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[Illustration front cover]




    _THE AMERICAN SPORTSMAN'S LIBRARY_

    _EDITED BY
    CASPAR WHITNEY_

    BASS, PIKE, PERCH
    AND OTHERS

[Illustration illo 003]

[Illustration illo 005]

    BASS, PIKE, PERCH
    AND OTHERS

    BY

    JAMES A. HENSHALL, M.D.

    AUTHOR OF "BOOK OF THE BLACK-BASS," "MORE ABOUT THE BLACK-BASS."
    "CAMPING AND CRUISING IN FLORIDA," "YE GODS
    AND LITTLE FISHES," ETC.

[Illustration illo 006]

    New York
    THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
    LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD.
    1903

    _All rights reserved_

    COPYRIGHT, 1903.
    BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.

    Set up and electrotyped April, 1903.

    Norwood Press
    J.S. Cushing & Co.--Berwick & Smith Co.
    Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.




INTRODUCTION

In this volume are included all of the game-fishes of the United States
east of the Rocky Mountains, except the salmons and trouts, and the
tarpon, jewfish, and other fishes of large size, which are described in
other volumes of this series. As a matter of convenience I have grouped
the fishes in families, whenever possible, but in their sequence I have
been guided chiefly by their importance as game-fishes, and not in
accordance with their natural order. The latter feature, however, has
been provided for in a systematic list on a subsequent page.

In order not to burden the text with matter that might not be of general
interest, the technical descriptions of the fishes of each group are
given in small type at the head of each chapter; and that they may be
readily understood by the lay reader the following explanations seem
necessary.

The length of the head is from the point of the snout to the hindmost
point or margin of the gill-cover. The length of the body is from the
point of the snout to the base of the caudal fin, the fin itself not
being included. The depth of the body is from the highest point of the
dorsal line to the lowest point of the ventral line, usually from the
base of the first dorsal fin to the base of the ventral fin. The
expression "head 5" means that the length of the head is contained five
times in the length of the body; the expression "depth 5" means that the
depth of the body is contained five times in its length; "eye 5" means
that the diameter of the eye is contained five times in the length of
the head. In describing the fins the spiny rays are denoted by Roman
numerals, and the soft rays by Arabic numerals, and the fins themselves
by initials; thus "D. 9" means that the dorsal fin is single and
composed of nine soft rays; "D. IX, 10" means that the single dorsal fin
has nine spiny rays and ten soft rays; when separated by a hyphen, as
"D. X-12," it means that there are two dorsal fins, the first composed
of ten spiny rays and the second of twelve soft ones; "A. III, 11" means
that the anal fin has three spines and eleven soft rays. The expression
"scales 7-65-18" indicates that there are seven rows of scales between
the dorsal fin and the lateral line, sixty-five scales along the
lateral line, and eighteen oblique or horizontal rows between the
lateral line and the ventral line. The number of rays in the fins and
the number of scales along the lateral line, as given, represent the
average number, and are subject to slight variation; thus in some
localities the number of rays in a fin may be found to vary one or two,
and the number of scales along the lateral line may vary from one to
five, more or less, from the number given in the descriptions.

I have adhered strictly to the nomenclature of the "Fishes of Middle and
North America" (Bulletin, U.S. National Museum, No. 47), by Jordan and
Evermann, and in the main I have followed the descriptions as recorded
in that admirable work; but in many instances I have depended on my own
notes.

The suggestions as to angling and the tools and tackle recommended may
be confidently relied on, as they are in conformity with my own practice
and are based on my personal experience, covering a period of forty
years, on many waters, from Canada to the West Indies, and from the
Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains.

    JAMES A. HENSHALL.

    BOZEMAN, MONTANA.
    February 1, 1903.




SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE FISHES DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME

    FAMILY =SILURIDÆ=

    =Ictalurus punctatus= (Rafinesque). =The Channel Catfish=.

    FAMILY =CYPRINIDÆ=

    =Cyprinus carpio=, Linnæus. =The German Carp=.

    FAMILY =ELOPIDÆ=

    =Elops saurus=, Linnæus. =The Ten-pounder=.

    FAMILY =ALBULIDÆ=

    =Albula vulpes= (Linnæus). =The Lady-Fish=.

    FAMILY =SALMONIDÆ=

    =Coregonus williamsoni=, Girard. =The Rocky Mountain Whitefish=.
    =Argyrosomus artedi sisco=, Jordan. =The Cisco=.

    FAMILY =THYMALLIDÆ=

    =Thymallus signifer= (Richardson). =The Arctic Grayling=.
    =Thymallus tricolor=, Cope. =The Michigan Grayling=.
    =Thymallus montanus=, Milner. =The Montana Grayling=.

    FAMILY =ARGENTINIDÆ=

    =Osmerus mordax= (Mitchill). =The Smelt=.

    FAMILY =ESOCIDÆ=

    =Esox americanus=, Gmelin. =The Banded Pickerel=.
    =Esox vermiculatus=, Le Sueur. =The Western Pickerel=.

    =Esox reticulatus=, Le Sueur. =The Eastern Pickerel=.
    =Esox lucius=, Linnæus. =The Pike=.
    =Esox nobilior=, Thompson. =The Mascalonge=.

    FAMILY =HOLOCENTRIDÆ=

    =Holocentrus ascensionis= (Osbeck). =The Squirrel Fish=.

    FAMILY =SCOMBRIDÆ=

    =Sarda sarda= (Bloch). =The Bonito=.
    =Scomberomorus maculatus= (Mitchill). =The Spanish Mackerel=.
    =Scomberomorus regalis= (Bloch). =The Cero=.

    FAMILY =CARANGIDÆ=

    =Carangus crysos= (Mitchill). =The Runner=.
    =Carangus latus= (Agassiz). =The Horse-eye Jack=.
    =Trachinotus glaucus= (Bloch). =The Gaff Top-sail Pompano=.
    =Trachinotus goodei=, Jordan & Evermann. =The Permit=.
    =Trachinotus carolinus= (Linnæus). =The Pompano=.

    FAMILY =RACHYCENTRIDÆ=

    =Rachycentron canadus= (Linnæus). =The Cobia=.

    FAMILY =CENTRARCHIDÆ=

    =Pomoxis annularis=, Rafinesque. =The Crappie=.
    =Pomoxis sparoides= (Lacépéde). =The Calico-bass=.
    =Ambloplites rupestris= (Rafinesque). =The Rock-bass=.
    =Archoplites interruptus= (Girard). =The Sacramento Perch=.
    =Chænobryttus gulosus= (Cuvier & Valenciennes). =The Warmouth Perch=.
    =Lepomis auritus= (Linnæus). =The Red-breast Sunfish=.
    =Lepomis megalotis= (Rafinesque). =The Long-eared Sunfish=.
    =Lepomis pallidus= (Mitchill). =The Blue Sunfish=.
    =Eupomotis gibbosus= (Linnæus). =The Common Sunfish=.
    =Micropterus dolomieu=, Lacépéde. =The Small-mouth Black-bass=.
    =Micropterus salmoides= (Lacépéde). =The Large-mouth Black-bass=.

    FAMILY =PERCIDÆ=

    =Stizostedion vitreum= (Mitchill). =The Pike-perch=.
    =Stizostedion canadense= (Smith). =The Sauger=.
    =Perca flavescens= (Mitchill). =The Yellow Perch=.

    FAMILY =CENTROPOMIDÆ=

    =Centropomus undecimalis= (Bloch). =The Snook, or Rovallia=.

    FAMILY =SERRANIDÆ=

    =Roccus chrysops= (Rafinesque). =The White-bass=.
    =Roccus lineatus= (Bloch). =The Striped-bass=.
    =Morone interrupta=, Gill. =The Yellow-bass=.
    =Morone americana= (Gmelin). =The White Perch=.
    =Petrometopon cruentatus= (Lacépéde). =The Coney=.
    =Bodianus fulvus= (Linnæus). =The Nigger Fish=.
    =Epinephelus adscensionis= (Osbeck). =The Rock Hind=.
    =Epinephelus guttatus= (Linnæus). =The Red Hind=.
    =Mycteroperca venenosa= (Linnæus). =The Yellow Fin Grouper=.
    =Mycteroperca microlepis= (Goode & Bean). =The Gag=.
    =Mycteroperca falcata phenax=, Jordan & Swain. =The Scamp=.
    =Centropristes striatas= (Linnæus). =The Sea-bass=.
    =Centropristes ocyurus= (Jordan & Evermann). =The Gulf Sea-bass=.
    =Centropristes philadelphicus= (Linnæus). =The Southern Sea-bass=.
    =Diplectrum formosum= (Linnæus). =The Sand-fish=.

    FAMILY =LOBOTIDÆ=

    =Lobotes surinamensis= (Bloch). =The Triple Tail=.

    FAMILY =LUTIANIDÆ=

    =Lutianus jocu= (Bloch & Schneider). =The Dog Snapper=.
    =Lutianus apodus= (Walbaum). =The Schoolmaster=.
    =Lutianus aya= (Bloch). =The Red Snapper=.
    =Lutianus synagri=s (Linnæus). =The Lane Snapper=.
    =Ocyurus chrysurus= (Bloch). =The Yellow-tail=.

    FAMILY =HÆMULIDÆ=

    =Hæmulon album=, Curvier & Valenciennes. =The Margate-fish=.
    =Hæmulon macrostomum=, Gunther. =The Gray Grunt=.
    =Hæmulon parra= (Desmarest). =The Sailor's Choice=.
    =Hæmulon sciurus= (Shaw). =The Yellow Grunt=.
    =Hæmulon plumieri= (Lacépéde). =The Black Grunt=.
    =Hæmulon flavolineatum= (Desmarest). =The French Grunt=.
    =Anisotremus virginicus= (Linnæus). =The Pork-fish=.
    =Orthopristis chrysopterus= (Linnæus). =The Pig-fish=.

    FAMILY =SPARIDÆ=

    =Stenotomus chrysops= (Linnæus). =The Scup=.
    =Stenotomus aculeatus= (Cuvier & Valenciennes). =The Southern Porgy=.
    =Calamus calamus= (Cuvier & Valenciennes). =The Saucer-eye Porgy=.
    =Calamus proridens=, Jordan & Gilbert. =The Little Head Porgy=.
    =Calamus bajonado= (Bloch & Schneider). =The Jolt Head Porgy=.
    =Calamus arctifrons=, Goode & Bean. =The Grass Porgy=.
    =Lagodon rhomboides= (Linnæus). =The Pin-fish=.
    =Archosargus probatocephalus= (Walbaum). =The Sheepshead=.

    FAMILY =KYPHOSIDÆ=

    =Kyphosus sectatrix= (Linnæus). =The Bermuda Chub=.

    FAMILY =SCIÆNIDÆ=

    =Cynoscion nothus= (Holbrook). =The Bastard Weakfish=.
    =Cynoscion regalis= (Bloch & Schneider). =The Weakfish=.
    =Cynoscion thalassinus= (Holbrook). =The Deep-water Weakfish=.
    =Cynoscion nebulosus= (Cuvier & Valenciennes). =The Spotted Weakfish=.
    =Leiostomus xanthurus=, Lacépéde. =The Lafayette, or Spot=.
    =Micropogon undulatus= (Linnæus). =The Croaker=.
    =Menticirrhus saxatilis= (Bloch & Schneider). =The Kingfish=.
    =Aplodinotus grunniens=, Rafinesque. =The Fresh-water Drumfish=.

    FAMILY =LABRIDÆ=

    =Tautogolabrus adspersus= (Walbaum). =The Cunner=.

    FAMILY =EPHIPPIDÆ=

    =Chætodipterus faber= (Broussonet). =The Angel-fish=.

    FAMILY =BALISTIDÆ=

    =Balistes carolinensis=, Gmelin. =The Turbot=.

    FAMILY =PLEURONECTIDÆ=

    =Pseudopleuronectes americanus= (Walbaum). =The Flounder=.




                               CONTENTS

                                CHAPTER I                          PAGE

  THE SUNFISH FAMILY, _Centrarchidæ_                               1

  The Small-mouth Black-bass, _Micropterus dolomieu_               3

  The Large-mouth Black-bass, _Micropterus salmoides_              30

  The Rock-bass, _Ambloplites rupestris_                           52

  The Sacramento Perch, _Archoplites interruptus_                  57

  The Warmouth Perch, _Chænobryttus gulosus_                       58

  The Blue Sunfish, _Lepomis pallidus_                             62

  The Long-eared Sunfish, _Lepomis megalotis_                      65

  The Red-breast Sunfish, _Lepomis auritus_                        67

  The Common Sunfish, _Eupomotis gibbosus_                         69

  The Calico-bass, _Pomoxis sparoide_                              73

  The Crappie, _Pomoxis annularis_                                 79


                                CHAPTER II

  THE BASS FAMILY, _Serranidæ_                                     85

  The White-bass, _Roccus chrysops_                                86

  The Yellow-bass, _Morone interrupta_                             90


                                CHAPTER III

  THE SEA-BASS FAMILY, _Serranidæ_ (continued)                     95

  The Striped-bass, _Roccus lineatus_                              96

  The White-perch, _Morone americana_                              110

  The Sea-bass, _Centropristes striatus_                           115

  The Southern Sea-bass, _Centropristes philadelphicus_            118

  The Gulf Sea-bass, _Centropristes ocyuru_                        119


                                CHAPTER IV

  THE PIKE FAMILY, _Esocidæ_                                       120

  The Mascalonge, _Esox nobilior_                                  122

  The Pike, _Esox lucius_                                          137

  The Eastern Pickerel, _Esox reticulatus_                         149

  The Western Pickerel, _Esox vermiculatus_                        153

  The Banded Pickerel, _Esox americanus_                           154


                                CHAPTER V

  THE PERCH FAMILY, _Percidæ_                                      156

  The Pike-perch, _Stizostedion vitreum_                           157

  The Sauger, _Stizostedion canadense_                             164

  The Yellow-perch, _Perca flavescens_                             165


                                CHAPTER VI

  THE GRAYLING FAMILY, _Thymallidæ_                                173

  The Arctic Grayling, _Thymallus signifer_                        176

  The Michigan Grayling, _Thymallus tricolor_                      178

  The Montana Grayling, _Thymallus montanus_                       181


                                CHAPTER VII

  THE SALMON FAMILY, _Salmonidæ_                                   203

  The Rocky Mountain Whitefish, _Coregonus williamsoni_            204

  The Cisco, _Argyrosomus artedi sisco_                            207


                                CHAPTER VIII

  THE DRUM FAMILY, _Sciænidæ_                                      213

  The Weakfish, _Cynoscion regalis_                                215

  The Bastard Weakfish, _Cynoscion nothus_                         221

  The Kingfish, _Menticirrhus saxatilis_                           221

  The Croaker, _Micropogon undulatus_                              226

  The Lafayette, _Leiostomus xanthurus_                            228


                                CHAPTER IX

  THE DRUM FAMILY, _Sciænidæ_ (continued)                          232

  The Fresh-water Drumfish, _Aplodinotus grunniens_                232


                                CHAPTER X

  THE MINNOW FAMILY, _Cyprinidæ_                                   236

  The German Carp, _Cyprinus carpio_                               236


                                CHAPTER XI

  THE CATFISH FAMILY, _Siluridæ_                                   244

  The Channel-catfish, _Ictalurus punctatus_                       244


                                CHAPTER XII

  THE SHEEPSHEAD FAMILY, _Sparidæ_                                 251

  The Sheepshead, _Archosargus probatocephalus_                    252

  The Scup, _Stenotomus chrysops_                                  259


                                CHAPTER XIII

                            MISCELLANEOUS FISHES

  The Cunner, _Tautogolabrus adspersus_                            264

  The Flounder, _Pseudopleuronectes americanus_                    266

  The Smelt, _Osmerus mordax_                                      269


                                CHAPTER XIV

  THE MACKEREL FAMILY, _Scombridæ_                                 272

  The Spanish Mackerel, _Scomberomorus maculatus_                  273

  The Cero, _Scomberomorus regalis_                                278

  The Bonito, _Sarda sarda_                                        282


                                CHAPTER XV

  THE GROUPER FAMILY, _Serranidæ_                                  285

  The Gag, _Mycteroperca microlepis_                               287

  The Scamp, _Mycteroperca falcata phenax_                         291

  The Yellow-finned Grouper, _Mycteroperca venenosa_               294

  The Rock Hind, _Epinephelus adscensionis_                        295

  The Red Hind, _Epinephelus guttatus_                             297

  The Coney, _Petrometopon cruentatus_                             299

  The Nigger-fish, _Bodianus fulvus_                               300

  The Sand-fish, _Diplectrum formosum_                             303


                                CHAPTER XVI

  THE CAVALLI FAMILY, _Carangidæ_                                  306

  The Runner, _Carangus chrysos_                                   307

  The Horse-eye Jack, _Carangus latus_                             310

  The Pompano, _Trachinotus carolinus_                             311


                                CHAPTER XVII

                              THE CHANNEL FISHES

  THE GRUNT FAMILY, _Hæmulidæ_                                     321

  The Black Grunt, _Hæmulon plumieri_                              323

  The Yellow Grunt, _Hæmulon sciurus_                              326

  The Margate-fish, _Hæmulon album_                                328

  The Sailor's Choice, _Hæmulon parra_                             330

  The Pig-fish, _Orthopristis chrysopterus_                        331

  The Pork-fish, _Anisotremus virginicus_                          334

  THE SNAPPER FAMILY, _Lutianidæ_                                  336

  The Yellow-tail, _Ocyurus chrysurus_                             338

  The Lane Snapper, _Lutianus synagris_                            339

  The Red Snapper, _Lutianus aya_                                  342

  The Dog Snapper, _Lutianus jocu_                                 344

  The Schoolmaster, _Lutianus apodus_                              345

  THE PORGY FAMILY, _Sparidæ_                                      347

  The Jolt-head Porgy, _Calamus bajonado_                          348

  The Saucer-eye Porgy, _Calamus calamus_                          350

  The Little-head Porgy, _Calamus proridens_                       352

  The Grass Porgy, _Calamus arctifrons_                            353


                                CHAPTER XVIII

                             MISCELLANEOUS FISHES

  The Lady-fish, _Albula vulpes_                                   355

  The Ten-pounder, _Elops saurus_                                  361

  The Snook, _Centropomus undecimalis_                             366

  The Triple-tail, _Lobotes surinamensis_                          370

  The Cobia, _Rachycentron canadus_                                373

  The Spotted Weakfish, _Cynoscion nebulosus_                      376

  The Deep-sea Weakfish, _Cynoscion thalassinus_                   381

  The Bermuda Chub, _Kyphosus sectatrix_                           382

  The Angel-fish, _Chætodipterus faber_                            384

  The Pinfish, _Lagodon rhomboides_                                386

  The Squirrel-fish, _Holocentrus ascensionis_                     388

  The Turbot, _Balistes carolinensis_                              390

                                   INDEX                           401




                          LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

                                                                 PAGE

OSWEGO (LARGE-MOUTH) BASS                                        36

THE SMALL-MOUTH BLACK-BASS. THE LARGE-MOUTH BLACK-BASS.
THE ROCK-BASS                                                    62

SURF-FISHING FOR BASS                                            96

CATCHING SEA-BASS OFF NEWPORT                                    100

THE SEA-BASS. THE MASCALONGE. THE PIKE                           114

THE MASCALONGE OF THE WEEDS. TROLLING WITH HANDLINE              120

THE EASTERN PICKEREL. THE WESTERN PICKEREL. THE PIKE-PERCH. THE
YELLOW-PERCH                                                     140

THE ARCTIC GRAYLING. THE MICHIGAN GRAYLING. THE MONTANA GRAYLING 174

THE MORE SPORTSMANLY WAY OF CATCHING MASCALONGE                  200

THE WEAKFISH. THE KINGFISH. THE GERMAN CARP                      226

THE CHANNEL-CATFISH. THE SHEEPSHEAD. THE CUNNER                  244

FISHING FOR CUNNERS                                              250

THE FLOUNDER. THE SMELT. THE SPANISH MACKEREL                    264

THE BONITO. THE NIGGER-FISH. THE POMPANO                         280

CATCHING SPANISH MACKEREL ON THE EDGE OF THE GULF STREAM         300

THE BLACK GRUNT. THE RED SNAPPER                                 322

THE JOLT-HEAD PORGY. THE LADY-FISH. THE COBIA                    348

TAKING BONITO BY TROLLING OFF BLOCK ISLAND                       350

THE ANGEL-FISH. THE TURBOT                                       384




BASS, PIKE, AND PERCH




CHAPTER I

THE SUNFISH FAMILY (_Centrarchidæ_)

The sunfish family is composed entirely of fresh-water fishes. They are
characterized by a symmetrically-shaped body, rather short and
compressed; mouth terminal; teeth small, without canines; scales rather
large; cheeks and gill-covers scaly; scales mostly smooth; border of
preopercle smooth, or but slightly serrated; opercle ending in two flat
points, or in a black flap; a single dorsal fin, composed of both spiny
and soft rays; anal fin also having both spines and soft rays; the
dorsal spines varying from 6 to 13 in the different species, with from 3
to 9 in the anal fin; sexes similar; coloration mostly greenish.

    GENUS MICROPTERUS

     _Micropterus dolomieu._ Small-mouth Black-bass. Body
     ovate-oblong; head 3; depth 3; eye 6; D. X, 13; A. III, 10;
     scales 11-73-17; mouth large, the maxillary reaching front of
     eye; scales on cheek minute, in 17 rows; teeth villiform.

     _Micropterus salmoides._ Large-mouth Black-bass. Body
     ovate-oblong; head 3; depth 3; eye 5; D. X, 13; A. III, 11;
     scales 8-68-16; scales on cheek large, in 10 rows; mouth very
     large, maxillary extending beyond the eye; teeth villiform.

    GENUS AMBLOPLITES

     _Ambloplites rupestris._ Rock-bass. Body oblong, moderately
     compressed; head 2-3/4; depth 2-1/2; eye 4; D. XI, 10; A. VI,
     10; scales 5-40-12, with 6 to 8 rows on cheeks; mouth large,
     maxillary extending to posterior part of pupil; teeth small,
     single patch on tongue; gill-rakers 7 to 10, on lower part of
     arch; preopercle serrate near its angle; opercle ends in 2 flat
     points.

    GENUS ARCHOPLITES

     _Archoplites interruptus._ Sacramento Perch. Body oblong-ovate,
     compressed; head 2-2/3; depth 2-1/2; eye 4; D. XII, 10; A. VI,
     10; scales 7-45-14; 8 rows on cheeks; mouth very large,
     maxillary extending beyond pupil; teeth numerous and small,
     with 2 patches on tongue; gill-rakers 20; opercle emarginate;
     most of the membrane bones of head serrate.

    GENUS CHÆNOBRYTTUS

     _Chænobryttus gulosus._ Warmouth Perch. Body heavy and deep;
     head 2-1/2; depth 2-1/4; eye 4; D. X, 9; A. III, 8; scales
     6-42-11; 6 to 8 rows on cheeks; teeth small and numerous;
     gill-rakers 9; preopercle entire; mouth very large; opercle
     ends in a black convex flap.

    GENUS LEPOMIS

     _Lepomis pallidus._ Blue Sunfish. Body short and deep,
     compressed; head 3; depth 2; eye 3-1/2; D. X, 12; A. III, 12;
     scales 7-46-16; 5 rows on cheeks; mouth small, maxillary barely
     reaching eye; teeth small and sharp; opercular flap without
     pale edge; gill-rakers x + 11 to 13.

     _Lepomis megalotis._ Long-eared Sunfish. Body short and deep,
     the back arched; head 3; depth 2; eye 4; D. X, 11; A. III, 9;
     scales 5-40-14; 5 rows on cheeks; mouth small and oblique;
     opercular flap long and broad, with red or blue margin;
     gill-rakers x + 8 or 9.

     _Lepomis auritus._ Red-breast Sunfish. Body elongate; head 3;
     depth 3; eye 4; D. X, 11; A. III, 9; scales 6-45-15; mouth
     large, oblique; palatine teeth present; gill-rakers _x_ + 8 or
     9, quite short; opercular flap very long and narrow; scales on
     breast very small; 7 rows scales on cheeks.

    GENUS EUPOMOTIS

     _Eupomotis gibbosus._ Common Sunfish. Body short and deep,
     compressed; head 3; depth 2; eye 4; D. X, 11; A. III, 10;
     scales 6-45-13; 4 rows on cheeks; mouth small, oblique,
     maxillary scarcely reaching front of eye; pharyngeal teeth
     paved and rounded; gill-rakers soft and small, _x_ + 10;
     opercular flap rather small, the lower part bright scarlet.

    GENUS POMOXIS

     _Pomoxis sparoides._ Calico-bass. Body oblong, elevated, much
     compressed; head 3; depth 2; D. VII, 15; A. VI, 17; scales 40
     to 45; 6 rows on cheeks; mouth large, maxillary reaching to
     posterior edge of pupil; snout projecting; fins very high, anal
     higher than dorsal.

     _Pomoxis annularis._ Crappie. Body rather elongate; head 3;
     depth 2-1/3; D. VI, 15; A. VI, 18; scales 36 to 48; 4 or 5 rows
     on cheek; mouth very wide; fins very high, but lower than
     _sparoides_.


THE SMALL-MOUTH BLACK-BASS

(_Micropterus dolomieu_)

The generic name _Micropterus_ was given to the small-mouth black-bass
by the French ichthyologist Lacépéde, in 1802, who was the first to
describe it. The name _Micropterus_, which means "small fin," was
bestowed on account of the mutilated condition of the dorsal fin of the
specimen, a few of the posterior rays of the fin being detached and
broken off, giving the appearance of a short and separate fin. The
specimen was sent to Paris from an unknown locality in America, and is
still preserved in the Museum of Natural History at Paris, where I
personally examined it. It is a fine example, about a foot in length,
and is remarkably well preserved. As there was no known genus to which
the specimen with the curious dorsal fin could be referred, Lacépéde
created the new genus _Micropterus_. He gave it the specific name
_dolomieu_ as a compliment to his friend M. Dolomieu, a French
mineralogist, for whom the mineral dolomite was also named.

Originally, the small-mouth black-bass was restricted to the Great Lake
region, parts of the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, and along the upper
reaches of streams flowing from the Alleghany Mountains in the Southern
states. It has, however, been introduced into all of the New England and
Middle states, and into many Western states. It has a compressed, rather
elliptical body, the dorsal and ventral outlines being nearly equal; it
becomes deeper with age.

As its range, or distribution, is so great and extensive, and the waters
it inhabits are so different in hue and character, the coloration of the
small-mouth bass varies from almost black to the faintest tinge of
green, in different sections of the country. The coloration is so
variable that it differs even in fish in the same waters. It is
influenced mostly by the hue of the water, character of the bottom, the
presence or absence of weeds about the haunts of the bass, and,
moreover, the changes in color may occur in a very short time when
subject to these various conditions. The general color, however, is
greenish of various shades, always darker on the back, and paling to
white or whitish on the belly. When markings are present, they form
vertical patches or bars, never horizontal. Three bronze streaks extend
from the eye across the cheeks. All markings, however, may become
obsolete with age.

The natural food of both species is crawfish, which might be inferred
from the character of their teeth and wide-opening mouth. There is a
popular belief that they are essentially and habitually piscivorous; but
this is an error; they are not so black as they are painted. They feed
on minute crustaceans and larval forms of insects when young, and
afterward on crawfish, minnows, frogs, insects, etc., as do most fishes
that have teeth in the jaws. But the teeth of the black-bass are
villiform and closely packed, presenting an even surface as uniform as
the surface of a tooth-brush. Such teeth are incapable of wounding, and
merely form a rough surface for holding their prey securely. All truly
piscivorous fishes have fewer, but sharp, conical teeth, of unequal
length, like the yellow-perch, pike-perch, mascalonge, and trout, or
lancet-shaped teeth like the bluefish.

The black-bass is far less destructive to fish life than any of the
fishes mentioned; on the contrary, it suffers the most in a mixed
community of fishes, and is the first to disappear. There are small
lakes in Canada and Michigan where the brook-trout and black-bass have
coexisted from time immemorial without jeopardy to the trout. There are
small lakes in Wisconsin where black-bass and cisco, with other species,
have coexisted for all time; and while the cisco is as numerous as ever,
the black-bass has almost disappeared. It does not follow, however, that
black-bass should be introduced in trout waters; far from it.
Brook-trout are being exterminated fast enough, owing to the changed
natural conditions of the streams and their surroundings, without adding
another contestant for the limited supply of food in such waters.

Both species of black-bass have been introduced into Germany, France,
Russia, and the Netherlands. In Germany, especially, they have found a
permanent home. It was my privilege materially to assist Herr Max von
dem Borne, of Berneuchen, with such advice as enabled him to start on a
sure footing in his enterprise, and with such subsequent success in its
establishment that he published several brochures on the black-bass to
meet the demand for information as to its habits and merits as a game
and food-fish. An effort was made some years ago to introduce the
black-bass into English waters, but without success, owing to a want of
knowledge as to the proper species to experiment with. The small-mouth
bass was placed in weedy ponds or small lakes in which only the
large-mouth bass would live.

The small-mouth bass thrives only in comparatively clear, cool, and
rocky or gravelly streams, and in lakes and ponds supplied by such
streams or having cold bottom springs. In lakes of the latter
character, in northern sections, it coexists with large-mouth bass in
many instances. In such cases, however, the small-mouth will be found
usually at the inlet, or about the springs, and the large-mouth at the
outlet or in sheltered, grassy situations. In winter it undergoes a
state of partial or complete torpidity. In ponds that have been drained
in the winter season it has been found snugly ensconced in the crevices
of rocks, beneath shelving banks, logs, roots, or among masses of
vegetation, undergoing its winter sleep. In the spring, when the
temperature of the water rises above fifty degrees, the small-mouth bass
emerges from its winter quarters, about which it lingers until the water
becomes still warmer, when it departs in search of suitable locations
for spawning. At this time, owing to a semi-migratory instinct, it
ascends streams, and roams about in lakes or ponds, often ascending
inlet streams, or in some instances descending outlet streams.

When favorable situations are found, the male and female pair off and
proceed to fulfil the reproductive instinct. The spawning period extends
from May to July, according to the section of the country it inhabits,
and when the temperature of the water is suitable. The nests are formed
on a bottom of gravel or coarse sand, or on a flat rock in very rocky
streams. The male fish does the work of preparation by scouring with
fins and tail a space about twice his length in diameter, forming a
shallow, saucer-shaped depression, in which the female deposits her
eggs, which are fertilized by the male, who hovers near by. The eggs are
heavy and adhesive, being invested with a glutinous matter that enables
them to adhere to the pebbles on the bottom. The number of eggs varies
from two thousand to twenty-five thousand, according to the size and
weight of the female. The nest is carefully guarded by the parents until
the eggs hatch, the period of incubation being from one to two weeks,
according to the temperature of the water. The resultant fry are then
watched and brooded by the male fish for several days or a week, when
they seek the shelter of weeds and grasses in shallow water.

The young fry feed on minute crustaceans and the larval forms of
insects. When a month old they are about an inch long, and continue to
grow, if food is plentiful, so that they reach a length of from three
to six inches in the fall. Thereafter they increase a pound a year under
the most favorable conditions, until the maximum weight is attained,
which is about five pounds. In some instances, however, they have
reached a weight of seven or even ten pounds, where the environment has
been unusually favorable; notably in Glen Lake, near Glens Falls, New
York, where a half-dozen or more have been taken weighing from eight to
ten pounds. One of ten pounds was twenty-five and one-half inches long
and nineteen inches in girth.

As a game-fish the black-bass has come into his inheritance. As the
French say, he has arrived. With the special tools and tackle now
furnished for his capture, he has proved my aphorism. "Inch for inch,
and pound for pound, he is the gamest fish that swims." When I ventured
this opinion twenty-five years ago, there were no special articles made
for his capture except the Kentucky reel and the McGinnis rod, twelve
feet long and fifteen ounces in weight. In awarding the palm as a
game-fish to the black-bass, I do so advisedly, in the light of ample
experience with all other game-fishes, and without prejudice, for I have
an innate love and admiration for all, from the lovely trout of the
mountain brook to the giant tarpon of the sea.

In the application of so broad and sweeping an assertion each and every
attribute of a game-fish must be well considered: his habitat; his
aptitude to rise to the fly; his struggle for freedom; his manner of
resistance; his weight as compared with other game-fishes; and his
excellence as a food-fish, must be separately and collectively
considered and duly and impartially weighed. His haunts are amid most
charming and varied scenes. Not in the silent and solemn solitudes of
the primeval forests, where animated Nature is evidenced mainly in
swarms of gnats, black-flies, and mosquitoes; nor under the shadows of
grand and lofty mountains, guarded by serried ranks of pines and firs,
but whose sombre depths are void of feathered songsters. However grand,
sublime, and impressive such scenes truly are, they do not appeal
profoundly to the angler. He must have life, motion, sound. He courts
Nature in her more communicative moods, and in the haunts of the
black-bass his desires are realized. Wading down the rippling stream,
casting his flies hither and yon, alert for the responsive tug, the
sunlight is filtered through overhanging trees, while the thrush,
blackbird, and cardinal render the air vocal with sweet sounds, and his
rival, the kingfisher, greets him with vibrant voice. The summer breeze,
laden with the scent of woodland blossoms, whispers among the leaves,
the wild bee flits by on droning wing, the squirrel barks defiantly, and
the tinkle of the cow-bell is mellowed in the distance. I know of such
streams in the mountain valleys of West Virginia, amid the green rolling
hills of Kentucky and Tennessee, and in the hill country where Missouri
and Arkansas meet.

The aptitude of the black-bass to rise to the artificial fly is not
questioned by the twentieth-century angler, though it was considered a
matter of doubt by many anglers during the last quarter of the
nineteenth. The doubt was mainly owing to a lack of experience, for
fly-fishing for black-bass was successfully practised in Kentucky as
early, certainly, as 1845. I have before me a click reel made in 1848 by
the late Mr. J.L. Sage, of Lexington, Kentucky, especially for
fly-fishing. I have also seen his fly-rod made by him about the same
time, and used by him for many years on the famous bass streams of that
state. And I might say, in passing, that blackbass bait-fishing, as an
art, originated in Kentucky a century ago. George Snyder, of Paris,
Kentucky, when president of the Bourbon County Angling Club, made the
first multiplying reel for casting the minnow, in 1810, and as early as
1830 many such reels were used in that state. The rods employed by those
pioneers of black-bass fishing were about ten feet long, weighing but
several ounces, cut from the small end of a Mississippi cane, with the
reel lashed to the butt. They used the smallest Chinese "sea-grass"
lines, or home-made lines of three strands of black sewing-silk twisted
together. Those old disciples of Walton would have been shocked, could
they have seen the heavy rods and coarse lines that are still used in
some sections, for their own tackle was as light, if not so elegant, as
any made at the present day.

Another quality in a game-fish is measured by his resistance when hooked
and by his efforts to escape. I think no fish of equal weight exhibits
so much finesse and stubborn resistance, under such conditions, as the
black-bass. Most fishes when hooked attempt to escape by tugging and
pulling in one direction, or by boring toward the bottom, and if not
successful in breaking away soon give up the unequal contest. But the
black-bass exhibits, if not intelligence, something akin to it, in his
strategical manoeuvres. Sometimes his first effort is to bound into the
air at once and attempt to shake out the hook, as if he knew his
misfortune came from above. At other times he dashes furiously, first in
one direction, then in another, pulling strongly meanwhile, then leaps
into the air several times in quick succession, madly shaking himself
with open jaws. I have seen him fall on a slack line, and again by using
his tail as a lever and the water as a fulcrum, throw himself over a
taut line, evidently with the intent to break it or tear out the hook.
Another clever ruse is to wind the line around a root or rock, and still
another is to embed himself in a clump of water-weeds if permitted to do
so. Or, finding it useless to pull straight away, he reverses his
tactics and swims rapidly toward the angler, shaking himself and working
his jaws, meanwhile, as if he knew that with a slack line he would be
more apt to disengage the hook.

I have never known a black-bass to sulk like the salmon by lying
motionless on the bottom. He is never still unless he succeeds in
reaching a bed of weeds. He is wily and adroit, but at the same time he
is brave and valiant. He seems to employ all the known tactics of other
fishes, and to add a few of his own in his gallant fight for freedom.

As a food-fish there is, in my estimation, but one fresh-water fish that
is better, the whitefish of the Great Lakes. Its flesh is white, firm,
and flaky, with a fine savor, and a juicy, succulent quality that is
lacking with most other fresh-water fishes. About the spawning period,
especially in fish from weedy ponds, it is somewhat musky or muddy in
flavor, like other fishes in similar situations; but by skinning the
fish instead of scaling it much of that unpleasant feature is removed.


BLACK-BASS TACKLE

The first consideration for the fly-fisher is suitable tools and tackle,
and the most important article of his outfit is the fly-rod.
Fortunately, at the present day, manufacturers turn out such good work
that one does not have to seek far to obtain the best. And the best is
one made of split bamboo by a first-class maker. Such a rod necessarily
commands a good price, but it is the cheapest in the end, for with
proper care it will last a lifetime. I have rods of this character that
I have used for thirty years that are still as good as new. But the
angler should eschew the shoddy split-bamboo rods that are sold in the
department stores for a dollar. A wooden rod at a moderate price is far
better than a split-bamboo rod at double its cost. Rods are now made
much better, of better material, and considerably shorter and lighter
than formerly, and withal they are much better in balance and action.

If any evidence were needed to prove and establish the superiority of
the modern single-handed fly-rod over the old-style rod, it is only
necessary to refer to the following facts: At the tournament of the New
York State Sportsman's Association, in 1880, a cast of seventy feet won
the first prize for distance; and at that time the longest on record was
Seth Green's cast of eighty-six feet. At a contest of the San Francisco
Fly-casting Club held on October 11, 1902, at Stow Lake, Golden Gate
Park, Mr. H.C. Golcher made the remarkable and wonderful cast of one
hundred and forty feet, beating the previous record cast of one hundred
and thirty-four feet, held jointly by Mr. Golcher and Mr. W.D.
Mansfield of the same club.

A suitable fly-rod for black-bass fishing may be from nine to ten and
one-half feet in length, and weigh from six and one-half to eight
ounces, according to the preferences of the angler and the waters to be
fished.

For an all-round rod for all-round work my ideal is ten and a quarter
feet long and weighing seven ounces in split bamboo and eight ounces in
ash and lancewood, or ash and bethabara. It should be made in three
pieces, with a stiffish backbone, constituting the lower third of its
length, and with most of the bend in the upper two-thirds. A rod
constructed on this principle will afford just the requisite amount of
resiliency for casting, with sufficient pliancy and elasticity for
playing a fish, and embody all the power and strength needed. The
reel-seat should be simply a shallow groove in the hand-piece, with
reel-bands, instead of the solid metal reel-seat, which subserves no
good purpose and is only added weight; moreover, it is now put on the
cheapest rods as a trap to catch the unwary. All metal mountings should
be German silver or brass. Nickel-plated mountings are cheap and nasty.

A light, single-action click reel of German silver or aluminum of fifty
or sixty yards' capacity is the best. A plain crank handle is to be
preferred to a balance handle, but in either case there should be a
projecting rim or safety band, within which the handle revolves, in
order to prevent fouling of the line. My own preference is for the
English pattern, with a knobbed handle affixed to the edge of a
revolving disk on the face of the reel. A multiplying reel with an
adjustable click may be utilized instead of a click reel for
fly-fishing.

The enamelled, braided silk line is the only one suitable for casting
the fly, and there is no better. A level line will answer, but a tapered
one is better adapted for long casts. It may taper toward one end or
both ways from the centre, the latter being preferable. From twenty-five
to thirty yards is sufficient for all emergencies. It should be
thoroughly dried every day it is used. A convenient way is to wind it
around the back of a chair.

Leaders may be from three to six feet long, accordingly as one or two
flies are used in the cast. It should be composed of single, clear,
round silkworm-gut fibre, tapering from the reel line to the distal end.
It should not be tested to a greater weight than two pounds, as testing
silkworm-gut weakens it very materially. It may be stained or not,
though there is no advantage in coloring it; I prefer the natural hue.
There should be a loop at the small end, and one three feet above it,
for attaching the snells of flies. Before using it, it must be soaked in
water until soft and pliable. Extra leaders may be carried in a box
between layers of damp felt, so as to be ready for emergencies. The best
and smallest and most secure knot for tying the lengths of gut together
in making the leader is a simple half-hitch, like tying a single knot in
a piece of string. When thoroughly soaked, the two ends to be tied are
lapped a couple of inches, and a single knot, or half-hitch made in
them, pulling the knot tight, and cutting off the loose ends closely.

Snells should be three or four inches long, of good single gut, the
shorter length for end fly. If the flies are made with a loop at the
head, the snells for same should have a loop at each end for attaching
to both fly and leader. If flies are made on eyed hooks, the snell
should have but one loop for the leader, and a free end for tying to the
eye of hook. The best knot for the purpose is made by passing the end of
snell through the eye of hook, then around the shank just below the
eye, and then between the shank and snell and draw tight, forming a jam
knot. Where the snell is tied to the fly, it should likewise have a loop
for attaching to the leader. It should also be reinforced by a piece of
gut an inch long at the head of the fly to strengthen it and prevent
chafing. Snells, whether separate or tied to flies, should be carried
like leaders between layers of damp felt.

Most flies made for black-bass fishing are too large. The largest trout
flies tied on hooks Nos. 4 to 6 are big enough. As just mentioned, they
are tied directly to the snell on tapered hooks, or made with a small
gut loop at the head of the fly, which is much the best way. Since the
introduction of the eyed hook, or rather a revival of it, for trout
flies, they are now utilized for bass flies also. As between the Pennell
hook with turned-down eye and the Hall hook with turned-up eye, there is
not much choice. Both patterns are based on the old Limerick hook. I
prefer the Sproat or O'Shaughnessy to either, with gut loop at the head
of the fly.

If the black-bass is not color-blind, he seems to have a penchant for
brown, gray, black, and yellow, as flies embodying these colors seem to
be more attractive to him than others. One can judge in this matter,
however, only from experience. And even then the deduction of one angler
is often at variance with the inference of another.

The most successful bass flies, like salmon flies, are not made in
imitation of natural insects. This is true also of some of the "general"
trout flies that have proved particularly pleasing to the black-bass, as
the professor, grizzly king, king of the waters, Montreal, coachman,
etc. True, the black, gray, red, and yellow hackles, which are supposed
to be imitations of caterpillars, are very useful on nearly all waters;
but their resemblance to any known larval forms is very slight.

There is a well-known rule in regard to the size and color of flies to
be used at particular states and stages of the water, and in accordance
with the time and character of the day. It is to use small and dark
flies on bright days, with low and clear water; and larger and brighter
flies on dark days with high or turbid water, and at dusk. This rule is
hoary with age. It has come down to us through past centuries with the
indorsement of thousands of intelligent and observant anglers, and
should be respected accordingly. It is in the main reliable and
trustworthy. Of course there will occur exceptions to prove the rule.
And some iconoclastic anglers at this late day, in view of the
exceptions, declare that it is entirely valueless as a guide; but they
offer nothing better. It is true, nevertheless, and a safe rule to
follow.


FLY-FISHING

To be a successful fly-fisher for black-bass the angler must know
something of the habits of his quarry, or at least of its haunts and
favorite places of resort. On streams these places are in the eddies of
rocks or large boulders, in the deeper water above and below riffles,
under shelving banks and rocks, among the submerged roots of trees on
the bank, near weed patches, driftwood, and logs, and in the vicinity of
gravelly bars and shoals. Except in cloudy weather the angler may rest
during the noon hours, as the most favorable time is in the morning and
late afternoon until dusk. If wading, the angler should fish
down-stream, and when the shadows are long, should endeavor to keep the
sun in front. He should move slowly and cautiously, making as little
noise as possible, casting to the sides and in front over every likely
spot. Casts of thirty or forty feet are usually sufficient. The flies
should be allowed to float down-stream, with tremulous motions,
sidewise, to imitate the struggles of a drowning insect, and then
permitted to sink several inches or a foot at each cast.

Whipping the stream is sometimes quite successful where the bass does
not respond to ordinary casting. This is done by casting in quick
succession and repeatedly over one spot, allowing the flies merely to
touch the water, until several such casts are made, when they should be
permitted to sink, for a few seconds, as before. In making up the cast,
two flies should be selected of different combinations of colors, as
polka and professor. If necessary, changes should be made until two are
selected that seem to meet the fastidious fancy of the fish.

If a taut line is maintained, the bass usually hooks himself, but the
angler should strike quickly upon feeling the slightest tug, or when
seeing the swirl of the fish. One cannot strike too quickly. By striking
is meant a simple turning of the hand sidewise, with a perfectly tight
line; this is amply sufficient to set the hook. Should the line be slack
and lifeless at the moment, a more vigorous movement is required, but
even then it is usually too late. When a bass is hooked, the contest
should be between rod and fish, rather than between the reel and fish.
It is the spring of the rod that conquers him, not the giving and taking
of line. If the rod is held firmly, at an angle of forty-five degrees,
with the thumb on the spool of the reel, there is no likelihood of a
good rod breaking. Line should be given grudgingly, and the fish kept on
the surface as much as possible. When exhausted he should be drawn over
the landing-net and lifted out quickly, at the same time releasing the
thumb from the reel to relieve the strain on the rod.

In fishing from the bank in deeper streams, or from a boat on small
lakes, whereby the fish is better enabled to see the angler, longer
casts are necessary, or the angler must screen himself from observation
by trees or bushes on the bank. The boat should be kept in the deeper
water and the casts made toward the shallows of bars, shoals, and weed
patches. The best time for boat fishing on lakes or ponds is from near
sundown until dark.


CASTING THE MINNOW

The live minnow, shiner preferred, is by far the best bait for the
black-bass, as it is more easily seen, and the best way of presenting it
is by casting from the reel. For this purpose a rod eight or nine feet
long is much better than a shorter or longer one. After a long series of
experiments with rods from six to twelve feet, I arrived at the
conclusion that the one now known as the Henshall rod, eight and
one-fourth feet long and from seven to eight ounces in weight, fulfils
all the requirements of casting, hooking, and playing a black-bass. It
is light, strong, and of beautiful proportions. In first-class split
bamboo it may be as light as six and one-half ounces, but should not
exceed seven and one-half ounces. In ash and lancewood, or bethabara,
from seven to eight ounces is the correct weight.

A multiplying reel is indispensable. It may be two, three, or
four-ply, but the best work and the most effective casting can only be
done with the most perfect reel. It should be as light as possible, in a
fifty or sixty-yard reel. German silver is the best material, though
brass is fully as serviceable, and costs less. Some very good reels are
made of hard rubber and metal.

Only braided lines should be used, as twisted ones kink too much in
casting. Undressed silk, of the smallest caliber, size H, is best.
Braided linen is stronger, but of larger caliber, and not so suitable
for good casting. Neither can effective casting be done with oil-dressed
or enamelled lines.

Snelled hooks on single-gut snells, size No. 1 or No. 2, Sproat
preferred and O'Shaughnessy next, are the best in any method of
bait-fishing for black-bass. There are several other styles of hooks
used, but, everything considered, those named are the most faultless,
and for shape, strength, and general excellence cannot be excelled.

No leader is used, as the minnow must be reeled up to within a foot or
two of the tip of the rod in casting. The snell of the hook is attached
to the reel-line by the smallest brass box-swivel, or it may be tied
directly to the line. The casts are made from right or left and
underhand, not overhead as in casting the fly. Casts of 160 feet have
been made in this way. The chief factor in this style of casting is the
proper control of the reel by the thumb--by a gentle but constant and
uniform pressure on the revolving spool, to prevent overrunning of the
line during the cast, and a stronger pressure to stop the reel at the
end of the cast. The thumb must be thoroughly educated to this work,
and, once acquired, the rest is easy, as but little muscular effort is
required. The novice must begin with short casts and increase their
length as he becomes more proficient in the management of the reel.
Perfect casting from the reel is more difficult than casting the fly,
and more artistic.

In wading a stream the casts are directed to the same likely places
mentioned under the head of fly-fishing. The minnow is allowed to sink
to half the depth of the water and reeled in slowly, which gives a
lifelike motion to the bait when hooked through the lips. If there is no
response, the next cast should be made to another spot, as a bass, if
inclined to take the lure at all, will usually do so upon its first
presentation.

In fly-fishing it is imperative to strike as soon as the bass seizes the
fly, otherwise he ejects it at once, if not hooked by a taut line, for
he is conscious of the deception as soon as the fly is taken into his
mouth. With natural bait it is different. The bass first seizes the
minnow crosswise or tail first, turns it in his mouth, and swallows it
head first. This takes a little time. Usually he holds it in his mouth
and bolts away from other fish, or rushes toward a secure
hiding-place--hence the vigorous initial dash and taking of line. If
stopped before being hooked, he gives several tugs in quick succession,
when he should be given line slowly. The angler, with thumb on the spool
of the reel, can feel every motion of the fish. When he pulls steadily
and strongly and increases his speed, the hook should be driven in by
striking in the opposite direction to his course, or upward. A vigorous
"yank" is not needed. With the strained line a movement of the tip of
the rod a foot or two is sufficient with a sharp hook.

If fishing from a boat, where the angler is more apt to be seen, it
should be kept in deep water and the casts made toward the haunts of the
bass in shallow water. Should the hooked bass break water on a long
line, the slight straightening of the bent rod that ensues will tend to
keep it taut, and there is nothing more to do. On a short line, however
(the bend of the rod being maintained), he should be followed back to
the water by a slight lowering of the tip, but it should again be raised
as soon as he touches the water. The critical moment is when he is
apparently standing on his tail, shaking himself, with wide-opened jaws.
If he is given any slack line at this time, the hook is likely to be
thrown out.

Lowering the tip to a leaping fish is a good old rule when done
understandingly. It has been ridiculed by some anglers who do not seem
to have a clear conception of it. They claim that by lowering the tip it
gives sufficient slack line to enable the fish to free himself. But if
the rod is bent, as it should be, the simple lowering of the tip with a
short line merely relieves it somewhat from the weight of the fish;
there is no slack line, nor could there be unless the rod is lowered
until it is perfectly straight, which no wide-awake angler would permit.
As the fish is in the air but a second or two, the careless angler
simply does nothing, which is, perhaps, the best thing that could happen
for him.

Trolling is practised from a moving boat along the edges of weeds or
rushes, or in the neighborhood of gravelly shoals and bars or rocky
ledges. The bait may be a minnow or a very small trolling-spoon; if the
latter, it should have but a single hook. The revolving spoon is itself
the lure, and any addition of a bunch of feathers, a minnow, or a strip
of pork-rind does not add to its efficiency in the least, and moreover
savors of pot-fishing. A rod and reel should always be used, as trolling
with a hand-line is very unsportsmanlike.

Still-fishing is practised from the bank or from an anchored boat. If
the bait is live minnows, no float is necessary; but if crawfish,
helgramites, cut-bait, or worms are employed, a very small float is
useful to keep the bait off the bottom. The boat should be anchored in
close proximity to the feeding-grounds of the bass, and the angler
should keep as still as possible. Contrary to the popular opinion, fish
hear sounds, not only those made in the water, but those in the air as
well, otherwise they would not be provided with so delicate an auditory
apparatus; because they do not always notice sounds made in the air is
no proof that they do not hear them. The suggestions already made as to
the hooking and playing and landing the bass apply to still-fishing as
well. The minnow is best hooked through both lips, but if they are very
small, they may be hooked just under the dorsal fin.


THE LARGE-MOUTH BLACK-BASS

(_Micropterus salmoides_)

The large-mouth black-bass was also first described by the French
ichthyologist Lacépéde, in 1802, from a drawing and description sent to
him from South Carolina by M. Bosc, under the local name of
"trout-perch." Owing to the vernacular name, he gave it the specific
name of _salmoides_, "salmon-like" or "trout-like." Thirty years before,
pressed skins of the large-mouth bass had been sent to Linnæus by Dr.
Garden from Charleston. South Carolina, under the name of "freshwater
trout," but Linnæus failed to describe or name it. The black-bass is
called "trout" to this day in the Southern states.

The large-mouth black-bass is very similar in appearance to the
small-mouth bass. It is not quite so trimly built, being somewhat more
"stocky" and robust. Its mouth is larger, the angle reaching behind the
eye. It has larger scales, and those on the cheeks are not much smaller
than those on the body, while in the small-mouth bass the cheek scales
are very small compared with its body scales. The large-mouth is more
muscular, and has a broader and more powerful tail.

Its distribution is perhaps wider than that of any other game-fish, its
range extending from Canada to Florida and Mexico, and, through
transplantation, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. It has also been
introduced into Germany. France, Russia, and the Netherlands, where it
is greatly esteemed both as a game-fish and food-fish.

The coloration of the large-mouth bass is often of the same hue as the
small-mouth bass, though usually it is not so dark, being mostly
bronze-green, fading to white on the belly. When markings are present,
they tend to form longitudinal streaks of aggregated spots, and not
vertical ones, as in the small-mouth.

Its habits of feeding, spawning, etc., are very similar to those of the
small-mouth. It prefers stiller water, and is more at home in weedy
situations, and will thrive in quiet, mossy ponds with muddy bottom
where the small-mouth would eventually become extinct; on the other
hand, the large-mouth can exist wherever it is possible for the
small-mouth to do so. It is better able to withstand the vicissitudes of
climate and temperature, and has a wonderful adaptability that enables
it to become reconciled to its environment. The feeding habits of the
two black-basses are much the same, though they differ as to their
haunts. The large-mouth favors weedy rather than rocky places, and
though its food is also much the same, the large-mouth is perhaps more
partial to frogs and minnows, in the absence of crawfish, which, like
the other species, it prefers.

In the Northern states it hibernates, and reaches a maximum weight of
six or eight pounds, while in the Gulf states, where it is active the
year round, it is taken weighing twenty pounds or more. In Florida I
have taken it on the fly up to fourteen pounds, and up to twenty pounds
with natural bait. In waters where it coexists with the small-mouth bass
there is no difference in their excellence as food-fish. I have often
eaten the large-mouth bass from the clear-water lakes of Utah and
Washington, that, with the single exception of the whitefish of Lake
Superior, were the best of all fresh-water fishes. And I can truly say
the same of those from some of the large rivers of Florida, notably the
St. Lucie, St. Sebastian, and New rivers.

It prefers to spawn on gravel or sand, but if such situations are
lacking, it makes its nest on a clay or mud bottom, or on the roots of
water-plants; or in ponds of very deep water without shallow shores, it
will spawn on the top of masses of weeds, in order to get near enough to
sunlight. In other respects its breeding habits are similar to its
cousin the small-mouth, the time of incubation and the guarding of the
eggs and young being about the same.

As to the much-mooted subject of the gameness of the large-mouth bass I
have no hesitation in saying, from an experience of nearly forty years,
covering all sections of the country, that where the two species coexist
there is no difference in their game qualities. The large-mouth is fully
the equal of the small-mouth where they are exposed to the same
conditions. Many anglers profess to think otherwise, but their
deductions are drawn from a comparison of the two species when subject
to totally different environment; for it is altogether a matter of
environment and not of physical structure or idiosyncrasy that
influences their game qualities. A small-mouth bass in a clear, rocky
stream, highly aerated as it must be, is, as a matter of course, more
active than a large-mouth bass in a quiet, weedy pond.

With others the opinion is merely a matter of prejudice or hearsay, a
prejudice that is, indeed, difficult to account for. It does not make
the small-mouth bass a gamer fish by disparaging the large-mouth. As I
have said elsewhere, if the large-mouth bass is just as game as the
small-mouth, the angler is just that much better off. As prejudice and
ignorance go hand in hand, we are not surprised when we hear persons--I
do not style them anglers--call the small-mouth the "true" black-bass,
implying that the large-mouth is not a black-bass, but is, as they often
say, the Oswego bass, which is, of course, absurd. I am glad to add,
however, that the prejudice against the large-mouth bass is dying out
among observant anglers, who know that a trout in a clear stream is more
vigorous than one in a weedy, mucky pond.

From my own experience I am prepared to say that the large-mouth bass is
more to be relied on in rising to the fly than the small-mouth, which
fact should be taken into consideration when the gameness of the two
species is compared. The remarks concerning fly-fishing for the
small-mouth bass are also applicable to the large-mouth, as both are
fished for in the same way, and with the same tackle, except that the
rod may be a little heavier. For the large bass of the Gulf states the
rod should be fully eight ounces in weight, and the flies a trifle
larger, on hooks Nos. 2 to 6; otherwise the tackle should be the same.

Minnow-casting for the large-mouth need not differ from that described
for the small-mouth bass. The tackle likewise may be the same, though
for the heavy bass of Florida the rod may be eight, or even nine ounces,
if preferred. Hooks may also be employed of a larger size, say Nos. 1 to
1-0, or even 2-0, as larger minnows are used for bait.

Some anglers of the Middle West have adopted a very short rod of six
feet or less for casting the live frog or pork-rind overhead, in the
same way as casting a fly. This is a very primitive style of
bait-casting, being the same as practised by bucolic boys and Southern
negroes using a sapling pole without a reel. The frog is reeled up to
within a few inches of the tip and propelled like a wad of clay from a
slender stick as we were wont to do as boys. The frog is projected with
great accuracy, but not without a smack and splash on the water. With
such a rod most of the pleasure of playing a bass to a finish is lost.
Presumably the end justifies the means, but this method does not appeal
to the artistic angler. If bait must be used, a small minnow, lightly
cast from a suitable rod, is more in accordance with the eternal fitness
of things and the practice and traditions of the gentle art. In very
weedy ponds and lakes, however, where there is not open water enough
to play a bass, and where it must be landed as soon as possible, this
rod and style of casting answer a good purpose.

[Illustration OSWEGO (LARGE-MOUTH) BASS]

Still-fishing is the same for either species of black-bass, but as it is
usually done from an anchored boat on Northern lakes, where the
large-mouth bass is of greater size and weight than the small-mouth
bass, somewhat heavier tackle may be used than recommended for the
small-mouth.

Trolling with the live or dead minnow, or a small spoon with a single
hook, is a very successful method on lakes, ponds, and broad, still
rivers. A greater length of line can be utilized in trolling, whereby
the fish is not so apt to see the angler. More ground can also be
covered than in any other style of fishing. The boat should be propelled
slowly along the borders of rushes and weed patches, over shoals and
gravelly banks, and near projecting points of the shore. Considerable
care should be exercised to move as noiselessly as possible, avoiding
splashing with the oars or paddle, or making any undue noise with the
feet or otherwise in the boat, as such sounds are conveyed a long
distance in so dense a medium as water. In trolling, the line may be
lengthened to fifty yards, if necessary, though from twenty to thirty
yards will usually be sufficient, especially when a good breeze is
blowing.

Bobbing for the large-mouth bass is much in vogue in the Gulf states,
but is more often practised in Florida. The conventional "bob" is formed
by tying a strip of deer's tail, with or without a piece of red flannel,
around a triangle of hooks, the hairs completely investing the hooks. A
single hook, however, answers fully as well or better. The hook is of
large size, Nos. 3-0 to 5-0. The method of procedure is as follows: The
boat is propelled by a single-bladed paddle, the paddler being seated in
the stern. The boat is moved silently and cautiously, skirting the edges
of water-lilies and bonnets, which grow thickly along the margin of the
channels. The angler is seated in the bow with a very long cane rod, to
which is affixed a short line of a few feet, not to exceed six. As the
boat advances, the angler dances the bob as far ahead as possible. It is
held a few inches or a foot above the water, into which it is "bobbed"
at short intervals. Sometimes the bass leaps from the water to seize it.
When hooked, the fish islanded without any ceremony and as soon as
possible, keeping it meanwhile on the surface, to prevent its taking to
the weeds. Bartram described bobbing as practised in Florida, for
black-bass, nearly a century and a half ago.

Although bass fishing dates back to the middle of the eighteenth
century, when bobbing, skittering, and still-fishing were common methods
in the extreme Southern states for the large-mouth bass, and though the
dawn of the nineteenth century saw bait-fishing and fly-fishing for the
small-mouth bass in Kentucky, it is surprising how little was known in
the Northern and Eastern states about the black-bass and bass fishing a
century after Bartram described bobbing for that game-fish in the
narrative of his travels. Even so late as 1871, when the _Forest and
Stream_ was established, very little appeared in its pages anent bass
fishing. Indeed, a few years later, a discussion lasting a year or more
appeared in its columns from week to week, as to whether the black-bass
would rise to the fly. Previous to the publication of the writer's "Book
of the Black-bass" in 1881, no work on angling gave any but the most
meagre account of black-bass or bass fishing. The "American Angler's
Guide," published in 1849 by John J. Brown, states that the black-bass
has rows of small teeth, two dorsal fins, and a swallowtail. In the
same work the large-mouth bass of the Southern states is classified
under the head of "brook trout," the author being misled apparently by
its Southern name of "trout," and goes on to say that they "grow much
larger than Northern trout," and that they "are fished for with the same
arrangement of tackle as the striped bass or salmon." A contributor to
the work, however, from Buffalo, New York, treats briefly and vaguely of
still-fishing with minnows and crawfish. Brief notes also from Southern
and Western anglers give fair descriptions of the appearance and habits
of both species of black-bass. Frank Forester (Henry W. Herbert) knew no
more of the black-bass than Mr. Brown, and acknowledges that he never
caught one. That old Nestor of angling, Uncle Thad Norris, in his
"American Angler's Book," 1864, gives the descriptions of Louis Agassiz
and Dr. Holbrook for the black-bass, and then relates his only
experience as follows, "I have taken this bass in the vicinity of St.
Louis, on a moonshiny night, by skittering a light spoon over the
surface of the water, while standing on the shore." Genio C. Scott in
his "Fishing in American Waters," 1869, has less to say, and evidently
knew less of the black-bass than any of the earlier writers. He gives
just three lines concerning black-bass fishing, saying, "This fish is
taken by casting the artificial fly, or by trolling with the feathered
spoon, with a minnow impaled on a gang of hooks, and forming spinning
tackle." Of all the angling authors prior to 1870, Robert B. Roosevelt
is the only one who knew anything about black-bass or black-bass
fishing, having fished for it in the St. Lawrence basin. He says, "They
will take minnows, shiners, grasshoppers, frogs, worms, or almost
anything else that can be called a bait." Also, "They may be captured by
casting the fly as for salmon or trout, and this is by far the most
sportsmanlike way, but the most destructive and usually resorted to is
trolling." The only personal experience he gives of black-bass fishing,
unfortunately, is by trolling with large flies. In his "Game Fish of the
North," 1862, he devotes five pages to the black-bass, but apparently
does not discriminate between the two species. In "Superior Fishing,"
1865, he devotes two pages to the black-bass of Canada and the Great
Lakes, in a general way, but gives two instances of fishing as follows,
"Pedro soon hooked a splendid black-bass, and landed him after a
vigorous struggle of half an hour; he weighed three pounds and
three-quarters, and was thoroughly game." And again, "That evening was
again devoted to the black-bass, which took both the fly and spoon
greedily."

During the period covered by the authors named, from 1849 to 1869, the
anglers of the South and Middle West were using light cane rods,
Kentucky reels, and the smallest sea-grass lines for bait-fishing, and
trout fly-rods and trout-tackle for fly-fishing, rods and tackle as
light, to say the least, as those in use to-day.

In 1866 I removed to Oconomowoc, Wisconsin, where there were thirty
lakes within ten miles abounding in black-bass of both species, with
pike, rock-bass, crappies, perch, etc. On my home grounds was a large
shallow pond fed from Fowler Lake. Becoming much interested in the
black-bass, and finding but little information available in the books of
that day concerning their habits, I determined to give some study to the
subject. Accordingly I cut a ditch from the pond to the lake, with
suitable screens, and stocked it with black-bass of both species. During
their spawning period in the summer I watched them faithfully and
constantly from a blind of bushes on the bank. This I did for several
years, turning the adult bass into the lake when the fry were large
enough to look out for themselves, and turning the fry out also in the
fall.

I extended my observations of the bass during their breeding season to
the many lakes near by. I found a difference of several weeks in the
time of their spawning in these lakes, owing to the difference in
temperature, caused by their varying depth. The appearance of the bass
also differed slightly in the various lakes, so that it was possible,
from a close study of their variations in color, size, and contour, to
determine in what particular lake any string of bass was taken.

About the same time, from 1868 to 1870, Mr. Cyrus Mann and Mr. H.D.
Dousman established their trout hatchery and ponds not far from
Oconomowoc, and Colonel George Shears, of Beaver Lake, a few miles away,
also began hatching trout on a smaller scale. These establishments
presented an opportunity to study the artificial propagation of
brook-trout, and I soon became familiar with the _modus operandi_. This
was before the institution of the United States Fish Commission, though
the state of Wisconsin already had an able and efficient Fish
Commission, Mr. H.D. Dousman being one of the commissioners. Colonel
Shears also experimented with black-bass culture, and between us we
reared many thousands to the age of three months, before turning them
out. Near my pond was a shallow, marshy cove to which the pike resorted
in early spring to spawn, giving me an opportunity to study their
breeding habits, also. There being so many lakes and ponds in the
vicinity, and their being so well supplied with fishes of various kinds,
my opportunities for the observation of fish life were as great as
fortunate.

The differences of opinion among anglers, of all men, pertaining to the
practice of their art, has become axiomatic. Some will differ even to
the estimation of a hair in the legs of an artificial fly, while it is
averred others will go so far as to "divide a hair 'twixt south and
south-west side," as Butler has it. But, seriously, there are several
moot points which I have endeavored to discuss in the following
piscatorial polemic.

Two friends went fishing. Both were famous black-bass anglers, with the
enthusiasm born of a genuine love and an inherent appreciation of the
gentle art so common among Kentucky gentlemen. One was a fly-fisher,
the other a bait-fisher. Each was a devotee to his especial mode of
angling, though generously tolerant of the other's method. They had
fished together for years when the dogwood and redbud blossomed in the
spring, and when the autumnal tints clothed the hillsides with scarlet
and gold.

They differed in their methods of fishing from choice, or from some
peculiar, personal idiosyncrasy, for each was an adept with both bait
and fly. But this difference in their piscatorial practices, like the
diversity of nature, produced perfect harmony instead of discord. Each
extolled the advantages and sportsmanship of his own method, but always
in a brotherly and kindly manner; never dictatorial or opinionated in
argument, or vainglorious and boastful as to his skill, for both were
possessed of the generous impulses of gentlemen and the kindly
influences of the gentle art. Moreover, they were innately conscious of
a common aim, and differed only as to the ways and means of best
attaining that end, which, while dissimilar, were not inharmonious.

And so the Silver Doctor and the Golden Shiner, as they dubbed each
other, went trudging along the bank of the merry stream together. The
Doctor, lightly equipped with only rod, fly-book, and creel, sometimes
relieved the Shiner by toting his minnow bucket or minnow net. They were
fishing a rocky, gently flowing river, characteristic of the Blue Grass
section.

They stopped at a broad, lakelike expansion of the stream, caused by a
mill-dam, and, in a quiet cove at the entrance of a clear brook. Golden
Shiner proceeded to fill his minnow bucket with lively minnows, using
for the purpose an umbrella-like folding net. This he attached to a
long, stout pole, and, after baiting it with crushed biscuit, lowered it
into the water. In a short time he had all the bait necessary--chubs,
shiners, and steelbacks.

"The golden shiner is the best of all," said he, "especially for roily
or milky water; but the chub and steelback are stronger and livelier on
the hook, and for very clear water are good enough."

They then proceeded below the mill-dam, where there was a strong riffle,
with likely-looking pools and eddies.

"The proper way to hook a minnow is through the lips," continued Golden
Shiner, "especially for casting. One can give a more natural motion to
the minnow on drawing it through the water. For still-fishing, hooking
through the tail or under the back fin will answer; but even then I
prefer my method, unless the minnow is less than two inches in length."
And he made a long cast toward the eddy of a large boulder.

"For the same reason," acquiesced Silver Doctor, "artificial flies are
tied with the head next the snell,"--industriously casting to right and
left over the riffle.

"But some flies are tied with the tail next to the snell," ventured
Shiner.

"That is true, but it is unnatural. I never saw an insect swim tail
first up-stream. Nature is the best teacher, and one should endeavor to
follow her lead." Just then the Doctor snapped off his point fly. Upon
examination he found that the snell was dry and brittle next to the head
of the fly, though he had previously soaked it well in a glass of water.
He discovered that a drop of shellac varnish had encroached beyond the
head of the fly for perhaps the sixteenth of an inch on the snell. This
portion, being waterproof, remained dry and brittle--a very common fault
with cheap flies.

"This fly," said the Doctor, "was given to me for trial by Judge Hackle.
He tied it himself. The broken end of the snell still shows a portion
of shellac coating."

"I never thought of that before," remarked Shiner. "No doubt many flies
are cracked off from the same cause."

"Without a doubt, as you say. I know a lady," continued the Doctor,
"who, as Walton says, 'has a fine hand,' and who superintends an
extensive artificial fly establishment--and who has written the best
book ever published on the subject of artificial flies--who personally
inspects every fly turned out by her tyers. And, moreover, she varnishes
the head of every fly herself, in order that not the least particle of
shellac may touch the snell. Such careful supervision and honest work,
to quote Walton again, 'like virtue, bring their own reward,'" and the
Doctor resumed his casting with another fly.

"Well, Doctor, I sympathize with you; but my snells are clear-quill and
no varnish. I may throw off a minnow once in a while by a very long
cast, but it is soon replaced, and costs nothing. And, speaking of
casting, I observed that you made half a dozen casts to reach yonder
rock but sixty feet away, while I placed my minnow, by a single cast, a
hundred feet in the other direction. Moreover, I reel my line toward me
through undisturbed water, while you whipped the entire distance by
several preliminary casts."

"That is necessarily true," answered the Doctor; "but while you must
recover all of your line for a new cast, I can cast repeatedly with the
extreme length of my line in any direction; so I think honors are easy
on the question of casting."

"But," persisted Shiner, "with my quadruple multiplying reel, it is only
a matter of a few seconds to prepare for a new cast. Then again. I have
better control of a hooked fish, and can give and take line much faster
than you with your single-action click reel."

"While I grant your reel has a great advantage in speed, I hold that a
single-action click reel is all-sufficient to play and land a hooked
fish. Your reel is intended particularly to make long initial casts, and
it is admirably adapted for that especial purpose; but in playing a bass
it has no advantage over a click reel; in fact, I prefer the latter for
that purpose. Really, the engine of destruction to the hooked fish is
the rod. Its constant strain and yielding resistance, even without a
reel of any kind, will soon place him _hors de combat_."

Golden Shiner was not slow to perceive the force of the Doctor's
arguments and held his peace. In the meantime both anglers had succeeded
in killing some half-dozen bass, the largest ones falling to the rod of
the bait fisher, as is usually the case. The sun was now climbing toward
the zenith, and the Doctor's flies seemed to have lost their
attractiveness for the wary bass, while the Shiner, seeking deeper
water, was still successful in his efforts. The day, however, was
becoming uncomfortably warm.

"You will admit, Doctor, that you must cast your flies early in the day
or late in the afternoon to insure much success, while I can fish during
the middle of the day in deeper water and still have a measure of
reward, which I consider quite an advantage of bait over fly."

"Granted. Fish rise to the fly only in comparatively shallow water, and
are found in such situations in bright weather only early and late in
the day. But I prefer to fish at just those times. I do not care to fish
during the middle portion of the day in summer." And the Doctor
proceeded to reel in his final cast.

Just then his friend hooked the largest fish of the morning's outing. It
was an unusually gamy bass, and leaped several times in rapid
succession from the water, shaking itself violently each time. But the
Shiner was equal to "his tricks and his manners," and soon had him in
the landing-net.

"Doctor, why does a hooked bass break water and shake his head? Is it
through fear or rage?"

"It is to rid his jaws of the hook. He can neither pick his teeth with a
fin, nor remove a foreign substance from his mouth with his tail. His
mouth is his prehensile organ. A horse, cow, dog, or fowl will shake the
head violently to rid its mouth of an offending object. But a fish,
having no neck to speak of, can only shake his head by shaking his body,
and that only in a lateral direction. As a bass cannot shake himself
energetically enough beneath the water to dislodge the hook, owing to
the resistance of the denser medium, he naturally leaps into the air for
that purpose; and he always does so with widely extended jaws, as you
have seen time and again this morning. He probably also fortifies
himself at the same time by taking in oxygen from the air. He does so,
at all events, willy-nilly."

"How high can a black-bass leap from the water, do you think?"

"A foot or two at most, as you well know," replied the Doctor. "In
rocky streams like this, one has a good gauge for measuring the leap. I
never saw a bass leap as high as yonder boulder, which is about three
feet above the water; and as you have taken several fish in its eddy,
you might have proved it by your own observation, as I did myself."

"I distinctly remember, now," affirmed Shiner, "that my last catch--the
big fellow--leaped several times very near that same rock, and he did
not go half as high."

The two friends then repaired to a cool spring beneath a spreading
beech, to enjoy a luncheon and a quiet pipe,--well satisfied with their
morning's sport,--and to continue the _argumentum ad hominem_ anent fly
and bait, with the usual result that;

    "A man convinced against his will.
      Is of the same opinion still."


THE ROCK-BASS

(_Ambloplites rupestris_)

In the same family with the black-bass are a number of other sunfishes
that will next be considered, merely as a matter of sequence, and not on
account of their importance as game-fishes.

The rock-bass was first described by the French naturalist, Rafinesque,
in 1817, while travelling in America. His specimens were from New York
and Vermont, which he named _rupestris_, "living among rocks." In the
Northern states it is generally known as the rock-bass, but in Kentucky
and other states of the Middle West it is called red-eye, goggle-eye,
etc.

Its original habitat was from Canada and Lake Champlain southward along
the Mississippi Valley to Louisiana and Texas, but its range has been
extended to many other states east and west by transplantation.

In its general appearance it resembles somewhat the black-bass, but it
is a deeper fish and is more compressed. Its dorsal and anal fins are
comparatively larger and stronger. It has a large eye and a capacious
mouth well filled with small teeth, some on the roof of the mouth being
rather sharp.

The color is of various shades of olive-green, with brassy or coppery
reflection, more or less mottled with black, forming broken and
indistinct lines along the sides. The iris of the eye is scarlet, hence
"red-eye"; there is a black spot on the angle of the gill-cover and dark
mottlings on the soft dorsal, anal, and caudal fins. It prefers clear
streams and lakes, and congregates in small schools about rocky
situations, gravelly bars, about mill-dams, and in the vicinity of weed
patches in ponds. It spawns in the spring and early summer, making and
guarding its nest like the black-bass, and feeds on crawfish, small
minnows, and insect larvæ. In size it usually runs from a half-pound to
a pound in streams, though reaching two pounds or more in lakes. It is a
good pan-fish for the table, and is well thought of in the Mississippi
Valley, though held in lighter esteem in the St. Lawrence basin, where
it coexists with larger and better fishes.

The rock-bass is an attractive-looking fish, and for its size is very
pugnacious. It will take the artificial fly, or natural or artificial
bait. It bites freely at small minnows, grubs, grasshoppers, cut-bait,
or angle-worms. It is capable of affording considerable sport with light
tackle, owing to its large and strong fins, and its habit of curling its
sides in opposition to the strain of the rod.

With a light fly-rod of four or five ounces, and corresponding tackle,
and trout flies on hooks Nos. 5 to 7, the rock-bass is not a mean
adversary. It rises to the various hackles, and to such flies as
coachman, brown drake, gray drake, and stone fly, especially toward
evening. The flies must be allowed to sink with every cast after
fluttering them awhile on the surface. For bait-fishing a trout bait-rod
of the weight just mentioned, with a reel of small caliber and the
smallest braided silk line, will be about right. Sproat hooks Nos. 3 to
4 on light gut snells tied with red silk are the best. Live minnows
about two inches long, carefully hooked through the lips, are to be
lightly cast and allowed to sink nearly to the bottom and slowly reeled
in again. Or if a float is used, the minnow may be hooked just under the
dorsal fin. A small float is necessary when white grubs, crawfish,
cut-bait, or worms are used as bait. On lakes it is readily taken by
trolling with a very small spoon, about the size of a nickel, with a
single Sproat or O'Shaughnessy hook No. 1 attached.

A rod nine or ten feet long cut from the small end of a native cane
pole, weighing but a few ounces, with a line of sea-grass or raw silk
about the length of the rod, will answer very well for bait-fishing.
This is the tackle mostly used by boys in the Middle West, and it might
be profitably employed by boys of larger growth.

A dozen "red-eyes," gleaming with green and gold, on the string of the
boy angler, is something to be proud of. He gazes with fond admiration
on the wide-open crimson eyes, which to him seem more precious than
rubies. He admires the bristling fins, the gracefully sloping sides, the
gaping mouth and forked tail, with boyish enthusiasm and appreciation.
Although hot and tired, and with many a scratch and bruise on hands and
feet, such trifles are lighter than air, and do not admit of a moment's
consideration. Seated on a rock at the margin of the stream, with the
string of fish in the water, he feasts his eyes on the finny beauties
with the conscious pride of well-earned success and the happy
culmination of his outing. In imagination the battles are all fought
over and over again. He knows just where and under what condition and
circumstance each fish was caught, as, with bare toes, he separates and
indicates the individual on the string. That largest one was hooked
under the dam beside the big rock. The next in size was taken among the
roots of the old sycamore at the bend of the creek. Another and still
another from the deep hole under the rocky cliff. Oh, the joyous days of
youth and going a-fishing in the glad springtime of life! And then,
having laved his swollen feet in the cooling stream, he washes the blood
and scales from his hands, scrapes the mud and slime from his well-worn
clothes, shoulders his lance of elm, and starts for home, bearing his
trophies with as proud a mien as a warrior of old returning with the
spoils of war.


THE SACRAMENTO PERCH

(_Archoplites interruptus_)

The Sacramento perch is closely allied in structure to the rock-bass,
and is the only perchlike fish in fresh water west of the Rocky
Mountains. It was collected by the Pacific Railroad Survey and described
and named _interruptus_ by Girard, in 1854, owing to the interrupted
character of the vertical markings. It inhabits the Sacramento and
Joaquin rivers in California, and is much esteemed as a food-fish, but
unfortunately it is being rapidly exterminated by the carp and catfish
that are said to infest its spawning grounds. In its conformation it is
almost identical with the rock-bass, but differs in having more teeth on
the tongue and more gill-rakers. In coloration, however, it differs very
much, being sometimes uniformly blackish or brassy, but usually the
black coloration is disposed in several vertical bars or markings of an
irregular shape. It has a black spot on the angle of the gill-cover.

I have had no experience in angling for the Sacramento perch, which is
said to be taken with the hook in large quantities for the market. I
have no doubt but the tackle recommended for the rock-bass would be just
as effective for this fish, with similar baits.


THE WARMOUTH PERCH

(_Chænobryttus gulosus_)

The warmouth perch, also known as the black sunfish in the North, was
first described by the French naturalists, Cuvier and Valenciennes, in
1829, from specimens from Lake Pontchartrain. Louisiana. They named it
_gulosus_, "large-mouthed," owing to its big mouth. There is a slight
variation between the Northern and Southern forms. It abounds in all
coastwise streams from North Carolina to Florida and Texas, and
sparingly in Lake Michigan and the upper Mississippi Valley. In its
general shape and appearance it is not unlike the rock-bass, though in
the radial formula of its fins and in its large mouth it approaches
nearer the black-bass than any other species of the family. It has a
large head and deep body, almost as deep as long, and is nearly
symmetrical in outline. Its teeth are in brushlike bands on the jaws,
with patches on the tongue. The Southern form has one or two less soft
rays in the dorsal and anal fins.

It is dark olive on the back, lighter on the sides, with blotches of
blue and coppery red, and the belly brassy or yellowish. Iris red,
ear-flap black, bordered with pale red, with three dusky red bars
radiating from the eye across the cheeks. Fins mottled with a darker
color, and a black blotch on the last rays of the soft portion of the
dorsal fin.

It is not so gregarious as the rock-bass, but otherwise is similar in
its habits, though not so partial to rocky situations, rather loving
deep pools and quiet water. It feeds on minnows, tadpoles, frogs,
insects, and their larvæ. It spawns in the spring. It is a good
pan-fish, and grows to eight or ten inches in length and a weight of
nearly a pound. For its size, it is the gamest member of the family
except the black-bass, and is more like that fish than the others. It is
a favorite game-fish in the South, rising well to the fly, and is a free
biter at natural bait.

In angling for the warmouth, the same rods and tackle mentioned under
the head of rock-bass are well suited. In the Southern states a light
native cane rod, ten or twelve feet long, and a line of the smallest
caliber, sea-grass or twisted silk, is the favorite style of tackle,
with hooks Nos. 2 to 3 tied on light gut, and a quill float and
split-shot sinker. The usual bait is the black cricket, or the catalpa
worm or caterpillar. The white grub found in decayed stumps, and other
larvæ, crawfish and small minnows, are all useful. Of these the minnow
is the best. On streams a small float is necessary to keep the bait from
the roots of overhanging trees. In the stillness of Southern streams,
under the moss-draped trees, I have idled away many a dreamy hour in the
pleasure of fishing for the warmouth, but at the same time fully alive
to the weird surroundings. Occasionally the splashing of a hooked fish
on the surface entices an alligator from his lair in expectation of a
fishy morsel. The echoes are awakened time and again by the pumping of
the bittern, the hoarse cry of the crane, or the hooting of an owl in
the dark recesses of the cypress swamp. The solitudes of those waters
are very fascinating to the lone fisher. The novelty of the situation
appeals very strongly to the angler-naturalist whose experiences have
been on the clear, sparkling, tumbling streams of the North. There
Nature is ever bright and joyous; here she is quiet and sombre and
subdued. But the fishes know no north or south or east or west,--always
the same creatures of interest and beauty, and ever responding to the
wiles of the angler.

I was once fishing on St. Francis River, in Arkansas, where the
warmouths were both large and gamy. One day I went through the woods and
cane-brakes to the banks of Mud Lake, situated in the midst of a cypress
swamp. The lake was much smaller than it had been formerly, as was
apparent from the wide margins of the shores, which were of considerable
extent between the timber and the water. On this margin was a group of
four cypress trees that in size exceeded any that I had ever seen, and I
think worthy of mention. They were from twenty to twenty-five feet in
diameter, or sixty to sixty-five feet in circumference, three feet above
the ground. They were buttressed like the wall of a mediæval stronghold.
In comparing notes with many naturalists and travellers, they have
declared the size of those cypress trees to be both unique and
wonderful.


THE BLUE SUNFISH

(_Lepomis pallidus_)

The blue sunfish was first described by Dr. Mitchill from the waters of
New York in 1815. He named it _pallidus_, meaning "pale," as it was more
sober in hue than the other brilliantly colored sunfishes. It is the
largest of the sunfishes, so-called, as the black-bass, warmouth, and
crappies are not popularly regarded as "sunfishes."

The blue sunfish has a wider distribution than any other member of its
family except the black-bass. Its range extends from the Great Lakes
through the Mississippi Valley to Texas, and along the South Atlantic
states to Florida. In the Middle West it is known as blue gill and in
the South as blue bream and copper-nosed bream. It has a medium-sized
head and very deep body, its depth varying from one-half its length to
almost as deep as long, in which case, barring head and tail, it is
almost round in outline. It is much compressed. The ear-flap is quite
black, without the pale or red border usual in the other sunfishes.

[Illustration THE SMALL-MOUTH BLACK-BASS _Micropterus dolomieu_]

[Illustration THE LARGE-MOUTH BLACK-BASS _Micropterus salmoides_]

[Illustration THE ROCK-BASS _Ambloplites rupestris_]

As might be inferred from its extensive range, its coloration varies
greatly. In large and old examples it is sometimes of a uniform slaty
hue with purplish reflections. In others it is olive-green or bluish
green, darker above, with the breast and belly coppery red. Young
specimens are more brilliantly colored, with silvery reflections and
various chainlike markings. It thrives alike in stream, pond, or lake,
adapting itself to almost any environment. It feeds on insects and their
larvæ, very small minnows, and other small aquatic organisms. It spawns
in the spring and early summer, and its manner of nesting and guarding
its young is similar to that of the other members of the family. It
grows to six or eight inches in length usually, but often to a foot,
especially in large waters. It is quite a favorite game-fish in most
localities, and with such tackle as recommended for the rock-bass it
gives considerable sport, especially in localities that are lacking in
larger and better game-fishes. It rises well to the fly, and will take
any of the baits recommended for the other sunfishes.

In those states of the Middle West, where the brook-trout does not
exist, the "blue gill" is greatly esteemed and much sought after, as it
furnishes the opportunity to employ light trout tackle in its capture,
and with such gear it affords fine sport. I have taken the blue sunfish
in all waters from Wisconsin to Florida. In the latter state many years
ago I fished a fresh-water lake on Point Pinellas, near St. Petersburg,
Florida, though there were but two houses there at that time. I was
using a very light rod, and the fish were as large and round as a
breakfast plate, and moreover the gamest and most beautiful in
coloration of any blue gill I had ever met. The characteristic blue was
replaced by a deep, intense, and brilliant purple, shot with silvery and
golden reflections. While playing one on the surface, an osprey sat on a
dead pine watching with apparent concern and eagerness. The fish made a
stubborn resistance, with much splashing. Then a strange thing happened.
The fish-hawk swooped down and seized the fish and attempted to fly away
with it. Perhaps the hook became fast to his claw, but at any rate he
circled around and around the pond, tethered to my line. It was the
first, last, and only time that I did the aerial act of playing a bird
on the wing. After a few seconds of this exciting and novel sport the
osprey broke away, carrying both fish and hook.


THE LONG-EARED SUNFISH

(_Lepomis megalotis_)

This species was first described by Rafinesque in 1820 from streams in
Kentucky. He named it _megalotis_, meaning "large ear," owing to its
large and conspicuous ear-flap. It is one of the handsomest sunfishes in
its brilliant coloration, and a great favorite with the youthful
Waltonians of the Mississippi Valley. It inhabits small streams in
Michigan and the Mississippi Valley, and the Atlantic slope from South
Carolina to Florida and Mexico, and is very abundant in Kentucky, where
it is sometimes called "tobacco-box," owing to its "lid-like" opercle.

Its body is short and deep, with quite a hump or arch anteriorly, making
the profile of the face quite steep in old specimens. The ear-flap is
very long and wide, blackish in color, with a border usually of pale
bluish or a reddish hue; its back is blue, with chestnut or orange
belly; sides with red spots and bluish lines; iris of eye red; lips
blue. The soft rays of the dorsal fin are blue, with orange between.
Ventral and anal fins are dusky blue. The top of the head and nape is
dark. The coloration is very brilliant and varies in different
localities. Its habits of feeding and spawning are similar to those of
the blue sunfish, though it usually inhabits smaller streams; it grows
to a length of from six to eight inches, and is regarded as a good
pan-fish by many.

It is an eager biter at angle-worms, which is the bait _par excellence_
of juvenile anglers, who greatly enjoy fishing for "sunnies." The only
tackle needed is a light cane rod, very fine line, and small hooks, Nos.
6 or 8, split-shot sinker, and, of course, a float, for no boy would
care to fish without a "bob" or "cork." Half of the pleasure of the
young angler is in watching the float.

But the fly-fisher may also obtain sport to his liking with a rod of a
few ounces' weight and midge flies on No. 10 hooks, for at the close of
the day the long-eared sunfish rises well. In the absence of better
fishing this is not to be despised.

I once saw a boy fishing for "tobacco-boxes" from a rock beneath a
mill-dam on a Kentucky stream. He hooked one of good size, and in his
eagerness to secure it tumbled into the pool, which was quite deep, much
over his head. After some little delay we got him out, almost drowned,
and in a very limp and exhausted condition. When finally he was restored
and capable of speech he exclaimed, "I saved my tobacco-box, anyhow!"
During all the struggle he held on to his rod, and still clutched it
when "landed." Whether he did so from the desperation with which
drowning men are said to cling to straws, or from an inherent sporting
instinct, deponent sayeth not. A clergyman, who knew nothing of fish,
but who was attracted to the scene, said to the dripping boy, "My lad,
let this be a solemn warning to you: throw away the tobacco-box you have
saved and give up chewing; it may drown you yet."


THE RED-BREAST SUNFISH

(_Lepomis auritus_)

This handsome sunfish was the first of its family to receive the
recognition of a naturalist, being described by Linnæus in 1758. He
named it _auritus_, or "eared," from its conspicuous ear-flap. His
specimen was credited to Philadelphia, and was, presumably, from some
neighboring water. It is a fish of the Atlantic slope, with a range
extending from Maine to Florida, and is also found in Louisiana. It is
very abundant in the South Atlantic states.

Its form is similar to the long-eared sunfish, but with a more prominent
snout and a depression in front of the eye. Its ear-flap is as long but
not so broad; its color olive or bluish above; sides bluish with reddish
spots; breast and belly orange or red; blue stripes on the front of the
head. The southern form has a dusky blotch on the last rays of the
dorsal fin, which is lacking in those of northern waters.

Its habits are similar to those of the other sunfishes proper, as to
food, spawning, etc. It grows to a length of from eight to ten inches.
It is a favorite food and game-fish in the South, where it is known as
red-breast bream and red-bellied perch. The same remarks as to angling
mentioned under the head of warmouth perch will apply to this fish as
well.

My angling career really began with the capture of "silversides" with a
paste of bread crumbs, but was inaugurated with taking this "sunny" and
the "punkin-seed" on the artificial fly. An old English gamekeeper, in
the employ of our family as gardener and hostler, taught me to tie a
fly and cast it with a willow wand when but five years of age. At the
feet of that Gamaliel in corduroy I imbibed a love of angling that has
constantly grown with the lapse of years. But increased knowledge of
fishes and a wider experience in angling have not lessened my affection
for my first love--the "sunny." This acknowledgment is due one of the
humblest and least important, but also one of the prettiest species of
the finny tribe.


THE COMMON SUNFISH

(_Eupomotis gibbosus_)

This is the pumpkin-seed or "sunny" of fragrant memory. It is enshrined
in the heart of many an American angler as his first love, when with pin
hook, thread line, and willow wand he essayed its capture in the nearest
brook or mill-pond.

Looking backward over an angling career of half a century, the gamesome
"sunny" with its coat of many colors shines out as a bright particular
star among those of greater magnitude. It is here set down, then, mainly
as a matter of sentiment and to keep its memory green.

The little "sunny" was christened by the greatest naturalist that ever
lived, Linnæus, who in 1758 named it "_gibbosus_" owing to the gibbous
outline of its little body. His specimens were from South Carolina.

It inhabits the Great Lake region, and the Atlantic seaboard from Maine
to Florida, and the northern portion of the Mississippi Valley. In
outline it is not unlike a pumpkin-seed, hence one of its popular names.
This is well expressed in its specific name _gibbosus_. It has quite a
small mouth, but large eye. In coloration it rivals the gayly-tinted
fishes of the coral reefs in tropical seas. The predominating colors are
yellow and blue, being bluish on the back, paling on the sides to a
lighter shade, with yellow blotches and coppery reflections, and belly
bright orange-yellow; the cheeks are yellow with blue streaks; rays of
dorsal fin blue, the connecting membrane yellow; ear-flap black, ending
in a scarlet border; lips blue; iris of eye scarlet.

Its habits of spawning, nest-making, and care of eggs and fry are
similar to those of the other sunfishes mentioned. It is partial to
clear water, with sandy or gravelly bottom, in the vicinity of weed
patches. It feeds on insects and their larvæ and minute crustaceans,
and is especially fond of the eggs and fry of other species. It grows to
a size of eight inches, though usually from three to six inches.

Like all the sunfishes, it is an eager biter, and with very light tackle
much real pleasure can be enjoyed by the angler who is not too
particular as to his preferences. It rises readily to small dark flies,
as the several hackles, black gnat, etc., on hooks Nos. 10 to 12. For
bait-fishing nothing is quite so good as earthworms on hooks Nos. 8 to
10.

There are quite a number of other sunfishes belonging to this family,
but those named are the most important. In the Southern states, where
the sunfishes are known generically as "bream" or "brim" and "perch,"
they are more appreciated than in the Northern states, where the
brook-trout is the favorite among the smaller species. If fished for
with very light and suitable tackle, there is a great measure of
enjoyment to be derived from bream-fishing, north or south. Certainly
for beauty of coloration they are not excelled, and as pan-fish they are
preferred by many to the dainty brook-trout.

There is a certain fascination in fishing with a float, or "cork," or
"bob," as the boys have it. And among us "old boys" there is a certain
undefined feeling, it may be a reminiscent affection, connected with the
float, much the same as that with which we regard the powder-flask and
shot-pouch of the days of yore. And I am not sure but that the old
things and old ways were best, or at least more enjoyable. One can
heartily agree with Alonzo of Aragon in his preferences for old wood to
burn, old wine to drink, old friends to trust, and old authors to read.

What old angler does not remember the eagerness and expectancy with
which he watched the "cork" in days gone by? How well he knew and
understood every motion of it, responsive to the nibbling "sunny": first
a gentle spinning, then a preliminary bobble, then a premonitory start
away an inch or two, and then--O joy!--its swift and sudden
disappearance beneath the surface. The lapse of time cannot wither nor
modern custom stale the pleasures of youthful fishing. To be sure, it
was not all piscatorial cakes and ale; there were a few thorns with the
roses; there were the bruised fingers and toes, the wet and torn
clothes, and the impending and dreaded "dressing down" when home was
reached; but these disagreeable concomitants were soon forgotten, and
are now scarcely remembered, while the pleasures are laid up in the
lavender of sweet recollection.

The old-time zest of fishing with a float can still be gratified; we can
renew our youth by fishing for "sunnies" in the old-fashioned way. In
the wooded streams of the Southern states the float is a _sine qua non_
for bream-fishing, owing to the many tangled roots of trees on the
banks, and the mosses, grasses, and other aquatic plants that grow so
luxuriantly in the sluggish waters. Then here's to the float and the
sunny and the bream!


THE CALICO-BASS

(_Pomoxis sparoides_)

The calico-bass was first described by Lacépéde from specimens sent to
France from South Carolina. He named it _sparoides_ from a fancied
resemblance, either in its scales or compressed body, to those features
in fishes belonging to the family _Sparidæ_.

Owing to its wide distribution it has received many names, more or less
descriptive. In the Northern states it is variously called crappie,
croppie, strawberry-bass, grass-bass, bank lick bass, silver-bass,
big-fin bass, Lake Erie bass, razor back, bitter-head, lamplighter,
etc., while in the Southern states it is known as speckled perch,
goggle-eyed perch, chincapin perch, bridge perch, etc.

As the calico-bass and the next fish to be described, the crappie,
belong to the same genus of the sunfish family, and resemble each other
very much, the vernacular nomenclature is much confused, and in some
instances is interchangeable. Some years ago I proposed to call them
northern and southern crappie; but as the name calico-bass has obtained
considerable currency, it is best to adopt that name for the northern
species, leaving the name crappie for the southern form.

The calico-bass is found in the Great Lake region and the upper
Mississippi Valley, and along the Atlantic slope from New Jersey to
Florida and Texas. Its range has been considerably extended by
transplantation, even to France, where it thrives well as a pond fish.
It is a handsome fish, resembling in its general features and shape the
sunfishes, but with a thinner body and larger fins. It has a long head
and a large mouth, with thin lips and projecting lower jaw. The eye is
large with a dark, bluish iris. Its fins are large and strong. It grows
usually to eight or ten inches in length, weighing from half a pound to
a pound, but occasionally reaches a foot in length and two or three
pounds in weight. Its color is bright olive-green, with silvery
reflections, darker on the back, and paling to the belly. In some
localities it is of a much darker and purplish hue with brassy lustre.
It is profusely covered with dark spots or blotches, as large as the
finger-tips or "chincapins." The fins are mottled with pale spots on a
darker or olive ground. It is gregarious, being usually found in
schools, and prefers clear water. It is especially adapted to pond
culture, and spawns in spring or early summer, according to locality; it
prepares its nest in sand, gravel, or on a flat rock in the same way as
the sunfishes. Its food is the same, also, though it is more partial to
young fish. It is an excellent pan-fish but does not excel as a
game-fish, for though a very free biter, it does not offer much
resistance when hooked. However, with very light tackle it affords
considerable sport, as it does not cease biting, usually, until most of
the school are taken.

The usual method of angling for this fish is from an anchored boat on
ponds or small lakes, or from the bank. At times it rises pretty well to
the fly, and trolling with a very small spoon is also successful on
lakes. The lightest rods and tackle should be employed, with hooks Nos.
3 to 5 on gut snells. A small quill float is useful in very weedy ponds
with mossy bottom. The best bait is a small minnow, though grasshoppers,
crickets, crawfish, cut-bait, or worms are all greedily taken.
Fly-fishing is more successful during the late afternoon hours until
dusk. The flies should be trout patterns of coachman, gray drake, black
gnat, Henshall, or any of the hackles on hooks Nos. 4 to 5.

I first became acquainted with the calico-bass during my residence in
Wisconsin, many years ago. In the vicinity of Oconomowoc it was known as
the silver-bass, though summer visitors from St. Louis, confusing it
with the kindred species, the crappie, called it "croppie," as the real
crappie is known at Murdoch Lake near that city. Owing to its greedy,
free-biting habits it was a prime favorite with youthful anglers and the
fair sex; for once a school was located, the contest was free, fast, and
furious until, perhaps, the entire school was captured. It was
frequently taken by black-bass fishers when casting the minnow or
trolling, much to their disgust. Of course it is always the unexpected
that happens, in fishing as in other affairs of life, and the angler who
was casting a fine minnow for a black-bass, viewed with disdain if not
anger the unlucky "pickerel," rock-bass, perch, or calico bass that
appropriated--or, as the English angler has it, "hypothecated"--the said
choice shiner.

I was once fishing with General Phil Sheridan and General Anson Stager
for black-bass on a lake near Oconomowoc. When the great telegrapher,
after a beautiful cast near a bed of rushes, hooked a calico-bass, and
was anathematizing the "measly silver-bass" with all the dots and dashes
of the Morse alphabet, Sheridan quietly remarked, "Oh, let up, Stager,
it is one of the fortunes of war; better luck next time!" Stager smiled,
gently unhooked the offending fish, and returned it to the water,
saying, "Good-by, croppie, my regards to the rest of the family; but
don't monkey with my minnow again."

When cruising on the St. Johns, or camping on some of the fresh-water
lakes of Florida, I have greatly enjoyed both the fishing with light
tackle and the eating of this fine pan-fish. It is there known as the
perch, silver perch, or speckled perch. It may not be out of place to
say that the generic term "bass" is connected only with salt-water
fishes in the Southern states. Fishes that are known in the Northern
states as bass of some kind become, generically, "perch" in the South;
and the black-bass becomes a "trout" or jumping-perch. If bait-fishing,
one is never at a loss for bait on the lakes of Florida. The black-bass
and calico-bass lie in open water, adjacent to the patches of lily-pads
or bonnets. Among the latter frequent the minnows and small fry. To
catch your minnow the bait is also handy. In the stems of the lilies and
bonnets there lies concealed a small worm, which is readily seen by
splitting the stems. With the worm first catch your minnow, which is
transferred to your bass hook, which is next cast into clear, deeper
water, to be taken by a black-bass or "speckled perch." What a simple
and admirable arrangement for the lazy fisherman!

My old friend, Dr. Theodatus Garlick, who with Dr. H.A. Ackley were the
fathers of fish-culture in America, having succeeded in hatching
brook-trout as early as 1853, relates the following instance of the
remarkable tenacity of life in the calico-bass: "A specimen from which
a drawing was made, was wrapped in a piece of paper when taken from the
water, and carried in my coat pocket for over four hours, and when
placed in a bucket of water soon revived, and seems at the present time
to enjoy excellent health. In warm weather, however, it would not, in
all probability, survive so severe a test of its vital powers." I
imagine that this circumstance happened in winter, and that the fish
became frozen before or after being placed in his pocket; otherwise I
doubt if the fish could have survived so long, unless the piece of paper
was very large and very wet. I know of many instances occurring with
myself and others where freshly caught fish have been revived after
being frozen for several hours.


THE CRAPPIE

(_Pomoxis annularis_)

The crappie was first described by Rafinesque in 1818 from specimens
collected at the Falls of the Ohio, near Louisville, Kentucky. He named
it _annularis_, "having rings," as it was said to have "a golden ring at
the base of the tail," but I have never seen it; it does have a gold
ring, however, around the iris of the eye, and this was probably the
occasion of the name.

Like the calico-bass, the crappie has received a great many local names.
In the northern region of its range it is variously known as white
croppie, crappie, barfish, bachelor, etc., and in Kentucky as newlight,
Campbellite, and tin-mouth, while farther south it is called silver
perch, speckled perch, goggle-eye, sac-à-lait, shad, etc. It inhabits
the Ohio and Mississippi river basins from Kansas to Louisiana and
Texas, and is more abundant in Kentucky and other Southern states than
farther north. Its range, however, has been extended by transplantation
to many states. In general features it resembles the calico-bass very
much, though to the trained eye the differences are very apparent. It is
not quite so deep nor so robust as the calico-bass. The mouth is
somewhat larger, and the snout more prominent or projecting on account
of a depression or indentation in front of the eye. The eye is a little
larger, and the membrane of the jaws is quite thin and transparent,
hence one of its names,--"tin-mouth." The crappie has but six spines in
the dorsal fin, whereas the calico-bass has seven, whereby they may be
readily distinguished.

It grows to about the same size and weight as the calico-bass, ten or
twelve inches, though under favorable conditions it grows larger,
reaching a weight of three pounds. I have frequently taken it as heavy,
or a little heavier, in Kentucky, where many ponds and streams seem
peculiarly fitted for it. In coloration it is much paler than the
calico-bass, and the markings are not so dark or in such large spots or
blotches. It is silvery olive-green, much mottled with a darker shade of
same color, especially on the back, the lower sides and belly being more
silvery and seemingly translucent. The dorsal and caudal fins are much
mottled with shades of green, though the anal fin is almost plain. The
iris of the eye is dark, with a silvery or golden border.

It is found in clear streams and likewise in still, weedy ponds and
bayous, or in all situations adapted to the large-mouth black-bass, with
which fish it is nearly always associated. It is admirably suited for
pond culture. It is quite gregarious and loves to congregate about the
submerged top of a fallen tree or sunken brush, and about mill-dams. It
feeds on all small aquatic organisms and insects and their larvæ, and
the fry of other fishes, tadpoles, etc.

While a very free-biting fish, its game qualities, when hooked, are not
remarkable. It is pulled out with scarcely a struggle. It is rather a
shy fish, withal, and must be fished for cautiously, and with little
noise or confusion. When these precautions are observed, and with very
small minnows for bait, nearly the entire school can be captured in a
short time. It is an excellent pan-fish, and on this account is a prime
favorite.

For still-fishing, a light rod of a few ounces in weight, and a line of
the smallest caliber, size H, should be used. Hooks for bait-fishing
should be about No. 3, as the crappie has a large mouth; they should be
tied on gut snells. A quill float is useful in weedy places, or about
brush and logs. The best bait is a very small minnow, hooked under the
dorsal fin, care being taken not to injure the spinal cord. Soft
crawfish, cut-bait, or earthworms may be substituted where minnows are
scarce. A reel is not necessary for bait-fishing, but a short leader
should always be used, and where required a split-shot sinker is heavy
enough.

For fly-fishing, the lightest trout fly-rod and the smallest click reel
should be employed, with a braided, enamelled silk line of the smallest
caliber, and dark or grayish flies of small size, on hooks No. 4, on gut
snells, with a fine leader. The most useful flies are gray, red, and
black hackles, black gnat, blue dun, gray and brown drake, and stone
fly; but far the best fly that I have ever used is the Henshall of a
small size. It has a body of green peacock harl, hackle of white hairs
from a deer's tail, gray wings, and tail of a fibre or two from the tail
feather of a peacock; they will rise to this fly when no other will
tempt them to the surface. Toward sunset, with the tackle named, on a
breezy summer day, the angler will be amply rewarded, for under these
conditions fly-fishing for the crappie is a sport not to be despised.

It has been alleged that the name "Campbellite," by which the crappie is
sometimes known in Kentucky, was bestowed because the fish first
appeared in Kentucky streams about the same time that the religious sect
founded by Alexander Campbell became established in that state. This may
have been the origin of the name, but I am inclined to doubt it from the
fact that the crappie has probably always inhabited Kentucky streams,
inasmuch as it was first described by Rafinesque in 1820 from Kentucky
waters. He gave gold ring and silver perch as the common names then in
vogue for it at Louisville. I think it more likely the name originated
in this wise: among the many names given to this fish is "newlight,"
probably owing to its bright and apparently translucent appearance; and
as this name was also bestowed by some on the religious sect referred
to, the names newlight and Campbellite became interchangeable for both
fish and sect. It is, however, seldom called Campbellite, while newlight
is the most universal name for it in central Kentucky.

The name crappie, or croppie, has an unknown derivation; perhaps it
comes from the French _crêpe_, a "pan-cake," from its shape or
deliciousness when fried, for it was always a great favorite with the
French of St. Louis and the creoles of Louisiana. In the latter state it
is also known as _sac-à-lait_, "bag for milk" (?).

Great numbers of crappies are annually seined from the shallow bayous
and sloughs bordering the Illinois and Mississippi rivers by the United
States Fish Commission, and planted in suitable waters. If allowed to
remain in the sloughs, which dry up in the summer and fall, they would
eventually perish.




CHAPTER II

THE BASS FAMILY

(_Serranidæ_)

The bass family is composed mostly of marine fishes, nearly all of which
are good game and food-fishes. These will be described among the fishes
of the East Coast and Florida in subsequent pages. It is the most
typical group among the percoid (perchlike) fishes. Only two species of
the family inhabit fresh water,--the white-bass and the yellow-bass.

The fishes of this family are characterized by an oblong body, large
mouth, brushlike or bristlelike teeth, sometimes with canines; one or
two dorsal fins, the first always composed of spiny rays; the anal fin,
always with three spines; scales adherent and rough (ctenoid);
preopercle usually serrate; opercle with flat points or spines; cheeks
and opercles always scaly; premaxillary protractile; dorsal and ventral
outlines do not always correspond; caudal fin not deeply forked; its
peduncle stout.


THE WHITE-BASS

(_Roccus chrysops_)

     _Roccus chrysops._ The White-bass. Body oblong, deep, and
     compressed; head 3-1/2; depth 2-1\2; eye 5; D. IX-I, 14; A.
     III, 12; scales 10-60-15; mouth moderate, maxillary reaching
     middle of pupil; a patch of teeth at base of tongue, and a
     patch on each side; preopercle serrate; subopercle with a deep
     notch; lower jaw somewhat projecting; dorsal fins separate;
     gill-rakers long and slender, _x_ + 14.

     _Morone interrupta._ The Yellow-bass. Body oblong, ovate, the
     back arched; head 3; depth 2-2/3; eye 4-1/2; D. IX-I, 12; A.
     III, 9; scales 7-50-11; dorsal fins slightly joined; jaws
     subequal; no teeth on base of tongue; gill-rakers moderate, _x_
     + 13 to 16; preorbital and suprascapula serrate.

The white-bass was first described by Rafinesque in 1820 from the falls
of the Ohio River, near Louisville, Kentucky. He named it _chrysops_, or
"gold eye," owing to the golden hue of the iris. It is known also as
white lake-bass and fresh-water striped-bass. It is abundant in Lake
Erie, Lake Michigan, and upper Mississippi River, especially in Lake
Pepin, and in Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin. It was formerly not uncommon in
the Ohio River, but is now rare. Its body is compressed and rather deep,
with the back arched; its head is rather small, but the mouth is large,
with the lower jaw protruding; the eye is large; teeth brushlike,
without canines. The color is silvery white, greenish above, golden
below, with six or more narrow dusky lines along the body, most
conspicuous above the lateral line; those below broken, or not
continuous. The white-bass is found in water of moderate depth,
preferring those that are clear and cool, as it does not resort to weedy
situations. It is essentially a lake fish, except in spring, when it
undergoes a semi-migration, entering the tributaries of lakes in large
schools. It spawns usually in May. It feeds on small fishes, crawfish,
insects, and their larvæ, etc. Its usual size is a pound or a little
less, but occasionally it grows to three pounds. It is a food-fish of
much excellence, its flesh firm, white, flaky, and of good flavor.

It is one of the best fresh-water game-fishes, being a bold biter, and
on light and suitable tackle affords much sport to the appreciative
angler. For fly-fishing, the best season is during the spring, when it
enters the tributary streams of lakes. At this time the fly-fisher will
be successful at any hour of the day. He may fish from the bank or from
an anchored boat, the latter plan being the best. As the fish are
swimming in schools, either headed up or down stream, no particular
place need be selected, though off the points at the edge of the
channel, or in the narrowest portions of the streams, are perhaps the
best. In the summer and fall the fish are in the lakes or deeper water,
when the fishing will be more successful during the late afternoon hours
until sundown, and the angler may be guided by the conditions followed
in black-bass fly-fishing, as mentioned in a previous chapter.

A trout fly-rod of six or seven ounces, with the usual trout click reel
and corresponding tackle, will subserve a good purpose. When the fish
are running in the streams the most useful flies are gray drake, green
drake, stone fly, brown hackle, gray hackle, Henshall, and Montreal, of
the usual trout patterns, on hooks Nos. 5 to 7.

For bait-fishing, a light black-bass or trout rod, with multiplying
reel, braided silk line of the smallest caliber, a leader of small gut
three feet long, and hooks Nos. 3 or 4 tied on gut snells, will answer
well. The best and in fact the only bait that can be successfully used
is a small minnow, hooked through the lips. The fishing is done from an
anchored boat on lakes or the deep pools of streams, either by casting
or still-fishing.

No fish will rise to the artificial fly except in comparatively shallow
water, or when near the surface, and this is especially true of the
white-bass when it resorts to the depths after the spring run is over. I
remember a striking instance of this that once occurred in Wisconsin. I
was fishing for black-bass in the Neenah channel of Lake Winnebago
during the May-fly season, when the black-bass were taking the
artificial fly right along, being near the surface feeding on the
natural flies, though the water was quite deep, with a rocky bottom. A
party of bait-fishers anchored near my boat, and began fishing with
heavy sinkers, as the water was very swift, and with small minnows for
bait. The white-bass were not slow in taking the proffered minnows, and
they caught a goodly number, but not a single black-bass; nor did I take
a single white-bass during several hours of fishing, for they were lying
among the rocks at the bottom.

In the rocky coves about the Bass Islands of Put-in-Bay, on Lake Erie, I
have had really good sport, in the summer months, bait-fishing for
white-bass, with light tackle, the fish running about two pounds; but
with the fly my success was generally _nil_, as they were in deep
water, and nothing but minnows would attract them. But in the upper
Mississippi, notably on Lake Pepin, the case was different. About the
rocky points of that beautiful lake, and in the clear water of the river
below, I have enjoyed royal sport fly-fishing for white-bass. This was
years ago. Afterward I made a trip in a steam yacht from Cincinnati to
St. Paul, traversing the Mississippi from Cairo to the head of
navigation, and also going up the St. Croix River to Taylor's Falls. On
this trip the white-bass fishing was not so good as in former years,
though the black-bass seemed to have held their own pretty well. I might
remark, in passing, that the upper Mississippi is one of the most
beautiful and scenic rivers in the world, and is unsurpassed for
black-bass fly-fishing. At one time the islands of that river furnished
superb woodcock shooting in summer, which could be varied with fine
fishing.


THE YELLOW-BASS

(_Morone interrupta_)

The yellow-bass was first described by Dr. Theodore Gill in 1860. His
type specimens were from the lower Mississippi River in the vicinity of
St. Louis and New Orleans. He named it _interrupta_, in allusion to the
broken or "interrupted" lines along its sides. It is also known as
brassy-bass. It belongs to the same genus as the white-perch of the East
Coast. It is found only in the lower Mississippi River and its
tributaries, sometimes extending its range a short distance up the Ohio
River.

The yellow-bass might be called a cousin of the white-bass, though it
belongs to a different genus. It takes the place of that fish in the
lower Mississippi Valley. Compared with the white-bass it has a somewhat
longer head, with a body not quite so deep; otherwise the general shape
is much the same. The mouth is a little larger, though the snout does
not project quite so much, and the profile of the head is straighter,
and it has a larger eye. The posterior border of the cheek-bone is
finely serrated.

The general color is brassy or yellowish, darker on the back and lighter
on the belly. There are about half a dozen very distinct and black
longitudinal lines along the sides, the lower ones broken or
"interrupted," the posterior portions dropping below the anterior, like
a "fault" in a stratum of rocks.

It is fond of the deeper pools in the rivers and clear-water bayous,
and the foot of rapids and riffles. It is partial to the same character
of food as the white-bass, small minnows constituting the greater part.
It likewise spawns in the spring, and grows to a pound or two in weight,
sometimes reaching three pounds. It is an excellent food-fish.

I have had good sport with the yellow-bass on St. Francis River in
Arkansas, and at the head of the Yazoo Pass, in Mississippi, with the
same tackle and by similar methods as recommended for the white-bass on
a prior page. As with the two black-basses and the two crappies, the
white-bass and yellow-bass having similar habits and kindred tastes, the
same tackle and the same modes of angling are as well suited for one as
for the other. This will apply to both fly-fishing and bait-fishing.

I was once, one autumn, with a party on a river steam yacht on the lower
Mississippi when geese, ducks, deer, and turkeys were more plentiful
than they are now. Up the St. Francis River, in the "sunk lands" of
Arkansas, the yacht was moored at Cow Bayou, near a steep clay bluff, on
the top of which was a dilapidated tent occupied by a young man and his
wife, who were building a shanty boat in which to float down to sunnier
climes for the winter, as the man was "nigh gone" with consumption. One
morning I was out early fishing for yellow-bass after a rainy night. As
I was landing a fish I saw the woman at the top of the bluff, looking
for a way down to the yacht. She was quite a fresh and comely-looking
woman, too. She started down very carefully, for the wet clay was quite
slippery. I became interested to see how she would succeed. Suddenly her
bare feet slipped from under her, and she came down with a rush, her one
garment, as I soon discovered, an old calico gown, slipping back over
her head, disclosing her nude form, which appeared very white in
contrast to the red clay. Then I looked the other way just as she
flopped over from a prone to a supine position. When she reached the
river side she looked like a sculptor's model in clay. She quietly
adjusted her gown as if nothing unusual had occurred, and asked: "Has
you-uns got any matches? We-uns' matches all got wet in the drizzle last
night, and I want to cook my old man's breakfus." I pulled ashore and
handed her my matchbox, and scarcely knowing what to say, I remarked.
"You had better change your dress before you cook breakfast." She
replied, "I hain't got another one."

While the boys were eating their breakfast of fried fish, deer steak,
and broiled duck, I related the "toboggan" episode, and mentioned the
"one frock." When the meal was concluded the boys overhauled their
belongings and chipped in several pairs of slippers, long woollen
stockings, underclothing, and blankets, and the "skipper" threw in some
calico and muslin from the yacht's stores. These were made into bundles
and carried to the top of the bluff by a more circuitous route.
Proceeding to the tent they deposited their offerings, together with
some ducks and venison. The man and woman were overcome with gratitude,
but the boys said they were glad to get rid of the stuff. The skipper
had taken his camera along to get a snap-shot at the tent and its
occupants, which being made known to them the woman said. "Wait a
minnit!" She went into the tent, but immediately reappeared wearing a
large sun-bonnet, in which she was "took" with her "old man." I have
often wondered since why she put on that sun-bonnet. My excuse for this
digression may be found in the memorable words of George Dawson, "It is
not all of fishing to fish."




CHAPTER III

THE BASS FAMILY (_CONTINUED_)

(_Serranidæ_)

In addition to the fresh-water species of this family and those of the
East Coast are the groupers, cabrillas, etc., of Florida waters, to be
noticed later. The family name is founded on Cuvier's genus _Serranus_,
from the Latin _serra_, or "saw," in allusion to the serrated edge of
the cheek-bones, common to all fishes of this family.

     _Roccus lineatus._ The Striped-bass. Body rather elongate,
     little compressed; head 3-1/4; depth 3-1/2; eye 6; D. IX-I, 12;
     A. III, 11; scales 8-67-11; back little arched; head
     subconical; mouth large, maxillary reaching middle of orbit;
     lower jaw projecting; teeth on base of tongue in two parallel
     patches; preorbital entire; preopercle weakly serrate; margin
     of subopercle entire; suprascapula entire; gill-rakers long and
     slender, 4 + 15; dorsal fins separate; caudal fin forked.

     _Morone americana._ The White-perch. Body oblong, ovate, the
     back moderately elevated; head 3; depth 2-1/2; eye 4; D. IX-I,
     12; A. III, 8; scales 8-50-12; head depressed above eyes; snout
     rather pointed; mouth small, maxillary not reaching middle of
     orbit; preorbital entire; base of tongue without teeth; head
     scaled; dorsal fins connected at base; gill-rakers 4 + 16.

     _Centropristes striatus._ The Sea-bass. Body robust, elevated
     anteriorly, somewhat compressed; head 2-2/3; depth 2-2/3; eye
     5; D. X, 11; A. III, 7; scales 5-55-17; head large and thick,
     naked on top; mouth rather large, lower jaw projecting; teeth
     in broad bands, the canines small; preopercle serrate;
     gill-rakers long, about _x_ + 18; scales on cheeks in 11 rows;
     caudal fin double concave or three-lobed.


THE STRIPED-BASS

(_Roccus lineatu_)

The specific name _lineatus_, or "striped," was bestowed by Bloch in
1792. North of the Delaware River it is universally called striped-bass,
but in more southern waters it is known as rock or rockfish, from its
habit of foraging on rocky shores in search of crustaceans and small
fishes. From this vernacular name comes the generic name _Roccus_. It is
found from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Florida, but is most abundant
from Buzzards Bay to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. It has been
successfully transplanted to the Pacific coast, where it is now common
near San Francisco.

The form of the striped-bass varies considerably with age. Young
specimens are rather slender and symmetrical in outline, the depth being
about a fourth of the length. The depth increases with the weight of the
fish, while the back becomes more arched, and the belly more
pendulous. The head equals in length the depth of the body usually.
The mouth is large, opening obliquely; the snout is rather sharp, and
the lower jaw projects. The color is olivaceous, often bluish on the
back, sides with silvery lustre, fading to white on the belly. There are
six to eight horizontal rows of dark spots, forming interrupted stripes,
four or five running from head to caudal fin, with three shorter ones
below; the fins are pale and usually unmarked. It is found within the
range given during the entire year, though it frequents certain situations
at different seasons. The largest fish resort to the rocky shores of the
bays and indentations of the coast between the shores and outer
reefs, those of smaller size frequent the estuaries and tideways,
and still smaller ones seek the shallower and quieter waters.

[Illustration SURF-FISHING FOR BASS]

It spawns in the spring, usually in May, in both fresh and brackish
water. Large schools ascend rivers for long distances in the spring,
more particularly those rivers resorted to by the shad, which they seem
to follow, perhaps for the purpose of feeding on shad spawn, as they are
said to do. Others follow the smelt up certain rivers farther north. A
large female will deposit from a million to two million eggs, which are
about one-seventh of an inch in diameter, are free, transparent, and
semi-buoyant, and hatch in a few days. Owing to a large oil-drop in the
front part of the yolk-sac, the young fry at first swim with the head
toward the surface of the water, and not in the horizontal position
usual with the fry of most fishes.

Its food consists of small fishes, crabs, lobsters, shrimps, squids,
sandworms, and other marine invertebrates. It grows to a very large
size, being frequently taken by anglers from thirty to sixty pounds, and
in the nets of fishermen as heavy as one hundred pounds or more. In the
city of Baltimore, in boyhood days, I often went to the fish markets on
Saturdays to see and admire the various kinds of fishes. On one occasion
there were several large rockfish being weighed on the old-time balance,
consisting of a beam and two large, flat, wooden scales supported by
chains. The largest fish did not weigh quite two fifty-six-pound
weights. A man then asked me how much I weighed, and I replied one
hundred and three pounds. I was then placed on the scale instead of the
weights, with the result that the fish outweighed me perhaps a pound or
two. At all events it weighed between one hundred and three and one
hundred and twelve pounds--probably one hundred and five pounds. It was
as long as an average man.

The striped-bass is a food-fish of fine quality, and the markets of the
eastern cities are well supplied with it during summer and fall, and to
a certain extent during the winter. It is very active from early spring
until late in the fall, when it resorts to the back-waters and bayous of
tidal rivers for the winter. It is said by some to hibernate, but this
is doubtful. The opinion is probably due to the fact that it is more
sluggish and listless while in winter quarters, and refuses to respond
to the wiles of the angler.

That the striped-bass is a game-fish of high degree goes without saying.
It is rated by some enthusiastic anglers as being superior even to the
salmon in game qualities. This opinion, however, is hardly correct when
the two are compared weight for weight. In surf-fishing the first rush
of a large fish, upon feeling the hook, is something to be remembered.
It is probably longer and stronger than that of a salmon of equal
weight, for the reason that while the latter fish is leaping from the
water in its efforts to escape, the bass is making his furious dash for
liberty beneath the surface, and exerting every ounce of his muscular
fibre in the effort. But this immense strain cannot long be continued,
and as he seldom breaks water like the salmon, and does not sulk, he
resorts to strategy and finesse to free himself.

After making several desperate but ineffectual rushes to escape, he may
endeavor to chafe or part the line against sharp rocks, or to foul it
among the kelp or sea-weeds. Sometimes, but not often, he dives toward
the angler to obtain slack line, which is a dangerous move if the reel
does not respond quickly in taking up the loose line. When it is
considered that all of these manoeuvres of a monster bass to free
himself occur amidst the rolling and tumbling of the surf, or in the
dashing of foam-crested combers, while the angler often has but a
precarious footing on a slippery rock, and perhaps with a half gale of
wind blowing, some idea may be formed of the skill and good judgment
required to subdue and land so valorous a fish. And under such
conditions it is very natural for the angler to rank his noble quarry
with the salmon.

When a Baltimore boy I thought there was no better sport than
still-fishing for rockfish running from a half to a pound or two, on
the flats off Fort McHenry, the Lazaretto, or up the Patapsco River
near the Long Bridge. It was good sport, too, for the fish were plentiful
in those days, and from an anchored boat, with light cane rod and shrimp
bait, I was often on the ground to catch the young flood tide at sunrise,
or before, on summer mornings, and seldom failed to be rewarded with
a full basket of small striped-bass.

[Illustration CATCHING SEA-BASS OFF NEWPORT]

Still-fishing in summer is best practised in comparatively shallow water
in the estuaries, at the edge of the tideways, near the mouths of
rivers, or up streams of good size as far as the tide reaches. In some
cases the fishing may be done from bridges, piers, wharves, or from the
bank, but usually from an anchored boat. In the estuaries and at the
mouths of rivers the first of the flood and the last of the ebb are
usually the best stages of the tide. In the shallow bays and lagoons, or
far up the rivers, the full tide is the most favorable time. For this
fishing the rod should be light, pliable, and not more than nine feet in
length. A black-bass rod can be utilized to good advantage. The best rod
for the purpose, however, is the "Little Giant," a modification of the
Henshall black-bass rod. It is in two pieces, seven and one-half feet
long, and weighs eight ounces in ash and lancewood, or seven ounces in
split bamboo. It is stiffer than the Henshall rod, so that a two or
four-ounce sinker can be used with it whenever necessary. A good
multiplying reel must be employed with black-bass rods. The line should
be fifty yards of braided linen, smallest size, with a three-foot leader
of single gut; Sproat or O'Shaughnessy hooks Nos. 1 or 2 on gut snells
are large enough for bass up to two or three pounds. A small float is
useful on grassy bottom with shrimp or crab bait, and sinkers of weights
in accordance with the strength of the tidal current must be employed,
also a landing-net.

Shrimps, soft or shedder crabs, soft-shelled clams, sandworms, small
minnows, silversides, spearing or killifishes, are all good baits in
their season. Shrimp is perhaps the best all-round lure. It should be
hooked under the back plates, and a single shrimp is sufficient for
small bass. Shedder or soft crab should be cut in small pieces. The
scallop is likewise an attractive bait, especially in the fall, when
clam bait may also be used to advantage. Early in the spring shad roe
may be used in quiet waters, or at slack tide, but it is a difficult and
unpleasant bait to handle.

The bait should be from one to three feet above the bottom, and should
be kept in motion. Even crab bait should not be allowed to lie on the
bottom, as some anglers advise. To maintain the proper position and
depth of the bait the angler may employ a float, with or without a
sinker, as the exigencies or conditions demand.

Very often hand-lines or stiff cane poles are used in estuary fishing,
and the bass, even when of several pounds in weight, are yanked out of
the water into the boat at once. But with the tackle recommended above
the pleasure of the angler is enhanced, and the fish given a chance for
his life in the brief struggle that follows.

In trolling for fish of from three to ten pounds a natural bamboo rod,
eight or nine feet long, answers well with one hundred yards of braided
linen line, size E or F, and Sproat hooks No. 2-0 to 3-0 on gut snells.
Where the bass run larger, two hundred feet of line, size E, with hooks
Nos. 5-0 to 6-0 may be required, also a heavier rod. The baits for
trolling are bloodworms of large size, a minnow hooked through the
lips, the natural squid or an eel-tail; also the artificial squid of
bone or block tin, or a trolling-spoon or spinner with a single hook.
When the spoon or artificial squid is used it is not necessary or
advisable to add sandworms or other natural bait, as is often done.
Employ one or the other, but never both in combination. The artificial
baits are sufficiently attractive in themselves, and the additions
mentioned do not enhance their effectiveness. The boat should be rowed
alongshore, or over rocky reefs or shoals, and about the eddies of rock
pools. As the fish always hooks itself in trolling, it only remains for
the angler to play and land his quarry in good form, always having a
large landing-net or gaff in the boat.

Casting menhaden bait from the rocky shores of the coast requires tools
and tackle of great excellence and strength, as the largest bass are
taken in this way. The most approved rod is a first-class split-bamboo,
eight or eight and one-half feet long, and weighing from twelve to
sixteen ounces. A more serviceable rod, that is, one that will admit of
harder usage, is made of greenheart, lancewood, or bethabara, of the
same length, but somewhat heavier. A cheaper rod, but one that will
give good satisfaction, and withal is lighter than a wooden rod, is made
of natural male Calcutta bamboo, and is known as a "chum" rod. Rods of
eight or eight and one-half feet in length should be made in two or
three pieces, or if not exceeding seven and one-half feet may be made of
one six-foot piece with a handle of eighteen inches. They should have
double bell-mouth guides and funnel top. The more expensive rods should
have the guides, or at least the funnel top, lined with agate.

The reel must be a first-class multiplier, made expressly for
surf-fishing, with jewelled or steel bearings, with a capacity of two
hundred yards of from twelve to eighteen-thread Cuttyhunk line. The
hooks should be knobbed Sproat or O'Shaughnessy, Nos. 5-0 to 7-0, and
attached to the line by two half-hitches, the loose end turned up and
secured by another half-hitch. A long-handled gaff-hook of good steel
and very sharp is indispensable. A chum knife and spoon are also
necessary, and a woollen thumb-stall will be needed for thumbing the
reel, or a piece of leather may be affixed to one of its bars as a
brake.

The bait for casting may be the tail of a lobster, cleaned of every
vestige of shell, but menhaden bait is generally used. After scaling the
fish, a slice of several inches is cut from its side, tail end, and
scored on the flesh side longitudinally with a sharp knife, to admit of
its being more readily folded along the hook, which it should envelop
completely. The small end of the bait is affixed to the head of the hook
by a half-hitch or two, its bend and barb being concealed by the broader
end of the bait. This is the conventional method of baiting, though I
have had good success in more southern waters by using an entire bait of
mullet or other silvery fish, five or six inches in length, and hooked
through the lips.

The residue of the menhaden, after the baits are cut off, is chopped
fine, and is known as "chum." This is thrown in the water to attract the
bass. It is called "chumming," and causes an oily "slick" that spreads
over the surface for a long distance. The pieces of cut fish thrown in
are soon swallowed by scup, cunners, bass, and other fishes, leaving
nothing but the oily slick on the surface. The bluefish, being a surface
feeder, is probably attracted by the slick, but it is questionable if
it is noticed by the striped-bass, a bottom and mid-water feeder. And
even if the common belief were true, it is not likely that the bass
would be tolled directly toward the angler through a slick covering many
acres. The real attraction is in the chopped menhaden that sinks below
the surface.

Casting the menhaden is quite an art. It is somewhat in the nature of
casting a minnow for black-bass as described on a previous page, though
the rod is a two-handed one and the bait much heavier. The bait is
reeled up to within a foot or two of the rod tip, and the rod grasped by
both hands, one just above and one below the reel, with the thumb of the
lower hand resting on the spool of the reel, and protected by a woollen
or leather thumb-stall. With the rod at one side, it is given a
preliminary whirl, or swing or two, and the bait cast, underhand, much
like striking at a hip-high or shoulder-high ball with a bat. The cast
is made from either side, and while some anglers place the right hand
below in casting from both sides, it is not the best way. In casting
from the right side the left hand should be below, and the reel
controlled by the left thumb; while in casting from the left side the
right hand should be below. The thumb should maintain a gentle and
uniform pressure on the spool as it revolves, to prevent backlashing,
and by a stronger pressure stop the revolution of the spool as the bait
reaches the water.

As long a cast is made as possible, and when the bait settles it should
be reeled in again very slowly and the cast repeated until the bait is
taken by a bass. When the water is very rough, so as to churn the bait
and keep it in constant motion, fewer casts are necessary, as the bait
can be left in the water for a longer time before making a new cast.
When the fish is hooked and starts on his initial rush, line should be
given, the thumb always on the spool to check him when it can be done
without endangering the tackle. His first rush will probably be his
strongest, and he must then be killed on the rod and reeled in to the
gaffer. During the struggle of playing the fish, great care must be
observed to prevent the cutting or chafing of the line against sharp
rocks, and to keep the fish away from weeds, timbers, or other
obstructions.

As the bass may weigh anywhere from ten to fifty pounds, the utmost
skill and precaution are necessary to land him safely. Very often the
angler has not only to contend with the fish, but with the strength and
undertow of the tide and the tossing of breakers--factors that are by no
means to be despised or neglected. But once fairly gaffed, the angler
may feast his eyes on the grand fish, weighing, perhaps, thirty pounds
or more, and congratulate himself on a great achievement.

When the bass are running far up the fresh-water streams in the spring,
they will often take the artificial fly. As the fish do not run much
heavier than black-bass, the rod and tackle used in fly-fishing for that
fish can be utilized, employing such flies as oriole, polka, coachman,
red ibis, or other showy creations. The fishing is more successful about
sundown.

Many years ago the striped-bass was planted in the waters of the Pacific
coast by the United States Fish Commission. It has multiplied
exceedingly, so that bass-fishing is now a favorite sport with San
Francisco anglers, who fish the neighboring bays, rivers, and sloughs
with great success. The baits commonly used are clams and the
trolling-spoon. The sport has culminated in the formation of several
striped-bass clubs, with quite a large membership.


THE WHITE-PERCH

(_Morone americana_)

The white-perch was described, but not named, by Shöpf, in 1788, from
the waters near New York. From his description Gmelin named it, in the
same year, _Perca americana_, or "American perch." The genus _Morone_
was established for it in 1814 by Dr. Mitchill, as owing to structural
differences it could not properly be placed in the genus _Perca_.

The white-perch is one of the most abundant fishes of the brackish
waters on the Atlantic coast, its range extending from Nova Scotia to
South Carolina, but more especially from Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras. It
is also landlocked in fresh-water ponds at various places along the
coast.

It is a handsome fish, symmetrical in outline, and well proportioned.
Its body is compressed, its depth is not quite a third of its length.
Its head is as long as the depth of the body, depressed above the eyes,
and with a somewhat pointed snout. The mouth is rather small; the teeth
are small, without canines; there are a few teeth on the edge of the
tongue, but none on its base. There are two dorsal fins, though they
are connected at the base.

Its color is olivaceous, or green of various shades on the head and
back, with silvery or greenish sides, and silvery white belly. Sometimes
the color is bluish on the back and head. Those confined in ponds are
always darker in hue.

The white-perch is one of the best and most esteemed pan-fishes of the
eastern coast. It grows to a foot or more in length, occasionally
weighing three pounds; but the usual size is from six to nine inches,
and from one-half to a pound in weight in brackish water. Smaller ones
ascend the streams to fresh water. It is usually found associating with
small striped-bass, and their habits are much alike, feeding on the same
food, as small minnows, young eels, shrimp, etc. It spawns in the
spring, usually in May, in shallow, weedy situations in both fresh and
brackish water. The eggs are quite small, about forty thousand to a
fish, and hatch in three or four days.

As a boy I was very fond of fishing for white-perch, which were then
very abundant in the Spring Garden branch of the Patapsco River, at
Baltimore, from Ferry Bar to the mud-flats near the Long Bridge, and
also above the bridge on the main river in brackish water. Being
gregarious, it was found in large schools, and was a free biter at
shrimps, shedder-crab, small minnows, and earthworms. At the time of
which I write it was very plentiful at the mouths of all tidal rivers
emptying into Chesapeake Bay. I have seen great wagon loads brought
ashore in one haul of a long market seine. And in camping along the Bay,
during my summer vacations, they seemed to be as plentiful as
blackberries. There was never any dearth of fried white-perch or other
fishes in our camp, and we never tired of them. We feasted on them
daily, with terrapin, soft-shelled crabs, oysters, green corn, tomatoes,
cantaloupes, and watermelons, and all to be had for the mere catching or
asking.

Any light rod may be used for white-perch, with or without a small
multiplying reel, with a line of braided linen, smallest size, and hooks
Nos. 6 to 8. Most anglers use two or three hooks, but I would advise a
single hook for all kinds of fishing. A short leader of single gut,
about three feet long, is an advantage, and hooks should be tied on gut
snells.

In quiet water, with small, live minnows for bait, a sinker or float
need not be used. In tidal waters a sinker is necessary to keep the bait
at mid-water, or a few feet from the bottom, especially when shrimp,
crab, or earthworms are used for bait. The weight of the sinker must be
adapted to the strength of the tide. The best season is during late
summer or autumn in brackish water, from an anchored boat, at half-flood
or half-ebb tide; up the tidal rivers at high tide. At low water they
must be looked for in the deep holes, among the rocks. Wherever found
the white-perch will not disappoint the angler, but is ever ready to
respond to his baited hook.

It rises pretty well to the artificial fly, especially when landlocked
in ponds, or far up the streams. Trout tackle and trout flies are just
right, on hooks Nos. 7 or 8; and as the most favorable time for fishing
is toward dusk, light-colored flies are the best, as coachman, gray
drake, red ibis, oriole, etc.

I was once fishing for white-perch on Gunpowder River, in Maryland, with
a companion who happened to lose one of his hooks through a defective
snell, which, however, he soon recovered by catching the perch that had
stolen it. We were perfectly sure that it was his, as he had tied his
hooks himself with a peculiar shade of sewing silk. He then marked the
fish by clipping off a portion of one of the spines of the dorsal fin,
and returned it to the water, only to be retaken three times, twice by
my friend and once by myself. The lips of the perch being then quite
ragged from the frequent hooking, it was humanely killed and deposited
in the basket.

From my experience with both wild and domesticated fish I am quite sure
that cold-blooded animals, like fishes and batrachians, are not very
sensitive to pain. Owing to the very small brain and the gelatinous
character of the spinal marrow of fishes, it is very doubtful if they
suffer much, if any, pain from the infliction of so slight an injury as
the pricking of a fish-hook. If it were otherwise, I do not think a
hooked fish would offer so much resistance and pull so hard upon the
hook if it caused much pain. Nor does it seem reasonable that a fish
would repeatedly subject itself to the same experience if its mouth felt
at all sore, as all experienced anglers know they do, time and again.
The mouth and throat of a fish cannot be very sensitive when it is
considered that it swallows, whole, such prey as sunfish and catfish
fry, bristling with sharp fins and spines, and those of the catfish are
always erect, even if swallowed head first. Marine fishes also swallow
crabs, lobsters, prawns, besides mollusks, sea-urchins, and other
creatures that would be exceedingly irritating and painful to a
sensitive throat.

[Illustration THE SEA-BASS]
[_Centropristes striatus_]

[Illustration THE MASCALONGE]
[_Esox nobilior_]

[Illustration THE PIKE]
[_Esox lucius_]


THE SEA-BASS

(_Centropristes striatus_)

The sea-bass is known in various localities as black sea-bass, black
will, black harry, hannahills, humpback, and also by names belonging
rightly to other well-known fishes, as blackfish, bluefish, and
rock-bass. The name sea-bass, however, is in most general use, and is
the most distinctive and appropriate. Linnæus described it briefly, in
1758, and named it _striatus_, or "striped." He afterward received
specimens from South Carolina, which in 1766 he named _atraria_, or
"blackish," but the older name must hold according to the law of
priority.

It is confined to the Atlantic coast, with range extending from Cape Cod
to Florida, but it is most abundant along the coast of New Jersey. It
has a robust body, its depth not quite a third of its length; the back
is elevated over the shoulder, the "hump" being more prominent in males
during the breeding season. The head is large and thick, with a large,
oblique mouth, leathery lips, and projecting lower jaw. The fin rays are
long and slender, and the caudal fin is double concave.

Its color is bluish black, sometimes greenish black or dusky brown on
the back and top of the head, lighter on the sides and belly. The edges
of the scales being dark, give a mottled, streaked, or reticulated
appearance. The dorsal fin has several series of bluish white elongated
spots; the other fins are bluish or dusky, and are more or less mottled.
Young specimens have a broad dusky band or stripe along the sides, which
later becomes broken up, forming cross shades.

The sea-bass, as its name implies, is a sea fish, seldom entering
brackish water. It congregates in large schools about the offshore rocky
reefs and shoals, and about old wrecks, feeding on crabs, shrimps, and
other marine organisms, often in company with the tautog and porgy. It
is a deep-water fish, and of course a bottom feeder. It spawns in
summer, between May and August, depending on the temperature of the
water, but usually in June. The eggs are quite small, about twenty-five
to the inch, and hatch in from four to six days. Its usual weight is
from one-half to two or three pounds, occasionally weighing ten or
twelve pounds. It is very voracious and will take almost any kind of
bait that is offered. It is taken in large numbers by market fishermen
on hand-lines and clam bait. It commands a ready sale, being a good
food-fish, with firm, flaky flesh of a fine savor, and is highly valued
for chowders. It is a hard-pulling fish on the line, boring toward the
bottom with vicious tugs.

A light cane chum rod is very suitable, or perhaps the Little Giant rod
is better. It is seven and one-half feet long and weighs eight ounces,
and will bear the strain of such sinkers as must be used. The line
should be braided linen of small caliber, and a multiplying reel should
always be used. A short leader of three or four feet, and Sproat hooks,
Nos. 1-0 to 3-0, on silkworm fibre and a sinker adapted to the strength
of the tide, make up the rest of the tackle. As the fishing is done from
an anchored boat a landing-net should be provided. With the tackle just
mentioned, at slack tide, and with clam, shedder-crab, sandworms, or
shrimp bait, the angler can enjoy a good measure of sport with the
sea-bass. Where the tide runs very strong, compelling the use of heavy
sinkers of from three to six ounces, a striped-bass rod should be
employed, especially in water from fifteen to thirty feet deep.

Great crowds of men, women, and children patronize the excursion boats
from New York and Philadelphia, in the summer season, to catch bass,
porgies, tautog, and flounders on the various fishing banks off the
Jersey coast, where they use hand-lines and clam bait. While such
fishing is greatly enjoyed by the uninitiated, it does not appeal to the
angler.


THE SOUTHERN SEA-BASS

(_Centropristes philadelphicus_)

This species was described by Linnæus in 1758, and named
_philadelphicus_, under the impression that his specimen was from the
vicinity of that city. Afterward he received specimens from the South
Carolina coast, which, in 1766, he named _trifurca_, meaning
"three-forked," in allusion to its "triple-tail." The older name,
unfortunately, must stand.

Its color is olive-gray, darkest on the back, whitish below, with seven
oblique dusky and diffuse bars along the upper portion of the sides. The
three-forked appearance of the caudal fin is more pronounced than in the
northern sea-bass; otherwise there is no structural difference, except
in coloration. Its habits are similar. The same remarks apply equally to
the following species, except that it has a few less gill-rakers than
the northern species. They may eventually all prove to be the same
species, or geographical varieties. The directions as to fishing apply
as well to both these southern forms as to the northern sea-bass.


THE GULF SEA-BASS

(_Centropristes ocyurus_)

This species was described from the "snapper banks," off Pensacola, by
Jordan and Evermann in 1886, who named it _ocyurus_, or "swift tail." It
has not been recorded from any other locality. It agrees with the
northern sea-bass, except as mentioned, and in its coloration, which is
grayish or pale olive, darker on the back, with three longitudinal rows
of black blotches along the sides. It is called "tally-wag" by the
snapper fisherman.




CHAPTER IV

THE PIKE FAMILY

(_Esocidæ_)

The fishes of this family have a long body, not much compressed, and not
elevated. The head is long, with a flattened and prolonged snout; a very
large mouth filled with long and very sharp, cardlike teeth on the jaws
and roof of the mouth, and with smaller teeth on the tongue. They have a
single dorsal fin composed entirely of soft rays, and situated very far
back and opposite to the anal fin, which is likewise composed of soft
rays. The scales are small; the cheeks and gill-covers are more or less
scaly; the head is naked above. All are greedy, voracious fishes,
marauding tyrants, living almost entirely on other fishes. There is but
one genus, _Esox_.

     _Esox nobilior._ The Mascalonge. Body elongate; head 3-2/3;
     depth 6; eye 5; B. 17 to 19; D. 17; A. 15; scales 150 along the
     lateral line; cheeks and opercles naked below, scaly above; in
     about 8 rows.

[Illustration THE MASCALONGE OF THE WEEDS. TROLLING WITH HAND-LINE]

     _Esox lucius._ The Pike. Body elongate; head 3-1/3; depth 5;
     eye 6; B. 14 to 16; D. 16 or 17; A. 13 or 14; scales 125;
     cheeks entirely covered with scales; lower half of opercles
     naked, upper half with scales.

     _Esox reticulatus._ Eastern Pickerel. Body elongate; head
     3-1/2; depth 6; eye 8; B. 14 to 16; D. 14; A. 13; scales 125;
     cheeks and opercles entirely covered with scales.

     _Esox vermiculatus._ The Western Pickerel. Body elongate; head
     3-1/4; depth 5 to 6; eye 6; B. 12; D. 11 or 12; A. 11 or 12;
     scales 105 along the lateral line; cheeks and opercles entirely
     covered with scales.

     _Esox americanus._ The Banded Pickerel. Body elongate; head
     3-1/2; depth 5-1/2; eye 5; B. 12 or 13; D. 11 or 12; A. 11 or
     12; scales 105; cheeks and opercles entirely covered with
     scales.

As some anglers find it difficult to distinguish a large pike from a
mascalonge, or a pike from a pickerel, owing to the similar shape and
appearance, the several species can be easily identified by means of the
following artificial key:

     The mascalonge (_Esox nobilior_) has the upper part of both the
     cheeks and gill-covers scaly, while the lower half of both
     cheeks and gill-covers is naked; it has from 17 to 19
     branchiostegal rays (the branchiostegals are the rays on the
     under side of the gill-cover, that, like the ribs of an
     umbrella, assist in opening and closing it during breathing).
     Its coloration is of a uniform grayish hue, or when marked with
     spots or bars they are always of a much darker color or shade
     than the ground color.

     The pike (_Esox lucius_) has the cheeks entirely scaly, but only
     the upper part of the gill-cover, the lower half being naked;
     it has from 14 to 16 branchiostegal rays; its coloration is a
     bluish or greenish gray, with elongated or bean-shaped spots
     covering the sides, and which are always of a lighter hue than
     the ground color.

     The eastern or reticulated pickerel (_Esox reticulatus_) has
     both the cheeks and the gill-covers entirely covered with
     scales; it has from 14 to 16 branchiostegal rays; its
     coloration is shades of green, with sides of golden lustre, and
     marked with dark reticulations, mostly horizontal. It is rarely
     or never found west of the Alleghanies.

     The little western pickerel (_Esox vermiculatus_) has both
     cheeks and gill-covers entirely scaly, as have all the
     pickerels; it has from 11 to 13, usually 12, branchiostegal
     rays; its coloration is greenish or grayish, with curved
     streaks on the sides forming bars or reticulations; the color
     is quite variable, sometimes plain olive. It is found only west
     of the Alleghanies.

     The banded or American pickerel (_Esox americanus_) has, like
     the other true pickerels, both the cheeks and the gill-covers
     entirely covered with scales; it has 12 or 13 branchiostegal
     rays; coloration dark green, sides with many distinct black
     curved transverse bars; a black bar below the eye, and one from
     the snout through the eye to the gill-cover. It is found only
     east of the Alleghanies.


THE MASCALONGE

(_Esox nobilior_)

The specific name _nobilior_, long current for the mascalonge, and the
one based on its earliest accurate description, was conferred by Rev.
Zadoc Thompson in 1849 in "Notes on Certain Vermont Fishes," in the
Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. III,
published July 18, 1849, and later he described it fully in the "History
of Vermont," 1853, Part I. It is an excellent and appropriate name, and
one that has become familiar to anglers. I have retained it, inasmuch
as it was discarded, I think, for a very insufficient reason.

The specific name _masquinongy_, which has recently been given to this
species in the books, is supposed to have been given to the mascalonge
by Dr. Mitchill in 1824. His description, however, cannot now be found.
It is alluded to by De Kay in his "Fishes of New York," in 1842, who
gives its reference as "Mirror, 1824, page 297"; but I have searched for
it in vain, as have others. De Kay merely says: "According to Mitchill,
who describes a specimen 47.0 long and weighing thirty pounds, the fin
rays are as follows: 'D. 21; P. 14; V. 11; A. 17; C. 26.' But this
radial formula is just as applicable to Richardson's _E. lucius_: 'D.
20; P. 16; A. 18,' also given by De Kay." The size and weight of the
alleged specimen of Mitchill would seem to indicate the mascalonge, but
the great northern pickerel, _Esox lucius_, occasionally reaches a like
size and weight. I once caught one weighing twenty-five pounds in
northern Wisconsin, and saw several a little heavier, one of fully
twenty-eight pounds.

Dr. Kirtland, in 1838, had, previous to De Kay, applied Mitchill's name
_masquinongy_ to a specimen from Lake Erie, and it is upon this
evidence, principally, that this name has been adopted as the specific
title of the mascalonge.

But afterward Dr. Kirtland used Thompson's name _nobilis_ (meaning
_nobilior_) and Le Sueur's name _estor_ for the mascalonge. He also
subsequently described the mascalonge from Lake Erie as _atromaculatus_,
and one from the Mahoning River, Ohio, as _ohiensis_. From this it would
appear that Dr. Kirtland, although a good naturalist in his day, was not
at all clear in his estimation of the mascalonge.

There has been considerable controversy concerning the common or
vernacular name of the mascalonge. Some claim it is from the French, and
derived from the words "masque" and "allonge," which virtually mean
"long face," and which is certainly nearer to the common pronunciation
of mascalonge or muscalunge. Others claim it is an Indian name from the
Ojibwa language, as "mash," meaning "strong," and "kinoje," meaning
"pike." "Mash" is also said to mean "spotted" and "deformed." From mash
and kinoje come "maskinonge," as it appears in the statutes of Canada.
The name has been spelled in numerous ways, as evidenced in the Century
Dictionary, which gives the following variations: maskalonge,
mascalonge, maskalunge, maskallonge, masquallonge, masq'allonge,
mascallonge, muscalonge, muskalonge, muskalinge, muskellunge,
moskalonge, moscononge, maskinonge, maskanonge, maskenonge, maskenozha,
maskinoje, and maskenonge, to which might be added muscalinga,
mascalinga, etc. There is no authority or precedent for the name
"muskellunge" as used by some writers and anglers, as neither the
original French or Indian words have the letter "u" in either the first
or last syllable. Moreover, the term "lunge" is in some sections applied
to the lake trout. I am aware, of course, that the name has obtained
considerable currency, but in much the same way that the black-bass is
called "trout" in the South, and the pike-perch is denominated "salmon"
in certain localities.

Rev. Zadoc Thompson, who was the first to call attention to the scaling
of the cheeks as a diagnostic character, gives the vernacular name
"masquallonge," and attributes it to French derivation, to which opinion
I am inclined. As the most prominent writers on fish and fishing give it
as "mascalonge," that name should be universally adopted, no matter what
its origin, or whether derived from the French Canadians or the
Chippeway Indians; that question is more interesting to philologists
than to anglers. As an instance of inconsistency, or of the irony of
fate, the books give the scientific name of the subgenus as
_mascalongus_, from the French, and the specific name as _masquinongy_,
from the Ojibwa.

The mascalonge is common in the St. Lawrence basin and the Great Lakes,
more abundant in the lakes of northern Wisconsin, less common in the
upper Mississippi River, Chautauqua Lake. New York, and Conneaut Lake,
Pennsylvania, and rare in the upper Ohio River and tributaries. It has a
long body, somewhat compressed, its depth being about one-fifth of its
length; the head is large, about a fourth of the length of the body, and
flattened, with the lower jaw projecting. It has a terrible array of
teeth of assorted sizes. On the edge of each side of the lower jaw are
several long, bayonet-shaped teeth, from one-half to an inch apart; in
the front part of the tip of the projecting lower jaw are a few short
but sharp teeth, recurved; in the front part of the upper jaw are three
clusters of long, fanglike teeth, standing out amidst the smaller,
cardlike teeth; on the edge of the forward half of the upper lip is a
row of small, but very sharp, recurved teeth; back of these on the roof
of the mouth (vomer and palatines), and extending back from the fangs in
front to the throat, are three rows of cardlike teeth, recurved and very
sharp.

The coloration and markings vary so much that several varieties have
been needlessly established, as the variations are found in every
locality, and do not seem to depend on habitat or environment. The usual
color is dark gray, greenish or brownish, always darker on the back,
lighter on the sides, and belly white or whitish. The fins usually have
dusky or slate-colored spots or blotches; the lower fins and caudal fin
are often reddish. The markings of the body vary a great deal. In the
young the upper half of the body is covered with small, round black
spots, which usually disappear or change their shape as they grow old.
In mature fish the spots are more diffuse, sometimes enlarging to an
inch or more in diameter, or by coalescing form vertical broad bands,
while in others there are no distinct dark markings. And while all of
these various markings are found in fish from the same locality there is
no apparent structural difference.

I have examined and compared specimens from the St. Lawrence and Indian
rivers, New York. Lake Erie, the Wisconsin lakes, Lake Pepin, Chautauqua
and Conneaut lakes, Scioto and Mahoning rivers, in Ohio, and have seen
preserved heads of large ones from Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, and
found that they all agree so well in the number of branchiostegals,
squamation of cheeks and opercles, in dentition, fins, and in
measurements, that they must all be considered as one and the same
species. At the Chicago Columbian Exposition there were some twenty very
large specimens of mounted skins from Canadian waters, in the exhibit of
the Ottawa Museum, which showed well the variation in markings. Some
still showed the dark spots on a gray ground; others were more or less
distinctly barred with broad or narrow bands; others showed both bars
and diffuse spots; and still others were of a uniform slate or grayish
coloration, without markings of any kind. In the museum of the Cuvier
Club, in Cincinnati, there are quite a number of mounted skins of
mascalonge from the Wisconsin lakes, mostly large ones, that also show
all of the various markings, as well as those of a uniform coloration.

About 1890 I donated to the Cincinnati Society of Natural History a
specimen from Lake Erie; and in 1892 I donated to the United States
National Museum two specimens from Lake Erie, and one from a tributary
of the Muskingum River, in Ohio. All of these Ohio fish were from
eighteen inches to two feet long, and all showed similar markings, being
profusely covered with round black spots from an eighth to a quarter of
an inch in diameter. Where the spots become diffused, and the bands are
inclined to spread and coalesce, they are always more distinct toward
the tail. In a mascalonge of less than a foot in length the spots are
very black, very round, and quite small, not exceeding a sixth or an
eighth of an inch in diameter.

Various appellations have been bestowed on the mascalonge to denote its
rapacity, as the shark, wolf, or tiger of the waters, all of which are
well merited by that fierce marauder. It subsists entirely on fish,
frogs, snakes, and even the young of aquatic mammals and water fowl.
Nothing in the shape of food comes amiss to him. He is solitary in his
habits, lying concealed among the water plants and rushes at the edges
of the streams or channels and along the shores, or beside shelving
rocks or banks in clear lakes, from whence he darts open-mouthed upon
the luckless fish that approaches his lair. The number of fishes
swallowed by a mascalonge during a single summer is almost incredible;
and they are not minnows and small fry alone, such as are devoured by
other predaceous fishes, but such as are old and large enough to
reproduce their kind. It is fortunate that the mascalonge is
comparatively a rare fish. As it is now being artificially propagated in
some states, great care and judgment should be exercised as to the
waters planted, so as not to jeopardize other and better game-fishes.

It spawns early in the spring and in very shallow water, where most of
the eggs are devoured by frogs, turtles, fishes, and water fowl--a wise
provision of nature when it is considered that the female deposits from
one hundred thousand to three hundred thousand eggs. The eggs are quite
small, about ten or twelve to an inch, and hatch in about two weeks. The
mascalonge is the most valuable food-fish of its family, and is
pronounced by some as being really excellent; but I consider it much
inferior to the whitefish, lake-trout, pike-perch, black-bass, or
brook-trout. While possessing no especial flavor, its flesh is firm and
flaky, more so than that of the pike or pickerel, and it commands a
ready sale in the markets.

It grows occasionally to an enormous size. I have taken it up to forty
pounds, good weight. The late Judge Potter, of Toledo, Ohio, an angler
of the old school, informed me that he had seen, in early days, many
that weighed from fifty to seventy-five pounds. Mr. L.H. McCormick,
formerly of Oberlin College, Ohio, saw one taken in a pound net that
weighed seventy-two pounds. The late Dr. Elisha Sterling, formerly of
Cleveland. Ohio, a contemporary of Judge Potter and the late Dr.
Garlick, the father of artificial fish-culture in America, told me of
one he once speared in Lake Erie that weighed eighty pounds, and said
that those of fifty to sixty pounds were common in the forties.

The mascalonge is the best game-fish of its family. When of large size,
from twenty to thirty pounds, it exhibits a bull-like ferocity when
hooked, making furious dashes for liberty, and if not stopped in time
will eventually take to the weeds. It exhibits great powers of
endurance, but little finesse or cunning in its efforts to escape. It
depends on main strength alone, swimming swiftly in straight lines, as
might be inferred from its shape. Its long body does not admit of the
quick doublings of the black-bass or brook-trout. If kept on the surface
with a taut line it sometimes leaps into the air; but if allowed its own
sweet will it bores toward the bottom, or endeavors to reach the refuge
of weeds or rushes. One of less weight than twelve pounds, when hooked,
can scarcely be distinguished from the pike or pickerel in its manner of
resistance, and exhibits but little more gameness.

A black-bass rod of eight or nine ounces is sufficient for the largest
mascalonge one is likely to encounter in these days. I caught one on the
St. Lawrence, many years ago, that weighed thirty-two pounds, on an
eight-ounce Henshall rod, and gaffed it in twenty minutes. Others have
done the same even with a lighter rod. But it must be remembered that
the weight of the fish, added to his fierce lunges, is very trying to a
light rod, and I should not recommend one of less weight than eight
ounces, which will answer for all emergencies in skilled hands. A good
multiplying reel, a braided silk or linen line, size E or F, and Sproat
or O'Shaughnessy hooks Nos. 3-0 to 5-0 on gimp snells, with brass
box-swivel for connecting snell and line, constitute the rest of the
tackle.

The best season for mascalonge fishing is in May or June, and in
September and October, the latter months preferable. The most favorable
hours are in the early morning and late afternoon. The middle of the day
may be fished with a better prospect of success on cloudy, lowering
days, with a brisk wind.

The best bait is a large minnow, either alive or dead, though a frog
answers very well; and in the absence of either, a trolling-spoon, No.
4, with a single hook, may be utilized for casting. Rowing along in
water from five to ten feet deep, the bait should be cast as far as
possible to the edge of weed patches, reeling it again very slowly, or
if the bait is alive it may be allowed to swim outside of the
water-plants for a short time. By moving along continuously, and making
frequent casts, this method is much more successful than still-fishing.
When the wind is just right, or when the current is strong enough and
the wind not contrary, it is a good plan to allow the boat to drift
while casting.

As soon as a fish is struck and hooked the boat should be moved to
deeper and open water at once, in order to give free play to the fish
and lessen the probability of its taking to the weeds. In open water the
angler has a better chance successfully to play and land his quarry,
which should be kept on the surface as much as possible. He can be aided
very much in his efforts by the careful and judicious management of the
boat by a skilful oarsman.

When the mascalonge shows signs of weakness and can be drawn alongside,
it should be gaffed at once. Not by striking at it with quick and
violent motions, which serve only to frighten the fish and endanger the
angler's tackle, but the gaff should be kept below the fish until it can
be drawn over it, and then by raising it slowly and cautiously, until
near enough, when, by a quick upward and drawing motion, the point of
the hook should be driven into the throat or breast of the fish, and by
the same motion the fish should be lifted into the boat. It should then
be killed by a smart stroke on the head, as a wound from its sharp teeth
is no trifling matter. In the absence of a gaff-hook the fish should be
more thoroughly exhausted before bringing it alongside the boat, when it
should be struck a stunning blow on the head before being taken in.

The bait or spoon may be trolled along the edges of the channel, just
outside of the weed patches, from a moving boat, with a line of thirty
to fifty yards. In trolling, the revolving spoon, glistening and
shining, is the attractive lure, and any addition of a minnow, or strip
of fish or pork-rind, or other bait, as is often resorted to by some, is
entirely unnecessary. It adds nothing to the chances of hooking a fish,
and should never be practised by the consistent angler. He may use
pork-rind if he wishes, but let it be used alone, on its own merits. A
spoon is bad enough in any case, but it only makes it more reprehensible
and repulsive, to the angler at least, to handicap it with bait of any
kind; even the bunch of feathers that usually adorns the spoon should be
discarded, as it is of no practical use.

Most mascalonge are taken, I am sorry to say, by trolling with a
hand-line of heavy braided linen, size B or C, and a spoon of very large
size, as large as No. 8, which seems to be the favorite size with
hand-trollers. In this method of fishing the mascalonge hooks himself
when he strikes the spoon. It is then drawn in, hand over hand, as the
sailors say, with might and muscle. And as might be supposed, those who
practise this method are loudest in their praise of the mascalonge as
the "king of all game-fishes." A quick pull, a strong pull, and a pull
all together, with the hauling aboard as soon as possible of the
struggling fish, amidst much splashing and floundering, seems to be
their estimation of gameness in a fish.

The foregoing remarks apply to fishing on lakes and quiet, weedy streams
of the Northern states. In the clear and swifter waters of the upper
Ohio, and its tributaries, the mascalonge lies in the deep pools during
summer and fall, where it is taken by still-fishing. A large sucker,
weighing from half a pound to a pound, is the favorite bait, with
suitable rod and reel. The fish is given plenty of time to gorge the
bait before striking, and this is quite important with so large a bait.
Many large mascalonge, there called "pike," have been taken in this
manner in those waters, events to belong remembered and talked about,
while the head is carefully preserved for the admiration and envy of
future generations of anglers.

Once when returning from a fishing trip to northern Wisconsin when
mascalonge were much more in evidence than at the present day, I was
carrying the head of a forty-pounder that just filled an ordinary tin
bucket. At Appleton, while waiting for the train to Green Bay, the big
head was the centre of an admiring group of anglers. Then came the
natural and inevitable query, "Where did you catch it?" In order to
avoid a long recital, which only could have done justice to the subject,
and expecting the train at any moment, I replied, "An Indian speared it
on Lake St. Germain." They looked at me as if I had seven heads; then
one said: "Well! well! It requires an awful lot of moral courage to make
such an admission." But I killed it, all the same, on a nine-ounce rod,
and my Indian canoe-man gaffed it.


THE PIKE

(_Esox lucius_)

The pike is more generally known in the United States as "pickerel," and
sometimes as the great northern pickerel to distinguish it from the
pickerel, properly so-called. In England the young pike is a pickerel,
an older one a jack, and the mature fish a pike. In England and
continental Europe the pike (_E. lucius_) is the only species of the
family inhabiting their waters, while there are five species of the
family in America, which makes it all the more confusing when the name
"pickerel" is applied indiscriminately to all,--even the mascalonge
being sometimes alluded to as an "overgrown pickerel."

The range of the pike in America is from Lake Champlain, the Great Lake
region, and the upper Mississippi River, north to Alaska; it is rare in
the Ohio Valley.

Next to the mascalonge the pike is the most important and largest member
of the pike family. It has a long body, somewhat compressed, its length
being a little more than five times its depth. The head is large,
somewhat more than a fourth of the length of the body, with a long,
flattened, and projecting snout; the teeth are similar, but not quite so
large or numerous as in the mascalonge.

The coloration and markings of the pike are quite constant, not varying
so much as in others of the family, and is very different from those of
the mascalonge or any of the pickerels. The ground color is grayish or
greenish gray, darker on the back and fading to silvery white on the
belly; the sides, from head to tail, are profusely covered with
irregular, oblong, or bean-shaped whitish spots or blotches, much
lighter than the ground color; the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins are
marked with dark spots or blotches. It is somewhat more gregarious, and
is more of a rover than the mascalonge; otherwise its habits are very
similar, and it coexists with that fish in many waters, especially in
the region of the Great Lakes. It feeds on fish, frogs, and
water-snakes. Its usual weight reaches fifteen pounds, though it
occasionally grows to four feet in length and a weight of twenty-five or
thirty pounds.

As a food-fish it is variously estimated. Some consider it to be very
good, and it sells well in the markets,--which, however, is not always a
fair criterion. It is much better in the fall and winter than in summer.
Most people who know it best, and I agree with them, think it inferior
to any fresh-water fish for the table except the carp and sucker. Its
flesh is soft and dry, and unless of large size is not flaky, and it is,
moreover, very full of small bones. One of ten pounds, stuffed with a
savory dressing and baked, is not unpalatable, but cannot be compared
favorably with the whitefish, black-bass, or trout.

The pike when of large size is a good game-fish. Its weight and
strength, added to its bold rushes when hooked, are very trying to light
tackle. One of fifteen pounds is worthy of the angler's most serious
attention on an eight-ounce rod. Its manner of fighting is similar to
that of the mascalonge, though in a lesser degree, and it does not
continue its resistance so long. After a few frantic rushes it weakens
very materially, and if kept away from weeds soon gives up the struggle
for freedom.

In England, where game-fishes are much scarcer than in this country, the
pike is considered a fine game-fish and is much sought after by
bait-fishers, and with a wonderful array of murderous traces,
minnow-gangs, and spinning tackle. In the United States, where there are
so many better game-fishes, it is not often made the object of special
pursuit. Most pike are caught by anglers in northern waters when fishing
for black-bass.

Ordinary black-bass rods and tackle are very suitable for pike fishing,
though where they run large, eight to fifteen pounds, an eight or
nine-ounce rod is to be preferred to a lighter one. A good multiplying
reel, a braided line, either silk or linen, size F, and Sproat hooks,
Nos. 2-0 to 3-0, are better suited to large pike than black-bass.

[Illustration THE EASTERN PICKEREL]
[_Esox reticulatus_]

[Illustration THE WESTERN PICKEREL]
[_Esox vermiculatus_]

[Illustration THE PIKE-PERCH]
[_Stizostedion vitreum_]

[Illustration THE YELLOW-PERCH]
[_Perca flavescens_]

A minnow, or a trolling-spoon of small size with a single Sproat or
O'Shaughnessy hook, may be employed in casting from a boat along the
edges of weed patches, lily-pads, and wild rice, and along the shoals
and bars. The same tackle can be utilized for trolling in the same
situations. Where the conditions are favorable it is advisable to allow
the boat to drift, in order to dispense with the noise and confusion of
rowing or paddling. The directions already given for black-bass fishing,
as to playing and landing the fish, will answer just as well for the
pike.

As the pike seems to suggest the trolling-spoon, this is a good place to
say a few words concerning that little-understood article of fishing
tackle. In the first place, it should never have more than a _single_
hook, and that should never be handicapped by adding a minnow, frog, or
strip of fish or bacon-skin, as is so often done. The hook should be
left free to perform its function, untrammelled by extraneous and
useless appendages. If the angler pins his faith to them, by all means
give them a fair chance on a hook without a spoon; it is not only more
logical, but more sportsmanlike. Give the fish a chance, also, and of
two evils let it choose the least by using them separately. Seriously,
the spoon is a most alluring and attractive bait in itself. Its bright
and shining appearance when spinning and glancing through the water is
well-nigh irresistible to a predaceous fish, and is in itself all that
could be desired as an effective lure.

The original trolling-spoon (made by Buell) was the bowl of a dessert
spoon, with a hole in the broadest end for the line, and a single hook
soldered to the narrow end. It is as effective as the best
trolling-spoon made to-day. With a single hook, either loosely attached
or soldered to the spoon, one is more apt to hook his fish, and more
certain of landing it, to say nothing of the cruel and inhuman practice
of using the triangle of three hooks usually attached to most
trolling-spoons.

Manufacturers generally affix a triangle of hooks to trolling-spoons,
disguised by a bunch of red and white feathers that are worse than
useless. The spoon is made of many shapes and of various sizes, and
often of two or three spoons combined. They seem to vie with each other
as to who can turn out the most ridiculous contrivance, for the farther
it departs from the original spoon the more useless it becomes.
Manufacturers are not all anglers, and endeavor to produce what is most
novel and attractive to the prospective customer. Such appliances sell
to the uninitiated and unwary, but do not catch many fish, or even
anglers of experience.

And the same remarks will apply in a measure to the gang or trace of
several hooks, usually employed in trolling or spinning the minnow. A
minnow, hooked through the lips--and it may be a dead one--with a single
hook, will move more lifelike, and be really more attractive to the
fish, than the whirling, wabbling one, bristling with a dozen hooks. It
is cruel and heartless to employ so murderous a device. I have seen the
mouths of bass and pike and lake-trout lacerated and mutilated,
sometimes the lips and upper jaw torn completely off, by the triangle of
the spoon or the half dozen or more hooks of the gang or trace. If their
use cannot be dispensed with on the score of inutility, a single hook
being far more successful, their employment should be relinquished in
the name of humanity.

The pike will not often rise to the artificial fly, but will take it if
allowed to sink a foot or two after casting. Many years ago, in
Wisconsin, I devised the "polka" black-bass fly, and on its first trial,
at the very first cast, it was seized by a pike of six pounds. The polka
has a body of red floss silk, with spotted wings of the guinea fowl. I
have frequently taken the pike with other red-bodied flies, as the
Abbey, red ibis, king of the water, and Montreal, but the polka was
always the favorite. Flies with bodies of peacock harl, as coachman,
Henshall, Governor Alvord, etc., are very useful, as well as some with
yellow bodies, as professor, queen of the water, and Lord Baltimore. The
afternoon hours, especially toward sundown and until dusk, are the most
promising for fly-fishing. Large flies are also successfully used in
trolling for pike, from a rather slow-moving boat. For fuller
instructions for fly-fishing the reader is referred to those given for
the black-bass, which will answer very well for the pike, especially
where the two fishes inhabit the same waters.

Fishing through the ice for pike or pickerel has quite a fascination for
some persons, even for those who never fish in any other way. And there
is a certain kind of enjoyment in it, though actual fishing, as we
understand it, has but little to do with it. If the ice is glare and
free of snow, one can vary the amusement with skating. The bracing,
nipping air on a clear day, with the sun shining brightly on the winter
landscape, has its charms, and fishing through the ice is a good pretext
for a winter outing. A dozen or more holes are cut through the ice in a
circle, its diameter extending over the feeding grounds of the pike,
whether small or great in extent. A fire may be built in the centre, if
far from the shore on a lake, or on the shore itself if convenient to
the holes. The holes being cut and a fire made for comfort, the next
thing to do is to place the "tip-ups," as they are called, and bait the
hooks, when there is nothing more to be done but to fill one's pipe and
wait by the fire for the anticipated event--the rising of a signal
proclaiming a "bite."

Tip-ups are made in several ways, but the simplest plan, which is as
good as any, is to provide a piece of thin board, say two or three feet
long and two or three inches wide. A few inches from one end a hole is
bored, through which is thrust a round stick, like a section of a
broom-handle, and long enough to extend well across the hole in the ice.
A short line, usually three or four feet long, with suitable hook and
sinker, is tied to the short end of the thin board, through a small hole
bored for the purpose. The hook is then baited, placed in the water, and
the thin board is laid down on its edge, with the short end at the
middle of the hole in the ice, and the round stick straddling it. It
will be readily understood that a fish pulling on the line at the short
end of the thin board, or lever, will raise the long end, thus
indicating to the watcher the looked-for event. The long end of the
lever may be shaved to a point, to which a signal flag may be affixed.
Where the fish are plentiful it will keep one pretty busy running from
one hole to another to take off the pike or rebait the hooks.

When residing at Oconomowoc, Wisconsin. I found that fishing through the
ice for pike and yellow-perch was a favorite sport. I indulged in it
once for pike and several times for perch, for the latter is a firm,
sweet, and delicious pan-fish in the winter. Driving over La Belle Lake
in my sleigh to the "pickerel grounds," where my man had cut the holes
the day before, the tip-ups and lines were soon arranged and the hooks
baited with live minnows. A fire was then built on the shore, near at
hand, to warm the chilled fingers. It was pretty tame when considered
from the angler's point of view; but with the keen, crisp winter air,
and the bright sun sparkling on the pure white snow, on which I
occasionally took a spin in the sleigh, it was quite an enjoyable
experience. In the course of a few hours several pike were taken and
left lying on the snow, where they soon became frozen stiff. Upon my
arrival at home they were placed in a tub of cold water, when all but
one or two revived and began to swim about; the latter were probably too
thoroughly frozen or may have been dead before being frozen. Apropos of
this: I had some minnows in a live box, at the edge of the lake near my
home, that thawed out alive in the spring after being frozen all winter.
They were evidently the same minnows, as there were no dead ones, and
the live ones could hardly have got into the box from the lake.

The mediocrity of the pike as a game-fish is doubtless a just estimation
in a majority of cases, but once in a while one will exhibit game
qualities that will surprise the most doubting and contemptuous angler,
compelling his admiration, and forcing him to admit that there are
exceptions to all rules, but more especially in fishing. I was once one
of a party of black-bass fishers on a lake in Wisconsin. In one of the
boats was a lady of Milwaukee, who was justly considered one of the most
expert and level-headed anglers in the party. She always stood up in her
boat, was a marvel in casting the minnow, and played a bass to a finish
in a style both graceful and artistic after a short, sharp, and decisive
contest. She used the lightest rods and tackle, and the best. On this
occasion, after landing a number of gamy bass and logy pike, she hooked
a pike of about six pounds that put her six-ounce rod to the severest
test, and gave her twenty minutes of the liveliest work that a fish is
capable of. It leaped repeatedly from the water, and rushed not only
straight away, but twisted and turned and doubled in a manner that would
have done credit to the gamest bass. Finally she brought it to the
landing-net in triumph, though she was, to use her own expression,
"completely tuckered out." I venture to say that no man of the party
would have been successful in landing that pike, with the same tackle,
in the same length of time.

A woman who is an expert angler will risk her tackle to greater lengths
than a man, and will take more chances in subduing a fish within a
reasonable time. This is not because of recklessness, or because she
does not understand or appreciate the tensile strength of her rod. On
the contrary, she knows her tackle well, and has the utmost faith in its
potentiality. I knew a lady friend who was never more than thirty
minutes in bringing to gaff any salmon of from twenty-five to thirty
pounds. And my Kentucky friend, Mrs. Bachmann (formerly Mrs. Stagg),
killed her tarpon of two hundred and five pounds in eighty minutes.


THE EASTERN PICKEREL

(_Esox reticulatus_)

The eastern pickerel, also called chain pickerel in the North, and jack
in the South, was first described by Le Sueur, in 1818, from the
Connecticut River. He named it _reticulatus_, owing to the
"reticulations" or the netted character of the markings on the body.

Its range extends from Maine along the coastwise streams to Florida and
Louisiana. West of the Alleghanies it has been reported from the Ozark
region of Missouri and Arkansas, but I am rather inclined to doubt it.

In its general form the pickerel resembles a small pike, though it is
more slender, has a larger eye, and its coloration is quite different.
The ground color is either olive-brown or some shade of green, the sides
with a golden lustre, and the belly white. The sides are marked with
many dark lines and streaks, mostly oblique and horizontal, forming a
kind of network. There is a dark vertical bar below the eye; the dorsal
fin is plain; the lower fins sometimes reddish; the caudal fin
occasionally has a few dark spots or blotches.

In its habits of feeding and spawning it is similar to the pike,
spawning in the early spring. It is found in weedy ponds in the North,
and in the quiet, grassy reaches of southern streams. It feeds mostly on
small fishes and frogs. It grows to a foot in length, usually, sometimes
to two feet and weighing seven or eight pounds, though its usual maximum
weight is three or four pounds.

In the New England states it is regarded by many as not only a fine
game-fish, but an excellent food-fish as well. Others despise it on both
counts, and there you are. To many a Yankee boy fishing for pickerel was
the highest ideal of angling, but with the larger experience of mature
years his idol has been thrown from its pedestal, and he, too, has
learned to look askance at the friend of his youth. But while the
pickerel is not a game-fish of high degree, it is capable of furnishing
a fair amount of sport with light black-bass tackle in waters not too
weedy.

Ordinary black-bass rods and tackle are quite suitable for pickerel
fishing, either with bait or fly, though the hooks should be larger,
about 1-0 to 2-0, on gimp snells or heavy silkworm fibre. Where the
weeds are too thick to admit of playing the fish a reel can be dispensed
with, and a plain, light bamboo or cane rod, in its natural state, can
be substituted for the jointed rod. It should belong enough to furnish
considerable elasticity, say twelve feet, as its flexibility must
subserve, somewhat, the purposes of a reel.

The pickerel will take a sunken fly in shallow water, after it has been
fluttered on the surface awhile. The red ibis, soldier, Abbey, polka.
Montreal, and coachman are all good pickerel flies, if cast toward the
dusk of evening.

Skittering is a favorite method of fishing for the pickerel in weedy
ponds. It is practised with a long cane rod, and line of about the same
length as the rod, with or without a reel. A spoon bait, frog, or a
piece of white bacon-rind cut in the semblance of a fish, or a frog's
hind legs, skinned, are skittered or fluttered on the surface near the
lily-pads and pickerel weeds. The fish should be kept on the surface if
possible, when hooked, and drawn into open water; otherwise it may
become entangled in the weeds and lost.

The pickerel may also be taken by still-fishing from a boat with the
live minnow or frog. On open water, a very successful way is trolling
with a small spoon and single hook, or a dead minnow. For these methods
the reader is referred to pike or black-bass fishing on previous pages.

I have found the pickerel as far south as eastern Florida, where it is
known as "pike," though it is rarely met with, and owing to its rarity
is held in pretty fair esteem as a game-fish. In the marshes and rice
ditches of South Carolina, and some sluggish streams of south-east
Georgia, it is rather more plentiful, though usually of inferior size
and dusky coloration. I once caught several on the Cooper River in South
Carolina when fishing with very light tackle for "bream," which were
unusually active and strong, and which impressed me as entitled to a
better reputation as a game-fish than is commonly accorded to it by
anglers. On the whole, the eastern pickerel is not half a bad fish, as
English anglers would say. One might go farther and fare worse.


THE WESTERN PICKEREL

(_Esox vermiculatus_)

The western pickerel was first described by Le Sueur from the Wabash
River. He named it _vermiculatus_, owing to the "wormlike" appearance of
its markings. He collected it about 1818, but his description was not
published until 1846. It inhabits the Mississippi Valley, south to
Arkansas and Mississippi, and the tributaries of Lakes Erie and
Michigan. It is not found east of the Alleghanies.

It is formed on the same general lines as the other members of the pike
family, but is rather more slender and rounder, with a shorter head,
proportionally, but a larger eye. Its color is olive-green, or grayish
green, darker on the back, and belly white. The sides are covered with
many dark curved streaks, inextricably mixed, or forming reticulations.
The coloration is quite variable in different waters. A dark vertical
bar is usually present below the eye; the sides of the head are
variegated.

It is common in the grassy streams of the Middle West and weedy bayous
of the South-west, never exceeding a foot in length. The late Dr. Elisha
Sterling, of Cleveland, Ohio, once sent me a plaster cast of one not
more than eight inches in length, with the ovaries exposed, showing the
ripe ova. It is not of much importance as a game-fish or as a food-fish.
It spawns in early spring, and feeds on small fish, frogs, and tadpoles.
It may be fished for in the same way, and with the same tackle as
recommended for crappies on a previous page.


THE BANDED PICKEREL

(_Esox americanus_)

The banded pickerel, Long Island pickerel, or brook pickerel, as it is
variously known, was one of the first of its family to be recognized. It
was described by Gmelin, in 1788, from Long Island. New York. He named
it _americanus_, or "American pike," as a variety of the European _Esox
lucius_.

It is found only east of the Alleghanies in coastwise streams from
Massachusetts to Florida. It is almost a duplicate of the little western
pickerel in its general form, and represents that species in eastern
waters. The characteristics of fin rays, scales, and squamation of
cheeks and gill-covers apply equally to both species.

The ground color is dark green; belly white; sides with about twenty
distinct, blackish, curved, vertical bars, often obscurely marked, but
not distinctly reticulated. There is a black vertical bar below the eye,
and a horizontal band extending from the snout, through the eye, to the
gill-cover. The lower fins are often quite red. I have collected it on
the east coast of Florida of a beautiful emerald-green coloration,
without distinct dark markings, and with orange-colored lower fins--a
most beautiful fish.

Although an interesting little fish, it is of no importance to anglers
and is merely mentioned here, with the little western pickerel, to
enable the reader to identify the different members of the pike family.
It spawns early in the spring. It seldom grows beyond a foot in length,
and is usually much smaller. Fishing for it is on the same plane with
sunfishing, and the lightest tackle should be employed.




CHAPTER V

THE PERCH FAMILY

(_Percidæ_)

Most of the species belonging to this family are the dwarf perches, the
beautiful little darters of the clear streams. The only genera of
importance as game-fishes are _Stizostedion_, the pike-perches, and
_Perca_, the yellow-perch. They are characterized by an elongate, nearly
round body; small, rough, and adherent scales; rather large mouth with
sharp teeth; spines on opercle, and preopercle serrate; branchiostegals
six or seven; two dorsal fins, the first composed of spines, the second
of soft rays; the anal fin with two spines.


GENUS STIZOSTEDION

     _Stizostedion vitreum._ The Pike-perch. Body elongate; back
     somewhat elevated; head 4; depth 5; eye 4; D. XIV-20; A. II,
     12; scales 10-125-25; head and cheeks sparsely scaled; canine
     teeth on jaws and palatines; opercle with small spines; pyloric
     coeca 3.

     _Stizostedion canadense._ The Sauger. Body elongate and
     spindle-shaped; head 3-1/2; depth 4-1/2; eye 5; D. XIII-18; A.
     II, 12; scales 9-100-27; head and cheeks scaly; spines on opercle;
     head depressed and pointed; pyloric coeca 5 to 7.


GENUS PERCA

     _Perca flavescens._ The Yellow-perch. Body oblong, somewhat
     compressed, the back elevated; head 3-1/4; depth 3-1/4; eye 5;
     D. XIV-15; A. II, 7; scales 6-75-17; top of head rough; profile
     convex from dorsal to occiput, thence concave to snout, which
     projects; cheeks scaly; opercles nearly naked; preopercle and
     shoulder girdle serrated; teeth in villiform bands;
     branchiostegals 7; scales strongly ctenoid.


THE PIKE-PERCH

(_Stizostedion vitreum_)

The pike-perch or wall-eye was first described by Dr. Mitchill in 1818,
from Cayuga Lake, New York. He named it _vitrea_ in allusion to its
large vitreous or glassy eye. It would have been indeed fortunate if the
name glass-eye or wall-eye, with or without the suffix perch, had been
adopted; for this fine fish is a true perch, with nothing "pike-like" in
form or habits, except its large mouth and canine teeth, and nothing
"salmon-like" except its trimly-shaped body. But these fancied
resemblances have caused it to be called in various localities wall-eyed
pike, yellow pike, blue pike, glass-eyed pike, salmon, and jack salmon.
It is also known in Canada as dorè and okow, and among the commercial
fishermen as "pickerel." However, the names pike-perch and wall-eyed
pike have been rather universally adopted, and it will probably be
always known by these names. Pike-perch is the Anglicized form of
_Lucioperca_, the Latin name of the genus in Europe.

It is abundant in Canada and the Great Lake region, and fairly abundant
in the upper Mississippi River and its tributaries, and especially in
Lake Pepin. It is found also in the lake region of northern Minnesota,
and in the lakes and streams of Wisconsin and Iowa. It is not uncommon
in the upper Ohio River and tributaries, south to Tennessee. On the
Atlantic slope it is more rarely found from Pennsylvania to Georgia,
where it often exists in brackish water. I have taken it in my boyhood
days at Ferry Bar, a point on the Patapsco River, near Baltimore.
Maryland. Its range is being constantly extended by transplantation. The
pike-perch is a very trimly-built and shapely fish. Its body is rather
slender, not much compressed. The head is well shaped, neither too large
nor too small, with a large mouth well filled with teeth, some quite
long and sharp. The eye is very large and glassy. Like all the perches
it has two dorsal fins, well separated; the caudal fin is forked. The
scales are small and rough. The edge of the cheek-bone is toothed or
serrated, and the edge of the gill-cover has one or more small spines.
The color varies considerably in different localities, and even in the
same waters. The usual color is olive, or greenish brown, mottled with
brassy or yellowish blotches forming oblique but indistinct lines, or
vermicular markings. The head is similarly colored and marked; the lower
jaw is reddish; the belly and lower fins pinkish or yellowish; the first
dorsal fin is not much marked, but has a large black blotch on its
posterior border; the second dorsal fin is mottled with olive, brown,
and yellow; the caudal fin is likewise mottled, with the tip of the
lower lobe white or light colored.

The pike-perch frequents waters of good depth, only entering the shallow
portions of streams and lakes at spawning time, and at night when
feeding. It prefers a bottom of rock or gravel in clear and cool water,
and loves to lie in the deep pools at the foot of riffles, or at the
entrance of streams; or where the current is strong and deep near
mill-dams and under sunken logs, or shelving rocks and banks, and about
the timbers of bridges in deep water. It is nocturnal in its habits,
for which it is well fitted by its large and prominent eye, and seeks
its prey, which consists mostly of small fishes, in shallow water.

It spawns in the spring, and in lakes usually resorts to its spawning
grounds in the winter, where it is caught through the ice in large
numbers in certain localities, notably in Put-in-Bay on Lake Erie, and
in Lake Pepin and other northern lakes. It spawns in sand or gravel in
shallow water. Its eggs are small, twelve to an inch, and average fifty
thousand to a female. After spawning it retires to deeper water, and in
summer locates in the deepest pools. During the spring freshets it
sometimes ascends smaller streams in its search for food. Its usual
weight does not exceed three or four pounds, though it often grows much
larger, from ten to twenty pounds. I have seen preserved heads of fish
that must have weighed thirty or forty pounds, which had been caught in
Kentucky--in Tygert Creek and Kentucky River. It is highly prized as a
food-fish, its flesh being white, firm, and flaky, and of an excellent
flavor. It is a commercial fish of much importance, especially on Lake
Erie, from whence it is shipped in large numbers to the city markets,
where it always commands a ready sale, being in great demand during the
Lenten season.

The pike-perch is a good game-fish, taking live bait eagerly, and rising
pretty well to the fly. When hooked it is a vigorous fighter, pulling
strongly and lustily. It does not exhibit much dash or take line
rapidly, but swims away rather slowly, but at the same time is
constantly tugging and jerking on the line in such a manner as to
require careful handling with light tackle. Ordinary black-bass rods and
tackle are well suited for the pike-perch up to six or eight pounds,
either for bait-fishing or fly-fishing. Where they are found in
considerable numbers, and especially on lakes where pickerel or pike
abound, gimp snells should be used instead of gut snells to withstand
their sharp teeth; otherwise the tackle may be the same as recommended
for black-bass fishing. The best bait is a live minnow, though crawfish
are successfully used. On lakes it should be fished for in comparatively
deep water, over pebbly or rocky bottom. On streams the likely places
are in deep and swift water, at the foot of rapids, or on a rocky lee
shore with a brisk wind, where it congregates in search of minnows that
are rendered almost helpless by the churning water.

Owing to its nocturnal habits, the hours from about sunset until dark
are the most favorable. Night fishing is also quite successful should
any one care for it. As a matter of experiment I fished Pewaukee Lake,
in Wisconsin, one moonlit evening in summer, many years ago, in company
with three other anglers, there being two to a boat. In a few hours
twenty-two were landed to each boat, weighing from three to four pounds
each. This was my only experience in fishing for pike-perch at night,
but I have known many others to practise it very successfully.

Fly-fishing is most successful from about sundown until dark, or later,
and on cloudy days also during the afternoon. Two flies on a four-foot
leader may be used, one of which should be a light-colored one, as the
coachman, or white miller; the other may be any of the hackles or the
stone fly, oriole, gray drake, polka, professor, or Montreal. The same
instructions concerning fly-fishing for black-bass may be profitably
followed for the pike-perch, allowing the flies to sink two or three
feet after each cast, though it is a more uncertain fish to locate,
being much given to roaming in its search for food at different
seasons.

Years ago I had fine sport on several occasions, about sundown,
fly-fishing for pike-perch from the bridge over Neenah channel, the
outlet of Lake Winnebago, in Wisconsin. It was really the best fishing I
have ever had for this fish. All the conditions seemed to be just right,
and they responded eagerly to the coachman and oriole at first, but at
the approach of dusk they preferred the dusty miller and gray hackle.
The fish averaged three pounds, and in the swift water were quite gamy.
I have been very successful, on many occasions, fly-fishing on the
Muskingum River, in Ohio, fishing just below the dams late in the
afternoon; and also about the rocky tow-heads on the upper Ohio
River,--the fish, however, averaging only about a pound. But taking
everything into consideration, the character of the stream and its
surroundings, I think I have had the most enjoyable experience with the
pike-perch, both in fly-fishing and bait-fishing, on Rock River,
Wisconsin, in the southern part of the state. It is a beautiful, rocky
river in places, an ideal stream for wading. The fish also were of good
size, running up to five or six pounds.

In fishing for pike-perch in different parts of the country I have
noticed its variableness of coloration, which might be inferred from
some of its names, as gray pike, yellow pike, blue pike, white salmon,
etc. As I remember them, those caught in brackish water in Maryland were
quite greenish, with silvery reflections and with dark markings. On Lake
Erie the coloration varies somewhat with age, the younger ones being
known as blue pike, the mature fish as yellow pike, and the oldest and
largest as gray pike. On the rivers of the Middle West that are subject
to periods of high and muddy water they are much paler. On the many
pine-fringed lakes in northern Wisconsin and Minnesota the variation in
color is quite apparent, both as to the ground color and markings. The
older fish are very dark and dull on the back, and the younger ones much
brighter.


THE SAUGER

(_Stizostedion canadense_)

The sauger was first described by C.H. Smith, in 1834, who named it
_canadensis_, from having collected his type specimens in Canada.

It is also known as jack, sand-pike, gray-pike, and rattlesnake pike. It
is closely related to the pike-perch, though smaller and more slender,
with a more pointed head and smaller eye. It is distributed through the
Great Lake region and in the upper portions of the Missouri,
Mississippi, and Ohio rivers. It grows to a length of twelve to fifteen
inches. Its color is paler than the pike-perch, grayish above, with
brassy sides, which are marked by several blackish blotches or patches,
hence "rattlesnake pike."

It is not nearly so good a food-fish as the pike-perch, and is not of
much importance as a game-fish. It may be fished for with the same
tackle as that recommended for the calico-bass or crappie, in the same
situations mentioned for the pike-perch. I have taken it with a gaudy
fly on the Ohio and Muskingum rivers, in Ohio, and in the Big Sandy and
Tygert Creek, in Kentucky; also by still-fishing and trolling on Lake
Erie about the Bass Islands. The meaning or etymology of the name
"sauger" is unknown.


THE YELLOW-PERCH

(_Perca flavescens_)

The yellow-perch was first described by Dr. Mitchill in 1814, from the
vicinity of New York. He named it _flavescens_, "yellowish," owing to
its coloration. It is closely allied to the perch of Europe. It is
commonly known as perch or yellow-perch, also as ringed-perch and
raccoon-perch. It is abundant in the Great Lake region and in coastwise
streams of the Atlantic slope from Nova Scotia to North Carolina. It is
also common in some of the tributaries of the upper Mississippi River
and in certain lakes in northern Indiana. It is a handsome fish, well
proportioned, and of a lively disposition. It has a shapely body, with a
depth of about one-third of its length, somewhat compressed, and with an
arching back. The mouth is moderate in size, with bands of small,
bristlelike teeth, but no canines, and has a projecting snout. The head
is not quite one-third of the length of the body. Its back is dark
olive, sides bright golden yellow, belly pale or pinkish, with half a
dozen or more broad, dark, vertical bars. The lower fins are bright red
or orange. While the coloration varies somewhat in different situations
it is always brilliant, rendering it one of the handsomest fishes among
the fresh-water species.

The yellow-perch is gregarious, always in schools, and the fish of a
school will be about of a uniform size, be that great or small. It
frequents waters of a moderate depth in streams or lakes or ponds. In
streams, early in the spring, it frequently resorts to the edge or foot
of riffles, when feeding, but later prefers the deeper water under
mill-dams and about the submerged timbers of bridges, and the still
water under hollow banks, or in the eddies of old logs, rocks, etc. It
is averse to a muddy bottom in fresh water, but along the eastern coast
it is often found on the weedy shoals of shallow bays in brackish water.
In my boyhood days it was a prime favorite with myself and companions.
We sought it on the mud-flats, among the water-plants, of the Patapsco
River, near Baltimore. It was there known as "yellow Ned," and was
considered a good pan-fish.

In Lake Michigan, after leaving its winter quarters in the spring, it
fairly swarms about the piers and wharves of Chicago and other towns,
where it is caught by thousands by men, women, and children with
hand-lines, rods, and dip-nets. It is a very predaceous fish and feeds
principally on small minnows and the young of other fishes, also on
crawfish, tadpoles, small frogs, insects, etc. In large waters it grows
to a pound or two in weight, sometimes more. Usually it is much smaller,
a half-pound perch being a good-sized fish in most localities. In
midsummer, in weedy ponds, it is not good; but at other seasons, or in
clear, cold water, it is an excellent pan-fish, firm and flaky. In
brackish water it is good at all seasons. Whenever it has a muddy taste,
it should be skinned, by which the objectionable flavor is removed
almost entirely, and owing to its adherent scales it is the best plan
for dressing it. It spawns early in the spring, in March and April,
though in very cold waters not until May. The eggs are about twelve to
the inch, and are held together by a glutinous substance in long,
ribbonlike masses from two to six feet in length, and from an inch to
three or four inches wide.

Light trout tackle, either for bait-fishing or fly-fishing, is suitable
for the yellow-perch for those anglers who can appreciate the pleasure
to be derived only by the use of appropriate and elegant tackle for any
kind of fishing, and a pound perch is well worthy of such implements.
With a fly-rod of a few ounces, a light click reel, an enamelled silk
line, and a small leader and flies on hooks No. 7, the yellow-perch will
not disappoint the most exacting angler who has a true love for the
sport. Under such circumstances it is a good game-fish, eager to rise,
bold to a degree, and fights to a finish.

Most of the flies used for black-bass, as coachman, polka, oriole,
professor, Abbey, etc., are successful, as well as the hackles of
various shades, and occasionally red ibis and stone fly. The late
afternoon hours are to be preferred for fly-fishing. The flies should be
allowed to sink with each cast, after being fluttered on the surface a
few seconds.

In the absence of a more suitable rod, a light one of native cane, nine
or ten feet long, will do good service without a reel. The line should
be the smallest "sea-grass," or twisted silk. Hooks Nos. 5 or 6, on gut
snells, with a small brass box-swivel for connecting snell and line,
make up the rest of the tackle.

The most taking bait is a small minnow, but grasshoppers, crickets,
white grubs, or earthworms are good. In tidal waters the shrimp is
preferred. But in the absence of any of these baits, cut-bait, either
fish or flesh, may be used with good results, for the yellow-perch is
not very particular or fastidious. Large perch are also easily taken by
trolling with the minnow, or a very small spoon on lakes or ponds. If
the spoon is employed, but a single hook should be used, and that not
too large. I am not an advocate, however, for trolling for so small a
fish, and merely mention it as one of the ways and means that may be
followed. There are men who never rise above this method for any
game-fish, but they are more to be pitied than blamed. They either lack
the skill to practise more approved methods, or are too indolent to
learn them.

The yellow-perch has been introduced into some waters west of the
Rockies. A few weighing about a pound were sent to me from a lake about
forty miles west of Spokane, which were of exceptionally bright
coloration and good flavor. In the same box were two pike of about four
pounds each, and a large-mouth black-bass of eight pounds, dressed, and
very fat, plump, and delicious. These fish were the result of a single
plant by the United States Fish Commission some years ago. On the
Missouri River, a few miles above the Great Falls, a large lake has been
formed by an expansion of the river, caused by building a dam for an
electric light plant. Several years ago some yellow-perch were placed in
this lake, or in the river just above it, but by whom I have not been
able to ascertain. At all events, the lake now swarms with perch,
strings of one hundred or more not being an uncommon catch in a single
day, as I am credibly informed. As the water above the forks of the
Missouri River is too cold for the perch, and the water of the lake too
warm for trout or grayling, there seems to be no probability of any harm
resulting from the introduction of the yellow-perch, though it was not a
wise thing to do. About the only fish in that portion of the Missouri,
before the perch were planted just above the Great Falls, were ling,
suckers, and catfish.

In the many small lakes near Oconomowoc. Wisconsin, the yellow-perch
thrives well. It is caught in the summer by men, women, and children
with almost any kind of bait, and often with the rudest tackle. To the
summer visitors it is a source of perennial delight, and an unfailing
means of enjoyment to the juvenile anglers. In my day, Genesee Lake, a
few miles from Oconomowoc, contained some of the largest perch of all
the numerous lakes and lakelets. In this lake only the small-mouth bass
and yellow-perch were found, no large-mouth bass or pike, and the bass
and perch were of about the same size--two pounds. This uniformity of
weight did not obtain in any of the other lakes. A basket of perch from
Genesee Lake was a handsome sight, and the fish were unusually sweet and
savory. During the winter the residents catch yellow-perch through holes
cut in the ice in great numbers, in all of the lakes mentioned. It was
here that I devised my "Oconomowoc" bass fly with creamy yellow body,
hackle of hairs of deer's tail, cinnamon (woodcock) wings, and tail of
ginger; but for the perch of Genesee I found that with a tail of scarlet
wool it was more effective. Many a two-pound perch responded to that
lure, in days long gone, and as Thoreau says, "It is a true fish, such
as the angler loves to put into his basket or hang on top of his willow
twig on shady afternoons."




CHAPTER VI

THE GRAYLING FAMILY

(_Thymallidæ_)

     _Thymallus signifer._ Head 5-1/2; depth 4-2/3; eye 3; D. 24; A.
     II; scales 8-88 to 90-11; coeca 18; body elongate, compressed,
     highest under the anterior portion of the dorsal; head rather
     short, subconic, compressed, its upper outline continuous with
     anterior curve of the back; mouth moderate, the maxillary
     extending to below the middle of the eye; maxillary 6 (?) in
     head; jaws about equal; tongue, in the young, with teeth, which
     are usually absent in the adult; eye quite large, rather longer
     than snout; scales moderate; lateral line nearly straight; a
     small bare space behind isthmus; dorsal fin long and high,
     about 3-1/2 in length of body; adipose fin small; anal fin
     small; gill-rakers short and slender, about 12 below the angle.

     _Thymallus tricolor._ Head 5; depth 5-1/2; eye 4; D. 21 or 22;
     A. 10; scales 93 to 98; gill-rakers 7 + 12; maxillary 2-1/2 in
     head; dorsal fin 5-1/2 in length of body. Otherwise much as _T.
     signifer_.

     _Thymallus montanus._ Head 5; depth 4-1/2; eye 3-1/2; D. 18 to
     21; A. 10 or 11; scales 8-82 to 85-10; gill-rakers 5 + 12;
     maxillary 3 in head; dorsal fin 4-1/2 in length of body. Other
     features much resembling _T. signifer_ and _T. tricolor_.

Owing to the restricted area of its distribution, the "graceful, gliding
grayling" is known to but comparatively few anglers in America. He who
has been so fortunate as to have this beautiful fish respond to his
deftly cast flies, will bear me out in the assertion that for courage,
finesse, and all the qualities that constitute a true game-fish, the
grayling is the equal of its congener, the trout.

In France it is known as ombre, in Germany as asche, and in Norway as
harren. Among all English-speaking people it is the grayling, though
occasionally it is called umber in parts of England. All of these names
are somewhat descriptive of its grayish, ashy, or bluish coloration.
Gliding along in clear, swift water it seems, indeed, a gray shadow; but
fresh out of its native element it becomes a creature of
mother-of-pearl, so beautiful and varied are its tints.

The graceful outlines and beautifully-moulded proportions of the
grayling, together with the satiny sheen and delicate coloration of her
adornment, have always impressed me as essentially feminine. The
evanescent play of prismatic hues on her shapely and rounded sides, when
fresh from the pure and crystal stream she loves so well, reminds one of
changeable silk shot with all the colors of the rainbow. Her tall dorsal
fin, with its rose-colored spots, she waves as gracefully and effectually
as the nodding plume of a duchess.

[Illustration THE ARCTIC GRAYLING]
[_Thymallus signifer_]

[Illustration THE MICHIGAN GRAYLING]
[_Thymallus tricolor_]

[Illustration THE MONTANA GRAYLING]
[_Thymallus montanus_]

The grayling was named by the ancients _Thymallus_, owing to a smell of
thyme that was said to emanate from the fish when freshly caught.
However that may have been in days of old, it is not so now, though an
odor of cucumbers is sometimes perceptible when it is just out of the
water. But the name, if not the odor, has endured to the present day,
for _Thymallus_ is still its generic appellation. The graylings were
formerly included in the salmon family, and are still so considered by
European ichthyologists, who include them in the genus _Salmo_. Dr.
Theodore Gill, however, has formed them into a separate family
(_Thymallidæ_), owing to the peculiar structure of the skull, whereby
the parietal bones meet at the median line, excluding the frontal bones
from the supra-occipital; whereas in the other salmonids the parietals
are separated by the intervention of the supra-occipital bone, which
connects with the frontals.

There are three species in America: one in the Arctic regions, one in
Michigan, and one in Montana. To the untrained eye no great difference
is apparent between these various species as to form and coloration, [1]
and their habits are similar, all loving clear, cold, and swift water,
with gravelly or sandy bottom. They feed on insects and their larvæ,
small minnows, crustaceans, and such small organisms. They spawn in the
spring. The eggs are smaller than trout eggs, running seven to the inch.
They hatch in from ten days to two weeks, according to temperature of
the water.


THE ARCTIC GRAYLING

(_Thymallus signifer_)

The Arctic grayling was first described by Sir John Richardson, in 1823,
from specimens collected at Winter Lake, near Fort Enterprise, in
British America. He named it _signifer_, or "standard-bearer," in
allusion to its tall, waving, gayly-colored dorsal fin. It is presumably
the oldest and original species, and it is not unlikely that it was
transported to Michigan and Montana on an ice-field during the glacial
period. It is often called Bach's grayling, in honor of an officer of
that name who took the first one on the fly, when with the Arctic
expedition of Sir John Franklin, in 1819. It abounds in clear, cold
streams of the Mackenzie and Yukon provinces in British America, and in
Alaska up to the Arctic Ocean. This boreal grayling has a somewhat
smaller head than the other species, its upper outline being continuous
with the curve of the back. The mouth is small, extending to below the
middle of the eye, which latter is larger than in the other graylings,
while its dorsal fin is both longer and higher, and contains a few more
rays. The sides are purplish gray, darker on the back; head brownish, a
blue mark on each side of the lower jaw; the dorsal fins dark gray,
splashed with a lighter shade, with rows of deep blue spots edged with
red; ventral fins with red and white stripes. Along the sides are
scattered a few irregularly-shaped black spots.

A friend of mine, an ardent angler, returned recently from Cape Nome and
the Yukon, in Alaska, where he resided for several years. He informed me
that the grayling is very abundant in the streams of that region, and
that he had taken thousands on the fly; but not knowing that they
differed from the Montana grayling, he did not examine them closely.


THE MICHIGAN GRAYLING

(_Thymallus tricolor_)

The Michigan grayling was first described by Professor E.D. Cope, in
1865, from specimens from the Au Sable River. He named it _tricolor_, on
account of its handsomely-decorated fins and body. At that time it was
abundant in the Au Sable, Manistee, Marquette, Jordan, Pigeon, and other
rivers in the northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan, and in
Otter Creek, near Keweenah, in the upper peninsula. It has a somewhat
larger head than the Arctic form, its length being about one-fifth of
the length of the body; the outline of the latter does not differ except
in not being so prominent over the shoulder.

The coloration is purplish gray with silvery reflections, darker on the
back, belly white and iridescent; sides of head with bright bluish and
bronze lustre; sides of the body with small, black, irregular spots;
ventral fins with oblique, rose-colored lines; dorsal with alternate
dusky and rose-colored lines below, and alternate rows of dusky green
and roseate spots above; caudal fin dusky with a middle roseate stripe.

In 1870-1876 I visited most of the grayling streams in Michigan, and
found it abundant, affording fine fishing. At that time it was also in
the Boyne, and in Pine Lake and River. I also took it in Lake Michigan
while fishing for cisco from the pier at Charlevoix. Fish running from a
pound to a pound and a half were common, and occasionally one of two
pounds was taken.

It is sad to contemplate the gradual disappearance of this fish from the
once densely populated streams of Michigan. At the present day the
angler is fortunate, indeed, who succeeds in taking a brace of grayling
where a few years ago his basket was soon filled. This deplorable state
of affairs has been brought about by the axe of the lumberman, whose
logs, descending the small streams on the spring rise, plough up the
spawning beds, smothering the eggs and killing the helpless fry. As
brook-trout spawn in the fall they escape this calamity, the fry being
old enough in April to take pretty good care of themselves. The decrease
of both trout and grayling is commonly attributed to overfishing; but
while this may have its influence to a limited extent in lessening the
numbers for a season, other causes must be looked for to account for the
permanent depletion of certain waters.

A stream or pond will support but a limited number of fish, the number
depending on the supply of natural food for both young and mature. By
the supply of food on one hand, and the natural enemies of the fish on
the other, a certain balance is maintained which if disturbed by, say,
overfishing one season, will be restored by natural laws the next. And
this state of affairs will continue so long as the natural conditions of
the waters remain undisturbed.

By cutting down the pine trees at the sources of the streams and along
the small tributaries, which are the spawning grounds of both trout
and grayling, the natural conditions are changed. The scorching rays of
the summer sun are admitted where once mosses and ferns and the trailing
arbutus luxuriated in the shade of a dense growth of pines and hemlocks
and firs. The soil becomes dry, the carpet of green shrivels and dies,
and the myriads of insects that once bred and multiplied in the cool and
grateful shade, and whose larvæ furnish the food for the baby fish,
disappear. The brooks and rivulets diminish and vanish. A page has been
torn from the book of nature, and the place that trout and grayling knew
so well is known no more forever.


THE MONTANA GRAYLING

(_Thymallus montanus_)

The Montana grayling was collected by Professor James W. Milner, of the
United States Fish Commission, in 1872, from a tributary of the Missouri
River, at Camp Baker, in Montana. He named it _montanus_, from the name
of the state. Lewis and Clark, however, during their wonderful journey
that blazed the western course of empire, described, but did not name
it, seventy years before, from fish taken near the head waters of the
Jefferson River. A few years ago (1898) it was my good fortune to be the
first to call attention to this prior description. Knowing that Lewis
and Clark ascended the Jefferson nearly to its source in the Rocky
Mountains, in 1805, I thought it extremely probable that those
remarkably close observers had mentioned the existence of this beautiful
and well-marked species. Upon investigation I found my surmise to be
correct. On page 545 of Dr. Elliott Coues's edition (1893) of "The Lewis
and Clark Expedition," I found the following:--

"Toward evening we formed a drag of bushes, and in about two hours
caught 528 very good fish, most of them large trout. Among them we
observed for the first time ten or twelve trout of a white or silvery
color, except on the back and head, where they are of a bluish cast; in
appearance and shape they resemble exactly the speckled trout, except
they are not so large, though the scales are much larger; the flavor is
equally good." (In a foot-note Dr. Coues stated that this fish remained
unidentified.)

The locality where these fish were taken was near the head waters of the
Jefferson River, where Lewis and Clark abandoned their canoes and
crossed the Continental Divide on horses purchased from the Indians. At
this point the grayling is abundant to-day, as I know from personal
observation, and coexists with the red-throat trout almost to the
exclusion of all other species.

Lewis and Clark were both remarkable for clear and correct descriptions
of the animals and plants met with during their journey, many of which
were new to science; but as they neglected to give them scientific
names, others have reaped the honors of many of their discoveries. I
published my identification of the fish in question as being undoubtedly
the grayling, and soon afterward received a letter from Dr. Coues,
congratulating me and indorsing my opinion, which he said was certainly
correct.

The Montana grayling is found only in the tributaries of the Missouri
River above the Great Falls. In Sheep and Tenderfoot creeks, tributaries
of Smith River, in the Little Belt Mountains, it is fairly abundant, as
it is likewise in the three forks of the Missouri,--the Gallatin,
Madison, and Jefferson rivers. Its ideal home is in several tributaries
at the head of Red Rock Lake, swift gravelly streams, and especially in
the upper reaches of the Madison above the upper cañon, where the
water is rapid, though unbroken, the bottom being dark obsidian sand,
with a succession of pools and shallows. I have taken fish weighing two
pounds in Beaver Creek, in the upper cañon, which is also an ideal
stream. Such situations are peculiarly adapted to the grayling, being
preferred to the broken water of rocky streams so much favored by trout.

The Montana grayling is a trimmer-built fish than its Michigan cousin,
being not quite so deep, proportionally, and with larger scales. Its
dorsal fin is about the same height, but with one or two less rays.

Its back is gray, with purplish reflections; sides lighter, with lilac,
pink, and silvery reflections; belly pearly white. It has a few
irregularly-shaped black spots on the anterior part of the body, but
none posteriorly as sometimes on the Michigan grayling. It has two
oblong dark blotches in the cleft of the lower jaw, and a heavy dark
line running from the ventrals to the pectoral fin; these markings are
more pronounced in the male, being quite faint or wanting in the female.
The dorsal fin has a rosy-red border, six or seven rows of roseate,
roundish spots, ocellated with white, and gray blotches form lines
between the rows of red spots; in the upper, posterior angle of the
dorsal fin are several larger oblong rosy spots; the ventral fins have
three rose-colored stripes along the rays; the pectoral and anal fins
are plain; the caudal fin is forked.

As a game-fish the grayling is fully the equal of the trout, though its
way of taking the artificial fly is quite different, and the old hand at
trout fishing must pay court to "the lady of the streams" with the
greatest assiduity before he is successful in winning her attention to
his lures. And even then he must become fully conversant with her coy
and coquettish way of accepting his offer, though it be cast never so
deftly. There is a rush and snap and vim in the rise of a trout to the
fly that is lacking with the grayling. The trout often leaps above the
water to seize the fly, while it is taken more quietly and deliberately,
though just as eagerly, by the grayling from below. In other words, it
is "sucked in," as English anglers term it, though that hardly expresses
it, as the act is not so tame as might be inferred. On the contrary, the
grayling rises from the bottom of a pool and darts upward like an arrow
to seize the fly, though as a rule it does not break water, and is not
so demonstrative as the trout; but it seldom misses the mark, if the
fly is small enough, which the trout often does.

Sometimes the grayling will rise a dozen times to a fly, and for some
reason refuse it, but will take it at the very next cast. Just why this
is so is one of the unanswerable problems that often vexes or confounds
the angler. Presumably the fly is too large, or is not presented in just
the right way to please her ladyship. But the angler should not despair
under such circumstances, but remember the old couplet, "If at first you
don't succeed, try, try again." Moreover, he must remember that he is
fishing for grayling, not for trout. He must not cast on a riffle, or at
its head, but below, in the eddy or still water, where it is deepest.
There lie the large fish, though small ones may be in the shallower
water, and it is the latter that perplex one by their antics, oftentimes
leaping over one's flies in play.

Trout generally lie in ambush beneath the bank, shelving rocks, or
roots, usually in shallow water, from whence they rush with tigerlike
ferocity upon the fly, often leaping over it in their eagerness for the
fancied prey. On the contrary, grayling lie on the bottom of pools, in
swift water, entirely in the open. They are also gregarious, assembling
in schools, while the trout is a lone watcher from his hidden lair.

Some dry fly-fishers of England, echoing the opinion of Charles Cotton,
term the grayling a "dead-hearted fish" that must be taken with a wet or
sunken fly. This idea of its lack of gameness is implied in Tennyson's
lines:--

    "Here and there a lusty trout.
    And here and there a grayling."

As the English grayling grows only to half of the weight of the trout,
it suffers by comparison when killed on the heavy rods of our English
brothers. Their assertion, also, that the grayling has a tender mouth,
and must be handled gingerly, is another fallacy, inasmuch as it has as
tough lips as the trout, but the smaller hooks of grayling flies do not
hold so firmly as the larger and stronger hooks of trout flies.

It must not be supposed that the grayling is not a leaping fish because
it takes the fly from beneath the surface of the water. On the contrary,
in its playful moods it may be seen leaping above the surface the same
as a trout, and moreover it breaks water repeatedly after being hooked,
which the trout seldom does. It puts up a stiff fight also beneath the
surface, being much aided in its resistance by its tall dorsal fin. It
is no disparagement, then, to the gamesome trout, to declare the
grayling its equal when of similar size and weight.

Grayling fishing has been practised in England for centuries. In
addition to fly-fishing, swimming the maggot, where a tiny float is
used, is a common method. An artificial bait, called the grasshopper, is
likewise employed. While grayling are taken during the trout season, in
spring and summer, the most successful season seems to be from September
to December, when they are at their best, both as to gameness and
condition.

With English anglers the universal practice is to fish up-stream, as the
fish are not so apt to see the angler, and that plan undoubtedly has its
advantages in the clear and shallow streams of England. In fishing for
grayling, however, it is advised by some of their best anglers to cast
across the stream, instead of above, and allow the flies to float down.
No reason is given for this deviation from the generally accepted method
with trout; but I imagine that as grayling lie on the bottom of deep
pools, it has been found by experience that they are not so apt to see
the angler as other species in mid-water or near the surface, especially
in the clear chalk streams.

In America, the streams being deeper, the necessity for fishing
up-stream is not so apparent. Fishing down-stream is by far the best
plan, for obvious reasons, if the angler wades slowly and cautiously, so
as not to roil the water. The principal reason is that one's line is
always straight and taut in swift water, and the flies can be more
easily controlled and floated down over the fish, which always heads
up-stream. Upon hooking the fish it can be drawn to one side, whereby
the other fish in the pool are not much more alarmed than in the case of
casting up or across. Casting across seems to be really a concession to
the advantage of fishing down-stream.

The fly-rod, reel, line, and leader ordinarily employed for
trout-fishing may be used also for grayling, though I would advise some
modifications. While a first-class split-bamboo rod of three and a half
or four ounces may be advantageously used by an angler who knows how to
handle a very light rod, I prefer one of five or six ounces. Such a rod
is certainly light enough to be used all day without fatigue, and it is
well to have the resourceful reserve of an ounce or two for
emergencies. In any case it should not exceed ten and one-half feet in
length, if built on the modern plan, where most of the pliancy is in its
upper two-thirds, the lower third being stiffish and springy,
constituting its backbone. A very good rod can be constructed with ash
butt, and lancewood, greenheart, or bethabara upper pieces, and one that
will be almost as light as split-bamboo, and certainly more serviceable
in the long run. I would also advise flush, non-dowelled joints, and
reel-bands instead of a solid reel-seat, the latter being of no
advantage and only adding to the weight of the rod; moreover, it is now
put on the cheapest rods to make them sell. A plain groove for the reel,
with bands, is very much better.

As a matter of course the line should be of braided silk, enamelled, and
suited to the weight of the rod, as small as size G, but not larger than
size E. It may be level, but a tapered line is better for casting, and
is also better adapted for the delicate leader that must be employed.

A tapered leader six feet long is best, but should not be shorter than
four feet. It must be made of the very best silkworm gut fibre, round,
clear, and unstained. The distal end should be made of the finest drawn
gut, known as gossamer, and taper to the larger or proximal end, which
should be the smallest undrawn gut.

In England the most delicate leaders and extremely small flies are
employed for grayling. The flies are usually tied on Pennell hooks,
turndown eye, sizes 0, 00, 000, Kendal scale, which are smaller than No.
12, Redditch scale, the latter being the smallest size commonly used in
America. The favorite flies in England have yellowish--lemon to
orange--bodies, and bodies of peacock harl, either green or bronze.
Flies with purplish, black, or slate-colored bodies are more sparingly
employed. They are either hackles or split-winged flies. The formulas
for some of the favorites are as follows:--

     _Red Tag._ Body bright green harl from the "moon" of a
     peacock's feather; hackle, bright red cock's hackle; tag,
     bright red wool; hook, No. 0, Kendal scale.

     _Orange Bumble._ Body, orange floss silk, ribbed with a strand
     of peacock's sword feather and fine flat gold tinsel; hackle,
     honey dun cock, wrapped all down the body; hook No. 0, Kendal
     scale.

     _Green Insect._ Body, bright green peacock's harl; hackled with
     a soft silver-gray hen's feather; hook No. 0, Kendal scale.

     _Bradshaw's Fancy._ Body, copper-colored peacock's harl;
     hackled with a feather from the neck of a Norwegian crow; tag,
     bright crimson wool or silk, with a couple of turns of the same
     at the head; tying silk, dark purple; hook No. 0, Kendal scale.

     _Claret Bumble._ Body, claret floss silk, ribbed with a strand
     of peacock's sword feather; medium blue dun cock's hackle;
     hook. No. 0, Kendal scale.

Most of the foregoing are fancy flies, but are considered the best
killers on English waters. In this country it has been demonstrated,
also, that flies with bodies of peacock harl, or with yellowish bodies,
have been more uniformly successful than others. From this it would
appear that the predilection of grayling for certain colors in
artificial flies is much the same both in this country and England. From
my own experience I can recommend the following well-known flies,
adding, however, that their construction should be a little different
from the conventional trout flies of these names in having a red tag or
tail of scarlet wool, instead of the usual tail, and in having narrow
split wings instead of the regular style of full wings:--

Yellowish-bodied flies: professor, queen of the water, Oconomowoc, Lord
Baltimore. Green-bodied flies: coachman, Henshall, and grizzly king.
Other useful flies are black gnat, cinnamon, iron-blue dun, oriole, red
ant, gray hackle, and black hackle. They should all be tied on Sproat or
O'Shaughnessy hooks, No. 12, Redditch or common scale. Two flies only
should be used in a cast, and of different colors.

Bearing in mind that the portions of a stream mostly used by grayling
are the sandy and gravelly pools in swift, smooth water, they are fished
for in much the same way as trout, except that the flies are allowed to
sink below the surface, very much as in black-bass fishing. It is very
important that the line and leader are always taut, inasmuch as the rise
of the fish is not always seen, except as a quick flash or shadow
beneath the surface. With a tight line the fish will be more apt to hook
itself. With the small hooks of grayling flies, it is not wise for the
angler to attempt to "strike," as in trout or black-bass fishing.

Upon hooking the fish it should be led sidewise from the pool, if
possible, so as not to disturb or frighten the others of the school; and
for the same reason it should be kept near the surface until taken into
the landing-net.

Either a light trout bait-rod or the fly-rod may be employed for
bait-fishing for grayling, with fine silk line, leader, and hooks Nos. 6
to 8 with a split-shot sinker a foot above the hook. English anglers use
a small float, but in fishing down-stream it is not advisable, as the
current prevents the bait from touching the bottom, and renders the use
of a float for this purpose unnecessary. The bait should be kept from
six inches to a foot above the bottom. The best bait is the larva of the
caddis-fly, a small worm or caterpillar encased in a bag or covering
composed of bits of bark, sticks, etc.; it is known in the Rocky
Mountain region as the "rockworm." Earthworms, small grasshoppers,
crickets, and grubs of various kinds are also useful.

When it became known to fishculturists, about 1874, that the grayling
existed in Michigan, attempts were made to propagate it artificially,
but without success, as the same lines were pursued as with the
brook-trout. It remained for the United States Fish Commission to
successfully cope with the problem in Montana, under my supervision.
Beginning with 1898, we have hatched millions at Bozeman Station and the
auxiliary station near Red Rock Lake, at the head of the Jefferson
River. We have also shipped millions of eggs to different parts of the
Union, as far east as Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, mostly to
United States Fish Commission stations, where they were hatched and
planted in suitable streams. It is to be hoped that some of these
plants will result in the permanent establishment of this beautiful and
desirable fish in eastern waters.

The eggs of the grayling are smaller than those of the trout, being but
one-seventh of an inch in diameter. When first extruded they are
amber-colored, owing to a large oil-drop, which renders them lighter
than trout eggs, almost semi-buoyant, and for this reason are best
hatched, or at least "eyed," in hatching jars. My plan is to keep them
in the hatching jars until the eye-spots show, when they are removed to
hatching-trays until incubation is complete.

In a few days after extrusion the eggs become crystal-like or hyaline in
color, when the embryo can be seen in motion. The period of incubation
is from ten days to two weeks. The fry when hatched are very small,
about the size of mosquito "wigglers" (larvæ). Their umbilical yolk-sac
is absorbed in a few days, when it becomes imperative to supply them
with stream water, which contains the small organisms (_Entomostraca_)
on which they feed at first. Afterward they can be fed artificially the
same as trout fry, which they soon outgrow.

There is an erroneous opinion that has gained considerable currency
among anglers to the effect that grayling and trout are antagonistic,
and that to this cause is to be attributed the decrease of grayling in
the waters of Michigan. My observations have led me to the conclusion
that this opinion is not supported by any evidence whatever. When I
fished the streams of that state, years ago, both trout and grayling
were plentiful in the same waters, and were living in harmony as they
had done from time immemorial. Their habits and choice of locality being
different, the trout hiding under cover and the grayling lying in
exposed pools, their struggle for existence or supremacy does not bring
them much in opposition, or cause them to prey on each other or on their
eggs or fry in an unusual degree, or to such an extent as to effect the
marked decrease of either species. Honors are even. It is the same in
Montana. In that state the red-throat trout and grayling seek out such
portions of the streams as are best suited to them; but very often they
are found together on neutral ground, where they live peaceably and not
at variance with each other. As no disturbing element has yet been
introduced, their numbers still bear the same relative proportion that
has existed since the days of yore.

Likewise in England, in such historic waters as the Wye, the Derwent,
the Wharfe, or the Dove, hallowed by "meek Walton's heavenly memory,"
the grayling and trout still coexist in about the same relative
proportion that has been maintained since and before the days of Dame
Juliana Berners, Izaak Walton, and Charles Cotton in the fifteenth
century. On those quiet streams no cause has ever been allowed to
militate against the well-being of either species, or to disturb the
natural conditions to any considerable extent.

In a recent number of the _London Fishing Gazette_ is one of the best
articles on the English grayling that I have ever seen. It is written by
Mr. E.F. Goodwin, who is undoubtedly fully conversant with his theme
and well acquainted with the habits of that fish. Among other things he
says:--

"When in season I maintain that the grayling will give excellent sport
on suitable tackle, is splendid eating, and is as handsome a fish as any
angler need wish to gaze upon. What more can one want? How Charles
Cotton could have written in such terms of condemnation of the sporting
qualities of this fish as to call him 'one of the deadest-hearted
fishes in the world, and the bigger he is the more easily taken,' passes
my understanding, although we must remember that this remark was passed
to 'Viator' on his catching a grayling in the early part of March, when
the fish would be out of condition in all probability. I confess to a
feeling of disappointment at the summary way in which Walton dismisses
the grayling, showing that he did not think very highly of him either
from an edible or sporting point of view.

"Grayling will rise readily to the artificial fly, and although they
will come again time after time if missed (or perhaps I should say if
they miss the fly, which is more usual), they require the neatest and
finest tackle and the most delicate handling to secure them; and as
Francis truly says, 'when you have hooked a grayling, your next
job is to land him.'--There is a lot of difference between the way a
well-conditioned trout and grayling fight after being hooked, and this
may account for some of the condemnation heaped upon the latter as to
its non-sportive character; for although not so lively as the trout with
its mad rushes for liberty, yet the kind of resistance is more dangerous
to the hold you have on him, for the grayling tries the hold of the
hook in every possible way, and from every possible point of that hold.
To my mind a grayling is much more difficult to land than a trout, and
the more I fish for grayling the more convinced I am of his gameness and
sporting qualities. Certainly there are a great many more grayling lost
after being hooked than trout, and this is accounted for principally not
so much from the reputed tenderness of the mouth as from the fact of the
fish not being so firmly hooked as the trout usually is.

"The ideas of grayling not heading up-stream and of being deleterious to
the trout have been perpetuated by author after author, just copying one
another without really ascertaining the facts.... As regards the
advisability of introducing grayling into a trout stream, that depends
entirely upon the nature of the river. As far as my experience and
observation go, grayling only become detrimental to the trout in that,
being active and voracious feeders, they consume the food that otherwise
would have belonged to and been partaken of by the trout. It is certain
that these fish live together in general amity. The grayling is but
seldom a fish eater, and therefore any accusation as to its being
destructive to the fry of trout is untenable. That it, in the
trout-spawning season, may help itself to what it can find of the
superfluous ova which float down the stream no one can object to, but as
to its burrowing in the redds and disturbing the hatching ova. I very
much doubt it. Both the late Dr. Brunton and Dr. Hamilton were very
strong in their assertion that this was a matter of impossibility with
the grayling, and yet we are assured by Dr. James A. Henshall that the
fry of grayling are as much addicted to cannibalism as the pike-perch
fry."

After giving a brief space to natural bait-fishing, he goes on to say:
"But after all there is only one way in which this fish should be
caught, and that is with the fly. This ground has been gone over so many
times that it only remains for me to say that, the grayling being a bold
and daring riser, never be discouraged if you fail to hook him, even if
he rise at your fly time after time. He lies very low in the river when
watching for his prey, and therefore is not so easily disturbed; and if
you remain quite still when he has risen and missed the fly and gone
down to his lair, he will surely rise again. His rise, too, is different to
a trout. A trout, from lying close to the surface when feeding, takes
without effort the flies floating over him, and also is easily scared.
A grayling, from lying deep in the water, quite close to the bottom,
comes up with great rapidity, and seldom takes the fly until it has
passed him; and should he miss it, which often happens, disappears
so quickly that he may well be compared to a shadow--hence the name
of 'umber,' from _umbra_, a shadow. Should you hook him, up goes his
great dorsal fin and down goes his head in his determination to get to
his hiding-place, and it depends on his size and gameness, as well as
the skill of the angler, whether he succeeds or not. I have often heard
anglers complain that grayling are more difficult to hook than trout.
Experienced anglers are all aware that grayling are not so easily hooked
on the rise as trout, but he offers the best compensation in his power by
consenting to rise over and over again until if you do not hook him the
fault is yours, not his. When he rises at a passing fly he must ascend
at lightning speed in order to cover the distance in time to catch it;
having done so, he turns instantly head down and descends at the same
speed. This is really the 'somersault' so well known to grayling fishers.
With a long line it is next to impossible to strike a grayling on the
instant, and a taut line in this fishing is of even greater importance
than in trout-fishing."

[Illustration THE MORE SPORTSMANLY WAY OF CATCHING MASCALONGE]

I have given the above liberal quotations because the article agrees so
well with my own practice in grayling fishing, and accords with the
habits of the American graylings as I have observed them.

                            FOOTNOTE:

[Footnote 1: SPECIFIC CHARACTERIZATIONS OF THE
         GRAYLINGS
+--------------------+------------------+---------------+---------------+
|                    |   T. signifer    |  T. tricolor  |  T. montanus  |
+--------------------+------------------+---------------+---------------+
|Head in length      |      5-1/2       |       5       |       5       |
+--------------------+------------------+---------------+---------------+
|Depth in length     |      4-2/3       |     5-1/2     |     4-1/2     |
+--------------------+------------------+---------------+---------------+
|Eye in head         |        3         |       4       |     3-1/2     |
+--------------------+------------------+---------------+---------------+
|Maxillary in head   |      6 (?)       |     2-1/2     |       3       |
+--------------------+------------------+---------------+---------------+
|Scales              |  8-88 to 90-11   |     93-98     | 8-82 to 85-10 |
+--------------------+------------------+---------------+---------------+
|Gill-rakers         |12 below the angle|    7 + 12     |    5 + 12     |
+--------------------+------------------+---------------+---------------+
|Dorsal rays         |      20-24       |     21-22     |     18-21     |
+--------------------+------------------+---------------+---------------+
|Height of dorsal fin| 3-1/2 in length  |5-1/2 in length|4-1/2 in length|
+--------------------+------------------+---------------+---------------+]




CHAPTER VII

THE SALMON FAMILY

(_Salmonidæ_)

This is quite an extensive family, embracing the salmons, trouts, and
whitefishes, and is characterized principally by an adipose fin and
small, smooth scales. It is my province to consider only the Rocky
Mountain whitefish and the cisco, as the salmons and trouts are
described in another volume of this series. There are a number of
whitefishes, but none of them can be considered game-fishes except the
one about to be described, as they rarely or never take the fly or bait.

     _Coregonus williamsoni._ Rocky Mountain Whitefish. Head 4-1/2
     to 5; depth 4 to 5; eye 4-2/3; D. 11 to 14; A. 11 to 13; scales
     8 to 10-83 to 87-7 to 10; body oblong, little compressed; head
     short, conic, the profile rather abruptly decurved; snout
     compressed and somewhat pointed at tip, which is below the
     level of the eye; preorbital broad, 2/3 the width of the eye;
     maxillary short and very broad, reaching to the anterior margin
     of eye, and is contained 4 times in length of head; mandible 3
     times; gill-rakers short and thick, 9 + 15; pectoral fin 1-1/5
     in head; ventral 1-2/5; adipose fin large, extending behind the
     anal fin.

     _Coregonus williamsoni cis-montanus._ Montana Whitefish. Head
     5; depth 5 to 5^1; pectoral fin 1^1 in head; ventral 1-4/5;
     scales 90. Otherwise like the typical form.

     _Argyrosomus artedi sisco._ Cisco. Head 4 to 5; depth 4 to
     4-1/2; eye 4 to 5; D. 10; A. 12; scales 8-65 to 80-8; body
     long, slender and somewhat compressed; head long, pointed and
     compressed; mouth large, lower jaw somewhat projecting,
     maxillary reaching to pupil; mandible 2-1/3 in head; dorsal fin
     high, its rays rapidly shortened; caudal fin forked.


THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN WHITEFISH

(_Coregonus williamsoni_)

This fine fish was first described from the Des Chutes River in Oregon
by Dr. Charles Girard in 1856, who described most of the fishes
collected during the Pacific Railroad Survey, and named the one under
consideration in honor of Lieutenant R.S. Williamson, who had charge of
one of the divisions of the Survey.

Its general form is not unlike that of the grayling, which has led to
the absurd opinion, held by some, that the grayling is a hybrid, or
cross, between this whitefish and the red-throat trout, its body being
rather long, nearly elliptical in outline, and somewhat compressed. It
is found in the clear streams on both slopes of the Rocky Mountains, and
on both sides of the Cascade Range. In the tributaries of the Missouri
River in Montana it differs slightly from the typical form, and is
known as the variety _cis-montanus_. It is bluish or greenish on the
back, sides silvery, belly white. All of the fins are tipped with black;
caudal and adipose fins are steel-blue.

I know this fish only from the streams of Montana, where it coexists
with the red-throat trout and grayling. It spawns in the fall. It feeds
on insects and their larvæ, small crustaceans, and the eggs of other
fishes. It grows to about a foot in length, usually, and to a pound in
weight, though I have taken much larger specimens. It is a very fair
food-fish,--as good, I think, as the red-throat trout, as its flesh is
firmer and flaky, and devoid of any muddy or musky flavor.

It rises to the artificial fly as readily as the trout or grayling, and
to the same flies, though a little more partial to small, dark, or
grayish ones, as black, brown, and gray hackles, black gnat, oriole,
gray drake, etc. When the streams are higher and not so clear,
lighter-colored flies are useful, as professor, coachman, Henshall,
miller, etc. Light trout fly-rods and tackle are used both for fly and
bait-fishing by Rocky Mountain anglers,--the bait, when used, being the
larva of the caddis-fly, and known as "rockworm." Grasshoppers are
employed in the late summer and fall. Fly-fishing, however, is the most
successful method.

Large baskets of whitefish are made in the three forks of the Missouri
River, especially in the lower Gallatin River, where it is taken with
the grayling, the red-throat trout not being so plentiful in that part
of the stream. The tributaries of this river are also well supplied with
whitefish. Bridger Creek, one of the tributaries of East Gallatin River,
has some large whitefish. I have taken them in that stream up to two
pounds; for gameness they were equal to trout of the same weight, and
just as good for the table. They are at their best in the early fall
months, before spawning, when they are fat and in fine fettle. At this
season they must be looked for in deep holes, especially in August and
September, when they are gregarious, and one's basket may be filled from
a single hole when of considerable extent. Later they depart for the
shallows and pair off for spawning, when they seldom rise to the fly.

There is a sentiment among trout fishers, and among people generally in
a trout region, that no other fish is quite so good to eat, or possessed
of as much gameness, as the trout. While I concede beauty of form and
coloration to the trout, far excelling all other fresh-water fishes,
there are others equally as good for the table, or even better. When
camping by mountain streams, freshly-caught trout, fried to crispness in
bacon fat, has a happy combined trout-bacon flavor that is certainly
delicious, especially when one has the sauce of a camping appetite to
favor it; but under similar conditions the mountain whitefish, in my
opinion, is fully as good. Nine out of ten persons who are prejudiced in
favor of the trout will declare that it has no scales, thus showing a
lack of comparison and observation. In the Rocky Mountain region, where
there are so few species of fish for the angler, usually only trout,
grayling, and whitefish, the latter should be better appreciated.


THE CISCO

(_Argyrosomus artedi sisco_)

The cisco, or so-called "lake-herring," was first described by the
French ichthyologist, Le Sueur, in 1818, from Lake Erie and the Niagara
River. He named it in honor of Petrus Artedi, the associate of Linnæus,
and the "Father of Ichthyology." The variety _sisco_ was described and
named by Dr. David Starr Jordan, in 1875, from Lake Tippecanoe, Indiana.
It was for a long time supposed to exist only in Lake Geneva. Wisconsin,
except in the Great Lakes, and an absurd opinion was prevalent that
there was an underground communication between that lake and Lake
Superior by which the cisco entered it. Soon after Dr. Jordan had
discovered it in Tippecanoe Lake I found it in several lakes in
Wisconsin, as La Belle, Oconomowoc, and Okauchee. The cisco is somewhat
smaller than the lake-herring, but otherwise it is about the same. It is
almost elliptical in outline, the body being compressed. The mouth is
rather large, with the jaws more projecting than in the lake
white-fishes. The coloration is bluish or greenish on the back, with
silvery sides and white belly. The scales are sprinkled with black
specks. It is a very pretty fish, is gregarious, swimming in large
schools, and feeds on the minute organisms found in lakes of good depth.
It remains in deep water most of the year, but resorts to shallower
water in the summer, preparatory to spawning. From the last of May to
June, when the May-fly appears in vast swarms on the western lakes, the
cisco approaches the surface to feed on them. It is at this time that
they take an artificial fly of a grayish hue. It grows to a length of
ten or twelve inches, and is highly esteemed as a food-fish.

At Lake Geneva, when the May-fly appears, crowds of anglers assemble to
cast the artificial fly and the natural "cisco-fly," as the May-fly is
called. A very light trout fly-rod with corresponding tackle can be
utilized for cisco, with gray hackle, gray drake, or green drake, on
hooks Nos. 8 to 10. The fishing is done from boats or the shore. In
using the natural fly the same sized hooks mentioned will answer. As the
May-fly alights on every object, the boat and clothing of the angler as
well, the supply of bait is constant and convenient.

The cisco can be caught in winter, through the ice, in water from fifty
to seventy-five feet deep, and many are taken in this way from the lakes
near Oconomowoc, Wisconsin. A small white or bright object is used as a
decoy to attract the fish, which is kept in motion near the baited hook,
and on a separate line. The bait may be a very small bit of white bacon
or ham fat, or fish flesh, though insect larva is better.

When the talismanic words, "The cisco is running," are pronounced,
crowds of anglers from Chicago, Milwaukee, and all intermediate points,
with a unanimity of purpose, rush as one man to the common centre of
Lake Geneva, in eager anticipation of the brief but happy season of
"ciscoing." Anglers of every degree--armed with implements of every
description, from the artistic split-bamboo rod of four ounces to the
plebeian cane pole or bucolic sapling of slender proportions, and with
lines of enamelled silk, linen, or wrapping cord--vie with one another
in good-natured rivalry in the capture of the silvery cisco. Very little
skill is required to fill the creel, as the schools are on the surface
of the water in myriads, and the most bungling cast may hook a fish.
Though the etymology of the cisco is unknown, it is a veritable entity,
whose name is legion during the month of June at Lake Geneva.

The cisco is a localized variety of the so-called lake-herring of the
Great Lakes, and holds the same relation to it that the landlocked
salmon does to the Atlantic salmon. Being confined to small lakes, the
cisco does not grow so large as the lake herring. Before the Chicago and
Milwaukee railway was built, in Wisconsin, there was a plank road
extending from Milwaukee to Watertown, and thirty miles west of
Milwaukee this road crossed the outlet of Oconomowoc Lake. Within fifty
yards or so of the bridge there stood a roadside tavern where the
freight wagons stopped at noon on their way from Lake Michigan to
Watertown. I have been informed by old residents of that section that in
the fall of the year, about the spawning period of the cisco, boxes of
fresh fish were frequently carried by these wagons, some of which were
cleaned and dressed for dinner on the bank of the outlet of the lake,
and the offal thrown into the stream. It is not unlikely, inasmuch as
the fish were so recently caught, that the eggs and milt of the cisco
thus became commingled, fertilizing the eggs, which were subsequently
hatched. This opinion is supported by the fact that the cisco is found
in that locality only in the chain of lakes composed of Oconomowoc,
Okauchee, and La Belle lakes, all of which are connected by Oconomowoc
River. It is possible that Lake Geneva was stocked in a similar manner
from Racine or Kenosha. If it is objected that eggs from dead fish would
not be fertilized, there is still a tenable theory: When the fish are
taken from the nets alive, many of them are so ripe that the eggs and
milt ooze from them. Under these circumstances some of the eggs would
become fertilized without a doubt, and by adhering to the fish when
placed in the boxes for transportation, they might be carried to the
place mentioned, and there deposited in the stream in the manner
related.




CHAPTER VIII

THE DRUM FAMILY

(_Sciænidæ_)

The drumfish or croaker family is quite a large one, comprising nearly
one hundred and fifty species, inhabiting the sandy shores of the seas
or the brackish water of the bays and estuaries, sometimes ascending
tributary rivers to fresh water; the fresh-water drum, hereafter to be
described, however, is the only species permanently residing in fresh
water. The members of this family have usually an elongate body, with
rough-edged (ctenoid) scales; the dorsal fin is deeply notched, or in
some species separated into two fins, with the soft-rayed portion, or
the second dorsal, composed of many rays, while the spiny-rayed portion
has but few; some have barbels, but all have large ear-bones; the
air-bladder is usually large and complicated, and is supposed to be the
source of the drumming, croaking, or grunting sounds common to most of
the species.

  _Cynoscion regalis._ The Weakfish. Body elongate, somewhat compressed;
  head 3-1/8; depth 4-1/4; eye 6; D. X-I, 27; A. II, 12; scales 6-56-11;
  mouth large, maxillary reaching beyond pupil; teeth sharp, in narrow
  bands, canines large; soft dorsal and anal fins scaly, the scales
  caducous; gill-rakers long and slender, _x_ + 11.

  _Cynoscion nothus._ The Bastard Weakfish. Body elongate, slightly
  compressed; head 3-1/2; depth 3-3/4; eye 4; D. X-I, 27; A. II, 9 or 10;
  scales 6-60-7; mouth moderate, maxillary reaching posterior margin of
  pupil; snout short; body rather deep and more compressed than above
  species; back somewhat elevated; caudal fin weakly double concave;
  gill-rakers long and slender, 4 + 9.

  _Menticirrhus saxatilis._ The Kingfish. Body elongate, but little
  compressed; head 4; depth 4-1/2; eye small 7; D. X-I, 26; A. I, 8;
  scales 7-53-9; mouth large, maxillary reaching middle of eye; spinous
  dorsal elevated; pectoral fins long; teeth villiform; snout long and
  bluntish; scales all ctenoid.

  _Micropogon undulatus._ The Croaker. Body rather robust, the back
  somewhat elevated and compressed; head 3; depth 3-1/3; eye 5; D. X-I,
  28; A. II, 7; scales 9-54-12; mouth rather large, maxillary reaching
  front of eye; profile rounded; snout convex, prominent; preopercle
  strongly serrate; anal under middle of soft dorsal; caudal fin double
  truncate; gill-rakers very short and slender, 7 + 16.

  _Leiostomus xanthurus._ The Lafayette. Body oblong, ovate, the back
  compressed; head 3-1/2; depth 3; eye 3-1/2; D. X-I, 31; A. II, 12; back
  in front of dorsal high, convex and compressed to a sharp edge; profile
  steep and convex, depressed over the eyes; mouth small and inferior,
  maxillary reaching to below pupil; snout blunt; pharyngeals with three
  series of molars posteriorly; teeth in upper jaw minute, none in lower
  jaw in adult; gill-rakers short and slender, 8 + 22; caudal long and
  forked.


THE WEAKFISH

(_Cynoscion regalis_)

The weakfish, or squeteague, was first described by Bloch and Schneider,
in 1801, from the vicinity of New York. They named it _regalis_, or
"royal." In the Southern states it is called gray-trout and sea-trout.
The name weakfish is doubtless derived from the Dutch, and is said to
have originally meant a soft fish. Jacob Steendam, in a poem in "Praise
of New Netherland," in 1661, has

    "Weekvis, en Schol, en Carper, Bot, en Snoek,"

meaning weakfish, plaice, carp, turbot, and pike. The name squeteague is
of Indian origin.

The natural habitat of the weakfish is along the Atlantic coast south of
Cape Cod, occasionally straying to the Gulf of Mexico. It is most
abundant between Buzzards Bay and Chesapeake Bay. It is a handsome,
shapely fish, resembling somewhat the salmon in outline. It has a robust
body, with a depth of about one-fourth of its length. It has a long,
pointed head, nearly as long as the depth of the body. The mouth is
large, with projecting lower jaw. The teeth are sharp, in narrow bands,
with several fanglike canines in front of the upper jaw. The dorsal
fins are but slightly separated, and the caudal fin is almost square.

The color of the back and top of the head is bluish or bluish gray, with
silvery sides and white belly, and with purple and golden iridescence. A
series of dark, diffused spots or blotches form transverse or oblique
streaks, more pronounced on the upper part of the body, from whence they
run downward and forward. The cheeks and gill-covers are silvery and
chin yellowish; the ventral and anal fins are orange; dorsal fin dusky;
pectoral fins yellowish; caudal fin with upper part dark and lower part
yellowish.

The weakfish is a warm-water fish, visiting the coast and bays during
the spring, summer, and fall, though more abundant in the summer. They
are surface feeders, and swim in large schools in quest of menhaden,
scup, and other small fishes. They are more numerous some seasons than
others, probably owing to certain conditions affecting their food,
temperature of water, and the abundance or scarcity of their enemy, the
bluefish. They seldom, if ever, ascend the streams to fresh water, but
remain about the outer beaches, entering the inlets and estuaries on the
flood tide in pursuit of their prey, and go out again with the ebb; at
least this is the habit of the largest fish, known as "tide-runners."
Smaller fish probably remain in the bays and bayous, resorting to deep
holes at low water.

Its breeding habits are not well understood, though it spawns in the
bays in early summer, about May or June. The eggs are quite small, about
thirty to the inch, are buoyant or floating, and hatch in a few days,
usually in two. I have taken many hundreds in Chesapeake Bay in August,
but do not remember ever catching one containing roe during that month.
It is an excellent food-fish if perfectly fresh, but soon deteriorates,
becoming quite soft and losing its characteristic flavor when out of the
water a few hours. It is quite an important commercial fish during
summer in the eastern markets. Small ones, below a pound in weight, are
delicious pan-fish; larger ones should be baked. Its usual weight is two
or three pounds, and its maximum ten or twelve; occasionally they are
taken still heavier--twenty or twenty-five pounds.

Being a surface feeder it is a good game-fish on light tackle, taking
bait or an artificial fly with a rush and snap that reminds one of a
trout, and for a short time it resists capture bravely. Its first
spurt, when hooked, is a grand one, and when checked darts in various
directions, making for the weeds if any are near, or toward the bottom,
or rushing to the surface leaps out, shaking itself madly to dislodge
the hook. It must be handled carefully and gingerly, for it has a tender
mouth from which the hook is apt to be torn if too much strain is
exerted at first.

A very light striped-bass rod may be utilized, but the most suitable is
the "Little Giant" rod of seven and one-half feet and eight ounces in
ash and lancewood. A good multiplying reel with fifty yards of braided
linen line, size G, a three-foot leader, and snelled hooks, Sproat the
best. Nos. 1-0 to 3-0 for the tide-runners, and Nos. 1 or 2 for school
fish, together with a landing-net, constitute the rest of the tackle.

The most satisfactory mode of fishing for weakfish is from a boat
anchored near the channel, or tied to a pier or wharf in a tideway. The
time for fishing is on the flood tide, from half flood to half ebb, as
the tide-runners are going in or out in large schools. As little noise
as possible should be made by any necessary movements in the boat, as
the fish are easily frightened. Long casts should be made toward the
advancing or retreating fish, and the bait kept in motion by being
reeled in. No sinker or float is required, as the bait must be kept near
the surface. Menhaden or minnows, shedder-crab, lobster, bloodworms,
clam, and shrimp are all good natural baits. A small spinner, or a small
mother-of-pearl squid, if reeled in rapidly, often proves very taking;
also a large, gaudy fly, as the red ibis, soldier, silver doctor, Jock
Scott, royal coachman, etc., can be used with good effect when the fish
are running strongly and in goodly numbers.

Still-fishing, with a float, and a sinker adapted to the strength of the
tidal current, can be practised in the eddies of the tide, or at slack
water near deep holes, using the natural baits mentioned. Another method
is casting with heavy hand-line in the surf from the outside beaches,
using block tin or bone squids, and hauling the fish in, when hooked, by
main strength. The largest fish are taken in this way; but while it is
in a degree exciting, it can only be said to be fishing, not angling.
Many anglers, however, prefer it to any other mode of fishing. Another
favorite method, but a tame one, is drifting with the wind and tide,
following a school of fish and taking them by trolling with hand-line.
If suitable rods and tackle were used, it would not be objectionable.

Next to the striped-bass the weakfish is the most important game-fish of
the East Coast, and to judge from the greater number of anglers who
pursue "weakfishing," it is far and away the favorite with the majority.
The estuaries and bays of the Jersey coast, Long Island, and Staten
Island, and along the Sound, afford good fishing in the season and at
favorable stages of the tide. These localities are more frequented by
anglers than any other section of the East Coast. While ideal angling
can only be found on inland waters in casting the fly for salmon,
black-bass, or trout, amidst the rural and pastoral scenes of hill and
hollow, with the birds and sweet-scented blossoms ever near the rippling
streams--a full measure of enjoyment is vouchsafed to the salt-water
angler in the exhilarating sail to the fishing-banks, the sunlit crests
of the incoming tide, and the health-giving ozone of the chlorinated
breeze. Then follows the ready response of the gamy weakfish to the
angler's lure, the brave fight and happy landing of the prize. This is
surely sport galore, and not to be gainsaid by the most prejudiced.


THE BASTARD WEAKFISH

(_Cynoscion nothus_)

The bastard weakfish was first described by Dr. Holbrook, in 1860, from
the coast of South Carolina. He named it _nothus_, meaning "bastard," in
contradistinction to the well-known weakfish just described. It is a
rare fish of the South Atlantic coast, preferring deep water, but
otherwise of similar habits, and of the same general form as the
weakfish of the northern waters. It differs from it in coloration, and
has somewhat smaller scales, a smaller mouth, and more compressed body,
which is also a little deeper and more elevated. Its color is
grayish-silvery, thickly sprinkled with small, dark specks on the upper
half of the body, and silvery below, a row of dark spots marking the
division. There is another species inhabiting the Gulf coast which will
be noticed later. Whenever met with they can be taken by the same
methods and with the same tackle as recommended for the northern
weakfish.


THE KINGFISH

(_Menticirrhus saxatilis_)

The kingfish is also known as barb and sea mink in the North, and in the
South as whiting. It was first described by Bloch and Schneider, in
1801, from the vicinity of New York. They named it _saxatilis_, meaning
"living among rocks," which by the way it does not do, as it prefers
hard, sandy shoals. Its range extends along the Atlantic coast south of
Buzzards Bay, occasionally straying to the Gulf of Mexico. It is most
abundant, however, between Montauk Point and Cape Hatteras.

It has a long, rather round body, not much compressed, its depth being
nearly a fourth of its length. The head is long, with a blunt snout
projecting beyond the mouth, which is small, with tough, leathery lips,
and with a single barbel on the chin. Both jaws have bands of small,
brushlike teeth, the outer ones in the upper jaw somewhat longer. The
upper angle of the caudal fin is sharp, the lower angle rounded.

Its color is gray with steely lustre on the back, fading gradually to
the belly, which is bluish white. There are several dark, oblique bands,
running from the back downward and forward, and one extending from the
nape downward, forming a broad "V" with the one next to it; along the
border of the belly is a horizontal dark streak running from the middle
of the body to the tail.

The kingfish is a bottom feeder, and as might be inferred from the
character of the teeth is partial to crabs, shrimps, young lobsters, and
mussels, but does not object to the sand-lance and other small fishes,
and sandworms, and is found on the hard, sandy shoals where such
organisms abound. It visits the shores from spring until November, but
is more abundant in the summer, when it enters the bays and rivers. It
is usually found in deep water, feeding along the channels. Although it
seems to consort a good deal with the weakfish, its habits of feeding
are quite different from that fish. It spawns in the summer, earlier or
later, according to the temperature of the water, though but little is
known of its breeding habits.

Its flesh is flaky, of firm texture, and has a delicious flavor when
perfectly fresh, which, however, is lost when out of the water a short
time. It is of small size, usually weighing from a half pound to two
pounds, though occasionally reaching five or six pounds. But although so
small it is justly esteemed and in great demand, the smaller ones as
pan-fishes, for breakfast, and the larger ones for chowders, for which
it is unexcelled by any other fish.

For its size, the kingfish is considered the gamest of all salt-water
fishes. It bites savagely, suddenly, and with a vim and purpose that are
sometimes startling to the unwary angler. And when he takes the
proffered bait he stands not upon the order of going, but goes at once,
and with a dash that is remarkable for its length in so small a fish.
When checked, he darts from side to side with amazing quickness, or
makes straight for the surface, when the angler is surprised to find him
of so small a size. He is _multum in parvo_,--a large soul in a small
body.

In sheltered estuaries and bays where the tide does not run strongly or
swiftly, or during the stages of slack water, the most suitable tackle
consists of a black-bass bait-rod and reel, one hundred yards of fine
braided linen line, a three-foot leader, and Sproat hooks, Nos. 1 or
1-0, on stout gut snells, the leader being connected with the line by a
brass box-swivel or swivel-sinker of small size. Where the rush of the
tide is greater, a natural bamboo chum rod or the Little Giant rod is
appropriate, as a heavy sinker must be used to keep the bait near the
bottom. To meet the varying conditions of the tide, sinkers of different
weights are needed, and a landing-net should not be forgotten when the
rod is a light one.

The fishing is done from a boat anchored near the edge of the channels
or in the vicinity of hard shoals of sand, ledges of rocks, or near
oyster bars, in water of pretty good depth. The bait may be
shedder-crab, clam, blood-worm, or shrimp. All are good, but crab is,
perhaps, the best, and should be kept in motion.

The northern kingfish must not be confounded with the kingfish of the
Florida Keys, which is a fish of the mackerel tribe, akin to the Spanish
mackerel, a game-fish of high order, growing to a weight of forty
pounds. I was amused several years ago when a correspondent applied to
the angling editor of one of the sportsman's journals for information
concerning the kingfish of Florida. The editor, not knowing any better,
confounded it with the northern kingfish, and recommended the usual
means of capture for that fish. I wondered, at the time, how the
inquiring angler succeeded with the nimble acrobat of the coral reefs,
still-fishing, with such tackle.

There are two closely allied species--the Carolina whiting
(_Menticirrhus americanus_) and the surf or silver whiting
(_Menticirrhus littoralis_), which differ somewhat in coloration and
in some unimportant structural differences; otherwise they are very
similar to the kingfish. The former inhabits the deeper water, while the
latter frequents the shallow sandy shores of the southern coast from
Carolina to Texas. Their feeding habits are similar to those of the
kingfish, and in their season they can be captured in the same way.


THE CROAKER

(_Micropogon undulatus_)

The croaker was described by Linnæus, in 1766, from South Carolina. He
named it _undulatus_, "undulating or wavy," owing to the undulating
character of the markings on the body and fins. Its range extends along
the Atlantic coast and Gulf of Mexico from the Middle states to Texas,
though it is more abundant from the Chesapeake Bay to Florida. The
outline of the body is somewhat elliptical and compressed, not much
elevated on the back, but with rather a regular curve from the snout to
the tail; its depth is less than a third of its length. The head is
about as long as the depth of the body, with a prominent, somewhat blunt
snout, and a rather large mouth, with small barbels beneath the lower jaw.

[Illustration THE WEAKFISH]
[_Cynoscion regalis_]

[Illustration THE KINGFISH]
[_Menticirrhus saxatilis_]

[Illustration THE GERMAN CARP]
[_Cyprinus carpio_]

The border of the cheek-bones is strongly toothed. The teeth of the
jaws are in brushlike bands, with somewhat longer ones in the upper jaw.
There are two dorsal fins, slightly connected; the caudal fin is double
concave or trifurcate. The back is dusky gray with silvery lustre, sides
silvery or brassy, belly white and iridescent. There are a number of
dusky or cloudy vertical or oblique bands, and the upper part of the
body is profusely sprinkled with numerous dark spots, irregularly
placed, in undulating lines. A dusky spot is at the base of the pectoral
fin; the dorsal fins are marked with dark spots, which form lines along
the soft dorsal fin.

The croaker frequents grassy situations in the brackish water of bays
and bayous, feeding on crabs, shrimps, and other crustaceans, and small
fishes. It grows to a length of ten or twelve inches, and is a good
pan-fish when perfectly fresh. It spawns in the autumn.

On the grassy flats of the Patapsco and other tributaries of the
Chesapeake Bay I have caught countless numbers of the "crocus," as we
boys called it. Just under the gill-cover, nearly always, we found a
parasitic crustacean or sea-louse, a half inch in length, resembling the
land crustacean known as the wood-louse, or sow-bug,--probably an
isopod.

A very light rod, a fine linen line, snelled hooks Nos. 1 to 3, and a
small sinker or brass swivel for connecting line and snell are all that
are needed for the croaker, as a reel is not necessary. The boat is
anchored on grassy flats in water from six to twelve feet in depth.
Shrimp is the best bait, though cut-bait of clam or fish is good. A
float may be used to keep the bait from the bottom in still water. While
this fish and the next, the spot or Lafayette, are usually classed as
small fry, and particularly suited to boy anglers, they are such good
pan-fish that many "grown-ups" are quite enthusiastic in their capture.
They hold about the same relation to the more important game-fishes of
the coast that the sunfishes do to the black-bass, trout, pike, etc., of
inland waters. When no better fishing offers they will fill the void
very satisfactorily when light and suitable tackle is employed.


THE LAFAYETTE

(_Leiostomus xanthurus_)

The Lafayette, spot, or goody, as it is variously called, was described
by Lacépéde, in 1802, from South Carolina. He named it _xanthurus_,
meaning "yellow tail," under the impression that its caudal fin was
yellow,--which, however, it is not. Its range extends from Cape Cod to
Texas, though it is most abundant from New Jersey to Florida. It is
found throughout its range in brackish-water bays and bayous, and is
somewhat similar in appearance to the croaker. It has a short, deep
body; the back in front of the dorsal fin is compressed to a sharp edge
or "razor-back"; the outline of the back is arched, highest over the
shoulder, with a steep profile from thence to the snout; the depth of
the body is more than a third of its length. The head is not so long as
the depth of the body; the snout is blunt and prominent; the mouth is
small. There are few or no teeth in the lower jaw, while those in the
upper jaw are quite small. The throat is well armed with molars and
brushlike teeth. There are two dorsal fins, slightly connected; the
caudal fin is forked. It is bluish or dusky above, with silvery sides
and white belly; when fresh from the water it is very iridescent. It has
about fifteen narrow, dark, wavy bands extending obliquely downward and
forward, from the back to below the lateral line; the fins are
olivaceous and plain; it has a very prominent and distinct round black
spot just above the base of the pectoral fin, which has given rise to
the name spot in some localities.

Like the croaker, the Lafayette resorts to grassy and weedy situations
in the brackish-water bays, estuaries, and tributaries. In Florida it is
present all the year, but does not enter northern waters until summer
and autumn, when it is often found in company with the croaker or
white-perch. It feeds on shrimps and other small crustaceans and small
mollusks. It spawns in southern waters in the fall. Although but a small
fish, growing to eight or ten inches in length, and usually to but six
inches, it is a great favorite as a pan-fish, as when perfectly fresh it
is a delicious tidbit or _bonne-bouche_ of most excellent flavor.

The same tackle recommended for the croaker is well adapted for the
spot, though the hooks should be smaller, Nos. 4 to 6. It is found in
the same situations as the croaker, and often in shallow water, or about
the piling of bridges and wharves, wherever shrimps abound. My method,
many years ago, was to use a light cane rod, ten or twelve feet in
length, and a fine line of about the same length, very small hooks,
about No. 8, with bait of shrimp, cut clam, oyster, sandworm, or
earthworm. I used no float, but held the rod elevated sufficiently to
keep the bait from touching the bottom, thus maintaining a taut line, so
that the slightest nibble of the fish could be felt, when I would
endeavor to hook it at once, for it is as well versed in bait-stealing
as the cunner.

It is only necessary to refer to the many names by which this little
fish is known in various sections of the country to prove its
popularity. Some of these are the spot, goody, Cape May goody, and
Lafayette of northern waters, the roach and chub of Carolina, and the
chopa blanca (white bream) and besugo (sea-bream) of the Portuguese and
Spanish fishermen of Florida. It appeared in unusually large numbers in
northern waters about the time that Lafayette visited this country in
1834, hence one of its numerous names.

Years ago I have seen crowds of men, women, and boys occupying front
seats on the wood-wharves of Baltimore harbor engaged in fishing for
spots and croakers, on Saturday afternoons, and many a boy was tardy at
Sunday-school the next morning through picking out the bones from his
Sunday breakfast.




CHAPTER IX

THE DRUM FAMILY (_CONTINUED_)

(_Sciænidæ_)

The most conspicuous and characteristic features by which the members of
this family may be known were given in the preceding chapter, where the
brackish-water and salt-water species were described. There is but one
species found in fresh water, a description of which follows.

     _Aplodinotus grunniens._ The Fresh-water Drum. Body oblong,
     much elevated, and compressed; profile long and steep; snout
     blunt; head 3-1/3; depth 2-3/4; eye moderate; D. X, 30; A. II,
     7; scales 9-55-13; mouth small, low, and horizontal, lower jaw
     included; teeth in villiform bands, pharyngeals with coarse,
     blunt, paved teeth; preopercle slightly serrate; the dorsal
     fins somewhat connected; scaly sheaths at base of spiny portion
     of dorsal and anal fins; second anal spine very large;
     gill-rakers short, 6 + 14; pyloric coeca 7; caudal fin double
     truncate.


THE FRESH-WATER DRUMFISH

(_Aplodinotus grunniens_)

This well-known fish of the Middle West is also known as lake-sheepshead
on the Great Lakes, white-perch on the Ohio River, gaspergou in
Louisiana, and as bubbler, croaker, thunder-pumper, and other names in
various sections of the country. It was first described by Rafinesque,
in 1819, from the Ohio River. He named it _grunniens_, meaning
"grunting," from the grunting sound it makes, in common with other
members of the drum family, when taken from the water. It inhabits the
Great Lakes and other smaller lakes in the vicinity, extending along the
Mississippi Valley to Louisiana. Texas, and Mexico.

The fresh-water drum is somewhat elliptical in outline, with quite a
hump over the shoulders, with a depth of about one-third of its length,
while its head constitutes more than a fourth of the length of the body.
The single dorsal fin has the appearance of two. The ear-bones
(otoliths) are quite large and resemble porcelain in their peculiar
whiteness, and have a semblance of the letter "L" seemingly cut on them.
From this circumstance they are known as "lucky-stones," and are often
carried by boys as pocket-pieces.

It is of a grayish silvery hue, dark on the back, fading to white on the
belly. In the lakes of the North it has several oblique dusky streaks
or bands, resembling in a minor degree those of the sheepshead of the
coastwise streams and bays. In southern waters the streaks are not so
apparent, and it is called white-perch, owing to its silvery appearance.
It is a bottom fish, feeding mostly on mollusks, which it crushes with
the blunt teeth of the throat. It also feeds on small fishes, crawfish,
and other small organisms. Its spawning habits are unknown, but it
probably spawns in the spring and summer.

On the Great Lakes it grows to an enormous size, occasionally reaching
fifty or sixty pounds, though as usually taken by anglers it is from
three to ten pounds in weight. It is of no value as a food-fish in that
region, being seldom eaten and heartily despised. On the Ohio and lower
Mississippi rivers its weight is much less, from one to six pounds, and
it is there considered a good pan-fish, selling readily in the markets.
There is no doubt but that it is of better flavor in southern waters
when of small size.

As a commercial fish it is taken in nets in the North, and in fyke-nets
in the southern extent of its range. On northern lakes it is often taken
by anglers when fishing for black-bass, and being a strong, vigorous
fish with the family habit of boring toward the bottom when hooked, it
furnishes fair sport, and with considerable jeopardy to light tackle,
when of large size. The angler is at first elated with what he imagines
to be a fine bass until its identity is established, when his enthusiasm
gives place to infinite disgust. And this is one reason why it is
despised in northern waters, and very unjustly, too, for it is game
enough, so far as resistance is concerned, and is entitled to that much
credit. In southern waters it bites freely at small minnows, crawfish,
or mussels, and is there better appreciated and has a fair reputation as
a game-fish. I have enjoyed fishing for it with light tackle on White
and St. Francis rivers in Arkansas, and some of the streams in
Mississippi. Light black-bass tackle is quite suitable for it.




CHAPTER X

THE MINNOW FAMILY

(_Cyprinidæ_)

This family of fresh-water fishes numbers probably a thousand species,
mostly of small size in America and known universally as "minnows." In
the eastern hemisphere the species grow larger, and of these, two have
been introduced into America,--the German carp and the goldfish.

     _Cyprinus carpio._ The German Carp. Body robust, compressed,
     heavy anteriorly; head 4-1/2; depth 3-1/2; scales (normally)
     5-38-5; mouth moderate, with four long barbels; teeth molar, 1,
     1, 3-3, 1, 1; dorsal fin elongate, dorsal and anal fins each
     preceded by a serrated spine. D. III, 20; A. III, 5.


THE GERMAN CARP

(_Cyprinus carpio_)

The carp was described and named by Linnæus in 1758. Its original home
was in China, and from thence it was introduced into Europe, and from
there to America.

Since the introduction of the carp into the United States, some thirty
years ago, it may now be said to inhabit every state in the Union,
having escaped from the ponds in which it was placed at first, into
almost every stream, especially in the Mississippi Valley.

The dorsal fin is single, extending from the middle of the back nearly
to the tail, highest in front. In the typical scale-carp the scales are
large, there being about thirty-eight along the lateral line, with five
rows above it and five rows below. But domestication has greatly altered
the squamation; thus in the leather-carp the body is naked, with the
exception of a few very large ones on the back; in the mirror-carp there
are a few rows of very large scales. The coloration is as variable as
its scales. It is usually of some shade of olive or brown, with golden
lustre, darkest on the back, with the belly whitish or yellowish.

In Europe the carp hibernates, or remains dormant during the winter,
burying itself in the mud of the bottom with its tail only exposed. In
America it seems to have abandoned this habit almost entirely,
especially in the more southern waters. It is not strictly, if at all, a
herbivorous fish as has been alleged, but stirs up the bottom of ponds
in search of minute animal organisms, rendering the water foul and
muddy. It also devours the spawn of other fishes, though some persons
contend that it does not, which is absurd, when it is considered that
almost all fishes are addicted to this natural vice. I know from my own
observation that the carp is not exempt from the habit. It grows to a
length of two feet under favorable conditions. One of twenty-four inches
will weigh about ten pounds. As a food-fish it ranks below the buffalo
or sucker. It sells readily, however, to negroes. Chinese, and Polish
Jews of the cities.

I have no love for the German carp, but as it is now so plentiful in
most waters, especially in the Mississippi Valley, and is constantly
increasing in numbers, it may be well enough to devote a small space to
it as a game-fish. It is a very poor fish at best, and as the poor we
have always with us, we will never be rid of it. In England, where it
has existed for centuries, it is considered a very shy and uncertain
fish to catch; and the larger the fish, the more difficult to
circumvent. The best success, and the best is very poor, is met with on
small, stagnant ponds, with comparatively small fish. English anglers
use a small quill float and split-shot sinker, allowing the bait to just
touch the bottom. They then stick the butt of the rod in the ground and
retire out of sight of the fish, watching the float meanwhile. They use
for bait, worms, maggots, and pastes of various kinds, and usually
ground-bait the "swims" to be fished, a day in advance.

Where the carp are large, five or six pounds, the rod, reel, and line
recommended for black-bass fishing will subserve a good purpose. A
leader three feet long, stained mud color, must be used, with small
hooks, Nos. 7 or 8, tied on gut snells. One of the best baits is a red
earthworm.

I think the hook can hardly be too small; Nos. 10 or 12 would probably
be more successful than larger ones, as the fish is apt to eject the
bait at once upon feeling the hook concealed in it. And this is
especially important if such baits as bread paste, hard-boiled potato,
or boiled grain are employed.

The carp has a peculiar mouth, and feeds much like the sucker. It draws
in mud and water and food together, strains the water through the gills,
expelling it by the gill-openings, and probably macerates the residue by
means of the tongue and the cushiony lining of the buccal cavity before
swallowing it. During this process of mouthing the bait the fish is
very likely to discover the hook, if large, and eject it.

When once hooked, the fish is not to be lightly esteemed. The angler
will have all he can attend to with a light rod in a weedy pond, or even
in clear water if the fish is of large size. As most other game-fishes
may in time disappear before the Asiatic carp, the analogue of the
Mongolian boxer, it may be well and prudent to learn some of the ways to
outwit him. In China and Japan the carp is considered before any other
fish for food, and is emblematic of strength, vigor, and other good
qualities. It is a custom in Japanese households, upon the birth of a
male child, to hoist a flag representing a carp, in order that he may
grow in strength and all manly attributes. In England the carp is not
much liked. On the continent of Europe it is considered a good
food-fish, but it is confined in clear running water to deprive it of
its earthy flavor before it is marketed or eaten. It is likewise kept
within proper bounds, although it has been cultivated for centuries. In
the United States, however, it has spread over the Mississippi Valley
and elsewhere from overflowed ponds until it bids fair to become a
nuisance, inasmuch as our waters seem to be particularly suited to it.
As there are so many better species of food-fishes in this country, both
in fresh and salt water, there was no excuse or necessity for its
introduction, which I consider as great a calamity as that of the
English sparrow or the Shanghai chicken, and adding a third foreign evil
that we will never be rid of.

I have experimented with carp fishing, but I think the results were
never twice alike. A great deal depends on the condition of the water.
In ponds that are kept constantly muddy by the rooting of the carp, it
is difficult for them to see the bait, and they must then depend on the
olfactory sense to find it. This may take a longer time than the
patience of the angler will admit. When the water is clear, as on a
stream, the carp is too apt to see the angler, and being naturally a shy
fish will not go near the bait under these circumstances. There is then
nothing to do but to fix the rod in the bank and lie down beside it, or
behind a bush or screen, until the moving of the float announces the
hooking of the fish. By using a small float, fine line, and very small
hooks, and a variety of baits, as earthworms, boiled grain or
vegetables, pastes of various kinds, and a good stock of patience, one
may eventually succeed in taking a few fish; but the game is hardly
worth the candle.

As the fish has its advocates, however, I add the following account of
angling for carp in England, where it has been acclimated for several
centuries. The directions given are abridged from Cornwall Simeon, a
writer on natural history and angling:--

"The tackle required will simply be a long rod, a reel containing not
less than fifty yards of fineish line, a fine but sound casting-line
nearly as long as the rod, hooks of about No. 9 size tied on gut to
match, and a small, unpretending float, besides a good lump of the crumb
of new bread, and a landing-net. Select a quiet, shallow part of the
pond, especially if the weather be hot, and near its edge stick a few
small bushes as a screen. Then plumb the depth of the water, and cover
the whole of your hook, leaving not the slightest part visible, with a
piece of bread kneaded into paste, and setting the float two or three
feet _farther from the bait_ than the depth of the water, throw it well
out, drawing in afterward all the slack of your line. You may then rest
your rod on a forked stick, and sitting down, smoke your pipe if you
like, and proceed to ground-bait the place by filliping in bread pills
all round your bait and pretty wide of it. The two great objects should
be not to alarm the carp and to get them to feed. They are very timid,
and if they once take fright at anything and leave a place in
consequence, it will generally be a good while before they will return
to it. For this reason I prefer not to throw in any ground-bait when
fishing for them until all my preparations are made and the actual bait
is in the water. When they begin to come to the bread, if the bottom is
at all muddy and the water not too deep, you will see lines of mud
stirred up by them as they come on, nuzzling in it like so many pigs.
You have then only to keep quiet and bide your time. The float will give
you sufficient warning when to strike, and you should only do so when
the carp is going well and steadily away with it. If your tackle is
sound, and you are not intoo great a hurry, you may make pretty sure of
landing him."




CHAPTER XI

THE CATFISH FAMILY

(_Siluridæ_)

The catfish family is represented by many species in the United States.
They have the body entirely naked, barbels about the mouth, and an
adipose fin, after the fashion of the fishes of the salmon family. They
vary greatly in size, from the little stone-cat of three inches to the
immense Mississippi-cat of nearly two hundred pounds. But one species
will be noticed.

_Ictalurus punctatus._ The Channel-catfish. Body elongate, slender,
compressed posteriorly; head 4; depth 5; eye large; D. I, 6; A. 25 to
30; head slender and conical; mouth small, upper jaw longest; barbels
long, the longest reaching considerably beyond the gill opening; humeral
process long and slender; caudal fin long and deeply forked.


THE CHANNEL-CATFISH

(_Ictalurus punctatus_)

The channel-cat was first described by Rafinesque, in 1820, from the
Ohio River. He named it _punctatus_, or "spotted," owing to the black
spots on its sides. It is also known as white-cat and blue-cat in
various parts of its range. It is found in rivers of the Great Lake
region and Mississippi Valley, and in the streams tributary to the Gulf
of Mexico.

[Illustration THE CHANNEL-CATFISH]
[_Ictalurus punctatus_]

[Illustration THE SHEEPSHEAD]
[_Archosargus probatocephalus_]

[Illustration THE CUNNER]
[_Tautogolabrus adspersus_]

It is the most trimly-built of all the catfishes, with a long, slender
body and small head. It is olivaceous or slate color above, sides pale
and silvery, with small, round, dark spots; belly white; fins usually
with dark edgings.

Unlike most of the catfishes the channel-cat is found only in clear or
swift streams, never in still, muddy situations. It is a clean,
wholesome fish, and feeds mostly on minnows and crawfish. It is a good
food-fish, the flesh being white and firm and of a rich flavor. It grows
to a weight of twenty pounds, occasionally, though usually to five or
six pounds.

The channel-cat is a very fine game-fish. It takes the live minnow
readily, also shedder crawfish, and will not refuse earthworms, cut
butcher meat or liver. When hooked it is second to no other fish of its
size as a bold, strong fighter beneath the surface. The angler who has
"tackled," in a literal sense, a channel-cat of five pounds, on a light
rod, can vouch for its gameness.

As it coexists with the black-bass in streams in the Mississippi Valley,
and is usually taken by the angler when angling for that fish, the rod,
reel, line, and hook recommended for the black-bass will be found
eminently serviceable for the channel-cat. It is fond of the deep pools
below mill-dams, and in the channels of streams off gravelly or rocky
shoals, and near shelving banks and rocks. The method of casting the
minnow for black-bass answers well for the channel-cat, though the casts
should not be so frequently made, and more time should be allowed for
the display of the minnow in mid-water.

Still-fishing with a small, live minnow for bait is the plan generally
followed; and as the bait should be left to its own devices for several
minutes at a time, a light float is sometimes useful for keeping it off
the bottom. When crawfish, cut-bait, or worms are used, the float must
always be employed for the same reason. The fish should be given several
seconds to gorge the bait, and then hooked by an upward, short, and
quick movement of the tip of the rod. When hooked it should feel
constantly the strain of the bent rod, and no more line given than is
actually necessary; otherwise the struggle will last a long time. No
half-hearted measures will answer for the channel-cat, which has a
wonderful amount of vitality. He must be subdued by the determined
opposition of a good rod and a strong arm.

There are a number of other catfishes that are taken by angling, but
none are worthy of the name of game-fishes, though as food they are
nearly all to be commended. There are two other species of channel-cats,
though neither is quite so good either as game-fishes or for food. They
are the blue-cat, also known as chuckle-head cat (_Ictalurus furcatus_),
which may be known by its more extensive anal fin, which has from thirty
to thirty-five rays, and its bluish silvery color, and with but few if
any spots. The other is the willow-cat, or eel-cat (_Ictalurus
anguilla_), of a pale yellowish or olivaceous color, without spots. Both
of these fishes are found in southern waters from Ohio to Louisiana. The
channel-cats are often called forked-tail cats, as they are the only
catfishes that have the caudal fin deeply forked.

I think no one appreciates the gameness of the channel-catfish, or has
such a just estimation of its toothsomeness, as the Kentucky darky. He
will sit all day long, a monument of patience, on a log or rock at the
edge of a "cat-hole" of the stream, with hickory pole, strong line and
hook, and a bottle cork for a float. He baits his hook with a piece of
liver or a shedder crawfish--"soft craw," he calls it, and only uses
minnows when the other baits fail. Apropos of this love for the
channel-cat may be related the true incident of the "cornfield" darky
who, while fishing for cats, had the luck to hook a fine black-bass,
which was landed after a "strenuous" struggle, to the envy of his
companions. After surveying it with evident admiration awhile, he
unhooked it, and with a profound sigh he deliberately threw it back into
the stream to the amazement and disgust of the others. "Good Lawd,
Jeff," exclaimed one, "w'at yo' done do dat fur? dat sholy wa' a good
bass; must a weighed more'n a couple o'poun's!" He surveyed the group
with supreme contempt for a moment before he replied, "W'en I go
a-cattin'. I go a-cattin'." What greater tribute to the channel-cat than
this!

On the other hand I was once fly-fishing on a black-bass stream in
Kentucky, with a friend from Ohio who was casting the minnow. Having
each made a good basket we were ready to quit, as the evening shadows
were lengthening and the air was becoming decidedly cool. I was taking
my rod apart, but my friend wanted to make "just one more cast," which
happened to be on an inviting-looking "cat-hole." As I was tying the
strings of my rod case I heard him exclaim joyfully. "I've got the boss
bass of the season!" Turning, I perceived him wildly dancing on the edge
of the pool, his rod bent to an alarming curve, and the strain on his
line evidently near the danger point. I watched in vain for the leap of
the bass, and then concluded he had business on hand for an uncertain
period, for I felt sure that he had hooked a channel-cat of considerable
avoirdupois. The fight was well sustained, and a gallant one on both
sides; but it seemed impossible for the light rod to bring the fish near
enough to slip the landing-net under it. Finally he backed away from the
stream, drawing the fish close to the shore, where I netted it--a
channel-cat of five pounds. When my friend saw what it was, he was the
most disappointed and disgusted man in Kentucky. "Great Scott!" he
yelled. "I nearly ruined my rod for a confounded catfish."--"Well," said
I, "you had your fun; he put up a good fight; what more do you
want?"--"Want! want!" he angrily cried, "I want to stamp the life out of
the horrid brute; and I'll do it, too!" But I unhooked the fish and
strung it on a willow branch. I had it stuffed and baked for our dinner
next day, when he acknowledged that it was the best fish he ever ate,
and was entirely consoled for the strain to his rod, to say nothing of
his temper, and ever after had a better opinion of the channel-cat.

[Illustration FISHING FOR CUNNERS]




CHAPTER XII

THE SHEEPSHEAD FAMILY

(_Sparidæ_)

This family embraces the sheepshead, porgies, and sea-breams. It is
characterized principally by a heavy, compressed body, strong jaws and
teeth, the front ones incisor-like and broad, and flat, grinding teeth
or molars in the back of the mouth, like a pavement of small, rounded
pebbles, for crushing the shells of mollusks.

     _Archosargus probatocephalus._ The Sheepshead. Body short,
     deep, and compressed, with large scales; head 3-1/2; depth 2 to
     2-1/2; eye 4; D. XII, 10 or 12; A. III, 10 or 11; scales
     8-48-15; mouth large, nearly horizontal, maxillary 2-2/3 in
     head; incisors 3/4, entire in adult; molars in 3 series above
     and 2 below; gill-rakers about 3 + 6; dorsal and anal spines
     notably heteracanthous; frontal bone between the eyes convex
     and honeycombed; occipital crest broad and honeycombed.

     _Stenotomus chrysops._ The Scup. Body ovate-elliptical; head
     3-1/2; depth 2; eye 4; D. XII, 12; A. III, 11; scales 8-50-16;
     profile steep; nape convex; a strong depression in front of the
     eye; snout short; temporal crest obsolete; incisor teeth
     narrow; molars in 2 rows above; gill-rakers small, about 6 +
     10; caudal fin forked; top of head, snout, orbitals, and chin
     naked; a scaly sheath at base of soft dorsal and anal fins;
     scales on cheeks.


THE SHEEPSHEAD

(_Archosargus probatocephalus_)

In his account of the fishes in the vicinity of New York, in 1788,
Schöpf, a surgeon in the British army, placed the sheepshead in the
European genus _Sparus_, but gave it no specific name. From his
description the ichthyologist Walbaum, in 1792, named it
_probatocephalus_, which being translated means "sheep head." This fish
inhabits the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from Cape Cod to Texas, where it
is common during the summer months, but it is especially abundant in the
bays of Florida during the entire year. Its body is nearly half as deep
as long, is much compressed, and elevated and arched over the shoulder.
The head is large, about a third of the length of the body, with a steep
profile, rounded in front of the eyes, which with its incisor teeth
bears a slight resemblance to the profile of a sheep. The mouth is
large, with strong incisor teeth in front, and several series of molar
teeth in both jaws. The general tint is dusky gray, with silvery lustre,
paling to the belly; about half a dozen broad, black bars cross the
body, from above downward, very distinct in the young, but becoming
fainter with age.

As might be inferred from the character of its teeth, the sheepshead
resorts to mussel shoals, oyster bars, bridge piers, and old wrecks,
where mussels and barnacles abound, and on which it feeds, pinching them
from their beds with its strong incisor teeth and crushing them with its
molars. It is gregarious, feeding in schools, especially in southern
waters, several hundred having been taken on a single tide at places in
Florida. It appears in northern waters in June and disappears in the
fall, probably wintering at great depths of the sea contiguous to the
coast. Its usual maximum weight in northern waters is from three to six
pounds, though occasionally reaching ten, fifteen, or even twenty
pounds, though these heavy fish are exceedingly rare. Its average size
in Florida is less than in the North.

It is highly esteemed on the East Coast as a dinner fish, baked or
boiled, and owing to its fine flavor has been called the turbot of
America, though it is really much superior, in northern waters, to that
vaunted aldermanic delicacy. In Florida, however, it is very lightly
esteemed as a food-fish, and is seldom eaten where other and better
fishes are available. Perhaps its abundance has something to do with its
depreciation, though I am convinced, from numerous trials and tests,
that it is not so good a fish in southern waters as in the North, having
a sharp, saline taste that is not agreeable to most palates. While
confined to salt and brackish waters in the North, it often ascends the
rivers of Florida to fresh water. I have seen it in the large springs,
the head waters of several rivers on the Gulf coast, its barred sides
being plainly discernible on the bottom at a depth of fifty or
seventy-five feet, in the clear and crystal-like water.

The difference in flavor between the sheepshead of the North and South
may perhaps be due to the character of their food. It is especially
noticeable that fishes of the salt water that pass the winter season in
the deep sea, as the salmon, shad, etc., possess a more superior flavor
than those that feed constantly and during the entire year along the
shores. While nothing is really known concerning the spawning habits of
the sheepshead in northern waters, it probably spawns in early summer.
From my own knowledge I can say that it spawns in Florida, on the Gulf
coast, during March and April. Its eggs are very small, about thirty to
the inch, are buoyant or floating, and hatch in two days.

A good rod for sheepshead fishing is the natural bamboo rod, known as
the striped-bass chum rod. It is light, and strong enough to withstand
the vicious tugs, spurts, and especially the propensity of boring toward
the bottom, that is characteristic of this fish. A rod of steel, or
lancewood, or ash and greenheart, or bethabara, though heavier, is
better and stronger. It should be about eight feet in length, with
double guides. A multiplying reel carrying sixty yards of braided linen
line, size E or F, Sproat hooks, Nos. 1-0 to 3-0 on gimp snells, with
sinkers, and a wide-mouthed landing-net, make up the rest of the tackle.
The short barb, with cutting edges, of the Sproat hook renders it
superior to the Virginia. Chestertown, or blackfish hooks formerly so
much in vogue for the sheepshead. A brass box-swivel is necessary for
connecting the line with the snell of the hook.

While the sheepshead often bites at all stages of the tide, the most
favorable time is about slack water; from that stage, to half flood or
half ebb, good success may usually be expected. The largest fish are
taken from a boat anchored over or near mussel shoals or oyster beds.
Smaller ones can be caught from old wharves or bridges whose piling is
studded with barnacles and mussels, and about which shrimp abound.
During slack water a light sinker is sufficient; but when the tide runs
strongly, heavier ones must be used, as it is imperative to keep the
bait near the bottom, especially if fishing from a boat. If fishing from
a wharf, it does not matter so much, provided the bait is deep enough to
prevent the fish from seeing the angler. While this is a precaution that
must be observed with all fishes, I do not think the sheepshead is so
shy a fish as some maintain; at least I have never found it so.

The best bait is shedder-crab, fiddlers, or hermit crabs. Clam bait,
though, is cheaper and more universally used in the North. In Florida
the fiddlers can be scooped up by the peck on the inside beaches of the
bays, and contiguous to good sheepshead fishing. If the clam is large,
the meat should be cut up for bait; but if quite small, or if mussels
are used, the shells may be merely cracked or smashed, and put on the
hook entire. The latter is the mode where the fish are scarce or shy,
but I prefer to use the meat only, discarding the shells; in the case of
fiddlers, when very small, they should be used _au naturel_, or whole.

The bait should be cast and allowed to sink, and the line reeled enough
to keep the bait off the bottom, but close to it. A taut line should be
maintained always, so as to feel the slightest nibble. If crab bait, or
cut clam, is used, the fish should be hooked, if possible, at the first
bite, however slight, by a quick and somewhat vigorous upward jerk of
the tip, otherwise the sheepshead is apt to nip off the bait; or if
sufficient force is not used, the hook fails to enter the well-armed
mouth. One or other of these contingencies is almost sure to follow, if
the fish be not hooked. A small sheepshead is a more adroit stealer of
bait than the cunner. It has a way of deftly pinching the bait from the
hook without much, if any, disturbance. When small clams or mussels are
used in the cracked shells, it is thought best by some anglers to give
the fish a little time to "shuck" the bait before jerking on the rod.
But my advice is to yank him just as quickly as if crab bait were
employed. To hesitate is to be defrauded of either the fish or the bait.

When the fish is hooked he should be kept from the bottom by the spring
of the rod, and brought as near the surface as possible. When line is
given during his frantic rushes, the spring and resistance of the rod
should never be lessened. Once on the surface he is easily kept there
until conquered; but if allowed to descend to the bottom, he is pretty
hard to manage, as his resistance then is very much greater, and he
endeavors to tear out the hook by forcing his jaws among the rocks and
débris or weeds. He should always be taken into the landing-net, and
care must be observed to avoid his strong and sharp fins when removing
the hook.

In Florida the sheepshead is almost gregarious, congregating about
oyster bars, old wharves, and near inlets in great numbers. At Colonel
Summerlin's wharf, at Punta Rassa, I knew of a man, fishing for market,
I presume, who took several hundred on a single tide. The wharf just
across the bay at Sanibel Island is also a famous locality for
sheepshead. The largest I ever caught in that state was just inside of
Little Gasparilla inlet, near a steep bank on the north side. The
settlers of Florida take them in cast-nets, and the commercial fishermen
in haul seines; the latter either ship them on ice, or salt them along
with mullet, as they take salt well. With the exception of the mullet,
the sheepshead is the most abundant fish of both the east and west
coasts of Florida, but it is seldom found in the dense salt water along
the keys at the southern end of the peninsula, as it is essentially a
brackish-water fish. The angler need never repine for a lack of sport in
the "flowery state" if he is fond of "sheepsheading," and he will have
no difficulty in securing bait, for the fiddlers are to be found in
myriads convenient to good fishing grounds.


THE SCUP

(_Stenotomus chrysops_)

Another fish of the _Sparidæ_ family is the scup, or porgy, which was
first described by Linnæus, in 1766, from specimens sent to him from
South Carolina by Dr. Garden. He named it _chrysops_, or "golden eye."
The names scup and porgy are derived from the Indian name scuppaug. The
porgy is mentioned, like the cunner, in deference to the ladies and the
rising generation of anglers, to whom it is fair game on the summer
excursions to the seashore. It is confined to the Atlantic coast from
Cape Cod to South Carolina, being especially abundant in northern
waters. A kindred species, the fair maid (_Stenotomus aculeatus_), is
common from Cape Hatteras southward, there taking the place of the
northern scup.

The porgy is a short, deep, and compressed fish, rather elliptical in
outline, its depth being nearly half of its length, and with the back
elevated over the nape. Its head is of moderate size, with a steep
profile, depressed in front of the small eye. The mouth is rather small
and the snout short. Its incisor teeth are very narrow and rather
conical or pointed, resembling canines; there are two rows of molar
teeth in the upper jaw. The color is brownish on the top of the head and
back with greenish and golden reflections, and bright and silvery below;
the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins are dusky or mottled, and the pectoral
fin yellowish.

The scup appears along the shores of the East Coast about the first of
May, sometimes earlier, and continues until late in the fall, when it
retires to its winter quarters in the depths of the sea. It is a bottom
fish, feeding on crustaceans and small mollusks, and is found wherever
they abound on the outer shoals. It usually spawns in June; the eggs are
quite small, measuring about twenty-five to the inch; they are buoyant
or floating, and hatch in four or five days. When perfectly fresh it is
an excellent pan-fish, its flesh being firm, white, flaky, and of a
fine, sweet flavor, but owing to its abundance is not properly
appreciated. It grows to a foot or more in length, weighing a pound or
two, though its usual maximum length is ten inches, and weight half a
pound. Very rarely the oldest fish sometimes reach a length of fifteen
to eighteen inches, weighing from two to four pounds.

The scup is usually taken by hand-line and clam bait on the fishing
banks from the excursion steamers; but fishing from small boats anchored
over the shoals, with suitable tackle, is more sportsmanlike. It is a
very free-biting fish, but is not possessed of much gameness, though the
pleasure of angling for it is much enhanced by the employment of light
tackle.

A trout bait-rod is quite in order for the scup, though a light natural
cane rod about ten feet long, fitted with reel seat and guides, will
answer a good purpose. A small multiplying reel is not essential, though
it is an advantage in accommodating the line to different depths; and
then a larger fish than the scup may be hooked. The line should be of
small size, Sproat hooks Nos. 6 to 8 on gut snells, with leader three
feet long, connected to the line by a swivel-sinker, and of a weight
adapted to the strength of the tide. A float may be used in shallow
water to keep the bait from the bottom when clam or shrimp is used. In
localities where tautog, sea-bass, or weakfish are likely to be met
with, a heavier rod, like the Little Giant, or a light striped-bass rod,
may be of an advantage to one not accustomed to lighter rods, and the
hook may be a trifle larger.




CHAPTER XIII

CUNNER, FLOUNDER, SMELT

     _Tautogolabrus adspersus._ The Cunner. Family _Labridæ_, the
     Wrasse fishes. Body oblong, not elevated, slender and
     compressed, with cycloid scales; lateral line well developed;
     mouth moderate, terminal; premaxillaries protractile;
     maxillaries without supplemental bone, slipping under edge of
     preorbital; head pointed; snout moderate; maxillary reaching
     front of eye; preopercle serrate; opercles scaly; interopercle
     naked; head 3-1/4; depth 3-1/4; D. XVIII, 10; A. III, 9; scales
     6-46-12; 5 canines in front of upper jaw, about 4 in the lower;
     bands of small concave teeth behind canines; preopercle with 5
     rows of small scales; opercle with 4 rows, rest of head naked;
     gill-rakers very short, about 6 + 11.

     _Pseudopleuronectes americanus._ The Flatfish or Flounder.
     Family _Pleuronectidæ_, the Flatfishes. Head 4; depth 2-1/4; D.
     65; A. 48; scales 83; body elliptical, an angle above the eye;
     head covered above with imbricated ctenoid scales, blind side
     of head nearly naked; body dextral; teeth compressed,
     incisor-like, widened toward tips, closely set, forming a
     continuous cutting edge; right side of each jaw toothless;
     highest dorsal rays less than length of pectorals, and more
     than half the length of head; anal spines present.

     _Osmerus mordax._ The Smelt. The American smelt belongs to the
     family _Argentinidæ_. The body is long and slender; head 4;
     depth 6-1/2; eye 4; D. 10; A. 15; P. 13; scales 68; head and
     mouth large; small teeth along the edge of the maxillary;
     strong, fanglike teeth on tongue and front of vomer; cardiform
     teeth on palatines, pterygoids, and hyoid bone; mandible with
     moderate teeth, its tip projecting; maxillary reaching middle
     of eye; scales deciduous; dorsal fin rather posterior, the
     ventrals under its front.


THE CUNNER

(_Tautogolabrus adspersus_)

The cunner was named _adspersus_, meaning "besprinkled," by Walbaum, in
1792, from the description of Schöpf, who simply gave its common name,
burgall, in his "History of New York Fishes," in 1788. Its specific name
is in allusion to the fancied mottled markings. It belongs to the
_Labridæ_ family. Its habitat is the North Atlantic coast from Labrador
to Sandy Hook, not appearing much farther south.

The cunner is known by various other names, as burgall, chogset,
blue-perch, etc. It has an oblong and rather robust body, its depth
being about a third of its length. Its head is about as long as the
depth of the body and pointed, with a mouth of moderate size, well
filled with unequal, conical, and sharp teeth, in several series.

The coloration is variable, though usually bluish, more or less mixed
with bronze or brown, with brassy sides and pale belly; sometimes brassy
spots on the head and back; young examples exhibit dark blotches and
markings. It resorts to the same feeding grounds as the tautog, and
about old wharves and bridges where shrimp and barnacles abound,
and in such situations is always abundant. It spawns in the early
summer, about June. Its eggs are small, about twenty-five to the inch,
and hatch in four or five days. It grows to about a pound in weight,
though it usually does not exceed half that amount.

[Illustration THE FLOUNDER]
[_Pseudopleuronectes americanus_]

[Illustration THE SMELT]
[_Osmerus mordax_]

[Illustration THE SPANISH MACKEREL]
[_Scomberomorus maculatus_]

While it is generally considered worthless, or at best a poor food-fish,
it is really a pretty fair pan-fish, and if it were not so common would
be found oftener on the table of fish lovers. As a game-fish it is
anathema with most anglers. It is despised because it responds so
readily to the angler's lures, taking the bait intended for larger and
more desirable fish. But on this very account it is ever dear to the
heart of the juvenile fisherman, who glories in his string of cunners
with as much pride and enthusiasm as his larger brothers with their
tautog, sea-bass, or striped-bass.

It can be caught with almost any kind of tackle or bait. The cunner has
no particular vanity in the way of either. A piece of liver on an
ungainly hook and twine string is as welcome as the choicest shrimp on
one of Harrison's best Sproat hooks on a snell of the finest silkworm
fibre. My heart goes out to the boy angler with his cane pole and
cut-bait, fishing for cunners. And should he in time become the most
finished salmon fisher, he will look back to his cunner days as
conducive of more real pleasure than any he may have found since. The
cunner is here recorded for the urchin with the cane pole.


THE FLOUNDER

(_Pseudopleuronectes americanus_)

There are quite a number of flounders, or flatfishes, on the East Coast,
but the one best known to juvenile anglers is the one with the long name
recorded above. It belongs to the flatfish family _Pleuronectidæ_, and
was noticed by Schöpf as early as 1788, and from his description was
named by Walbaum _Pleuronectes americanus_, which means, literally, "the
American side-swimmer." It inhabits the North Atlantic coast from
Labrador to the Chesapeake Bay, and is abundant in all the bays and
estuaries of the Middle states, where it is variously known as flatfish,
flounder, winter flounder, mud-dab, etc.

Its body is elliptical in outline, about twice as long as broad, and
very much compressed or flat. The head is small, less than a fourth of
the length of the body, with a small mouth containing closely set,
incisor-like teeth. As usual with all of the flatfishes, the dorsal and
anal fins are very long, horizontally, the color on the exposed or right
side is rusty brown, obscurely mottled, with the under or left side
white.

The flounder is partial to sheltered coves and quiet bays, preferring
bottoms of sand or mud, though sometimes it is found in rocky
situations. It is sedentary in its habits, partially burying itself in
the sand or mud, where it remains during the entire year, feeding on
minute shells, crustaceans, worms, etc.

It spawns in the spring, during March and April. The eggs are very
small, about thirty to the inch; and unlike those of most marine fishes
they do not float, but are heavy enough to sink, forming bunches or
clusters on the bottom, adhering to the weeds, etc., where they hatch in
from two to three weeks. The fry swim upright, like other fishes, with
an eye on each side of the head, but as they grow older they incline to
one side, the under eye moving gradually to the upper side, so that at
the age of three or four months both eyes are on the upper side, as the
result of a twisting of the bones of the head. The right side, being
constantly exposed to the light, becomes darker or colored, while the
left side, being deprived of light, becomes pure white.

It is an excellent food-fish, its flesh being firm, white, and of good
flavor; and as it is easily procured in winter when other fishes are
comparatively scarce, it is a favorite at that season. It rarely grows
to more than a foot in length or a pound in weight. As it can be caught
in early spring, late fall, and winter, when other fishes are absent or
not inclined to bite, the angler with light tackle may obtain
considerable sport with this fish, as it will eagerly take almost any
kind of natural bait. A bait-rod used for trout or black-bass or a light
cane rod can be utilized, with very fine linen line, a three-foot
leader, and hooks Nos. 7 or 8, on gut snells; a reel is not necessary,
but is convenient. Using as light a sinker as possible, with clam or
sandworm bait, the angler may be assured of success. The fishing may be
done from a boat anchored at low tide on muddy or grassy flats, or from
wharves or piers favorably located.


THE SMELT

(_Osmerus mordax_)

The smelts were formerly classed with the salmon family, but are now
placed in a separate one, _Argentinidæ_, in which are included a number
of allied species. To all external appearances the smelt is a true
salmonid, and differs from the trouts and salmon chiefly in the form of
the stomach and its appendages. The American or Atlantic smelt was first
described by Dr. Mitchill, in 1815, from the vicinity of New York; he
named it _mordax_, or "biting." Its habitat is along the Atlantic coast
from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Virginia, but it is most abundant
northward. It islandlocked in a number of northern lakes.

The smelt is a very pretty, graceful fish, with a long, slender body,
long, pointed head, and large mouth, with a somewhat projecting lower
jaw. The small adipose fin, which is peculiar to all of the salmonids,
is situated far back, opposite the end of the anal fin; the caudal fin
is deeply forked. Its color is pale olive-green above, silvery below,
translucent, with an obscure, longitudinal, broad, satin-like band along
the sides. The fins are greenish, with a few punctulations.

The smelt enters the tidal rivers and brackish bays in the fall and
winter in countless myriads, preparatory to spawning. It feeds
principally on the small fry of other fishes, mostly at night, and along
the shores in shallow water. It spawns in March, in both fresh and
brackish water. The eggs are small, about twenty to the inch, and are
adhesive. A medium-sized fish yields fifty thousand eggs, which hatch in
two or three weeks, according to the temperature of the water, though
usually in from sixteen to eighteen days. Though small, it is highly
prized as a food-fish, having a delicate and delicious flavor. When
fresh it emits an odor resembling that of cucumbers. Its usual size is
from five to nine inches and weighing from two to four ounces, though
occasionally reaching a foot or more in length. The smaller fish are
more prized, the largest having a rank oily flavor. It is caught in
large seines by fishermen and shipped fresh to the markets, and in
winter is taken in great numbers with hook and line through the ice.

Smelt fishing is a very popular pastime along the East Coast in the fall
and winter, as it is at a time when not many other fishes are to be
caught. In the inland lakes it is, as has just been mentioned, caught
with hook and line through holes cut in the ice; but this is tame sport
compared with fishing in open water with very light tackle. The angler
can utilize his trout fly or bait-rod, or if he prefers, a very light
natural cane rod eight or ten feet long. A reel is not necessary. The
line should be of the smallest size, linen or silk, though silk lines
soon rot in salt water. A fine leader three or four feet long, with
hooks Nos. 3 to 6, on single gut snells, are next in order. When the
fish are swimming in schools near the surface, especially at night, a
sinker need not be used; under other circumstances, and when the tide is
strong, one of suitable weight should be added. The fishing is usually
best on the flood tide, and almost any kind of bait will answer; but
shrimp is best, though sandworms, very small minnows, or even earthworms
are useful. Given the proper time and place, and with tackle and bait in
readiness, it only remains to cast the baited hook, retrieve the fish,
and so on _ad infinitum_.




CHAPTER XIV

THE MACKEREL FAMILY

(_Scombridæ_)

The fishes of this family are all pelagic, and most of them are highly
valued for food. They are characterized by an elongate body, more or
less compressed; pointed head; large mouth; sharp teeth; two dorsal
fins; the anal and second dorsal fins are similar in shape and size, and
both are followed by detached finlets; the caudal fin is widely forked
or falcate, its pedicle very slender and with a sharp keel; scales small
and smooth.

     _Scomberomorus maculatus._ The Spanish Mackerel. Body elongate,
     covered with rudimentary scales, which do not form a distinct
     corselet; head pointed, short and small; mouth wide; strong
     teeth in jaws, knife-shaped; sandlike teeth on vomer and
     palatines; gill-rakers 2 + 11; caudal peduncle with a single
     keel; head 4-1/2; depth 4-1/2; D. XVII-18-IX; A. II-17-IX; eye
     4-3/4; soft dorsal inserted in advance of anal, somewhat;
     lateral line undulating, with about 175 pores; spots bronze.

     _Scomberomorus regalis._ The Cero. Body rather elongate, its
     dorsal and ventral curves about equal; mouth large, maxillary
     reaching to below the eye; angle of preopercle produced
     backward; pectorals scaly; caudal less widely forked than
     _maculatus_; teeth triangular, compressed, about 40 in each
      jaw; pectorals scaly; spots and stripes brownish; head 4-1/4;
     depth 4-1/2; D. XVII-I, 15-VIII; A. II, 14-VIII.

     _Sarda sarda._ The Bonito. Body elongate, moderately
     compressed, robust; head 3-3/4; depth 4; D. XXI-I, 13-VIII; A.
     I, 13-VII; P. 10; scales small, those of the pectoral region
     forming a distinct corselet; teeth moderate, slightly
     compressed, about 40 in each jaw; mouth large, maxillary
     reaching beyond orbit; lateral line slightly undulating, with
     nowhere a decided curve.


THE SPANISH MACKEREL

(_Scomberomorus maculatus_)

The Spanish mackerel was first described by Dr. Mitchill, in 1815, from
the vicinity of New York. He named it _maculatus_, or "spotted," owing
to the large bronze spots on its sides.

It is common to the southern portions of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts
and the Gulf of Mexico, ranging in summer as far north as Cape Cod, and
is one of the trimmest and most graceful fishes known, as well as one of
the most beautiful both in form and coloration. It is especially adapted
for rapid and sustained motion. Its long, graceful, and elliptical body
is four times its depth. The head is as long as the depth of the body,
with a large mouth, and sharp, lancet-shaped teeth in both jaws. It has
two dorsal fins; the second dorsal and anal fins are nearly opposite
each other, are similar in outline, and are each followed by nine
detached finlets; the caudal fin is widely forked, the lobes being long
and pointed or crescent-shaped. Its color is silvery, bluish or greenish
above, paling to white on the belly, with iridescent reflections; the
sides are dotted with some thirty bronze or golden spots, a fourth of an
inch or more in diameter; the first dorsal fin is dark in front, whitish
behind; the second dorsal is yellowish; the anal fin is pale; the
pectoral fin is yellow, bordered with black; the caudal fin is dusky.

The Spanish mackerel is gregarious and migratory, swimming in large
schools, and feeding at the surface on pilchards, anchovies, and
sardines in Florida, and on silversides and menhaden in northern waters.
When feeding, the schools are constantly leaping above the surface, and
the flashing of their silvery forms in the bright sunlight is a
beautiful and inspiriting sight, enhanced by the flocks of gulls and
terns whirling and darting above the schools, eager for such stray
morsels and fragments as they are able to seize. In the Gulf of Mexico
it often feeds in company with the salt-water trout, and in northern
waters with the bluefish and weakfish.

It is a fish of the warm seas, approaching the shores for spawning and
feeding when the temperature becomes suitable. It appears on the Gulf
coast of Florida in March and April, though I have observed it as early
as January in forward seasons. Its advent on the Atlantic coast is
later, progressing gradually northward, reaching the vicinity of New
York in July and August, and disappearing in October or November. Its
breeding season in the Gulf of Mexico is in the early spring, and as
late as August or September at the northern extent of its range. Its
spawning may cover a period of many weeks, as the fish do not all mature
at one and the same time. The eggs are quite small, about twenty-five to
the inch, float at the surface, and hatch in a single day. The newly
hatched fry are very small, about the tenth of an inch long, but in a
year will have attained a length of six inches. The average weight of a
mature fish is from two to four pounds, rarely exceeding six or eight
pounds.

The Spanish mackerel is held in the highest esteem as a food-fish, being
considered one of the very best, second only to the pompano of the Gulf
or the whitefish of the Great Lakes. It has a mackerel flavor, but one
peculiarly its own for richness and sapidity of savor. It is a game-fish
of high degree, and worthy of the angler's highest regard. Its manner of
fighting, when hooked, is mostly on the surface of the water, darting
here and there with dazzling rapidity, in straight and curving lines,
leaping into air, and bounding over the water with a velocity and
nimbleness that is difficult to follow with the eye in the bright
sunlight.

In northern waters it is usually taken by trolling with a small
mother-of-pearl squid, or one of block tin, using a long hand-line, as
the fish is rather shy and difficult to approach with a boat. In
Florida, however, great sport can be had with a light rod, both in
fly-fishing and bait-fishing, from the sand-spits at the entrance to
deep inlets, and from the long piers and wharves that extend to deep
water. The angling is done in March and April, when the fish are running
into the bays in great schools on the flood tide, often in company with
the salt-water trout.

A black-bass or trout fly-rod of seven or eight ounces is very suitable
for fly-fishing, with a click reel and a braided linen line of pretty
large size, say D or E, in order to give weight enough for casting. The
enamelled silk line is, of course, better, but it does not last long in
salt water. Any bright or gaudy fly will answer, on hooks Nos. 1 to 3,
though yellowish or grayish flies are perhaps more attractive. A single
fly only should be used, with a three or four foot leader. Black-bass
rods and tackle are just right for bait-fishing for the Spanish
mackerel, except that a braided linen line, and not a silk line, should
be used for reasons just given. The best bait is a small, bright fish,
three or four inches long, either mullet or anchovy, hooked through the
lips. A small pearl squid, or a very small trolling-spoon or spinner,
may be used instead, but the minnow is far and away the most attractive
lure.

The bait is cast as far as possible toward the school as it is running
past the point of an inlet or the end of a pier, and reeled in slowly,
but rapidly enough to keep the bait on or near the surface, no sinker
being employed. If the fishing is done from a pier, a very long-handled
landing-net must be provided. The best plan is to fish from a small boat
moored to the pier, as the angler is not so likely to be seen by the
fish, and they are more easily landed. The same method is pursued in
fly-fishing in the general features, except that the fly is allowed to
sink after fluttering it awhile on the surface; no other special
suggestions are needed. I have found the following flies useful: gray
drake, green drake, red ibis, oriole, professor, and silver doctor, in
black-bass patterns, on hooks Nos. 1 to 3.


THE CERO

(_Scomberomorus regalis_)

The cero, or sierra, was described by Bloch, in 1795, from a drawing of
a specimen from the West Indies, by Plumier. He named it _regalis_,
meaning "royal" or "regal." It belongs to the West Indian fauna of
fishes, and is common from Florida to Brazil. Occasionally it strays in
the summer as far north as Massachusetts. It is closely allied to the
Spanish mackerel, and resembles it in form, but differs very much in
coloration and size, being more sombre and much larger. Its color is
brownish on the back, with silvery sides and belly; it is marked with
two dusky longitudinal stripes, and several rows of dark spots, not
bronze or golden as in the Spanish mackerel.

I have met with the cero only along the Florida reefs and keys. It does
not swim in such large schools as the Spanish mackerel, and does not
accompany it in its wanderings into the bays or along the shores, but
seeks the same localities, and is of similar habits, as the
kingfish-mackerel. It feeds entirely on fishes. Its breeding habits have
not been studied, though they are doubtless not unlike those of the
Spanish mackerel, except as to the locality and season of depositing its
eggs. Its usual weight is five or six pounds, though it sometimes grows
to five feet in length and twenty pounds or more in weight.

I have taken it with bone and block-tin squids, trolling from a yacht,
and also from an anchored boat with rod and line, by casting mullet or
sardines for bait. A striped-bass rod and tackle are suitable, as it is
a strong and powerful fish, making extraordinary leaps when hooked. For
its weight I know of no gamer fish, but my experience in rod-fishing has
been somewhat limited, being confined to the capture of half a dozen
fish.

I was once yachting along the Florida keys, and while anchored near
Bahia Honda I put off in the dinghy to cast mullet bait for cero and
kingfish (_Scomberomorus cavalla_). The latter is a near relative of the
cero, and they resemble each other so closely that it is often
difficult to distinguish between them. The kingfish is rather more
slender, the adult fish being of a uniform slaty hue, usually without
spots or markings of any kind, and grows to a larger size, often to
fifty pounds or more. It is fully described in another volume of this
series.

On the occasion referred to I captured a number of kingfish and two
ceros of about the same relative weight, from eight to ten pounds. The
conditions were quite favorable to compare their gameness, but I was
unable to perceive any difference in this respect. Both fish took the
bait with a rush, and when hooked exhibited game qualities of the
highest order, leaping continuously and to a height of five or six feet.
Their swift rushes, as they cut through the water with incredible
swiftness, and for which they are especially built, were very trying to
my light striped-bass rod. I lost a number of fish that shook out the
hook when leaping. I used the Sproat bend, No. 7-0, but 5-0 would be
large enough for the average-sized cero. My line was a braided linen,
size E, to which the snelled hook was attached by a small brass
box-swivel; but knobbed hooks, if they can be obtained of suitable size,
are to be preferred.

[Illustration THE BONITO]
[_Sarda sarda_]

[Illustration THE NIGGER-FISH]
[_Bodianus fulvus_]

[Illustration THE POMPANO]
[_Trachinotus carolinus_]

The market fishermen of Key West troll for kingfish and cero in their
schooner smacks, using coarse hand-laid cotton lines, and codfish or
other large hooks as mentioned. The bait is usually a piece of white
bacon-rind, cut in an elliptical shape to resemble a fish, and strung
along the shank of the hook, and fastened at the top by a piece of fine
copper wire. This rude device is very successful, as they take hundreds
of fish in a few days, of a size running from ten to fifty pounds. The
cero and the kingfish are favorite food-fishes in Key West, where large
quantities are consumed; and years ago many were carried to Havana by
the smacks, until a prohibitive duty was imposed by the Spanish
governor-general, in order to favor Spanish fishermen. Under the changed
conditions that now exist in Cuba this trade will doubtless be resumed.
Both the cero and kingfish are excellent food-fishes, with a flavor much
like that of the Spanish mackerel, but more pronounced,--that is, not so
delicate and delicious, but more pungent.

Northern anglers who go to Florida in quest of the tarpon will find in
the cero and kingfish game-fishes of great merit on light tackle.


THE BONITO

(_Sarda sarda_)

The bonito is a very handsome and gamy fish belonging to the mackerel
family. It was named _sarda_ by Bloch, in 1793, from its being taken in
the vicinity of Sardinia. It inhabits both coasts of the Atlantic Ocean,
and the Mediterranean Sea. It is not uncommon from the region of Cape
Cod southward to Florida and the West Indies, where it is more abundant.

It has a long, graceful body, nearly round, its depth a fourth of its
length. It is elliptical in outline, tapering to a very slender caudal
pedicle, which is strongly keeled. The mouth is large, with strong,
conical teeth. The caudal fin is deeply forked, or swallow-like. Its
color is dark steel-blue above, silvery below, with white belly. There
are numerous dark oblique stripes running from the back downward and
forward, by which it is easily recognized. The ventral fins are whitish,
the other fins are bluish black.

The bonito is a pelagic fish, approaching the shores in search of food,
which consists of small fishes almost entirely. It grows to a length of
three or four feet, though it is usually taken of ten or twelve pounds
in weight. It does not rank high as a food-fish, having rather dark
flesh of a strong mackerel flavor, rather too pungent to be agreeable,
but it is liked generally by sailors. There is another fish of the
Atlantic coast (_Gymnosarda pelamis_), of the mackerel family, that is
known as the oceanic bonito. It may be distinguished by its stripes
being horizontal, instead of oblique; it is rather rare.

The bonito is taken only by trolling with a small fish for bait, or a
block-tin, bone, or shell squid, from a sailing vessel, and with
bluefish tackle. It is frequently caught by the Key West fishermen when
trolling for kingfish with a bait of bacon-rind. It is a powerful fish,
and withal a very game one, being a swift swimmer, and must be handled
very carefully when hooked. The line should be a heavy one of braided
linen or cotton, and a foot or two of brass or copper wire should be
used as a snell to withstand its sharp and numerous teeth. A Sproat or
O'Shaughnessy hook, No. 7-0, is about right when bait is used, and one
of similar size with artificial squids, or spinners.

I was once trolling in the vicinity of the Dry Tortugas, and in a short
time took four bonitos of about twelve pounds each. As the yacht was
going at a spanking rate with a beam wind, the strain on the line was
tremendous, and in each case the vessel had to be luffed up into the
wind to enable me to land them. As one fish was more than enough for the
crew, and as I had occasion to land at Fort Jefferson, on Garden Key, I
resolved to donate the others to the garrison of the fortress. On going
ashore I found the "garrison" to consist of one man, the corporal in
charge of the property. He said he did not think he alone could get away
with the fish, but as the lighthouse keeper of the fort would return
from Loggerhead Key in the afternoon, he thought that they, together
with his dog, might manage to dispose of them. Afterward he informed me
that he and the light-keeper had finished one bonito, and the dog, whose
name was Bonaparte, had made way with the others, or as he expressed it:
"Bone eet two," and said this without any intent to pun on bon-i-to; he
thought that I was amused at the capacity of Bonaparte as an
ichthyophagist, being unconscious of his play on the words which caused
my merriment.




CHAPTER XV

THE GROUPER FAMILY

(_Serranidæ_)

The fishes of this family are characterized by an oblong body, more or
less compressed, covered with adherent scales of moderate or small size,
which are usually ctenoid; the dorsal and ventral outlines do not
usually correspond; premaxillaries protractile; teeth all conical or
pointed, in bands, present on jaws, vomer, and palatines; pseudobranchiæ
large; gill-membranes separate, free from isthmus; cheeks and opercles
scaly; preopercle usually serrate; opercle ending in one or two flat
spines; lateral line not extending on the caudal fin; lower pharyngeals
narrow, with pointed teeth; gill-rakers armed with teeth.

     _Mycteroperca microlepis._ The Gag. Body comparatively elongate
     and compressed; head 2-1/2; depth 3-1/2; eye 6; D. XI, 16 to
     19; A. III, 11; scales 24-140-50; pores about 90; dorsal fin
     single, its spines slender and weak; head long and pointed;
     mouth large, the maxillary reaching beyond the eye; teeth in
     narrow bands, each jaw with two canines; gill-rakers few, 12 on
     lower part of anterior arch; scales very small, chiefly
     cycloid; preopercle with a shallow emargination above the angle,
     with radiating serræ; caudal lunate; lower jaw projecting.

     _Mycteroperca falcata phenax._ The Scamp. Body elongate; head
     3; depth 3-1/2; D. XI, 18; A. III, 11; eye 5; scales 24-135-43;
     dorsal fin single, the spines slender and weak; head pointed;
     mouth large, the maxillary reaching posterior border of the
     eye; teeth in narrow bands, each jaw with two strong canines,
     nearly vertical; preopercle finely serrate, a notch above the
     angle; scales mostly cycloid; outer rays of caudal produced.

     _Mycteroperca venenosa._ The Yellow-finned Grouper. Body
     elongate; head 3; depth 3-1/4; eye 7; scales 24-125-_x_; D. XI,
     16; A. III, 11; head rather blunt; mouth large, the maxillary
     reaching much beyond the eye; teeth in narrow bands, each jaw
     with two strong canines, not directed forward; preopercle
     without salient angle, its emargination slight; dorsal fin
     single, its spines not very weak; caudal fin lunate; anal
     rounded.

     _Epinephelus adscensionis._ The Rock Hind. Body robust, little
     compressed; head 2-1/2; depth 3; eye 6; scales 12-100-40; D.
     XI, 17; A. III, 7; head subconic, acute; anterior profile
     straight; mouth large, the maxillary reaching beyond the eye;
     lower jaw strongly projecting; teeth in broad bands, the
     canines short and stout, those of the lower jaw the largest;
     preopercle finely serrate, convex, with but slight
     emargination; scales strongly ctenoid; dorsal fin single, its
     spines strong; caudal fin slightly rounded; gill-rakers short
     and thick.

     _Epinephelus guttatus._ The Red Hind. Body rather slender,
     moderately compressed, the back somewhat elevated; head 2-1/2;
     depth 3-1/3; eye 4-1/3; scales 19-100-x; D. XI, 16; A. III, 8;
     head long and pointed; mouth moderate, the maxillary reaching
     below posterior margin of eye; lower jaw rather weak, its tip
     little projecting; teeth rather strong, in moderate bands, both
     jaws with two curved canines, those in upper jaw largest;
     preopercle weakly serrate, with a salient angle, which is armed
     with stronger teeth; caudal fin rounded.

     Petrometopon cruentatus. The Coney. Body oblong, rather deep
     and compressed; head 2-1/2; depth 2-3/4; eye 5; scales 8-90-30;
     D. IX, 14; A. III, 8; head moderate, a little acute anteriorly,
     profile nearly straight; mouth large, the maxillary reaching
     beyond the eye; lower jaw not strongly projecting; teeth in
     narrow bands, the depressible teeth of the inner series very
     long and slender, those of the lower jaw and front of upper
     especially enlarged, longer than the small, subequal canines;
     preopercle convex, very weakly serrate, its posterior angle
     obliquely subtruncate, without salient angle or distinct
     emargination; opercle with three distinct spines; scales rather
     large, and mostly strongly ctenoid; dorsal fin single, its
     spines rather slender and pungent; anal fin rounded; pectorals
     long; caudal fin very convex.

     _Bodianus fulvus._ The Nigger-fish. Body oblong, moderately
     compressed; head 2-2/3; depth 3; eye 5; scales 9-100-33; D. IX,
     14 to 16; A. III, 8 or 9; head rather pointed, with curved
     profile; mouth moderate, the maxillary reaching beyond the eye;
     lower jaw strongly projecting; teeth in narrow bands, rather
     large, the depressible teeth rather small, canines small,
     subequal; preopercle with weak serrations, its outline convex,
     with a shallow emargination; opercle with three distinct
     spines; dorsal fin single, with slender and pungent spines;
     scales rather large, mostly strongly ctenoid; caudal fin
     truncate, its angles slightly rounded; pectorals long; ventrals
     short.

     _Diplectrum formosum._ The Sand-fish. Body elongate, the
     profile strongly arched above the eyes; head 3; depth 3-1/2;
     eye 5; scales 9-85-22; mouth large, maxillary reaching middle
     of eye; lower jaw slightly projecting; canine teeth small;
     preopercle finely serrate at upper margin; preopercle with two
     clusters of divergent spines; opercular flap short and sharp;
     top of cranium smooth and very convex; 11 rows of scales on
     cheeks; fins, except caudal, scaleless; 15 scales before
     dorsal; dorsal fin single, with low spines, the first three
     graduated; caudal deeply lunate, the upper lobe the longest,
     sometimes ending in a long filament.


THE GAG

(_Mycteroperca microlepis_)

The gag is one of the series of fishes known as groupers in Florida, of
which there are quite a number. It was first described by Goode and
Bean, in 1879, from West Florida; they named it _microlepis_, or "small
scale," as its scales are of less size than the other species of the
same genus. It is known only from the South Atlantic coast and the Gulf
of Mexico, from North Carolina south to Pensacola.

It has a rather long, shapely body, with pointed head and an evenly
curved profile. Its mouth is large, with projecting lower jaw. Both jaws
are armed with narrow bands of sharp teeth and two canines, the upper
ones directed forward. The predominating hue of the gag is brownish or
brownish gray, with lighter sides, in deep-water specimens; those of
shallow water, especially in grassy situations, are greenish or
olivaceous, mottled with a darker shade, and more or less clouded. Very
small and indistinct dusky spots sometimes cover the entire body, and a
faint mustache is usually present. The dorsal fin is olive; the top of
the soft dorsal fin rays is darker, with white edge; the caudal fin is
bluish black, with white edge. It is a voracious fish, feeding on small
fishes and crustaceans, and grows to a large size; twenty or thirty, or
even fifty, pounds in weight is not uncommon, though usually taken of
from six to ten pounds. It resorts, when large, to the banks and rocky
reefs in deep water. Those of less size frequent the inshore waters. It
is a fine food-fish, and a very game one on the rod.

A light striped-bass rod, or the natural bamboo chum rod, with good
multiplying reel and fifty yards of braided linen line, size E, and
Sproat or O'Shaughnessy hooks, Nos. 3-0 or 4-0, on gimp snells, with a
brass box-swivel for connecting snell and line, and a sinker adapted to
the strength of the tide, make up the tackle for the gag. A large
landing-net or a gaff-hook should not be forgotten.

Rod fishing is done in comparatively deep water on the rocky reefs or
shelly banks along the keys, from an anchored boat. Any natural bait, as
a small fish, crab, crawfish, or conch, will answer, though a small
fish, as the mullet, sardine, or anchovy, is the best. When of large
size the gag is a very gamy fish, and must be handled very carefully to
preserve one's tackle intact.

It is taken more frequently by trolling with a strong hand-line from a
sailing yacht, in the same way as trolling for bluefish. A small
silvery fish is the best lure, though a strong spinner or a shell or
block-tin squid answers well. Even a piece of bacon-rind cut in the
semblance of a fish proves very attractive, in the manner commonly used
by the fishermen of Key West in trolling for the kingfish.

The largest groupers can be taken on rocky bottom in the deep holes
about the inlets. On the south-east coast, Indian River Inlet, under the
mangroves, and Jupiter Inlet, both afford good grouper fishing. Farther
south, at Hillsboro and New River inlets, and in the deep holes about
the passes between the Florida Keys, from Cape Florida to Key West,
groupers are more or less abundant. The first gag I ever caught was in
the winter of 1877, while trolling off Cape Florida; it was a big one,
too, weighing about fifty pounds. "What is it?" asked a Kentucky boy who
was with me. I was compelled to look it up in my books before replying
that I thought it was a "scamp," as it agreed pretty well with the
description of that grouper, though I was not fully satisfied that my
identification was correct, and less so, when in about an hour we caught
a real scamp. This was some two years before the gag was described as a
new species by Drs. Goode and Bean, from Pensacola. As I had no means of
preserving the fish, it was baked for our dinner, and proved to be very
good indeed.

In fishing for groupers the angler must keep them well in hand so as to
prevent their getting into the holes and crevices of the rocks, as they
are sure to do if given the chance, and from where it is almost
impossible to dislodge them. They should be brought to the surface, or
near it, as soon as possible after hooking them, and kept there until
ready for the landing-net or gaff-hook. Most people in Florida fish for
groupers with hand-lines, but with the tackle recommended the fish will
be more easily subdued and landed, and the pleasure much enhanced, to
say nothing of the question of sportsmanship as between the two methods.


THE SCAMP

(_Mycteroperca falcata phenax_)

The scamp is a grouper that resembles very much the gag. It was first
described by the Cuban ichthyologist Poey, in 1860, from Cuban waters.
He named it _falcata_, or "scythe-shaped," from the curving of the
caudal fin. The form common to Florida is a variety or subspecies, that
differs principally in the angle of the canine teeth and to some extent
in coloration. The variety was first described by Jordan and Swain, in
1884, who named it _phenax_, meaning "deceptive," and equivalent to
"scamp." It is abundant along the Florida Keys and the offshore "snapper
banks," from Key West to Pensacola; those of smaller size frequent
inshore waters.

It resembles the gag very much in its general appearance and in the
shape of its body, with a somewhat larger mouth and more projecting
lower jaw, also a larger caudal fin, which is more crescentic or
scythe-shaped. The depth of its body is about a third of its length. The
teeth are in narrow bands, with two canines in each jaw, but these are
not so strong as in the Cuban form, and those in the upper jaw are not
directed so much forward, nor the lower ones so much backward. The
caudal fin is concave or crescentic, and the scales are larger than
those of the gag. The color is pinkish gray above, paler purplish gray
below; the upper part of the body and head is covered with small,
rounded, irregular dark brown spots; the sides and caudal fin with
larger and longer pale brownish blotches, somewhat reticulate; fins
dusky, some edged with white. Its habits are similar to those of the
gag, just described, in whose company it is found. It grows to a length
of two feet or more, and to ten pounds or more in weight. The remarks
concerning the tackle and fishing for the gag apply equally as well for
the scamp.

This fish, with the gag, is sometimes taken on the snapper banks by the
red-snapper fishermen, though it is not shipped to the northern markets
as it does not bear transportation so well as the red-snapper, and is
sold for home consumption or eaten by the crews. I first saw this fish
as has just been related, in 1877, when it was caught by a Kentucky
friend, and it had very much the same appearance as the gag. We then
decided that both fish were scamps, my friend remarking that "The only
difference is that this fellow seems to be more of a scamp than the
other one," an opinion I fully indorsed. The scamp does not stray so far
north as the gag, being confined to subtropical regions. It is regularly
taken to the Key West market by the commercial fisherman, where it
commands a ready sale, being well esteemed as a food-fish. The first
specimens I afterward preserved were secured from this source.


THE YELLOW-FINNED GROUPER

(_Mycteroperca venenosa_)

This grouper was first noticed by Catesby, in 1743, from the Bahamas,
and was named by Linnæus, in 1758, who bestowed the specific title
_venenosa_, or "venomous," as its flesh was said by Catesby to be
poisonous at certain times. It is common at the Bahamas, and from the
Florida Keys southward to the West Indies, and perhaps to South America.
Its form is very similar to the gag and scamp; its depth is a third of
its length. Its head is as long as the depth of the body, and rather
blunt, with the profile somewhat uneven, but curved; the mouth is large,
with narrow bands of teeth, and two canines in each jaw which are not
directed forward.

Not much is known concerning this fish, as its flesh is reputed to be
poisonous at times, and it is seldom eaten.

Its coloration is quite varied and beautiful; it is olive-green on the
back, pearly bluish below, breast rosy. The upper parts are marked with
broad reticulations and curved blotches of bright light green, which are
especially distinct on the top of the head; the entire body and head
are covered with orange-brown spots of various sizes with dark centres;
the iris of the eye is orange, as is the inside of the mouth; the dorsal
fin is olive-brown, with whitish blotches and a few dark spots; the
pectoral fin is yellow, and all other fins have black edges. Its habits
are similar to those of the other groupers. It grows to three feet in
length, and frequents rocky situations.


THE ROCK HIND

(_Epinephelus adscensionis_)

This grouper is one of the most bizarre and gayly colored in the family
_Serranidæ_. It was first accurately described by Osbeck, in 1757, from
Ascension Island, which accounts for its specific name, _adscensionis_,
as bestowed by him.

It is very widely distributed over both hemispheres, being known from
Ascension and St. Helena Islands, Cape of Good Hope, and is abundant
from the Florida Keys to Brazil. In outline it resembles the other
groupers, having a robust body, but little compressed; its depth is a
third of its length, its head is as long as the depth of the body, is
pointed, with a profile straight from the snout to the nape, thence
curved regularly to the tail. The mouth is large, with the lower jaw
more prominent or projecting than in any of the other groupers; the
teeth are in broad bands, with short and stout canines.

Its ground color is olivaceous gray, with darker clouds; the head and
entire body are profusely covered with red or orange spots of varying
size, those on the lower part of the body the largest, nearly as large
as the pupil of the eye; parts of the body and fins have
irregularly-shaped, whitish spots or blotches; there are several
ill-defined, clouded, blackish, vertical, or oblique blotches across the
body, some of them extending upward on to the dorsal fin, with the
interspaces lighter; the fins are likewise spotted with red and white.

The groupers known as "hinds," as the red, rock, brown, speckled,
spotted, or John Paw hinds, are so named from being spotted, and
resembling somewhat in this way the hind or female red deer. They are
all good food-fishes, and are found regularly in the Key West market,
though not so plentiful as the snappers, grunts, etc., but bringing a
better price. The rock hind, as might be inferred from its name,
frequents rocky situations about the channels between the keys, feeding
mostly on small fishes and marine invertebrates. It grows to a length of
eighteen inches. Its spawning habits have not been studied, though it
probably spawns in the spring.

A light bait-rod, similar to a black-bass rod, with corresponding
tackle, with hooks Nos. 2-0 to 3-0, on gimp snells, will answer for this
fish, using sardines or anchovies, which are abundant along the shores,
for bait.


THE RED HIND

(_Epinephelus guttatus_)

This beautiful grouper rivals the rock hind in its gay and varied
coloration. There is some uncertainty about the correct specific name of
this well-marked species. The last name to be adopted is _guttatus_,
meaning "spotted," conferred by Linnæus in 1758, based on the early and
vague descriptions of Marcgrave and others on specimens from Brazil and
the West Indies. It belongs to the West Indian fauna, its range
extending from the Florida Keys to South America; it occasionally strays
north in the summer to the Carolina coast.

It resembles the other groupers in its general form, but is more
slender, has a larger eye, and its lower jaw does not project so much.
The depth of its body is a little more than a third of its length. Its
head is long and pointed, considerably longer than the depth of its
body, with a mouth of moderate size, and a weak lower jaw, which
projects but slightly; the eye is very large; the teeth are in bands,
with two curved canines in each.

The pattern of the coloration and the markings are similar to those of
the rock hind, but differ in color. The upper part of the body is
grayish or yellowish olive, the belly reddish; the entire head and body
are profusely covered with scarlet spots of nearly uniform size, except
those on the breast and belly, which are a little larger; there are a
few spots, both red and whitish, on the bases of the fins; there are
three broad, oblique, obscure bands running upward and backward on the
sides, extending on to the dorsal fin; the upper fins are edged with
black; the pectoral fin is reddish yellow.

The red hind, like the rock hind, frequents rocky places and feeds
mostly on small fishes. It grows to a length of about eighteen inches,
and is an excellent food-fish. Not much is known concerning its breeding
habits, though it probably spawns in the spring. The same tackle
recommended for the rock hind, and the same baits, will do as well for
the red hind, as they are found together.


THE CONEY

(_Petrometopon cruentatus_)

This beautiful fish is allied to the groupers, and belongs to the family
_Serranidæ_, previously described. It was described and named by
Lacépéde from a drawing by Plumier, made from a specimen from
Martinique. Lacépéde recorded it in his "Natural History of Fishes,"
1803, conferring on it the name _cruentatus_, meaning "dyed with blood,"
in allusion to its red spots. It belongs to the West Indian fauna, with
a range extending from the Florida Keys to Brazil; it is quite common
about Key West, being seen in the markets every day.

The body has the somewhat elliptical outline of the other groupers, but
is more oblong and deeper, its depth being more than a third of its
length. The head is moderate in size, rather pointed, its length less
than the depth of the body; the mouth is large, with the lower jaw
projecting but slightly; the teeth are in narrow bands, the inner series
long, slender, and depressible; the canines small. Its ground color is
reddish gray, a little paler below; the head and body are covered with
bright vermilion spots, larger and brighter anteriorly.

It frequents rocky situations, like the coney of Holy Writ. It is highly
esteemed as a food-fish, but is of smaller size than the groupers
previously described, seldom growing beyond a foot in length or a pound
in weight. It probably spawns in the spring. It is quite a gamy fish for
its size on light tackle.

It is usually taken by the market fishermen on the same tackle as the
grunts, snappers, porgies, etc., among the rocks of the channels, in
rather deep water, with fish bait. It is well worth catching, if only to
admire its graceful shape and brilliant coloration.

For the coney, black-bass rods, braided linen line, size F, with Sproat
hooks, No. 2-0 or 3-0, on gimp snells, and sinker adapted to the
strength of the tide, with the smallest fish for bait, will answer
admirably. The little whirligig mullet, or spiny crawfish, or even
cut-fish bait, are all good baits to use as occasion may demand.


THE NIGGER-FISH

(_Bodianus fulvus_)

It is difficult to account for names, we know; but just why this
handsome fish should be called "nigger-fish" is hard to imagine. It is
sometimes called yellow-fish, a better and more descriptive name,
but no doubt nigger-fish it always will be. It differs from the other
groupers in the less number of spiny rays in the dorsal fin; otherwise
it is much the same. It was described by Linnæus, in 1758, from
 the account of the "yellow-fish" by Catesby, in 1743, from the Bahamas.
Linnæus named it _fulvus_, or "tawny," from its coloration. This is
also a fish belonging to the West Indian fauna, its range extending
from the Bahamas and the Florida Keys to South America.

[Illustration CATCHING SPANISH MACKEREL ON THE EDGE OF THE GULF
STREAM]

The outline of body of the nigger-fish is similar to that of the hinds,
being nearly elliptical, and with a depth of a third of its length, and
moderately compressed. The head is long and pointed, longer than the
depth of the body, with an evenly curved profile from the snout to the
dorsal fin; the lower jaw projects very much; the mouth is large, with
narrow bands of teeth, and small canines. Its general color is yellow,
darker or orange-red on the back, with two black spots on the tail;
there are a few violet spots about the eye, and some blue spots on the
head and anterior half of the body, those on the head with dark margins;
the head, and pectoral and dorsal fins, are reddish.

The nigger-fish is found in the deeper channels in rocky situations. It
feeds on small fishes principally. It is not very common, and is much
prized as a food-fish by the people of Key West. The common varieties
are the red and brown nigger-fishes, which differ only in coloration
from the yellow ones. It is taken with the other channel fishes, and
with the same baits and similar tackle, by the market fishermen; but the
angler should utilize his black-bass rod, with braided linen line, size
F, and hooks No. 2-0 on gimp snells. As it is a bottom feeder a sinker
must be used to keep the bait at the proper depth. For baits, any small
fish or sea-crawfish or prawns or shrimps will answer.

I was once fishing for channel fishes in sight of Key West, and having
just landed a nigger-fish. I asked my boatman, a Bahama negro, why it
was so called. He answered in the lingo peculiar to both white and black
Bahamians:--

"Vell, maybe it's along of its yaller and red color, for niggers is
right fond of yaller and red; but vether that's the horigin of its fust
name is 'ard to tell. Now, Hamericans calls us Bahama people conchs
'cause we eats conchs, but nigger-fish don't eat niggers, no more does
jellyfish eat jelly. I think they are called nigger-fish 'cause they is
so 'andsome."


THE SAND-FISH

(_Diplectrum formosum_)

The sand-fish, or, as it is sometimes called, the squirrel-fish, also
belongs to the family _Serranidæ_. It was first described by Linnæus, in
1766, from Dr. Garden's specimens from South Carolina; he named it
_formosa_, or "handsome," from its pretty form and coloration. It
inhabits the Atlantic coast from South Carolina to South America, and is
common to both coasts of Florida, and especially about the keys. It has
a rather elliptical body in outline; its depth is less than a third of
its length, being elongate and rather slender as compared with other
allied species. The head is as long as the depth of the body, with an
arched profile above the eyes; the mouth is large, the lower jaw
projecting a little; the upper border of the cheek-bone is serrated,
with two clusters of small, sharp spines; the teeth are in narrow bands;
the canine teeth are small.

Its color is light brown above, silvery white below; there are several
dark and broad vertical bars across the body, and a dark blotch at the
base of the caudal fin; the body has eight narrow bright blue
longitudinal stripes, which are more distinct above, and paler below;
the head is yellow, with several wavy blue stripes below the eye and
several between the eyes; the upper fins have blue and yellow stripes,
and the caudal fin has yellow spots surrounded by bluish markings.

It frequents sandy shoals, and also rocky shores, feeding on small
fishes and crustaceans. It is a good pan-fish, growing to about a foot
in length, but usually to six or eight inches. The same tackle and baits
used for the hinds, coney, and nigger-fish will also answer well for the
sand-fish, which consists of black-bass rod, braided linen line, size F,
hooks No. 1 or 1-0, and suitable sinker and swivel. It is a good
game-fish for its size on the light tackle just mentioned, and is well
worth a trial on account of its beauty, and excellence for the table,
even if its gameness is not considered.

While engaged in a scientific expedition to Florida many years ago, my
vessel ran aground one afternoon in Barnes Sound, south-west of Biscayne
Bay. The bottom was a sandy marl and quite soft, so that we were unable
to use the setting poles to any advantage in moving the boat. I observed
quite a school of fish surrounding the vessel, which proved to be
sand-fish. I put out a stake to mark the stage of the tide, and while
waiting for the flood tide I put in the time fishing, and soon had
enough sand-fish for supper and breakfast. This was rather fortunate, as
we were still aground the next morning, for strange to say the depth of
the water had neither increased nor diminished for sixteen hours; there
was no tide in that remote corner of the universe. We then took out the
ballast of about a ton of pig-iron and put it in the dory we had intow.
This lightened up the vessel enough to enable us to shove her off into
deeper water. I think we never enjoyed any fish quite so much as those
delicious little sand-fish, and it has ever since been one of my
favorite fishes.




CHAPTER XVI

THE CAVALLI FAMILY

(_Carangidæ_)

The members of this family differ from the true mackerels by a less
number of spines in the first dorsal fin, and in having but two spines
in the anal fin, and no detached finlets; also in having smaller teeth.
Some of the species are described in another volume of this series, to
which the reader is referred.

     _Carangus chrysos._ The Runner. Body oblong, moderately
     elevated, the dorsal and ventral outlines about equally arched;
     head 3-3/4; depth 3-1/4; eye 3-1/2; lateral line with 50
     scutes; D. VIII-I, 24; A. II-I, 19; profile forms a uniform
     curve; snout rather sharp; mouth moderate, slightly oblique,
     maxillary reaching middle of orbit; teeth comparatively large;
     a single series in lower jaw; upper jaw with an inner series of
     smaller teeth; no canines; teeth on vomer, palatines, and
     tongue; gill-rakers long and numerous; pectoral fin not longer
     than head; scales moderate; cheeks and breast scaly; black
     opercular spot.

     _Carangus latus._ The Horse-eye Jack. Moderately deep; head
     3-3/4; depth 2-1/2; scutes 30; D. VIII-I, 20; A. II-I, 17; head
     bluntish; profile curved; mouth moderate; lower jaw prominent;
     villiform teeth on upper jaw, vomer, palatines, and tongue;
     weak canines in lower jaw; breast scaly; maxillary reaching
     posterior edge of pupil; pectoral fin about as long as head;
     cheeks and upper part of opercles scaly; gill-rakers rather long,
     about 12 below the angle.

     _Trachinotus carolinus._ The Pompano. Body oblong,
     comparatively robust; head 4; depth 2-1/3; eye 4-1/2; scales
     small and smooth; D. VI-I, 25; A. II-I, 23; profile of head
     evenly convex; snout bluntly rounded; mouth small, maxillary
     reaching middle of eye; jaws without teeth in the adult;
     maxillary without supplemental bone; dorsal and anal fins
     falcate, anterior rays nearly reaching middle of fins when
     depressed; dorsal lobe 4-1/2 in body; anal 5-1/2; dorsal lobe
     pale.


THE RUNNER

(_Carangus chrysos_)

The runner was first described by Dr. S.L. Mitchill, in 1815, from the
vicinity of New York. He named it _chrysos_, meaning "gold," from the
golden sheen of its sides. It inhabits the Atlantic coast from Cape Cod
to Brazil, but is most abundant on southern shores and in the Gulf of
Mexico.

It has an oblong body, its depth a little less than a third of its
length, with the dorsal and ventral curves about equal. The head is
shorter than the depth of the body, with a uniformly curved profile and
rather sharp snout. The mouth is moderate in size and low, with a single
series of teeth in the lower jaw, and two in the upper one, but no
canines; there are also small teeth on the roof of the mouth and tongue.
Its colour is greenish olive on the back, and golden yellow or silvery
below; there is a black blotch on the border of the gill-cover; the fins
are all plain.

The runner, as its name indicates, is a great forager, and is the
swiftest and most graceful of all the jacks or cavallies. It ranges
farther northward than the other species of the genus. It frequents the
reefs and the shores of the keys and mainland of Florida in search of
food, which consists of small fishes, as sardines, anchovies, mullets,
etc., crustaceans, and other small organisms. It is the best of the
jacks as a food-fish, and is in great favor at Key West. For its size it
is also the gamest, but as it rarely exceeds a foot in length it is not
so much sought, generally, as the larger jacks. It is, however, a great
favorite with the juvenile anglers at Key West, as it can be taken from
the wharves with almost any kind of bait. On account of its activity and
gameness it furnishes fine sport on light tackle, and under these
conditions is worthy the attention of the angler. A light black-bass
rod, braided linen line, size G, hooks No. 1 or 1-0 on gimp snells, a
light multiplying reel and sinker adapted to the tidal current, comprise
a good outfit for the runner, which is also known as hard-tail and
jurel in some localities. About Key West and the neighboring keys the
best bait is the little whirligig mullet (_Querimana gyrans_), which
whirls on the surface in large schools, or cut bait or shrimps may be
used to advantage.

The author of a recently published book on the fishes of Florida makes
the following queer statement, "It seems to me the runners are hybrids
from the crevalle and bluefish species or families, as they certainly
resemble both of those fishes." It would be strange did they not
resemble the fishes named, as all are of the mackerel tribe, and all are
distinguished by having falcate anal and dorsal fins of about the same
relative size, and placed about opposite each other, and also have
swallow-shaped caudal fins with slender caudal pedicle; but there the
greatest resemblance ends. I have never seen a hybrid among fishes in
the natural state. They can be produced by the fishculturist between
kindred species, but there is no especial benefit to be derived from
such experiments. Hybrids, or so-called mules, are infertile, and
incapable of reproducing their kind.


THE HORSE-EYE JACK

(_Carangus latus_)

The horse-eye jack was first described by Louis Agassiz, in 1829, from
Brazil, who named it _latus_, or "broad," owing to its short and deep
form. It differs from the runner mostly in being deeper in body, and in
its large eye. It has a few less soft rays in the dorsal and anal fins,
and but thirty-five bony scutes along the lateral line; otherwise it is
very similar. Its color is bluish above and golden or silvery below, and
it has a black spot on the margin of the gill-cover, but of less size
than that of the runner. While it is similar in habits to the runner, it
has a more extended range, inhabiting all warm seas.

The horse-eye jack grows to a larger size than the runner, but is not
nearly so good a food-fish, though nearly its equal as a game-fish. Its
flesh is reputed to be poisonous at certain seasons in the tropics, and
whether true or not, it is not held in much favor, though it is caught
by boys at the wharves of Key West, and I presume is eaten. The same
tackle and baits recommended for the runner can be utilized for the
horse-eye jack.


THE POMPANO

(_Trachinotus carolinus_)

The pompano was first described by Linnæus, in 1766, from Dr. Garden's
specimens from South Carolina, which accounts for its specific name. It
is abundant on the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts, to which it is mostly
confined, though it occasionally strays north to Cape Cod in summer, and
rarely to the West Indies.

It has a short, deep body, being nearly half as deep as long, oblong and
robust. Its head is short, about half as long as the depth of the body,
with a small, low mouth, and with few or no teeth in the jaws; the snout
is blunt, the profile from end of snout to the eye about vertical, and
from thence to the dorsal fin is regularly arched. The color is bluish
above and golden or silvery below; the pectoral and anal fins are
yellow, shaded with blue; caudal fin with bluish reflections.

The pompano frequents the sandy beaches of the keys and islands of the
Gulf coast, mostly the outside shores, where it feeds on beach-fleas and
the beautiful little mollusks known as "pompano-shells," also on small
shrimps and other shore-loving organisms. I consider the pompano to be
the best food-fish in either salt or fresh water--the prince of
food-fishes, it is incomparable. It is caught principally in haul seines
by the fishermen on the flood tide. On the Atlantic coast it is abundant
at Jupiter inlet and at Lake Worth, but not so plentiful as about the
outside and inside beaches of the islands about Charlotte Harbor on the
Gulf coast. In the summer it strays northward to the Carolina coasts.
Its usual weight is a pound or two, rarely exceeding eighteen inches in
length or four pounds in weight. It is often confounded with several
other species, as the permit (_Trachinotus goodei_), which reaches three
feet in length and twenty-five or thirty pounds in weight; also with the
gaff top-sail pompano (_Trachinotus glaucus_), and the round pompano
(_Trachinotus falcatus_), both of which grow larger than the true
pompano and are often sold for the genuine article by dealers; but no
one who has eaten a true pompano can be deceived by these other species.
It spawns in the summer.

It is difficult to take the pompano with the hook except on the flood
tide, when it is running in schools, feeding along the shores, though it
is occasionally caught by still-fishing in the bays with bait of
beach-fleas or cut clam. The tackle should be very light and the hook
small, Nos. 6 or 8, on fine gut snells. When hooked it is a game-fish of
more than ordinary cunning and cleverness, and one of two pounds will
tax the angler's skill on a six-ounce rod. They can be taken in the surf
of the outside beaches of the islands, on the flood tide, with
beach-flea bait, by casting it into the schools with a fly-rod; and this
is the best form of fishing for this grand fish.

The hooked pompano frequently breaks water among its other manoeuvres to
escape the angler, and as a leaper at other times has quite a
reputation. I have often had them leap into my boat, both when anchored
and moving, but usually when sailing near a school. The name pompano is
probably derived from the Spanish word _pampana_, a "vine leaf," owing
to its shape resembling somewhat a leaf of some kind of vine; the books
say a "grape leaf," to which the pompano has a remote resemblance if the
extended fins are taken into account. There is another Spanish word
_pampano_, more nearly resembling pompano in sound and spelling. It
means "a young vine branch or tendril," and if the aquatic capers and
aerial saltations of the pompano when hooked are to be brought into the
comparison, they cannot be exceeded by that most intricate dance, the
"grape-vine twist," even when performed by the most agile plantation
negro. But seriously, when its size is considered, one would have to go
far afield, or rather search the waters under the earth, for a better
fish for the angler or the epicure.

I have seen more pompano about the beaches of Big and Little Gasparilla
Keys of Charlotte Harbor, on the Gulf coast, than elsewhere in Florida.
On their outside beaches, during the flood tide, the beach-fleas and
pompano-shells come rolling in on every wave. The little mollusks
disappear beneath the sand in the twinkling of an eye, but the
crustaceans are again carried out by the receding wave. And this
continues during the first half of the flood tide, during which time
schools of pompano are feeding on them. On one such occasion myself and
a friend were "flea-fishing" for pompano; that is, we were using
fly-rods and very small hooks baited with beach-fleas, which we cast in
the same manner as artificial flies. My friend, fishing at the water's
edge, often forgot in his eagerness to step back to avoid each "ninth
wave," which would wet him to his knees. However, in that warm, sunny
clime the involuntary bath did him no harm, and he had his compensation
in a basket of fine pompano, which were duly planked for dinner and
eaten, bones and all,--for their bones are very soft and
semi-cartilaginous. The head of a broiled or planked pompano is a
_bonne-bouche_ that once eaten will ever be held in grateful and
gratified remembrance.




CHAPTER XVII

THE CHANNEL FISHES

The channels among the reefs and keys from Cape Florida to Key West and
vicinity abound with a number of percoid, or perchlike, fishes,
belonging to several families. They are mostly of small size,
comparatively, but afford good bottom fishing. They are all good
food-fishes and find a ready sale in the markets of Key West. Most of
them are remarkable for their gay and brilliant coloration.

The coralline formation of the keys and reefs renders the use of seines
and nets impossible, so that all of the fishing for market is done with
hook and line,--usually with sea-crawfish bait, though a few are taken
in traps formed of heavy wire. The fishes consist of grunts, snappers,
groupers, porgies, etc., and are carried to market alive in the wells of
the small vessels known as "smackees."

A fleet of larger vessels, mostly schooner-rigged, troll along the keys
and reefs for the larger surface-feeding fishes, as kingfish, cero,
Spanish mackerel, bonitos, large groupers and snappers, etc. The troll
is usually a piece of bacon-skin cut of an elliptical shape to simulate
a fish, and is impaled on a codfish hook with a snell of copper wire,
and a laid cotton codfish line of a size nearly as large as a
lead-pencil. The hooking and hauling aboard of the fish, while under
sail, so disables it that it is killed by a blow on the head and carried
to market on ice.

As all of the grunts, snappers, porgies, and other channel fishes grow
only to a foot or two in length, the same tackle may answer for all. The
fishing is done in water of varying depth, from a few feet to twenty or
more, from an anchored boat. The best plan for the angler who is
visiting Key West for the first time is to go out with a market
fisherman in his boat and learn by ocular evidence the _modus operandi_
of channel fishing. After that he will be prepared to follow his own
devices and fish in the same or an improved way.

A stiffish black-bass rod, or the Little Giant rod of seven and one-half
feet and eight ounces, a modification of the Henshall black-bass rod,
are quite suitable, though the market fishermen use hand-lines
altogether. The rest of the tackle needed is a multiplying reel, a
braided linen line, size E or F, Sproat or O'Shaughnessy hooks of
various sizes, from Nos. 1 to 3-0, according to the size of the mouths
of the different fishes, though No. 1-0 will be found to be a good
average size. Sinkers of different weights, from one to six ounces, to
meet the strength of the tide, and a strong landing-net must be added.
The hooks should be tied on single, strong silkworm fibre.

The best bait is the sea-crawfish (_Palinurus_), or spiny lobster, which
grows to the size of the common lobster, and is found in the crevices of
the coral reefs or among the rocks and shells at the bottom, from whence
it is taken by the fish spear called "grains." The flesh is taken from
the shell and cut up for bait, and the shell itself is tied to a line
and sunk near the bottom to attract the fish. Shrimps are also good
bait, as are any of the small fishes, or conchs cut into suitable sizes.
Any of the various crabs can also be utilized. The large conchs
_Strombus_ and _Pyrula_ are good, and a large one will furnish bait for
a whole day.


BAIT FISHES

For the information of anglers who would like to know something of the
small fishes used for bait, their names at least, I think it not out of
place to mention them here. The mullet is one of the fishes most
frequently utilized. There are several species belonging to the family
_Mugilidæ_: the common mullet (_Mugil cephalus_), the white mullet
(_Mugil curema_), both of which are abundant in Florida, especially the
first named. There is a somewhat rare species along the coasts, but
common at Key West, the fan-tail mullet (_Mugil trichodon_). A very
abundant but very small species, and one that makes a capital bait for
fishes with small mouths, is the whirligig mullet (_Querimana gyrans_).

There are several species of sardines belonging to the herring family
(_Clupeidæ_). They may be found in all bays along the coasts, going in
and out of the inlets with the tide. The most common species are the
silver sardine (_Sardinella humeralis_), which has a dark spot at the
base of the pectoral fin, and the striped sardine (Sardinella sardina),
which has faint streaks along the sides.

The anchovies belong to the family _Engraulididæ_, and may be
distinguished by their very wide mouths, which open back to the
gill-cover. The species all look very much alike; the most common ones
are the banded anchovy (_Stolephorus perfasciatus_), with narrow silvery
longitudinal band, and from two to three inches long; the big anchovy
(_Stolephorus brownii_), which is deeper and grows larger, from four to
six inches in length; these two species are mostly confined to the south
and west coasts. Another species, also abundant on the east coast, is
the silver anchovy (_Stolephorus mitchilli_), which is more silvery or
translucent in appearance than the others, with yellowish fins and
dotted body.

There are a number of crabs that are excellent baits, as the hermit crab
(_Eupagurus_), which lives in the cast-off shells of univalve mollusks;
fiddler crab (_Gelasimus_), which abounds in myriads on the inside
shores of the bays; the spider crab (_Libinia_), which is quite common
in shallow water, sometimes covered with bits of weeds, shells, etc.;
the common crab (_Cancer_); the lady crab (_Platyonichus_), beautifully
spotted; the stone crab (_Menippe_), quite a large crab, with very large
claws; the mud crab (_Panopeus_), a small crab and a very good bait.
There are a number of crustaceans, commonly called beach-fleas, that
are good baits for small-mouthed fishes along the Florida coasts, among
which may be mentioned the beach-flea (_Orchestia_); the sand-bug
(_Hippa_); the gribble (_Limnoria_); also the shrimp (_Gammarus_); and
the prawn (_Palæmonetes_).


THE GRUNT FAMILY

(_Hæmulidæ_)

The grunts have an oblong body, more or less elevated and compressed;
head large, its sides usually scaly; mouth low and horizontal, usually
curved; sharp or pointed teeth; dorsal fin single, with a marked angle
at the junction of the spiny and soft portions; the dorsal spines ten or
twelve; anal fin with three spines, the second one the largest; caudal
fin concave. The coloration is bizarre and usually brilliant, with the
lips and inside of the mouth bright red or scarlet. They are all good
pan-fishes, and from their habit of emitting vocal sounds when caught
are called "grunts." They feed on crustaceans, small fishes, and the
innumerable marine invertebrates that inhabit the coral reefs and
coralline rocks.

     _Hæmulon plumieri._ The Common Grunt. Body moderately elongate;
     the back elevated and somewhat compressed; head long, the sharp
     snout projecting; head 2-2/3; depth 2-2/3; eye 5;

     D. XII, 16; A. III, 8; scales 5-50-17; anterior profile more or
     less S-shaped; the nape gibbous; mouth very large, the gape
     curved, maxillary reaching beyond front of eye; lower jaw
     slightly included; teeth strong, in broad bands, those of the
     outer series enlarged; antrorse teeth of posterior part of both
     jaws strong; interorbital space convex; preorbital rather deep;
     preopercle finely serrate; scales above lateral line much
     enlarged anteriorly.

     _Hæmulon sciurus._ The Yellow Grunt. Body oblong, the back not
     much elevated; head 2-3/4; depth 2-3/5; eye 4; scales 7-53-14;
     D. XII, 16; A. III, 8; interorbital space convex; preopercle
     finely serrate; profile nearly straight; snout moderately
     acute; mouth large, the gape curved, the maxillary reaching a
     little past front of pupil; lower jaw slightly included; teeth
     strong; upper jaw in front with about 3 strong canines on each
     side; front teeth of lower jaw rather strong; blue stripes on
     body.

     _Hæmulon album._ The Margate-fish. Body comparatively deep, the
     back much elevated and compressed; the anterior profile steep;
     head 3; depth 2-2/3; eye 6; scales 7-46-16; D. XII, 16; A. III,
     7; snout pointed; mouth large, the maxillary extending to front
     of eye; lower jaw included; teeth not very large, in narrow
     bands; interorbital space strongly convex; preorbital deep;
     preopercle finely serrate; soft part of anal and dorsal fins
     covered with thin, translucent scales.

     _Hæmulon parra._ The Sailor's Choice. Body comparatively deep,
     the back compressed and arched; anterior profile rather steep
     and convex; head 3; depth 2-2/3; eye 4; scales 5-50-14; D. XII,
     17; A. III, 7; mouth rather small, the maxillary extending to
     front of eye; teeth in bands, rather strong, the outer large,
     antrorse teeth of lower jaw well developed; preopercle finely
     serrate; lower jaw slightly included; interorbital space
     convex; preorbital rather deep.

     _Orthopristis chrysopterus._ The Pig-fish. Body
     ovate-elliptical, somewhat elevated at shoulders, considerably
     compressed; head 3-1/8; depth 2-3/4; eye 5; scales 10-60-19; D.
     XII, 16; A. III, 12; snout long and sharp; jaws equal, each
     with a narrow band of slender teeth, the outer above a little
     larger; mouth small, the maxillary not reaching to eye;
     preopercle very slightly serrate above; snout and lower jaw
     naked, rest of head scaly; dorsal and anal spines enclosed
     in a deep, scaly sheath; soft rays naked.

     Anisotremus virginicus. The Pork-fish. Body ovate, the back
     very much elevated; the anterior profile steep; very much
     arched at nape; head 3-1/8; depth 2-1/10; eye 4; scales
     11-56-17; D. XII, 17; A. III, 10; mouth small, the maxillary
     extending to anterior nostril; jaws subequal; outer row of
     teeth enlarged; about 6 gill-rakers.

[Illustration THE BLACK GRUNT]
[_Hæmulon plumieri_]

[Illustration THE RED SNAPPER]
[_Lutianus aya_]


THE BLACK GRUNT

(_Hæmulon plumieri_)

The black or common grunt is the most abundant and one of the most
popular food-fishes in the vicinity of Key West. It was named by
Lacépéde, in 1802, in honor of Father Plumier, an early naturalist, who
sent drawings of the fishes of Martinique to the museums of Europe. It
belongs to the West Indian fauna, and is abundant near Key West, and not
uncommon about the rocks and reefs at the lower end of Tampa Bay and
other rocky localities on the Gulf coast of Florida. On the Atlantic
coast it is found as far north as Cape Hatteras.

The depth of the body is a little more than a third of its length,
compressed, with elevated shoulder. The head is as long as the depth of
the body, with a large, curved mouth and a pointed and projecting snout.
The profile is concave in front of the eye. The jaws are armed with
bands of strong and conical teeth, the outer ones largest and the rear
ones curving forward. Its color is bluish gray, with the bases of the
scales bronze, tinged with olive, forming oblique stripes running upward
and backward. The head is golden bronze, with many bright blue stripes,
very distinct, a few of which extend to the shoulder. The inside of the
mouth is scarlet, becoming lighter, or yellowish, on the jaws. The
dorsal fin is grayish, with a yellow border on the spinous portion; the
anal fin is gray tinged with yellow; the ventral fins are bluish gray;
the pectoral fins are gray with a dusky bar at the base; the caudal fin
is plain gray.

The common grunt grows usually to a foot in length, though more are
caught under that size than over. It is often called "sow grunt" by the
market fishermen, in contradistinction to the "boar grunt," as the
yellow grunt is often designated by them, wrongly supposing one to be
the male and the other the female. While the general remarks on its
feeding habits, as given in the paragraph relating to the family
characteristics of the grunts, are correct, it may be stated that they
are essentially carnivorous, devouring small fishes, crustaceans, and
other marine invertebrates that abound on the coralline reefs. They
spawn late in the summer, on the rocky shoals and hard, sandy bars,
congregating at such times in large schools. As a food-fish it is held
in greater esteem than any other fish in the Key West market, and
selling from a nickel to a dime for a bunch of about half a dozen, it
forms the staple breakfast dish of all Key Westers, who are inordinately
fond of it.

While assistant chief of the fisheries department of the World's
Columbian Exposition at Chicago, in 1893, I had among other visitors a
young lady friend from Key West, who never before had been away from her
island home, having been educated at the convent of Key West. She could
not find words to express her delight at scenes so entirely new and
novel, and said that some things gave her a better idea of heaven; but
there was one thing, she said, that was lacking amidst all the wonders
and delights from the four quarters of the globe, and without which
everything else paled into insignificance,--"fried grunts for
breakfast." I made her happy by escorting her to the Aquarium and
showing her the live grunts swimming in a tank, seemingly as much at
home as on the coral reefs of Florida. The methods of angling, and the
tackle and baits used for grunts, are given in the opening paragraphs of
this chapter, to which the reader is referred.


THE YELLOW GRUNT

(_Hæmulon sciurus_)

The yellow grunt was first noticed by Bloch, in 1790, from the West
Indies; but owing to a mistake as to its proper identification it was
named _sciurus_, meaning "squirrel," by Shaw, in 1803, based on Bloch's
description and figure. The name squirrel is in allusion to the grunting
noise it emits when captured, which is compared to the barking of that
animal. It is abundant in the West Indies and south to Brazil, and is
quite common about Key West.

The yellow grunt is very similar to the common grunt in the conformation
of its body and fins, but has a rather curved profile instead of a
depression in front of the eye. The teeth are similar, with about three
strong canines on each side. The scales on the upper part of the body
are relatively smaller than in the black grunt. Its color is uniformly
brassy yellow, with about a dozen longitudinal and distinct stripes of
sky-blue, somewhat wavy, extending from the snout to the anal fin; the
fins are yellowish; the inside of the mouth is scarlet. It grows to
about a foot in length, but occasionally to eighteen inches. It is the
handsomest in coloration and appearance of all the grunts, and is often
called "boar grunt" by the Key West fishermen. A black-bass bait rod,
braided linen line, snelled hooks No. 1-0, with sinker adapted to the
depth and current of the water, and sea-crawfish, shrimps, prawns, or
cut-fish bait, will be found quite applicable for grunt fishing.

Although the yellow grunt was known to science from the West Indies as
early as 1790, it was not recorded from the waters of the United States
until a century later, when in 1881 I collected it at Key West. This is
the more remarkable inasmuch as it is rather common along the keys, and
is moreover such a striking, well-marked, and handsome species that it
is difficult to imagine how it had been overlooked. The field has,
however, been pretty well worked since, and many new species have been
recorded.

The Florida Keys, like the southern portion of the peninsula, are of
recent formation, and are underlaid by oolitic and coral limestones.
These coralline rocks are formed by the action of the waves and weather
on the calcareous secretions of coral polyps, those beautiful "flowers
of the sea" which are still building better than they know on the
outlying submerged reefs, and where may be seen those tiny "toilers of
the sea," madrepores, astreans, mæandrinas, porites, gorgonias, etc.,
rivalling in beauty of form and color the most charming and delicate
ferns, fungi, mosses, and shrubs.

The fishes that frequent the coral reefs are very handsome, both in form
and coloration: silvery, rosy, scarlet, brown, and golden bodies, with
sky-blue, bright yellow, rosy, or black stripes and bands, or spotted,
stellated, and mottled with all the hues of the rainbow; and with
jewelled eyes of scarlet, blue, yellow, or black; fins of all colors and
shapes, and lips of scarlet red, blue, or silver.


THE MARGATE-FISH

(_Hæmulon album_)

The margate-fish, or margate grunt, is the largest of the family,
growing to two feet or more in length and eight or ten pounds in weight,
though usually it weighs from two to six pounds as taken to market. It
was noticed by Catesby in his "History of the Carolinas," in 1742, and
was wrongly identified from his description by Walbaum in 1792. It
received its present name from Cuvier and Valenciennes, in 1830, from
West Indian specimens; they called it _album_, meaning "white," as it is
the lightest in coloration of any of the grunts. It is much esteemed as
a food-fish at Key West. It is abundant from Key West to Brazil, being
quite common about the Florida Keys, especially in the immediate
vicinity of Key West, being usually found in deep water, except when it
approaches the shallows to feed on crustaceans, etc. It is rather a
warm-water fish.

The margate-fish is of much the same proportions, and of similar
appearance, as the yellow grunt, but with a more elevated and arching
back, and is more compressed. The teeth are in narrow bands, and are
somewhat smaller than in the other grunts. The adult fish is whitish,
olivaceous on the back, with faint spots on the scales of back and
sides. The inside of the mouth is orange; the lips and snout yellowish;
the fins dusky greenish; a broad but indistinct band extends along the
sides. Younger fish are bluish in coloration of body and fins, with dark
parallel stripes below.

Somewhat larger hooks, say No. 2-0, and a little heavier line, braided
linen, size F, are more suitable for this fish; otherwise the same
tackle and baits can be employed as for the other grunts and channel
fishes.


THE SAILOR'S CHOICE

(_Hæmulon parra_)

This grunt is sometimes called bastard margaret by the Key West
fisherman. The name sailor's choice is often wrongly applied to the
pinfish (_Lagodon rhomboides_) and the pig-fish (_Orthopristis
chrysopterus_) The sailor's choice was first described by Desmarest, in
1823, from Havana; he named it _parra_ in honor of the Cuban naturalist,
Parra. It is a good pan-fish, eight or ten inches long, usually, but
sometimes growing to a foot in length. It is abundant from Key West to
Brazil. I have taken it from the line of keys south-west of Cape Florida,
and along the mainland from Biscayne Bay to Marco and Lemon Bay on the
Gulf coast.

Its body is of about the same proportions, and of the same general
appearance, as that of the yellow grunt, and it grows to about the same
size. The radial formula of its fins and size of scales are also much
the same. The mouth is smaller, but the teeth are of about the same
character. Its color is dull pearly gray, belly grayish, each scale of
the body with a distinct olive-brown spot, forming interrupted, oblique,
and wavy streaks; fins dusky. The inside of the mouth is not so red as
in the other grunts. There is a distinct black spot on the lower edge of
the cheek-bone.


THE GRAY GRUNT AND FRENCH GRUNT

The gray grunt (_Hæmulon macrostomum_) and the French grunt (_Hæmulon
flavolineatum_) are not so common about the Florida Keys as the other
grunts, but grow to about the same size, and are often taken with them,
and with the same baits and the same mode of fishing.


THE PIG-FISH

(_Orthopristis chrysopterus_)

Another pan-fish belonging to the grunt family and common to the waters
of Florida, and one much esteemed as a food-fish, is the pig-fish. It is
known as hog-fish in Chesapeake Bay, and sailor's choice on the South
Atlantic coast. It was described by Linnæus, in 1766, from South
Carolina. He named it _chrysopterus_, or "gold fin." Its range extends
from the Chesapeake Bay along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts to Florida
and Texas, and occasionally it strays as far north as Long Island.

It resembles the grunts very much in its general appearance. Its body is
rather more than a third of its length, elevated at the shoulder, and
compressed. Its head is a third of the length of the body, with a long,
sharp snout and a small mouth placed low. There is a narrow band of
slender teeth in each jaw, the outer ones in the upper jaw somewhat
larger. The color of the pig-fish is light blue above, shading gradually
to silvery below; the upper lip is marked with blue; the body scales
have a blue centre, the edges with a bronze spot, forming very distinct
orange-brown stripes along the rows of scales on the back and sides,
those above the lateral line extending obliquely upward and backward,
those below being nearly horizontal; the snout, cheeks, and gill-covers
have distinct bronze spots, larger than those of the body; the inside of
the mouth is pale, the back of the mouth somewhat golden in hue; the
dorsal fin is translucent, with bronze spots or shades, the edge of the
fin dusky; the other fins are more or less dusky, with yellowish
shades.

Along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts it resorts to sandy shoals in rather
shallow water, but along the Florida Keys it is found also about rocky
bars, and on the Gulf coast is often on grassy flats, or wherever crabs,
shrimp, beach-fleas, and other crustaceans abound, on which it feeds,
principally, though it is also fond of the young fry of other fishes. It
is an excellent pan-fish, of delicious flavor, and is a favorite
wherever its merits are known. It grows to a length of ten inches,
sometimes to twelve or fifteen inches in favorable localities, but in
Florida is mostly from six to eight inches in length. It spawns in the
spring in April and May.

It is much sought after in Chesapeake Bay, and is a favorite food-fish
at Norfolk, Virginia, where it is known as hog-fish. It grows there
somewhat larger, and is also a favorite fish with anglers. The lightest
tackle must be employed for its capture, and hooks Nos. 2 to 3, on gut
snells, for it has a small mouth. Sea-crawfish, crab, shrimp,
beach-fleas, and other crustaceans are the best baits, though cut conch
and fish will answer pretty well. It is a bottom feeder, and sinkers
must be used to keep the bait near the fish.


THE PORK-FISH

(_Anisotremus virginicus_)

Another pan-fish of the grunt family (_Hæmulidæ_) is the pork-fish, a
handsome and beautifully-marked species. It was named by Linnæus, in
1758, from South America, though why he called it _virginicus_,
"Virginia," is not known. It is a tropical fish, its range extending
from the Florida Keys to Brazil. It is very abundant in the vicinity of
Key West, and is seen in the markets daily.

It has a short, compressed body, its depth being half of its length,
with the back very much elevated. Its head is short compared with its
height, with a very steep profile, slightly convex in front and very
much arched at the nape. The mouth is quite small, with thick lips; the
jaws are armed with bands of sharp, pointed teeth, the outer row
enlarged. The ground color of the body is pearly gray; an oblique black
bar, as wide as the eye, extends from the nape through the eye to the
angle of the mouth; another broader and jet-black vertical bar extends
from the front of the dorsal fin to the base of the pectoral fin; the
interspace between the bars is pearly gray, with yellow spots, becoming
confluent above; beginning at the vertical bar and extending backward
are half a dozen deep yellow, longitudinal, and parallel stripes, the
lower ones reaching the caudal fin; all of the fins are deep yellow.

The pork-fish resorts to the reefs and coralline rocks, feeding on
crustaceans, small marine invertebrates, and small, soft-shelled
mollusks, which it crushes with the blunt teeth in its throat. Its usual
size runs from half a pound to a pound, but occasionally grows to two
pounds. It should be fished for with very light tackle, about the same
as used for the pig-fish, but with smaller hooks. No. 5 or 6, on gut
snells, and cut-conch bait, small shrimps, and beach-fleas.

The pork-fish has been known from the time of Marcgrave, over two
centuries ago, from Brazil, and from the West Indies for many years, but
was not recorded from the waters of the United States until 1881, when I
collected it near Key West. As in the case of the yellow grunt and the
lane snapper, it is surprising that such long-described and well-marked
and beautiful species should have been overlooked in our own waters
until my collection of that year.


THE SNAPPER FAMILY

(_Lutianidæ_)

This family of perchlike fishes is related to the grunts on one hand,
and to the groupers, or sea-basses, on the other. Those to be described
here are mostly of small or moderate size, but are all good food-fishes
and fair game-fishes. They are abundant along the Florida Keys, and with
the exception of the red snapper are caught in a similar manner, and
with the same tackle and baits, as the grunts. They are characterized by
an oblong body more or less elevated and compressed; rough scales, large
head and mouth; teeth sharp and unequal; dorsal fin single, with ten or
twelve spines; anal fin similar in shape to soft dorsal fin, with three
spines; the caudal fin concave.

     _Ocyurus chrysurus._ The Yellow-tail. The yellow-tail differs
     from the other snappers in the formation of the skull, the
     peculiar form of its body, the large, deeply-forked caudal fin,
     and the presence of pterygoid teeth. Its body is elliptical,
     with regularly-arched back; head 3; depth 3; scales 7-65-15; D.
     X, 13; A. III, 9; mouth small, oblique, the lower jaw
     projecting, maxillary reaching front of orbit; snout pointed;
     caudal peduncle long and slender; eye small, 5; interorbital
     space very convex, with median keel; upper jaw with a narrow
     band of villiform teeth, outside of which is a single series of
     larger teeth, several in front being caninelike; a large, oval
     patch of teeth on tongue; an arrow-shaped patch on the vomer;
     a narrow band of pterygoid teeth in the adult; gill-rakers long
     and slender, 8 + 21.

     _Lutianus synagris._ The Lane Snapper. Body oblong and
     compressed, back arched and slightly elevated; profile almost
     straight; head 2-3/5; depth 2-4/5; eye 5; scales 8-60-15; D. X,
     12; A. III, 8; mouth moderate, maxillary reaching front of
     orbit; interorbital space gently convex; upper jaw with a
     narrow band of villiform teeth, outside of which a single
     series of enlarged ones; lower jaw with villiform band in front
     only, the row of larger teeth nearly equal in size, none of
     them canines; vomer and tongue with each a single patch;
     preopercle finely serrate, with coarser teeth at angle;
     gill-rakers rather long, 5 + 9; 4 small canines in front of
     upper jaw.

     _Lutianus aya._ The Red Snapper. Body rather deep, moderately
     compressed, the back well elevated, profile steep; head 2-3/5;
     depth 2-3/5; eye 5-1/2; scales 8-60-15; mouth rather large,
     maxillary reaching front of orbit; snout rather pointed;
     interorbital space strongly convex; upper jaw with a narrow
     band of villiform teeth, and a row of small teeth outside;
     lower jaw with a single row of small teeth, some of which are
     almost caninelike; within these is a very narrow band of
     villiform teeth in front of jaw only; tongue with a broad oval
     patch of teeth, in front of which a small, irregular patch;
     vomer with a broad, arrow-shaped patch; preopercle with
     serrated edge above, lower border dentate; gill-rakers
     moderate, 8 on lower arch; 4 canines in front of upper jaw.

     _Lutianus jocu._ The Dog Snapper. Body comparatively deep and
     compressed; the back elevated and profile straight; head 2-1/2;
     depth 2-1/2; eye 4-3/4; scales 8-56-15; D. X, 14; A. III, 8;
     mouth rather large, jaws subequal, maxillary reaching front of
     orbit; upper jaw with a narrow band of villiform teeth, a
     single series of larger ones, and 4 canines in front, 2 of them
     very large; lower jaw with a narrow, villiform band in front
     only, and a series of larger teeth outside, some almost
     caninelike; tongue with a single patch of teeth; an
     arrow-shaped patch on vomer; preopercle finely serrate above,
     coarser teeth at angle; gill-rakers short and thick, about 9 on
     lower arch.

     _Lutianus apodus._ The Schoolmaster Snapper. Body comparatively
     deep, moderately compressed, the back elevated and profile
     straight; head 2-1/2; depth 2-1/2; eye 4-1/3; scales 6-43-13;
     D. X, 14; A. III, 8; mouth large, maxillary reaching front of
     orbit; snout long and pointed; interorbital space flattish;
     upper jaw with a narrow band of villiform teeth, a single
     series of larger ones outside, and 4 canines in front, one on
     each side very large; lower jaw with a narrow, villiform band
     in front, an enlarged series outside; tongue with a large,
     single patch; an arrow-shaped patch on vomer; preopercle finely
     serrate above; gill-rakers short and thick, about 9 on lower
     part of arch.


THE YELLOW-TAIL

(_Ocyurus chrysurus_)

The yellow-tail is a very handsome fish, and one of the favorite
pan-fishes at Key West. It was named _chrysurus_, or "gold-tail," by
Bloch, in 1790, from its description by Marcgrave in his "Fishes of
Brazil." Its habitat is from southern Florida to South America. It is
abundant in the vicinity of Key West in the channels between the reefs
and keys.

The yellow-tail is well proportioned, compressed, and elliptical, being
regularly curved from head to tail. Its head is as long as the depth of
the body, with a pointed snout; the mouth is rather small, with the
lower jaw projecting. The color above is olivaceous, or bluish, below
violet; a broad, deep yellow stripe runs from the snout, through the
eye, and along the middle of the body to the caudal fin; above this
stripe there are a number of deep yellow blotches, as if made by the
finger tips; below the broad yellow stripe are quite a number of narrow,
parallel yellow stripes, with violet interspaces; the iris of the eye is
scarlet; the very long caudal fin is entirely deep yellow, and the other
fins are bordered with yellow.

The yellow-tail associates with the grunts and porgies about the
coralline rocks in the channels, feeding on small fishes and
crustaceans. Its average size is ten or twelve inches in length and
nearly a pound in weight, though it sometimes is taken up to two feet,
and three or four pounds. It is quite a good game-fish and very
voracious, eagerly taking sea-crawfish, crab, conch, or small fish bait.
Some of the large conchs, as _Pyrula_ and _Strombus_, will furnish bait
for an entire outing, the animal being as large as a child's forearm.
Black-bass tackle, with hooks Nos. 1 to 1-0 on gut snells, will answer
for the yellow-tail.


THE LANE SNAPPER

(_Lutianus synagris_)

The lane snapper is another beautiful fish common about the reefs and
keys. It was named by Linnæus, in 1758, who called it _synagris_, as it
resembled a related fish of Europe (_Dentex dentex_), whose old name was
_synagris_. Catesby mentioned the lane snapper in his "History of
Carolina," in 1743. It is abundant from the Florida Keys to South
America, and not uncommon on the west coast of Florida, as far north as
Tampa Bay, and west to Pensacola.

The lane snapper resembles very much the yellow-tail in the shape of its
body, which is semi-elliptical in outline, compressed, with the back
regularly curved from the snout to the tail; its depth is a little more
than a third of its length. Its head is as long as the depth of the
body; the mouth is large, and the snout pointed. It is rose color,
tinged with silver below, with a narrow bluish or greenish border on the
top of the back; the belly is white, tinged with yellow; there are deep
yellow stripes along the sides, with indistinct, broad, rosy cross bars;
the iris of the eye and the lips are scarlet; the cheeks and gill-covers
are rosy, with blue above; the pectoral fins are pink, the lower fins
yellow, the soft dorsal pink, the spiny dorsal translucent, with yellow
border, and the caudal fin scarlet; there is a large and conspicuous
dark blotch just below the front part of the soft dorsal fin. The lane
snapper feeds on small fishes and crustaceans about the keys and reefs,
in rather shallow water. It grows to a foot in length, though usually
about eight or nine inches, and is a free biter at the same baits as the
yellow-tail.

While it is freely conceded that the highest branch of angling is
casting the artificial fly on inland waters, and that the fullest
measure of enjoyment is found only in the pursuit of the salmon,
black-bass, trout, or grayling, it must be admitted that salt-water
angling likewise has joys and pleasures that are, as Walton says,
"Worthy the knowledge and practice of a wise man." And nowhere does
salt-water angling offer more charms to the appreciative angler, or
appeal to his sense of the curious and beautiful in nature, than along
the keys off the southern extremity of the peninsula of Florida. The
palm-crowned islets are laved by the waters of the Gulf Stream, as clear
and bright and green as an emerald of the purest ray serene. Through
their limpid depths are seen the lovely and varied tints of coral
polyps, the graceful fronds of sea-feathers and sea-fans in gorgeous
hues, and the curious and fantastic coralline caves, amid whose
crannies and arches swim the most beautiful creations of the finny
tribe, whose capture is at once a joy and a delight.


THE RED SNAPPER

(_Lutianus aya_)

The red snapper was named _aya_ by Bloch, in 1790, that being the
Portuguese name for it in Brazil, according to Marcgrave. It was
described by Goode and Bean as a new species, in 1878, and named
_blackfordi_, in honor of Eugene G. Blackford, of New York, in
consideration of his eminent services and interest in fishculture. The
red snapper, while not a game-fish, is one of the best known of Florida
fishes, inasmuch as it is shipped all over the country as a good dinner
fish, its fine, firm flesh bearing transportation well. It is especially
abundant in the Gulf of Mexico, in water from ten to fifty fathoms deep,
on the "snapper banks," from ten to fifty miles offshore, and thence
south to Brazil, occasionally straying north on the Atlantic coast to
Long Island.

The depth of its body is a little more than a third of its length, being
rather deep and compressed, the back elevated and regularly arched from
the eye to the tail. The head is large, its length equal to the depth
of the body, with a pointed snout, large mouth, and straight profile.
The color of the red snapper is a uniform rose-red, paler on the throat;
fins all red, the vertical fins bordered with dusky blue; there is a
dark blotch under the front of the soft portion of the dorsal fin,
except in the oldest and largest fish; the iris of the eye is scarlet.

The red snapper, being a deep-water fish, is seldom found along the
shores, and is of no importance to the angler. It is a bottom fish,
feeding in company with the large groupers on small fishes and
crustaceans. It grows to twenty or thirty pounds, but its usual size is
from five to ten pounds. It spawns in summer.

The commercial fishing for the red snapper is done on the "snapper
banks" in very deep water. Strong hand-lines and codfish hooks are used,
with cut bait. By the time the fish is brought to the surface from the
bottom it is almost exhausted, and would afford no sport to the angler.
The bringing of the fish from depths where the pressure of the water is
so great, to the surface, where it is comparatively so much less, causes
the fish to swell up, and the air-bladder to be so filled that the fish
would float; it is therefore pricked with a sharp awl to let out the
air, as otherwise the fish would not sink in the well of the vessel in
which it is carried alive to port.


THE DOG SNAPPER

(_Lutianus jocu_)

The dog snapper is very similar in shape to the red snapper, but is much
smaller and of different coloration. It was named _jocu_ by Bloch, in
1801, from Parra's description, in 1787, _jocu_ being the Cuban name of
the fish. It is called dog snapper, owing to its large canine teeth. Its
range extends from the South Atlantic coast to Brazil. It is abundant
along the Florida Keys, and very rarely strays along the Atlantic coast
northward, but has been taken on the Massachusetts coast in summer.

It has a robust, somewhat compressed body, its depth a third of its
length, and the back elevated over the shoulder. Its head is large,
somewhat longer than the depth of the body, with a straight profile and
a rather long and pointed snout. The ground color of the body is dull
red or coppery, dark olivaceous or bluish on the back, with about a
dozen lighter-colored vertical stripes across the body; the cheeks and
gill-covers are red, with a pale area from the eye to the angle of the
mouth; there is a row of small, round blue spots from the snout to the
angle of the gill-cover, also a bluish or dusky stripe; the upper fins
and the caudal fin are mostly orange in color; the lower fins are
yellow, and the iris of the eye red.

The dog snapper, like the other snappers, feeds on small fishes and
crustaceans. It grows to a foot in length and to a pound or two in
weight. It is a good food-fish, selling readily in the markets. It is
quite gamy and voracious, and with light tackle is worthy of the
angler's skill. Hooks No. 1-0 or 2-0 on gut snells, and sea-crawfish, or
a small minnow, are good baits.


THE SCHOOLMASTER

(_Lutianus apodus_)

The schoolmaster snapper was named by Walbaum, in 1792, based on
Catesby's description and figure of the schoolmaster in his "History of
Carolina," but in his figure he omitted the pectoral fins, for which
reason Walbaum named it _apoda_, meaning "without a foot." Its range
extends from the Florida Keys to Brazil, and is abundant in the vicinity
of Key West, where it is seen daily in the markets. Under favorable
conditions of temperature it has been taken on the Massachusetts coast.

The schoolmaster is very similar to the dog snapper in its general form,
but differs greatly in coloration. Its body is rather deep and
compressed, its depth being more than a third of its length, and the
back is more elevated than in the dog snapper. The head is large, as
long as the depth of the body, with a large mouth; the profile is
straight from snout to the nape, thence regularly arched to the tail;
the snout is long and pointed. The predominating color is orange,
olivaceous on the back and top of the head, with eight or nine vertical
bars across the body, equidistant, of a pale or bluish white color, the
wider interspaces being red; the cheeks and gill-covers are red, with a
row of small blue spots from the snout across the cheeks, just below the
eye; all of the fins are yellow, more or less shaded with red.

The schoolmaster grows to about the same size as the dog snapper,
usually from eight to ten inches, sometimes to a foot in length, and a
pound or two in weight. It feeds on small fishes, crabs, and other
crustaceans, and is a good food-fish. It is a fairly good game-fish,
and on light tackle fights with vigor and considerable resistance.
Sproat hooks Nos. 1-0 and 2-0 are quite suitable, and should be tied on
gut snells. A sinker adapted to the strength of the tide must be used in
the deep-water channels. Sea-crawfish, anchovies, or whirligig mullets
are good baits.

The mangrove snapper (_Lutianus griseus_) and the mutton-fish (_Lutianus
analis_) are larger snappers and better game-fishes. They are described
in another volume of this series.


THE PORGY FAMILY

(_Sparidæ_)

The porgies of Florida belong to the family _Sparidæ_ previously
described, but not to the same genus as the northern porgy, as the scup
is sometimes called. They are characterized by a deep, compressed body,
humpbacked, with a large head and deep snout, and with a knob in front
of the eye. The mouth is small, with strong, caninelike teeth and
molars.

     _Calamus bajonado._ The Jolt-head Porgy. Body oblong,
     compressed and elevated over the shoulders; head 3; depth
     2-2/5; eye 3; scales 7-54-17; D. XII, 12; A. III, 10; anterior
     profile evenly curved; mouth moderate, maxillary not reaching
     front of eye; snout long and pointed; teeth strong, conical; anterior
     teeth enlarged, 2 or 3 on each side in the upper jaw, and 3 or
     4 on each side in the lower; molars in 3 series in the upper,
     and 2 in the lower jaw; dorsal fin single with slender spines.

     _Calamus calamus._ The Saucer-eye Porgy. Body oblong, elevated
     more than the other porgies; head 3-1/3; depth 2; eye 3-3/4;
     scales 9-54-16; D. XII, 12; A. III, 10; anterior profile steep;
     outline of snout slightly curved; mouth small, maxillary not
     reaching front of eye; outer teeth strong, 10 or 12 in number,
     the outer one in each jaw, on each side, caninelike; dorsal
     spines rather strong.

     _Calamus proridens._ The Little-head Porgy. Body oblong and
     much elevated; head 3-1/4; depth 2-1/3; eye 4; scales 9-58-16;
     D. XII, 12; A. III, 10; anterior profile steep and straight;
     mouth moderate, maxillary scarcely reaching front of eye;
     anterior teeth of outer series slightly longer and more robust
     than those of the cardiform band; on each side of the upper jaw
     one of these teeth becomes much enlarged, caninelike, directed
     obliquely forward and downward, and strongly curved, the upper
     surface concave; there are usually 7 teeth of the outer series
     between these two canines; no evident accessory series of
     molars; dorsal spines slender and high.

     _Calamus arctifrons._ The Grass Porgy. Body oblong, but little
     elevated; head 3-1/4; depth 2-2/5; eye 4-1/2; scales 6-48-13;
     D. XII, 12; A. III, 10; anterior profile unevenly curved, very
     convex before the eye; head narrow above; dorsal outline not
     forming a regular arch; a rather sharp angle at nape;
     preorbital deep; canine teeth, 8 in upper jaw and 10 in lower.


THE JOLT-HEAD PORGY

(_Calamus bajonado_)

This is the largest and most abundant of the porgies. It was described
by Bloch, in 1801, who named it _bajonado_, after the Cuban name given
by Parra in his "Natural History of Cuba."

[Illustration THE JOLT-HEAD PORGY]
[_Calamus bajonado_]

[Illustration THE LADY-FISH]
[_Albula vulpes_]

[Illustration THE COBIA]
[_Rachycentron canadus_]

It is not certain what the name is intended to signify. It may allude to
the "bayonet-like," interhæmal bones, or to _bajio_, meaning a
"sandbank" or "shoal," in allusion to its habitat. The jolt-head is
abundant along the Florida Keys, especially in the vicinity of Key West,
where it is one of the commonest market fishes; its range extends to the
West Indies.

It has a short, deep body, compressed, its depth being half its length;
its back is more regularly arched than in the other porgies, or not so
humpbacked. The head is large, with a long, pointed snout, and mouth
moderate in size; the profile is more regularly curved than in the other
porgies.

The predominating color is dusky or bluish, with brassy reflections; the
upper fins are pale or bluish, more or less mottled with darker shades;
the lower fins are plain; the cheeks are coppery in hue.

The jolt-head resorts to the rocks and reefs, as well as to hard, sandy
shoals, feeding on small fishes, crustaceans, and soft-shelled mollusks.
It grows usually to eight or ten inches, but often to two feet in
length, and six or eight pounds in weight. It is a good food-fish, much
in favor with the people of Key West, and is always one of the
commonest fishes in the markets. It spawns in the summer. It is very
voracious, taking almost any kind of bait greedily. It is caught in
company with the grunts and snappers, and on the same tackle, which
should be light. Hooks Nos. 1 to 2 are large enough, Sproat-bend
preferred on account of its short barb with cutting edges and strong
wire. Sinkers adapted to the tide and depth of water must be used.

While catching porgies at a lively rate one day I asked my boatman, a
Bahama negro, why the big porgy was called "jolt-head." He answered in
the cockney dialect peculiar to Bahama fishermen: "Vell, you see, sir,
'e 'as a big 'ed and an 'ump back, and 'e butts the rocks like a
billy-goat, a-joltin' off the snail-shells and shrimps, and 'e goes
a-blunderin' along like a wessel that 'as a bluff bow and a small 'elm.
'E 'as more happetite than gumption, and swallers anythink that comes
'andy, like the jolt-'ed or numbskull that 'e is. 'E is werry heasy to
ketch and werry good to heat."


THE SAUCER-EYE PORGY

(_Calamus calamus_)

This porgy is called "saucer-eye," owing to its having a larger eye than
the other porgies. It was first described by Cuvier and Valenciennes,
in 1830, from the West Indies. They named it _calamus_, meaning
"quill" or "reed," from the quill-like bones (interhæmal) that articulate
with the spines of the anal fin. It is abundant in the West Indies, and
is common about the Florida Keys, but not so plentiful as the
jolt-head or little-head porgies.

[Illustration TAKING BONITO BY TROLLING OFF BLOCK ISLAND]

It is very similar in conformation to the jolt-head, but is more
humpbacked, being quite elevated above the shoulder. The body is short,
its depth about half its length. Its head is short and deep, with a thin
and gibbous profile, and small mouth. Its color is silvery with bluish
reflections; the scales golden, forming longitudinal stripes, with
pearly-bluish interspaces; the cheeks and snout are purplish, with round
brassy spots; the fins are pale, blotched with orange; the iris of the
eye is golden.

The saucer-eye grows to twelve or fifteen inches in length, and is
considered a good pan-fish at Key West, commanding a ready sale. It is
found in the same situations as the other porgies, grunts, and snappers,
and is equally voracious, taking the proffered bait eagerly. The tackle
for this porgy is the same as for the others, consisting of a light
rod, multiplying reel, braided linen line, size F or G, three-foot
leader, Sproat-bend hooks. No. 1 or 2, on gut snells, with sinker in
accordance with the depth of the water and the strength of the tide.
Almost any bait will answer, as sea-crawfish, cut conch, or fish.


THE LITTLE-HEAD PORGY

(_Calamus proridens_)

This species was first described by Jordan and Gilbert, in 1883, from
Key West. They named it _proridens_, meaning "prow tooth," owing to its
projecting canines. It is abundant in the West Indies, and is quite
common about Key West and the neighboring keys. It is one of the
smallest and prettiest of the porgies, and is called little-head in
contradistinction to the jolt-head or big-head porgy. It is almost
identical in shape to the saucer-eye porgy, both in head and body.

It is brighter in color than the other porgies, being quite silvery with
iridescent reflections; the scales of the upper part of the body have
violet spots, forming longitudinal streaks; those on the lower part have
pale orange spots; the sides have several dark bands; the snout and
cheeks have horizontal, wavy stripes of violet-blue; the dorsal fin is
violet, with orange border; the anal fin is blue; the caudal fin has an
orange band. It is of similar habits to the other porgies, and found
with them, but is less common. It is a good pan-fish, growing only to
six or eight inches in length.

The little-head porgy, though small in size, is equally as voracious as
the other porgies, and is well worth catching if only to admire its
beauty. The same tackle will answer as for the others, or more
especially that mentioned for the saucer-eye, and the same baits can be
employed.

My Bahama negro boatman, alluded to under the jolt-head, continued his
dissertation on the porgies somewhat in this wise: "Now, sir, the
little-'ed porgy is a cute little chap; 'e gits to vind'ard o' the
big-'ed, hevry time. 'E doesn't butt 'is 'ed aginst the rocks,
a-knockin' the shells, but 'e 'as two long teeth like gouge-chisels, and
'e jist scoops hoff the crawlin' things from the rock-patches as
'andsome as you like. Little-'ed little wit; big-'ed not a bit!"


THE GRASS PORGY

(_Calamus arctifrons_)

This pretty porgy was first described by Goode and Bean, in 1882, from
Pensacola, Florida. They named it _arctifrons_, meaning "contracted
forehead," owing to the narrow forehead. It has a more extended range in
the Gulf of Mexico than the other porgies, being common in grassy
situations from Pensacola to Key West; it is not known from the West
Indies.

The general outline of the grass porgy is very similar to that of the
saucer-eye and little-head porgies, though the back is not quite so
elevated; the profile is unevenly curved, being quite convex in front of
the eye. The mouth is slightly larger than in the saucer-eye. Its color
is olivaceous, with dark spots, and several dark vertical bars across
the body; many of the scales have pearly spots; there are several yellow
spots along the lateral line; the cheeks are brownish, with yellow
shades; the upper fins are barred or spotted; the lower fins are paler.

It is the smallest of the porgies, but one of the prettiest. It grows to
six or eight inches in length. It is mentioned incidentally with the
others of its family in order that it may be known to anglers who are so
fortunate as to catch it and admire it. The same tackle and bait
employed for the others are suitable. It is found usually in grassy
situations.




CHAPTER XVIII

MISCELLANEOUS FISHES


THE LADY-FISH

(_Albula vulpes_)

     _Albula vulpes._ The Lady-fish. Body rather elongate, little
     compressed, covered with rather small, brilliantly-silvery
     scales; head naked; snout conic, subquadrangular, shaped like
     the snout of a pig, and overlapping the small, inferior,
     horizontal mouth; head 3-3/4; depth 4; scales 9-71-7; D. 15; A.
     8; maxillary rather strong, short, with a distinct supplemental
     bone, slipping under the membraneous edge of the very broad
     preorbital; premaxillaries short, not protractile; lateral
     margin of upper jaw formed by the maxillaries; both jaws, vomer
     and palatines, with bands of villiform teeth; broad patches of
     coarse, blunt, paved teeth on the tongue behind and on the
     sphenoid and pterygoid bones; opercle moderate, firm;
     preopercle with a broad, flat, membraneous edge, which extends
     backward over the base of the opercle; gill membranes separate;
     no gular plate; a fold of skin across gill membranes, its free
     edge crenate; belly flattish, covered with ordinary scales, not
     carinate; eye large, with a bony ridge above it, and almost
     covered with an annular adipose eyelid.

The lady-fish, or bone-fish, is the only representative of the family
_Albulidæ_. It has long been known to science through the early voyagers
to the southern coasts of America. It was first described by Marcgrave
in his "History of Brazil," in 1648, and afterward by Catesby, in his
"History of the Carolinas," in 1737, and named _vulpes_, or "fox," by
Linnæus, in 1758, from a specimen taken at the Bahamas.

It inhabits the sandy shores of all warm seas and is, perhaps, the most
cosmopolitan of all game-fishes, being known from Asia, Arabia. North
and South America, the Pacific Islands, etc. It is common on the coasts
of the Atlantic and Pacific in the United States, and is especially
abundant in Florida waters, occasionally straying in summer as far north
as Long Island.

The lady-fish is allied to the herring tribe. It has a long,
gracefully-shaped body, nearly round, or but little compressed; its
depth is a fourth of its length; it has a long head with a projecting,
piglike snout, overlapping the small mouth, which is well armed with
teeth; both jaws and the roof of the mouth in front have bands of
brushlike teeth, with patches of coarse, blunt, paved teeth on the back
of the mouth and tongue. Its color is bluish green above, with metallic
reflections; the sides are very bright and silvery, with faint streaks
along the rows of scales; the belly is white, and it feeds on small
fishes and crustaceans.

Its spawning habits are not well understood, though the young pass
through a metamorphosis, being band-shaped, with very small head and
loose, transparent tissues. I have found them abundant on the Gulf coast
of Florida. The lady-fish grows to a length of from one to three feet,
and to a weight of from one to twelve pounds, though it is usually taken
from two to five pounds. It is a good food-fish, highly esteemed at Key
West and in the Bermudas by those who know it best.

For its size it is one of the gamest fishes of the seacoast. When hooked
it fights as much in the air as in the water, continually leaping above
the surface like an animated silver shuttle, to which I likened it more
than twenty years ago. It is now becoming better known to anglers who
visit Florida in the winter season, who recognize in it much more
enjoyable sport on light tackle than they can obtain with the heavy
tools required for the tarpon and jewfish.

A black-bass rod, or the Little Giant rod of eight ounces, is light
enough, as a heavier fish than the lady-fish is apt to be hooked. A good
multiplying reel and fifty yards of braided linen line, size F, and
Sproat hooks, No. 1 or 2, on gut snells, will be found eminently
suitable. No sinker is needed, as the fishing is done on the surface,
though a small brass box-swivel may be used to connect the snell and
line, as in black-bass fishing. A leader is not necessary, but it may be
used if thought best.

The bait may be a beach-flea, or a very small, silvery fish, as a
sardine, pilchard, or mullet, though a small shell squid, or a
trolling-spoon of the size of a nickel, with a single hook, may be
employed in lieu of live bait, and is quite successful if kept in
constant motion. The minnow is to be hooked through the lips and cast as
in black-bass fishing, reeling it in slowly on or near the surface.

The fishing may be done from any convenient place near a pass or inlet
on the flood tide. A sand-spit at the entrance, or a boat anchored just
within the inlet, are desirable places, though good fishing is sometimes
available from the end of a pier in a tideway. Fine fishing may also be
had at other stages of the tide about offshore reefs and shoals. I have
taken the lady-fish, with both fly and bait, in Biscayne Bay, in Cards
and Barnes sounds, along the keys to Key West, and at nearly every inlet
on the Gulf coast, as far north as Pass-a-Grille, above Tampa Bay, and
usually found it associated with the ten-pounder.

The lady-fish, when hooked, will probably astonish the angler who is
attached to one for the first time, by its aërial gyrations and quick
movements. But the rod must be held at an angle of forty-five degrees,
so as to maintain a taut line, notwithstanding its constant leaping; for
if any slack line is given, it is almost sure to shake out the hook. And
as the leaps are made in such quick succession, the only safe plan is to
keep the rod bent, either in giving or taking line, or when holding the
fish on the strain of the rod.

The lady-fish will often take a gaudy black-bass fly, in which event a
black-bass fly-rod or a heavy trout fly-rod will come handy, with
corresponding tackle. A heavy braided linen line, size D, is better
suited for salt water than the enamelled silk line, and will cast a fly
nearly as well. The flies advised for the Spanish mackerel will answer
as well for the lady-fish, though I have found the silver-doctor and
coachman both very taking toward dusk, which is the most favorable time
for fly-fishing, though the first half of the flood tide and the last
half of the ebb are usually both favorable times about the inlets.

Twenty years or more ago I called the attention of northern anglers to
the lady-fish, or bone-fish, and the ten-pounder, or bony-fish, as
game-fishes of high degree, and accorded equal praise to both species as
to gameness. I have never been able to convince myself as to which is
entitled to the palm; but they are both good enough, and comparisons are
indeed odious as between them. I am glad to note that they are coming to
the front and their merits at last recognized. Of late years northern
anglers are having great sport with the lady-fish on Biscayne Bay; but
judging from their communications in the sportsman's journals, they are
confusing the lady-fish with the ten-pounder. This is easily accounted
for, inasmuch as they are usually of about the same size, and have very
much the same general appearance in form and bright silvery coloration;
and moreover there is a confusion attending their vernacular names, as
the lady-fish is sometimes known as bony-fish. It should be remembered
that the lady-fish has an overhanging, piglike snout and larger scales,
while the ten-pounder has a terminal mouth with the jaws about equal,
and smaller scales. Moreover, the bony-fish, or ten-pounder, has a bony
plate under the lower jaw, like the tarpon, which is absent in the
lady-fish. Both are cosmopolitan, inhabiting the warm seas of both
continents. They have been known to science for a century and a half,
and have been described by many naturalists from different parts of the
world. The current specific names were both bestowed by Linnæus.
Catesby, in 1837, called the lady-fish (_Albula vulpes_) of the Bahamas
"bone-fish," while Captain William Dampier, one of the early explorers,
called the bony-fish (_Elops saurus_) of the Bahamas "ten-pounder." The
fishermen of Key West usually know the lady-fish as bone-fish, and the
ten-pounder as bony-fish. The best plan for anglers is to adopt the
names lady-fish and ten-pounder for them, and relegate or ignore the
names bone-fish, bony-fish, and skip-jack.


THE TEN-POUNDER

(_Elops saurus_)

     _Elops saurus._ The Ten-pounder. Body elongate, covered with
     small, silvery scales; head 4-1/4; depth 6; eye 4, large;
     scales 12-120-13; D. 20; A. 13; dorsal fin slightly behind
     ventrals, its last rays short, depressible into a sheath of
     scales; anal fin smaller, similarly depressible; pectoral and
     ventral fins moderate, each with a long, accessory scale;
     opercular bones thin, with expanded membraneous borders; a
     scaly occipital collar; gular plate 3 to 4 times as long as
     broad; pseudobranchiæ large; lateral line straight, its tubes
     simple.

The ten-pounder, or bony-fish, belongs to the same family, _Elopidæ_, as
the tarpon, and both are allied to the herring tribe. The ten-pounder
was first described by Linnæus, in 1776, from specimens sent to him from
South Carolina by Dr. Garden. He named it _saurus_, or "lizard," but
there is nothing lizard-like about the ten-pounder. I imagine that Dr.
Garden sent the fish under the name of "lizard," from hearing it called
by its Spanish name of "lisa," which is pronounced much like lizard. The
ten-pounder was mentioned by some of the old voyagers to the West Indies
and Carolinas. Like the lady-fish, the ten-pounder is a cosmopolitan,
existing in the warm seas of both hemispheres. In the United States it
is common to the southern portions of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts
and the Gulf of Mexico.

In the general aspect and contour of its silvery body the ten-pounder
has much the appearance of the lady-fish, and has been often confounded
with it by anglers. Its body, however, is more slender than that of the
lady-fish, with smaller scales and a very different head and mouth; the
lady-fish has a piglike, overhanging snout, while the lower jaw of the
ten-pounder projects slightly. The depth of the body of the ten-pounder
is only about a sixth of its length, and the body is not much
compressed, being nearly round. The head is long and pointed, with a
very wide mouth, with upper and lower lips nearly equal, or terminal.
The eye is large, hence one of its names, big-eyed herring. There are
many series of small and sharp cardlike teeth on the jaws, tongue, and
roof of the mouth. There is a bony plate beneath the lower jaw.

The color on the back is greenish or bluish, the sides silvery and
bright, and belly white; the top of the head is greenish, with bronze
reflections; the cheeks have a golden lustre; the lower fins are tinged
with yellow, the others dusky.

Its habits are not unlike those of the lady-fish, and they often
associate. It feeds principally on crustaceans and also on small fishes.
It frequents sandy shoals and banks in shallow water at high tide, also
grassy situations where its food abounds. Its breeding habits are not
well understood, though, like the lady-fish, its young pass through a
larval form, and are ribbon-shaped. It grows to a length of two feet or
more, and weighs several pounds, sometimes ten or more. It is quite
bony, and is not considered a good food-fish, but excels as a game-fish,
being equal to the lady-fish in this respect.

The same tackle as that recommended for its congener, the lady-fish,
answers just as well for the ten-pounder, and it can be fished for in
the same locations. It frequents shallow water on the grassy banks and
sandy shoals rather more than the lady-fish, and can be sought there
accordingly, as well as at the inlets when the tide is making.

Both the ten-pounder and the lady-fish are warm-water fishes. They are
to be found in Biscayne Bay and along the neighboring keys during
winter, and as the water becomes warmer they extend their range
northward on both coasts. After the disastrous frosts that occurred
during the winters of 1886 and 1895 in Florida, I saw windrows of dead
ten-pounders, lady-fishes, and tarpon on the beaches about Charlotte
Harbor. They had become chilled from the sudden lowering of the
temperature. I have caught both the ten-pounder and lady-fish as far
north as Tampa Bay on the west coast of Florida, and Indian River Inlet
on the east coast. My fishing was mostly done from the points of inlets
and passes, on the flood tide, and usually with the artificial fly, in
shallow water, the time and places mentioned being the most favorable
for fly-fishing. At other times I have fished on the shallow bars and
grassy banks, using such crustaceans as fiddlers, beach-fleas, and
shrimps for bait, alternated with small minnows. When beach-fleas are
used a fly-rod is preferable and the hook should be smaller than where
other bait is employed; No. 4 is about right, if of the Sproat or
O'Shaughnessy pattern, they being of larger and stronger wire than other
patterns. If beach-fleas are used with a bait-rod, a small sinker must
be added to give weight to the cast.

The ten-pounder snaps at the bait or fly in the manner of most fishes,
and is off immediately in a wild whirl, skimming through the water, if
shallow, in a way to astonish the angler who hooks one for the first
time. Then follows a series of brilliant leaps and aërial contortions
that commands the admiration of the coldest-blooded fisher. The
lady-fish, however, owing to the position of its mouth, being underneath
its projecting snout, does not at first take the bait with the vim and
snap of the ten-pounder, but apparently nibbles or mouths it for a
while, but when hooked displays the same energy and desperate efforts to
escape as its congener. The consistent angler may truly exclaim with
Pope:--

    "How happy could I be with either.
    Were t'other dear charmer away."


THE SNOOK, OR ROVALLIA

(_Centropomus undecimalis_)

     _Centropomus undecimalis._ The Snook. Body elongate, with
     elevated back and straight abdomen; head 3; depth 4; eye 7;
     scales 9-75-16; D. VIII-I, 10; A. III, 6; head depressed,
     pikelike, the lower jaw projecting; villiform teeth in bands on
     jaws, vomer, and palatines; tongue smooth; dorsal fins well
     separated; preorbital faintly serrated; subopercular flap
     extending nearly to dorsal fin; maxillary to middle of eye;
     gill-rakers 4 + 9.

The snook belongs to the family _Centropomidæ_, which embraces a dozen
or more species, most of which inhabit the West Indies and the southern
Pacific coast, and are all good game-fishes. The snook was first
described by Bloch from Jamaica, in 1792; he named it _undecimalis_, or
"eleven," as the soft dorsal fin has eleven rays. The name snook was
mentioned as the name of this fish by the early explorers, among whom
was Captain William Dampier, who also mentioned several others, as
"ten-pounders," "cavallies," "tarpoms," etc. Snook is derived from
"snoek," the Dutch name for the pike, which it resembles slightly in the
shape of the head, though it is more like the pike-perch in its
structure and appearance. On the east coast of Florida this fish is
known as the snook, and on the Gulf coast as rovallia, the latter name
being a corruption of its Spanish name _robalo_, by which it is known in
Havana. It is sometimes called sergeant-fish, from the black stripe
along its sides. It is common along the shores of the Gulf of Mexico,
from Texas to the West Indies, and is especially abundant in the bays
and lagoons of both coasts of Florida, often ascending the rivers to
fresh water.

It has a long, robust, and nearly round body, its depth being a fourth
of its length; the back is slightly elevated and arched. The head is
long and depressed, or flat, and is more than a third of the total
length of the body; the mouth is large, with a projecting lower jaw; the
gill-cover is very long; there are brushlike teeth on the jaws and the
roof of the mouth, but no sharp or conical teeth as in the pike or
pike-perch.

The color of the back is olive-green, the sides silvery, and the belly
white; there is a distinct and very black stripe along the side,
following the lateral line from the head to the caudal fin; the dorsal
fins are dusky; the lower fins are yellowish.

The snook is a very voracious fish, feeding on fishes, crabs, and other
crustaceans, and resorts to sandy shoals and grassy flats where its
food is found. It grows to a length of two or three feet, and a weight
of twenty or thirty pounds. It is a fair food-fish, though not held in
much favor in Florida where so many better food-fishes are common. It is
better flavored if skinned instead of scaled.

It is a strong, active game-fish, that, when hooked, starts off with a
rush that is dangerous to light tackle, and its subsequent manoeuvres
require very careful handling when it is of a large size. It has smashed
many light rods in the hands of anglers who were not aware of its
pugnacity. It will take any kind of natural bait, and rises well to the
artificial fly.

A rather heavy black-bass rod or a light striped-bass rod is required
for the large fish of the bays and estuaries, though ordinary black-bass
tackle will answer for those of less weight at the mouths of streams, or
in fresh water, to which it often resorts. A good multiplying reel and
fifty yards of braided linen line are sufficient, though one hundred
yards will not be amiss, as large fishes of other species are very apt
to be hooked in Florida waters. Sproat or O'Shaughnessy hooks, Nos. 1-0
to 3-0, on heavy gut snells are required, with a brass box-swivel to
connect the snell with the reel line; a sinker may be used or not,
depending on the strength of the tide, though the fishing is usually
practised in quiet water, and not in the tideways.

A small fish, mullet or sardine, or fiddler-crab bait, will prove very
enticing to the snook, though the minnow is better adapted for casting.
The fishing is much like black-bass fishing in fresh waters, and the
snook takes the bait in its mouth in much the same way as a bass,
starting off at once with a great commotion if near the surface. Its
desperate and vigorous spurts and rushes are apt to put one's tackle in
jeopardy if the fish is large, and it must be handled with caution and
skill.

For fly-fishing, a rod of nine or ten ounces is not too heavy where the
fish run large. A heavy braided linen line, size D or E, is best for
casting the fly in salt water. Black-bass flies of showy patterns, on
hooks No. 1 or 2, as coachman, silver-doctor, polka, oriole, red ibis,
professor, etc., will answer. The most favorable time is on the flood
tide near the inlets, or toward evening if in quiet coves or lagoons.
The fly should be repeatedly cast and then allowed to sink a foot or
two. If fishing from a boat, it must be kept in the deeper water, and
the casts made under the mangroves, or to the edges of sand-spits,
shoals, or mud-flats, which abound in all bays on the west coast of
Florida.

The snook is easily captured by trolling with hand-line and the spoon or
minnow, though it is a questionable style of sport at best. Along the
edges of shoals and mud-flats and over grassy banks the snook will be
found at home. A landing-net should always be used for any kind of
fishing with the fly.


THE TRIPLE-TAIL

(_Lobotes surinamensis_)

     _Lobotes surinamensis._ The Triple-tail. Body oblong, deep,
     compressed and elevated; head 3; depth 2; scales 47; head
     small; snout short; mouth moderate, oblique, with thick lips;
     profile of head concave; upper jaw very protractile; the lower,
     the longest; maxillary without supplemental bone; jaws with
     narrow bands of villiform teeth, in front of which is a row of
     larger conical teeth, directed backward; no teeth on vomer or
     palatines; preopercle strongly serrate; maxillary reaching
     middle of orbit; scales around eyes small, those on opercles
     large; eye small; small scales running up on the base of soft
     dorsal, anal, and caudal fins; caudal rounded; D. XII, 15; A.
     III, 11; soft rays of dorsal and anal fins elevated, of nearly
     equal size, and opposite each other; anal spines graduated;
     branchial rays 6.

The triple-tail belongs to the family _Lobotidæ_. It is allied to the
snapper family, but differs in having no teeth on the roof of the mouth.
It was first described by Bloch, in 1790, from Surinam. South America.
He named it _surinamensis_, from the name of the locality whence his
specimens were procured. There is another species on the Pacific coast,
_Lobotes pacificus_, that is quite abundant at Panama, where it is known
as berrugate.

The triple-tail is known in all warm seas. Its range on the Atlantic
coast extends from South America north to Cape Cod, though it is not
abundant. I have taken it on both the east and west coasts of Florida.
At Tampa it is called black snapper, and in South Carolina it is known
as black perch. I have never heard it called flasher, which is said to
be its name in the markets of New York.

It is a short, thick, robust fish, nearly half as deep as long, with an
elevated back, and with the ventral outline corresponding with its
dorsal curve. The head is a third of the length of the body, its profile
concave, the snout prominent, and the lower jaw projecting; the mouth is
of moderate size, with thick lips.

The color of the back is dark, or greenish black, the sides silvery
gray, sometimes blotched and tinged with yellow; the fins are dusky gray
or yellowish. In life these colors are very bright, but after death
they become almost black.

It feeds on small fishes, mussels, and crustaceans and grows to a length
of two or three feet, weighing from ten to fifteen pounds, though its
usual size is not more than one-half of this length and weight. Its
breeding habits are unknown. It is found in northern waters only during
the summer months, but from South Carolina to Florida it is common all
the year.

It is a strong and vigorous fish, but rather slow and sluggish in its
movements, and not remarkable for game qualities, though it pulls
steadily and strongly when hooked. It will take shrimp, clam, fiddler,
or small fishes as bait.

A light striped-bass chum rod is very suitable for the triple-tail when
of good size. A multiplying reel and fifty yards of braided linen line,
hooks No. 1-0 or 2-0, on heavy gut snells, and a brass box-swivel, make
up the rest of the tackle. A sinker will probably not be needed as it is
usually found in quiet coves about sandy shoals or grassy flats. I have
taken it on both coasts of Florida, though it is more common on the east
coast. I have also caught it in Chesapeake Bay and near Charleston,
South Carolina, but never over five pounds in weight, though I have
seen it taken in nets up to about ten pounds. Its short and rounded
caudal fin, with the soft portions of the dorsal and anal fins,
together, give the appearance of three tails, hence the name
triple-tail, by which it is generally known.


THE COBIA

(_Rachycentron canadus_)

     _Rachycentron canadus._ The Cobia. Body elongate, fusiform,
     subcylindrical, covered with very small, smooth, adherent
     scales; head 4-1/4; depth 5-2/3; D. VIII-I, 26; A. II, 25; head
     broad, low, pikelike, the bones above appearing through the
     thin skin; mouth wide, nearly horizontal, the maxillary
     reaching front of eye; both jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue
     with bands of short, sharp teeth; lower jaw longest;
     premaxillaries not protractile; preopercle unarmed; two dorsal
     fins, the spines of the first depressible in a groove; soft
     dorsal long and low, somewhat falcate, similar to, and nearly
     opposite, the anal; caudal fin strongly forked; no caudal keel;
     no finlets; gill-rakers short and stout; pectorals broad and
     falcate.

The cobia, or sergeant-fish, is the only fish of its family,
_Rachycentridæ_. It was first described by Linnæus, in 1766, from a
specimen sent to him by Dr. Garden from South Carolina; it is allied to
the mackerel tribe, and is found in all warm seas in the old and new
worlds. On the Atlantic coast it is common from the Chesapeake Bay to
Florida, but occasionally strays north to Cape Cod in the summer. It is
rather rare on the west coast of Florida, but common on the east coast.

It is a long and round-bodied fish, quite gracefully formed, with a
depth of about one-fifth of its length. The head is broad and flat,
something like that of the pike, with a wide mouth, and with jaws, roof
of mouth, and tongue armed with bands of short, sharp teeth; the lower
jaw projects. The back is olive-brown, or dusky, the sides lighter and
silvery, and the belly white; a distinct broad and very dark stripe
extends from the upper jaw and through the eye to the caudal fin, with
an indistinct one above and below, and parallel with it. Owing to this
dark stripe the cobia is sometimes called sergeant-fish, thus
confounding it with the snook.

The habits of the cobia are not unlike those of the pike, or mascalonge,
of fresh waters, in that it is solitary and lies in wait for its prey,
and is almost as rapacious. It lies under the mangroves and cocoa-plum
bushes along Indian River and other streams of the east coast of
Florida, watching for stray fishes and crabs on which it feeds. It is
commonly seen of a length of two or three feet, but grows considerably
longer, with a weight of fifteen to twenty pounds. The largest I have
seen was at Key West; it was fully five feet long. It is not uncommon in
the Chesapeake Bay, and like most of the mackerel tribe it is a fairly
good food-fish. It spawns in summer, but its breeding habits are not
fully understood.

As might be imagined from its shape and habits, it is a good game-fish,
and quite strong and vigorous on the rod. It requires all of the
angler's skill to land it safely, especially when it is taken about the
mangroves, among whose arching and numerous roots it is sure to take
refuge if it can do so. It will take a small fish bait or a crab, going
for it with a pikelike rush. I once took one on Indian River with a
large red ibis fly, but never succeeded in catching another with the
same lure.

A strong, rather heavy rod is necessary for the cobia, which the Key
West fishermen call cobi-ó. A striped-bass chum rod of natural bamboo is
a good and serviceable tool for the work, with multiplying reel and
braided linen line, to which is affixed a Sproat hook, No. 3-0, on gimp
snell, by a brass box-swivel. A sinker should not be used about the
mangroves.

A fiddler-crab, a mullet, or other small fish is hooked through the
lips, and is cast from a boat to the edge of the mangroves or other
bushes, in the same way as in casting for mascalonge in northern waters.
I have never tried casting with a spoon, which might be successful, but
a minnow is better by far. The cobia takes the bait with a fierce lunge,
and turning quickly endeavors to return to his lair, a proceeding that
must be thwarted by the angler at all hazards to his rod or tackle, for
once under the arching roots of the mangroves he is as good as gone. The
boat must be rowed to open water at once, while a strong strain is
maintained by the rod on the fish. With open water the angler can play
his fish with leisure, though he will be severely taxed by the struggles
of as game a fish as he is likely to meet during a winter's sojourn in
Florida.


THE SPOTTED WEAKFISH

(_Cynoscion nebulosus_)

     _Cynoscion nebulosus._ The Spotted Weakfish. Body rather
     elongate, compressed; head 3-1/2; depth 4-1/2; scales 10-70-11;
     D. X-I, 26; A. II, 10; eye 7; snout long and acute; mouth
     large, maxillary reaching to posterior edge of eye; lower
     pharyngeals narrow, each with 7 or 8 series of short teeth, the
     inner enlarged; maxillary, preorbital, and lower jaw naked;
     canines in upper jaw strong; lower jaw without canines, other
     teeth in narrow bands, sharp, but closely set; membrane of
     preopercle serrate, the bone entire; pseudobranchiæ well
     developed; caudal lunate; soft rays of dorsal and anal
     scaleless; gill-rakers short and thick, 4 + 7.

This fish is closely allied to the northern weakfish, and belongs to the
same family, _Sciænidæ_. It is known very generally in Florida as trout,
salt-water trout, or sea-trout, owing to its spots. It is, of course,
not a trout at all, and these names should be set aside; moreover, the
name sea-trout is preoccupied by the sea-run brook-trout of the Gulf of
St. Lawrence. Its present specific name, _nebulosus_, or "clouded," was
bestowed by Cuvier and Valenciennes, in 1830, displacing the earlier and
better name _maculatus_, or "spotted," conferred by Dr. S.L. Mitchill,
in 1815, for reasons that it is unnecessary to refer to here. It is
abundant from Virginia to Florida, and along the Gulf coast to Texas. It
occasionally strays as far north as New Jersey.

It is almost the counterpart of the common weakfish in the form of its
body, the depth of which is about a fourth of its length, and with a
similar head, eye, and mouth, but with somewhat smaller scales, and a
few less rays in the second dorsal fin. Its mouth is large, with narrow
bands of sharp teeth on the jaws, and two long canine teeth in the upper
jaw.

Its color is bluish gray on the back, with steely reflections, the sides
are silvery and the belly white. The upper half of the body has
numerous black spots, as large as the pupil of the eye, with smaller
ones on the soft dorsal and anal fins; the other fins are plainer, and
the anal fin is dusky.

The spotted weakfish is a better food-fish, and also a better game-fish,
than its northern cousin. It is abundant in the bays of Florida during
the entire year, often ascending the streams to fresh water. Its usual
weight is from two to four pounds, often of six to eight, and sometimes
of even ten pounds or more. It appears in schools in March and April,
often in company with the Spanish mackerel, and runs into brackish water
for the purpose of spawning. It spawns in the spring; the eggs are
buoyant, quite small, about thirty to the inch, and hatch in two days.
It feeds on small fishes and crustaceans.

All things considered, it is one of the best game-fishes of Florida. It
is a surface feeder and takes the artificial fly eagerly, as well as
natural bait, or the artificial squid and trolling-spoon. With light
tackle it affords good sport, being a strong and determined fighter. It
is a great favorite with all anglers who are acquainted with its merits.

When of the usual weight of from two to four pounds, black-bass tackle
is very suitable and serviceable in rod, reel, line, hooks, or flies,
though a rather heavy braided linen line is better adapted for salt
water than a silk one. To be more explicit, an eight-ounce rod,
multiplying reel, line size F, Sproat hooks Nos. 2-0 to 3-0 on gut or
gimp snells, will be found to be just about right for bait-fishing.

For fly-fishing, a rod of eight ounces, click reel, braided linen line,
size E, leader of three or four feet, single gut, and black-bass flies
such as silver-doctor, red ibis, Abbey, soldier, oriole, coachman, etc.,
on hooks Nos. 1 to 2, will be found to answer in skilful hands. A
heavier rod may be used when the fish run larger, and also flies on
hooks a size or two larger. Very small phantom minnows, spoons, or
squids may be often used with success when the fish are running in
schools in the spring.

Fishing, either with fly or bait, can be practised with good results at
flood tide from the end of long piers that extend to deep water, or at
the points of inlets during the running season. The piers at Port Tampa
and St. Petersburg, on Tampa Bay, also at Mullet Key and Egmont Key, or
Pass-a-Grille, in the same vicinity, are famed fishing resorts in March
and April. I prefer to fish from a boat moored to the pier, rather than
from the pier itself, as the fish are not so likely to see one, and they
are more conveniently landed.

During the winter the best fishing will be found in the bays and bayous,
or in the streams, in the vicinity of sand-shoals or mud-flats, at
almost any stage of the tide, which usually rises but a foot or two in
the bays of the west coast. At the inlets and passes, at the first of
the flood and last of the ebb tide, the fishing is also good during the
winter months.

The spotted weakfish takes its prey at the surface with a snap of its
jaws that is quite audible, especially at night when one's yacht is at
anchor. It takes the angler's fly or bait in the same way. It will
remind him forcibly of the bite of a large brook-trout, and its manner
of resistance when hooked is very much the same as with that fish--one
reason for the name sea-trout.

The fishing is especially good in Tampa and Sarasota bays, and the upper
portion of Charlotte Harbor, on the west coast; and on the east coast at
the mouths of streams entering Halifax River. Mosquito Lagoon, or Indian
River.


THE DEEP-SEA WEAKFISH

(_Cynoscion thalassinus_)

This species was first described by Dr. Holbrook, in 1859, from the
coast of South Carolina. He named it _thalassinus_, or "pertaining to
the sea," from its supposed habit of living in deep water. It is either
a rare fish or it has been confounded with the common weakfish. It has
been recorded from several places on the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts,
in Virginia, South Carolina, Florida, and Mississippi. It is supposed to
inhabit the deep water of the sea and Gulf, though this is by no means
certain.

Its form is very similar to the spotted weakfish, with a more pointed
snout and somewhat larger eye; otherwise it is much the same. Its color
is brownish above, lighter below; the middle of the sides is marked with
many dark dots; there is a dark blotch on the upper part of the cheek;
the first dorsal fin is black, the second dorsal and anal fins are
dusky, and the other fins pale. The same remarks as to fishing for the
spotted weakfish will apply as well to this species, if the opportunity
should occur to the angler. It is a doubtful species at best, and may
eventually prove to be an aberrant form of the spotted weakfish.


THE BERMUDA CHUB

(_Kyphosus sectatrix_)

     _Kyphosus sectatrix._ The Bermuda Chub. Body ovate, somewhat
     compressed; head 3-3/4; depth 2-1/8; scales 10-55-16; D. XI,
     12; A. III, 11; head short, with blunt snout; mouth small,
     maxillary reaching front of eye; each jaw with a series of
     narrow incisors, implanted with compressed conspicuous roots
     posteriorly; behind these a narrow band of villiform teeth;
     fine teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue; teeth 35 to 40 on
     each side; preopercle weakly serrate; top and sides of head
     finely scaled; interorbital region gibbous, below which point
     snout is truncate; soft dorsal and anal very low; second anal
     spine highest; caudal well forked, the lower lobe longest;
     gill-rakers long; dorsal spines depressible in a groove of
     scales; small ctenoid scales entirely covering the soft
     portions of the vertical fins, and extending up on the paired
     fins.

The chub belongs to the family of rudder-fishes, _Kyphosidæ_. It was
noticed as _sectatrix_ by Catesby in his "History of the Carolinas," in
1738, and was so named by Linnæus in 1758. _Sectatrix_ is the feminine
of _sectator_, meaning "one who follows," in allusion to its habit of
following vessels. Its range is along the South Atlantic coast to the
West Indies, sometimes straying as far north as Cape Cod in the summer.
It is common on the west coast of Florida.

It has an oblong, elliptical body, its depth being more than a third of
its length. The head is short, with a blunt snout and small mouth, and a
curved profile. There are well-developed incisor teeth in each jaw,
with peculiar horizontal bases. Its color is bluish-gray, with steely
lustre; the sides have numerous narrow, indistinct, yellowish or brassy
stripes, alternating with bluish ones; there is a pale stripe below the
eye, and a yellowish one above and below it; the fins are dull grayish.

The chub feeds on barnacles and other small mollusks, and is found
wherever they abound, sometimes in rather deep water. Its usual size is
six to ten inches, weighing from one to three or four pounds, but it
occasionally grows to fifteen or eighteen inches in length in favorable
locations. Its spawning habits have not been studied. It is an excellent
pan-fish. Light tackle is needed for the chub and pin-fish, both being
usually found together. The hook should be small but strong, with gimp
snell; Sproat hooks, No. 1 or 2, are very suitable. The best bait is
fiddler-crab or hermit-crab. It is quite a game little fish.

I was once staying for a few days' fishing at the Quarantine Station on
Mullet Key, in Tampa Bay. The station is built on piles in water twenty
feet deep. There was a trap-door in the floor of one of the rooms,
through which many kinds of fish could be seen swimming about in the
very clear water. These fishes could be readily taken with the hook or
the spear, as they were unable to see any one in the dark room above. I
was much interested watching the chub and sheepshead pinching off the
barnacles from the piles with their chisel-like teeth. A dozen could be
easily taken in as many minutes with fiddler bait, and the table was
kept well supplied with chub, which was the favorite food-fish during my
sojourn.


THE ANGEL-FISH

(_Chætodipterus faber_)

     _Chætodipterus faber._ The Angel-fish. Body much elevated and
     compressed, its outline nearly orbicular, the anterior profile
     nearly vertical; head 3; depth 1 to 1-1/2; scales 60; D.
     VIII-I, 20; A. III, 18; jaws about equal; no teeth on vomer or
     palatines; teeth on jaws slender, somewhat movable; preopercle
     finely serrate; two dorsal fins, somewhat connected; vertical
     fins falcate in the adult; first soft ray of dorsal
     filamentous; ventral fin with a large accessory scale.

There are a number of angel-fishes in Florida, remarkable for their
bizarre and beautiful coloration, but of no importance to the angler as
they do not often take the baited hook, their very small mouths and weak
teeth being only adapted for feeding on the minute organisms about the
coral reefs. The common angel-fish, or spade-fish, is more sombre in
hue than the others, and belongs to a different family, _Ephippidæ_;
it has a somewhat larger mouth, and is more widely distributed. It was
described by Broussonet, in 1782, from Jamaica, who named it
  _faber_, or "blacksmith," though why is difficult to imagine, except
that it is dark in its general hue, with smutty cross bars. It is very
abundant from the South Atlantic coast to South America, and is
not uncommon, occasionally, as far north as Cape Cod. It
is very common on the east and west coasts of Florida.

[Illustration THE ANGEL-FISH]
[_Chætodipterus faber_]

[Illustration THE TURBOT]
[_Balistes carolinensis_]

It has a short, very deep body, nearly round in outline, and very much
compressed; it is almost as deep as long. Its head is short and deep,
with its profile nearly vertical. The mouth is small, with slender,
movable teeth, on jaws only; the soft dorsal and anal fins are quite
large and winglike, extending far backward nearly to the tail; they are
quite scaly, which adds much to their thickness and stiffness; the
caudal fin is broad and nearly square.

The general color is usually gray or slate color, often bluish with
iridescent tints; there are several dusky, broad vertical bars across
the body, becoming obsolete or faint with age.

It feeds on small marine organisms, and grows to a length of two feet,
occasionally, though its usual size is ten or twelve inches, and average
weight from one to three or four pounds. It is an excellent food-fish,
though its good qualities in this respect are not generally known. It
spawns in the spring.

It is usually taken in seines in the bays of the Gulf coast, and salted
with mullet and sheepshead by the fishermen. It can be caught by the
angler with a very small hook, No. 5 or 6, and cut clam or conch bait.
It is a fair game-fish on light tackle, which may be the same as advised
for the Bermuda chub.


THE PIN-FISH

(_Lagodon rhomboides_)

     _Lagodon rhomboides._ The Pin-fish. Body elongate, elliptical;
     head 3-1/5; depth 2-1/2; eye 4; scales 10-65-17; D. XII, 11; A.
     III, 11; mouth moderate, maxillary not reaching front of orbit;
     head flattened; snout pointed; profile not very steep; 4
     incisors in each jaw, all deeply notched; two series of molars
     in each jaw; dorsal fin single, with high spines; caudal fin
     deeply forked.

The pin-fish, also called sailor's choice and bream in some localities,
belongs to the family _Sparidæ_, and is closely related to the
sheepshead of that family, having incisor and molar teeth. It differs
from it in the conformation of the skull.

The pin-fish was first described by Linnæus, in 1766, from specimens
sent to him by Dr. Garden from South Carolina. He named it _rhomboides_,
meaning "rhomboid," from the shape of its body. It is abundant on the
South Atlantic and Gulf coasts, extending south to Cuba, and
occasionally north to Cape Cod. It is found in all bays on the east and
west coasts of Florida.

Its body is symmetrical, being rather evenly curved on both dorsal and
ventral lines, and rather deep; its head is large, with a depression in
front of the eye. Its color is olivaceous, darkest on the back, with
bluish silvery sides, and narrow horizontal stripes of blue and gold,
alternating, and six faint, broad vertical bars; it has a dark spot on
the shoulder at the top of the gill-cover; the dorsal fin is bluish with
gilt edge; the anal fin is bluish with yellow band; the caudal fin is
yellow, faintly barred; the ventral fins are yellowish; the pectoral
fins are plain.

It is a pretty fish, and is usually abundant wherever found. It feeds on
small mollusks and barnacles, resorting to old wharves and about the
mangroves where such food abounds. It grows to a length of six or eight
inches, and though small, it is a good pan-fish. It spawns in the
spring. The same light tackle used for the pig-fish and pork-fish can be
utilized for the pin-fish, with small, strong hooks, as Sproat bend, No.
4 or 5, on gut snells. The ends of piers and wharves, in comparatively
shallow water, are favorable localities for fishing.


THE SQUIRREL-FISH

(_Holocentrus ascensionis_)

     _Holocentrus ascensionis._ The Squirrel-fish. Body oblong,
     moderately compressed, the back a little elevated; head 3-2/3;
     depth 3-2/5; eye 3; scales 5-50-7; D. XI, 15; A. IV, 10; head
     compressed, narrowed forward; opercle with a strong spine
     above, below with the edge sharply serrated; preopercle with a
     strong spine at its angle; mouth small, little oblique, with
     the lower jaw projecting somewhat; eye excessively large; upper
     lobe of caudal fin the longest; soft dorsal fin pointed, as
     high as the body; third anal spine very strong, as long as
     longest anal ray.

The squirrel-fish belongs to the family _Holocentridæ_, the species
comprising that family having very rough or spinous scales, a single
dorsal fin, deeply divided, with the spines very tall; the caudal fin
deeply forked; the anal fin with four spines; and a very large eye.

The squirrel-fish belongs to the West Indian fauna, ranging from the
Florida Keys to South America. It was first described by Osbeck, in
1771, from Ascension Island, who named it for that locality. It is not
uncommon along the reefs, where I have taken it a number of times. Its
body is oblong, moderately compressed, its depth about a third of its
length, with the back slightly elevated, and the ventral outline nearly
straight. Its mouth is small, the eye enormously large, and the caudal
fin deeply forked. Its color is bright crimson, with a darker shade on
the back, and a somewhat lighter tint below, with silver streaks along
the sides. The fins are also red, some bordered with olive; the head is
red above, with an oblique white bar running back and down from the eye.
It feeds about the reefs on small fishes and marine invertebrates, and
grows to two feet in length, occasionally, but is usually found smaller.
It is a good food-fish and sells at sight in the market. It is a
remarkably handsome and attractive fish in appearance.

In one of Stockton's stories, John Gayther, the gardener, tells of the
curious and beautiful things to be seen on a coral reef in the tropics,
with the aid of a long box with a glass in the end. His description
applies just as well to the vicinity of the Dry Tortugas, where I have
often viewed the wonders of the sea-floor through a sponge-glass, a
wooden pail with a glass bottom:--

"Where the water is so clear that with a little help you can see
everything just as if it were out in the open air,--bushes and vines and
hedges; all sorts of waving plants, all made of seaweed and coral,
growing in the white sand; and instead of birds flying about among their
branches, there were little fishes of every color: canary-colored
fishes, fishes like robin-redbreasts, and others which you might have
thought were blue jays if they had been up in the air instead of down in
the water."


THE TURBOT

(_Balistes carolinensis_)

     _Balistes carolinensis._ The Turbot. The fishes comprising the
     family _Balistidæ_ are characterized by an ovate body, much
     compressed; small and low mouth, with separate incisor teeth;
     eye very high; gill opening a small slit; the absence of
     ventral fins; the dorsal fins widely separated, the first with
     but 1 to 3 spines. The turbot has a very deep compressed body,
     covered with thick, rough plates or scales; head 3-1/4; depth
     1-3/4; eye small; scales about 60; about 35 scales in an
     oblique series from vent upward and forward; D. III, 27; A. 25;
     third dorsal spine stouter than the second and remote from it;
     plates on head similar to those on body; caudal lobes produced;
     soft dorsal high; ventral flaps large, supported by several
     pungent spines; lateral line very slender, undulating, and very
     crooked, showing only when scales are dry; a groove before the
     eye; larger plates behind the gill opening.

The turbot, or leather-fish, belongs to the family _Balistidæ_, or
trigger-fishes. It was first described by Gmelin, in 1788, from
Carolina, from one of Dr. Garden's specimens, Gmelin being a coadjutor
of Linnæus, to whom the specimen was sent. The locality from which the
type specimen was sent accounts for its name.

The turbot, as it is called by the Key West fishermen, is an inhabitant
of tropical waters, and is abundant on the South Atlantic coast and
along the Florida Keys; it is known also from the Mediterranean Sea.
Like all of the trigger-fishes it has a curious form and appearance. It
is as deep as long, and slants both ways from the dorsal fin above and
from the ventral flap below, presenting somewhat of a diamond shape. The
head is triangular, and the fins are thick and leathery. The first
dorsal spine is locked when erect by the second, or "trigger." The soft
dorsal and anal fins are opposite each other, and are of similar size
and shape. The color is olive-gray, or slate color, with some purplish
spots on the back; two obscure cross bars are under the second dorsal
fin; a ring of blue spots alternating with greenish streaks are about
the eye; there are violet marks on the sides of the snout; the first
dorsal is spotted and clouded with bluish; the second dorsal has pale
yellowish spots, with rows of blue ones, separated by greenish
reticulations; the anal fin is colored like the second dorsal; the
pectoral fins are bluish with olive spots.

The leather-fish, or turbot, resorts to rocky shoals and coral reefs,
feeding on the small marine organisms that are abundant in such
localities. Nothing is known of its breeding habits. It grows to a foot
in length and is considered a good food-fish by the people of Key West.
The thick skin and rough scales are pared off together with a sharp
knife by the fishermen when delivered to a customer. It is caught, with
the grunts, porgies, etc., in the channels among the keys and reefs with
the baited hook, and also in wire traps. Very small hooks must be used
for the turbot, as it has a very small mouth. Cut crawfish, conch, or
barnacles are good baits.




CONCLUSION

In closing this account it occurs to me to say that the angler who has a
genuine love for the finny tribe, and who has never visited the sunny
waters of Florida, has in store an experience of joy and delight in the
wonderful variety of its fishes. Some idea may be formed of their number
from the fact that I have collected nearly three hundred species in the
fresh and salt water of that sub-tropical wonderland. And the fishing
lasts the year round, and is always good, except when an unusually cold
"norther" is blowing. The warm-water species, like the tarpon,
lady-fish, and ten-pounder, are more plentiful, and extend their range
farther northward in the summer. At that season all of the inlets and
passes of both the Atlantic and Gulf coasts abound with them; but the
winter visitor will find them in Biscayne Bay, Barnes Sound, Cards
Sound, and south-west along the keys to the Dry Tortugas. The brackish
water species will be found all winter in the bays and estuaries of
either coast.

A just idea of the fishing resources of Florida twenty years ago--and it
is much the same today--may, perhaps, be gathered from the following
excerpts from my "Camping and Cruising in Florida":--

"At flood-tide the channels under the mangroves teem with redfish,
groupers, and snappers, while near the beds of coon oysters are schools
of sheepshead and drum. In fact, all of the passes and inlets of the
Gulf coast are fairly alive with fishes, from the mullet to sharks and
sawfish. While lying in his bunk, one can hear all night long the voices
of the deep, under and around him.

"The hollow, muffled boom of the drumfish seems to be just under one's
pillow; schools of sparoid fishes feeding on shell-fish at the bottom,
sounds like the snapping of dry twigs on a hot fire; while a hundred
tiny hammers in the hands of ocean sprites are tapping on the keel. Then
is heard the powerful rush of the tarpon, the blowing of porpoises, and
the snapping jaws of the sea-trout among the swarms of mullet, which,
leaping from the surface by thousands, awake the watery echoes like
showers of silvery fishes falling in fitful gusts and squalls.

"Sanibel Island, at the entrance of Caloosa Bay and opposite Punta
Rassa, is renowned for its fine fishing. The angler can here fairly
revel in piscatorial abandon and cover himself with piscine glory and
fish scales. If ichthyc variety is the spice of the angler's life,
Sanibel and its sister keys are the Spice Islands. Sharks, rays, and
devil-fish, tarpon and jewfish, redfish, snappers and groupers, Spanish
mackerel and kingfish, sea-trout, bonito and cavallies, ladyfish and
sergeant-fish, sheepshead and drum, a host of smaller fry--spots,
grunts, and porgies, and the ever-present and ubiquitous catfish--can
here be jerked, and yanked and snaked, and pulled and hauled, until the
unfortunate angler will lament that he was ever born--under the last but
not least of the zodiacal signs."

       *       *       *       *       *

The foregoing excerpts relate to fishing on the Gulf coast, but on the
east coast, while the variety of fishes is not so great, the angler will
find enough and to spare, and many that are worthy of his best efforts.
Large-mouth black-bass are plentiful in Tomoka River, near Ormond on the
Halifax, and in Elbow Creek, Turkey Creek. Sebastian River, Taylor's
Creek, and the St. Lucie River, all tributaries of Indian River. At the
mouths of these streams, brackish-water fishes will be found in more or
less abundance, comprising most of the species inhabiting the Gulf
coast. Some of the best localities are at Daytona. New Smyrna, Rock
Ledge, Indian River Inlet, Gilbert's Bar, and Jupiter Inlet. Still
farther south the fishing is much better, notably at Lake Worth, and on
Hillsboro' and New rivers. Mangrove snappers, bluefish, amber-jacks, and
barracudas are especially abundant south of Indian River Inlet, more so
than on the Gulf coast. In all of the fresh-water lakes in the interior
of the state the angler will be amply rewarded, as large-mouth
black-bass, calico bass, warmouth perch, and bream are in most of them.
As a matter of fact, one can hardly go amiss for some kind of fishing in
Florida, wherever there is water, salt or fresh, provided one proceeds
with patience and intelligence, and with a due regard for the amenities
of the gentle art.

Perhaps the queer descriptions and homely comparisons of some of the
fishes as given by my negro boatman from the Bahamas, whom I have before
mentioned, may not be uninteresting. I always employed him when
possible, for he was a good fisherman and sailor, and had a
never-ending fund of anecdotes; and being a close observer, he had a
good general idea of the fishes of the locality. I always encouraged him
in his quaint and original remarks about fishes, and in this way
obtained considerable knowledge of their habits from this faithful
Achates. Some of his observations, as I remember them, and which seem
very odd in his Bahamian lingo, were as follows:--

"Vell, sir, it's curious 'ow some fish is made; but w'atever their model
in length, beam, and draft, there is some good reason vy they is built
so."

"Yes," I would answer, "they are all endowed by Nature with the shape
best fitted for their mode of life and environment."

"Vell, 'wironment or not, as you say, and I'm not gainsayin' it, there's
as much diff'rence in their model as atween a man-o'-war 'awk and an
'ummin'-bird. Now, sir, just look at the stingaree and the wipporee;
they is flat as pancakes, and goes a-skimmin' along like a turkey
buzzard, or a-wabblin' like a jolly-boat in the breakers, and then they
flops down on a sandbank like a flounder, when feedin', 'cause their
mouth is hunderneath like a shark. And they crawls along on their belly
a-gobblin' hup the periwinkles and fiddlers, and crounches 'em vith a
set of teeth like a pair o'mill-stones."

"Yes," I assented, "the rays are curious creatures, and have very
remarkable teeth."

"Now, on the hother 'and, sir, look at the moonfish. They is all length
and draft and no beam, like the 'ind weel of a vaggon; it couldn't cast
a shadder if it was facin' the sun. And the angel-fish 'aven't much more
beam to swear by. Now, sir, hall these slimjims 'ave small mouths and
pinchers for teeth, and goes a-nosin' 'round the rocks, and a-vorkin' of
theirselves thro' the narrow crannies, and a-pinchin' hoff the
coral-bugs and sea-lice. Now, sir, a flounder is wicey wersy from a
moonfish, it 'asn't hany draft, and don't carry any sail to speak of,
and so it 'ides in the sand a-waitin' for sumpthin' to turn hup in the
vay o'grub."

"That's true," I would say, "they lead a very lazy, humdrum life, and
don't hustle much for a living."

"But for a real racin' yacht," he would continue, "give me the kingfish,
or Spanish mackerel, or boneeto; they ketches their food on the run and
jump; and speakin' o'jumpin', sir, look at the tarpon, and bone-fish,
and skipjack; they is the kankeroos o' the sea."

"Many fishes," I would observe, "have their analogues; that is, they
seem to bear some fancied resemblance, either in habits or appearance,
to some object or animal of the land."

"Vell, sir, it's as true as gospel; a man is like a fish out o' water;
'e puffs like a porpus and drinks like a fish. And the butterflies are
the yellow grunts and pork-fish and little snappers and cockeyed pilots;
and the red snappers and squirrel-fish are the fillimingoes and pink
curlews; and the nigger-fish and conies is the le'pards; and the
blowfish and puffers is the 'edge'ogs and porkupines. And then there's
the poll-parrots, red, blue, yellow, and green, from the puddin'-wife to
slippery-dick; if they'd vings like the flyin'-fish, we'd put 'em in
cages."

"True, enough," I would assent; "and up north we have fish that go into
hiding and sleep all winter, like the bears; and some that make nests
for their eggs, and guard them, and take care of their young ones like a
hen broods her chicks. And in some countries there are fish that crawl
out on the land, and climb trees like squirrels."

He listened to this apparently very doubtfully, and frowned fiercely,
but kept silent until he filled and lighted his pipe; then, after
scanning the horizon, he said meekly:--

"I think we'll be goin' 'ome, sir; it looks werry squally in the sou'
east."




INDEX

    _Albula vulpes_, ladyfish, 355, 361.

    _Ambloplites rupestris_, rock-bass, 2, 52.

    Anchovy, banded, 320,
      big, 320,
      silver, 320.

    Angel-fish, 384,
      description, 385,
      tackle and fishing, 386.

    Angling, fresh-water, 341.
      salt-water, 341.

    _Anisotremus virginicus_, pork-fish, 323, 334.

    _Aplodinotus grunniens_, fresh-water drum, 232.

    _Archoplites interruptus_, Sacramento perch, 2, 57.

    _Archosargus probatocephalus_, sheepshead, 251, 252.

    Arctic grayling, 176.
      coloration, 177, 178.
      description, 177, 178.

    _Argyrosomus artedi sisco_, cisco, 204, 207.

    Artificial flies, 20, 21.
      rules for, 21.

    Artificial key to pike species, 121, 122.


    Bachelor, 80.

    _Balistes carolinensis_, turbot, 390.

    Banded pickerel, 121,
      description, 154.
      tackle and fishing, 155.

    Bank lick bass, 73.

    Barb, 221.

    Bar-fish, 80.

    Bass, bank lick, 73.
      big-fin, 74.
      black, large-mouth, 30.
      black, small-mouth, 3.
      brassy, 90.
      calico, 73.
      family, 85.
      fresh-water striped, 86.
      grass, 73.
      Lake Erie, 74.
      rock, 52, 115.
      sea, 115.
      sea, Gulf, 119.
      sea, southern, 118.
      silver, 73.
      strawberry, 73.
      striped, 96.
      white, 86.
      white lake, 86.
      yellow, 90.

    Bastard margaret, 330.

    Bastard weakfish, 221.
      description, 221.
      habits and habitat, 222.

    Beach-fleas, 321.

    Bermuda chub, 382.
      description, 382.
      tackle and fishing, 383, 384.

    Besugo, 231.

    Big-fin bass, 74.

    Bitter-head, 74.

    Black-bass, small-mouth, 3.
      description, 1-6.
      gameness, 10-15.

    Black-bass [_continued_]
      habits and habitat, 7-9.
      tackle and fishing, 15-29.

    Black-bass, large-mouth, 30.
      description, 31.
      gameness, 34, 35.
      habits and habitat, 32-43.
      spawning and nesting, 33-43.
      tackle and fishing, 36-52.

    Blackfish, 115.

    Black grunt, 323.
      description, 323.
      tackle and fishing, 326.

    Black harry, 115.

    Black sea-bass, 115.

    Black sunfish, 58.

    Black will, 115.

    Blue bream, 62.

    Bluefish, 115.

    Blue gill, 62.

    Blue perch, 264.

    Blue sunfish, 62.
      description, 62.
      tackle and fishing, 64.

    _Bodianus fulvus_, nigger-fish, 287, 300.

    Bone-fish, 355, 361.

    Bonito, 282.
      description, 282.
      tackle and fishing, 283.

    Bony-fish, 361.

    Boy and tobacco-box, 67.

    Boyhood days, 72.

    Bream, blue, 62.
      copper-nosed, 62.
      red-breast, 68.

    Bridge perch, 74.

    Bubbler, 232.

    Burgall, 264.


    _Calamus arctifrons_, grass porgy, 348, 353.

    _Calamus bajonado_, jolt-head porgy, 347, 348.

    _Calamus calamus_, saucer-eye porgy, 348, 350.

    _Calamus proridens_, little-head porgy, 348, 352.

    Calico-bass, 73.
      description, 74.
      habits and habitat, 75.
      tackle and fishing, 75-78.

    Campbellite, 80.

    _Cancer_, common crab genus, 320.

    Cape May goody, 231.

    _Carangidæ, cavalli_ family, 306.

    _Carangus crysos_, runner, 306, 307.

    _Carangus latus_, horse-eye jack, 306, 310.

    Carp, German, 236.
      leather, 237.
      mirror, 237.
      scale, 237.

    Catfish, blue, 247.
      channel, 244.
      chuckle-head, 247.
      eel, 247.
      family, 244.
      forked-tail, 247.
      white, 245.
      willow, 247.

    Cavalli family, 306.

    _Centrarchidæ_, sunfish family, 1.

    _Centropomus undecimalis_, snook, 366.

    _Centropristes ocyurus_, Gulf sea-bass, 119.

    _Centropristes philadelphicus_, southern sea-bass, 118.

    _Centropristes striatus_, sea-bass, 96, 115.

    Cero, 278.
      description, 278.
      habits and habitat, 278, 279.
      tackle and fishing, 279-281.

    _Chænobryttus gulosus_, warmouth, 2, 58.

    _Chætodipterus faber_, angel-fish, 384.

    Channel catfish, 244.
      description, 245.
      tackle and fishing, 245-247.

    Channel fishes, 316.
      tackle and bait, 317, 318.

    Chincapin perch, 74.

    Chogset, 264.

    Chopa blanca, 231.

    Chub, 231.

    Cisco, 207.
      description, 208.
      tackle and fishing, 209, 210.

    _Clupeidæ_, herring family, 319.

    Cobia, 373.
      description, 374.
      tackle and fishing, 375, 376.

    Cobió, 375.

    Commercial fishing, Key West, 316, 317.

    Common sunfish, 69.
      description, 70.
      tackle and fishing, 71-73.

    Conchs, 318.

    Conclusion, 393.

    Coney, 286, 299.
      description, 299.
      tackle and fishing, 300.

    Copper-nosed bream, 62.

    Coral fishes, 328.
      polyps, 328.
      reefs, 327, 389, 390.

    Coralline formation, Florida reefs, 316.

    _Coregonus williamsoni_, Rocky Mountain whitefish, 203, 204.

    _Coregonus williamsoni cis-montanus_, 204, 205.

    Crab, common, 320.
      fiddler, 320.
      hermit, 320.
      lady, 320.
      mud, 320.
      spider, 320.
      stone, 320.

    Crappie, 73, 79-80.
      description, 80, 81.
      tackle and fishing, 82, 83.

    Croaker, 226, 232.
      description, 226, 227.
      tackle and fishing, 228.

    Crocus, 227.

    Croppie, 73, 80.

    Cunner, 263, 264.
      description, 264.
      tackle and fishing, 265, 266.

    _Cynoscion nebulosus_, spotted weakfish, 376.

    _Cynoscion nothus_, bastard weakfish, 221.

    _Cynoscion regalis_, weakfish, 214, 215.

    _Cynoscion thalassinus_, deep-sea weakfish, 381.

    Cypress trees, giant, 61, 62.

    _Cyprinidæ_, minnow family, 236.

    _Cyprinus carpio_, German carp, 236.


    Darky and catfish, 248.

    Deep-sea weakfish, 381.
      description, 381.
      tackle and fishing, 381.

    Diplectrum formosum, sand-fish, 287, 303.

    Dog snapper, 344.
      description, 344.
      tackle and fishing, 345.

    Drum family, 213, 232.
      fresh-water, 232.


    Eastern pickerel, 149.
      description, 149, 150.
      tackle and fishing, 151, 152.

    _Elops saurus_, ten-pounder, 361.

    _Engraulididæ_, anchovy family, 319, 320.

    _Epinephelus adscensionis_, rock hind, 286, 295.

    _Epinephelus guttatus_, red hind, 286, 297.

    _Esocidæ_, pike family, 120.

    _Esox americanus_, banded pickerel, 121, 154.

    _Esox lucius_, pike, 121, 137.

    _Esox nobilior_, mascalonge, 120, 121, 122.

    _Esox reticulatus_, eastern pickerel, 121, 149.

    _Esox vermiculatus_, western pickerel, 121, 153.

    _Eupagurus_, hermit crab genus, 320.

    _Eupomotis gibbosus_, common sunfish, 3, 69.


    Fascination of the float, 71.

    Fishes not sensitive to pain, 114.

    Fishing through ice, 145, 146.
      with the cork, 72.

    Flasher, 371.

    Flatfish, 266.

    Float, fascination of, 71.

    Florida Keys, 341.

    Flounder, 263, 266.
      description, 266, 267.
      tackle and fishing, 268.

    Fresh-water drumfish, 232,
      description, 232, 233.
      tackle and fishing, 234, 235.

    Frozen fish reviving, 78, 79, 147.


    Gag, 285, 287.
      description, 288.
      tackle and fishing, 289-290.

    _Gammurus_, shrimp genus, 321.

    Gaspergou, 232.

    _Gelasimus_, fiddler crab genus, 320.

    Generals Sheridan and Stager, 77.

    German carp, 236.
      description, 236-238.
      tackle and fishing, 238-243.

    Giant cypress trees, 61, 62.

    Goggle-eye, 53.
      perch, 74, 80.

    Goody, 228.
      Cape May, 231.

    Grass-bass, 73.

    Grass porgy, 353.
      description, 353.
      tackle and fishing, 354.

    Grayling, Arctic, 176.
      description, 176, 177.
      fishing, 178.

    Grayling, English, 174.
    fishing, 191, 197-201.

    Grayling, Michigan, 178.
      fishing, 179.
      scarcity of, 179-181.

    Grayling, Montana, 181.
      description, 184, 185.
      gameness, 185, 186.
      propagation of, 194, 195.
      tackle and fishing, 188-193.

    Gribble, 321.

    Grouper family, 285.
      yellow-finned, 286, 294.

    Grunt, black, 323.
      boar, 327.
      common, 321, 323.
      family, 321.
      French, 331.
      gray, 331.
      margate, 329.
      sow, 324.
      white, 329.
      yellow, 322, 326.

    Gulf sea-bass, 119.
      description, 119.
      habits and habitat, 119.

    Gymnosarda pelamis, oceanic bonito, 283.


    Hæmulidæ, grunt family, 321.

    Hæmulon album, margate-fish, 322, 328.

    _Hæmulon flavolineatum_, French grunt, 331.

    _Hæmulon macrostomum_, gray grunt, 331.

    _Hæmulon parra_, sailor's choice, 322, 330.

    _Hæmulon plumieri_, black grunt, 321, 323.

    _Hæmulon sciurus_, yellow grunt, 322, 326.

    Hannahills, 115.

    Hard-tail, 309.

    Henshall rod, 25.

    Hind, brown, 296.
      John Paw, 296.
      red, 286, 297.
      rock, 286, 295.
      spotted, 296.

    _Hippa_, sand-bug genus, 321.

    Hog-fish, 331, 333.

    _Holocentrus ascensionis_, squirrel-fish, 388.

    Horse-eye Jack, 306, 310.
      description, 310.
      tackle and fishing, 310.

    Hybrids, 309.


    Ichthyophagous dog, 284.

    _Ictalurus anguilla_, eel-cat, 247.

    _Ictalurus furcatus_, chuckle-head cat, 247.

    _Ictalurus punctatus_, channel-cat, 244.


    Jack, horse-eye, 310.

    Jack salmon, 157.

    Jolt-head porgy, 348.
      description, 348, 349.
      tackle and fishing, 350.

    Jurel, 309.


    Key to pike species, 121, 122.

    Kingfish, 221.
      description, 222-224.
      tackle and fishing, 224, 225.

    Kingfish-mackerel, 279, 280.

    Knot, for leader, 19.
      jam, for eyed hook, 19.

    _Kyphosus sectatrix_, Bermuda chub, 382.


    Lady anglers, 148, 149.

    Lady-fish, 355.

    Lafayette, 228.
      description, 229.
      tackle and fishing, 230, 231.

    _Lagodon rhomboides_, pin-fish, 330, 386.

    Lake Erie bass, 74.

    Lake-herring, 207.

    Lake-sheepshead, 232.

    Lamplighter, 74.

    Lane snapper, 339.
      description, 340.
      habits and habitat, 341.

    Large-mouth black-bass, 30.

    Leather-fish, 390.

    _Leiostomus xanthurus_, Lafayette, 214, 228.

    _Lepomis auritus_, red-breast sunfish, 67.

    _Lepomis megalotis_, long-eared sunfish, 65.

    _Lepomis pallidus_, blue sunfish, 62.

    Lewis and Clark, 181-183.

    _Libinia_, spider crab genus, 320.

    _Limnoria_, gribble genus, 321.

    Little Giant rod, 101, 102.

    Little-head porgy, 352.
      description, 352.
      tackle and fishing, 353.

    _Lobotes pacificus_, berrugate, 371.

    _Lobotes surinamensis_, triple-tail, 370.

    Long-eared sunfish, 65.
      description, 65.
      tackle and fishing, 66.

    Lucky stones, 233.

    _Lutianidæ_, snapper family, 336.

    _Lutianus analis_, mutton-fish, 347.

    _Lutianus apodus_, schoolmaster, 338, 345.

    _Lutianus aya_, red snapper, 337, 342.

    _Lutianus griseus_, mangrove snapper, 347.

    _Lutianus jocu_, dog snapper, 337, 344.

    _Lutianus synagris_, lane snapper, 337, 339.


    Mackerel family, 272.
      kingfish, 279.
      Spanish, 273.

    Margate fish, 328.
      description, 328, 329.
      tackle and fishing, 330.

    Mascalonge, 122.
      coloration, 127-129.
      description, 126, 127.
      distribution, 126.
      nomenclature, 122-126.
      tackle and fishing, 132-135.

    Maskinonge, 124.

    _Menippe_, stone crab genus, 320.

    _Menticirrhus americanus_, whiting, 225.

    _Menticirrhus littoralis_, silver whiting, 225.

    _Menticirrhus saxatilis_, kingfish, 221.

    Michigan grayling, 178.

    _Micropogon undulatus_, croaker, 214, 226.

    _Micropterus dolomieu_, small-mouth
      black-bass, 1, 3.

    _Micropterus salmoides_, large-mouth
      black-bass, 2, 30.

    Minnow family, 236.

    Minnow gangs, 143.

    Montana grayling, 181.

    _Morone americana_, white-perch, 95, 110.

    _Morone interrupta_, yellow-bass, 90.

    Mud-dab, 266.

    _Mugil cephalus_, common mullet, 319.

    _Mugil curema_, white mullet, 319.

    _Mugil trichodon_, fan-tail mullet, 319.

    _Mugilidæ_, mullet family, 319.

    Mullet, common, 319.
      fan-tail, 319.
      whirligig, 319.
      white, 319.

    Multiplying reel, invention of, 13.

    Muskellunge, 125.

    _Mycteroperca falcata phenax_, scamp, 286, 291.

    _Mycteroperca microlepis_, gag, 285, 287.

    _Mycteroperca venenosa_, yellow-fin grouper, 286, 294.


    Newlight, 80.

    Nigger-fish, 287, 300.
      description, 300, 301.
      tackle and fishing, 302.

    Not all of fishing to fish, 92-94.


    Oceanic bonito, 283.

    _Ocyurus chrysurus_, yellow-tail, 336, 338.

    _Orchestia_, beach-flea genus, 321.

    _Orthopristis chrysopterus_, pig-fish, 322, 330, 331.

    _Osmerus mordax_, smelt, 263, 269.

    Osprey on the fly, 64.


    _Palinurus_, sea-crawfish genus, 318.

    _Palæmonetes_, prawn genus, 321.

    _Panopeus_, mud crab genus, 320.

    _Perca flavescens_, yellow-perch, 165.

    Perch, black, 371.
      blue, 264.
      bridge, 74.
      chincapin, 74.
      family, 156.
      goggle-eye, 74, 80.
      pike, 157.
      raccoon, 166.
      red-bellied, 68.
      ringed, 166.
      Sacramento, 57.
      warmouth, 58.
      white, 110, 234.
      yellow, 165.

    _Percidæ_, perch family, 156.

    Permit, 312.

    _Petrometopon cruentatus_, coney, 286, 299.

    Pickerel, banded, 154.
      brook, 154.
      eastern, 149.
      great northern, 137.
      Long Island, 154.
      reticulated, 149.
      western, 153.

    Pig-fish, 322, 330, 331.
      description, 331, 332.
      tackle and fishing, 333.

    Pike, 137.
      description, 137-140.
      fishing through ice, 144-146.
      tackle and fishing, 141-147.

    Pike family, 120.
      glass-eyed, 157.
      gray, 164.
      rattlesnake, 164.
      sand, 164.
      wall-eyed, 157.
      yellow, 157.

    Pike-perch, 157.
      description, 157-160.
      night fishing, 162.
      tackle and fishing, 161-163.

    Pikes, key to, 121, 122.

    Pin-fish, 386.
      description, 386, 387.
      tackle and fishing, 387.

    Piscatorial polemic, 44.

    _Platyonichus_, lady crab genus, 320.

    _Pomoxis annularis_, crappie, 3, 79.

    _Pomoxis sparoides_, calico-bass, 3, 73.

    Pompano, 311.
      description, 311-314.
      best of food-fishes, 312, 314.
      tackle and fishing, 313, 314.

    Pompano, common, 307, 311.
      gaff top-sail, 312.
      permit, 312.
      round, 312.

    Porgy, 259.
      big-head, 347, 348.
      family, 347.
      grass, 348, 353.
      jolt-head, 348.
      little-head, 348, 352.
      saucer-eye, 348, 350.

    Pork-fish, 323, 334.
      description, 334, 335.
      tackle and fishing, 335.

    Prawn, 321.

    _Pseudopleuronectes americanus_, flounder, 263, 266.

    Pumpkin-seed, 69.

    _Pyrula_, mollusk genus, 318, 339.


    _Querimana gyrans_, whirligig mullet, 319.


    Razor back, 74.

    Record fly-casting, 16.

    Red-bellied perch, 68.

    Red-breast bream, 68.

    Red-breast sunfish, 67.

    Red-eye, 53.

    Red hind, 286, 297.
      description, 297.
      tackle and fishing, 298.

    Red snapper, 342.
      description, 342.
      tackle and fishing, 343, 344.

    Red sunfish, 67.

    Reel, click, 17.

    Reel, multiplying, 13.

    Roach, 231.

    _Roccus chrysops_, white-bass, 86.

    _Roccus lineatus_, striped-bass, 95, 96.

    Rock, 96.

    Rock-bass, 52.
      description, 53.
      tackle and fishing, 54-57.

    Rockfish, 96.

    Rock hind, 286, 295.
      description, 295, 296.
      tackle and fishing, 297.

    Rocky Mountain whitefish, 204.
      description, 204.
      tackle and fishing, 205, 206.

    Rod, Henshall, 25.
      Little Giant, 101, 102.

    Rovallia, 366.

    Rules for artificial flies, 21.

    Runner, 306, 307.
      description, 307.
      tackle and fishing, 308.


    Sac-a-lait, 80.

    Sacramento perch, 57.
      description, 57.
      tackle and fishing, 58.

    Sailor's choice, 330, 331, 386.
      description, 330.
      tackle and fishing, 331.

    Salmon family, 203.

    _Salmonidæ_, 203.

    Sand-bug, 321.

    Sand-fish, 287, 303.
      description, 303.
      tackle and fishing, 304.

    _Sarda sarda_, bonito, 273, 282.

    Sardine, silver, 319.
      striped, 319.

    _Sardinella humeralis_, silver sardine, 319.

    _Sardinella sardinia_, striped sardine, 319.

    Saucer-eye porgy, 350.
      description, 351.
      tackle and fishing, 352.

    Sauger, 164.
      description, 165.
      tackle and fishing, 165.

    Scamp, 286, 291.
      description, 292.
      tackle and fishing, 293.

    Schoolmaster, 345.
      description, 345, 346.
      tackle and fishing, 347.

    _Sciænidæ_, drum family, 213, 232.

    _Scomberomorus cavalla_, kingfish, 279, 280.

    _Scomberomorus maculatus_, Spanish mackerel, 272, 273.

    _Scomberomorus regalis_, cero, 272, 278.

    _Scombridæ_, mackerel family, 272.

    Scup, 259.
      description, 260.
      tackle and fishing, 261.

    Scuppaug, 259.

    Sea-bass, 115.
      description, 115, 116.
      tackle and fishing, 117, 118.

    Sea-bass, family, 95, 285.
      black, 115.
      Gulf, 119.
      southern, 118.

    Sea-crawfish, 318.

    Sergeant-fish, 366, 374.

    _Serranidæ_, bass family, 85, 95, 285.

    Shad, 80.

    Sheepshead, 252.
      description, 252-254.
      tackle and fishing, 255-259.

    Sheepshead family, 251.
      lake, 232.

    Sheridan and Stager, 77.

    Shrimp, 321.

    _Siluridæ_, catfish family, 244.

    Silver-bass, 74.

    Small-mouth black-bass, 3.

    Smelt, 263, 269.
      description, 269.
      tackle and fishing, 270, 271.

    Snapper, black, 371.
      dog, 337, 344.
      family, 336.
      lane, 337, 339.
      red, 337, 342.
      schoolmaster, 338, 345.

    Snook, 366.
      description, 366, 367.
      tackle and fishing, 368-370.

    Southern sea-bass, 118.
      description, 118.
      habits and habitat, 119.

    Spade-fish, 385.

    Spanish mackerel, 273.
      description, 273-275.
      tackle and fishing, 276-278.

    _Sparidæ_, porgy family, 251, 347.

    Speckled perch, 74, 80.

    Spot, 228.

    Spotted weakfish, 376.
      description, 377, 378.
      tackle and fishing, 379, 380.

    Squeteague, 215.

    Squirrel-fish, 388.
    description, 388.
    tackle and fishing, 389.

    _Stenotomus chrysops_, scup, 251, 259.

    _Stenotomus aculeatus_, fair maid, 259.

    _Stizostedion canadense_, sauger, 156, 164.

    _Stizostedion vitreum_, pike-perch, 156, 157.

    _Stolephorus brownii_, big anchovy, 320.

    _Stolephorus mitchilli_, silver anchovy, 320.

    _Stolephorus perfasciatus_, banded anchovy, 320.

    Strawberry-bass, 73.

    Striped-bass, 96.
      description, 96-100.
      fly-fishing, 109.
      still-fishing, 101.
      surf-fishing, 104-108.
      tools and tackle, 101-105.

    _Strombus_, mollusk genus, 318, 339.

    Sunfish, black, 58.
      blue, 62.
      common, 69.
      family, 1.
      long-eared, 65.
      red-breast, 67.

    Susquehanna salmon, 157.


    Tally-wag, 119.

    _Tautogolabrus adspersus_, cunner, 263, 264.

    Ten-pounder, 361.
      description, 361, 362.
      tackle and fishing, 363-365.

    Thunder-pumper, 233.

    _Thymallidæ_, grayling family, 173.

    _Thymallus montanus_, Montana grayling, 173, 181.

    _Thymallus signifer_, Arctic grayling, 173, 176.

    _Thymallus tricolor_, Michigan grayling, 173, 178.

    Tip-ups, 146.

    Tobacco-box, 65.

    Toboggan episode, 92-94.

    _Trachinotus carolinus_, common pompano, 307, 311.

    _Trachinotus falcatus_, round pompano, 312.

    _Trachinotus glaucus_, gaff top-sail pompano, 312.

    _Trachinotus goodei_, permit pompano, 312.

    Triple-tail, 370.
      description, 370, 371.
      tackle and fishing, 372.

    Trolling-spoon, 141-143.

    Turbot, 390.
      description, 390, 391.
      habits and habitat, 392.


    Wall-eyed pike, 157.

    Warmouth perch, 58.
      description, 58, 59.
      tackle and fishing, 60-62.

    Weakfish, 215.
      description, 215-217.
      tackle and fishing, 218-220.

    Weakfish, bastard, 221.
      deep-sea, 381.
      northern, 214.
      spotted, 376.

    Western pickerel, 153.
      description, 153.
      tackle and fishing, 154.

    White-bass, 86.
      description, 86.
      tackle and fishing, 87-89.

    Whitefish, Rocky Mountain, 204.

    White lake-bass, 86.

    White-perch, 110, 234.
      description, 110, 111.
      tackle and fishing, 112, 113.

    Whiting, 221.

    Wonders of the sea, 327, 389, 390.


    Yellow-bass, 90.
      description, 90, 91.
      tackle and fishing, 92.

    Yellow-finned grouper, 294.
      description, 294.
      habits and habitat, 295.

    Yellow grunt, 326.
      description, 326.
      tackle and fishing, 327.

    Yellow-perch, 165.
      description, 165-167.
      tackle and fishing, 168-172.

    Yellow-tail, 338.
      description, 338.
      tackle and fishing, 339.

    Youthful angling, 72.




AMERICAN SPORTSMAN'S LIBRARY

Edited by CASPAR WHITNEY

To be completed in ten volumes, with numerous illustrations

Each of these volumes will be prepared by a writer, or group of writers,
thoroughly in sympathy with the work, and fitted for his special
subject. The series will be under the editorial supervision of Mr.
Caspar Whitney, the editor of _Outing_, and for many years sporting
editor of _Harper's Weekly_.


=THE DEER FAMILY.= By =Hon. Theodore Roosevelt=, =T.S. Van Dyke=, and
=H.G. Stone=. Illustrated by CARL RUNGIUS. _Now ready._ =Price $2.00,
net.=

=UPLAND GAME BIRDS.= By =Edwyn Sandys=. Illustrated by LOUIS AGASSIZ
FUERTES, A.B. FROST, and J.O. NUGENT. _Now ready._ =Price $2.00, net.=

=SALMON AND TROUT.= By =Dean Sage= and =William C. Harris=. Illustrated
by A.B. FROST and others. _Now ready._ =Price $2.00, net.=

Further volumes will include articles on the Bear Family. Water Fowl,
Wild Fowl, Taxidermy, etc., Cougar, Wild Cat. Wolf, Fox, etc., Tuna,
Tarpon, etc., Bass, Perch, Pickerel, etc.


THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK =AMERICAN SPORTSMAN'S LIBRARY=


=The Water-fowl Family=

     By LEONARD C. SANFORD, L.B. BISHOP, and T.S. VAN DYKE.
     Illustrated by L.A. FUERTES, A.B. FROST, and C.L. BULL.

Bass, Pike, Perch, and Pickerel

     By JAMES A. HENSHALL, M.D. Illustrated by MARTIN JUSTICE and
     others.


IN PREPARATION FOR EARLY ISSUE

Big Game Fishes of the United States

     By CHARLES F. HOLDER. Illustrated by CHARLES F.W. MILLATZ and
     others.

Guns, Ammunition, and Tackle

     By A.W. MONEY, W.E. CARLIN, A.L.A. HIMMELWEIGHT, and J.
     HARRINGTON KEENE. Illustrated.

The Bison, Musk-ox, Sheep, and Goat Family

     By GEORGE BIRD GRINNELL, OWEN WISTER, and CASPAR WHITNEY.
     Illustrated by CARL RUNGIUS and others.

Photography for the Sportsman Naturalist

     By W.E. CARLIN. Illustrated.

Further volumes will include articles on The Bear Family; The Cougar.
Wild Cat, Wolf, and Fox; The Sporting Dog; American Race Horse and
Running Horse; Trotting and Pacing; Riding and Driving; Yachting, Small
Boat Sailing, and Canoeing; Baseball and Football; Rowing, Track
Athletics, and Swimming; Lacrosse, Lawn Tennis, Wrestling, Racquets,
Squash, and Court Tennis; Skating, Hockey, Ice Yachting, Coasting, and
Skate Sailing.


THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK


       *       *       *       *       *


Transcriber's Notes

Italic text is denoted by _underscore_ and bold text by = sign

Obvious spelling and punctuation errors repaired.

To preserve the flow of this text, all illustrations are
hyperlinked.

Index added to Table of Contents.

The oe and ae ligatures in the text has been left as it appears in the
original book.
UTF-8 coding.

Both "black-bass" and "blackbass" used in this text. Both "lady-fish" and
"ladyfish" used in this text. Both "skipjack" and "skip-jack" used in this
text. Both "subtropical" and "sub-tropical" used in this text.

In ambiguous cases, the text has been left as it appears in the original
book. In particular, the following have not been changed:
Double punctuation
End quote missing punctuation
No punctuation at para end