margaret Atheling, when thus
deprived of both parents, were in no enviable plight. The courtiers,
being for the most part Normans and Saxons, were regarded and hated by
the Scots as strangers or foreigners; and the only man capable of
protecting the royal children was their uncle, Donald Bane. But that
prince proved the reverse of generous. Instead of maintaining the
interests of the eldest of his nephews, he resolved on availing
himself of his nephew's nonage to seize the crown.

It was not difficult for Donald Bane to realize his aspirations. The
prejudices of the Scots as to the laws of succession, and the claims
of Magnus, King of Norway, were in his favour. Without scruple he
gratified the patriotism of the Scots by declaring for the banishment
of all Normans and Saxons; and at the same time he purchased the
support of the Norwegian king by ceding to him the Western Isles.
Having thus strengthened his claims, Donald Bane mounted the Scottish
throne.

When affairs reached this stage, the Normans and Saxons escaped from
Scotland with all convenient speed. With Normans and Saxons to England
went Edgar Atheling; and with Atheling, to the country over which his
sires had reigned, went the children of Malcolm and Margaret, to seek
refuge in the land of their maternal ancestors till the occurrence of
events calculated to lead to their restoration to home and country.

[Illustration: Tynemouth.]




XLIX.

[Illustration]

ROBERT DE MOUBRAY


About the spring of 1095, William Rufus was menaced with ruin. It was
Robert de Moubray, Earl of Northumberland--a man who possessed two
hundred and eighty manors--whose influence the Red King now had to
dread.

Not without bitter grumbling had the Norman barons hitherto submitted
to the law by which the Norman king retained the exclusive right of
hunting in the forests of England. Nevertheless, this privilege was
maintained by Rufus as vigorously as ever it had been by the mighty
Conqueror. The Saxons contemptuously called him "The Wild Beast Herd,"
while the Normans conspired to take off his crown, and place it on the
head of Stephen, Earl of Albemarle, son of the Conqueror's sister. At
the head of this conspiracy, which included several of the highest
Norman nobles, Robert de Moubray nobly placed himself.

Rufus was not altogether unaware of the conspiracy formed by the
Anglo-Norman barons to overturn the throne. Indeed, Moubray drew
suspicion on himself by failing to appear at court on the occasion of
a great assembly of knights and barons at Easter. In order to bring
matters to a crisis, Rufus issued a proclamation that, at the feast of
Whitsuntide, every great landholder should attend, or be excluded from
the public peace. Moubray, instead of presenting himself, sent Rufus a
message, which sounded like a defiance.

"I will not attend," said the Norman earl, "unless the king sends me
hostages, and a safe-conduct to protect me going and returning."

"By St. Luke's face!" cried Rufus, stammering with rage, "if he will
not come to me, I will go to him!"

According to this threat, the Red King mustered an army and marched
northward. Besieging the castle of Tynemouth, which was held by a
garrison commanded by Moubray's brother, he, after two months, took
that fortress, and then marched on to Bamburgh, where Moubray was
spending his time in the company of a young woman of great beauty,
whom he had recently married. But Rufus, discovering that Bamburgh was
quite impregnable, erected near it a stronghold called Malvoisin, or
"Ill Neighbour," and, placing therein a strong garrison to keep that
of Bamburgh in check, returned southward with the bulk of his army.

Meanwhile Moubray had established communications with the garrison of
Newcastle, and conceived the hope of making himself master of that
stronghold. With this object, he one night set out from Bamburgh,
attended by thirty horse; but, unfortunately for his scheme, he was
observed by the garrison of Malvoisin, closely pursued, and forced to
take refuge in the priory of Tynemouth. At that place, after being
besieged and wounded in the leg, he was taken prisoner with his
comrades.

Rufus, on hearing of Moubray's capture, sent orders to secure Bamburgh
without delay. But this was no easy business. The garrison, under the
auspices of Moubray's young countess, and Hammond Morael--that warrior
who had slain Malcolm Canmore--proved as stubborn as ever, and the
besiegers were well-nigh in despair. Rufus, however, was not to be
baffled by a woman.

"Carry her husband before the castle," he cried, "and let his eyes be
put out if it is not immediately surrendered."

The king's orders were promptly obeyed. The soldiers left by Rufus at
Malvoisin led Moubray in chains before the castle of Bamburgh, and
summoned the countess to a parley. No sooner did she appear than they
intimated their intention of putting out Moubray's eyes unless she
instantly yielded the castle. The fair countess could not hesitate;
without delay she threw the keys over the walls; and the soldiers of
Rufus entering, took all prisoners. Morael, however, earned his pardon
by revealing the names of all the conspirators; and Moubray, sentenced
to perpetual imprisonment, was conveyed to the castle of Windsor.

After long captivity, however, Moubray was permitted to retire to the
Abbey of St. Alban's. In that great religious house, the once haughty
Earl of Northumberland assumed the monastic habit, and became a meek
shaveling. He appears to have survived his unfortunate rebellion fully
thirty years.

"You must know," says the chronicler, "that Robert de Moubray, the
brave knight and Earl of Northumberland, was deprived of sight some
days before he died. He was a very old man, and devoted to God, and
became a monk at St. Alban's, where, after living a holy life for some
time, he departed to the Lord, and was honourably buried in a place
not far from the chapter-house."




L.

[Illustration: Hawking.]

HENRY BEAUCLERC.


At the time when Rufus became King of England, and Curthose took
possession of Normandy, Henry, third son of the Conqueror, was in his
twentieth year. Both in personal appearance and intellectual capacity
he was decidedly superior to his brothers. He was a princely
personage, of tall stature, and firmly built, with brown hair, a
brilliant complexion, and clear, penetrating eyes, thoughtful rather
than dreamy, which ever seemed to be looking to the future. He thought
much, but spoke little, for his mind was occupied with projects of
ambition, which he would not have whispered even to the winds.

Henry had the advantage of being a native of England. It was at
Selby, in Yorkshire, where an abbey was afterwards founded by the
Conqueror, that Matilda of Flanders, during 1068, the first year of
her residence in England, became the mother of her third son. But
though a native of "the proud isle of liberty," Henry can hardly be
described as an Englishman. His manners were foreign; his habits were
those of a Norman; and it does not appear that he could even speak the
English language. But he never failed, when such was his interest, to
profess ardent love for his native land, and strong sympathy with the
struggles of those who were its inhabitants.

In critical moods, William the Conqueror was in the habit of repeating
a phrase of one of the old counts of Anjou, as to a king without
learning being a crowned ass; and the words sank deep into Henry's
mind. The prince, thus strongly impressed with the necessity of
acquiring knowledge, exhibited exemplary diligence; and, in 1084,
William, when keeping his court at Abingdon, left him under the care
of Robert D'Oyly, to be educated by the monks. Subsequently Henry was
instructed beyond seas in philosophy and the liberal sciences, and won
such renown for his knowledge that he was distinguished by the
honourable surname of Beauclerc.

Meanwhile, Henry's military education was not neglected. It was an
age, as the grim Conqueror knew full well, in which no prince could
hope to prosper who was not prepared to lead fighting men to the
field, and ride boldly, through all dangers, into the thickest ranks
of foemen. Henry was carefully trained in all the warlike exercises of
the period; and, in 1086, he was, with the ceremonies befitting his
rank, admitted to the honour of knighthood.

The accomplishments of Henry were not confined to arms and letters.
The scene at Laigle, when he and Rufus were playing at dice, after the
fashion of soldiers at the time of the Conquest--the scene at
Conflans, when he won so much money from Prince Louis that the heir of
France lost his temper--lead to the suspicion that Henry was addicted
to gaming; and there is evidence that his success in playing for
money, if not miraculous, was quite equal to his success in playing
for kingdoms and crowns.

When the Conqueror, on his death-bed, left Beauclerc five thousand
pounds in white silver, and gave the assurance that, after his
brothers had their turn of sovereignty, his would certainly come,
Beauclerc, who probably valued the legacy more than the assurance,
hastened to secure the treasure. He immediately went to receive the
money, had it carefully told and weighed, packed it in chests,
strongly locked, and bound with iron. But the silver did not long
remain in the strong boxes. Curthose came to Normandy poor, and eager
to borrow from any one who would lend on any terms; and Beauclerc was
not unwilling to advance on good security. A bargain was accordingly
struck between the brothers. Curthose received a sum which gladdened
his heart; and Beauclerc, in consideration thereof, took possession of
that part of Normandy known as Cotentin.

One morning, when Beauclerc was hunting near Caen, he entered a church
to hear mass. The priest, whose name was Roger, comprehending the
taste, and consulting the convenience of his visitor, made the service
so brief that Beauclerc was impressed with a high admiration of his
sense.

"By Heavens!" he exclaimed, "this is the most sensible priest I ever
knew. I must attach him to my fortunes."

Roger, who evinced no unwillingness, immediately became Beauclerc's
chaplain, and lived to flourish as Bishop of Sarum, and first minister
of England.

Beauclerc was figuring as lord of Cotentin, when, in 1090, Rufus
invaded Normandy, and threatened Curthose with ruin. The circumstance,
doubtless, caused him alarm, and interfered with his plans. With a
keen eye to his own interest, however, he took part with Curthose, and
exerted himself to prevent Rufus taking possession of the duchy.

It appears that, when the Red King seemed likely to conquer, some of
the inhabitants of Rouen, influenced by threats, promises, and bribes,
conspired to surrender the city. Beauclerc, informed of their scheme,
resolved to baffle it; and, suddenly entering Rouen, he proceeded to a
tower, where the chief conspirator was, and, throwing him headlong to
the ground, caused such terror among the confederates that the city
was saved. But Curthose soon after came to terms with the invader;
and Rufus was in no mood to spare the man who had disappointed his
hopes of complete success.

Not unaware of his danger, Beauclerc threw himself into Mont St.
Michael, and in that fort, situated on a rock, determined to bid the
Red King defiance. Rufus, however, induced Curthose to join in
bringing Beauclerc to submission; and the two princes, with a powerful
army, appeared at Mont St. Michael, and commenced a close siege.

For a time Beauclerc seems to have resisted bravely, and on one
occasion the Red King was in the utmost peril of death or captivity.
Riding carelessly along the shore one day, Rufus was attacked by three
horsemen, who bore him to the ground, and his saddle with him. He was,
of course, in extreme danger. But seizing his saddle in one hand, and
drawing his sword with the other, he managed to defend himself till
his soldiers came to the rescue.

"O king!" exclaimed the soldiers, "how could you be so obstinate to
save a saddle?"

"Nay," cried Rufus, "it would have angered me at the very heart if the
knaves could have bragged they had won my saddle from me."

Meanwhile, the siege was so closely pressed that provisions ran short,
and every man in the fort was suffering from the want of fresh water.
Beauclerc, however, sent a messenger to beseech the besiegers not to
deny him the enjoyment of that which belonged to all men; and
Curthose, touched with compassion, ordered that the garrison should be
allowed to take in a supply. Rufus, who, when this occurred, was
possibly on the shore fighting about his saddle, was highly enraged on
hearing of this permission, and took Curthose to task in no courteous
terms.

"You show your warlike skill," stammered the Red King, "in letting
your enemy help himself to drink. By St. Luke's face! you have now
only to supply him with meat to make him hold out for twelve months."

"And how," asked Curthose, "could I leave a brother to die of thirst?
What other brother have we if we lose him?"

Notwithstanding the supply of fresh water, Beauclerc could not much
longer hold out. After enduring a rigorous siege he was compelled, for
want of provisions, to submit to fate. Rufus despoiled him of all he
possessed, and it was with difficulty he obtained leave to depart to
Brittany. His escort consisted of one knight, three squires, and a
chaplain; and with these adherents, who either disdained to desert him
in his distress, or felt strong faith in his destiny, Beauclerc
wandered about, sometimes in want of the necessaries of life, and
utterly hopeless of reaching any place that could be called a home.

But genius is generally prophetic; and Beauclerc scarcely required to
recall his father's dying words to feel assured that he was yet to
reign in the land of his birth, and over the land he had just quitted
for poverty and exile. The consciousness that he was one day to be
great gave the Conqueror's son a dignity in all that he said or did.
Even as a vagrant, Beauclerc was an influential personage; and he
impressed strangers with so high a notion of his talents and his
political wisdom, that he was, ere long, elected by the people of
Damfront as governor of their city.

It happened, however, that Beauclerc was soon tempted from the
government of Damfront. His high reputation for intellect and decision
filled the mind of Rufus with jealousy, and the Red King, deeming,
perhaps, that his gifted brother would be much less likely to work
mischief under his own eye than when rambling about Europe and ready
to head any movement promising a change of fortune, expressed his
desire for a reconciliation. Beauclerc, who perfectly comprehended the
motives of Rufus, calculated his chances, and, trusting to the chapter
of accidents, came to England.

Beauclerc now suffered all the inconveniences likely, in the eleventh
century, to surround a prince without land and without money. Even for
abilities he got no credit; he was sneered at as "having little in
him." He was fond of the chase; and, having no horses, he was forced
when hunting to follow the game on foot, but such was his speed that
the courtiers of the Red King surnamed him "Deersfoot." Beauclerc,
however, bore all inconveniences and taunts with patience; perhaps,
remembering the paternal assurance that, after his brothers', his turn
would surely come, he hoped he might, by patience, conquer adversity.
If so, he was not doomed to disappointment. It has been remarked that
generally there is in human affairs an extreme point of depression,
from which they naturally ascend in an opposite direction; and
Beauclerc's case was not to prove any exception to the general rule.

[Illustration: Woman with distaff]




LI.

[Illustration: Bringing home the body of Rufus]

THE DEATH OF RUFUS.


On the evening of Wednesday, the 1st of August, 1100, William Rufus,
intent on chasing the deer of the New Forest, stretched his limbs to
rest in the hunting-seat that then crowned the height of Malwood.

At dead of night, a loud voice roused the royal household from repose;
and the officers, starting to their feet to listen, with surprise
heard the king invoking the aid of the Virgin Mary, and calling for
lights in his chamber. On entering, they learned that his rest had
been disturbed by a fearful vision, in which he himself figured with
the veins of his arms broken and blood flowing in streams. Such was
the effect produced on the King's imagination, that he would not allow
them to leave the side of his couch till the sun rose, and the light
of day streamed into the chamber.

Nevertheless, on the morning of Thursday, a grand breakfast was spread
in the hall of the hunting-seat, and Rufus rose to indulge in the good
cheer. As he was dressing, however, a messenger arrived with a
despatch from the Norman Abbot of Gloucester, warning the king that
danger was at hand.

"One of my monks," said the abbot, "has had a dream of evil omen. He
has seen Jesus Christ seated on His throne, and at His feet a woman
supplicating Him in these words--'Saviour of the world, look down with
pity upon this people, who suffer under the yoke of William.'"

"Tush!" cried Rufus, breaking into a loud laugh; "do they take me for
a Saxon with their dreams? Do they think I am one of the idiots who
tremble because an old woman sneezes? But I warrant the monk would
have something for his dream. Let him have a hundred shillings, and
bid him look that he dream more auspicious dreams in future."

With these words, Rufus tied his shoes, left his chamber, and seated
himself at table with his friends around him. It was a gay party that
feasted that morning in the hunting-lodge of Malwood, and included
many personages of high degree. Among them were the king's brother,
Henry Beauclerc; his bosom friend, Walter Tyrel; his bow-bearer, Nigel
de Albini; his treasurer, William de Breteuil, who was eldest son of
the great Fitzosborne, and hardly less proud than his father had been.
Perhaps Rufus, with the scene of the previous night preying on his
mind, felt unwontedly depressed. At all events, he ate more than
usual, and drank copiously, as if to banish sadness. The potations, of
course, soon took effect. The king's spirits rose. He blustered and
swore with characteristic indecency.

While Rufus was still passing round the wine-cup, an artificer brought
him six arrows for cross-bows, which seemed so sharp and strong as to
excite much admiration. The king received the arrows, praised the
workmanship, took four for his own use, and handed the others to
Walter Tyrel.

"There, Tyrel," said he, "take two; for you know how to shoot to some
purpose. Sharp arrows for the best shot! And now to horse!"

The king and the Norman knights, excited with wine, strung their
hunting-horns round their necks, called for their horses, sprang into
their saddles, and with huntsmen in attendance, their hounds running
at their feet, rode down the steep of Malwood, and entered the New
Forest. According to the custom of the period, they then dispersed
through the wood to pursue the game. Walter Tyrel, however, remained
with the king, and all day their dogs hunted together.

At length, as the sun was setting, the king and the knight found
themselves at a place known as Charingham, where were the ruins of a
chapel which the Conqueror had dismantled. At that instant, a large
hart, roused by the huntsmen, came bounding up between Rufus and
Tyrel, who were on opposite sides of the glade. The king instantly
pulled his trigger; but, the cord of the cross-bow breaking, the arrow
did not fly. The stag, however, hearing a sharp sound, halted
abruptly; and Rufus, after making a sign to his comrade to shoot,
without being understood, cried out impatiently--

"Shoot, Walter, shoot, in the devil's name!"

The knight bent his bow, and at that instant an arrow, whistling
through the air, pierced the king's breast. In another moment he
dropped from his horse, and expired without having time to utter a
word.

When Rufus fell to the ground, Tyrel, in great alarm at what he saw,
leaped from his horse and rushed forward. But the king was already a
corpse. Perceiving that life was quite extinct, Tyrel sprang upon his
horse, spurred through the glade, rode hastily to the coast, embarked
for France, and soon set foot on continental soil. Protesting his
innocence, but horrified at being suspected of killing a king, even by
accident, the knight afterwards went to Palestine.

A rumour that the king was killed ran through the forest; but none of
the knights or nobles deemed it their duty to pay any attention to the
corpse. For hours the body remained among the rank grass that grew
over the ruins of the chapel of Charingham, as completely abandoned as
that of the Conqueror had been in the convent at Rouen.

However, as the evening advanced, a charcoal-burner, passing by with
his cart, observed the body pierced with an arrow, and recognised it
as that of the king. More humane and considerate than Norman knights
and nobles, the charcoal-burner wrapped the corpse in rags, placed it
in his cart, and conveyed it to the castle of Winchester. Soon after,
Rufus was buried in the choir of that cathedral, where Anglo-Saxon
kings and their Danish foes reposed in peace together. Scarcely a
tear, however, was shed over the grave of the Red King. The
Anglo-Normans felt no grief at his death, and the Anglo-Saxons openly
rejoiced that the destroyer had struck down their oppressor in the
midst of his pride.

[Illustration]




LII.

[Illustration]

A CHANGE OF FORTUNE.


When a rumour ran through the New Forest that Rufus had fallen, never
again to rise, Henry Beauclerc, far from manifesting any excessive
grief at the death of his rude brother, sprang upon his horse--which
was probably a borrowed one--and, with a resolution to turn the
circumstance to the best account, spurred off to Winchester, to secure
the royal treasure, as a preliminary step to seizing the crown.

On reaching Winchester, Beauclerc rode straight to the castle, and
demanded the keys of the treasury; but, while the officials were still
hesitating, William de Breteuil galloped up breathless and in haste,
and, in his capacity of treasurer, protested against the keys being
surrendered.

"Thou and I," he said to Beauclerc, "ought loyally to remember the
fealty we swore to the Duke Robert, thy brother. He has received our
homage, and, absent or present, he is entitled to the crown."

"Nevertheless," answered Beauclerc, who observed that the populace had
gathered, "no man shall have possession of the crown of England but
whom the people appoint."

As he spoke these words, Beauclerc, seeing it was no time to be
squeamish, drew his sword, and a scuffle ensued. But it was not
serious. Indeed, Breteuil and other lords, seeing the mob on Henry's
side, deemed it prudent to retire; while he secured the public money
and the regal ornaments. Hastening then to London, and gaining the
support of the bishop, he was elected as king, and solemnly crowned
before the high altar in the abbey of Westminster.

Nevertheless, many of the Anglo-Norman barons continued faithful to
the cause of Curthose, and prepared to support his claims to the
crown. But Beauclerc was not a man to surrender, without a struggle,
the prize he had so boldly grasped. Feeling his insecurity, he
determined on adopting measures of safety. He set himself to win the
hearts and to secure the aid of the Saxons; he reminded them of his
being a native of the country, and promised, as their king, to guide
himself by their counsel, to maintain their ancient liberties, and to
grant them a charter confirming the laws in force during the reign of
Edward the Confessor. The Saxons, on hearing Beauclerc's promises,
consented to befriend him; and he, to consolidate the alliance,
engaged to marry a woman of Saxon race.

At that time there was in the convent of Rumsey, in Hampshire, where
she had been educated under the care of her aunt Christina, a daughter
of Malcolm Canmore and of Margaret Atheling. The hand of the princess,
whose name was Edith, had been sought by Norman lords of high rank;
and Beauclerc and she had loved in other days. But a somewhat serious
objection was made to their union. It was said that she had taken the
veil of a nun. An inquiry, however, was instituted, and it appeared
that she had never been consecrated to God.

"I must confess," she said, "that I have sometimes appeared veiled,
but only for this reason: in my youth, when I was under the care of my
aunt Christina, she, to protect me, as she said, from the Normans--who
then assailed the honour of every woman they met--used to place a
piece of black stuff on my head; and when I refused to wear it, she
treated me harshly. In her presence I wore this cloth, but as soon as
she left me I threw it on the ground, and trampled on it in childish
anger."

In order, however, that the position of Edith might be formally
investigated, an assembly of clergy and lay lords was convoked at
Rochester, and this assembly decided that "the girl was free to
marry." Accordingly she was united to Beauclerc, and exchanged her
name of Edith for that of Maude. Even envy itself could not discover a
flaw in her conduct as wife; but it is said that the Anglo-Norman
barons favourable to Curthose affected to regard Henry's marriage with
a princess in whose veins ran the blood of the vanquished race as a
_mésalliance_, and, in derision, nicknamed the regal pair Godrick and
Godiva. Beauclerc, perhaps, did not relish the joke, but, like a man
of sense, he laughed at the allusion.

In fact, Henry had more serious business to think of, for the
partisans of his brother were watching their opportunity, and only
awaiting the presence of Curthose to do their utmost to overturn
Beauclerc's throne. And where, in reality, had that eccentric son of
chivalry been at the time of the crisis of his fate? Had he been
carried away to Fairyland, between death and life, like King Arthur,
or borne to another region on the backs of fiends, like his grandsire,
Robert the Devil? In order to ascertain his "whereabouts," we must
follow his steps on an expedition which at that time excited universal
interest, and which was destined to exercise no slight influence on
the destinies of Europe and of Asia.

[Illustration]




LIII.

[Illustration: Peter the Hermit preaching the first Crusade]

CURTHOSE AT THE CRUSADE.


In the autumn of 1095, a little man, of mean aspect and eccentric
manners, arrayed in a coarse woollen mantle, and mounted on a mule,
rode about Europe, exhorting Christians to arm for the rescue of the
Holy Sepulchre. Sometimes he preached in a church, or at the
market-cross; at others, under a tree by the wayside; and wherever he
went people crowded round him, hung on his eloquent words, and seemed
delighted if they could touch the hem of his mantle, or pluck a hair
from the mane of his mule. This remarkable man was known as Peter the
Hermit, who had recently visited Jerusalem as a pilgrim, and vowed to
deliver the Holy Land from the domination of the Turks.

[Illustration]

The preaching of Peter the Hermit was marvellously successful. Peasant
and peer alike confessed the grandeur of his idea; and, as the
conquest of England by the Normans had inspired feudal warriors with a
desire for adventurous enterprise, multitudes expressed their
willingness to take part in a crusade. Many men of princely rank,
among whom the chief was Godfrey de Bouillon, Duke of Lorraine,
assumed the cross, alienated their possessions, and mustered armies to
fight in Palestine. At length the idea which was agitating all
Christendom, penetrating to the castle of Rouen, excited the ardent
imagination of Robert Curthose, and stirred the somewhat sluggish
blood of Edgar Atheling.

Both princes resolved to take part in the Holy War. But a serious
obstacle presented itself. Money was necessary, and neither the heir
of the Conqueror nor the heir of the Saxon kings had the means of
defraying their expenses. The difficulty, however, was overcome.
Rufus, who was glad to hear of his brother's wish to leave Europe,
agreed to furnish ten thousand marks on condition of being put in
possession of Normandy for five years; and Curthose, having received
the sum, made his preparations, and set up his white banner
embroidered with gold.

In spite of his faults, few men of that period were more popular than
the Norman duke; and, eager to fight under a chief so brave and
generous, a goodly band of warriors, led by feudal barons of great
name, came around his standard. Aubrey de Vere, Everard Percy, Girard
Gourney, Conan Montacute, Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, and Stephen, Earl of
Albemarle, were among those who attended the Conqueror's heir. Edgar
Atheling, who was on the point of setting out for Scotland to dethrone
Donald Bane, and seat his youthful nephew on the Scottish throne, did
not accompany his friend. But he promised to join Curthose in the Holy
Land, with a host of Saxons, which he was about to lead against the
Scottish usurper.

[Illustration: Church of the Holy Sepulchre Jerusalem]

Meanwhile, Curthose, at the head of his army, and attended by his
chaplain, Arnold de Rohés, made his way eastward, met the pious
Godfrey de Bouillon, and other pilgrim-princes, under the walls of
Constantinople, and, after causing much alarm to the Emperor Alexis,
crossed the Bosphorus, and marched towards Nice.

[Illustration: Curthose and the Saracen]

No sooner was Curthose on Asiatic soil than his valour and prowess
excited general admiration. At the siege of Nice he repelled the
fierce onset of the Sultan's cavalry; at the battle of Dogorgan he
performed prodigies of valour, made the most magnificent charge of the
day, spurring into the midst of the foe, with his banner flying and
his sword flashing, and cutting down three Emirs with his own hand; at
Antioch he led the van of the Crusaders, seized the bridge, defended
by towers masked with iron, and during one of the subsequent
skirmishes when fiercely attacked by a gigantic Saracen, who figured
as chief in command, he cleft him with his battle-axe from crown to
chest.

[Illustration: Pilgrims in sight of Jerusalem.]

"Pagan dog!" exclaimed Curthose, as the Saracen fell lifeless to the
ground; "I devote thy impure soul to the powers of hell."

At Laodicea, Curthose was joined by Edgar Atheling. Faithful to his
promise, the Saxon prince, after seating his nephew on the Scottish
throne, brought the flower of the Saxon race to fight for the Holy
Sepulchre. Side by side, like brothers, Curthose and Atheling marched
to Jerusalem; side by side they fought at the siege of the Holy City;
and side by side, in the hour of victory, they scaled the walls,
Saracens bearing back in terror before the Norman's falchion and the
Saxon's axe.

[Illustration: Godfrey de Bouillon elected King of Jerusalem]

After taking possession of Jerusalem, the Crusaders assembled for the
purpose of electing a king; and it is understood that Curthose might,
if he had chosen, worn the crown of Jerusalem. However, Curthose
declined the high honour, which fell to the lot of Godfrey de
Bouillon; and, after taking part in the battle of Ascalon, where, at
the head of the European cavalry, he broke the Saracens' ranks,
penetrated to their centre, and seized the Moslem standard, he left
the Holy Land, and returned to Europe.

When Curthose was at Palermo, on his way home, Odo of Bayeux breathed
his last. The Norman duke, having buried his uncle in St. Mary's
Church, pursued his way, and found himself quite at home among the
Normans, whose families had been settled by warlike adventurers in
Southern Italy. All these Norman warriors treated the heir of the
great William with high honour; and all their daughters manifested
interest in a hero who had won such fame as a Champion of the Cross.
But of all the Normans of Southern Italy, none showed Curthose so much
hospitality as William, Count of Conversano, a kinsman of the
Guiscards, founders of the Norman dynasty in Naples.

The Count of Conversano was the most powerful lord in Lower Apulia.
His possessions extended along the shores of the Adriatic, from
Otranto to Bari. His castle was situated on an eminence, amid olive
groves, and was replete with all those means for rendering life
pleasant which the feudal system brought into existence. Curthose
thought Conversano a terrestrial paradise, and was delighted with his
host's fine hounds, choice hawks, and mettled steeds; but, above all,
he was delighted, charmed, and fascinated with his host's daughter,
Sybil, who was still in her teens, and as beautiful as she was young.

It could not be concealed that Curthose was verging on fifty, and that
Sybil was just seventeen. But that was no conclusive objection to a
match. In fact, such fame as that of a Crusader, and such rank as Duke
of Normandy, were strong recommendations; so, when Curthose told his
enamoured tale, Sybil smiled on her lover; and, ere long, the daughter
of the Count of Conversano was led to the altar, and became Duchess of
Normandy.

Even after his marriage Curthose found himself too comfortable to
move. Perhaps he was averse to change the splendour of Conversano for
the irksome poverty of Rouen. At all events he lingered in the scene
of his courtship, and among the olive groves on the shores of the
Adriatic wasted months, which, if judiciously spent, might have
secured him a duchy and assured him a crown.

[Illustration: Trieste.]




LIV.

BEAUCLERC AND CURTHOSE.


Among the ministers who enjoyed the favour of Rufus, and ministered to
his tyranny, none had rendered himself more odious to the people of
England than Ralph Flambard, Bishop of Durham, known as "the fighting
bishop," and celebrated as founder of the castle of Norham-on-Tweed.
Immediately on taking possession of the throne, Henry caused Flambard
to be arrested and imprisoned in the Tower. Flambard, however,
contrived to escape; and, passing over to Normandy, he exerted his
eloquence to persuade Curthose to invade England and seize the English
crown.

For some time Curthose, who had just arrived from Italy with his
bride, remained inactive. Indeed, the Norman duke was so much occupied
with showing off Sybil of Conversano, and devising pageants on which
to squander her fortune, that he had no leisure "to play for kingdoms
and crowns." In 1102, however, when the young duchess was dead, and
her money spent, Curthose lent a willing ear to the tempter, roused
himself to energy, made preparations, and embarked for England.

It now appeared that Beauclerc would have to fight desperately for
the throne he had so boldly seized; and, summoning the Saxons, he
marched to Pevensey, where he anticipated his brother would land.
Curthose, however, landed at Portsmouth. But the brothers gradually
approached each other, and a sanguinary conflict appeared inevitable.
Ere Beauclerc and Curthose met, however, the quarrel had been
adjusted. Instead of a bloody battle there was a hurried treaty.
Curthose, who was in want of money, sold what he deemed his birthright
for an annual pension of three thousand marks; and the brothers
embraced with all the semblance of genuine affection.

Returning to Normandy, Curthose scrupulously maintained the treaty.
Nevertheless, to his surprise, he found that his pension was not
regularly paid. Feeling, no doubt, extreme inconvenience from the
circumstance, he paid a visit to England to make arrangements for
regularity in future. But, ere this, the Norman duke had yielded to
the temptation of indulging too frequently in the wine-cup, and, when
at Beauclerc's court, he was often drunk for days together. On such
occasions, of course, nothing was too absurd for him to consent to;
and one night, when intoxicated, he was easily prevailed on to resign
his annual pension in favour of the queen, who was his goddaughter. On
recovering possession of his faculties, and becoming aware of the
advantage taken of him while under the influence of wine, he expressed
high indignation, and, much exasperated, returned to Normandy.

By this time the castle of Rouen was the most miserable of ducal
palaces, and Normandy was the most wretched of duchies. Poverty
reigned in the palace; disorder prevailed in the duchy. While
Curthose, for want of fitting raiment, lay in bed for days, Robert de
Belesme, Earl of Shrewsbury, whom Beauclerc had exiled from England,
ravaged Normandy at his pleasure; and matters soon reached such a
stage that the Norman nobles entreated the King of England to
interfere. Beauclerc, who only wanted an excuse, received their
message with gladness, and, by way of settling affairs, proposed to
purchase the duchy.

"Thou hast the title of lord," he said, addressing Curthose, "but thou
art no longer a lord in reality; for they scorn, who should obey thee.
Yield to me thy duchy, and I will give thee money."

Curthose declined the proposal with disdain; and Beauclerc, having
prepared to take Normandy by force of arms, fitted out an armament,
and soon appeared on continental soil with a determination to conquer.
For a time, however, Beauclerc and Curthose proceeded with caution,
and not till the autumn of 1106 did they put their fortunes to the
chance of a decisive engagement.

It was Friday, the 28th of September--the vigil of St. Michael, and
just forty years after William the Conqueror had landed at Pevensey;
and Beauclerc, with a great army, was besieging the castle of
Tinchebray, situated about three leagues from the town of Mortain.
Curthose, however, having promised speedy relief, the garrison made a
brave defence; and the Norman duke, having allied himself with De
Belesme, came to redeem his pledge, accompanied by Edgar Atheling, who
by his side had fought so gallantly beneath the Cross in Palestine.

On learning that a hostile force was approaching, Beauclerc turned to
give battle; and the trumpets having sounded an onset, Curthose began
the conflict by a charge so hot, that for a time the English were
thrown into confusion. Bearing down all opposition, William Crispin,
Count d'Evreux, fought his way to the English standard, and dealt the
king so violent a blow on the head that blood gushed from his mouth.
Beauclerc, indeed, was in extreme peril, and his army in danger of
being scattered in dismay. At a critical moment, however, a cry of
"Treason!" arose to turn the fortunes of the day; and De Belesme was
observed leading away his men, and basely deserting his allies.

While Curthose and his friends were still under the influence of
surprise and indignation, Beauclerc recovered himself, and, showing
himself to his army, encouraged them by words and gestures to
encounter the foe, weakened by desertion. But meanwhile Curthose,
rallying his broken forces, made another onset; and never in his
younger days, neither on the plain of Antioch nor on the plain of
Archembrage, had his courage and prowess been more conspicuous. Foe
after foe went down before his weapon, and it seemed for a moment that
his single arm was about to retrieve the day.

At Beauclerc's side, however, was Nigel de Albini, a Norman warrior,
who, more than thirty years earlier, marched with the Conqueror on the
terrible expedition into Northumberland, and who had since figured as
bow-bearer to Rufus. For a captain who had faced the tall Danes of
Northumberland even the prowess of the bravest champion of the Cross
had no terrors; and Albini followed Curthose through the battle as
keenly as he had ever chased a stag in the New Forest. At length,
availing himself of an opportunity, he killed the duke's horse, and
found the redoubted Crusader at his mercy. At that moment forward
rushed Ealdric, the king's chaplain, by whom Curthose was disentangled
from his prostrate steed, and conducted to his victorious brother.
With Curthose were captured several men of high rank, the most
distinguished of whom was his friend Edgar Atheling, who, by some
strange destiny, was ever leagued with the unfortunate.

The captive princes were forthwith conveyed to England. Curthose was
committed as a prisoner to the castle at Cardiff. Atheling was allowed
to go at large, having no longer sufficient influence to endanger the
king's throne. The captors, meanwhile, were well rewarded--Nigel de
Albini having a grant of the lands forfeited by the great Robert de
Moubray; while Ealdric, the king's chaplain, was promoted to the
bishopric of Llandaff.

At first Curthose was indulged with some measure of freedom, and
allowed to walk along the banks of the Severn. For a time he seemed
content with his lot. One day, however, his old spirit of adventure
seized him, and, leaping on a horse, he broke from his keepers, and
rode off at full speed. Unfortunately for him, his horse floundered in
a morass, and having been secured, he was subjected to a rigorous
durance. Some even say his eyes were put out. But, however that may
have been, he remained in his prison at Cardiff till 1135, and then
dying, was laid at rest in the cathedral of Gloucester, where his tomb
is still to be seen.

Edgar Atheling long survived his comrade-in-arms. Indeed, the life of
the Saxon prince far exceeded the term of years ordinarily allotted to
mortal man. Well-nigh a century after the battle of Hastings, and his
coronation as king, when the first of our Plantagenet sovereigns was
on the English throne, Atheling was still alive in England, in full
possession of his faculties, and probably telling old stories of the
Norman Conquest, and the First Crusade, and of William the Norman, and
Rufus, and Curthose, and Beauclerc, and a hundred other warriors and
statesmen who had gone the way of all flesh, and who were known only
by name to the generation amid which he found himself lingering out
the last years of his strange and diversified career.

[Illustration]




LV.

[Illustration: English Archers.]

AFTER TINCHEBRAY.


When Curthose was defeated at Tinchebray and carried captive to the
castle of Cardiff, the son whom he had been left by Sybil of
Conversano was a little boy, known as William Clito. Not relishing the
spectacle of so ambitious a prince as Henry Beauclerc figuring at once
as King of England and Duke of Normandy, Louis, King of France--he
who, in his earlier years, had quarrelled with the Conqueror's sons
over their game of chess at Conflans--supported the pretensions of the
son of Robert, and formed a league, with the object of putting him in
possession of the duchy which Rolfganger had wrested from Charles the
Simple. This, however, proved a much more difficult matter than Louis
had anticipated. In fact, Beauclerc exerted himself with such effect
that all efforts to diminish his power proved vain; and when, in 1132,
William Clito, who had been invested with the earldom of Flanders,
died of a wound received while besieging Alost, Louis gave up the
struggle in despair.

Meanwhile, Beauclerc had not improved his reputation in the country
where he reigned as king. He had been faithless at once to the Saxon
people who had placed him on the throne, and to the Saxon princess
who, for the sake of her race, had, somewhat against her inclination,
united her fate with his. Every promise made to the English had been
so unscrupulously violated, that they began to speak of royalty as
synonymous with crime; and Maude died with the melancholy reflection
that she had sacrificed herself for her race in vain.

Ere "the good queen" was laid at rest in the cathedral of Winchester,
she made Henry father of two children--a son, William Atheling, who
married a daughter of the Count of Anjou, and a daughter, Matilda,
wife of Henry, Emperor of Germany. The son, however, was drowned while
on his voyage from Normandy in a vessel called _The White Ship_; and
the daughter, on the death of her imperial husband, returned to
England a young and beautiful widow.

About that time, Fulke, Count of Anjou, bowed down with grief at the
loss of his wife, undertook a pilgrimage to Jerusalem to seek
consolation at the Holy Sepulchre. Before going, Fulke gave Anjou to
his eldest son, Geoffrey, who, from wearing a sprig of flowering broom
in his hat instead of a feather, was surnamed Plantagenet. Being an
accomplished and handsome prince, Geoffrey Plantagenet had the good
fortune to secure the friendship of Henry Beauclerc and the hand of
the Empress Matilda, who was expected to succeed, on her father's
death, to the crown of England and the coronal of Normandy.

It was, however, otherwise ordered. When, in 1135, Henry Beauclerc,
having eaten lampreys to excess--such is the story--breathed his last
in Normandy, his martial nephew, Stephen of Bouillon, claimed the
English crown, and seated himself on the throne. But Matilda was not
the woman to submit tamely to exclusion under such circumstances; and
a war of succession between her and Stephen was the consequence. A
long and sanguinary struggle resulted, and continued, with varying
success, till 1153, when it was agreed, by the treaty of Wallingford,
that Stephen should be allowed to reign during his life, on condition
of recognising young Henry Plantagenet, the son of Geoffrey and
Matilda, as his heir. Next year, on the death of Stephen, Henry, who,
by his marriage with Eleanor of Aquitaine, had extended his
continental dominions from the Channel to the Pyrenees, was crowned
King of England in the cathedral of Winchester. From the first he
seems to have been in high favour with the nation. In fact, the
people, remembering that he derived his descent, through his
grandmother, "the good queen Maude," from the ancient monarchs of
England, called him "the Saxon king," described him as the natural foe
of the Norman nobles, and believed him favourable to such a system of
laws as popular tradition ascribed to Edward the Confessor.

But the day for the rise of the vanquished race had not yet come. Nor
was it, indeed, till more than a century later, when Simon de Montfort
had fallen at Evesham, and the third Henry had gone to his grave, that
the monarchy of the Plantagenets, having passed through that terrible
struggle celebrated as the Barons' War, was enabled to emancipate
itself, in some measure, from the trammels of feudalism, and associate
its fortunes with the nation. It was then that the first Edward,
already famous as the conqueror of Evesham, returned from romantic
adventures and hair-breadth escapes in the East to rule England with
justice and righteousness--to give prosperity to the country and
protection to the people--to win, by his admirable laws, the title of
the English Justinian; and, by his profound and patriotic policy, to
unite hostile races into a nation capable of great achievements in war
and peace.

                             THE END.


    LONDON:
    SAVILL AND EDWARDS, PRINTERS, CHANDOS STREET,
    COVENT GARDEN.





End of Project Gutenberg's Danes, Saxons and Normans, by John G. Edgar