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[Illustration]




    A
    THOUSAND MILES
    IN THE
    ROB ROY CANOE

    ON RIVERS AND LAKES OF
    EUROPE.

    BY J. MACGREGOR, M.A.,

    TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE;
    BARRISTER AT LAW:

    With Numerous Illustrations and a Map.

    _SIXTH THOUSAND._

    LONDON:
    SAMPSON LOW, SON, AND MARSTON
    MILTON HOUSE, LUDGATE-HILL.
    1866.

    (_The Right of Translation reserved._)




PREFACE.


The voyage about to be described was made last Autumn in a small Canoe,
with a double paddle and sails, which the writer managed alone.

The route led sometimes over mountains and through forests and plains,
where the boat had to be carried or dragged.

The waters navigated were as follows:--

The Rivers Thames, Sambre, Meuse, Rhine, Main, Danube, Reuss, Aar, Ill,
Moselle, Meurthe, Marne, and Seine.

The Lakes Titisee, Constance, Unter See, Zurich, Zug, and Lucerne,
together with six canals in Belgium and France, and two expeditions in
the open sea of the British Channel.

  TEMPLE, LONDON,
      _April 25, 1866_.




     THE AUTHOR'S PROFITS FROM THE FIRST AND SECOND EDITIONS, WERE
     GIVEN TO THE ROYAL NATIONAL LIFE-BOAT INSTITUTION AND TO THE
     SHIPWRECKED MARINERS' SOCIETY.




LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.


                                           Page

  RAPIDS OF THE REUSS (_Frontispiece_).     --

  SEA ROLLERS IN THE CHANNEL                19

  SWIMMING HERD ON THE MEUSE                28

  SINGERS' WAGGON ON THE DANUBE             49

  A CROWD IN THE MORNING                    65

  HAYMAKERS AMAZED                          80

  NIGHT SURPRISE AT GEGGLINGEN              93

  THE ROB ROY IN A BUSTLE                  110

  SAILING UPON LAKE ZUG                    134

  SHIRKING A WATERFALL                     152

  A CRITICAL MOMENT                        168

  ASTRIDE THE STERN                        186

  THE ROB ROY AND THE COW                  213

  POLITE TO THE LADIES                     230

  GROUP OF FRENCH FISHERS                  246

  PASSING A DANGEROUS BARRIER              263

  A CHOKED CANAL                           281

  RIGGING ASHORE                           290

  ROUTE OF THE CANOE (_Map_)               291

  CHART OF CURRENTS AND ROCKS              302




CONTENTS.


  CHAPTER I.                                               Page

  Canoe Travelling--Other Modes--The Rob
  Roy--Hints--Tourists--The Rivers--The Dress--I and We      1


  CHAPTER II.

  The Start--The Nore--Porpoises--A Gale--The Channel--Ostend
  Canal--River Meuse--Earl of Aberdeen--Holland--The
  Rhine--The Premier's Son--River Main--Heron
  Stalking--The Prince of Wales                             12


  CHAPTER III.

  Hollenthal Pass--Ladies--Black Forest--Night Music--Beds--Lake
  Titisee--Pontius Pilate--Storm--Starers--Banket--Four
  in hand--Source of the Danube                             38


  CHAPTER IV.

  River Donau--Singers--Shady nooks--Geisingen--Mill
  Weirs--Rapids--Morning Crowd--Donkey's
  Stable--Islands--Monks--Spiders--Concert--Fish--A
  race                                                      55


  CHAPTER V.

  Sigmaringen--Treacherous trees--Congress of herons--Flying
  Dutchman--Tub and shovel--Bottle race--Snags--Bridge
  Perils--Ya Vol--Ferry Rope--Benighted--Ten eggs           75


  CHAPTER VI.

  Day-dream--River Iller--Ulm--A stiff king--Lake Constance--Seeing
  in the dark--Switzerland--Coloured
  Canvas--Sign talk--Synagogue--Amelia--Gibberish           96


  CHAPTER VII.

  Fog--Fancy pictures--Boy soldiers--Boat's billet--Eating--Lake
  Zurich--Crinoline--Hot walk--Staring--Lake
  Zug--Swiss shots--Fishing Britons--Talk-book             118


  CHAPTER VIII.

  Sailing on Lucerne--Seeburg--River scenes--Night and
  snow--The Reuss--A dear dinner--Seeing a rope--Passing
  a fall--Sullen roar--Bremgarten rapids                   142


  CHAPTER IX.

  Hunger--Music at the mill--Sentiment and chops--River
  Limmat--Fixed on a fall--River Aar--Rhine again--Douaniers--Falls
  of Lauffenburg--The cow cart                             159


  CHAPTER X.

  Field of Foam--Precipice--Puzzled--Philosophy--Rheinfelden
  Rapids--Dazzled--Lower Rapids--Astride--Fate
  of the Four-oar--Very Salt--Ladies--Whirlpool--Funny
  English--Insulting a baby--Bride                         177


  CHAPTER XI.

  Private concert--Thunderer--La Hardt Forest--Mulhouse
  Canal--River Ill--Reading Stories--Madame Nico--Night
  Noises--Pets--Ducking--The Vosges mountains--Admirers--Boat
  on wheels--New wine                                      196


  CHAPTER XII.

  Bonfire--My wife--Matthews--Tunnel
  picture--Imposture--Fancy--Moselle--Cocher--Saturday
  Review Tracts--Gymnastics--The
  paddle--A spell--Overhead--Feminine
  forum--Public breakfast                                  216


  CHAPTER XIII.

  River Moselle--The Tramp--Halcyon--Painted woman--Beating
  to quarters--Boat in a hedge--River Meurthe--Moving
  House--Tears of a mother--Five francs                    234


  CHAPTER XIV.

  Ladies in muslin--Chalons Camp--Officers shouting--Volunteers'
  umbrella--Reims--Leaks--Madame
  Clicquot--Heavy blow--The Elephant--First Cloud          255


  CHAPTER XV.

  Meaux on the Marne--Hammering--Popish forms--Wise
  dogs--Blocked in a Tunnel--A dry voyage--Arbour
  and Garret--Odd fellows--Dream on the Seine--Almost
  over--No admittance--Charing-cross                       276


  APPENDIX.

  Hints for Canoists--The Rob Roy's Stores--Chart of rocks
  and currents--The Kent--Danger--Exercise--Sun--Walking
  machine--Odds and ends--Future voyages                   291




CHAPTER I.

     Canoe Travelling--Other Modes--The Rob
     Roy--Hints--Tourists--The Rivers--The Dress--I and We--The
     Election.


The object of this book is to describe a new mode of travelling on the
Continent, by which new people and things are met with, while healthy
exercise is enjoyed, and an interest ever varied with excitement keeps
fully alert the energies of the mind.

Some years ago the Water Lily was rowed by four men on the Rhine and on
the Danube, and its "log" delighted all readers. Afterwards, the boat
Water Witch laboured up French rivers, and through a hundred tedious
locks on the Bâle canal. But these and other voyages of three or five
men in an open boat were necessarily very limited. In the wildest parts
of the best rivers the channel is too narrow for oars, or, if wide, it
is too shallow for a row-boat; and the tortuous passages, the rocks and
banks, the weeds and snags, the milldams, barriers, fallen trees,
rapids, whirlpools, and waterfalls that constantly occur on a river
winding among hills, make those very parts where the scenery is wildest
and best to be quite unapproachable in an open boat, for it would be
swamped by the sharp waves, or upset over the sunken rocks which it is
utterly impossible for a steersman to see.

But these very things, which are obstacles or dangers to the "pair oar,"
become interesting features to the voyager in a covered canoe. For now,
as he sits in his little bark, he looks forward, and not backward. He
sees all his course, and the scenery besides. With one powerful sweep of
his paddle he can instantly turn the canoe, when only a foot distant
from fatal destruction. He can steer within an inch in a narrow place,
or pass through reeds and weeds, branches and grass; can hoist and lower
his sail without changing his seat; can shove with his paddle when
aground, or jump out in good time to prevent a decided smash. He can
wade and haul the light craft over shallows, or drag it on dry ground,
through fields and hedges, over dykes, barriers, and walls; can carry it
by hand up ladders and stairs, and can transport his boat over high
mountains and broad plains in a cart drawn by a horse, a bullock, or a
cow.

Nay, more than this, the covered canoe is far stronger than an open
boat, and may be fearlessly dropped headforemost into a deep pool, a
lock, or a millrace, and yet, when the breakers are high, in the open
sea or in fresh water rapids, they can only wash over the covered deck,
while it is always dry within.

Again, the canoe is safer than a rowing-boat, because you sit so low in
it, and never require to shift your place or lose hold of the paddle;
while for comfort during long hours, for days and weeks of hard work, it
is evidently the best, because you lean all the time against a
backboard, and the moment you rest the paddle on your lap you are as
much at ease as in an arm-chair; so that, while drifting along with the
current or the wind, you can gaze around, and eat or read or chat with
the starers on the bank, and yet, in a moment of sudden danger, the
hands are at once on the faithful paddle ready for action.

Finally, you can lie at full length in the canoe, with the sail as an
awning for the sun, or a shelter for rain, and you can sleep in it thus
at night, under cover, with an opening for air to leeward, and at least
as much room for turning in your bed as sufficed for the great Duke of
Wellington; or, if you are tired of the water for a time, you can leave
your boat at an inn--it will not be "eating its head off," like a horse;
or you can send it home or sell it, and take to the road yourself, or
sink into the dull old cushions of the "Première Classe," and dream you
are seeing the world.

With such advantages, then, and with good weather and good health, the
canoe voyage about to be described was truly delightful, and I never
enjoyed so much continuous pleasure in any other tour.

But, before this deliberate assertion has weight with intending
"canoists," it may well be asked from one who thus praises the paddle,
"Has he travelled in other ways, so as to know their several pleasures?
Has he climbed glaciers and volcanoes, dived into caves and catacombs,
trotted in the Norway carriole, ambled on an Arab, and galloped on the
Russian steppes? Does he know the charms of a Nile boat, or a Trinity
Eight, or a sail in the Ægean, or a mule in Spain? Has he swung upon a
camel, or glided in a sleigh, or trundled in a Rantoone?"

Yes, he has most thoroughly enjoyed these and other modes of locomotion
in the four corners of the world; but the pleasure in the canoe was far
better than all.

The weather last summer was, indeed, exceptionally good; but then rain
would have diminished some of the difficulties, though it might have
been a bore to paddle ten hours in a downpour. Two inches more of water
in the rivers would have saved many a grounding and wading, while, at
worst, the rain could have wetted only the upper man, which a cape can
cover; so, even in bad weather, give me the canoe.

Messrs. Searle and Sons, of Lambeth, soon built for me the very boat I
wanted.

The Rob Roy is built of oak, and covered fore and aft with cedar. She is
made just short enough to go into the German railway waggons; that is to
say, fifteen feet in length, twenty-eight inches broad, nine inches
deep, weighs eighty pounds, and draws three inches of water, with an
inch of keel. A paddle seven feet long, with a blade at each end, and a
lug sail and jib, are the means of propulsion; and a pretty blue silk
Union Jack is the only ornament.

The elliptic hole in which I sit is fifty-four inches long and twenty
broad, and has a macintosh cover fastened round the combing and to a
button on my breast; while between my knees is my baggage for three
months, in a black bag one foot square and five inches deep.

But, having got this little boat, the difficulty was to find where she
could go to, or what rivers were at once feasible to paddle on, and
pretty to see.

Inquiries in London as to this had no result. Even the Paris Boat Club
knew nothing of French rivers. The best German and Austrian maps were
frequently wrong. They made villages on the banks which I found were a
mile away in a wood, and so were useless to one who had made up his mind
(a good resolve) never to leave his boat.

It was soon, therefore, evident that, after quitting the Rhine, this was
to be a voyage of discovery. And as I would most gladly have accepted
any hints on the matter myself, so I venture to hope that this narrative
will lessen the trouble, while it stimulates the desire of the numerous
travellers who will spend their vacation in a canoe.[I.]

 [I.] See Appendix. Special hints for those who intend to "canoe
  it" will usually be given in the footnotes, or in the Appendix.

Not that I shall attempt to make a "handbook" to any of the streams. The
man who has a spark of enterprise would turn from a river of which every
reach was mapped and its channels all lettered. Fancy the free
traveller, equipped for a delicious summer of savage life, quietly
submitting to be cramped and tutored by a "Chart of the Upper Mosel,"
in the style of the following extracts copied literally from two
Guide-books;--

(1) "Turn to the r. (right), cross the brook, and ascend by a broad and
steep forest track (in 40 min.) to the hamlet of Albersbach, situate in
the midst of verdant meadows. In five min. more a cross is reached,
where the path to the l. must be taken; in 10 min. to the r., in the
hollow, to the saw mill; in 10 min. more through the gate to the r.; in
3 min. the least trodden path to the l. leading to the Gaschpels Hof;
after 1/4 hr. the stony track into the wood must be ascended," &c.,
&c.--_From B----'s Rhine, p. 94_.

(2) "_To the ridge of the Riffelberg_ 8,000 ft. _Hotel_ on top very
good. 2 hrs. up. Guide 4 fr. Horse and man 10 fr. Path past the Church:
then l. over fields; then up through a wood 1 hr. Past châlets: then r.
across a stream."-- _----'s Handbook_.

This sort of guide-book is not to be ridiculed. It is useful for some
travellers as a ruled copy-book is of use to some writers. For first
tours it may be needful and pleasant to have all made easy, to be
carried in steamers or railways like a parcel, to stop at hotels
Anglified by the crowd of English guests, and to ride, walk, or drive
among people who know already just what you will want to eat, and see,
and do.

Year after year it is enough of excitement to some tourists to be
shifted in squads from town to town, according to the routine of an
excursion ticket. Those who are a little more advanced will venture to
devise a tour from the mazy pages of Bradshaw, and with portmanteau and
bag, and hat-box and sticks, they find more than enough of judgment and
tact is needed when they arrive in a night train, and must fix on an
omnibus in a strange town. Safe at last in the bedroom of the hotel,
they cannot but exclaim with satisfaction "Well, here we are all right
at last!"

But after mountains and caves, churches and galleries, ruins and
battle-fields have been pretty well seen, and after tact and fortitude
have been educated by experience, the tourist is ready for new lines of
travel which might have given him at first more anxiety than pleasure,
and these he will find in deeper searches among the natural scenery and
national character of the very countries he has only skimmed before.

The rivers and streams on the Continent are scarcely known to the
English tourist, and the beauty and life upon them no one has well seen.

In his guide-book route, indeed, from town to town, the tourist has
crossed this and that stream--has admired a few yards of the water, and
has then left it for ever. He is carried again on a noble river by night
in a steamboat, or is whisked along its banks in a railway, and, between
two tunnels, gets a moment's glimpse at the lovely water, and lo! it is
gone.

But a mine of rich beauty remains there to be explored, and fresh gems
of life and character are waiting there to be gathered. These are not
mapped and labelled and ticketed in any handbook yet; and far better so,
for the enjoyment of such treasures is enhanced to the best traveller by
the energy and pluck required to get at them.

On this new world of waters we are to launch the boat, the man, and his
baggage, for we must describe all three,

    "Arma virumque canoe."

So what sort of dress did he wear?

The clothes I took for this tour consisted of a complete suit of grey
flannel for use in the boat, and another suit of light but ordinary
dress for shore work and Sundays.

The "Norfolk jacket" is a loose frock-coat, like a blouse, with
shoulder-straps, and belted at the waist, and garnished by six pockets.
With this excellent new-fashioned coat, a something in each of its
pockets, and a Cambridge straw hat, canvas wading shoes, blue
spectacles, a waterproof overcoat, and my spare jib for a sun shawl,
there was sure to be a full day's enjoyment in defiance of rain or sun,
deeps or shallows, hunger or _ennui_.

Four hours' work to begin, and then three of rest or floating, reading
or sailing, and again, a three hours' heavy pull, and then with a swim
in the river or a bath at the inn, a change of garments and a pleasant
walk, all was made quite fresh again for a lively evening, a hearty
dinner, talk, books, pictures, letters, and bed.

Now I foresee that in the description of this tour I shall have to write
"I," and the word "me" must be used by me very often indeed; but having
the misfortune to be neither an Emperor, an editor, nor a married man,
who can speak in the plural, I cannot help it if I am put down as a
bachelor _egotist_, reserving the "we" for myself and my boat.

The manner of working the double-bladed paddle was easily learned by a
few days' practice on the Thames, and so excellent is the exercise for
the muscles of the limbs and body that I have continued it at intervals,
even during the winter, when a pretty sharp "look out" must be kept to
pilot safely among the red and yellow lights of steamers, barges,
embankments, and bridges in an evening's voyage from Putney to
Westminster.

All being ready and the weather very hot at the end of July, when the
country had caught the election fever, and M.P.'s had run off to
scramble for seats, and the lawyers had run after them to thicken the
bustle, and the last bullet at Wimbledon had come "thud" on the target,
it was time for the Rob Roy to start.




CHAPTER II.

THE START.

     The Thames--The Cornwall--Porpoises--A Gale--The
     Channel--Ostend Canal--The Meuse--Earl of
     Aberdeen--Holland--The Rhine--The Premier's Son--The River
     Main--Heron stalking--The Prince of Wales.


The Rob Roy bounded away joyously on the top of the tide through
Westminster Bridge, and swiftly shooting the narrow piles at
Blackfriars, danced along the waves of the Pool, which looked all golden
in the morning sun, but were in fact of veritable pea-soup hue.

A fine breeze at Greenwich enabled me to set the new white sail, and we
skimmed along with a cheery hissing sound. At such times the river is a
lively scene with steamers and sea-bound ships, bluff little tugs, and
big looming barges. I had many a chat with the passing sailors, for it
was well to begin this at once, seeing that every day afterwards I was
to have talk with the river folk in English, French, Dutch, German, or
else some hotchpotch patois.

The bargee is not a bad fellow if you begin with good humour, but he
will not stand banter. Often they began the colloquy with, "Holloah you
two!" or "Any room inside?" or "Got your life insured, Gov'nor?" but I
smiled and nodded to every one, and every one on every river and lake
was friendly to me.

Gravesend was to be the port for the night, but Purfleet looked so
pretty that I took a tack or two to reconnoitre, and resolved to stop at
the very nice hotel on the river, which I beg to recommend.

While lolling about in my boat at anchor in the hot sun a fly stung my
hand; and although it was not remarked at once, the arm speedily
swelled, and I had to poultice the hand at night and to go to church
next day with a sling, which appendage excited a great deal of comment
in the village Sunday-school. This little incident is mentioned because
it was the only occasion on which any insect troubled me on the voyage,
though several croakers had predicted that in rivers and marshes there
would be hundreds of wasps, venomous flies, and gnats, not to mention
other residents within doors.

Just as I entered the door of the quiet little church, an only gentleman
about to go in fell down dead in the path. It was impossible not to be
much impressed with this sudden death as a solemn warning, especially to
one in vigorous health.

The "Cornwall" Reformatory School-ship is moored at Purfleet. Some of
the boys came ashore for a walk, neatly clad and very well behaved.
Captain Burton, who commands this interesting vessel, received me on
board very kindly, and the evening service between decks was a sight to
remember for ever.

About 100 boys sat in rows along the old frigate's main-deck, with the
open ports looking on the river, now reddened by a setting sun, and the
cool air pleasantly fanning us. The lads chanted the Psalms to the music
of a harmonium, played with excellent feeling and good taste, and the
Captain read a suitable portion from some selected book, and then prayer
was offered; and all this was by and for poor vagrant boys, whose claim
on society is great indeed if measured by the wrong it has done them in
neglect if not in precept, nay, even in example.

Next morning the canoe was lowered down a ladder from the hay-loft, where
it had been kept (it had to go up into many far more strange places in
subsequent days), and the Cornwall boys bid me a pleasant voyage--a wish
most fully realized indeed.

After taking in supplies at Gravesend, I shoved off into the tide, and
lit a cigar, and now I felt I had fairly started. Then there began a
strange feeling of _freedom_ and _novelty_ which lasted to the end of
the tour.

Something like it is felt when you first march off with a knapsack ready
to walk anywhere, or when you start alone in a sailing-boat for a long
cruise.

But then in walking you are bounded by every sea and river, and in a
common sailing-boat you are bounded by every shallow and shore; whereas,
I was in a canoe, which could be paddled or sailed, hauled, or carried
over land or water to Rome, if I liked, or to Hong-Kong.

The wind was fair again, and up went my sail. The reaches got wider and
the water more salt, but I knew every part of the course, for I had once
spent a fortnight about the mouth of the Thames in my pretty little
sailing-boat, the Kent, alone, with only a dog, a chart, a compass, and
a bachelor's kettle.

The new steamer Alexandra, which plies from London daily, passed me
here, its high-terraced American decks covered with people, and the
crowd gave a fine loud cheer to the Rob Roy, for the newspapers had
mentioned its departure. Presently the land seemed to fade away at each
side in pale distance, and the water was more sea than river, till near
the Nore we entered a great shoal of porpoises. Often as I have seen
these harmless and agile playfellows I had never been so close to them
before, and in a boat so small as to be almost disregarded by them, wily
though they be. I allowed the canoe to rock on the waves, and the
porpoises frequently came near enough to be struck by my paddle, but I
did not wage war, for a flap of a tail would have soon turned me upside
down.

After a pleasant sail to Southend and along the beach, the wind changed,
and a storm of heavy rain had to be met in its teeth by taking to the
paddle, until near Shoeburyness, where I meant to stop a day or two in
the camp of the National Artillery Association, which was assembled here
for its first Prize shooting.

The Royal Artillery received us Volunteers on this occasion with the
greatest kindness, and as they had appropriated quarters of officers
absent on leave for the use of members of the Council of the
Association, I was soon comfortably ensconced. The camp, however, in a
wet field was moist enough; but the fine tall fellows who had come from
Yorkshire, Somerset, or Aberdeen to handle the 68-pounders, trudged
about in the mud with good humour and thick boots, and sang round the
camp-fire in a drizzle of rain, and then pounded away at the targets
next day, for these were volunteers of the right sort.

As the wind had then risen to a gale it seemed a good opportunity for a
thorough trial of the canoe in rough water, so I paddled her to a corner
where she would be least injured by being thrown ashore after an upset,
and where she would be safe while I might run to change clothes after a
swim.

The buoyancy of the boat astonished me, and her stability was in every
way satisfactory. In the midst of the waves I even managed to rig up the
mast and sail, and as I had no baggage on board and so did not mind
being perfectly wet through in the experiments, there was nothing left
untried, and the confidence then gained for after times was invaluable.

Early next morning I started directly in the teeth of the wind, and
paddled against a very heavy sea to Southend, where a nice warm bath was
enjoyed while my clothes were getting dried, and then the Rob Roy had
its first railway journey in one of the little cars on the Southend pier
to the steamboat.

It was amusing to see how much interest and curiosity the canoe excited
even on the Thames, where all kinds of new and old and wonderful boats
may be seen. The reasons for this I never exactly made out. Some
wondered to see so small a boat at sea, others had never seen a canoe
before, the manner of rowing was new to most, and the sail made many
smile. The graceful shape of the boat pleased others, the cedar covering
and the jaunty flag, and a good many stared at the captain's uniform,
and they stared more after they had asked, "Where are you going to?" and
were often told, "I really do not know."

From Sheerness to Dover was the route, and on the branch line train the
Rob Roy had to be carried on the coals in the engine-tender, with
torrents of rain and plenty of hot sparks driven into her by the gale;
but after some delay at a junction the canoe was formally introduced to
a baggage-waggon and ticketed like a portmanteau, the first of a series
of transits in this way.

The London Chatham and Dover Railway Company took this new kind of "box"
as passengers' luggage, so I had nothing to pay, and the steamer to
Ostend was equally large-hearted, so I say, "Canoemen, choose this
channel."

But before crossing to Belgium I had a day at Dover, where I bought some
stuff and had a jib made for the boat by deft and fair fingers, had
paddled the Rob Roy on the green waves which toss about off the
pier-head most delectably. The same performance was repeated on the top
of the swell, tumbling and breaking on the "digue"[II.] at Ostend, where,
even with little wind, the rollers ran high on a strong ebb tide. Fat
bathers wallowed in the shallows, and fair ones, dressed most bizarre,
were swimming like ducks. All of these, and the babies squalling
hysterically at each dip, were duly admired; and then I had a quieter
run under sail on their wide and straight canal.

[Illustration: Rollers off the Digue.]

 [II.] At Ostend I found an English gentleman preparing for a
  voyage on the Danube, for which he was to build a "centre board" boat.
  Although no doubt a sailing boat could reach the Danube by the Bamberg
  canal, yet, after four tours on that river from its source as far as
  Pest, I am convinced that to trust to sailing upon it would entail much
  tedious delay, useless trouble, and constant anxiety. If the wind is
  ahead you have all the labour of tacking, and are frequently in slack
  water near the banks, and often in channels where the only course would
  be dead to windward. If the wind is aft the danger of "running" is
  extreme where you have to "broach to" and stop suddenly near a shallow
  or a barrier. With a strong side wind, indeed, you can sail safely, but
  this must come from north or south, and the high banks vastly reduce its
  effect.

With just a little persuasion the railway people consented to put the
canoe in the baggage-van, and to charge a franc or two for "extra
luggage" to Brussels. Here she was carried on a cart through the town to
another station, and in the evening we were at Namur, where the Rob Roy
was housed for the night in the landlord's private parlour, resting
gracefully upon two chairs.

Two porters carried her through the streets next morning, and I took a
paddle on the Sambre, but very soon turned down stream and smoothly
glided to the Meuse.

Glancing water, brilliant sun, a light boat, and a light heart, all your
baggage on board, and on a fast current,--who would exchange this for
any diligence or railway, or steamboat, or horse? A pleasant stream was
enough to satisfy at this early period of the voyage, for the excitement
of rocks and rapids had not yet become a charm.

It is good policy, too, that a quiet, easy, respectable sort of river
like the Meuse should be taken in the earlier stage of a water tour,
when there is novelty enough in being on a river at all. The river-banks
one would call tame if seen from shore are altogether new when you open
up the vista from the middle of the stream. The picture that is rolled
sideways to the common traveller now pours out from before you, ever
enlarging from a centre, and in the gentle sway of the stream the
landscape seems to swell on this side and on that with new things ever
advancing to meet you in succession.

How careful I was at the first shallow! getting out and wading as I
lowered the boat. A month afterwards I would dash over them with a shove
here and a stroke there in answer to a hoarse croak of the stones at the
bottom grinding against my keel.

And the first barrier--how anxious it made me, to think by what means
shall I get over. A man appeared just in time (N.B.--They _always_ do),
and twopence made him happy for his share of carrying the boat round by
land, and I jumped in again as before.

Sailing was easy, too, in a fine wide river, strong and deep, and with a
favouring breeze, and when the little steamer passed I drew alongside
and got my penny roll and penny glass of beer, while the wondering
passengers (the first of many amazed foreigners) smiled, chattered, and
then looked grave--for was it not indecorous to laugh at an Englishman
evidently mad, poor fellow?

The voyage was chequered by innumerable little events, all perfectly
different from those one meets on shore, and when I came to the forts at
Huy and knew the first day's work was done, the persuasion was complete
that quite a new order of sensations had been set going.

Next morning I found the boat safe in the coach-house and the sails
still drying on the harness-pegs, where we had left them, but the ostler
and all his folks were nowhere to be seen. Everybody had gone to join
the long funeral procession of a great musician, who lived fifty years
at Huy, though we never heard of him before, or of Huy either; yet you
see it is in our Map at page 291.

The pleasure of meandering with a new river is very peculiar and
fascinating. Each few yards brings a novelty, or starts an excitement. A
crane jumps up here, a duck flutters there, splash leaps a gleaming
trout by your side, the rushing sound of rocks warns you round that
corner, or anon you come suddenly upon a millrace. All these, in
addition to the scenery and the people and the weather, and the
determination that you _must_ get on, over, through, or under every
difficulty, and cannot leave your boat in a desolate wold, and ought to
arrive at a house before dark, and that your luncheon bag is long since
empty; all these, I say, keep the mind awake, which would perchance dose
away for 100 miles in a first-class carriage.

It is, as in the voyage of life, that our cares and hardships are our
very Mentors of living. Our minds would only vegetate if all life were
like a straight canal, and we in a boat being towed along it. The
afflictions that agitate the soul are as its shallows, rocks, and
whirlpools, and the bark that has not been tossed on billows knows not
half the sweetness of the harbour of rest.

The river soon got fast and lively, and hour after hour of vigorous work
prepared me well for breakfast. Trees seemed to spring up in front and
grow tall, but it was only because I came rapidly towards them. Pleasant
villages floated as it were to meet me, gently moving. All life got to
be a smooth and gliding thing, of dreamy pictures and far-off sounds,
without fuss and without dust or anything sudden or loud, till at
length the bustle and hammers of Liege neared the Rob Roy--for it was
always the objects and not myself that seemed to move. Here I saw a fast
steamer, the Seraing, propelled by water forced from its sides, and as
my boat hopped and bobbed in the steamer's waves we entered a dock
together, and the canoe was soon hoisted into a garden for the night.

Gun-barrels are the rage in Liege. Everybody there makes or carries or
sells gun-barrels. Even women walk about with twenty stocked rifles on
their backs, and each rifle, remember, weighs 10 lbs. They sell plenty
of fruit in the market, and there are churches well worth a visit here,
but gun-barrels, after all, are the prevailing idea of the place.

However, it is not my purpose to describe the towns seen on this tour. I
had seen Liege well, years before, and indeed almost every town
mentioned in these pages. The charm then of the voyage was not in going
to strange lands, but in seeing old places in a new way.

Here at length the Earl of Aberdeen met me, according to our plans
arranged long before. He had got a canoe built for the trip, but a foot
longer and two inches narrower than the Rob Roy, and, moreover, made of
fir instead of strong oak. It was sent from London to Liege, and the
"combing" round the edge of the deck was broken in the journey, so we
spent some hours at a cabinet-maker's, where it was neatly mended.

Launching our boats unobserved on the river, we soon left Liege in the
distance and braved the hot sun.

The pleasant companionship of two travellers, each quite free in his own
boat, was very enjoyable. Sometimes we sailed, then paddled a mile or
two, or joined to help the boats over a weir, or towed them along while
we walked on the bank for a change.[III.]

 [III.] Frequent trials afterwards convinced me that towing is only
  useful if you feel very cramped from sitting. And this constraint is
  felt less and less as you get accustomed to sit ten or twelve hours at a
  time. Experience enables you to make the seat perfectly comfortable, and
  on the better rivers you have so frequently to get out that any
  additional change is quite needless. Towing is slower progress than
  paddling, even when your arms are tired, though my canoe was so light to
  tow that for miles I have drawn it by my little finger on a canal.

Each of us took whichever side of the river pleased him best, and we
talked across long acres of water between, to the evident surprise of
sedate people on the banks, who often could see only one of the strange
elocutionists, the other being hidden by bushes or tall sedge. When
talking thus aloud had amplified into somewhat uproarious singing, the
chorus was far more energetic than harmonious, but then the Briton is at
once the most timid and shy of mortal travellers, and the most _outré_
and singular when he chooses to be free.

The midday beams on a river in August are sure to conquer your fresh
energies at last, and so we had to pull up at a village for bread and
wine.

The moment I got into my boat again a shrill whining cry in the river
attracted my attention, and it came from a poor little boy, who had
somehow fallen into the water, and was now making his last faint efforts
to cling to a great barge in the stream. Naturally I rushed over to save
him, and my boat went so fast and so straight that its sharp prow caught
the hapless urchin in the rear, and with such a pointed reminder too
that he screamed and struggled and thus got safely on the barge, which
was beyond his reach, until thus roughly but fortunately aided.

On most of the Belgian, German, and French rivers there are excellent
floating baths, an obvious convenience which I do not recollect
observing on a single river in Britain, though in summer we have quite
as many bathers as there are abroad.

The floating baths consist of a wooden framework, say 100 feet long,
moored in the stream, and through which the water runs freely, while a
set of strong bars and chains and iron network forms a false bottom,
shallow at one end and deeper at the other, so that the bather cannot be
carried away by the current.

Round the sides there are bathing boxes and steps, ladders, and spring
boards for the various degree of aquatic proficiency.

The youths and even the little boys on the Rhine are very good swimmers,
and many of them dive well. Sometimes there is a ladies' bath of similar
construction, from which a good deal of very lively noise may be heard
when the fair bathers are in a talkative mood.

The soldiers at military stations near the rivers are marched down
regularly to bathe, and one day we found a large number of young
recruits assembled for their general dip.

While some were in the water others were firing at the targets for ball
practice. There were three targets, each made of cardboard sheets,
fastened upon wooden uprights. A marker safely protected in a ball-proof
_mantelet_ was placed so close to these targets that he could see all
three at once. One man of the firing party opposite each target having
fired, his bullet passed through the pasteboard and left a clear round
hole in it, while the ball itself was buried in the earth behind, and
so could be recovered again, instead of being dashed into fragments as
on our iron targets, and then spattered about on all sides, to the great
danger of the marker and everybody else.

When three men had thus fired, signals were made by drum, flag, and
bugle, and the firing ceased. The marker then came out and pointed to
the bullet-mark on each target, and having patched up the holes he
returned within his mantelet, and the firing was resumed. This very safe
and simple method of ball practice is much better than that used in our
military shooting.

Once as we rounded a point there was a large herd of cattle swimming
across the stream in close column, and I went right into the middle of
them to observe how they would welcome a stranger. In the Nile you see
the black oxen swim over the stream night and morning, reminding you of
Pharaoh's dream about the "kine" coming up out of the river, a notion
that used to puzzle in boyhood days, but which is by no means
incongruous when thus explained. The Bible is a book that bears full
light to be cast upon it, for truth looks more true under more light.

We had been delayed this morning in our start, and so the evening
fell sombre ere we came near the resting-place. This was the town of
Maastricht, in Holland, and it is stated to be one of the most strongly
fortified places in Europe; that is, of the old fashion, with straight
high walls quite impervious to the Armstrong and Whitworth guns--of a
century gone by.

[Illustration: CATTLE SWIMMING THE MEUSE. Page 28.]

But all we knew as we came near it at night was, that the stream was
good and strong, and that no lights appeared. Emerging from trees we
were right in the middle of the town, but where were the houses? had
they no windows, no lamps, not even a candle?

Two great high walls bounded the river, but not a gate or port could we
find, though one of us carefully scanned the right and the other
cautiously scraped along the left of this very strange place.

It appears that the commerce and boats all turn into a canal above the
old tumble-down fortress, and so the blank brick sides bounded us thus
inhospitably. Soon we came to a bridge, looming overhead in the
blackness, and our arrival there was greeted by a shower of stones from
some Dutch lads upon it, pattering pitilessly upon the delicate
cedar-covered canoes.

Turning up stream, and after a closer scrutiny, we found a place where
we could cling to the wall, which here sloped a little with debris, and
now there was nothing for it but to haul the boats up bodily over the
impregnable fortification, and thus carry them into the sleepy town. No
wonder the _octroi_ guard stared as his lamplight fell on two gaunt men
in grey, carrying what seemed to him a pair of long coffins, but he was
a sensible though surprised individual, and he guided us well, stamping
through the dark deserted streets to an hotel.

Though the canoes in a cart made a decided impression at the
railway-station next day, and arguments logically proved that the boats
must go as baggage, the porters were dense to conviction, and obdurate
to persuasion, until all at once a sudden change took place; they rushed
at us, caught up the two neglected "batteaux," ran with them to the
luggage-van, pushed them in, and banged the door, piped the whistle, and
as the train went off--"Do you know why they have yielded so suddenly?"
said a Dutchman, who could speak English. "Not at all," said we.
"Because I told them one of you was the son of the Prime Minister, and
the other Lord Russell's son."

But a change of railway had to be made at Aix-la-Chapelle, and after a
hard struggle we had nearly surrendered the boats to the "merchandise
train," to limp along the line at night and to arrive "perhaps
to-morrow." Indeed the Superintendent of that department seemed to
clutch the boats as his prize, but as he gloried a little too loudly,
the "Chef" of the passengers' baggage came, listened, and with calm mien
ordered for us a special covered truck, and on arriving at Cologne there
was "nothing to pay."[IV.]

 [IV.] This is an exceptional case, and I wrote from England to
  thank the officer. It would be unreasonable again to expect any baggage
  to be thus favoured. A canoe is at best a clumsy inconvenience in the
  luggage-van, and no one can wonder that it is objected to. In France the
  railway _fourgons_ are shorter than in other countries, and the
  officials there insisted on treating my canoe as merchandise. The
  instances given above show what occurred in Belgium and Holland. In
  Germany little difficulty was made about the boat as luggage. In
  Switzerland there was no objection raised, for was not I an English
  traveller? As for the English railway guards, they have the good sense
  to see that a long light article like a canoe can be readily carried on
  the top of a passenger carriage. Probably some distinct rules will be
  instituted by the railways in each country, when they are found to be
  liable to a nautical incursion, but after all one can very well arrange
  to walk or see sights now and then, while the boat travels slower by a
  goods-train.

To be quiet we went to the Belle Vue, at Deutz, which is opposite
Cologne, but a great Singing Society had its gala there, and sang and
drank prodigiously. Next day (Sunday too) this same quiet Deutz had a
"Schutzen Fest," where the man who had hit the target best was dragged
about in an open carriage with his wife, both wearing brass crowns, and
bowing royally to a screaming crowd, while blue lights glared and
rockets shot up in the serene darkness.

At Cologne, while Lord A. went to take our tickets at the steamer, the
boats were put in a handcart, which I shoved from behind as a man pulled
it in front. In our way to the river I was assailed by a poor vagrant
sort of fellow, who insisted on being employed as a porter, and being
enraged at a refusal he actually took up a large stone and ran after the
cart in a threatening passion. I could not take my hands from the boats,
though in fear that his missile would smash them if he threw it, but I
kicked up my legs behind as we trotted along. One of the sentries saw
the man's conduct, and soon a policeman brought him to me as a prisoner,
but as he trembled now with fear more than before with anger, I declined
to make any charge, though the police pressed this course, saying,
"Travellers are sacred here." This incident is mentioned because it was
the sole occasion when any discourtesy happened to me during this tour.

We took the canoes by steamer to a wide part of the Rhine at Bingen.
Here the scenery is good, and we spent an active day on the river,
sailing in a splendid breeze, landing on islands, scudding about in
steamers' waves, and, in fact, enjoying a combination of yacht voyage,
pic-nic, and boat race.

This was a fine long day of pleasure, though in one of the sudden
squalls my canoe happened to ground on a bank just at the most critical
time, and the bamboo mast broke short. The uncouth and ridiculous
appearance of a sail falling overboard is like that of an umbrella
turned inside out in a gust of wind. But I got another stronger mast,
and made the broken one into a boom.

Lord Aberdeen went by train to inspect the river Nahe, but reported
unfavourably; and I paddled up from its mouth, but the water was very
low.

Few arguments were needed to stop me from going against stream; for I
have a profound respect for the universal principle of gravitation, and
quite allow that in rowing it is well to have it with you by always
going down stream, and so the good rule was to make steam, horse, or man
take the canoe against the current, and to let gravity help the boat to
carry me down.

Time pressed for my fellow-paddler to return to England, so we went on
to Mayence, and thence by rail to Asschaffenburg on the Main. The canoes
again travelled in grand state, having a truck to themselves; but
instead of the stately philosopher superintendent of Aix-la-Chapelle,
who managed this gratuitously, we had a fussy little person to deal
with, and to pay accordingly,--the only case of decided cheating I can
recollect during the voyage.

A fellow-passenger in the railway was deeply interested about our tour;
and we had spoken of its various details for some time to him before we
found that he supposed we were travelling with "two small cannons,"
mistaking the word "canôts" for "canons." He had even asked about their
length and weight, and had heard with perfect placidity that our
"canons" were fifteen feet long, and weighed eighty pounds, and that we
took them only for "plaisir," not to sell. Had we carried two pet
cameleopards, he probably would not have been astonished.

The guests at the German inn of this long-named town amused us much by
their respectful curiosity. Our dress in perfect unison, both alike in
grey flannel, puzzled them exceedingly; but this sort of perplexity
about costume and whence why and whither was an everyday occurrence for
months afterwards with me.

A fine breeze enabled us to start on the river Main under sail, though
we lost much time in forcing the boats to do yachts' work; and I am
inclined to believe that sailing on rivers is rather a mistake unless
with a favourable wind. The Main is an easy stream to follow, and the
scenery only so-so. A storm of rain at length made it lunch-time, so we
sheltered ourselves in a bleak sort of arbour attached to an inn, where
they could give us only sour black bread and raw bacon. Eating this poor
cheer in a wet, rustling breeze and pattering rain, half-chilled in our
macintoshes, was the only time I fared badly, so little of "roughing it"
was there in this luxurious tour.

Fine weather came soon again and pleasure,--nay, positive sporting; for
there were wild ducks quite impudent in their familiarity, and herons
wading about with that look of injured innocence they put on when you
dare to disturb them. So my friend capped his revolver-pistol, and I
acted as a pointer dog, stealing along the other side of the river, and
indicating the position of the game with my paddle.

Vast trouble was taken. Lord A. went ashore, and crawled on the bank a
long way to a wily bird, but, though the sportsman had shown himself at
Wimbledon to be one of the best shots in the world, it was evidently not
easy to shoot a heron with a pocket revolver.

As the darker shades fell, even this rather stupid river became
beautiful; and our evening bath was in a quiet pool, with pure yellow
sand to rest on if you tired in swimming. At Hanau we stopped for the
night.

The wanderings and turnings of the Main next day have really left no
impression on my memory, except that we had a pleasant time, and at last
came to a large Schloss, where we observed on the river a boat evidently
English. While we examined this craft, a man told us it belonged to the
Prince of Wales, "and he is looking at you now from the balcony."

For this was the Duchess of Cambridge's Schloss at Rumpenheim, and
presently a four-in-hand crossed the ferry, and the Prince and Princess
of Wales drove in it by the river-side, while we plied a vigorous paddle
against the powerful west wind until we reached Frankfort, where our wet
jackets were soon dried at the _Russie_, one of the best hotels in
Europe.

The Frankfort boatmen were much interested next day to see the two
English canoes flitting about so lightly on their river; sometimes
skimming the surface with the wind, and despising the contrary stream;
then wheeling about, and paddling hither and thither in shallows where
it seemed as if the banks were only moist.

On one occasion we both got into my canoe, and it supported the
additional weight perfectly well, which seemed to prove that the
dimensions of it were unnecessarily large for the displacement required.
However, there was not room for both of us to use our paddles
comfortably in the same canoe.

On the Sunday, the Royal personages came to the English church at
Frankfort, and, with that quiet behaviour of good taste which wins more
admiration that any pageantry, they walked from the place of worship
like the rest of the hearers.

There is a true grandeur in simplicity when the occasion is one of
solemn things.

Next day my active and pleasant companion had to leave me on his return
to England. Not satisfied with a fortnight's rifle practice at
Wimbledon, where the best prize of the year was won by his skill, he
must return to the moors and coverts for more deadly sport; and the
calls of more important business, besides, required his presence at
home. He paddled down the Rhine to Cologne, and on the way several times
performed the difficult feat of hooking on his canoe to a steamer going
at full speed.

Meantime, my boat went along with me by railway to Freyburg, from whence
the new voyage was really to begin, for as yet the Rob Roy had not
paddled in parts unknown.




CHAPTER III.

     Höllenthal Pass--Ladies--Black Forest--Night Music--Beds--Lake
     Titisee--Pontius Pilate--Storm--Starers--Singers--Source of the
     Danube.


Planning your summer tour is one of the most agreeable of occupations.
It is in June or July that the Foreign Bradshaw becomes suddenly of
intense interest, and the well-known pages of "Steamers and
Railways"--why, it is worth while being a bachelor to be able to read
each of these as part of your sketched-out plan, and (oh, selfish
thought!) to have only one mind to consult as to whither away.

All this pleasure is a good deal influenced, however, by true answers to
these questions,--Have you worked hard in working time, so as to be
entitled to play in these playhours? Is this to be a vacation of
refreshment, or an idle lounge and killing of time? Are you going off to
rest, and to recruit delicate health, or with vigour to enjoy a summer
of active exertion?

But now the infallible Bradshaw could not help me with the canoe one
iota, and Baedeker was not written for a boat; so at Freyburg my plans
resolved themselves into the simple direction, "Go at once to the source
of the Danube."

Next morning, therefore, found the Rob Roy in a cart, and the
grey-clothed traveller walking beside it on the dusty Höllenthal road.
The gay, light-hearted exultation of being strong and well, and on a
right errand, and with unknown things to do and places to see and people
to meet, who can describe this? How easy it is at such times to be glad,
and to think this is being "thankful."

After moralizing for a few miles, a carriage full of English people
overtook me, and soon we became companions. "The English are so distant,
so silent, such _hauteur_, and gloomy distrust," forsooth! A false
verdict, say I. The ladies carried me off through the very pretty glen,
and the canoe on its cart trundled slowly after us behind, through the
Höllenthal Pass, which is too seldom visited by travellers, who so often
admire the spire of Freyburg (from the railway perhaps), passing it on
their route to Switzerland.

This entrance to the Schwartzwald, or Black Forest, is a woody, rocky,
and grim defile, with an excellent road, and good inns.

The villages are of wood, and there is a saw-mill in every other house,
giving a busy, wholesome sound, mellowed by the patter of the
water-wheel. Further on, where tourists' scenery stops, it is a grand,
dark-coloured ocean of hills. The houses get larger and larger, and
fewer and fewer, and nearly every one has a little chapel built
alongside, with a wooden saint's image of life-size nailed on the gable
end. One night I was in one of these huge domiciles, when all the
servants and ploughboys came in, and half said, half sung, their
prayers, in a whining but yet musical tone, and then retired for a
hearty supper.

Our carriage mounted still among crags, that bowed from each side to
meet across the narrow gorge, and were crested on high by the grand
trees that will be felled and floated down the Rhine on one of those
huge rafts you meet at Strasbourg. But everybody must have seen a Rhine
raft, so I need not describe it, with its acres of wood and its street
of cabin dwellings, and its gay bannerets. A large raft needs 500 men to
navigate it, and the timber will sell for 30,000_l._

At the top of this pass was the watershed of this first chain of hills,
where my English friends took leave of me. The Rob Roy was safely housed
in the Baar Inn, and I set off for a long walk to find if the tiny
stream there would possibly be navigable.

Alone on a hillside in a foreign land, and with an evening sun on the
wild mountains, the playful breeze and the bleating sheep around
you--there is a certain sense of independent delight that possesses the
mind then with a buoyant gladness; but how can I explain it in words,
unless you have felt this sort of pleasure?

However, the rivulet was found to be eminently unsuited for a canoe; so
now let me go to bed in my wooden room, where the washingbasin is oval,
and the partitions are so thin that one hears all the noises of the
place at midnight. Now, the long-drawn snore of the landlord; then, the
tittle-tattle of the servants not asleep yet,--a pussy's plaintive mew,
and the scraping of a mouse; the cows breathing in soft slumber; and,
again, the sharp rattle of a horse's chain.

The elaborate construction of that edifice of housewifery called a
"bett" here, and which we are expected to sleep upon, can only be
understood when you have to undermine and dismantle it night after night
to arrive at a reasonable flat surface on which to recline.

First you take off a great fluff bag, at least two feet thick, then a
counterpane, and then a brilliant scarlet blanket; next you extract one
enormous pillow, another enormous pillow, and a huge wedge-shaped
bolster,--all, it appears, requisite for the Teutonic race, who yet
could surely put themselves to sleep at an angle of forty-five degrees,
without all this trouble, by merely tilting up the end of a flat
bedstead.

Simple but real courtesy have I found throughout. Every one says "Gut
tag;" and, even in a hotel, on getting up from breakfast a guest who has
not spoken a word will wish "Gut morgen" as he departs, and perhaps "Bon
appetit" to those not satisfied like himself. About eight o'clock the
light repast of tea or coffee, bread, butter, and honey begins the day;
at noon is "mittagessen," the mid-day meal, leaving all proper excuse
for another dining operation in the shape of a supper at seven.

No fine manners here! My driver sat down to dinner with me, and the
waiter along with him, smoking a cigar between whiles, as he waited on
us both. But all this is just as one sees in Canada and in Norway, and
wherever there are mountains, woods, and torrent streams, with a sparse
population; and, as in Norway too, you see at once that all can read,
and they do read. There is more reading in one day in a common house in
Germany than in a month in the same sort of place in France.

I had hired the cart and driver by the day, but he by no means admired
my first directions next morning--namely, to take the boat off the main
road, so as to get to the Titisee, a pretty mountain lake about four
miles long, and surrounded by wooded knolls. His arguments and
objections were evidently superficial, and something deeper than he said
was in his mind. In fact, it appears that, by a superstition long
cherished there, Pontius Pilate is supposed to be in that deep, still
lake, and dark rumours were told that he would surely drag me down if I
ventured upon it.[V.]

 [V.] The legend about Pilate extends over Germany and Italy.
  Even on the flanks of Stromboli there is a _talus_ of the volcano which
  the people dare not approach, "because of Pontius Pilate."

Of course, this decided the matter, and when I launched the Rob Roy from
the pebbly shore in a fine foggy morning, and in full view of the
inhabitants of the region (eight in number at last census), we had a
most pleasant paddle for several miles.

At a distance the boat was invisible being so low in the water, and they
said that "only a man was seen, whirling a paddle about his head."

There is nothing interesting about this lake, except that it is 3,000
feet above the sea and very lonely, in the middle of the Black Forest.
Certainly no English boat has been there before, and probably no other
will visit the deserted water.

After this, the Rob Roy is carted again still further into the forests.
Lumbering vehicles meet us, all carrying wood. Some have joined three
carts together, and have eight horses. Others have a bullock or two
besides, and all the men are intelligent enough, for they stop and
stare, and my driver deigns to tell them, in a patois wholly beyond me,
as to what a strange fare he has got with a boat and no other luggage.
However, they invariably conclude that the canoe is being carried about
for sale, and it could have been well sold frequently already.

About mid-day my sage driver began to mutter something at intervals, but
I could only make out from his gestures and glances that it had to do
with a storm overhead. The mixture of English, French, and German on the
borders of the Rhine accustoms one to hear odd words. "Shall have you
pottyto?" says a waiter, and he is asking if you will have potatoes.
Another hands you a dish, saying, it is "sweetbone," and you must know
it is "sweetbread."

Yes, the storm came, and as it seldom does come except in such places. I
once heard a thunder peal while standing on the crater of Mount
Vesuvius, and I have seen the bright lightning, in cold and grand
beauty, playing on the Falls of Niagara in a sombre night, but the
vividness of the flashes to-day in the Black Forest, and the crashing,
rolling, and booming of the terrible and majestic battery of heaven was
astounding. Once a bolt fell so near and with such a blaze that the
horse albeit tired enough started off down a hill and made me quite
nervous lest he should overturn the cart and injure my precious boat,
which naturally was more and more dear to me as it was longer my sole
companion.

As we toiled up the Rothenhaus Pass, down came the rain, whistling and
rushing through the cold, dark forests of larch, and blackening the top
of great Feldberg, the highest mountain here, and then pouring heavy and
fast on the cart and horse, the man, the canoe, and myself. This was the
last rain my boat got in the tour. All other days I spent in her were
perfectly dry.

People stared out of their windows to see a cart and a boat in this
heavy shower--what! a boat, up here in the hills? Where can it be going,
and whose is it? Then they ran out to us, and forced the driver to
harangue, and he tried to satisfy their curiosity, but his explanation
never seemed to be quite exhaustive, for they turned homeward shaking
their heads and looking grave, even though I nodded and laughed at them
through the bars of the cart, lifting up my head among the wet straw.

The weather dried up its tears at last, and the sun glittered on the
road, still sparkling with its rivulets of rain, but the boat was soon
dried by a sponge, while a smart walk warmed its well-soaked captain.

The horse too had got into a cheerful vein and actually trotted with
excitement, for now it was down hill, and bright sun--a welcome change
in ten minutes from our labouring up a steep forest road in a
thunder-storm.

The most rigid teetotaller (I am only a temperance man) would probably
allow that just a very small glass of kirchwasser might be prescribed at
this moment with advantage, and as there was no "faculty" there but
myself, I administered the dose medicinally to the driver and to his
employer, and gave a bran-mash and a rub down to the horse, which made
all three of us better satisfied with ourselves and each other, and so
we jogged on again.

By dusk I marched into Donaueschingen, and on crossing the little
bridge, saw at once I could begin the Danube from its very source, for
there was at least three inches of water in the middle of the stream.

In five minutes a crowd assembled round the boat, even before it could
be loosened from the cart.[VI.]

 [VI.] After trying various modes of securing the canoe in a
  springless cart for long journeys on rough and hilly roads, I am
  convinced that the best way is to fasten two ropes across the top of a
  long cart and let the boat lie on these, which will bear it like springs
  and so modify the jolts. The painter is then made fast fore and aft, so
  as to keep the boat from moving back and forward. All plans for using
  trusses of straw, &c., fail after a few miles of rolling gravel and
  coarse ruts.

The ordinary idlers came first, then the more shy townspeople, and then
a number of strange folk, whose exact position I could not make out,
until it was explained that the great singing meeting for that part of
Germany was to be held next day in the town, and so there were 600
visitors, all men of some means and intelligence, who were collected
from a wide country round about.

The town was in gala for this meeting of song. The inns were full, but
still the good landlord of the "Poste" by the bridge gave me an
excellent room, and the canoe was duly borne aloft in procession to the
coachhouse.

What a din these tenors and basses did make at the table d'hôte!
Everything about the boat had to be told a dozen times over to them,
while my driver had a separate lecture-room on the subject below.

The town was well worth inspection next day, for it was in a violent fit
of decoration. Every house was tidied up, and all the streets were
swept clean. From the humbler windows hung green boughs and garlands,
rugs, quilts, and blankets; while banners, Venetian streamers, arches,
mottoes, and wreaths of flowers announced the wealthier houses. Crowds
of gaping peasants paraded the streets and jostled against bands
drumming and tromboning (if there be such a word), and marching in a
somewhat ricketty manner over the undoubtedly rough pavement. Every now
and then the bustle had a fresh paroxysm when four horses rattled along,
bringing in new visitors from some distant choir. They are coming you
see in a long four-wheeled cart, covered with evergreens and bearing
four pine trees in it erect among sacks which are used as seats--only
the inmates do not sit but stand up in the cart, and shout, and sing,
and wave banners aloft, while the hundreds of on-lookers roar out the
"Hoch," the German Hurrah! with only one note.

As every window had its ornament or device, I made one for mine also,
and my sails were festooned (rather tastefully, I flatter myself) to
support the little blue silk English jack of the canoe. This
complimentary display was speedily recognized by the Germans, who
greeted it with cheers, and sung glees below, and improvised verses
about England, and then sang round the boat itself, laughing, shouting,
and hurraing boisterously with the vigour of youthful lungs. Never tell
me again that the Germans are phlegmatic!

[Illustration: Singers' Waggon.]

They had a "banket" in the evening at the Museum. It was "free for all,"
and so 400 came on these cheap terms, and all drank beer from long
glass cylinders at a penny a glass, all smoked cigars at a farthing a
piece, and all talked and all sang, though a splendid brass band was
playing beside them, and whenever it stopped a glee or chorus commenced.

The whole affair was a scene of bewildering excitement, very curious to
contemplate for one sitting in the midst. Next me I found a young
bookseller who had sold me a French book in the morning. He said I must
take a ticket for the Sunday concert; but I told him I was an
Englishman, and had learned in my country that it was God's will and for
man's good to keep Sunday for far better things, which are too much
forgotten when one day in seven is not saved from the business,
excitement, and giddiness of every-day life.

And is there not a feeling of dull sameness about time in those
countries and places where the week is not steadied and centred round a
solid day on which lofty and deep things, pure and lasting things may
have at least some hours of our attention?

So I left the merry singers to bang their drums and hoch! at each other
in the great hall provided for their use by the Prince of Furstemburg.
He had reared this near his stables, in which are many good horses, some
of the best being English, and named on their stalls "Miss," "Pet,"
"Lady," or "Tom," &c.

An English gentleman whom I met afterwards had been travelling through
Germany with a four-in-hand drag, and he came to Donaueschingen, where
the Prince soon heard of his arrival. Next day His Serene Highness was
at his stables, and seeing an English visitor there, he politely
conducted the stranger over the whole establishment, explaining every
item with minute care. He found out afterwards that this visitor was not
the English gentleman, but only his groom!

The intelligence, activity, and good temper of most of the German
waiters in hotels will surely be observed by travellers whose daily
enjoyment depends so much on that class. Here, for instance, is a little
waiter at the Poste Inn. He is the size of a boy, but looks twenty years
older. His face is flat, and broad, and brown, and so is his jacket. His
shoulders are high, and he reminds you of those four everlasting German
juveniles, with thick comforters about their necks, who stand in London
streets blowing brass music, with their cheeks puffed out, and their
cold grey eyes turning on all the passing objects while the music, or at
any rate a noise, blurts out as if mechanically from the big, unpolished
instruments held by red benumbed fingers.

This waiter lad then is all the day at the beck of all, and never gets a
night undisturbed, yet he is as obliging at ten o'clock in the dark as
for the early coffee at sunrise, and he quite agrees with each guest, in
the belief that _his_ particular cutlet or cognac is the most important
feature of the hour.

I honour this sort of man. He fills a hard place well, and Bismarck or
Mussurus cannot do more.

Then again, there is Ulric, the other waiter, hired only for to-day as
an "extra," to meet the crush of hungry vocalists who will soon fill the
_saal_. He is timid yet, being young, and only used to a village inn
where "The Poste at Donaueschingen" is looked up to with solemn
admiration as the pink of fashion. He was learning French too, and was
sentimental, so I gave him a very matter-of-fact book, and then he asked
me to let him sit in the canoe while I was to paddle it down the river
to his home! The naïve simplicity of this request was truly refreshing,
and if we had been sure of shallow water all the way, and yet not too
shallow, it would perhaps have been amusing to admit such a passenger.

The actual source of the Danube is by no means agreed upon any more than
the source of the Nile. I had a day's exploration of the country, after
seeking exact information on this point from the townspeople in vain.
The land round Donaueschingen is a spongy soil, with numerous rivulets
and a few large streams. I went along one of these, the Brege, which
rises twenty miles away, near St. Martin, and investigated about ten
miles of another, the Brigach, a brook rising near St. Georgen, about a
mile from the source of the Neckar, which river runs to the Rhine. These
streams join near Donaueschingen, but in the town there bubbles up a
clear spring of water in the gardens of the Prince near the church, and
this, the infant Danube, runs into the other water already wide enough
for a boat, but which then for the first time has the name of Donau.

The name, it is said, is never given to either of the two larger
rivulets, because sometimes both have been known to fail in dry summers,
while the bubbling spring has been perennial for ages.

The Brege and another confluent are caused to fill an artificial pond
close by the Brigach. This lake is wooded round, and has a pretty
island, and swans, and gold fish. A waterwheel (in vain covered for
concealment) pumps up water to flow from an inverted horn amid a group
of statuary in this romantic pond, and the stream flowing from it also
joins the others, now the Danube.[VII.]

 [VII.] The old Roman Ister. The name Donau is pronounced
  "Doanou." Hilpert says, "Dönau allied to Dón and Düna (a river)." In
  Celtic _Dune_ means "river," and _Don_ means "brown," while "_au_" in
  German is "island" (like the English "eyot").

  The other three rivers mentioned above, and depicted in the plan on the
  map with this book, seem to preserve traces of their Roman names. Thus
  the "Brigach" is the stream coming from the north where "Alt Breisach"
  now represents the Roman "Mons Brisiacus," while the "Brege" may be
  referred to "Brigantii," the people about the "Brigantinus Lacus," now
  the "Boden See" (Lake Constance), where also Bregentz now represents the
  Roman "Brigantius." The river Neckar was "Nicer" of old, and the Black
  Forest was "Hercynia Silva."

  The reader being now sufficiently confused about the source of the
  Danube and its name, let us leave the Latin in the quagmire and jump
  nimbly into our canoe.

That there might be no mistake however in this matter about the various
rivulets, I went up each stream until it would not float a canoe. Then
from near the little bridge, on August 28, while the singers _sol-faed_
excessively at the boat, and shouted "hocks" and farewells to the
English "flagge," and the landlord bowed (his bill of thirteen francs
for three full days being duly paid), and the populace stared, the Rob
Roy shot off like an arrow on a river delightfully new.




CHAPTER IV.

     The Danube--Singers--Shady nooks--Geisingen--Mill
     weirs--Rapids--Morning Crowd--Donkey's
     stable--Islands--Monks--Spiders--Concert--Fish--A race.


At first the river is a few feet broad, but it soon enlarges, and the
streams of a great plain quickly bring its volume to that of the Thames
at Kingston. The quiet, dark Donau winds about then in slow serpentine
smoothness for hours in a level mead, with waving sedge on the banks and
silken sleepy weeds in the water. Here the long-necked, long-winged,
long-legged heron, that seems to have forgotten to get a body, flocks by
scores with ducks of the various wild breeds, while pretty painted
butterflies and fierce-looking dragon-flies float, as it were, on the
summer sunbeams, and simmer in the air. The haymakers are at work; and
half their work is hammering the soft edges of their very miserable
scythes, which they then dip in the water. Now they have a chat; and as
I whiz by round a corner, there is a row of open mouths and wondering
eyes, but an immediate return to courtesy with a touch of the hat, and
"Gut tag" when presence of mind is restored. Then they call to their
mates, and laugh with rustic satisfaction--a laugh that is real and
true, not cynical, but the recognition of a strange incongruity, that of
a reasonable being pent up in a boat and hundreds of miles from home,
yet whistling most cheerfully all the time.

Soon the hills on either side have houses and old castles, and then
wood, and, lastly, rock; and with these, mingling the bold, the wild,
and the sylvan, there begins a grand panorama of river beauties to be
unrolled for days and days. No river I have seen equals this Upper
Danube, and I have visited many pretty streams. The wood is so thick,
the rocks so quaint and high and varied, the water so clear, and the
grass so green. Winding here and turning there, and rushing fast down
this reach and paddling slow along that, with each minute a fresh view,
and of new things, the mind is ever on the _qui vive_, or the boat will
go bump on a bank, crash on a rock, or plunge into a tree full of gnats
and spiders. This is veritable travelling, where skill and tact are
needed to bear you along, and where each exertion of either is rewarded
at once. I think, also, it promotes decision of character, for you
_must_ choose, and that promptly, too, between, say, five channels
opened suddenly before you. Three are probably safe, but which of these
three is the shortest, deepest, and most practicable? In an instant, if
you hesitate, the boat is on a bank; and it is remarkable how speedily
the exercise of this resolution becomes experienced into habit, but of
course only after some severe lessons.

It is exciting to direct a camel over the sandy desert when you have
lost your fellow-travellers, and to guide a horse in trackless wilds
alone; but the pleasure of paddling a canoe down a rapid, high-banked,
and unknown river, is far more than these.

Part of this pleasure flows from the mere sense of rapid motion. In
going down a swift reach of the river there is the same sensation about
one's diaphragm which is felt when one goes forward smoothly on a lofty
rope swing. Now the first few days of the Danube are upon very fast
waters. Between its source and Ulm the descent of the river is about
1,500 feet.[VIII.] This would give 300 feet of fall for each of a five
days' journey; and it will be seen from this that the prospect for the
day's voyage is most cheering when you launch in the morning and know
you will have to descend about the height of St. Paul's Cathedral before
halting for the night.

 [VIII.] The best geographical books give different estimates of
  this, some above and others below the amount here stated.

Another part of the pleasure--it is not to be denied--consists in the
satisfaction of overcoming difficulties. When you have followed a
channel chosen from several, and, after half-a-mile of it, you see one
and another of the rejected channels emerging from its island to join
that you are in, there is a natural pride in observing that any other
streamlet but the one you had chosen would certainly have been a
mistake.

These reflections are by the way; and we have been winding the while
through a rich grassy plain till a bridge over the river made it seem
quite a civilized spot, and, just as I passed under, there drove along
one of the green-boughed waggons of jovial singers returning from
Donaueschingen. Of course they recognised the canoe, and stopped to give
her a hearty cheer, ending with a general chorus made up of the few
English words of their vocabulary, "All r-r-r-r-ight, Englishmánn!" "All
r-r-r-r-ight, Englishmánn!"[IX.]

 [IX.] See sketch, _ante_, page 49.

The coincidence of these noisy but good-humoured people having been
assembled in the morning, when the canoe had started from the source of
the Danube, caused the news of its adventure to be rapidly carried to
all the neighbouring towns, so that the Rob Roy was welcomed at once,
and the newspapers recorded its progress not only in Germany and France,
but in England, and even in Sweden and in America.

At the village of Geisingen it was discovered that the boiler of my
engine needed some fuel, or, in plain terms, I must breakfast. The
houses of the town were not close to the river, but some workmen were
near at hand, and I had to leave the canoe in the centre of the stream
moored to a plank, with very strict injunctions (in most distinct
English!) to an intelligent boy to take charge of her until my return;
and then I walked to the principal street, and to the best-looking
house, and knocked, entered, asked for breakfast, and sat down, and was
speedily supplied with an excellent meal. One after another the people
came in to look at the queer stranger who was clad so oddly, and had
come--aye, _how_ had he come? that was what they argued about in
whispers till he paid his bill, and then they followed to see where he
would go, and thus was there always a congregation of inquisitive but
respectful observers as we started anew.

Off again, though the August sun is hot. But we cannot stop now. The
shade will be better enjoyed when resting in the boat under a high rock,
or in a cool water cave, or beneath a wooden bridge, or within the
longer shadow of a pine-clad cliff.

Often I tried to rest those midday hours (for one cannot always work) on
shore, in a house, or on a grassy bank; but it was never so pleasant as
at full length in the canoe, under a thick grown oak-tree, with a book
to read dreamily, and a mild cigar at six for a penny, grown in the
fields we passed, and made up at yesterday's inn.[X.]

 [X.] Two stimulants well known in England are much used in
  Germany,--tea and tobacco.

  (1) The tobacco plant (sometimes styled a weed, because it also grows
  wild) produces leaves, which are dried and rolled, and then treated with
  fire, using an appropriate instrument, by which the fumes are inhaled.
  The effect upon many persons is to soothe; but it impairs the appetite
  of others. The use is carried to excess in Turkey. The leaves contain a
  deadly poison.

  (2) The tea weed (sometimes styled a plant, because it also grows under
  cultivation) produces leaves, which are dried and rolled, and then
  treated with fire, using an appropriate instrument, by which the
  infusion is imbibed. The effect upon many persons is to cheer; but it
  impairs the sleep of others. The use is carried to excess in Russia. The
  leaves contain a deadly poison.

  Both these luxuries are cheap and portable, and are daily enjoyed by
  millions of persons in all climates. Both require care and moderation in
  their use. Both have advocates and enemies; and it cannot be settled by
  argument whether the plant or the weed is the more useful or hurtful to
  mankind.

Let it be well understood that this picture only describes the resting
time, and not the active hours of progress in the cooler part of the day
before and after the bright meridian sun.

In working hours there was no lazy lolling, the enjoyment was that of
delightful exertion, varied at every reach of the river.

You start, indeed, quietly enough, but are sure soon to hear the
well-known rushing sound of a milldam, and this almost every day, five
or six times. On coming to it I usually went straight along the top edge
of the weir, looking over for a good place to descend by, and surveying
the innumerable little streams below to see my best course afterwards.
By this time the miller and his family and his men, and all the
neighbours, would run down to see the new sight, but I always lifted out
my little black knapsack and put my paddle on shore, and then stepped
out and pulled my boat over or round the obstruction, sometimes through
a hayfield or two, or by a lane, or along a wall, and then launched her
again in deep water. Dams less than four feet high one can "shoot" with
a headlong plunge into the little billows at the foot, but this wrenches
the boot if it strikes against a stone, and it is better to get out and
ease her through, lift her over, or drag her round.

In other places I had to sit astride on the stern of the canoe, with
both legs in the water, fending her off from big stones on either side,
and cautiously steering.[XI.]

 [XI.] The invention of this method was made here, but its
  invaluable advantages were more apparent in passing the second rapid of
  Rheinfelden. See _post_, page 186, where described, with a sketch.

But with these amusements, and a little wading, you sit quite dry, and,
leaning against the backboard, smoothly glide past every danger, lolling
at ease where the current is excessive, and where it would not be safe
to add impetus, for the shock of a collision there would break the
strongest boat.

If incidents like these, and the scenery and the people ashore, were not
enough to satisfy the ever greedy mind, some louder plashing, with a
deeper roar, would announce the rapids. This sound was sure to waken up
any sleepiness, and once in the middle of rough water all had to be
energy and life.

I never had a positive upset, but of course I had to jump out
frequently to save the boat, for the first care was the canoe, and the
second was my luggage, to keep it all dry, the sketch-book in
particular, while the third object was to get on comfortably and fast.

After hours of these pleasures of work and rest, and a vast deal seen
and heard and felt that would take too long to tell, the waning sun, and
the cravings within for dinner, warned me truly that I had come near the
stopping-place for the night.

The town of Tuttlingen is built on both sides of the river, and almost
every house is a dyer's shop or a tannery, with men beating, scraping,
and washing hides in the water. As I allowed the boat to drift among
these the boys soon found her out--a new object--and therefore to boys
(and may it always be so) well worth a shout and a run; so a whole posse
of little Germans scampered along beside me, but I could not see any
feasible-looking inn.

It is one of the privileges of this water tour that you can survey
calmly all the whereabouts; and being out of reach of the touters and
porters who harass the wretched traveller delivered to their grasp from
an omnibus or a steamboat, you can philosophize on the whole _morale_ of
a town, and if so inclined can pass it, and simply go on. In fact, on
several occasions I did not fancy a town, so we went on to another.
However, I was fairly nonplussed now. It would not do to go further, for
it was not a thickly-peopled country; but I went nearly to the end of
the place in search of a good landing, till I turned into a millrace and
stepped ashore.

The crowd pressed so closely that I had to fix on a boy who had a toy
barrow with four little wheels, and amid much laughter I persuaded the
boy to lend it (of course as a great honour to him), and so I pulled the
boat on this to the hotel. The boy's sixpence of reward was a fact that
brought all the juvenile population together, and though we hoisted the
canoe into a hayloft and gave very positive injunction to the ostler to
keep her safe, there was soon a string of older sightseers admitted one
by one; and even at night they were mounting the ladder with lanterns,
women as well as men, to examine the "schiff."

A total change of garments usually enabled me to stroll through the
villages in the evening without being recognised, but here I was
instantly known as I emerged for a walk, and it was evident that an
unusual attendance must be expected in the morning.

Tuttlingen is a very curious old town, with a good inn and bad pavement,
tall houses, all leaning here and there, and big, clumsy,
honest-looking men lounging after their work, and wonderfully
satisfied to chat in groups amid the signal darkness of unlighted
streets; very fat horses and pleasant-looking women, a bridge, and
numerous schoolboys; these are my impressions of Tuttlingen.

[Illustration: MORNING VISITORS. Page 65.]

Even at six o'clock next morning these boys had begun to assemble for
the sight they expected, and those of them who had satchels on their
backs seemed grievously disappointed to find the start would not come
off before their hour for early school.

However, the grown-up people came instead, and flocked to the bridge and
its approaches. While I was endeavouring to answer all the usual
questions as to the boat, a man respectfully asked me to delay the start
five minutes, as his aged father, who was bedridden, wished exceedingly
just to see the canoe. In all such cases it is a pleasure to give
pleasure, and to sympathize with the boundless delight of the boys,
remembering how as a boy a boat delighted me; and then, again, these
worthy, mother-like, wholesome-faced dames, how could one object to
their prying gaze, mingled as it was with friendly smile and genuine
interest?

The stream on which I started here was not the main channel of the
Danube, but a narrow arm of the river conducted through the town, while
the other part fell over the mill-weir. The woodcut shows the scene at
starting, and there were crowds as large as this at other towns; but a
picture never can repeat the shouts and bustle, or the sound of guns
firing and bells ringing, which on more than one occasion celebrated the
Rob Roy's morning paddle.

The lovely scenery of this day's voyage often reminded me of that upon
the Wye,[XII.] in its best parts between Ross and Chepstow. There were the
white rocks and dark trees, and caverns, crags, and jutting peaks you
meet near Tintern; but then the Wye has no islands, and its muddy water
at full tide has a worse substitute in muddier banks when the sea has
ebbed.

 [XII.] Murray says: "The Meuse has been compared to the Wye; but
  is even more romantic than the English river." I would rank the Wye as
  much above the Meuse as below the Danube for romance in scenery.

The islands on beauteous Donau were of all sizes and shapes. Some low
and flat, and thickly covered with shrubs; others of stalwart rock,
stretching up at a sharp angle, under which the glassy water bubbled all
fresh and clear.

Almost each minute there was a new scene, and often I backed against
the current to hold my post in the best view of some grand picture.
Magnificent crags reached high up on both sides, and impenetrable
forests rung with echoes when I shouted in the glee of health, freedom,
and exquisite enjoyment.

But scenes and sentiments will not feed the hungry paddler, so I decided
to stop at Friedingen, a village on the bank. There was a difficulty now
as to where the canoe could be left, for no inn seemed near enough to
let me guard her while I breakfasted. At length a mason helped me to
carry the Rob Roy into a donkey's stable, and a boy volunteered to guide
the stranger to the best inn. The first, and the second, and the third
he led me to were all beerhouses, where only drink could be had; and as
the crowd augmented at every stage, I dismissed the ragged cicerone, and
trusted myself instead to the sure leading of that unnamed instinct
which guides a hungry man to food. Even the place found at last, was
soon filled with wondering spectators. A piece of a German and English
dictionary from my baggage excited universal attention, and was several
times carried outside to those who had not secured reserved seats
within.

The magnificent scenery culminated at Beuron, where a great convent on a
rich mound of grass is nearly surrounded by the Danube, amid a spacious
amphitheatre of magnificent white cliffs perfectly upright, and clad
with the heaviest wood.

The place looks so lonely, though fair, that you could scarcely believe
you might stop there for the night, and so I had nearly swept by it
again into perfect solitude, but at last pulled up under a tree, and
walked through well ploughed fields to the little hamlet in this
sequestered spot.

The field labourers were of course surprised at the apparition of a man
in flannel, who must have come out of the river; but the people at the
Kloster had already heard of the "schiff," and the Rob Roy was soon
mounted on two men's shoulders, and borne in triumph to the excellent
hotel. The Prince who founded the monastery is, I believe, himself a
monk.

Now tolls the bell for "even song," while my dinner is spread in an
arbour looking out on this grand scene, made grander still by dark
clouds gathering on the mountains, and a loud and long thunder peal,
with torrents of rain.

This deluge of wet came opportunely when I had such good shelter, as it
cooled the air, and would strengthen the stream of the river; so I
admired the venerable monks with complacent satisfaction, a feeling
never so complete as when you are inside, and you look at people who
are out in the rain.

A young girl on a visit to her friends here could talk bad French
rapidly, so she was sent to gossip with me as I dined; and then the
whole family inspected my sketch-book, a proceeding which happened at
least twice every day for many weeks of the voyage. This emboldened me
to ask for some music, and we adjourned to a great hall, where a concert
was soon in progress with a guitar, a piano, and a violin, all well
played; and the Germans are never at a loss for a song.

My young visitor, Melanie, then became the interpreter in a curious
conversation with the others, who could speak only German; and I
ventured to turn our thoughts on some of the nobler things which ought
not to be long absent from the mind--I mean, what is loved, and feared,
enjoyed, and derided, as "religion."

In my very limited baggage I had brought some selected pieces and
Scripture anecdotes and other papers in French and German, and these
were used on appropriate occasions, and were always well received, often
with exceedingly great interest and sincere gratitude.

Some people are shy about giving tracts, or are even afraid of them. But
then some people are shy of speaking at all, or even dislike to ride,
or skate, or row. One need not laugh at another for this.

The practice of carrying a few printed pages to convey in clear language
what one cannot accurately speak in a foreign tongue is surely
allowable, to say the least. But I invariably find it to be very useful
and interesting to myself and to others; and, as it hurts nobody, and
has nothing in it of which to be proud or ashamed, and as hundreds of
men do it, and as I have done it for years, and will do it again, I am
far too old a traveller to be laughed out of it now.

The Kloster at Beuron is a favourite place for excursionists from the
towns in the neighbourhood, and no doubt some day soon it will be a
regular "place to see" for English travellers rowing down the Danube;
for it is thus, and only thus, you can approach it with full effect. The
moon had come forth as I leaned out of my bedroom window, and it
whitened the ample circus of beetling crags, and darkened the trees,
while a fainter and redder light glimmered from the monks' chapel, as
the low tones of midnight chanting now and then reached the ear. Perhaps
it is better to wear a monk's cowl than to wear consistently a layman's
common coat in the workday throng of life; and it _may_ be better to
fast and chant and kneel at shrines than to be temperate and thankful
and prayerful in the busy world. But I doubt.

After leaving Beuron, with the firing of guns and the usual pleasant
good wishes from the shore, the Danube carried us between two lofty
rocks, and down calm reaches for hours. The water was unspeakably clear;
you could see right into deep caverns far below. I used to gaze
downwards for so long a time at the fish moving about, and to strike at
them with my long paddle (never once hitting any), that I forgot the
boat was swinging along all the time, till bump she went on a bank, or
crash against a rocky isle, or rumbling into some thick trees, when a
shower of leaves, spiders, and rubbish wakened up my reverie. Then,
warned by the shock, I return to the plain duty of looking ahead, until,
perhaps, after an hour's active rushing through narrow "guts," and over
little falls, and getting out and hauling the boat down larger ones, my
eyes are wandering again, gazing at the peaks overhead, and at the
eagles soaring above them, and at the clear blue sky above all; till
again the Rob Roy heels over on a sunken stone, and I have to jump out
nimbly to save her from utter destruction. For days together I had my
feet bare, and my trousers tucked up, ready to wade at any moment, and
perfectly comfortable all the time, for a fiery sun dried every thing in
a few minutes.

The physical enjoyment of such a life to one in good health and good
spirits, with a good boat and good scenery, is only to be appreciated
after experience; for these little reminders that one must not actually
_sleep_ on a rushing river never resulted in any disaster, and I came
home without a cold or a scratch, or a hole in the boat, or one single
day regretted. May this be so for many a John Bull let loose on the
Continent to "paddle his own canoe."

On the rivers where there is no navigation and no towing paths it was
impossible to estimate the distances traversed each day, except by the
number of hours I was at work, the average speed, the strength of the
wind and current, and the number of stoppages for food or rest, or
mill-weirs, waterfalls, or barriers. Thirty miles was reckoned to be a
good day's work, and I have sometimes gone forty miles in a day; but
twenty was quite enough when the scenery and incidents on the way filled
up every moment of time with varied sensations of new pleasures.

It will generally be found, I think, that for walking in a pleasant
country twenty miles a day is enough for mind and body to be active and
observant all the time. But the events that occur in river work are far
more frequent and interesting than those on the road, for you have all
the circumstances of your boat in addition to what fills the
pedestrian's journal, and after a little time your canoe becomes so much
a companion (friend, shall I say?) that every turn it takes and every
knock and grate on its side is felt as if it were your own. The boat
gets to be individualized, and so does the river, till at last there is
a pleasant rivalry set up, for it is "man and boat" _versus_ the river
and all it can place in your way.

After a few tours on the Continent your first hour in a railway or
diligence may be new and enjoyable, but you soon begin to wish for the
end of the road, and after a short stay in the town you have come to you
begin to talk (or think) of when you are to leave. Now a feature of the
boating tour is that quiet progress can be enjoyed all the time, because
you have personal exertion or engagement for every moment, and your
observation of the scenery around is now most minute and interesting,
because every bend and slope of it tells at once what you have to do.

Certainly the pleasure of a day is not to be measured by the number of
miles you have gone over. The voyage yesterday, for instance, was one of
the very best for enjoyment of scenery, incident, and exercise, yet it
was the shortest day I had. The guide-book says, "Tuttlingen is twelve
miles"--by river, say eighteen--"from Kloster Beuron, where the fine
scenery begins. This part of the Danube is not navigable."

I will not say that on some occasions I did not wish for the end of the
day's work, when arms were weary, and the sun was low, and yearnings of
the inner man grumbling for dinner, especially when no one could tell
how far it was to any house, or whether you could stop there all night
if you reached it.




CHAPTER V.

     Sigmaringen--Treacherous trees--Congress of herons--Flying
     Dutchman--Tub and shovel--Bottle race--Snags--Bridge perils--Ya
     Vol--Ferry rope--Benighted.


The sides of the river were now less precipitous, and the road came
within a field or two of the water, and made it seem quite homely for a
time.

I had heard a loud jingling sound on this road for at least
half-an-hour, and observed a long cart with two horses trotting fast,
and evidently daring to race with the Rob Roy. But at length such
earnest signals were made from it that I stopped, and the cart at once
pulled up, and from it there ran across the field a man breathless and
hot, without his hat, and followed by two young ladies, equally hurried.
He was a German, resident for a short time in London, and now at home
for a month's holiday, and he was prodigal of thanks for my "great
courtesy" in having stopped that the ladies might see the canoe which
they had followed thus for some miles, having heard of its fame at their
village. On another occasion three youths voluntarily ran alongside the
boat and panted in the sun, and tumbled over stocks and stones at such a
rate, that after a mile of the supererogatory exercise, I asked what it
was all about. Excellent villagers! they had taken all this trouble to
arrive at a point further down the stream where they knew there was a
hard place, and they thought they might help me in passing it.

Such exertions on behalf of a stranger were really most kind, and when I
allowed them to give a nominal help, where in reality it was easy enough
to get on unaided, they were much delighted and more than rewarded, and
went back prattling their purest Suabian in a highly satisfied frame of
mind.

Many are the bends and currents, but at last we arrive at the town of
Sigmaringen. It has certainly an aristocratic air, though there are only
3,000 inhabitants; but then it has a Principality, though the whole
population of this is only 52,000. Fancy a parish in London with a
Prince all to themselves, and--bearing such a fine grand name too--"His
Royal Serene Highness the Hereditary Prince of Hohenzollern
Sigmaringen." But though I have often laughed at this petty kingdom in
the Geography books, I shall never do so again, for it contains some of
the most beautiful river scenery in the world, and I never had more
unalloyed pleasure in passing through a foreign dominion.

There are pretty gardens here, and a handsome Protestant church, and a
few good shops, schlosses on the hills, and older castles perched on
high rocks in the usual picturesque and uncomfortable places where our
ancestors built their nests.

The Deutscher Hof is the hotel just opened three weeks ago, and all its
inmates are in a flutter when their first English guest marches up to
the door with a boat and a great company of gazers. The waiter too, all
fresh from a year in London at the Palace Hotel, Buckingham Gate, how
glad he is that his English is now in requisition, sitting by me at
dinner and talking most sensibly all the time.

The weather still continued superb as we paddled away. Deep green woods
dipped their lower branches in the water, but I found that the stream
had sometimes a fashion of carrying the boat under these, and it is
especially needful to guard against this when a sharp bend with a fast
current hurries you into a wooded corner. Indeed, strange as it may
seem, there was more danger to the boat from these trees than from rocks
or banks, and far more trouble. For when the boat gets under their low
branches your paddle is quite powerless, because you cannot lower one
end to hold the water without raising the other and so catching it in
the trees. Then if you put your head down forward you cannot see, and
the boughs are generally as hard as an ordinary skull when the two are
in collision. Finally, if you lean backwards the twigs scrape your face
and catch upon a nose even of ordinary length, and if you take your hand
from the paddle to protect the face away goes the paddle into the river.
Therefore, although my hat was never knocked off, and my skull was
always the hardest, and my paddle was never lost, and my nose was never
de-Romanized by the branches, I set it down as a maxim, to keep clear of
trees in a stream.

Still it was tempting to go under shady groves when I tried to surprise
a flock of herons or a family of wild ducks.

Once we came upon twenty-four herons all together. As my boat advanced
silently, steadily gliding, it was curious to watch these birds, who had
certainly never been disturbed before by any boat in such a place.

They stared eagerly at me and then looked at each other, and evidently
took a vote of the assembly as to what all this could mean. If birds'
faces can give any expression of their opinions, it is certain that one
of these herons was saying then to the others "Did you ever?" and an
indignant sneer was on another's beak that plainly answered, "Such
impudence indeed!" while a third added, with a sarcastic chirp, "And a
foreigner too!" But, after consultation, they always got up and circled
round, flew down stream, and then settled all again together in an
adjourned meeting. A few minutes brought me to their new retreat, and so
we went on for miles, they always flying down stream, and always
assembling, though over and over again disturbed, until an amendment on
the plan was moved and they bent their way aside.

A pleasant and favourable breeze springing up, which soon freshened into
a gale, I now set my sails, and the boat went with very great speed;
dashing over rocks and bounding past the haymakers so fast that when one
who caught sight of her had shouted to the rest of his "mates," the
sight was departed for ever before they came, and I heard them behind me
arguing, probably about the ghost.

But it was a shame to be a phantom ship too often, and it was far more
amusing to go right into the middle of these people, who knew nothing
about the canoe, who had never seen a boat, and never met a foreigner in
their lives. Thus, when a waterfall was found too high to "shoot," or a
wide barrier made it advisable to take the boat by land, I used to walk
straight into the hayfields, pushing the boat point foremost through a
hedge, or dragging her steadily over the wet newly-mown grass in literal
imitation of the American craft which could go "wherever there was a
heavy dew." On such occasions the amazement of the untaught clowns,
beholding suddenly such an apparition, was beyond all description. Some
even ran away, very often children cried outright, and when I looked
gravely on the ground as I marched and dragged the boat, and then
suddenly stopped in their midst with a hearty laugh and an address in
English, the whole proceeding may have appeared to them at least as
strange as it did to me.

[Illustration: "In the Hayfields."]

The water of the river all at once became here of a pale white colour,
and I was mourning that my pretty scenes below were clouded; but in
about thirty miles the pebbly deeps appeared again, and the stream
resumed its charming limpid clearness. This matter of dark or bright
water is of some importance, because, when it is clear you can easily
estimate after a little experience the general depth, even at some
distance, by the shades and hues of the water, while the sunk rocks, big
stones, and other particular obstacles are of course more visible then.

Usually I got well enough fed at some village, or at least at a house,
but in this lonely part of the river it seemed wise to take provender
with me in the boat, and to picnic in some quiet pool, with a shady tree
above. One of the very few boats I saw on the river appeared as I was
thus engaged, and a little boy was in it. His specimen of naval
architecture (no doubt the only one he had ever seen) was an odd
contrast to the beautifully finished canoe made by Searle. He had a pole
and a shovel; the latter article he used as a paddle, and his boat was
of enormous thickness and clumsiness, made of three planks, abundantly
clamped with iron. I gave him some bread, and we had a chat; then some
butter, and then some cheese. He would not take wine, but he produced a
cigar from his wet jacket, and also two matches, which he lighted with
great skill. We soon got to be friends, as people do who are together
alone, and in the same mode of travelling, riding, or sailing, or on
camels' backs. So we smiled in sympathy, and I asked him if he could
read, and gave him a neat little page prettily printed in German, with a
red border. This he read very nicely and was glad to put in his ragged
pocket; but he could scarcely part from me, and struggled vainly to urge
his tub along with the shovel till we came to a run of dashing waves,
and then of course I had to leave him behind, looking and yearning, with
a low, murmuring sound, and a sorrowful, earnest gaze I shall never
forget.

Shoals of large and small fish are in this river, and very few
fishermen. I did not see ten men fishing in ten days. But the pretty
little Kingfisher does not neglect his proper duties, and ever and anon
his round blue back shines in the sun as he hurries away with a note of
protest against the stranger who has invaded his preserves. Bees are
buzzing while the sun is hot, and when it sinks, out gush the endless
mazes of gnats to hop and flit their tangled dances, the creatures of a
day--born since the morning, and to die at night.

Before the Danube parted with the rocks that had been on each side for
days together, it played some strange pranks among them, and they with
it.

Often they rose at each side a hundred feet without a bend, and then
behind these were broken cliffs heaved this way and that, or tossed
upside down, or as bridges hanging over chasms.

Here and there a huge splinted tooth-like spire of stone stuck out of
the water, leaning at an angle. Sometimes in front there was a veritable
upright wall, as smooth as if it were chiselled, and entirely cutting
off the middle of the stream. In advancing steadily to such a place it
was really impossible to determine on which side the stream could by any
means find an exit, and once indeed I was persuaded that it must descend
below.

In other cases the river, which had splayed out its width to that of the
Thames at Hungerford, would suddenly narrow its size to a six-foot
passage, and rush down that with a "whishhh!" The Rob Roy cheerily sped
through these, but I landed to scan the course before attempting the
most difficult cuts.--Oh how lonely it was! A more difficult vagary to
cope with was when in a dozen petty streams the water tumbled over as
many little cascades, and only one was passable--sometimes not one. The
interest of finding these, examining, trying, failing, and succeeding,
was a continuous delight, and filled up every mile with a series of
exciting incidents, till at length the rocks were done.

And now we enter a vast plain, with the stream bending round on itself,
and hurrying swiftly on through the innumerable islands, eddies, and
"snags," or trees uprooted, sticking in the water. At the most critical
part of this labyrinth we were going a tremendous pace, when suddenly we
came to a fork in the river, with the volumes of water going down both
channels nearly equal. We could not descend by one of these because a
tree would catch the mast, so I instantly turned into the other, when up
started a man and shouted impetuously that no boat could pass by _that_
course. It was a moment of danger, but I lowered the sails in that
moment, took down my mast, and, despite stream and gale, I managed to
paddle back to the proper channel. As no man had been seen for hours
before, the arrival of this warning note was opportune.

A new amusement was invented to-day--it was to pitch out my empty
wine-bottle and to watch its curious bobbings and whirlings as the
current carried it along, while I floated near and compared the natural
course taken by the bottle with the selected route which intelligence
gave to the Rob Roy. Soon the bottle became impersonated, and we were
racing together, and then a sympathy began for its well-known cork as it
plumped down when its bottom struck a stone--for the bottle drew more
water than my canoe--and every time it grounded there came a loud and
melancholy clink of the glass, and down it went.

The thick bushes near the river skirted it now for miles, and at one
place I could see above me, through the upper branches, about 20
haymakers, men and women, who were honestly working away, and therefore
had not observed my approach.

I resolved to have a bit of fun here, so we closed in to the bank, but
still so as to see the industrious group. Then suddenly I began in a
very loud voice with--

    "Rule, Britannia,
    Britannia rules the waves."

Long before I got to the word "slaves" the whole party were like
statues, silent and fixed in amazement. Then they looked right, left,
before, behind, and upwards in all directions, except, of course, into
the river, for why should they look _there_? nothing had ever come up
from the river to disturb their quiet mead. I next whistled a lively
air, and then dashing out of my hiding-place stood up in my boat, and
made a brief (but, we trust, brilliant) speech to them in the best
English I could muster, and in a moment afterwards we had vanished from
their sight.

A little further on there was some road-making in progress, and I pulled
up my boat under a tree and walked up to the "barraque," or workman's
canteen, and entered among 30 or 40 German "navvies," who were sitting
at their midday beer. I ordered a glass and drank their health standing,
paid, bowed, and departed, but a general rush ensued to see where on
earth this flannel-clad being had come from, and they stood on the bank
in a row as I waded, shoved, hauled, paddled, and carried my boat
through a troublesome labyrinth of channels and embankments, with which
their engineering had begun to spoil the river.

But the bridges one had now more frequently to meet were far worse
encroachments of civilization, for most of them were so low that my mast
would not pass under without heeling the boat over to one side, so as to
make the mast lean down obliquely. In one case of this kind she was very
nearly shipwrecked, for the wind was so good that I would not lower the
sail, and this and a swift current took us (me and my boat--she is now,
you see, installed as a "person") rapidly to the centre arch, when just
as we entered I noticed a fierce-looking snag with a sharp point exactly
in my course. To swerve to the side would be to strike the wooden pier,
but even this would be better (for I might ward off the violence of a
blow near my hands) than to run on the snag, which would be certain to
cut a hole.

With a heavy thump on the pier the canoe began to capsize, and only by
the nearest escape was she saved from foundering. What I thought was a
snag turned out to be the point of an iron stake or railing, carelessly
thrown into the water from the bridge above.

It may be here remarked that many hidden dangers occur near bridges, for
there are wooden or iron bars fixed under water, or rough sharp stones
lying about, which, being left there when the bridge was building, are
never removed from a river not navigable or used by boats.

Another kind of obstruction is the thin wire rope suspended across the
rivers, where a ferry is established by running a flat boat over the
stream with cords attached to the wire rope. The rope is black in
colour, and therefore is not noticed till you approach it too near to
lower the mast, but this sort of danger is easily avoided by the
somewhat sharp "look-out" which a week or two on the water makes quite
instinctive and habitual. Perhaps one of the many advantages of a river
tour is the increased acuteness of observation which it requires and
fosters.

I stopped next at a clumsy sort of town called Riedlingen, where an
Englishman is a very rare visitor. The excitement here about the boat
became almost ridiculous, and one German, who had been in America and
could jabber a little in English, was deputed to ask questions, while
the rest heard the answers interpreted.

Next morning at eight o'clock at least a thousand people gathered on the
bridge and its approaches to see the boat start, and shoals of
schoolboys ran in, each with his little knapsack of books.[XIII.]

 [XIII.] Knapsack, from "schnap," "sach," provision bag, for "bits
  and bats," as we should say; havresack is from "hafer," "forage bag."
  Query.--Does this youthful carriage of the knapsack adapt boys for
  military service, and does it account for the high shoulders of many
  Germans?

The scenery after this became of only ordinary interest compared with
what I had passed through, but there would have been little spare time
to look at it had it been ever so picturesque, for the wind was quite a
gale,[XIV.] and right in my favour, and the stream was fast and tortuous
with banks, eddies, and innumerable islands and cross channels, so that
the navigation occupied all one's energy, especially as it was a point
of honour not to haul down the sail in a fair wind.

 [XIV.] In the newspaper accounts of the weather it was stated that
  at this time a storm swept over Central Europe.

Midday came, and yet I could find no place to breakfast, though the
excitement and exertion of thus sailing was really hard work. But still
we hurried on, for dark clouds were gathering behind, and thunder and
rain seemed very near.

"Ah," said I inwardly, "had I only listened to that worthy dame's
entreaties this morning to take good provision for the day!" She had
smiled like the best of mothers, and timidly asked to be allowed to
touch my watch-chain, "it was so _schon_," so beautiful to see. But,
oddly enough, we had taken no solid food on board to-day, being so
impatient to get off when the wind was strong and fair. The rapid pace
then brought us to Ehingen, the village I had marked on the map for this
night's rest. But now we came there it was found to be _too soon_--I
could not stop for the day with such a splendid breeze inviting
progress; nor would it do to leave the boat on the bank and go to the
village to eat, for it was too far from the river, and so the current
and sails must hurry us on as before.

Now and then I asked some gazing agriculturist on the bank where the
nearest houses were, but he never could understand that I meant
_nearest, and also close to the river_; so the end of every discussion
was that he said, "Ya vol," which means in Yankee tongue, "That's so";
in Scottish, "Hoot, aye"; in Irish, "Troth, an' it is"; and in French,
"C'est vrai"; but then none of this helps one a bit.

I therefore got first ravenous and then faint, and after mounting the
bank to see the turns of the river in advance, I actually fell asleep
under a tree. The wind had quite subsided when I awoke, and then quaffed
deep draughts of water and paddled on.

The banks were now of yellow mud, and about eight or ten feet high,
quite straight up from the water, just like those on the Nile, and
several affluent streams ran from the plain to join the river. Often,
indeed, I saw a church tower right ahead, and laboured along to get
there, but after half-a-mile the stream would turn sharp round to one
side, and still more and more round, and at last the tower once in front
was directly behind us. The explanation of this tormenting peculiarity
was simply this,--that the villages were carefully built _away_ from the
river bank because it is a bad foundation, and is washed away as new
channels are formed by the flood.

When the light began to fail I took a good look at the map, and
serpentine bends were marked on it plain enough indeed, but only in
one-half of their actual number; and, moreover, I saw that in the forest
we had now entered there would be no suitable villages at all. The
overhanging trees made a short twilight soon deepen into night; and to
add to the interest the snags suddenly became numerous, and some of them
waved about in the current, as they do on the Upper Mississippi, when
the tenacious mud holds down the roots merely by its weight. All this
made it necessary to paddle slowly and with great caution, and to cross
always to the slack side of the stream instead of by one's usual course,
which, in descending, is to keep with the rapid current.

Sometimes I had to back out of shallows which were invisible in the
dark, and often I stopped a long time before a glance of some ripple
obscurely told me the probable course. The necessity for this caution
will be evident when it is remembered that in case of an upset here
_both_ sets of clothes would have been wet together, and without any
house at hand to dry them.

All at once I heard a bell toll quite near me in the thick wood, and I
came to the bank, but it was impossible to get ashore on it, so I passed
that place too, and finally made up my mind to sleep in the boat, and
soon had all sorts of plans in course of devising.

Just then two drops of rain came on my nose, and I resolved at once to
stop, for if my clothes got wet before I was snug in the canoe there
would be little comfort all night, without anything solid to eat since
morning, and all my cigars already puffed away.

As I now cautiously searched for some root projecting from the bank to
make fast to, a light appeared straight in front, and I dashed forward
with the boat to reach it, and speedily ran her into a strange sort of
lake or pond, where the stream ceased, and a noise on the boat's side
told of weeds, which proved to be large round leaves on the surface,
like those of the Victoria Regia lily.

I drew up the boat on shore, and mounted the high bank through a
thicket, carrying my long paddle as a protection against the large dogs
which farmhouses sport here, and which might be troublesome to quarrel
with in the dark. The house I came to on the top of the precipice had
its window lighted, and several people were talking inside, so I
knocked loudly, and all was silence. Then I knocked again, and whined
out that I was a poor benighted "Englander," and hoped they would let me
in, at which melancholy tale they burst out laughing, and so did I!
After an argument between us, which was equally intelligible on both
sides, a fat farmer cautiously took the light upstairs, and, opening a
window, thrust the candle forward, and gazed out upon me standing erect
as a true Briton, and with my paddle, too, but in reality a humiliated
vagrant begging for a night's lodging.

[Illustration]

[Illustration]

After due scrutiny he pulled in his head and his candle, shut the
window, and fell to laughing immoderately. At this I was glad, for I
never found it difficult to get on with a man who begins in good humour.

Presently the others went up, and I stood their gaze unflinchingly, and,
besides, made an eloquent appeal in the vernacular--mine, not theirs, be
it clearly understood.

Finally they were satisfied that I was alone, and, though probably mad,
yet not quite a match for all of them, so they came down gallantly; but
then there was the difficulty of persuading the man to grope down to the
river on this dark night to carry up a boat.

With some exertion we got it up by a better way, and safely locked it in
the cowhouse of another establishment, and there I was made thoroughly
comfortable. They said they had nothing to eat but kirchwasser, bread,
and eggs, and how many eggs would I like? so I said, "To begin with,
ten," and I ate them every one. By this time the priest had come; they
often used to send for the _prester_ to do the talk. The large room soon
got full, and the sketch-book was passed round, and an India-rubber band
made endless merriment for the smaller fry, all in the old routine, the
very mention of which it may be tedious to hear of so often, as indeed
it was to me to perform.

But then in each case it was _their_ first time of going through the
performance, and they were so kind and courteous one could not refuse to
please such people. The priest was very communicative, and we tried to
converse in Latin, for my German was not good enough for him nor his
French for me. But we soon agreed that it was a long time since our
schoolboy Latin days, though I recollect having had long conversations
in Latin with a monk at Nazareth, but there we had ten days together,
and so had time to practise.

Thus ended the 1st of September, the only occasion on which I had to
"rough it" at all during the voyage; and even then, it may be seen, the
very small discomforts were all the results of gross want of prudence on
my own part, and ended merely by a hard day's work with breakfast and
dinner merged into a late supper. My bill here was 3_s._ 6_d._, the day
before, 4_s._ 6_d._, including always wine and luxuries.




CHAPTER VI.

     Day-dream--River Iller--Ulm--A stiff king--Lake
     Constance--Seeing in the dark--Switzerland--Coloured
     Canvas--Sign talk--Synagogue--Amelia--Gibberish.


The threatening rain had not come during the night, and it was a lovely
morning next day, like all the rest before and after it; and as we were
leaving this place I found it was called Gegglingen,[XV.] and was only
nine miles from Ulm.

 [XV.] It will be noticed how the termination "_ingen_" is common
  here. Thus in our water route we have passed Donaueschingen, Geisingen,
  Mehringen, Tuttlingen, Friedingen, Sigmaringen, Riedlingen, Ehingen,
  Dischingen, and Gegglingen, the least and last. In England we have the
  "ing" in Dorking, Kettering, &c.

The lofty tower of the Cathedral of this town soon came in view, but I
noticed it without any pleasure, for this was to end my week on the
Danube; and in my ship's log it is entered as "one of the most pleasant
weeks of my life for scenery, health, weather, exercise, and varied
adventure."

In a pensive mood, therefore, I landed at a garden, and reclined on a
warm mossy bank to have a rest and a day-dream, but very soon the loud
booming of artillery aroused the hill echoes, and then sharp rattling of
infantry firing. The heights around were crested with fringes of
blue-coated soldiers and glistening bayonets, amid the soft round,
cotton-like volumes of smoke from the great guns spurting out fire long
before the sound comes. It was a review of troops and a sham attack on a
fort surmounting the hill, near the battlefield of long years ago at
Ulm. If they fought in heat and fury, let them now rest in peace.

Come back, my thoughts, to the river at my feet.

I had been with this river from its infancy, nay, even from its birth in
the Schwartzwald. I had followed it right and left, as it seemed to
toddle in zigzag turnings like a child; and I had wound with it hither
and thither as it roamed away further like free boyhood. Then it grew in
size by feeding on the oozy plain, and was still my companion when it
got the strength of youth, dashing over the rocks, and bounding through
the forests; and I had come at last to feel its powerful stream stronger
than my strength, and compelling my respect. And now, at Ulm, I found it
a noble river, steady and swift, as if in the flower of age; but its
romance was gone. It had boats on it, and navigation, and bridges, and
railways, like other great waters; and so I would let it go on alone,
tumbling, rushing, swelling, till its broad bosom bears whole fleets at
Ofen, and at length as a great water giant it leaps down headlong into
the Black Sea.

Having seen Ulm in a former tour, I was in no mood to "go over" the
sights again, nor need they be related here, for it is only river travel
and lake sailing that we are concerned with; while reference may be made
to the Guide-books if you wish to hear this sort of thing: "Ulm, lat.
97°, an old Cathedral (_a_) town, on two (§) hills (see Appx.). Pop.
9763; situated [+][+] on the Danube." At that I stop, and
look into the water once more.

The river is discoloured here,--what is called in Scotland "drumly;" and
this seems partly owing to the tributary _Iller_, which rises in the
Tyrol, and falls into the Danube, a little way above the town. The Iller
has a peculiar air of wild, forlorn bleakness, with its wide channel
half occupied by cold white gravel, and its banks scored and torn, with
weird, broken roots, gnarled trees, bleakness and fallen, all lying
dishevelled; surely in flood times, and of dark wintry nights, a very
deluge boils and seethes along there.

Then, at last, there are the barges on the Danube, and very rudimental
they are; huge in size, with flat bottoms, and bows and stems cocked up,
and a roofed house in the middle of their sprawling length. The German
boys must have these models before them when they make the Noah's Arks
for English nurseries; and Murray well says of these barges, they are
"nothing better than wooden sheds floating in flat trays."

In 1839 a steamer was tried here, but it got on a bank, and the effort
was abandoned; so you have to go on to Donauwerth before this mode of
travelling is reached, but from thence you can steam down to the Black
Sea, and the passage boats below Vienna are very fast and well
appointed.

Rafts there are at Ulm, but we suppose the timber for them comes by the
Iller, for I did not notice any logs descending the upper part of the
Danube.

Again, there are the public washhouses in the river, each of them a
large floating establishment, with overhanging eaves, under which you
can see, say, fifty women all in a row, half kneeling or leaning over
the low bulwarks, and all slapping your best shirts mercilessly.

I made straight over to these ladies, and asked how the Rob Roy could
get up so steep a bank, and how far it was to the railway; and so their
senior matron kindly got a man and a hand-cart for the boat, and, as the
company of women heard it was from England, they all talked louder and
more together, and pounded and smacked the unfortunate linen with
additional emphasis.

The bustle at the railway-station was only half about the canoe; the
other half was for the King of Wurtemburg, who was getting into his
special train to go to his palace at Fredrickshafen.

Behold me, then, fresh from Gegglingen and snags, in the immediate
presence of Royalty! But this King was not at all kingly, though
decidedly stiff. He is, however, rather amusing sometimes; as when by
his order, issued lately, he compels sentries to salute even empty Royal
carriages.

I got a newspaper here, and had twelve days to overtake of the world's
doings while we had roamed in hill, forest, and waves. Yet I had been
always asked there to "give the news," and chiefly on two points,--the
Great Eastern, with its electric cable, and the catastrophe on the
Matterhorn glacier, the two being at times vaguely associated, as if
the breaking of the cable in the one had something to do with the loss
of mountaineers in the other.

So, while I read, the train bore us southwards to Fredrickshafen, the
canoe being charged as baggage three shillings, and patiently submitting
to have a numbered label pasted on its pretty brown face.

This lively port, on the north side of the Lake of Constance, has a
charming view in front of it well worth stopping to enjoy. It is not
fair to treat it as only a half-hour's town, to be seen while you are
waiting for the lake steamer to take you across to Switzerland.

But now I come to it for a Sunday's rest (if you wish to travel fast and
far, rest every Sunday), and, as the hotel faced the station, and the
lake faced the hotel, this is the very place to stop in with a canoe.

So we took the boat upstairs into a loft, where the washerwoman not only
gave room for the well worked timbers of the Rob Roy to be safe and
still, but kindly mended my sails, and sundry other odds and ends of a
wardrobe, somewhat disorganized by rough times.

Next day there was service in the Protestant church, a fine building,
well filled, and duly guarded by a beadle in bright array.

The service began by a woman singing "Comfort ye" from Handel, in
exquisite taste and simple style, with a voice that made one forget that
this solemn melody is usually sung by a man. Then a large number of
school children were ranged in the chancel, round a crucifix, and sang a
very beautiful hymn, and next the whole congregation joined in chanting
the psalms in unison, with tasteful feeling and devoutness. A young
German preacher gave us an eloquent sermon, and then the people were
dismissed.

The afternoon was drummed away by two noisy bands, evidently rivals, and
each determined to excel the other in loudness, while both combined to
persecute the poor visitors who _do_ wish for quietness, at any rate
once a week. I could scarcely escape from this din in a long walk by the
lake, and on coming back found a man bathing by moonlight, while
rockets, squibs, and Catherine wheels were let off in his boat. Better
indeed was it to look with entranced eyes on the far off snowy range,
now lit up by the full harvest moon, and on the sheen of "each
particular star," bright above, and bright again below, in the mirror of
the lake.

The Lake of Constance is forty-four miles long, and about nine miles
wide. I could not see a ripple there when the Rob Roy was launched at
early morn, with my mind, and body, and soul refreshed, and an eager
longing to begin the tour of Switzerland once more, but now in so new a
fashion. Soon we were far from the shore, and in that middle distance of
the lake where all sides seem equally near, and where the "other side"
appears never to get any nearer as you go on. Here, in the middle, I
rested for a while, and the sensation then was certainly new. Beauty was
everywhere around, and there was full freedom to see it. There was no
cut-and-dry route to be followed, no road, not even a track on the
water, no hours, or time to constrain. I could go right or left by a
stroke of the paddle, and I was utterly my own master of whither to
steer, and where to stop.

The "pat-a-pat" of a steamer's wheels was the only sound, and that was
very distant, and when the boat came near, the passengers cheered the
canoe, and smiles of (was it not?) envy told of how pleasant and pretty
she looked. After a little wavering in my plans, I settled it was best
to go to the Swiss side, and, after coasting by the villages, I selected
a little inn in a retired bay, and moored my boat, and ordered
breakfast. Here was an old man of eighty-six, landlord and waiter in
one, a venerable man, and I respect age more while growing older.

He talked with me for five hours while I ate, read, and sketched, and
feasted my eyes on mountain views, and answered vaguely to his remarks,
said in a sleepy way, and in a hot, quiet, basking sun. There are
peaceful and almost dreamy hours of rest in this water tour, and they
are sweet too after hard toil. It is not all rapids and struggles when
you journey with a canoe.

Close to the inn was the idiot asylum, an old castle with poor demented
women in it. The little flag of my boat attracted their attention, and
all the inmates were allowed to come out and see it, with many smiles of
pleasure, and many odd remarks and gestures.

Disentangling myself from this strange group, I landed again further
down, and, under a splendid tree, spent an hour or two in carpenter's
work (for I had a few tools on board), to repair the boat's damages and
to brighten her up a bit for the English eyes I must expect in the next
part of the voyage.

Not a wave had energy to rise on the lake in the hot sun. A sheep-bell
tinkled now and then, but in a tired, listless, and irregular way. A
gossamer spider had spun his web from my mast to the tree above, and
wagtails hopped near me on the stones, and turned an inquiring little
eye to the boat half in the water, and its master reclining on the
grass. It was an easy paddle from this to the town of Constance, at the
end of the lake.

Here a _douanier_ made a descent upon me and was inexorable. "You _must_
have the boat examined." "Very well, pray examine it." His Chief was
absent, and I must put the canoe in the Custom-house till to-morrow
morning. An hour was wasted in palaver about this, and at first I
protested vigorously against such absurdity in "free Switzerland." But
Constance is not in Switzerland, it is in the Grand Duchy of Baden, and
so to keep it "grand," they must do very little things, and at any rate
can trouble travellers. At length an obliging native, ashamed of the
proceeding, remonstrated with the douanier, and persuaded him at least
to search the boat and let it pass.

He took as much time to inspect as if she were a brig of 300 tons, and,
when he came to look at the stern, I gravely pointed to a round hole cut
in the partition for this very purpose! Into this hole he peered, while
the crowd was hushed in silence, and as he saw nothing but darkness,
extremely dark, for (nothing else was there), he solemnly pronounced the
canoe "free," and she was duly borne to the hotel.

But Constance once had a man in it who was really "grand," John Huss,
the noble martyr for the truth. In the Council Hall you see the
veritable cell in which he was imprisoned some hundreds of years ago,
and on a former visit I had seen, from the tower, through a telescope,
the field where the faggots burned him, and from whence his great soul
leaped up to heaven out of the blazing pile.

    "Avenge, O Lord, thy slaughtered saints, whose bones
      Lie scattered on the Alpine mountains cold;
      E'en them who kept thy truth so pure of old
    When all our fathers worshipped stocks and stones."

        --_Milton._

Does not a thought or two on such great things make other common things
look small?

True and good--but we may not stop always in the lake to ponder thus,
for the current is moving again, so let us launch the Rob Roy on our old
friend, the Rhine.

It is a change to cross a quiet lake after being hurried on a rapid
stream like the Danube, and now it is another change to paddle from the
lake into a wide river like the Rhine, which speeds fast and steady
among lively scenes. The water is deep, and of a faint blue, but clear
enough to show what is below. The pebbly bottom seems to roll towards
you from underneath, and village churches appear to spin quietly round
on the banks, for the land and its things seem to move, not the water,
so glassy its surface steadily flowing.

Here are the fishers again, slowly paying out their fine-spun nets, and
there is a target-hut built on four piles in the river.

The target itself is a great cube of wood, say six feet on each side. It
is fired at from another hut perched also on post in the water, and a
"marker" safely placed behind the great block of wood turns it round on
a vertical pivot, and so patches up the bullet-hole, and indicates its
position to those who have fired.

The Rhine suddenly narrows soon after leaving the Boden See, or Lake
Constance as we call it, but the banks again open out till it is a mile
or two in breadth. Here and there are grassy islands, and you may
notice, by long stakes stuck on the shallows, which tremble as the water
presses them, that the channel for steamers is very roundabout, though
the canoe will skim over any part of it comfortably. Behind each islet
of tall reeds there is a fishing-boat held fast by two poles stuck in
the bottom of the river; or it is noiselessly moving to a more lucky
pool, sculled by the boatman, with his oar at only one side,--rather a
novel plan,--while he pays out the net with his other hand. Rudely-made
barges are afloat, and seem to turn round helplessly in the current of
the deeper parts, or hoist their great square sails in the dead
calm--perhaps for the appearance of the thing--a very picturesque
appearance, as the sail has two broad bands of dark blue cloth for its
centre stripes. But the pointed lateen sail of Geneva is certainly a
more graceful rig than the lug, especially when there are two masts, and
the white sails swell towards you, goosewinged, before a flowing breeze.

The river has probably a very uneven bottom in this part, for the water
sometimes rushes round in great whirlpools, and strange overturnings of
itself, as if it were boiling from below in exuberant volume with a
gushing upwards; and then again, it wheels about in a circle with a
sweep far around, before it settles to go onward.[XVI.]

 [XVI.] These maelstroms seem at first to demand extra caution as
  you approach, but they are harmless enough, for the water is deep, and
  it only twists the boat round; and you need not mind this except when
  the sail is up, but have a care _then_ that you are not taken aback. In
  crossing one of these whirlpools at full speed it will be found needless
  to try to counteract the sudden action on your bow by paddling against
  it, for it is better to hold on as if there were no interference, and
  presently the action in the reverse direction puts all quite straight.

On the borders of Switzerland the German and French tongues are both
generally known at the hotels, and by the people accustomed to do
business with foreigners travelling among them.

But in your course along a river these convenient waiters and polyglot
commissionaires are not found exactly in attendance at every village,
and it is, therefore, to the bystanders or casual loungers your
observations must be addressed.

Frequent intercourse with natives of strange countries, where there is
no common language between them and the tourist, will gradually teach
him a "sign language" which suits all people alike.

Thus, in any place, no matter what was their dialect, it was always easy
to induce one or two men to aid in carrying the canoe. The _formula_ for
this was something in the following style.

I first got the boat on shore, and a crowd of course soon collected,
while I arranged its interior, and sponged out the splashed water, and
fastened the cover down. Then, tightening my belt for a walk, I looked
round with a kind smile, and selecting a likely man, would address him
in English deliberately as follows--suiting each action to the word, for
I have always found that sign language is made more natural when you
speak your own tongue all the time you are acting:--"Well now, I think
as you have looked on enough and have seen all you want, it's about time
to go to an hotel, a _gasthaus_. Here! you--yes, _you_!--just take that
end of the boat up, so,--gently, '_langsam!_' '_langsam!_'--all right,
yes, under your arm, like this,--now march off to the best hotel,
_gasthaus_."

[Illustration: "Langsam."]

Then the procession naturally formed itself. The most humorous boys of
course took precedence, because of services or mischief willing to be
performed; and, meanwhile, they gratuitously danced about and under the
canoe like Fauns around Silenus. Women only came near and waited
modestly till the throng had passed. The seniors of the place kept on
the safer confines of the movement, where dignity of gait might comport
with close observation.

In a case of sign talking like the foregoing you can be helped by one
substantive and one adverb; and if you pronounce these clearly, and use
them correctly, while all the other expressions are evidently _your_
language and not theirs, they will understand it much better than if you
try signs in dumb show or say the whole in bad German, and so give rise
to all possible mistakes of your meaning.

But it is quite another matter when you have forgotten (or have never
acquired) the foreign word for the noun you wish to name, though, even
then, by well chosen signs, and among an intelligent people, a good deal
can be conveyed, as may be shown in the following cases.

Once I was riding among the Arabs along the Algerian coast, on my way
from Carthage, and my guide, a dense Kabyle, was evidently taking me
past a place I wished to visit, and which had been duly entered in the
list when he was engaged.

I could not make him understand this, for my limited Arabic had been
acquired under a different pronunciation in Syria; but one night, it
happened that a clever chief had me in a tent, or rather a hut, just
like the top of a gipsy cart. I explained to him by signs (and talking
English) that the muleteer was taking me past the place it was desired
to see. Then I tried to pronounce the name of that place, but was always
wrong, or he could not make it out; it was Maskutayn, or "bewitched
waters," a wonderful volcanic valley, full of boiling streams and little
volcanoes of salt.

At length, sitting in the moonlight, signs were tried even for this
difficult occasion. I put my chibouque (pipe) under the sand and took
water in my hand, and as he looked on intently--for the Arabs love this
speaking action--I put water on the fire in the pipe-bowl, and blew it
up through the sand, talking English all the time. This was done again,
and suddenly the black lustrous eyes of the Ishmaelite glistened
brighter. He slapped his forehead. He jumped up. You could almost be
sure he said "I know it now;" and then he roused the unfortunate
muleteer from his snorings to give him an energetic lecture, by means of
which we were directed next day straight to the very place I desired to
find.

In a few cases of this international talking it becomes necessary to
sketch pictures, which are even better than signs, but not among Arabs.
During a visit to the fair of Nijni Novgorod, in the middle of Russia, I
passed many hours in the "Chinese street" there, and found it was very
difficult to communicate with Ching Loo, and even signs were useless.
But they had some red wax about the tea-chests, and there was a white
wall beside us, so upon this I put the whole story in large pictures,
with an explanatory lecture in English all the time, which proceeding
attracted an audience of several scores of Chinamen and Kalmuks and
other outlandish people, and the particular group I meant to enlighten
seemed perfectly to understand all that was desired.

And so we suppose that if you can work your paddle well, and learn the
general sign language, and a little of the pencil tongue, you can go
very far in a canoe without being starved or homeless; while you are
sure to have a wide field in which to study the various degrees of
intelligence among those you meet.

To come back, however, from the Volga to the Rhine.

The current flows more and more gently as we enter the Zeller See, or
Unter See, a lake which would be called pretty if our taste has not been
sated for a while by having a snowy range for the background to the
views on Constance.

But the Lake of Constance sadly wants islands, and here in the Zeller
See are several, one of them being of great size. The Emperor of the
French had passed two days at his chateau on this lake, just before we
arrived. No doubt he would have waited a week had he known the Rob Roy
was coming.[XVII.]

 [XVII.] His Majesty has not forgotten the canoe, as will be seen by
  the following extract from the Paris intelligence in the "Globe" of
  April 20 (His Majesty's birthday):--

       "By an edict, dated April 6, 1866, issued this morning, the
       Ministre d'Etat institutes a special committee for the
       organisation of a special exhibition, at the Exposition
       Universelle of 1867, of all objects connected with the arts and
       industry attached to pleasure boats and river navigation. This
       measure is thought to display the importance which amateur
       navigation has assumed during the last few years--to display
       the honour in which is held this _sport nouveau_, as it is
       denominated in the report, and to be successful in abolishing
       the old and absurd prejudices which have so long prevented its
       development in France. The Emperor, whose fancy for imitating
       everything English leads him to patronise with alacrity all
       imitation of English sports in particular, is said to have
       suggested the present exhibition after reading MacGregor's
       'Cruise of the Rob Roy,' which developes many new ideas of the
       purposes besides mere pleasure to which pleasure boats may be
       applied, and would be glad to encourage a taste for the
       exploration of solitary streams and lonely currents amongst the
       youth of France."

However, as we were too late to breakfast with his Majesty, I pulled in
at the village of Steckborn, where an inn is built on the actual edge of
the water, a state of things most convenient for the aquatic tourist,
and which you find often along this part of the Rhine. In a case of this
sort you can tap at the door with the paddle, and order a repast before
you debark, so that it is boiling and fizzing, and the table is all
ready, while you put things to rights on board, and come leisurely
ashore, and then tie the boat to the window balcony, or, at any rate, in
some place where it can be seen all the time you breakfast or dine, and
rest, and read, and draw.

Experience proved that very few boys, even of the most mischievous
species, will meddle with a boat which is floating, but that very few
men, even of the most amiable order, will refrain from pulling it about
when the little craft is left on shore.

To have your boat not only moored afloat but in your sight too,--that is
perfection, and it is worth additional trouble to arrange this, because
then and for hours of the midday stoppage, you will be wholly at ease,
or at any rate, you will have one care the less, the weary resting
traveller will not then be anxious about his absent boat, as if it were
a valuable horse in a strange stable.

The landlord was much interested in the story of my voyage as depicted
in the sketch-book, so he brought a friend to see me who could speak
French, and who had himself constructed a boat of two tin tubes,[XVIII.] on
which a stage or frame is supported, with a seat and rowlocks, the
oddest looking thing in nautical existence. I persuaded him to put this
institution into the water, and we started for a cruise; the double-tube
metal boat, with its spider-like gear aloft, and the oak canoe, so low
and rakish, with its varnished cedar deck, and jaunty flag, now racing
side by side, each of them a rare sight, but the two together quite
unprecedented.

 [XVIII.] Each of these was in shape like the cigar ship which I had
  sailed past on the Thames, and which has since been launched.

The river here is like parts of the Clyde and the Kyles of Bute, with
French villages let in, and an Italian sky stretched overhead. We rowed
across to a village where a number of Jews live, for I wished to visit
their Synagogue; but, lo! this was the Grand Duchy of Baden land, and a
heavily-armed sentry found us invading the dominion, so he deployed and
formed square to force us to land somewhere else. The man was civil, but
his orders were unreasonable, so we merely embarked again and went over
to Switzerland, and ran our little fleet into a bramble bush, to hide it
while we mounted to an auberge on the hill for a sixpenny bottle of
wine.

The pretty Swiss lass in charge said she once knew an Englishman--but
"it was a pity they were all so proud." He had sent her a letter in
English, which I asked her to let me read for her. It began, "My dear
little girl, I love you;" and this did not sound so very proud for a
beginning. My boating friend promised to make her a tin _cafetiere_, and
so it may be divined that he was the tinman of the village, and a most
agreeable tinman too.

She came to see us on board, and her father arrived just in time to
witness a triangular parting, which must have puzzled him a good deal,
Amelia waving farewell to a "proud" Englishman and a nautical
whitesmith, who both took leave also of each other, the last sailing
away with huge square yards and coloured canvas, and the Rob Roy
drifting with the stream in the opposite direction.

Every day for weeks past had been as a picnic to me, but I prolonged
this one into night, the air was so balmy and the red sun setting was so
soon replaced by the white moon rising, and besides, the navigation here
had no dangers, and there were villages every few miles.

When I had enough of it, cruising here and there by moonlight, I drew up
to the town of Stein, but all was now lonely by the water-side. This is
to be expected when you arrive late; however, a slap or two on the water
with the paddle, and a loud verse of a song, Italian, Dutch, a pibroch,
any noise in fact, soon draws the idlers to you, and it is precisely the
idlers you want.

One of them readily helped me with the boat to an inn, where an
excellent landlady greeted the strange guest. From this moment all was
bustle there, and very much it was increased by a German guest, who
insisted on talking to me in English, which I am sure I did not
understand a bit better than the Germans who came to listen and look
on.




CHAPTER VII.

     Fog--Fancy pictures--Boy soldiers--Boat's billet--Eating--Lake
     Zurich--Crinoline--Hot walk--Staring--Lake Zug--Swiss
     shots--Fishing Britons--Talk-book.


In the morning there was a most curious change of air; all around was in
a dense white fog. Truly it was now to be "sensation rowing;" so we
hastened to get off into this milky atmosphere. I have an idea that we
passed under a bridge; at least the usual cheers sounded this time as if
they were above me, but the mist was as thick as our best November
Cheshire-cheese fogs, and quite as interesting. On several occasions I
positively could not see the bow of my boat, only a few feet from my
nose. The whole arrangement was so unexpected and entirely
novel,--paddling on a fast invisible stream--that I had the liveliest
emotions of pleasure without seeing anything at all.

But then fancy had free play all the time, and the pictures it drew were
vivid and full of colour, and, after all, our impressions of external
objects are only pictures, so say the philosophers; and why not then
enjoy a tour in a fog, with a good album of pictures making the while in
the brain?

Sounds too there were, but like those of witches and fairies--though
perhaps it was only the cackling of some antique washerwomen on the
banks. However, I addressed the unseen company in both prose and poetry,
and was full of emphasis, which now and again was increased by my boat
running straight into the shore.

The clearing away of the fog was one of the most interesting evolutions
of nature to be seen. In one sort or other every traveller has enjoyed
the quick or gradual tearing up of a fog curtain on mountain or moor,
but here it was on a beauteous river.

I wish to describe this process, but I cannot. It was a series of
"Turner pictures," with glimpses right and left, and far overhead, of
trees, sky, castles, each lightened and shown for a moment, and then
gauzed over again and completely hidden; while the mind had to imagine
all the context of the scenery, and it was sure to be quite wrong when
another gleam of sun disclosed what was there in reality. For it cleared
away at last, and Father Sol avenged himself by an extra hot ray, for
thus trifling with his beams.

The Rhine banks here were sloping but steep, with pleasant meadows,
vineyards, and woods, mingled with tolerable fairness to all three. In
short, though I appreciate scenery with an eager admiration, any scenery
seemed good when the genial exercise of the canoe was the medium for
enjoying it.

Soon afterwards the woods thickened, the mountains rose behind them, the
current got faster and faster, the houses, at first dotted on the
knolls, got closer and more suburb like, and at last a grand sweep of
the stream opened up Schaffhausen to the eye, while a sullen sound on
the water warned of "rapids ahead." As I intended to keep them always in
front, some caution was needed in steering, though there is no
difficulty here, for steamboats navigate thus far, and of course it is
easy for a canoe.

But when I glided down to the bridge there was the "Goldenen Schiff"
hotel, and I resolved to patronise it on account of its name, and
because there was a gigantic picture of a Briton on the adjoining wall.
He was in full Highland costume, though the peculiar tartan of his kilt
showed that there is still one clan we have not yet recognised.

Here began a novel kind of astonishment among the people; for when, on
my arrival, they asked, "Where have you come from?" and were told,
"From England," they could not understand how my course seemed as if in
reality from Germany.

The short morning's work being soon over, there was all the day before
me to wander about.

Drums and a band presently led me to a corps of little boys in full
uniform, about 200 of them, all with real guns and with boy officers,
most martial to behold, albeit they were munching apples between the
words of command, and pulling wry faces at urchins of eight years old,
who strove in vain to take long steps with short legs.

They had some skirmishing drill, and used small goats' horns to give the
orders instead of bugles. These horns are used on the railways too, and
the note is very clear, and may be heard well a long way off. Indeed I
think much might be done in our drill at home by something of this sort.

It is a short three miles to the Belle Vue, built above the falls of
Schaffhausen, and in full view of this noble scene. These great falls of
the Rhine looked much finer than I had recollected them some twelve
years before; it is pleasant, but unusual, for one's second visit to
such sights to be more striking than the first. At night the river was
splendidly illuminated by Bengal lights of different colours, and the
effect of this on the tossing foam and rich full body of ever pouring
water--or fire as it then seemed to be--was to present a spectacle of
magical beauty and grandeur, well seen from the balcony of the hotel, by
many travellers from various lands. On one side of me was a Russian, and
a Brazilian on the other.

Next day, at the railway-station, I put the sharp bow of the Rob Roy in
at the window of the "baggages" office, and asked for the "boat's
ticket." The clerk did not seem at all surprised, for he knew I was an
Englishman, and nothing is too odd, queer, mad in short, for Englishmen
to do.

But the porters, guards, and engine-drivers made a good deal of talk
before the canoe was safely stowed among the trunks in the van; and I
now and then visited her there, just for company's sake, and to see that
the sharp-cornered, iron-bound boxes of the American tourists had not
broken holes in her oaken skin. One could not but survey, with some
anxiety, the lumbering casks on the platform, waiting to be rolled in
beside the canoe; and the fish baskets, iron bars, crates, and clumsy
gear of all sorts, which at every stoppage is tumbled in or roughly
shovelled out of the luggage-van of a train.

This care and sympathy for a mere boat may be called enthusiasm by
those who have not felt the like towards inanimate objects linked to our
pleasures or pains by hourly ties of interest; but others will
understand how a friendship for the boat was felt more every day I
journeyed with her: her strong points were better known as they were
more tried, but the weak points, too, of the frail traveller became now
more apparent, and the desire to bring her safely to England was rapidly
increased when we had made the homeward turn.

The mere cost of the railway ticket for the boat's carriage to Zurich
was two or three shillings,--not so much as the expense of taking it
between the stations and the hotels.

Submitting, then, to be borne again on wheels and through tunnels in the
good old railway style, we soon arrive among the regular Swiss
mountains, and where gather the Swiss tourists, for whom arise the Swiss
hotels, those huge establishments founded and managed so as best to
fatten on the wandering Englishman, and to give him homoeopathic
feeding while his purse is bled.

For suffer me again to have a little gossip about _eating_. Yes, it is a
mundane subject, and undoubtedly physical; but when the traveller has to
move his body and baggage along a route by his own muscles, by climbing
or by rowing, or by whipping a mule, it is a matter of high moment, to
him at least, that fibrine should be easily procurable.

If you wish, then, to live well in Switzerland and Germany go to German
hotels, and avoid the grand barracks reared on every view-point for the
English tourist.

See how the omnibus, from the train or the steamer, pours down its
victims into the landlords' arms. Papa and Mamma, and three daughters
and a maid: well, of course _they_ will be attended to. Here is another
timid lady with an alpenstock, a long white cane people get when they
arrive in Switzerland, and which they never know what on earth to do
with. Next there will issue from the same vehicle a dozen newly-fledged
Londoners; and the whole party, men and women, are so demure, so afraid
of themselves, that the hotel-keeper does just what he likes with them,
every one.

Without a courier, a wife, heavy baggage, or young ladies, I enter too,
and dare to order a cutlet and potatoes. After half-an-hour two chops
come and spinach, each just one bite, and cold. I ask for fruit, and
some pears are presented that grate on the knife, with a minute bunch of
grapes, good ones let us acknowledge. For this we pay 2_s._

Next day I row three miles down the lake, and order, just as before, a
cutlet, potatoes, and fruit, but this time at a second-rate German inn.
Presently behold two luscious veal cutlets, with splendid potatoes, and
famous hot plates; and a fruit-basket teeming gracefully with large
clusters of magnificent grapes, peaches, pears all gushing with juice,
and mellow apples, and rosy plums. For this I pay 1_s._ 6_d._ The secret
is that the Germans won't pay the prices which the English fear to
grumble at, and won't put up with the articles the English fear to
refuse.

Nor may we blame the hotel-keepers for their part in this business. They
try to make as much money as they can, and most people who are making
money try to do the same.

In the twilight the Rob Roy launched on the Lake of Zurich, so lovely by
evening, cool and calm, with its pretty villages painted again on the
water below, and soft voices singing, and slow music floating in the
air, as the moon looked down, and the crests of snow were silvered on
far-off hills.

The canoe was now put up in a boathouse where all seemed to be secure.
It was the only time I had found a boathouse for my boat, and the only
time when she was badly treated; for, next morning, though the man in
charge appeared to be a solid, honest fellow, I saw at once that the
canoe had been sadly tumbled about and filled with water, the seat cast
off and floating outside, the covering deranged, the sails untied, and
the sacred paddle defiled by clumsy hands.

The man who suffered this to be perpetrated will not soon forget the
Anglo-German-French set-down he received (with a half-franc), and I
shall not forget in future to observe the time-honoured practice of
carrying the canoe invariably into the hotel.

Another piece of experience gained here was this, that to send your
luggage on by a steamer, intending to regain it on your arrival, adds
far less of convenience than it does of anxiety and trouble, seeing that
in this sort of travel you can readily take the baggage with you always
and everywhere in your boat.

Much of the charm of next day's paddle on the lake consisted in its
perfect independence of all previous arrangements, and in the absence of
such thraldom as, "You must be here by ten o'clock;" or, "You have to
sleep there at night." So now, let the wind blow as it likes, I could
run before it, and breakfast at this village; or cross to that point to
bathe; or row round that bay, and lunch on the other side of the lake,
or anywhere else on the shore, or in the boat itself, as I pleased. I
felt as a dog must feel on his travels who has no luggage and no
collar, and has only one coat, which always fits him, and is always
getting new.

When quite sated with the water, I fixed on Horgen to stop at for a
rest, to the intense delight of all the Horgen boys. How they did jump
and caper about the canoe, and scream with the glee of young hearts
stirred by a new sight!

It was one of the great treats of this voyage to find it gave such hours
of pleasure to the juvenile population in each place. Along the vista of
my recollection as I think over the past days of this excursion, many
thousand childish faces brimming with happiness range their chubby or
not chubby cheeks.

These young friends were still more joyous when the boat was put into a
cart, and the driver got up beside it, and the captain of the canoe
began his hot walk behind.

A number of their mammas came out to smile on the performance, and some
asked to have a passage to England in the boat, to which there was the
stock reply, given day by day, "Not much room for the crinoline." Only
once was there the rejoinder, that the lady would willingly leave her
expansion at home; though on another occasion (and that in France, too)
they answered, "We poor folks don't wear crinoline."

In every group there were various forms of inquisitiveness about the
canoe. First, those who examined it without putting questions; and then
those who questioned about it without examining. Some lifted it to feel
the weight; others passed their hands along its smooth deck to feel the
polished cedar; others looked underneath to see if there was a keel, or
bent the rope to feel how flexible it was, or poised the paddle (when I
let them), and said, "How light!" and then more critical inquirers
measured the boat's dimensions, tapped its sides with their knuckles,
and looked wise; sketched its form, scrutinized its copper nails, or
gently touched the silken flag, with its frayed hem and colour fading
now; in all places this last item, as an object of interest, was always
the first exclaimed about by the lady portion of the crowd.

It is with such little but pleasant trivialities that a traveller's day
may be filled in this enchanting atmosphere where simply to exist, to
breathe, to gaze, and to listen, are enough to pass the sunny hours, if
not to engage the nobler powers of the mind.

The Lakes of Zurich and Zug are not far separate. About three hours of
steady road walking takes you from one to the other, over a high neck of
forest land, and a hot walk this was from twelve to three o'clock, in
the brightest hours of the day. The heat and the dust made me eager
again to be afloat. By the map, indeed, it seemed as if one could row
part of this way on a river which runs into Zug, but maps are no
guidance as to the fitness of streams for a boat. They make a black line
wriggling about on the paper do for all rivers alike, and this tells you
nothing as to the depth or force of the current, nor can the drivers or
innkeepers tell much more, since they have no particular reason for
observing how a river comports itself; their business is on the road.

The driver was proud of his unusual fare, a boat with an English flag,
and he gave a short account of it to every friend he met, an account no
doubt frightfully exaggerated, but always accepted as sufficient by the
gratified listener. The worthy carter, however, was quite annoyed that I
stopped him outside the town of Zug (paying thirteen francs for the
cart), for I wished to get the canoe into the water unobserved, as the
morning's work had left me yet no rest, and sweet repose could best be
had by floating in my boat. However, there was no evading the
townspeople's desire to see "the schiff in a cart from England." We took
her behind a clump of stones, but they climbed upon the stones and
stood. I sat down in a moody silence, but they sat down too in
respectful patience. I tried then another plan, turned the canoe bottom
upward, and began lining a seam of the planks with red putty. They
looked on till it was done, and I began the same seam again, and told
them that all the other seams must be thus lined. This, at last, was too
much for some of the wiser ones, who turned away and murmured about my
slowness, but others at once took their places in the front row. It
seemed unfriendly to go on thus any longer, and as it was cooler now, I
pushed the boat into the lake, shipped my luggage on board, and after
the usual English speech to them all from the water, bid every one
"adieu."[XIX.]

 [XIX.] This word, like other expressive French words, is commonly
  used in Germany and Switzerland.

New vigour came when once the paddle was grasped again, and the soft
yielding water and gentle heaving on its bosom had fresh pleasure now
after the dusty road. It seems as if one must be for ever spoiled for
land travel by this smooth liquid journeying.

Zug is a little lake, and the mountains are over it only at one end, but
then there are glorious hills, the Rigi and a hundred more, each behind
another, or raising a peak in the gaps between. I must resolutely
abstain from describing these here. The sight of them is well known to
the traveller. The painted pictures of them in every shop window are
faithful enough for those who have not been nearer, and words can tell
very little to others of what is seen and felt when you fill the
delighted eye by looking on the snowy range.

Near one end of the lake I visited the line of targets where the
Switzers were popping away their little bullets at their short ranges,
with all sorts of gimcrack instruments to aid them, lenses, crooks, and
straps for the arms, hair-triggers, and everything done under cover too.
Very skilful indeed are they in the use of these contrivances; but the
weapons look like toy-guns after all, and are only one step removed from
the crossbows you see in Belgium and France, where men meet to shoot at
stuffed cockrobins fixed on a pole, and do not hit them, and then
adjourn for beer.

The Swiss are good shots and brave men, and woe be to their invaders.
Still, in this matter of rifle shooting their _dilettanti_ practice
through a window, at the short range of 200 yards, seems really childish
when compared with that of the manly groups at Wimbledon, where, on the
open heath, in sun or drifting hail, the burly Yorkshireman meets with
the hardy Scot, and sends his heavier deadly bullet on its swift errand
right away for a thousand yards in the storm.

Leaving the shooters to their bulls' eyes, I paddled in front of the
town to scan the hotels, and to judge of the best by appearances. Out
came the boats of Zug to examine the floating stranger. They went round
and round, in a criticising mood, just as local dogs strut slowly in
circles about a new-come cur who is not known to their street, and
besides is of ambiguous breed. These boats were all larger than mine,
and most of them were brighter with plenty of paint, and universally
they were encumbered with most awkward oars.

A courteous Frenchman in one of the boats told me all the Zug news in a
breath, besides asking numerous questions, and giving a hasty commentary
on the fishing in the lake. Finally, he pointed out the best hotel, and
so the naval squadron advanced to the pier, led by the canoe. A gracious
landlady here put my boat safe in the hotel coachhouse, and offered to
give me the key of the padlock, to make sure. In the _salle à manger_
were some English friends from London, so now I felt that here was an
end of lone wanderings among foreigners, for the summer stream of
tourists from England was encountered at this point.

An early start next morning found the mists on the mountains, but they
were quickly furled up out of the way in festoons like muslin curtains.

We skirted the pretty villas on the verge of the lake, and hauled in by
some apple-trees to rig up the sails. This could be done more easily
when the boat was drawn ashore than when it was afloat; though, after
practice, I could not only set the mast and hoist the sails "at sea,"
but could even stand up and change my coat, or tie the flag on the
masthead, or survey a difficult channel, while the boat was rocking on
the waves of a rapid.[XX.]

 [XX.] This is so very useful in extending the horizon of view,
  and in enabling you to examine a whole ledge of sunken rocks at once,
  that it is well worth the trouble of a week or two's practice.

Sailing on a lake in Switzerland is a full reward for carrying your mast
and sails unused for many a long mile. Sometimes, indeed, the sails
seemed to be after all an encumbrance, but this was when they were not
available. Every time they came into use again the satisfaction of
having brought them was reassured.

In sailing while the wind is light you need not always sit, as must be
done for paddling. Wafted by the breeze you can now recline, lie down,
or lie up, put your legs anyhow and anywhere, in the water if you like,
and the peak of the sail is a shade between the sun and your eyes,
while the ripples seem to tinkle cheerfully against the bow, and the
wavelets seethe by smoothly near the stern. When you are under sail the
hill tops look higher than before, for now you see how far they are
above your "lofty" masthead, and the black rocks on the shore look
blacker when seen in contrast with a sail like cream.

[Illustration: "Sailing on Lake Zug."]

After a cruise that left nothing more to see of Zug, we put into port at
Imyn, and though it is a little place, only a few houses, the boys there
were as troublesome as gnats buzzing about; so the canoe had to be
locked in the stable out of sight.

Three Britons were waiting here for the steamer. They had come to fish
in Switzerland. Now fishing and travelling kill each other, so far as my
experience goes, unless one of them is used as a _passetemps_ because
you cannot go on with the other. Thus I recollect once at the town of
Vossevangen, in Norway, when we had to wait some hours for horses, it
was capital fun to catch three trout with a pin for a hook fastened on
the lash of a gig-whip, while a fellow-traveller shot with a pistol at
my Glengarry cap on a stone.

The true fisherman fishes for the fishing, not for the fishes. He
himself is pleased even if he catches nothing, though he is more pleased
to bring back a full basket, for that will justify him to his friends.

Now when you stop your travelling that you may angle, if you catch
nothing you grudge the day spent, and keep thinking how much you might
have seen in it on the road. On the other hand, if you do happen to
catch one or two fish, you don't like to leave the place where more
might be taken, and your first ten miles after departure from it is a
stage of reflection about pools, stones, bites, and rises, instead of
what is going on all around. Worst of all, if you have hooked a fish and
lost him, it is a sad confession of defeat then to give up the sport and
moodily resume the tour.

As for the three visitors at Imyn, they had just twenty minutes sure, so
they breakfasted in five minutes, and in the next three minutes had got
their rods ready, and were out in the garden casting as fast as
possible, and flogging the water as if the fish also ought to be in a
hurry to get taken. The hot sun blazed upon the bald head of one of
these excited anglers, for he had not time to put on his hat. The other
had got his line entangled in a bush, and of course was _hors de
combat_. The third was a sort of light skirmisher, rushing about with
advice, and pointing out shoals of minnows everywhere else but where his
companions were engaged. However, they managed to capture a few monsters
of the deep, that is to say, a couple of misguided gudgeons, probably
dissipated members of their tribe, and late risers, who had missed
their proper breakfasts. Ardent as I am with the rod I could not enjoy
fishing after this sort.

To be in this tide of wandering Britons, and yet to look at them and
listen to them as if you were distinct--this is a post full of interest
and amusement; and if you can, even for one day, try to be (at least in
thought) a Swiss resident or a Parisian, and so to regard the English
around you from the point they are seen from by the foreigners whom they
visit, the examination becomes far more curious. But this has been done
by many clever tourists, who have written their notes with more or less
humour, and with more rather than less severity; so I shall not attempt
to analyse the strange atoms of the flood from our islands which
overflows the Continent every year.

It is the fashion to decry three-fourths of this motley company as
"snobs," "spendthrifts," or "greenhorns." With humble but firm voice I
protest against this unfairness; nor can I help thinking that much of
the hard criticism published by travellers against their fellows is a
crooked way of saying, what it does not do to assert directly, that the
writer has at any rate met some travellers inferior to himself.

Of course, among the Englishmen whom I met now and then in the course
of this voyage there were some strange specimens, and their remarks were
odd enough, when alluding to the canoe. One said, for example, "Don't
you think it would have been more commodious to have had an attendant
with you to look after your luggage and things?" The most obvious answer
to this was probably that which I gave, "Not for me, if he was to be in
the boat; and not for him, if he had to run on the bank."

Another Englishman at home asked me in all seriousness about the canoe
voyage, "Was it not a great waste of time?" And when I inquired how _he_
had spent his vacation, he said, "Oh, I was all the time _at Brighton_!"

In returning once more to English conversation, one is reminded how very
useless and unpractical are all the "Talk-books" published to facilitate
the traveller's conversation in foreign languages. Whether they are
meant to help you in French, German, Italian, or Spanish, these little
books, with their well-known double columns of words and phrases, and
their "Polite Letter-writer" at the end, all seem to be equally
determined to force words upon you which you never will need to use;
while the things you are always wanting to say in the new tongue are
either carefully buried among colloquies on botany or precious stones,
or among philosophical discussions about metaphysics, or else the
desirable phrases are not in the book at all.

This need of a brief and good "Talk-book" struck me particularly when I
had carefully marked in my German one all the pages which would never be
required in the tour, so that I could cut them out as an unnecessary
addition to the weight of my ship's library. Why, the little book, when
thus expurgated, got so lamentably thin that the few pages left of it,
as just possible to be useful, formed only a wretched skeleton of the
original volume.

Another fault of these books is that half the matter in them is made up
of what the imaginary chatting foreigner says _to you_, the unhappy
Englishman, and this often in long phrases, or even in set speeches.

But when, in actual life, the real foreigner speaks to you, he somehow
says quite a different set of words from any particular phrases you see
in the book, and you cannot make out his meaning, because it does not
correspond with anything you have learned.

It is evident that a dictionary is required to get at the English
meaning of what is said to you by another; while a talk-book will
suffice for what you wish to say to him; because you can select in it
and compose from it before you utter any particular phrase.

The Danish phrase-book for Norway and Sweden is a tolerably good one,
and it holds in a short compass all the traveller wants; but I think a
book of this kind for each of the other principal languages might well
be constructed on the following basis.

First, let us have the expression "I want," and then the English
substantives most used in travel talk, arranged in alphabetical order,
and with their foreign equivalents. Next, put the request "Will you,"
and after it place each of the verbs of action generally required by
travellers. Then set forth the question, "Does the," with a column of
events formed by a noun, verb, and preposition in each, such as "coach
stop at," "road lead to," "steamer start from," &c.; and, lastly, give
us the comprehensive "Is it," with a long alphabetical list of
adjectives likely to be employed. Under these four heads, with two pages
of adverbs and numerals, I think that the primary communications with a
foreigner can be comprised; and as for conversations with him on special
subjects, such as politics, or art, or scenery, these are practically
not likely to be attempted unless you learn his language, and not merely
some of its most necessary _words_; but this study of language is not
the purpose for which you get a talk-book.

Having now delivered a homily on international talking, it is time to be
on the move again.




CHAPTER VIII.

     Sailing on Lucerne--Seeburg--River scenes--Night and snow--The
     Reuss--A dear dinner--Seeing a rope--Passing a fall--Bremgarten
     rapids.


When the steamer at Imyn had embarked the three sportsmen, and the
little pier was quiet, we got a cart out for the Rob Roy, and bargained
to have it rumbled over the hill to the Lake of Lucerne for the sum of
five francs--it is only half-an-hour's walk. The landlord himself came
as driver, for he was fully interested about the canoe, and he did not
omit to let people know his sentiments on the subject all along the way,
even calling out to the men plucking fruit in the apple-trees, who had
perhaps failed to notice the phenomenon which was passing on the road
beneath them. There was a permanent joke on such occasions, and, oddly
enough, it was used by the drivers in Germany as well as in Switzerland,
and was of course original and spontaneous with each of them as they
called out, "Going to America!" and then chuckled at the brilliant
remark.

The village we came to on Lucerne was the well-known Kussnacht, that
is, _one_ of the well-known Kussnachts, for there are plenty of these
honeymoon towns in Central Europe; and with the customary assembly of
_quidnuncs_, eloquently addressed this time by the landlord-driver, the
canoe was launched on another lake, perhaps the prettiest lake in the
world.

Like other people, and at other times, I had traversed this beautiful
water of the Four Cantons, but those only who have seen it well by
steamer and by walking, so as to know how it juts in and winds round in
intricate geography, can imagine how much better you may follow and
grasp its beauties by searching them out alone and in a canoe.

For thus I could penetrate all the wooded nooks, and dwell on each
view-point, and visit the rocky islets, and wait long, longer--as long
as I pleased before some lofty berg, while the ground-swell gently
undulated, and the passing cloud shaded the hill with grey, and the red
flag of a steamer fluttered in a distant sunbeam, and the plash of a
barge's oar broke on the boatman's song; everything around changing just
a little, and the stream of inward thought and admiration changing too
as it flowed, but, all the time, and when the eye came back to it again,
there was the grand mountain still the same,

    "Like Teneriffe or Atlas unremoved."

How cool the snow looked up there aloft even in the heat of summer! and,
to come down again to one's level on the water, how lively the steamer
was with the music of its band and the quick beat of its wheels curling
up white foam. Let us speed to meet it and to get a tossing in the
swell, while Jones and Smith, under the awning, cry out, "Why, to be
sure, that's the Rob Roy canoe," and Mrs. Jones and the three Miss
Smiths all lift up their heads from their "Murrays," where they have
been diligently reading the history of Switzerland from A.D. 1682, and
then the description in words of all the scenery around, although they
have suffered its speaking realities in mountain, wood, and lake to pass
unnoticed.

As I was quite fresh (having worked chiefly the sails on Zug) and now in
good "training," so as to get on very comfortably with ten or twelve
hours' rowing in the day, I spent it all in seeing this inexhaustible
Lake of Lucerne, and yet felt that at least a dozen new pictures had
been left unseen in this rich volume of the book of nature.

But as this book had no page in it about quarters for the night it was
time to consider these homely affairs, and to look out for an hotel; not
one of the big barracks for Englishmen spoken of before, but some quiet
place where one could stop for Sunday. Coming suddenly then round a
shady point, behold the very place! But can it be an hotel? Yes, there
is the name, "Seeburg." Is it quiet? Observe the shady walks. Bathing?
Why, there is a bath in the lake at the end of the garden. Fishing? At
least four rods are stretched over the reeds by hopeful hands, and with
earnest looks behind, watching for the faintest nibble.

Let us run boldly in. Ten minutes, and the boat is safely in a shed, and
its captain well housed in an excellent room; and, having ordered
dinner, it was delicious to jump into the lake for a swim, all hot with
the hot day's work, and to stretch away out to the deep, and circle
round and round in these limpid waters, with a nice little bath-room to
come back to, and fresh dry clothes to put on. In the evening we had
very pretty English music, a family party improvised in an hour, and
broken up for a moonlight walk, while, all this time (one fancied), in
the big hotel of the town the guests were in stiff _coteries_, or each
set retired to its sitting-room, and lamenting how unsociable everybody
else had become.

I never was more comfortable than here, with a few English families "en
pension," luxuriating for the sum of six francs per day, and an old
Russian General, most warlike and courteous, who would chat with you by
the hour, on the seat under the shady chestnut, and smiled at the four
persevering fishermen whose bag consisted, I believe, of three bites,
one of them allowed on all hands to have been _bonâ fide_.

Then on Sunday we went to Lucerne, to church, where a large congregation
listened to a very good sermon from the well-known Secretary of the
Society for Colonial and Continental Churches. At least every traveller,
if not every home-stayed Englishman, ought to support this Association,
because it many times supplies just that food and rest which the soul
needs so much on a Sunday abroad, when the pleasures of foreign travel
are apt to make only the mind and body constitute the man.

I determined to paddle from Lucerne by the river Reuss, which flows out
of the lake and through the town. This river is one of four--the Rhine,
Rhone, Reuss, and Ticino, which all rise near together in the
neighbourhood of the St. Gothard; and yet, while one flows into the
German ocean, another falls into the Mediterranean, both between them
having first made nearly the compass of Switzerland.

The walking tourist comes often upon the rapid Reuss as it staggers and
tumbles among the Swiss mountains. To me it had a special interest, for
I once ascended the Galenhorn over the glaciers it starts from, and with
only a useless guide, who lost his head and then lost his way, and then
lost his temper and began to cry. We groped about in a fog until snow
began to fall, and the snowstorm lasted for six hours--a weary time
spent by us wandering in the dark and without food. At length we were
discovered by some people sent out with lights to search for the
benighted pleasure-seeker.

The Reuss has many cascades and torrent gorges as it runs among the
rough crags, and it falls nearly 6,000 feet before it reaches the Lake
of Lucerne, this lake itself being still 1,400 feet above the sea.

A gradual current towards the end of the lake entices you under the
bridge where the river starts again on its course, at first gently
enough, and as if it never could get fierce and hoarse-voiced when it
has taken you miles away into the woods and can deal with you all alone.

The map showed the Reuss flowing into the Aar, but I could learn nothing
more about either of these rivers, except that an intelligent man said,
"The Reuss is a mere torrent," while another recounted how a man some
years ago went on the Aar in a boat, and was taken up by the police and
punished for thus perilling his life.

Deducting from these statements the usual 50 per cent. for exaggeration,
everything appeared satisfactory, so I yielded my boat to the current,
and, at parting, waved my yellow paddle to certain fair friends who had
honoured me with their countenance, and who were now assembled on the
bridge. After this a few judicious strokes took the Rob Roy through the
town and past the pleasant environs, and we were now again upon running
water.

The current, after a quiet beginning, soon put on a sort of "business
air," as if it did not mean to dally, and rapidly got into quick time,
threading a devious course among the woods, hayfields, and vineyards,
and it seemed not to murmur (as streams always do), but to sing with
buoyant exhilaration in the fresh brightness of the morn.

It certainly was a change, from the sluggish feeling of dead water in
the lakes to the lively tremulous thrilling of a rapid river like the
Reuss, which, in many places, is as wide as the Rhine at Schaffhausen.
It is a wild stream, too fast for navigation, and therefore the villages
are not built on the banks, and there are no boats, and the lonely,
pathless, forest-covered banks are sometimes bleak enough when seen from
the water.

For some miles it was easy travelling, the water being seldom less than
two feet deep, and with rocks readily visible by the eddy bubbling about
them, because they were sharp and jagged. It is the long smooth and
round-topped rock which is most treacherous in a fast river, for the
spray which the current throws round such a rock is often not different
from an ordinary wave.

Now and then the stream was so swift that I was afraid of losing my
straw hat, simply from the breeze created by great speed--for it was a
day without wind.

It cannot be concealed that continuous physical enjoyment such as this
tour presented is a dangerous luxury if it be not properly used. When I
thought of the hospitals of London, of the herds of squalid poor in
foetid alleys, of the pale-faced ragged boys, and the vice, sadness,
pain, and poverty we are sent to do battle with if we be Christian
soldiers, I could not help asking, "Am I right in thus enjoying such
comfort, such scenery, such health?" Certainly not right, unless to get
vigour of thought and hand, and freshened energy of mind, and larger
thankfulness and wider love, and so, with all the powers recruited, to
enter the field again more eager and able to be useful.

In the more lonely parts of the Reuss the trees were in dense thickets
to the water's edge, and the wild ducks fluttered out from them with a
splash, and some larger birds like bustards often hovered over the
canoe. I think among the flying companions I noticed also the bunting,
or "ammer" (from which German word comes our English "yellow hammer"),
wood-pigeons, and very beautiful hawks. The herons and kingfishers were
here as well, but not so many of them as on the Danube.

Nothing particular occurred, although it was a pleasant morning's work,
until we got through the bridge at Imyl, where an inn was high up on the
bank. The ostler helped me to carry the boat into the stable, and the
landlady audaciously charged me 4_s._ 6_d._ for my first dinner (I
always had two dinners on full working days), being pretty sure that she
need not expect her customer to stop there again.

The navigation after this began to be more interesting, with gravel
banks and big stones to avoid, and a channel to be chosen from among
several, and the wire ropes of the ferries stretched tightly across the
river requiring to be noticed with proper respect.

You may have observed how difficult it is, sometimes, to see a rope when
it is stretched and quite horizontal, or at any rate how hard it is to
judge correctly of its distance from your eye. This can be well noticed
in walking by the seashore among fishing-boats moored on the beach, when
you will sometimes even knock your nose against a taut hawser before you
are aware that it is so close.

This is caused by the fact that the mind estimates the distance of an
object partly by comparing the two views of its surface obtained by the
two eyes respectively, and which views are not quite the same, but
differ, just as the two pictures prepared for the stereoscope. Each eye
sees a little round one side of the object, and the solid look of the
object and its distance are thus before the mind.

Now when the rope is horizontal the eyes do not see round the two sides
in this manner, though if the head is leant sideways it will be found
that the illusion referred to no longer appears.

Nor is it out of place to inquire thus at length into this matter, for I
can assure you that one or two blunt slaps on the head from these ropes
across a river make it at least interesting if not pleasant to examine
"the reason why." And now we have got the philosophy of the thing, let
us leave the ropes behind.

The actual number of miles in a day's work is much influenced by the
number of waterfalls or artificial barriers which are too dry or too
high to allow the canoe to float over them.

[Illustration: "Shirking a Fall."]

In all such cases, of course, I had to get out and to drag the boat
round by the fields, as has been already described (p. 80); or to lower
her carefully among the rocks, as is shown in the accompanying sketch,
which represents the usual appearance of this part of the day's
proceedings. Although this sort of work was a change of posture, and
brought into play new muscular action, yet the strain sometimes put on
the limbs by the weight of the boat, and the great caution required
where there was only slippery footing, made these barriers to be
regarded on the whole as bores.

Full soon however we were to forget such trifling troubles, for more
serious work impended.

The river banks suddenly assumed a new character. They were steep and
high, and their height increased as we advanced between the two upright
walls of stratified gravel and boulders.

A full body of water ran here, the current being of only ordinary force
at its edges, where it was interrupted by rocks, stones, and shingle,
and was thus twisted into eddies innumerable.

To avoid these entanglements at the sides, it seemed best, on the whole,
to keep the boat in mid-channel, though the breakers were far more
dangerous there, in the full force of the stream.

I began to think that this must be the "hard place coming," which a wise
man farther up the river had warned me was quite too much for so small a
boat, unless in flood times, when fewer rocks would be in the way. In
reply, I had told him that when we got near such a place I would pull
out my boat and drag it along the bank, if requisite. To this he said,
"Ah! but the banks are a hundred feet high." So I had mentally resolved
(but entirely forgot) to stop in good time and to climb up the rocks and
investigate matters ahead before going into an unknown run of broken
water.

Such plans are very well in theory, but somehow the approach to these
rapids was so gradual, and the mind was so much occupied in overcoming
the particular difficulty of each moment, that no opportunity occurred
for rest or reflection. The dull heavy roar round the corner got louder
as the Rob Roy neared the great bend. For here the river makes a turn
round the whole of a letter S, in fact very nearly in a complete figure
of 8, and in wheeling thus it glides over a sloping ledge of flat rocks,
spread obliquely athwart the stream for a hundred feet on either hand,
and just a few inches below the surface.

The canoe was swept over this singular place by the current, its keel
and sides grinding and bumping on the stones, and sliding on the soft
moss which here made the rock so slippery and black.

The progress was aided by sundry pushes and jerks at proper times, but
we advanced altogether in a clumsy, helpless style, until at length
there came in sight the great white ridge of tossing foam where the din
was great, and a sense of excitement and confusion filled the mind.

I was quite conscious that the sight before me was made to look worse
because of the noise around, and by the feeling of the loneliness and
powerlessness of a puny man struggling in a waste of breakers, where to
strike a single one was sure to upset the boat.

From the nature of the place, too, it was evident that it would be
difficult to save the canoe by swimming alongside it when capsized or
foundered, and yet it was utterly impossible now to stop.

Right in front, and in the middle, I saw the well-known wave which is
always raised when a main stream converges, as it rushes down a narrow
neck. The depression or trough of this was about two feet below, and the
crest four feet above the level, so the height of the wave was about six
feet.

Though rather tall it was very thin and sharp-featured, and always
stationary in position, though the water composing it was going at a
tremendous pace. After this wave there was another smaller one, as
frequently happens.

It was not the _height_ of the wave that gave any concern; had it been
at sea the boat would rise over any lofty billow, but here the wave
stood still, and the canoe was to be impelled against it with all the
force of a mighty stream, and so it _must_ go through the body of water,
for it could not have time to rise.

And so the question remained, "What is _behind_ that wave?" for if it is
a rock then this is the last hour of the Rob Roy.[XXI.]

 [XXI.] I had not then acquired the knowledge of a valuable fact,
  that a sharp wave of this kind _never_ has a rock behind it. A sharp
  wave requires free water at its rear, and it is therefore in the safest
  part of the river so far as concealed dangers are concerned. This at
  least was the conclusion come to after frequent observation afterwards
  of many such places.

The boat plunged headlong into the shining mound of water as I clenched
my teeth and clutched my paddle. We saw her sharp prow deeply buried,
and then (I confess) my eyes were shut involuntarily, and before she
could rise the mass of solid water struck me with a heavy blow full in
the breast, closing round my neck as if cold hands gripped me, and quite
taking away my breath.[XXII.]

 [XXII.] See a faithful representation of this incident, so far as
  relates to the water, in the Frontispiece.

Vivid thoughts coursed through the brain in this exciting moment, but
another slap from the lesser wave, and a whirl round in the eddy below,
told that the battle was over soon, and the little boat slowly rose from
under a load of water, which still covered my arms, and then, trembling,
and as if stunned by the heavy shock, she staggered to the shore. The
river too had done its worst, and it seemed now to draw off from
hindering us, and so I clung to a rock to rest for some minutes, panting
with a tired thrilling of nervousness and gladness strangely mingled.

Although the weight of water had been so heavy on my body and legs, very
little of it had got inside under the waterproof covering, for the whole
affair was done in a few seconds, and though everything in front was
completely drenched up to my necktie, the back of my coat was scarcely
wet. Most fortunately I had removed the flag from its usual place about
an hour before, and thus it was preserved from being swept away.

Well, now it is over, and we are rested, and begin with a fresh start;
for there is still some work to do in threading a way among the
breakers. The main point, however, has been passed, and the difficulties
after it look small, though at other times they might receive attention.

Here is our resting-place, the old Roman town of Bremgarten, which is
built in a hollow of this very remarkable serpent bend of the rapid
Reuss. The houses are stuck on the rocks, and abut on the river itself,
and as the stream bore me past these I clung to the doorstep of a
washerwoman's house, and pulled my boat out of the water into her very
kitchen, to the great amusement and surprise of the worthy lady, who
wondered still more when I hauled the canoe again through the other side
of her room until it fairly came out to the street behind!

It must have astonished the people to see a canoe thus suddenly
appearing on their quiet pavement. They soon crowded round and bore her
to the hotel, which was a moderately bad one. Next morning the bill was
twelve francs, nearly double its proper amount; and thus we encountered
in one day the only two extortionate innkeepers met with at all.[XXIII.]

 [XXIII.] However, I made the landlord here take eight francs as a
  compromise.

This quaint old place, with high walls and a foss, and several
antiquities, was well worth the inspection of my early morning walk next
day, and then the Rob Roy was ordered to the door.




CHAPTER IX.

     Hunger--Music at the mill--Sentiment and chops--River
     Limmat--Fixed on a fall--On the river Aar--The Rhine
     again--Douaniers--Falls of Lauffenburg--The cow cart.


The wetting and excitement of yesterday made me rather stiff in
beginning again; and anon, when a rushing sound was heard in front I was
aware of a new anxiety as to whether this might not mean the same sort
of rough work as yesterday's over again, whereas hitherto this sound of
breakers to come had always promised nothing but pleasure. However,
things very soon came back to their old way, a continuous and varied
enjoyment from morning to night.

The river was rapid again, but with no really difficult places. I saw
one raft in course of preparation, though there were not many boats, for
as the men there said, "How could we get boats _up_ that stream?"

The villages near the river were often so high up on lofty cliffs, or
otherwise unsuitable, that I went on for some miles trying in vain to
fix on one for my (No. 1) dinner. Each bend of the winding water held
out hopes that down there at last, or round that bluff cape at farthest,
there must be a proper place to breakfast. But when it was now long past
the usual hour, and the shores got less inhabited and hunger more
imperative, we determined to land at a mill which overhung the stream in
a picturesque spot.

I landed unobserved. This was a blunder in diplomacy, for the canoe was
always good as credentials; but I climbed up the bank and through the
garden, and found the hall door open; so I walked timidly into a large,
comfortable house, leaving my paddle outside lest it might be regarded
as a bludgeon. I had come as a beggar, not a burglar.

The chords of a piano, well struck and by firm fingers, led me towards
the drawing-room; for to hear music is almost to make sure of welcome in
a house, and it was so now.

My bows and reverences scarcely softened the exceedingly strange
appearance I must have made as an intruder, clothed in universal
flannel, and offering ten thousand apologies in French, German, and
English for thus dropping down from the clouds, that is to say, climbing
up from the water.

The young miller rose from the piano, and bowed. His fair sister
stopped her sweet song, and blushed. For my part, being only a sort of
"casual," I modestly asked for bread and wine, and got hopelessly
involved in an effort to explain how I had come by the river
unperceived. The excessive courtesy of my new friends was embarrassing,
and was further complicated by the arrival of another young lady, even
more surprised and hospitable.

Quickly the refreshments were set on the table, and the miller sealed
the intimacy by lighting his ample pipe. Our conversation was of the
most lively and unintelligible character, and soon lapsed into music,
when Beethoven and Goss told all we had to say in chants and symphonies.

The inevitable sketch-book whiled away a good hour, till the ladies were
joined by a third damsel, and the adventures of Ulysses had to be told
to three Penelopes at once. The miller's party became humorous to a
degree, and they resisted all my efforts to get away, even when the
family dinner was set on the board, and the domestic servants and
farm-labourers came in to seat themselves at a lower table. This was a
picture of rural life not soon to be forgotten.

The stately grandmamma of the mansion now advanced, prim and stiff, and
with dignity and matronly grace entreated the stranger to join their
company. The old oak furniture was lightened by a hundred little trifles
worked by the women, or collected by the tasteful diligence of their
brother; and the sun shone, and the mill went round, and the river
rolled by, and all was kindness, "because you are an Englishman."

The power of the _Civis Romanus_ is far better shown when it draws forth
kindness, than when it compels fear. But as respects the formal
invitation it would not do to stop and eat, and it would not do to stop
and not eat, or to make the potatoes get cold, or the granddames' dinner
too late; so I _must_ go, even though the girls had playfully hidden my
luggage to keep the guest among them.

The whole party, therefore, adjourned to the little nook where my boat
had been left concealed; and when they caught sight of its tiny form,
and its little fluttering flag, the young ladies screamed with delight
and surprise, clapping their hands and waving adieux as we paddled away.

I left this happy, pleasant scene with mingled feelings, and tried to
think out what was the daily life in this sequestered mill; and if my
paddling did for a time become a little sentimental, it may be pardoned
by travellers who have come among kind friends where they expected
perhaps a cold rebuff.

The romantic effect of all this was to make me desperately hungry, for
be it known that bread and wine and Beethoven will not do to dine upon
if you are rowing forty miles in the sun. So it must be confessed that
when an hour afterwards I saw an auberge by the water's edge it became
necessary to stifle my feelings by ordering an omelette and two chops.

The table was soon spread under a shady pear-tree just by the water, and
the Rob Roy rested gently on the ripples at my feet.

The pleasures of this sunny hour of well-earned repose, freshened by a
bunch of grapes and a pear plucked from above my head, were just a
little troubled by a slight apprehension that some day the miller's
sister might come by and hear how had been comforted my lacerated heart.

Again "to boat," and down by the shady trees, under the towering rocks,
over the nimble rapids, and winding among orchards, vineyards, and
wholesome scented hay, the same old story of constant varied pleasure.

The hills were in front now, and their contour showed that some rivers
were to join company with the Reuss, which here rolled on a fine broad
stream, like the Thames at Putney. Presently the Limmat flowed in at one
side, and at the other the river Aar, which last then gives the name to
all the three, though it did not appear to be the largest.

This is not the only Aar among the rivers, but it is the "old original
Aar," which Swiss travellers regard as an acquaintance after they have
seen it dash headlong over the rocks at Handek.

It takes its rise from two glaciers, one of them the Finster Aar
glacier, not far from Grimsel; and to me this gave it a special
interest, for I had been hard pushed once in the wilds near that homely
Hospice.

It was on an afternoon some years ago, when I came from the Furca, by
the Rhone glacier to the foot of the valley, walking with two Germans;
and as they were rather "muffs," and meant to stop there, I
thoughtlessly set off alone to climb the rocks and to get to the Grimsel
by myself.

This is easy enough in daylight, but it was nearly six o'clock when I
started, and late in September; so after a short half-hour of mounting,
the snow began to fall, and the darkness was not made less by the white
flakes drifting across it. By some happy conjuncture I managed to scale
the pathless mountain, and struck on a little stream which had often to
be forded in the dark, but was always leading to the desired valley.

At length the light of the Hospice shone welcome as a haven to steer
for, and I soon joined the pleasant English guests inside, and bought a
pair of trousers from the waiter at 3_s._ 6_d._ for a change in the wet.

But paddling on the Aar had no great danger where we met it now, for the
noisy, brawling torrent was sobered by age, and after much knocking
about in the world it had settled into a steady and respectable river.

A few of my friends, the snags, were however lodged in the water
hereabouts, and as they bobbed their heads in uneasy beds, and the river
was much discoloured, it became worth while to keep a sharp lookout for
them.

The "river tongue," explained already as consisting of sign language
with a parallel comment in loud English, was put to a severe test on a
wide stream like this. Consider, for example, how you could best ask the
following question (speaking by signs and English only) from a man who
is on the bank over there a hundred yards distant.

"Is it better for me to go over to those rocks, and keep on the left of
that island, or to pull my boat out at these stumps, and drag her on
land into this channel?"

One comfort is the man made out my meaning, for did he not answer, "Ya
vol?" He could not have done more had we both learned the same
language, unless indeed he had _heard_ what I said.

Mills occurred here and there. Some of these had the waterwheel simply
built on the river; others had it so arranged as to allow the shaft to
be raised or lowered to suit the varying height of water in floods and
droughts. Others had it floating on barges. Others, again, had a half
weir built diagonally across part of the river; and it was important to
look carefully at this wall so as to see on which side it ought to be
kept in selecting the best course. In a few cases there was another
construction; two half weirs, converged gradually towards the middle of
the river, forming a letter V, with its sharp end turned _up_ the
stream, and leaving a narrow opening there, through which a torrent
flowed, with rough waves dancing merrily in the pool below.

I had to "shoot" several of these, and at other times to get out and
lower the boat down them, in the manner explained before.

On one occasion I was in an unaccountably careless fit, and instead of
first examining the depth of the water on the edge of the little fall, I
resolved to go straight at it and take my chance.

It must be stated that while a depth of three inches is enough for the
canoe to float in when all its length is in the water, the same depth
will by no means suffice at the upper edge of a fall. For when the boat
arrives there the fore part, say six or seven feet of it, projects for a
time over the fall and out of the water, and is merely in the air,
without support, so that the centre of the keel will sink at least six
or seven inches; and if there be not more water than this the keel
catches the crest of the weir, and the boat will then stop, and perhaps
swing round, after which it must fall over sideways, unless considerable
dexterity is used in the management.

Although a case of this sort had occurred to me before, I got again into
the same predicament, which was made far more puzzling as the fore end
of the boat went under a rock at the bottom of the fall, and thus the
canoe hung upon the edge, and would go neither one way nor another.[XXIV.]
It would also have been very difficult to get out of the boat in this
position; for to jump feet foremost would have broken the boat--to
plunge in head first might have broken my head on the rocks below.

 [XXIV.] This adventure was the result of temporary carelessness,
  while that at the rapids was the result of impatience, for the passage
  of these latter could probably have been effected without encountering
  the central wave had an hour or two been spent in examining the place.
  Let not any tourist, then, be deterred from a paddle on the Reuss, which
  is a perfectly suitable river, with no unavoidable dangers.

[Illustration: "Fixed on the fall."]

The canoe was much wrenched in my struggles, which ended, however, by
man and boat tumbling down sideways, and, marvellous to say, quite
safely to the bottom.

This performance was not one to be proud of. Surely it was like
ingratitude to treat the Rob Roy thus, exposing it to needless risk when
it had carried me so far and so well.

The Aar soon flows into the Rhine, and here is our canoe on old Rhenus
once more, with the town of Waldshut ("end of the forest") leaning over
the high bank to welcome us near.

There is a lower path and a row of little houses at the bottom of the
cliff, past which the Rhine courses with rapid eddies deep and strong.
Here an old fisherman soon spied me, and roared out his biography at the
top of his voice; how he had been a courier in Lord Somebody's family;
how he had journeyed seven years in Italy, and could fish with
artificial flies, and was seventy years old, with various other reasons
why I should put my boat into his house.

He was just the man for the moment; but first those two uniformed
_douaniers_ must be dealt with, and I had to satisfy their dignity by
paddling up the strong current to their lair; for the fly had touched
the spiders' web and the spiders were too grand to come out and seize
it. Good humour, and smiles, and a little judicious irony as to the
absurd notion of overhauling a canoe which could be carried on your
back, soon made them release me, if only to uphold their own dignity,
and I left the boat in the best drawing-room of the ex-courier, and
ascended the hill to the hotel aloft.

But the man came too, and he had found time to prepare an amended report
of the boat's journey for the worthy landlord, so, as usual, there was
soon everything ready for comfort and good cheer.

Waldshut is made up of one wide street almost closed at the end, and
with pretty gardens about it, and a fine prospect from its high
position; but an hour's walk appeared to exhaust all the town could
show, though the scenery round such a place is not to be done with in
this brief manner.

The visitors soon came to hear and see more nearly what the newspapers
had told them of the canoe. One gentleman, indeed, seemed to expect me
to unfold the boat from my pocket, for a French paper had spoken about a
man going over the country "with a canoe under his arm." The evening was
enlivened by some signals, burned at my bedroom-window to lighten up the
street, which little entertainment was evidently entirely new--to the
Waldshutians at least.

Before we start homewards on the Rhine with our faces due West, it may
be well very briefly to give the log bearings and direction of the
canoe's voyage up to this point.

First, by the Thames, July 29, E. (East), to Shoeburyness, thence to
Sheerness, S. From that by rail to Dover, and by steamer to Ostend, and
rail again, Aug. 7, to the Meuse, along which the course was nearly E.,
until its turn into Holland, N.E. Then, Aug. 11, to the Rhine, S.E., and
ascending it nearly S., until at Frankfort, Aug. 17, we go N.E. by rail
to Asschaffenburg, and by the river wind back again to Frankfort in
wide curves. Farther up the Rhine, Aug. 24, our course is due S., till
from Freyburg the boat is carted E. to the Titisee, and to
Donaueschingen, and, Aug. 28, descends the Danube, which there flows
nearly E., but with great bends to N. and S. until, Sept. 2, we are at
Ulm. The rail next carries us S. to the Lake of Constance, which is
sailed along in a course S.W., and through the Zeller See to
Schaffhausen, Sept. 7, about due W. Thence turning S. to Zurich, and
over the lake and the neck of land, and veering to the W. by Zug, we
arrive on Lucerne, Sept. 10, where the southernmost point of the voyage
is reached, and then our prow points to N., till, Sept. 12, we land at
Waldshut.

This devious course had taken the boat to several different kingdoms and
states--Holland, Belgium, France, Wurtemburg, Bavaria, and the Grand
Duchy of Baden, Rhenish Prussia, the Palatinate, Switzerland, and the
pretty Hollenzollern Sigmaringen. Now we had come back again to the very
Grand Duchy again, a land where all travellers must mind their p's and
q's.

The ex-courier took the canoe from his wife's washing-tubs and put her
on the Rhine, and then he spirited my start by recounting the lively
things we must expect soon to meet. I must take care to "keep to the
right," near the falls of Lauffenburg, for an English lord had been
carried over them and drowned;[XXV.] and I must beware of Rheinfelden
rapids, because an Englishman had tried to descend them in a boat with a
fisherman, and their craft was capsized and the fisherman was drowned;
and I must do this here, and that there, and so many other things
everywhere else, that all the directions were jumbled up together. But
it seemed to relieve the man to tell his tale, and doubtless he sat down
to his breakfast comfortable in mind and body, and cut his meat into
little bits, and then changed the fork to the right hand to eat them
every one, as they all do hereabouts, with every appearance of content.

 [XXV.] This was Lord Montague, the last of his line, and on the
  same day his family mansion of Cowdray, in Sussex, was burned to the
  ground.

Up with the sails! for the East wind freshens, and the fair wide river
hurries along. This was a splendid scene to sail in, with lofty banks of
rock, and rich meads, or terraces laden with grapes. After a good
morning's pleasure here the wind suddenly rose to a gale, and I took in
my jib just in time, for a sort of minor hurricane came on, raising tall
columns of dust on the road alongside, blowing off men's hats, and
whisking up the hay and leaves and branches high into the air.

Still I kept the lug-sail set; and with wind and current in the same
direction I scudded faster than I ever sailed before in my life. Great
exertion was required to manage a light skiff safely with such a
whirlwind above and a whirlwater below; one's nerves were kept in
extreme tension, and it was a half-hour of pleasant excitement.

For this reason it was that I did not for some time notice a youth who
had been running after the boat, yelling and shrieking, and waving his
coat in the air.

We drew nearer to him, and "luffed up," hailing him with, "What's the
matter?" and he could only pant out "Wasserfall, Wasserfall, funf
minuten!"----the breeze had brought me within a hundred yards of the
falls of Lauffenburg,--the whistle of the wind had drowned the roar of
the water.

I crossed to the right bank (as the ex-courier had directed), but the
youth's loud cries to come to the "links," or left side, at last
prevailed, and he was right in this. The sail was soon lowered, and the
boat was hauled on a raft, and then this fine young fellow explained
that five minutes more would have turned the corner and drawn me into
the horrid current sweeping over the falls.

While he set off in search of a cart to convey the boat, I had time to
pull her up the high bank and make all snug for a drive, and anon he
returned with a very grotesque carter and a most crazy vehicle,
actually drawn by a milch cow! All three of us laughed as we hoisted the
Rob Roy on this cart, and the cow kicked vehemently, either at the cart,
or the boat, or the laughing.

Our procession soon entered the little town, but it was difficult to be
dignified. As the cart with a screeching wheel rattled slowly over the
big round stones of the street, vacant at midday, the windows were soon
full of heads, and after one peep at us, down they rushed to see the
fun.[XXVI.] A cow drawing a boat to the door of a great hotel is
certainly a quaint proceeding; although in justice to the worthy
quadruped I should mention that she now behaved in a proper and ladylike
manner.

 [XXVI.] A sketch of this cow-cart will be found, _post_, page 213.

Here the public hit upon every possible way but the right one to
pronounce the boat's name, painted in blue letters on its bow. Sometimes
it was "Roab Ro," at others "Rubree," but at length a man in spectacles
called out, "Ah! ah! Valtarescote!" The mild Sir Walter's novels had not
been written in vain.

The falls of Lauffenburg[XXVII.] can be seen well from the bridge which
spans the river, much narrowed at this spot.

 [XXVII.] "Lauffenburg" means the "town of the falls," from "laufen,"
  to run; and the Yankee term "loafer" may come from this "herum laufer,"
  one running about.

A raft is coming down as we look at the thundering foam--of course
without the men upon it; see the great solid frame that seems to resent
the quickening of its quiet pace, and to hold back with a presentiment
of evil as every moment draws it nearer to the plunge.

Crash go all the bindings, and the huge, sturdy-logs are hurled
topsy-turvy into the gorge, bouncing about like chips of firewood, and
rattling among the foam. Nor was it easy to look calmly on this without
thinking how the frail canoe would have fared in such a cauldron of cold
water boiling.

The salmon drawn into this place get terribly puzzled by it, and so are
caught by hundreds in great iron cages lowered from the rocks for this
purpose. Fishing stations of the same kind are found at several points
on the river, where a stage is built on piles, and a beam supports a
strong net below. In a little house, like a sentry-box, you notice a man
seated, silent and lonely, while he holds tenderly in his hand a dozen
strings, which are fastened to the edges of the net. When a fish is
beguiled into the snare, or is borne in by the swift current
bewildering, the slightest vibrations of the net are thrilled along the
cords to the watcher's hand, and then he raises the great beam and
secures the prize.

My young friend, who had so kindly warned me, and hired the cow, and
shown the salmon, I now invited to breakfast, and he became the hero of
the hour, being repeatedly addressed by the other inquirers in an
unpronounceable German title, which signifies, in short, "Man
preserver."

Here we heard again of a certain four-oared boat, with five Englishmen
in it, which had been sent out from London overland to Schaffhausen, and
then descended the Rhine rowing swiftly. This, the people said, had come
to Lauffenburg about six weeks before, and I fully sympathised with the
crew in their charming pull, especially if the weather was such as we
had enjoyed; that is to say, not one shower in the boat from the source
of the Danube to the Palace of Westminster.




CHAPTER X.

     Field of Foam--Precipice--Puzzled--Philosophy--Rheinfelden
     Rapids--Dazzled--Astride--Fate of the Four-oar--Very Salt--The
     Ladies--Whirlpool--Funny English--A baby--The bride.


The canoe was now fixed on a hand-cart and dragged once more through the
streets to a point below the falls, and the Rob Roy became very lively
on the water after its few hours of rest. All was brilliant around, and
deep underneath, and azure above, and happy within, till the dull
distant sound of breakers began and got louder, and at last could not be
ignored; we have come to the rapids of Rheinfelden.

The exaggeration with which judicious friends at each place describe the
dangers to be encountered is so general in these latitudes, that one
learns to receive it calmly, but the scene itself when I came to the
place was certainly puzzling and grand.

Imagine some hundreds of acres all of water in white crested waves,
varied only by black rocks resisting a struggling torrent, and a loud,
thundering roar, mingled with a strange hissing, as the spray from ten
thousand sharp-pointed billows is tossed into the air.

And then you are alone, too, and the banks are high, and you have a
precious boat to guard.

While there was time to do it I stood up in my boat to survey, but it
was a mere horizon of waves, and nothing could be learned from looking.
Then I coasted towards one side where the shrubs and trees hanging in
the water brushed the paddle, and seemed so safe because they were on
shore.

The rapids of Bremgarten could probably be passed most easily by keeping
to the edge, though with much delay and numerous "getting outs," but an
attempt now to go along the side in this way was soon shown to be
useless, for presently I came to a lofty rock jutting out into the
stream, and the very loud roar behind it fortunately attracted so much
attention that I pulled into the bank, made the boat fast, and mounted
through the thicket to the top of the cliff.

I saw at once that to try to pass by this rock in any boat would be
madness, for the swiftest part of the current ran right under the
projecting crag, and then wheeled round and plunged over a height of
some feet into a pool of foam, broken fragments, and powerful waves.

Next, would it be just possible to float the boat past the rock while I
might hold the painter from above? The rock on careful measurement was
found too high for this.

To see well over the cliff I had to lie down on my face, and the
pleasant curiosity felt at first, as to how I should have to act, now
gradually sickened into the sad conviction, "Impossible!" Then was the
time to turn with earnest eyes to the wide expanse of the river, and see
if haply, somewhere at least, even in the middle, a channel might be
traced. Yes, there certainly was a channel, only one, very far out, and
very difficult to hit upon when you sit in a boat quite near the level
of the water; but the attempt must be made, or stay,--might I not get
the boat carried round by land? Under the trees far off were men who
might be called to help, labourers quietly working, and never minding
me. I was tempted, but did not yield.

For a philosophical thought had come upmost, that, after all, the boat
had not to meet _every_ wave and rock now visible, and the thousand
breakers dashing around, but only a certain few which would be on each
side in my crooked and untried way; of the rocks in any one line--say
fifty of them between me and any point--only two would become a new
danger in crossing that line.

Then again, rapids look worse from the shore than they really are,
because you see all their difficulties at once, and you hear the
general din. On the other hand, waves look much smaller from the bank
(being half hidden by others) than you find them to be when the boat is
in the trough between two. The hidden rocks may make a channel which
looks good enough from the land, to be quite impracticable when you
attempt it in the water.

Lastly, the current is seen to be swifter from the shore where you can
observe its speed from a fixed point, than it seems when you are in the
water where you notice only its velocity in relation to the stream on
each side, which is itself all the time running at four or five miles an
hour. But it is the positive speed of the current that ought really to
be considered, for it is by this the boat will be urged against a
breaker stationary in the river.

To get to this middle channel at once from the place where I had left my
boat was not possible. We must enter it higher up the river, so I had to
pull the canoe up stream, over shallows, and along the bristly margin,
wading, towing, and struggling, for about half a mile, till at length it
seemed we must be high enough up stream to let me paddle out swiftly
across, while the current would take the boat sideways to the rough
water.

And now in a little quiet bay I rested half an hour to recover strength
after this exertion, and to prepare fully for a "spurt," which might
indeed be delayed in starting, but which, once begun, must be vigorous
and all watchful to the end.

Here various thoughts blended and tumbled about in the mind most
disorderly. To leave this quiet bank and willingly rush out, in cold
blood, into a field of white breakers; to tarnish the fair journey with
a foolhardy prank; to risk the Rob Roy where the touch of one rock was
utter destruction. Will it be pleasant? Can it be wise? Is it right?

The answer was, to sponge out every drop of water from the boat, to
fasten the luggage inside, that it might not fall out in an upset, to
brace the waterproof cover all tight around, and to get its edge in my
teeth ready to let go in capsizing, and then to pull one gentle stroke
which put the boat's nose out of the quiet water into the fast stream,
and hurrah! we are off at a swinging pace.

The sun, now shining exactly up stream, was an exceedingly uncomfortable
addition to the difficulties; for its glancing beams confounded all the
horizon in one general band of light, so that rocks, waves, solid water,
and the most flimsy foam were all the same at a little distance. This,
the sole disadvantage of a cloudless sky, was so much felt in my
homeward route that I sometimes prolonged the morning's work by three or
four hours (with sun behind or on one side), so as to shorten the
evening's _quota_ where it was dead in the eye of the sun. On the
present occasion, when it was of great moment to hit the channel
exactly, I could not see it at all, even with my blue spectacles on.
They seemed to be utterly powerless against such a fiery blaze; and,
what was almost worse, my eyes were thereby so dazzled that on looking
to nearer objects I could scarcely see them either.

This unexpected difficulty was so serious that I thought for a moment of
keeping on in my present course (directed straight across the river), so
as to attain the opposite side, and there to wait for the sun to go
down.

But it was already too late to adopt this plan, for the current had been
swiftly bearing me down stream, and an instant decision must be made.
"Now," thought I, "judging by the number of paddle-strokes, we must
surely be opposite the channel in the middle, and now I must turn to
it."

By a happy hit, the speed and the direction of the canoe were both well
fitted, so that when the current had borne us to the breakers the boat's
bow was just turned exactly down stream, and I entered the channel
whistling for very loneliness, like a boy in the dark.

But it was soon seen to be "all right, Englishman;" so in ten minutes
more the canoe had passed the rapids, and we floated along pleasantly on
that confused "bobbery" of little billows always found below broken
water,--a sort of mob of waves, which for a time seem to be elbowing and
jostling in all directions to find their proper places.

I saw here two fishermen by one of the salmon traps described above, and
at once pulled over to them, to land on a little white bank of sand,
that I might rest, and bale out, and hear the news.

The men asked if I had come down the rapids in that boat. "Yes." "By the
middle channel?" "Yes." They smiled to each other, and then both at once
commenced a most voluble and loud-spoken address in the vilest of
patois. Their eagerness and energy rose to such a pitch that I began to
suppose they were angry; but the upshot of all this eloquence (always
louder when you are seen not to understand one word of it) was this,
"There are other rapids to come. You will get there in half an hour.
They are far worse than what you have passed. Your boat _must_ be
carried round them on land."

To see if this was said to induce me to employ them as porters, I asked
the men to come along in their boat, so as to be ready to help me; but
they consulted together, and did not by any means agree in admiring this
proposal. Then I asked them to explain the best route through the next
rapids, when they drew such confused diagrams on the sand, and gave such
complicated directions, that it was impossible to make head or tail of
their atrocious jargon; so I quietly bowed, wiped out the sand pictures
with my foot, and started again happy and free; for it is really the
case that in these things "ignorance is bliss." The excitement of
finding your way, and the satisfaction when you have found it yourself,
is well worth all the trouble. Just so in mountain travel. If you go
merely to work the muscles, and to see the view, it will do to be tied
by a rope to three guides, and to follow behind them; but then _theirs_
is all the mental exertion, and tact, and judgment, while yours is only
the merit of keeping up with the leaders, treading in their steps. And
therefore I have observed that there is less of this particular pleasure
of the discoverer when one is ascending Mont Blanc, where by traditional
rule one must be tied to the guides, than in making out a path over a
mountain pass undirected, though the heights thus climbed up are not so
great.

When the boat got near the lower rapids, I went ashore and walked for
half a mile down the bank, and so was able to examine the bearings well.
It appeared practicable to get along by the shallower parts of one side,
so this was resolved upon as my course.

It is surely quite fair to go by the easiest way, provided there is no
carrying overland adopted, or other plan for shirking the water. The
method accordingly used in this case was rather a novel mode of
locomotion, and it was quite successful, as well as highly amusing.

In the wide plain of breakers here, the central district seemed
radically bad, so we cautiously kept out of the main current, and went
where the stream ran fast enough nevertheless. I sat stridelegs on the
deck of the boat near its stern, and was thus floated down until the
bow, projecting out of the water, went above a ridge of rocks, and the
boat grounded. Thus I received the shock against my legs (hanging in the
water), so that the violence of its blow was eased off from the boat.

Then I immediately fixed both feet on the rock, and stood up, and the
canoe went free from between my knees, and could be lowered down or
pushed forward until the water got deeper, and when it got too deep to
wade after her I pulled the boat back between my knees, and sat down
again on it as before.

[Illustration: "Astride the Stern."]

The chief difficulty in this proceeding was to be equally attentive at
once to keep hold of the boat, to guide it between rocks, to keep hold
of the paddle, and to manage not to tumble on loose stones, or to get
into the water above the waist.

Thus by successive riding and ferrying over the deep pools, and walking
and wading in the shallows, by pushing the boat here, and by being
carried upon it there, the lower rapids of Rheinfelden were most
successfully passed without any damage.

It will be seen from the description already given of the rapids at
Bremgarten, and now of these two rapids on the Rhine, that the main
difficulties are only for him who goes there uninformed, and that these
can be avoided by examining them on the spot at the cost of a walk and a
short delay. But the pleasure is so much enhanced by the whole thing
being novel, that, unless for a man who wishes simply to _get past_, it
is better to seek a channel for oneself, even if a much easier one has
been found out by other people.

The town of Rheinfelden was now in view, and I began to wonder how the
English four-oar boat we had traced as far as Lauffenburg could have
managed to descend the rapids just now passed. But I learned afterwards
that the four-oar had come there in a time of flood, when rocks would be
covered, and probably with only such eddies as I have already noticed
higher up the river where it was deep. So they pulled on bravely to
Bâle, where the hotel folks mentioned that when the five moist Britons
arrived their clothes and baggage were all drenched, and the waiter
said, with a malicious grin, that thereby his friend the washerwoman
had earned twenty-seven francs in one night.

On the left bank of the river was a large building with a smooth gravel
shore in front, to which I steered at once. This was the great
salt-water baths of Rheinfelden--a favourite resort for crippled
invalids. The salt rock in the earth beneath impregnates the springs
with such an intensity of brine that eighty per cent. of fresh water has
to be added before the saline mixture can be medicinally employed as a
bath. If you take a glass of the water as it proceeds from the spring,
and put a little salt in it, the salt will not dissolve, the water is
already saturated. A drop of it put on your coat speedily dries up and
leaves a white stain of minute crystals. In fact, this water seemed to
me to be far more saline than even the water of the Dead Sea, which is
in all conscience salt enough, as every one knows who has rubbed it on
his face in that reeking-hot death-stricken valley of Jericho.

Though the shore was pleasant here and the water was calm, I found no
one to welcome me now, and yet this was the only time I had reason to
expect somebody to greet the arrival of the canoe. For in the morning a
worthy German had told me he was going by train to Rheinfelden, and he
would keep a look out for the canoe, and would surely meet me on the
beach if I "ever got through the rapids." But I found afterwards that he
_had_ come there, and with his friends, too, and they had waited and
waited till at last they gave up the Rob Roy as a "missing ship."
Excellent man, he must have had some novel excuses to comfort his
friends with as they retired, disappointed, after waiting in vain!

There was however, not far off, a poor woman washing clothes by the
river, and thumping and bullying them with a wooden bludgeon as if her
sole object was to smash up the bachelor's shirt-buttons. A fine boy of
eight years old was with her, a most intelligent little fellow, whose
quick eye at once caught sight of the Rob Roy as it dashed round the
point into the smooth water of the bay, and landed me there a tired,
tanned traveller, wet and warm.

This juvenile helped me more than any man ever did, and with such
alacrity, too, and intelligence, and good humour, that I felt grateful
to the boy. We spread out the sails to dry, and my socks and shoes in
the sun, and sponged out the boat, and then dragged her up the high
bank. Here, by good luck, we found two wheels on an axle left alone, for
what purpose I cannot imagine; but we got a stick and fastened it to
them as a pole, and then put the boat on this extemporized vehicle, and
with the boy (having duly got permission from his mamma) soon pulled the
canoe to the gates of the old town, and then rattling through the
streets, even to the door of the hotel. A bright franc in the lad's hand
made him start with amaze, but he instantly rose to the dignity of the
occasion, and some dozens of other urchins formed an attentive audience
as he narrated over and over the events of the last half-hour, and ended
always by showing the treasure in his hand, "and the Herr gave me this!"

The Krone hotel here is very prettily situated. It is a large house,
with balconies overlooking the water, and a babbling _jet d'eau_ in its
garden, which is close by the river.

The stream flows fast in front, and retains evidence of having passed
through troublous times higher up; therefore it makes no small noise as
it rushes under the arches of the covered wooden bridge, but though
there are rocks and a few eddies the passage is easy enough if you look
at it for five minutes to form a mental chart of your course. My German
friend having found out that the canoe had arrived after all, his
excitement and pleasure abounded. Now he was proved right. Now his
promises, broken as it seemed all day, were all fulfilled.

He was a very short, very fat, and very hilarious personage, with a
minute smattering of English, which he had to speak loudly, so as to
magnify its value among his Allemand friends, envious of his
accomplishment.

His explanations of the contents of my sketch-book were truly ludicrous
as he dilated on it page by page, but he well deserved all gratitude for
ordering my hotel bedroom and its comforts, which were never more
acceptable than now after a hard day's work. Music finished the evening,
and then the hum of the distant rapids sung me a lullaby breathing soft
slumber.

Next morning, as there was but a short row to Bâle, I took a good long
rest in bed, and then carried the canoe half way across the bridge where
a picturesque island is formed into a terraced garden, and here we
launched the boat on the water. Although the knocks and strains of the
last few days were very numerous, and many of them of portentous force,
judging by the sounds they made, the Rob Roy was still hale and hearty,
and the carpenter's mate had no damages to report to the captain. It was
not until harder times came, in the remainder of the voyage, that her
timbers suffered and her planks were tortured by rough usage.

A number of ladies patronized the start on this occasion, and as they
waved their parasols and the men shouted Hoch! and Bravo! we glided
down stream, the yellow paddle being waved round my head in an original
mode of "salute," which I invented specially for returning friendly
gratulations of this kind.

Speaking about Rheinfelden, Baedeker says, "Below the town another rapid
of the Rhine forms a sort of whirlpool called the Höllenhaken," a
formidable announcement, and a terrible name; but what is called here a
"whirlpool" is not worth notice.

The sound of a railway train beside the river reminds you that this is
not quite a strange, wild, unseen country. Reminds you I say, because
really when you are in the river bed, you easily forget all that is
beyond it on each side.

Let a landscape be ever so well known from the road, it becomes new
again when you view it from the level of the water. For before the scene
was bounded by a semicircle with the diameter on the horizon, and the
arch of sky for its circumference. But when you are seated in the canoe,
the picture changes to the form of a great sector, with its point on the
clear water, and each radius inclining aloft through rocks, trees, and
mossy banks, on this side and on that. And this holds good even on a
well worn river like the Thames. The land-scenes between Oxford and
London get pretty well known and admired by travellers, but the views
will seem both fresh and fair if you row down the river through them.
Nay, there are few rivers which have such lovely scenery as the Thames
can show in its windings along that route.

But our canoe is now getting back to civilization, and away from that
pleasant simplicity where everything done in the streets or the hotel is
strange to a stranger. Here we have composite candles and therefore no
snuffers; here the waiter insists on speaking English, and sitting down
by me, and clutching my arm, he confidentially informs me that there are
no "bean green," translating "haricots verts," but that perhaps I might
like a "flower caul," so we assent to a cauliflower.

This is funny enough, but far more amusing is it when the woman waiter
of some inland German village shouts louder German to you, because that
she rattles out at first is not understood. She gazes with a new
sensation at a guest who actually cannot comprehend her voluble words,
and then guest and waiter burst into laughter.

Here too I saw a boat towed along the Rhine--a painful evidence of being
near commerce, even though it was in a primitive style; not that there
was any towing-path, but men walked among the bushes, pulling the boat
with a rope, and often wading to do so. This sight told me at once that
I had left the fine free forests where you might land anywhere, and it
was sure to be lonely and charming.

After a few bends westward we come in sight of the two towers of Bâle,
but the setting sun makes it almost impossible to see anything in its
brightness, so we must only paddle on.

The bridge at Bâle was speedily covered by the idle and the curious as
the canoe pulled up at an hotel a few yards from the water on Sept.
14th.

It was here that the four-oared boat had arrived some weeks ago with its
moist crew. The proprietor of the house was therefore much pleased to
see another English boat come in, so little and so lonely, but still so
comfortable and so dry. I walked about the town and entered a church
(Protestant here of course), where a number of people had assembled at a
baptism. The baby was fixed on a sort of frame, so as to be easily
handed about from mother to father, and from clerk to minister; I hereby
protest against this mechanical arrangement as a flagrant indignity to
the little darling. I have a great respect for babies, sometimes a
certain awe.

The instant the christening was done, a happy couple came forward to be
married, an exceedingly clumsy dolt of a bridegroom and a fair bride,
not very young, that is to say, about fifty-five years old. There were
no bridesmaids or other perplexing appurtenances, and after the simple
ceremony the couple just walked away, amid the titters of a numerous
crowd of women. The bridegroom did not seem to know exactly what to do
next. He walked before his wife, then behind her, and then on one side,
but it did not somehow feel quite comfortable, so he assumed a sort of
diagonal position, and kept nudging her on till they disappeared in some
house. Altogether, I never saw a more unromantic commencement of married
life, but there was this redeeming point, that they were not bored by
that dread infliction--a marriage breakfast--the first meeting of two
jealous sets of new relations, who are all expected to be made friends
at once by eating when they are not hungry, and listening when there is
nothing to say. But, come, it is not proper for me to criticise these
mysteries, so let us go back to the inn.

In the coffee-room a Frenchman, who had been in London, has just been
instructing two Mexicans, who are going there, as to hotels, and it is
excessively amusing to hear his description of the London "Caffy Hous,"
and the hotels in "Lyces-ter-squar." "It is pronounced squar," he said,
"in England."




CHAPTER XI.

     Private concert--Thunderer--La Hardt Forest--Mulhouse
     Canal--River Ill--Reading stories--Madame Nico--Night
     noises--Pets--Ducking--Vosges--Admirers--Boat on wheels--New
     wine.


Bâle is, in every sense, a turning-point on the Rhine. The course of the
river here bends abruptly from west to north, and the character of the
scenery beside it alters at once from high sloping banks to a widespread
network of streams, all entangled in countless islands, and yet ever
tending forward, northward, seaward through the great rich valley of the
Rhine with mountain chains reared on each side like two everlasting
barriers.

Here then we could start anew almost in any direction, and I had not
settled yet what route to take, whether by the Saone and Doubs to paddle
to the Rhone, and so descend to Marseilles, and coast by the Cornici
road, and sell the boat at Genoa; or--and this second plan must be
surely a better alternative, if by it we can avoid a sale of the Rob
Roy--I could not part with her now--so let us at once decide to go back
through France.

We were yet on the river slowly paddling when this decision was arrived
at, and the river carried me still, for I determined not to leave its
pleasant easy current for a slow canal, until the last possible
opportunity. A diligent study of new maps procured at Bâle, showed that
a canal ran northward nearly parallel to the Rhine, and approached very
near to the river at one particular spot, which indeed looked hard
enough to find even on the map, but was far more dubious when we got
into a maze of streamlets and little rivers circling among high osiers,
so thick and close that even on shore it was impossible to see a few
yards.

But the line of tall poplars along the canal was visible now and then,
so I made a guesswork turn, and it was not far wrong, or at any rate we
got so near the canal that by winding about for a little in a pretty
limpid stream, I brought the Rob Roy at last within carrying distance.

A song or two (without words) and a variation of the music by whistling
on the fingers would be sure to bring anybody out of the osiers who was
within reach of the outlandish concert, and so it proved, for a woman's
head soon peered over a break in the dense cover. She wished to help to
carry the boat herself, but the skipper's gallantry had scruples as to
this proposal, so she disappeared and soon fetched a man, and we bore
the canoe with some trouble through hedges and bushes, and over dykes
and ditches, and at last through deep grassy fields, till she was safely
placed on the canal.

The man was delighted by a two-franc piece. He had been well paid for
listening to bad music. As for the boat she lay still and resigned,
awaiting my next move, and as for me I sighed to give a last look
backward, and to say with Byron--

      "Adieu to thee, fair Rhine! How long delighted
      The stranger fain would linger on his way!
      Thine is a scene alike where souls united
      Or lonely contemplation thus might stray;
      And could the ceaseless vultures cease to prey
      On self-condemning bosoms, it were here,
      Where Nature, nor too sombre nor too gay,
      Wild but not rude, awful yet not austere,
    Is to the mellow earth as autumn to the year.

      Adieu to thee again! a vain adieu!
      There can be no farewell to scene like thine;
      The mind is colour'd by thy every hue;
      And if reluctantly the eyes resign
      Their cherish'd gaze upon thee, lovely Rhine!
      'Tis with the thankful glance of parting praise;
      More mighty spots may rise, more glaring shine,
      But none unite in one attaching maze
    The brilliant, fair, and soft--the glories of old days.

      The negligently grand, the fruitful bloom
      Of coming ripeness, the white city's sheen,
      The rolling stream, the precipice's gloom,
      The forest's growth, and gothic walls between,
      The wild rocks shaped as they had turrets been
      In mockery of man's art; and these withal
      A race of faces happy as the scene,
      Whose fertile bounties here extend to all,
    Still springing o'er thy banks, though empires near them fall.

      But these recede. Above me are the Alps,
      The palaces of nature, whose vast walls
      Have pinnacled in clouds their snowy scalps,
      And throned eternity in icy halls
      Of cold sublimity, where forms and falls
      The avalanche--the thunderbolt of snow!
      All that expands the spirit, yet appals,
      Gather around these summits, as to show
    How earth may pierce to heaven, yet leave vain man below."

        --_Childe Harold, Canto III._

To my surprise and satisfaction the canal had a decided current in it,
and in the right direction too. It is true that this current was only
about two miles an hour, but even that is something; and though the
little channel was hardly twelve feet wide, yet it was clear and deep,
and by no means stupid to travel on.

After a few miles I came to a drawbridge, which rested within a foot of
the water. A man came to raise the bridge by machinery, and he was
surprised to see my way of passing it instead, that is, to shove my
boat under it, while I quietly walked over the top and got into the boat
at the other side. This was, without doubt, the first boat which had
traversed the canal without the bridge being raised, but I had passed
several very low bridges on the Danube, some of them not two inches
above the surface of the water. The very existence of these proves that
no boats pass there, and mine only passed by pulling it over the bridge
itself. It may be asked, how such a low bridge fares in flood times? and
the answer is, that the water simply flows all over it. In some cases
the planks which form the roadway are removed when the water rises, and
then the wayfaring man who comes to the river must manage in some other
mode. His bridge is removed at the very time when the high water makes
it most necessary.

The bridge man was so intelligent in his remarks that we determined to
stop there and breakfast, so I left the canoe in his charge and found my
way to a little publichouse at the hamlet of Gros Kembs, and helped the
wizened old lady who ruled there to make me an omelette--my help, by the
bye, consisted in ordering, eating, and paying for the omelette, for the
rest she was sure to do well enough, as all French women can, and no
English ones.

The village gossips soon arrived, and each person who saw the boat came
on to the inn to see the foreigner who could sail in such a _batteau_.

The courteous and respectful behaviour of Continental people is so
uniform that the stranger among them is bound, I think, to amuse and
interest these folk in return. This was most easily done by showing all
my articles of luggage,[XXVIII.] and of course the drawings. A Testament
with gilt leaves was, however, the chief object of curiosity, and all
the _savants_ of the party tried in turn to read it.

 [XXVIII.] See an inventory of these in the Appendix.

One of these as spokesman, and with commendable gravity, told me he had
read in their district newspaper about the canoe, but he little expected
to have the honour of meeting its owner.

Fancy the local organ of such a place! Is it called the "News of the
Wold," or the "Gros Kembs Thunderer"? Well, whatever was the title of
the Gazette, it had an article about Pontius Pilate and my visit to the
Titisee in the Black Forest, and this it was no doubt which made these
canal people so very inquisitive on the occasion.

The route now lay through the great forest of La Hardt, with dense
thickets on each side of the canal, and not a sound anywhere to be heard
but the hum now and then of a dragon fly. One or two woodmen met me as
they trudged silently home from work, but there was a lonely feeling
about the place without any of the romance of wild country.

In the most brilliant day the scenery of a canal has at best but scant
liveliness, the whole thing is so prosaic and artificial, and in fact
stupid, if one can ever say that of any place where there is fresh air
and clear water, and blue sky and green trees.

Still I had to push on, and sometimes, for a change, to tow the boat
while I walked. The difference between a glorious river encircling you
with lofty rocks and this canal with its earthen walls was something
like that between walking among high mountains and being shut up by
mistake in Bloomsbury-square.

No birds chirped or sung, or even flew past, only the buzzing of flies
was mingled with the distant shriek of a train on the railway. It is
this railway which has killed the canal, for I saw no boats moving upon
it. The long continued want of rain had also reduced its powers of
accommodation for traffic, and the traffic is so little at the best that
it would not pay to buy water for the supply. For in times of drought
canal water is very expensive. It was said that the Regent's Canal, in
London, had to pay 5,000_l._ for what they required last summer, in
consequence of the dryness of the season.

At length we came to a great fork of the canal in a wide basin, and I
went along the branch to the town of Mulhouse, a place of great wealth,
the largest French cotton town--the Manchester of France.

The street boys here were very troublesome, partly because they were
intelligent, and therefore inquisitive, and partly because manufacturing
towns make little urchins precocious and forward in their manners.

I hired a truck from a woman and hired a man to drag it, and so took the
boat to the best hotel, a fine large house, where they at once
recognized the canoe, and seemed to know all about it from report.

The hotel porter delayed so long next morning to wheel the boat to the
railway, that when we took her into the luggage office as usual and
placed the boat on the counter with the trunks and band-boxes, the
officials declined to put it in the train.

This was the first time it had been refused on a railroad, and I used
every kind of persuasion, but in vain, and this being the first
application of the kind on French soil we felt that difficulties were
ahead, if this precedent was to hold good.

Subsequent experience showed that the French railways will not take a
canoe as baggage; while the other seven or eight countries we had
brought the boat through were all amenable to pressure on this point.

We had desired to go by the railway only a few miles, but it would have
enabled me to avoid about fifty locks on the canal and thus have saved
two tedious days. As, however, they would not take the boat in a
passenger train we carried her back to the canal, and I determined to
face the locks boldly, and to regard them as an exercise of patience and
of the flexor muscles, as it happens sometimes one's walk is only "a
constitutional."

The Superintendent of the Rhine and Rhone Canal was very civil, and
endeavoured to give me the desirable information I required, but which
he had not got, that is to say, the length, depth, and general character
of the several rivers we proposed to navigate in connexion with streams
less "canalizé," so I had to begin again as usual, without any knowledge
of the way.

With rather an ill-tempered "adieu" to Mulhouse, the Rob Roy set off
again on its voyage. The water assumed quite a new aspect, now that one
_must_ go by it, but it was not so much the water as the locks which
were objectionable. For at each of these there is a certain form of
operations to be gone through--all very trifling and without variety,
yet requiring to be carefully performed, or you may have the boat
injured, or a ducking for yourself.

When we get to a lock I have to draw to the bank, open my waterproof
covering, put my package and paddle ashore, then step out and haul the
boat out of the water. By this time two or three persons usually
congregate. I select the most likely one, and ask him to help in such a
persuasive but dignified manner that he feels it an honour to carry one
end of the boat while I take the other, and so we put her in again above
the barrier, and, if the man looks poor, I give him a few sous. At some
of the locks they asked me for a "carte de permission," or pass for
travelling on their canal, but I laughed the matter off, and when they
pressed it with a "mais monsieur," I kept treating the proposal as a
good joke, until the officials were fairly baffled and gave in. The fact
is, we had got into the canal as one gets over the hedge on to a public
road, and as I did not use any of the water in locks or any of the
lock-keepers' time, and the "pass" was a mere form, price 5_d._, it was
but reasonable to go unquestioned; and besides, this "carte" could not
be obtained except at the beginning. Having set off late, we went on
until about sunset, when the route suddenly passed into the river Ill,
a long dull stream, which flows through the Vosges into the Rhine.

This stream was now quite stagnant, and a mere collection of pools
covered by thick scum. It was therefore a great comfort to have only a
short voyage upon it.

When the Rob Roy again entered the canal, an acquaintance was formed
with a fine young lad, who was reading as he sauntered along. He was
reading of canoe adventures in America, and so I got him to walk some
miles beside me, and to help the boat over some locks, telling him he
could thus see how different actual canoeing was from the book stories
about it made up of romance! He was pining for some expansion of his
sphere, and specially for foreign travel, and above all to see England.

We went to an _auberge_, where I ordered a bottle of wine, the cost of
which was twopence halfpenny. After he left, and as it was now dark, I
halted, put my boat in a lock-keeper's house, and made his son conduct
me to the little village of Illfurth, a most unsophisticated place
indeed, with a few vineyards on a hill behind it, though the railway has
a road station near. It was not easy to mistake which was the best house
here even in the dark, so I inquired of Madame at "The White Horse" if
she could give me a bed. "Not in a room for one alone; three others will
be sleeping in the same chamber."

This she had answered after glancing at my puny package and travel-worn
dress, but her ideas about the guest were enlarged when she heard of how
he had come, and so she managed (they always do if you give time and
smiles and show sketches) to allot me a nice little room to myself, with
two beds of the hugest size, a water-jug of the most minute dimensions,
and sheets very coarse and very clean. Another omelette was consumed
while the customary visitors surrounded the benighted traveller;
carters, porters, all of them with courteous manners, and behaving so
well to me and to one another, and talking such good sense, as to make
me feel how different from this is the noisy taproom of a roadside
English "public."

Presently two fine fellows of the Gendarmerie came in for their half
bottle of wine, at one penny, and as both of them had been in the Crimea
there was soon ample subject for most interesting conversation. This was
conducted in French, but the people here usually speak a patois utterly
impossible for one to comprehend. I found they were discussing me under
various conjectures, and they settled at last that I must be rather an
odd fish, but certainly "a gentleman," and probably "noble." They were
most surprised to hear I meant to stop all the next day at Illfurth,
simply because it was Sunday, but they did not fail to ask for my
passport, which until this had been carried all the way without a single
inquiry on the subject.

The sudden change from a first-rate hotel this morning to the roadside
inn at Illfurth, was more entertaining on account of its variety than
for its agreeables; but in good health and good weather one can put up
with anything.

The utter silence of peaceful and cool night in a place like this reigns
undisturbed until about four o'clock in early morn, when the first sound
is some matutinal cock, who crows first because he is proud of being
first awake. After he has asserted his priority thus once or twice,
another deeper toned rooster replies, and presently a dozen cocks are
all in full song, and in different keys. In half an hour you hear a
man's voice; next, some feminine voluble remarks; then a latch is moved
and clicks, the dog gives a morning bark, and a horse stamps his foot in
the stable because the flies have aroused to breakfast on his tender
skin. At length a pig grunts, his gastric juice is fairly awake, the day
is begun. And so the stream of life, thawed from its sleep, flows
gently on again, and at length the full tide of village business is soon
in agitation, with men's faces and women's quite as full of import as if
this French Stoke Pogis were the capital of the world.

While the inmates prepare for early mass, and my bowl of coffee is set
before me, there are four dogs, eight cats, and seven canaries (I
counted them) all looking on, moving, twittering, mewing, each evidently
sensible that a being from some other land is present among them; and as
these little pets look with doubtful inquiring eyes on the stranger,
there is felt more strongly by him too, "Yes, I am in a foreign
country."

On Sunday I had a quiet rest, and walk, and reading, and an Englishman,
who had come out for a day from Mulhouse to fish, dined in the pleasant
arbour of the inn with his family. One of his girls managed to fall into
a deep pond and was nearly drowned, but I heard her cries, and we soon
put her to rights. This Briton spoke with quite a foreign accent, having
been six years in France; but his Lancashire dialect reappeared in
conversation, and he said he had just been reading about the canoe in a
Manchester paper. His children had gone that morning to a Sunday-school
before they came out by railway to fish in the river here; but I could
not help contrasting their rude manners with the good behaviour of the
little "lady and gentleman" children of my host. One of these,
Philibert, was very intelligent, and spent an hour or two with me, so we
became great friends. He asked all kinds of questions about England and
America, far more than I was able to answer. I gave him a little book
with a picture in it, that he might read it to his father, for it
contained the remarkable conversation between Napoleon and his Marshal
at St. Helena concerning the Christian religion, a paper well worth
reading, whoever spoke the words.

This Sunday being an annual village fête a band played, and some very
uncouth couples waltzed the whole day. Large flocks of sheep, following
their shepherds, wandered over the arid soil. The poor geese, too, were
flapping their wings in vain as they tried to swim in water an inch
deep, where usually there had been pleasant pools in the river. I
sympathized with the geese, for I missed my river sadly too.

My bill here for the two nights, with plenty to eat and drink, amounted
to five shillings in all, and I left good Madame Nico with some regret,
starting again on the canal, which looked more dully and dirty than
before.

After one or two locks this sort of travelling became so insufferable
that I suddenly determined to change my plans entirely--for is not one
free? By the present route several days would be consumed in going over
the hills by a series of tedious locks; besides, this very canal had
been already traversed by the four-oar boat Waterwitch some years ago.

A few moments of thought, and I got on the bank to look for a way of
deliverance. Far off could be seen the vine-clad hills of the Vosges,
and I decided at once to leave the canal, cross the country to those
hills, cart the canoe over the range, and so reach the source of the
Moselle, and thus begin to paddle on quite another set of rivers. We
therefore turned the prow back, went down the canal, and again entered
the river Ill, but soon found it was now too shallow to float even my
canoe. Once more I retraced my way, ascending the locks, and, passing by
Illfurth, went on to reach a village where a cart could be had.
Desperation made me paddle hard even in the fierce sun, but it was not
that this so much troubled me as the humiliation of thus rowing back and
forward for miles on a dirty, stagnant canal, and passing by the same
locks two or three times, with the full conviction that the people who
gazed at the procedure must believe me not only to be mad (this much one
can put up with), but furiously insane, and dangerous to be at large.

Whether we confess it or not we all like to be admired. The right or
wrong of this depends on for what and from whom we covet admiration. But
when the deed you attract attention by is neither a great one, nor a
deed which others have not done or cannot do, but is one that all other
people could but would not do, then you are not admired as remarkable
but only stared at as singular.

The shade of a suspicion that this is so in any act done before
lookers-on is enough to make it hateful. Nay, you have then the
sufferings of a martyr, without his cause or his glory. But I fear that
instead of getting a cart for the canoe I am getting out of depth in
metaphysics, which means, you know, "When ane maun explains till anither
what he disna understaun himsel, that's metapheesics."

Well, when we came to the prescribed village, named Haidwiller, we found
they had plenty of carts, but not one would come to help me even for a
good round sum. It was their first day with the grapes, and "ancient
customs must be observed"; so we went on still further to another
village, where they were letting out the water from the canal to repair
a lock.

[Illustration: "The Rob Roy on wheels."]

Here was a position of unenviable repose for the poor Rob Roy! No water
to float in, and no cart to carry her.

To aid deliberation I attacked a large cake of hot flour baked by the
lock-keeper's dirty wife, and we stuck plums in it to make it go down,
while the man hied off to the fields to get some animal that could drag
a clumsy vehicle--cart is too fine a name for it--which I had impressed
from a ploughman near.

The man came back leading a gloomy-looking bullock, and we started with
the boat now travelling on wheels, but at a most dignified pace.[XXIX.]

 [XXIX.] The sketch represents the lady cow which dragged the cart
  at Lauffenburg, but it will do almost equally well for the present
  equipage.

This was the arrangement till we reached another village, which had no
vineyards, and where therefore we soon found a horse, instead of the
gruff bullock; while the natives were lost in amazement to see a boat in
a cart, and a big foreigner gabbling beside it.

The sun was exceedingly hot, and the road dusty; but I felt the walk
would be a pleasant change, though my driver kept muttering to himself
about my preference of pedestrianism to the fearful jolts of his cart.

We passed thus through several villages on a fine fruitful plain, and at
some of them the horse had to bait, or the driver to lunch, or his
employer to refresh the inner man, in every case the population being
favoured with an account by the driver of all he knew about the boat,
and a great deal more.

At one of the inns on the road some new wine was produced on the table.
It had been made only the day before, and its colour was exactly like
that of cold tea, with milk and sugar in it, while its taste was very
luscious and sweet. This new wine is sometimes in request, but
especially among the women. "Corn shall make the young men cheerful, and
new wine the maids." (Zech. ix. 17.)




CHAPTER XII.

     Bonfire--My wife--Matthews--Tunnel
     picture--Imposture--Fancy--Moselle--Cocher--"Saturday Review"
     Tracts--Gymnastics--The paddle--A spell--Overhead--Feminine
     forum--Public breakfast.


As evening came on the little flag of the Rob Roy, which was always
hoisted, even in a cart, showed signs of animation, being now revived by
a fresh breeze from the beautiful Vosges mountains when we gradually
brought their outline more distinctly near.

Then we had to cross the river Thur, but that was an easy matter in
these scorching days of drought. So the cavalcade went on till, the high
road being reached, we drove the cart into the pretty town of Thann. The
driver insisted on going to _his_ hotel, but when there I saw it could
not be the best in a town of this size (experience quickens perception
in these matters), and I simply took the reins, backed out of the yard,
and drove to a better one.

Here the hotel-keeper had read of the Rob Roy, so it was received with
all the honours, and the best of his good things was at my disposal. In
the evening I burned some magnesium-wire signals to amuse the rustics,
who came in great crowds along the roads, drawing home their
bullock-carts, well loaded with large vats full of the new grapes, and
singing hoarsely as they waved aloft flowers and garlands and danced
around them,--the rude rejoicings for a bounteous vine harvest. It is
remarkable how soon the good singing of Germany is lost trace of when
you cross into France, though the language of the peasant here was
German enough.

At night we went to see an experiment in putting out fires. A large
bonfire was lighted in the market-place, and the inventor of the new
apparatus came forward, carrying on his back a vessel full of water,
under the pressure of "six atmospheres" of carbonic acid gas. He
directed this on the fire from a small squirt at the end of a tube, and
it was certainly most successful in immediately extinguishing the
flames.[XXX.] This gentleman and other _savants_ of the town then visited
the boat, and the usual entertainment of the sketch-book closed a
pleasant day, which had begun with every appearance of being the
reverse.

 [XXX.] This invention, l'Extincteur, has since been exhibited in
  London, and it seems to be a valuable one.

Although this is a busy place, I found only one book-shop in it, and
that a very bad one. A priest and two nuns were making purchases there,
and I noticed that more images and pictures than printed books were kept
for sale.

Next morning a new railroad enabled me to take the boat a little further
into the hills; but they fought hard to make her go separate, that is,
in a "merchandise" train, though I said the boat was "my wife," and
could not travel alone. At last they put their wise heads together,
filled up five separate printed forms, charged double fare, and the
whole thing cost me just ninepence. Verily, the French are still
overloaded with forms, and are still in the straitwaistcoat of
_système_. The railway winds among green hills, while here and there a
"fabrik," or factory, nestles in a valley, or illumines a hill-side at
night with its numerous windows all lighted up. These are the chief
depôts of that wonderful industry of taste which spreads the shawls and
scarfs of France before the eyes of an admiring world, for ladies to
covet, and for their husbands to buy. I was informed that the designs
for patterns here cost large sums, as if they were the oil paintings of
the first masters, and that three times as much is paid in France for
cutting one in wood as will be given by an English manufacturer.

At Wesserling we managed to mount the Rob Roy on a spring vehicle, and
we set off gaily up the winding road that passes the watershed of the
Vosges mountains. I never had a more charming drive. For six hours we
were among woods, vineyards, bright rivulets, and rich pastures. Walking
up a hill, we overtook a carriage, and found one of the occupants was an
Englishman. But he had resided in France for more than twenty years, and
really I could scarcely understand his English. He spoke of "dis ting,"
and "ve vill go," and frequently mingled French and German words with
his native tongue. In a newspaper article here we noticed after the name
"Matthews," the editor had considerately added, "pronounced, in English,
Massious." This is well enough for a Frenchman, but it certainly is
difficult to conceive how a man can fail in pronouncing our "th," if he
is a real live Englishman. When he found out my name, he grasped my
hand, and said how deeply interested he had been in a pamphlet written
by one of the same name.[XXXI.]

 [XXXI.] The Loss of the Kent East Indiaman by Fire in the Bay of
  Biscay, by General Sir D. Macgregor, K.C.B. (Religious Tract Society,
  Paternoster-row.) See a further note on this in the Appendix.

The spring carriage had been chartered as an expensive luxury in this
cheap tour, that is to say, my boat and myself were to be carried about
thirty-five miles in a comfortable four-wheeled vehicle for twenty-six
francs--not very dear when you consider that it saved a whole day's time
to me and a whole day's jolting to the canoe, which seemed to enjoy its
soft bed on the top of the cushion, and to appreciate very well the
convenience of springs. After a good hard pull up a winding road we got
to the top of the pass of this "little Switzerland," as it is called,
and here was a tunnel on the very crest of the watershed.

The arch of this dark tunnel made an excellent frame to a magnificent
picture; for before me was stretched out broad France. All streams at
our back went down to the all-absorbing Rhine, but those in front would
wend their various ways, some to the Mediterranean, others into the Bay
of Biscay, and the rest into the British Channel.

A thousand peaks and wooded knolls were on this side and that, while a
dim panorama of five or six villages and sunny plains extended before
us. This was the chain of the Vosges mountains and their pleasant vales,
where many valorous men have been reared. The most noted crusaders came
from this district, and from here too the first of the two great
Napoleons drew the best soldiers of his army.[XXXII.] Most of the community
are Protestants.

 [XXXII.] The giant called "Anak," who has been exhibiting in London,
  is from the Vosges mountains.

High up on one side of us was a pilgrim station, where thousands of
people come year by year, and probably they get fine fresh air and
useful exercise. The French seem to walk farther for superstitious
purposes than for mere pedestrian amusement.[XXXIII.]

 [XXXIII.] Among other celebrated French "stations" there is the
  mountain of La Salette, near Grenoble, where, even in one day, 16,000
  pilgrims have ascended to visit the spot where the Virgin Mary was said
  to have spoken to some shepherds. On the occasion of my pilgrimage there
  I met some donkeys with panniers bringing down holy water (in lemonade
  bottles) which was sold throughout Europe for a shilling a bottle, until
  a priest at the bottom of the mountain started a private pump of his
  own. The woman who had been hired to personate the Holy Saint confessed
  the deception, and it was exploded before the courts of law in a report
  which I read on the spot; but the Roman Catholic papers, even in
  England, published attractive articles to support this flagrant
  imposture, and its truth and goodness were vehemently proclaimed in a
  book by the Romish Bishop of Birmingham, with the assent of the Pope.
  Methinks it is easier to march barefoot 100 miles over sharp stones than
  to plod your honest walk of life on common pavement and with strong
  soled boots.

My English friend now got into my carriage, and we drove a little way
from the road to the village of Bussang to see the source of the
Moselle.

This river rises under the "Ballon d'Alsace," a lofty mountain with a
rounded top, and the stream consists at first of four or five very tiny
trickling rivulets which unite and come forth in a little spring well
about the size of a washing-tub, from which the water flows across the
road in a channel that you can bridge with your fingers.

But this bubbling brook had great interest for me, as I meant to follow
its growth until it would be strong enough to bear me on its cool, clear
water, now only like feathers strewed among the grass, and singing its
first music very pretty and low.

We like to see the source of a great river; a romantic man must have
much piquant thought at the sight, and a poetic man must be stirred by
its sentiment. Every great thought must also have had a source or germ,
and it would be interesting to know how and when some of the grand ideas
that have afterwards aroused nations first thrilled in the brain of a
genius, a warrior, a philosopher, or a statesman. And besides having a
source, each stream of thought has a current too, with ripples and deep
pools, and scenery as it were around. Some thoughts are lofty, others
broad; some are straight, and others round about; some are rushing,
while others glide peacefully; only a few are clear and deep.

But this is not the place to launch upon fancy's dreams, or even to
describe the real, pretty valleys around us in the Vosges. We go through
these merely to find water for the Rob Roy, and in this search we keep
descending every hour.

When the bright stars came out they glittered below thick trees in pools
of the water now so quickly become a veritable river, and I scanned each
lagoon in the darkness to know if still it was too small for the boat.

We came to the town of Remiremont and to a bad sort of inn, where all
was disorder and dirt. The driver sat down with me to a late supper and
behaved with true French politeness, which always shows better in
company than in private, or when real self-denial or firm friendship is
to be tested. So he ate of his five different courses, and had his wine,
fruit, and neat little etceteras, and my bill next day for our united
entertainment and lodging was just 3_s._ 4_d._

This _cocher_ was an intelligent man, and conversed on his own range of
subjects with considerable tact, and when our conversation was turned
upon the greater things of another world he said, "They must be happy
there, for none of them have ever come back"--a strange thought, oddly
phrased. As he became interested in the subject I gave him a paper upon
it, which he at once commenced to read aloud.[XXXIV.]

 [XXXIV.] Some days previously a stranger gave me a bundle of papers
  to read, for which I thanked him much. Afterwards at leisure I examined
  the packet, which consisted of about thirty large pages sewn together,
  and comprising tracts upon politics, science, literature, and religion.
  The last subject was prominent, and was dealt with in a style clever,
  caustic, and censorious, which interested me much. These tracts were
  printed in England and with good paper and type. They are a weekly
  series, distributed everywhere at six shillings a dozen, and each page
  is entitled "The Saturday Review."

Next morning, the 20th of September, the Rob Roy was brought to the door
in a handcart, and was soon attended by its usual levee.

As we had come into the town late at night the gazers were ignorant of
any claims this boat might have upon their respect, and some of them
derided the idea of its being able to float on the river here, or at any
rate to go more than a mile or two.

But having previously taken a long walk before breakfast to examine the
Moselle, I was convinced it could be begun even here and in this dry
season. The porter was therefore directed to go forward, and the boat
moved towards the river amid plaudits rather ambiguous, until a curious
old gentleman, with green spectacles and a white hat, kindly brought the
sceptical mob to their senses by telling them he had read often about
the boat, and they must not make fun of it now.

Then they all chopped round and changed their minds in a moment--the
fickle French--and they helped me with a will, and carried the Rob Roy
about a mile to the spot fixed upon for the start, which was speedily
executed, with a loud and warm "Adieu!" and "Bon voyage!" from all the
spectators.

It was pleasant again to grasp the paddle and to find pure clear water
below, which I had not seen since the Danube, and to have a steady
current alongside that was so much missed on the sluggish river Ill and
the Basel Canal.

Pretty water flowers quivered in the ripples round the mossy stones, and
park-like meadows sloped to the river with fruit trees heavy laden.
After half an hour of congratulation that we had come to the Moselle
rather than the Saone and the Doubs, I settled down to my day's work
with cheerfulness.

The water of this river was very clear and cool, meandering through long
deep pools, and then over gurgling shallows; and the fish, waterfowl,
woods, and lovely green fields were a most welcome change from the canal
we had left. The sun was intensely hot, but the spare "jib," as a shawl
on my shoulders, defied its fierce rays, and so I glided along in
solitary enjoyment. The numerous shallows required much activity with
the paddle, and my boat got more bumped and thumped to-day than in any
other seven days of the tour. Of course I had often to get out and to
tow her through the water; sometimes through the fields, or over rocks,
but this was easily done with canvas shoes on, and flannel trousers that
are made for constant ducking.

The aspect of the river was rather of a singular character for some
miles, with low banks sloping backwards, and richly carpeted with grass,
so that the view on either side was ample; while in front was a spacious
picture of successive levels, seen to great advantage as the Rob Roy
glided smoothly on crystal waters lipped with green. Again the playful
river descends by sudden leaps and deep falls, chiefly artificial, and
some trouble is caused in getting down each of these, for the boat had
to be lowered by hand, with a good deal of gymnastic exercise among the
slippery rocks; the mosses and lichens were studied in anything but
botanical order.

At this period of the voyage the paddle felt so natural in my hands from
long use of it every day, that it was held unconsciously. In the
beginning of my practice I had invented various tethers and ties to
secure this all-important piece of furniture from being lost if it
should fall overboard, and I had practised what ought to be done if the
paddle should ever be beaten out of my hand by a wave, or dropped into
the water in a moment of carelessness.

But none of these plans were satisfactory in actual service. The strings
got entangled when I jumped out suddenly, or I forgot the thing was tied
when it had to be thrown out on the shore, so it was better to have the
paddle perfectly loose; and thus free, it never was dropped or lost hold
of even in those times of difficulty or confusion which made twenty
things to be done, and each to be done first, when an upset was
imminent, and a jump out had to be managed instead.[XXXV.]

 [XXXV.] The bamboo mast was meant originally to serve also as a
  boat-hook or hitcher, and had a ferrule and a fishing gaff neatly
  fastened on the end, which fitted also into the mast step. I recollect
  having used the boat-hook once at Gravesend, but it was instantly seen
  to be a mistake. You don't want a boat-hook when your canoe can come
  close alongside where it is deep, and will ground when it is shallow.
  Besides, to use a boat-hook you must drop the paddle.

The movement of the paddle, then, got to be almost involuntary, just as
the legs are moved in walking, and the ordinary difficulties of a river
seemed to be understood by the mind without special observation, and to
be dealt with naturally, without hesitation or reasoning as to what
ought to be done. This faculty increased until long gazes upwards to
the higher grounds or to the clouds were fully indulged without
apparently interrupting the steady and proper navigation of the boat,
even when it was moving with speed. On one of these occasions I had got
into a train of thought on this subject, and was regretting that the
course of the stream made me turn my back on the best scenery. I had
spun round two or three times to feast my eyes once more and again upon
some glowing peaks, lit up by the setting sun, until a sort of
fascination seized the mind, and a quiet lethargy crept over the system;
and, moreover, a most illogical persuasion then settled that the boat
always _did_ go right, and that one need not be so much on the alert to
steer well. This still held me as we came into a cluster of about a
dozen rocks all dotted about, and with the stream welling over this one
and rushing over that, and yet I was spellbound and doggedly did nothing
to guide the boat's course.

But the water was avenged on this foolish defiance of its power, for in
a moment I was driven straight on a great rock, only two inches below
the surface, and the boat at once swung round, broadside on to the
current, and then slowly but determinedly began to turn over. As it
canted more and more my lax muscles were rudely aroused to action, for
the plain fact stared out baldly that I was about to get a regular
ducking, and all from a stupid, lazy fit.

The worst of it was I was not sitting erect, but stretched almost at
full length in the boat, and one leg was entangled inside by the strap
of my bag. In the moments following (that seem minutes in such a case) a
gush of thoughts went through the mind while the poor little boat was
still turning over, until at last I gave a spring from my awkward
position to jump into the water.

The jerk released the canoe from the rock, but only the head and arms of
its captain fell into the river--though in a most undignified _pose_,
which was soon laughed off, when my seat was recovered, with a wet head
and dripping sleeves!

However, this little _faux pas_ quite wakened and sobered me, and I
looked in half shame to the bank to see if any person had witnessed the
absurd performance. And it was well to have done with sentiment and
reveries, for the river had now got quite in earnest about going along.

Permit me again to invite attention to the washerwomen on the river; for
this institution, which one does not find thus floating on our streams
in England, becomes a very frequent object of interest if you canoe it
on the Continent.

[Illustration: "Washing Barge."]

As the well in Eastern countries is the recognised place for gossiping,
and in colder climes a good deal of politics is settled in the barber's
shop, so here in fluvial districts the washing barge is the forum of
feminine eloquence.

The respectability of a town as you approach it is shadowed forth by the
size and ornaments of the _blanchisseuses'_ float; and as there are
often fifty faces seen at once, the type of female loveliness may be
studied for a district at a time. While they wash they talk, and while
they talk they thump and belabour the clothes; but there is always some
idle eye wandering which speedily will catch sight of the Rob Roy canoe.

In smaller villages, and where there is no barge for them to use, the
women have to do without one, and kneel on the ground, so that even in
far-off parts of the river we shall find them there.

A flat sounding whack! whack! tells me that round the corner we shall
come upon at least a couple of washerwomen, homely dames, with brown
faces and tall caps, who are wringing, slapping, and scrubbing the
"linge." Though this may encourage the French cotton trade, I rejoice
that my own shirts are of strong woollen stuff, which defies their
buffeting.

I always fraternized with these ladies, doffing my hat, and drawing back
my left foot for a bow (though the graceful action is not observed under
the macintosh). Other travellers, also, may find there is something to
be seen and heard if they pass five minutes at the washing-barge. But
even if it were not instructive and amusing thus to study character when
a whole group is met with at once, surely it is to be remembered that
the pleasure of seeing a new sight and of hearing a foreigner speak
cheerful and kind words, is to many of these hard-working, honest
mothers a bright interlude in a life of toil. To give pleasure is one of
the best pleasures of a tourist; and it is in acting thus, too, that
the lone traveller feels no loneliness, while he pleases and is pleased.
Two Englishmen may travel together agreeably among foreigners for a week
without learning so much of the life, and mind, and manners of the
people as would be learned in one day if each of the tourists went
alone, provided he was not too shy or too proud to open his eyes, and
ears, and mouth among strangers, and had sense enough to be an exception
to the rule that "Every Englishman is an island."

Merely for a change, I ran the Rob Roy into a long millrace in search of
breakfast. This stream having secured hold of the boat stealthily ran
away with us in a winding course among the hayfields, and quite out of
reach of the river, until it seemed that after all we were only in a
streamlet for irrigation, which would vanish into rills an inch deep in
a water meadow. However, I put a bold face on it, and gravely and
swiftly sped through the fields, and bestowed a nod now and then on the
rural gazers. A fine boy of twelve years old soon trotted alongside, and
I asked him if he was an honest lad, which he answered by a blush, and
"Yes." "Here is a franc, then. Go and buy me bread and wine, and meet me
at the mill." A few of the "hands" soon found out the canoe, moored, as
it was thought, in quiet retirement, with its captain resting under a
tree, and presently a whole crowd of them swarmed out, and shouted with
delight as they pressed round to see.

The boy brought a very large bottle of wine, and a loaf big enough to
dine four men; and I set to work with an oarsman's appetite, and that
happy _sang froid_ which no multitude of gazers now could disturb.

However, one of the party invited me into her house, and soon set
delicate viands before the new guest, while the others filled the room
in an instant, and were replaced by sets of fifty at a time, all very
good-humoured and respectful.

But it was so hot and bustling here that I resolved to go away and have
a more pleasant and sulky meal by myself on some inaccessible island.
The retreat through the crowd had to be regularly prepared for by
military tactics; so I appointed four of the most troublesome boys as
"policemen" to guard the boat in its transit across the fields, but they
discharged their new duties with such vigour that two little fellows
were soon knocked over into the canoe, and so we launched off, while the
Manager of the factory called in vain to his cottonspinners, who were
all now in full cry after the boat, and were making holiday without
leave.




CHAPTER XIII.

     River Moselle--Epinal--The Tramp--Halcyon--Painted
     woman--Beating to quarters--Boat in a hedge--The
     Meurthe--Moving House--Tears of a mother--Five francs.


Under a dark arbour-like arch of foliage, where the water was deep and
still, I made fast to the long grass, cast my tired limbs into the
fantastic folds of ease, and, while the bottle lasted and the bread, I
watched the bees and butterflies, and the beetles and rats, and the
coloured tribes of airy and watery life that one can see so well in a
quiet half hour like this.

How little we are taught at school about these wondrous communities of
real life, each with its laws and instincts, its beauties of form, and
marvellous ingenuities!

How little of flowers and insects, not to say of trees and animals, a
boy learns as school-lessons, while he has beaten into him at one end
and crammed in at the other the complicated politics of heathen gods,
and their loves and faction fights, which are neither real nor possible.

The Moselle rapidly enlarged in volume, though one could easily see
that it had seldom been so low before. It is a very beautiful river to
row on, especially where we began. Then it winds to the west and north,
and again, turning a little eastwards, traverses a lovely country
between Treves and Coblentz, where it joins the ancient Rhine.

My resting-place for this evening was Epinal, a town with little to
interest; and so we could turn to books and pencils until it was time
for bed.

Next day the scenery was by no means so attractive, but I had plenty of
hard work, which was enjoyed very much, my shoes and socks being off all
day, for it was useless to put them on when so many occasions required
me to jump out.

Here it was a plain country, with a gravel soil, and fast rushings of
current; and then long pools like the Serpentine, and winding turns
leading entirely round some central hill which the river insisted upon
circumventing.

At noon we came upon a large number of labourers at work on a milldam,
and as this sort of crowd generally betokens something to eat (always,
at any rate, some drinkable fluid), I left my boat boldly in mid-stream,
and knocked at a cottage, when an old woman came out. "Madame, I am
hungry, and you are precisely the lady who can make me an omelette."

"Sir, I have nothing to give you."

"Why," said I, "look at these hens; I am sure they have laid six eggs
this morning, they seem so conceited."

She evidently thought I was a tramp demanding alms, and when told to
look at the boat which had come from England, she said she was too old
and too blind to see. However, we managed to make an omelette together,
and she stood by (with an eye, perhaps, to her only fork) and chatted
pleasantly, asking, "What have you got to sell?" I told her I had come
there only for pleasure. "What sort of pleasure, Monsieur, can you
possibly hope to find in _this_ place?" But I was far too gallant to say
bluntly that her particular mansion was not the ultimate object of the
tour. After receiving a franc for the rough breakfast, she kept up a
battery of blessings till the Rob Roy started, and she ended by
shrieking out to a navvy looking on, "I tell you every Englishman is
rich!"

Next day was bright and blue-skyed as before, and an early start got the
fine fresh morning air on the water.

The name of this river is sometimes pronounced "Moselle," and at other
times "Mosel," what we should call "Mozle." When a Frenchman speaks of
"la Moselle," he puts an equal emphasis on each of the three syllables
he is pronouncing; whereas generally we Englishmen call this river
Mosélle.

The name of a long river often indeed goes through changes as it
traverses various districts and dialects; for instance, the Missouri,
which you hear the travellers in Kansas call "Mzoory," while they wend
along the Californian road.

When the scenery is tame to the canoist, and the channel of the river is
not made interesting by dangers to be avoided, then one can always turn
again to the animals and birds, and five minutes of watching will be
sure to see much that is curious.

Here, for instance, we have the little kingfisher again, who had met us
on the Danube and the Reuss, and whom we knew well in England before;
but now we are on a visit to _his_ domain, and we see him in his private
character alone. There are several varieties of this bird, and they
differ in form and colour of plumage. This "Royal bird," the _Halcyon_
of antiquity, the _Alcedo_ in classic tongue, is called in German "Eis
fogl," or "Ice bird," perhaps because he fishes even in winter's frost,
or because his nest is like a bundle of icicles, being made of minnows'
bones most curiously wrought together.

But now it is on a summer day, and he is perched on a twig within two
inches of the water, and under the shade of a briar leaf, his little
parasol. He is looking for fish, and is so steady that you may easily
pass him without observing that brilliant back of azure, or the breast
of blushing red.

When I desired to see these birds, I quietly moved my boat till it
grounded on a bank, and, after it was stationary thus for a few minutes,
the Halcyon fisher got quite unconcerned, and plied his task as if
unseen.

He peers with knowing eye into the shallow below him, and now and then
he dips his head a bit to make quite sure he has marked a fish worth
seizing; then suddenly he darts down with a spluttering splash, and
flies off with a little white minnow, or a struggling sticklebat nipped
in his beak.

If it is caught thus crosswise, the winged fisherman tosses his prey
into the air, and nimbly catches it in his mouth, so that it may be
gulped down properly. Then he quivers and shakes with satisfaction, and
quickly speeds to another perch, flitting by you with wonderful
swiftness, as if a sapphire had been flung athwart the sunbeam, flashing
beauteous colours in its flight.

Or, if bed-time has come, or he is fetching home the family dinner, he
flutters on and on, and then with a little sharp note of "good-bye,"
pops into a hole, the dark staircase to his tiny nest, and there he
finds Mrs. Halcyon sitting in state, and thirteen baby Kingfishers
gaping for the dainty fish.

This pretty bird has an air of quiet mystery, beauty, and vivid motion,
all combined, which has made him a favourite with the Rob Roy.

Strangely enough, the river in this part of its course actually gets
less and less as you descend it. Every few miles some of the water is
drawn off by a small canal to irrigate the neighbouring land, and in a
season of drought like this, very little of the abstracted part returns.
They told me that the Moselle river never has been so "basse" for 30
years, and I was therefore an unlucky _voyageur_ in having to do for the
first time what could have been done more easily in any other season.

As evening fell we reached the town of Chatel, and the Rob Roy was sent
to bed in the washhouse of the hotel. But five minutes had not elapsed
before a string of visitors came for the daily inspection of the boat.

As I sauntered along the bridge a sprightly youth came up, who had not
seen the canoe, but who knew I was "one of her crew." He was most
enthusiastic on the subject, and took me to see _his_ boat, a
deadly-looking flat-bottomed open cot, painted all manner of patterns;
and as he was extremely proud of her I did not tell him that a boat is
like a woman, too good to paint: a pretty one is spoiled by paint, and a
plain one is made hideous.

Then he came for a look at the Rob Roy, and, poor fellow, it was amusing
to observe how instantly his countenance fell from pride to intense
envy. He had a "boating mind," but had never seen a really pretty boat
till now. However, to console himself he invited me to another hotel to
drink success to the canoe in Bavarian beer, and to see my drawings, and
then I found that my intelligent, eager, and, we may add, gentlemanly
friend was the waiter there!

A melancholy sensation pervaded the Rob Roy to-day, in consequence of a
sad event, the loss of the captain's knife. We had three knives on board
in starting from England; one had been given away in reward for some
signal service, and this which was now lost was one with a metal haft
and a curious hook at the end, a special description made in Berlin, and
very useful to the tourist. It is not to be wondered that in so many
leaps and somersaults, and with such constant requirements for the knife
to mend pencils, &c., &c., the trusty blade should at last have
disappeared, but the event suggests to the next canoeman that his
boat-knife should be secured to a lanyard.

One singular conformation of the river-bed occurred in my short tour
upon this part of the Moselle. Without much warning the banks of rock
became quite vertical and narrowed close together. They reminded me of
the rock-cutting near Liverpool, on the old railway to Manchester. The
stream was very deep here, but its bed was full of enormous stones and
crags, very sharp and jagged, which, however, could be easily avoided,
because the current was gentle.

A man I found fishing told me that a little further on there was an
"impossible" place, so when after half a mile the well-known sound of
rushing waters came (the ear got marvellous quick for this), we beat to
quarters and prepared for action.

The ribbon to keep my hat was tied down. Sleeves and trousers were
tucked up. The covering was braced tight and the baggage secured below;
and then came the eager pleasures of anticipating, wishing, hoping,
fearing, that are mixed up in the word excitement.

The sound was quite near now, but the river took the strangest of all
the forms I had yet seen.

If you suppose a trench cut along Oxford-street to get at the
gas-pipes, and if all the water of a river which had filled the street
before suddenly disappeared in the trench, that would be exactly what
the Moselle had now become.

The plateau of rock on each side was perfectly dry, though in flood
times, no doubt, the river covers that too. The water boiled and foamed
through this channel from 3 to 20 feet deep, but only in the trench,
which was not five feet wide.

An intelligent man came near to see me enter this curious passage, but
when we had got a little way in I had to stop the boat, and this too by
putting my hands on both sides of the river!

Then I got out and carefully let the boat drive along the current, but
still held by the painter. Soon it got too narrow and fast even for this
process, so I pulled the canoe upon the dry rock, and sat down to
breathe and to cool my panting frame.

Two other gentlemen had come near me by this time, and on a bridge above
were several more with two ladies.

I had to drag the boat some hundred yards over most awkward rocks, and
these men hovered round and admired, and even talked to me, and actually
praised my perseverance, yet not one offer of any help did any one of
them give!

In deep water again, and now exactly under the bridge I looked up and
found the whole party regarding the Rob Roy with curiosity and smiles.
Within a few yards was a large house these people had come from, and I
thought their smiles were surely to preface, "Would you not like a glass
of wine, Sir, after your hour of hard work?" But as it meant nothing of
the sort I could not help answering their united adieux! by these words,
"Adieu, ladies and gentlemen. Many to look, but none to help. The
exhibition is gratuitous!" Was it wrong to say this? It was utterly
impossible not to think as much.

One or two other places gave trouble without interest, such as when I
had to push the boat into a hedge point foremost, and to pull it through
by main force from the other side, and then found, after all, it was
pushed into the wrong field, so the operation had to be done over again
in a reverse direction.

But never mind, all this counted in the day's work, and all the trouble
of it was forgotten after a good night's sleep, or was entirely
recompensed by some interesting adventure.

The water of the Moselle is so clear that the scenery under the surface
continually occupied my attention. In one long reach, unusually deep and
quiet, I happened to be gazing down at some huge trout, and
accidentally observed a large stone, the upper part of a fine column, at
the very bottom of the water, at least ten feet below me. The capital
showed it to be Ionic, and near it was another, a broken pediment of
large dimensions, and a little further on a pedestal of white marble. I
carefully examined both banks, to see if a Roman villa or bridge, or
other ruin, indicated how these subaqueous reliques had come into this
strange position, and I inquired diligently at Charmes, the next town;
but although much curiosity was shown on the subject, no information was
obtained, except that the Romans had built a fort somewhere on the river
(but plainly not at that spot), so we may consider that the casual
glance at the fish revealed a curious fragment of the past hitherto
probably unnoticed.

After pulling along the Moselle, from as near to its source as my canoe
could find water, until the scenery became dull at Charmes, we went by
railway from thence to Blainville, on the river Meurthe, which is a
tributary of the Moselle, for I thought some new scenery might be found
in this direction. The Rob Roy was therefore sent by itself in a
goods-train, the very first separation between us for three months. It
seemed as if the little boat, leaning on its side in the truck, turned
from me reproachfully, and we foreboded all sorts of accidents to its
delicate frame, but the only thing lost was a sponge, a necessary
appendage to a boat's outfit when you desire to keep it perfectly dry
and clean.

Two railway porters, with much good-humoured laughing, carried the Rob
Roy from the station to the river's edge, and again we paddled cheerily
along, and on a new river, too, with scenery and character quite
different from that of the Moselle.

The Meurthe winds through rich plains of soft earth, with few rocks and
little gravel. But then in its shallows it has long thick mossy weeds,
all under the surface. These were found to be rather troublesome,
because they got entangled with my paddle, and since they could not be
seen beforehand the best channel was not discernible, as where rocks or
gravel give those various forms of ripples which the captain of a canoe
soon gets to know as if they were a chart telling the number of inches
of depth. Moreover, when you get grounded among these long weeds, all
pointed down stream, it is very difficult to "back out," for it is like
combing hair against the grain.

The larger rivers in France are all thoroughly fished. In every nook you
find a fisherman. They are just as numerous here as in Germany they are
rare. And yet one would think that fishing is surely more adapted to the
contemplative German than to the vivacious French. Yet, here they are
by hundreds, both men and women, and every day, each staring intently on
a tiny float, or at the grasshopper bait, and quite satisfied if now and
then he can pull up a gudgeon the size of your thumb.

[Illustration: "French Fishers."]

Generally, these people are alone, and when they asked me at hotels if I
did not feel lonely in the canoe, the answer was, "Look at your
fishermen, for hours by choice alone. They have something to occupy
attention every moment, and so have I." Sometimes, however, there is a
whole party in one clumsy boat.

The _pater familias_ sits content, and recks not if all his time is
spent in baiting his line and lighting his pipe. The lazy "hopeful" lies
at full length on the grass, while a younger brother strains every nerve
to hook a knowing fish that is laughing at him under water, and winking
its pale eye to see the fisher just toppling over. Mademoiselle chatters
whether there are bites or not, and another, the fair cousin, has got on
shore, where she can bait her hook and set her cap and simper to the
bold admirer by her side.

Not one of these that I have spoken to had ever seen an artificial fly.

Then besides, we have the fishers with nets. These are generally three
men in a boat, with its stem and its stern both cocked up, and the whole
affair looking as if it must upset or sink. Such boats were painted by
Raphael in the great Cartoons, where all of us must have observed how
small the boat is compared with the men it carries.

Again, there are some young lads searching under the stones for
_ecrevisses_, the freshwater prawns, much in request, but giving very
little food for a great deal of trouble. Near these fishers the pike
plies his busy sportsman's life below the surface, and I have sometimes
seen a poor little trout leap high into the air to escape from the
long-nosed pursuer, who followed him even out of the water, and snapped
his jaws on the sweet morsel impudently. This sound, added to the very
suspicious appearance of the Rob Roy gliding among the islands, decides
the doubtful point with a duck, the leader of a flock of wild ducks that
have been swimming down stream in front of me with a quick glance on
each side, every one of them seemingly indignant at this intrusion on
their haunts; at last they find it really will not do, so with a scream
and a spring they flap the water and rise in a body to seek if there be
not elsewhere at least some one nook to nestle in where John Bull does
not come.

That bell you hear tinkling is at the ferry, to call the ferryman who
lives at the other side, and he will jump into his clumsy boat, which is
tied to a pulley running on a rope stretched tight across the river. He
has only to put his oar obliquely on the gunwale, and the transverse
pressure of the current brings the boat rapidly to the other bank.

Paddling on, after a chat with the ferryman (and he is sure to be ready
for that), a wonderful phenomenon appears. We see a house, large, new,
and of two stories high, it has actually moved. We noticed it a few
minutes ago, and now it has changed its position. I gaze in
astonishment, and while we ponder, lo! the whole house entirely
disappears. Now, the true explanation of this is soon found when we get
round the next corner of the reach;--the house is a great wooden bathing
"etablissement," built on a barge, and it is being slowly dragged up the
stream.

After wonder comes sentiment. Three women are seen on the river-bank
evidently in great alarm: a mother, a daughter, and a servant maid, who
searched in vain for two boys, supposed to have gone away to fish, but
now missing for many hours. They eagerly inquired if I had seen the
lads, and implored me with tears to give them advice.

I tried all I could to recollect, but no! I had not seen the boys, and
so the women went away distracted, and left me sorrowful--who would not
be so at a woman's tears, a mother's too? But suddenly, when toiling in
the middle of a very difficult piece of rock-work, lowering the boat, I
remembered having seen those boys, so I ran over the fields after the
anxious mamma and soon assured her the children had been safe an hour
ago, and their faithful servant with them, but that _he_ had become the
fisherman, and they, like boys, had got tired of the rod, and were
playing with a goat.

When the poor mother heard we had seen the little fellows and they were
safe, her tears of joy were quite affecting, and they vividly recalled
one's schoolboy days, when the thoughtless playtime of childhood so
often entails anxiety on a loving mother's heart.

Such, then, are the river sights and river wonders, ever new, though
trifling perhaps when told, but far more lively and entertaining than
the common incidents of a dusty road, or a whirring, shrieking train.

With a few wadings and bumpings, and one or two "vannes," or weirs, we
slipped along pleasantly until evening came. Still it was only a slow
stream, and the towers of St. Nicholas, long visible on the horizon,
seemed ever to move from side to side without being any nearer, so much
does this river wind in its course. I paddled at my best pace, but the
evening rapidly grew darker, until we overtook two French youths in a
boat, the first occasion on which we had noticed Frenchmen rowing for
exercise. They could not keep up with the canoe, so we had to leave them
ingloriously aground on a bank, and yet too lazy to get out and help
their boat over the difficulty.

Soon after I came to a great weir about fifteen feet in height, the
deepest we had yet encountered, and half a sigh was heaved when it was
evident that there was no escape from all the bother of getting out and
gymnasticizing here after a long day's work. It was a matter of some
time and trouble to get the boat over this weir in the dark; but what
was far worse immediately followed, as I found myself in a maze of
shallows, without light to see how to get through them. Whenever we
stopped, too, for rest, there was only darkness, silence, and no
motion--not even the excitement of a current to arouse. Finally, I had
to wade and haul the boat along, and jump in and ferry myself over the
pools, for nearly half a mile, until at length the "look-out" man of our
starboard watch shouted, "A bridge and a house on the lee bow!" and a
joyous cheer burst forth from the crew.

All this, which may be told in a few sentences, took a full hour of very
tiresome work, though, as there was no current, there was no danger, and
it was merely tedious, wet, unlighted, and uncomfortable. Nevertheless I
sang and whistled all the time.

When the bridge was arrived at, I was sure it must be a town, and then
there happened a scene almost an exact counterpart of that which took
place at Gegglingen, on the Danube.

I pulled up my boat on the dark shore, and, all dripping wet, I mounted
to the house above, and speedily aroused the inmates. A window opened,
and a worthy couple appeared in their night-dresses, holding a candle to
examine the intruder. The tableau was most comical. The man asked, "Is
it a farce?" He could scarcely expect a traveller from England to arrive
there at such an hour. But he soon helped me to carry the boat to a
little Restaurant, where a dozen men were drinking, who rushed out with
lamps to look at the boat, but entirely omitted to help the forlorn
captain.

Nor was there any room in this Restaurant, so we had to carry the boat
through the dark streets to another house, where another lot of topers
received me in like style. We put the Rob Roy into a garden here, and
her sails flapped next morning while a crowd gazed over the walls with
anxious curiosity. The worthy husband who had thus left his spouse that
he might carry my wet boat, all slippery with mud, was highly pleased
with a five-franc piece, which was the least I thought him to deserve,
though it was like a five-pound note to him in such a cheap country.

Next morning in the light of day we had a survey of the scene of last
night's adventure. It was very amusing to trace the various channels we
had groped about in the darkness.

Here I met a French gentleman, of gay and pleasant manner, but who
bemoaned his lot as Secretary of a great factory in this outlandish
place, instead of being in joyous, thoughtless, brilliant Paris, where,
he said, often for days together he did not sleep in bed, but ran one
night into the next by balls, theatres, and supper parties.

He kindly took me to see the great salt works, that send refined salt
all over Europe. This rock salt is hoisted out of a deep mine, in blocks
like those of coal, having been hewn from the strata below, which are
pierced by long and lofty galleries. Then it is covered in tanks by
water, which becomes saturated, and is conducted to flat evaporating
pans, when the water is expelled by the heat of great furnaces, and the
salt appears in masses like snow-drift. Salt that is sold by weight they
judiciously wet again, and other qualities sold by measure they cleverly
deposit in crooked crystals, so as to take up as much space as possible!

We found a canal here, and as the river was so shallow I mounted to the
artificial channel, and with a strong and fair wind was soon sailing
along rapidly. This canal has plenty of traffic upon it, and only a few
locks; so it was by no means tedious. They asked for my card of
permission, but I smiled the matter off as before. However, an officer
of the canal who was walking alongside looked much more seriously at the
infringement of rules, and when we came to a lock he insisted we must
produce the "carte." As a last resort, I showed him the well-worn
sketch-book, and then he at once gave in. In fact, after he had laughed
at the culprit's caricatures, how could he gravely sentence him to
penalties?

It is wonderful how a few lines of drawing will please these outlying
country people. Sometimes we gave a small sketch to a man when it was
desirable to get rid of him: he was sure to take it away to show
outside, and when he returned I had departed. Once we gave a little girl
a portrait of her brother, and next morning she brought it again all
crumpled up. Her mother said the child had held it all night in her
hand.




CHAPTER XIV.

     Ladies in muslin--Officers shouting--Volunteers'
     umbrella--Reims--Leaks--Wet--Madame Clicquot--Heavy
     blow--Dinner talk--The Elephant--Cloud.


The canal brought me to Nancy, a fine old town, with an archbishop, a
field-marshal, a good hotel, large washhand basins, drums, bugles, ices,
and all the other luxuries of life. In the cathedral there was more
tawdry show about the Mass than I ever remarked before, even in Italy.
At least thirty celebrants acted in the performance, and the bowings and
turnings and grimaces of sedate old men clad in gorgeous, dirty
needlework, fumbling with trifles and muttering Latin, really passed all
bounds: they were an insult to the population, who are required to
attend this vicarious worship, and to accept such absurdities as the
true interpretation of "This do in remembrance of Me."

A large and attentive congregation, nearly all women, listened first to
an eloquent sermon from a young priest who glorified an old saint. It is
possible that the ancient worthy was a most respectable monk, but
probably he was, when he lived, a good deal like the monks one meets in
the monasteries, and now that I have lived pretty frequently with these
gentlemen I must say it makes one smile to think of canonizing such
people, as if any one of them had unapproachable excellence; but perhaps
this monk distinguished himself by proper daily ablutions, and so earned
the rare reputation of being reasonably clean.

In the afternoon the relics of the monk were borne through the streets
by a procession of some thousand women and a few men. These ladies, some
hundreds of whom were dressed in white muslin, and in two single ranks,
chanted as they slowly marched, and all the bystanders took off their
hats, but I really could not see what adoration was due to the
mouldering bones of a withered friar, so my excellent straw hat was kept
on my head.

But the French, who live in public, must have a public religion, a
gregarious worship, with demonstrative action and colours and sounds.
Deep devotion, silent in its depth, is for the north and not for this
radiant sun, though you will find that quiet worship again in lower
latitudes where the very heat precludes activity.

Some twenty years ago, one of the ablest men of the University of
Cambridge read a paper on the influence which the insular position and
the climate of Britain has upon our national character, and it appeared
to be proved clearly that this influence pervades every feature of our
life.

In a third-rate French town like Nancy, nearly all the pleasant
_agrements_ depend on the climate, and would be sadly curtailed by rain
or snow. So, again, when a Frenchman visits England and gets laughed at
for mistakes in our difficult language, and has to eat only two dishes
for dinner, and drinks bad coffee, and has no evening lounge in the open
air, and is then told to look at our domestic life, and finds he cannot
get an entrance there (for how very few French do enter there), his
miseries are directly caused by our climate, and no wonder his
impression of Albion is that we are all fog and cotton and smoke, and
everything _triste_.

From Nancy we sent the canoe by rail to meet me on the river Marne, and
while the slow luggage-train lumbered along I took the opportunity of
visiting the celebrated Camp of Châlons, the Aldershot of France. An
omnibus takes you from the railway station, and you soon enter a long
straggling street of very little houses, built badly, and looking as if
one and all could be pushed down by your hand. These are not the
military quarters, but the self-grown parasite sutlers' town, which
springs up near every camp. Here is "Place Solferino," and there "Rue
Malakhoff," where the sign of the inn is a Chinaman having his pigtail
lopped off by a Français. The camp is in the middle of a very large
plain, with plenty of dust and white earth, which "glared" on my eyes
intensely, this being the hottest day I have experienced during the
vacation. But there are trees for shade, and a good deal of grass on
these extensive downs where great armies can manoeuvre and march past
the Emperor as he sits enthroned under a bower on that hill-crest
overlooking all.

The permanent buildings for the troops consist of about 500 separate
houses, substantial, airy, and well lighted, all built of brick, and
slated, and kept in good repair; each of these is about seventy feet
long, twenty broad, and of one story high. A million and a-half pounds
sterling have already been expended on this camp. Behind the quarters
are the soldiers' gardens, a feature added lately to the camps in
England. There were only a few thousand soldiers at the place, so we
soon saw all that was interesting, and then adjourned to a Restaurant,
where I observed about twenty officers go in a body to breakfast. This
they did in a separate room, but their loud, coarse, and outrageously
violent conversation really amazed me. The din was monstrous and
without intermission. We had never before fallen in with so very bad a
specimen of French manners, and I cannot help thinking there may have
been special reasons for these men bellowing for half an hour as they
ate their breakfast.

The "mess system" has been tried in the French army several times, but
it seems to fail always, as the French Clubs do, on the whole. It is not
wise, however, for a traveller to generalize too rapidly upon the
character of any portion of a great people if he has not lived long
among them. A hasty glance may discern that a stranger has a long nose,
but you must have better acquaintance with him before you can truly
describe the character of your friend. In a little book just published
in France about the English Bar two facts are noted, that Barristers put
the name of their "Inn" on their visiting cards, and that the Temple
Volunteers are drilled admirably by a Serjeant-at-Law, who wields "an
umbrella with a varnished cover, which glances in the sun like a sword"!

Another interesting town in this department of France is Rheims (spelt
Reims, and pronounced very nearly Rens). Having still an hour or two
free, I went there, and enjoyed the visit to the very splendid
cathedral. It is one of the finest in Europe, very old, very large,
very rich, and celebrated as the place of coronation for the French
sovereigns. Besides all this it is kept in good order, and is remarkably
clean. The outside is covered with stone figures, most of them rude in
art, but giving at a distance an appearance of prodigal richness of
material. A little periodical called _France Illustrated_ is published
at fourpence each number, with a map of the Department, several woodcuts
of notable places or events, and a brief history of the principal towns,
concluding with a _résumé_ of the statistics of the Department. A
publication of this kind would, I think, be very useful in England; and
for travellers especially, who could purchase at the County town the
particular number or part then required.

In one of the adjoining Departments, according to this publication, it
appears that there are about a hundred suicides in the year among a
population of half a million. Surely this is an alarming proportion; and
what should we say if Manchester had to report 100 men and women in one
year who put themselves to death?

But we are subsiding, you see, into the ordinary tales of a traveller,
because I am waiting now for the train and the Rob Roy, and certainly
this my only experience of widowerhood made me long again for the
well-known yellow oaken side of the boat and her pink-brown cedar
varnished top.

Well, next morning here is the canoe at Epernay, arrived all safe at a
cost of 2_s._ 6_d._ All safe we thought at first, but we soon found it
had been sadly bruised, and would surely leak. I turned it upside down
on the railway platform in the hot sun, and bought two candles and
occupied three good hours in making repairs and greasing all the seams.
But after all this trouble, when we put the boat into the Marne, the
water oozed in all round.

It is humiliating to sit in a leaky boat--it is like a lame horse or a
crooked gun; of all the needful qualities of a boat the first is to keep
out the water. So I stopped at the first village, and got a man to mix
white lead and other things, and we carefully worked this into all the
seams, leaving it to harden while I had my breakfast in the little
auberge close by the shore, where they are making the long rafts to go
down to Paris, and where hot farmers come to sip their two-penny bottle
of wine.

The raft man was wonderfully proud of his performance with the canoe,
and he called out to each of his friends as they walked past, to give
them its long history in short words. When I paid him at last, he said
he hoped I would never forget that the canoe had been thoroughly mended
in the middle of France, at the village of ----, but I really do not
remember the name.

However, there were not wanting tests of his workmanship, for the Rob
Roy had to be pulled over many dykes and barriers on the Marne. Some of
these were of a peculiar construction, and were evidently novel in
design.

A "barrage" reached across the stream, and there were three steps or
falls on it, with a plateau between each. The water ran over these
steps, and was sometimes only a few inches in depth on the crest of each
fall, where it had to descend some eight or ten inches at most.

This, of course, would have been easy enough for the canoe to pass, but
then a line of iron posts was ranged along each plateau, and chains were
tied from the top of one post to the bottom of another, diagonally, and
it will be understood that this was a very puzzling arrangement to steer
through in a fast current.

In cases of this sort I usually got ashore to reconnoitre, and having
calculated the angle at which we must enter the passage obliquely (down
a fall, and across its stream), I managed to get successfully through
several of these strange barriers. We came at length to one which, on
examination, I had to acknowledge was "impassable," for the chains were
slack, and there was only an inch or two of "law" on either side of the
difficult course through them.

[Illustration: "The Chain Barrier."]

However, a man happened to see my movements and the canoe, and soon he
called some dozen of his fellow navvies from their work to look at the
navigator.

The captain was therefore incited by these spectators to try the
passage, and I mentally resolved at any rate to be cool and placid,
however much discomfiture was to be endured. The boat was steered to the
very best of my power, but the bow of the canoe swerved an inch in the
swift oblique descent, and instantly it got locked in the chains, while
I quietly got out (whistling an air in slow time), and then, in the
water with all my clothes on, I steadily lifted the boat through the
iron network and got into her, dripping wet, but trying to behave as if
it were only the usual thing. The navvies cheered a long and loud bravo!
but I felt somewhat ashamed of having yielded to the desire for ignorant
applause, and when finally round the next corner I got out and changed
my wet things, a wiser and a sadder man, but dry.

This part of the river is in the heart of the champagne country, and all
the softly swelling hills about are thickly covered by vineyards. The
vine for champagne is exceedingly small, and grows round one stick, and
the hillside looks just like a carding-brush, from the millions of these
little sharp-pointed rods upright in the ground and close together,
without any fence whatever between the innumerable lots. The grape for
champagne is always red, and never white, so they said, though "white
grapes are grown for eating." During the last two months few people have
consumed more grapes in this manner than the chief mate of the Rob Roy
canoe.

On one of these hills we noticed the house of Madame Clicquot, whose
name has graced many a cork of champagne bottles and of bottles not
champagne.

The vineyards of Ai, near Epernay, are the most celebrated for their
wine. After the bottles are filled, they are placed neck downwards, and
the sediment collects near the cork. Each bottle is then uncorked in
this position, and the confined gas forces out a little of the wine with
the sediment, while a skilful man dexterously replaces the cork when
this sediment has been expelled. One would think that only a very
skilful man can perform such a feat. When the bottles are stored in
"caves," or vast cellars, the least change of temperature causes them to
burst by hundreds. Sometimes one-fourth of the bottles explode in this
manner, and it is said that the renowned Madame Clicquot lost 400,000 in
the hot autumn of 1843, before sufficient ice could be fetched from
Paris to cool her spacious cellars. Every year about fifty million
bottles of genuine champagne are made in France, and no one can say how
many more millions of bottles of "French champagne" are imbibed every
year by a confiding world.

The Marne is a large and deep river, and its waters are kept up by
barriers every few miles. It is rather troublesome to pass these by
taking the boat out and letting it down on the other side, and in
crossing one of them I gave a serious blow to the stern of the canoe
against an iron bar. This blow started four planks from the sternpost,
and revealed to me also that the whole frame had suffered from the
journey at night on an open truck. However, as my own ship's carpenter
was on board, and had nails and screws, we soon managed to make all
tight again, and by moonlight came to Dormans, where I got two men to
carry the boat as usual to an hotel, and had the invariable run of
visitors from that time until everybody went to bed.

It is curious to remark the different names by which the canoe has been
called, and among these the following:--"_Batteau_," "_schiff_,"
"_bôt_," "_barca_," "_canôt_," "_caique_" (the soldiers who have been in
the Crimea call it thus), "_chaloupe_" "_navire_," "_schipp_" (Low
German), "_yacht_" ("jacht"--Danish, "jaht," from "jagen," to ride
quickly--properly a boat drawn by horses). Several people have spoken of
it as "_batteau à vapeur_," for in the centre of France they have never
seen a steamboat, but the usual name with the common people is "_petit
batteau_" and among the educated people "_nacelle_" or "_perissoir_;"
this last as we call a dangerous boat a "coffin" or "sudden death."

An early start next morning found me slipping along with a tolerable
current and under sail before a fine fresh breeze, but with the same
unalterable blue sky. I had several interesting conversations with
farmers and others riding to market along the road which here skirts the
river. What most surprises the Frenchman is that a traveller can
possibly be happy alone! Not one hour have I had of _ennui_, and,
however selfish it may seem, it is true that for this sort of journey I
prefer to travel entirely _seul_.

Pleasant trees and pretty gardens are here on every side in plenty, but
where are the houses of the gentlemen of France, and where are the
French gentlemen themselves? This is a difference between France and
England which cannot fail to "knock" the observant traveller (as Artemus
Ward would say)--the notable absence of country seats during hours and
hours of passage along the best routes; whereas in England the prospect
from almost every hill of woodland would have a great house at the end
of its vista, and the environs of every town would stretch into outworks
of villas smiling in the sun. The French have ways and fashions which
are not ours, but their nation is large enough to entitle them to a
standard of their own, just as the Americans, with so great a people
agreed on the matter, may surely claim liberty to speak with a twang,
and to write of a "plow."

I am convinced that it is a mistake to say we Britons are a silent
people compared with the French or Americans. At some hundred sittings
of the table d'hôte in both these countries I have found more of dull,
dead silence than in England at our inns. An Englishman accustomed only
to the pleasant chat of a domestic dinner feels ill at ease when dining
with strangers, and so he notices their silence all the more; but the
French table d'hôte (not in the big barrack hotels, for English
tourists, we have before remarked upon) has as little general
conversation, and an American one has far less than in England.

Here in France come six or seven middle-class men to dine. They put the
napkin kept for each from yesterday, and recognized by the knots they
tied on it, up to their chins like the pinafore of a baby, and wipe
plate, fork, and spoons with the other end, and eat bits and scraps of
many dishes, and scrape their plates almost clean, and then depart, and
not one word has been uttered.

Then, again, there is the vaunted French climate. Bright sun, no doubt,
but forget not that it is so very bright as to compel all rooms to be
darkened from ten to four each day. At noon the town is like a cemetery;
no one thinks of walking, riding, or looking out of his window in the
heat. From seven to nine in the morning, and from an hour before sunset
to any time you please at night, the open air is delicious. But I
venture to say that in a week of common summer weather we see more of
the sun in England than in France, for we seldom have so much of it at
once as to compel us to close our eyes against its fierce rays. In fact,
the sensation of life in the South, after eleven o'clock in the morning,
is that of _waiting for the cool hours_, and so day after day is a
continual reaching forward to something about to come; whereas, an
English day of sunshine is an enjoyable present from beginning to end.
Once more, let it be remembered that twilight lasts only for half an
hour in the sunny South; that delicious season of musing and long
shadows is a characteristic of the northern latitudes which very few
Southerners have ever experienced at all.

The run down the Marne for about 200 miles was a pleasant part of the
voyage, but seldom so exciting in adventure as the paddling on unknown
waters. Long days of work could therefore be now well endured, for
constant exercise had trained the body, and a sort of instinct was
enough, when thus educated by experience, to direct the mind. Therefore
the Rob Roy's paddle was in my hands for ten hours at a time without
weariness, and sometimes even for twelve hours at a stretch.

After a comfortable night at Chateau Thierry in the Elephant Hotel,
which is close to the water, I took my canoe down from the hayloft to
which it had been hoisted, and once more launched her on the river. The
current gradually increased, and the vineyards gave place to forest
trees. See, there are the rafts, some of casks, lashed together with
osiers, some of planks, others of hewn logs, and others of great rough
trees. There is a straw hut on them for the captain's cabin, and the
crew will have a stiff fortnight's work to drag, push, and steer this
congeries of wood on its way to the Seine. The labour spent merely in
adjusting and securing the parts is enormous, but labour of that kind
costs little here.

Further on there is a large flock of sheep conducted to the river to
drink, in the orthodox pastoral manner of picture-books. But (let us
confess it) they were also driven by the sagacious shepherd's dogs, who
seem to know perfectly that the woolly multitude has come precisely to
drink, and, therefore, the dogs cleverly press forward each particular
sheep, until it has got a place by the cool brink of the water.

In the next quiet bay a village maid drives her cow to the river, and
chats across the water with another, also leading in a cow to wade knee
deep, and to dip its broad nose, and lift it gently again from the cool
stream. On the road alongside is a funny little waggon, and a whole
family are within. This concern is actually drawn along by a goat. Its
little kid skips about, for the time of toil has not yet come to the
youngling, and it may gambol now.

But here is the bridge of Nogent, so I leave my boat in charge of an old
man, and give positive pleasure to the cook at the auberge by ordering a
breakfast. Saints' portraits adorn the walls, and a "sampler" worked by
some little girl, with only twenty-five letters in the alphabet, for the
"w" is as yet ignored in classic grammars, though it has now to be
constantly used in the common books and newspapers. Why, they even adopt
our sporting terms, and you see in a paper that such a race was only "un
Walkover," and that another was likely to be "un dead heat."

Suddenly in my quiet paddling here the sky was shaded, and on looking up
amazed I found a cloud; at last, after six weeks of brilliant blue and
scorching glare, one fold of the fleecy curtain has been drawn over the
sun.

The immediate effect of this cooler sky was very invigorating, though,
after weeks of hot glare (reflected upwards again into the face from
the water), it seemed the most natural thing to be always in a blaze of
light, for much of the inconvenience of it was avoided by a plan which
will be found explained in the Appendix, with some other hints to
"Boating Men."

The day went pleasantly now, and with only the events of ordinary times,
which need not be recounted. The stream was steady, the banks were
peopled, and many a blue-bloused countryman stopped to look at the canoe
as she glided past, with the captain's socks and canvas shoes on the
deck behind him, for this was his drying-place for wet clothes.

Now and then a pleasure-boat was seen, and there were several canoes at
some of the towns, but all of them flat-bottomed and open, and
desperately unsafe--well named "perissoirs." Some of these were made of
metal. The use of this is well-known to be a great mistake for any boat
under ten tons; in all such cases it is much heavier than wood of the
same strength, considering the strains which a boat must expect to
undergo.

"La Ferté sous Jouarre" is the long name of the next stopping-place.
There are several towns called by the name La Ferté (La Fortifié), which
in some measure corresponds with the termination "caster" or "cester" of
English names. Millstones are the great specialty of this La Ferté. A
good millstone costs 50_l._, and there is a large exportation of them.
The material has the very convenient property of not requiring to be
chipped into holes, as these exist in this stone naturally.

At La Ferté I put the boat into a hayloft; how often it has occupied
this elevated lodgings amongst its various adventures; and at dinner
with me there is an intelligent and hungry bourgeois from Paris, with
his vulgar and hearty wife, and opposite to them the gossip of the town,
who kept rattling on the stupid, endless fiddle-faddle of everybody's
doings, sayings, failings, and earnings. Some amusement, however,
resulted from the collision of two gossips at our table of four guests,
for while the one always harped upon family tales of La Ferté, its local
statistics, and the minute sayings of its people, the other kept
struggling to turn our thoughts to shoes and slippers, for he was a
commercial traveller with a cartful of boots to sell. But, after all,
how much of our conversation in better life is only of the same kind,
though about larger, or at any rate different things; what might sound
trifles to our British Cabinet would be the loftiest politics of
Honolulu.

When we started at eight o'clock next day I felt an unaccountable
languor; my arms were tired, and my energy seemed, for the first time,
deficient. This was the result of a week's hard exercise, and of a
sudden change of wind to the south. Give me our English climate for real
hard work to prosper in.

One generally associates the north wind with cool and bracing air, and
certainly in the Mediterranean it is the change of wind to the south,
the hated _sirocce_, that enervates the traveller at once. But this
north wind on the Marne came over a vast plain of arid land heated by
two months of scorching sun, whereas the breezes of last week, though
from the east, had been tempered in passing over the mountains of the
Vosges.

Forty-two miles lay before me to be accomplished before arriving
to-night at my resting-place for Sunday, and it was not a pleasant
prospect to contemplate with stiff muscles in the shoulders. However,
after twelve miles I found that about twenty miles in turnings of the
river could be cut off by putting the boat on a cart, and thus a league
of walking and 3_s._ 4_d._ of payment solved the difficulty. The old man
with his cart was interesting to talk to, and we spoke about those deep
subjects which are of common interest to all.

At a turn in the road we came upon a cart overturned and with a little
crowd round it, while the earth was covered with a great pool of what
seemed to be blood, but was only wine. The cart had struck a tree, and
the wine-cask on it instantly burst, which so frightened the horse that
he overset the cart.

The Rob Roy was soon in the water again, and the scenery had now become
much more enjoyable.

I found an old soldier at a ferry who fetched me a bottle of wine, and
then he and his wife sat in their leaky, flat, green-painted boat, and
became very great friends with the Englishman. He had been at the taking
of Constantine in Algeria, a place which really does look quite
impossible to be taken by storm. But the appearance of a fortress is
deceptive except to the learned in such matters. Who would think that
Comorn, in Hungary, is stronger than Constantine? When you get near
Comorn there is nothing to see, and it is precisely because of this that
it was able to resist so long.

The breeze soon freshened till I hoisted my sails and was fairly wafted
on to Meaux, so that, after all, the day, begun with forebodings, became
as easy and as pleasant as the rest.




CHAPTER XV.

     Meaux on the Marne--Hammering--Popish forms--Wise dogs--Blocked
     in a tunnel--A dry voyage--Arbour and garret--Odd
     fellows--Dream on the Seine--Almost over--No
     admittance--Charing-cross.


There are three hemispheres of scenery visible to the traveller who
voyages thus in a boat on the rivers. First, the great arch of sky, and
land, and trees, and flowers down to the water's brink; then the whole
of this reflected beautifully in the surface of the river; and then the
wondrous depths in the water itself, with its animal life, its rocks and
glades below, and its flowers and mosses. Now rises the moon so clear,
and with the sky around it so black that no "man in the moon" can be
seen.

At the hotel we find a whole party of guests for the marriage-dinner of
a newly-wedded pair. The younger portion of the company adjourn to the
garden and let off squibs and crackers, so it seems to be a good time to
exhibit some of my signal lights from my bedroom-window, and there is
much cheering as the Englishman illumines the whole neighbourhood. Next
day the same people all assembled for the marriage breakfast, and
sherry, madeira, and champagne flowed from the well-squeezed purse of
the bride's happy father.

I have noticed that the last sound to give way to the stillness of the
night in a village is that of the blacksmith's hammer, which is much
more heard abroad than at home. Perhaps this is because much of their
execrable French ironwork is made in each town; whereas in England it is
manufactured by machinery in great quantities and at special places. At
any rate, after travelling on the Continent long enough to become calm
and observant, seeing, hearing, and, we may add, scenting all around,
the picture in the mind is full of blue dresses, white stones, jingling
of bells, and the "cling, cling" of the never idle blacksmith.

This town of Meaux has a bridge with houses on it, and great mill-wheels
filling up the arches as they used to do in old London-bridge. Pleasant
gardens front the river, and cafés glitter there at night. These are not
luxuries but positive necessaries of life for the Frenchman, and it is
their absence abroad which--we believe--is one chief cause of his being
so bad a colonist, for the Frenchman has only the expression "with me"
for "home," and no word for "wife" but "woman."

The cathedral of Meaux is grand and old, and see how they masquerade
the service in it! Look at the gaunt "Suisse," with his cocked-hat kept
on in church, with his sword and spear. The twenty priests and twelve
red-surpliced boys intone to about as many hearers. A monk escorted
through the church makes believe to sprinkle holy water on all sides
from that dirty plasterer's brush, and then two boys carry on their
shoulders a huge round loaf, the "pain benit," which, after fifty
bowings, is blessed, and escorted back to be cut up, and is then given
in morsels to the congregation. These endless ceremonies are the meshes
of the net of Popery, and they are well woven to catch many Frenchmen,
who must have action, show, the visible tangible outside, whatever may
be meant by it.

This service sets one a-thinking. Some form there must be in worship.
One may suppose, indeed, that perfect spirit can adore God without
attitude, or even any sequence or change. Yet in the Bible we hear of
Seraphs veiling their bodies with their wings, and of elders prostrate
at certain times, and saints that have a litany even in heaven. Mortals
must have some form of adoration, but there is the question, How much?
and on this great point how many wise and foolish men have written books
without end, or scarcely any effect!

The riverside was a good place for a quiet Sunday walk. Here a flock of
300 sheep had come to drink, and nibble at the flowers hanging over the
water, and the simple-hearted shepherd stood looking on while his dogs
rushed backward and forward, yearning for some sheep to do wrong, that
their dog service might be required to prevent or to punish naughty
conduct. This "Berger" inquires whether England is near Africa, and how
large our legs of mutton are, and if we have sheep-dogs, and are there
any rivers in our island on the sea. Meanwhile at the hotel the marriage
party kept on "breakfasting," even until four o'clock, and non-melodious
songs were sung. The French, as a people, do not excel in vocal music,
either in tone or in harmony, but then they are precise in time.

Afloat again next morning, and quite refreshed, we prepared for a long
day's work. The stream was now clear, and the waving tresses of dark
green weeds gracefully curved under water, while islands amid deep shady
bays varied the landscape above.

I saw a canal lock open, and paddled in merely for variety, passing soon
into a tunnel, in the middle of which there was a huge boat fixed, and
nobody with it. The boat exactly filled the tunnel, and the men had gone
to their dinner, so I had first to drag their huge boat out, and then
the canoe proudly glided into daylight, having a whole tunnel to itself.

At Lagny, where we were to breakfast, I left my boat with a nice old
gentleman, who was fishing in a nightcap and spectacles, and he assured
me he would stop there two hours. But when I scrambled back to it
through the mill (the miller's men amazed among their wholesome dusty
sacks), the disconsolate Rob Roy was found to be all alone, the first
time she had been left in a town an "unprotected female."

To escape a long serpent wind of the river, we entered another canal and
found it about a foot deep, with clear water flowing pleasantly. This
seemed to be very fortunate, and it was enjoyed most thoroughly for a
few miles, little knowing what was to come. Presently weeds began, then
clumps of great rushes, then large bushes and trees, all growing with
thick grass in the water, and at length this got so dense that the
prospect before me was precisely like a very large hayfield, with grass
four feet high, all ready to be mowed, but which had to be mercilessly
rowed through.

This on a hot day without wind, and in a long vista, unbroken by a man
or a house, or anything lively, was rather daunting, but we had gone too
far to recede with honour, and so by dint of pushing and working I
actually got the boat through some miles of this novel obstruction
(known only this summer), and brought her safe and sound again to the
river. At one place there was a bridge over this wet marsh, and two men
happened to be going over it as the canoe came near. They soon called to
some neighbours, and the row of spectators exhibited the faculty so
notable in French people and so rarely found with us, that of being able
to keep from laughing right out at a foreigner in an awkward case. The
absurd sight of a man paddling a boat amid miles of thick rushes was
indeed a severe test of courteous gravity. However, I must say that the
labour required to penetrate this marsh was far less than one would
suppose from the appearance of the place. The sharp point of the boat
entered, and its smooth sides followed through hedges, as it were, of
aquatic plants, and, on the whole (and after all was done!), I preferred
the trouble and muscular effort required then to that of the monotonous
calm of usual canal sailing.

[Illustration: "Canal Miseries."]

Fairly in the broad river again the Rob Roy came to Neuilly, and it was
plain that my Sunday rest had enabled over thirty miles to be
accomplished without any fatigue at the end. With some hesitation we
selected an inn on the water-side. The canoe was taken up to it and put
on a table in a summer-house, while my own bed was in a garret where one
could not stand upright--the only occasion where I have been badly
housed; and pray let no one be misled by the name of this abode--"The
Jolly Rowers."

Next day the river flowed fast again, and numerous islands made the
channels difficult to find. The worst of these difficulties is that you
cannot prepare for them. No map gives any just idea of your route--the
people on the river itself are profoundly ignorant of its navigation.
For instance, in starting, my landlord told me that in two hours we
should reach Paris. After ten miles an intelligent man said, "Distance
from Paris? it is six hours from here;" while a third informed me a
little further on, "It is just three leagues and a half from this spot."

The banks were now dotted with villas, and numerous pleasure-boats were
moored at neat little stairs. The vast number of these boats quite
astonished me, and the more so as very few of them were ever to be seen
in actual use.

The French are certainly ingenious in their boat-making, but more of
ingenuity than of practical exercise is seen on the water. On several
rivers we remarked the "walking machine," in which a man can walk on the
water by fixing two small boats on his feet. A curious mode of rowing
with your face to the bows has lately been invented by a Frenchman, and
it is described in the Appendix.

We stopped to breakfast at a new canal cutting, and as there were many
_gamins_ about, I fastened a stone to my painter and took the boat out
into the middle of the river, and so left her moored within sight of the
arbour, where I sat, and also within sight of the ardent-eyed boys who
gazed for hours with wistful looks on the tiny craft and its fluttering
flag. Their desire to handle as well as to see is only natural for
these little fellows, and, therefore, if the lads behave well, I always
make a point of showing them the whole affair quite near, after they
have had to abstain from it so long as a forbidden pleasure.

Strange that this quick curiosity of French boys does not ripen more of
them into travellers, but it soon gets expended in trifling details of a
narrow circle, while the sober, sedate, nay, the _triste_, Anglian is
found scurrying over the world with a carpet-bag, and pushing his way in
foreign crowds without one word of their language, and all the while as
merry as a lark. Among the odd modes of locomotion adopted by
Englishmen, we have already mentioned that of the gentleman travelling
in Germany with a four-in-hand and two spare horses. We met another
Briton who had made a tour in a road locomotive which he bought for
700_l._, and sold again at the same price. One more John Bull, who
regarded the canoe as a "queer conveyance," went himself abroad on a
velocipede. None of these, however, could cross seas, lakes, and rivers
like the canoe, which might be taken wherever a man could walk or a
plank could swim.

It seemed contrary to nature that, after thus nearing pretty Paris,
one's back was now to be turned upon it for hours in order to have a
wide, vague, purposeless voyage into country parts. But the river
willed it so; for here a great curve began and led off to the left,
while the traffic of the Marne went straight through a canal to the
right,--through a canal, and therefore I would not follow it there.

The river got less and less in volume; its water was used for the canal,
and it could scarcely trickle, with its maimed strength, through a
spacious sweep of real country life. Here we often got grounded, got
entangled in long mossy weeds, got fastened in overhanging trees, and,
in fact, suffered all the evils which the smallest brook had ever
entailed, though this was a mighty river.

The bend was more and more inexplicable, as it turned more round and
round, till my face was full in the sunlight at noon, and I saw that the
course was now due south.

Rustics were there to look at me, and wondering herdsmen too, as if the
boat was in mid Germany, instead of being close to Paris. Evidently
boating men in that quarter never came here by the river, and the Rob
Roy was a _rara avis_ floating on a stream unused.

But the circle was rounded at last, as all circles are, however large
they be; and we got back to the common route, to civilization, fishing
men and fishing women, and on the broad Marne once more. So here I
stopped a bit for a ponder.

And now we unmoor for the last time, and enter the Rob Roy for its final
trip--the last few miles of the Marne, and of more than a thousand miles
rowed and sailed since we started from England. I will not disguise my
feeling of sadness then, and I wished that Paris was still another day
distant.

For this journey in a canoe has been interesting, agreeable, and useful,
though its incidents may not be realized by reading what has now been
described. The sensation of novelty, freedom, health, and variety all
day and every day was what cannot be recited. The close acquaintance
with the people of strange lands, and the constant observation of nature
around, and the unremitting attention necessary for progress, all
combine to make a voyage of this sort improving to the mind thus kept
alert, while the body thoroughly enjoys life when regular hard exercise
in the open air dissipates the lethargy of these warmer climes.

These were my thoughts as I came to the Seine and found a cool bank to
lie upon under the trees, with my boat gently rocking in the ripples of
the stream below, and the nearer sound of a great city telling that
Paris was at hand. "Here," said I, "and now is my last hour of life
savage and free. Sunny days; alone, but not solitary; worked, but not
weary"--as in a dream the things, places, and men I had seen floated
before my eyes half closed. The panorama was wide, and fair to the
mind's eye; but it had a tale always the same as it went quickly
past--that vacation was over, and work must begin.

Up, then, for this is not a life of mere enjoyment. Again into the
harness of "polite society," the hat, the collar, the braces, the
gloves, the waistcoat, the latch-key--perhaps, the razor--certainly the
umbrella. How every joint and limb will rebel against these manacles,
but they must be endured!

The gradual approach to Paris by gliding down the Seine was altogether a
new sensation. By diligence, railway, or steamer, you have nothing like
it--not certainly by walking into Paris along a dusty road.

For now we are smoothly carried on a wide and winding river, with
nothing to do but to look and to listen while the splendid panorama
majestically unfolds. Villas thicken, gardens get smaller as houses are
closer, trees get fewer as walls increase. Barges line the banks,
commerce and its movement, luxury and its adornments, spires and cupolas
grow out of the dim horizon, and then bridges seem to float towards me,
and the hum of life gets deeper and busier, while the pretty little
prattling of the river stream yields to the roar of traffic, and to that
indescribable thrill which throbs in the air around this the capital of
the Continent, the centre of the politics, the focus of the pleasure and
the splendour of the world.

In passing the island at Notre Dame I fortunately took the proper side,
but even then we found a very awkward rush of water under the bridges.
This was caused by the extreme lowness of the river, which on this very
day was three feet lower than in the memory of man. The fall over each
barrier, though wide enough, was so shallow that I saw at the last
bridge the crowd above me evidently calculated upon my being upset; and
they were nearly right too. The absence of other boats showed me (now
experienced in such omens) that some great difficulty was at hand, but I
also remarked that by far the greater number of observers had collected
over one particular arch, where at first there seemed to be the very
worst chance for getting through. By logical deduction I argued, "that
must be the best arch, after all, for they evidently expect I will try
it," and, with a horrid presentiment that my first upset was to be at my
last bridge, I boldly dashed forward--whirl, whirl the waves, and
grate--grate--my iron keel; but the Rob Roy rises to the occasion, and a
rewarding Bravo! from the Frenchmen above is answered by a British "All
right" from the boat below.

No town was so hard to find a place for the canoe in as the bright, gay
Paris. I went to the floating baths; they would not have me. We paddled
to the funny old ship; they shook their heads. We tried a coal wharf;
but they were only civil there. Even the worthy washerwomen, my quondam
friends, were altogether callous now about a harbour for the canoe.

In desperation we paddled to a bath that was being repaired, but when my
boat rounded the corner it was met by a volley of abuse from the
proprietor for disturbing his fishing; he was just in the act of
expecting the final bite of a _goujon_.

Relenting as we apologized and told the Rob Roy's tale, he housed her
there for the night; and I shouldered my luggage and wended my way to an
hotel.

Here is Meurice's, with the homeward tide of Britons from every Alp and
cave of Europe flowing through its salons. Here are the gay streets, too
white to be looked at in the sun, and the _poupeé_ theatres under the
trees, and the dandies driving so stiff in hired carriages, and the
dapper, little soldiers, and the gilded cafés.

Yes, it is Paris--and more brilliant than ever!

I faintly tried to hope, but--pray pardon me--I utterly failed to
believe that any person there had enjoyed his summer months with such
excessive delight as the captain, the purser, the ship's cook, and cabin
boy of the Rob Roy canoe.

Eight francs take the boat by rail to Calais. Two shillings take her
thence to Dover. The railway takes her free to Charing Cross, and there
two porters put her in the Thames again.

A flowing tide, on a sunny evening, bears her fast and cheerily straight
to Searle's, there to debark the Rob Roy's cargo safe and sound and
thankful, and to plant once more upon the shore of old England

    The flag that braved a thousand miles,
    The rapid and the snag.

[Illustration]




APPENDIX.


GOSSIP ASHORE ABOUT THINGS AFLOAT.

Those who intend to make a river voyage on the Continent--and several
canoes are preparing for this purpose--will probably feel interested in
some of the following information, while other readers of these pages
may be indulgent enough to excuse the relation of a few particulars and
technical details.

It is proposed, then, to give, first, a description of the canoe
considered to be most suitable for a voyage of this sort after
experience has aided in modifying the dimensions of the boat already
used; second, an inventory of the cargo or luggage of the Rob Roy, with
remarks on the subject, for the guidance of future passengers.

Next there will be found some notes upon rocks and currents in broken
water; and lastly, some further remarks on the "Kent," and a few
miscellaneous observations upon various points.

Although the Rob Roy and its luggage were not prepared until after much
cogitation, it is well that intending canoists should have the benefit
of what experience has since proved as to the faults and virtues of the
arrangements devised for a first trip, after these have been thoroughly
tasted in so pleasant a tour.

The best dimensions for the canoe appear to be--length, 14 feet
[15][XXXVI.]; beam, 26 inches [28], six inches abaft the midship; depth
outside, from keel to deck, 9 inches; camber, 1 inch [2]; keel, 1 inch,
with a strip of iron, half an inch broad, carefully secured all the way
below, and a copper strip up the stem and stern posts, and round the top
of each of them.

 [XXXVI.] The figures in [ ] are the dimensions of the old Rob Roy.

The new canoe now building will have the beam at the water's edge, and
the upper plank will "topple in," so that the cedar deck will be only 20
inches wide.

The "well" or opening in the deck should be 4 feet long [4 feet 6
inches] and 20 inches wide, with a strong combing all round, sloping
forward, but not more than 1 inch [2] high at the bow end. This opening
should be semicircular at the ends, both for appearance sake and
strength and convenience, so as to avoid corners. The macintosh sheet to
cover this must be strong, to resist constant wear, light coloured, for
the sun's heat, and so attached as to be readily loosened and made fast
again, say 20 times a day, and by cords which will instantly break if
you have to jump out. In the new canoe this macintosh (the most
difficult part of the equipment to arrange) is 18 inches long, and a
light wooden hatch covers the fore part, an arrangement found to be most
successful.

A water-tight compartment in the hull is a mistake. Its partition
prevents access to breakages within, and arrests the circulation of air,
and it cannot be kept long perfectly staunch. There should be extra
timbers near the seat.

The canoe must be so constructed as to endure without injury, (1) to be
lifted by any part whatever; (2) to be rested on any part; (3) to be sat
upon while aground, on any part of the deck, the combing, and the
interior.

Wheels for transport have been often suggested, but they would be
useless. On plain ground or grass you can readily do without them. On
rocks and rough ground, or over ditches and through hedges, wheels could
not be employed, and at all times they would be in the way. Bilge pieces
are not required. Strength must be had without them, and their
projections seriously complicate the difficulties of pushing the boat
over a pointed rock, both when afloat and when ashore; besides, as they
are not parallel to the keel they very much retard the boat's speed.

The paddle should be 7 feet long (not more), weight, 2 lbs. 9 oz.,
strong, with blades 6 inches broad, ends rounded, thick, and banded with
copper. There should be conical cups of vulcanised India rubber to catch
the dribbling water, and, if possible, some plan (not yet devised) for
preventing or arresting the drops from the paddle ends, which fall on
the deck when you paddle slowly, and when there is not enough
centrifugal force to throw this water away from the boat.

The painter ought to be of the best flexible rope, not tarred, well able
to bear 200 lb. weight; more than 20 feet of rope is a constant
encumbrance. The ends should be silk-whipped and secured through a hole
in the stem post and another in the stern post (so that either or both
ends can be readily cast off); the slack may be coiled on deck behind
you.

There should be a back support of two wooden slips, each 15 inches by 3
inches, placed like the side strokes of the letter H, and an inch apart,
but laced together with cord, or joined by a strip of cloth. Rest them
against the edge of the combing, and so as to be free to yield to the
motion of the back at each stroke, without hurting the spine. If made
fast so as always to project, they are much in the way of the painter in
critical times. They may be hinged below so as to fold down as you get
out, but in this case they are in the way when you are getting in and
wish to sit down in an instant ready for work.

The mast should be 5 feet long, strong enough to stand gales without
stays, stepped just forward of the stretcher, in a tube an inch above
deck, and so as to be struck without difficulty in a squall, or when
nearing trees, or a bridge, barrier, ferry-rope, bank, or waterfall, or
when going aground.

The sail, if a lug, should have a fore leach of 3 feet 10 inches, a head
of 3 feet 6 inches, and a foot of 4 feet 6 inches; yard and boom of
bamboo.

The boat can well stand more sail than this at sea, or in lakes and
broad channels, but the foregoing size for a lug is quite large enough
to manage in stiff breezes and in narrow rocky tortuous rivers.

A spritsail would be better in some respects, but no plan has, as yet,
been suggested to me for instantly striking the sprit without
endangering the deck, so I mean to use a lug still.

The material of the sail should be strong cotton, in one piece, without
any eyelet or hole whatever, but with a broad hem, enclosing
well-stretched cord all round. A jib is of little use as a sail. It is
apt to get aback in sudden turns. Besides, you must land either to set
it or to take in its outhaul, so as to be quite snug. But the jib does
well to tie on the shoulders when they are turned to a fierce sun. The
boom should be attached by a brass shackle, so that when "topped" or
folded its end closes on the top of the mast. The sails (with the boom
and yard) should be rolled up round the mast compactly, to be stowed
away forward, so that the end of the mast resting on the stretcher will
keep the roll of sails out of the wet. The flag and its staff when not
fast at the mast-head (by two metal loops) should fit into the
mast-step, and the flag-staff, 24 inches long, should be light, so as
not to sink if it falls overboard, as one of mine did.

The floor-boards should be strong, and easily detachable, so that one of
them can be at once used as a paddle if that falls overboard. They
should come six inches short of the stern end of a light seat, which
can thus rest on the timbers, so as to be as low as possible, and its
top should be of strong cane open-work.

The stretcher should have only one length, and let this be carefully
determined after trial before starting. The two sides of its foot-board
should be high and broad, while the middle may be cut down to let the
hand get to the mast. The stretcher should, of course, be moveable, in
order that you may lie down with the legs at full length for repose.

One brass cleat for belaying the halyard should be on deck, about the
middle, and on the right-hand side. A stud on the other side, and this
cleat will do to make the sheet fast to by one turn on either tack.


LIST OF STORES ON BOARD THE ROB ROY.

1. _Useful Stores._--Paddle, painter (31 feet at first, but cut down to
20 feet), sponge, waterproof cover, 5 feet by 2 feet 3 inches, silk blue
union jack, 10 inches by 8 inches, on a staff 2 feet long. Mast, boom,
and yard. Lug sail, jib, and spare jib (used as a sun shawl). Stretcher,
two back boards, floor boards, basket to sit on (12 inches by 6 inches,
by 1 inch deep), and holding a macintosh coat. For repairs--iron and
brass screws, sheet copper and copper nails, putty and whitelead, a
gimlet, cord, string, and thread, one spare button, needle, pins, canvas
wading shoes (wooden clogs would be better); all the above should be
left with the boat. Black bag for 3 months' luggage, size, 12 inches by
12 inches, by 5 inches deep (just right), closed by three buttons, and
with shoulder-strap. Flannel Norfolk jacket (flaps not too long, else
they dip in the water, or the pockets are inverted in getting out and
in); wide flannel trousers, gathered by a broad back buckle belt, second
trousers for shore should have braces, but in the boat the back buttons
are in the way. Flannel shirt on, and another for shore. A straw hat is
the very best for use--while writing this there are 16 various head
covers before me used in different tours, but the straw hat is best of
all for boating. Thin alpaca black Sunday coat, thick waistcoat, black
leather light-soled spring-sided shoes (should be strong for rocks and
village pavements), cloth cap (only used as a bag), 2 collars, 3 pocket
handkerchiefs, ribbon tie, 2 pair of cotton socks (easily got off for
sudden wading, and drying quickly when put on deck in the sun). Brush,
comb, and tooth-brush. Testament, passport (will be scarcely needed this
season), leather purse, large (and _full_), circular notes, small change
in silver and copper for frequent use, blue spectacles in strong case,
book for journal and sketches, black, blue, and red chalk, and steel
pen. Maps, cutting off a six inch square at a time for pocket reference.
Pipe, tobacco-case, and light-box (metal, to resist moisture from
without and within), Guide books and pleasant evening reading book. You
should cut off covers and all useless pages of books, and every page as
read; no needless weight should be carried hundreds of miles; even a
fly settling on the boat must be refused a free passage. Illustrated
papers, tracts, and anecdotes in French and German for Sunday reading
and daily distribution (far too few had been taken, they were always
well received). Medicine (rhubarb and court plaister), small knife, and
pencil. Messrs. Silver's, in Bishopsgate, is the place for stores.

2. _Useless Articles._--Boathook, undervest, waterproof helmet,
ventilated cap, foreign Conversation books, glass seltzer bottle and
patent cork (for a drinking flask), tweezers for thorns.

3. _Lost or Stolen Articles._--Bag for back cushion, waterproof bag for
sitting cushion, long knife, necktie, woven waistcoat, box of quinine,
steel-hafted knife. These, except the last of them, were not missed. I
bought another thick waistcoat from a Jew.


ROCKS AND CURRENTS.

A few remarks may now be made upon the principal cases in which rocks
and currents have to be dealt with by the canoist.

Even if a set of rules could be laid down for the management of a boat
in the difficult parts of a river, it would not be made easier until
practice has given the boatman that quick judgment as to their
application which has to be patiently acquired in this and other
athletic exercises, such as riding or skating, and even in walking.

The canoist, who passes many hours every day for months together in the
earnest consideration of the river problems always set before him for
solution, will probably feel some interest in this attempt to classify
those that occur most frequently.

Steering a boat in a current among rocks is not unlike walking on a
crowded pavement, where the other passengers are going in various
directions, and at various speeds; and this operation of threading your
way in the streets requires a great deal of practice, and not a few
lessons enforced by collisions, to make a pedestrian thoroughly _au
fait_ as a good man in a crowd. After years of walking through crowds,
there is produced by this education of the mind and training of the body
a certain power--not possessed by a novice--which insensibly directs a
man in his course and his speed, but still his judgment has had
insensibly to take cognizance of many varying _data_ in the movements of
other people which must have their effect upon each step he takes.

After this capacity becomes, as it were, instinctive, or, at any rate,
acts almost involuntarily, a man can walk briskly along Fleet-street at
4 p.m., and, without any distinct thought about other people, or about
his own progress, he can safely get to his journey's end. Indeed, if he
does begin to think of rules or how to apply them systematically, he is
then almost sure to knock up against somebody else. Nay, if two men meet
as they walk through a crowd, and each of them "catches the eye" of the
other, they will probably cease to move instinctively, and, with
uncertain data to reason from, a collision is often the result.

As the descent of a current among rocks resembles a walk along the
pavement through a crowd, so the passage _across_ a rapid is even more
strictly in resemblance with the course of a man who has to cross a
street where vehicles are passing at uncertain intervals and at various
speeds, though all in the same direction. For it is plain that the thing
to be done is nearly the same, whether the obstacles (as breakers) are
fixed and the current carries you towards them, or the obstacles (as
cabs and carts) are moving, while you have to walk through them on
_terra firma_.

To cross Park-lane in the afternoon requires the very same sort of
calculation as the passage across the stream in a rapid on the Rhine.

The importance of this subject of "boating instinct" will be considered
sufficient to justify these remarks when the canoist has by much
practice at last attained to that desirable proficiency which enables
him to steer without thinking about it, and therefore to enjoy the
conversation of other people on the bank or the scenery, while he is
rapidly speeding through rocks, eddies, and currents.

We may divide the rocks thus encountered in fast water into two
classes--(1) Those that are _sunk_, so that the boat can float over
them, and which do not deflect the direction of the surface current. (2)
Those that are _breakers_, and so deflect the current, and do not allow
the boat to float over them.

The currents may be divided into--(1) Those that are equable in force,
and in the same direction through the course to be steered. (2) Those
that alter their direction in a part of that course.

In the problems before the canoist will be found the combinations of
every degree and variety of these rocks and currents, but the actual
circumstances he has to deal with at any specified moment may--it is
believed--be generally ranged under one or other of the six cases
depicted in the accompanying woodcut.

[Illustration: FIG. 1.]

[Illustration: FIG. 2.]

[Illustration: FIG. 3.]

[Illustration: FIG. 4.]

[Illustration: FIG. 5.]

[Illustration: FIG. 6.]

In each of the figures in the diagram the current is supposed to run
towards the top of the page, and the general course of the canoe is
supposed to be with the current. The particular direction of the current
is indicated by the dotted lines. The rocks when shaded are supposed to
be _sunk_, and when not shaded they are _breakers_. Thus the current is
uniform in figs. 1, 2, 3; and it is otherwise in figs. 4, 5, 6. The
rocks are all sunk in figs. 1, 2, 3, and 5; whereas in figs. 4 and 6
there are breakers. The black line in these figures, and in all the
others, shows the proper course of the centre of the boat, and it is
well to habituate oneself to make the course such as that this line
shall never be nearer to the rock than one-half of the boat's length.

The simplest case that can occur is when the canoe is merely floating
without "way" through a current, and the current bears it near a rock.
If this be a breaker, the current, being deflected, will generally carry
the boat to one side. The steering in such cases is so easy, and its
frequent occurrence gives so much practice, that no more need be said
about it.

But if the rock be a sunk rock, and if it be not quite plain from the
appearance of the water that there is depth enough over the rock to
float the boat, then it is necessary to pass either above the rock, as
in fig. 1, or below it, as in fig. 2.

A few days' practice is not thrown away if the canoist seizes every
opportunity of performing under easy circumstances feats which may at
other times have to be done under necessity, and which would not be so
well done if attempted then for the first time.

Let him, therefore, as soon as possible, become adept in crossing above
or below a single sunk rock with his _boat's bow pointed to any angle of
the semicircle before him_.

Next we have to consider the cases in which more than one rock will have
to be avoided. Now, however great the number of the rocks may be, they
can be divided into sets of three, and in each of the figures 3, 4, 5, 6
it is supposed that (for reasons which may be different in each case,
but always sufficient) the canoe has to pass between rocks _A_ and _B_,
and then between _B_ and _C_, but must not pass otherwise between _A_
and _C_.

In fig. 3 the course is below _B_, and above _C_, being a combination of
the instance in fig. 2 with that in fig. 1.

The precise angle to the line of the course which the boat's longer axis
ought to have will depend upon what is to be done next after passing
between _B_ and _C_, and hence the importance of being able to effect
the passages in fig. 1 and fig. 2 with the axis at any required angle.

We may next suppose that one of the three rocks, say _B_, as in fig. 4,
is a breaker which will deflect the current (as indicated by the dotted
stream lines), and it will then be necessary to modify the angle of the
boat's axis, though the boat's centre has to be kept in the same course
as before.

It will be seen at once that if _A_ were a breaker the angle would be
influenced in another manner, and that if _C_ were a breaker the angle
at which the boat should emerge from the group of rocks would be
influenced by the stream from _C_ also; but it is only necessary to
remind the reader that all the combinations and permutations of breakers
and sunk rocks need not be separately discussed,--they may be met by the
experience obtained in one case of each class of circumstances.

Fig. 5 represents a _circular current_ over the group of three rocks.
This is a very deceptive case, for it looks so easy that at first it is
likely to be treated carelessly. If the boat were supposed to be a
substance floating, but without weight, it would have its direction of
motion instantly altered by that of the current. But the boat has
weight, and as it has velocity (that of the current even if the boat is
not urged also by the paddle so as to have "way" through the water),
therefore it will have _momentum_, and the tendency will be to continue
the motion in a straight line, instead of a curve guided solely by the
current. In all these cases, therefore, it will be found (sometimes
inexplicably unless with these considerations) that the boat _insists_
upon passing between _A_ and _C_, where it must not be allowed to go on
the hypothesis we have started with; and if it effects a compromise by
running upon _C_, this is by no means satisfactory.

This class of cases includes all those in which the river makes a quick
turn round a rock or a tongue _B_, where the boundary formed by the rock
_A_ on the outer bend of the stream is a solid bank, or a fringe of
growing trees, or of faggots artificially built as a protection against
the erosion of the water. This case occurs, therefore, very frequently
in some fast rivers, say, at least, a hundred times in a day's work, and
perhaps no test of a man's experience and capacity as a canoist is more
decisive than his manner of steering round a fast, sharp bend.

The tendency of the canoist in such cases is always to bring the boat
round by paddling forward with the outer hand, thereby adding to the
"way," and making the force of the current in its circular turn less
powerful relatively. Whereas, the proper plan is to back with the inner
hand, and so to stop all way in the direction of the boat's length, and
to give the current its full force on the boat. Repeated lessons are
needed before this is learned thoroughly.

The case we have last remarked upon is made easier if either _A_ or _C_
is a breaker, but it is very much increased in difficulty if the rock
_B_ is a breaker or is a strong tongue of bank, and so deflects the
current outwards at this critical point.

The difficulty is often increased by the fact that the water inside of
the curve of the stream may be shoal, and so the paddle on that side
strikes the bottom or grinds along it in backing.

When the curve is all in deep water, and there is a pool after _B_, the
boat ought not to be turned too quickly in endeavouring to avoid the
rock _C_, else it will sometimes then enter the eddy below _B_, which
runs up stream sometimes for fifty yards. In such a case the absurd
position you are thereby thrown into naturally causes you to struggle to
resist or stem this current; but I have found, after repeated trials of
every plan I could think of, that if once the back current has taken the
canoe it is best to let the boat swing with the eddy so as to make an
entire circuit, until the bow can come back towards _B_ (and below it),
when the nose of the boat may be again thrust into the main stream,
which will now turn the boat round again to its proper course. Much time
and labour may be spent uselessly in a wrong and obstinate contest with
an eddy.

In fig. 6, where the three rocks are in a straight line, and the middle
one is a breaker, an instance is given when the proper course must be
kept by _backing_ during the first part of it.

We must suppose for this that the canoist has attained the power of
backing with perfect ease, for it will be quite necessary if he intends
to take his boat safely through several hundred combinations of sunk
rocks and breakers. Presuming this, the case in fig. 6 will be easy
enough, though a little reflection will show that it might be very
difficult, or almost impossible, if the canoist could give only a
forward motion to the boat.

To pass most artistically, then, through the group of rocks in fig. 6
the stern should be turned towards _A_, as shown in the diagram, and the
passage across the current, between _A_ and _B_, is to be effected
solely by backing water (and chiefly in this case with the left hand)
until the furthest point of the right of the curve is reached, with the
boat's length still as before in the position represented in the figure.
Then the forward action of both hands will take the canoe speedily
through the passage between _B_ and _C_.

Cases of this sort are rendered more difficult by the distance of _C_
from the point above _A_, where you are situated when the decision has
to be made (and in three instants of time) as to what must be done;
also, it would usually be imprudent to rise in the boat in such a place
to survey the rock _C_ from a better position.

If it is evident that the plan described above will not be applicable,
because other and future circumstances will require the boat's bow to
emerge in the opposite direction (pointing to the right), then you must
enter forwards, and must back between _B_ and _C_, so as to be ready,
after passing _C_, to drive forward, and to the right. It is plain that
this is very much more difficult than the former case, for your backing
now has to be done against the full stream from the breaker _B_.

In all these instances the action of the wind has been entirely omitted
from consideration, but it must not be forgotten that a strong breeze
materially complicates the problem before the canoist. This is
especially so when the wind is aft; when it is ahead you are not likely
to forget its presence. A strong fair wind (that has scarcely been felt
with your back to it) and the swift stream and the boat's speed from
paddling being all in one direction, the breeze will suddenly become a
new element in the case when you try to cross above a rock as in fig. 1,
and find the wind carries you broadside on against all your
calculations.

Nor have I any observations to make as to sailing among rocks in a
current. The canoe must be directed solely by the paddle in a long
rapid, and in the other places the course to be steered by a boat
sailing is the same as if it were being merely paddled, though the
action of the wind has to be carefully taken into consideration.

In all these things boldness and skill come only after lessons of
experience, and the canoist will find himself ready and able, at the end
of his voyage, to sail down a rapid which he would have approached
timidly, even with the paddle, at the beginning.

But perhaps enough has been said for the experienced oarsman, while
surely more than enough has been said to shew the tyro aspirant what
varied work he has to do, and how interesting are the circumstances that
will occupy his attention on a delightful river tour.


NOTE ON THE "KENT."--The narrative of a shipwreck referred to at page
219 has been published 40 years ago, and in many foreign languages, but
its circulation is very large at the present time. The following letter
about one of the incidents related in the little book, appeared in the
"Times" of March 22, 1866:--

     "LETTERS FROM THE DEEP.

     "_To the Editor of the 'Times.'_

     "Sir,--As attention has been drawn to the letters written on
     board the ship London, and washed ashore, it may be interesting
     to notice the following remarkable incident respecting a letter
     from another ship wrecked in the Bay of Biscay. In March, 1825,
     the Kent, East Indiaman, took fire in the Bay of Biscay during
     a storm while 641 persons were on board, most of them soldiers
     of the 31st Regiment. When all hope was gone, and before a
     little vessel was seen which ultimately saved more than 500
     people from the Kent, Major ---- wrote a few lines and enclosed
     the paper in a bottle, which was left in the cabin. Nineteen
     months after this the writer of the paper arrived in the island
     of Barbadoes, in command of another Regiment, and he was amazed
     to find that the bottle (cast into the sea by the explosion
     that destroyed the Kent) had been washed ashore on that very
     island. The paper, with its faint pencil lines expressing
     Christian faith, is still preserved; and this account of it can
     be authenticated by those who were saved.

      "I am, your obedient servant,
        "ONE OF THEM."

The bottle, after its long immersion, was thickly covered with weeds and
barnacles. The following are the words of the "Letter from the Deep,"
which it contained:--

     "The ship the Kent, Indiaman, is on fire--Elizabeth Joanna and
     myself commit our spirits into the hands of our blessed
     Redeemer--His grace enables us to be quite composed in the
     awful prospect of entering eternity.

        "D. M'GREGOR.
    "_1st March, 1825, Bay of Biscay._"

The writer of that letter lives now with blessings on his venerable
head, while he who records it anew is humbly grateful to God for his own
preservation. And may we not say of every one who reads such words,
written in such an hour, that his life would be unspeakably happy if he
could lay hold now of so firm a Surety, and be certain to keep fast hold
to the end?


The following notes are on miscellaneous points:--

(_a_) We are sometimes asked about such a canoe voyage as this, "Is it
not very dangerous?"

There seems to me to be no necessary danger in the descent of a river in
a canoe; but if you desire to make it as safe as possible you must get
out at each difficult place and examine the course, and if the course is
too difficult you may take the boat past the danger by land.

On the other hand, if the excitement and novelty of finding out a course
on the spur of the moment is to be enjoyed, then, no doubt, there is
more danger to the boat.

As for danger to the canoist, it is supposed, _imprimis_, that he is
well able to swim, not only in a bath when stripped, but when
unexpectedly thrown into the water with his clothes on, and that he
_knows_ he can rely on this capacity.

If this be so, the chief danger to him occurs when he meets a steamer on
rough water (rare enough on such a tour); for if his boat is upset by
that, and his head is broken by the paddle floats, the swimming powers
are futile for safety.

The danger incurred by the boat is certainly both considerable and
frequent, but nothing short of the persuasion that the boat would be
smashed if a great exertion is not made will incite the canoist to those
very exertions which are the charm of travelling, when spirit, strength,
and skill are to be proved. Men have their various lines of exercise as
they have of duty. The huntsman may not understand the pleasures of a
rapid, nor the boatman care for the delights of a "bullfinch."
Certainly, however, the waterman can say that a good horse may carry a
bad rider well, but that the best boat will not take a bad boatman
through a mile of broken water. In each case there is, perhaps, a little
of _populus me sibilat_, and it may possibly be made up for by a good
deal of _at mihi plaudo_.

(_b_) It has been said that the constant use of a canoe paddle must
contract the chest, but this is certainly a mistake. If, indeed, you
merely dabble each blade of the paddle in the water without taking the
full length of the stroke the shoulders are not thrown back, and the
effect will be injurious; but exactly the same is true if you scull or
row with a short jerky stroke.

In a proper use of the paddle the arms ought to be in turn fully
extended, and then brought well back, so that the hand touches the side,
and the chest is then well plied in both directions.

In using the single-bladed paddle, of which I have had experience in
Canada and New Brunswick with the Indians in bark canoes and log canoes,
there seems to be a less beneficial action on the pectoral muscles, but
after three months' use of the double paddle I found the arms much
strengthened, while clothes that fitted before were all too narrow round
the chest when put on after this exercise.

(_c_) In shallow water the paddle should be clasped lightly, so that if
it strikes the bottom or a rock the hand will yield and not the blade be
broken.

Great caution should be used when placing the blade in advance to meet a
rock, or even a gravel bank, otherwise it gets jammed in the rock or
gravel, or the boat overrides it.

It is better in such a case to retard the speed rather by dragging the
paddle (tenderly), and always with its flat side downwards, so that the
edge does not get nipped.

(_d_) M. Farcôt, a French engineer, has lately exhibited on the Thames a
boat which is rowed by the oarsman sitting with his face to the bow, who
by this means secures one of the advantages of the canoe--that of seeing
where you are going.

To effect this, a short prop or mast about three feet high is fixed in
the boat, and the two sculls are jointed to it by their handles, while
their weight is partly sustained by a strong spiral spring acting near
the joint, and in such a manner as to keep the blade of the scull a few
inches from the surface of the water when it is not pressed down
purposely.

The sculler then sits with his face towards the mast and the bow, and he
holds in each hand a rod jointed to the loom of the corresponding scull.
By this means each scull is moved on the mast as a fulcrum with the
power applied between that and the water. The operation of feathering is
partially performed, and to facilitate this there is an ingeniously
contrived guide.

This invention appears to be new, but it is evident that the plan
retains many of the disadvantages of common sculls, and it leaves the
double paddle quite alone as a simple means for propelling a canoe in
narrow or tortuous channels, or where it has to meet waves, weeds,
rocks, or trees, and moreover has to sail.

However, the muscular power of the arms can be applied with good effect
in this new manner, and I found it not very difficult to learn the use
of this French rowing apparatus, which is undoubtedly very ingenious,
and deserves a full trial before a verdict is pronounced.

(_e_) In a difficult place where the boat is evidently going too near a
rock, the disposition of the canoist is to change the direction by a
_forward_ stroke on one side, but this adds to the force with which a
collision may be invested. It is often better to _back_ a stroke on the
other side, and thus to lessen this force; and this is nearly always
possible to be done even when the boat appears to be simply drifting on
the stream. In fact, as a maxim, there is always steerage way sufficient
to enable the paddle to be used exactly as a rudder.

(_f_) When there is a brilliant glare of the sun, and it is low, and
directly in front, and it is impossible to bear its reflection on the
water, a good plan is to direct the bow to some point you are to steer
for, and then observe the reflection of the sun on the cedar deck of the
boat. Having done this you may lower the peak of your hat so as to cut
off the direct rays of the sun, and its reflected rays on the water,
while you steer simply by the light on the deck.

(_g_) When a great current moves across a river to a point where it
seems very unlikely to have an exit, you may be certain that some
unusual conformation of the banks or of the river bed will be found
there, and caution should be used in approaching the place. This,
however, is less necessary when the river is deep. Such cross currents
are frequent on the Rhine, but they result merely from unevenness in the
bottom far below, and thus we see how the rapids, most dangerous when
the river is low, become quite agreeable and safe in high flood time.

(_h_) The ripple and bubbles among weeds are so totally different from
those on free water that their appearance at a distance as a criterion
of the depth, current, and direction of the channel must be learned
separately. In general, where weeds are under water, and can sway or
wave about, there will be water enough to pass--the requisite 3 inches.
Backing up stream against long weeds is so troublesome, and so sure to
sway the stern round athwart stream, that it is best to force the boat
forward instead, even if you have to get out and pull her through.

(_i_) Paddling through rushes, or flags, or other plants above the
water, so as to cut off a corner, is a mistake. Much more "way" is lost
then by the friction than might be supposed.

(_j_) I noticed a very curious boat-bridge across the Rhine below Basle.
It seemed to open wide without swinging, and on coming close to it the
plan was found to be this. The boats of one half of the bridge were
drawn towards the shore, and a stage connecting them ran on wheels along
rails inwards from the river, and up an incline on the bank. This system
is ingenious, convenient, and philosophical.

(_k_) Double-hulled boats have often been tried for sailing, but their
disadvantages are manifest when the craft is on a large scale, though
for toy-boats they answer admirably, and they are now quite fashionable
on the Serpentine.

The double boat of the nautical tinman on the Rhine, before described,
was a "fond conceit." But there are many double-hulled boats on French
rivers, and they have this sole recommendation, that you sit high up,
and so can fish without fearing you may "turn the turtle."

When the two hulls are reduced as much as possible, this sort of boat
becomes an aquatic "walking machine," for one foot then rests on each
hull. Propulsion is obtained either by linking the hulls together with
parallel bars moving on studs, while vanes are on each side, so as to
act like fins, and to collapse for the alternate forward stroke of each
foot bound to its hull--or a square paddle, or a pole works on the water
or on the bottom. I have always noticed that the proprietors of such
craft are ingenious, obstinate men, proud of their peculiar mode, and
very touchy when it is criticised. However, it is usually best, and it
is fortunately always easy, to paddle away from them.

(_l_) The hard exercise of canoe paddling, the open-air motion, constant
working of the muscles about the stomach, and free perspiration result
in good appetite and pleasant sleepiness at night. But at the end of the
voyage the change of diet and cessation of exercise will be apt to cause
derangement in the whole system, and especially in the digestion, if the
high condition or "training" be not cautiously lowered into the humdrum
"constitutionals" of more ordinary life. Still I have found it very
agreeable to take a paddle in the Rob Roy up to Hammersmith and back
even in December and March.

The last public occasion on which she appeared was on April 17, when the
captain offered her aid to the Chief Constructor of the Navy in the
effort of the Admiralty to launch the ironclad Northumberland. The offer
was eagerly accepted, and the launch was accordingly successful.

The Rob Roy has since departed for a voyage to Norway and Iceland in the
schooner yacht Sappho, whose young owner, Mr. W. F. Lawton, has
promised "to be kind to her." It is intended that a new Rob Roy should
make a voyage next summer with another canoe called the "Robin Hood."

(_m_) Other pleasant voyages may be suggested for the holiday of the
canoist. One of these might begin with the Thames, and then down the
Severn, along the north coast of Devon, and so by the river Dart to
Plymouth. Another on the Solent, and round the Isle of Wight. The Dee
might be descended by the canoe, and then to the left through the Menai
Straits. Or a longer trip may be made through the Cumberland lakes by
Windermere and the Derwent, or from Edinburgh by the Forth, into the
Clyde, and through the Kyles of Bute to Oban; then along the Caledonian
Canal, until the voyager can get into the Tay for a swift run eastward.

But why not begin at Gothenburg and pass through the pretty lakes of
Sweden to Stockholm, and then skirt the lovely archipelago of green
isles in the Gulf of Bothnia, until you get to Petersburg?

For one or other of such tours a fishing-rod and an air rifle, and for
all of them a little dog, would be a great addition to the outfit.

In some breezy lake of these perhaps, or on some rushing river, the
little Rob Roy may hope to meet the reader's canoe; and when the sun is
setting, and the wavelets ripple sleepily, the pleasures of the paddle
will be known far better than they have been told by the pen.


C. A. Macintosh, Printer, Great New-street, London.




    _Milton House, Ludgate Hill,
        April, 1866._

A List of

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     seaside."--_Reader._

_A WALK from LONDON to the LAND'S END_; with Notes by the Way. By ELIHU
BURRITT. With Illustrations. 8vo., price 12_s._

_A WALK from LONDON to JOHN O'GROAT'S._ By the same Author. A New and
Cheaper Edition. Price 6_s._

_ESSAYS by MONTAIGNE._ Choicely printed. With Vignette Portrait. Small
post 8vo., price 6_s._

_A SECOND SERIES of the GENTLE LIFE._ Uniform with the First Series.
Second Edition. Small post, price 6_s._

_THE GENTLE LIFE;_ Essays on the Formation of Character of Gentlemen and
Gentlewomen. Sixth Edition. Price 6_s._

_LIKE UNTO CHRIST._ A New Translation of the 'DE IMITATIONE CHRISTI,'
usually ascribed to Thomas à Kempis. Beautifully printed on toned paper,
with a Vignette, from an Original Drawing by Sir Thomas Lawrence. 12mo.
cloth extra, price 6_s._; or, handsomely bound in calf antique, 12_s._

_BEES and BEE-KEEPING._ By the 'TIMES BEEMASTER.' A Manual for all who
Keep, or wish to Keep, Bees. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo.
cloth, 5_s._

     "Few letters that have appeared in these columns have been more
     popular than those addressed to us by the Beemaster. We do not
     wish to detract from this praise in saying that they were
     popular because the subject is popular. Bees have always been
     interesting to mankind, and no man of ordinary intelligence can
     describe in any detail their natural history without unfolding
     a little romance--a kind of fairy annals, that fills us with
     wonder and insures our attention. But our friend the Beemaster
     has the knack of exposition, and knows how to tell a story
     well; over and above which, he tells a story so that thousands
     can take a practical and not merely a speculative interest in
     it."--_Times._

    LONDON: SAMPSON LOW, SON, & MARSTON,
    MILTON HOUSE, LUDGATE HILL.




A List of Books

PUBLISHING BY

_SAMPSON LOW, SON, and MARSTON._

_MILTON HOUSE, LUDGATE HILL, LONDON._

[Illustration]

** _When the price is not given, the work was not ready at the
time of issuing this list._

    [_February 1, 1866._


NEW ILLUSTRATED WORKS.

THE GREAT SCHOOLS OF ENGLAND. A History of the Foundation, Endowments,
and Discipline of the chief Seminaries of Learning in England; including
Eton, Winchester, Westminster, St. Paul's, Charterhouse, Merchant
Taylors', Harrow, Rugby, Shrewsbury, &c; with notices of distinguished
Scholars. By Howard Staunton, Esq. With numerous Illustrations. One
volume 8vo., handsomely bound in cloth, price 12_s._

     "_The book is as full of solid matter as of gossiping narrative
     and pleasant anecdote. As a handbook to our great schools Mr.
     Staunton's volume will have a wide class of
     readers._"--Athenæum.

     "_Cannot fail to be interesting to all fathers and mothers, and
     it appeals to the sympathies of everyone who has been a boy,
     and has been educated at a public school. Good store of
     anecdote, amusing and pathetic, has been provided; and the
     exquisite letters written to the famous poet, soldier, and
     gentleman, Sir Philip Sydney, by his father and mother, when
     the future 'Scipio, Cicero, and Petrarch of his time' was a boy
     at Shrewsbury, are wonderfully moving, and worthy of the
     attention of every father, every mother, and every
     son._"--Illustrated London News.

     "_The work is so full of practical information on the details
     of school life at these great foundations that it may be
     regarded as a guide book to all who contemplate sending their
     sons thither. For all such the volume must have a solid value,
     as enabling them to compare the several systems prevailing at
     different places, and to determine beforehand which offers the
     greatest advantages. The subject, however, is interesting to
     all intelligent Englishmen, and the book has, therefore, a
     general attraction beyond the circle which it specially
     addresses._"--London Review.

The Pleasures of Memory. By Samuel Rogers. Illustrated with Twenty
Designs, forming a volume of "Cundall's Choice of Choice Books." Small
4to. price 5_s._

The Divine and Moral Songs of Dr. Watts: a New and very choice Edition.
Illustrated with One Hundred Woodcuts in the first style of the Art,
from Original Designs by Eminent Artists; engraved by J. D. Cooper.
Small 4to. cloth extra, price 7_s._ 6_d._

Pictures of Society, Grave and Gay; comprising One Hundred Engravings on
Wood, from the Pictures of Eminent Artists; including J. E. Millais,
A.R.A., F. W. Pickersgill, R.A., C. W. Cope, R.A., J. D. Watson, George
Thomas, Marcus Stone, &c. Illustrated by the Pens of Popular Authors;
including Mrs. S. C. Hall, E. K. Harvey, Barry Cornwall, Tom Hood,
Edward Levein, Noel Jones, Cuthbert Bede, J. H. Friswell, Walter
Thornbury, &c. Beautifully printed by Messrs. Dalziel Brothers.
Handsomely bound in cloth, with an elaborate and novel Design, by
Messrs. Leighton and Co. Royal 8vo. price One Guinea.

The Twenty-Third Psalm: with richly-coloured Emblematic Borders. Small
4to. bevelled boards, price 12_s._

The Three Kings of Orient: a Christmas Carol. Illuminated. Small 4to.
Bevelled boards, price 12_s._

Christ was Born on Christmas Day: a Carol. With Illustrations by John A.
Hows. Illustrated and illuminated. Small 4to. bevelled boards, price
12_s._

An Entirely New Edition of Edgar A. Poe's Poems. Illustrated by Eminent
Artists. Small 4to. cloth extra, price 10_s._ 6_d._

Poems of the Inner Life. Selected chiefly from Modern Authors, by
permission. Small 8vo. 6_s._ Choicely printed.

A History of Lace, from the Earliest Period; with upwards of One Hundred
Illustrations and Coloured Designs. By Mrs. Bury Palliser. One volume,
8vo. choicely bound in cloth. 31_s._ 6_d._

Pictures of English Life; illustrated by Ten folio page Illustrations on
wood, by J. D. Cooper, after Drawings by R. Barnes and E. M. Whimperis,
with appropriate descriptive Poems, printed in floreated borders.
Imperial folio, cloth extra, 14_s._

     "_This handsome volume is entirely in the English
     taste._"--Spectator.

     "_Pictures that do you good to look at them._"--Illustrated
     Times.

     "_An elegant volume, containing speaking pictures that might
     have owned the parentage of Gainsborough or Morland; thoroughly
     national in character and detail._"--Reader.

Pictures for the People: the same Engravings beautifully printed on
thick paper. Adapted by their price to the adornment of Cottage walls,
and by their artistic beauty to the Drawing-room Portfolio. One Shilling
each.

Favourite English Poems. _Complete Edition._ Comprising a Collection of
the most celebrated Poems in the English Language, with but one or two
exceptions unabridged, from Chaucer to Tennyson. With 300 Illustrations
by the first Artists. Two vols. royal 8vo. half bound, top gilt,
Roxburgh style, 1_l._ 18_s._; antique calf, 3_l._ 3_s._

** Either Volume sold separately as distinct works. 1. "Early
English Poems, Chaucer to Dyer." 2. "Favourite English Poems, Thomson to
Tennyson." Each handsomely bound in cloth, 1_l._ 1_s._; or morocco
extra, 1_l._ 15_s._

     "_One of the choicest gift-books of the year. "Favourite
     English Poems" is not a toy book, to be laid for a week on the
     Christmas table and then thrown aside with the sparkling
     trifles of the Christmas tree, but an honest book, to be
     admired in the season of pleasant remembrances for its artistic
     beauty; and, when the holydays are over, to be placed for
     frequent and affectionate consultation on a favourite
     shelf._"--Athenæum.

Schiller's Lay of the Bell. Sir E. Bulwer Lytton's translation;
beautifully illustrated by forty-two wood Engravings, drawn by Thomas
Scott, and engraved by J. D. Cooper, after the Etchings by Retszch.
Oblong 4to. cloth extra, 14_s._

     "_A very elegant and classic Christmas present._"--Guardian.

     "_The work is a standard picture-book, and of its success there
     can be no doubt._"--Examiner.

The Poetry of Nature. Selected and Illustrated with Thirty-six
Engravings by Harrison Weir. Small 4to. handsomely bound in cloth, gilt
edges, 12_s._; morocco, 1_l._ 1_s._

A New Edition of Choice Editions of Choice Books. Illustrated by C. W.
Cope, R.A., T. Creswick, R.A., Edward Duncan, Birket Foster, J. C.
Horsley, A.R.A., George Hicks, R. Redgrave, R.A., C. Stonehouse, F.
Tayler, George Thomas, H. J. Townshend, E. H. Wehnert, Harrison Weir,
&c. Crown 8vo. cloth, 5_s._ each; bevelled boards, 5_s._ 6_d._; or, in
morocco, gilt edges, 10_s._ 6_d._

    Bloomfield's Farmer's Boy.
    Campbell's Pleasures of Hope.
    Cundall's Elizabethan Poetry.
    Coleridge's Ancient Mariner.
    Goldsmith's Deserted Village.
    Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield.
    Gray's Elegy in a Churchyard.
    Keat's Eve of St. Agnes.
    Milton's l'Allegro.
    Roger's Pleasures of Memory.
    Shakespeare's Songs and Sonnets.
    Tennyson's May Queen.
    Wordsworth's Pastoral Poems.

     "_Such works are a glorious beatification for a poet. Such
     works as these educate townsmen, who, surrounded by dead and
     artificial things, as country people are by life and nature,
     scarcely learn to look at nature till taught by these
     concentrated specimens of her beauty._"--Athenæum.


LITERATURE, WORKS OF REFERENCE, AND EDUCATION.

THE English Catalogue of Books: giving the date of publication of every
book published from 1835 to 1863, in addition to the title, size, price,
and publisher, in one alphabet. An entirely new work, combining the
Copyrights of the "London Catalogue" and the "British Catalogue." One
thick volume of 900 pages, half morocco, 45_s._

Like unto Christ. A new translation of the De Imitatione Christi,
usually ascribed to Thomas à Kempis--forming a volume of _The Gentle
Life_ Series. Small post 8vo. 6_s._

The Gentle Life: Essays in Aid of the Formation of Character of
Gentlemen and Gentlewomen. Small post 8vo. Seventh Edition, 6_s._

A Second Volume of the Gentle Life. Uniform with the First Series.
Second Edition, 6_s._

About in the World: Essays uniform with, and by the author of "The
Gentle Life." Small post 8vo. 6_s._

Essays by Montaigne. With Vignette Portrait. Small post 8vo. 6_s._

Familiar Words; an Index Verborum, or Dictionary of Quotation of
Sentences and Phrases which have become embedded in our English tongue.
Second Edition, revised and enlarged. Post 8vo.

    [_Shortly._

     "_Not only the most extensive dictionary of quotations which we
     have yet met with, but it has, moreover, this additional merit,
     that in all cases an exact reference is given to every chapter,
     act, scene, book, and number of the line._"--Notes and Queries.

The Complete Poetical Works of John Milton, with a Life of the Author:
and a Verbal Index containing upwards of 20,000 references to all the
Poems. By Charles Dexter Cleveland. New Edition. 8vo. 12_s._; morocco,
21_s._

Life Portraits of Shakspeare; with an Examination of the Authenticity,
and a History of the various Representations of the Poet. By J. H.
Friswell, Member of the National Shakspeare Committee. Illustrated by
Photographs of authentic and received Portraits. Square 8vo. 21_s._; or
with Photograph of the Will, 25_s._

Memoirs of the Life of William Shakespeare. With an Essay toward the
Expression of his Genius, and an Account of the Rise and Progress of the
English Drama. By Richard Grant White. Post 8vo. cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._

Her Majesty's Mails: a History of the Post Office, and an Industrial
Account of its Present Condition. By Wm. Lewins, of the General Post
Office. 2nd edition, revised, and enlarged, with a Photographic Portrait
of Sir Rowland Hill. Small post 8vo. 6_s._

     "_A book we strongly recommend to those who wish to be fully
     informed on the subject, as an interesting and generally
     accurate account of the history and working of the Post
     Office._"--Edinburgh Review.

     "_Will take its stand as a really useful book of reference on
     the history of the Post. We heartily recommend it as a
     thoroughly careful performance._"--Saturday Review.

A History of Banks for Savings; including a full account of the origin
and progress of Mr. Gladstone's recent prudential measures. By William
Lewins, Author of 'Her Majesty's Mails.' With a Photograph of the
Chancellor of the Exchequer. 8vo. cloth.

Varia: Rare Readings from Scarce Books. Reprinted by permission from the
_Saturday Review_ and _Spectator_. Beautifully printed by Whittingham.
Fcap. cloth.

The Origin and History of the English Language, and of the early
literature it embodies. By the Hon. George P. Marsh, U. S. Minister at
Turin, Author of "Lectures on the English Language." 8vo. cloth extra,
16_s._

Lectures on the English Language; forming the Introductory Series to the
foregoing Work. By the same Author. 8vo. Cloth, 16_s._ This is the only
author's edition.

Man and Nature; or, Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action. By
George P. Marsh, Author of "Lectures on the English Language," &c. 8vo.
cloth, 14_s._

     "_Mr. Marsh traces the history of human industry as shown in
     the extensive modification and extirpation of animal and
     vegetable life in the woods, the waters, and the sands; and, in
     a concluding chapter, he discusses the probable and possible
     geographical changes yet to be wrought. The whole of Mr.
     Marsh's book is an eloquent showing of the duty of care in the
     establishment of harmony between man's life and the forces of
     nature, so as to bring to their highest points the fertility of
     the soil, the vigour of the animal life, and the salubrity of
     the climate, on which we have to depend for the physical
     well-being of mankind._"--Examiner.

English and Scotch Ballads, &c. An extensive Collection. Designed as a
Complement to the Works of the British Poets, and embracing nearly all
the Ancient and Traditionary Ballads both of England and Scotland, in
all the important varieties of form in which they are extant, with
Notices of the kindred Ballads of other Nations. Edited by F. J. Child,
new Edition, revised by the Editor. 8 vols. fcap. cloth, 3_s._ 6_d._
each.

The Handy-book of Patent and Copyright Law, English and Foreign. By
James Fraser, Esq. Post 8vo. cloth, 4_s._ 6_d._

A Concise Summary of the Law of English and French Copyright Law and
International Law, by Peter Burke. 12mo. 5_s._

Index to the Subjects of Books published in the United Kingdom during
the last Twenty Years--1837-1857. Containing as many as 74,000
references under subjects, so as to ensure immediate reference to the
books on the subject required, each giving title, price, publisher, and
date. Two valuable Appendices are also given--A, containing full lists
of all Libraries, Collections, Series, and Miscellanies--and B, a List
of Literary Societies, Printing Societies, and their Issues. One vol.
royal 8vo. Morocco, 1_l._ 6_s._

The American Catalogue, or English Guide to American Literature; giving
the full title of original Works published in the United States of
America since the year 1800, with especial reference to the works of
interest to Great Britain, with the size, price, place, date of
publication, and London prices. With comprehensive Index. 8vo. 2_s._
6_d._ Also Supplement, 1837-60. 8vo. 6_d._

Dr. Worcester's New and Greatly Enlarged Dictionary of the English
Language. Adapted for Library or College Reference, comprising 40,000
Words more than Johnson's Dictionary, and 250 pages more than the Quarto
Edition of Webster's Dictionary. In one Volume, royal 4to. cloth, 1,834
pp. price 31_s._ 6_d._ The Cheapest Book ever published.

     "The volumes before us show a vast amount of diligence; but
     with Webster it is diligence in combination with
     fancifulness,--with Worcester in combination with good sense
     and judgment. Worcester's is the soberer and safer book, and
     may be pronounced the best existing English
     Lexicon."--_Athenæum_, July 13, 1861.

The Publishers' Circular, and General Record of British and Foreign
Literature; giving a transcript of the title-page of every work
published in Great Britain, and every work of interest published abroad,
with lists of all the publishing houses.

Published regularly on the 1st and 15th of every Month, and forwarded
post free to all parts of the world on payment of 8_s._ per annum.

The Ladies' Reader: with some Plain and Simple Rules and Instructions
for a good style of Reading aloud, and a variety of Selections for
Exercise. By George Vandenhoff, M.A., Author of "The Art of Elocution."
Fcap. 8vo. Cloth, 5_s._

The Clerical Assistant: an Elocutionary Guide to the Reading of the
Scriptures and the Liturgy, several passages being marked for Pitch and
Emphasis: with some Observations on Clerical Bronchitus. By George
Vandenhoff, M.A. Fcap. 8vo. Cloth, 3_s._ 6_d._

The Art of Elocution as an essential part of Rhetoric, with instructions
in Gesture, and an Appendix of Oratorical, Poetical and Dramatic
extracts. By George Vandenhoff, M.A. Third Edition. 5_s._

Latin-English Lexicon, by Dr. Andrews. 7th Edition. 8vo. 18_s._

The superiority of this justly-famed Lexicon is retained over all others
by the fulness of its quotations, the including in the vocabulary proper
names, the distinguishing whether the derivative is classical or
otherwise, the exactness of the references to the original authors, and
in the price.

     "_Every page bears the impress of industry and
     care._"--Athenæum.

     "_The best Latin Dictionary, whether for the scholar or
     advanced student._"--Spectator.

     "_We never saw such a book published at such a
     price._"--Examiner.

The Farm and Fruit of Old. From Virgil. By a Market Gardener. 1_s._

Usque ad Coelum; or, the Dwellings of the People. By Thomas Hare,
Esq., Barrister-at-Law. Fcap. 1_s._

Domestic Servants, their Duties and Rights. By a Barrister. 1_s._

Signals of Distress, in Refuges and Houses of Charity; in Industrial
Schools and Reformatories; at Invalids' Dinner Tables, and in the Homes
of the Little Sisters of the Poor, &c. &c.; among the Fallen, the
Vicious, and the Criminal; where Missionaries travel, and where Good
Samaritans clothe the naked. By Blanchard Jerrold, Author of "The Life
of Douglas Jerrold," &c. Crown 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._

The Children of Lutetia; or, Life amongst the Poor of Paris. By
Blanchard Jerrold. 2 vols, post 8vo. cloth, 16_s._

The Charities of London: an Account of the Origin, Operations, and
general Condition of the Charitable, Educational, and Religious
Institutions of London. With copious Index. Also an Alphabetical
Appendix corrected to May 1863. Fcap. cloth, 5_s._

** The latter also as a separate publication, forms "Low's
Shilling Guide to the Charities of London."

Prince Albert's Golden Precepts. _Second Edition_, with Photograph. A
Memorial of the Prince Consort; comprising Maxims and Extracts from
Addresses of His late Royal Highness. Many now for the first time
collected and carefully arranged. With an Index. Royal 16mo. beautifully
printed on toned paper, cloth, gilt edges, 2_s._ 6_d._

Our Little Ones in Heaven: Thoughts in Prose and Verse, selected from
the Writings of favourite Authors; with Frontispiece after Sir Joshua
Reynolds. Fcap. 8vo. cloth extra, 3_s._ 6_d._


NEW BOOKS FOR YOUNG PEOPLE.

THE GREAT FUN TOY BOOKS: a Series of Eight New One Shilling Story Books
for Young People. By Thomas Hood and Thomas Archer. Each illustrated by
Six of Edward Wehnert's well-known Great Fun Pictures. Printed in
colours, with an appropriate Cover by Charles Bennett.

    The Cherry-coloured Cat and her Three Friends.
    The Live Rocking-Horse.
    Master Mischief and Miss Meddle.
    Cousin Nellie's Stories after School.
    Harry High-Stepper.
    Grandmamma's Spectacles.
    How the House was Built.
    Dog Toby and Artistical Arthur.

The Frog's Parish Clerk; and his Adventures in strange Lands. A Tale for
young folk. By Thomas Archer. Numerous Illustrations. Small post 8vo.
5_s._

Choice Editions of Children's Fairy Tales. Each illustrated with
highly-finished Coloured Pictures in facsimile of Water-colour Drawings.
Square, cloth extra, price 3_s._ 6_d._ each.

     Cinderella and the Glass Slipper. Puss in Boots. Beauty and the
     Beast.

Under the Waves; or the Hermit Crab in Society. By Annie E. Ridley.
Impl. 16mo. cloth extra, with coloured illustration. Cloth, 4_s._; gilt
edges, 4_s._ 6_d._

     "_This is one of the best books we know of to place in the
     hands of young and intelligent persons during a visit to the
     seaside._"--Reader.

_Also beautifully Illustrated:--_

    Little Bird Red and Little Bird Blue. Coloured, 5_s._
    Snow-Flakes, and what they told the Children. Coloured, 5_s._
    Child's Book of the Sagacity of Animals. 5_s._; coloured, 7_s._ 6_d._
    Child's Picture Fable Book. 5_s._; or coloured, 7_s._ 6_d._
    Child's Treasury of Story Books. 5_s._; or coloured, 7_s._ 6_d._
    The Nursery Playmate. 200 Pictures. 5_s._; coloured, 9_s._

The Boy's Own Book of Boats. By W. H. G. Kingston. Illustrations by E.
Weedon, engraved by W. J. Linton. Fcap. 8vo. cloth, 5_s._

     "_This well-written, well-wrought book._"--Athenæum.

How to Make Miniature Pumps and a Fire-Engine: a Book for Boys. With
Seven Illustrations. Fcap. 8vo. 1_s._

The Cruise of the Frolic. By W. H. G. Kingston. Illustrated. Large fcap.
8vo. cloth, 5_s._

     "_Who does not welcome Mr. W. H. G. Kingston? Here he is again
     with an admirable boys' book. If boys do not love this book,
     there is no truth in boyhood, and no use in reviewing; it is
     just the book for a present._"--Illustrated Times.

_Also by the same Author, well illustrated,_

    The Boy's Own Book of Boats. Illustrated by Weedon. 5_s._
    Ernest Bracebridge; or, the Boy's Book of Sports. 5_s._
    Jack Buntline: the Life of a Sailor Boy. 2_s._
    The Fire Ships.

      [_Shortly._

Golden Hair; a Story for Young People. By Sir Lascelles Wraxall, Bart.
With Eight full page Illustrations, 5_s._

     "_Full of incident and adventure, and sure to please boys home
     from school quite as much as his 'Black Panther' of last
     year._"--Reader.

     "_A thoroughly good boy's book; the story is full of incident
     and always moves on._"--Spectator.

_Also, same price, full of Illustrations:--_

    Black Panther: a Boy's Adventures among the Red Skins.
    Life among the Indians. By George Catlin.
    The Voyage of the Constance. By Mary Gillies.
    Stanton Grange. By the Rev. C. J. Atkinson.
    Boyhood of Martin Luther. By Henry Mayhew.
    Stories of the Woods. From Cooper's Tales.
    The Story of Peter Parley's own Life.

Noodle-doo. By the Author of "The Stories that Little Breeches told."
With 16 large Engravings on Steel. Plain, 5_s._; coloured, 7_s._ 6_d._

     "_Among all the Christmas bookmen Mr. Charles Bennett ranks
     first, for he who best pleases children has the best right to
     priority in a notice of Christmas books, and to all his
     productions we venture to prefer 'Noodle-doo;' it will make the
     youngsters crow again with delight._"--Standard.

_Also, now ready, same size and price, and full of Illustrations._

    Great Fun for our Little Friends. By Harriet Myrtle.
    More Fun for our Little Friends. By the same Author.
    The Book of Blockheads. By Charles Bennett.
    The Stories that Little Breeches told. By the same Author.
    Mr. Wind and Madame Rain. Illustrated by Charles Bennett.

Paul Duncan's Little by Little; a Tale for Boys. Edited by Frank
Freeman. With an Illustration by Charles Keene. Fcap. 8vo. cloth 2_s._;
gilt edges, 2_s._ 6_d._ Also, same price,

    Boy Missionary; a Tale for Young People. By Mrs. J. M. Parker.
    Difficulties Overcome. By Miss Brightwell.
    The Babes in the Basket: a Tale in the West Indian Insurrection.
    Jack Buntline; the Life of a Sailor Boy. By W. H. G. Kingston.

The Swiss Family Robinson; or, the Adventures of a Father and Mother and
Four Sons on a Desert Island. With Explanatory Notes and Illustrations.
First and Second Series. New Edition, complete in one volume, 3_s._
6_d._

Geography for my Children. By Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe. Author of
"Uncle Tom's Cabin," &c. Arranged and Edited by an English Lady, under
the Direction of the Authoress. With upwards of Fifty Illustrations.
Cloth extra, 4_s._ 6_d._

Stories of the Woods; or, the Adventures of Leather-Stocking: A Book for
Boys, compiled from Cooper's Series of "Leather-Stocking Tales." Fcap.
cloth, Illustrated, 5_s._

     "_I have to own that I think the heroes of another writer, viz.
     'Leather-Stocking,' 'Uncas,' 'Hard Heart,' 'Tom Coffin,' are
     quite the equals of Sir Walter Scott's men;--perhaps
     'Leather-Stocking' is better than any one in Scott's lot._"--W.
     M. THACKERAY.

Child's Play. Illustrated with Sixteen Coloured Drawings by E. V. B.,
printed in fac-simile by W. Dickes' process, and ornamented with Initial
Letters. New edition, with India paper tints, royal 8vo. cloth extra,
bevelled cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._ The Original Edition of this work was
published at One Guinea.

Child's Delight. Forty-two Songs for the Little Ones, with forty-two
Pictures. 1_s._; coloured, 2_s._ 6_d._

Goody Platts, and her Two Cats. By Thomas Miller. Fcap. 8vo. cloth,
1_s._

Little Blue Hood: a Story for Little People. By Thomas Miller, with
coloured frontispiece. Fcap. 8vo. cloth, 2_s._ 6_d._

Mark Willson's First Reader. By the Author of "The Picture Alphabet" and
"The Picture Primer." With 120 Pictures. 1_s._

The Picture Alphabet; or Child's First Letter Book. With new and
original Designs. 6_d._

The Picture Primer. 6_d._


HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.

The Conspiracy of Count Fieschi: an Episode in Italian History. By M. De
Celesia. Translated by David Hilton, Esq., Author of a "History of
Brigandage." With Portrait. 8vo.

    [_Shortly._

A Biography of Admiral Sir B. P. V. Broke, Bart., K.C.B. By the Rev.
John Brighton, Rector of Kent Town. Dedicated by express permission to
His Royal Highness Prince Alfred.

    [_Shortly._

A History of Brigandage in Italy; with Adventures of the more celebrated
Brigands. By David Hilton, Esq. 2 vols, post 8vo. cloth, 16_s._

A History of the Gipsies, with Specimens of the Gipsy Language. By
Walter Simson. Post 8vo.

A History of West Point, the United States Military Academy and its
Military Importance. By Capt. E. C. Boynton, A. M. With Plans and
Illustrations. 8vo. 21_s._

The Twelve Great Battles of England, from Hastings to Waterloo. With
Plans, fcap. 8vo. cloth extra, 3_s._ 6_d._

George Washington's Life, by Washington Irving. 5 vols. royal 8vo.
12_s._ each Library Illustrated Edition. 5 vols. Imp. 8vo. 4_l._ 4_s._

Plutarch's Lives. An entirely new Library Edition, carefully revised and
corrected, with some Original Translations by the Editor. Edited by A.
H. Clough, Esq. sometime Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, and late
Professor of English Language and Literature at University College. 5
vols. 8vo. cloth. 2_l._ 10_s._

     "_Mr. Clough's work is worthy of all praise, and we hope that
     it will tend to revive the study of Plutarch._"--Times.

Life of John Adams, 2nd President of the United States, by C. F. Adams.
8vo. 14_s._ Life and Works complete, 10 vols. 14_s._ each.

Life and Administration of Abraham Lincoln. Fcap. 8vo. stiff cover,
1_s._; with map, speeches, &c. crown 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._


TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE.

A Walk from London to the Land's End. By Elihu Burritt, Author of "A
Walk from London to John O'Groats:" with several Illustrations. Large
post 8vo. Uniform with the first edition of "John O'Groats." 12_s._

A Walk from London to John O'Groats. With Notes by the Way. By Elihu
Burritt. Second and cheaper edition. With Photographic Portrait of the
Author. Small post 8vo. 6_s._

Social Life of the Chinese: with some account of their religious,
governmental, educational, and Business customs and opinions. By the
Rev. Justus Doolittle. With over 100 Illustrations, in two vols. Demy
8vo. cloth, 24_s._

A Thousand Miles in the Rob Roy Canoe, or Rivers and Lakes of Europe. By
John Macgregor, M.A. With numerous Illustrations. Post 8vo. cloth, 5_s._

Captain Hall's Life with the Esquimaux. New and cheaper Edition, with
Coloured Engravings and upwards of 100 Woodcuts. With a Map. Price 7_s._
6_d._ cloth extra. Forming the cheapest and most popular Edition of a
work on Arctic Life and Exploration ever published.

     "_This is a very remarkable book, and unless we very much
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     men of whom great nations do well to be proud._"--Spectator.

     "_If Capt. Hall should survive the perils of the journey on
     which he is now engaged, we are convinced he will bring home
     some news, be it good or bad, about the Franklin expedition. He
     can hardly be expected back before the autumn of 1866. But if
     he has gone he has left us his vastly entertaining volumes,
     which contain much valuable information, as we have said,
     concerning the Esquimaux tribes. These volumes are the best
     that we have ever met with, concerning the people and things to
     be found among 'the thick ribb'd ice.'_"--Standard.

     "_The pen of Wilkie Collins would fail to describe in more
     life-like terms of horror the episode of the cannibal crew
     escaped from a whaler who boarded the 'George Henry' on the
     outward passage of that ship. We are tempted to relate how an
     Innuit throws a summersault in the water in his_ kyack, _boat
     and all, and to introduce our readers to our Author's dogs,
     including the famous Barbekerk; but we must pause, and refer to
     this most interesting work itself, which will repay
     perusal._"--Press.

A Winter in Algeria, 1863-4. By Mrs. George Albert Rogers. With
illustrations. 8vo. cloth, 12_s._

Ten Days in a French Parsonage. By Rev. G. M. Musgrave. 2 vols. post
8vo. 16_s._

Turkey. By J. Lewis Farley, F.S.S., Author of "Two Years in Syria." With
Illustrations in Chromo-lithography, and a Portrait of His Highness Fuad
Pasha. 8vo.

    [_Shortly._

Letters on England. By Louis Blanc. 2 vols, post 8vo.

    [_Shortly._

House and Home in Belgium. By Blanchard Jerrold. Author of "At Home in
Paris." Post 8vo.

    [_Shortly._

The Story of the Great March: a Diary of General Sherman's Campaign
through Georgia and the Carolinas. By Brevet-Major G. W. Nichols,
Aide-de-Camp to General Sherman. With a coloured Map and numerous
Illustrations. 12mo. cloth, price 7_s._ 6_d._

Cape Cod. By Henry D. Thoreau. 12mo. cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._

Arabian Days and Nights; or, Rays from the East: a Narrative. By
Marguerite A. Power. 1 vol. Post 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._

     "Miss Power's book is thoroughly interesting and does much
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Wild Scenes in South America; or, Life in the Llanos of Venezuela. By
Don Ramon Paez. Numerous Illustrations. Post 8vo. cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._

After Icebergs with a Painter; a Summer's Voyage to Labrador. By the
Rev. Louis L. Noble. Post 8vo. with coloured plates, cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._

The Prairie and Overland Traveller; a Companion for Emigrants, Traders,
Travellers, Hunters, and Soldiers, traversing great Plains and Prairies.
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The States of Central America, by E. G. Squier. Cloth. 18_s._

Home and Abroad (_Second Series_). A Sketch-book of Life, Men, and
Travel, by Bayard Taylor. With Illustrations, post 8vo. cloth, 8_s._
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Northern Travel. Summer and Winter Pictures of Sweden, Lapland, and
Norway, by Bayard Taylor. 1 vol. post 8vo., cloth, 8_s._ 6_d._

_Also by the same Author, each complete in 1 vol., with Illustrations._

    Central Africa; Egypt and the White Nile. 7_s._ 6_d._
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INDIA, AMERICA, AND THE COLONIES.

A History of the Discovery and Exploration of Australia; or an Account
of the Progress of Geographical Discovery in that Continent, from the
Earliest Period to the Present Day. By the Rev. Julian E. Tenison Woods,
F.R.G.S., &c., &c. 2 vols, demy 8vo. cloth, 28_s._

The Confederation of the British North American Provinces; their past
History and future Prospects; with a map, &c. By Thomas Rawlings. 8vo.
cloth, 5_s._

Canada in 1864; a Hand-book for Settlers. By Henry T. N. Chesshyre.
Fcap. 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._

The Colony of Victoria: its History, Commerce, and Gold Mining: its
Social and Political Institutions, down to the End of 1863. With
Remarks, Incidental and Comparative, upon the other Australian Colonies.
By William Westgarth, Author of "Victoria and the Gold Mines," &c. 8vo.
with a Map, cloth, 16_s._

Tracks of McKinlay and Party across Australia. By John Davis, one of the
Expedition. Edited from the MS. Journal of Mr. Davis, with an
Introductory View of the recent Explorations of Stuart, Burke, Wills,
Landsborough and others. By Wm. Westgarth. With numerous Illustrations
in chromo-lithography, and Map. 8vo. cloth, 16_s._

The Ordeal of Free Labour in the British West Indies. By William G.
Sewell. Post 8vo. cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._

The Progress and Present State of British India; a Manual of Indian
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Documents, furnished under the authority of Her Majesty's Secretary of
State for India. By Montgomery Martin, Esq., Author of a "History of the
British Colonies," &c. In one volume, post 8vo. cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._

Colonial Essays. Translated from the Dutch, post 8vo. cloth, 6_s._

The Cotton Kingdom: a Traveller's Observations on Cotton and Slavery in
America, based upon three former volumes of Travels and Explorations. By
Frederick Law Olmsted. With a Map. 2 vols, post 8vo. 1_l._ 1_s._

     "_Mr. Olmsted gives his readers a wealth of facts conveyed in a
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     first class._"--Athenæum.

A History of the Origin, Formation, and Adoption of the Constitution of
the United States of America, with Notices of its Principal Framers. By
George Ticknor Curtis, Esq. 2 vols. 8vo. Cloth, 1_l._ 4_s._

     "_Mr. Curtis writes with dignity and vigour, and his work will
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The Principles of Political Economy applied to the Condition, the
Resources, and Institutions of the American People. By Francis Bowen.
8vo. Cloth, 14_s._

A History of New South Wales from the Discovery of New Holland in 1616
to the present time. By the late Roderick Flanagan, Esq., Member of the
Philosophical Society of New South Wales. 2 vols. 8vo. 24_s._

Canada and its Resources. Two Prize Essays, by Hogan and Morris. 7_s._,
or separately, 1_s._ 6_d._ each, and Map, 3_s._


SCIENCE AND DISCOVERY.

A Dictionary of Photography, on the Basis of Sutton's Dictionary.
Rewritten by Professor Dawson, of King's College, Editor of the "Journal
of Photography;" and Thomas Sutton, B.A., Editor of "Photograph Notes."
8vo. with numerous Illustrations.

    [_Shortly._

The Physical Geography of the Sea and its Meteorology; or, the Economy
of the Sea and its Adaptations, its Salts, its Waters, its Climates, its
Inhabitants, and whatever there may be of general interest in its
Commercial Uses or Industrial Pursuits. By Commander M. F. Maury, LL.D.
Tenth Edition, being the Second Edition of the Author's revised and
enlarged Work. Post 8vo. cloth extra, 8_s._ 6_d._; cheap edition, small
post 8vo. 5_s._

_This edition, as well as its immediate predecessor, includes all the
researches and observations of the last three years, and is copyright in
England and on the Continent._

     "We err greatly if Lieut. Maury's book will not hereafter be
     classed with the works of the great men who have taken the lead
     in extending and improving knowledge and art; his book displays
     in a remarkable degree, like the 'Advancement of Learning,' and
     the 'Natural History' of Buffon, profound research and
     magnificent imagination."--_Illustrated London News._

The Structure of Animal Life. By Louis Agassiz. With 46 Diagrams. 8vo.
cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._

The Kedge Anchor; or, Young Sailor's Assistant, by William Brady.
Seventy Illustrations. 8vo. 16_s._

Theory of the Winds, by Capt. Charles Wilkes. 8vo. cl. 8_s._ 6_d._

Archaia; or, Studies of the Cosmogony and Natural History of the Hebrew
Scriptures. By Professor Dawson, Principal of McGill College, Canada.
Post 8vo. cloth, cheaper edition, 6_s._

Ichnographs, from the Sandstone of the Connecticut River, Massachusetts,
U. S. A. By James Dean, M.D. One volume, 4to. with Forty-six Plates,
cloth, 27_s._

The Recent Progress of Astronomy, by Elias Loomis, LL.D. 3rd Edition.
Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._

An Introduction to Practical Astronomy, by the Same. 8vo. cloth. 8_s._

Manual of Mineralogy, including Observations on Mines, Rocks, Reduction
of Ores, and the Application of the Science to the Arts, with 260
Illustrations. Designed for the Use of Schools and Colleges. By James D.
Dana, A.M., Author of a "System of Mineralogy." New Edition, revised and
enlarged. 12mo. Half bound, 7_s._ 6_d._

The Ocean Telegraph Cable; its Construction, &c. and Submersion
Explained. By W. Rowett. 8vo. cloth, 3_s._ 6_d._

Cyclopædia of Mathematical Science, by Davies and Peck. 8vo. Sheep.
18_s._


TRADE, AGRICULTURE, DOMESTIC ECONOMY, ETC.

Railway Practice, European and American; comprising the economical
generation of Steam, the adaptation of Wood and Coke-burning Engines to
Coal Burning, and in Permanent Way, including Road-bed, Sleepers, Rails,
Joint-fastenings, Street Railways, &c. By Alexander L. Holley, Joint
Author of Colburn and Holley's "Permanent Way," &c. Demy folio, with 77
Engravings, half-morocco. 3_l._ 3_s._

Hunt's Merchants' Magazine (Monthly). 2_s._ 6_d._

The Book of Farm Implements, and their Construction; by John L. Thomas.
With 200 Illustrations. 12mo. 6_s._ 6_d._

The Practical Surveyor's Guide; by A. Duncan. Fcp. 8vo. 4_s._ 6_d._

Villas and Cottages; by Calvert Vaux, Architect. 300 Illustrations. 8vo.
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Bee-Keeping. By "The Times" Bee-master. Small post 8vo. numerous
Illustrations, cloth, 5_s._

     "_The Bee-master has done a good work, which outweighs a
     cartload of mistakes, in giving an impetus to bee-keeping
     throughout the country. Here is a simple and graceful
     amusement, which is also a profitable one. The keeping of bees
     needs no great skill and but a small outlay. The result,
     however, besides the amusement which it affords is a store of
     honey that in the present state of the market may make a
     considerable addition to the income of a poor cotter, and may
     even be worthy the ambition of an underpaid curate or a
     lieutenant on half-pay._"--Times, Jan. 11, 1865.

The English and Australian Cookery Book. Small post 8vo. Coloured
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The Bubbles of Finance: the Revelations of a City Man. Fcap. 8vo. fancy
boards, price 2_s._ 6_d._

     _The_ Times _of May 21st in a leading article referring to the
     above work, says:_--"_We advise our young friends to read some
     amusing chapters on 'accommodation' and 'borrowing' which have
     appeared within the last two months in Mr. Charles Dickens's_
     All the Year Round."

Coffee: A Treatise on its Nature and Cultivation. With some remarks on
the management and purchase of Coffee Estates. By Arthur R. W.
Lascelles. Post 8vo. cloth, 2_s._ 6_d._

The Railway Freighter's Guide. Defining mutual liabilities of Carriers
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traffic management, as sanctioned by Acts of Parliament, Bye-laws, and
General Usage. By J. S. Martin. 12mo. Cloth, 2_s._ 6_d._


THEOLOGY.

The Land and the Book, or Biblical Illustrations drawn from the Manners
and Customs, the Scenes and the Scenery of the Holy Land, by W. M.
Thomson, M.D., twenty-five years a Missionary in Syria and Palestine.
With 3 Maps and several hundred Illustrations. 2 vols. Post 8vo. cloth.
1_l._ 1_s._

Missionary Geography for the use of Teachers and Missionary Collectors.
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A Topographical Picture of Ancient Jerusalem; beautifully coloured. Nine
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Nature and the Supernatural. By Horace Bushnell, D.D. One vol. New
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Five Years' Prayer, with the Answers: comprising recent Narratives and
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Samuel Irenæus Prime. 12mo. cloth, 2_s._ 6_d._; and a Cheap Edition,
price 1_s._ Also by the same Author.

    The Power of Prayer. 12mo. cloth, 1_s._ 6_d._

The Light of the World: a most True Relation of a Pilgrimess travelling
towards Eternity. Divided into Three Parts; which deserve to be read,
understood, and considered by all who desire to be saved. Reprinted from
the edition of 1696. Beautifully printed by Clay on toned paper. Crown
8vo. pp. 593, bevelled boards, 10_s._ 6_d._

A Short Method of Prayer; an Analysis of a Work so entitled by Madame de
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Philosophy in Bowdoin College, U.S. America. Printed by Whittingham.
12mo. cloth. 1_s._

Christian Believing and Living. By F. D. Huntington, D.D. Crown 8vo.
cloth, 3_s._ 6_d._

     "For freshness of thought, power of illustration, and
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     palmiest days of the Church."--_Caledonian Mercury._

Life Thoughts. By the Rev. Henry Ward Beecher. Two Series, complete in
one volume, well printed and well bound. 2_s._ 6_d._ Superior edition,
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Dr. Beecher's Life and Correspondence: an Autobiography. Edited by his
Son. 2 vols, post 8vo. with Illustrations, price 21_s._

     "_One of the most real, interesting, and instructive pieces of
     religious biography of the present day._"--Nonconformist.

     "_We have waited for the publication of the second and last
     volume of this interesting, we may well say entertaining,
     biography, before introducing it to our readers. It is now
     complete, and furnishes one of the most various and delightful
     portraits of a fine, sturdy, old representative of antient
     theology and earnest piety, relieved by very sweet and engaging
     pictures of New England society in its religious circles, and
     the ways and usages of the men and women who lived, and loved,
     and married, and had families, nearly a century since.... And
     now we must lay down these very delightful volumes. We trust we
     have sufficiently characterized them, while there are, of
     course, reminiscences, pictures of places and of persons, we
     have been unable even to mention. It was an extraordinary
     family altogether; a glow of bright, affectionate interest
     suffuses all in charming sunshine. It was a life of singular
     purpose, usefulness, and determination; and we think ministers
     especially, and of ministers young students especially, might
     read it, and read it more than once, to advantage.... Without
     attempting any more words, we hope we have sufficiently
     indicated our very high appreciation of, and gratitude for,
     this charming and many-sided biography of a most robust and
     healthy life._"--The Eclectic.

     "_All that the old man writes is clever and
     sagacious._"--Athenæum.

     "_If the reader can imagine the Vicar of Wakefield in America,
     this memoir will give a very good idea of what he would be
     among Yankee surroundings. There is the same purity, sincerity,
     and goodness of heart, the same simplicity of manners and
     directness of purpose in Dr. Primrose and Dr. Beecher, though
     the go-ahead society in which the latter divine lived failed
     not to impress its character upon him. This is as instructive
     and charming a book for family reading as can be taken up for
     that purpose._"--Daily News.

     "_A hundred pleasant things we must pass by; but readers of
     these charming volumes will not do so._"--Wesleyan Times.

Life and Experience of Madame de la Mothe Guyon. By Professor Upham.
Edited by an English Clergyman. Crown 8vo. cloth, with Portrait. Third
Edition, 7_s._ 6_d._

_By the same Author._

    Life of Madame Catherine Adorna; 12mo. cloth. 4_s._ 6_d._
    The Life of Faith, and Interior Life. 2 vols. 5_s._ 6_d._ each.
    The Divine Union. 7_s._ 6_d._


LAW AND JURISPRUDENCE.

Wheaton's Elements of International Law; with a New Supplement to May
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History of the Law of Nations; by Henry Wheaton, LL.D. author of the
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Commentaries on American Law; by Chancellor Kent. Ninth and entirely New
Edition. 4 vols. 8vo. calf. 5_l._ 5_s._; cloth, 4_l._ 10_s._

Treatise on the Law of Evidence; by Simon Greenleaf, LL.D. 3 vols. 8vo.
calf. 4_l._ 4_s._

A Treatise on the Measure of Damages; or, An Enquiry into the Principles
which govern the Amount of Compensation in Courts of Justice. By
Theodore Sedgwick. Third revised Edition, enlarged Imperial 8vo. cloth.
31_s._ 6_d._

Justice Story's Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States. 2
vols. 36_s._

Justice Story's Commentaries on the Laws, viz. Bailments--Agency--Bills
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vols. 8vo. cloth, each 28_s._

Justice Story's Equity Jurisprudence. 2 vols. 8vo. 63_s._; and Equity
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W. W. Story's Treatise on the Law of Contracts. Fourth Edition, greatly
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MEDICAL.

Human Physiology, Statical and Dynamical; by Dr. Draper. 300
Illustrations. 8vo. 25_s._

A Treatise on the Practice of Medicine; by Dr. George B. Wood. Fourth
Edition. 2 vols. 36_s._

A Treatise on Fractures, by J. F. Malgaigne, Chirurgien de l'Hôpital
Saint Louis, Translated, with Notes and Additions, by John H. Packard,
M.D. With 106 Illustrations. 8vo. sheep. 1_l._ 1_s._

The History of Prostitution; its Extent, Causes, and Effects throughout
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Elements of Chemical Physics; with numerous Illustrations. By Josiah P.
Cooke. 8vo. cloth. 16_s._

     "_As an introduction to Chemical Physics, this is by far the
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A History of Medicine, from its Origin to the Nineteenth Century. By Dr.
P. V. Renouard. 8vo. 18_s._

Letters to a Young Physician just entering upon Practice; by James
Jackson, M.D. Fcp. 8vo. 5_s._

Lectures on the Diseases of Women and Children. By Dr. G. S. Bedford.
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The Principles and Practice of Obstetrics. By Gunning S. Bedford, A.M.,
M.D. With Engravings. 8vo. Cloth, 1_l._ 1_s._

Principles and Practice of Dental Surgery; by C. A. Harris. 6th Edition.
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Chemical and Pharmaceutical Manipulations; by C. and C. Morfit. Royal
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FICTION AND MISCELLANEOUS.

Mr. Charles Reade's celebrated Romance, Hard Cash. A new and cheap
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     "_There is a freshness and reality about his young people, and
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     is beyond anything of the kind we have ever seen in print, and
     the repulse of the two pirates by the old Agra is a perfect
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_New Popular Novels, to be obtained at all Libraries._

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    Miss Biddy Frobisher. By the Author of "Selvaggio." One vol. 8_s._

    John Godfrey's Fortunes. By Bayard Taylor. 3 vols. 24_s._
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    Strathcairn. By Charles Allston Collins. 2 vols. post 8vo. 16_s._

A Good Fight in the Battle of Life: a Prize Story founded on Facts.
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Abel Drake's Wife: a Novel. By John Saunders. An entirely New Edition.
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Female Life in Prison. By a Prison Matron. Fourth and cheaper edition;
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Tales for the Marines. By Walter Thornbury. 2 vols, post 8vo. 16_s._

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Helen Felton's Question: a Book for Girls By Agnes Wylde. Cheaper
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Faith Gartney's Girlhood. By the Author of "The Gayworthys." Fcap. 8vo.
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The Professor at the Breakfast Table. By Oliver W. Holmes, Author of the
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The Pearl of Orr's Island. A Story of the Coast of Maine. By Mrs.
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Railway Editions of Popular Fiction. On good paper, well-printed and
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    Mrs. Stowe's Little Foxes. 1_s._
    ---------- House and Home. 1_s._


LONDON: SAMPSON LOW, SON, AND MARSTON.

MILTON HOUSE, LUDGATE HILL.

_English, American, and Colonial Booksellers and Publishers._


Chiswick Press:--Whittingham and Wilkins, Tooks Court, Chancery Lane.

       *       *       *       *       *


Transcribers Notes:

     Some minor obvious typographical errors have been corrected
     silently.

     Footnotes and illustrations have been moved to underneath the
     paragraph they refer to so as to not disrupt the flow of the
     text.

     Inconsistent hyphenation left as printed.

     The phrase "a hotel" and "an hotel" have been left as printed.

Changes made are denoted by [square brackets]:

     Pg. 176: "in an unpronouncable[unpronounceable] German"
     Pg. 298: "waterproof helmet[added comma] ventilated cap,"