THE GOSPEL OF BUDDHA

COMPILED FROM ANCIENT RECORDS

BY

PAUL CARUS

ILLUSTRATED

BY

O. KOPETZKY

CHICAGO and LONDON

THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY


1915




PREFACE.


This booklet needs no preface for those who are familiar with the sacred
books of Buddhism, which have been made accessible to the Western world
by the indefatigable zeal and industry of scholars like Beal, Bigandet,
Bühler, Burnouf, Childers, Alexander Csoma, Rhys Davids, Dutoit, Eitel,
Fausböll, Foucaux, Francke, Edmund Hardy, Spence Hardy, Hodgson, Charles
R. Lanman, F. Max Müller, Karl Eugen Neumann, Oldenberg, Pischel,
Schiefner, Senart, Seidenstücker, Bhikkhu Nyānatiloka, D.M. Strong,
Henry Clarke Warren, Wassiljew, Weber, Windisch, Winternitz &c. To those
not familiar with the subject it may be stated that the bulk of its
contents is derived from the old Buddhist canon. Many passages, and
indeed the most important ones, are literally copied in translations
from the original texts. Some are rendered rather freely in order to
make them intelligible to the present generation; others have been
rearranged; and still others are abbreviated. Besides the three
introductory and the three concluding chapters there are only a few
purely original additions, which, however, are neither mere literary
embellishments nor deviations from Buddhist doctrines. Wherever the
compiler has admitted modernization he has done so with due
consideration and always in the spirit of a legitimate development.
Additions and modifications contain nothing but ideas for which
prototypes can be found somewhere among the traditions of Buddhism, and
have been introduced as elucidations of its main principles.

The best evidence that this book characterizes the spirit of Buddhism
correctly can be found in the welcome it has received throughout the
entire Buddhist world. It has even been officially introduced in
Buddhist schools and temples of Japan and Ceylon. Soon after the
appearance of the first edition of 1894 the Right Rev. Shaku Soyen, a
prominent Buddhist abbot of Kamakura, Japan, had a Japanese translation
made by Teitaro Suzuki, and soon afterwards a Chinese version was made
by Mr. Ohara of Otzu, the talented editor of a Buddhist periodical, who
in the meantime has unfortunately met with a premature death. In 1895
the Open Court Publishing Company brought out a German edition by E.F.L.
Gauss, and Dr. L. de Milloué, the curator of the Musée Guimet, of Paris,
followed with a French translation. Dr. Federigo Rodriguez has
translated the book into Spanish and Felix Orth into Dutch. The
privilege of translating the book into Russian, Czechic, Italian, also
into Siamese and other Oriental tongues has been granted, but of these
latter the publishers have received only a version in the Urdu language,
a dialect of eastern India.

Inasmuch as twelve editions of the Gospel of Buddha have been exhausted
and the plates are worn out, the publishers have decided to bring out an
_édition de luxe_ and have engaged Miss Olga Kopetzky, of Munich, to
supply illustrations. The artist has undertaken the task methodically
and with great zeal. She has studied in the Ajanta caves the Buddhist
paintings and sculptures and other monuments of Gandhāra. Thus the
drawings faithfully reflect the spirit of the classical period of
Buddhist art.

For those who want to trace the Buddhism of this book to its
fountainhead, a table of reference has been added, which indicates as
briefly as possible the main sources of the various chapters and points
out the parallelisms with Western thought, especially in the Christian
Gospels.

       *       *       *       *       *

Buddhism, like Christianity, is split up into innumerable sects, and
these sects not infrequently cling to their sectarian tenets as being
the main and most indispensable features of their religion. The present
book follows none of the sectarian doctrines, but takes an ideal
position upon which all true Buddhists may stand as upon common ground.
Thus the arrangement into a harmonious and systematic form is the main
original feature of this Gospel of Buddha. Considering the bulk of the
various details of the Buddhist canon, however, it must be regarded as a
mere compilation, and the aim of the compiler has been to treat his
material in about the same way as he thinks that the author of the
Fourth Gospel of the New Testament utilized the accounts of the life of
Jesus of Nazareth. He has ventured to present the data of the Buddha's
life in the light of their religio-philosophical importance; he has cut
out most of their apocryphal adornments, especially those in which the
Northern traditions abound, yet he did not deem it wise to shrink from
preserving the marvellous that appears in the old records, whenever its
moral seemed to justify its mention; he only pruned away the exuberance
of wonder which delights in relating the most incredible things,
apparently put on to impress while in fact they can only tire. Miracles
have ceased to be a religious test; yet the belief in the miraculous
powers of the Master still bears witness to the holy awe of the first
disciples and reflects their religious enthusiasm.

Lest the fundamental idea of the Buddha's doctrines be misunderstood,
the reader is warned to take the term "self" in the sense in which the
Buddha uses it. The "self" of man translates the word _ātman_ which can
be and has been understood, even in the Buddhist canon, in a sense to
which the Buddha would never have made any objection. The Buddha denies
the existence of a "self" as it was commonly understood in his time; he
does not deny man's mentality, his spiritual constitution, the
importance of his personality, in a word, his soul. But he does deny the
mysterious ego-entity, the _ātman_, in the sense of a kind of soul-monad
which by some schools was supposed to reside behind or within man's
bodily and psychical activity as a distinct being, a kind of
thing-in-itself, and a metaphysical agent assumed to be the soul.

Buddhism is monistic. It claims that man's soul does not consist of two
things, of an _ātman_ (self) and of a _manas_ (mind or thoughts), but
that there is one reality, our thoughts, our mind or _manas_, and this
_manas_ constitutes the soul. Man's thoughts, if anything, are his self,
and there is no _ātman_, no additional and separate "self" besides.
Accordingly, the translation of _ātman_ by "soul", which would imply
that the Buddha denied the existence of the soul, is extremely
misleading.

Representative Buddhists, of different schools and of various countries,
acknowledge the correctness of the view here taken, and we emphasize
especially the assent of Southern Buddhists because they have preserved
the tradition most faithfully and are very punctilious in the statement
of doctrinal points.

"_The Buddhist_, the Organ of the Southern Church of Buddhism," writes
in a review of _The Gospel of Buddha_:

"The eminent feature of the work is its grasp of the difficult subject
and the clear enunciation of the doctrine of the most puzzling problem
of _ātman_, as taught in Buddhism. So far as we have examined the
question of _ātman_ ourselves from the works of the Southern canon, the
view taken by Dr. Paul Cams is accurate, and we venture to think that it
is not opposed to the doctrine of Northern Buddhism."

This _ātman_-superstition, so common not only in India, but all over the
world, corresponds to man's habitual egotism in practical life. Both are
illusions growing out of the same root, which is the vanity of
worldliness, inducing man to believe that the purpose of his life lies
in his self. The Buddha proposes to cut off entirely all thought of
self, so that it will no longer bear fruit. Thus Nirvāna is an ideal
state, in which man's soul, after being cleansed from all selfishness,
hatred and lust, has become a habitation of the truth, teaching him to
distrust the allurements of pleasure and to confine all his energies to
attending to the duties of life.

The Buddha's doctrine is not negativism. An investigation of the nature
of man's soul shows that, while there is no _ātman_ or ego-entity, the
very being of man consists in his karma, his deeds, and his karma
remains untouched by death and continues to live. Thus, by denying the
existence of that which appears to be our soul and for the destruction
of which in death we tremble, the Buddha actually opens (as he expresses
it himself) the door of immortality to mankind; and here lies the
corner-stone of his ethics and also of the comfort as well as the
enthusiasm which his religion imparts. Any one who does not see the
positive aspect of Buddhism, will be unable to understand how it could
exercise such a powerful influence upon millions and millions of people.

The present volume is not designed to contribute to the solution of
historical problems. The compiler has studied his subject as well as he
could under the circumstances, but he does not intend here to offer a
scientific production. Nor is this book an attempt at popularizing the
Buddhist religious writings, nor at presenting them in a poetic shape.
If this _Gospel of Buddha_ helps people to comprehend Buddhism better,
and if in its simple style it impresses the reader with the poetic
grandeur of the Buddha's personality, these effects must be counted as
incidental; its main purpose lies deeper still. The present book has
been written to set the reader thinking on the religious problems of
to-day. It sketches the picture of a religious leader of the remote past
with the view of making it bear upon the living present and become a
factor in the formation of the future.

       *       *       *       *       *

It is a remarkable fact that the two greatest religions of the world,
Christianity and Buddhism, present so many striking coincidences in the
philosophical basis as well as in the ethical applications of their
faith, while their modes of systematizing them in dogmas are radically
different; and it is difficult to understand why these agreements should
have caused animosity, instead of creating sentiments of friendship and
good-will. Why should not Christians say with Prof. F. Max Müller: "If I
do find in certain Buddhist works doctrines identically the same as in
Christianity, so far from being frightened, I feel delighted, for surely
truth is not the less true because it is believed by the majority of the
human race."

The main trouble arises from a wrong conception of Christianity. There
are many Christians who assume that Christianity alone is in the
possession of truth and that man could not, in the natural way of his
moral evolution, have obtained that nobler conception of life which
enjoins the practice of a universal good-will towards both friends and
enemies. This narrow view of Christianity is refuted by the mere
existence of Buddhism.

Must we add that the lamentable exclusiveness that prevails in many
Christian churches, is not based upon Scriptural teachings, but upon a
wrong metaphysics?

All the essential moral truths of Christianity, especially the principle
of a universal love, of the eradication of hatred, are in our opinion
deeply rooted in the nature of things, and do not, as is often assumed,
stand in contradiction to the cosmic order of the world. Further, some
doctrines of the constitution of existence have been formulated by the
church in certain symbols, and since these symbols contain
contradictions and come in conflict with science, the educated classes
are estranged from religion. Now, Buddhism is a religion which knows of
no supernatural revelation, and proclaims doctrines that require no
other argument than the "come and see." The Buddha bases his religion
solely upon man's knowledge of the nature of things, upon provable
truth. Thus, we trust that a comparison of Christianity with Buddhism
will be a great help to distinguish in both religions the essential from
the accidental, the eternal from the transient, the truth from the
allegory in which it has found its symbolic expression. We are anxious
to press the necessity of discriminating between the symbol and its
meaning, between dogma and religion, between metaphysical theories and
statements of fact, between man-made formulas and eternal truth. And
this is the spirit in which we offer this book to the public, cherishing
the hope that it will help to develop in Christianity not less than in
Buddhism the cosmic religion of truth.

The strength as well as the weakness of original Buddhism lies in its
philosophical character, which enabled a thinker, but not the masses, to
understand the dispensation of the moral law that pervades the world. As
such, the original Buddhism has been called by Buddhists the little
vessel of salvation, or Hīnayāna; for it is comparable to a small boat
on which a man may cross the stream of worldliness, so as to reach the
shore of Nirvāna. Following the spirit of a missionary propaganda, so
natural to religious men who are earnest in their convictions, later
Buddhists popularized the Buddha's doctrines and made them accessible to
the multitudes. It is true that they admitted many mythical and even
fantastic notions, but they succeeded nevertheless in bringing its moral
truths home to the people who could but incompletely grasp the
philosophical meaning of the Buddha's religion. They constructed, as
they called it, a large vessel of salvation, the Mahāyāna, in which the
multitudes would find room and could be safely carried over. Although
the Mahāyāna unquestionably has its shortcomings, it must not be
condemned offhand, for it serves its purpose. Without regarding it as
the final stage of the religious development of the nations among which
it prevails, we must concede that it resulted from an adaptation to
their condition and has accomplished much to educate them. The Mahāyāna
is a step forward in so far as it changes a philosophy into a religion,
and attempts to preach doctrines that were negatively expressed, in
positive propositions.

Far from rejecting the religious zeal which gave rise to the Māhāyana in
Buddhism, we can still less join those who denounce Christianity on
account of its dogmatology and mythological ingredients. Christianity
has certainly had and still has a great mission in the evolution of
mankind. It has succeeded in imbuing with the religion of charity and
mercy the most powerful nations of the world, to whose spiritual needs
it is especially adapted. It extends the blessings of universal
good-will with the least possible amount of antagonism to the natural
selfishness that is so strongly developed in the Western races.
Christianity is the religion of love made easy. This is its advantage,
which, however, is not without its drawbacks. Christianity teaches
charity without dispelling the ego-illusion; and in this sense it
surpasses even the Māhāyana: it is still more adapted to the needs of
multitudes than a large vessel fitted to carry over those who embark on
it: it is comparable to a grand bridge, a Mahāsetu, on which a child who
has no comprehension as yet of the nature of self can cross the stream
of self-hood and worldly vanity.

A comparison of the many striking agreements between Christianity and
Buddhism may prove fatal to sectarian conceptions of either religion,
but will in the end help to mature our insight into the true
significance of both. It will bring out a nobler faith which aspires to
be the cosmic religion of universal truth.

Let us hope that this Gospel of Buddha will serve both Buddhists and
Christians as a help to penetrate further into the spirit of their
faith, so as to see its full height, length and breadth.

Above any Hīnayāna, Mahāyāna, and Mahāsetu is the Religion of Truth.

Paul Carus.




PRONUNCIATION.

Pronounce:

     a as the Italian and German short _a_.
     ā as _a_ in f_a_ther,
     e as _e_ in _e_ight.
     i as _i_ in h_i_t.
     ī as _i_ in m_a_chine.
     o as _o_ in h_o_me.
     u as _oo_ in g_oo_d.
     u as ū in r_u_mor.
     ai as in _eye_.
     au as _ow_ in h_ow_.
     ñ as _ny_.
     jñ as _dny_.
     ññ as _n-ny_.
     ch as _ch_ in _ch_ur_ch_.
     cch as _ch-ch_ in ri_ch_ _ch_ance.

Note that _o_ and _e_ are always long.

s, j, y, and other letters, as usual in English words.

Double consonants are pronounced as two distinct sounds, e.g.,
_ka'm-ma_, not _kă'ma_.

The h after _p, b, k, g, t, d_ is audible as in du_b h_im, be_g h_er,
bric_k h_ouse, an_t h_ill. Pronounce Tat-hāgata, not Ta-thāgata.

To the average European it is difficult to catch, let alone to imitate,
the difference of sound between dotted and non-dotted letters. All those
who are desirous for information on this point must consult Sanskrit and
Pāli grammars.

Lest the reader be unnecessarily bewildered with foreign-looking dots
and signs, which after all are no help to him, all dotted ṭ, ḍ, ṃ, ṇ,
and italicized _t, d, m, n_ have been replaced in the text of the book
by t, d, m, n, ñ, ññ, dotted ṛ and italicized _s_ have been transcribed
by ny, nny, ri, and sh, while the Glossary preserves the more exact
transcription.

We did not follow the spelling of the _Sacred Books of the East_, where
it must be misleading to the uninitiated, especially when they write
italicized _K_ to denote spelling of the English sound ch, and
italicized _g_ to denote j. Thus we write "rājā," not "rāgā," and
"Chunda," not "_K_unda."




    TABLE OF CONTENTS.


    INTRODUCTION.

    I. Rejoice
    II. Samsāra and Nirvāna
    III. Truth the Saviour


    PRINCE SIDDHATTHA BECOMES BUDDHA.

    IV. The Bodhisatta's Birth
    V. The Ties of Life
    VI. The Three Woes
    VII. The Bodhisatta's Renunciation
    VIII. King Bimbisāra
    IX. The Bodhisatta's Search
    X. Uruvelā, the Place of Mortification
    XI. Māra, the Evil One
    XII. Enlightenment
    XIII. The First Converts
    XIV. Brahmā's Request


    THE FOUNDATION OF THE KINGDOM OF RIGHTEOUSNESS.

    XV. Upaka
    XVI. The Sermon at Benares
    XVII. The Sangha
    XVIII. Yasa, the Youth of Benares
    XIX. Kassapa
    XX. The Sermon at Rājagaha
    XXI. The King's Gift
    XXII. Sāriputta and Moggallāna
    XXIII. Anāthapindika
    XXIV. The Sermon on Charity
    XXV. Jetavana
    XXVI. The Three Characteristics and the Uncreate
    XXVII. The Buddha's Father
    XXVIII. Yasodharā
    XXIX. Rāhula


    CONSOLIDATION OF THE BUDDHA'S RELIGION.

    XXX. Jīvaka, the Physician
    XXXI. The Buddha's Parents Attain Nirvāna
    XXXII. Women Admitted to the Sangha
    XXXIII. The Bhikkhus' Conduct Toward Women
    XXXIV. Visākhā
    XXXV. The Uposatha and Pātimokkha
    XXXVI. The Schism
    XXXVII. The Re-establishment of Concord
    XXXVIII. The Bhikkhus Rebuked
    XXXIX. Devadatta
    XL. Name and Form
    XLI. The Goal
    XLII. Miracles Forbidden
    XLIII. The Vanity of Worldliness
    XLIV. Secrecy and Publicity
    XLV. The Annihilation of Suffering
    XLVI. Avoiding the Ten Evils
    XLVII. The Preacher's Mission


    THE TEACHER.

    XLVIII. The Dhammapada
    XLIX. The Two Brahmans
    L. Guard the Six Quarters
    LI. Simha's Question Concerning Annihilation
    LII. All Existence is Spiritual
    LIII. Identity and Non-Identity
    LIV. The Buddha Omnipresent
    LV. One Essence, One Law, One Aim
    LVI. The Lesson Given to Rāhula
    LVII. The Sermon on Abuse
    LVIII. The Buddha Replies to the Deva
    LIX. Words of Instruction
    LX. Amitābha
    LXI. The Teacher Unknown


    PARABLES AND STORIES.

    LXII. Parables
    LXIII. The Widow's Two Mites and the Parable of the Three Merchants
    LXIV. The Man Born Blind
    LXV. The Lost Son
    LXVI. The Giddy Fish
    LXVII. The Cruel Crane Outwitted
    LXVIII. Four Kinds of Merit
    LXIX. The Light of the World
    LXX. Luxurious Living
    LXXI. The Communication of Bliss
    LXXII. The Listless Fool
    LXXIII. Rescue in the Desert
    LXXIV. The Sower
    LXXV. The Outcast
    LXXVI. The Woman at the Well
    LXXVII. The Peacemaker
    LXXVIII. The Hungry Dog
    LXXIX. The Despot
    LXXX. Vāsavadattā
    LXXXI. The Marriage-Feast in Jambūnada
    LXXXII. A Party in Search of a Thief
    LXXXIII. In the Realm of Yamarāja
    LXXXIV. The Mustard Seed
    LXXXV. Following the Master Over the Stream
    LXXXVI. The Sick Bhikkhu
    LXXXVII. The Patient Elephant


    THE LAST DAYS.

    LXXXVIII. The Conditions of Welfare
    LXXXIX. Sāriputta's Faith
    XC. Pātaliputta
    XCI. The Mirror of Truth
    XCII. Ambapālī
    XCIII. The Buddha's Farewell Address
    XCIV. The Buddha Announces His Death
    XCV. Chunda, the Smith
    XCVI. Metteyya
    XCVII. The Buddha's Final Entering Into Nirvāna


    CONCLUSION.

    XCVIII. The Three Personalities of the Buddha
    XCIX. The Purpose of Being
    C. The Praise of All the Buddhas

    Table of Reference
    Abbreviations in the Table of Reference
    Glossary of Names and Terms
    Index
    Remarks on the illustrations of the Gospel of Buddha

[Illustration]




INTRODUCTION.




I.

REJOICE!


Rejoice at the glad tidings! The Buddha, our Lord, has found the
root of all evil; he has shown us the way of salvation.              1

The Buddha dispels the illusions of our mind and redeems us from
the terror of death.                                                 2

The Buddha, our Lord, brings comfort to the weary and
sorrow-laden; he restores peace to those who are broken down
under the burden of life. He gives courage to the weak when they
would fain give up self-reliance and hope.                           3

Ye that suffer from the tribulations of life, ye that have to
struggle and endure, ye that yearn for a life of truth, rejoice
at the glad tidings!                                                 4

There is balm for the wounded, and there is bread for the hungry.
There is water for the thirsty, and there is hope for the
despairing. There is light for those in darkness, and there is
inexhaustible blessing for the upright.                              5

Heal your wounds, ye wounded, and eat your fill, ye hungry. Rest,
ye weary, and ye who are thirsty quench your thirst. Look up to
the light, ye that sit in darkness; be full of good cheer, ye
that are forlorn.                                                    6

Trust in truth, ye that love the truth, for the kingdom of
righteousness is founded upon earth. The darkness of error is
dispelled by the light of truth. We can see our way and take firm
and certain steps.                                                   7

The Buddha, our Lord, has revealed the truth.                        8

The truth cures our diseases and redeems us from perdition; the
truth strengthens us in life and in death; the truth alone can
conquer the evils of error.                                          9

Rejoice at the glad tidings!                                        10




II.

SAMSĀRA AND NIRVĀNA.


Look about and contemplate life!                                     1

Everything is transient and nothing endures. There is birth and
death, growth and decay; there is combination and separation.        2

The glory of the world is like a flower: it stands in full bloom
in the morning and fades in the heat of the day.                     3

Wherever you look, there is a rushing and a struggling, and an
eager pursuit of pleasure. There is a panic flight from pain and
death, and hot are the flames of burning desires. The world is
vanity fair, full of changes and transformations. All is Samsāra.    4

Is there nothing permanent in the world? Is there in the
universal turmoil no resting-place where our troubled heart can
find peace? Is there nothing everlasting?                            5

Oh, that we could have cessation of anxiety, that our burning
desires would be extinguished! When shall the mind become
tranquil and composed?                                               6

The Buddha, our Lord, was grieved at the ills of life. He saw the
vanity of worldly happiness and sought salvation in the one thing
that will not fade or perish, but will abide for ever and ever.      7

Ye who long for life, know that immortality is hidden in
transiency. Ye who wish for happiness without the sting of
regret, lead a life of righteousness. Ye who yearn for riches,
receive treasures that are eternal. Truth is wealth, and a life
of truth is happiness.                                               8

All compounds will be dissolved again, but the verities which
determine all combinations and separations as laws of nature
endure for ever and aye. Bodies fall to dust, but the truths of
the mind will not be destroyed.                                      9

Truth knows neither birth nor death; it has no beginning and no
end. Welcome the truth. The truth is the immortal part of mind.     10

Establish the truth in your mind, for the truth is the image of
the eternal; it portrays the immutable; it reveals the
everlasting; the truth gives unto mortals the boon of
immortality.                                                        11

The Buddha has proclaimed the truth; let the truth of the Buddha
dwell in your hearts. Extinguish in yourselves every desire that
antagonizes the Buddha, and in the perfection of your spiritual
growth you will become like unto him.                               12

That of your heart which cannot or will not develop into Buddha
must perish, for it is mere illusion and unreal; it is the source
of your error; it is the cause of your misery.                      13

You attain to immortality by filling your minds with truth.
Therefore, become like unto vessels fit to receive the Master's
words. Cleanse yourselves of evil and sanctify your lives. There
is no other way of reaching truth.                                  14

Learn to distinguish between Self and Truth. Self is the cause of
selfishness and the source of evil; truth cleaves to no self; it
is universal and leads to justice and righteousness.                15

Self, that which seems to those who love their self as their
being, is not the eternal, the everlasting, the imperishable.
Seek not self, but seek the truth.                                  16

If we liberate our souls from our petty selves, wish no ill to
others, and become clear as a crystal diamond reflecting the
light of truth, what a radiant picture will appear in us
mirroring things as they are, without the admixture of burning
desires, without the distortion of erroneous illusion, without
the agitation of clinging and unrest.                               17

Yet ye love self and will not abandon self-love. So be it, but
then, verily, ye should learn to distinguish between the false
self and the true self. The ego with all its egotism is the false
self. It is an unreal illusion and a perishable combination. He
only who identifies his self with the truth will attain Nirvāna;
and he who has entered Nirvāna has attained Buddhahood; he has
acquired the highest good; he has become eternal and immortal.      18

All compound things shall be dissolved again, worlds will break
to pieces and our individualities will be scattered; but the
words of the Buddha will remain for ever.                           19

The extinction of self is salvation; the annihilation of self is
the condition of enlightenment; the blotting out of self is
Nirvāna. Happy is he who has ceased to live for pleasure and
rests in the truth. Verily his composure and tranquillity of mind
are the highest bliss.                                              20

Let us take our refuge in the Buddha, for he has found the
everlasting in the transient. Let us take our refuge in that
which is the immutable in the changes of existence. Let us take
our refuge in the truth that is established through the
enlightenment of the Buddha. Let us take our refuge in the
community of those who seek the truth and endeavor to live in the
truth.                                                              21




III.

TRUTH THE SAVIOUR.


The things of the world and its inhabitants are subject to
change. They are combinations of elements that existed before,
and all living creatures are what their past actions made them;
for the law of cause and effect is uniform and without exception.    1


But in the changing things there is a constancy of law, and when
the law is seen there is truth. The truth lies hidden in Samsāra
as the permanent in its changes.                                     2

Truth desires to appear; truth longs to become conscious; truth
strives to know itself.                                              3

There is truth in the stone, for the stone is here; and no power
in the world, no god, no man, no demon, can destroy its
existence. But the stone has no consciousness.                       4

There is truth in the plant and its life can expand; the plant
grows and blossoms and bears fruit. Its beauty is marvellous, but
it has no consciousness.                                             5

There is truth in the animal; it moves about and perceives its
surroundings; it distinguishes and learns to choose. There is
consciousness, but it is not yet the consciousness of Truth. It
is a consciousness of self only.                                     6

The consciousness of self dims the eyes of the mind and hides the
truth. It is the origin of error, it is the source of illusion,
it is the germ of evil.                                              7

Self begets selfishness. There is no evil but what flows from
self. There is no wrong but what is done by the assertion of
self.                                                                8

Self is the beginning of all hatred, of iniquity and slander, of
impudence and indecency, of theft and robbery, of oppression and
bloodshed. Self is Māra, the tempter, the evil-doer, the creator
of mischief.                                                         9

Self entices with pleasures. Self promises a fairy's paradise.
Self is the veil of Māyā, the enchanter. But the pleasures of
self are unreal, its paradisian labyrinth is the road to misery,
and its fading beauty kindles the flames of desires that never
can be satisfied.                                                   10

Who shall deliver us from the power of self? Who shall save us
from misery? Who shall restore us to a life of blessedness?         11

There is misery in the world of Samsāra; there is much misery and
pain. But greater than all the misery is the bliss of truth.
Truth gives peace to the yearning mind; it conquers error; it
quenches the flames of desires; it leads to Nirvāna.                12

Blessed is he who has found the peace of Nirvāna. He is at rest
in the struggles and tribulations of life; he is above all
changes; he is above birth and death; he remains unaffected by
the evils of life.                                                  13

Blessed is he who has found enlightenment. He conquers, although
he may be wounded; he is glorious and happy, although he may
suffer; he is strong, although he may break down under the burden
of his work; he is immortal, although he may die. The essence of
his being is purity and goodness.                                   14

Blessed is he who has attained the sacred state of Buddhahood,
for he is fit to work out the salvation of his fellow-beings. The
truth has taken its abode in him. Perfect wisdom illumines his
understanding, and righteousness ensouls the purpose of all his
actions.                                                            15

The truth is a living power for good, indestructible and
invincible! Work the truth out in your mind, and spread it among
mankind, for truth alone is the saviour from evil and misery. The
Buddha has found the truth and the truth has been proclaimed by
the Buddha! Blessed be the Buddha!                                  16




PRINCE SIDDHATTHA BECOMES BUDDHA




IV. THE BODHISATTA'S BIRTH


There was in Kapliavatthu a Sakya king, strong of purpose and
reverenced by all men, a descendant of the Okkākas, who call
themselves Gotama, and his name was Suddhodana or Pure-Rice.         1

His wife Māyā-devī was beautiful as the water-lily and pure in
mind as the lotus. As the Queen of Heaven, she lived on earth,
untainted by desire, and immaculate.                                 2

The king, her husband, honored her in her holiness, and the
spirit of truth, glorious and strong in his wisdom like unto a
white elephant, descended upon her.                                  3

When she knew that the hour of motherhood was near, she asked the
king to send her home to her parents; and Suddhodana, anxious
about his wife and the child she would bear him, willingly
granted her request.                                                 4

At Lumbinī there is a beautiful grove, and when Māyā-devī passed
through it the trees were one mass of fragrant flowers and many
birds were warbling in their branches. The Queen, wishing to
stroll through the shady walks, left her golden palanquin, and,
when she reached the giant Sāla tree in the midst of the grove,
felt that her hour had come. She took hold of a branch. Her
attendants hung a curtain about her and retired. When the pain of
travail came upon her, four pure-minded angels of the great
Brahmā held out a golden net to receive the babe, who came forth
from her right side like the rising sun, bright and perfect.         5

The Brahmā-angels took the child and placing him before the
mother said: "Rejoice, O queen, a mighty son has been born unto
thee."                                                               6

At her couch stood an aged woman imploring the heavens to bless
the child.                                                           7

All the worlds were flooded with light. The blind received their
sight by longing to see the coming glory of the Lord; the deaf
and dumb spoke with one another of the good omens indicating the
birth of the Buddha to be. The crooked became straight; the lame
walked. All prisoners were freed from their chains and the fires
of all the hells were extinguished.                                  8

No clouds gathered in the skies and the polluted streams became
clear, whilst celestial music rang through the air and the angels
rejoiced with gladness. With no selfish or partial joy but for
the sake of the law they rejoiced, for creation engulfed in the
ocean of pain was now to obtain release.                             9

The cries of beasts were hushed; all malevolent beings received a
loving heart, and peace reigned on earth. Māra, the evil one,
alone was grieved and rejoiced not.                                 10

The Nāga kings, earnestly desiring to show their reverence for
the most excellent law, as they had paid honor to former Buddhas,
now went to greet the Bodhisatta. They scattered before him
mandāra flowers, rejoicing with heartfelt joy to pay their
religious homage.                                                   11

The royal father, pondering the meaning of these signs, was now
full of joy and now sore distressed.                                12

The queen mother, beholding her child and the commotion which his
birth created, felt in her timorous heart the pangs of doubt.       13

Now the re was at that time in a grove near Lumbinī Asita, a
rishi, leading the life of a hermit. He was a Brahman of
dignified mien, famed not only for wisdom and scholarship, but
also for his skill in the interpretation of signs. And the king
invited him to see the royal babe.                                  14

The seer, beholding the prince, wept and sighed deeply. And when
the king saw the tears of Asita he became alarmed and asked: "Why
has the sight of my son caused thee grief and pain?"                15

But Asita's heart rejoiced, and, knowing the king's mind to be
perplexed, he addressed him, saying:                                16

"The king, like the moon when full, should feel great joy, for he
has begotten a wondrously noble son.                                17

"I do not worship Brahmā, but I worship this child; and the gods
in the temples will descend from their places of honor to adore
him.                                                                18

"Banish all anxiety and doubt. The spiritual omens manifested
indicate that the child now born will bring deliverance to the
whole world.                                                        19

"Recollecting that I myself am old, on that account I could not
hold my tears; for now my end is coming on and I shall not see
the glory of this babe. For this son of thine will rule the
world.                                                              20

"The wheel of empire will come to him. He will either be a king
of kings to govern all the lands of the earth, or verily will
become a Buddha. He is born for the sake of everything that
lives.                                                              21

"His pure teaching will be like the shore that receives the
shipwrecked. His power of meditation will be like a cool lake;
and all creatures parched with the drought of lust may freely
drink thereof.                                                      22

"On the fire of covetousness he will cause the cloud of his mercy
to rise, so that the rain of the law may extinguish it. The heavy
gates of despondency will he open, and give deliverance to all
creatures ensnared in the selfentwined meshes of folly and
ignorance.                                                          23

"The king of the law has come forth to rescue from bondage all
the poor, the miserable, the helpless."                             24

When the royal parents heard Asita's words they rejoiced in their
hearts and named their new-born infant Siddhattha, that is, "he
who has accomplished his purpose."                                  25

And the queen said to her sister, Pajāpatī: "A mother who has
borne a future Buddha will never give birth to another child. I
shall soon leave this world, my husband, the king, and
Siddhattha, my child. When I am gone, be thou a mother to him."     26

And Pajāpatī wept and promised.                                     27

When the queen had departed from the living, Pajāpatī took the
boy Siddhattha and reared him. And as the light of the moon
increases little by little, so the royal child grew from day to
day in mind and in body; and truthfulness and love resided in his
heart.                                                              28

When a year had passed Suddhodana the king made Pajāpatī his
queen and there was never a better stepmother than she.             29




V.

THE TIES OF LIFE.


When Siddhattha had grown to youth, his father desired to see him
married, and he sent to all his kinsfolk, commanding them to
bring their princesses that the prince might select one of them
as his wife.                                                         1

But the kinsfolk replied and said: "The prince is young and
delicate; nor has he learned any of the sciences. He would not be
able to maintain our daughter, and should there be war he would
be unable to cope with the enemy."                                   2

The prince was not boisterous, but pensive in his nature. He
loved to stay under the great jambu-tree in the garden of his
father, and, observing the ways of the world, gave himself up to
meditation.                                                          3

And the prince said to his father: "Invite our kinsfolk that they
may see me and put my strength to the test." And his father did
as his son bade him.                                                 4

When the kinsfolk came, and the people of the city Kapilavatthu
had assembled to test the prowess and scholarship of the prince,
he proved himself manly in all the exercises both of the body and
of the mind, and there was no rival among the youths and men of
India who could surpass him in any test, bodily or mental.           5

He replied to all the questions of the sages; but when he
questioned them, even the wisest among them were silenced.           6

Then Siddhattha chose himself a wife. He selected Yasodharā, his
cousin, the gentle daughter of the king of Koli. And Yasodharā
was betrothed to the prince.                                         7

In their wedlock was born a son whom they named Rāhula which
means "fetter" or "tie", and King Suddhodana, glad that an heir
was born to his son, said:                                           8

"The prince having begotten a son, will love him as I love the
prince. This will be a strong tie to bind Siddhattha's heart to
the interests of the world, and the kingdom of the Sakyas will
remain under the sceptre of my descendants."                         9

With no selfish aim, but regarding his child and the people at
large, Siddhattha, the prince, attended to his religious duties,
bathing his body in the holy Ganges and cleansing his heart in
the waters of the law. Even as men desire to give happiness to
their children, so did he long to give peace to the world.          10




VI.

THE THREE WOES.


The palace which the king had given to the prince was resplendent
with all the luxuries of India; for the king was anxious to see
his son happy.                                                       1

All sorrowful sights, all misery, and all knowledge of misery
were kept away from Siddhattha, for the king desired that no
troubles should come nigh him; he should not know that there was
evil in the world.                                                   2

But as the chained elephant longs for the wilds of the jungles,
so the prince was eager to see the world, and he asked his
father, the king, for permission to do so.                           3

And Suddhodana ordered a jewel-fronted chariot with four stately
horses to be held ready, and commanded the roads to be adorned
where his son would pass.                                            4

The houses of the city were decorated with curtains and banners,
and spectators arranged themselves on either side, eagerly
gazing at the heir to the throne. Thus Siddhattha rode with
Channa, his charioteer, through the streets of the city, and into
a country watered by rivulets and covered with pleasant trees.       5

There by the wayside they met an old man with bent frame,
wrinkled face and sorrowful brow, and the prince asked the
charioteer: "Who is this? His head is white, his eyes are
bleared, and his body is withered. He can barely support himself
on his staff."                                                       6

The charioteer, much embarrassed, hardly dared speak the truth.
He said: "These are the symptoms of old age. This same man was
once a suckling child, and as a youth full of sportive life; but
now, as years have passed away, his beauty is gone and the
strength of his life is wasted."                                     7

Siddhattha was greatly affected by the words of the charioteer,
and he sighed because of the pain of old age. "What joy or
pleasure can men take," he thought to himself, "when they know
they must soon wither and pine away!"                                8

And lo! while they were passing on, a sick man appeared on the
way-side, gasping for breath, his body disfigured, convulsed and
groaning with pain.                                                  9

The prince asked his charioteer: "What kind of man is this?" And
the charioteer replied and said: "This man is sick. The four
elements of his body are confused and out of order. We are all
subject to such conditions: the poor and the rich, the ignorant
and the wise, all creatures that have bodies, are liable to the
same calamity."                                                     10

And Siddhattha was still more moved. All pleasures appeared stale
to him, and he loathed the joys of life.                            11

The charioteer sped the horses on to escape the dreary sight,
when suddenly they were stopped in their fiery course.              12

Four persons passed by, carrying a corpse; and the prince,
shuddering at the sight of a lifeless body, asked the charioteer:
"What is this they carry? There are streamers and flower
garlands; but the men that follow are overwhelmed with grief!"      13

The charioteer replied: "This is a dead man: his body is stark;
his life is gone; his thoughts are still; his family and the
friends who loved him now carry the corpse to the grave."           14

And the prince was full of awe and terror: "Is this the only dead
man," he asked, "or does the world contain other instances?"        15

With a heavy heart the charioteer replied: "All over the world it
is the same. He who begins life must end it. There is no escape
from death."                                                        16

With bated breath and stammering accents the prince exclaimed: "O
worldly men! How fatal is your delusion! Inevitably your body
will crumble to dust, yet carelessly, unheedingly, ye live on."     17


The charioteer observing the deep impression these sad sights had
made on the prince, turned his horses and drove back to the city.   18


When they passed by the palaces of the nobility, Kisā Gotamī, a
young princess and niece of the king, saw Siddhattha in his
manliness and beauty, and, observing the thoughtfulness of his
countenance, said: "Happy the father that begot thee, happy the
mother that nursed thee, happy the wife that calls husband this
lord so glorious."                                                  19

The prince hearing this greeting, said: "Happy are they that have
found deliverance. Longing for peace of mind, I shall seek the
bliss of Nirvāna."                                                  20

Then asked Kisā Gotamī: "How is Nirvāna attained?" The prince
paused, and to him whose mind was estranged from wrong the answer
came: "When the fire of lust is gone out, then Nirvāna is gained;
when the fires of hatred and delusion are gone out, then Nirvāna
is gained; when the troubles of mind, arising from blind
credulity, and all other evils have ceased, then Nirvāna is
gained!" Siddhattha handed her his precious pearl necklace as
a reward for the instruction she had given him, and having
returned home looked with disdain upon the treasures of his
palace.                                                             21

His wife welcomed him and entreated him to tell her the cause of
his grief. He said: "I see everywhere the impression of change;
therefore, my heart is heavy. Men grow old, sicken, and die. That
is enough to take away the zest of life."                           22

The king, his father, hearing that the prince had become
estranged from pleasure, was greatly overcome with sorrow and
like a sword it pierced his heart.                                  23




VII.

THE BODHISATTA'S RENUNCIATION.


It was night. The prince found no rest on his soft pillow; he
arose and went out into the garden. "Alas!" he cried, "all the
world is full of darkness and ignorance; there is no one who
knows how to cure the ills of existence." And he groaned with
pain.                                                                1

Siddhattha sat down beneath the great jambu-tree and gave himself
to thought, pondering on life and death and the evils of decay.
Concentrating his mind he became free from confusion. All low
desires vanished from his heart and perfect tranquillity came
over him.                                                            2

In this state of ecstasy he saw with his mental eye all the
misery and sorrow of the world; he saw the pains of pleasure and
the inevitable certainty of death that hovers over every being;
yet men are not awakened to the truth. And a deep compassion
seized his heart.                                                    3

While the prince was pondering on the problem of evil, he beheld
with his mind's eye under the jambu-tree a lofty figure endowed
with majesty, calm and dignified. "Whence comest thou, and who
mayst thou be?" asked the prince.                                    4

In reply the vision said: "I am a samana. Troubled at the thought
of old age, disease, and death I have left my home to seek the
path of salvation. All things hasten to decay; only the truth
abideth forever. Everything changes, and there is no permanency;
yet the words of the Buddhas are immutable. I long for the
happiness that does not decay; the treasure that will never
perish; the life that knows of no beginning and no end.
Therefore, I have destroyed all worldly thought. I have retired
into an unfrequented dell to live in solitude; and, begging for
food, I devote myself to the one thing needful."                     5

Siddhattha asked: "Can peace be gained in this world of unrest? I
am struck with the emptiness of pleasure and have become
disgusted with lust. All oppresses me, and existence itself seems
intolerable."                                                        6

The samana replied: "Where heat is, there is also a possibility
of cold; creatures subject to pain possess the faculty of
pleasure; the origin of evil indicates that good can be
developed. For these things are correlatives. Thus where there is
much suffering, there will be much bliss, if thou but open thine
eyes to behold it. Just as a man who has fallen into a heap of
filth ought to seek the great pond of water covered with lotuses,
which is near by: even so seek thou for the great deathless lake
of Nirvāna to wash off the defilement of wrong. If the lake is
not sought, it is not the fault of the lake. Even so when there
is a blessed road leading the man held fast by wrong to the
salvation of Nirvāna, if the road is not walked upon, it is not
the fault of the road, but of the person. And when a man who is
oppressed with sickness, there being a physician who can heal
him, does not avail himself of the physician's help, that is not
the fault of the physician. Even so when a man oppressed by the
malady of wrong-doing does not seek the spiritual guide of
enlightenment, that is no fault of the evil-destroying guide."       7

The prince listened to the noble words of his visitor and said:
"Thou bringest good tidings, for now I know that my purpose will
be accomplished. My father advises me to enjoy life and to
undertake worldly duties, such as will bring honor to me and to
our house. He tells me that I am too young still, that my pulse
beats too full to lead a religious life."                            8

The venerable figure shook his head and replied: "Thou shouldst
know that for seeking a religious life no time can be
inopportune."                                                        9

A thrill of joy passed through Siddhattha's heart. "Now is the
time to seek religion," he said; "now is the time to sever all
ties that would prevent me from attaining perfect enlightenment;
now is the time to wander into homelessness and, leading a
mendicant's life, to find the path of deliverance."                 10

The celestial messenger heard the resolution of Siddhattha with
approval.                                                           11

"Now, indeed," he added, "is the time to seek religion. Go,
Siddhattha, and accomplish thy purpose. For thou art Bodhisatta,
the Buddha-elect; thou art destined to enlighten the world.         12

"Thou art the Tathāgata, the great master, for thou wilt fulfil
all righteousness and be Dharmarāja, the king of truth. Thou art
Bhagavat, the Blessed One, for thou art called upon to become the
saviour and redeemer of the world.                                  13

"Fulfil thou the perfection of truth. Though the thunderbolt
descend upon thy head, yield thou never to the allurements that
beguile men from the path of truth. As the sun at all seasons
pursues his own course, nor ever goes on another, even so if thou
forsake not the straight path of righteousness, thou shalt become
a Buddha.                                                           14

"Persevere in thy quest and thou shalt find what thou seekest.
Pursue thy aim unswervingly and thou shalt gain the prize.
Struggle earnestly and thou shalt conquer. The benediction of all
deities, of all saints, of all that seek light is upon thee, and
heavenly wisdom guides thy steps. Thou shalt be the Buddha, our
Master, and our Lord; thou shalt enlighten the world and save
mankind from perdition."                                            15

Having thus spoken, the vision vanished, and Siddhattha's heart
was filled with peace. He said to himself:                          16

"I have awakened to the truth and I am resolved to accomplish my
purpose. I will sever all the ties that bind me to the world, and
I will go out from my home to seek the way of salvation.            17

"The Buddhas are beings whose words cannot fail: there is no
departure from truth in their speech.                               18

"For as the fall of a stone thrown into the air, as the death of
a mortal, as the sunrise at dawn, as the lion's roar when he
leaves his lair, as the delivery of a woman with child, as all
these things are sure and certain--even so the word of the
Buddhas is sure and cannot fail.                                    19

"Verily I shall become a Buddha."                                   20

The prince returned to the bedroom of his wife to take a last
farewell glance at those whom he dearly loved above all the
treasures of the earth. He longed to take the infant once more
into his arms and kiss him with a parting kiss. But the child lay
in the arms of his mother, and the prince could not lift him
without awakening both.                                             21

There Siddhattha stood gazing at his beautiful wife and his
beloved son, and his heart grieved. The pain of parting overcame
him powerfully. Although his mind was determined, so that
nothing, be it good or evil, could shake his resolution, the
tears flowed freely from his eyes, and it was beyond his power to
check their stream. But the prince tore himself away with a
manly heart, suppressing his feelings but not extinguishing his
memory.                                                             22

The Bodhisatta mounted his noble steed Kanthaka, and when he left
the palace, Māra stood in the gate and stopped him: "Depart not,
O my Lord," exclaimed Māra. "In seven days from now the wheel of
empire will appear, and will make thee sovereign over the four
continents and the two thousand adjacent islands. Therefore,
stay, my Lord."                                                     23

The Bodhisatta replied: "Well do I know that the wheel of empire
will appear to me; but it is not sovereignty that I desire. I
will become a Buddha and make all the world shout for joy."         24

Thus Siddhattha, the prince, renounced power and worldly
pleasures, gave up his kingdom, severed all ties, and went into
homelessness. He rode out into the silent night, accompanied only
by his faithful charioteer Channa.                                  25

Darkness lay upon the earth, but the stars shone brightly in the
heavens.                                                            26




VIII.

KING BIMBISĀRA.


Siddhattha had cut his waving hair and had exchanged his royal
robe for a mean dress of the color of the ground. Having sent
home Channa, the charioteer, together with the noble steed
Kanthaka, to king Suddhodana to bear him the message that the
prince had left the world, the Bodhisatta walked along on the
highroad with a beggar's bowl in his hand.                           1

Yet the majesty of his mind was ill-concealed under the poverty
of his appearance. His erect gait betrayed his royal birth and
his eyes beamed with a fervid zeal for truth. The beauty of his
youth was transfigured by holiness and surrounded his head like a
halo.                                                                2

All the people who saw this unusual sight gazed at him in wonder.
Those who were in haste arrested their steps and looked back; and
there was no one who did not pay him homage.                         3

Having entered the city of Rājagaha, the prince went from house
to house silently waiting till the people offered him food.
Wherever the Blessed One came, the people gave him what they had;
they bowed before him in humility and were filled with gratitude
because he condescended to approach their homes.                     4

Old and young people were moved and said: "This is a noble muni!
His approach is bliss. What a great joy for us!"                     5

And king Bimbisāra, noticing the commotion in the city, inquired
the cause of it, and when he learned the news sent one of his
attendants to observe the stranger.                                  6

Having heard that the muni must be a Sakya and of noble family,
and that he had retired to the bank of a flowing river in the
woods to eat the food in his bowl, the king was moved in his
heart; he donned his royal robe, placed his golden crown upon his
head and went out in the company of aged and wise counselors to
meet his mysterious guest.                                           7

The king found the muni of the Sakya race seated under a tree.
Contemplating the composure of his face and the gentleness of his
deportment, Bimbisāra greeted him reverently and said:               8

"O samana, thy hands are fit to grasp the reins of an empire and
should not hold a beggar's bowl. I am sorry to see thee wasting
thy youth. Believing that thou art of royal descent, I invite
thee to join me in the government of my country and share my
royal power. Desire for power is becoming to the noble-minded,
and wealth should not be despised. To grow rich and lose
religion is not true gain. But he who possesses all three, power,
wealth, and religion, enjoying them in discretion and with
wisdom, him I call a great master."                                  9

The great Sakyamuni lifted his eyes and replied:                    10

"Thou art known, O king, to be liberal and religious, and thy
words are prudent. A kind man who makes good use of wealth is
rightly said to possess a great treasure; but the miser who
hoards up his riches will have no profit.                           11

"Charity is rich in returns; charity is the greatest wealth, for
though it scatters, it brings no repentance.                        12

"I have severed all ties because I seek deliverance. How is it
possible for me to return to the world? He who seeks religious
truth, which is the highest treasure of all, must leave behind
all that can concern him or draw away his attention, and must be
bent upon that one goal alone. He must free his soul from
covetousness and lust, and also from the desire for power.          13

"Indulge in lust but a little, and lust like a child will grow.
Wield worldly power and you will be burdened with cares.            14

"Better than sovereignty over the earth, better than living in
heaven, better than lordship over all the worlds, is the fruit of
holiness.                                                           15

"The Bodhisatta has recognized the illusory nature of wealth and
will not take poison as food.                                       16

"Will a fish that has been baited still covet the hook, or an
escaped bird love the net?                                          17

"Would a rabbit rescued from the serpent's mouth go back to be
devoured? Would a man who has burnt his hand with a torch take up
the torch after he had dropped it to the earth? Would a blind man
who has recovered his sight desire to spoil his eyes again?         18

"The sick man suffering from fever seeks for a cooling medicine.
Shall we advise him to drink that which will increase the fever?
Shall we quench a fire by heaping fuel upon it?                     19

"I pray thee, pity me not. Rather pity those who are burdened
with the cares of royalty and the worry of great riches. They
enjoy them in fear and trembling, for they are constantly
threatened with a loss of those boons on whose possession their
hearts are set, and when they die they cannot take along either
their gold or the kingly diadem.                                    20

"My heart hankers after no vulgar profit, so I have put away my
royal inheritance and prefer to be free from the burdens of life.   21

"Therefore, try not to entangle me in new relationships and
duties, nor hinder me from completing the work I have begun.        22

"I regret to leave thee. But I will go to the sages who can teach
me religion and so find the path on which we can escape evil.       23

"May thy country enjoy peace and prosperity, and may wisdom be
shed upon thy rule like the brightness of the noon-day sun. May
thy royal power be strong and may righteousness be the sceptre in
thine hand."                                                        24

The king, clasping his hands with reverence, bowed down before
Sakyamuni and said: "Mayest thou obtain that which thou seekest,
and when thou hast obtained it, come back, I pray thee, and
receive me as thy disciple."                                        25

The Bodhisatta parted from the king in friendship and goodwill,
and purposed in his heart to grant his request.                     26




IX.

THE BODHISATTA'S SEARCH.


Alāra and Uddaka were renowned as teachers among the Brahmans,
and there was no one in those days who surpassed them in learning
and philosophical knowledge.                                         1

The Bodhisatta went to them and sat at their feet. He listened to
their doctrines of the ātman or self, which is the ego of the
mind and the doer of all doings. He learned their views of the
transmigration of souls and of the law of karma; how the souls of
bad men had to suffer by being reborn in men of low caste, in
animals, or in hell, while those who purified themselves by
libations, by sacrifices, and by self-mortification would become
kings, or Brahmans, or devas, so as to rise higher and higher in
the grades of existence. He studied their incantations and
offerings and the methods by which they attained deliverance of
the ego from material existence in states of ecstasy.                2

Alāra said: "What is that self which perceives the actions of the
five roots of mind, touch, smell, taste, sight, and hearing? What
is that which is active in the two ways of motion, in the hands
and in the feet? The problem of the soul appears in the
expressions '_I_ say,' '_I_ know and perceive,' '_I_ come,' and
'_I_ go' or '_I_ will stay here.' Thy soul is not thy body; it is
not thy eye, not thy ear, not thy nose, not thy tongue, nor is it
thy mind. The _I_ is the one who feels the touch in thy body. The
_I_ is the smeller in the nose, the taster in the tongue, the
seer in the eye, the hearer in the ear, and the thinker in the
mind. The _I_ moves thy hands and thy feet. The _I_ is thy soul.
Doubt in the existence of the soul is irreligious, and without
discerning this truth there is no way of salvation. Deep
speculation will easily involve the mind; it leads to confusion
and unbelief; but a purification of the soul leads to the way of
escape. True deliverance is reached by removing from the crowd
and leading a hermit's life, depending entirely on alms for food.
Putting away all desire and clearly recognizing the non-existence
of matter, we reach a state of perfect emptiness. Here we find
the condition of immaterial fife. As the muñja grass when freed
from its horny case, as a sword when drawn from its scabbard, or
as the wild bird escaped from its prison, so the ego, liberating
itself from all limitations, finds perfect release. This is true
deliverance, but those only who will have deep faith will learn."    3

The Bodhisatta found no satisfaction in these teachings. He
replied: "People are in bondage, because they have not yet
removed the idea of the ego.                                         4

"The thing and its quality are different in our thought, but not
in reality. Heat is different from fire in our thought, but you
cannot remove heat from fire in reality. You say that you can
remove the qualities and leave the thing, but if you think your
theory to the end, you will find that this is not so.                5

"Is not man an organism of many aggregates? Are we not composed
of various attributes? Man consists of the material form, of
sensation, of thought, of dispositions, and, lastly, of
understanding. That which men call the ego when they say '_I_ am'
is not an entity behind the attributes; it originates by their
co-operation. There is mind; there is sensation and thought, and
there is truth; and truth is mind when it walks in the path of
righteousness. But there is no separate ego-soul outside or
behind the thought of man. He who believes that the ego is a
distinct being has no correct conception of things. The very
search for the ātman is wrong; it is a wrong start and it will
lead you in a false direction.                                       6

"How much confusion of thought comes from our interest in self,
and from our vanity when thinking '_I_ am so great,' or '_I_ have
done this wonderful deed?' The thought of thine ego stands
between thy rational nature and truth; banish it, and then wilt
thou see things as they are. He who thinks correctly will rid
himself of ignorance and acquire wisdom. The ideas '_I_ am' and
'_I_ shall be' or '_I_ shall not be' do not occur to a clear
thinker.                                                             7

"Moreover, if our ego remains, how can we attain true
deliverance? If the ego is to be reborn in any of the three
worlds, be it in hell, upon earth, or be it even in heaven, we
shall meet again and again the same inevitable doom of sorrow. We
shall remain chained to the wheel of individuality and shall be
implicated in egotism and wrong.                                     8

"All combination is subject to separation, and we cannot escape
birth, disease, old age, and death. Is this a final escape?"         9

Said Uddaka: "Consider the unity of things. Things are not their
parts, yet they exist. The members and organs of thy body are not
thine ego, but thine ego possesses all these parts. What, for
instance, is the Ganges? Is the sand the Ganges? Is the water the
Ganges? Is the hither bank the Ganges? Is the farther bank the
Ganges? The Ganges is a mighty river and it possesses all these
several qualities. Exactly so is our ego".                          10

But the Bodhisatta replied: "Not so, sir! If we except the water,
the sand, the hither bank and the farther bank, where can we find
any Ganges? In the same way I observe the activities of man in
their harmonious union, but there is no ground for an ego outside
its parts."                                                         11

The Brahman sage, however, insisted on the existence of the ego,
saying: "The ego is the doer of our deeds. How can there be karma
without a self as its performer? Do we not see around us the
effects of karma? What makes men different in character, station,
possessions, and fate? It is their karma, and karma includes
merit and demerit. The transmigration of the soul is subject to
its karma. We inherit from former existences the evil effects of
our evil deeds and the good effects of our good deeds. If that
were not so, how could we be different?"                            12

The Tathāgata meditated deeply on the problems of transmigration
and karma, and found the truth that lies in them.                   13

"The doctrine of karma," he said, "is undeniable, but thy theory
of the ego has no foundation.                                       14

"Like everything else in nature, the life of man is subject to
the law of cause and effect. The present reaps what the past has
sown, and the future is the product of the present. But there is
no evidence of the existence of an immutable ego-being, of a self
which remains the same and migrates from body to body. There is
rebirth but no transmigration.                                      15

"Is not this individuality of mine a combination, material as
well as mental? Is it not made up of qualities that sprang into
being by a gradual evolution? The five roots of sense-perception
in this organism have come from ancestors who performed these
functions. The ideas which I think, came to me partly from others
who thought them, and partly they rise from combinations of the
ideas in my own mind. Those who have used the same sense-organs,
and have thought the same ideas before I was composed into this
individuality of mine are my previous existences; they are my
ancestors as much as the _I_ of yesterday is the father of the
_I_ of to-day, and the karma of my past deeds conditions the fate
of my present existence.                                            16

"Supposing there were an ātman that performs the actions of the
senses, then if the door of sight were torn down and the eye
plucked out, that ātman would be able to peep through the larger
aperture and see the forms of its surroundings better and more
clearly than before. It would be able to hear sounds better if
the ears were torn away; smell better if the nose were cut off;
taste better if the tongue were pulled out; and feel better if
the body were destroyed.                                            17

"I observe the preservation and transmission of character; I
perceive the truth of karma, but see no ātman whom your doctrine
makes the doer of your deeds. There is rebirth without the
transmigration of a self. For this ātman, this self, this ego in
the '_I_ say' and in the '_I_ will' is an illusion. If this self
were a reality, how could there be an escape from selfhood? The
terror of hell would be infinite, and no release could be
granted. The evils of existence would not be due to our ignorance
and wrong-doing, but would constitute the very nature of our
being."                                                             18

And the Bodhisatta went to the priests officiating in the
temples. But the gentle mind of the Sakyamuni was offended at the
unnecessary cruelty performed on the altars of the gods. He said:   19

"Ignorance only can make these men prepare festivals and hold
vast meetings for sacrifices. Far better to revere the truth than
try to appease the gods by shedding blood.                          20

"What love can a man possess who believes that the destruction of
life will atone for evil deeds? Can a new wrong expiate old
wrongs? And can the slaughter of an innocent victim blot out the
evil deeds of mankind? This is practising religion by the neglect
of moral conduct.                                                   21

"Purify your hearts and cease to kill; that is true religion.       22

"Rituals have no efficacy; prayers are vain repetitions; and
incantations have no saving power. But to abandon covetousness
and lust, to become free from evil passions, and to give up all
hatred and ill-will, that is the right sacrifice and the true
worship."                                                           23




X.

URUVELĀ, THE PLACE OF MORTIFICATION.


The Bodhisatta went in search of a better system and came to a
settlement of five bhikkhus in the jungle of Uruvelā; and when
the Blessed One saw the life of those five men, virtuously
keeping in check their senses, subduing their passions, and
practising austere self-discipline, he admired their earnestness
and joined their company.                                            1

With holy zeal and a strong heart, the Sakyamuni gave himself up
to meditative thought and rigorous mortification of the body.
Whereas the five bhikkhus were severe, the Sakyamuni was severer
still, and they revered him, their junior, as their master.          2

So the Bodhisatta continued for six years patiently torturing
himself and suppressing the wants of nature. He trained his body
and exercised his mind in the modes of the most rigorous ascetic
life. At last, he ate each day one hemp-grain only, seeking to
cross the ocean of birth and death and to arrive at the shore of
deliverance.                                                         3

And when the Bodhisatta was ahungered, lo! Māra, the Evil One,
approached him and said: "Thou art emaciated from fasts, and
death is near. What good is thy exertion? Deign to live, and thou
wilt be able to do good works." But the Sakyamuni made reply: "O
thou friend of the indolent, thou wicked one; for what purpose
hast thou come? Let the flesh waste away, if but the mind becomes
more tranquil and attention more steadfast. What is life in this
world? Death in battle is better to me than that I should live
defeated."                                                           4

And Māra withdrew, saying: "For seven years I have followed the
Blessed One step by step, but I have found no fault in the
Tathāgata".                                                          5

The Bodhisatta was shrunken and attenuated, and his body was like
a withered branch; but the fame of his holiness spread in the
surrounding countries, and people came from great distances to
see him and receive his blessing.                                    6

However, the Holy One was not satisfied. Seeking true wisdom he
did not find it, and he came to the conclusion that mortification
would not extinguish desire nor afford enlightenment in ecstatic
contemplation.                                                       7

Seated beneath a jambu-tree, he considered the state of his mind
and the fruits of his mortification. His body had become weaker,
nor had his fasts advanced him in his search for salvation, and
therefore when he saw that it was not the right path, he proposed
to abandon it.                                                       8

He went to bathe in the Nerañjara river, but when he strove to
leave the water he could not rise on account of his weakness.
Then espying the branch of a tree and taking hold of it, he
raised himself and left the stream. But while returning to his
abode, he staggered and fell to the ground, and the five bhikkhus
thought he was dead.                                                 9

There was a chief herdsman living near the grove whose eldest
daughter was called Nandā; and Nandā happened to pass by the spot
where the Blessed One had swooned, and bowing down before him she
offered him rice-milk and he accepted the gift. When he had
partaken of the rice-milk all his limbs were refreshed, his mind
became clear again, and he was strong to receive the highest
enlightenment.                                                      10

After this occurrence, the Bodhisatta again took some food. His
disciples, having witnessed the scene of Nandā and observing the
change in his mode of living, were filled with suspicion. They
were convinced that Siddhattha's religious zeal was flagging and
that he whom they had hitherto revered as their Master had become
oblivious of his high purpose.                                      11

When the Bodhisatta saw the bhikkhus turning away from him, he
felt sorry for their lack of confidence, and was aware of the
loneliness in which he lived. 12 Suppressing his grief he
wandered on alone, and his disciples said, "Siddhattha leaves us
to seek a more pleasant abode."                                     13




XI

MĀRA THE EVIL ONE.


The Holy One directed his steps to that blessed Bodhi-tree
beneath whose shade he was to accomplish his search.                 1

As he walked, the earth shook and a brilliant light transfigured
the world.                                                           2

When he sat down the heavens resounded with joy and all living
beings were filled with good cheer.                                  3

Māra alone, lord of the five desires, bringer of death and enemy
of truth, was grieved and rejoiced not. With his three daughters,
Tanhā, Ragā and Arati, the tempters, and with his host of evil
demons, he went to the place where the great samana sat. But
Sakyamuni heeded him not.                                            4

Māra uttered fear-inspiring threats and raised a whirlwind so
that the skies were darkened and the ocean roared and trembled.
But the Blessed One under the Bodhi-tree remained calm and feared
not. The Enlightened One knew that no harm could befall him.         5

The three daughters of Māra tempted the Bodhisatta, but he paid
no attention to them, and when Māra saw that he could kindle no
desire in the heart of the victorious samana, he ordered all the
evil spirits at his command to attack him and overawe the great
muni.                                                                6

But the Blessed One watched them as one would watch the harmless
games of children. All the fierce hatred of the evil spirits was
of no avail. The flames of hell became wholesome breezes of
perfume, and the angry thunderbolts were changed into
lotus-blossoms.                                                      7

When Māra saw this, he fled away with his army from the
Bodhi-tree, whilst from above a rain of heavenly flowers fell,
and voices of good spirits were heard:                               8

"Behold the great muni! his heart unmoved by hatred. The wicked
Māra's host 'gainst him did not prevail. Pure is he and wise,
loving and full of mercy.                                            9

"As the rays of the sun drown the darkness of the world, so he
who perseveres in his search will find the truth and the truth
will enlighten him."                                                10




XII.

ENLIGHTENMENT.


The Bodhisatta, having put Māra to flight, gave himself up to
meditation. All the miseries of the world, the evils produced by
evil deeds and the sufferings arising therefrom, passed before
his mental eye, and he thought:                                      1

"Surely if living creatures saw the results of all their evil
deeds, they would turn away from them in disgust. But selfhood
blinds them, and they cling to their obnoxious desires.              2

"They crave pleasure for themselves and they cause pain to
others; when death destroys their individuality, they find no
peace; their thirst for existence abides and their selfhood
reappears in new births.                                             3

"Thus they continue to move in the coil and can find no escape
from the hell of their own making. And how empty are their
pleasures, how vain are their endeavors! Hollow like the
plantain-tree and without contents like the bubble.                  4

"The world is full of evil and sorrow, because it is full of
lust. Men go astray because they think that delusion is better
than truth. Rather than truth they follow error, which is
pleasant to look at in the beginning but in the end causes
anxiety, tribulation, and misery."                                   5

And the Bodhisatta began to expound the Dharma. The Dharma is the
truth. The Dharma is the sacred law. The Dharma is religion. The
Dharma alone can deliver us from error, from wrong and from
sorrow.                                                              6

Pondering on the origin of birth and death, the Enlightened One
recognized that ignorance was the root of all evil; and these are
the links in the development of life, called the twelve nidānas:     7

In the beginning there is existence blind and without knowledge;
and in this sea of ignorance there are stirrings formative and
organizing. From stirrings, formative and organizing, rises
awareness or feelings. Feelings beget organisms that live as
individual beings. These organisms develop the six fields, that
is, the five senses and the mind. The six fields come in contact
with things. Contact begets sensation. Sensation creates the
thirst of individualized being. The thirst of being creates a
cleaving to things. The cleaving produces the growth and
continuation of selfhood. Selfhood continues in renewed births.
The renewed births of selfhood are the cause of suffering, old
age, sickness, and death. They produce lamentation, anxiety, and
despair.                                                             8

The cause of all sorrow lies at the very beginning; it is hidden
in the ignorance from which life grows. Remove ignorance and you
will destroy the wrong appetences that rise from ignorance;
destroy these appetences and you will wipe out the wrong
perception that rises from them. Destroy wrong perception and
there is an end of errors in individualized beings. Destroy the
errors in individualized beings and the illusions of the six
fields will disappear. Destroy illusions and the contact with
things will cease to beget misconception. Destroy misconception
and you do away with thirst. Destroy thirst and you will be free
of ail morbid cleaving. Remove the cleaving and you destroy the
selfishness of selfhood. If the selfishness of selfhood is
destroyed you will be above birth, old age, disease, and death,
and you will escape all suffering.                                   9

The Enlightened One saw the four noble truths which point out the
path that leads to Nirvāna or the extinction of self:               10

The first noble truth is the existence of sorrow.                   11

The second noble truth is the cause of suffering.                   12

The third noble truth is the cessation of sorrow.                   13

The fourth noble truth is the eightfold path that leads to the
cessation of sorrow.                                                14

This is the Dharma. This is the truth. This is religion. And the
Enlightened One uttered this stanza:                                15

     "Through many births I sought in vain
     The Builder of this House of Pain.
     Now, Builder, thee I plainly see!
     This is the last abode for me.
     Thy gable's yoke and rafters broke,
     My heart has peace. All lust will cease."                      16

There is self and there is truth. Where self is, truth is not.
Where truth is, self is not. Self is the fleeting error of
samsāra; it is individual separateness and that egotism which
begets envy and hatred. Self is the yearning for pleasure and the
lust after vanity. Truth is the correct comprehension of things;
it is the permanent and everlasting, the real in all existence,
the bliss of righteousness. 17 The existence of self is an
illusion, and there is no wrong in this world, no vice, no evil,
except what flows from the assertion of self.                       18

The attainment of truth is possible only when self is recognized
as an illusion. Righteousness can be practised only when we have
freed our mind from passions of egotism. Perfect peace can dwell
only where all vanity has disappeared.                              19

Blessed is he who has understood the Dharma. Blessed is he who
does no harm to his fellow-beings. Blessed is he who overcomes
wrong and is free from passion. To the highest bliss has he
attained who has conquered all selfishness and vanity. He has
become the Buddha, the Perfect One, the Blessed One, the Holy
One.                                                                20




XIII.

THE FIRST CONVERTS.


The Blessed One tarried in solitude seven times seven
days, enjoying the bliss of emancipation.                            1

At that time Tapussa and Bhallika, two merchants, came
traveling on the road near by, and when they saw the
great samana, majestic and full of peace, they approached
him respectfully and offered him rice cakes and honey.               2

This was the first food that the Enlightened One ate after
he attained Buddhahood.                                              3

And the Buddha addressed them and pointed out to them
the way of salvation. The two merchants, conceiving in
their minds the holiness of the conqueror of Māra, bowed
down in reverence and said: "We take our refuge, Lord,
in the Blessed One and in the Dharma."                               4

Tapussa and Bhallika were the first that became followers
of the Buddha and they were lay disciples.                           5




XIV.

BRAHMĀS REQUEST.


The Blessed One having attained Buddhahood while resting under
the shepherd's Nigrodha tree on the banks of the river Nerañjarā,
pronounced this solemn utterance:                                    1

     "How blest in happy solitude
     Is he who hears of truth the call!
     How blest to be both kind and good,
     To practice self-restraint to all!
     How blest from passion to be free,
     All sensuous joys to let pass by!
     Yet highest bliss enjoyeth he
     Who quits the pride of 'I am I.'                                2

"I have recognized the deepest truth, which is sublime and
peace-giving, but difficult to understand; for most men move in a
sphere of worldly interests and find their delight in worldly
desires.                                                             3

"The worldling will not understand the doctrine, for to him there
is happiness in selfhood only, and the bliss that lies in a
complete surrender to truth is unintelligible to him.                4

"He will call resignation what to the enlightened mind is the
purest joy. He will see annihilation where the perfected one
finds immortality. He will regard as death what the conqueror of
self knows to be life everlasting.                                   5

"The truth remains hidden from him who is in the bondage of hate
and desire. Nirvāna remains incomprehensible and mysterious to
the vulgar whose minds are beclouded with worldly interests.
Should I preach the doctrine and mankind not comprehend it, it
would bring me only fatigue and trouble."                            6

Māra, the Evil One, on hearing the words of the Blessed Buddha,
approached and said: "Be greeted, thou Holy One. Thou hast
attained the highest bliss and it is time for thee to enter into
the final Nirvāna."                                                  7

Then Brahmā Sahampati descended from the heavens and, having
worshipped the Blessed One, said:                                    8

"Alas! the world must perish, should the Holy One, the Tathāgata,
decide not to teach the Dharma.                                      9

"Be merciful to those that struggle; have compassion upon the
sufferers; pity the creatures who are hopelessly entangled in the
snares of sorrow.                                                   10

"There are some beings that are almost free from the dust of
worldliness. If they hear not the doctrine preached, they will be
lost. But if they hear it, they will believe and be saved."         11

The Blessed One, full of compassion, looked with the eye of a
Buddha upon all sentient creatures, and he saw among them beings
whose minds were but scarcely covered by the dust of worldliness,
who were of good disposition and easy to instruct. He saw some
who were conscious of the dangers of lust and wrong doing.          12

And the Blessed One said to Brahmā Sahampati: "Wide open be the
door of immortality to all who have ears to hear. May they
receive the Dharma with faith."                                     13

And the Blessed One turned to Māra, saying: "I shall not pass
into the final Nirvāna, O Evil One, until there be not only
brethren and sisters of an Order, but also lay-disciples of both
sexes, who shall have become true hearers, wise, well trained,
ready and learned, versed in the scriptures, fulfilling all the
greater and lesser duties, correct in life, walking according to
the precepts--until they, having thus themselves learned the
doctrine, shall be able to give information to others concerning
it, preach it, make it known, establish it, open it, minutely
explain it, and make it clear--until they, when others start
vain doctrines, shall be able to vanquish and refute them, and so
to spread the wonderworking truth abroad. I shall not die until
the pure religion of truth shall have become successful,
prosperous, widespread, and popular in all its full
extent--until, in a word, it shall have been well proclaimed
among men!"                                                         14

Then Brahmā Sahampati understood that the Blessed One had granted
his request and would preach the doctrine.                          15



THE FOUNDATION OF THE KINGDOM OF RIGHTEOUSNESS.




XV.

UPAKA.


Now the Blessed One thought: "To whom shall I preach the doctrine
first? My old teachers are dead. They would have received the
good news with joy. But my five disciples are still alive. I
shall go to them, and to them shall I first proclaim the gospel
of deliverance."                                                     1

At that time the five bhikkhus dwelt in the Deer Park at Benares,
and the Blessed One rose and journeyed to their abode, not
thinking of their unkindness in having left him at a time when he
was most in need of their sympathy and help, but mindful only of
the services which they had ministered unto him, and pitying them
for the austerities which they practised in vain.                    2

Upaka, a young Brahman and a Jain, a former acquaintance of
Siddhattha, saw the Blessed One while he journeyed to Benares,
and, amazed at the majesty and sublime joyfulness of his
appearance, said: "Thy countenance, friend, is serene; thine eyes
are bright and indicate purity and blessedness."                     3

The holy Buddha replied: "I have obtained deliverance by the
extinction of self. My body is chastened, my mind is free from
desire, and the deepest truth has taken abode in my heart. I have
obtained Nirvana, and this is the reason that my countenance is
serene and my eyes are bright. I now desire to found the kingdom
of truth upon earth, to give light to those who are enshrouded in
darkness and to open the gate of deathlessness."                     4

Upaka replied: "Thou professest then, friend, to be Jina, the
conqueror of the world, the absolute one and the holy one."          5

The Blessed One said: "Jinas are all those who have conquered
self and the passions of self, those alone are victors who
control their minds and abstain from evil. Therefore, Upaka, I am
the Jina."                                                           6

Upaka shook his head. "Venerable Gotama," he said, "thy way lies
yonder," and taking another road, he went away.                      7




XVI.

THE SERMON AT BENARES.


On seeing their old teacher approach, the five bhikkhus agreed
among themselves not to salute him, nor to address him as a
master, but by his name only. "For," so they said, "he has broken
his vow and has abandoned holiness. He is no bhikkhu but Gotama,
and Gotama has become a man who lives in abundance and indulges
in the pleasures of worldliness."                                    1

But when the Blessed One approached in a dignified manner, they
involuntarily rose from their seats and greeted him in spite of
their resolution. Still they called him by his name and addressed
him as "friend Gotama."                                              2

When they had thus received the Blessed One, he said: "Do not
call the Tathāgata by his name nor address him as 'friend,' for
he is the Buddha, the Holy One. The Buddha looks with a kind
heart equally on all living beings, and they therefore call him
'Father.' To disrespect a father is wrong; to despise him, is
wicked.                                                              3

"The Tathāgata," the Buddha continued, "does not seek salvation
in austerities, but neither does he for that reason indulge in
worldly pleasures, nor live in abundance. The Tathāgata has found
the middle path.                                                     4

"There are two extremes, O bhikkhus, which the man who has given
up the world ought not to follow--the habitual practice, on the
one hand, of self-indulgence which is unworthy, vain and fit only
for the worldly-minded--and the habitual practice, on the other
hand, of self-mortification, which is painful, useless and
unprofitable.                                                        5

"Neither abstinence from fish or flesh, nor going naked, nor
shaving the head, nor wearing matted hair, nor dressing in a
rough garment, nor covering oneself with dirt, nor sacrificing to
Agni, will cleanse a man who is not free from delusions.             6

"Reading the Vedas, making offerings to priests, or sacrifices to
the gods, self-mortification by heat or cold, and many such
penances performed for the sake of immortality, these do not
cleanse the man who is not free from delusions. 7

"Anger, drunkenness, obstinacy, bigotry, deception, envy,
self-praise, disparaging others, superciliousness and evil
intentions constitute uncleanness; not verily the eating of
flesh.                                                               8

"A middle path, O bhikkhus, avoiding the two extremes, has been
discovered by the Tathāgata--a path which opens the eyes, and
bestows understanding, which leads to peace of mind, to the
higher wisdom, to full enlightenment, to Nirvāna!                    9

"What is that middle path, O bhikkhus, avoiding these two
extremes, discovered by the Tathāgata--that path which opens the
eyes, and bestows understanding, which leads to peace of mind, to
the higher wisdom, to full enlightenment, to Nirvāna?               10

"Let me teach you, O bhikkhus, the middle path, which keeps aloof
from both extremes. By suffering, the emaciated devotee produces
confusion and sickly thoughts in his mind. Mortification is not
conducive even to worldly knowledge; how much less to a triumph
over the senses!                                                    11

"He who fills his lamp with water will not dispel the darkness,
and he who tries to light a fire with rotten wood will fail. And
how can any one be free from self by leading a wretched life, if
he does not succeed in quenching the fires of lust, if he still
hankers after either worldly or heavenly pleasures. But he in
whom self has become extinct is free from lust; he will desire
neither worldly nor heavenly pleasures, and the satisfaction of
his natural wants will not defile him. However, let him be
moderate, let him eat and drink according to the needs of the
body.                                                               12

"Sensuality is enervating; the self-indulgent man is a slave to
his passions, and pleasure-seeking is degrading and vulgar. 13

"But to satisfy the necessities of life is not evil. To keep the
body in good health is a duty, for otherwise we shall not be able
to trim the lamp of wisdom, and keep our mind strong and clear.
Water surrounds the lotus-flower, but does not wet its petals.      14

"This is the middle path, O bhikkhus, that keeps aloof from both
extremes."                                                          15

And the Blessed One spoke kindly to his disciples, pitying them
for their errors, and pointing out the uselessness of their
endeavors, and the ice of ill-will that chilled their hearts
melted away under the gentle warmth of the Master's persuasion.     16

Now the Blessed One set the wheel of the most excellent law
rolling, and he began to preach to the five bhikkhus, opening to
them the gate of immortality, and showing them the bliss of
Nirvāna.                                                            17

The Buddha said:                                                    18

"The spokes of the wheel are the rules of pure conduct: justice
is the uniformity of their length; wisdom is the tire; modesty
and thoughtfulness are the hub in which the immovable axle of
truth is fixed.                                                     19

"He who recognizes the existence of suffering, its cause, its
remedy, and its cessation has fathomed the four noble truths. He
will walk in the right path.                                        20

"Right views will be the torch to light his way. Right
aspirations will be his guide. Right speech will be his
dwelling-place on the road. His gait will be straight, for it is
right behavior. His refreshments will be the right way of earning
his livelihood. Right efforts will be his steps: right thoughts
his breath; and right contemplation will give him the peace that
follows in his footprints.                                          21

"Now, this, O bhikkhus, is the noble truth concerning suffering:    22

"Birth is attended with pain, decay is painful, disease is
painful, death is painful. Union with the unpleasant is painful,
painful is separation from the pleasant; and any craving that is
unsatisfied, that too is painful. In brief, bodily conditions
which spring from attachment are painful.                           23

"This, then, O bhikkhus, is the noble truth concerning suffering.   24

"Now this, O bhikkhus, is the noble truth concerning the origin
of suffering:                                                       25

"Verily, it is that craving which causes the renewal of
existence, accompanied by sensual delight, seeking satisfaction
now here, now there, the craving for the gratification of the
passions, the craving for a future life, and the craving for
happiness in this life.                                             26

"This, then, O bhikkhus, is the noble truth concerning the origin
of suffering.                                                       27

"Now this, O bhikkhus, is the noble truth concerning the
destruction of suffering:                                           28

"Verily, it is the destruction, in which no passion remains, of
this very thirst; it is the laying aside of, the being free from,
the dwelling no longer upon this thirst.                            29

"This, then, O bhikkhus, is the noble truth concerning the
destruction of suffering.                                           30

"Now this, O bhikkhus, is the noble truth concerning the way
which leads to the destruction of sorrow. Verily! it is this
noble eightfold path; that is to say:                               31

"Right views; right aspirations; right speech; right behavior;
right livelihood; right effort; right thoughts; and right
contemplation.                                                      32

"This, then, O bhikkhus, is the noble truth concerning the
destruction of sorrow.                                              33

"By the practice of lovingkindness I have attained liberation of
heart, and thus I am assured that I shall never return in renewed
births. I have even now attained Nirvāna.                           34

And when the Blessed One had thus set the royal chariot-wheel of
truth rolling onward, a rapture thrilled through all the
universes.                                                          35

The devas left their heavenly abodes to listen to the sweetness
of the truth; the saints that had parted from life crowded around
the great teacher to receive the glad tidings; even the animals
of the earth felt the bliss that rested upon the words of the
Tathāgata: and all the creatures of the host of sentient beings,
gods, men, and beasts, hearing the message of deliverance,
received and understood it in their own language.                   36

And when the doctrine was propounded, the venerable Kondañña, the
oldest one among the five bhikkhus, discerned the truth with his
mental eye, and he said: "Truly, O Buddha, our Lord, thou hast
found the truth!" Then the other bhikkhus too, joined him and
exclaimed: "Truly, thou art the Buddha, thou hast found the
truth."                                                             37

And the devas and saints and all the good spirits of the departed
generations that had listened to the sermon of the Tathāgata,
joyfully received the doctrine and shouted: "Truly, the Blessed
One has founded the kingdom of righteousness. The Blessed One has
moved the earth; he has set the wheel of Truth rolling, which by
no one in the universe, be he god or man, can ever be turned
back. The kingdom of Truth will be preached upon earth; it will
spread; and righteousness, good-will, and peace will reign among
mankind."                                                           38




XVII.

THE SANGHA.


Having pointed out to the five bhikkhus the truth, the Buddha
said:                                                                1

"A man that stands alone, having decided to obey the truth, may
be weak and slip back into his old ways. Therefore, stand ye
together, assist one another, and strengthen one another's
efforts.                                                             2

"Be like unto brothers; one in love, one in holiness, and one in
your zeal for the truth.                                             3

"Spread the truth and preach the doctrine in all quarters of the
world, so that in the end all living creatures will be citizens
of the kingdom of righteousness.                                     4

"This is the holy brotherhood; this is the church, the
congregation of the saints of the Buddha; this is the Sangha that
establishes a communion among all those who have taken their
refuge in the Buddha."                                               5

And Kondañña was the first disciple of the Buddha who had
thoroughly grasped the doctrine of the Holy One, and the
Tathāgata looking into his heart said: "Truly, Kondañña has
understood the truth." Hence the venerable Kondañña received the
name "Aññata-Kondañña," that is, "Kondañña who has understood the
doctrine."                                                           6

Then the venerable Kondañña spoke to the Buddha and said: "Lord,
let us receive the ordination from the Blessed One."                 7

And the Buddha said: "Come, O bhikkhus! Well taught is the
doctrine. Lead a holy life for the extinction of suffering."         8

Then Kondañña and the other bhikkhus uttered three times these
solemn vows:                                                         9

"To the Buddha will I look in faith: He, the Perfect One, is holy
and supreme. The Buddha conveys to us instruction, wisdom, and
salvation; he is the Blessed One, who knows the law of being; he
is the Lord of the world, who yoketh men like oxen, the Teacher
of gods and men, the Exalted Buddha. Therefore, to the Buddha
will I look in faith.                                               10

"To the doctrine will I look in faith: well-preached is the
doctrine by the Exalted One. The doctrine has been revealed so as
to become visible; the doctrine is above time and space. The
doctrine is not based upon hearsay, it means 'Come and see'; the
doctrine leads to welfare; the doctrine is recognized by the wise
in their own hearts. Therefore to the doctrine will I look in
faith.                                                              11

"To the community will I look in faith; the community of the
Buddha's disciples instructs us how to lead a life of
righteousness; the community of the Buddha's disciples teaches us
how to exercise honesty and justice; the community of the
Buddha's disciples shows us how to practise the truth. They form
a brotherhood in kindness and charity, and their saints are
worthy of reverence. The community of the Buddha's disciples is
founded as a holy brotherhood in which men bind themselves
together to teach the behests of rectitude and to do good.
Therefore, to the community will I look in faith."                  12

And the gospel of the Blessed One increased from day to day, and
many people came to hear him and to accept the ordination to lead
thenceforth a holy life for the sake of the extinction of
suffering.                                                          13

And the Blessed One seeing that it was impossible to attend to
all who wanted to hear the truth and receive the ordination, sent
out from the number of his disciples such as were to preach the
Dharma and said unto them:                                          14

"The Dharma and the Vinaya proclaimed by the Tathāgata shine
forth when they are displayed, and not when they are concealed.
But let not this doctrine, so full of truth and so excellent,
fall into the hands of those unworthy of it, where it would be
despised and contemned, treated shamefully, ridiculed and
censured.                                                           15

"I now grant you, O bhikkhus, this permission. Confer henceforth
in the different countries the ordination upon those who are
eager to receive it, when you find them worthy.                     16

"Go ye now, O bhikkhus, for the benefit of the many, for the
welfare of mankind, out of compassion for the world. Preach the
doctrine which is glorious in the beginning, glorious in the
middle, and glorious in the end, in the spirit as well as in the
letter. There are beings whose eyes are scarcely covered with
dust, but if the doctrine is not preached to them they cannot
attain salvation. Proclaim to them a life of holiness. They will
understand the doctrine and accept it."                             17

And it became an established custom that the bhikkhus went out
preaching while the weather was good, but in the rainy season
they came together again and joined their master, to listen to
the exhortations of the Tathāgata.                                  18




XVIII.

YASA, THE YOUTH OF BENARES.


At that time there was in Benares a noble youth, Yasa by name,
the son of a wealthy merchant. Troubled in his mind about the
sorrows of the world, he secretly rose up in the night and stole
away to the Blessed One.                                             1

The Blessed One saw Yasa, the noble youth, coming from afar. And
Yasa approached and exclaimed: "Alas, what distress! What
tribulations!"                                                       2

The Blessed One said to Yasa: "Here is no distress; here are no
tribulations. Come to me and I will teach you the truth, and the
truth will dispel your sorrows."                                     3

And when Yasa, the noble youth, heard that there were neither
distress, nor tribulations, nor sorrows, his heart was comforted.
He went into the place where the Blessed One was, and sat down
near him.                                                            4

Then the Blessed One preached about charity and morality. He
explained the vanity of the thought "I am"; the dangers of
desire, and the necessity of avoiding the evils of life in order
to walk on the path of deliverance.                                  5

Instead of disgust with the world, Yasa felt the cooling stream
of holy wisdom, and, having obtained the pure and spotless eye of
truth, he looked at his person, richly adorned with pearls and
precious stones, and his heart was filled with shame.                6

The Tathāgata, knowing his inward thoughts, said:                    7

"Though a person be ornamented with jewels, the heart may have
conquered the senses. The outward form does not constitute
religion or affect the mind. Thus the body of a samana may wear
an ascetic's garb while his mind is immersed in worldliness.         8

"A man that dwells in lonely woods and yet covets worldly
vanities, is a worldling, while the man in worldly garments may
let his heart soar high to heavenly thoughts.                        9

"There is no distinction between the layman and the hermit, if
but both have banished the thought of self."                        10

Seeing that Yasa was ready to enter upon the path, the Blessed
One said to him: "Follow me!" And Yasa joined the brotherhood,
and having put on a bhikkhu's robe, received the ordination.        11

While the Blessed One and Yasa were discussing the doctrine,
Yasa's father passed by in search of his son; and in passing he
asked the Blessed One: "Pray, Lord, hast thou seen Yasa, my son?"   12

And the Buddha said to Yasa's father: "Come in, sir, thou wilt
find thy son"; and Yasa's father became full of joy and he
entered. He sat down near his son, but his eyes were holden and
he knew him not; and the Lord began to preach. And Yasa's father,
understanding the doctrine of the Blessed One, said:                13

"Glorious is the truth, O Lord! The Buddha, the Holy One, our
Master, sets up what has been overturned; he reveals what has
been hidden; he points out the way to the wanderer who has gone
astray; he lights a lamp in the darkness so that all who have
eyes to see can discern the things that surround them. I take
refuge in the Buddha, our Lord: I take refuge in the doctrine
revealed by him: I take refuge in the brotherhood which he has
founded. May the Blessed One receive me from this day forth while
my life lasts as a lay disciple who has taken refuge in him."       14

Yasa's father was the first lay-member who became the first lay
disciple of the Buddha by pronouncing the threefold formula of
refuge.                                                             15

When the wealthy merchant had taken refuge in the Buddha, his
eyes were opened and he saw his son sitting at his side in a
bhikkhu's robe. "My son, Yasa," he said, "thy mother is absorbed
in lamentation and grief. Return home and restore thy mother to
life."                                                              16

Then Yasa looked at the Blessed One, and the Blessed One said:
"Should Yasa return to the world and enjoy the pleasures of a
worldly life as he did before?"                                     17

And Yasa's father replied: "If Yasa, my son, finds it a gain to
stay with thee, let him stay. He has become delivered from the
bondage of worldliness."                                            18

When the Blessed One had cheered their hearts with words of truth
and righteousness, Yasa's father said: "May the Blessed One, O
Lord, consent to take his meal with me together with Yasa as his
attendant?"                                                         19

The Blessed One, having donned his robes, took his alms-bowl and
went with Yasa to the house of the rich merchant. When they had
arrived there, the mother and also the former wife of Yasa
saluted the Blessed One and sat down near him.                      20

Then the Blessed One preached, and the women having understood
his doctrine, exclaimed: "Glorious is the truth, O Lord! We take
refuge in the Buddha, our Lord. We take refuge in the doctrine
revealed by him. We take refuge in the brotherhood which has been
founded by him. May the Blessed One receive us from this day
forth while our life lasts as lay disciples who have taken refuge
in him."                                                            21

The mother and the wife of Yasa, the noble youth of Benares, were
the first women who became lay disciples and took their refuge in
the Buddha.                                                         22

Now there were four friends of Yasa belonging to the wealthy
families of Benares. Their names were Vimala, Subāhu, Puññaji,
and Gavampati.                                                      23

When Yasa's friends heard that Yasa had cut off his hair and put
on bhikkhu robes to give up the world and go forth into
homelessness, they thought: "Surely that cannot be a common
doctrine, that must be a noble renunciation of the world, if
Yasa, whom we know to be good and wise, has shaved his hair and
put on bhikkhu robes to give up the world and go forth into
homelessness."                                                      24

And they went to Yasa, and Yasa addressed the Blessed One,
saying: "May the Blessed One administer exhortation and
instruction to these four friends of mine." And the Blessed One
preached to them, and Yasa's friends accepted the doctrine and
took refuge in the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha.              25




XIX

KASSAPA.


At that time there lived in Uruvelā the Jatilas, Brahman hermits
with matted hair, worshipping the fire and keeping a fire-dragon;
and Kassapa was their chief.                                         1

Kassapa was renowned throughout all India, and his name was
honored as one of the wisest men on earth and an authority on
religion.                                                            2

And the Blessed One went to Kassapa of Uruvelā, the Jatila, and
said: "Let me stay a night in the room where you keep your sacred
fire."                                                               3

Kassapa, seeing the Blessed One in his majesty and beauty,
thought to himself: "This is a great muni and a noble teacher.
Should he stay over night in the room where the sacred fire is
kept, the serpent will bite him and he will die." And he said: "I
do not object to your staying over-night in the room where the
sacred fire is kept, but the serpent lives there; he will kill
you and I should be sorry to see you perish."                        4

But the Buddha insisted and Kassapa admitted him to the room
where the sacred fire was kept.                                      5

And the Blessed One sat down with his body erect, surrounding
himself with watchfulness.                                           6

In the night the dragon came to the Buddha, belching forth in
rage his fiery poison, and filling the air with burning vapor,
but could do him no harm, and the fire consumed itself while the
World-honored One remained composed. And the venomous fiend
became very wroth so that he died in his anger.                      7

When Kassapa saw the light shining forth from the room he said:
"Alas, what misery! Truly, the countenance of Gotama the great
Sakyamuni is beautiful, but the serpent will destroy him."           8

In the morning the Blessed One showed the dead body of the fiend
to Kassapa, saying: "His fire has been conquered by my fire."        9

And Kassapa thought to himself. "Sakyamuni is a great samana and
possesses high powers, but he is not holy like me."                 10

There was in those days a festival, and Kassapa thought: "The
people will come hither from all parts of the country and will
see the great Sakyamuni. When he speaks to them, they will
believe in him and abandon me." And he grew envious.                11

When the day of the festival arrived, the Blessed One retired and
did not come to Kassapa. And Kassapa went to the Buddha on the
next morning and said: "Why did the great Sakyamuni not come?"      12

The Tathāgata replied: "Didst thou not think, O Kassapa, that it
would be better if I stayed away from the festival?"                13

And Kassapa was astonished and thought: "Great is Sakyamuni; he
can read my most secret thoughts, but he is not holy like me."      14

And the Blessed One addressed Kassapa and said: "Thou seest the
truth, but acceptest it not because of the envy that dwells in
thy heart. Is envy holiness? Envy is the last remnant of self
that has remained in thy mind. Thou art not holy, Kassapa; thou
hast not yet entered the path."                                     15

And Kassapa gave up his resistance. His envy disappeared, and,
bowing down before the Blessed One, he said: "Lord, our Master,
let me receive the ordination from tin. Blessed One."               16

And the Blessed One said: "Thou, Kassapa, art chief of the
Jatilas. Go, then, first and inform them of thine intention, and
let them do as thou thinkest fit."                                  17

Then Kassapa went to the Jatilas and said: "I am anxious to lead
a religious life under the direction of the great Sakyamuni, who
is the Enlightened One, the Buddha. Do as ye think best."           18

And the Jatilas replied: "We have conceived a profound affection
for the great Sakyamuni, and if thou wilt join his brotherhood,
we will do likewise."                                               19

The Jatilas of Uruvelā now flung their paraphernalia of
fire-worship into the river and went to the Blessed One.            20

Nadi Kassapa and Gayā Kassapa, brothers of the great Uruvelā
Kassapa, powerful men and chieftains among the people, were
dwelling below on the stream, and when they saw the instruments
used in fire-worship floating in the river, they said: "Something
has happened to our brother." And they came with their folk to
Uruvelā. Hearing what had happened, they, too, went to the
Buddha.                                                             21

The Blessed One, seeing that the Jatilas of Nadi and Gayā, who
had practised severe austerities and worshipped fire, were now
come to him, preached a sermon on fire, and said:                   22

"Everything, O Jatilas, is burning. The eye is burning, all the
senses are burning, thoughts are burning. They are burning with
the fire of lust. There is anger, there is ignorance, there is
hatred, and as long as the fire finds inflammable things upon
which it can feed, so long will it burn, and there will be birth
and death, decay, grief, lamentation, suffering, despair, and
sorrow. Considering this, a disciple of the Dharma will see the
four noble truths and walk in the eightfold path of holiness. He
will become wary of his eye, wary of all his senses, wary of his
thoughts. He will divest himself of passion and become free. He
will be delivered from selfishness and attain the blessed state
of Nirvāna."                                                        23

And the Jatilas rejoiced and took refuge in the Buddha, the
Dharma, and the Sangha.                                             24




XX

THE SERMON AT RĀJAGAHA.


And the Blessed One having dwelt some time in Uruvelā went forth
to Rājagaha, accompanied by a great number of bhikkhus, many of
whom had been Jatilas before; and the great Kassapa, chief of the
Jatilas and formerly a fireworshipper, went with him.                1

When the Magadha king, Seniya Bimbisāra, heard of the arrival of
Gotama Sakyamuni, of whom the people said, "He is the Holy One,
the blessed Buddha, guiding men as a driver curbs bullocks, the
teacher of high and low," he went out surrounded with his
counsellors and generals and came to the grove where the Blessed
One was. 2

There they saw the Blessed One in the company of Kassapa, the
great religious teacher of the Jatilas, and they were astonished
and thought: "Has the great Sakyamuni placed himself under the
spiritual direction of Kassapa, or has Kassapa become a disciple
of Gotama?"                                                          3

And the Tathāgata, reading the thoughts of the people, said to
Kassapa: "What knowledge hast thou gained, O Kassapa, and what
has induced thee to renounce the sacred fire and give up thine
austere penances?"                                                   4

Kassapa said: "The profit I derived from adoring the fire was
continuance in the wheel of individuality with all its sorrows
and vanities. This service I have cast away, and instead of
continuing penances and sacrifices I have gone in quest of the
highest Nirvāna. Since I have seen the light of truth, I have
abandoned worshipping the fire."                                     5

The Buddha, perceiving that the whole assembly was ready as a
vessel to receive the doctrine, spoke thus to Bimbisāra the king:    6

"He who knows the nature of self and understands how the senses
act, finds no room for selfishness, and thus he will attain
peace unending. The world holds the thought of self, and from
this arises false apprehension.                                      7

"Some say that the self endures after death, some say it
perishes. Both are wrong and their error is most grievous.           8

"For if they say the self is perishable, the fruit they strive
for will perish too, and at some time there will be no hereafter.
Good and evil would be indifferent. This salvation from
selfishness is without merit.                                        9

"When some, on the other hand, say the self will not perish, then
in the midst of all life and death there is but one identity
unborn and undying. If such is their self, then it is perfect and
cannot be perfected by deeds. The lasting, imperishable self
could never be changed. The self would be lord and master, and
there would be no use in perfecting the perfect; moral aims and
salvation would be unnecessary.                                     10

"But now we see the marks of joy and sorrow. Where is any
constancy? If there is no permanent self that does our deeds,
then there is no self; there is no actor behind our actions, no
perceiver behind our perception, no lord behind our deeds.          11

"Now attend and listen: The senses meet the object and from their
contact sensation is born. Thence results recollection. Thus, as
the sun's power through a burning-glass causes fire to appear, so
through the cognizance born of sense and object, the mind
originates and with it the ego, the thought of self, whom some
Brahman teachers call the lord. The shoot springs from the seed;
the seed is not the shoot; both are not one and the same, but
successive phases in a continuous growth. Such is the birth of
animated life.                                                      12

"Ye that are slaves of the self and toil in its service from morn
until night, ye that live in constant fear of birth, old age,
sickness, and death, receive the good tidings that your cruel
master exists not.                                                  13

"Self is an error, an illusion, a dream. Open your eyes and
awaken. See things as they are and ye will be comforted.            14

"He who is awake will no longer be afraid of nightmares. He who
has recognized the nature of the rope that seemed to be a serpent
will cease to tremble.                                              15

"He who has found there is no self will let go all the lusts and
desires of egotism.                                                 16

"The cleaving to things, covetousness, and sensuality inherited
from former existences, are the causes of the misery and vanity
in the world.                                                       17

"Surrender the grasping disposition of selfishness, and you will
attain to that calm state of mind which conveys perfect peace,
goodness, and wisdom."                                              18

And the Buddha breathed forth this solemn utterance:                19

     "Do not deceive, do not despise
     Each other, anywhere.
     Do not be angry, nor should ye
     Secret resentment bear;
     For as a mother risks her life
     And watches o'er her child,
     So boundless be your love to all,
     So tender, kind and mild.                                      20

     "Yea, cherish good-will right and left,
     All round, early and late,
     And without hindrance, without stint,
     From envy free and hate,
     While standing, walking, sitting down,
     Whate'er you have in mind,
     The rule of life that's always best
     Is to be loving-kind.                                          21

"Gifts are great, the founding of vihāras is meritorious,
meditations and religious exercises pacify the heart,
comprehension of the truth leads to Nirvāna, but greater than
all is lovingkindness. As the light of the moon is sixteen times
stronger than the light of all the stars, so lovingkindness is
sixteen times more efficacious in liberating the heart than all
other religious accomplishments taken together.                     22

"This state of heart is the best in the world. Let a man remain
steadfast in it while he is awake, whether he is standing,
walking, sitting, or lying down."                                   23

When the Enlightened One had finished his sermon, the Magadha
king said to the Blessed One:                                       24

"In former days, Lord, when I was a prince, I cherished five
wishes. I wished: O, that I might be inaugurated as a king. This
was my first wish, and it has been fulfilled. Further, I wished:
Might the Holy Buddha, the Perfect One, appear on earth while I
rule and might he come to my kingdom. This was my second wish and
it is fulfilled now. Further I wished: Might I pay my respects to
him. This was my third wish and it is fulfilled now. The fourth
wish was: Might the Blessed One preach the doctrine to me, and
this is fulfilled now. The greatest wish, however, was the fifth
wish: Might I understand the doctrine of the Blessed One. And
this wish is fulfilled too.                                         25

"Glorious Lord! Most glorious is the truth preached by the
Tathāgata! Our Lord, the Buddha, sets up what has been
overturned; he reveals what has been hidden; he points out the
way to the wanderer who has gone astray; he lights a lamp in the
darkness so that those who have eyes to see may see.                26

"I take my refuge in the Buddha. I take my refuge in the Dharma.
I take my refuge in the Sangha."                                    27

The Tathāgata, by the exercise of his virtue and by wisdom,
showed his unlimited spiritual power. He subdued and harmonized
all minds. He made them see and accept the truth, and throughout
the kingdom the seeds of virtue were sown.                          28




XXI

THE KING'S GIFT.


The king, having taken his refuge in the Buddha, invited the
Tathāgata to his palace, saying: "Will the Blessed One consent to
take his meal with me to-morrow together with the fraternity of
bhikkhus?"                                                           1

The next morning Seniya Bimbisāra, the king, announced to the
Blessed One that it was time for taking food: "Thou art my most
welcome guest, O Lord of the world, come; the meal is prepared."     2

And the Blessed One having donned his robes, took his alms-bowl
and, together with a great number of bhikkhus, entered the city
of Rājagaha.                                                         3

Sakka, the king of the Devas, assuming the appearance of a young
Brahman, walked in front, and said:                                  4

"He who teaches self-control with those who have learned
self-control; the redeemer with those whom he has redeemed; the
Blessed One with those to whom he has given peace, is entering
Rājagaha! Hail to the Buddha, our Lord! Honor to his name and
blessings to all who take refuge in him." And Sakka intoned this
stanza:                                                              5

     "So blest is an age in which Buddhas arise,
     So blest is the truth's proclamation.
     So blest is the Sangha, concordant and wise,
     So blest a devout congregation!                                 6

     "And if by all the truth were known,
     More seeds of kindness would be sown,
     And richer crops of good deeds grown."                          7

When the Blessed One had finished his meal, and had cleansed his
bowl and his hands, the king sat down near him and thought:          8

"Where may I find a place for the Blessed One to live in, not too
far from the town and not too near, suitable for going and
coming, easily accessible to all people who want to see him, a
place that is by day not too crowded and by night not exposed to
noise, wholesome and well fitted for a retired life? There is my
pleasure-garden, the bamboo grove Veluvana, fulfilling all these
conditions. I shall offer it to the brotherhood whose head is the
Buddha."                                                             9

The king dedicated his garden to the brotherhood, saying: "May
the Blessed One accept my gift."                                    10

Then the Blessed One, having silently shown his consent and
having gladdened and edified the Magadha king by religious
discourse, rose from his seat and went away.                        11




XXII.

SĀRIPUTTA AND MOGGALLĀNA.


At that time Sāriputta and Moggallāna, two Brahmans and chiefs of
the followers of Sañjaya, led a religious life. They had promised
each other: "He who first attains Nirvāna shall tell the other
one."                                                                1

Sāriputta seeing the venerable Assaji begging for alms, modestly
keeping his eyes to the ground and dignified in deportment,[1]
exclaimed: "Truly this samana has entered the right path; I will
ask him in whose name he has retired from the world and what
doctrine he professes." Being addressed by Sāriputta, Assaji
replied: "I am a follower of the Buddha, the Blessed One, but
being a novice I can tell you the substance only of the
doctrine."                                                           2

Said Sāriputta: "Tell me, venerable monk, it is the substance I
want." And Assaji recited the stanza:                                3

     "The Buddha did the cause unfold
     Of all the things that spring from causes.
     And further the great sage has told
     How finally all passion pauses."                                4

Having heard this stanza, Sāriputta obtained the pure and
spotless eye of truth and said: "Now I see clearly, whatsoever is
subject to origination is also subject to cessation. If this be
the doctrine I have reached the state to enter Nirvāna which
heretofore has remained hidden from me."                             5

Sāriputta went to Moggallāna and told him, and both said: "We
will go to the Blessed One, that he, the Blessed One, may be our
teacher."                                                            6

When the Buddha saw Sāriputta and Moggallāna coming from afar, he
said to his disciples, "These two monks are highly auspicious."      7

When the two friends had taken refuge in the Buddha, the Dharma
and the Sangha, the Holy One said to his other disciples:
"Sāriputta, like the first-born son of a world-ruling monarch, is
well able to assist the king as his chief follower to set the
wheel of the law rolling."                                           8

And the people were annoyed. Seeing that many distinguished young
men of the kingdom of Magadha led a religious life under the
direction of the Blessed One, they became angry and murmured:
"Gotama Sakyamuni induces fathers to leave their wives and causes
families to become extinct."                                         9

When they saw the bhikkhus, they reviled them, saying: "The great
Sakyamuni has come to Rājagaha subduing the minds of men. Who
will be the next to be led astray by him?"                          10

The bhikkhus told it to the Blessed One, and the Blessed One
said: "This murmuring, O bhikkhus, will not last long. It will
last seven days. If they revile you, O bhikkhus, answer them with
these words:                                                        11

"'It is by preaching the truth that Tathāgatas lead men. Who will
murmur at the wise? Who will blame the virtuous? Who will condemn
self-control, righteousness, and kindness?'"                        12

And the Blessed One proclaimed this verse:

     "Commit no wrong but good deeds do
     And let thy heart be pure.
     All Buddhas teach this doctrine true
     Which will for aye endure."                                    13



XXIII.

ANĀTHAPINDIKA.


At this time there was Anāthapindika, a man of unmeasured wealth,
visiting Rājagaha. Being of a charitable disposition, he was
called "the supporter of orphans and the friend of the poor."        1

Hearing that the Buddha had come into the world and was stopping
in the bamboo grove near the city, he set out in the very night
to meet the Blessed One.                                             2

And the Blessed One saw at once the sterling quality of
Anāthapindika's heart and greeted him with words of religious
comfort. And they sat down together, and Anāthapindika listened
to the sweetness of the truth preached by the Blessed One. And
the Buddha said:                                                     3

"The restless, busy nature of the world, this, I declare, is at
the root of pain. Attain that composure of mind which is resting
in the peace of immortality. Self is but a heap of composite
qualities, and its world is empty like a fantasy.                    4

"Who is it that shapes our lives? Is it Iśvara, a personal
creator? If Iśvara be the maker, all living things should have
silently to submit to their maker's power. They would be like
vessels formed by the potter's hand; and if it were so, how would
it be possible to practise virtue? If the world had been made by
Iśvara there should be no such thing as sorrow, or calamity, or
evil; for both pure and impure deeds muse come from him. If not,
there would be another cause beside him, and he would not be
self-existent. Thus, thou seest, the thought of Iśvara is
overthrown.                                                          5

"Again, it is said that the Absolute has created us. But that
which is absolute cannot be a cause. All things around us come
from a cause as the plant comes from the seed; but how can the
Absolute be the cause of all things alike? If it pervades them,
then, certainly, it does not make them.                              6

"Again, it is said that Self is the maker. But if self is the
maker, why did it not make things pleasing? The causes of sorrow
and joy are real and objective. How can they have been made by
self?                                                                7

"Again, if we adopt the argument that there is no maker, our fate
is such as it is, and there is no causation, what use would there
be in shaping our lives and adjusting means to an end?               8

"Therefore, we argue that all things that exist are not without
cause. However, neither Iśvara, nor the absolute, nor the self,
nor causeless chance, is the maker, but our deeds produce results
both good and evil according to the law of causation.                9

"Let us, then, abandon the heresy of worshipping Iśvara and of
praying to him; let us no longer lose ourselves in vain
speculations of profitless subtleties; let us surrender self and
all selfishness, and as all things are fixed by causation, let us
practise good so that good may result from our actions."            10

And Anāthapindika said: "I see that thou art the Buddha, the
Blessed One, the Tathāgata, and I wish to open to thee my whole
mind. Having listened to my words advise me what I shall do.        11

"My life is full of work, and having acquired great wealth, I am
surrounded with cares. Yet I enjoy my work, and apply myself to
it with all diligence. Many people are in my employ and depend
upon the success of my enterprises.                                 12

"Now, I have heard thy disciples praise the bliss of the hermit
and denounce the unrest of the world. 'The Holy One,' they say,
'has given up his kingdom and his inheritance, and has found the
path of righteousness, thus setting an example to all the world
how to attain Nirvāna.'                                             13

"My heart yearns to do what is right and to be a blessing unto my
fellows. Let me then ask thee, Must I give up my wealth, my home,
and my business enterprises, and, like thyself, go into
homelessness in order to attain the bliss of a religious life?"     14

And the Buddha replied: "The bliss of a religious life is
attainable by every one who walks in the noble eightfold path. He
that cleaves to wealth had better cast it away than allow his
heart to be poisoned by it; but he who does not cleave to wealth,
and possessing riches, uses them rightly, will be a blessing unto
his fellows.                                                        15

"It is not life and wealth and power that enslave men, but the
cleaving to life and wealth and power.                              16

"The bhikkhu who retires from the world in order to lead a life
of leisure will have no gain, for a life of indolence is an
abomination, and lack of energy is to be despised.                  17

"The Dharma of the Tathāgata does not require a man to go into
homelessness or to resign the world, unless he feels called upon
to do so; but the Dharma of the Tathāgata requires every man to
free himself from the illusion of self, to cleanse his heart, to
give up his thirst for pleasure and lead a life of righteousness.   18

"And whatever men do, whether they remain in the world as
artisans, merchants, and officers of the king, or retire from the
world and devote themselves to a life of religious meditation,
let them put their whole heart into their task; let them be
diligent and energetic, and, if they are like the lotus, which,
although it grows in the water, yet remains untouched by the
water, if they struggle in life without cherishing envy or
hatred, if they live in the world not a life of self but a life
of truth, then surely joy, peace, and bliss will dwell in their
minds."                                                             19




XXIV.

THE SERMON ON CHARITY.


Anāthapindika rejoiced at the words of the Blessed One and said:
"I dwell at Sāvatthi, the capital of Kosala, a land rich in
produce and enjoying peace. Pasenadi is the king of the country,
and his name is renowned among our own people and our neighbors.
Now I wish to found there a vihāra which shall be a place of
religious devotion for your brotherhood, and I pray you kindly to
accept it."                                                          1

The Buddha saw into the heart of the supporter of orphans; and
knowing that unselfish charity was the moving cause of his offer,
in acceptance of the gift, the Blessed One said:                     2

"The charitable man is loved by all; his friendship is prized
highly; in death his heart is at rest and full of joy, for he
suffers not from repentance; he receives the opening flower of
his reward and the fruit that ripens from it.                        3

"Hard it is to understand: By giving away our food, we get more
strength, by bestowing clothing on others, we gain more beauty;
by donating abodes of purity and truth, we acquire great
treasures.                                                           4

"There is a proper time and a proper m ode in charity just as the
vigorous warrior goes to battle, so is the man; who is able to
give. He is like an able warrior, a champion strong and wise in
action.                                                              5

"Loving and compassionate he gives with reverence and banishes
all hatred, envy, and anger.                                         6

"The charitable man has found the path of salvation. He is like
the man who plants a sapling, securing thereby the shade, the
flowers, and the fruit in future years. Even so is the result of
charity, even so is the joy of him who helps those that are in
need of assistance; even so is the great Nirvāna.                    7

"We reach the immortal path only by continuous acts of kindliness
and we perfect our souls by compassion and charity."                 8

Anāthapindika invited Sāriputta to accompany him on his return to
Kosala and help him in selecting a pleasant site for the vihāra.     9




XXV.

JETAVANA.


Anāthapindika, the friend of the destitute and the supporter of
orphans, having returned home, saw the garden of the
heir-apparent, Jeta, with its green groves and limpid rivulets,
and thought: "This is the place which will be most suitable as a
vihāra for the brotherhood of the Blessed One." And he went to
the prince and asked leave to buy the ground.                        1

The prince was not inclined to sell the garden, for he valued it
highly. He at first refused but said at last, "If thou canst
cover it with gold, then, and for no other price, shalt thou have
it."                                                                 2

Anāthapindika rejoiced and began to spread his gold; but Jeta
said: "Spare thyself the trouble, for I will not sell." But
Anāthapindika insisted. Thus they contended until they resorted
to the magistrate.                                                   3

Meanwhile the people began to talk of the unwonted proceeding,
and the prince, hearing more of the details and knowing that
Anāthapindika was not only very wealthy but also straightforward
and sincere, inquired into his plans. On hearing the name of the
Buddha, the prince became anxious to share in the foundation and
he accepted only one-half of the gold, saying: "Yours is the
land, but mine are the trees. I will give the trees as my share
of this offering to the Buddha."                                     4

Then Anāthapindika took the land and Jeta the trees, and they
placed them in trust of Sāriputta for the Buddha.                    5

After the foundations were laid, they began to build the hall
which rose loftily in due proportions according to the directions
which the Buddha had suggested; and it was beautifully decorated
with appropriate carvings.                                           6

This vihāra was called Jetavana, and the friend of the orphans
invited the Lord to come to Sāvatthi and receive the donation.
And the Blessed One left Kapilavatthu and came to Sāvatthi. 7

While the Blessed One was entering Jetavana, Anāthapindika
scattered flowers and burned incense, and as a sign of the gift
he poured water from a golden dragon decanter, saying, "This
Jetavana vihāra I give for the use of the brotherhood throughout
the world."                                                          8

The Blessed One received the gift and replied: "May all evil
influences be overcome; may the offering promote the kingdom of
righteousness and be a permanent blessing to mankind in general,
to the land of Kosala, and especially also to the giver."            9

Then the king Pasenadi, hearing that the Lord had come, went in
his royal equipage to the Jetavana vihāra and saluted the Blessed
One with clasped hands, saying: 10

"Blessed is my unworthy and obscure kingdom that it has met with
so great a fortune. For how can calamities and dangers befall it
in the presence of the Lord of the world, the Dharmarāja, the
King of Truth. 11

"Now that I have seen thy sacred countenance, let me partake of
the refreshing waters of thy teachings.                             12

"Worldly profit is fleeting and perishable, but religious profit
is eternal and inexhaustible. A worldly man, though a king, is
full of trouble, but even a common man who is holy has peace of
mind."                                                              13

Knowing the tendency of the king's heart, weighed down by avarice
and love of pleasure, the Buddha seized the opportunity and said:   14

"Even those who, by their evil karma, have been born in low
degree, when they see a virtuous man, feel reverence for him. How
much more must an independent king, on account of merits acquired
in previous existences, when meeting a Buddha, conceive reverence
for him.                                                            15

"And now as I briefly expound the law, let the Mahārāja listen
and weigh my words, and hold fast that which I deliver!             16

"Our good or evil deeds follow us continually like shadows.         17

"That which is most needed is a loving heart!                       18

"Regard thy people as men do an only son. Do not oppress them, do
not destroy them; keep in due check every member of thy body,
forsake unrighteous doctrine and walk in the straight path. Exalt
not thyself by trampling down others, but comfort and befriend
the suffering.                                                      19

"Neither ponder on kingly dignity, nor listen to the smooth words
of flatterers.                                                      20

"There is no profit in vexing oneself by austerities, but
meditate on the Buddha and weigh his righteous law.                 21

"We are encompassed on all sides by the rocks of birth, old age,
disease, and death, and only by considering and practising the
true law can we escape from this sorrow-piled mountain.             22

"What profit, then, in practising iniquity?                         23

"All who are wise spurn the pleasures of the body. They loathe
lust and seek to promote their spiritual existence.                 24

"When a tree is burning with fierce flames, how can the birds
congregate therein? Truth cannot dwell where passion lives. He
who does not know this, though he be a learned man and be praised
by others as a sage, is beclouded with ignorance.                   25

"To him who has this knowledge true wisdom dawns, and he will
beware of hankering after pleasure. To acquire this state of
mind, wisdom is the one thing needful. To neglect wisdom will
lead to failure in life.                                            26

"The teachings of all religions should center here, for without
wisdom there is no reason.                                          27

"This truth is not for the hermit alone; it concerns every human
being, priest and layman alike. There is no distinction between
the monk who has taken the vows, and the man of the world living
with his family. There are hermits who fall into perdition, and
there are humble householders who mount to the rank of rishis.      28

"Hankering after pleasure is a danger common to all; it carries
away the world. He who is involved in its eddies finds no escape.
But wisdom is the handy boat, reflection is the rudder. The
slogan of religion calls you to overcome the assaults of Māra,
the enemy.                                                          29

"Since it is impossible to escape the result of our deeds, let us
practise good works.                                                30

"Let us guard our thoughts that we do no evil, for as we sow so
shall we reap.;                                                     31

"There are ways from light into darkness and from darkness into
light. There are ways, also, from the gloom into deeper darkness,
and from the dawn into brighter light. The wise man will use the
light he has to receive more fight. He will constantly advance in
the knowledge of truth.                                             32

"Exhibit true superiority by virtuous conduct and the exercise of
reason; meditate deeply on the vanity of earthly things, and
understand the fickleness of life.                                  33

"Elevate the mind, and seek sincere faith with firm purpose;
transgress not the rules of kingly conduct, and let your
happiness depend, not upon external things, but upon your own
mind. Thus you will lay up a good name for distant ages and will
secure the favor of the Tathāgata."                                 34

The king listened with reverence and remembered all the words of
the Buddha in his heart.                                            35




XXVI.

THE THREE CHARACTERISTICS AND THE UNCREATE.


When the Buddha was staying at the Veluvana, the bamboo grove at
Rājagaha, he addressed the brethren thus:                            1

"Whether Buddhas arise, O priests, or whether Buddhas do not
arise, it remains a fact and the fixed and necessary constitution
of being that all conformations are transitory. This fact a
Buddha discovers and masters, and when he has discovered and
mastered it, he announces, teaches, publishes, proclaims,
discloses, minutely explains and makes it clear that all
conformations are transitory.                                        2

"Whether Buddhas arise, O priests, or whether Buddhas do not
arise, it remains a fact and a fixed and necessary constitution
of being, that all conformations are suffering. This fact a
Buddha discovers and masters, and when he has discovered and
mastered it, he announces, publishes, proclaims, discloses,
minutely explains and makes it clear that all conformations are
suffering.                                                           3

"Whether Buddhas arise, O priests, or whether Buddhas do not
arise, it remains a fact and a fixed and necessary constitution
of being, that all conformations are lacking a self. This fact a
Buddha discovers and masters, and when he has discovered and
mastered it, he announces, teaches, publishes, proclaims,
discloses, minutely explains and makes it clear that all
conformations are lacking a self."                                   4

And on another occasion the Blessed One dwelt at Sāvatthi in the
Jetavana, the garden of Anāthapindika.                               5

At that time the Blessed One edified, aroused, quickened and
gladdened the monks with a religious discourse on the subject of
Nirvāna. And these monks grasping the meaning, thinking it out,
and accepting with their hearts the whole doctrine, listened
attentively. But there was one brother who had some doubt left in
his heart. He arose and clasping his hands made the request: "May
I be permitted to ask a question?" When permission was granted he
spoke as follows:                                                    6

"The Buddha teaches that all conformations are transient, that
all conformations are subject to sorrow, that all conformations
are lacking a self. How then can there be Nirvāna, a state of
eternal bliss?"                                                      7

And the Blessed One, in this connection, on that occasion,
breathed forth this solemn utterance:                                8

"There is, O monks, a state where there is neither earth, nor
water, nor heat, nor air; neither infinity of space nor infinity
of consciousness, nor nothingness, nor perception nor
non-perception; neither this world nor that world, neither sun
nor moon. It is the uncreate.                                        9

"That, O monks, I term neither coming nor going nor standing;
neither death nor birth. It is without stability, without change;
it is the eternal which never originates and never passes away.
There is the end of sorrow.                                         10

"It is hard to realize the essential, the truth is not easily
perceived; desire is mastered by him who knows, and to him who
sees aright all things are naught.                                  11

"There is, O monks, an unborn, unoriginated, uncreated, unformed.
Were there not, O monks, this unborn, unoriginated, uncreated,
unformed, there would be no escape from the world of the born,
originated, created, formed.                                        12

"Since, O monks, there is an unborn, unoriginated, uncreated, and
unformed, therefore is there an escape from the born, originated,
created, formed."                                                   13




XXVII.

THE BUDDHA'S FATHER.


The Buddha's name became famous over all India and Suddhodana,
his father, sent word to him saying: "I am growing old and wish
to see my son before I die. Others have had the benefit of his
doctrine, but not his father nor his relatives."                     1

And the messenger said: "O world-honored Tathāgata, thy father
looks for thy coming as the lily longs for the rising of the
sun."                                                                2

The Blessed One consented to the request of his father and set
out on his journey to Kapilavatthu. Soon the tidings spread in
the native country of the Buddha: "Prince Siddhattha, who
wandered forth from home into homelessness to obtain
enlightenment, having attained his purpose, is coming back."         3

Suddhodana went out with his relatives and ministers to meet the
prince. When the king saw Siddhattha, his son, from afar, he was
struck with his beauty and dignity, and he rejoiced in his heart,
but his mouth found no words to utter.                               4

This, indeed, was his son; these were the features of Siddhattha.
How near was the great samana to his heart, and yet what a
distance lay between them! That noble muni was no longer
Siddhattha, his son; he was the Buddha, the Blessed One, the
Holy One, Lord of truth, and teacher of mankind.                     5

Suddhodana the king, considering the religious dignity of his
son, descended from his chariot and after saluting his son said:
"It is now seven years since I have seen thee. How I have longed
for this moment!"                                                    6

Then the Sakyamuni took a seat opposite his father, and the king
gazed eagerly at his son. He longed to call him by his name, but
he dared not. "Siddhattha," he exclaimed silently in his heart,
"Siddhattha, come back to thine aged father and be his son
again!" But seeing the determination of his son, he suppressed
his sentiments, and desolation overcame him.                         7

Thus the king sat face to face with his son, rejoicing in his
sadness and sad in his rejoicing. Well might he be proud of his
son, but his pride broke down at the idea that his great son
would never be his heir.                                             8

"I would offer thee my kingdom," said the king, "but if I did,
thou wouldst account it but as ashes."                               9

And the Buddha said: "I know that the king's heart is full of
love and that for his son's sake he feels deep grief. But let the
ties of love that bind him to the son whom he lost embrace with
equal kindness all his fellow-beings, and he will receive in his
place a greater one than Siddhattha; he will receive the Buddha,
the teacher of truth, the preacher of righteousness, and the
peace of Nirvāna will enter into his heart."                        10

Suddhodana trembled with joy when he heard the melodious words of
his son, the Buddha, and clasping his hands, exclaimed with tears
in his eyes: "Wonderful is this change! The overwhelming sorrow
has passed away. At first my sorrowing heart was heavy, but now I
reap the fruit of thy great renunciation. It was right that,
moved by thy mighty sympathy, thou shouldst reject the pleasures
of royal power and achieve thy noble purpose in religious
devotion. Now that thou hast found the path, thou canst preach
the law of immortality to all the world that yearns for
deliverance."                                                       11

The king returned to the palace, while the Buddha remained in the
grove before the city.                                              12




XXVIII.

YASODHARĀ.


On the next morning the Buddha took his bowl and set out to beg
his food.                                                            1

And the news spread abroad: "Prince Siddhattha is going from
house to house to receive alms in the city where he used to ride
in a chariot attended by bis retinue. His robe is like a red
clod, and he holds in his hand an earthen bowl."                     2

On hearing the strange rumor, the king went forth in great haste
and when he met his son he exclaimed: "Why dost thou thus
disgrace me? Knowest thou not that I can easily supply thee and
thy bhikkhus with food?"                                             3

And the Buddha replied: "It is the custom of my race."               4

But the king said: "How can this be? Thou art descended from
kings, and not one of them ever begged for food."                    5

"O great king," rejoined the Buddha, "thou and thy race may claim
descent from kings; my descent is from the Buddhas of old. They,
begging their food, lived on alms."                                  6

The king made no reply, and the Blessed One continued: "It is
customary, O king, when one has found a hidden treasure, for him
to make an offering of the most precious jewel to his father.
Suffer me, therefore, to open this treasure of mine which is the
Dharma, and accept from me this gem:"                                7

And the Blessed One recited the following stanza:

     "Rise from dreams and loiter not
     Open to truth thy mind.
     Practise righteousness and thou
     Eternal bliss shalt find."                                      8

Then the king conducted the prince into the palace, and the
ministers and all the members of the royal family greeted him
with great reverence, but Yasodharā, the mother of Rāhula, did
not make her appearance. The king sent for Yasodharā, but she
replied: "Surely, if I am deserving of any regard, Siddhattha
will come and see me."                                               9

The Blessed One, having greeted all his relatives and friends,
asked: "Where is Yasodharā?" And on being informed that she had
refused to come, he rose straightway and went to her apartments.    10

"I am free," the Blessed One said to his disciples, Sāriputta and
Moggallāna, whom he had bidden to accompany him to the princess's
chamber; "the princess, however, is not as yet free. Not having
seen me for a long time, she is exceedingly sorrowful. Unless her
grief be allowed its course her heart will cleave. Should she
touch the Tathāgata, the Holy One, ye must not prevent her."        11

Yasodharā sat in her room, dressed in mean garments, and her hair
cut. When Prince Siddhattha entered, she was, from the abundance
of her affection, like an overflowing vessel, unable to contain
her love.                                                           12

Forgetting that the man whom she loved was the Buddha, the Lord
of the world, the preacher of truth, she held him by his feet and
wept bitterly.                                                      13

Remembering, however, that Suddhodana was present, she felt
ashamed, and rising, seated herself reverently at a little
distance.                                                           14

The king apologized for the princess, saying: "This arises from
her deep affection, and is more than a temporary emotion. During
the seven years that she has lost her husband, when she heard
that Siddhattha had shaved his head, she did likewise; when she
heard that he had left off the use of perfumes and ornaments, she
also refused their use. Like her husband she had eaten at
appointed times from an earthen bowl only. Like him she had
renounced high beds with splendid coverings, and when other
princes asked her in marriage, she replied that she was still
his. Therefore, grant her forgiveness."                             15

And the Blessed One spoke kindly to Yasodharā, telling of her
great merits inherited from former lives. She had indeed been
again and again of great assistance to him. Her purity, her
gentleness, her devotion had been invaluable to the Bodhisatta
when he aspired to attain enlightenment, the highest aim of
mankind. And so holy had she been that she desired to become the
wife of a Buddha. This, then, is her karma, and it is the result
of great merits. Her grief has been unspeakable, but the
consciousness of the glory that surrounds her spiritual
inheritance increased by her noble attitude during her life, will
be a balm that will miraculously transform all sorrows into
heavenly joy.                                                       16




XXIX.

RĀHULA.


Many people in Kapilavatthu believed in the Tathāgata and took
refuge in his doctrine, among them Nanda, Siddhattha's
halfbrother, the son of Pajāpatī; Devadatta, his cousin and
brother-in-law; Upāli the barber; and Anuruddha the philosopher.
Some years later Ānanda, another cousin of the Blessed One, also
joined the Sangha.                                                   1

Ānanda was a man after the heart of the Blessed One; he was his
most beloved disciple, profound in comprehension and gentle in
spirit. And Ānanda remained always near the Blessed Master of
truth, until death parted them.                                      2

On the seventh day after the Buddha's arrival in Kapilavatthu,
Yasodharā dressed Rāhula, now seven years old, in all the
splendor of a prince and said to him:                                3

"This holy man, whose appearance is so glorious that he looks
like the great Brahmā, is thy father. He possesses four great
mines of wealth which I have not yet seen. Go to him and entreat
him to put thee in possession of them, for the son ought to
inherit the property of his father."                                 4

Rāhula replied: "I know of no father but the king. Who is my
father?"                                                             5

The princess took the boy in her arms and from the window she
pointed out to him the Buddha, who happened to be near the
palace, partaking of food.                                           6

Rāhula then went to the Buddha, and looking up into his face said
without fear and with much affection: "My father!"                   7

And standing near by him, he added: "O samana, even thy shadow is
a place of bliss!"                                                   8

When the Tathāgata had finished his repast, he gave blessings and
went away from the palace, but Rāhula followed and asked his
father for his inheritance.                                          9

No one prevented the boy, nor did the Blessed One himself.          10

Then the Blessed One turned to Sāriputta, saying: "My son asks
for his inheritance. I cannot give him perishable treasures that
will bring cares and sorrows, but I can give him the inheritance
of a holy life, which is a treasure that will not perish."          11

Addressing Rāhula with earnestness, the Blessed One said: "Gold
and silver and jewels are not in my possession. But if thou art
willing to receive spiritual treasures, and art strong enough to
carry them and to keep them, I shall give thee the four truths
which will teach thee the eightfold path of righteousness. Dost
thou desire to be admitted to the brotherhood of those who devote
their life to the culture of the heart seeking for the highest
bliss attainable?"                                                  12

And Rāhula replied with firmness: "I do. I want to join the
brotherhood of the Buddha."                                         13

When the king heard that Rāhula had joined the brotherhood of
bhikkhus he was grieved. He had lost Siddhattha and Nanda, his
sons, and Devadatta, his nephew. But now that his grandson had
been taken from him, he went to the Blessed One and spoke to him.
And the Blessed One promised that from that time forward he would
not ordain any minor without the consent of his parents or
guardians.                                                          14




CONSOLIDATION OF THE BUDDHA'S RELIGION.




XXX.

JĪVAKA, THE PHYSICIAN.


Long before the Blessed One had attained enlightenment,
self-mortification had been the custom among those who earnestly
sought for salvation. Deliverance of the soul from all the
necessities of life and finally from the body itself, they
regarded as the aim of religion. Thus, they avoided everything
that might be a luxury in food, shelter, and clothing, and lived
like the beasts in the woods. Some went naked, while others wore
the rags cast away upon cemeteries or dungheaps.                     1

When the Blessed One retired from the world, he recognized at
once the error of the naked ascetics, and, considering the
indecency of their habit, clad himself in cast-off rags.             2

Having attained enlightenment and rejected all unnecessary
self-mortifications, the Blessed One and his bhikkhus continued
for a long time to wear the cast-off rags of cemeteries and
dung-heaps.                                                          3

Then it happened that the bhikkhus were visited with diseases of
all kinds, and the Blessed One permitted and explicitly ordered
the use of medicines, and among them he even enjoined, whenever
needed, the use of unguents.                                         4

One of the brethren suffered from a sore on his foot, and the
Blessed One enjoined the bhikkhus to wear foot-coverings.            5

Now it happened that a disease befell the body of the Blessed One
himself, and Ānanda went to Jīvaka, physician to Bimbisāra, the
king.                                                                6

And Jīvaka, a faithful believer in the Holy One, ministered unto
the Blessed One with medicines and baths until the body of the
Blessed One was completely restored.                                 7

At that time, Pajjota, king of Ujjenī, was suffering from
jaundice, and Jīvaka, the physician to king Bimbisāra, was
consulted. When king Pajjota had been restored to health, he sent
to Jīvaka a suit of the most excellent cloth. And Jīvaka said to
himself: "This suit is made of the best cloth, and nobody is
worthy to receive it but the Blessed One, the perfect and holy
Buddha, or the Magadha king, Senija Bimbisāra."                      8

Then Jīvaka took that suit and went to the place where the
Blessed One was; having approached him, and having respectfully
saluted the Blessed One, he sat down near him and said: "Lord, I
have a boon to ask of the Blessed One."                              9

The Buddha replied: "The Tathāgatas, Jīvaka, do not grant boons
before they know what they are."                                    10

Jīvaka said: "Lord, it is a proper and unobjectionable request."    11

"Speak, Jīvaka," said the Blessed One.                              12

"Lord of the world, the Blessed One wears only robes made of rags
taken from a dung-heap or a cemetery, and so also does the
brotherhood of bhikkhus. Now, Lord, this suit has been sent to me
by King Pajjota, which is the best and most excellent, and the
finest and the most precious, and the noblest that can be found.
Lord of the world, may the Blessed One accept from me this suit,
and may he allow the brotherhood of bhikkhus to wear lay robes."    13

The Blessed One accepted the suit, and after having delivered a
religious discourse, he addressed the bhikkhus thus:                14

"Henceforth ye shall be at liberty to wear either cast-off rags
or lay robes. Whether ye are pleased with the one or with the
other, I will approve of it."                                       15

When the people at Rājagaha heard, "The Blessed One has allowed
the bhikkhus to wear lay robes," those who were willing to bestow
gifts became glad. And in one day many thousands of robes were
presented at Rājagaha to the bhikkhus.                              16




XXXI.

THE BUDDHA'S PARENTS ATTAIN NIRVĀNA.

When Suddhodana had grown old, he fell sick and sent for his son
to come and see him once more before he died; and the Blessed One
came and stayed at the sick-bed, and Suddhodana, having attained
perfect enlightenment, died in the arms of the Blessed One.          1

And it is said that the Blessed One, for the sake of preaching to
his mother Māyā-devī, ascended to heaven and dwelt with the
devas. Having concluded his pious mission, he returned to the
earth and went about again, converting those who listened to his
teachings.                                                           2




XXXII.

WOMEN ADMITTED TO THE SANGHA.


Yasodharā had three times requested of the Buddha that she might
be admitted to the Sangha, but her wish had not been granted. Now
Pajāpatī, the foster-mother of the Blessed One, in the company of
Yasodharā, and many other women, went to the Tathāgata entreating
him earnestly to let them take the vows and be ordained as
disciples.                                                           1

And the Blessed One, foreseeing the danger that lurked in
admitting women to the Sangha, protested that while the good
religion ought surely to last a thousand years it would, when
women joined it, likely decay after five hundred years; but
observing the zeal of Pajāpatī and Yasodharā for leading a
religious life he could no longer resist and assented to have
them admitted as his disciples.                                      2

Then the venerable Ānanda addressed the Blessed One thus:            3

"Are women competent, Venerable Lord, if they retire from
household life to the homeless state, under the doctrine and
discipline announced by the Tathāgata, to attain to the fruit of
conversion, to attain to a release from a wearisome repetition of
rebirths, to attain to saintship?"                                   4

And the Blessed One declared: "Women are competent, Ānanda, if
they retire from household life to the homeless state, under the
doctrine and discipline announced by the Tathāgata, to attain to
the fruit of conversion, to attain to a release from a wearisome
repetition of rebirths, to attain to saintship.                      5

"Consider, Ānanda, how great a benefactress Pajāpatī has been.
She is the sister of the mother of the Blessed One, and as
foster-mother and nurse, reared the Blessed One after the death
of his mother. So, Ānanda, women may retire from household life
to the homeless state, under the doctrine and discipline
announced by the Tathāgata."                                         6

Pajāpatī was the first woman to become a disciple of the Buddha
and to receive the ordination as a bhikkhunī.                        7




XXXIII.

THE BHIKKHUS' CONDUCT TOWARD WOMEN.


The bhikkhus came to the Blessed One and asked him:                  1

"O Tathāgata, our Lord and Master, what conduct toward women dost
thou prescribe to the samanas who have left the world?"              2

And the Blessed One said:                                            3

"Guard against looking on a woman.                                   4

"If ye see a woman, let it be as though ye saw her not, and have
no conversation with her.                                            5

"If, after all, ye must speak with her, let it be with a pure
heart, and think to yourself, 'I as a samana will live in this
sinful world as the spotless leaf of the lotus, unsoiled by the
mud in which it grows.'                                              6

"If the woman be old, regard her as your mother, if young, as
your sister, if very young, as your child.                           7

"The samana who looks on a woman as a woman, or touches her as a
woman, has broken his vow and is no longer a disciple of the
Tathāgata.                                                           8

"The power of lust is great with men, and is to be feared withal;
take then the bow of earnest perseverance, and the sharp
arrow-points of wisdom.                                              9

"Cover your heads with the helmet of right thought, and fight
with fixed resolve against the five desires.                        10

"Lust beclouds a man's heart, when it is confused with woman's
beauty, and the mind is dazed.                                      11

"Better far with red-hot irons bore out both your eyes, than
encourage in yourself sensual thoughts, or look upon a woman's
form with lustful desires.                                          12

"Better fall into the fierce tiger's mouth, or under the sharp
knife of the executioner, than dwell with a woman and excite in
yourself lustful thoughts.                                          13

"A woman of the world is anxious to exhibit her form and shape,
whether walking, standing, sitting, or sleeping. Even when
represented as a picture, she desires to captivate with the
charms of her beauty, and thus to rob men of their steadfast
heart.                                                              14

"How then ought ye to guard yourselves?                             15

"By regarding her tears and her smiles as enemies, her stooping
form, her hanging arms, and her disentangled hair as toils
designed to entrap man's heart.                                     16

"Therefore, I say, restrain the heart, give it no unbridled
license."                                                           17




XXXIV.

VISĀKHĀ.


Visākhā, a wealthy woman in Sāvatthi who had many children and
grandchildren, had given to the order the Pubbārāma or Eastern
Garden, and was the first in Northern Kosala to become a matron
of the lay sisters.                                                  1

When the Blessed One stayed at Sāvatthi, Visākhā went up to the
place where the Blessed One was, and tendered him an invitation
to take his meal at her house, which the Blessed One accepted.       2

And a heavy rain fell during the night and the next morning; and
the bhikkhus doffed their robes to keep them dry and let the rain
fall upon their bodies.                                              3

When on the next day the Blessed One had finished his meal, she
took her seat at his side and spoke thus: "Eight are the boons,
Lord, which I beg of the Blessed One."                               4

Said the Blessed One: "The Tathāgatas, O Visākhā, grant no boons
until they know what they are."                                      5

Visākhā replied: "Befitting, Lord, and unobjectionable are the
boons I ask."                                                        6

Having received permission to make known her requests, Visākhā
said: "I desire, Lord, through all my life long to bestow robes
for the rainy season on the Sangha, and food for incoming
bhikkhus, and food for outgoing bhikkhus, and food for the sick,
and food for those who wait upon the sick, and medicine for the
sick, and a constant supply of rice-milk for the Sangha, and
bathing robes for the bhikkhunīs, the sisters." 7

Said the Buddha: "But what circumstance is it, O Visākhā, that
thou hast in view in asking these eight boons of the Tathāgata?"     8

And Visākhā replied:                                                 9

"I gave command, Lord, to my maid-servant, saying, 'Go, and
announce to the brotherhood that the meal is ready.' And the maid
went, but when she came to the vihāra, she observed that the
bhikkhus had doffed their robes while it was raining, and she
thought: 'These are not bhikkhus, but naked ascetics letting the
rain fall on them.' So she returned to me and reported
accordingly, and I had to send her a second time. Impure, Lord,
is nakedness, and revolting. It was this circumstance, Lord, that
I had in view in desiring to provide the Sangha my life long with
special garments for use in the rainy season.                       10

"As to my second wish, Lord, an incoming bhikkhu, not being able
to take the direct roads, and not knowing the places where food
can be procured, comes on his way tired out by seeking for alms.
It was this circumstance, Lord, that I had in view in desiring
to provide the Sangha my life long with food for incoming
bhikkhus.                                                           11

"Thirdly, Lord, an outgoing bhikkhu, while seeking about for
alms, may be left behind, or may arrive too late at the place
whither he desires to go, and will set out on the road in
weariness.                                                          12

"Fourthly, Lord, if a sick bhikkhu does not obtain suitable food,
his sickness may increase upon him, and he may die.                 13

"Fifthly, Lord, a bhikkhu who is waiting upon the sick will lose
his opportunity of going out to seek food for himself.              14

"Sixthly, Lord, if a sick bhikkhu does not obtain suitable
medicines, his sickness may increase upon him, and he may die.      15

"Seventhly, Lord, I have heard that the Blessed One has praised
rice-milk, because it gives readiness of mind, dispels hunger and
thirst; it is wholesome for the healthy as nourishment, and for
the sick as a medicine. Therefore I desire to provide the Sangha
my life long with a constant supply of rice-milk.                   16

"Finally, Lord, the bhikkhunīs are in the habit of bathing in the
river Achiravatī with the courtesans, at the same landing-place,
and naked. And the courtesans, Lord, ridicule the bhikkhunīs,
saying, 'What is the good, ladies, of your maintaining chastity
when you are young? When you are old, maintain chastity then;
thus will you obtain both worldly pleasure and religious
consolation.' Impure, Lord, is nakedness for a woman, disgusting,
and revolting.                                                      17

"These are the circumstances, Lord, that I had in view."            18

The Blessed One said: "But what was the advantage you had in view
for yourself, O Visākhā, in asking the eight boons of the
Tathāgatha?"                                                        19

Visākhā replied:                                                    20

"Bhikkhus who have spent the rainy seasons in various places will
come, Lord, to Sāvatthi to visit the Blessed One. And on coming
to the Blessed One they will ask, saying: 'Such and such a
bhikkhu, Lord, has died. What, now, is his destiny?' Then will
the Blessed One explain that he has attained the fruits of
conversion; that he has attained arahatship or has entered
Nirvāna, as the case may be.                                        21

"And I, going up to them, will ask, 'Was that brother, Sirs, one
of those who had formerly been at Sāvatthi?' If they reply to me,
'He has formerly been at Sāvatthi,' then shall I arrive at the
conclusion, 'For a certainty did that brother enjoy either the
robes for the rainy season, or the food for the incoming
bhikkhus, or the food for the outgoing bhikkhus, or the food for
the sick, or the food for those that wait upon the sick, or the
medicine for the sick, or the constant supply of rice-milk.'        22

"Then will gladness spring up within me; thus gladdened, joy will
come to me; and so rejoicing all my mind will be at peace. Being
thus at peace I shall experience a blissful feeling of content;
and in that bliss my heart will be at rest. That will be to me an
exercise of my moral sense, an exercise of my moral powers, an
exercise of the seven kinds of wisdom! This, Lord, was the
advantage I had in view for myself in asking those eight boons of
the Blessed One."                                                   23

The Blessed One said: "It is well, it is well, Visākhā. Thou hast
done well in asking these eight boons of the Tathāgata with such
advantages in view. Charity bestowed upon those who are worthy of
it is like good seed sown on a good soil that yields an abundance
of fruits. But alms given to those who are yet under the
tyrannical yoke of the passions are like seed deposited in a bad
soil. The passions of the receiver of the alms choke, as it were,
the growth of merits."                                              24

And the Blessed One gave thanks to Visākhā in these verses:         25

     "O noble woman of an upright life,
     Disciple of the Blessed One, thou givest
     Unstintedly in purity of heart.                                26

     "Thou spreadest joy, assuagest pain,
     And verily thy gift will be a blessing
     As well to many others as to thee."                            27




XXXV.

THE UPOSATHA AND PĀTIMOKKHA.


When Seniya Bimbisāra, the king of Magadha, was advanced in
years, he retired from the world and led a religious life. He
observed that there were Brahmanical sects in Rājagaha keeping
sacred certain days, and the people went to their meeting-houses
and listened to their sermons.                                       1

Concerning the need of keeping regular days for retirement from
worldly labors and religious instruction, the king went to the
Blessed One and said: "The Parivrājaka, who belong to the
Titthiya school, prosper and gain adherents because they keep the
eighth day and also the fourteenth or fifteenth day of each
half-month. Would it not be advisable for the reverend brethren
of the Sangha also to assemble on days duly appointed for that
purpose?"                                                            2

And the Blessed One commanded the bhikkhus to assemble on the
eighth day and also on the fourteenth or fifteenth day of each
half-month, and to devote these days to religious exercises.         3

A bhikkhu duly appointed should address the congregation and
expound the Dharma. He should exhort the people to walk in the
eightfold path of righteousness; he should comfort them in the
vicissitudes of life and gladden them with the bliss of the fruit
of good deeds. Thus the brethren should keep the Uposatha.           4

Now the bhikkhus, in obedience to the rule laid down by the
Blessed One, assembled in the vihāra on the day appointed, and
the people went to hear the Dharma, but they were greatly
disappointed, for the bhikkhus remained silent and delivered no
discourse.                                                           5

When the Blessed One heard of it, he ordered the bhikkhus to
recite the Pātimokkha, which is a ceremony of disburdening the
conscience; and he commanded them to make confession of their
trespasses so as to receive the absolution of the order.             6

A fault, if there be one, should be confessed by the bhikkhu who
remembers it and desires to be cleansed. For a fault, when
confessed, shall be light on him.                                    7

And the Blessed One said: "The Pātimokkha must be recited in this
way:                                                                 8

"Let a competent and venerable bhikkhu make the following
proclamation to the Sangha: 'May the Sangha hear me! To-day is
Uposatha, the eighth, or the fourteenth or fifteenth day of the
half-month. If the Sangha is ready, let the Sangha hold the
Uposatha service and recite the Pātimokkha. I will recite the
Pātimokkha.'                                                         9

"And the bhikkhus shall reply: 'We hear it well and we
concentrate well our minds on it, all of us.'                       10

"Then the officiating bhikkhu shall continue: 'Let him who has
committed an offence, confess it; if there be no offence, let all
remain silent; from your being silent I shall understand that the
reverend brethren are free from offences.                           11

'As a single person who has been asked a question answers it, so
also, if before an assembly like this a question is solemnly
proclaimed three times, an answer is expected: if a bhikkhu,
after a threefold proclamation, does not confess an existing
offence which he remembers, he commits an intentional falsehood.    12

'Now, reverend brethren, an intentional falsehood has been
declared an impediment by the Blessed One. Therefore, if an
offence has been committed by a bhikkhu who remembers it and
desires to become pure, the offence should be confessed by the
bhikkhu, and when it has been confessed, it is treated duly.'"      13




XXXVI.

THE SCHISM.


While the Blessed One dwelt at Kosambī, a certain bhikkhu was
accused of having committed an offence, and, as he refused to
acknowledge it, the brotherhood pronounced against him the
sentence of expulsion.                                               1

Now, that bhikkhu was erudite. He knew the Dharma, had studied
the rules of the order, and was wise, learned, intelligent,
modest, conscientious, and ready to submit himself to discipline.
And he went to his companions and friends among the bhikkhus,
saying: "This is no offence, friends; this is no reason for a
sentence of expulsion. I am not guilty. The verdict is
unconstitutional and invalid. Therefore I consider myself still
as a member of the order. May the venerable brethren assist me in
maintaining my right."                                               2

Those who sided with the expelled brother went to the bhikkhus
who had pronounced the sentence, saying: "This is no offence";
while the bhikkhus who had pronounced the sentence replied: "This
is an offence."                                                      3

Thus altercations and quarrels arose, and the Sangha was divided
into two parties, reviling and slandering each other.                4

And all these happenings were reported to the Blessed One.           5

Then the Blessed One went to the place where the bhikkhus were
who had pronounced the sentence of expulsion, and said to them:
"Do not think, O bhikkhus, that you are to pronounce expulsion
against a bhikkhu, whatever be the facts of the case, simply by
saying: 'It occurs to us that it is so, and therefore we are
pleased to proceed thus against our brother.' Let those bhikkhus
who frivolously pronounce a sentence against a brother who knows
the Dharma and the rules of the order, who is learned, wise,
intelligent, modest, conscientious, and ready to submit himself
to discipline, stand in awe of causing divisions. They must not
pronounce a sentence of expulsion against a brother merely
because he refuses to see his offence."                              6

Then the Blessed One rose and went to the brethren who sided with
the expelled brother and said to them: "Do not think, O bhikkhus,
that if you have given offence you need not atone for it,
thinking: 'We are without offence.' When a bhikkhu has committed
an offence, which he considers no offence while the brotherhood
consider him guilty, he should think: 'These brethren know the
Dharma and the rules of the order; they are learned, wise,
intelligent, modest, conscientious, and ready to submit
themselves to discipline; it is impossible that they should on my
account act with selfishness or in malice or in delusion or in
fear.' Let him stand in awe of causing divisions, and rather
acknowledge his offence on the authority of his brethren."           7

Both parties continued to keep Uposatha and perform official acts
independently of one another; and when their doings were related
to the Blessed One, he ruled that the keeping of Uposatha and the
performance of official acts were lawful, unobjectionable, and
valid for both parties. For he said: "The bhikkhus who side with
the expelled brother form a different communion from those who
pronounced the sentence. There are venerable brethren in both
parties. As they do not agree, let them keep Uposatha and perform
official acts separately."                                           8

And the Blessed One reprimanded the quarrelsome bhikkhus saying
to them:                                                             9

"Loud is the voice which worldlings make; but how can they be
blamed when divisions arise also in the Sangha? Hatred is not
appeased in those who think: 'He has reviled me, he has wronged
me, he has injured me.'                                             10

"For not by hatred is hatred appeased. Hatred is appeased by
not-hatred. This is an eternal law.                                 11

"There are some who do not know the need of self-restraint; if
they are quarrelsome we may excuse their behavior. But those who
know better, should learn to live in concord.                       12

"If a man finds a wise friend who lives righteously and is
constant in his character, he may live with him, overcoming all
dangers, happy and mindful.                                         13

"But if he finds not a friend who lives righteously and is
constant in his character, let him rather walk alone, like a king
who leaves his empire and the cares of government behind him to
lead a life of retirement like a lonely elephant in the forest.     14

"With fools there is no companionship. Rather than to live with
men who are selfish, vain, quarrelsome, and obstinate let a man
walk alone."                                                        15

And the Blessed One thought to himself: "It is no easy task to
instruct these headstrong and infatuate fools." And he rose from
his seat and went away.                                             16




XXXVII.

THE RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF CONCORD.


Whilst the dispute between the parties was not yet settled, the
Blessed One left Kosambī, and wandering from place to place he
came at last to Sāvatthi.                                            1

And in the absence of the Blessed One the quarrels grew worse, so
that the Jay devotees of Kosambī became annoyed and they said:
"These quarrelsome monks are a great nuisance and will bring upon
us misfortunes. Worried by their altercations the Blessed One is
gone, and has selected another abode for his residence. Let us,
therefore, neither salute the bhikkhus nor support them. They are
not worthy of wearing yellow robes, and must either propitiate
the Blessed One, or return to the world."                            2

And the bhikkhus of Kosambī, when no longer honored and no longer
supported by the lay devotees, began to repent and said: "Let us
go to the Blessed One and let him settle the question of our
disagreement."                                                       3

And both parties went to Savatthi to the Blessed One. And the
venerable Sāriputta, having heard of their arrival, addressed the
Blessed One and said: "These contentious, disputatious, and
quarrelsome bhikkhus of Kosambī, the authors of dissensions, have
come to Sāvatthi. How am I to behave, O Lord, toward those
bhikkhus."                                                           4

"Do not reprove them, Sāriputta," said the Blessed One, "for
harsh words do not serve as a remedy and are pleasant to no one.
Assign separate dwelling-places to each party and treat them with
impartial justice. Listen with patience to both parties. He alone
who weighs both sides is called a muni. When both parties have
presented their case, let the Sangha come to an agreement and
declare the re-establishment of concord."                            5

And Pājapatī, the matron, asked the Blessed One for advice, and
the Blessed One said: "Let both parties enjoy the gifts of lay
members, be they robes or food, as they may need, and let no one
receive any noticeable preference over any other."                   6

And the venerable Upāli, having approached the Blessed One, asked
concerning the re-establishment of peace in the Sangha: "Would it
be right, O Lord," said he, "that the Sangha, to avoid further
disputations, should declare the restoration of concord without
inquiring into the matter of the quarrel?"                           7

And the Blessed One said:                                            8

"If the Sangha declares the re-establishment of concord without
having inquired into the matter, the declaration is neither right
nor lawful.                                                          9

"There are two ways of re-establishing concord; one is in the
letter, and the other one is in the spirit and in the letter.       10

"If the Sangha declares the re-establishment of concord without
having inquired into the matter, the peace is concluded in the
letter only. But if the Sangha, having inquired into the matter
and having gone to the bottom of it, decides to declare the
re-establishment of concord, the peace is concluded in the spirit
and also in the letter.                                             11

"The concord re-established in the spirit and in the letter is
alone right and lawful."                                            12

And the Blessed One addressed the bhikkhus and told them the
story of Prince Dīghāvu, the Long-lived. He said:                   13

"In former times, there lived at Benares a powerful king whose
name was Brahmadatta of Kāsi; and he went to war against Dīghīti,
the Long-suffering, a king of Kosala, for he thought, 'The
kingdom of Kosala is small and Dīghīti will not be able to resist
my armies.'                                                         14

"And Dīghīti, seeing that resistance was impossible against the
great host of the king of Kāsi, fled, leaving his little kingdom
in the hands of Brahmadatta; and having wandered from place to
place, he came at last to Benares, and lived there with his
consort in a potter's dwelling outside the town.                    15

"And the queen bore him a son and they called him Dīghāvu.          16

"When Dīghāvu had grown up, the king thought to himself: 'King
Brahmadatta has done us great harm, and he is fearing our
revenge; he will seek to kill us. Should he find us he will slay
all three of us.' And he sent his son away, and Dīghāvu having
received a good education from his father, applied himself
diligently to learn all arts, becoming very skilful and wise.       17

"At that time the barber of king Dīghīti dwelt at Benares, and he
saw the king, his former master, and, being of an avaricious
nature, betrayed him to King Brahmadatta.                           18

"When Brahmadatta, the king of Kāsi, heard that the fugitive king
of Kosala and his queen, unknown and in disguise, were living a
quiet life in a potter's dwelling, he ordered them to be bound
and executed; and the sheriff to whom the order was given seized
king Dīghīti and led him to the place of execution.                 19

"While the captive king was being led through the streets of
Benares he saw his son who had returned to visit his parents,
and, careful not to betray the presence of his son, yet anxious
to communicate to him his last advice, he cried: 'O Dīghāvu, my
son! Be not far-sighted, be not near-sighted, for not by hatred
is hatred appeased; hatred is appeased by not-hatred only.'         20

"The king and queen of Kosala were executed, but Dīghāvu their
son bought strong wine and made the guards drunk. When the night
arrived he laid the bodies of his parents upon a funeral pyre and
burned them with all honors and religious rites.                    21

"When king Brahmadatta heard of it, he became afraid, for he
thought, 'Dīghāvu, the son of king Dīghīti, is a wise youth and
he will take revenge for the death of his parents. If he espies a
favorable opportunity, he will assassinate me.'                     22

"Young Dīghāvu went to the forest and wept to his heart's
content. Then he wiped his tears and returned to Benares. Hearing
that assistants were wanted in the royal elephants' stable, he
offered his services and was engaged by the master of the
elephants.                                                          23

"And it happened that the king heard a sweet voice ringing
through the night and singing to the lute a beautiful song that
gladdened his heart. And having inquired among his attendants who
the singer might be, was told that the master of the elephants
had in his service a young man of great accomplishments, and
beloved by all his comrades. They said, 'He is wont to sing to
the lute, and he must have been the singer that gladdened the
heart of the king.'                                                 24

"And the king summoned the young man before him and, being much
pleased with Dīghāvu, gave him employment in the royal castle.
Observing how wisely the youth acted, how modest he was and yet
punctilious in the performance of his work, the king very soon
gave him a position of trust.                                       25

"Now it came to pass that the king went hunting and became
separated from his retinue, young Dīghāvu alone remaining with
him. And the king worn out from the hunt laid his head in the lap
of young Dīghāvu and slept.                                         26

"And Dīghāvu thought: 'People will forgive great wrongs which
they have suffered, but they will never be at ease about the
wrongs which they themselves have done. They will persecute their
victims to the bitter end. This king Brahmadatta has done us
great injury, he robbed us of our kingdom and slew my father and
my mother. He is now in my power.' Thinking thus he unsheathed
his sword.                                                          27

"Then Dīghāvu thought of the last words of his father. 'Be not
far-sighted, be not near-sighted. For not by hatred is hatred
appeased. Hatred is appeased by not-hatred alone.' Thinking thus,
he put his sword back into the sheath.                              28

"The king became restless in his sleep and he awoke, and when the
youth asked, 'Why art thou frightened, O king?' he replied: 'My
sleep is always restless because I often dream that young Dīghāvu
is coming upon me with his sword. While I lay here with my head
in thy lap I dreamed the dreadful dream again; and I awoke full
of terror and alarm.'                                               29

"Then the youth, laying his left hand upon the defenceless king's
head and with his right hand drawing his sword, said: 'I am
Dīghāvu, the son of king Dīghīti, whom thou hast robbed of his
kingdom and slain together with his queen, my mother. I know that
men overcome the hatred entertained for wrongs which they have
suffered much more easily than for the wrongs which they have
done, and so I cannot expect that thou wilt take pity on me; but
now a chance for revenge has come to me.'                           30

"The king seeing that he was at the mercy of young Dīghāvu raised
his hands and said: 'Grant me my life, my dear Dīghāvu, grant me
my life. I shall be forever grateful to thee.'                      31

"And Dīghāvu said without bitterness or ill-will: 'How can I
grant thee thy life, O king, since my life is endangered by thee.
I do not mean to take thy life. It is thou, O king, who must
grant me my life.'                                                  32

"And the king said: 'Well, my dear Dīghāvu, then grant me my
life, and I will grant thee thine.'                                 33

"Thus, king Brahmadatta of Kāsi and young Dīghāvu granted each
other's life and took each other's hand and swore an oath not to
do any harm to each other.                                          34

"And king Brahmadatta of Kāsi said to young Dīghāvu: 'Why did
thy father say to thee in the hour of his death: "Be not
far-sighted, be not near-sighted, for hatred is not appeased by
hatred. Hatred is appeased by not-hatred alone,"--what did thy
father mean by that?'                                               35

"The youth replied: 'When my father, O king, in the hour of his
death said: "Be not far-sighted," he meant, Let not thy hatred go
far. And when my father said, "Be not near-sighted," he meant, Be
not hasty to fall out with thy friends. And when he said, "For
not by hatred is hatred appeased; hatred is appeased by
not-hatred," he meant this: Thou hast killed my father and
mother, O king, and if I should deprive thee of thy life, then
thy partisans in turn would take away my life; my partisans again
would deprive thine of their lives. Thus by hatred, hatred would
not be appeased. But now, O king, thou hast granted me my life,
and I have granted thee thine; thus by not-hatred hatred has been
appeased.'                                                          36

"Then king Brahmadatta of Kāsi thought: 'How wise is young
Dīghāvu that he understands in its full extent the meaning of
what his father spoke concisely.' And the king gave him back his
father's kingdom and gave him his daughter in marriage."            37

Having finished the story, the Blessed One said: "Brethren, ye
are my lawful sons in the faith, begotten by the words of my
mouth. Children ought not to trample under foot the counsel given
them by their father; do ye henceforth follow my admonitions."      38

Then the bhikkhus met in conference; they discussed their
differences in mutual good will, and the concord of the Sangha
was re-established.                                                 39




XXXVIII.

THE BHIKKHUS REBUKED.


And it happened that the Blessed One walked up and down in the
open air unshod.                                                     1

When the elders saw that the Blessed One walked unshod, they put
away their shoes and did likewise. But the novices did not heed
the example of their elders and kept their feet covered.             2

Some of the brethren noticed the irreverent behavior of the
novices and told the Blessed One; and the Blessed One rebuked the
novices and said: "If the brethren, even now, while I am yet
living, show so little respect and courtesy to one another, what
will they do when I have passed away?"                               3

And the Blessed One was filled with anxiety for the welfare of
the truth; and he continued:                                         4

"Even the laymen, O bhikkhus, who move in the world, pursuing
some handicraft that they may procure them a living, will be
respectful, affectionate, and hospitable to their teachers. Do
ye, therefore, O bhikkhus, so let your light shine forth, that
ye, having left the world and devoted your entire life to
religion and to religious discipline, may observe the rules of
decency, be respectful, affectionate, and hospitable to your
teachers and superiors, or those who rank as your teachers and
superiors. Your demeanor, O bhikkhus, does not conduce to the
conversion of the unconverted and to the increase of the number
of the faithful. It serves, O bhikkhus, to repel the unconverted
and to estrange them. I exhort you to be more considerate in the
future, more thoughtful and more respectful"                         5




XXXIX.

DEVADATTA.


When Devadatta, the son of Suprabuddha and a brother of
Yasodharā, became a disciple, he cherished the hope of attaining
the same distinctions and honors as Gotama Siddhattha. Being
disappointed in his ambitions, he conceived in his heart a
jealous hatred, and, attempting to excel the Perfect One in
virtue, he found fault with his regulations and reproved them as
too lenient.                                                         1

Devadatta went to Rājagaha and gained the ear of Ajātasattu, the
son of King Bimbisāra. And Ajātasattu built a new vihāra for
Devadatta, and founded a sect whose disciples were pledged to
severe rules and self-mortification.                                 2

Soon afterwards the Blessed One himself came to Rājagaha and
stayed at the Veluvana vihāra.                                       3

Devadatta called on the Blessed One, requesting him to sanction
his rules of greater stringency, by which a greater holiness
might be procured. "The body," he said, "consists of its
thirty-two parts and has no divine attributes. It is conceived in
sin and born in corruption. Its attributes are liability to pain
and dissolution, for it is impermanent. It is the receptacle of
karma which is the curse of our former existences; it is the
dwelling-place of sin and diseases and its organs constantly
discharge disgusting secretions. Its end is death and its goal
the charnel house. Such being the condition of the body it
behooves us to treat it as a carcass full of abomination and to
clothe it in such rags only as have been gathered in cemeteries
or upon dung-hills."                                                 4

The Blessed One said: "Truly, the body is full of impurity and
its end is the charnel house, for it is impermanent and destined
to be dissolved into its elements. But being the receptacle of
karma, it lies in our power to make it a vessel of truth and not
of evil. It is not good to indulge in the pleasures of the body,
but neither is it good to neglect our bodily needs and to heap
filth upon impurities. The lamp that is not cleansed and not
filled with oil will be extinguished, and a body that is unkempt,
unwashed, and weakened by penance will not be a fit receptacle
for the light of truth. Attend to your body and its needs as you
would treat a wound which you care for without loving it. Severe
rules will not lead the disciples on the middle path which I have
taught. Certainly, no one can be prevented from keeping more
stringent rules, if he sees fit to do so, but they should not be
imposed upon any one, for they are unnecessary."                     5

Thus the Tathāgata refused Devadatta's proposal; and Devadatta
left the Buddha and went into the vihāra speaking evil of the
Lord's path of salvation as too lenient and altogether
insufficient.                                                        6

When the Blessed One heard of Devadatta's intrigues, he said:
"Among men there is no one who is not blamed. People blame him
who sits silent and him who speaks, they also blame the man who
preaches the middle path."                                           7

Devadatta instigated Ajātasattu to plot against his father
Bimbisāra, the king, so that the prince would no longer be
subject to him; Bimbisāra was imprisoned by his son in a tower
where he died leaving the kingdom of Magadha to his son
Ajātasattu.                                                          8

The new king listened to the evil advice of Devadatta, and he
gave orders to take the life of the Tathāgata. However, the
murderers sent out to kill the Lord could not perform their
wicked deed, and became converted as soon as they saw him and
listened to his preaching. The rock hurled down from a precipice
upon the great Master split in twain, and the two pieces passed
by on either side without doing any harm. Nalagiri, the wild
elephant let loose to destroy the Lord, became gentle in his
presence; and Ajātasattu, suffering greatly from the pangs of
his conscience, went to the Blessed One and sought peace in his
distress.                                                            9

The Blessed One received Ajātasattu kindly and taught him the way
of salvation; but Devadatta still tried to become the founder of
a religious school of his own.                                      10

Devadatta did not succeed in his plans and having been abandoned
by many of his disciples, he fell sick, and then repented. He
entreated those who had remained with him to carry his litter to
the Buddha, saying: "Take me, children, take me to him; though I
have done evil to him, I am his brother-in-law. For the sake of
our relationship the Buddha will save me." And they obeyed,
although reluctantly.                                               11

And Devadatta in his impatience to see the Blessed One rose from
his litter while his carriers were washing their hands. But his
feet burned under him; he sank to the ground; and, having chanted
a hymn on the Buddha, died.                                         12




XL.

NAME AND FORM.


On one occasion the Blessed One entered the assembly hall and the
brethren hushed their conversation.                                  1

When they had greeted him with clasped hands, they sat down and
became composed. Then the Blessed One said: "Your minds are
inflamed with intense interest; what was the topic of your
discussion?"                                                         2

And Sāriputta rose and spake: "World-honored master, we were
discussing the nature of man's own existence. We were trying to
grasp the mixture of our own being which is called Name and Form.
Every human being consists of conformations, and there are three
groups which are not corporeal. They are sensation, perception,
and the dispositions, all three constitute consciousness and
mind, being comprised under the term Name. And there are four
elements, the earthy element, the watery element, the fiery
element, and the gaseous element, and these four elements
constitute man's bodily form, being held together so that this
machine moves like a puppet. How does this name and form endure
and how can it live?"                                                3

Said the Blessed One: "Life is instantaneous and living is dying.
Just as a chariot-wheel in rolling rolls only at one point of the
tire, and in resting rests only at one point; in exactly the same
way, the life of a living being lasts only for the period of one
thought. As soon as that thought has ceased the being is said to
have ceased.                                                         4

"As it has been said:--'The being of a past moment of thought has
lived, but does not live, nor will it live. The being of a future
moment of thought will live, but has not lived, nor does it live.
The being of the present moment of thought does live, but has not
lived, nor will it live.'"                                           5

"As to Name and Form we must understand how they interact. Name
has no power of its own, nor can it go on of its own impulse,
either to eat, or to drink, or to utter sounds, or to make a
movement. Form also is without power and cannot go on of its own
impulse. It has no desire to eat, or to drink, or to utter
sounds, or to make a movement. But Form goes on when supported by
Name, and Name when supported by Form. When Name has a desire to
eat, or to drink, or to utter sounds, or to make a movement, then
Form eats, drinks, utters sounds, makes a movement.                  6

"It is as if two men, the one blind from birth and the other a
cripple, were desirous of going traveling, and the man blind from
birth were to say to the cripple as follows: 'See here! I am able
to use my legs, but I have no eyes with which to see the rough
and the smooth places in the road.'                                  7

"And the cripple were to say to the man blind from birth as
follows: 'See here! I am able to use my eyes, but I have no legs
with which to go forward and back.'                                  8

"And the man blind from birth, pleased and delighted, were to
mount the cripple on his shoulders. And the cripple sitting on
the shoulders of the man blind from birth were to direct him,
saying, 'Leave the left and go to the right; leave the right and
go to the left.'                                                     9

"Here the man blind from birth is without power of his own, and
weak, and cannot go of his own impulse or might. The cripple also
is without power of his own, and weak, and cannot go of his own
impulse or might. Yet when they mutually support one another it
is not impossible for them to go.                                   10

"In exactly the same way Name is without power of its own, and
cannot spring up of its own might, nor perform this or that
action. Form also is without power of its own, and cannot spring
up of its own might, nor perform this or that action. Yet when
they mutually support one another it is not impossible for them
to spring up and go on.                                             11

"There is no material that exists for the production of Name and
Form; and when Name and Form cease, they do not go anywhither in
space. After Name and Form have ceased, they do not exist
anywhere in the shape of heaped-up music material. Thus when a
lute is played upon, there is no previous store of sound; and
when the music ceases it does not go anywhither in space. When it
has ceased, it exists nowhere in a stored-up state. Having
previously been non-existent, it came into existence on account
of the structure and stem of the lute and the exertions of the
performer; and as it came into existence so it passes away. In
exactly the same way, all the elements of being, both corporeal
and non-corporeal come into existence after having previously
been non-existent; and having come into existence pass away.        12

"There is not a self residing in Name and Form, but the
cooperation of the conformations produces what people call a man.   13

"Just as the word 'chariot' is but a mode of expression for axle,
wheels, the chariot-body and other constituents in their proper
combination, so a living being is the appearance of the groups
with the four elements as they are joined in a unit. There is no
self in the carriage and there is no self in man.                   14

"O bhikkhus, this doctrine is sure and an eternal truth, that
there is no self outside of its parts. This self of ours which
constitutes Name and Form is a combination of the groups with the
four elements, but there is no ego entity, no self in itself.       15

"Paradoxical though it may sound: There is a path to walk on,
there is walking being done, but there is no traveler. There are
deeds being done, but there is no doer. There is a blowing of the
air, but there is no wind that does the blowing. The thought of
self is an error and all existences are as hollow as the plantain
tree and as empty as twirling water bubbles.                        16

"Therefore, O bhikkhus, as there is no self, there is no
transmigration of a self; but there are deeds and the continued
effect of deeds. There is a rebirth of karma; there is
reincarnation. This rebirth, this reincarnation, this
reappearance of the conformations is continuous and depends on
the law of cause and effect. Just as a seal is impressed upon the
wax reproducing the configurations of its device, so the thoughts
of men, their characters, their aspirations are impressed upon
others in continuous transference and continue their karma, and
good deeds will continue in blessings while bad deeds will
continue in curses.                                                 17

"There is no entity here that migrates, no self is transferred
from one place to another; but there is a voice uttered here and
the echo of it comes back. The teacher pronounces a stanza and
the disciple who attentively listens to his teacher's
instruction, repeats the stanza. Thus the stanza is reborn in the
mind of the disciple.                                               18

"The body is a compound of perishable organs. It is subject to
decay; and we should take care of it as of a wound or a sore; we
should attend to its needs without being attached to it, or
loving it.                                                          19

"The body is like a machine, and there is no self in it that
makes it walk or act, but the thoughts of it, as the windy
elements, cause the machine to work.                                20

"The body moves about like a cart. Therefore 'tis said:             21

     "As ships are by the wind impelled,
     As arrows from their bowstrings speed,
     So likewise when the body moves
     The windy element must lead.                                   22

     "Machines are geared to work by ropes;
     So too this body is, in fact,
     Directed by a mental pull
     Whene'er it stand or sit or act.                               23

     "No independent self is here
     That could intrinsic forces prove
     To make man act without a cause,
     To make him stand or walk or move.                             24

"He only who utterly abandons all thought of the ego escapes the
snares of the Evil One; he is out of the reach of Māra.             25

"Thus says the pleasure-promising tempter:                          26

     "So long as to the things
     Called 'mine' and 'I' and 'me'
     Thine anxious heart still clings,
     My snares thou canst not flee."                                27

"The faithful disciple replies:                                     28

     "Naught's mine and naught of me,
     The self I do not mind!
     Thus Māra, I tell thee,
     My path thou canst not find."                                  29

"Dismiss the error of the self and do not cling to possessions
which are transient but perform deeds that are good, for deeds
are enduring and in deeds your karma continues.                     30

"Since then, O bhikkhus, there is no self, there can not be any
after life of a self. Therefore abandon all thought of self. But
since there are deeds and since deeds continue, be careful with
your deeds.                                                         31

"All beings have karma as their portion: they are heirs of their
karma; they are sprung from their karma; their karma is their
kinsman; their karma is their refuge; karma allots beings to
meanness or to greatness.                                           32

"Assailed by death in life's last throes On quitting all thy joys
and woes What is thine own, thy recompense? What stays with thee
when passing hence? What like a shadow follows thee And will
Beyond thine heirloom be?                                           33

"T'is deeds, thy deeds, both good and bad; Naught else can after
death be had. Thy deeds are thine, thy recompense; They are thine
own when going hence; They like a shadow follow thee And will
Beyond thine heirloom be.                                           34

"Let all then here perform good deeds, For future weal a treasure
store; There to reap crops from noble seeds, A bliss increasing
evermore."                                                          35




XLI.

THE GOAL.


And the Blessed One thus addressed the bhikkhus:                     1

"It is through not understanding the four noble truths, O
bhikkhus, that we had to wander so long in the weary-path of
samsāra, both you and I.                                             2

"Through contact thought is born from sensation, and is reborn by
a reproduction of its form. Starting from the simplest forms, the
mind rises and falls according to deeds, but the aspirations of a
Bodhisatta pursue the straight path of wisdom and righteousness,
until they reach perfect enlightenment in the Buddha.                3

"All creatures are what they are through the karma of their deeds
done in former and in present existences.                            4

"The rational nature of man is a spark of the true light; it is
the first step on the upward road. But new births are required to
insure an ascent to the summit of existence, the enlightenment of
mind and heart, where the immeasurable light of moral
comprehension is gained which is the source of all righteousness.    5

"Having attained this higher birth, I have found the truth and
have taught you the noble path that leads to the city of peace.      6

"I have shown you the way to the lake of Ambrosia, which washes
away all evil desire.                                                7

"I have given you the refreshing drink called the perception of
truth, and he who drinks of it becomes free from excitement,
passion, and wrong-doing.                                            8

"The very gods envy the bliss of him who has escaped from the
floods of passion and has climbed the shores of Nirvāna. His
heart is cleansed from all defilement and free from all illusion.    9

"He is like unto the lotus which grows in the water, yet not a
drop of water adheres to its petals.                                10

"The man who walks in the noble path lives in the world, and yet
his heart is not defiled by worldly desires.                        11

"He who does not see the four noble truths, he who does not
understand the three characteristics and has not grounded himself
in the uncreate, has still a long path to traverse by repeated
births through the desert of ignorance with its mirages of
illusion and through the morass of wrong.                           12

"But now that you have gained comprehension, the cause of further
migrations and aberrations is removed. The goal is reached. The
craving of selfishness is destroyed, and the truth is attained.     13

"This is true deliverance; this is salvation; this is heaven and
the bliss of a life immortal."                                      14




XLII.

MIRACLES FORBIDDEN.


Jotikkha, the son of Subhadda, was a householder living in
Rājagaha. Having received a precious bowl of sandalwood decorated
with jewels, he erected a long pole before his house and put the
bowl on its top with this legend: "Should a samana take this bowl
down without using a ladder or a stick with a hook, or without
climbing the pole, but by magic power, he shall receive as reward
whatever he desires."                                                1

And the people came to the Blessed One, full of wonder and their
mouths overflowing with praise, saying: "Great is the Tathāgata.
His disciples perform miracles. Kassapa, the disciple of the
Buddha, saw the bowl on Jotikkha's pole, and, stretching out his
hand, he took it down, carrying it away in triumph to the
vihāra."                                                             2

When the Blessed One heard what had happened, he went to Kassapa,
and, breaking the bowl to pieces, forbade his disciples to
perform miracles of any kind.                                        3

Soon after this it happened that in one of the rainy seasons many
bhikkhus were staying in the Vajjī territory during a famine. And
one of the bhikkhus proposed to his brethren that they should
praise one another to the householders of the village, saying:
"This bhikkhu is a saint, he has seen celestial visions; and that
bhikkhu possesses supernatural gifts; he can work miracles." And
the villagers said: "It is lucky, very lucky for us, that such
saints are spending the rainy season with us." And they gave
willingly and abundantly, and the bhikkhus prospered and did not
surfer from the famine.                                              4

When the Blessed One heard it, he told Ānanda to call the
bhikkhus together, and he asked them: "Tell me, O bhikkhus, when
does a bhikkhu cease to be a bhikkhu?"                               5

And Sāriputta replied:                                               6

"An ordained disciple must not commit any unchaste act. The
disciple who commits an unchaste act is no longer a disciple of
the Sakyamuni.                                                       7

"Again, an ordained disciple must not take except what has been
given him. The disciple who takes, be it so little as a penny's
worth, is no longer a disciple of the Sakyamuni.                     8

"And lastly, an ordained disciple must not knowingly and
malignantly deprive any harmless creature of life, not even an
earth-worm or an ant. The disciple who knowingly and malignantly
deprives any harmless creature of its life is no longer a
disciple of the Sakyamuni.                                           9

"These are the three great prohibitions."                           10

And the Blessed One addressed the bhikkhus and said:                11

"There is another great prohibition which I declare to you:         12

"An ordained disciple must not boast of any superhuman
perfection. The disciple who with evil intent and from
covetousness boasts of a superhuman perfection, be it celestial
visions or miracles, is no longer a disciple of the Sakyamuni.      13

"I forbid you, O bhikkhus, to employ any spells or supplications,
for they are useless, since the law of karma governs all things.
He who attempts to perform miracles has not understood the
doctrine of the Tathāgata."                                         14




XLIII.

THE VANITY OF WORLDLINESS.


There was a poet who had acquired the spotless eye of truth, and
he believed in the Buddha, whose doctrine gave him peace of mind
and comfort in the hour of affliction.                               1

And it happened that an epidemic swept over the country in which
he lived, so that many died, and the people were terrified. Some
of them trembled with fright, and in anticipation of their fate
were smitten with all the horrors of death before they died,
while others began to be merry, shouting loudly, "Let us enjoy
ourselves to-day, for we know not whether to-morrow we shall
live"; yet was their laughter no genuine gladness, but a mere
pretence and affectation.                                            2

Among all these worldly men and women trembling with anxiety, the
Buddhist poet lived in the time of the pestilence, as usual, calm
and undisturbed, helping wherever he could and ministering unto
the sick, soothing their pains by medicine and religious
consolation.                                                         3

And a man came to him and said: "My heart is nervous and excited,
for I see people die. I am not anxious about others, but I
tremble because of myself. Help me; cure me of my fear."             4

The poet replied: "There is help for him who has compassion on
others, but there is no help for thee so long as thou clingest to
thine own self alone. Hard times try the souls of men and teach
them righteousness and charity. Canst thou witness these sad
sights around thee and still be filled with selfishness? Canst
thou see thy brothers, sisters, and friends suffer, yet not
forget the petty cravings and lust of thine own heart?"              5

Noticing the desolation in the mind of the pleasure-seeking man,
the Buddhist poet composed this song and taught it to the
brethren in the vihāra:                                              6

     "Unless refuge you take in the Buddha and find in Nirvāna rest
     Your life is but vanity--empty and desolate vanity.
     To see the world is idle, and to enjoy life is empty.
     The world, including man, is but like a phantom, and the
                             hope of heaven is as a mirage.          7

     "The worldling seeks pleasures fattening himself like a
                             caged fowl.
     But the Buddhist saint flies up to the sun like the wild crane.
     The fowl in the coop has food but will soon be boiled
                             in the pot.
     No provisions are given to the wild crane, but the heavens
                             and the earth are his."                 8

     The poet said: "The times are hard and teach the people
     a lesson; yet do they not heed it." And he composed
     another poem on the vanity of worldliness:                      9

     "It is good to reform, and it is good to exhort people to
     reform.
     The things of the world will all be swept away.
     Let others be busy and buried with care.
     My mind all unvexed shall be pure.                             10

     "After pleasures they hanker and find no satisfaction;
     Riches they covet and can never have enough.
     They are like unto puppets held up by a string.
     When the string breaks they come down with a shock.            11

     "In the domain of death there are neither great nor small;
     Neither gold nor silver is used, nor precious jewels.
     No distinction is made between the high and the low.
     And daily the dead are buried beneath the fragrant sod.        12

     "Look at the sun setting behind the western hills.
     You lie down to rest, but soon the cock will announce
                              morn.
     Reform to-day and do not wait until it be too late.
     Do not say it is early, for the time quickly passes by.        13

     "It is good to reform and it is good to exhort people to
                              reform.
     It is good to lead a righteous life and take refuge in the
                              Buddha's name.
     Your talents may reach to the skies, your wealth may be
                              untold--
     But all is in vain unless you attain the peace of Nirvāna."    14



XLIV.

SECRECY AND PUBLICITY.


The Buddha said: "Three things, O disciples, are characterized by
secrecy: love affairs, priestly wisdom, and all aberrations from
the path of truth.                                                   1

"Women who are in love, O disciples, seek secrecy and shun
publicity; priests who claim to be in possession of special
revelations, O disciples, seek secrecy and shun publicity; all
those who stray from the path of truth, O disciples, seek secrecy
and shun publicity.                                                  2

"Three things, O disciples, shine before the world and cannot be
hidden. What are the three?                                          3

"The moon, O disciples, illumines the world and cannot be hidden;
the sun, O disciples, illumines the world and cannot be hidden;
and the truth proclaimed by the Tathāgata illumines the world and
cannot be hidden. These three things, O disciples, illumine the
world and cannot be hidden. There is no secrecy about them."         4




XLV.

THE ANNIHILATION OF SUFFERING.


And the Buddha said: "What, my friends, is evil?                     1

"Killing is evil; stealing is evil; yielding to sexual passion is
evil; lying is evil; slandering is evil; abuse is evil; gossip is
evil; envy is evil; hatred is evil; to cling to false doctrine is
evil; all these things, my friends, are evil.                        2

"And what, my friends, is the root of evil?                          3

"Desire is the root of evil; hatred is the root of evil; illusion
is the root of evil; these things are the root of evil.              4

"What, however, is good?                                             5

"Abstaining from killing is good; abstaining from theft is good;
abstaining from sensuality is good; abstaining from falsehood is
good; abstaining from slander is good; suppression of unkindness
is good; abandoning gossip is good; letting go all envy is good;
dismissing hatred is good; obedience to the truth is good; all
these things are good.                                               6

"And what, my friends, is the root of the good?                      7

"Freedom from desire is the root of the good; freedom from hatred
and freedom from illusion; these things, my friends, are the root
of the good.                                                         8

"What, however, O brethren, is suffering? What is the origin of
suffering? What is the annihilation of suffering?                    9

"Birth is suffering; old age is suffering; disease is suffering;
death is suffering; sorrow and misery are suffering; affliction
and despair are suffering; to be united with loathsome things is
suffering; the loss of that which we love and the failure in
attaining that which is longed for are suffering; all these
things, O brethren, are suffering.                                  10

"And what, O brethren, is the origin of suffering?                  11

"It is lust, passion, and the thirst for existence that yearns
for pleasure everywhere, leading to a continual rebirth! It is
sensuality, desire, selfishness; all these things, O brethren,
are the origin of suffering.                                        12

"And what is the annihilation of suffering?                         13

"The radical and total annihilation of this thirst and the
abandonment, the liberation, the deliverance from passion, that,
O brethren, is the annihilation of suffering.                       14

"And what, O brethren, is the path that leads to the annihilation
of suffering?                                                       15

"It is the holy eightfold path that leads to the annihilation of
suffering, which consists of, right views, right decision, right
speech, right action, right living, right struggling, right
thoughts, and right meditation.                                     16

"In so far, O friends, as a noble youth thus recognizes suffering
and the origin of suffering, as he recognizes the annihilation of
suffering, and walks on the path that leads to the annihilation
of suffering, radically forsaking passion, subduing wrath,
annihilating the vain conceit of the "I-am," leaving ignorance,
and attaining to enlightenment, he will make an end of all
suffering even in this life."                                       17




XLVI.

AVOIDING THE TEN EVILS.


The Buddha said: "All acts of living creatures become bad by ten
things, and by avoiding the ten things they become good. There
are three evils of the body, four evils of the tongue, and three
evils of the mind.                                                   1

"The evils of the body are, murder, theft, and adultery, of the
tongue, lying, slander, abuse, and idle talk; of the mind,
covetousness, hatred, and error.                                     2

"I exhort you to avoid the ten evils:                                3

"I. Kill not, but have regard for life.                              4

"II. Steal not, neither do ye rob; but help everybody to be
master of the fruits of his labor.                                   5

"III. Abstain from impurity, and lead a life of chastity.            6

"IV. Lie not, but be truthful. Speak the truth with discretion,
fearlessly and in a loving heart.                                    7

"V. Invent not evil reports, neither do ye repeat them. Carp not,
but look for the good sides of your fellow-beings, so that ye may
with sincerity defend them against their enemies.                    8

"VI. Swear not, but speak decently and with dignity.                 9

"VII. Waste not the time with gossip, but speak to the purpose or
keep silence.                                                       10

"VIII. Covet not, nor envy, but rejoice at the fortunes of other
people.                                                             11

"IX. Cleanse your heart of malice and cherish no hatred, not even
against your enemies; but embrace all living beings with
kindness.                                                           12

"X. Free your mind of ignorance and be anxious to learn the
truth, especially in the one thing that is needful, lest you fall
a prey either to scepticism or to errors. Scepticism will make
you indifferent and errors will lead you astray, so that you
shall not find the noble path that leads to life eternal."          13




XLVII.

THE PREACHER'S MISSION.


And the Blessed One said to his disciples:                           1

"When I have passed away and can no longer address you and edify
your minds with religious discourse, select from among you men of
good family and education to preach the truth in my stead. And
let those men be invested with the robes of the Tathāgata, let
them enter into the abode of the Tathāgata, and occupy the pulpit
of the Tathāgata.                                                    2

"The robe of the Tathāgata is sublime forbearance and patience.
The abode of the Tathāgata is charity and love of all beings. The
pulpit of the Tathāgata is the comprehension of the good law in
its abstract meaning as well as in its particular application.       3

"The preacher must propound the truth with unshrinking mind. He
must have the power of persuasion rooted in virtue and in strict
fidelity to his vows.                                                4

"The preacher must keep in his proper sphere and be steady in his
course. He must not flatter his vanity by seeking the company of
the great, nor must he keep company with persons who are
frivolous and immoral. When in temptation, he should constantly
think of the Buddha and he will conquer.                             5

"All who come to hear the doctrine, the preacher must receive
with benevolence, and his sermon must be without invidiousness.      6

"The preacher must not be prone to carp at others, or to blame
other preachers; nor speak scandal, nor propagate bitter words.
He must not mention by name other disciples to vituperate them
and reproach their demeanor.                                         7

"Clad in a clean robe, dyed with good color, with appropriate
undergarments, he must ascend the pulpit with a mind free from
blame and at peace with the whole world.                             8

"He must not take delight in quarrelous disputations or engage in
controversies so as to show the superiority of his talents, but
be calm and composed.                                                9

"No hostile feelings shall reside in his heart, and he must never
abandon the disposition of charity toward all beings. His sole
aim must be that all beings become Buddhas.                         10

"Let the preacher apply himself with zeal to his work, and the
Tathāgata will show to him the body of the holy law in its
transcendent glory. He shall be honored as one whom the Tathāgata
has blessed. The Tathāgata blesses the preacher and also those
who reverently listen to him and joyfully accept the doctrine.      11

"All those who receive the truth will find perfect enlightenment.
And, verily, such is the power of the doctrine that even by the
reading of a single stanza, or by reciting, copying, and keeping
in mind a single sentence of the good law, persons may be
converted to the truth and enter the path of righteousness which
leads to deliverance from evil.                                     12

"Creatures that are swayed by impure passions, when they listen
to the voice, will be purified. The ignorant who are infatuated
with the follies of the world will, when pondering on the
profundity of the doctrine, acquire wisdom. Those who act under
the impulse of hatred will, when taking refuge in the Buddha, be
filled with good-will and love.                                     13

"A preacher must be full of energy and cheerful hope, never
tiring and never despairing of final success.                       14

"A preacher must be like a man in quest of water who digs a well
in an arid tract of land. So long as he sees that the sand is dry
and white, he knows that the water is still far off. But let him
not be troubled or give up the task as hopeless. The work of
removing the dry sand must be done so that he can dig down deeper
into the ground. And often the deeper he has to dig, the cooler
and purer and more refreshing will the water be.                    15

"When after some time of digging he sees that the sand becomes
moist, he accepts it as a token that the water is near.             16

"So long as the people do not listen to the words of truth, the
preacher knows that he has to dig deeper into their hearts; but
when they begin to heed his words he apprehends that they will
soon attain enlightenment.                                          17

"Into your hands, O ye men of good family and education who take
the vow of preaching the words of the Tathāgata, the Blessed One
transfers, intrusts, and commends the good law of truth.            18

"Receive the good law of truth, keep it, read and reread it,
fathom it, promulgate it, and preach it to all beings in all the
quarters of the universe.                                           19

"The Tathāgata is not avaricious, nor narrow-minded, and he is
willing to impart the perfect Buddha-knowledge unto all who are
ready and willing to receive it. Be ye like unto him. Imitate him
and follow his example in bounteously giving, showing, and
bestowing the truth.                                                20

"Gather round you hearers who love to listen to the benign and
comforting words of the law; rouse the unbelievers to accept the
truth and fill them with delight and joy. Quicken them, edify
them, and lift them higher and higher until they see the truth
face to face in all its splendor and infinite glory."               21

When the Blessed One had thus spoken, the disciples said:           22

"O thou who rejoicest in kindness having its source in
compassion, thou great cloud of good qualities and of benevolent
mind, thou quenchest the fire that vexeth living beings, thou
pourest out nectar, the rain of the law!                            23

"We shall do, O Lord, what the Tathāgata commands. We shall
fulfil his behest; the Lord shall find us obedient to his words."   24

And this vow of the disciples resounded through the universe, and
like an echo it came back from all the Bodhisattas who are to be
and will come to preach the good law of Truth to future
generations.                                                        25

And the Blessed One said: "The Tathāgata is like unto a powerful
king who rules his kingdom with righteousness, but being attacked
by envious enemies goes out to wage war against his foes. When
the king sees his soldiers fight he is delighted with their
gallantry and will bestow upon them donations of all kinds. Ye
are the soldiers of the Tathāgata, while Māra, the Evil One, is
the enemy who must be conquered. And the Tathāgata will give to
his soldiers the city of Nirvāna, the great capital of the good
law. And when the enemy is overcome, the Dharma-rāja, the great
king of truth, will bestow upon all his disciples the most
precious crown which jewel brings perfect enlightenment, supreme
wisdom, and undisturbed peace."                                     26




THE TEACHER.




XLVIII.

THE DHAMMAPADA.


This is the Dhammapada, the path of religion pursued by those who
are followers of the Buddha:                                         1

Creatures from mind their character derive; mind-marshalled are
they, mind-made. Mind is the source either of bliss or of
corruption.                                                          2

By oneself evil is done; by oneself one suffers; by oneself evil
is left undone; by oneself one is purified. Purity and impurity
belong to oneself, no one can purify another. 3 You yourself must
make an effort. The Tathāgatas are only preachers. The thoughtful
who enter the way are freed from the bondage of Māra.                4

He who does not rouse himself when it is time to rise; who,
though young and strong, is full of sloth; whose will and
thoughts are weak; that lazy and idle man will never find the way
to enlightenment.                                                    5

If a man hold himself dear, let him watch himself carefully; the
truth guards him who guards himself.                                 6

If a man makes himself as he teaches others to be, then, being
himself subdued, he may subdue others; one's own self is indeed
difficult to subdue.                                                 7

If some men conquer in battle a thousand times a thousand men,
and if another conquer himself, he is the greatest of conquerors.    8

It is the habit of fools, be they laymen or members of the
clergy, to think, "this is done by me. May others be subject to
me. In this or that transaction a prominent part should be played
by me." Fools do not care for the duty to be performed or the aim
to be reached, but think of their self alone. Everything is but a
pedestal of their vanity.                                            9

Bad deeds, and deeds hurtful to ourselves, are easy to do; what
is beneficial and good, that is very difficult.                     10

If anything is to be done, let a man do it, let him attack it
vigorously!                                                         11

Before long, alas! this body will lie on the earth, despised,
without understanding, like a useless log; yet our thoughts will
endure. They will be thought again, and will produce action. Good
thoughts will produce good actions, and bad thoughts will produce
bad actions.                                                        12

Earnestness is the path of immortality, thoughtlessness the path
of death. Those who are in earnest do not die; those who are
thoughtless are as if dead already.                                 13

Those who imagine they find truth in untruth, and see untruth in
truth, will never arrive at truth, but follow vain desires. They
who know truth in truth, and untruth in untruth, arrive at truth,
and follow true desires.                                            14

As rain breaks through an ill-thatched house, passion will break
through an unreflecting mind. As rain does not break through a
well-thatched house, passion will not break through a
well-reflecting mind.                                               15

Well-makers lead the water wherever they like; fletchets bend the
arrow; carpenters bend a log of wood; wise people fashion
themselves; wise people falter not amidst blame and praise.
Having listened to the law, they become serene, like a deep,
smooth, and still lake.                                             16

If a man speaks or acts with an evil thought, pain follows him as
the wheel follows the foot of the ox that draws the carriage.       17

An evil deed is better left undone, for a man will repent of it
afterwards; a good deed is better done, for having done it one
will not repent.                                                    18

If a man commits a wrong let him not do it again; let him not
delight in wrongdoing; pain is the outcome of evil. If a man does
what is good, let him do it again; let him delight in it;
happiness is the outcome of good.                                   19

Let no man think lightly of evil, saying in his heart, "It will
not come nigh unto me." As by the falling of water-drops a
water-pot is filled, so the fool becomes full of evil, though he
gather it little by little.                                         20

Let no man think lightly of good, saying in his heart, "It will
not come nigh unto me." As by the falling of water-drops a
water-pot is filled, so the wise man becomes full of good, though
he gather it little by little.                                      21

He who lives for pleasure only, his senses uncontrolled,
immoderate in his food, idle, and weak, him Māra, the tempter,
will certainly overthrow, as the wind throws down a weak tree. He
who lives without looking for pleasures, his senses
well-controlled, moderate in his food, faithful and strong, him
Māra will certainly not overthrow, any more than the wind throws
down a rocky mountain.                                              22

The fool who knows his foolishness, is wise at least so far. But
a fool who thinks himself wise, he is a fool indeed.                23

To the evil-doer wrong appears sweet as honey; he looks upon it
as pleasant so long as it bears no fruit; but when its fruit
ripens, then he looks upon it as wrong. And so the good man looks
upon the goodness of the Dharma as a burden and an evil so long
as it bears no fruit; but when its fruit ripens, then he sees its
goodness.                                                           24

A hater may do great harm to a hater, or an enemy to an enemy;
but a wrongly-directed mind will do greater mischief unto itself.
A mother, a father, or any other relative will do much good; but
a well-directed mind will do greater service unto itself.           25

He whose wickedness is very great brings himself down to that
state where his enemy wishes him to be. He himself is his
greatest enemy. Thus a creeper destroys the life of a tree on
which it finds support.                                             26

Do not direct thy thought to what gives pleasure, that thou
mayest not cry out when burning, "This is pain." The wicked man
burns by his own deeds, as if burnt by fire.                        27

Pleasures destroy the foolish; the foolish man by his thirst for
pleasures destroys himself as if he were his own enemy. The
fields are damaged by hurricanes and weeds; mankind is damaged by
passion, by hatred, by vanity, and by lust.                         28

Let no man ever take into consideration whether a thing is
pleasant or unpleasant. The love of pleasure begets grief and the
dread of pain causes fear; he who is free from the love of
pleasure and the dread of pain knows neither grief nor fear.        29

He who gives himself to vanity, and does not give himself to
meditation, forgetting the real aim of life and grasping at
pleasure, will in time envy him who has exerted himself in
meditation.                                                         30

The fault of others is easily noticed, but that of oneself is
difficult to perceive. A man winnows his neighbor's faults like
chaff, but his own fault he hides, as a cheat hides the false die
from the gambler.                                                   31

If a man looks after the faults of others, and is always inclined
to take offence, his own passions will grow, and he is far from
the destruction of passions.                                        32

Not about the perversities of others, not about their sins of
commission or omission, but about his own misdeeds and
negligences alone should a sage be worried.                         33

Good people shine from afar, like the snowy mountains; had people
are concealed, like arrows shot by night.                           34

If a man by causing pain to others, wishes to obtain pleasure for
himself, he, entangled in the bonds of selfishness, will never be
free from hatred.                                                   35

Let a man overcome anger by love, let him overcome evil by good;
let him overcome the greedy by liberality, the liar by truth!       36

For hatred does not cease by hatred at any time; hatred ceases by
not-hatred, this is an old rule.                                    37

Speak the truth, do not yield to anger; give, if thou art asked;
by these three steps thou wilt become divine.                       38

Let a wise man blow off the impurities of his self, as a smith
blows off the impurities of silver, one by one, little by little,
and from time to time.                                              39

Lead others, not by violence, but by righteousness and equity.      40

He who possesses virtue and intelligence, who is just, speaks the
truth, and does what is his own business, him the world will hold
dear.                                                               41

As the bee collects nectar and departs without injuring the
flower, or its color or scent, so let a sage dwell in the
community.                                                          42

If a traveller does not meet with one who is his better, or his
equal, let him firmly keep to his solitary journey; there is no
companionship with fools.                                           43

Long is the night to him who is awake; long is a mile to him who
is tired; long is life to the foolish who do not know the true
religion.                                                           44

Better than living a hundred years, not seeing the highest truth,
is one day in the life of a man who sees the highest truth.         45

Some form their Dharma arbitrarily and fabricate it artificially;
they advance complex speculations and imagine that good results
are attainable only by the acceptance of their theories; yet the
truth is but one; there are not different truths in the world.
Having reflected on the various theories, we have gone into the
yoke with him who has shaken off all sin. But shall we be able to
proceed together with him?                                          46

The best of ways is the eightfold path. This is the path. There
is no other that leads to the purifying of intelligence. Go on
this path! Everything else is the deceit of Māra, the tempter. If
you go on this path, you will make an end of pain! Says the
Tathāgata, The path was preached by me, when I had understood the
removal of the thorn in the flesh.                                  47

Not only by discipline and vows, not only by much learning, do I
earn the happiness of release which no worldling can know.
Bhikkhu, be not confident as long as thou hast not attained the
extinction of thirst. The extinction of evil desire is the
highest religion.                                                   48

The gift of religion exceeds all gifts; the sweetness of religion
exceeds all sweetness; the delight in religion exceeds all
delights; the extinction of thirst overcomes all pain.              49

Few are there among men who cross the river and reach the goal.
The great multitudes are running up and down the shore; but there
is no suffering for him who has finished his journey.               50

As the lily will grow full of sweet perfume and delight upon a
heap of rubbish, thus the disciple of the truly enlightened
Buddha shines forth by his wisdom among those who are like
rubbish, among the people that walk in darkness.                    51

Let us live happily then, not hating those who hate us! Among men
who hate us let us dwell free from hatred!                          52

Let us live happily then, free from all ailments among the
ailing! Among men who are ailing let us dwell free from ailments!   53

Let us live happily, then, free from greed among the greedy!
Among men who are greedy let us dwell free from greed!              54

The sun is bright by day, the moon shines by night, the warrior
is bright in his armor, thinkers are bright in their meditation;
but among all the brightest with splendor day and night is the
Buddha, the Awakened, the Holy, Blessed.                            55




XLIX.

THE TWO BRAHMANS.


At one time when the Blessed One was journeying through Kosala he
came to the Brahman village which is called Manasākata. There he
stayed in a mango grove.                                             1

And two young Brahmans came to him who were of different schools.
One was named Vāsettha and the other Bhāradvāja. And Vāsettha
said to the Blessed One:                                             2

"We have a dispute as to the true path. I say the straight path
which leads unto a union with Brahmā is that which has been
announced by the Brahman Pokkharasāti, while my friend says the
straight path which leads unto a union with Brahmā is that which
has been announced by the Brahman Tārukkha.                          3

"Now, regarding thy high reputation, O samana, and knowing that
thou art called the Enlightened One, the teacher of men and gods,
the Blessed Buddha, we have come to ask thee, are all these paths
paths of salvation? There are many roads all around our village,
and all lead to Manasākata. Is it just so with the paths of the
sages? Are all paths paths to salvation, and do they all lead to
a union with Brahmā?                                                 4

And the Blessed One proposed these questions to the two Brahmans:
"Do you think that all paths are right?"                             5

Both answered and said: "Yes, Gotama, we think so."                  6

"But tell me," continued the Buddha, "has any one of the
Brahmans, versed in the Vedas, seen Brahmā face to face?"            7

"No, sir!" was the reply.                                            8

"But, then," said the Blessed One, "has any teacher of the
Brahmans, versed in the Vedas, seen Brahmā face to face?"            9

The two Brahmans said: "No, sir."                                   10

"But, then," said the Blessed One, "has any one of the authors of
the Vedas seen Brahmā face to face?"                                11

Again the two Brahmans answered in the negative and exclaimed:
"How can any one see Brahmā or understand him, for the mortal
cannot understand the immortal." And the Blessed One proposed an
illustration, saying:                                               12

"It is as if a man should make a staircase in the place where
four roads cross, to mount up into a mansion. And people should
ask him, 'Where, good friend, is this mansion, to mount up into
which you are making this staircase? Knowest thou whether it is
in the east, or in the south, or in the west, or in the north?
Whether it is high, or low, or of medium size?' And when so asked
he should answer, 'I know it not.' And people should say to him,
'But, then, good friend, thou art making a staircase to mount up
into something--taking it for a mansion--which all the while thou
knowest not, neither hast thou seen it.' And when so asked he
should answer, 'That is exactly what I do; yea I know that I
cannot know it.' What would you think of him? Would you not say
that the talk of that man was foolish talk?"                        13

"In sooth, Gotama," said the two Brahmans, "it would be foolish
talk!"                                                              14

The Blessed One continued: "Then the Brahmans should say, 'We
show you the way unto a union of what we know not and what we
have not seen.' This being the substance of Brahman lore, does it
not follow that their task is vain?"                                15

"It does follow," replied Bhāradvāja.                               16

Said the Blessed One: "Thus it is impossible that Brahmans versed
in the three Vedas should be able to show the way to a state of
union with that which they neither know nor have seen. Just as
when a string of blind men are clinging one to the other. Neither
can the foremost see, nor can those in the middle see, nor can
the hindmost see. Even so, methinks, the talk of the Brahmans
versed in the three Vedas is but blind talk; it is ridiculous,
consists of mere words, and is a vain and empty thing."             17

"Now suppose," added the Blessed One, "that a man should come
hither to the bank of the river, and, having some business on the
other side, should want to cross. Do you suppose that if he were
to invoke the other bank of the river to come over to him on this
side, the bank would come on account of his praying?"               18

"Certainly not, Gotama."                                            19

"Yet this is the way of the Brahmans. They omit the practice of
those qualities which really make a man a Brahman, and say,
'Indra, we call upon thee; Soma, we call upon thee; Varuna, we
call upon thee; Brahmā, we call upon thee.' Verily, it is not
possible that these Brahmahns, on account of their invocations,
prayers, and praises, should after death be united with Brahmā."    20

"Now tell me," continued the Buddha, "what do the Brahmans say of
Brahmā? Is his mind full of lust?"                                  21

And when the Brahmans denied this, the Buddha asked:

"Is Brahmā's mind full of malice, sloth, or pride?"                 22

"No, sir!" was the reply. "He is the opposite of all this."         23

And the Buddha went on: "But are the Brahmans free from these
vices?"                                                             24

"No, sir!" said Vāsettha.                                           25

The Holy One said: "The Brahmans cling to the five things leading
to worldliness and yield to the temptations of the senses; they
are entangled in the five hindrances, lust, malice, sloth, pride,
and doubt. How can they be united to that which is most unlike
their nature? Therefore the threefold wisdom of the Brahmans is a
waterless desert, a pathless jungle, and a hopeless desolation."    26

When the Buddha had thus spoken, one of the Brahmans said: "We
are told, Gotama, that the Sakyamuni knows the path to a union
with Brahmā."                                                       27

And the Blessed One said: "What do you think, O Brahmans, of a
man born and brought up in Manasākata? Would he be in doubt about
the most direct way from this spot to Manasākata?"                  28

"Certainly not, Gotama."                                            29

"Thus," replied the Buddha, "the Tathāgata knows the straight
path that leads to a union with Brahmā. He knows it as one who
has entered the world of Brahmā and has been born in it. There
can be no doubt in the Tathāgata."                                  30

And the two young Brahmans said: "If thou knowest the way show it
to us."                                                             31

And the Buddha said:                                                32

"The Tathāgata sees the universe face to face and understands its
nature. He proclaims the truth both in its letter and in its
spirit, and his doctrine is glorious in its origin, glorious in
its progress, glorious in its consummation. The Tathāgata reveals
the higher life in its purity and perfection. He can show you the
way to that which is contrary to the five great hindrances.         33

"The Tathāgata lets his mind pervade the four quarters of the
world with thoughts of love. And thus the whole wide world,
above, below, around, and everywhere will continue to be filled
with love, far-reaching, grown great, and beyond measure.           34

"Just as a mighty trumpeter makes himself heard--and that without
difficulty--in all the four quarters of the earth; even so is the
coming of the Tathāgata: there is not one living creature that
the Tathāgata passes by or leaves aside, but regards them all
with mind set free, and deep-felt love.                             35

"And this is the sign that a man follows the right path:
Uprightness is his delight, and he sees danger in the least of
those things which he should avoid. He trains himself in the
commands of morality, he encompasseth himself with holiness in
word and deed; he sustains his life by means that are quite pure;
good is his conduct, guarded is the door of his senses; mindful
and self-possessed, he is altogether happy.                         36

"He who walks in the eightfold noble path with unswerving
determination is sure to reach Nirvāna. The Tathāgata anxiously
watches over his children and with loving care helps them to see
the light.                                                          37

"When a hen has eight or ten or twelve eggs, over which she has
properly brooded, the wish arises in her heart, 'O would that my
little chickens would break open the egg-shell with their claws,
or with their beaks, and come forth into the light in safety!'
yet all the while those little chickens are sure to break the
egg-shell and will come forth into the light in safety. Even so,
a brother who with firm determination walks in the noble path is
sure to come forth into the light, sure to reach up to the higher
wisdom, sure to attain to the highest bliss of enlightenment."      38




L.

GUARD THE SIX QUARTERS.


While the Blessed One was staying at the bamboo grove near
Rājagaha, he once met on his way Sigāla, a householder, who,
clasping his hands, turned to the four quarters of the world, to
the zenith above, and to the nadir below. And the Blessed One,
knowing that this was done according to the traditional religious
superstition to avert evil, asked Sigāla: "Why performest thou
these strange ceremonies?"                                           1

And Sigāla in reply said: "Dost thou think it strange that I
protect my home against the influences of demons? 1 know thou
wouldst fain tell me, O Gotama Sakyamuni, whom people call the
Tathāgata and the Blessed Buddha, that incantations are of no
avail and possess no saving power. But listen to me and know,
that in performing this rite I honor, reverence, and keep sacred
the words of my father."                                             2

Then the Tathāgata said:                                             3

Thou dost well, O Sigāla, to honor, reverence, and keep sacred
the words of thy father; and it is thy duty to protect thy home,
thy wife, thy children, and thy children's children against the
hurtful influences of evil spirits. I find no fault with the
performance of thy father's rite. But I find that thou dost not
understand the ceremony. Let the Tathāgata, who now speaks to
thee as a spiritual father and loves thee no less than did thy
parents, explain to thee the meaning of the six directions.          4

"To guard thy home by mysterious ceremonies is not sufficient;
thou must guard it by good deeds. Turn to thy parents in the
East, to thy teachers in the South, to thy wife and children in
the West, to thy friends in the North, and regulate the zenith of
thy religious relations above thee, and the nadir of thy servants
below thee.                                                          5

"Such is the religion thy father wants thee to have, and the
performance of the ceremony shall remind thee of thy duties."        6

And Sigāla looked up to the Blessed One with reverence as to his
father and said: "Truly, Gotama, thou art the Buddha, the Blessed
One, the holy teacher. I never knew what I was doing, but now I
know. Thou hast revealed to me the truth that was hidden as one
who bringeth a lamp into the darkness. I take my refuge in the
Enlightened Teacher, in the truth that enlightens, and in the
community of brethren who have been taught the truth."               7




LI.

SIMHA'S QUESTION CONCERNING ANNIHILATION.


At that time many distinguished citizens were sitting together
assembled in the town-hall and spoke in many ways in praise of
the Buddha, of the Dharma, and of the Sangha. Simha, the
general-in-chief, a disciple of the Niggantha sect, was sitting
among them. And Simha thought: "Truly, the Blessed One must be
the Buddha, the Holy One. I will go and visit him."                  1

Then Simha, the general, went to the place where the Niggantha
chief, Nātaputta, was; and having approached him, he said: "I
wish, Lord, to visit the samana Gotama."                             2

Nātaputta said: "Why should you, Simha, who believe in the result
of actions according to their moral merit, go to visit the samana
Gotama, who denies the result of actions? The samana Gotama, O
Simha, denies the result of actions; he teaches the doctrine of
non-action; and in this doctrine he trains his disciples."           3

Then the desire to go and visit the Blessed One, which had arisen
in Simha, the general, abated.                                       4

Hearing again the praise of the Buddha, of the Dharma, and of the
Sangha, Simha asked the Niggantha chief a second time; and again
Nātaputta persuaded him not to go.                                   5

When a third time the general heard some men of distinction extol
the merits of the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha, the general
thought: "Truly the samana Gotama must be the Holy Buddha. What
are the Nigganthas to me, whether they give their consent or not?
I shall go without asking their permission to visit him, the
Blessed One, the Holy Buddha."                                       6

And Simha, the general, said to the Blessed One: "I have heard,
Lord, that the samana Gotama denies the result of actions; he
teaches the doctrine of non-action, saying that the actions of
sentient beings do not receive their reward, for he teaches
annihilation and the contemptibleness of all things; and in this
doctrine he trains his disciples. Teachest thou the doing away of
the soul and the burning away of man's being? Pray tell me, Lord,
do those who speak thus say the truth, or do they bear false
witness against the Blessed One, passing off a spurious Dharma as
thy Dharma?"                                                         7

The Blessed One said:                                                8

"There is a way, Simha, in which one who says so, is speaking
truly of me; on the other hand, Simha, there is a way in which
one who says the opposite is speaking truly of me, too. Listen,
and I will tell thee:                                                9

"I teach, Simha, the not-doing of such actions as are
unrighteous, either by deed, or by word, or by thought; I teach
the not-bringing about of all those conditions of heart which are
evil and not good. However, I teach, Simha, the doing of such
actions as are righteous, by deed, by word, and by thought; I
teach the bringing about of all those conditions of heart which
are good and not evil.                                              10

"I teach, Simha, that all the conditions of heart which are evil
and not good, unrighteous actions by deed, by word, and by
thought, must be burnt away. He who has freed himself, Simha,
from all those conditions of heart which are evil and not good,
he who has destroyed them as a palm-tree which is rooted out, so
that they cannot grow up again, such a man has accomplished the
eradication of self.                                                11

"I proclaim, Simha, the annihilation of egotism, of lust, of
ill-will, of delusion. However, I do not proclaim the
annihilation of forbearance, of love, of charity, and of truth.     12

"I deem, Simha, unrighteous actions contemptible, whether they be
performed by deed, or by word, or by thought; but I deem virtue
and righteousness praiseworthy."                                    13

And Simha said: "One doubt still lurks in my mind concerning the
doctrine of the Blessed One. Will the Blessed One consent to
clear the cloud away so that I may understand the Dharma as the
Blessed One teaches it?"                                            14

The Tathāgata having given his consent, Simha continued: "I am a
soldier, O Blessed One, and am appointed by the king to enforce
his laws and to wage his wars. Does the Tathāgata who teaches
kindness without end and compassion with all sufferers, permit
the punishment of the criminal? and further, does the Tathāgata
declare that it is wrong to go to war for the protection of our
homes, our wives, our children, and our property? Does the
Tathāgata teach the doctrine of a complete self-surrender, so
that I should suffer the evil-doer to do what he pleases and
yield submissively to him who threatens to take by violence what
is my own? Does the Tathāgata maintain that all strife, including
such warfare as is waged for a righteous cause, should be
forbidden?"                                                         15

The Buddha replied: "He who deserves punishment must be punished,
and he who is worthy of favor must be favored. Yet at the same
time he teaches to do no injury to any living being but to be
full of love and kindness. These injunctions are not
contradictory, for whosoever must be punished for the crimes
which he has committed, suffers his injury not through the
ill-will of the judge but on account of his evil-doing. His own
acts have brought upon him the injury that the executer of the
law inflicts. When a magistrate punishes, let him not harbor
hatred in his breast, yet a murderer, when put do death, should
consider that this is the fruit of his own act. As soon as he
will understand that the punishment will purify his soul, he will
no longer lament his fate but rejoice at it."                       16

And the Blessed One continued: "The Tathāgata teaches that all
warfare in which man tries to slay his brother is lamentable, but
he does not teach that those who go to war in a righteous cause
after having exhausted all means to preserve the peace are
blameworthy. He must be blamed who is the cause of war.             17

"The Tathāgata teaches a complete surrender of self, but he does
not teach a surrender of anything to those powers that are evil,
be they men or gods or the elements of nature. Struggle must be,
for all life is a struggle of some kind. But he that struggles
should look to it lest he struggle in the interest of self
against truth and righteousness.                                    18

"He who struggles in the interest of self, so that he himself may
be great or powerful or rich or famous, will have no reward, but
he who struggles for righteousness and truth, will have great
reward, for even his defeat will be a victory.                      19

"Self is not a fit vessel to receive any great success; self is
small and brittle and its contents will soon be spilt for the
benefit, and perhaps also for the curse, of others.                 20

"Truth, however, is large enough to receive the yearnings and
aspirations of all selves and when the selves break like
soap-bubbles, their contents will be preserved and in the truth
they will lead a life everlasting.                                  21

"He who goeth to battle, O Simha, even though it be in a
righteous cause, must be prepared to be slain by his enemies, for
that is the destiny of warriors; and should his fate overtake him
he has no reason for complaint.                                     22

"But he who is victorious should remember the instability of
earthly things. His success may be great, but be it ever so great
the wheel of fortune may turn again and bring him down into the
dust.                                                               23

"However, if he moderates himself and, extinguishing all hatred
in his heart lifts his down-trodden adversary up and says to him,
'Come now and make peace and let us be brothers,' he will gain a
victory that is not a transient success, for its fruits will
remain forever.                                                     24

"Great is a successful general, O Simha, but he who has conquered
self is the greater victor.                                         25

"The doctrine of the conquest of self, O Simha, is not taught to
destroy the souls of men, but to preserve them. He who has
conquered self is more fit to live, to be successful, and to gain
victories than he who is the slave of self.                         26

"He whose mind is free from the illusion of self, will stand and
not fall in the battle of life.                                     27

"He whose intentions are righteousness and justice, will meet
with no failure, but be successful in his enterprises and his
success will endure.                                                28

"He who harbors in his heart love of truth will live and not die,
for he has drunk the water of immortality.                          29

"Struggle then, O general, courageously; and fight thy battles
vigorously, but be a soldier of truth and the Tathāgata will
bless thee."                                                        30

When the Blessed One had spoken thus, Simha, the general, said:
"Glorious Lord, glorious Lord! Thou hast revealed the truth.
Great is the doctrine of the Blessed One. Thou, indeed, art the
Buddha, the Tathāgata, the Holy One. Thou art the teacher of
mankind. Thou showest us the road of salvation, for this indeed
is true deliverance. He who follows thee will not miss the light
to enlighten his path. He will find blessedness and peace. I take
my refuge, Lord, in the Blessed One, and in his doctrine, and in
his brotherhood. May the Blessed One receive me from this day
forth while my life lasts as a disciple who has taken refuge in
him."                                                               31

And the Blessed One said: "Consider first, Simha, what thou
doest. It is becoming that persons of rank like thyself should do
nothing without due consideration."                                 32

Simha's faith in the Blessed One increased. He replied: "Had
other teachers, Lord, succeeded in making me their disciple, they
would carry around their banners through the whole city of
Vesālī, shouting: 'Simha, the general has become our disciple!
For the second time, Lord, I take my refuge in the Blessed One,
and in the Dharma, and in the Sangha, may the Blessed One receive
me from this day forth while my life lasts as a disciple who has
taken his refuge in him."                                           33

Said the Blessed One: "For a long time, Simha, offerings have
been given to the Nigganthas in thy house. Thou shouldst
therefore deem it right also in the future to give them food when
they come to thee on their alms-pilgrimage."                        34

And Simha's heart was filled with joy. He said: "I have been
told, Lord: 'The samana Gotama says: To me alone and to nobody
else should gifts be given. My pupils alone and the pupils of no
one else should receive offerings.' But the Blessed One exhorts
me to give also to the Nigganthas. Well, Lord, we shall see what
is seasonable. For the third time, Lord, I take my refuge in the
Blessed One, and in his Dharma, and in his fraternity."             35




LII.

ALL EXISTENCE IS SPIRITUAL.


And there was an officer among the retinue of Simha who had heard
of the discourses of the Blessed One, and there was some doubt
left in his heart.                                                   1

This man came to the Blessed One and said: "It is said, O Lord,
that the samana Gotama denies the existence of the soul. Do they
who say so speak the truth, or do they bear false witness against
the Blessed One?"                                                    2

And the Blessed One said: "There is a way in which those who say
so are speaking truly of me; on the other hand, there is a way in
which those who say so do not speak truly of me.                     3

"The Tathāgata teaches that there is no self. He who says that
the soul is his self and that the self is the thinker of our
thoughts and the actor of our deeds, teaches a wrong doctrine
which leads to confusion and darkness.                               4

"On the other hand, the Tathāgata teaches that there is mind. He
who understands by soul mind, and says that mind exists, teaches
the truth which leads to clearness and enlightenment."               5

The officer said: "Does, then, the Tathāgata maintain that two
things exist? that which we perceive with our senses and that
which is mental?"                                                    6

Said the Blessed One: "Verily, I say unto thee, thy mind is
spiritual, but neither is the sense-perceived void of
spirituality. The bodhi is eternal and it dominates all existence
as the good law guiding all beings in their search for truth. It
changes brute nature into mind, and there is no being that cannot
be transformed into a vessel of truth."                              7




LIII.

IDENTITY AND NON-IDENTITY.


Kūtadanta, the head of the Brahmans in the village of Dānamatī
having approached the Blessed One respectfully, greeted him and
said: "I am told, O samana, that thou art the Buddha, the Holy
One, the Allknowing, the Lord of the world. But if thou wert the
Buddha, wouldst thou not come like a king in all thy glory and
power?"                                                              1

Said the Blessed One: "Thine eyes are holden. If the eye of thy
mind were undimmed thou couldst see the glory and the power of
truth."                                                              2

Said Kūtadanta: "Show me the truth and I shall see it. But thy
doctrine is without consistency. If it were consistent, it would
stand; but as it is not, it will pass away."                         3

The Blessed One replied: "The truth will never pass away."           4

Kūtadanta said: "I am told that thou teachest the law, yet thou
tearest down religion. Thy disciples despise rites and abandon
immolation, but reverence for the gods can be shown only by
sacrifices. The very nature of religion consists in worship and
sacrifice."                                                          5

Said the Buddha: "Greater than the immolation of bullocks is the
sacrifice of self. He who offers to the gods his evil desires
will see the uselessness of slaughtering animals at the altar.
Blood has no cleansing power, but the eradication of lust will
make the heart pure. Better than worshiping gods is obedience to
the laws of righteousness."                                          6

Kūtadanta, being of a religious disposition and anxious about his
fate after death, had sacrificed countless victims. Now he saw
the folly of atonement by blood. Not yet satisfied, however, with
the teachings of the Tathāgata, Kūtadanta continued: "Thou
believest, O Master, that beings are reborn; that they migrate
in the evolution of life; and that subject to the law of karma we
must reap what we sow. Yet thou teachest the non-existence of the
soul! Thy disciples praise utter self-extinction as the highest
bliss of Nirvāna. If I am merely a combination of the sankhāras,
my existence will cease when I die. If I am merely a compound of
sensations and ideas and desires, wither can I go at the
dissolution of the body?"                                            7

Said the Blessed One: "O Brahman, thou art religious and earnest.
Thou art seriously concerned about thy soul. Yet is thy work in
vain because thou art lacking in the one thing that is needful.      8

"There is rebirth of character, but no transmigration of a self.
Thy thought-forms reappear, but there is no ego-entity
transferred. The stanza uttered by a teacher is reborn in the
scholar who repeats the words.                                       9

"Only through ignorance and delusion do men indulge in the dream
that their souls are separate and self-existent entities.           10

"Thy heart, O Brahman, is cleaving still to self; thou art
anxious about heaven but thou seekest the pleasures of self in
heaven, and thus thou canst not see the bliss of truth and the
immortality of truth.                                               11

"Verily I say unto thee: The Blessed One has not come to teach
death, but to teach life, and thou discernest not the nature of
living and dying.                                                   12

"This body will be dissolved and no amount of sacrifice will save
it. Therefore, seek thou the life that is of the mind. Where self
is, truth cannot be; yet when truth comes, self will disappear.
Therefore, let thy mind rest in the truth; propagate the truth,
put thy whole will in it, and let it spread. In the truth thou
shalt live forever.                                                 13

"Self is death and truth is life. The cleaving to self is a
perpetual dying, while moving in the truth is partaking of
Nirvāna which is life everlasting."                                 14

Kūtadanta said: "Where, O venerable Master, is Nirvāna?"            15

"Nirvāna is wherever the precepts are obeyed," replied the
Blessed One.                                                        16

"Do I understand thee aright," rejoined the Brahman, "that
Nirvāna is not a place, and being nowhere it is without reality?"   17

"Thou dost not understand me aright," said the Blessed One, "Now
listen and answer these questions: Where does the wind dwell?"      18

"Nowhere," was the reply.                                           19

Buddha retorted: "Then, sir, there is no such thing as wind."       20

Kūtadanta made no reply; and the Blessed One asked again: "Answer
me, O Brahman, where does wisdom dwell? Is wisdom a locality?"      21

"Wisdom has no allotted dwelling-place," replied Kūtadanta.         22

Said the Blessed One: "Meanest thou that there is no wisdom, no
enlightenment, no righteousness, and no salvation, because
Nirvāna is not a locality? As a great and mighty wind which
passeth over the world in the heat of the day, so the Tathāgata
comes to blow over the minds of mankind with the breath of his
love, so cool, so sweet, so calm, so delicate; and those
tormented by fever assuage their suffering and rejoice at the
refreshing breeze."                                                 23

Said Kūtadanta: "I feel, O Lord, that thou proclaimest a great
doctrine, but I cannot grasp it. Forbear with me that I ask
again: Tell me, O Lord, if there be no ātman, how can there be
immortality? The activity of the mind passeth, and our thoughts
are gone when we have done thinking."                               24

Buddha replied: "Our thinking is gone, but our thoughts continue.
Reasoning ceases, but knowledge remains."                           25

Said Kūtadanta: "How is that? Is not reasoning and knowledge the
same?"                                                              26

The Blessed One explained the distinction by an illustration: "It
is as when a man wants, during the night, to send a letter, and,
after having Ids clerk called, has a lamp lit, and gets the
letter written. Then, when that has been done, he extinguishes
the lamp. But though the writing has been finished and the light
has been put out the letter is still there. Thus does reasoning
cease and knowledge remain; and in the same way mental activity
ceases, but experience, wisdom, and all the fruits of our acts
endure."                                                            27

Kūtadanta continued: "Tell me, O Lord, pray tell me, where, if
the sankhāras are dissolved, is the identity of my self. If my
thoughts are propagated, and if my soul migrates, my thoughts
cease to be my thoughts and my soul ceases to be my soul. Give me
an illustration, but pray, O Lord, tell me, where is the identity
of my self?"                                                        28

Said the Blessed One: "Suppose a man were to light a lamp; would
it burn the night through?"                                         29

"Yes, it might do so," was the reply.                               30

"Now, is it the same flame that burns in the first watch of the
night as in the second?"                                            31

Kūtadanta hesitated. He thought "Yes, it is the same flame," but
fearing the complications of a hidden meaning, and trying to be
exact, he said: "No, it is not."                                    32

"Then," continued the Blessed One, "there are flames, one in the
first watch and the other in the second watch."                     33

"No, sir," said Kūtadanta. "In one sense it is not the same
flame, but in another sense it is the same flame. It burns the
same kind of oil, it emits the same land of light, and it serves
the same purpose."                                                  34

"Very well," said the Buddha, "and would you call those flames
the same that have burned yesterday and are burning now in the
same lamp, filled with the same kind of oil, illuminating the
same room?"                                                         35

"They may have been extinguished during the day," suggested
Kūtadanta.                                                          36

Said the Blessed One: "Suppose the flame of the first watch had
been extinguished during the second watch, would you call it the
same if it burns again in the third watch?"                         37

Replied Kūtadanta: "In one sense it is a different flame, in
another it is not."                                                 38

The Tathāgata asked again: "Has the time that elapsed during the
extinction of the flame anything to do with its identity or
non-identity?"                                                      39

"No, sir," said the Brahman, "it has not. There is a difference
and an identity, whether many years elapsed or only one second,
and also whether the lamp has been extinguished in the meantime
or not."                                                            40

"Well, then, we agree that the flame of to-day is in a certain
sense the same as the flame of yesterday, and in another sense it
is different at every moment. Moreover, the flames of the same
kind, illuminating with equal power the same land of rooms, are
in a certain sense the same."                                       41

"Yes, sir," replied Kūtadanta.                                      42

The Blessed One continued: "Now, suppose there is a man who feels
like thyself, thinks like thyself, and acts like thyself, is he
not the same man as thou?"                                          43

"No, sir," interrupted Kūtadanta.                                   44

Said the Buddha: "Dost thou deny that the same logic holds good
for thyself that holds good for the things of the world?"           45

Kūtadanta bethought himself and rejoined slowly: "No, I do not.
The same logic holds good universally; but there is a peculiarity
about my self which renders it altogether different from
everything else and also from other selves. There may be another
man who feels exactly like me, thinks like me, and acts like me;
suppose even he had the same name and the same kind of
possessions, he would not be myself."                               46

"True, Kūtadanta," answered Buddha, "he would not be thyself.
Now, tell me, is the person who goes to school one, and that same
person when he has finished his schooling another? Is it one who
commits a crime, another who is punished by having his hands and
feet cut off?"                                                      47

"They are the same," was the reply.                                 48

"Then sameness is constituted by continuity only?" asked the
Tathāgata.                                                          49

"Not only by continuity," said Kūtadanta, "but also and mainly by
identity of character."                                             50

"Very well," concluded the Buddha, "then thou agreest that
persons can be the same, in the same sense as two flames of the
same kind are called the same; and thou must recognize that in
this sense another man of the same character and product of the
same karma is the same as thou."                                    51

"Well, I do," said the Brahman.                                     52

The Buddha continued: "And in this same sense alone art thou the
same to-day as yesterday. Thy nature is not constituted by the
matter of which thy body consists, but by thy sankhāras, the
forms of the body, of sensations, of thoughts. Thy person is the
combination of the sankhāras. Wherever they are, thou art.
Whithersoever they go, thou goest. Thus thou wilt recognize in a
certain sense an identity of thy self, and in another sense a
difference. But he who does not recognize the identity should
deny all identity, and should say that the questioner is no
longer the same person as he who a minute after receives the
answer. Now consider the continuation of thy personality, which
is preserved in thy karma. Dost thou call it death and
annihilation, or fife and continued life?"                          53

"I call it life and continued life," rejoined Kūtadanta, "for it
is the continuation of my existence, but I do not care for that
kind of continuation. All I care for is the continuation of self
in the other sense, which makes of every man, whether identical
with me or not, an altogether different person."                    54

"Very well," said Buddha. "This is what thou desirest and this is
the cleaving to self. This is thy error. All compound things are
transitory: they grow and they decay. All compound things are
subject to pain: they will be separated from what they love and
be joined to what they abhor. All compound things lack a self, an
ātman, an ego."                                                     55

"How is that?" asked Kūtadanta.                                     56

"Where is thy self?" asked the Buddha. And when Kūtadanta made no
reply, he continued: "Thy self to which thou cleavest is a
constant change. Years ago thou wast a small babe; then, thou
wast a boy; then a youth, and now, thou art a man. Is there any
identity of the babe and the man? There is an identity in a
certain sense only. Indeed there is more identity between the
flames of the first and the third watch, even though the lamp
might have been extinguished during the second watch. Now which
is thy true self, that of yesterday, that of to-day, or that of
to-morrow, for the preservation of which thou clamorest?"           57

Kūtadanta was bewildered. "Lord of the world," he said, "I see my
error, but I am still confused."                                    58

The Tathāgata continued: "It is by a process of evolution that
sankhāras come to be. There is no sankhāra which has sprung into
being without a gradual becoming. Thy sankhāras are the product
of thy deeds in former existences. The combination of thy
sankhāras is thy self. Wheresoever they are impressed thither thy
self migrates. In thy sankhāras thou wilt continue to live and
thou wilt reap in future existences the harvest sown now and in
the past."                                                          59

"Verily, O Lord," rejoined Kūtadanta, "this is not a fair
retribution. I cannot recognize the justice that others after me
will reap what I am sowing now."                                    60

The Blessed One waited a moment and then replied: "Is all
teaching in vain? Dost thou not understand that those others are
thou thyself? Thou thyself wilt reap what thou sowest, not
others.                                                             61

"Think of a man who is ill-bred and destitute, suffering from the
wretchedness of his condition. As a boy he was slothful and
indolent, and when he grew up he had not learned a craft to earn
a living. Wouldst thou say his misery is not the product of his
own action, because the adult is no longer the same person as was
the boy?                                                            62

"Verily, I say unto thee: Not in the heavens, not in the midst of
the sea, not if thou hidest thyself away in the clefts of the
mountains, wilt thou find a place where thou canst escape the
fruit of thine evil actions.                                        63

"At the same time thou art sure to receive the blessings of thy
good actions.                                                       64

"The man who has long been traveling and who returns home in
safety, the welcome of kinsfolk, friends, and acquaintances
awaits. So, the fruits of his good works bid him welcome who has
walked in the path of righteousness, when he passes over from the
present life into the hereafter."                                   65

Kūtadanta said: "I have faith in the glory and excellency of thy
doctrines. My eye cannot as yet endure the light; but I now
understand that there is no self, and the truth dawns upon me.
Sacrifices cannot save, and invocations are idle talk. But how
shall I find the path to life everlasting? I know all the Vedas
by heart and have not found the truth."                             66

Said the Buddha: "Learning is a good thing; but it availeth not.
True wisdom can be acquired by practice only. Practise the truth
that thy brother is the same as thou. Walk in the noble path of
righteousness and thou wilt understand that while there is death
in self, there is immortality in truth." 67

Said Kūtadanta: "Let me take my refuge in the Blessed One, in the
Dharma, and in the brotherhood. Accept me as thy disciple and let
me partake of the bliss of immortality."                            68




LIV.

THE BUDDHA OMNIPRESENT.


And the Blessed One thus addressed the brethren:                     1

"Those only who do not believe, call me Gotama, but you call me
the Buddha, the Blessed One, the Teacher. And this is right, for
I have in this life entered Nirvāna, while the life of Gotama has
been extinguished.                                                   2

"Self has disappeared and the truth has taken its abode in me.
This body of mine is Gotama's body and it will be dissolved in
due time, and after its dissolution no one, neither God nor man,
will see Gotama again. But the truth remains. The Buddha will not
die; the Buddha will continue to live in the holy body of the
law.                                                                 3

"The extinction of the Blessed One will be by that passing away
in which nothing remains that could tend to the formation of
another self. Nor will it be possible to point out the Blessed
One as being here or there. But it will be like a flame in a
great body of blazing fire. That flame has ceased; it has
vanished and it cannot be said that it is here or there. In the
body of the Dharma, however, the Blessed One can be pointed out;
for the Dharma has been preached by the Blessed One.                 4

"Ye are my children, I am your father; through me have ye been
released from your sufferings.                                       5

"I myself having reached the other shore, help others to cross
the stream; I myself having attained salvation, am a saviour of
others; being comforted, I comfort others and lead them to the
place of refuge.                                                     6

"I shall fill with joy all the beings whose limbs languish; I
shall give happiness to those who are dying from distress; I
shall extend to them succor and deliverance. 7

"I was born into the world as the king of truth for the salvation
of the world.                                                        8

"The subject on which I meditate is truth. The practice to which
I devote myself is truth. The topic of my conversation is truth.
My thoughts are always in the truth. For lo! my self has become
the truth.                                                           9

"Whosoever comprehendeth the truth will see the Blessed One, for
the truth has been preached by the Blessed One."                    10




LV.

ONE ESSENCE, ONE LAW, ONE AIM.


And the Tathāgata addressed the venerable Kassapa, to dispel the
uncertainty and doubt of his mind, and he said:                      1

"All things are made of one essence, yet things are different
according to the forms which they assume under different
impressions. As they form themselves so they act, and as they act
so they are.                                                         2

"It is, Kassapa, as if a potter made different vessels out of the
same clay. Some of these pots are to contain sugar, others rice,
others curds and milk; others still are vessels of impurity.
There is no diversity in the clay used; the diversity of the pots
is only due to the moulding hands of the potter who shapes them
for the various uses that circumstances may require.                 3

"And as all things originate from one essence, so they are
developing according to one law and they are destined to one aim
which is Nirvāna.                                                    4

"Nirvāna comes to thee, Kassapa, when thou understandest
thoroughly, and when thou livest according to thy understanding,
that all things are of one essence and that there is but one law.
Hence, there is but one Nirvāna as there is but one truth, not
two or three.                                                        5

"And the Tathāgata is the same unto all beings, differing in his
attitude only in so far as all beings are different.                 6

"The Tathāgata recreates the whole world like a cloud shedding
its waters without distinction. He has the same sentiments for
the high as for the low, for the wise as for the ignorant, for
the noble-minded as for the immoral.                                 7

"The great cloud full of rain comes up in this wide universe
covering all countries and oceans to pour down its rain
everywhere, over all grasses, shrubs, herbs, trees of various
species, families of plants of different names growing on the
earth, on the hills, on the mountains, or in the valleys.            8

"Then, Kassapa, the grasses, shrubs, herbs, and wild trees suck
the water emitted from that great cloud which is all of one
essence and has been abundantly poured down; and they will,
according to their nature, acquire a proportionate development,
shooting up and producing blossoms and their fruits in season.       9

"Rooted in one and the same soil, all those families of plants
and germs are quickened by water of the same essence.               10

"The Tathāgata, however, O Kassapa, knows the law whose essence
is salvation, and whose end is the peace of Nirvāna. He is the
same to all, and yet knowing the requirements of every single
being, he does not reveal himself to all alike. He does not
impart to them at once the fulness of omniscience, but pays
attention to the disposition of various beings."                    11




LVI.

THE LESSON GIVEN TO RĀHULA.


Before Rāhula, the son of Gotama Siddhattha and Yasodharā,
attained to the enlightenment of true wisdom, his conduct was not
always marked by a love of truth, and the Blessed One sent him to
a distant vihāra to govern his mind and to guard his tongue.         1

After some time the Blessed One repaired to the place, and Rāhula
was filled with joy.                                                 2

And the Blessed One ordered the boy to bring him; basin of water
and to wash his feet, and Rāhula obeyed.                             3

When Rāhula had washed the Tathāgata's feet, the Blessed One
asked: "Is the water now fit for drinking?"                          4

"No, my Lord," replied the boy, "the water is denied."               5

Then the Blessed One said: "Now consider thine own case. Although
thou art my son, and the grandchild of a king, although thou art
a samana who has voluntarily given up everything, thou art unable
to guard thy tongue from untruth, and thus defilest thou thy
mind."                                                               6

And when the water had been poured away, the Blessed One asked
again: "Is this vessel now fit for holding water to drink?"          7

"No, my Lord," replied Rāhula, "the vessel, too, has become
unclean."                                                            8

And the Blessed One said: "Now consider thine own case. Although
thou wearest the yellow robe, art thou fit for any high purpose
when thou hast become unclean like this vessel?"                     9

Then the Blessed One, lifting up the empty basin and whirling it
round, asked: "Art thou not afraid lest it should fall and
break?"                                                             10

"No, my Lord," replied Rāhula, "the vessel is but cheap, and its
loss will not amount to much."                                      11

"Now consider thine own case," said the Blessed One. "Thou art
whirled about in endless eddies of transmigration, and as thy
body is made of the same substance as other material things that
will crumble to dust, there is no loss if it be broken. He who is
given to speaking untruths is an object of contempt to the wise."   12

Rāhula was filled with shame, and the Blessed One addressed him
once more: "Listen, and I will tell thee a parable:                 13

"There was a king who had a very powerful elephant, able to cope
with five hundred ordinary elephants. When going to war, the
elephant was armed with sharp swords on his tusks, with scythes
on his shoulders, spears on his feet, and an iron ball at his
tail. The elephant-master rejoiced to see the noble creature so
well equipped, and, knowing that a slight wound by an arrow in
the trunk would be fatal, he had taught the elephant to keep his
trunk well coiled up. But during the battle the elephant
stretched forth his trunk to seize a sword. His master was
frightened and consulted with the king, and they decided that the
elephant was no longer fit to be used in battle.                    14

"O Rāhula! if men would only guard their tongues all would be
well! Be like the fighting elephant who guards his trunk against
the arrow that strikes in the center.                               15

"By love of truth the sincere escape iniquity. Like the elephant
well subdued and quiet, who permits the king to mount on his
trunk, thus the man that reveres righteousness will endure
faithfully throughout his life."                                    16

Rāhula hearing these words was filled with deep sorrow; he never
again gave any occasion for complaint, and forthwith he
sanctified his life by earnest exertions.                           17




LVII.

THE SERMON ON ABUSE.


And the Blessed One observed the ways of society and noticed how
much misery came from malignity and foolish offences done only to
gratify vanity and self-seeking pride.                               1

And the Buddha said: "If a man foolishly does me wrong, I will
return to him the protection of my ungrudging love; the more evil
comes from him, the more good shall go from me; the fragrance of
goodness always comes to me, and the harmful air of evil goes to
him."                                                                2

A foolish man learning that the Buddha observed the principle of
great love which commends the return of good for evil, came and
abused him. The Buddha was silent, pitying his folly.                3

When the man had finished his abuse, the Buddha asked him,
saying: "Son, if a man declined to accept a present made to him,
to whom would it belong?" And he answered: "In that case it would
belong to the man who offered it."                                   4

"My son," said the Buddha, "thou hast railed at me, but I decline
to accept thy abuse, and request thee to keep it thyself. Will it
not be a source of misery to thee? As the echo belongs to the
sound, and the shadow to the substance, so misery will overtake
the evil-doer without fail."                                         5

The abuser made no reply, and Buddha continued:                      6

"A wicked man who reproaches a virtuous one is like one who looks
up and spits at heaven; the spittle soils not the heaven, but
comes back and defiles his own person.                               7

"The slanderer is like one who flings dust at another when the
wind is contrary; the dust does but return on him who threw it.
The virtuous man cannot be hurt and the misery that the other
would inflict comes back on himself."                                8

The abuser went away ashamed, but he came again and took refuge
in the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha.                           9




LVIII.

THE BUDDHA REPLIES TO THE DEVA.


On a certain day when the Blessed One dwelt at Jetavana, the
garden of Anāthapindika, a celestial deva came to him in the
shape of a Brahman whose countenance was bright and whose
garments were white like snow. The deva asked questions which the
Blessed One answered,                                                1

The deva said: "What is the sharpest sword? What is is the
deadliest poison? What is the fiercest fire? What is the darkest
night?"                                                              2

The Blessed One replied: "A word spoken in wrath is the sharpest
sword; covetousness is the deadliest poison; passion is the
fiercest fire; ignorance is the darkest night."                      3

The deva said: "Who gains the greatest benefit? Who loses most?
Which armor is invulnerable? What is the best weapon?"               4

The Blessed One replied: "He is the greatest gainer who gives to
others, and he loses most who greedily receives without
gratitude. Patience is an invulnerable armor; wisdom is the best
weapon."                                                             5

The deva said: "Who is the most dangerous thief? What is the most
precious treasure? Who is most successful in taking away by
violence not only on earth, but also in heaven? What is the
securest treasure-trove?"                                            6

The Blessed One replied: "Evil thought is the most dangerous
thief; virtue is the most precious treasure. The mind takes
possession of everything not only on earth, but also in heaven,
and immortality is its securest treasure-trove."                     7

The deva said: "What is attractive? What is disgusting? What is
the most horrible pain? What is the greatest enjoyment?"             8

The Blessed One replied: "Good is attractive; evil is disgusting.
A bad conscience is the most tormenting pain; deliverance is the
height of bliss."                                                    9

The deva asked: "What causes ruin in the world? What breaks off
friendships? What is the most violent fever? Who is the best
physician?"                                                         10

The Blessed One replied: "Ignorance causes the ruin of the world.
Envy and selfishness break off friendships. Hatred is the most
violent fever, and the Buddha is the best physician."               11

The deva then asked and said: "Now I have only one doubt to be
solved; pray, clear it away: What is it fire can neither burn,
nor moisture corrode, nor wind crush down, but is able to reform
the whole world?"                                                   12

The Blessed One replied: "Blessing! Neither fire, nor moisture,
nor wind can destroy the blessing of a good deed, and blessings
reform the whole world."                                            13

The deva, having heard the words of the Blessed One, was full of
exceeding joy. Clasping his hands, he bowed down before him in
reverence, and disappeared suddenly from the presence of the
Buddha.                                                             14




LIX.

WORDS OF INSTRUCTION.


The bhikkhus came to the Blessed One, and having saluted him with
clasped hands they said:                                             1

"O Master, thou all-seeing one, we all wish to learn; our ears
are ready to hear, thou art our teacher, thou art incomparable.
Cut off our doubt, inform us of the blessed Dharma, O thou of
great understanding; speak in the midst of us, O thou who art
all-seeing, as is the thousand-eyed Lord of the gods.                2

"We will ask the muni of great understanding, who has crossed the
stream, gone to the other shore, is blessed and of a firm mind:
How does a bhikkhu wander rightly in the world, after having gone
out from his house and driven away desire?"                          3

The Buddha said:                                                     4

"Let the bhikkhu subdue his passion for human and celestial
pleasures, then, having conquered existence, he will command the
Dharma. Such a one will wander rightly in the world.                 5

"He whose lusts have been destroyed, who is free from pride, who
has overcome all the ways of passion, is subdued, perfectly
happy, and of a firm mind. Such a one will wander rightly in the
world.                                                               6

"Faithful is he who is possessed of knowledge, seeing the way
that leads to Nirvāna; he who is not a partisan; he who is pure
and virtuous, and has removed the veil from his eyes. Such a one
will wander rightly in the world."                                   7

Said the bhikkhus: "Certainly, O Bhagavat, it is so: whichever
bhikkhu lives in this way, subdued and having overcome all bonds,
such a one will wander rightly in the world."                        8

The Blessed One said:                                                9

"Whatever is to be done by him who aspires to attain the
tranquillity of Nirvāna let him be able and upright,
conscientious and gentle, and not proud.                            10

"Let a man's pleasure be the Dharma, let him delight in the
Dharma, let him stand fast in the Dharma, let him know how to
inquire into the Dharma, let him not raise any dispute that
pollutes the Dharma, and let him spend his time in pondering on
the well-spoken truths of the Dharma.                               11

"A treasure that is laid up in a deep pit profits nothing and may
easily be lost. The real treasure that is laid up through charity
and piety, temperance, self-control, or deeds of merit, is hid
secure and cannot pass away. It is never gained by despoiling or
wronging others, and no thief can steal it. A man, when he dies,
must leave the fleeting wealth of the world, but this treasure of
virtuous acts he takes with him. Let the wise do good deeds; they
are a treasure that can never be lost."                             12

And the bhikkhus praised the wisdom of the Tathāgata:               13

"Thou hast passed beyond pain; thou art holy, O Enlightened One,
we consider thee one that has destroyed his passions. Thou art
glorious, thoughtful, and of great understanding. O thou who
puttest an end to pain, thou hast carried us across our doubt.      14

"Because thou sawst our longing and carriedst us across our
doubt, adoration be to thee, O muni, who hast attained the
highest good in the ways of wisdom.                                 15

"The doubt we had before, thou hast cleared away, O thou
clearly-seeing one; surely thou art a great thinker, perfectly
enlightened, there is no obstacle for thee.                         16

"And all thy troubles are scattered and cut off; thou art calm,
subdued, firm, truthful.                                            17

"Adoration be to thee, O noble sage, adoration be to thee, O thou
best of beings; in the world of men and gods there is none equal
to thee.                                                            18

"Thou art the Buddha, thou art the Master, thou art the muni that
conquers Māra; after having cut off desire thou hast crossed over
and carriest this generation to the other shore."                   19




LX.

AMITĀBHA.


One of the disciples came to the Blessed One with a trembling
heart and his mind full of doubt. And he asked the Blessed One:
"O Buddha, our Lord and Master, why do we give up the pleasures
of the world, if thou forbiddest us to work miracles and to
attain the supernatural? Is not Amitābha, the infinite light of
revelation, the source of innumerable miracles?"                     1

And the Blessed One, seeing the anxiety of a truth-seeking mind,
said: "O sāvaka, thou art a novice among the novices, and thou
art swimming on the surface of samsāra. How long will it take
thee to grasp the truth? Thou hast not understood the words of
the Tathāgata. The law of karma is irrefragable, and
supplications have no effect, for they are empty words."             2

Said the disciple: "So sayest thou there are no miraculous and
wonderful things?"                                                   3

And the Blessed One replied:                                         4

"Is it not a wonderful thing, mysterious and miraculous to the
worldling, that a man who commits wrong can become a saint, that
he who attains to true enlightenment will find the path of truth
and abandon the evil ways of selfishness?                            5

"The bhikkhu who renounces the transient pleasures of the world
for the eternal bliss of holiness, performs the only miracle that
can truly be called a miracle.                                       6

"A holy man changes the curses of karma into blessings. The
desire to perform miracles arises either from covetousness or
from vanity.                                                         7

"That mendicant does right who does not think: 'People should
salute me'; who, though despised by the world, yet cherishes no
ill-will towards it.                                                 8

"That mendicant does right to whom omens, meteors, dreams, and
signs are things abolished; he is free from all their evils.         9

"Amitābha, the unbounded light, is the source of wisdom, of
virtue, of Buddhahood. The deeds of sorcerers and miracle-mongers
are frauds, but what is more wondrous, more mysterious, more
miraculous than Amitābha?"                                          10

"But, Master," continued the sāvaka, "is the promise of the happy
region vain talk and a myth?"                                       11

"What is this promise?" asked the Buddha; and the disciple
replied:                                                            12

"There is in the west a paradise called the Pure Land,
exquisitely adorned with gold and silver and precious gems. There
are pure waters with golden sands, surrounded by pleasant walks
and covered with large lotus flowers. Joyous music is heard, and
flowers rain down three times a day. There are singing birds
whose harmonious notes proclaim the praises of religion, and in
the minds of those who listen to their sweet sounds, remembrance
arises of the Buddha, the law, and the brotherhood. No evil birth
is possible there, and even the name of hell is unknown. He who
fervently and with a pious mind repeats the words 'Amitābha
Buddha' will be transported to the happy region of this pure
land, and when death draws nigh, the Buddha, with a company of
saintly followers, will stand before him, and there will be
perfect tranquillity."                                              13

"In truth," said the Buddha, "there is such a happy paradise. But
the country is spiritual and it is accessible only to those that
are spiritual. Thou sayest it lies in the west. This means, look
for it where he who enlightens the world resides. The sun sinks
down and leaves us in utter darkness, the shades of night steal
over us, and Māra, the evil one, buries our bodies in the grave.
Sunset is nevertheless no extinction, and where we imagine we see
extinction, there is boundless light and inexhaustible life."       14

"I understand," said the sāvaka, "that the story of the Western
Paradise is not literally true."                                    15

"Thy description of paradise," the Buddha continued, "is
beautiful; yet it is insufficient and does little justice to the
glory of the pure land. The worldly can speak of it in a worldly
way only; they use worldly similes and worldly words. But the
pure land in which the pure live is more beautiful than thou
canst say or imagine.                                               16

"However, the repetition of the name Amitābha Buddha is
meritorious only if thou speak it with such a devout attitude of
mind as will cleanse thy heart and attune thy will to do works of
righteousness. He only can reach the happy land whose soul is
filled with the infinite light of truth. He only can live and
breathe in the spiritual atmosphere of the Western Paradise who
has attained enlightenment.                                         17

"Verily I say unto thee, the Tathāgata lives in the pure land of
eternal bliss even now while he is still in the body; and the
Tathāgata preaches the law of religion unto thee and unto the
whole world, so that thou and thy brethren may attain the same
peace and the same happiness."                                      18

Said the disciple: "Teach me, O Lord, the meditations to which I
must devote myself in order to let my mind enter into the
paradise of the pure land."                                         19

Buddha said: "There are five meditations.                           20

"The first meditation is the meditation of love in which thou
must so adjust thy heart that thou longest for the weal and
welfare of all beings, including the happiness of thine enemies.    21

"The second meditation is the meditation of pity, in which thou
thinkest of all beings in distress, vividly representing in thine
imagination their sorrows and anxieties so as to arouse a deep
compassion for them in thy soul.                                    22

"The third meditation is the meditation of joy in which thou
thinkest of the prosperity of others and rejoicest with their
rejoicings.                                                         23

"The fourth meditation is the meditation on impurity, in which
thou considerest the evil consequences of corruption, the effects
of wrongs and evils. How trivial is often the pleasure of the
moment and how fatal are its consequences!                          24

"The fifth meditation is the meditation on serenity, in which
thou risest above love and hate, tyranny and thraldom, wealth and
want, and regardest thine own fate with impartial calmness and
perfect tranquillity.                                               25

"A true follower of the Tathāgata founds not his trust upon
austerities or rituals but giving up the idea of self relies with
his whole heart upon Amitābha, which is the unbounded light of
truth."                                                             26

The Blessed One after having explained his doctrine of Amitābha,
the immeasurable light which makes him who receives it a Buddha,
looked into the heart of his disciple and saw still some doubts
and anxieties. And the Blessed One said: "Ask me, my son, the
questions which weigh upon thy soul."                               27

And the disciple said: "Can a humble monk, by sanctifying
himself, acquire the talents of supernatural wisdom called
Abhiññas and the supernatural powers called Iddhi? Show me the
Iddhi-pāda, the path to the highest wisdom? Open to me the Jhānas
which are the means of acquiring samādhi, the fixity of mind
which enraptures the soul."                                         28

And the Blessed One said: "Which are the Abhiññas?"                 29

The disciple replied: "There are six Abhiññas: (1) The celestial
eye; (2) the celestial ear; (3) the body at will or the power of
transformation; (4) the knowledge of the destiny of former
dwellings, so as to know former states of existence; (5) the
faculty of reading the thoughts of others; and (6) the knowledge
of comprehending the finality of the stream of life."               30

And the Blessed One replied: "These are wondrous things; but
verily, every man can attain them. Consider the abilities of
thine own mind; thou wert born about two hundred leagues from
here and canst thou not in thy thought, in an instant travel to
thy native place and remember the details of thy father's home?
Seest thou not with thy mind's eye the roots of the tree which is
shaken by the wind without being overthrown? Does not the
collector of herbs see in his mental vision, whenever he pleases,
any plant with its roots, its stem, its fruits, leaves, and even
the uses to which it can be applied? Cannot the man who
understands languages recall to his mind any word whenever he
pleases, knowing its exact meaning and import? How much more does
the Tathāgata understand the nature of things; he looks into the
hearts of men and reads their thoughts. He knows the evolution of
beings and foresees their ends."                                    31

Said the disciple: "Then the Tathāgata teaches that man can
attain through the Jhānas the bliss of Abhiñña."                    32

And the Blessed One asked in reply: "Which are the Jhānas through
which man reaches Abhiñña?"                                         33

The disciple replied: "There are four Jhānas. The first Jhāna is
seclusion in which one must free his mind from sensuality; the
second Jhāna is a tranquillity of mind full of joy and gladness;
the third Jhāna is a taking delight in things spiritual; the
fourth Jhāna is a state of perfect purity and peace in which the
mind is above all gladness and grief."                              34

"Good, my son," enjoined the Blessed One. "Be sober and abandon
wrong practices which serve only to stultify the mind."             35

Said the disciple: "Forbear with me, O Blessed One, for I have
faith without understanding and I am seeking the truth. O Blessed
One, O Tathāgata, my Lord and Master, teach me the Iddhipāda."      36

The Blessed One said: "There are four means by which Iddhi is
acquired; (1) Prevent bad qualities from arising. (2) Put away
bad qualities which have arisen. (3) Produce goodness that does
not yet exist. (4) Increase goodness which already
exists.--Search with sincerity, and persevere in the search. In
the end thou wilt find the truth."                                  37




LXI.

THE TEACHER UNKNOWN.


And the Blessed One said to Ānanda:                                  1

"There are various kinds of assemblies, O Ānanda; assemblies of
nobles, of Brahmans, of householders, of bhikkhus, and of other
beings. When I used to enter an assembly, I always became, before
I seated myself, in color like unto the color of my audience, and
in voice like unto their voice. I spoke to them in their language
and then with religious discourse, I instructed, quickened, and
gladdened them.                                                      2

"My doctrine is like the ocean, having the same eight wonderful
qualities.                                                           3

"Both the ocean and my doctrine become gradually deeper. Both
preserve their identity under all changes. Both cast out dead
bodies upon the dry land. As the great rivers, when falling into
the main, lose their names and are thenceforth reckoned as the
great ocean, so all the castes, having renounced their lineage
and entered the Sangha, become brethren and are reckoned the sons
of Sakyamuni. The ocean is the goal of all streams and of the
rain from the clouds, yet is it never overflowing and never
emptied: so the Dharma is embraced by many millions of people,
yet it neither increases nor decreases. As the great ocean has
only one taste, the taste of salt, so my doctrine has only one
flavor, the flavor of emancipation. Both the ocean and the Dharma
are full of gems and pearls and jewels, and both afford a
dwelling-place for mighty beings.                                    4

"These are the eight wonderful qualities in which my doctrine
resembles the ocean.                                                 5

"My doctrine is pure and it makes no discrimination between noble
and ignoble, rich and poor.                                          6

"My doctrine is like unto water which cleanses all without
distinction.                                                         7

"My doctrine is like unto fire which consumes all things that
exist between heaven and earth, great and small.                     8

"My doctrine is like unto the heavens, for there is room in it,
ample room for the reception of all, for men and women, boys and
girls, the powerful and the lowly.                                   9

"But when I spoke, they knew me not and would say, 'Who may this
be who thus speaks, a man or a god?' Then having instructed,
quickened, and gladdened them with religious discourse, I would
vanish away. But they knew me not, even when I vanished away."      10




PARABLES AND STORIES.


LXII.

PARABLES.


And the Blessed One thought: "I have taught the truth which is
excellent in the beginning, excellent in the middle, and
excellent in the end; it is glorious in its spirit and glorious
in its letter. But simple as it is, the people cannot understand
it. I must speak to them in their own language. I must adapt my
thoughts to their thoughts. They are like unto children, and love
to hear tales. Therefore, I will tell them stories to explain the
glory of the Dharma. If they cannot grasp the truth in the
abstract arguments by which I have reached it, they may
nevertheless come to understand it, if it is illustrated in
parables."                                                           1




LXIII.

THE WIDOW'S TWO MITES AND THE PARABLE OF THE THREE MERCHANTS.


There was once a lone widow who was very destitute, and having
gone to the mountain she beheld hermits holding a religious
assembly. Then the woman was filled with joy, and uttering
praises, said, "It is well, holy priests! but while others give
precious things such as the ocean caves produce, I have nothing
to offer." Having spoken thus and having searched herself in vain
for something to give, she recollected that some time before she
had found in a dungheap two coppers, so taking these she offered
them forthwith as a gift to the priesthood in charity.               1

The superior of the priests, a saint who could read the hearts of
men, disregarding the rich gifts of others and beholding the deep
faith dwelling in the heart of this poor widow, and wishing the
priesthood to esteem rightly her religious merit, burst forth
with full voice in a canto. He raised his right hand and said,
"Reverend priests attend!" and then he proceeded:                    2

     "The coppers of this poor widow
     To all purpose are more worth
     Than all the treasures of the oceans
     And the wealth of the broad earth.                              3
         "As an act of pure devotion
         She has done a pious deed;
         She has attained salvation,
         Being free from selfish greed."                             4

The woman was mightily strengthened in her mind by this thought,
and said, "It is even as the Teacher says: what I have done is as
much as if a rich man were to give up all his wealth."               5

And the Teacher said: "Doing good deeds is like hoarding up
treasures," and he expounded this truth in a parable:                6

"Three merchants set out on their travels, each with his capital;
one of them gained much, the second returned with his capital,
and the third one came home after having lost his capital. What
is true in common life applies also to religion.                     7

"The capital is the state a man has reached, the gain is heaven;
the loss of his capital means that a man will be born in a lower
state, as a denizen of hell or as an animal. These are the
courses that are open to the sinner.                                 8

"He who brings back his capital, is like unto one who is born
again as a man. Those who through the exercise of various virtues
become pious householders will be born again as men, for all
beings will reap the fruit of their actions. But he who increases
his capital is like unto one who practises eminent virtues. The
virtuous, excellent man attains in heaven to the glorious state
of the gods."                                                        9




LXIV.

THE MAN BORN BLIND.


There was a man born blind, and he said: "I do not believe in the
world of light and appearance. There are no colors, bright or
sombre. There is no sun, no moon, no stars. No one has witnessed
these things."                                                       1

His friends remonstrated with him, but he clung to his opinion:
"What you say that you see," he objected, "are illusions. If
colors existed I should be able to touch them. They have no
substance and are not real. Everything real has weight, but I
feel no weight where you see colors."                                2

In those days there was a physician who was called to see the
blind man. He mixed four simples, and when he applied them to the
cataract of the blind man the gray film melted, and his eyes
acquired the faculty of sight.                                       3

The Tathāgata is the physician, the cataract is the illusion of
the thought "I am," and the four simples are the four noble
truths.                                                              4




LXV.

THE LOST SON.


There was a householder's son who went away into a distant
country, and while the father accumulated immeasurable riches,
the son became miserably poor. And the son while searching for
food and clothing happened to come to the country in which his
father lived. And the father saw him in his wretchedness, for he
was ragged and brutalized by poverty, and ordered some of his
servants to call him.                                                1

When the son saw the place to which he was conducted, he thought,
"I must have evoked the suspicion of a powerful man, and he will
throw me into prison." Full of apprehension he made his escape
before he had seen his father.                                       2

Then the father sent messengers out after his son, who was caught
and brought back in spite of his cries and lamentations.
Thereupon the father ordered his servants to deal tenderly with
his son, and he appointed a laborer of his son's rank and
education to employ the lad as a helpmate on the estate. And the
son was pleased with his new situation.                              3

From the window of his palace the father watched the boy, and
when he saw that he was honest and industrious, he promoted him
higher and higher.                                                   4

After some time, he summoned his son and called together all his
servants, and made the secret known to them. Then the poor man
was exceedingly glad and he was full of joy at meeting his
father.                                                              5

Little by little must the minds of men be trained for higher
truths.                                                              6




LXVI.

THE GIDDY FISH.


There was a bhikkhu who had great difficulty in keeping his
senses and passions under control; so, resolving to leave the
Order, he came to the Blessed One to ask him for a release from
the vows. And the Blessed One said to the bhikkhu:                   1

"Take heed, my son, lest thou fall a prey to the passions of thy
misguided heart. For I see that in former existences, thou hast
suffered much from the evil consequences of lust, and unless thou
learnest to conquer thy sensual desire, thou wilt in this life be
ruined through thy folly.                                            2

"Listen to a story of another existence of thine, as a fish.         3

"The fish could be seen swimming lustily in the river, playing
with his mate. She, moving in front, suddenly perceived the
meshes of a net, and slipping around escaped the danger; but he,
blinded by love, shot eagerly after her and fell straight into
the mouth of the net. The fisherman pulled the net up, and the
fish, who complained bitterly of his sad fate, saying, 'this
indeed is the bitter fruit of my folly,' would surely have died
if the Bodhisatta had not chanced to come by, and, understanding
the language of the fish, took pity on him. He bought the poor
creature and said to him: 'My good fish, had I not caught sight
of thee this day, thou wouldst have lost thy life. I shall save
thee, but henceforth avoid the evil of lust.' With these words he
threw the fish into the water.                                       4

"Make the best of the time of grace that is offered to thee in
thy present existence, and fear the dart of passion which, if
thou guard not thy senses, will lead thee to destruction."           5




LXVII

THE CRUEL CRANE OUTWITTED.


A tailor who used to make robes for the brotherhood was wont to
cheat his customers, and thus prided himself on being smarter
than other men. But once, on entering upon an important business
transaction with a stranger, he found his master in fraudulent
practices, and suffered a heavy loss.                                1

And the Blessed One said: "This is not an isolated incident in
the greedy tailor's fate; in other incarnations he suffered
similar losses, and by trying to dupe others ultimately ruined
himself.                                                             2

"This same greedy character lived many generations ago as a crane
near a pond, and when the dry season set in he said to the fishes
with a bland voice: 'Are you not anxious for your future welfare?
There is at present very little water and still less food in this
pond. What will you do should the whole pond become dry, in this
drought?'                                                            3

'Yes, indeed' said the fishes, 'what should we do?'                  4

"Replied the crane: 'I know a fine, large lake, which never
becomes dry. Would you not like me to carry you there in my
beak?' When the fishes began to distrust the honesty of the
crane, he proposed to have one of them sent over to the lake to
see it; and a big carp at last decided to take the risk for the
sake of the others, and the crane carried him to a beautiful lake
and brought him back in safety. Then all doubt vanished, and the
fishes gained confidence in the crane, and now the crane took
them one by one out of the pond and devoured them on a big
varana-tree.                                                         5

"There was also a lobster in the pond, and when it listed the
crane to eat him too, he said: 'I have taken all the fishes away
and put them in a fine, large lake. Come along. I shall take
thee, too!'                                                          6

'But how wilt thou hold me to carry me along?' asked the lobster.    7

'I shall take hold of thee with my beak,' said the crane.            8

'Thou wilt let me fall if thou carry me like that. I will not go
with thee!' replied the lobster.                                     9

'Thou needst not fear,' rejoined the crane; 'I shall hold thee
quite tight all the way.'                                           10

"Then said the lobster to himself: 'If this crane once gets hold
of a fish, he will certainly never let him go in a lake! Now if
he should really put me into the lake it would be splendid; but
if he does not, then I will cut his throat and kill him!' So he
said to the crane: 'Look here, friend, thou wilt not be able to
hold me tight enough; but we lobsters have a famous grip. If thou
wilt let me catch hold of thee round the neck with my claws, I
shall be glad to go with thee.'                                     11

"The crane did not see that the lobster was trying to outwit him,
and agreed. So the lobster caught hold of his neck with his claws
as securely as with a pair of blacksmith's pincers, and called
out: 'Ready, ready, go!'                                            12

"The crane took him and showed him the lake, and then turned off
toward the varana-tree. 'My dear uncle!' cried the lobster, 'The
lake lies that way, but thou art taking me this other way.'         13

"Answered the crane: 'Thinkest thou so? Am I thy dear uncle? Thou
meanest me to understand, I suppose, that I am thy slave, who has
to lift thee up and carry thee about with him, where thou
pleasest! Now cast thine eye upon that heap of fish-bones at the
root of yonder varana-tree. Just as I have eaten those fish,
every one of them, just so will I devour thee also!'                14

'Ah! those fishes got eaten through their own stupidity,'
answered the lobster, 'but I am not going to let thee kill me. On
the contrary, it is thou that I am going to destroy. For thou, in
thy folly, hast not seen that I have outwitted thee. If we die,
we both die together; for I will cut off this head of thine and
cast it to the ground!' So saying, he gave the crane's neck a
pinch with his claws as with a vise.                                15

"Then gasping, and with tears trickling from his eyes, and
trembling with the fear of death, the crane besought the lobster,
saying: 'O, my Lord! Indeed I did not intend to eat thee. Grant
me my life!'                                                        16

'Very well! fly down and put me into the lake,' replied the
lobster.                                                            17

"And the crane turned round and stepped down into the lake, to
place the lobster on the mud at its edge. Then the lobster cut
the crane's neck through as clean as one would cut a lotus-stalk
with a hunting-knife, and then entered the water!"                  18

When the Teacher had finished this discourse, he added: "Not now
only was this man outwitted in this way, but in other existences,
too, by his own intrigues."                                         19




LXVIII.

FOUR KINDS OF MERIT.


There was a rich man who used to invite all the Brahmans of the
neighborhood to his house, and, giving them rich gifts, offered
great sacrifices to the gods.                                        1

And the Blessed One said: "If a man each month repeat a thousand
sacrifices and give offerings without ceasing, he is not equal to
him who but for one moment fixes his mind upon righteousness."       2

The world-honored Buddha continued: "There are four kinds of
offering: first, when the gifts are large and the merit small;
secondly, when the gifts are small and the merit small; thirdly,
when the gifts are small and the merit large; and fourthly, when
the gifts are large and the merit is also large.                     3

"The first is the case of the deluded man who takes away life for
the purpose of sacrificing to the gods, accompanied by carousing
and feasting. Here the gifts are great, but the merit is small
indeed.                                                              4

"The gifts are small and the merit is also small, when from
covetousness and an evil heart a man keeps to himself a part of
that which he intends to offer.                                      5

"The merit is great, however, while the gift is small, when a man
makes his offering from love and with a desire to grow in wisdom
and in kindness.                                                     6

"Lastly, the gift is large and the merit is large, when a wealthy
man, in an unselfish spirit and with the wisdom of a Buddha,
gives donations and founds institutions for the best of mankind
to enlighten the minds of his fellow-men and to administer unto
their needs."                                                        7




LXIX.

THE LIGHT OF THE WORLD.


There was a certain Brahman in Kosambī, a wrangler and well
versed in the Vedas. As he found no one whom he regarded his
equal in debate he used to carry a lighted torch in his hand, and
when asked for the reason of his strange conduct, he replied:
"The world is so dark that I carry this torch to light it up, as
far as I can."                                                       1

A samana sitting in the market-place heard these words and said:
"My friend, if thine eyes are blind to the sight of the
omnipresent light of the day, do not call the world dark. Thy
torch adds nothing to the glory of the sun and thy intention to
illumine the minds of others is as futile as it is arrogant."        2

Whereupon the Brahman asked: "Where is the sun of which thou
speakest?" And the samana replied: "The wisdom of the Tathāgata
is the sun of the mind. His radiancy is glorious by day and
night, and he whose faith is strong will not lack light on the
path to Nirvāna where he will inherit bliss everlasting."            3




LXX.

LUXURIOUS LIVING.


While the Buddha was preaching his doctrine for the conversion of
the world in the neighborhood of Savatthi, a man of great wealth
who suffered from many ailmemts came to him with clasped hands
and said: "World-honored Buddha, pardon me for my want of respect
in not saluting thee as I ought, but I suffer greatly from
obesity, excessive drowsiness, and other complaints, so that I
cannot move without pain."                                           1

The Tathāgata, seeing the luxuries with which the man was
surrounded asked him: "Hast thou a desire to know the cause of
thy ailments?" And when the wealthy man expressed his willingness
to learn, the Blessed One said: "There are five things which
produce the condition of which thou complainest: opulent dinners,
love of sleep, hankering after pleasure, thoughtlessness, and
lack of occupation. Exercise self-control at thy meals, and take
upon thyself some duties that will exercise thy abilities and
make thee useful to thy fellow-men. In following this advice thou
wilt prolong thy life."                                              2

The rich man remembered the words of the Buddha and after some
time having recovered his lightness of body and youthful buoyancy
returned to the Worldhonored One and, coming afoot without horses
and attendants, said to him: "Master, thou hast cured my bodily
ailments; I come now to seek enlightenment of my mind."              3

And the Blessed One said: "The worldling nourishes his body, but
the wise man nourishes his mind. He who indulges in the
satisfaction of his appetites works his own destruction; but he
who walks in the path will have both the salvation from evil and
a prolongation of life."                                             4




LXXI.

THE COMMUNICATION OF BLISS.


Annabhāra, the slave of Sumana, having just cut the grass on the
meadow, saw a samana with his bowl begging for food. Throwing
down his bundle of grass he ran into the house and returned with
the rice that had been provided for his own food.                    1

The samana ate the rice and gladdened him with words of religious
comfort.                                                             2

The daughter of Sumana having observed the scene from a window
called out: "Good! Annabhāra, good! Very good!"                      3

Sumana hearing these words inquired what she meant, and on being
informed about Annabhāra's devotion and the words of comfort he
had received from the samana, went to his slave and offered him
money to divide the bliss of his offering.                           4

"My lord," said Annabhāra, "let me first ask the venerable man."
And approaching the samana, he said: "My master has asked me to
share with him the bliss of the offering I made thee of my
allowance of rice. Is it right that I should divide it with him?"    5

The samana replied in a parable. He said: "In a village of one
hundred houses a single light was burning. Then a neighbor came
with his lamp and lit it; and in this same way the light was
communicated from house to house and the brightness in the
village was increased. Thus the light of religion may be diffused
without stinting him who communicates it. Let the bliss of thy
offering also be diffused. Divide it."                               6

Annabhāra returned to his master's house and said to him: "I
present thee, my lord, with a share of the bliss of my offering.
Deign to accept it."                                                 7

Sumana accepted it and offered his slave a sum of money, but
Annabhāra replied: "Not so, my lord; if I accept thy money it
would appear as if I sold thee my share. Bliss cannot be sold; I
beg thou wilt accept it as a gift."                                  8

The master replied: "Brother Annabhāra, from this day forth thou
shalt be free. Live with me as my friend and accept this present
as a token of my respect."                                           9




LXXII.

THE LISTLESS FOOL.


There was a rich Brahman, well advanced in years, who, unmindful
of the impermanence of earthly things and anticipating a long
life, had built himself a large house.                               1

The Buddha wondered why a man so near to death had built a
mansion with so many apartments, and he sent Ānanda to the rich
Brahman to preach to him the four noble truths and the eightfold
path of salvation.                                                   2

The Brahman showed Ānanda his house and explained to him the
purpose of its numerous chambers, but to the instruction of the
Buddha's teachings he gave no heed.                                  3

Ānanda said: "It is the habit of fools to say, 'I have children
and wealth.' He who says so is not even master of himself; how
can he claim possession of children, riches, and servants? Many
are the anxieties of the worldly, but they know nothing of the
changes of the future."                                              4

Scarcely had Ānanda left, when the old man was stricken with
apoplexy and fell dead. The Buddha said, for the instruction of
those who were ready to learn: "A fool, though he live in the
company of the wise, understands nothing of the true doctrine, as
a spoon tastes not the flavor of the soup. He thinks of himself
only, and unmindful of the advice of good counsellors is unable
to deliver himself."                                                 5




LXXIII.

RESCUE IN THE DESERT.


There was a disciple of the Blessed One, full of energy and zeal
for the truth, who, living under a vow to complete a meditation
in solitude, flagged in a moment of weakness. He said to himself:
"The Teacher said there are several kinds of men; I must belong
to the lowest class and fear that in this birth there will be
neither path nor fruit for me. What is the use of a forest life
if I cannot by my constant endeavor attain the insight of
meditation to which I have devoted myself?" And he left the
solitude and returned to the Jetavana.                               1

When the brethren saw him they said to him: "Thou hast done
wrong, O brother, after taking a vow, to give up the attempt of
carrying it out;" and they took him to the Master.                   2

When the Blessed One saw them he said: "I see, O mendicants, that
you have brought this brother here against his will. What has he
done?"                                                               3

"Lord, this brother, having taken the vows of so sanctifying a
faith, has abandoned the endeavor to accomplish the aim of a
member of the order, and has come back to us."                       4

Then the Teacher said to him: "Is it true that thou hast given up
trying?"                                                             5

"It is true, O Blessed One!" was the reply.                          6

The Master said: "This present life of thine is a time of grace.
If thou fail now to reach the happy state thou wilt have to
suffer remorse in future existences. How is it, brother, that
thou hast proved so irresolute? Why, in former states of
existence thou wert full of determination. By thy energy alone
the men and bullocks of five hundred wagons obtained water in the
sandy desert, and were saved. How is it that thou now givest up?"    7

By these few words that brother was re-established in his
resolution. But the others besought the Blessed One, saying:
"Lord! Tell us how this was."                                        8

"Listen, then, O mendicants!" said the Blessed One; and having
thus excited their attention, he made manifest a thing concealed
by change of birth.                                                  9

Once upon a time, when Brahmadatta was reigning in Kāsi, the
Bodhisatta was born in a merchant's family; and when he grew up,
he went about trafficking with five hundred carts.                  10

One day he arrived at a sandy desert many leagues across. The
sand in that desert was so fine that when taken in the closed
fist it could not be kept in the hand. After the sun had risen it
became as hot as a mass of burning embers, so that no man could
walk on it. Those, therefore, who had to travel over it took
wood, and water, and oil, and rice in their carts, and traveled
during the night. And at daybreak they formed an encampment and
spread an awning over it, and, taking their meals early, they
passed the day lying in the shade. At sunset they supped, and
when the ground had become cool they yoked their oxen and went
on. The traveling was like a voyage over the sea: a desert-pilot
had to be chosen, and he brought the caravan safe to the other
side by his knowledge of the stars.                                 11

Thus the merchant of our story traversed the desert. And when he
had passed over fifty-nine leagues he thought, "Now, in one more
night we shall get out of the sand," and after supper he directed
the wagons to be yoked, and so set out. The pilot had cushions
arranged on the foremost cart and lay down, looking at the stars
and directing the men where to drive. But worn out by want of
rest during the long march, he fell asleep, and did not perceive
that the oxen had turned round and taken the same road by which
they had come.                                                      12

The oxen went on the whole night through. Towards dawn the pilot
woke up, and, observing the stars, called out: "Stop the wagons,
stop the wagons!" The day broke just as they stopped and were
drawing up the carts in a line. Then the men cried out: "Why this
is the very encampment we left yesterday! We have but little wood
left and our water is all gone! We are lost!" And unyoking the
oxen and spreading the canopy over their heads, they lay down in
despondency, each one under his wagon. But the Bodhisatta said to
himself, "If I lose heart, all these will perish," and walked
about while the morning was yet cool. On seeing a tuft of
kusa-grass, he thought: "This could have grown only by soaking up
some water which must be beneath it."                               13

And he made them bring a spade and dig in that spot. And they dug
sixty cubits deep. And when they had got thus far, the spade of
the diggers struck on a rock; and as soon as it struck, they all
gave up in despair. But the Bodhisatta thought, "There must be
water under that rock," and descending into the well he got upon
the stone, and stooping down applied his ear to it and tested the
sound of it. He heard the sound of water gurgling beneath, and
when he got out he called his page. "My lad, if thou givest up
now, we shall all be lost. Do not lose heart. Take this iron
hammer, and go down into the pit, and give the rock a good blow."   14

The lad obeyed, and though they all stood by in despair, he went
down full of determination and struck at the stone. The rock
split in two and fell below, so that it no longer blocked the
stream, and water rose till its depth from the bottom to the brim
of the well was equal to the height of a palm-tree. And they all
drank of the water, and bathed in it. Then they cooked rice and
ate it, and fed their oxen with it. And when the sun set, they
put a flag in the well, and went to the place appointed. There
they sold their merchandise at a good profit and returned to
their home, and when they died they passed away according to
their deeds. And the Bodhisatta gave gifts and did other virtuous
acts, and he also passed away according to his deeds.               15

After the Teacher had told the story he formed the connection by
saying in conclusion, "The caravanleader was the Bodhisatta, the
future Buddha; the page who at that time despaired not, but broke
the stone, and gave water to the multitude, was this brother
without perseverance; and the other men were attendants on the
Buddha."                                                            16




LXXIV.

THE SOWER.


Bhāradvāja, a wealthy Brahman farmer, was celebrating his
harvest-thanksgiving when the Blessed One came with his
alms-bowl, begging for food.                                         1

Some of the people paid him reverence, but the Brahman was angry
and said: "O samana, it would be more fitting for thee to go to
work than to beg. I plough and sow, and having ploughed and sown,
I eat. If thou didst likewise, thou, too, wouldst have something
to eat."                                                             2

The Tathāgata answered him and said: "O Brahman, I, too, plough
and sow, and having ploughed and sown, I eat."                       3

"Dost thou profess to be a husbandman?" replied the Brahman.
"Where, then, are thy bullocks? Where is the seed and the
plough?"                                                             4

The Blessed One said: "Faith is the seed I sow: good works are
the rain that fertilizes it; wisdom and modesty are the plough;
my mind is the guiding-rein; I lay hold of the handle of the law;
earnestness is the goad I use, and exertion is my draught-ox.
This ploughing is ploughed to destroy the weeds of illusion. The
harvest it yields is the immortal fruit of Nirvāna, and thus all
sorrow ends."                                                        5

Then the Brahman poured rice-milk into a golden bowl and offered
it to the Blessed One, saying: "Let the Teacher of mankind
partake of the rice-milk, for the venerable Gotama ploughs a
ploughing that bears the fruit of immortality."                      6




LXXV.

THE OUTCAST.


When Bhagavat dwelt at Sāvatthi in the Jetavana, he went out with
his alms-bowl to beg for food and approached the house of a
Brahman priest while the fire of an offering was blazing upon the
altar. And the priest said: "Stay there, O shaveling; stay there,
O wretched samana; thou art an outcast."                             1

The Blessed One replied: "Who is an outcast?                         2

"An outcast is the man who is angry and bears hatred; the man who
is wicked and hypocritical, he who embraces error and is full of
deceit.                                                              3

"Whosoever is a provoker and is avaricious, has evil desires, is
envious, wicked, shameless, and without fear to commit wrong, let
him be known as an outcast.                                          4

"Not by birth does one become an outcast, not by birth does one
become a Brahman; by deeds one becomes an outcast, by deeds one
becomes a Brahman."                                                  5




LXXVI.

THE WOMAN AT THE WELL.


Ānanda, the favorite disciple of the Buddha, having been sent by
the Lord on a mission, passed by a well near a village, and
seeing Pakati, a girl of the Mātanga caste, he asked her for
water to drink.                                                      1

Pakati said: "O Brahman, I am too humble and mean to give thee
water to drink, do not ask any service of me lest thy holiness be
contaminated, for I am of low caste."                                2

And Ānanda replied: "I ask not for caste but for water;" and the
Mātanga girl's heart leaped joyfully and she gave Ānanda to
drink.                                                               3

Ānanda thanked her and went away; but she followed him at a
distance.                                                            4

Having heard that Ānanda was a disciple of Gotama Sakyamuni, the
girl repaired to the Blessed One and cried: "O Lord help me, and
let me live in the place where Ānanda thy disciple dwells, so
that I may see him and minister unto him, for I love Ānanda."        5

And the Blessed One understood the emotions of her heart and he
said: "Pakati, thy heart is full of love, but thou understandest
not thine own sentiments. It is not Ānanda that thou lovest, but
his kindness. Accept, then, the kindness thou hast seen him
practise unto thee, and in the humility of thy station practise
it unto others.                                                      6

"Verily there is great merit in the generosity of a king when he
is land to a slave; but there is a greater merit in the slave
when he ignores the wrongs which he suffers and cherishes
kindness and good-will to all mankind. He will cease to hate his
oppressors, and even when powerless to resist their usurpation
will with compassion pity their arrogance and supercilious
demeanor.                                                            7

"Blessed art thou, Pakati, for though thou art a Mātanga thou
wilt be a model for noblemen and noblewomen. Thou art of low
caste, but Brahmans may learn a lesson from thee. Swerve not from
the path of justice and righteousness and thou wilt outshine the
royal glory of: queens on the throne."                               8




LXXVII.

THE PEACEMAKER.


It is reported that two kingdoms were on the verge of war for the
possession of a certain embankment which was disputed by them.       1

And the Buddha seeing the kings and their armies ready to fight,
requested them to tell him the cause of their quarrels. Having
heard the complaints on both sides, he said:                         2

"I understand that the embankment has value for some of your
people; has it any intrinsic value aside from its service to your
men?"                                                                3

"It has no intrinsic value whatever," was the reply. The
Tathāgata continued: "Now when you go to battle is it not sure
that many of your men will be slain and that you yourselves, O
kings, are liable to lose your lives?"                               4

And they said: "Verily, it is sure that many will be slain and
our own lives be jeopardized."                                       5

"The blood of men, however," said Buddha, "has it less intrinsic
value than a mound of earth?"                                        6

"No," the kings said, "the lives of men and above all the lives
of kings, are priceless."                                            7

Then the Tathāgata concluded: "Are you going to stake that which
is priceless against that which has no intrinsic value whatever?"    8

The wrath of the two monarchs abated, and they came to a
peaceable agreement.                                                 9




LXXVIII.

THE HUNGRY DOG.


There was a great king who oppressed his people and was hated by
his subjects; yet when the Tathāgata came into his kingdom, the
king desired much to see him. So he went to the place where the
Blessed One stayed and asked: "O Sakyamuni, canst thou teach a
lesson to the king that will divert his mind and benefit him at
the same time?"                                                      1

And the Blessed One said: "I shall tell thee the parable of the
hungry dog:                                                          2

"There was a wicked tyrant; and the god Indra, assuming the shape
of a hunter, came down upon earth with the demon Mātali, the
latter appearing as a dog of enormous size. Hunter and dog
entered the palace, and the dog howled so wofully that the royal
buildings shook by the sound to their very foundations. The
tyrant had the awe-inspiring hunter brought before his throne and
inquired after the cause of the terrible bark. The hunter said,
"The dog is hungry," whereupon the frightened king ordered food
for him. All the food prepared at the royal banquet disappeared
rapidly in the dog's jaws, and still he howled with portentous
significance. More food was sent for, and all the royal
store-houses were emptied, but in vain. Then the tyrant grew
desperate and asked: 'Will nothing satisfy the cravings of that
woful beast?' 'Nothing,' replied the hunter, 'nothing except
perhaps the flesh of all his enemies.' 'And who are his enemies?'
anxiously asked the tyrant. The hunter replied: 'The dog will
howl as long as there are people hungry in the kingdom, and his
enemies are those who practise injustice and oppress the poor.'
The oppressor of the people, remembering his evil deeds, was
seized with remorse, and for the first time in his life he began
to listen to the teachings of righteousness."                        3

Having ended his story, the Blessed One addressed the king, who
had turned pale, and said to him:                                    4

"The Tathāgata can quicken the spiritual ears of the powerful,
and when thou, great king, hearest the dog bark, think of the
teachings of the Buddha, and thou mayst still learn to pacify the
monster."                                                            5




LXXIX.

THE DESPOT.


King Brahmadatta happened to see a beautiful woman, the wife of a
Brahman merchant, and, conceiving a passion for her ordered a
precious jewel secretly to be dropped into the merchant's
carriage. The jewel was missed, searched for, and found. The
merchant was arrested on the charge of stealing, and the king
pretended to listen with great attention to the defence, and with
seeming regret ordered the merchant to be executed, while his
wife was consigned to the royal harem.                               1

Brahmadatta attended the execution in person, for such sights
were wont to give him pleasure, but when the doomed man looked
with deep compassion at his infamous judge, a flash of the
Buddha's wisdom lit up the king's passion-beclouded mind; and
while the executioner raised the sword for the fatal stroke,
Brahmadatta felt the effect in his own mind, and he imagined he
saw himself on the block. "Hold, executioner!" shouted
Brahmadatta, "it is the king whom thou slayest!" But it was too
late! The executioner had done the bloody deed.                      2

The king fell back in a swoon, and when he awoke a change had
come over him. He had ceased to be the cruel despot and
henceforth led a life of holiness and rectitude. The people said
that the character of the Brahman had been impressed into his
mind.                                                                3

O ye who commit murders and robberies! The veil of self-delusion
covers your eyes. If ye could see things as they are, not as they
appear, ye would no longer inflict injuries and pain on your own
selves. Ye see not that ye will have to atone for your evil
deeds, for what ye sow that will ye reap.                            4




LXXX.

VĀSAVADATTĀ.


There was a courtesan in Mathurā named Vāsavadattā. She happened
to see Upagutta, one of Buddha's disciples, a tall and beautiful
youth, and fell desperately in love with him. Vāsavadattā sent an
invitation to the young man, but he replied: "The time has not
yet arrived when Upagutta will visit Vāsavadattā."                   1

The courtesan was astonished at the reply, and she sent again for
him, saying: "Vāsavadattā desires love, not gold, from Upagutta."
But Upagutta made the same enigmatic reply and did not come.         2

A few months later Vāsavadattā had a love-intrigue with the chief
of the artisans, and at that time a wealthy merchant came to
Mathurā, who fell in love with Vāsavadattā. Seeing his wealth,
and fearing the jealousy of her other lover, she contrived the
death of the chief of the artisans, and concealed his body under
a dunghill.                                                          3

When the chief of the artisans had disappeared, his relatives and
friends searched for him and found his body. Vāsavadattā,
however, was tried by a judge, and condemned to have her ears and
nose, her hands and feet cut off, and flung into a graveyard.        4

Vāsavadattā had been a passionate girl, but kind to her servants,
and one of her maids followed her, and out of love for her former
mistress ministered unto her in her agonies, and chased away the
crows.                                                               5

Now the time had arrived when Upagutta decided to visit
Vāsavadattā.                                                         6

When he came, the poor woman ordered her maid to collect and hide
under a cloth her severed limbs; and he greeted her kindly, but
she said with petulance: "Once this body was fragrant like the
lotus, and I offered thee my love. In those days I was covered
with pearls and fine muslin. Now I am mangled by the executioner
and covered with filth and blood."                                   7

"Sister," said the young man, "it is not for my pleasure that I
approach thee. It is to restore to thee a nobler beauty than the
charms which thou hast lost.                                         8

"I have seen with mine eyes the Tathāgata walking upon earth and
teaching men his wonderful doctrine. But thou wouldst not have
listened to the words of righteousness while surrounded with
temptations, while under the spell of passion and yearning for
worldly pleasures. Thou wouldst nor have listened to the
teachings of the Tathāgata, for thy heart was wayward, and thou
didst set thy trust on the sham of thy transient charms.             9

"The charms of a lovely form are treacherous, and quickly lead
into temptations, which have proved too strong for thee. But
there is a beauty which will not fade, and if thou wilt but
listen to the doctrine of our Lord, the Buddha, thou wilt find
that peace which thou wouldst have found in the restless world of
sinful pleasures."                                                  10

Vāsavadattā became calm and a spiritual happiness soothed the
tortures of her bodily pain; for where there is much suffering
there is also great bliss.                                          11

Having taken refuge in the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha,
she died in pious submission to the punishment of her crime.        12




LXXXI.

THE MARRIAGE-FEAST IN JAMBŪNADA.


There was a man in Jambūnada who was to be married the next day,
and he thought, "Would that the Buddha, the Blessed One, might be
present at the wedding."                                             1

And the Blessed One passed by his house and met him, and when he
read the silent wish in the heart of the bridegroom, he consented
to enter.                                                            2

When the Holy One appeared with the retinue of his many bhikkhus,
the host whose means were limited received them as best he could,
saying: "Eat, my Lord, and all thy congregation, according to
your desire."                                                        3

While the holy men ate, the meats and drinks remained
undiminished, and the host thought to himself: "How wondrous is
this! I should have had plenty for all my relatives and
friends. Would that I had invited them all."                         4

When this thought was in the host's mind, all his relatives and
friends entered the house; and although the hall in the house was
small there was room in it for all of them. They sat down at the
table and ate, and there was more than enough for all of them.       5

The Blessed One was pleased to see so many guests full of good
cheer and he quickened them and gladdened them with words of
truth, proclaiming the bliss of righteousness:                       6

"The greatest happiness which a mortal man can imagine is the
bond of marriage that ties together two loving hearts. But there
is a greater happiness still: it is the embrace of truth. Death
will separate husband and wife, but death will never affect him
who has espoused the truth.                                          7

"Therefore be married unto the truth and live with the truth in
holy wedlock. The husband who loves his wife and desires for a
union that shall be everlasting must be faithful to her so as to
be like truth itself, and she will rely upon him and revere him
and minister unto him. And the wife who loves her husband and
desires a union that shall be everlasting must be faithful to him
so as to be like truth itself; and he will place his trust in
her, he will provide for her. Verily, I say unto you, their
children will become like unto their parents and will bear
witness to their happiness.                                          8

"Let no man be single, let every one be wedded in holy love to
the truth. And when Māra, the destroyer, comes to separate the
visible forms of your being, you will continue to live in the
truth, and you will partake of the life everlasting, for the
truth is immortal."                                                  9

There was no one among the guests but was strengthened in his
spiritual life, and recognized the sweetness of a life of
righteousness; and they took refuge in Buddha, the Dharma, and
the Sangha.                                                         10



LXXXII.

A PARTY IN SEARCH OF A THIEF.


Having sent out his disciples, the Blessed One himself wandered
from place to place until he reached Uruvelā.                        1

On his way he sat down in a grove to rest, and it happened that
in that same grove there was a party of thirty friends who were
enjoying themselves with their wives; and while they were
sporting, some of their goods were stolen.                           2

Then the whole party went in search of the thief and, meeting the
Blessed One sitting under a tree, saluted him and said: "Pray,
Lord, didst thou see the thief pass by with our goods?"              3

And the Blessed One said: "Which is better for you, that you go
in search for the thief or for yourselves?" And the youths cried:
"In search for ourselves!"                                           4

"Well, then," said the Blessed One, "sit down and I will preach
the truth to you."                                                   5

And the whole party sat down and they listened eagerly to the
words of the Blessed One. Having grasped the truth, they praised
the doctrine and took refuge in the Buddha.                          6




LXXXIII.

IN THE REALM OF YAMARĀJA.


There was a Brahman, a religious man and fond in his affections
but without deep wisdom. He had a son of great promise, who, when
seven years old, was struck with a fatal disease and died. The
unfortunate father was unable to control himself; he threw
himself upon the corpse and lay there as one dead.                   1

The relatives came and buried the dead child and when the father
came to himself, he was so immoderate in his grief that he
behaved like an insane person. He no longer gave way to tears but
wandered about asking for the residence of Yamarāja, the king of
death, humbly to beg of him that his child might be allowed to
return to life.                                                      2

Having arrived at a great Brahman temple the sad father went
through certain religious rites and fell asleep. While wandering
on in his dream he came to a deep mountain pass where he met a
number of samanas who had acquired supreme wisdom. "Kind sirs,"
he said, "can you not tell me where the residence of Yamarāja
is?" And they asked him, "Good friend, why wouldst thou know?"
Whereupon he told them his sad story and explained his
intentions. Pitying his self-delusion, the samanas said: "No
mortal man can reach the place where Yama reigns, but some four
hundred miles westward lies a great city in which many good
spirits live; every eighth day of the month Yama visits the
place, and there mayst thou see him who is the King of Death and
ask him for a boon."                                                 3

The Brahman rejoicing at the news went to the city and found it
as the samanas had told him. He was admitted to the dread
presence of Yama, the King of Death, who, on hearing his request,
said: "Thy son now lives in the eastern garden where he is
disporting himself; go there and ask him to follow thee."            4

Said the happy father: "How does it happen that my son, without
having performed one good work, is now living in paradise?"
Yamarāja replied: "He has obtained celestial happiness not for
performing good deeds, but because he died in faith and in love
to the Lord and Master, the most glorious Buddha. The Buddha
says: 'The heart of love and faith spreads as it were a
beneficent shade from the world of men to the world of gods.'
This glorious utterance is like the stamp of a king's seal upon a
royal edict."                                                        5

The happy father hastened to the place and saw his beloved child
playing with other children, all transfigured by the peace of the
blissful existence of a heavenly life. He ran up to his boy and
cried with tears running down his cheeks: "My son, my son, dost
thou not remember me, thy father who watched over thee with
loving care and tended thee in thy sickness? Return home with me
to the land of the living." But the boy, while struggling to go
back to his playmates, upbraided him for using such strange
expressions as father and son. "In my present state," he said, "I
know no such words, for I am free from delusion."                    6

On this, the Brahman departed, and when he woke from his dream he
bethought himself of the Blessed Master of mankind, the great
Buddha, and resolved to go to him, lay bare his grief, and seek
consolation.                                                         7

Having arrived at the Jetavana, the Brahman told his story and
how his boy had refused to recognize him and to go home with him.    8

And the World-honored One said: "Truly thou art deluded. When man
dies the body is dissolved into its elements, but the spirit is
not entombed. It leads a higher mode of life in which all the
relative terms of father, son, wife, mother, are at an end, just
as a guest who leaves his lodging has done with it, as though it
were a thing of the past. Men concern themselves most about that
which passes away; but the end of life quickly comes as a burning
torrent sweeping away the transient in a moment. They are like a
blind man set to look after a burning lamp. A wise man,
understanding the transiency of worldly relations, destroys the
cause of grief, and escapes from the seething whirlpool of
sorrow. Religious wisdom lifts a man above the pleasures and
pains of the world and gives him peace everlasting."                 9

The Brahman asked the permission of the Blessed One to enter the
community of his bhikkhus, so as to acquire that heavenly wisdom
which alone can give comfort to an afflicted heart.                 10




LXXXIV.

THE MUSTARD SEED.


There was a rich man who found his gold suddenly transformed into
ashes; and he took to his bed and refused all food. A friend,
hearing of his sickness, visited the rich man and learned the
cause of his grief. And the friend said: "Thou didst not make
good use of thy wealth. When thou didst hoard it up it was not
better than ashes. Now heed my advice. Spread mats in the bazaar;
pile up these ashes, and pretend to trade with them."                1

The rich man did as his friend had told him, and when his
neighbors asked him, "Why sellest thou ashes?" he said: "I offer
my goods for sale."                                                  2

After some time a young girl, named Kisā Gotamī, an orphan and
very poor, passed by, and seeing the rich man in the bazaar,
said: "My lord, why pilest thou thus up gold and silver for
sale."                                                               3

And the rich man said: "Wilt thou please hand me that gold and
silver?" And Kisā Gotamī took up a handful of ashes, and lo! they
changed back into gold.                                              4

Considering that Kisā Gotamī had the mental eye of spiritual
knowledge and saw the real worth of things, the rich man gave her
in marriage to his son, and he said: "With many, gold is no
better than ashes, but with Kisā Gotamī ashes become pure gold."     5

And Kisā Gotamī had an only son, and he died. In her grief she
carried the dead child to all her neighbors, asking them for
medicine, and the people said: "She has lost her senses. The boy
is dead."                                                            6

At length Kisā Gotamī met a man who replied to her request: "I
cannot give thee medicine for thy child, but I know a physician
who can."                                                            7

And the girl said: "Pray tell me, sir; who is it?" And the man
replied: "Go to Sakyamuni, the Buddha."                              8

Kisā Gotamī repaired to the Buddha and cried: "Lord and Master,
give me the medicine that will cure my boy."                         9

The Buddha answered: "I want a handful of mustard-seed." And when
the girl in her joy promised to procure it, the Buddha added:
"The mustard-seed must be taken from a house where no one has
lost a child, husband, parent, or friend."                          10

Poor Kisā Gotamī now went from house to house, and the people
pitied her and said: "Here is mustard-seed; take it!" But when
she asked, "Did a son or daughter, a father or mother, die in
your family?" They answered her: "Alas! the living are few, but
the dead are many. Do not remind us of our deepest grief." And
there was no house but some beloved one had died in it.             11

Kisā Gotamī became weary and hopeless, and sat down at the
wayside, watching the lights of the city, as they flickered up
and were extinguished again. At last the darkness of the night
reigned everywhere. And she considered the fate of men, that
their lives flicker up and are extinguished. And she thought to
herself: "How selfish am I in my grief! Death is common to all;
yet in this valley of desolation there is a path that leads him
to immortality who has surrendered all selfishness."                12

Putting away the selfishness of her affection for her child, Kisā
Gotamī had the dead body buried in the forest. Returning to the
Buddha, she took refuge in him and found comfort in the Dharma,
which is a balm that will soothe all the pains of our troubled
hearts.                                                             13

The Buddha said:                                                    14

"The life of mortals in this world is troubled and brief and
combined with pain. For there is not any means by which those
that have been born can avoid dying; after reaching old age there
is death; of such a nature are living beings.                       15

"As ripe fruits are early in danger of falling, so mortals when
born are always in danger of death.                                 16

"As all earthen vessels made by the potter end in being broken,
so is the life of mortals.                                          17

"Both young and adult, both those who are fools and those who are
wise, all fall into the power of death; all are subject to death.   18

"Of those who, overcome by death, depart from life, a father
cannot save his son, nor kinsmen their relations.                   19

"Mark! while relatives are looking on and lamenting deeply, one
by one mortals are carried off, like an ox that is led to the
slaughter.                                                          20

"So the world is afflicted with death and decay, therefore the
wise do not grieve, knowing the terms of the world.                 21

"In whatever manner people think a thing will come to pass, it is
often different when it happens, and great is the disappointment;
see, such are the terms of the world.                               22

"Not from weeping nor from grieving will any one obtain peace of
mind; on the contrary, his pain will be the greater and his body
will suffer. He will make himself sick and pale, yet the dead are
not saved by his lamentation.                                       23

"People pass away, and their fate after death will be according
to their deeds.                                                     24

"If a man live a hundred years, or even more, he will at last be
separated from the company of his relatives, and leave the life
of this world.                                                      25

"He who seeks peace should draw out the arrow of lamentation, and
complaint, and grief.                                               26

"He who has drawn out the arrow and has become composed will
obtain peace of mind; he who has overcome all sorrow will become
free from sorrow, and be blessed."                                  27




LXXXV.

FOLLOWING THE MASTER OVER THE STREAM.

South of Sāvatthi is a great river, on the banks of which lay a
hamlet of five hundred houses. Thinking of the salvation of the
people, the World-honored One resolved to go to the village and
preach the doctrine. Having come to the riverside he sat down
beneath a tree, and the villagers seeing the glory of his
appearance approached him with reverence; but when he began to
preach, they believed him not.                                       1

When the world-honored Buddha had left Sāvatthi Sāriputta felt a
desire to see the Lord and to hear him preach. Coming to the
river where the water was deep and the current strong, he said to
himself: "This stream shall not prevent me. I shall go and see
the Blessed One," and he stepped upon the water which was as firm
under his feet as a slab of granite.                                 2

When he arrived at a place in the middle of the stream where the
waves were high, Sāriputta's heart gave way, and he began to
sink. But rousing his faith and renewing his mental effort, he
proceeded as before and reached the other bank.                      3

The people of the village were astonished to see Sāriputta, and
they asked how he could cross the stream where there was nether a
bridge nor a ferry.                                                  4

And Sāriputta replied: "I lived in ignorance until I heard the
voice of the Buddha. As I was anxious to hear the doctrine of
salvation, I crossed the river and I walked over its troubled
waters because I had faith. Faith, nothing else, enabled me to do
so, and now I am here in the bliss of the Master's presency."        5

The World-honored One added: "Sāriputta, thou hast spoken well.
Faith like thine alone can save the world from the yawning gulf
of migration and enable men to walk dryshod to the other shore."     6

And the Blessed One urged to the villagers the necessity of ever
advancing in the conquest of sorrow and of casting off all
shackles so as to cross the river of worldliness and attain
deliverance from death.                                              7

Hearing the words of the Tathāgata, the villagers were filled
with joy and believing in the doctrines of the Blessed One
embraced the five rules and took refuge in his name.                 8




LXXXVI.

THE SICK BHIKKHU.


An old bhikkhu of a surly disposition was afflicted with a
loathsome disease the sight and smell of which was so nauseating
that no one would come near him or help him in his distress. And
it happened that the World-honored One came to the vihāra in
which the unfortunate man lay; hearing of the case he ordered
warm water to be prepared and went to the sick-room to
administer unto the sores of the patient with his own hand,
saying to his disciples:                                             1

"The Tathāgata has come into the world to befriend the poor, to
succor the unprotected, to nourish those in bodily affliction,
both the followers of the Dharma and unbelievers, to give sight
to the blind and enlighten the minds of the deluded, to stand up
for the rights of orphans as well as the aged, and in so doing to
set an example to others. This is the consummation of his work,
and thus he attains the great goal of life as the rivers that
lose themselves in the ocean."                                       2

The World-honored One administered unto the sick bhikkhu daily so
long as he stayed in that place. And the governor of the city
came to the Buddha to do him reverence, and having heard of the
service which the Lord did in the vihāra asked the Blessed One
about the previous existence of the sick monk, and the Buddha
said:                                                                3

"In days gone by there was a wicked king who used to extort from
his subjects all he could get; and he ordered one of his officers
to lay the lash on a man of eminence. The officer little thinking
of the pain he inflicted upon others, obeyed; but when the victim
of the king's wrath begged for mercy, he felt compassion and laid
the whip lightly upon him. Now the king was reborn as Devadatta,
who was abandoned by all his followers, because they were no
longer willing to stand his severity and he died miserable and
full of penitence. The officer is the sick bhikkhu, who having
often given offence to his brethren in the vihāra was left
without assistance in his distress. The eminent man, however, who
was unjustly beaten and begged for mercy was the Bodhisatta; he
has been reborn as the Tathāgata. It is now the lot of the
Tathāgata to help the wretched officer as he had mercy on him."      4

And the World-honored One repeated these lines: "He who inflicts
pain on the gentle, or falsely accuses the innocent, will
inherit one of the ten great calamities. But he who has learned
to suffer with patience will be purified and will be the chosen
instrument for the alleviation of suffering."                        5

The diseased bhikkhu on hearing these words turned to the Buddha,
confessed his ill-natured temper and repented, and with a heart
cleansed from error did reverence unto the Lord.                     6




LXXXVII.

THE PATIENT ELEPHANT.


While the Blessed One was residing in the Jetavana, there was a
householder living in Sāvatthi known to all his neighbors as
patient and kind, but his relatives were wicked and contrived a
plot to rob him. One day they came to the householder and often
worrying him with all kinds of threats took away a goodly portion
of his property. He did not go to court, nor did he complain, but
tolerated with great forbearance the wrongs he suffered.             1

The neighbors wondered and began to talk about it, and rumors of
the affair reached the ears of the brethren in Jetavana. While
the brethren discussed the occurrence in the assembly hall, the
Blessed One entered and asked "What was the topic of your
conversation?" And they told him.                                    2

Said the Blessed One: "The time will come when the wicked
relatives will find their punishment. O brethren, this is not the
first time that this occurrence took place; it has happened
before", and he told them a world-old tale.                          3

Once upon a time, when Brahmadatta was king of Benares, the
Bodhisatta was born in the Himālaya region as an elephant. He
grew up strong and big, and ranged the hills and mountains, the
peaks and caves of the tortuous woods in the valleys. Once as he
went he saw a pleasant tree, and took his food, standing under
it.                                                                  4

Then some impertinent monkeys came down out of the tree, and
jumping on the elephant's back, insulted and tormented him
greatly; they took hold of his tusks, pulled his tail and
disported themselves, thereby causing him much annoyance. The
Bodhisatta, being full of patience, kindliness and mercy, took no
notice at all of their misconduct which the monkeys repeated
again and again.                                                     5

One day the spirit that lived in the tree, standing upon the
tree-trunk, addressed the elephant saying, "My lord elephant, why
dost thou put up with the impudence of these bad monkeys?" And he
asked the question in a couplet as follows:                          6

     "Why dost thou patiently endure each freak
     These mischievous and selfish monkeys wreak?"                   7

The Bodhisatta, on hearing this, replied, "If, Tree-sprite, I
cannot endure these monkeys' ill treatment without abusing their
birth, lineage and persons, how can I walk in the eightfold noble
path? But these monkeys will do the same to others thinking them
to be like me. If they do it to any rogue elephant, he will
punish them indeed, and I shall be delivered both from their
annoyance and the guilt of having done harm to others."              8

Saying this he repeated another stanza:                              9

     "If they will treat another one like me,
     He will destroy them; and I shall be free."                    10

A few days after, the Bodhisatta went elsewhither, and another
elephant, a savage beast, came and stood in his place. The wicked
monkeys thinking him to be like the old one, climbed upon bis
back and did as before. The rogue elephant seized the monkeys
with his trunk, threw them upon the ground, gored them with his
tusk and trampled them to mincemeat under his feet.                 11

When the Master had ended this teaching, he declared the truths,
and identified the births, saying: "At that time the mischievous
monkeys were the wicked relatives of the good man, the rogue
elephant was the one who will punish them, but the virtuous noble
elephant was the Tathāgata himself in a former incarnation."        12

After this discourse one of the brethren rose and asked leave to
propose a question and when permission was granted he said: "I
have heard the doctrine that wrong should be met with wrong and
the evil doer should be checked by being made to suffer, for if
this were not done evil would increase and good would disappear.
What shall we do?"                                                  13

Said the Blessed One: "Nay, I will tell you: Ye who have left the
world and have adopted this glorious faith of putting aside
selfishness, ye shall not do evil for evil nor return hate for
hate. Nor do ye think that ye can destroy wrong by retaliating
evil for evil and thus increasing wrong. Leave the wicked to
their fate and their evil deeds will sooner or later in one way
or another bring on their own punishment." And the Tathāgata
repeated these stanzas:                                             14

     "Who harmeth him that doth no harm
     And striketh him that striketh not,
     Shall gravest punishment incur
     The which his wickedness begot,--                              15

     "Some of the greatest ills in life
     Either a loathsome dread disease,
     Or dread old age, or loss of mind,
     Or wretched pain without surcease,                             16

     "Or conflagration, loss of wealth;
     Or of his nearest kin he shall
     See some one die that's dear to him,
     And then he'll be reborn in hell."                             17




THE LAST DAYS.


LXXXVIII.

THE CONDITIONS OF WELFARE.


When the Blessed One was residing on the mount called Vulture's
Peak, near Rājagaha, Ajātasattu the king of Magadha, who reigned
in the place of Bimbisāra, planned an attack on the Vajjīs, and
he said to Vassakāra, his prime minister: "I will root out the
Vajjīs, mighty though they be. I will destroy the Vajjīs; I will
bring them to utter ruin! Come now, O Brahman, and go to the
Blessed One; inquire in my name for his health, and tell him my
purpose. Bear carefully in mind what the Blessed One may say, and
repeat it to me, for the Buddhas speak nothing untrue."              1

When Vassakāra, the prime minister, had greeted the Blessed One
and delivered his message, the venerable Ānanda stood behind the
Blessed One and fanned him, and the Blessed One said to him:
"Hast thou heard, Ānanda, that the Vajjis hold full and frequent
public assemblies?"                                                  2

"Lord, so I have heard," replied he.                                 3

"So long, Ānanda," said the Blessed One, "as the Vajjis hold
these full and frequent public assemblies, they may be expected
not to decline, but to prosper. So long as they meet together in
concord, so long as they honor their elders, so long as they
respect womanhood, so long as they remain religious, performing
all proper rites, so long as they extend the rightful protection,
defence and support to the holy ones, the Vajjis may be expected
not to decline, but to prosper."                                     4

Then the Blessed One addressed Vassakāra and said: "When I
stayed, O Brahman, at Vesālī, I taught the Vajjis these
conditions of welfare, that so long as they should remain well
instructed, so long as they will continue in the right path, so
long as they live up to the precepts of righteousness, we could
expect them not to decline, but to prosper."                         5

As soon as the king's messenger had gone, the Blessed One had the
brethren, that were in the neighborhood of Rājagaha, assembled in
the service-hall, and addressed them, saying:                        6

"I will teach you, O bhikkhus, the conditions of the welfare of a
community. Listen well, and I will speak.                            7

"So lone, O bhikkhus, as the brethren hold full and frequent
assemblies, meeting in concord, rising in concord, and attending
in concord to the affairs of the Sangha; so long as they, O
bhikkhus, do not abrogate that which experience has proved to be
good, and introduce nothing except such things as have been
carefully tested; so long as their elders practise justice; so
long as the brethren esteem, revere, and support their elders,
and hearken unto their words; so long as the brethren are not
under the influence of craving, but delight in the blessings of
religion, so that good and holy men shall come to them and dwell
among them in quiet; so long as the brethren shall not be
addicted to sloth and idleness; so long as the brethren shall
exercise themselves in the sevenfold higher wisdom of mental
activity, search after truth, energy, joy, modesty, self-control,
earnest contemplation, and equanimity of mind,--so long the
Sangha may be expected not to decline, but to prosper.               8

"Therefore, O bhikkhus, be full of faith, modest in heart, afraid
of sin, anxious to learn, strong in energy, active in mind, and
full of wisdom."                                                     9




LXXXIX.

SĀRIPUTTA'S FAITH.


The Blessed One proceeded with a great company of the brethren to
Nālandā; and there he stayed in a mango grove.                       1

Now the venerable Sāriputta came to the place where the Blessed
One was, and having saluted him, took his seat respectfully at
his side, and said: "Lord! such faith have I in the Blessed One,
that methinks there never has been, nor will there be, nor is
there now any other, who is greater or wiser than the Blessed
One, that is to say, as regards the higher wisdom."                  2

Replied the Blessed One: "Grand and bold are the words of thy
mouth, Sāriputta: verily, thou hast burst forth into a song of
ecstasy! Surely then thou hast known all the Blessed Ones who in
the long ages of the past have been holy Buddhas?"                   3

"Not so, O Lord!" said Sāriputta.                                    4

And the Lord continued: "Then thou hast perceived all the
Blessed Ones who in the long ages of the future shall be holy
Buddhas?"                                                            5

"Not so, O Lord!"                                                    6

"But at least then, O Sāriputta, thou knowest me as the holy
Buddha now alive, and hast penetrated my mind."                      7

"Not even that, O Lord!"                                             8

"Thou seest then, Sāriputta, that thou knowest not the hearts of
the holy Buddhas of the past nor the hearts of those of the
future. Why, therefore, are thy words so grand and bold? Why
burstest thou forth into such a song of ecstasy?"                    9

"O Lord! I have not the knowledge of the hearts of all the
Buddhas that have been and are to come, and now are. I only know
the lineage of the faith. Just as a king, Lord, might have a
border city, strong in its foundations, strong in its ramparts
and with one gate only; and the king might have a watchman there,
clever, expert, and wise, to stop all strangers and admit only
friends. And on going over the approaches all about the city, he
might not be able so to observe all the joints and crevices in
the ramparts of that city as to know where such a small creature
as a cat could get out. That might well be. Yet all living beings
of larger size that entered or left the city, would have to pass
through that gate. Thus only is it, Lord, that I know the lineage
of the faith. I know that the holy Buddhas of the past, putting
away all lust, ill-will, sloth, pride, and doubt, knowing all
those mental faults which make men weak, training their minds in
the four kinds of mental activity, thoroughly exercising
themselves in the sevenfold higher wisdom, received the full
fruition of Enlightenment. And I know that the holy Buddhas of
the times to come will do the same. And I know that the Blessed
One, the holy Buddha of to-day, has done so now."                   10

"Great is thy faith, O Sāriputta," replied the Blessed One, "but
take heed that it be well grounded."                                11




XC.

PĀTALIPUTTA.


When the Blessed One had stayed as long as convenient at Nālandā,
he went to Pātaliputta, the frontier town of Magadha; and when
the disciples at Pātaliputta heard of his arrival, they invited
him to their village rest-house. And the Blessed One robed
himself, took his bowl and went with the brethren to the
rest-house. There he washed his feet, entered the hall, and
seated himself against the center pillar, with his face towards
the east. The brethren, also, having washed their feet, entered
the hall, and took their seats round the Blessed One, against the
western wall, facing the east. And the lay devotees of
Pātaliputta, having also washed their feet, entered the hall, and
took their seats opposite the Blessed One, against the eastern
wall, facing towards the west.                                       1

Then the Blessed One addressed the lay-disciples of Pātaliputta,
and he said:                                                         2

"Fivefold, O householders, is the loss of the wrong-doer through
his want of rectitude. In the first place, the wrong-doer, devoid
of rectitude, falls into great poverty through sloth; in the next
place, his evil repute gets noised abroad; thirdly, whatever
society he enters, whether of Brahmans, nobles, heads of houses,
or samanas, he enters shyly and confusedly; fourthly, he is full
of anxiety when he dies; and lastly, on the dissolution of the
body after death, his mind remains in an unhappy state. Wherever
his karma continues, there will be suffering and woe. This, O
householders, is the fivefold loss of the evil-doer!                 3

"Fivefold, O householders, is the gain of the well-doer through
his practice of rectitude. In the first place the well-doer,
strong in rectitude, acquires property through his industry; in
the next place, good reports of him are spread abroad; thirdly,
whatever society he enters, whether of nobles, Brahmans, heads
of houses, or members of the order, he enters with confidence and
self-possession; fourthly, he dies without anxiety; and, lastly,
on the dissolution of the body after death, his mind remains in a
happy state. Wherever his karma continues, there will be heavenly
bliss and peace. This, O householders, is the fivefold gain of
the well-doer."                                                      4

When the Blessed One had taught the disciples, and incited them,
and roused them, and gladdened them far into the night with
religious edification, he dismissed them, saying, "The night is
far spent, O householders. It is time for you to do what ye deem
most fit."                                                           5

"Be it so, Lord!" answered the disciples of Pātaliputta, and
rising from their seats, they bowed to the Blessed One, and
keeping him on their right hand as they passed him, they departed
thence.                                                              6

While the Blessed One stayed at Pātaliputta, the king of Magadha
sent a messenger to the governor of Pātaliputta to raise
fortifications for the security of the town.                         7

And the Blessed One seeing the laborers at work predicted the
future greatness of the place, saying: "The men who build the
fortress act as if they had consulted higher powers. For this
city of Pātaliputta will be a dwelling-place of busy men and a
center for the exchange of all kinds of goods. But three dangers
hang over Pātaliputta, that of fire, that of water, that of
dissension."                                                         8

When the governor heard of the prophecy of Pātaliputta's future,
he greatly rejoiced and named the city-gate through which the
Buddha had gone towards the river Ganges, "The Gotama Gate."         9

Meanwhile the people living on the banks of the Ganges arrived in
great numbers to pay reverence to the Lord of the world; and many
persons asked him to do them the honor to cross over in their
boats. But the Blessed One considering the number of the boats
and their beauty did not want to show any partiality, and by
accepting the invitation of one to offend all the others. He
therefore crossed the river without any boat, signifying thereby
that the rafts of asceticism and the gaudy gondolas of religious
ceremonies were not staunch enough to weather the storms of
Samsāra, while the Tathāgata can walk dry-shod over the ocean of
worldliness.                                                        10

And as the city gate was called after the name of the Tathāgata
so the people called this passage of the river "Gotama Ford."       11




XCI.

THE MIRROR OF TRUTH.


The Blessed One proceeded to the village Nādikā with a great
company of brethren and there he stayed at the Brick Hall. And
the venerable Ānanda went to the Blessed One and mentioning to
him the names of the brethren and sisters that had died,
anxiously inquired about their fate after death, whether they had
been reborn in animals or in hell, or as ghosts, or in any place
of woe.                                                              1

And the Blessed One replied to Ānanda and said:                      2

"Those who have died after the complete destruction of the three
bonds of lust, of covetousness and of the egotistical cleaving to
existence, need not fear the state after death. They will not be
reborn in a state of suffering; their minds will not continue as
a karma of evil deeds or sin, but are assured of final salvation.    3

"When they die, nothing will remain of them but their good
thoughts, their righteous acts, and the bliss that proceeds from
truth and righteousness. As rivers must at last reach the distant
main, so their minds will be reborn in higher states of existence
and continue to be pressing on to their ultimate goal which is
the ocean of truth, the eternal peace of Nirvāna.                    4

"Men are anxious about death and their fate after death; but
consider, it is not at all strange, Ānanda, that a human being
should die. However, that thou shouldst inquire about them, and
having heard the truth still be anxious about the dead, this is
wearisome to the Blessed One. I will, therefore, teach thee the
mirror of truth and let the faithful disciple repeat it:             5

"'Hell is destroyed for me, and rebirth as an animal, or a ghost,
or in any place of woe. I am converted; I am no longer liable to
be reborn in a state of suffering, and am assured of final
salvation.'                                                          6

"What, then, Ānanda, is this mirror of truth? It is the
consciousness that the elect disciple is in this world possessed
of faith in the Buddha, believing the Blessed One to be the Holy
One, the Fully-Enlightened One, wise, upright, happy,
world-knowing, supreme, the Bridler of men's wayward hearts, the
Teacher of gods and men, the blessed Buddha.                         7

"It is further the consciousness that the disciple is possessed
of faith in the truth, believing the truth to have been
proclaimed by the Blessed One, for the benefit of the world,
passing not away, welcoming all, leading to salvation, to which
through truth the wise will attain, each one by his own efforts.     8

"And, finally, it is the consciousness that the disciple is
possessed of faith in the order, believing in the efficacy of a
union among those men and women who are anxious to walk in the
noble eightfold path; believing this church of the Buddha, of the
righteous, the upright, the just, the law-abiding, to be worthy
of honor, of hospitality, of gifts, and of reverence; to be the
supreme sowing-ground of merit for the world; to be possessed of
the virtues beloved by the good, virtues unbroken, intact,
unspotted, unblemished, virtues which make men truly free,
virtues which are praised by the wise, are untarnished by the
desire of selfish aims, either now or in a future life, or by the
belief in the efficacy of outward acts, and are conducive to high
and holy thought.                                                    9

"This is the mirror of truth which teaches the straightest way to
enlightenment which is the common goal of all living creatures.
He who possesses the mirror of truth is free from fear; he will
find comfort in the tribulations of life, and his life will be a
blessing to all his fellow-creatures."                              10




XCII.

AMBAPĀLĪ.


Then the Blessed One proceeded with a great number of brethren to
Vesālī, and he stayed at the grove of the courtesan Ambapālī. And
he said to the brethren: "Let a brother, O bhikkhus, be mindful
and thoughtful. Let a brother, whilst in the world, overcome the
grief which arises from bodily craving, from the lust of
sensations, and from the errors of wrong reasoning. Whatever you
do, act always in full presence of mind. Be thoughtful in eating
and drinking, in walking or standing, in sleeping or waking,
while talking or being silent."                                      1

When the courtesan Ambapālī heard that the Blessed One was
staying in her mango grove, she was exceedingly glad and went in
a carriage as far as the ground was passable for carriages. There
she alighted and thence proceeding to the place where the Blessed
One was, she took her seat respectfully at his feet on one side.
As a prudent woman goes forth to perform her religious duties, so
she appeared in a simple dress without any ornaments, yet
beautiful to look upon.                                              2

And the Blessed One thought to himself: "This woman moves in
worldly circles and is a favorite of kings and princes; yet is
her heart calm and composed. Young in years, rich, surrounded by
pleasures, she is thoughtful and steadfast. This, indeed, is rare
in the world. Women, as a rule, are scant in wisdom and deeply
immersed in vanity; but she, although living in luxury, has
acquired the wisdom of a master, taking delight in piety, and
able to receive the truth in its completeness."                      3

When she was seated, the Blessed One instructed, aroused, and
gladdened her with religious discourse.                              4

As she listened to the law, her face brightened with delight.
Then she rose and said to the Blessed One: "Will the Blessed One
do me the honor of taking his meal, together with the brethren,
at my house to-morrow?" And the Blessed One gave, by silence, his
consent.                                                             5

Now, the Licchavi, a wealthy family of princely rank, hearing
that the Blessed One had arrived at Vesālī and was staying at
Ambapālī's grove, mounted their magnificent carriages, and
proceeded with their retinue to the place where the Blessed One
was. And the Licchavi were gorgeously dressed in bright colors
and decorated with costly jewels.                                    6

And Ambapālī drove up against the young Licchavi, axle to axle,
wheel to wheel, and yoke to yoke, and the Licchavi said to
Ambapālī, the courtesan: "How is it, Ambapālī, that you drive up
against us thus?"                                                    7

"My lords," said she, "I have just invited the Blessed One and
his brethren for their to-morrow's meal."                            8

And the princes replied: "Ambapālī! give up this meal to us for a
hundred thousand."                                                   9

"My lords, were you to offer all Vesālī with its subject
territory, I would not give up so great an honor!"                  10

Then the Licchavi went on to Ambapālī's grove.                      11

When the Blessed One saw the Licchavi approaching in the
distance, he addressed the brethren, and said: "O brethren,
let those of the brethren who have never seen the gods gaze upon
this company of the Licchavi, for they are dressed gorgeously,
like immortals."                                                    11

And when they had driven as far as the ground was passable for
carriages, the Licchavi alighted and went on foot to the place
where the Blessed One was, taking their seats respectfully by his
side. And when they were thus seated, the Blessed One instructed,
aroused, and gladdened them with religious discourse.               13

Then they addressed the Blessed One and said: "Will the Blessed
One do us the honor of taking his meal, together with the
brethren, at our palace to-morrow?"                                 14

"O Licchavi," said the Blessed One, "I have promised to dine
to-morrow with Ambapālī, the courtesan."                            15

Then the Licchavi, expressing their approval of the words of the
Blessed One, arose from their seats and bowed down before the
Blessed One, and, keeping him on their right hand as they passed
him, they departed thence; but when they came home, they cast up
their hands, saying: "A worldly woman has outdone us; we have
been left behind by a frivolous girl!"                              16

And at the end of the night Ambapālī, the courtesan, made ready
in her mansion sweet rice and cakes, and on the next day
announced through a messenger the time to the Blessed One,
saying, "The hour, Lord, has come, and the meal is ready!"          17

And the Blessed One robed himself early in the morning, took his
bowl, and went with the brethren to the place where Ambapālī's
dwelling-house was; and when they had come there they seated
themselves on the seats prepared for them. And Ambapālī, the
courtesan, set the sweet rice and cakes before the order, with
the Buddha at their head, and waited upon them till they refused
to take more.                                                       18

And when the Blessed One had finished his meal, the courtesan had
a low stool brought, and sat down at his side, and addressed the
Blessed One, and said: "Lord, I present this mansion to the order
of bhikkhus, of which the Buddha is the chief."                     19

And the Blessed One accepted the gift; and after instructing,
arousing, and gladdening her with religious edification, he rose
from his seat and departed thence.                                  20




XCIII.

THE BUDDHA'S FAREWELL ADDRESS.


When the Blessed One had remained as long as he wished at
Ambapālī's grove, he went to Beluva, near Vesālī. There the
Blessed One addressed the brethren, and said: "O mendicants, take
up your abode for the rainy season round about Vesālī, each one
according to the place where his friends and near companions may
five. I shall enter upon the rainy season here at Beluva."           1

When the Blessed One had thus entered upon the rainy season there
fell upon him a dire sickness, and sharp pains came upon him even
unto death. But the Blessed One, mindful and self-possessed, bore
his ailments without complaint.                                      2

Then this thought occurred to the Blessed One, "It would not be
right for me to pass away from life without addressing the
disciples, without taking leave of the order. Let me now, by a
strong effort of the will, subdue this sickness, and keep my hold
on life till the allotted time have come."                           3

And the Blessed One, by a strong effort of the will subdued the
sickness, and kept his hold on life till the time he fixed upon
should come. And the sickness abated.                                4

Thus the Blessed One began to recover; and when he had quite got
rid of the sickness, he went out from the monastery, and sat
down on a seat spread out in the open air. And the venerable
Ānanda, accompanied by many other disciples, approached where the
Blessed One was, saluted him, and taking a seat respectfully on
one side, said: "I have beheld, Lord, how the Blessed One was in
health, and I have beheld how the Blessed One had to suffer. And
though at the sight of the sickness of the Blessed One my body
became weak as a creeper, and the horizon became dim to me, and
my faculties were no longer clear, yet notwithstanding I took
some little comfort from the thought that the Blessed One would
not pass away from existence until at least he had left
instructions as touching the order."                                 5

And the Blessed One addressed Ānanda in behalf of the order,
saying:                                                              6

"What, then, Ānanda, does the order expect of me? I have preached
the truth without making any distinction between exoteric and
esoteric doctrine; for in respect of the truth, Ānanda, the
Tathāgata has no such thing as the closed fist of a teacher, who
keeps some things back.                                              7

"Surely, Ānanda, should there be any one who harbors the thought,
'It is I who will lead the brotherhood,' or, 'The order is
dependent upon me,' he should lay down instructions in any matter
concerning the order. Now the Tathāgata, Ānanda, thinks not that
it is he who should lead the brotherhood, or that the order is
dependent upon him.                                                  8

"Why, then, should the Tathāgata leave instructions in any matter
concerning the order?                                                9

"I am now grown old, O Ānanda, and full of years; my journey is
drawing to its close, I have reached the sum of my days, I am
turning eighty years of age.                                        10

"Just as a worn-out cart can not be made to move along without
much difficulty, so the body of the Tathāgata can only be kept
going with much additional care.                                    11

"It is only, Ānanda, when the Tathāgata, ceasing to attend to
any outward thing, becomes plunged in that devout meditation of
heart which is concerned with no bodily object, it is only then
that the body of the Tathāgata is at ease.                          12

"Therefore, O Ānanda, be ye lamps unto yourselves. Rely on
yourselves, and do not rely on external help.                       13

"Hold fast to the truth as a lamp. Seek salvation alone in the
truth. Look not for assistance to any one besides yourselves.       14

"And how, Ānanda, can a brother be a lamp unto himself, rely on
himself only and not on any external help, holding fast to the
truth as his lamp and seeking salvation in the truth alone,
looking not for assistance to any one besides himself?              15

"Herein, O Ānanda, let a brother, as he dwells in the body, so
regard the body that he, being strenuous, thoughtful, and
mindful, may, whilst in the world, overcome the grief which
arises from the body's cravings.                                    16

"While subject to sensations let him continue so to regard the
sensations that he, being strenuous, thoughtful, and mindful,
may, whilst in the world, overcome the grief which arises from
the sensations.                                                     17

"And so, also, when he thinks or reasons, or feels, let him so
regard his thoughts that being strenuous, thoughtful, and mindful
he may, whilst in the world, overcome the grief which arises from
the craving due to ideas, or to reasoning, or to feeling.           18

"Those who, either now or after I am dead, shall be lamps unto
themselves, relying upon themselves only and not relying upon any
external help, but holding fast to the truth as their lamp, and
seeking their salvation in the truth alone, and shall not look
for assistance to any one besides themselves, it is they, Ānanda,
among my bhikkhus, who shall reach the very topmost height! But
they must be anxious to learn."                                     19




XCIV.

THE BUDDHA ANNOUNCES HIS DEATH.


Said the Tathāgata to Ānanda: "In former years, Ānanda, Māra, the
Evil One, approached the holy Buddha three times to tempt him.       1

"And now, Ānanda, Māra, the Evil One, came again today to the
place where I was, and, standing beside me, addressed me in the
same words as he did when I was resting under the shepherd's
Nigrodha tree on the bank of the Nerañjarā river: 'Be greeted,
thou Holy One. Thou hast attained the highest bliss and it is
time for thee to enter into the final Nirvāna.'                      2

"And when Māra had thus spoken, Ānanda, I answered him and said:
'Make thyself happy, O wicked one; the final extinction of the
Tathāgata shall take place before long.'"                            3

And the venerable Ānanda addressed the Blessed One and said:
"Vouchsafe, Lord, to remain with us, O Blessed One! for the good
and the happiness of the great multitudes, out of pity for the
world, for the good and the gain of mankind!"                        4

Said the Blessed One: "Enough now, Ānanda, beseech not the
Tathāgata!"                                                          5

And again, a second time, the venerable Ānanda besought the
Blessed One in the same words. And he received from the Blessed
One the same reply.                                                  6

And again, the third time, the venerable Ānanda besought the
Blessed One to live longer; and the Blessed One said: "Hast thou
faith, Ānanda?"                                                      7

Said Ānanda: "I have, my Lord!"                                      8

And the Blessed One, seeing the quivering eyelids of Ānanda, read
the deep grief in the heart of his beloved disciple, and he asked
again: "Hast thou, indeed, faith, Ānanda?"                           9

And Ānanda said: "I have faith, my Lord."                           10

Than the Blessed One continued: "If thou hast faith, Ānanda, in
the wisdom of the Tathāgata, why, then, Ānanda, dost thou trouble
the Tathāgata even until the third time? Have I not formerly
declared to you that it is in the very nature of all compound
things that they must be dissolved again. We must separate
ourselves from all things near and dear to us, and must leave
them. How then, Ānanda, can it be possible for me to remain,
since everything that is born, or brought into being, and
organized, contains within itself the inherent necessity of
dissolution? How, then, can it be possible that this body of mine
should not be dissolved? No such condition can exist! And this
mortal existence, O Ānanda, has been relinquished, cast away,
renounced, rejected, and abandoned by the Tathāgata."               11

And the Blessed One said to Ānanda: "Go now, Ānanda, and assemble
in the Service Hall such of the brethren as reside in the
neighborhood of Vesālī."                                            12

Then the Blessed One proceeded to the Service Hall, and sat down
there on the mat spread out for him. And when he was seated, the
Blessed One addressed the brethren, and said:                       13

"O brethren, ye to whom the truth has been made known, having
thoroughly made yourselves masters of it, practise it, meditate
upon it, and spread it abroad, in order that pure religion may
last long and be perpetuated, in order that it may continue for
the good and happiness of the great multitudes, out of pity for
the world, and to the good and gain of all living beings!           14

"Star-gazing and astrology, forecasting lucky or unfortunate
events by signs, prognosticating good or evil, all these are
things forbidden.                                                   15

"He who lets his heart go loose without restraint shall not
attain Nirvāna; therefore, must we hold the heart in check, and
retire from worldly excitements and seek tranquillity of mind.      16

"Eat your food to satisfy your hunger, and drink to satisfy you
thirst. Satisfy the necessities of life like the butterfly that
sips the flower, without destroying its fragrance or its texture.   17

"It is through not understanding and grasping the four truths, O
brethren, that we have gone astray so long, and wandered in this
weary path of transmigrations, both you and I, until we have
found the truth.                                                    18

"Practise the earnest meditations I have taught you. Continue in
the great struggle against sin. Walk steadily in the roads of
saintship. Be strong in moral powers. Let the organs of your
spiritual sense be quick. When the seven kinds of wisdom
enlighten your mind, you will find the noble, eightfold path that
leads to Nirvāna.                                                   19

"Behold, O brethren, the final extinction of the Tathāgata will
take place before long. I now exhort you, saying: 'All component
things must grow old and be dissolved again. Seek ye for that
which is permanent, and work out your salvation with diligence.'"   20




XCV.

CHUNDA, THE SMITH.


And the Blessed One went to Pāvā.                                    1

When Chunda, the worker in metals, heard that the Blessed One had
come to Pāvā and was staying in his mango grove, he came to the
Buddha and respectfully invited him and the brethren to take
their meal at his house. And Chunda prepared rice-cakes and a
dish of dried boar's meat.                                           2

When the Blessed One had eaten the food prepared by Chunda, the
worker in metals, there fell upon him a dire sickness, and sharp
pain came upon him even unto death. But the Blessed One, mindful
and self-possessed, bore it without complaint.                       3

And the Blessed One addressed the venerable Ānanda, and said:
"Come, Ānanda, let us go on to Kusinārā."                            4

On his way the Blessed One grew tired, and he went aside from the
road to rest at the foot of a tree, and said: "Fold the robe, I
pray thee, Ānanda, and spread it out for me. I am weary, Ānanda,
and must rest awhile!"                                               5

"Be it so, Lord!" said the venerable Ānanda; and he spread out
the robe folded fourfold.                                            6

The Blessed One seated himself, and when he was seated he
addressed the venerable Ānanda, and said: "Fetch me some water, I
pray thee, Ānanda. I am thirsty, Ānanda, and would drink."           7

When he had thus spoken, the venerable Ānanda said to the Blessed
One: "But just now, Lord, five hundred carts have gone across the
brook and have stirred the water; but a river, O Lord, is not far
off. Its water is clear and pleasant, cool and transparent, and
it is easy to get down to it. There the Blessed One may both
drink water and cool his limbs."                                     8

A second time the Blessed One addressed the venerable Ānanda,
saying: "Fetch me some water, I pray thee Ānanda, I am thirsty,
Ānanda, and would drink."                                            9

And a second time the venerable Ānanda said: "Let us go to the
river."                                                             10

Then the third time the Blessed One addressed the venerable
Ānanda, and said: "Fetch me some water, I pray thee, Ānanda, I am
thirsty, Ānanda, and would drink."                                  11

"Be it so, Lord!" said the venerable Ānanda in assent to the
Blessed One; and, taking a bowl, he went down to the streamlet.
And lo! the streamlet, which, stirred up by wheels, had become
muddy, when the venerable Ānanda came up to it, flowed clear and
bright and free from all turbidity. And he thought: "How
wonderful, how marvelous is the great might and power of the
Tathāgata!"                                                         12

Ānanda brought the water in the bowl to the Lord, saying: "Let
the Blessed One take the bowl. Let the Happy One drink the water.
Let the Teacher of men and gods quench his thirst."                 13

Then the Blessed One drank of the water.                            14

Now, at that time a man of low caste, named Pukkusa, a young
Malla, a disciple of Alāra Kālāma, was passing along the high
road from Kusinārā to Pāvā.                                         15

And Pukkusa, the young Malla, saw the Blessed One seated at the
foot of a tree. On seeing him, he went up to the place where the
Blessed One was, and when he had come there, he saluted the
Blessed One and took his seat respectfully on one side. Then the
Blessed One instructed, edified, and gladdened Pukkusa, the young
Malla, with religious discourse.                                    16

Aroused and gladdened by the words of the Blessed One, Pukkusa,
the young Malla, addressed a certain man who happened to pass by,
and said: "Fetch me, I pray thee, my good man, two robes of cloth
of gold, burnished and ready for wear."                             17

"Be it so, sir!" said that man in assent to Pukkusa, the young
Malla; and he brought two robes of cloth of gold, burnished and
ready for wear.                                                     18

And the Malla Pukkusa presented the two robes of cloth of gold,
burnished and ready for wear, to the Blessed One, saying: "Lord,
these two robes of burnished cloth of gold are ready for wear.
May the Blessed One show me favor and accept them at my hands!"     19

The Blessed One said: "Pukkusa, robe me in one, and Ānanda in the
other."                                                             20

And the Tathāgata's body appeared shining like a flame, and he
was beautiful above all expression.                                 21

And the venerable Ānanda said to the Blessed One: "How wonderful
a thing is it, Lord, and how marvellous, that the color of the
skin of the Blessed One should be so clear, so exceedingly
bright! When I placed this robe of burnished cloth of gold on the
body of the Blessed One, lo! it seemed as if it had lost its
splendor!"                                                          22

The Blessed One said: "There are two occasions on which a
Tathāgata's appearance becomes clear and exceeding bright. In the
night, Ānanda, in which a Tathāgata attains to the supreme and
perfect insight, and in the night in which he passes finally away
in that utter passing away which leaves nothing whatever of his
earthly existence to remain."                                       23

And the Blessed One addressed the venerable Ānanda, and said:
"Now it may happen, Ānanda, that some one should stir up remorse
in Chunda, the smith, by saying: 'It is evil to thee, Chunda, and
loss to thee, that the Tathāgata died, having eaten his last meal
from thy provision.' Any such remorse, Ānanda, in Chunda, the
smith, should be checked by saying: 'It is good to thee, Chunda,
and gain to thee, that the Tathāgata died, having eaten his last
meal from thy provision. From the very mouth of the Blessed One,
O Chunda, have I heard, from his own mouth have I received this
saying, "These two offerings of food are of equal fruit and of
much greater profit than any other: the offerings of food which a
Tathāgata accepts when he has attained perfect enlightenment and
when he passes away by the utter passing away in which nothing
whatever of his earthly existence remains behind--these two
offerings of food are of equal fruit and of equal profit, and of
much greater fruit and much greater profit than any other. There
has been laid up by Chunda, the smith, a karma redounding to
length of life, redounding to good birth, redounding to good
fortune, redounding to good fame, redounding to the inheritance
of heaven and of great power." In this way, Ānanda, should be
checked any remorse in Chunda, the smith."                          24

Then the Blessed One, perceiving that death was near, uttered
these words: "He who gives away shall have real gain. He who
subdues himself shall be free, he shall cease to be a slave of
passions. The righteous man casts off evil; and by rooting out
lust, bitterness, and illusion, do we reach Nirvāna."               25




XCVI.

METTEYYA.


The Blessed One proceeded with a great company of the brethren to
the sāla grove of the Mallas, the Upavattana of Kusinārā on the
further side of the river Hiraññavatī, and when he had arrived he
addressed the venerable Ānanda, and said: "Make ready for me, I
pray you, Ānanda, the couch with its head to the north, between
the twin sāla trees. I am weary, Ānanda, and wish to be down."       1

"Be it so, Lord!" said the venerable Ānanda, and he spread a
couch with its head to the north, between the twin sāla trees.
And the Blessed One laid himself down, and he was mindful and
self-possessed.                                                      2

Now, at that time the twin sāla trees were full of bloom with
flowers out of season; and heavenly songs came wafted from the
skies, out of reverence for the successor of the Buddhas of old.
And Ānanda was filled with wonder that the Blessed One was thus
honored. But the Blessed One said: "Not by such events, Ānanda,
is the Tathāgata rightly honored, held sacred, or revered. But
the brother or the sister, the devout man or the devout woman,
who continually fulfils all the greater and the lesser duties,
walking according to the precepts, it is they who rightly honor,
hold sacred, and revere the Tathāgata with the worthiest homage.
Therefore, O Ānanda, be ye "constant in the fulfilment of the
greater and of the lesser duties, and walk according to the
precepts; thus, Ānanda, will ye honor the Master."                   3

Then the venerable Ānanda went into the vihāra, and stood leaning
against the doorpost, weeping at the thought: "Alas! I remain
still but a learner, one who has yet to work out his own
perfection. And the Master is about to pass away from me--he who
is so kind!"                                                         4

Now, the Blessed One called the brethren, and said: "Where, O
brethren, is Ānanda?"                                                5

And one of the brethren went and called Ānanda. And Ānanda came
and said to the Blessed One: "Deep darkness reigned for want of
wisdom; the world of sentient creatures was groping for want of
light; then the Tathāgata lit up the lamp of wisdom, and now it
will be extinguished again, ere he has brought it out."              6

And the Blessed One said to the venerable Ānanda, as he sat there
by his side: 7

"Enough, Ānanda! Let not thy self be troubled; do not weep! Have
I not already, on former occasions, told you that it is in the
very nature of all things most near and dear unto us that we must
separate from them and leave them?                                   8

"The foolish man conceives the idea of 'self,' the wise man sees
there is no ground on which to build the idea of 'self,' thus he
has a right conception of the world and well concludes that all
compounds amassed by sorrow will be dissolved again, but the
truth will remain.                                                   9

"Why should I preserve this body of flesh, when the body of the
excellent law will endure? I am resolved; having accomplished my
purpose and attended to the work set me, I look for rest!           10

"For a long time, Ānanda, thou hast been very near to me by
thoughts and acts of such love as never varies and is beyond all
measure. Thou hast done well, Ānanda! Be earnest in effort and
thou too shalt soon be free from the great evils, from
sensuality, from selfishness, from delusion, and from ignorance!"   11

And Ānanda, suppressing his tears, said to the Blessed One: "Who
shall teach us when thou art gone?"                                 12

And the Blessed One replied: "I am not the first Buddha who came
upon earth, nor shall I be the last. In due time another Buddha
will arise in the world, a Holy One, a supremely enlightened One,
endowed with wisdom in conduct, auspicious, knowing the universe,
an incomparable leader of men, a master of angels and mortals. He
will reveal to you the same eternal truths which I have taught
you. He will preach his religion, glorious in its origin,
glorious at the climax, and glorious at the goal, in the spirit
and in the letter. He will proclaim a religious life, wholly
perfect and pure; such as I now proclaim."                          13

Ānanda said: "How shall we know him?"                               14

The Blessed One said: "He will be known as Metteyya, which means
'he whose name is kindness.'"                                       15




XCVII.

THE BUDDHA'S FINAL ENTERING INTO NIRVĀNA.


Then the Mallas, with their young men and maidens and their
wives, being grieved, and sad, and afflicted at heart, went to
the Upavattana, the sāla grove of the Mallas, and wanted to see
the Blessed One, in order to partake of the bliss that devolves
upon those who are in the presence of the Holy One.                  1

And the Blessed One addressed them and said:                         2

"Seeking the way, ye must exert yourselves and strive with
diligence. It is not enough to have seen me! Walk as I have
commanded you; free yourselves from the tangled net of sorrow.
Walk in the path with steadfast aim.                                 3

"A sick man may be cured by the healing power of medicine and
will be rid of all his ailments without beholding the physician.     4

"He who does not do what I command sees me in vain. This brings
no profit. Whilst he who lives far off from where I am and yet
walks righteously is ever near me.                                   5

"A man may dwell beside me, and yet, being disobedient, be far
away from me. Yet he who obeys the Dharma will always enjoy the
bliss of the Tathāgata's presence."                                  6

Then the mendicant Subhadda went to the sāla grove of the Mallas
and said to the venerable Ānanda: "I have heard from fellow
mendicants of mine, who were deep stricken in years and teachers
of great experience: 'Sometimes and full seldom to Tathāgatas
appear in the world, the holy Buddhas.' Now it is said that
to-day in the last watch of the night, the final passing away of
the samana Gotama will take place. My mind is full of
uncertainty, yet have I faith in the samana Gotama and trust he
will be able so to present the truth that I may become rid of my
doubts. O that I might be allowed to see the samana Gotama!"         7

When he had thus spoken the venerable Ānanda said to the
mendicant Subhadda: "Enough! friend Subhadda. Trouble not the
Tathāgata. The Blessed One is weary."                                8

Now the Blessed One overheard this conversation of the venerable
Ānanda with the mendicant Subhadda. And the Blessed One called
the venerable Ānanda, and said: "Ānanda! Do not keep out
Subhadda. Subhadda may be allowed to see the Tathāgata. Whatever
Subhadda will ask of me, he will ask from a desire for knowledge,
and not to annoy me, and whatever I may say in answer to his
questions, that he will quickly understand."                         9

Then the venerable Ānanda said to Subhadda the mendicant: "Step
in, friend Subhadda; for the Blessed One gives thee leave."         10

When the Blessed One had instructed Subhadda, and aroused and
gladdened him with words of wisdom and comfort, Subhadda said to
the Blessed One:                                                    11

"Glorious Lord, glorious Lord! Most excellent are the words of
thy mouth, most excellent! They set up that which has been
overturned, they reveal that which has been hidden. They point
out the right road to the wanderer who has gone astray. They
bring a lamp into the darkness so that those who have eyes to see
can see. Thus, Lord, the truth has been made known to me by the
Blessed One and I take my refuge in the Blessed One, in the
Truth, and in the Order. May the Blessed One accept me as a
disciple and true believer, from this day forth as long as life
endures."                                                           12

And Subhadda, the mendicant, said to the venerable Ānanda: "Great
is thy gain, friend Ānanda, great is thy good fortune, that for
so many years thou hast been sprinkled with the sprinkling of
discipleship in this brotherhood at the hands of the Master
himself!"                                                           13

Now the Blessed One addressed the venerable Ānanda, and said: "It
may be, Ānanda, that in some of you the thought may arise, 'The
word of the Master is ended, we have no teacher more!' But it is
not thus, Ānanda, that you should regard it. It is true that no
more shall I receive a body, for all future sorrow has now
forever passed away. But though this body will be dissolved, the
Tathāgata remains. The truth and the rules of the order which I
have set forth and laid down for you all, let them, after I am
gone, be a teacher unto you. When I am gone, Ānanda, let the
order, if it should so wish, abolish all the lesser and minor
precepts."                                                          14

Then the Blessed One addressed the brethren, and said: "There
may be some doubt or misgiving in the mind of a brother as to the
Buddha, or the truth, or the path. Do not have to reproach
yourselves afterwards with the thought, 'We did not inquire of
the Blessed One when we were face to face with him.' Therefore
inquire now, O brethren, inquire freely."                           15

And the brethren remained silent.                                   16

Then the venerable Ānanda said to the Blessed One: "Verily, I
believe that in this whole assembly of the brethren there is not
one brother who has any doubt or misgiving as to the Buddha, or
the truth, or the path!"                                            17

Said the Blessed One: "It is out of the fullness of faith that
thou hast spoken, Ānanda! But, Ānanda, the Tathāgata knows for
certain that in this whole assembly of the brethren there is not
one brother who has any doubt or misgiving as to the Buddha, or
the truth, or the path! For even the most backward, Ānanda, of
all these brethren has become converted, and is assured of final
salvation."                                                         18

Then the Blessed One addressed the brethren and said: "If ye now
know the Dharma, the cause of all suffering, and the path of
salvation, O disciples, will ye then say: 'We respect the Master,
and out of reverence for the Master do we thus speak?'"             19

The brethren replied: "That we shall not, O Lord."                  20

And the Holy One continued:                                         21

"Of those beings who live in ignorance, shut up and confined, as
it were, in an egg, I have first broken the eggshell of ignorance
and alone in the universe obtained the most exalted, universal
Buddhahood. Thus, O disciples, I am the eldest, the noblest of
beings.                                                             22

"But what ye speak, O disciples, is it not even that which ye
have yourselves known, yourselves seen, yourselves realised?"       23

Ānanda and the brethren said: "It is, O Lord."                      24

Once more the Blessed One began to speak: "Behold now,
brethren," said he, "I exhort you, saying, 'Decay is inherent in
all component things, but the truth will remain forever!' Work
out your salvation with diligence!" This was the last word of the
Tathāgata. Then the Tathāgata fell into a deep meditation, and
having passed through the four jhānas, entered Nirvāna.             25

When the Blessed One entered Nirvāna there arose, at his passing
out of existence, a mighty earthquake, terrible and
awe-inspiring: and the thunders of heaven burst forth, and of
those of the brethren who were not yet free from passions some
stretched out their arms and wept, and some fell headlong on the
ground, in anguish at the thought: "Too soon has the Blessed One
died! Too soon has the Happy One passed away from existence! Too
soon has the Light of the world gone out!"                          16

Then the venerable Anuruddha exhorted the brethren and said:
"Enough, my brethren! Weep not, neither lament! Has not the
Blessed One formerly declared this to us, that it is in the very
nature of all things near and dear unto us, that we must separate
from them and leave them, since everything that is born, brought
into being, and organized, contains within itself the inherent
necessity of dissolution? How then can it be possible that the
body of the Tathāgata should not be dissolved? No such condition
can exist! Those who are free from passion will bear the loss,
calm and self-possessed, mindful of the truth he has taught us."    27

And the venerable Anuruddha and the venerable Ānanda spent the
rest of the night in religious discourse.                           28

Then the venerable Anuruddha said to the venerable Ānanda: "Go
now, brother Ānanda, and inform the Mallas of Kusinārā saying,
'The Blessed One has passed away: do, then, whatsoever seemeth to
you fit!'"                                                          29

And when the Mallas had heard this saying they were grieved, and
sad, and afflicted at heart.                                        30

Then the Mallas of Kusinārā gave orders to their attendants,
saying, "Gather together perfumes and garlands, and all the music
in Kusinārā!" And the Mallas of Kusinārā took the perfumes and
garlands, and all the musical instruments, and five hundred
garments, and went to the sāla grove where the body of the
Blessed One lay. There they passed the day in paying honor and
reverence to the remains of the Blessed One, with hymns, and
music, and with garlands and perfumes, and in making canopies of
their garments, and preparing decorative wreaths to hang thereon.
And they burned the remains of the Blessed One as they would do
to the body of a king of kings.                                     31

When the funeral pyre was lit, the sun and moon withdrew their
shining, the peaceful streams on every side were torrent-swollen,
the earth quaked, and the sturdy forests shook like aspen leaves,
whilst flowers and leaves fell untimely to the ground, like
scattered rain, so that all Kusinārā became strewn knee-deep with
mandāra flowers raining down from heaven.                           32

When the burning ceremonies were over, Devaputta said to the
multitudes that were assembled round the pyre:                      33

"Behold, O brethren, the earthly remains of the Blessed One have
been dissolved, but the truth which he has taught us lives in our
minds and cleanses us from all error.                               34

"Let us, then, go out into the world, as compassionate and
merciful as our great master, and preach to all living beings the
four noble truths and the eightfold path of righteousness, so
that all mankind may attain to a final salvation, taking refuge
in the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha."                         35

And when the Blessed One had entered into Nirvāna, and the Mallas
had burned the body with such ceremonies as would indicate that
he was the great king of kings, ambassadors came from all the
empires that at the time had embraced his doctrine, to claim a
share of the relics; and the relics were divided into eight parts
and eight dāgobas were erected for their preservation. One dāgoba
was erected by the Mallas and seven others by the seven kings of
those countries, whose people had taken refuge in the Buddha.       36




CONCLUSION.


XCVIII.

THE THREE PERSONALITIES OF THE BUDDHA.


When the Blessed One had passed away into Nirvāna, the disciples
came together and consulted what to do in order to keep the
Dharma pure and uncorrupted by heresies.                             1

And Upāli rose, saying:                                              2

"Our great Master used to say to the brethren: 'O bhikkhus! after
my final entrance into Nirvāna you must reverence and obey the
law. Regard the law as your master. The law is like unto a light
that shines in the darkness, pointing out the way; it is also
like unto a precious jewel to gain which you must shun no
trouble, and be ready to bring any sacrifice, even, should it be
needed, your own fives. Obey the Dharma which I have revealed to
you; follow it carefully and regard it in no way different from
myself.'                                                             3

"Such were the words of the Blessed One.                             4

"The law, accordingly, which the Buddha has left us as a precious
inheritance has now become the visible body of the Tathāgata. Let
us, therefore, revere it and keep it sacred. For what is the use
of erecting dāgobas for relics, if we neglect the spirit of the
Master's teachings?"                                                 5

And Anuruddha arose and said:                                        6

"Let us bear in mind, O brethren, that Gotama Siddhattha has
revealed the truth to us. He was the Holy One and the Perfect One
and the Blessed One, because the eternal truth had taken abode in
him.                                                                 7

"The Tathāgata taught us that the truth existed before he was
born into this world, and will exist after he has entered into
the bliss of Nirvāna.                                                8

"The Tathāgata said:                                                 9

"'The truth is omnipresent and eternal, endowed with excellencies
innumerable, above all human nature, and ineffable in its
holiness.'                                                          10

"Now, let us bear in mind that not this or that law which is
revealed to us in the Dharma is the Buddha, but the entire truth,
the truth which is eternal, omnipresent, immutable, and most
excellent.                                                          11

"Many regulations of the Sangha are temporary; they were
prescribed because they suited the occasion and were needed for
some transient emergency. The truth, however, is not temporary.     12

"The truth is not arbitrary nor a matter of opinion, but can be
investigated, and he who earnestly searches for the truth will
find it.                                                            13

"The truth is hidden to the blind, but he who has the mental eye
sees the truth. The truth is Buddha's essence, and the truth will
remain the ultimate standard by which we can discern false and
true doctrines.                                                     14

"Let us, then, revere the truth; let us inquire into the truth
and state it, and let us obey the truth. For the truth is Buddha
our Master, our Teacher, our Lord."                                 15

And Kassapa rose and said:                                          16

"Truly thou hast spoken well, O brother Anuruddha. Neither is
there any conflict of opinion on the meaning of our religion. For
the Blessed One possesses three personalities, and every one of
them is of equal importance to us.                                  17

"There is the Dharma Kāya. There is the Nirmāna Kāya. There is
the Sambhoga Kāya.                                                  18

"Buddha is the all-excellent truth, eternal, omnipresent, and
immutable. This is the Sambhoga Kāya which is in a state of
perfect bliss.                                                      19

"Buddha is the all-loving teacher assuming the shape of the
beings whom he teaches. This is the Nirmāna Kāya, his
apparitional body.                                                  20

"Buddha is the all-blessed dispensation of religion. He is the
spirit of the Sangha and the meaning of the commands which he has
left us in his sacred word, the Dharma. This is the Dharma Kāya,
the body of the most excellent law.                                 21

"If Buddha had not appeared to us as Gotama Sakyamuni, how could
we have the sacred traditions of his doctrine? And if the
generations to come did not have the sacred traditions preserved
in the Sangha, how could they know anything of the great
Sakyamuni? And neither we nor others would know anything about
the most excellent truth which is eternal, omnipresent, and
immutable.                                                          22

"Let us then keep sacred and revere the traditions; let us keep
sacred the memory of Gotama Sakyamuni, so that people may find
the truth; for he whose spiritual eye is open will discover it,
and it is the same to every one who possesses the comprehension
of a Buddha to recognize it and to expound it."                     23

Then the brethren decided to convene a synod in Rājagaha in order
to lay down the pure doctrines of the Blessed One, to collect and
collate the sacred writings, and to establish a canon which
should serve as a source of instruction for future generations.     24




XCIX.

THE PURPOSE OF BEING.


Eternal verities dominate the formation of worlds and constitute
the cosmic order of natural laws. But when, through the
conflicting motion of masses, the universe was illumined with
blazing fire, there was no eye to see the light, no ear to listen
to reason's teachings, no mind to perceive the significance of
being; and in the immeasurable spaces of existence no place was
found where the truth could abide in all its glory.                  1

In the due course of evolution sentiency appeared and
sense-perception arose. There was a new realm of being, the realm
of soul-life, full of yearning, with powerful passions and of
unconquerable energy. And the world split in twain: there were
pleasures and pains, self and notself, friends and foes, hatred
and love. The truth vibrated through the world of sentiency, but
in all its infinite potentialities no place could be found where
the truth could abide in all its glory.                              2

And reason came forth in the struggle for life. Reason began to
guide the instinct of self, and reason took the sceptre of the
creation and overcame the strength of the brutes and the power of
the elements. Yet reason seemed to add new fuel to the flame of
hatred, increasing the turmoil of conflicting passions; and
brothers slew their brothers for the sake of satisfying the lust
of a fleeting moment. And the truth repaired to the domains of
reason, but in all its recesses no place was found where the
truth could abide in all its glory.                                  3

Now reason, as the helpmate of self, implicated all living beings
more and more in the meshes of lust, hatred, and envy, and from
lust, hatred, and envy the evils of wrongdoing originated. Men
broke down under the burdens of life, until the saviour appeared,
the great Buddha, the Holy Teacher of men and gods.                  4

And the Buddha taught men the right use of sentiency, and the
right application of reason; and he taught men to see things as
they are, without illusions, and they learned to act according to
truth. He taught righteousness and thus changed rational
creatures into humane beings, just, kind-hearted, and faithful.
And now at last a place was found where the truth might abide in
all its glory, and this place is the heart of mankind.               5

Buddha, O Blessed One, O Holy One, O Perfect One, thou hast
revealed the truth, and the truth has appeared upon earth and the
kingdom of truth has been founded.                                   6

There is not room for truth in space, infinite though it be.         7

There is not room for truth in sentiency, neither in its
pleasures nor in its pains; sentiency is the first footstep of
truth, but there is not room in it for the truth, though
sentiency may beam with the blazing glow of beauty and life.         8

Neither is there any room for truth in rationality. Rationality
is a two-edged sword and serves the purpose of love equally as
well as the purpose of hatred. Rationality is the platform on
which the truth standeth. No truth is attainable without reason.
Nevertheless, in mere rationality there is no room for truth,
though it be the instrument that masters the things of the world.    9

The throne of truth is righteousness; and love and justice and
good-will are its ornaments.                                        10

Righteousness is the place in which truth dwells, and here in the
hearts of mankind aspiring after the realization of
righteousness, there is ample space for a rich and ever richer
revelation of the truth.                                            11

This is the Gospel of the Blessed One. This is the revelation of
the Enlightened One. This is the bequest of the Holy One.           12

Those who accept the truth and have faith in the truth, take
refuge in the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha.                   13

Receive us, O Buddha, as thy disciples from this day hence, so
long as our life lasts.                                             14

Comfort, O holy Teacher, compassionate and all-loving, the
afflicted and the sorrow-laden, illumine those who go astray, and
let us all gain more and more in comprehension and in holiness.     15

The truth is the end and aim of all existence, and the worlds
originate so that the truth may come and dwell therein.             16

Those who fail to aspire for the truth have missed the purpose of
life.                                                               17

Blessed is he who rests in the truth, for all things will pass
away, but the truth abideth forever.                                18

The world is built for the truth, but false combinations of
thought misrepresent the true state of things and bring forth
errors.                                                             19

Errors can be fashioned as it pleases those who cherish them;
therefore they are pleasant to look upon, but they are unstable
and contain the seeds of dissolution.                               20

Truth cannot be fashioned. Truth is one and the same; it is
immutable.                                                          21

Truth is above the power of death; it is omnipresent, eternal,
and most glorious.                                                  22

Illusions, errors, and lies are the daughters of Māra, and great
power is given unto them to seduce the minds of men and lead them
astray upon the path of evil.                                       23

The nature of delusions, errors, and lies is death; and
wrong-doing is the way to perdition.                                24

Delusions, errors, and lies are like huge, gaudy vessels, the
rafters of which are rotten and wormeaten, and those who embark
in them are fated to be shipwrecked.                                25

There are many who say: "Come error, be thou my guide," and when
they are caught in the meshes of selfishness, lust, and evil
desires, misery is begot.                                           26

Yet does all life yearn for the truth and the truth only can cure
our diseases and give peace to our unrest.                          27

Truth is the essence of life, for truth endureth beyond the death
of the body. Truth is eternal and will still remain even though
heaven and earth shall pass away.                                   28

There are not different truths in the world, for truth is one and
the same at all times and in every place.                           29

Truth teaches us the noble eightfold path of righteousness, and
it is a straight path easily found by the truth-loving. Happy are
those who walk in it.                                               30




C.

THE PRAISE OF ALL THE BUDDHAS.

     All the Buddhas are wonderful and glorious.
     There is not their equal upon earth.
     They reveal to us the path of life.
     And we hail their appearance with pious reverence.              1

     All the Buddhas teach the same truth.
     They point out the path to those who go astray.
     The Truth is our hope and comfort.
     We gratefully accept its illimitable light.                     2

     Ah the Buddhas are one in essence,
     Which is omnipresent in all modes of being,
     Sanctifying the bonds that tie all souls together,
     And we rest in its bliss as our final refuge.                   3




TABLE OF REFERENCE.


THE GOSPEL OF BUDDHA CHAPTER AND VERSE (Gospel): I-III
  Sources: EA
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: Descent from heaven omitted
  Sources: LV; rGya, iii-iv
    Parallelisms: Klopstock's _Messias_ Gesang I

Gospel: IV
  Sources: Fo, vv. 1-147
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: IV, 6
  Sources: BSt, p. 64
    Parallelisms: Mark vii, 32, 37; Matth. xi, 5

Gospel: IV, 9
  Sources: Fo, vv. 22-24
    Parallelisms: Matth. ii, 1

Gospel: IV, 12
  Sources: Fo, vv. 39-40
    Parallelisms: Luke ii, 36

Gospel: IV, 17
  Sources: RB 150; RHB 52
    Parallelisms: Pseudo Matth. 23

Gospel: IV, 27
  Sources: Fo, v. 147
    Parallelisms: Luke ii, 52

Gospel: Omitted
  Sources: RHB, pp. 103-108
    Parallelisms: Matth. ii, 16

Gospel: V
  Sources: HM, p. 156; RB, p. 83; rGya, xii
    Parallelisms: --

  Sources: Fo, vv. 152-156
    Parallelisms: Luke ii, 46-47

Gospel: V, 9
  Sources: Fo, v. 164
    Parallelisms: Matth. iii, 16

Gospel: VI
  Sources: Fo, vv. 191-322
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: VI, 19-20
  Sources: BSt, pp. 79-80; RB, p. 23
    Parallelisms: Luke xi, 27-28

Gospel: VII
  Sources: Fo, vv. 335-417
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: VII, 7
  Sources: BSt, p. 5-6
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: VII, 18-19
  Sources: BSt, p. 18
    Parallelisms: Matt. xxiv, 35; Luke xxi, 33; Luke xvi, 17

Gospel: VII, 23-24
  Sources: BSt, p. 84
    Parallelisms: Luke iv, 5-8 [see also Matth. iv, 1-7 and Mark i, 13]

Gospel: VIII
  Sources: Fo, vv. 778-918
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: VIII, 15
  Sources: DP, v. 178
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: IX
  Sources: Fo, vv. 919-1035; Cf. "Arāda and Udraka" in Rhys Davids's
           _Dialogue_
    Parallelisms: Compare the results of modern psychology

Gospel: IX, 6
  Sources: MV. 1, 6, Secs. 36-38 [SB, xiii, p. 100]
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: IX, 14
  Sources: QKM, pp. 83-86
    Parallelisms: Evolution theory

Gospel: IX, 15
  Sources: QKM, p. 133
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: IX, 16
  Sources: QKM, p. 111
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: X
  Sources: Fo, vv. 1000-1023
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: X, 4, 5
  Sources: SN, vv. 425, 439; SN, v. 445
    Parallelisms: Luke iv, 2-4; John iii, 46

Gospel: X, 11
  Sources: Fo, vv. 1024; Fo, vv. 1222-1224
    Parallelisms: Luke vii, 19; Matth ii, 3

Gospel: XI [See LXXXIX, 1-6]
  Sources: Fo, vv. 1026-1110
    Parallelisms: Luke iv, 2; Matth. iv, 1-7; Mark i, 13

Gospel: XII
  Sources: Fo, vv. 1111-1199
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XII, 8
  Sources: QKM, p. 79; SDP, vii [SB, xxi, p. 172]
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XII, 11-15
  Sources: SDP, iii [SB, xxi, p. 90]; MV, i, 6 Secs. 19-28; Cf. OldG,
           pp. 227-228, OldE, p. 211; RhDB, pp. 106-107
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XII, 16
  Sources: BSt, pp. 103-104; Cf. DP, pp. 153-154; Db, p. 12
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XII, 20
  Sources: rGya, 355
    Parallelisms: Matth. v, 3-11

Gospel: XIII
  Sources: MV, i, 4
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XIV
  Sources: MV, i, 5
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XIV, 2
  Sources: MV, i, 3, Sec. 4
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XIV, 14
  Sources: MPN, iii, 44, 45; Cf. W, p. 87
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XV
  Sources: Fo, vv. 1200-1217; MV, i, 6, Secs. 1-9
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XVI
  Sources: Fo, vv. 1217-1279; MV, i, 6, Secs. 10-47
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XVI, 5
  Sources: SN, v. 248
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XVI, 6
  Sources: RhDB p. 131
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XVI, 7
  Sources: SN, v. 241
      Parallelisms: Matth. xv, 10

Gospel: XVII
  Sources: MV, i, 6, Sec. 10-47
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XVII, 10-12
  Sources: _Saniyuttaka Nikāya_, vol. iii, fol. sā, quoted by OldG,
           p. 364; OldE, p. 339
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XVII, 13-18
  Sources: MV, i, 11
    Parallelisms: --

  Sources: Fo, vv. 1297-1300
    Parallelisms: Luke ix, 1-6; Luke x, 1-24

Gospel: XVII, 15
  Sources: QKM, p. 264
    Parallelisms: Matth. v, 16

  Sources: QKM, p. 266
    Parallelisms: Matth. vii, 6

Gospel: XVIII
  Sources: MV, 1, 7; 8, 9; Fo, vv. 1280-1296
    Parallelisms: John iii, 2

Gospel: XVIII, 8
  Sources: Fo, vv. 1289-1290
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XVIII, 10
  Sources: Fo, v. 1292
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XIX
  Sources: Fo, vv. 1300-1334; MV, 1, 20-21
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XX
  Sources: Fo, vv. 1335-1379; MV, 1, 22
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XX, 19-20
  Sources: SN, v. 148; _Metta Sutta._ [An often quoted sentence.
           RhDB, p. 109, Hardy, "Legends and Theories of the Buddhas,"
           p. 212]
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XX, 23
  Sources: RhDB, p. 62
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XX, 28
  Sources: Fo, v. 1733
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXI
  Sources: Fo, vv. 1380-1381; MV, 1, 22, Secs. 15-18
    Parallelisms: Matth. xxi, 1-11; Mark. xi, 1-10; Luke xix, 28-38;
                  John xii, 12-15

Gospel: XXII
  Sources: Fo, vv. 1382-1433; MV 1, 23-24; W, p. 89
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXII, 3-5
  Sources: MV, 1, 23, Secs. 13-14
    Parallelisms: -- Matth. xxi, 9; Mark xi, 9; John xii, 13

Gospel: XXIII, 10-20
  Sources: EA
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXIV
  Sources: Fo, vv. 1496-1521
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXV, 4
  Sources: Fo, vv. 1516-1517
    Parallelisms: Acts xx, 35

Gospel: XXV
  Sources: Fo, vv. 1522-1533, 1611-1671
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXVI, 1-7
  Sources: AN, iii, 134.
    Parallelisms: Compare the results of modern psychology

Gospel: XXVI, 8-13
  Sources: US, p. 112; W, p. xiv
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXVII
  Sources: Fo, vv. 1534-1610; HM, p. 204
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXVIII
  Sources: HM, p. 203 et seqq.; BSt, pp. 125-126
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXIX
  Sources: MV, i, 54; HM, 208-209
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXX
  Sources: MV, viii, 23-36 [SB, xvii, pp. 193-194]
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXXI
  Sources: Fo vv. 1672-1673
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXXII
  Sources: HM, pp. 353-354
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXXII, 4-6
  Sources: W, pp. 443-444
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXXIII
  Sources: S42S; Fo, vv. 1757-1766; BP, p. 153
    Parallelisms: Matth. v, 28

Gospel: XXXIII, 9-11
  Sources: Fo vv. 1762-1763
    Parallelisms: Eph. vi, 13-17

  Sources: Fo, vv. 1763
    Parallelisms: Mark ix, 47; Matth. v, 29; Matth. xviii, 9

Gospel: XXXIV
  Sources: MV, viii, 15. [SB, xvii, pp. 219-225.]
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXXIV, 24 [Last part of the verse.]
  Sources: Bgt, p. 211
    Parallelisms: Luke viii, 2; Matth. xiii, 24-27

Gospel: XXXV
  Sources: MV, ii
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXXVI
  Sources: MV, x, 1, 2, Sec. 1-2; Sec. 20
           C, vol iii, p. 139
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXXVII
  Sources: MV, x, 5-6, 2 Sec. 3-20
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXXVIII
  Sources: MV, v, 4
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXXVIII, 3
  Sources: BSt, p. 311
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXXVIII, 5
  Sources: MV, v, 4, 2 [SB, xvii, p. 18]
    Parallelisms: Matth. v, 46-47

Gospel: XXXIX
  Sources: Fo, vv. 1713-1734; HM, pp. 337-340
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXXIX, 4
  Sources: Bst, p. 200
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXXIX, 7
  Sources: DP, v. 227; SB, x, p. 58 (cf. ChD, p. 122)
    Parallelisms: Matth. xi, 16, 19

Gospel: XL
  Sources: V, xviii, xx; W, pp. 184-186
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XLI
  Sources: MV, vi, 29 [SB, xvii, pp. 104-105.]
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XLI, 12-13
  Sources: _Metta Sutta_; SN v. 148. [Cf. RhDB, p. 109]
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XLII
  Sources: RB, pp. 68-69. [Cf. RhDB, p. 71 and OldG, 376-378.]
    Parallelisms: Mark iii, 14; Luke ix, 2

  Sources: Bgt, 212
    Parallelisms: Matth. xiii, 3 et seq.; Mark iv, 3-20

Gospel: XLIV
  Sources: TPN, p. 129
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XLV
  Sources: TPN, pp. 22-23 and p. 25
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XLVI
  Sources: S42S, 4
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XLVII
  Sources: SDP, x, xiii, xxvii
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XLVII, 23
  Sources: SDP, xxiv, 22. [SB, xxi, p. 416.]
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XLVIII
  Sources: DP in SB, x
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XLVIII, 36-37
  Sources: DP, v. 5
    Parallelisms: Matth. v, 44

Gospel: XLVIII, 46
  Sources: SN, vv. 784-785, 885-888, 834 [SB, x, 149, 159, 169.]
    Parallelisms: Matth. xi, 29-30

Gospel: XLVIII, 47
  Sources: DP, v. 275
    Parallelisms: II Cor. vii, 7

Gospel: XLVIII, 55
  Sources: DP, v. 387
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XLIX
  Sources: SB, xi, pp. 157-203
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XLIX, 17
  Sources: SB, xi, pp. 173-174
    Parallelisms: Matth. xv, 14

Gospel: L
  Sources: SSP, pp. 297-320 [Cf. RhDB, 143.]
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LI, 1-14; LI, 31-75
  Sources: MV, vi, 31. [SB, xvii, pp. 108-113.]
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LI, 15-30
  Sources: EA [cf. QKM, pp. 254-257]
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LII
  Sources: EA [cf. CBS, p. 15 and also MV, v]
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LIII
  Sources: Compiled from HM, pp. 280 et seq.; Fo, v. 1682, 1683;
           W, p. 219; and QKM, pass.
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LIII, 18-23a
  Sources: QKM, p. 120
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LIII, 23b
  Sources: QKM, p. 148
    Parallelisms: John iii, 8

Gospel: LIII, 26-27
  Sources: QKM, p. 67
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LIII, 29-32
  Sources: QKM, pp. 73-74
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LIII, 47-59
  Sources: QKM, pp. 63, 83-86
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LIII, 53
  Sources: US and W, motto
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LIV, 1-2
  Sources: Fo, vv. 1208, 1228
    Parallelisms: Matth. v, 3-11

Gospel: LIV, 3
  Sources: _Brahmajāla Sutta_, quoted by RhD, p. 99
    Parallelisms: John xvi, 16; Matth. xxiv, 23

Gospel: LIV, 4
  Sources: Gospel: QKM, p. 114
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LIV, 5
  Sources: Fo, v. 1231
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LIV, 6-8
  Sources: rGya, p. 372
    Parallelisms: Matth. xi, 28

Gospel: LIV, 9
  Sources: S42S, 16
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LIV, 10
  Sources: QKM, p. 110
    Parallelisms: John xiv, 6; John xviii, 37

Gospel: LV
  Sources: SDP, v
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LVI
  Sources: _Mahā Rāhula Sutta_
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LVII
  Sources: S42S
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LVIII
  Sources: _Buddhist Catena_
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LIX
  Sources: SN, pp. 58-62; p, 25; p. 147; p. 54; MV, i, 3, Sec. 4 [cf.
           OldE, p. 118]; _Nidhikanda Sutta_, quoted by RhDB, p. 127
    Parallelisms: Matth. vi, 20

Gospel: LX, 7-8
  Sources: RhDB, p. 156
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LX, 12
  Sources: Beal, _Buddhism of China_, chap, xii
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LX, 18-23
  Sources: RhDB, p. 170
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LX, 27-28
  Sources: EH
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LX, 29
  Sources: QKM, p. 127
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LX, 31
  Sources: RhDB, pp. 175-176
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LX, 33
  Sources: RhDB,p. 173
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXI
  Sources: MPN, 111, 22. [SB, xx, p. 48-49.]
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXI, 3-5
  Sources: _Chullavaggaxx_, 1-4. [SB, xx, 301-305]
    Parallelisms: Matth. v, 13

Gospel: LXI, 6-9
  Sources: _Sutra Dsauglun_ [cf. R. Seydel "_Das Ev. v. Jesu in s.
           Verb. z. Buddha-Sage_" pp. 184-185]
    Parallelisms: Matth. v, 1-2

Gospel: LXII
  Sources: EA
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXIII
  Sources: See O.C. xvii, pp. 353-354
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXIII, 7-9
  Sources: UG, vii, 14 seq.
    Parallelisms: Matth. xxv, 14 et seq.

Gospel: LXIV
  Sources: DP, v
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXV
  Sources: SDP, iv
    Parallelisms: Luke xv, 11 et seq.

Gospel: LXVI
  Sources: Bst, pp. 211, 299. [See PT, 11, 58.]
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXVII
  Sources: Bst, pp. 315 et seq.
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXVIII
  Sources: ChD, pp. 88-89
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXVIII, 6
  Sources: ChD
    Parallelisms: Mark xii, 42-44

Gospel: LXIX
  Sources: ChD, p. 46
    Parallelisms: The Story of Diogenes and his Lantern

Gospel: LXX
  Sources: ChD, p. 134
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXI
  Sources: Bgp, pp. 107 et seq.
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXII
  Sources: ChD, p. 77
    Parallelisms: Luke xii, 20

Gospel: LXXIII
  Sources: Bst, p. 147
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXIII, 15
  Sources: BSt
    Parallelisms: Exodus xvii, 6

Gospel: LXXIV
  Sources: SN, pp. 11-15
    Parallelisms: Matth. xiii, 3 et seq.; Mark iv, 14

Gospel: LXXV
  Sources: SN, pp. 20 et seq.
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXVI
  Sources: Bf, p. 205.
    Parallelisms: John v, 5 et seq.

Gospel: LXXVII
  Sources: HM, pp. 317-319
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXVIII, LXXIX
  Sources: _Jātaka Tales_
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXX
  Sources: Bf, pp. 146 et seq.
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXXI
  Sources: _Fu-Pen-Hing-tsi-King_, tr. by S. Beal
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXXI, 7-10
  Sources: EA
    Parallelisms: John ii, 1 et seq.

Gospel: LXXXII
  Sources: MV, i, 14
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXXIII
  Sources: ChD, p. 130 et seq.
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXXIII, 5
  Sources: BP, p. 16
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXXIII, 5, 6, 9
  Sources: ChD and SS
    Parallelisms: Matth. xxii, 30

Gospel: LXXXIV, 1-14
  Sources: BP, pp. 98 et seqq.
    Parallelisms: Greek versions quoted by Jacob H. Thiessen, LKG.

Gospel: LXXXIV, 15-28
  Sources: SB, x, p. 106
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXXV
  Sources: ChD, pp. 50-51
    Parallelisms: Matth. v. 25, 29

Gospel: LXXXV, 6
  Sources: ChD, cf OC No. 470
    Parallelisms: Rom. iii, 28

Gospel: LXXXVI
  Sources: ChD, pp. 94-98
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXXVII
  Sources: C, ii p. 262
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXXVIII
  Sources: MPN, i [SB, xi, p. 1 et seqq.]
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXXIX
  Sources: MPN, i, 19, 22; MV, vi, 28
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XC
  Sources: MPN, i, 16
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XCI
  Sources: MPN, ii, 9
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XCI, 6
  Sources: MPN
    Parallelisms: 1 Cor. 15, 55

Gospel: XCII
  Sources: MPN, 11, 12-24; Fo, vv. 1749-1753, 1768-1782
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XCIII
  Sources: MPN, ii, 27-35
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XCIV, 1
  Sources: BSt,p. 84
    Parallelisms: See Matth. iv, 1 and Mark i, 13

Gospel: XCIV, 2-13
  Sources: MPN, iii, 46-63
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XCV
  Sources: MPN, iv, 14-57
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XCV, 6
  Sources: MPN, iv, 25
    Parallelisms: John xix, 28

Gospel: XCV, 14-22
  Sources: MPN, iv, 47-52
    Parallelisms: Matth. xxvii, 2; Mark ix, 2

Gospel: XCVI
  Sources: MPN, v, 1-14, concerning Metteyya see EH s.v. RhDB, pp. 180,
           200; OldG, p. 153, etc.
    Parallelisms: John xiv, 26

Gospel: XCVII
  Sources: MPN, v, 52-69, and vi; Fo, vv. 2303-2310
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XCVII, 19-20; XCVII, 23-24
  Sources: _Mahātanhāsamkhaya-Sutta, Majjhima Nikāya_, vol. 1, p. 263,
           quoted by OldG, p. 349, E, p. 325.
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XCVII, 22
  Sources: _Suttavibbanga, Parājika_ 1, pp. 1, 4 quoted by OldG,
           p. 349, E, p. 325
    Parallelisms: 1 Cor. xv, 20

Gospel: XCVIII
  Sources: EA, embodying later traditions, see EH and almost any other
           work on Buddhism.
    Parallelisms: The Christian Trinity dogma

Gospel: XCIX
  Sources: EA
    Parallelisms: --

Gospel: C
  Sources: EA, in imitation of a formula at present in use among Northern
           Buddhists
    Parallelisms: --



ABBREVIATIONS IN THE TABLE OF REFERENCE.


AN.--Añguttara Nikāya in Warren's Buddhism in Translations.

Bf.--Burnouf, Introduction à l'histoire du Bouddhisme Indien, Paris
1844.

Bgt.--The Life or Legend of Gautama, by the R. Rev. P. Bigandet.

BL.--Buddhist Literature in China by Samuel Beal.

BP.--Buddhaghosha's Parables. Translated by T. Rogers, London, 1870.

BSt.--Buddhist Birth Stories or Jātaka Tales. Translated by Rhys Davids.

C.--The Jātaka edited by Prof. E.B. Cowell, Cambridge.

CBS.--A Catena of Buddhist Scriptures from the Chinese by Samuel Beal.
London, 1871.

ChD.--[Chinese Dhammapada.] Texts from the Buddhist Canon, commonly
known as Dhammapada. Translated by S. Beal, London and Boston, 1878.

Dh.--The Dharma, or The Religion of Enlightenment by Paul Carus. 5th ed.
Chicago, 1907.

DP.--The Dhammapada. Translated from Pāli by F. Max Müller, Vol. X, Part
I, of the Sacred Books of the East. Oxford, 1881.

EA.--Explanatory Addition.

EH.--Handbook of Chinese Buddhism, by Ernest J. Eitel. London, 1888.

Fo.--The Fo-Sho-Hing-Tsan-King. A Life of Buddha by Asvaghosha,
translated from Sanskrit into Chinese by Dharmarakhsha, A.D. 420, and
from Chinese into English by Samuel Beal. Vol. XIX of the Sacred Books
of the East. Oxford, 1883.

G.--Reden Gotamo's by Karl Eugen Neumann.

HF.--Hymns of the Faith (Dhammapada) transl. by Albert J. Edmunds.

HM.--A Manual of Buddhism, by R. Spence Hardy.

LKG.--Die Legende von Kisāgotamī, by Jakob H. Thiessen. Breslau, 1880.

LV.--Lalita Vistara, translated into German by Dr. S. Lefmann. Berlin,
1874.

MPN.--The Mahāparinibbāna Suttanta. The Book of the Great Decease. Vol.
XI of the Sacred Books of the East. Oxford 1881.

MP.--The Mahāvagga. I-IV in Vol. XIII; V-X in Vol. XVII of the Sacred
Books of the East. Oxford, 1881-1882.

MY.--Outlines of the Mahāyāna as Taught by Buddha, by S. Kuroda. Tokyo,
Japan, 1893.

OC.--The Open Court, a monthly magazine, published by the Open Court
Publishing Company, Chicago.

OldG.--German Edition, Buddha, sein Leben, seine Lehre und seine
Gemeinde, by H. Oldenberg. Second Edition. Berlin, 1890.

OldE.--English translation, Buddha, His Life, His Doctrine, and His
Order by H. Oldenberg. London, 1882.

PT.--Pantschatantra, translated into German by Theodor Benfey. Two vols.
Leipsic, 1859.

QKM.--The Questions of King Milinda, translated from Pāli by T.W. Rhys
Davids, Vol. XXXV of the Sacred Books of the East. Oxford, 1890.

RB.-The Life of the Buddha from Thibetan Works, transl. by W.W.
Rockhill. London, 1884.

rGya.--rGya Tchee Roll Pa, Histoire du Bouddha Sakya Mouni, by Foucaux.
Paris, 1868.

RHB.--The Romantic History of Buddha from the Chinese Sanskrit, by S.
Beal. London, 1875.

RhDB.--Buddhism, by T.W. Rhys Davids, in the Series of Non-Christian
Religious Systems. London, 1890.

S42S.--Sutra of Forty-two Sections. Kyoto, Japan.

SB.-Sacred Books of the East.

SN.--Sutta Nipāta, translated from the Pāli by V. Fausböll. Part II,
Vol. X of the Sacred Books of the East. Oxford, 1881.

SS.--A Brief Account of Shin-Shiu by R. Akamatsu. Kyoto, Japan, 1893.

SSP.--Sept Suttas Pālis by M.P. Grimblot. Paris, 1876.

TPN.--Buddhistische Anthologie. Texte aus dem Pāli-Kanon. By Dr. Karl
Eugen Neumann. Leyden, 1892.

Ug.--Uttarādhyayana, translated by H. Jacobi. Vol. XLV of the Sacred
Books of the East.

US.--The Udāna by Major General D.M. Strong.

V.--Visuddhi-Magga in Warren's Buddhism in Translations.

W.--Buddhism in Translations by Henry Clarke Warren.


The original Pāli texts are published in the Journal of the Pāli Text
Society, London, Henry Frowde.




GLOSSARY OF NAMES AND TERMS.


[In the text of the present booklet all unnecessary terms have been
avoided. Whenever a good English equivalent could be found, the foreign
expression has been dropped. Nevertheless, the introduction not only of
many foreign-sounding names, but also of some of the original terms, was
unavoidable.

Now we have to state that the Eastern people, at least those of Hindu
culture during the golden age of Buddhism in India, adopted the habit of
translating not only terms but also names. A German whose name is
Schmied is not called Smith in English, but Buddhists, when translating
from Pāli into Sanskrit, change Siddhattha into Siddhartha. The reason
of this strange custom lies in the fact that Buddhists originally
employed the popular speech and did not adopt the use of Sanskrit until
about five hundred years after Buddha. Since the most important names
and terms, such as Nirvāna, Karma and Dharma, have become familiar to us
in their Sanskrit form, while their Pali equivalents, Nibbāna, Kamma and
Dhamma, are little used, it _appeared advisable to prefer for some terms
the Sanskrit forms_, but there are instances in which the Pāli, for some
reason or other, has been preferred by English authors [e. g. Krishā
Gautamī is always called Kisāgotamī], we present here in the Glossary
both the Sanskrit and the Pāli forms.

Names which have been Anglicised, such as "Brahmā, Brahman, Benares,
Jain, and karma," have been preserved in their accepted form. If we
adopt the rule of transferring Sanskrit and Pali words in their
stem-form, as we do in most cases (e.g. Nirvāna, ātman), we ought to
call Brahmā "Brahman," and karma "karman." But us us est tyrannus. In a
popular book it is not wise to swim against the stream.

Following the common English usage of saying "Christ," not "the Christ,"
we say in the title "Buddha," not "the Buddha."]

       *       *       *       *       *

Abni'ññā, _p._, Abhi'jññā, _skt._, supernatural talent. There are six
abhijññās which Buddha acquired when attaining perfect
enlightenment:--(i) the celestial eye, or an intuitive insight of the
nature of any object in any universe; (2) the celestial ear, or the
ability to understand any sound produced in any universe; (3) the power
of assuming any shape or form; (4) knowledge of all forms of
pre-existence of one's self and others; (5) intuitive knowledge of the
minds of all beings; and (6) knowledge of the finality of the stream of
life.

Acira'vatī, _p._ and _skt._, a river.

Agni, _p._ and _skt._, a god of the Brahmans, the god of fire.

Ajatasa'ttu, _p._, Ajatasa'tru, _skt._, the son of king Bimbisāra and
his successor to the throne of Magadha.

Alā'ra, _p._, Ārā'da, _skt._, a prominent Brahman philosopher. His full
name is Ālāra Kālāma.

Ambapā'lī, the courtesan, called "Lady Amra" in Fo-Sho-Hing-Tsan-King.
It is difficult for us to form a proper conception of the social
position of courtesans at Buddha's time in India. This much is sure,
that they were not common prostitutes, but ladies of wealth, possessing
great influence. Their education was similar to the hetairs in Greece,
where Aspasia played so prominent a part. Their rank must sometimes have
been like that of Madame Pompadour in France at the court of Louis XIV.
They rose to prominence, not by birth, but by beauty, education,
refinement, and other purely personal accomplishments, and many of them
were installed by royal favor. The first paragraphs of Khandhaka VIII of
the Mahāvagga [S. _B_., Vol. XVII, pp. 171--172] gives a fair idea of
the important role of courtesans in those days. They were not
necessarily venal daughters of lust, but, often women of distinction and
repute, worldly, but not disrespectable.

Amitā'bha, _p._ and _skt._, endowed with boundless light, from _amita_,
infinite, immeasurable, and _ābbā_, ray of light, splendor, the bliss of
enlightenment. It is a term of later Buddhism and has been personified
as Amitābha Buddha, or Amita. The invocation of the all-saving name of
Amitābha Buddha is a favorite tenet of the Lotus or Pure Land sect, so
popular in China and Japan. Their poetical conception of a paradise in
the West is referred to in Chapter LX. Southern Buddhism knows nothing
of a personified Amitābha, and the Chinese travellers Fa-hien and
Hiuen-tsang do not mention it. The oldest allusion to Amita is found in
the Amitāyus Sūtra, translated A.D. 148--170. [See Eitel, _Handbook_,
pp. 7--9.]

Āna'nda, _p._ and _skt._, Buddha's cousin and his favorite disciple. The
Buddhistic St. John (Johannes).

Anāthapi'ndika, _p._ and _skt._, (also called Anāthapi'ndada in _skt._)
literally "One who gives alms (pinda) to the unprotected or needy
(anātha)." Eitel's etymology "one who gives without keeping (anātha) a
mouthful (pinda) for himself" is not tenable. A wealthy lay devotee
famous for his liberality and donor of the Jetavana vihāra.

Annabhā'ra, _p._ and _skt._, literally "he who brings food"; name of
Sumana's slave.

Aññā'ta, _p._, Âjñā'ta, _skt._, literally "knowing", a cognomen of
Kondañña, the first disciple of Buddha.

Anuru'ddha, a prominent disciple of Buddha, known as the great master of
Buddhist metaphysics. He was a cousin of Buddha, being the second son of
Amritodana, a brother of Suddhodana.

A'rahat, _p._, Ar'hant, _skt._, a saint. (See also Saint in Index.)

Arati, dislike, hatred. The opposite of _rati_. The name of one of
Māra's daughters.

A'sita, _p._ and _skt._, a prophet.

A'ssaji, _p._, Aśvajit, _skt._, one of Buddha's disciples by whose
dignified demeanor Sāriputta is converted.

Ā'tman, _skt._, Atta, _p._, breath as the principle of life, the soul,
self, the ego. To some of the old Brahman schools the ātman constitutes
a metaphysical being in man, which is the thinker of his thoughts, the
perceiver of his sensations, and the doer of his doings. Buddha denies
the existence of an ātman in this sense.

Balā'ni, or pañca-balāni, _p._ and _skt._, (the singular is bala,
power), the five moral powers (also called panca-indriyani), which are:
Faith, energy, memory or recollection, meditation or contemplation, and
wisdom or intuition.

Beluva, a village near Vesālī.

Benares, the well-known city in India; Anglicised form of Vārānasī,
_skt._, and Bārānasī, _p._ (See Kāsī.)

Bha'gavat, _p._, Bha'gavant, _skt._, the man of merit, worshipful, the
Blessed One. A title of honor given to Buddha.

Bha'llika, _p._ and _skt._, a merchant.

Bhāradvā'ja, _p._ and _skt._, name of a Brahman.

Bhā'vanā, _p._ and _skt._, meditation. There are five principal
meditations: metta-bhavana, on love; karunā-bhāvanā, on pity;
mudita-bhavana, on joy; asubha-bhāvanā, on impurity; and upekhā-bhāvanā,
on serenity. [See Rhys Davids's _Buddhism_, pp. 170-171.]

Bhi'kkhu, _p._, bhi'kshu, _skt._, mendicant, monk, friar; the five
bhikkhus; bhikkhus doffed their robes; bhikkhus rebuked; bhikkhus
prospered; the sick bhikkhu.

Bhi'kkhunī, _p._, bhi'kshunī, _skt._, nun.

Bimbisā'ra, _p._ and _skt._, the king of Magadha; often honored with the
cognomen "Sai'nya," _skt._, or "Se'niya," i. e. "the warlike or
military."

Bo'dhi, _p._ and _skt._, knowledge, wisdom, enlightenment.

Bodhi-a'nga or Bojjha'nga, or Sa'tta Bojjha'nga, meditation on the seven
kinds of wisdom, which are:--energy, recollection, contemplation,
investigation of scripture, joy, repose, and serenity.

Bodhisa'tta, _p._, Bodhisa'ttva, _skt._, he whose essence (_sattva_) is
becoming enlightenment (_bodhi_). The term denotes (1) one who is about
to become a Buddha, but has not as yet attained Nirvāna; (2) a class of
saints who have only once more to be born again to enter into Nirvāna;
(3) in later Buddhism any preacher or religious teacher; appearance of;
Bodhisattas.

Bodhi-tree, the tree at Buddha-Gaya, species _ficus religiosa_.

Bra'hmā, Anglicised form of _skt._ stem-form _Brahman_ (nom. s.
_Brahmā_). The chief God of Brahmanism, the world-soul. See also
_Sahampati_; Brahmā, a union with; Brahmā, face to face; Brahmā's mind.

Brahmada'tta, _p._ and _skt._, (etym. given by Brahmā) name of a
mythical king of Kâshî, _skt._, or Kāsī.

Bra'hman, the priestly caste of the Indians. Anglicised form of
_Brahmana_ (_p._ and _skt._). Priests were selected from the Brahman
caste, but Brahmans were not necessarily priests; they were farmers,
merchants, and often high officials in the service of kings. Brahmans,
the two.

Buddha, _p._ and _skt._, the Awakened One, the Enlightened One--. Buddha
is also called Sakyamuni (the Sakya sage), Sakyasimha (the Sakya Lion),
Sugata (the Happy One), Satthar, nom. Satthâ, _p._; Shāstar, _skt._,
(the Teacher), Jina (the Conqueror), Bhagavat (the Blessed One),
Lokanātha (the Lord of the World), Sarvajña (the Omniscient One),
Dharmarāja (the King of Truth), Tathāgata, etc. [See Rh. Davids's B. p.
28.] B., faith in the; B., I am not the first; B. not Gotama; B., refuge
in the; B. remains, Gotama is gone; B. replies to the deva; B., the
sower; B., the teacher; B., the three personalities of; B., the truth;
B., truly thou art; B. will arise, another; B.'s birth; B.'s death; B.'s
farewell address; consolidation of B.'s religion; Buddhas, the praise of
all the; Buddhas, the religion of all the; Buddhas, the words of
immutable.

Cha'nna, _p._ and _skt._, prince Siddhattha's driver. Chu'nda, _p._ and
_skt._, the smith of Pāvā.

Dāgo'ba, modernised form of _skt._ Dhātu-ga'rbha, "relic shrine," (also
called Stūpa in Northern Buddhism) a mausoleum, tower containing relics,
a kenotaph.

Dā'namatī, and _skt._, name of a village. The word means "having a mind
to give."

De'va, _p._ and _skt._, any celestial spirit, a god especially of
intermediate rank, angel.--Deva, questions of the; Buddha replies
to the deva; Devas.

Devada'tta (etym. god-given) brother of Yasodharā and Buddha's
brother-in-law. He tried to found a sect of his own with severer rules
than those prescribed by Buddha. He is described undoubtedly with great
injustice in the Buddhist canon and treated as a traitor. [About his
sect see Rh. Davids's B. p. 181--182.]

Devapu'tta, _p._, Devapu'tra, _skt._, (etym. Son of a God) one of
Buddha's disciples.

Dhammapa'da, _p._, Dharmapa'da, _skt._

Dha'rma, _skt._, Dha'mma, _p._, originally the natural condition of
things or beings, the law of their existence, truth, then religious
truth, the law, the ethical code of righteousness, the whole body of
religious doctrines as a system, religion; let a man take pleasure in
the dharma; the goodness of the dharma.

Dharmakā'ya, _skt._, the body of the law.

Dharmarā'ja, _skt._, Dhammarā'ja, _p._, the king of truth.

Dīghā'vu, Dīrghā'yu, _skt._, the etymology of the word is "livelong."
Name of a mythical prince, son of king Dīghīti.

Dīghī'ti, _p._, Dīrghe'ti, _skt._, literally "suffer-long," Name of a
mythical king, father of prince Dīghā'vu.

Ganges, the well known river of India.

Gava'mpati, _p._, Gavā'mpati, _skt._, literally "lord of cows," a friend
of Yasa.

Ga'yā Kassapa, brother of the great Kassapa of Uruvelā.

Go'tama, _p._, Gau'tama, _skt._, Buddha's family name; Gotama denies the
existence of the soul; Gotama is gone, Buddha remains; Buddha
not Gotama; Gotama the samana; Gotama Siddhattha.

Gotamī, name of any woman belonging to the Gotama family. Kisā Gotamī.

Hinayā'na, _skt._, the small vehicle, viz., of salvation. A name
invented by Northern Buddhists, in contradistinction to Mahāyāna, to
designate the spirit of Southern Buddhism. The term is not used among
Southern Buddhists.

Hira'ññavatī, _p._, Hiran'yavatī, _skt._, a river.

I'ddhi, _p._, Ri'ddhi, _skt._, defined by Eitel as "the dominion of
spirit over matter." It is the adjusting power to one's purpose and the
adaptation to conditions. In popular belief it implies exemption from
the law of gravitation and the power of assuming any shape at will. (See
Iddhipāda.)

Iddhipā'da, _p._, Riddhipā'da, _skt._, the mode of attaining the power
of mind over matter, four steps being needed: (1) the will to acquire
it, (2) the necessary exertion, (3) the indispensable preparation of the
heart, and (4) a diligent investigation of the truth.

Indra, one of the principal Brahman gods.

Indriyā'ni or panc'-indriyāni, the five organs of the spiritual sense.
(See Balāni.)

I'si, _p._, Ri'shi, _skt._, a prophet or seer, an inspired poet, a
hermit having acquired wisdom in saintly retirement, a recluse or
anchorite.

Iś'vara, _skt._, I'ssara, (lit. independent existence) Lord, Creator,
personal God, a title given to Shiva and other great deities. In
Buddhistic scriptures as well as in Brahman the _skt._ Is'vara (not the
_p._ Issara) means always a transcendent or extramundane God, a personal
God, a deity distinct from, and independent of nature, who is supposed
to have created the world out of nothing.

Jain, modernised form of _skt._ Jaina; an adherent of the Jain-sect
which reveres Vardhamāna (Nātaputta) as Buddha. (See _Jainism_.)--48.

Jainism, a sect, founded by Vardhamāna, older than Buddhism and still
extant in India. It is in many respects similar to Buddhism. Buddha's
main objection to the Jains was the habit of their ascetics of going
naked. The Jains lay great stress upon ascetic exercises and
self-mortification which the Buddhists declare to be injurious.

Ja'mbu, _p._ and _skt._, a tree.

Jambū'nada, _p._, Jāmbū'nada, _skt._, a town of unknown site. (Also the
name of a mountain and of a lake.)

Ja'tila, _p._, "wearing matted hair." The Jatilas were Brahman ascetics.
Buddha converted a tribe of them, and Kassapa, their chief, became one
of his most prominent disciples.

Je'ta, the heir apparent to the kingdom of Sāvatthī.

Je'tavana, a vihāra.

Jhā'na, _p._, Dhyā'na, _skt._, intuition, beatic vision, ecstasy,
rapture, the result of samādhi. Buddha did not recommend trances as
means of religious devotion, urging that deliverance can be obtained
only by the recognition of the four noble truths and walking on the
noble eightfold path, but he did not disturb those who took delight in
ecstasies and beatific visions. Buddha's interpretation of the Dhyāna is
not losing consciousness but a self-possessed and purposive eradication
of egotism. There are four Dhyānas, the first being a state of joy and
gladness born of seclusion full of investigation and reflexion; the
second one, born of deep tranquillity without reflexion or
investigation, the third one brings the destruction of passion, while
the fourth one consists in pure equanimity, making an end of sorrow.
[See Rhys Davids's B. pp. 175--176.] In the Fo-Sho-hing-tsang-king, the
Dhyāna is mentioned twice only: first, III, 12, vv. 960--978, where
Ārāda sets forth the doctrine of the four Dhyānas which is not approved
of by Buddha, and secondly, at Buddha's death; when his mind is said to
have passed through all the Dhyānas.

Ji'na, _p._ and _skt._, the Conqueror, an honorary title of Buddha. The
Jains use the term with preference as an appellative of Vardhamāna whom
they revere as their Buddha.

Jī'vaka, _p._ and _skt._, physician to king Bimbisāra. According to
tradition he was the son of king Bimbisāra and the courtesan Salavatī.
We read in Mahāvagga VIII that after his birth he was exposed but saved;
then he became a most famous physician and cured Buddha of a troublesome
disease contracted by wearing cast off rags. He was an ardent disciple
of Buddha and prevailed upon him to allow the Bhikkhus to wear lay
robes.

Jo'tikkha, _p._, name of a householder, son of Subhadda.

Kālā'ma, _p._ and _skt._, (see Alāra).

Ka'nthaka, prince Siddhattha's horse.

Kapilava'tthu, _p._, Kapilava'stu, _skt._, the capital of the Sakyas,
the birthplace of Buddha.

Ka'rma, anglicised form of _skt._ stem-form _ka'rman_ (nom. s. _karma_),
the _p._ of which is _ka'mmam_. Action, work, the law of action,
retribution, results of deeds previously done and the destiny resulting
therefrom. Eitel defines karma as "that moral kernel [of any being]
which alone survives death and continues in transmigration." Karma is a
well-defined and scientifically exact term. Professor Huxley says, "In
the theory of evolution, the tendency of a germ to develop according to
a certain specific type, e.g., of the kidney bean seed to grow into a
plant having all the characters of _Phaseolus vulgaris_ is its 'karma.'
It is 'the last inheritor and the last result' of all the conditions
that have affected a line of ancestry which goes back for many millions
of years to the time when life first appeared on earth." We read in the
Anguttara Nikāya, Pancaka Nipāta: "My action (karma) is my possession,
my action is my inheritance, my action is the womb which bears me, my
action is the race to which I am akin [as the kidney-bean to its
species], my action is my refuge." [See the article "Karma and Nirvāna"
in _Buddhism and Its Christian Critics_, p. 131 ff.]

Kā'sī, _p._, Ka's'i, _skt._, the old and holy name of Benares.--104 et
seq., 192.

Ka'ssapa, _p._, Kā's'yapa, _skt._ (the etymology "He who swallowed
fire," is now rejected), a name of three brothers, chiefs of the
Jatilas, called after their residences, Uruvelā, Nadī, and Gayā. The
name Kassapa applies mainly to Kāssapa of Uruvelā, one of the great
pillars of the Buddhistic brotherhood, who took at once, after his
conversion, a most prominent rank among Buddha's disciples. [Kassapa of
Uruvelā is frequently identified with Mahā-Kassapa, the same who was
president of the council at Rājagaha, but H. Dharmapala states, on the
authority of the Anguttara Nikāya, that the two were altogether
different persons.]

Kha'ndha, _p._, Ska'ndha, _skt._, elements; attributes of being, which
are form, sensation, perception, discrimination, and consciousness.

Kile'sa, _p._, Kle'śa, _skt._, error.

Ki'sā Go'tamī, _p._, Kri'sha Gau'tamī, _skt._, the slim or thin Gotamī.
Name (i) of a cousin of Buddha, mentioned in Chap. VI, p. 16, (2) of the
heroine in the parable of the mustard seed.

Ko'lī, a little kingdom in the neighborhood of Kapilavatthu, the home of
Yasodharā.

Kond'añña, _p._, Kaundi'nya, _skt._, name of Buddha's first disciple,
afterwards called Ājñā'ta Kaundi'nya in _skt._ and Aññā'ta Konda'ñña in
_p._

Ko'sala, _p._ and _skt._, name of a country.

Kosa'mbī, _p._, Kausā'mbī, _skt._, a city.

Kusinā'rā, _p._, Kusina'gara, _skt._, a town.

Kūtada'nta, _p._ and _skt._, a Brahman chief in the village Dānamatī,
also called Khānumat; is mentioned in Sp. Hardy's _M.B._, p. 289 and in
_S.B.E._, Vol. XIX., p. 242 [Fo, v. 1682].--152-160. Cf. Rhys Davids's
_Dialogues_, pp. 173-179.

Li'cchavi, _p._ and _skt._, the name of a princely family.

Lu'mbinī, _skt._, a grove named after a princess, its owner.

Ma'gadha, _p._ and _skt._, name of a country.

Ma'gga, Mā'rga, _skt._, path; especially used in the Pāli phrase "Ariyo
atthangiko maggo," the noble eightfold path, which consists of: right
views, high aims, right speech, upright conduct, a harmless livelihood,
perseverance in well-doing, intellectual activity, and earnest thought.
[See _S.B.E_, Vol. XI, pp. 63 and 147.]

Mahārā'ja, the great king.

Mahāse'tu, the great bridge. A name invented by the author of the
present book to designate the importance of Christianity compared to the
Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna of Buddhism.

Mahāyā'na, the great vehicle, viz., of salvation. Name of the Northern
conception of Buddhism, comparing religion to a great ship in which men
can cross the stream of Samsāra to reach the shore of Nirvāna.

Ma'lla, _p._ and _skt._, name of a tribe.

Manasā'kata, _p._, Manasā'krita, _skt._, a village in Kosala.

Mandā'ra, _p._ and _skt._, a flower of great beauty.

Mā'ra, _p._ and _skt._, the Evil One, the tempter, the destroyer, the
god of lust, sin, and death.

Māra's daughters are always three in number but their names are
variously given as Tanhā, Arati, Rati (Dh. 164), and Tanhā, Arati, Ragā
(Ab. 44 etc.).

Mā'tali, _p._ and _skt._, name of a demon in the retinue of Yama.

Māta'nga, _p._ and _skt._, literally, of low birth; the Matanga caste
comprises mongrels of the lowest with higher castes.

Mā'thura, and _skt._, name of a place.

Mā'yā, _p._ and _skt._, Buddha's mother. (See Māyā-devī.) The term "veil
of Māyā," viz., the illusion of self, popularly known through
Schopenhauer, does not refer to Buddha's mother, but to the Vedantic
conception of māyā. The word means "charm, magic enhancement." The
similarity of sound in the names Māyā and Maria is curious.

Māyā-de'vī, also called Mahā-Māyā, or simply Māyā, _p._ and _skt._, the
wife of Suddhodana and mother of Buddha. She died in childbed, and
Buddha ascends to heaven to preach to her the good law and the gospel of
salvation.

Mette'yya, Maitre'ya, _skt._, etymology, "full of kindness"; the name of
the Buddha to come.

Moggallā'na, _p._, Maudgalyā'yana, _skt._, one of the most prominent
disciples of Buddha, a friend of Sāriputta.

Mu'ni, _skt._ and _p._, a thinker, a sage; especially a religious
thinker. Sakyamu'ni, the sage of the Sakyas, is Buddha.

Nadī'-Ka'ssapa, _p._, Nadī-Kā's'yapa, _skt._, brother of the great
Kassapa of Uruvelā.

Nā'dika, _p._ and _skt._, name of a village.

Nā'ga, _p._ and _skt._, literally serpent. The serpent being regarded as
a superior being, the word denotes a special kind of spiritual beings; a
sage, a man of spiritual insight; any superior personality. Nāga kings.

Nalagiri, name of an elephant.

Nāla'ndā, _p._ and _skt._, a village near Rājagaha.

Nanda, _p._, Siddhattha's halfbrother, son of Pajāpatī.

Na'ndā, daughter of a chief of shepherds, also called Sujātā.

Nātapu'tta, _Jain Prakrit_, Jñātapu'tra, _skt._, the son of Jñāta.
Patronym of Vardhamāna, the founder of Jainism.

Nerañjarā, Naira'ñjanā, _skt._, name of a river identified by some with
the Nilajan, by others with the Phalgu.

Nidā'na, _p._ and _skt._, cause. The twelve nidānas, forming the chain
of causation which brings about the misery in the world. [See Oldenberg,
_Buddha_, Engl. tr., pp 224--252].

Nigga'ntha, _p._, Nirgra'ntha, _skt._, literally "liberated from bonds";
a name adopted by the adherents of the Jaina sect;
Nigganthas, give also to the.

Nigro'dha, _p._, Nyagro'dha, _skt._, a tree, _ficus indica_ well known
for its air roots..

Nirmā'na Kā'ya, _skt._, the body of transformation.

Nirvā'na, _skt._, Nibbā'na, _p._, extinction, viz., the extinction of
self; according to the Hīnayāna it is defined as "extinction of
illusion," according to the Mayāyāna as "attainment of truth." Nirvāna
means, according to the latter, enlightenment, the state of mind in
which upādāna, kilesa, and tanhā are extinct, the happy condition of
enlightenment, peace of mind, bliss, the glory of righteousness in this
life and beyond, the eternal rest of Buddha after death. Buddha himself
has refused to decide the problem whether or not Nirvāna is a final
extinction of personality. When questioned, he indicated by his silence
that the solution is not one of those subjects a knowledge of which is
indispensable for salvation; where is Nirvāna?; Nirvāna not a locality; the city
of Nirvāna; the harvest, Nirvāna; the one aim, Nirvāna;
Samsāra and Nirvāna.

Okkā'ka, _p._, Ikshvā'ku, _skt._, the name of a mythological family from
which the chiefs of the Sakyas claim descent.

Pabba'jjā, _p._, pravra'jyā, _skt._, the act of leaving the world for
receiving admittance to the Order. The first step of the Buddhist
ordination. (See Upasa'mpadā.)

Pajā'patī, _p._, Prajā'patī or Mahā-Prajā'patī, _skt._, the sister of
Māyā-devī, second wife of Suddhodana, aunt and fostermother of Buddha.
She is also called by her husband's family name Gotamī (feminine form of
Gotama).

Pajjo'ta, _p._, Pradyo'ta, _skt._, name of a king of Ujjenī.

(Pakati, _p._) Pra'kriti, _skt._, name of a girl of low caste.

Pāramitā', _p._ and _skt._, perfection, or virtue. The six pāramitās
are: almsgiving, morality, patience, zeal or energy, meditation, and
wisdom.

Paribbā'jaka, _p._, Parivrā'jaka, _skt._, a sect belonging to the
Tīrthika school.

Pase'nadi, _p._, (Prase'najit, _skt._, also called Pasenit) king of
Kosala, residing at Sāvatthī.

Pātalipu'tra, _skt._, Pātalipu'tta, _p._, also called Pātaligāma, a city
on the Ganges north of Rājagaha and belonging to the kingdom of Magadha,
the frontier station against the Vriji (Vajji), the present Patna.
Buddha is reported to have predicted the future greatness of the place,
which is an important passage for determining the time in which the
account of Buddha's sojourn in Pātaliputra was written. It is still
uncertain, however, when Patna became the important centre which it is
now. It was the capital of the country when Megasthenes, the ambassador
of Seleucus Nicator, at the end of the third century B.C., visited
India. He gave in his book a detailed description of the city;
Pātaliputra, three dangers hang over.

Pātimo'kkha, _p._, Pratimo'ksha, _skt._, (usually spelt Prātimoksha in
Buddhistic Sanskrit,) literally "disburdenment." It is the Buddhist
confession. Rhys Davids says "that it almost certainly dates from the
fifth century B.C. Since that time--during a period that is of nearly
two thousand and three hundred years--it has been regularly repeated,
twice in each month, in formal meetings of the stricter members of the
Order. It occupies, therefore, a unique position in the literary history
of the world; and no rules for moral conduct have been for so long a
time as these in constant practical use, except only those laid down in
the Old Testament and in the works of Confucius" (p. 163).

Pā'vā, _p._ and _skt._, a village where Buddha took his last meal.

Pokkharasā'ti, _p._, Paushkarasā'ti, _skt._, a Brahman
philosopher.

Pubbārā'ma, _p._, Pūrvārā'ma, _skt._, the Eastern garden.

Pu'kkusa, _p._, Pu'kkasha or Pu'kkasa, _skt._, name of a low
caste.

Puññ'aji, _p._, Pu'nyajit, _skt._, a friend of Yasa.

Ragā, pleasure, desire or lust; a synonym of _rati_. The name of one of
Māra's daughters.

Rāhula, _p._ and _skt._, the son of Buddha, was admitted to the
fraternity while still a boy. Buddha gave him a lesson in truthfulness
[see Chapter LVI]. He is always named among the prominent disciples of
Buddha and is revered as the patron saint of novices.

Rainy season (see Vassa).

Rā'jā, _p._ and _skt._, nominative form of the stem rājan, a king (in
composition rāja).

Rājaga'ha, _p._, Rājagri'ha, _skt._, the capital of Magadha and
residence of king Bimbisāra.

Ra'tana, _p._, ra'tna, _skt._, "jewel."

Rati, love, liking; a synonym of _ragā_. The name of one of Māra's
daughters.

Saha'mpati, occurs only in the phrase "Brahmā Sahampati," a name
frequently used in Buddhist scriptures the meaning of which is obscure.
Burnouf renders it _Seigneur des êtres patients_; Eitel, Lord of the
inhabitable parts of all universes; H. Kern [in _S.B._, XXI, p. 5]
maintains that it is synonymous with Sikhin, which is a common term for
Agni.

Sa'kka, _p._, Śa'kra, _skt._, Lord; a cognomen of Indra.

Sa'kya, Śākya, _skt._, the name of a royal race in the northern
frontiers of Magadha.

Sakyamuni, _p._, Śakyamuni, _skt._, the Sākya sage; a cognomen of
Buddha.

Sā'la, _p._, Śā'la, _skt._, a tree, _vatica robusta_; sāla-grove;
sāla-trees.

Samā'dhi, _p._ and _skt._, trance, abstraction, self-control. Rhys
Davids says (_B._ _p._ 177): "Buddhism has not been able to escape from
the natural results of the wonder with which abnormal nervous states
have always been regarded during the infancy of science.... But it must
be added, to its credit, that the most ancient Buddhism despises dreams
and visions; and that the doctrine of Samādhi is of small practical
importance compared with the doctrine of the noble eightfold Path."
Eitel says (_Handbook_, p. 140): "The term Samādhi is sometimes used
ethically, when it designates moral self-deliverance from passion and
vice."

Sa'mana, _p._, Śrā'mana, _skt._, an ascetic; one who lives under the
vow; the Samana Gotama, the vision of a samana.

Sambho'ga-Kā'ya, _skt._, the body of Bliss.

Sammappadhā'na, _p._, Samyakpradhā'na, _skt._, right effort, exertion,
struggle. There are four great efforts to overcome sin, which are: (1)
Mastery over the passions so as to prevent bad qualities from rising;
(2) suppression of sinful thoughts to put away bad qualities which have
arisen; (3) meditation on the seven kinds of wisdom (Bojjhañga) in order
to produce goodness not previously existing, and (4) fixed attention or
the exertion of preventing the mind from wandering, so as to increase
the goodness which exists. [See the Mahāpadhāna-Sutta in the
_Dīgha-Nikāya_. Compare _B.B. St._, p. 89, and Rh. Davids's _Buddhism_,
pp. 172-173.]

Samsā'ra, _p._ and _skt._, the ocean of birth and death, transiency,
worldliness, the restlessness of a worldly life, the agitation of
selfishness, the vanity fair of life.

Sa'ngha, _p._ and _skt._, the brotherhood of Buddha's disciples, the
Buddhist church. An assembly of at least four has the power to hear
confession, to grant absolution, to admit persons to the priesthood,
etc. The sangha forms the third constituent of the Tiratana or three
jewels in which refuge is taken (the S. B. of the E. spell Sawgha);
sangha maybe expected to prosper.

Sa'ñjaya, _p._ and _skt._, a wandering ascetic and chief of that sect to
which Sāriputta and Moggallāna belonged before their conversion.

Sankhā'ra, _p._, Samskā'ra, _skt._, confection, conformation,
disposition. It is the formative element in the karma as it has taken
shape in bodily existence.

Sāripu'tta, _p._, Sāripu'tra, _skt._, one of the principal disciples of
Buddha; the Buddhistic St. Peter; Sāriputta's faith.

Sā'vaka, _p._, Srā'vaka, _skt._, he who has heard the voice (viz. of
Buddha), a pupil, a beginner. The name is used to designate (1) all
personal disciples of Buddha, the foremost among whom are called
Mahā-sāvakas, and (2) an elementary degree of saintship. A sāvaka is he
who is superficial yet in practice and comprehension, being compared to
a hare crossing the stream of Samsāra by swimming on the surface. [See
Eitel _Handbook_, p. 157.]

Sati-patthā'na, _p._, Smrityupasthā'na, _skt._, meditation; explained as
"fixing the attention." The four objects of earnest meditation are: (1)
the impurity of the body, (2) the evils arising from sensation, (3)
ideas or the impermanence of existence, and (4) reason and character, or
the permanency of the dharma. (Rh. D.B., p. 172.) The term is different
from "bhāvanā," although translated by the same English word. (_S.B._ of
the _E._ XI, p. 62.--211).

Sāva'tthi, _p._, Srāva'sti, _skt._, capital of Northern Kosala. It has
been identified by General Cunningham with the ruins of Sāhet-Māhet in
Oudh and was situated on the river Rapri, northwest of Magadha.

Se'niya, _p._, Sai'nya, _skt._, military, warlike, an honorary title
given to Bimbisāra the king of Magadha.

Siddha'ttha, _p._, Siddhā'rtha, _skt._, Buddha's proper name. Etymology,
"He who has reached his goal."

Sigā'la, _p._, Srigā'la, _skt._, literally, "jackal"; name of a Brahman
converted by Buddha.

Si'mha, _skt._, Sī'ha, _p._, literally, "lion." Name of a general, an
adherent of the Niggantha sect, converted by Buddha; Simha, a soldier;
Simha's question concerning annihilation.

So'ma, _p._ and _skt._, derived from the root _su_, to press in a
winepress; not as, according to Eitel, Chinese scholars propose from
"exhilarate (_su_) and mind (_mana_)." Name of a plant and of its
juice, which is intoxicating and is used at Brahmanical festivals; the
Soma drink is identified with the moon and personified as a deity.

Subā'hu, _p._ and _skt._, a friend of Yasa.

Subha'dda, _p._, Subha'dra, _skt._, name of a samana. Subha'dda,
Buddha's last convert, must not be confounded with another man of the
same name who caused dissension soon after Buddha's death.

Suddho'dana, _p._, Śuddho'dana, _skt._, Buddha's father. The word means
"possessing pure rice." Buddhists always represent him as a king, but
Oldenberg declares that this does not appear in the oldest records, and
speaks of him as "a great and wealthy land-owner." (See his _Buddha_,
English version, pp. 99 and 416--417).

Su'mana, _p._ and _skt._, name of a householder.

Suprabuddha, father of Devadatta.

Su'tta, _p._, Sū'tra, _skt._, literally" thread," any essay, or guide of
a religious character.

Tanhā, _p._, Tr'ishna, _skt._, thirst; the word denotes generally all
intense desire, cleaving and clinging with passion. The name of one of
Māra's daughters.

Tapu'ssa, _p._ and _skt._, a merchant.

Tāru'kkha, _p._, Tāru'kshya, _skt._, name of a Brahman
philosopher.

Tathā'gata, _p._ and _skt._, generally explained as "the Perfect One."
The highest attribute of Buddha; robe of the Tathāgata; soldiers of the
Tathāgata; the law the body of the Tathāgata; Tathāgatas are only
preachers.

Tiratana, _p._, Trira'tna, _skt._, the three jewels or the holy trinity
of the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha, a doctrine peculiar to
Northern Buddhism. (See Trikāya.)

Ti'tthiya, _p._, Tī'rthika, _skt._, a religious school of India in
Buddha's time.

Trikā'ya, the three bodies or personalities of Buddha, the Dharmakāya,
the Sambhoga-kāya, and the Nirmāna-kāya.

Uddaka, _p._, U'draka, _skt._, a Brahman philosopher.

Ujje'nī, _p._, Ujja'yinī, _skt._, name of a city.

Upādā'na, _p._ and _skt._, desire, a grasping state of mind. One of the
nidānas.

(Upagutta, _p._), Upagu'pta, _skt._, name of a Buddhist monk.

U'paka, _p._ and _skt._, name of a man, a Jain, who met Buddha, but was
not converted by him.

Upā'li, _p._ and _skt._, a prominent disciple of Buddha. Before his
conversion he was, according to the Buddhistic tradition, court-barber
to the king of the Sakyas.

Upasa'mpadā, _p._ and _skt._, admittance to the Buddhist brotherhood,
ordination. (See Pabbajā.)

Upava'ttana, Upava'rtana, _skt._, a grove in Kusinagara. The word means
a rambling-place, a gymnasium.

Upo'satha, _p._, Upava'satha, _skt._, the Buddhist sabbath. Rhys Davids
says (pp. 140--141): "The Uposatha days are the four days in the lunar
month when the moon is full, or new, or half way between the two. It is
the fourteenth day from the new moon (in short months) and the fifteenth
day from the full moon (in the long months), and the eighth day from
each of these. The corresponding Sanskrit word is Upavasatha, the
fast-day previous to the offering of the intoxicating soma, connected
with the worship of the moon. Instead of worshipping the moon, the
Buddhists were to keep the fast-day by special observance of the moral
precepts; one of many instances in which Gotama spiritualised existing
words and customs."; observe the Uposatha or Sabbath.

Uruve'lā, _p._, Urubi'lvā, _skt._, a place south of Patna on the banks
of the Nerañjara river, now Buddha Gayā. The residence of Kassapa, the
chief of the Jatilas.

Va'jji, _p._, Vri'ji, _skt._, name of a people living in the
neighborhood of Magadha; assemblies of the Vajji.

Va'rana, _p._ and _skt._, a tree; _Crataeva Roxburghii_.

Vardhamā'na, _skt._, Vaddhamā'na, _Jaina Prākrit_, proper name of the
founder of Jainism. Also called Jñātapu'tra in _skt._ and Nātapu'tta in
_Jaina Prākrit_.

Va'runa, _p._ and _skt._, a Brahman deity, the god of heaven and regent
of the sea; one of the guardians of the world.

Vāsavada'ttā, _p._ and _skt._, a courtesan of Mathurā.

Vāse'ttha, _p._, Vāsi'shtha, _skt._, name of a Brahman.

Va'ssa, _p._, Va'rsha, _skt._, rain, rainy season. During the rainy
season of Northern India, which falls in the months from June to
October, the samanas could not wander about, but had to stay in one
place. It was the time in which the disciples gathered round their
master, listening to his instructions. Thus it became the festive time
of the year. In Ceylon, where these same months are the fairest season
of the year, Buddhists come together and live in temporary huts, holding
religious meetings in the open air, reading the Pitakas and enjoying the
Jātakas, legends, and parables of Buddhism. [See Rhys Davids's _B._, p.
57.]

Vassakāra, _p._, Varshakā'ra, _skt._, lit. "rain-maker." Name of a
Brahman, the prime minister of the king of Magadha.

Ve'das; I know all the Vedas.

Veluva'na, _p._, Venuva'na, _skt._, a bamboo-grove at Rājagaha;
Veluvana vihāra.

Vesā'lī, _p._, Vaiśā'līī, _skt._, a great city of India, north of
Patna.

Vihā'ra, _p._ and _skt._, residence of Buddhist monks or priests; a
Buddhist convent or monastery; a Buddhist temple.

Vi'mala, _p._ and _skt._ (etym., the spotless), name of a friend of
Yasa.

Vi'naya.

Visā'khā, _p._, Viśā'khā, _skt._, a wealthy matron of Sāvatthi, one of
Buddha's most distinguished woman lay-disciples. Says Oldenberg,
_Buddha_, English translation, p. 167: "Every one invites Visākhā to
sacrificial ceremonies and banquets, and has the dishes offered to her
first; a guest like her brings luck to the house."; eight boons of
Visākhā; gladness of Visākhā.

Ya'ma, _p._ and _skt._, also called Yama-rā'ja, death, the god of
death.

Ya'sa, Ya'śas, _skt._, the noble youth of Benares, son of a wealthy man
and one of Buddha's earliest converts.

Yaso'dharā, _p._, Ya'śodharā, _skt._, wife of Prince Gotama Siddhattha
before he became Buddha. She became one of the first of Buddhist nuns.
[See Jātaka, 87--90; Commentary on Dhammapada, vv. 168, 169: Bigandet,
156--168; Spence Hardy's _Manual_, 198--204; Beal, pp. 360--364: _B.
Birth Stories_, 127.]




INDEX.


     Abstain from impurity.
     Abstinence.
     Abode in me, truth has taken its.
     Abodes of truth.
     Abolish all the lesser.
     Abolished, omens.
     About to pass away.
     Absolution.
     Abuse, the sermon on.
     According to their deeds.
     Address, Buddha's farewell.
     Adoration be to thee.
     Aim, one, one essence, one law.
     Aim, the one, Nirvāna.
     Aim, the preacher's sole.
     All creatures received the message in their own language.
     Alone, let a man walk (see also Solitary).
     Altercations.
     Always in danger of death.
     Ambrosia, lake of.
     Angels rejoice.
     Anger, by love overcome.
     Annihilation.
     Annihilation of egotism.
     Annihilation, Simha's question concerning.
     Another Buddha will arise.
     Anxious to learn, must be.
     Anxious to learn the truth, be.
     Apoplexy, struck by.
     Appearance of Bodhisatta.
     Appearance, the glory of his.
     Appeared, the saviour.
     Appeased not by hatred, hatred.
     Are all paths saving paths?
     Artisans, the chief of the.
     Asceticism.
     Ascetics, naked.
     Ashes.
     Assemblies of the Vajji.
     Assemblies, various kinds of.
     Assured of final salvation.
     Astrology and forecasting by signs forbidden.
     Ātman and the _I_.
     Atone for your evil deeds, you will have to.
     Atonement by blood.
     Audience, like unto the color of my.
     Avoid dying, not any means to.

     Bad deeds easy to do.
     Bamboo grove.
     Bathing in the Ganges.
     Battle of life.
     Battle, the elephant no longer fit for.
     Battles, fight your.
     Be married unto the truth.
     Be ye lamps unto yourselves
     Beauty, to restore to you a nobler.
     Becoming, gradual.
     Bee collects nectar, the.
     Being, the purpose of.
     Beings, preach to all.
     Beneath, water gurgling.
     Best, truth is.
     Better bore out both eyes.
     Blessed One, has to suffer, the;
       Blessed One, refuge in the;
       Blessed One swooned, the;
       Blessed One walked unshod, the,
       Blessed One, wearisome to the.
     Blind man.
     Blind men.
     Blind received sight.
     Blind, the man born.
     Blind, truth is hidden to the.
     Blind, your eyes are.
     Bliss be diffused, let the.
     Bliss, the communication of.
     Bliss where suffering is.
     Blood, atonement by.
     Blood has no cleansing power.
     Blood, shedding of.
     Blow, give the rock a good.
     Blow off the impurities.
     Body of flesh? Why preserve this.
     Body of the law;
       the body of the law will endure.
     Body, the worldling nourishes his.
     Bonds that tie all souls together.
     Boons of Visākhā, eight.
     Brahmā.
     Brahman.
     Brahman lore, the substance of.
     Bridler of men's hearts.
     Bright, the sun is.
     Bright, thinkers are;
       warriors are bright.
     Bubble.
     Buddhahood, omens of;
       signs of Buddhahood.
     Burning, every thing is.
     Butterfly, like the.
     By deeds one becomes an outcast.

     Calamities, ten great.
     Carp not.
     Cart, as a worn out.
     Cast-off rags.
     Caste, I ask not for.
     Cause of further migrations.
     Cause of selfhood, the, Found!.
     Cease by hatred, hatred does not.
     Ceremony.
     Chance.
     Change, grief at; self is change.
     Charity, rich in returns;
       the sermon on.
     Charms are treacherous.
     Chastity.
     Cherish no hatred.
     Chickens should break the eggshell.
     Chief of the artisans, the.
     Children, I am your father, ye are.
     City of Nirvāna, the.
     Cleanses from error, the truth.
     Cleansing power, blood has no.
     Cleaving to self.
     Cloth of gold, robes of.
     Cloud, like a.
     Cloud of good qualities.
     Coil, the.
     Color of my audience, like unto the.
     Combination, individuality a;
       combination subject to separation.
     Come forth into the light.
     Come into the world to befriend.
     Come to teach life.
     Commandments, see the ten evils.
     Communication of bliss, the.
     Complete surrender of self.
     Compounds will be dissolved.
     Comprehension of things, truth the correct.
     Concord, two ways of re-establishing;
       meeting in concord;
       re-establishment of concord.
     Conditions of welfare, eight.
     Confer the ordination.
     Confession of trespasses.
     Conquerors, the greatest of.
     Conquest of self.
     Consolidation of Buddha's religion.
     Contact of the object and senses.
     Continuity, sameness and.
     Coop, the fowl in the.
     Correct comprehension of things, truth the.
     Correlatives.
     Courtesan.
     Covet not.
     Crane, the wild;
       the cruel crane.
     Creatures, all, received the message in their own language.
     Criminal, punishment of the.
     Criminal's act, punishment the fruit of the.
     Crossed the river.
     Crossed the stream, he had.
     Cultivate good-will.
     Culture of the mind.

     Danger of death, always in.
     Dangers hang over Pātaliputta, three.
     Dark, do not call the world.
     Dart of lust, the.
     Dead are many, the.
     Dead not saved by lamentation.
     Deaf and dumb speak, the.
     Death, always in danger of;
       Buddha's death;
       fate after death;
       death is near;
       no escape from;
       in the domain of death;
       self is death;
       thoughtlessness, the path of death.
     Deeds, according to their;
       bad deeds easy to do;
       by deeds one becomes an outcast;
       passed away according to his deeds.
     Deeper, dig.
     Delusion and truth.
     Delusions.
     Denies the existence of the soul, Gotama.
     Desert, a waterless;
       rescue in the desert;
       a sandy desert.
     Desire, the extinction of evil.
     Desolation, a hopeless.
     Despot, the.
     Destiny of warriors.
     Destroyed, hell is.
     Devadatta, sect of.
     Die until, etc., I shall not;
       truth cannot die.
     Died in the faith, he.
     Diffused, let the bliss be.
     Dig deeper.
     Disciple, the first woman lay-.
     Disciple, a, flagged.
     Dissatisfied, the people.
     Dissolution, necessity of.
     Dissolved, compounds will be.
     Distinction, without.
     Doctrine, preach the, glorious in the beginning, the middle, and end;
       my doctrine is like the great ocean;
       doctrine like unto fire;
       doctrine like unto water.
     Doffed their robes, the bhikkhus.
     Dog, the hungry.
     Domain of death, in the.
     Do not call the world dark.
     Do not rely on external help.
     Do not scold.
     Door of immortality.
     Draught-ox, exertion is a.
     Drink, the refreshing, perception of truth.
     Drinking? Is the water not fit for.
     Dumb, the deaf and, speak.
     Dust, like one who flings.
     Dust of worldliness.
     Dwelling-place, wisdom has no.
     Dying, not any means to avoid.

     Each day one hemp-grain.
     Earnestness is the goad;
       earnestness is the path of immortality.
     Earth, peace on.
     Earthquake.
     East, face towards the.
     Eating of flesh, the.
     Ecstasy, the song of.

     Eddies of transmigration.
     Efficacy, rituals have no.
     Egg-shell, chickens should break the;
       I have first broken the eggshell.
     Eggs, hen brooding over.
     Ego, the;
       ego, an illusion;
       the instability of the ego.
     Egotism, the annihilation of.
     Eight boons of Visākhā.
     Eight conditions of welfare.
     Eight wonderful qualities.
     Eightfold path, the.
     Eightfold, the best way is the.
     Eldest, I am the.
     Elephant, powerful;
       the elephant no longer fit for battle.
     Elevate the mind.
     Emaciated from fasts.
     Embrace of truth, the.
     Emptiness and immaterial life.
     Enabled me to do so, faith.
     Endure, thoughts will.
     Enemy, his greatest.
     Enlightened Teacher, refuge in the.
     Entities, souls not separate and self-existent.
     Envy not.
     Epidemic.
     Eradication of self.
     Error, self an;
       error be thou my guide.
     Error, truth cleanses from.
     Errors.
     Escape from death, no.
     Essence of life, truth is the;
       one in essence;
       one essence, one law, one aim.
     Eternal, truth the image of the.
     Everlasting life.
     Evil actions, thou canst not escape the fruit of.
     Everything is burning.
     Evil by good, overcome;
       evil deeds, you will have to atone for your;
       ignorance the root of evil;
       pain is the outcome of evil;
       evil powers no surrender;
       evil of lust, avoid.
     Evolution;
       in the course of evolution.
     Exertion is a draught-ox.
     Existence is spiritual, all;
       thirst for existence and selfhood.
     Expulsion, sentence of.
     External help, do not rely on.
     Extinction of self, the, salvation;
       the extinction of sinful desire;
       the extinction of thirst.
     Eye, the, ātman and;
       eye of truth;
       mental eye;
       spiritual eye.
     Eyes, better bore out both.

     Face to face, Brahmā;
       the universe face to face;
       face to face with him.
     Face towards the east.
     Facing towards the west.
     Faith alone can save;
       faith enabled me to do so;
       hast thou faith;
       he died in the faith;
       faith is the seed;
       faith in the Buddha;
       Sāriputta's faith.
     Falter not, wise people.
     Famine.
     Farewell address, Buddha's.
     Fashion themselves, wise people.
     Fashioned, truth cannot be.
     Fasts, emaciated from.
     Fate after death.
     Father and son;
       father I reverence my father;
       ye are my children, I am your father.
     Faults of others, the.
     Fell upon him, sickness.
     Fetch me some water.
     Few, the living are.
     Fight your battles.
     Fire, doctrine like unto.
     Fire, sermon on.
     First broken the egg-shell, I have.
     First Buddha, I am not the.
     First lay-member, the.
     First women lay-disciples, the.
     Fish, the giddy.
     Fit for battle, the elephant no longer.
     Fit for drinking? Is the water now.
     Fit to live, more.
     Five meditations.
     Five roots of mind, the.
     Five wishes of Bimbisāra.
     Fivefold gain;
       fivefold loss.
     Flagged, a disciple.
     Flagging, religious zeal.
     Flame, sameness of the.
     Flesh, the eating of;
       thorn in the;
       let the flesh waste away;
       why preserve this body of flesh?
     Flings dust, like one who.
     Flowers out of season;
       lotus flowers;
       mandara flowers.
     Following the Master over the stream.
     Fool;
       the listless fool.
     Foolish, pleasures destroy the;
       foolish talk.
     Forbidden, miracles.
     Forecasting by signs forbidden, astrology and.
     Found! the cause of selfhood;
       found the truth.
     Foundation of the Kingdom of Righteousness.
     Four kinds of offering;
       four kinds of merit;
       four simples;
       the four quarters;
       the four noble truths;
       the four signs;
       where four roads cross.
     Fowl in the coop, the.
     Fragrant like the lotus.
     Free your mind of ignorance.
     Fruit of evil actions, thou canst not escape the;
       the fruit of immortality;
       the fruit of the criminal's act punishment.
     Fruits, ripe.

     Ganges, bathing in the.
     Giddy fish, the.
     Gift of religion, the.
     Gift, the king's.
     Give also to the Nigganthas;
       give, if thou art asked;
       give the rock a good blow.
     Gives away, he who, etc..
     Giving away.
     Glad tidings.
     Gladness of Visākhā.
     Glorious in the beginning, middle, and end, preach the doctrine;
       the truth is glorious.
     Glory of his appearance, the;
       the truth in all its glory.
     Goad, earnestness is the.
     Goal, the.
     Gods and men, teacher of.
     Goes out to wage war.
     Gold, robes of cloth of.
     Gone into the yoke.
     Good qualities, cloud of;
       happiness is the outcome of good;
       overcome evil by good;
       good tidings;
       cultivate goodwill;
       good works are rain.
     Gotama Gate.
     Governs all things, karma.
     Grace, the time of.
     Gradual becoming.
     Grant me my life.
     Great is thy faith.
     Great understanding, muni of.
     Greatest enemy, his;
       the greatest of conquerors.
     Greedy tailor, the.
     Grief at change;
       overcome grief;
       selfish in my grief.
     Grounded, that it be well.
     Grove, bamboo.
     Guide, error be thou my.
     Guiding-rein, mind is the.

     Happily, let us live.
     Happiness is the outcome of good;
       vanity of worldly happiness.
     Happy, he is altogether;
       make thyself happy.
     Hard times teach a lesson.
     Harvest Nirvāna, the;
       thou wilt reap the harvest sown in the past.
     Hast thou faith?
     Hatred appeased not by hatred;
       cherish no hatred;
       hatred ceases by love;
       hatred does not cease by hatred.
     He promoted him higher.
     He who gives away, etc..
     He who walks righteously is ever near me.
     Hearts, bridler of men's.
     Heaven, hope of, a mirage;
       like one who spits at heaven;
       pleasures of self in heaven.
     Heavenly songs.
     Hell is destroyed.
     Helmet of right thought.
     Help, do not rely on external;
       now my lot to help.
     Hemp-grain, each day one.
     Hen brooding over egg.
     Hereafter, the.
     Heresies.
     Hermit, layman and.
     Higher, he promoted him.
     Hold fast to the truth.
     Holiness better than sovereignty.
     Homage, worthiest.
     Honor, so great an.
     Honored be his name.
     Hope of heaven a mirage.
     Hopeless desolation, a.
     Hungry dog, parable of the.

     I am not the first Buddha;
       I am the eldest;
       I am the truth;
       I am thirsty;
       I ask not for caste;
       I have first broken the egg-shell;
       no room for the I;
       I reverence my father;
       I shall not die until, etc.;
       such faith have I;
       the I perishable;
       the I, the soul;
       the thought of I;
       the transmission of the soul and the I.
     Idea of self, the.
     Identity;
       identity and non-identity;
       identity of self;
       where is the identity of my self?
     Idle talk, invocations are.
     If thou art asked, give.
     Ignorance, free your mind of;
       ignorance the root of evil.
     Illimitable light.
     Illusion, self an;
       the ego an illusion.
     Illustration by a lamp;
       illustration by a letter.
     Image of the eternal, truth the.
     Immaterial life, emptiness and.
     Immeasurable light.
     Immolation.
     Immortal, life;
       the immortal path.
     Immortality;
       door of immortality;
       earnestness is the path of immortality;
       immortality in transiency;
       immortality in truth;
       the fruit of immortality;
       the water of immortality;
       truth and immortality.
     Immutable, the words of Buddha.
     Impure is nakedness.
     Impurity, abstain from;
       purity and impurity belong to oneself.
     Impurities, blow off the.
     In the course of evolution.
     Incantations;
       incantations have no saving power.
     Incarnation of the truth.
     Individuality a combination;
       the wheel of individuality.
     Inexhaustible life.
     Instability of the ego, the.
     Instruction, words of.
     Instruments.
     Invocations;
       invocations are idle talk.
     Is it wrong to go to war?

     Jewel, a;
       precious crown jewel.
     Jewels and worldliness.
     Jungle, a pathless.

     Karma governs all things.
     Keep my hold on life.
     Kill not.
     King Bimbisāra.
     King of kings;
       king of truth;
       powerful king.
     Kingdom of Righteousness, Foundation of the.
     Kingdom of truth.
     King's gift, the.
     Kings, Nāga.
     Knew me not, they.
     Knowledge remains.
     Kusa-grass.

     Lake of Ambrosia.
     Lake, still, like a.
     Lame walk, the.
     Lamentation, dead not saved by.
     Lamp, illustration by a.
     Lamps unto yourselves, be ye.
     Land, pure.
     Language, all creatures received the message in their own.
     Last word.
     Law, body of the;
       one aim, one essence, one law;
       the law the body of the Tathāgata;
       the body of the law will endure.
     Laws are temporary, many.
     Laws of righteousness, obediene to the.
     Lay disciples, the first women.
     Lay member, the first.
     Lay robes.
     Layman and hermit.
     Layman, priest and, alike.
     Leaning against the doorpost.
     Learn, must be anxious to.
     Learning, availeth not.
     Lesser, abolish all the.
     Lesson given to Rāhula.
     Lesson, hard times teach a.
     Let a man walk alone.
     Let the bliss be diffused.
     Let the flesh waste away.
     Let us go into the world.
     Let us live happily.
     Let us obey the truth.
     Let your light shine forth.
     Letter, illustration by a.
     Letter, in the.
     Lie not.
     Life, battle of;
       come to teach;
       life everlasting;
       grant me my life;
       keep my hold on life;
       life immortal;
       inexhaustible life;
       reason in the struggle for life;
       seek thou the life that is of the mind;
       truth is life;
       life yearns for the truth.
     Light, come forth into the;
       illimitable light;
       immeasurable light;
       let your light shine forth.
     Like a still lake.
     Like unto the color of my audience.
     Lily, the, on a heap of rubbish.
     Lineage of the faith.
     Lintel, leaning against the.
     Listen to both parties.
     Listless fool, the.
     Little by little.
     Live happily, let us.
     Live, more fit to.
     Lives of men.
     Living are few, the.
     Living, luxurious.
     Living in paradise.
     Lobster.
     Locality? is wisdom a.
     Locality, Nirvāna not a.
     Logic holds universally.
     Lord, glorious.
     Lord, pass away.
     Loss, fivefold.
     Lost, a treasure that can never be.
     Lost son, the.
     Lot to help, now my.
     Lotus-flower in water, the.
     Lotus-flowers.
     Lotus, fragrant like the.
     Love, hatred ceases by;
       love of truth;
       overcome anger by love;
       the world filled with love.
     Lust, the dart of.
     Luxurious living.

     Macarisms.
     Made up of thoughts.
     Magic power.
     Main, rivers reach the.
     Make thyself happy.
     Maker, Issara, the.
     Maker, the, self.
     Man, a blind.
     Man born blind, the.
     Man, who is the strong?
     Mango-grove.
     Many, the dead are.
     Married unto the truth, be.
     Master, out of reverence for the.
     Master over the stream, following the.
     May be expected to prosper, Sangha.
     _Me_, this is done by.
     Meats remained undiminished.
     Medicines.
     Meditation (see bhāvana and sati-patthāna in the Glossary).
     Meeting in concord.
     Men, blind;
       teacher of gods and men;
       the lives of men.
     Men's hearts, bridler of.
     Mental eye.
     Merit, four kinds of.
     Merit, the order (sangha) the sowing ground of.
     Message in their own language, all creatures received the.
     Migrations, cause of further.
     Mind, Brahmā's;
       culture of;
       elevate the mind;
       mind is the guiding rein;
       seek thou the life that is of the mind;
       the five roots of mind;
       there is mind.
     Mind, we the result of.
     Miracle-mongers.
     Miracles.
     Miracles forbidden.
     Mirage, hope of heaven a.
     Mirage, the cause of self a.
     Mirror of truth, the.
     Mission, the preachers.
     Moon, the, shines by night.
     Moral powers.
     Moral sense.
     More fit to live.
     More, sin no.
     Mortification not the right path.
     Mortification profitless.
     Mortification vain.
     Mother, a.
     Muni of great understanding.
     Mustard seed, the.

     Naked ascetics.
     Nakedness, impure is.
     Name, honored be his.
     Nature of religion consists in worship and sacrifice, the.
     Nature of the rope, the.
     Nature of self, the.
     Near me, he who walks, righteously is ever.
     Necessity of dissolution.
     Nectar, the bee collects.
     Needed, the one thing that is.
     Noble, eightfold path, the.
     Noble truths, the four.
     Non-action.
     Non-existence of the soul.
     Non-identity, identity and.
     Not any means to avoid dying.
     Not worthy of yellow robes.
     Nothing remains.
     Nothing will remain.
     Nothingness stares me in the face.
     Nourishes his mind, the wise man.
     Novices, precepts for the.
     Now is the time to seek religion.
     Now my lot to help.

     Obedience to the laws of righteousness.
     Obey the truth, let us.
     Object and senses, contact of.
     Observe the Uposatha or Sabbath.
     Ocean;
       rivers in the ocean;
       my doctrine is like the great ocean.
     Offering, four kinds of.
     Omens abolished.
     Omens of Buddhahood.
     One hemp-grain each day.
     One in essence.
     One, the truth is but.
     One thing that is needed, the.
     Oneself, purity and impurity belong to.
     Order, rules for the.
     Order, the, (sangha) the sowing-ground of merit.
     Ordination, [see also Pabbajjā and Upasampadā
     in the Glossary].
     Others art thou thyself.
     Others, the faults of.
     Our water is all gone.
     Outcast, the;
       by deeds one becomes an outcast;
       who is an outcast?
     Outcome of evil, pain is the.
     Outcome of good, happiness is the.
     Outwitted.
     Overcome anger by love.
     Overcome evil by good.
     Overcome grief.
     Ox led to slaughter.

     Pain is the outcome of evil.
     Parable.
     Parable of the hungry dog.
     Paradise in the West, the;
       living in paradise;
       the paradise of the pure land.
     Parties, listen to both.
     Party in search of a thief, a.
     Pass away, about to;
       people pass away;
       the truth will never pass away.
     Passed away according to his deeds.
     Passion, rain and.
     Past, thou wilt reap the harvest sown in the.
     Path of transmigration, weary;
       sign of the right;
       the eightfold;
       the immortal path;
       the noble eightfold path;
       mortification not the path;
       walk in the noble path;
       a pathless jungle;
       are all paths saving? [See also Maggo in the Glossary.]
     Peace on earth.
     Peacemaker, the.
     People dissatisfied, the;
       people pass away;
       wise people falter not;
       wise people fashion themselves.
     Perception of truth, the refreshing drink.
     Perishable, the _I_.
     Personalities of Buddha, the three.
     Pestilence.
     Physician;
       the best physician;
       without beholding the physician.
     Pit, treasure laid up in a deep.
     Pity me not.
     Plantain-tree.
     Pleasure, he who lives for;
       let a man take pleasure in the dharma.
     Pleasures destroy the foolish;
       pleasures of self in heaven;
       why do we give up the pleasures of the world;
       religious wisdom lifts above pleasures.
     Potter;
       potter, vessels made by the.
     Power, incantations have no;
       magic power.
     Powerful elephant.
     Powerful king.
     Powers, moral.
     Practise the truth.
     Praise of all the Buddhas, the.
     Prayers;
       prayers vain repetitions.
     Preach the doctrine, glorious in the beginning, middle, and end;
       preach to all beings.
     Preacher's mission, the;
       the preacher's sole aim.
     Preachers, Tathāgatas are only.
     Precepts;
       precepts for the novices;
       ten precepts;
       walk according to the precepts.
     Precious crown jewel.
     Precious jewel, a.
     Priceless, the lives of men are.
     Priest and layman alike.
     Prince, test of the.
     Problem of the soul, the.
     Profitless, mortification.
     Prohibitions.
     Promoted him higher, he.
     Propound the truth.
     Prosper, sangha may be expected to.
     Prospered, bhikkhus.
     Punishment of the criminal.
     Punishment, the fruit of the criminal's act.
     Puppets on a string.
     Pure land, the paradise of the.
     Purity and impurity belong to oneself.
     Purpose of being, the.
     Purpose, speak to the.

     Qualities, cloud of good;
       eight wonderful qualities.
     Quality, the thing and its.
     Quarrels.
     Quarters, the four;
       the six quarters.
     Question concerning annihilation.
     Questioned, the sages.
     Questions of the deva.

     Rabbit rescued from the serpent.
     Rags, cast-off.
     Rāhula, lessons given to.
     Rain and passion.
     Rain fell.
     Rain, good works are.
     Rare in the world.
     Reap the harvest sown in the past, thou wilt.
     Reap what we sow, we.
     Reason,as the helpmate of self.
     Reason in the struggle for life.
     Reason, no truth is attainable without.
     Reasoning ceases.
     Rebirth without transmigration of self.
     Rebuked, the bhikkhus.
     Received the message in their own language, all creatures.
     Re-establishing concord, two ways of.
     Re-establishment of concord.
     Reform to-day.
     Refreshing drink, the, perception of truth.
     Refuge in the Blessed One.
     Refuge in the Buddha.
     Refuge in the Enlightened Teacher.
     Refuge is his name.
     Rejoice, angels.
     Religion, Buddha's, consolidation of;
       now is the time to seek religion;
       seeing the highest religion;
       the gift of all religion;
       worship and sacrifice the nature of religion;
       thou tearest down religion.
     Religious man, the, and truth;
       religious wisdom lifts above pleasures;
       religious zeal flagging.
     Rely on yourselves.
     Remain in thy station;
       nothing will remain;
       the truth will remain.
     Repetitions, prayers vain.
     Reprove, do not.
     Rescue in the desert.
     Restore to you a nobler beauty, to.
     Revere the traditions.
     Reverence for the Master, out of.
     Reverence my father, I.
     Rice-milk.
     Rich in returns, charity.
     Righteous cause, war in a.
     Righteousness, foundation of the kingdom of;
       source of all righteousness;
       the kingdom of righteousness;
       the throne of truth is righteousness.
     Right path, mortification not the.
     Right path, sign of the.
     Right thought, helmet of.
     Ripe fruits.
     Rituals have no efficacy.
     River, crossed the.
     Rivers in the ocean.
     Rivers reach the main.
     Roads cross, where four.
     Robe of the Tathāgata.
     Robes, lay;
       robes of cloth of gold;
       the bhikkhus doffed their robes.
     Rock a good blow, give the.
     Room for the _I_, no.
     Root of evil, ignorance the.
     Roots of mind, the five.
     Rope, the nature of the.
     Rubbish, the lily on a heap of.
     Rules for the order.

     Sabbath;
      observe the Uposatha or Sabbath.
     Sacrifice;
       sacrifice of self;
       the nature of religion, worship and sacrifice.
     Sacrifices;
       sacrifices cannot save.
     Sages questioned, the.
     Saint, a sinner can become a.
     Salvation alone in the truth;
       assured of final;
       salvation the extinction of self;
       work out your salvation.
     Sameness and continuity.
     Sandy desert, a.
     Save, faith alone can.
     Saving paths? Are all paths.
     Saving power, incantations have no.
     Saviour of others, a.
     Saviour appeared, the.
     Saviour, truth the.
     Scepticism.
     Schism, the.
     Search of a thief, a party in.
     Season, flowers out of.
     Season, rainy.
     Sect of Devadatta.
     Seed, faith is the.
     Seeing the highest religion.
     Seek thou the life that is of the mind.
     Self;
       self an error;
       self an illusion;
       self and the cause of troubles;
       self and truth; self begets selfishness;
       cleaving to self;
       complete surrender of self;
       eradication of self;
       self-extinction,
       identity of self;
       illusion of self;
       pleasures of self in heaven;
       self is change;
       self is death;
       self-mortification;
       my self has become the truth;
       reason as the helpmate of self;
       rebirth without the transmigration of self;
       sacrifice of self;
       the conquest of self;
       the extinction of self, salvation;
       the idea of self;
       self, the maker;
       the nature of self;
       self, the veil of Māyā;
       truth and self;
       truth guards him who guards his self;
       thou clingest to self;
       where is the identity of my self;
       compounds lack a self.
     Selfhood, the cause of, found.
     Selfhood, thirst for existence and.
     Selfish is my grief.
     Selfishness, self begets.
     Selfishness, surrender.
     Sense, moral.
     Senses and object, contact of.
     Sentence of expulsion.
     Sentiency, truth vibrated through.
     Separation, combination subject to.
     Sermon on abuse, the;
       the sermon on charity;
       sermon on fire.
     Serpent, rabbit rescued from the.
     Seven kinds of wisdom.
     Sevenfold higher wisdom.
     Shaveling.
     Shedding of blood.
     Shine forth, let your light.
     Shines by night, the moon.
     Sick bhikkhu, the.
     Sickness fell upon him.
     Sight, blind received.
     Sign of the right path.
     Signs forbidden, astrology and forecasting by;
       signs of Buddhahood;
       the four signs.
     Sin, struggle against.
     Sinner can become a saint, a.
     Six quarters, the.
     Slaughter.
     Slaughter, ox led to.
     Smith, Chunda, the.
     Snake, no rope.
     So great an honor.
     Soldier, a, Simha.
     Soldier of truth, a.
     Soldiers of the Tathāgata.
     Solitary.
     Son, the lost.
     Son, father and.
     Song of ecstasy.
     Songs, heavenly.
     Sorcerers.
     Sorrow compared with a sword.
     Soul, Gotama denies the existence
     of the;
       non-existence of the soul;
       the _I_ the soul;
       the problem of the soul;
       the Buddhist conception of soul, viii.
     Souls not separate and self-existent entities.
     Soup, a spoon tastes not the flavor of the.
     Source of all righteousness.
     Sovereignty, holiness better than.
     Sow that you will reap, what you.
     Sow, we reap what we.
     Sower, the.
     Sowest, others will reap what thou.
     Sowing-ground of merit, the order (sangha) the.
     Speak, the deaf and dumb.
     Speak to the purpose.
     Speaking untruths.
     Speculations.
     Spells forbidden.
     Spirit, in the.
     Spiritual, all existence is.
     Spiritual eye.
     Spits at heaven, like one who.
     Spoon, a, tastes not the flavor of the soup.
     Spread the truth.
     Staircase, a.
     Stares me in the face, nothingness.
     Station, remain in thy.
     Steal not.
     Stream, following the Master over the.
     Stream, he had crossed the.
     String, puppets on a.
     Strong man, who is the?
     Struck by apoplexy.
     Struggle against sin.
     Struggle for life, reason in the.
     Struggle must be.
     Subject to separation, combination.
     Substance, the, of Brahman lore.
     Such a one will wander rightly in the world.
     Such faith have I.
     Suffer, the Blessed One had to.
     Suffering, bliss where there is.
     Sun is bright, the.
     Sun of the mind, the.
     Superstition.
     Supplications forbidden.
     Supplications have no effect.
     Suprabuddha.
     Surrender.
     Surrender selfishness.
     Surrender to evil powers, no.
     Swear not.
     Sweet, wrong, appears.
     Swooned, the Blessed One.
     Sword, sorrow compared with.

     Tailor, the greedy.
     Talents. [See Abhīññā in the Glossary.]
     Talk, foolish.
     Tastes not the flavor of the soup, a spoon.
     Teach the same truth.
     Teacher, the;
       teacher of gods and men;
       the teacher unknown;
       we have no teacher more.
     Temporary, many laws are.
     Ten commandments, the.
     Ten great calamities.
     Ten precepts.
     Terms of the world, such are the.
     Test of the prince.
     That it be well grounded.
     There is mind.
     They knew me not.
     Thief, a party in search of a.
     Thinkers are bright.
     Thing and its quality, the.
     Things as they are.
     Thirst for existence and selfhood.
     Thirst, the extinction of.
     Thirsty, I am;
       water for the thirsty.
     This is done by me.
     Thorn in the flesh.
     Thou art the Buddha;
       thou canst not escape the fruit of evil actions;
       thou clingest to self;
       thou tearest down religion;
       thou wilt reap what thou sowest.
     Thought, helmet of right;
       the thought of _I_.
     Thoughtlessness the path of death.
     Thoughts continue;
       made up of thoughts,
       thoughts of love;
       thoughts will endure.
     Three dangers hang over Pātaliputta.
     Three personalities of Buddha, the.
     Three vows.
     Three woes, the.
     Thyself, others art thou.
     Tidings, glad; good tidings.
     Tie all souls together, bonds that.
     Time of grace, the.
     Time to seek religion, now is the.
     Times, hard, teach a lesson.
     To-day, reform.
     Together, bonds that tie all souls.
     Traditions, revere the.
     Transiency, immortality in.
     Transmigration, eddies of;
       rebirth without the transmigration of self;
       weary path of transmigration.
     Transmission of the soul and the _I_.
     Treacherous, charms are.
     Treasure laid up in a deep pit.
     Treasure that can never be lost, a.
     Trespasses, confession of.
     Troubles, the cause of, and self.
     Truly thou art Buddha.
     Trumpeter.
     Trust in truth.
     Truth, a soldier of;
       abodes of truth;
       be anxious to learn the truth;
       be married unto the truth;
       Buddha the truth;
       delusion and truth;
       eye of truth;
       glorious is the truth;
       hold fast to the truth;
       I am the truth;
       immortality in truth;
       incarnation of the truth;
       kingdom of truth;
       let us obey the truth;
       life yearns for the truth;
       love of truth;
       my self has become the truth;
       no truth is attainable without reason;
       perception of truth, the refreshing drink;
       practise the truth;
       propound the truth;
       salvation alone in the truth;
       spread the truth;
       teach the same truth;
       the embrace of truth;
       the king of truth;
       the mirror of truth;
       the throne of truth is righteousness;
       the religious man and truth;
       the truth cleanses from error;
       the truth found;
       the truth has been made known to me;
       the truth will never pass away;
       the truth will remain;
       the world is built for truth;
       there is but one truth;
       trust in truth;
       truth and immortality;
       truth and self;
       truth cannot be fashioned;
       truth cannot die;
       truth dawns upon me;
       truth guards him who guards his self;
       truth has taken its abode in me;
       truth in all its glory;
       truth is best;
       truth is hidden to the blind;
       truth is life;
       truth is one;
       truth is the essence of life;
       truth the correct comprehension of all things;
       truth the image of the eternal;
       truth the saviour;
       truth vibrated through sentiency.
     Truthful, be.
     Truths, the four noble.
     Twelve nidānas, the.
     Two ways of re-establishing concord.
     Tyrant.
     Unclean, the vessel has become.
     Undiminished, meats remained.
     Unguents.
     Union of what we know not.
     Union with Brahmā.
     Universally, logic holds.
     Universe, face to face.
     Unknown teacher, the.
     Unshod, the Blessed One walked.
     Untruths, speaking.

     Vain, mortification.
     Vain repetitions, prayers.
     Vanities.
     Vanity;
       vanity of worldliness;
       vanity of worldly happiness.
     Various kinds of assemblies.
     Veil of self-delusion, the.
     Vessel has become unclean, the.
     Vessels;
       vessels made by the potter.
     Vibrated through sentiency, truth.
     Victor, the greater.
     Vision a samana, the.
     Vows, three.

     Walk according to the precepts;
       let a man walk alone;
       the lame walk;
       walk in the right path.
     Wander rightly in the world, such a one will.
     War, goes out to wage;
       is it wrong to go to war?;
       war in a righteous cause.
     Warriors are bright.
     Warriors, destiny of.
     Water, doctrine like unto;
       fetch me some water;
       is the water now fit for drinking?;
       our water is all gone;
       the lotus-flower in water;
       water gurgling beneath;
       water for the thirsty;
       the water of immortality.
     Waterless desert, a.
     Ways, the best of, is eightfold.
     We have no teacher more.
     Wearisome to the Blessed One.
     Weary path of transmigration.
     Welfare, eight conditions of.
     Well, the woman at the.
     West, facing towards the;
       the paradise in the West.
     What we know not, a union of;
       what you sow that you will reap.
     Wheel, the;
       the wheel of individuality.
     Where does the wind dwell?;
       where four roads cross;
       where is Nirvāna?;
       where is the identity of my self?
     Which is the true self?
     Who is an outcast?
       who is the strong man?
     Why do we give up the pleasures of the world?
     Why preserve this body of flesh?
     Wild crane, the.
     Wind, as a great.
     Wind dwell? where does the.
     Wisdom has no dwelling-place;
       is wisdom a locality?;
       religious wisdom lifts above pleasure;
       seven kinds of wisdom;
       sevenfold higher wisdom.
     Wise man nourishes his mind, the;
       wise people falter not;
       wise people fashion themselves.
     Wishes, five, of Bimbisāra.
     Without beholding the physician.
     Woes, the three.
     Woman, a worldly;
       if you see a woman;
       the woman at the well.
     Women as a rule are, etc.;
       the first women lay-disciples.
     Word, last;
       word of the Buddhas.
     Words of Buddhas immutable, the.
     Work out your salvation.
     World dark, do not call the;
       world filled with love;
       let us go into the world;
       rare in the world;
       such a one will wander rightly in the world;
       such are the terms of the world;
       the world is built for truth;
       come into the world to befriend;
       why do we give up the pleasures of the world?
     Worldliness, dust of;
       jewels and worldliness;
       vanity of worldliness.
     Worldling nourishes his body, the.
     Worldly happiness, vanity of;
       a worldly woman.
     Worn-out cart, as a.
     Worship.
     Worship and sacrifice, the nature of religion.
     Worthiest homage.
     Worthy of yellow robes, not.
     Wrong appears sweet.


     Yasa.
     Yellow robes, not worthy of.
     Yoke, gone into the.
     Your eyes are blind.
     Yourselves, be ye lamps unto;
       rely on yourselves;
       yourselves have known.

     Zeal flagging, religious.

[Names and terms must be looked up in the Glossary, where references
to pages of the present book are separated by a dash from the explanation.]




REMARKS ON THE ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE GOSPEL OF BUDDHA.


Upon the task of illustrating _The Gospel of Buddha_, I have spent three
years, the first of which was entirely devoted to preparation. By the
kind assistance of Dr. Hans Schnorr von Carolsfeld, Director of the
Royal Court and State Library at Munich, I was enabled to make very
extensive use of the treasures of this institution, and I am under great
obligations to him for the courtesies extended to me. Above all I
endeavored to obtain a solid foundation for my work by acquiring a clear
conception of the personality of the Buddha from religious, historical
and artistic standpoints and by familiarizing myself with all the
Buddhist dogmas, symbols and religious observances.

Detailed studies of Indian costume, armor, decoration, architecture and
the arrangement of dwellings and gardens, as well as the fauna and flora
of the country, were likewise indispensable. Not only modern documents,
explorers' reports and photographs of ancient ruins provided me with
available material, but also some old Dutch works of the seventeenth
century.

The two main sources of our knowledge of ancient Buddhist art will
always remain the monuments of Gandhāra, and the cave dwellings of
Buddhist monks in Ajantā and other places. The former bear witness to
the extraordinary influence of Greek art on Buddhism; and the latter are
rich in wonderful fresco paintings of the classical period of Buddhist
art. A description of all the caves as well as a selection of the best
mural paintings in colored pictures are to be found in Griffith's
elegant work _The Paintings in the Buddhist Cave Temples of Ajanta_[1]
and some reproductions from it have been made further accessible in Dr.
Carus's _Portfolio of Buddhist Art_.[2] The two great expositions in
Munich, "Japan and Eastern Asia in Art" and "Expositions of the
Masterpieces of Mohammedan Art," 1910, were very instructive to me from
the point of view of art history, containing invaluable material
conveniently arranged from the great museums, royal treasures and
private collections from London, Paris, Berlin, Vienna, St. Petersburg,
Moscow, and Cairo. In the former the great wave of the marvelous
Buddhist faith which had been flowing towards China for two millenniums
and which had brought new life from China to Japan was evidenced in many
rare pieces. Yet almost more fruitful for my purpose was the exposition
of Mohammedan art. It displayed wonderful Persian and Indian book-making
and lacquer work, tapestries, ceramics, fabrics, armor and metal work.
To be sure these were exclusively of Mohammedan manufacture, but many
large museums and institutions (native and foreign), collectors and
explorers had sent also chests of Buddhist works, which, not falling
within its compass, had been excluded from the exhibition, but were
placed at my disposal in the so-called Library Department reserved for
students.

Indian art has been greatly neglected by archeologists and connoisseurs
at the expense of the so-called classic style, and explorers seem to be
more interested in the geographical and political conditions of the
country, or even look down with contempt and lack of understanding on
the early artistic monuments of India, although they have enriched our
European middle ages. Thus there are great gaps in the history of Indian
art which I was obliged to fill up for myself, and certainly a very
different kind of study was needed to illustrate a Gospel of Buddha than
for a pictorial construction of the life of a Plato or a Jesus.

Fräulein Emily von Kerckhoff, an artistic and highly cultured lady of
Laren in Northern Holland, sailed on November 9, 1909, to join her
family in Java where she remained for some time. Her journey occurring
just at this time was of great help to me, for she complied with all my
wishes in the most accommodating manner and filled up many gaps in my
knowledge of India.

In Colombo she became acquainted with the Dias Bandaranaike and other
refined Singhalese families, who were very friendly in answering my
questions. Further she met Sister Sudham Machari of Upasikarama,
Peradeniya Road, Kandy, a prominent Singhalese nun, who with the
assistance of Lady Blake, the wife of a former governor, had founded the
first modern Buddhist nunnery in Ceylon where she now lives as lady
superior. She is well posted on Buddhism, for she has studied Pāli,
Sanskrit, and Burmese for nine years in Burma, and has received
ordination. Through her, Fräulein von Kerckhoff had an opportunity to
visit the temple in Kandy where the strange relic of the "Sacred Tooth
of Buddha" is preserved, and on this occasion was able to obtain some
leaves from the sacred Bodhi tree which I wished to possess. She also
became acquainted in Kandy with Dr. Kobekaduwe Tikiri Banda, a
Singhalese physician who belonged to a Buddhist family and is the son of
a Kandian chief. He had studied in England for a long time and possesses
a remarkable knowledge of the country and people of India and Ceylon, by
which I thus had an opportunity to profit.

Fräulein von Kerckhoff gathered further material for my purposes in
Gampola, a place in the mountains about an hour's ride from Kandy, on
the occasion of a visit to the family of the district judge, Mr. De
Livera, and by the acquaintance with Mr. J.B. Yatawara Rata-Mahatmaya,
Governor of the District and a zealous Buddhist, who has translated into
English part of the Jātakas (stories of the various rebirths of Buddha)
in collaboration with the late Prof. Max Müller, of Oxford.

Later, in December, 1910, she sent me leaves from the Bodhi tree at
Anuradhapura, the sacred city of the Buddhists, where there are ruins of
ancient palaces and temples, and where stands that Bodhi tree which
Mahinda, the first Buddhist apostle in Ceylon, is said to have planted
from a branch of the sacred Bodhi tree in Buddhagaya under which Buddha
attained enlightenment.

With regard to customs, habits and usages at princely courts I received
information, though to be sure referring mainly to Java, through Prince
Paku Alam, his uncle Prince Noto, his sisters and other relatives, all
of whom talked Dutch fluently with Fräulein von Kerckhoff. She was also
kind enough to send me all the interesting photographs she could find of
famous Indian temples and ruins, views of native life, types and
landscapes, pictures of the newly excavated temple ruins of Sarnath,
where Buddha first preached after attaining enlightenment, and
particularly also of the splendid temple of Boro-Budur. (She also went
to Japan in search of traces of Buddhism for me).

By means of the Hagenbeck Indian ethnological exposition (Oct. 1911, in
Munich) I was able to study types of the different Indian races and
castes from nature, and this in addition to a personal observation of
the features of Indians in the harbors of Genoa and Venice enabled me to
draw my figures according to nature from genuine Indian models.

However, all these studies slightly influenced the externalities only of
the whole series of pictures, for the knowledge obtained by detailed
study had been covered to a remarkable extent at the beginning when I
made my first sketches on the first inspiration. Still they have proved
of great value to me since they gave me the assurance that historical
fidelity has been preserved in my work.

Munich, Bavaria.

OLGA KOPETZKY.


[1] Two volumes, 1896, Published by order of the Secretary of State for
India in Council.

[2] Chicago, Open Court Publishing Company.

During the time of printing "The Gospel of Buddha" the following
valuable works on Indian art have come under my notice:

Ānanda K. Coomaraswamy: The Arts and Crafts of India and Ceylon. E.B.
Havell: The Ideals of Indian Art; Indian Sculpture and Painting. Dr.
Curt Glaser: Die Kunst Ost-Asiens (Leipzig, Insel-Verlag).