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A COMPLETE ACCOUNT OF THE SETTLEMENT AT PORT JACKSON

by Watkin Tench





PREFACE




When it is recollected how much has been written to describe the Settlement
of New South Wales, it seems necessary if not to offer an apology, yet to
assign a reason, for an additional publication.

The Author embarked in the fleet which sailed to found the establishment at
Botany Bay. He shortly after published a Narrative of the Proceedings and
State of the Colony, brought up to the beginning of July, 1788, which
was well received, and passed through three editions. This could not
but inspire both confidence and gratitude; but gratitude, would be badly
manifested were he on the presumption of former favour to lay claim
to present indulgence. He resumes the subject in the humble hope of
communicating information, and increasing knowledge, of the country, which
he describes.

He resided at Port Jackson nearly four years: from the 20th of January,
1788, until the 18th of December, 1791. To an active and contemplative
mind, a new country is an inexhaustible source of curiosity and
speculation. It was the author's custom not only to note daily occurrences,
and to inspect and record the progression of improvement; but also, when
not prevented by military duties, to penetrate the surrounding country in
different directions, in order to examine its nature, and ascertain its
relative geographical situations.

The greatest part of the work is inevitably composed of those materials
which a journal supplies; but wherever reflections could be introduced
without fastidiousness and parade, he has not scrupled to indulge them, in
common with every other deviation which the strictness of narrative would
allow.

When this publication was nearly ready for the press; and when many of
the opinions which it records had been declared, fresh accounts from Port
Jackson were received. To the state of a country, where so many anxious
trying hours of his life have passed, the author cannot feel indifferent.
If by any sudden revolution of the laws of nature; or by any fortunate
discovery of those on the spot, it has really become that fertile and
prosperous land, which some represent it to be, he begs permission to add
his voice to the general congratulation. He rejoices at its success: but
it is only justice to himself and those with whom he acted to declare, that
they feel no cause of reproach that so complete and happy an alteration did
not take place at an earlier period.





CHAPTER I.



A Retrospect of the State of the Colony of Port Jackson, on the Date of my
former Narrative, in July, 1788.


Previous to commencing any farther account of the subject, which I am about
to treat, such a retrospection of the circumstances and situation of the
settlement, at the conclusion of my former Narrative, as shall lay its
state before the reader, seems necessary, in order to connect the present
with the past.

The departure of the first fleet of ships for Europe, on the 14th of July,
1788, had been long impatiently expected; and had filled us with anxiety,
to communicate to our friends an account of our situation; describing the
progress of improvement, and the probability of success, or failure, in
our enterprise. That men should judge very oppositely on so doubtful and
precarious an event, will hardly surprise.

Such relations could contain little besides the sanguineness of hope, and
the enumeration of hardships and difficulties, which former accounts had
not led us to expect. Since our disembarkation in the preceding January,
the efforts of every one had been unremittingly exerted, to deposit the
public stores in a state of shelter and security, and to erect habitations
for ourselves. We were eager to escape from tents, where a fold of canvas,
only, interposed to check the vertic beams of the sun in summer, and the
chilling blasts of the south in winter. A markee pitched, in our finest
season, on an English lawn; or a transient view of those gay camps, near
the metropolis, which so many remember, naturally draws forth careless and
unmeaning exclamations of rapture, which attach ideas of pleasure only, to
this part of a soldier's life. But an encampment amidst the rocks and wilds
of a new country, aggravated by the miseries of bad diet, and incessant
toil, will find few admirers.

Nor were our exertions less unsuccessful than they were laborious. Under
wretched covers of thatch lay our provisions and stores, exposed to
destruction from every flash of lightning, and every spark of fire. A few
of the convicts had got into huts; but almost all the officers, and the
whole of the soldiery, were still in tents.

In such a situation, where knowledge of the mechanic arts afforded the
surest recommendation to notice, it may be easily conceived, that attention
to the parade duty of the troops, gradually diminished. Now were to be
seen officers and soldiers not "trailing the puissant pike" but felling the
ponderous gum-tree, or breaking the stubborn clod. And though "the broad
falchion did not in a ploughshare end" the possession of a spade, a
wheelbarrow, or a dunghill, was more coveted than the most refulgent arms
in which heroism ever dazzled. Those hours, which in other countries are
devoted to martial acquirements, were here consumed in the labours of the
sawpit, the forge and the quarry*.


[* "The Swedish prisoners, taken at the battle of Pultowa, were transported
by the Czar Peter to the most remote parts of Siberia, with a view to
civilize the natives of the country, and teach them the arts the Swedes
possessed. In this hopeless situation, all traces of discipline and
subordination, between the different ranks, were quickly obliterated. The
soldiers, who were husbandmen and artificers, found out their superiority,
and assumed it: the officers became their servants." VOLTAIRE.]


Of the two ships of war, the 'Sirius' and 'Supply', the latter was
incessantly employed in transporting troops, convicts, and stores, to
Norfolk Island; and the 'Sirius' in preparing for a voyage to some port,
where provisions for our use might be purchased, the expected supply from
England not having arrived. It is but justice to the officers and men of
both these ships to add, that, on all occasions, they fully shared every
hardship and fatigue with those on shore.

On the convicts the burden fell yet heavier: necessity compelled us to
allot to them the most slavish and laborious employments. Those operations,
which in other countries are performed by the brute creation, were here
effected by the exertions of men: but this ought not to be considered
a grievance; because they had always been taught to expect it, as the
inevitable consequence of their offences against society. Severity was
rarely exercised on them; and justice was administered without partiality
or discrimination. Their ration of provisions, except in being debarred
from an allowance of spirits, was equal to that which the marines received.
Under these circumstances I record with pleasure, that they behaved better
than had been predicted of them--to have expected sudden and complete
reformation of conduct, were romantic and chimerical.

Our cultivation of the land was yet in its infancy. We had hitherto tried
only the country contiguous to Sydney. Here the governor had established
a government-farm; at the head of which a competent person of his own
household was placed, with convicts to work under him. Almost the whole of
the officers likewise accepted of small tracts of ground, for the purpose
of raising grain and vegetables: but experience proved to us, that the soil
would produce neither without manure; and as this was not to be procured,
our vigour soon slackened; and most of the farms (among which was the one
belonging to government) were successively abandoned.

With the natives we were very little more acquainted than on our arrival
in the country. Our intercourse with them was neither frequent or cordial.
They seemed studiously to avoid us, either from fear, jealousy, or hatred.
When they met with unarmed stragglers, they sometimes killed, and sometimes
wounded them. I confess that, in common with many others, I was inclined
to attribute this conduct, to a spirit of malignant levity. But a farther
acquaintance with them, founded on several instances of their humanity and
generosity, which shall be noticed in their proper places, has entirely
reversed my opinion; and led me to conclude, that the unprovoked outrages
committed upon them, by unprincipled individuals among us, caused the
evils we had experienced. To prevent them from being plundered of their
fishing-tackle and weapons of war, a proclamation was issued, forbidding
their sale among us; but it was not attended with the good effect which was
hoped for from it.

During this period, notwithstanding the want of fresh provisions and
vegetables, and almost constant exposure to the vicissitudes of a variable
climate, disease rarely attacked us; and the number of deaths, was too
inconsiderable to deserve mention.

Norfolk Island had been taken possession of, by a party detached for that
purpose, early after our arrival. Few accounts of it had yet reached us.
And here I beg leave to observe, that as I can speak of this island only
from the relations of others, never having myself been there, I shall in
every part of this work mention it as sparingly as possible. And this more
especially, as it seems probable, that some of those gentlemen, who from
accurate knowledge, and long residence on it, are qualified to write its
history, will oblige the world with such a publication.




CHAPTER II.



Transactions of the Colony from the sailing of the First Fleet in July,
1788, to the Close of that Year.


It was impossible to behold without emotion the departure of the ships. On
their speedy arrival in England perhaps hinged our fate; by hastening our
supplies to us.

On the 20th of July, the 'Supply' sailed for Norfolk Island, and returned
to us on the 26th of August; bringing no material news, except that the
soil was found to suit grain, and other seeds, which had been sown in it,
and that a species of flax-plant was discovered to grow spontaneously on
the island.

A survey of the harbour of Port Jackson was now undertaken, in order to
compute the number of canoes, and inhabitants, which it might contain:
sixty-seven canoes, and 147 people were counted. No estimate, however, of
even tolerable accuracy, can be drawn from so imperfect a datum; though it
was perhaps the best in our power to acquire.

In July and August, we experienced more inclement tempestuous weather
than had been observed at any former period of equal duration. And yet
it deserves to be remarked, in honour of the climate, that, although our
number of people exceeded 900, not a single death happened in the latter
month.

The dread of want in a country destitute of natural resource is ever
peculiarly terrible. We had long turned our eyes with impatience towards
the sea, cheered by the hope of seeing supplies from England approach. But
none arriving, on the 2d of October the 'Sirius' sailed for the Cape of
Good Hope, with directions to purchase provisions there, for the use of our
garrison.

A new settlement, named by the governor Rose Hill, 16 miles inland, was
established on the 3d of November, the soil here being judged better
than that around Sydney. A small redoubt was thrown up, and a captain's
detachment posted in it, to protect the convicts who were employed to
cultivate the ground.

The two last of the transports left us for England on the 19th of November,
intending to make their passage by Cape Horn. There now remained with us
only the 'Supply'. Sequestered and cut off as we were from the rest of
civilized nature, their absence carried the effect of desolation. About
this time a convict, of the name of Daly, was hanged, for a burglary:
this culprit, who was a notorious thief and impostor, was the author of a
discovery of a gold mine, a few months before: a composition resembling
ore mingled with earth, which he pretended to have brought from it, he
produced. After a number of attendant circumstances, too ludicrous and
contemptible to relate, which befell a party, who were sent under his
guidance to explore this second Peru, he at last confessed, that he had
broken up an old pair of buckles, and mixed the pieces with sand and stone;
and on assaying the composition, the brass was detected. The fate of this
fellow I should not deem worth recording, did it not lead to the following
observation, that the utmost circumspection is necessary to prevent
imposition, in those who give accounts of what they see in unknown
countries. We found the convicts particularly happy in fertility of
invention, and exaggerated descriptions. Hence large fresh water rivers,
valuable ores, and quarries of limestone, chalk, and marble, were daily
proclaimed soon after we had landed. At first we hearkened with avidity
to such accounts; but perpetual disappointments taught us to listen with
caution, and to believe from demonstration only.

Unabated animosity continued to prevail between the natives and us:
in addition to former losses, a soldier and several convicts suddenly
disappeared, and were never afterwards heard of. Three convicts were also
wounded, and one killed by them, near Botany Bay: similar to the vindictive
spirit which Mr. Cook found to exist among their countrymen at Endeavour
River, they more than once attempted to set fire to combustible matter, in
order to annoy us. Early on the morning of the 18th of December, word was
brought that they were assembled in force, near the brick-kilns, which
stand but a mile from the town of Sydney. The terror of those who brought
the first intelligence magnified the number to two thousand; a second
messenger diminished it to four hundred. A detachment, under the command
of an officer was ordered to march immediately, and reconnoitre them. The
officer soon returned, and reported, that about fifty Indians had appeared
at the brick-kilns; but upon the convicts, who were at work there, pointing
their spades and shovels at them, in the manner of guns, they had fled into
the woods.

Tired of this state of petty warfare and endless uncertainty, the governor
at length determined to adopt a decisive measure, by capturing some of
them, and retaining them by force; which we supposed would either inflame
the rest to signal vengeance, in which case we should know the worst, and
provide accordingly: or else it would induce an intercourse, by the report
which our prisoners would make of the mildness and indulgence with which we
used them. And farther, it promised to unveil the cause of their mysterious
conduct, by putting us in possession of their reasons for harassing and
destroying our people, in the manner I have related. Boats were accordingly
ordered to be got ready, and every preparation made, which could lead to
the attainment of our object.

But as this subject deserves to be particularly detailed, I shall,
notwithstanding its being just within the period of time which this chapter
professes to comprise, allot it a separate place, in the beginning of the
next.

Nor can I close this part of my work without congratulating both the reader
and the author. New matter now presents itself. A considerable part of the
foregoing chapters had been related before, either by others or myself.
I was however, unavoidably compelled to insert it, in order to preserve
unbroken that chain of detail, and perspicuity of arrangement, at which
books professing to convey information should especially aim.




CHAPTER III.



Transactions of the Colony, from the Commencement of the Year 1789, until
the End of March.


Pursuant to his resolution, the governor on the 31st of December sent two
boats, under the command of Lieutenant Ball of the 'Supply', and Lieutenant
George Johnston of the marines, down the harbour, with directions to those
officers to seize and carry off some of the natives. The boats proceeded to
Manly Cove, where several Indians were seen standing on the beach, who
were enticed by courteous behaviour and a few presents to enter into
conversation. A proper opportunity being presented, our people rushed
in among them, and seized two men: the rest fled; but the cries of the
captives soon brought them back, with many others, to their rescue: and so
desperate were their struggles, that, in spite of every effort on our side,
only one of them was secured; the other effected his escape. The boats put
off without delay; and an attack from the shore instantly commenced: they
threw spears, stones, firebrands, and whatever else presented itself, at
the boats; nor did they retreat, agreeable to their former custom, until
many musquets were fired over them.

The prisoner was now fastened by ropes to the thwarts of the boat; and when
he saw himself irretrievably disparted from his countrymen, set up the
most piercing and lamentable cries of distress. His grief, however, soon
diminished: he accepted and ate of some broiled fish which was given to
him, and sullenly submitted to his destiny.

When the news of his arrival at Sydney was announced, I went with every
other person to see him: he appeared to be about thirty years old,
not tall, but robustly made; and of a countenance which, under happier
circumstances, I thought would display manliness and sensibility; his
agitation was excessive, and the clamourous crowds who flocked around
him did not contribute to lessen it. Curiosity and observation seemed,
nevertheless, not to have wholly deserted him; he shewed the effect of
novelty upon ignorance; he wondered at all he saw: though broken and
interrupted with dismay, his voice was soft and musical, when its natural
tone could be heard; and he readily pronounced with tolerable accuracy
the names of things which were taught him. To our ladies he quickly became
extraordinarily courteous, a sure sign that his terror was wearing off.

Every blandishment was used to soothe him, and it had its effect. As he
was entering the governor's house, some one touched a small bell which hung
over the door: he started with horror and astonishment; but in a moment
after was reconciled to the noise, and laughed at the cause of his
perturbation. When pictures were shown to him, he knew directly those which
represented the human figure: among others, a very large handsome print of
her royal highness the Dutchess of Cumberland being produced, he called out
'woman', a name by which we had just before taught him to call the female
convicts. Plates of birds and beasts were also laid before him; and many
people were led to believe, that such as he spoke about and pointed to
were known to him. But this must have been an erroneous conjecture, for the
elephant, rhinoceros, and several others, which we must have discovered did
they exist in the country, were of the number. Again, on the other hand,
those he did not point out, were equally unknown to him.

His curiosity here being satiated, we took him to a large brick house,
which was building for the governor's residence: being about to enter, he
cast up his eyes, and seeing some people leaning out of a window on
the first story, he exclaimed aloud, and testified the most extravagant
surprise. Nothing here was observed to fix his attention so strongly as
some tame fowls, who were feeding near him: our dogs also he particularly
noticed; but seemed more fearful than fond of them.

He dined at a side-table at the governor's; and ate heartily of fish and
ducks, which he first cooled. Bread and salt meat he smelled at, but would
not taste: all our liquors he treated in the same manner, and could drink
nothing but water. On being shown that he was not to wipe his hands on the
chair which he sat upon, he used a towel which was gave to him, with great
cleanliness and decency.

In the afternoon his hair was closely cut, his head combed, and his beard
shaved; but he would not submit to these operations until he had seen them
performed on another person, when he readily acquiesced. His hair, as might
be supposed, was filled with vermin, whose destruction seemed to afford him
great triumph; nay, either revenge, or pleasure, prompted him to eat them!
but on our expressing disgust and abhorrence he left it off.

To this succeeded his immersion in a tub of water and soap, where he was
completely washed and scrubbed from head to foot; after which a shirt,
a jacket, and a pair of trousers, were put upon him. Some part of this
ablution I had the honour to perform, in order that I might ascertain the
real colour of the skin of these people. My observation then was (and it
has since been confirmed in a thousand other instances) that they are as
black as the lighter cast of the African negroes.

Many unsuccessful attempts were made to learn his name; the governor
therefore called him Manly, from the cove in which he was captured: this
cove had received its name from the manly undaunted behaviour of a party of
natives seen there, on our taking possession of the country.

To prevent his escape, a handcuff with a rope attached to it, was fastened
around his left wrist, which at first highly delighted him; he called it
'bengadee' (or ornament), but his delight changed to rage and hatred when
he discovered its use. His supper he cooked himself: some fish were given
to him for this purpose, which, without any previous preparation whatever,
he threw carelessly on the fire, and when they became warm took them up,
and first rubbed off the scales, peeled the outside with his teeth, and ate
it; afterwards he gutted them, and laying them again on the fire, completed
the dressing, and ate them.

A convict was selected to sleep with him, and to attend him wherever he
might go. When he went with his keeper into his apartment he appeared very
restless and uneasy while a light was kept in; but on its extinction, he
immediately lay down and composed himself.

Sullenness and dejection strongly marked his countenance on the
following morning; to amuse him, he was taken around the camp, and to the
observatory: casting his eyes to the opposite shore from the point where
he stood, and seeing the smoke of fire lighted by his countrymen, he looked
earnestly at it, and sighing deeply two or three times, uttered the word
'gweeun' (fire).

His loss of spirits had not, however, the effect of impairing his appetite;
eight fish, each weighing about a pound, constituted his breakfast, which
he dressed as before. When he had finished his repast, he turned his back
to the fire in a musing posture, and crept so close to it, that his shirt
was caught by the flame; luckily his keeper soon extinguished it; but he
was so terrified at the accident, that he was with difficulty persuaded to
put on a second.

1st. January, 1789. To-day being new-year's-day, most of the officers were
invited to the governor's table: Manly dined heartily on fish and roasted
pork; he was seated on a chest near a window, out of which, when he had
done eating, he would have thrown his plate, had he not been prevented:
during dinner-time a band of music played in an adjoining apartment; and
after the cloth was removed, one of the company sang in a very soft
and superior style; but the powers of melody were lost on Manly, which
disappointed our expectations, as he had before shown pleasure and
readiness in imitating our tunes. Stretched out on his chest, and putting
his hat under his head, he fell asleep.

To convince his countrymen that he had received no injury from us, the
governor took him in a boat down the harbour, that they might see and
converse with him: when the boat arrived, and lay at a little distance
from the beach, several Indians who had retired at her approach, on seeing
Manly, returned: he was greatly affected, and shed tears. At length they
began to converse. Our ignorance of the language prevented us from knowing
much of what passed; it was, however, easily understood that his friends
asked him why he did not jump overboard, and rejoin them. He only sighed,
and pointed to the fetter on his leg, by which he was bound.

In going down the harbour he had described the names by which they
distinguish its numerous creeks and headlands: he was now often heard to
repeat that of 'Weerong' (Sydney Cove), which was doubtless to inform his
countrymen of the place of his captivity; and perhaps invite them to rescue
him. By this time his gloom was chased away, and he parted from his friends
without testifying reluctance. His vivacity and good humour continued all
the evening, and produced so good an effect on his appetite, that he ate
for supper two kangaroo rats, each of the size of a moderate rabbit, and in
addition not less than three pounds of fish.

Two days after he was taken on a similar excursion; but to our surprise the
natives kept aloof, and would neither approach the shore, or discourse with
their countryman: we could get no explanation of this difficulty, which
seemed to affect us more than it did him. Uncourteous as they were, he
performed to them an act of attentive benevolence; seeing a basket made
of bark, used by them to carry water, he conveyed into it two hawks and
another bird, which the people in the boat had shot, and carefully covering
them over, left them as a present to his old friends. But indeed the
gentleness and humanity of his disposition frequently displayed themselves:
when our children, stimulated by wanton curiosity, used to flock around
him, he never failed to fondle them, and, if he were eating at the time,
constantly offered them the choicest part of his fare.

February, 1789. His reserve, from want of confidence in us, continued
gradually to wear away: he told us his name, and Manly gave place to
Arabanoo. Bread he began to relish; and tea he drank with avidity:
strong liquors he would never taste, turning from them with disgust and
abhorrence. Our dogs and cats had ceased to be objects of fear, and were
become his greatest pets, and constant companions at table. One of our
chief amusements, after the cloth was removed, was to make him repeat the
names of things in his language, which he never hesitated to do with
the utmost alacrity, correcting our pronunciation when erroneous. Much
information relating to the customs and manners of his country was also
gained from him: but as this subject will be separately and amply treated,
I shall not anticipate myself by partially touching on it here.

On the 2nd of February died Captain John Shea of the marines, after a
lingering illness: he was interred on the following day, with the customary
military honours, amidst the regret of all who knew him. In consequence of
his decease, appointments for the promotion of the oldest officer of
each subordinate rank were signed by the major commandant of the marine
battalion, until the pleasure of the lords of the admiralty should be
notified.*

[*These appointments were confirmed by the admiralty.]

On the 17th of February the 'Supply' again sailed for Norfolk Island. The
governor went down the harbour in her, and carried Arabanoo with him, who
was observed to go on board with distrust and reluctance; when he found she
was under sail, every effort was tried without success to exhilarate him;
at length, an opportunity being presented, he plunged overboard, and struck
out for the nearest shore: believing that those who were left behind would
fire at him, he attempted to dive, at which he was known to be very expert:
but this was attended with a difficulty which he had not foreseen: his
clothes proved so buoyant, that he was unable to get more than his head
under water: a boat was immediately dispatched after him, and picked him
up, though not without struggles and resistance on his side. When brought
on board, he appeared neither afraid or ashamed of what he had done, but
sat apart, melancholy and dispirited, and continued so until he saw the
governor and his other friends descend into a boat, and heard himself
called upon to accompany them: he sprang forward, and his cheerfulness and
alacrity of temper immediately returned, and lasted during the remainder of
the day. The dread of being carried away, on an element of whose boundary
he could form no conception, joined to the uncertainty of our intention
towards him, unquestionably caused him to act as he did.

One of the principal effects which we had supposed the seizure and
captivity of Arabanoo would produce, seemed yet at as great a distance as
ever; the natives neither manifested signs of increased hostility on his
account, or attempted to ask any explanation of our conduct through the
medium of their countryman who was in our possession, and who they knew was
treated with no farther harshness than in being detained among us. Their
forbearance of open and determined attack upon can be accounted for only
by recollecting their knowledge of our numbers, and their dread of our
fire-arms: that they wanted not sufficient provocation to do so, will
appear from what I am about to relate.

March, 1789. Sixteen convicts left their work at the brick-kilns without
leave, and marched to Botany Bay, with a design to attack the natives,
and to plunder them of their fishing-tackle and spears: they had armed
themselves with their working tools and large clubs. When they arrived near
the bay, a body of Indians, who had probably seen them set out, and had
penetrated their intention from experience, suddenly fell upon them. Our
heroes were immediately routed, and separately endeavoured to effect their
escape by any means which were left. In their flight one was killed, and
seven were wounded, for the most part very severely: those who had the
good fortune to outstrip their comrades and arrive in camp, first gave the
alarm; and a detachment of marines, under an officer, was ordered to march
to their relief. The officer arrived too late to repel the Indians; but
he brought in the body of the man that was killed, and put an end to
the pursuit. The governor was justly incensed at what had happened, and
instituted the most rigorous scrutiny into the cause which had produced it.
At first the convicts were unanimous in affirming, that they were quietly
picking sweet-tea*, when they were without provocation assaulted by the
natives, with whom they had no wish to quarrel. Some of them, however,
more irresolute than the rest, at last disclosed the purpose for which the
expedition had been undertaken; and the whole were ordered to be severely
flogged: Arabanoo was present at the infliction of the punishment; and was
made to comprehend the cause and the necessity of it; but he displayed on
the occasion symptoms of disgust and terror only.

[*A vegetable creeper found growing on the rocks, which yields, on infusion
in hot water, a sweet astringent taste, whence it derives its name: to
its virtues the healthy state of the soldiery and convicts must be greatly
attributed. It was drank universally.]

On the 24th instant the 'Supply' arrived from Norfolk Island, and Lord Howe
Island, bringing from the latter place three turtles.

An awful and terrible example of justice took place towards the close of
this month, which I record with regret, but which it would be disingenuous
to suppress. Six marines, the flower of our battalion, were hanged by the
public executioner, on the sentence of a criminal court, composed entirely
of their own officers, for having at various times robbed the public stores
of flour, meat, spirits, tobacco, and many other articles.




CHAPTER IV.



Transactions of the Colony in April and May, 1789.


An extraordinary calamity was now observed among the natives. Repeated
accounts brought by our boats of finding bodies of the Indians in all the
coves and inlets of the harbour, caused the gentlemen of our hospital
to procure some of them for the purposes of examination and anatomy. On
inspection, it appeared that all the parties had died a natural death:
pustules, similar to those occasioned by the small pox, were thickly spread
on the bodies; but how a disease, to which our former observations had led
us to suppose them strangers, could at once have introduced itself, and
have spread so widely, seemed inexplicable.* Whatever might be the cause,
the existence of the malady could no longer be doubted. Intelligence
was brought that an Indian family lay sick in a neighbouring cove: the
governor, attended by Arabanoo, and a surgeon, went in a boat immediately
to the spot. Here they found an old man stretched before a few lighted
sticks, and a boy of nine or ten years old pouring water on his head, from
a shell which he held in his hand: near them lay a female child dead, and
a little farther off, its unfortunate mother: the body of the woman shewed
that famine, superadded to disease, had occasioned her death: eruptions
covered the poor boy from head to foot; and the old man was so reduced,
that he was with difficulty got into the boat. Their situation rendered
them incapable of escape, and they quietly submitted to be led away.
Arabanoo, contrary to his usual character, seemed at first unwilling to
render them any assistance; but his shyness soon wore off, and he treated
them with the kindest attention. Nor would he leave the place until he had
buried the corpse of the child: that of the woman he did not see from its
situation; and as his countrymen did not point it out, the governor ordered
that it should not be shown to him. He scooped a grave in the sand with his
hands, of no peculiarity of shape, which he lined completely with grass,
and put the body into it, covering it also with grass; and then he filled
up the hole, and raised over it a small mound with the earth which had
been removed. Here the ceremony ended, unaccompanied by any invocation to a
superior being, or any attendant circumstance whence an inference of their
religious opinions could be deduced.

[*No solution of this difficulty had been given when I left the country, in
December, 1791. I can, therefore, only propose queries for the ingenuity of
others to exercise itself upon: is it a disease indigenous to the country?
Did the French ships under Monsieur de Peyrouse introduce it? Let it be
remembered that they had now been departed more than a year; and we had
never heard of its existence on board of them. Had it travelled across the
continent from its western shore, where Dampier and other European voyagers
had formerly landed? Was it introduced by Mr. Cook? Did we give it birth
here? No person among us had been afflicted with the disorder since we had
quitted the Cape of Good Hope, seventeen months before. It is true, that
our surgeons had brought out variolous matter in bottles; but to infer
that it was produced from this cause were a supposition so wild as to be
unworthy of consideration.]


An uninhabited house, near the hospital, was allotted for their reception,
and a cradle prepared for each of them. By the encouragement of Arabanoo,
who assured them of protection, and the soothing behaviour of our medical
gentlemen, they became at once reconciled to us, and looked happy and
grateful at the change of their situation. Sickness and hunger had,
however, so much exhausted the old man, that little hope was entertained
of his recovery. As he pointed frequently to his throat, at the instance of
Arabanoo, he tried to wash it with a gargle which was given to him; but
the obstructed, tender state of the part rendered it impracticable. 'Bado,
bado' (water), was his cry: when brought to him, he drank largely at
intervals of it. He was equally importunate for fire, being seized with
shivering fits; and one was kindled. Fish were produced, to tempt him to
eat; but he turned away his head, with signs of loathing. Nanbaree (the
boy), on the contrary, no sooner saw them than he leaped from his cradle,
and eagerly seizing them, began to cook them. A warm bath being prepared,
they were immersed in it; and after being thoroughly cleansed, they had
clean shirts put on them, and were again laid in bed.

The old man lived but a few hours. He bore the pangs of dissolution with
patient composure; and though he was sensible to the last moment, expired
almost without a groan. Nanbaree appeared quite unmoved at the event;
and surveyed the corpse of his father without emotion, simply exclaiming,
'boee' (dead). This surprised us; as the tenderness and anxiety of the old
man about the boy had been very moving. Although barely able to raise his
head, while so much strength was left to him, he kept looking into his
child's cradle; he patted him gently on the bosom; and, with dying eyes,
seemed to recommend him to our humanity and protection. Nanbaree was
adopted by Mr. White, surgeon-general of the settlement, and became
henceforth one of his family.

Arabanoo had no sooner heard of the death of his countryman, than he
hastened to inter him. I was present at the ceremony, in company with the
governor, captain Ball, and two or three other persons. It differed, by
the accounts of those who were present at the funeral of the girl, in no
respect from what had passed there in the morning, except that the grave
was dug by a convict. But I was informed, that when intelligence of the
death reached Arabanoo, he expressed himself with doubt whether he should
bury, or burn the body; and seemed solicitous to ascertain which ceremony
would be most gratifying to the governor.

Indeed, Arabanoo's behaviour, during the whole of the transactions of
this day, was so strongly marked by affection to his countryman, and by
confidence in us, that the governor resolved to free him from all farther
restraint, and at once to trust to his generosity, and the impression which
our treatment of him might have made, for his future residence among us:
the fetter was accordingly taken off his leg.

In the evening, captain Ball and I crossed the harbour, and buried the
corpse of the woman before mentioned.

Distress continued to drive them in upon us. Two more natives, one of them
a young man, and the other his sister, a girl of fourteen years old,
were brought in by the governor's boat, in a most deplorable state of
wretchedness from the smallpox. The sympathy and affection of Arabanoo,
which had appeared languid in the instance of Nanbaree and his father, here
manifested themselves immediately. We conjectured that a difference of
the tribes to which they belonged might cause the preference; but nothing
afterwards happened to strengthen or confirm such a supposition. The young
man died at the end of three days: the girl recovered, and was received
as an inmate, with great kindness, in the family of Mrs Johnson,
the clergyman's wife. Her name was Booron; but from our mistake of
pronunciation she acquired that of Abaroo, by which she was generally
known, and by which she will always be called in this work. She shewed, at
the death of her brother more feeling than Nanbaree had witnessed for the
loss of his father. When she found him dying, she crept to his side, and
lay by him until forced by the cold to retire. No exclamation, or other
sign of grief, however, escaped her for what had happened.

May 1789. At sunset, on the evening of the 2d instant, the arrival the
'Sirius', Captain Hunter, from the Cape of Good Hope, was proclaimed, and
diffused universal joy and congratulation. The day of famine was at least
procrastinated by the supply of flour and salt provisions she brought us.

The 'Sirius' had made her passage to the Cape of Good Hope, by the route of
Cape Horn, in exactly thirteen weeks. Her highest latitude was 57 degrees
10 minutes south, where the weather proved intolerably cold. Ice, in great
quantity, was seen for many days; and in the middle of December (which is
correspondent to the middle of June, in our hemisphere), water froze in
open casks upon deck, in the moderate latitude of 44 degrees.

They were very kindly treated by the Dutch governor, and amply supplied by
the merchants at the Cape, where they remained seven weeks. Their passage
back was effected by Van Diemen's Land, near which, and close under
Tasman's Head, they were in the utmost peril of being wrecked.

In this long run, which had extended round the circle, they had always
determined their longitude, to the greatest nicety, by distances taken
between the sun and moon, or between the moon and a star. But it falls
to the lot of very few ships to possess such indefatigable and accurate
observers as Captain Hunter, and Mr. (now Captain) Bradley, the first
lieutenant of the 'Sirius'.

I feel assured, that I have no reader who will not join in regretting the
premature loss of Arabanoo, who died of the smallpox on the 18th instant,
after languishing in it six days. From some imperfect marks and indents
on his face, we were inclined to believe that he had passed this dreaded
disorder. Even when the first symptoms of sickness seized him, we continued
willing to hope that they proceeded from a different cause. But at length
the disease burst forth with irresistible fury. It were superfluous to say,
that nothing which medical skill and unremitting attention could perform,
were left unexerted to mitigate his sufferings, and prolong a life,
which humanity and affectionate concern towards his sick compatriots,
unfortunately shortened.

During his sickness he reposed entire confidence in us. Although a stranger
to medicine, and nauseating the taste of it, he swallowed with patient
submission innumerable drugs,* which the hope of relief induced us to
administer to him. The governor, who particularly regarded him, caused him
to be buried in his own garden, and attended the funeral in person.

[*Very different had been his conduct on a former occasion of a similar
kind. Soon after he was brought among us he was seized with a diarrhoea,
for which he could by no persuasion be induced to swallow any of our
prescriptions. After many ineffectual trials to deceive, or overcome him,
it was at length determined to let him pursue his own course, and to watch
if he should apply for relief to any of the productions of the country. He
was in consequence observed to dig fern-root, and to chew it. Whether the
disorder had passed its crisis, or whether the fern-root effected a cure, I
know not; but it is certain that he became speedily well.

**The regard was reciprocal. His excellency had been ill but a short time
before, when Arabanoo had testified the utmost solicitude for his case and
recovery. It is probable that he acquired, on this occasion, just notions
of the benefit to be derived from medical assistance. A doctor is, among
them, a person of consequence. It is certain that he latterly estimated our
professional gentlemen very highly.]

The character of Arabanoo, as far as we had developed it, was distinguished
by a portion of gravity and steadiness, which our subsequent acquaintance
with his countrymen by no means led us to conclude a national
characteristic. In that daring, enterprising frame of mind, which, when
combined with genius, constitutes the leader of a horde of savages, or the
ruler of a people, boasting the power of discrimination and the resistance
of ambition, he was certainly surpassed by some of his successors,
who afterwards lived among us. His countenance was thoughtful, but not
animated: his fidelity and gratitude, particularly to his friend the
governor, were constant and undeviating, and deserve to be recorded.
Although of a gentle and placable temper, we early discovered that he was
impatient of indignity, and allowed of no superiority on our part. He knew
that he was in our power; but the independence of his mind never forsook
him. If the slightest insult were offered to him, he would return it with
interest. At retaliation of merriment he was often happy; and frequently
turned the laugh against his antagonist. He did not want docility;
but either from the difficulty of acquiring our language, from the
unskillfulness of his teachers, or from some natural defect, his progress
in learning it was not equal to what we had expected. For the last three
or four weeks of his life, hardly any restraint was laid upon his
inclinations: so that had he meditated escape, he might easily have
effected it. He was, perhaps, the only native who was ever attached to us
from choice; and who did not prefer a precarious subsistence among wilds
and precipices, to the comforts of a civilized system.

By his death, the scheme which had invited his capture was utterly
defeated. Of five natives who had been brought among us, three had perished
from a cause which, though unavoidable, it was impossible to explain to a
people, who would condescend to enter into no intercourse with us. The same
suspicious dread of our approach, and the same scenes of vengeance acted on
unfortunate stragglers, continued to prevail.




CHAPTER V.



Transactions of the Colony until the Close of the Year 1789.


The anniversary of his majesty's birth-day was celebrated, as heretofore,
at the government-house, with loyal festivity. In the evening, the play of
'The Recruiting Officer' was performed by a party of convicts, and honoured
by the presence of his excellency, and the officers of the garrison.
That every opportunity of escape from the dreariness and dejection of
our situation should be eagerly embraced, will not be wondered at. The
exhilarating effect of a splendid theatre is well known: and I am not
ashamed to confess, that the proper distribution of three or four yards of
stained paper, and a dozen farthing candles stuck around the mud walls of a
convict-hut, failed not to diffuse general complacency on the countenances
of sixty persons, of various descriptions, who were assembled to applaud
the representation. Some of the actors acquitted themselves with great
spirit, and received the praises of the audience: a prologue and an
epilogue, written by one of the performers, were also spoken on the
occasion; which, although not worth inserting here, contained some
tolerable allusions to the situation of the parties, and the novelty of a
stage-representation in New South Wales.

Broken Bay, which was supposed to be completely explored, became again an
object of research. On the sixth instant, the governor, accompanied by a
large party in two boats, proceeded thither. Here they again wandered over
piles of mis-shapen desolation, contemplating scenes of wild solitude,
whose unvarying appearance renders them incapable of affording either
novelty or gratification. But when they had given over the hope of
farther discovery, by pursuing the windings of an inlet, which, from
its appearance, was supposed to be a short creek, they suddenly found
themselves at the entrance of a fresh water river, up which they proceeded
twenty miles, in a westerly direction; and would have farther prosecuted
their research, had not a failure of provisions obliged them to return.
This river they described to be of considerable breadth, and of great
depth; but its banks had hitherto presented nothing better than a
counterpart of the rocks and precipices which surround Broken Bay.

June, 1789. A second expedition, to ascertain its course, was undertaken
by his excellency, who now penetrated (measuring by the bed of the river)
between 60 and 70 miles, when the farther progress of the boats was stopped
by a fall. The water in every part was found to be fresh and good. Of the
adjoining country, the opinions of those who had inspected it (of which
number I was not) were so various, that I shall decline to record them.
Some saw a rich and beautiful country; and others were so unfortunate as to
discover little else than large tracts of low land, covered with reeds, and
rank with the inundations of the stream, by which they had been recently
covered. All parties, however, agreed, that the rocky, impenetrable
country, seen on the first excursion, had ended nearly about the place
whence the boats had then turned back. Close to the fall stands a very
beautiful hill, which our adventurers mounted, and enjoyed from it an
extensive prospect. Potatoes, maize, and garden seeds of various kinds
were put into the earth, by the governor's order, on different parts
of Richmond-hill, which was announced to be its name. The latitude of
Richmond-hill, as observed by captain Hunter, was settled at 33 degrees 36
minutes south.

Here also the river received the name of Hawkesbury, in honour of the noble
lord who bears that title.

Natives were found on the banks in several parts, many of whom were
labouring under the smallpox. They did not attempt to commit hostilities
against the boats; but on the contrary shewed every sign of welcome and
friendship to the strangers.

At this period, I was unluckily invested with the command of the outpost at
Rose Hill, which prevented me from being in the list of discoverers of
the Hawkesbury. Stimulated, however, by a desire of acquiring a further
knowledge of the country, on the 26th instant, accompanied by Mr. Arndell,
assistant surgeon of the settlement, Mr. Lowes, surgeon's mate of the
'Sirius', two marines, and a convict, I left the redoubt at day-break,
pointing our march to a hill, distant five miles, in a westerly or inland
direction, which commands a view of the great chain of mountains, called
Carmarthen hills, extending from north to south farther than the eye can
reach. Here we paused, surveying "the wild abyss; pondering our voyage."
Before us lay the trackless immeasurable desert, in awful silence. At
length, after consultation, we determined to steer west and by north, by
compass, the make of the land in that quarter indicating the existence of a
river. We continued to march all day through a country untrodden before by
an European foot. Save that a melancholy crow now and then flew croaking
over head, or a kangaroo was seen to bound at a distance, the picture of
solitude was complete and undisturbed. At four o'clock in the afternoon we
halted near a small pond of water, where we took up our residence for the
night, lighted a fire, and prepared to cook our supper: that was, to broil
over a couple of ramrods a few slices of salt pork, and a crow which we had
shot.

At daylight we renewed our peregrination; and in an hour after we found
ourselves on the banks of a river, nearly as broad as the Thames at
Putney, and apparently of great depth, the current running very slowly in a
northerly direction. Vast flocks of wild ducks were swimming in the stream;
but after being once fired at, they grew so shy that we could not get near
them a second time. Nothing is more certain than that the sound of a gun
had never before been heard within many miles of this spot.

We proceeded upwards, by a slow pace, through reeds, thickets, and a
thousand other obstacles, which impeded our progress, over coarse sandy
ground, which had been recently inundated, though full forty feet above the
present level of the river. Traces of the natives appeared at every step,
sometimes in their hunting-huts, which consist of nothing more than a
large piece of bark, bent in the middle, and open at both ends, exactly
resembling two cards, set up to form an acute angle; sometimes in marks on
trees which they had climbed; or in squirrel-traps*; or, which surprised us
more, from being new, in decoys for the purpose of ensnaring birds. These
are formed of underwood and reeds, long and narrow, shaped like a mound
raised over a grave; with a small aperture at one end for admission of
the prey; and a grate made of sticks at the other: the bird enters at the
aperture, seeing before him the light of the grate, between the bars of
which, he vainly endeavours to thrust himself, until taken. Most of these
decoys were full of feathers, chiefly those of quails, which shewed their
utility. We also met with two old damaged canoes hauled up on the beach,
which differed in no wise from those found on the sea coast.

[*A squirrel-trap is a cavity of considerable depth, formed by art, in the
body of a tree. When the Indians in their hunting parties set fire to
the surrounding country (which is a very common custom) the squirrels,
opossums, and other animals, who live in trees, flee for refuge into these
holes, whence they are easily dislodged and taken. The natives always pitch
on a part of a tree for this purpose, which has been perforated by a worm,
which indicates that the wood is in an unsound state, and will readily
yield to their efforts. If the rudeness and imperfection of the tools with
which they work be considered, it must be confessed to be an operation of
great toil and difficulty.]


Having remained out three days, we returned to our quarters at Rose-hill,
with the pleasing intelligence of our discovery. The country we had passed
through we found tolerably plain, and little encumbered with underwood,
except near the river side. It is entirely covered with the same sorts of
trees as grow near Sydney; and in some places grass springs up luxuriantly;
other places are quite bare of it. The soil is various: in many parts a
stiff and clay, covered with small pebbles; in other places, of a soft
loamy nature: but invariably, in every part near the river, it is a coarse
sterile sand. Our observations on it (particularly mine, from carrying
the compass by which we steered) were not so numerous as might have been
wished. But, certainly, if the qualities of it be such as to deserve future
cultivation, no impediment of surface, but that of cutting down and burning
the trees, exists, to prevent its being tilled.

To this river the governor gave the name of Nepean. The distance of the
part of the river which we first hit upon from the sea coast, is about 39
miles, in a direct line almost due west.

A survey of Botany Bay took place in September. I was of the party, with
several others officers. We continued nine days in the bay, during which
time, the relative position of every part of it, to the extent of more than
thirty miles, following the windings of the shore, was ascertained, and
laid down on paper, by captain Hunter.

So complete an opportunity of forming a judgment, enables me to speak
decisively of a place, which has often engaged conversation and excited
reflection. Variety of opinions here disappeared. I shall, therefore,
transcribe literally what I wrote in my journal, on my return from the
expedition. "We were unanimously of opinion, that had not the nautical part
of Mr. Cook's description, in which we include the latitude and longitude
of the bay, been so accurately laid down, there would exist the utmost
reason to believe, that those who have described the contiguous country,
had never seen it. On the sides of the harbour, a line of sea coast
more than thirty miles long, we did not find 200 acres which could be
cultivated."

September, 1789. But all our attention was not directed to explore inlets,
and toll for discovery. Our internal tranquillity was still more important.
To repress the inroads of depredation; and to secure to honest industry the
reward of its labour, had become matter of the most serious consideration;
hardly a night passing without the commission of robbery. Many expedients
were devised; and the governor at length determined to select from the
convicts, a certain number of persons, who were meant to be of the fairest
character, for the purpose of being formed into a nightly-watch, for
the preservation of public and private property, under the following
regulations, which, as the first system of police in a colony, so
peculiarly constituted as ours, may perhaps prove not uninteresting.


I. A night-watch, consisting of 12 persons, divided into four parties, is
appointed, and fully authorized to patrol at all hours in the night; and
to visit such places as may be deemed necessary, for the discovery of any
felony, trespass, or misdemeanor; and for the apprehending and securing
for examination, any person or persons who may appear to them concerned
therein, either by entrance into any suspected hut or dwelling, or by such
other measure as may seem to them expedient.

II. Those parts in which the convicts reside are to be divided and
numbered, in the following manner. The convict huts on the eastern side of
the stream, and the public farm, are to be the first division. Those at
the brick-kilns, and the detached parties in the different private farms in
that district, are to be the second division. Those on the western side of
the stream, as far as the line which separates the district of the women
from the men, to be the third division. The huts occupied from that line to
the hospital, and from there to the observatory, to be the fourth division.

III. Each of these districts or divisions is to be under the particular
inspection of one person, who may be judged qualified to inform himself of
the actual residence of each individual in his district; as well as of his
business, connections, and acquaintances.

IV. Cognizance is to be taken of such convicts as may sell or barter their
slops or provisions; and also of such as are addicted to gaming for either
of the aforesaid articles, who are to be reported to the judge advocate.

V. Any soldier or seaman found straggling after the beating of the tattoo;
or who may be found in a convict's hut, is to be detained; and information
of him immediately given to the nearest guard.

VI. Any person who may be robbed during the night, is to give immediate
information thereof to the watch of his district, who, on the instant of
application being made, shall use the most effectual means to trace out
the offender, or offenders, so that he, she, or they, may be brought to
justice.

VII. The watch of each district is to be under the direction of one person,
who will be named for that purpose. All the patrols are placed under the
immediate inspection of Herbert Keeling. They are never to receive any
fee, gratuity, or reward, from any individual whatever, to engage their
exertions in the execution of the above trust. Nor will they receive any
stipulated encouragement for the conviction of any offender. But their
diligence and good behaviour will be rewarded by the governor. And for this
purpose their conduct will be strictly attended to, by those who are placed
in authority over them.

VIII. The night-watch is to go out as soon as the tattoo ceases beating: to
return to their huts when the working drum beats in the morning: and are
to make their report to the judge advocate, through Herbert Keeling, of all
robberies and misdemeanors which may have been committed. Any assistance
the patrols may require, will be given to them, on applying to the officer
commanding the nearest guard; and by the civil power, if necessary; for
which last, application is to be made to the provost martial.

IX. Any negligence on the part of those who shall be employed on this duty,
will be punished with the utmost rigour of the law.

X. The night-watch is to consist of 12 persons.


Every political code, either from a defect of its constitution, or from the
corruptness of those who are entrusted to execute it, will be found less
perfect in practice than speculation had promised itself. It were, however,
prejudice to deny, that for some time following the institution of this
patrol, nightly depredations became less frequent and alarming: the petty
villains, at least, were restrained by it. And to keep even a garden
unravaged was now become a subject of the deepest concern.

For in October our weekly allowance of provisions, which had hitherto been
eight pounds of flour, five pounds of salt pork, three pints of pease, six
ounces of butter, was reduced to five pounds five ounces of flour, three
pounds five ounces of pork, and two pints of pease.

In order to lessen the consumption from the public stores, the 'Supply' was
ordered to touch at Lord Howe Island, in her way from Norfolk Island, to
try if turtle could be procured, for the purpose of being publicly served
in lieu of salt provisions. But she brought back only three turtles, which
were distributed in the garrison.

December, 1789. At the request of his excellency, lieutenant Dawes of the
marines, accompanied by lieutenant Johnston and Mr. Lowes, about this
time undertook the attempt to cross the Nepean river, and to penetrate to
Carmarthen mountains. Having discovered a ford in the river, they passed
it, and proceeded in a westerly direction. But they found the country so
rugged, and the difficulty of walking so excessive, that in three days they
were able to penetrate only fifteen miles, and were therefore obliged to
relinquish their object. This party, at the time they turned back, were
farther inland than any other persons ever were before or since, being
fifty-four miles in a direct line from the sea coast when on the summit
of mount Twiss, a hill so named by them, and which bounded their
peregrination.

Intercourse with the natives, for the purpose of knowing whether or not the
country possessed any resources, by which life might be prolonged*, as
well as on other accounts, becoming every day more desirable, the governor
resolved to make prisoners of two more of them.

[*One of the convicts, a negro, had twice eloped, with an intention of
establishing himself in the society of the natives, with a wish to adopt
their customs and to live with them: but he was always repulsed by them;
and compelled to return to us from hunger and wretchedness.]


Boats properly provided, under the command of lieutenant Bradley of the
'Sirius', were accordingly dispatched on this service; and completely
succeeded in trepanning and carrying off, without opposition, two fine
young men, who were safely landed among us at Sydney.

Nanbaree and Abaroo welcomed them on shore; calling them immediately by
their names, Baneelon (Bennelong), and Colbee. But they seemed little
disposed to receive the congratulations, or repose confidence in the
assurances of their friends. The same scenes of awkward wonder and
impatient constraint, which had attended the introduction of Arabanoo,
succeeded. Baneelon we judged to be about twenty-six years old, of good
stature, and stoutly made, with a bold intrepid countenance, which bespoke
defiance and revenge. Colbee was perhaps near thirty, of a less sullen
aspect than his comrade, considerably shorter, and not so robustly framed,
though better fitted for purposes of activity. They had both evidently
had the smallpox; indeed Colbee's face was very thickly imprinted with the
marks of it.

Positive orders were issued by the governor to treat them indulgently, and
guard them strictly; notwithstanding which Colbee contrived to effect his
escape in about a week, with a small iron ring round his leg. Had those
appointed to watch them been a moment later, his companion would have
contrived to accompany him.

But Baneelon, though haughty, knew how to temporize. He quickly threw
off all reserve; and pretended, nay, at particular moments, perhaps felt
satisfaction in his new state. Unlike poor Arabanoo, he became at once fond
of our viands, and would drink the strongest liquors, not simply without
reluctance, but with eager marks of delight and enjoyment. He was the only
native we ever knew who immediately shewed a fondness for spirits: Colbee
would not at first touch them. Nor was the effect of wine or brandy upon
him more perceptible than an equal quantity would have produced upon one of
us, although fermented liquor was new to him.

In his eating, he was alike compliant. When a turtle was shown to Arabanoo,
he would not allow it to be a fish, and could not be induced to eat of it.
Baneelon also denied it to be a fish; but no common councilman in Europe
could do more justice than he did to a very fine one, that the 'Supply' had
brought from Lord Howe Island, and which was served up at the governor's
table on Christmas Day.

His powers of mind were certainly far above mediocrity. He acquired
knowledge, both of our manners and language, faster than his predecessor
had done. He willingly communicated information; sang, danced, and capered,
told us all the customs of his country, and all the details of his family
economy. Love and war seemed his favourite pursuits; in both of which he
had suffered severely. His head was disfigured by several scars; a spear
had passed through his arm, and another through his leg. Half of one of his
thumbs was carried away; and the mark of a wound appeared on the back of
his hand. The cause and attendant circumstances of all these disasters,
except one, he related to us.

"But the wound on the back of your hand, Baneelon! How did you get that?"

He laughed, and owned that it was received in carrying off a lady of
another tribe by force. "I was dragging her away. She cried aloud, and
stuck her teeth in me."

"And what did you do then?"

"I knocked her down, and beat her till she was insensible, and covered with
blood. Then..."

Whenever he recounted his battles, "poised his lance, and showed how fields
were won", the most violent exclamations of rage and vengeance against his
competitors in arms, those of the tribe called Cameeragal in particular,
would burst from him. And he never failed at such times to solicit the
governor to accompany him, with a body of soldiers, in order that he might
exterminate this hated name.

Although I call him only Baneelon, he had besides several appellations, and
for a while he chose to be distinguished by that of Wolarawaree. Again, as
a mark of affection and respect to the governor, he conferred on him the
name of Wolarawaree, and sometimes called him 'Beenena' (father), adopting
to himself the name of governor. This interchange we found is a constant
symbol of friendship among them*. In a word, his temper seemed pliant, and
his relish of our society so great, that hardly any one judged he would
attempt to quit us, were the means of escape put within his reach.
Nevertheless it was thought proper to continue a watch over him.

[*It is observable that this custom prevails as a pledge of friendship
and kindness all over Asia, and has also been mentioned by Captain Cook to
exist among the natives in the South Sea Islands.]




CHAPTER VI.



Transactions of the Colony, from the Beginning of the Year 1790 until the
End of May following.


Our impatience of news from Europe strongly marked the commencement of the
year. We had now been two years in the country, and thirty-two months from
England, in which long period no supplies, except what had been procured at
the Cape of Good Hope by the 'Sirius', had reached us. From intelligence of
our friends and connections we had been entirely cut off, no communication
whatever having passed with our native country since the 13th of May 1787,
the day of our departure from Portsmouth. Famine besides was approaching
with gigantic strides, and gloom and dejection overspread every
countenance. Men abandoned themselves to the most desponding reflections,
and adopted the most extravagant conjectures.

Still we were on the tiptoe of expectation. If thunder broke at a distance,
or a fowling-piece of louder than ordinary report resounded in the woods,
"a gun from a ship" was echoed on every side, and nothing but hurry
and agitation prevailed. For eighteen months after we had landed in the
country, a party of marines used to go weekly to Botany Bay, to see whether
any vessel, ignorant of our removal to Port Jackson, might be arrived
there. But a better plan was now devised, on the suggestion of captain
Hunter. A party of seamen were fixed on a high bluff, called the
South-head, at the entrance of the harbour, on which a flag was ordered to
be hoisted, whenever a ship might appear, which should serve as a direction
to her, and as a signal of approach to us. Every officer stepped forward
to volunteer a service which promised to be so replete with beneficial
consequences. But the zeal and alacrity of captain Hunter, and our brethren
of the 'Sirius', rendered superfluous all assistance or co-operation.

Here on the summit of the hill, every morning from daylight until the sun
sunk, did we sweep the horizon, in hope of seeing a sail. At every fleeting
speck which arose from the bosom of the sea, the heart bounded, and the
telescope was lifted to the eye. If a ship appeared here, we knew she must
be bound to us; for on the shores of this vast ocean (the largest in the
world) we were the only community which possessed the art of navigation,
and languished for intercourse with civilized society.

To say that we were disappointed and shocked, would very inadequately
describe our sensations. But the misery and horror of such a situation
cannot be imparted, even by those who have suffered under it.

March, 1790. Vigorous measures were become indispensable. The governor
therefore, early in February, ordered the 'Sirius' to prepare for a voyage
to China; and a farther retrenchment of our ration, we were given to
understand, would take place on her sailing.

But the 'Sirius' was destined not to reach China. Previously to her
intended departure on that voyage, she was ordered, in concert with the
'Supply', to convey Major Ross, with a large detachment of marines, and
more than two hundred convicts, to Norfolk Island, it being hoped that
such a division of our numbers would increase the means of subsistence, by
diversified exertions. She sailed on the 6th of March. And on the 27th of
the same month, the following order was issued from headquarters.


Parole--Honour.

Counter sign--Example.

The expected supply of provisions not having arrived, makes it necessary
to reduce the present ration. And the commissary is directed to issue, from
the 1st of April, the under-mentioned allowance, to every person in the
settlement without distinction.

Four pounds of flour, two pounds and a half of salt pork, and one pound and
a half of rice, per week.


On the 5th of April news was brought, that the flag on the South-head was
hoisted. Less emotion was created by the news than might be expected. Every
one coldly said to his neighbour, "the 'Sirius' and 'Supply' are returned
from Norfolk Island." To satisfy myself that the flag was really flying, I
went to the observatory, and looked for it through the large astronomical
telescope, when I plainly saw it. But I was immediately convinced that
it was not to announce the arrival of ships from England; for I could see
nobody near the flagstaff except one solitary being, who kept strolling
around, unmoved by what he saw. I well knew how different an effect the
sight of strange ships would produce.

April, 1790. The governor, however, determined to go down the harbour, and
I begged permission to accompany him. Having turned a point about half way
down, we were surprised to see a boat, which was known to belong to the
'Supply', rowing towards us. On nearer approach, I saw captain Ball make
an extraordinary motion with his hand, which too plainly indicated that
something disastrous had happened; and I could not help turning to the
governor, near whom I sat, and saying, "Sir, prepare yourself for bad
news." A few minutes changed doubt into certainty; and to our unspeakable
consternation we learned, that the 'Sirius' had been wrecked on Norfolk
Island, on the 19th of February. Happily, however, Captain Hunter, and
every other person belonging to her, were saved.

Dismay was painted on every countenance, when the tidings were proclaimed
at Sydney. The most distracting apprehensions were entertained All hopes
were now concentred in the little 'Supply'.

At six o'clock in the evening, all the officers of the garrison, both
civil and military, were summoned to meet the governor in council, when
the nature of our situation was fully discussed and an account of
the provisions yet remaining in store laid before the council by the
commissary. This account stated, that on the present ration* the public
stores contained salt meat sufficient to serve until the 2nd of July, flour
until the 20th of August, and rice, or pease in lieu of it, until the 1st
of October.

[*See the ration of the 27th of March, a few pages back.]

Several regulations for the more effectual preservation of gardens,
and other private property, were proposed, and adopted and after some
interchange of opinion, the following ration was decreed to commence
immediately, a vigorous exertion to prolong existence, or the chance of
relief, being all now left to us.

     Two pounds of pork, two pounds and a half of flour,
     two pounds of rice, or a quart of pease, per week,
     to every grown person, and to every child of more
     than eighteen months old.

     To every child under eighteen months old, the same
     quantity of rice and flour, and one pound of pork.**

[**When the age of this provision is recollected, its inadequacy will more
strikingly appear. The pork and rice were brought with us from England. The
pork had been salted between three and four years, and every grain of rice
was a moving body, from the inhabitants lodged within it. We soon left off
boiling the pork, as it had become so old and dry, that it shrunk one half
in its dimensions when so dressed. Our usual method of cooking it was to
cut off the daily morsel, and toast it on a fork before the fire, catching
the drops which fell on a slice of bread, or in a saucer of rice. Our flour
was the remnant of what was brought from the Cape, by the 'Sirius', and was
good. Instead of baking it, the soldiers and convicts used to boil it up
with greens.]

The immediate departure of the 'Supply', for Batavia, was also determined.

Nor did our zeal stop here. The governor being resolved to employ all
the boats, public and private, in procuring fish--which was intended to
be served in lieu of salt meat--all the officers, civil and military,
including the clergyman, and the surgeons of the hospital, made the
voluntary offer, in addition to their other duties, to go alternately every
night in these boats, in order to see that every exertion was made, and
that all the fish which might be caught was deposited with the commissary.

The best marksmen of the marines and convicts were also selected, and put
under the command of a trusty sergeant, with directions to range the
woods in search of kangaroos, which were ordered, when brought in, to be
delivered to the commissary.

And as it was judged that the inevitable fatigues of shooting and fishing
could not be supported on the common ration, a small additional quantity
of flour and pork was appropriated to the use of the game-keepers; and each
fisherman, who had been out during the preceding night had, on his return
in the morning, a pound of uncleaned fish allowed for his breakfast.

On the 17th instant, the 'Supply', captain Ball, sailed for Batavia. We
followed her with anxious eyes until she was no longer visible. Truly did
we say to her "In te omnis domus inclinata recumbit." We were, however,
consoled by reflecting, that every thing which zeal, fortitude, and
seamanship, could produce, was concentred in her commander.

Our bosoms consequently became less perturbed; and all our labour and
attention were turned on one object--the procuring of food. "Pride, pomp,
and circumstance of glorious war" were no more.

The distress of the lower classes for clothes was almost equal to their
other wants. The stores had been long exhausted, and winter was at
hand. Nothing more ludicrous can be conceived than the expedients of
substituting, shifting, and patching, which ingenuity devised, to eke out
wretchedness, and preserve the remains of decency. The superior dexterity
of the women was particularly conspicuous. Many a guard have I seen mount,
in which the number of soldiers without shoes exceeded that which had yet
preserved remnants of leather.

Nor was another part of our domestic economy less whimsical. If a lucky
man, who had knocked down a dinner with his gun, or caught a fish
by angling from the rocks, invited a neighbour to dine with him, the
invitation always ran, "bring your own bread." Even at the governor's
table, this custom was constantly observed. Every man when he sat down
pulled his bread out of his pocket, and laid it by his plate.

The insufficiency of our ration soon diminished our execution of labour.
Both soldiers and convicts pleaded such loss of strength, as to find
themselves unable to perform their accustomed tasks. The hours of public
work were accordingly shortened or, rather, every man was ordered to do as
much as his strength would permit, and every other possible indulgence was
granted.

May, 1790. In proportion, however, as lenity and mitigation were extended
to inability and helplessness, inasmuch was the most rigorous justice
executed on disturbers of the public tranquillity. Persons detected in
robbing gardens, or pilfering provisions, were never screened because, as
every man could possess, by his utmost exertions, but a bare sufficiency to
preserve life*, he who deprived his neighbour of that little, drove him
to desperation. No new laws for the punishment of theft were enacted;
but persons of all descriptions were publicly warned, that the severest
penalties, which the existing law in its greatest latitude would authorise,
should be inflicted on offenders. The following sentence of a court
of justice, of which I was a member, on a convict detected in a garden
stealing potatoes, will illustrate the subject. He was ordered to receive
three hundred lashes immediately, to be chained for six months to two other
criminals, who were thus fettered for former offences, and to have his
allowance of flour stopped for six months. So that during the operation of
the sentence, two pounds of pork, and two pounds of rice (or in lieu of the
latter, a quart of pease) per week, constituted his whole subsistence. Such
was the melancholy length to which we were compelled to stretch our penal
system.

[*Its preservation in some cases was found impracticable. Three or four
instances of persons who perished from want have been related to me. One
only, however, fell within my own observation. I was passing the provision
store, when a man, with a wild haggard countenance, who had just received
his daily pittance to carry home, came out. His faltering gait, and eager
devouring eye, led me to watch him, and he had not proceeded ten steps
before he fell. I ordered him to be carried to the hospital, where, when
he arrived, he was found dead. On opening the body, the cause of death was
pronounced to be inanition.]

Farther to contribute to the detection of villainy, a proclamation,
offering a reward of sixty pounds of flour, more tempting than the ore of
Peru or Potosi, was promised to any one who should apprehend, and bring to
justice, a robber of garden ground.

Our friend Baneelon, during this season of scarcity, was as well taken care
of as our desperate circumstances would allow. We knew not how to keep
him, and yet were unwilling to part with him. Had he penetrated our state,
perhaps he might have given his countrymen such a description of our
diminished numbers, and diminished strength, as would have emboldened
them to become more troublesome. Every expedient was used to keep him in
ignorance. His allowance was regularly received by the governor's servant,
like that of any other person, but the ration of a week was insufficient
to have kept him for a day. The deficiency was supplied by fish whenever
it could be procured, and a little Indian corn, which had been reserved
was ground and appropriated to his use. In spite of all these aids, want of
food has been known to make him furious and often melancholy.

There is reason to believe that he had long meditated his escape, which he
effected in the night of the 3rd instant. About two o'clock in the morning,
he pretended illness, and awaking the servant who lay in the room with him,
begged to go down stairs. The other attended him without suspicion of his
design; and Baneelon no sooner found himself in a backyard, than he nimbly
leaped over a slight paling, and bade us adieu.

The following public order was issued within the date of this chapter, and
is too pleasing a proof that universal depravity did not prevail among the
convicts, to be omitted.


The governor, in consequence of the unremitted good behaviour and
meritorious conduct of John Irving, is pleased to remit the remainder of
the term for which he was sentenced to transportation. He is therefore to
be considered as restored to all those rights and privileges, which had
been suspended in consequence of the sentence of the law. And as such,
he is hereby appointed to act as an assistant to the surgeon at Norfolk
Island.




CHAPTER VII



Transactions of the Colony in June, July, and August, 1790.


At length the clouds of misfortune began to separate, and on the evening
of the 3rd of June, the joyful cry of "the flag's up" resounded in every
direction.

I was sitting in my hut, musing on our fate, when a confused clamour in
the street drew my attention. I opened my door, and saw several women
with children in their arms running to and fro with distracted looks,
congratulating each other, and kissing their infants with the most
passionate and extravagant marks of fondness. I needed no more; but
instantly started out, and ran to a hill, where, by the assistance of
a pocket glass, my hopes were realized. My next door neighbour, a
brother-officer, was with me, but we could not speak. We wrung each other
by the hand, with eyes and hearts overflowing.

Finding that the governor intended to go immediately in his boat down the
harbour, I begged to be of his party.

As we proceeded, the object of our hopes soon appeared: a large ship,
with English colours flying, working in, between the heads which form the
entrance of the harbour. The tumultuous state of our minds represented
her in danger; and we were in agony. Soon after, the governor, having
ascertained what she was, left us, and stepped into a fishing boat to
return to Sydney. The weather was wet and tempestuous but the body is
delicate only when the soul is at ease. We pushed through wind and rain,
the anxiety of our sensations every moment redoubling. At last we read the
word 'London' on her stern. "Pull away, my lads! She is from Old England! A
few strokes more, and we shall be aboard! Hurrah for a bellyfull, and news
from our friends!" Such were our exhortations to the boat's crew.

A few minutes completed our wishes, and we found ourselves on board
the 'Lady Juliana' transport, with two hundred and twenty-five of our
countrywomen whom crime or misfortune had condemned to exile. We learned
that they had been almost eleven months on their passage, having left
Plymouth, into which port they had put in July, 1789. We continued to ask
a thousand questions on a breath. Stimulated by curiosity, they inquired in
turn; but the right of being first answered, we thought, lay on our side.
"Letters, letters!" was the cry. They were produced, and torn open in
trembling agitation. News burst upon us like meridian splendor on a blind
man. We were overwhelmed with it: public, private, general, and particular.
Nor was it until some days had elapsed, that we were able to methodise it,
or reduce it into form. We now heard for the first time of our sovereign's
illness, and his happy restoration to health. The French revolution of
1789, with all the attendant circumstances of that wonderful and unexpected
event, succeeded to amaze us*. Now, too, the disaster which had befallen
the 'Guardian', and the liberal and enlarged plan on which she had been
stored and fitted out by government for our use, was promulged. It served
also, in some measure, to account why we had not sooner heard from England.
For had not the 'Guardian' struck on an island of ice, she would probably
have reached us three months before, and in this case have prevented the
loss of the 'Sirius', although she had sailed from England three months
after the 'Lady Juliana'.

[*These words bring to my mind an anecdote, which, though rather out of
place, I shall offer no apology for introducing. Among other inquiries, we
were anxious to learn whether M. de la Peyrouse, with the two ships under
his command, bound on a voyage of discovery, had arrived in France. We
heard with concern, that no accounts of them had been received, since they
had left Botany Bay, in March, 1788. I remember when they were at that
place, one day conversing with Monsieur de la Peyrouse, about the best
method of treating savage people, "Sir," said he, "I have sometimes been
compelled to commit hostilities upon them, but never without suffering the
most poignant regret; for, independent of my own feelings on the occasion,
his Majesty's (Louis XVI) last words to me, de sa propre bouche, when I
took leave of him at Versailles, were: 'It is my express injunction, that
you always treat the Indian nations with kindness and humanity. Gratify
their wishes, and never, but in a case of the last necessity, when
self-defence requires it, shed human blood.' Are these the sentiments of a
tyrant, of a sanguinary and perfidious man?"

A general thanksgiving to Almighty God, for his Majesty's recovery, and
happy restoration to his family and subjects, was ordered to be offered up
on the following Wednesday, when all public labour was suspended; and every
person in the settlement attended at church, where a sermon, suited to an
occasion, at once so full of gratitude and solemnity, was preached by the
Reverend Richard Johnson, chaplain of the colony.

All the officers were afterwards entertained at dinner by the governor. And
in the evening, an address to his excellency, expressive of congratulation
and loyalty, was agreed upon; and in two days after was presented, and very
graciously received.

The following invitation to the non-commissioned officers and private
soldiers of the marine battalion, was also about this time published.


In consequence of the assurance that was given to the non-commissioned
officers and men belonging to the battalion of marines, on their embarking
for the service of this country, that such of them as should behave well,
would be allowed to quit the service, on their return to England; or be
discharged abroad, upon the relief taking place, and permitted to settle
in the country--His Majesty has been graciously pleased to direct the
following encouragement to be held up to such non-commissioned officers and
privates, as may be disposed to become settlers in this country, or in
any of the islands comprised within the government of the continent of
New South Wales, on the arrival of the corps raised and intended for the
service of this colony, and for their relief, viz:

To every non-commissioned officer, an allotment of one hundred and thirty
acres of land, if single, and of one hundred and fifty acres, if married.
To every private soldier, an allotment of eighty acres, if single, and of
one hundred acres if married; and also an allotment of ten acres for every
child, whether of a non-commissioned officer, or of a private soldier.
These allotments will be free of all fines, taxes, quit-rents, and other
acknowledgments, for the space of ten years; but after the expiration of
that period, will be subject to an annual quit-rent of one shilling for
every fifty acres.

His Majesty has likewise been farther pleased to signify his royal will and
pleasure, that a bounty of three pounds be offered to each non-commissioned
officer and soldier, who may be disposed to continue in this country, and
enlist in the corps appointed for the service of New South Wales; with a
farther assurance, that in case of a proper demeanour on their part, they
shall, after a farther service of five years, be entitled to double the
former portion of land, provided they then choose to become settlers in the
country, free of all taxes, fines, and quit-rents, for the space of fifteen
years; but after that time, to be subject to the beforementioned annual
quit-rent of one shilling for every fifty acres.

And as a farther encouragement to those men who may be desirous to become
settlers, and continue in the country, his Majesty has been likewise
pleased to direct, that every man shall, on being discharged, receive out
of the public store, a portion of clothing and provisions, sufficient
for his support for one year; together with a suitable quantity of seeds,
grain, etc. for the tillage of the land; and a portion of tools and
implements of agriculture, proper for their use. And whenever any man,
who may become a settler, can maintain, feed, and clothe, such number of
convicts as may be judged necessary by the governor, for the time being,
to assist him in clearing and cultivating the land, the service of such
convicts shall be assigned to him.


We were joyfully surprised on the 20th of the month to see another sail
enter the harbour. She proved to be the Justinian transport, commanded by
Captain Maitland, and our rapture was doubled on finding that she was
laden entirely with provisions for our use. Full allowance, and general
congratulation, immediately took place. This ship had left Falmouth on
the preceding 20th of January, and completed her passage exactly in five
months*. She had staid at Madeira one day, and four at Sao Tiago, from
which last place she had steered directly for New South Wales, neglecting
Rio de Janeiro on her right, and the Cape of Good Hope on her left; and
notwithstanding the immense tract of ocean she had passed, brought her crew
without sickness into harbour. When the novelty and boldness of such an
attempt shall be recollected, too much praise, on the spirit and activity
of Mr. Maitland, cannot be bestowed.

[*Accident only prevented her from making it in eighteen days less, for she
was then in sight of the harbour's mouth, when an unpropitious gale of wind
blew her off. Otherwise she would have reached us one day sooner than the
'Lady Juliana'. It is a curious circumstance, that these two ships had
sailed together from the river Thames, one bound to Port Jackson, and
the other bound to Jamaica. The Justinian carried her cargo to the last
mentioned place, landed it; and loaded afresh with sugars, which she
returned with, and delivered in London. She was then hired as a transport,
reladen, and sailed for New South Wales. Let it be remembered, that no
material accident had happened to either vessel. But what will not zeal and
diligence accomplish!]

Good fortune continued to befriend us. Before the end of the month, three
more transports, having on board two companies of the New South Wales
corps, arrived to add to our society. These ships also brought out a large
body of convicts, whose state and sufferings will be best estimated by the
following return.

     Names of     No. of people   No. of persons who died   No. landed sick
     Ships         embarked          on the passage       at Port Jackson

          -----------------------------------------------------------------
     Neptune           530                 163                  269

     Surprise          252                  42                  121

     Scarborough       256                  68                   96

          -----------------------------------------------------------------
                      1038                 273                  486

          -----------------------------------------------------------------

N.B. Of those landed sick, one hundred and twenty-four died in the hospital
at Sydney.


On our passage from England, which had lasted more than eight months and
with nearly an equal number of persons, only twenty-four had died, and
not thirty were landed sick. The difference can be accounted for, only by
comparing the manner in which each fleet was fitted out and conducted. With
us the provisions, served on board, were laid in by a contractor, who sent
a deputy to serve them out; and it became a part of duty for the officers
of the troops to inspect their quality, and to order that every one
received his just proportion. Whereas, in the fleet now arrived, the
distribution of provisions rested entirely with the masters of the
merchantmen, and the officers were expressly forbidden to interfere in any
shape farther about the convicts than to prevent their escape.

Seventeen pounds, in full of all expense, was the sum paid by the public
for the passage of each person. And this sum was certainly competent to
afford fair profit to the merchant who contracted. But there is reason
to believe, that some of those who were employed to act for him, violated
every principle of justice, and rioted on the spoils of misery, for want of
a controlling power to check their enormities. No doubt can be entertained,
that a humane and liberal government will interpose its authority, to
prevent the repetition of such flagitious conduct.

Although the convicts had landed from these ships with every mark of
meagre misery, yet it was soon seen, that a want of room, in which more
conveniences might have been stowed for their use, had not caused it.
Several of the masters of the transports immediately opened stores,
and exposed large quantities of goods to sale, which, though at most
extortionate prices, were eagerly bought up.

Such was the weakly state of the new corners, that for several weeks little
real benefit to the colony was derived from so great a nominal addition to
our number. However, as fast as they recovered, employment was immediately
assigned to them. The old hours of labour, which had been reduced in our
distress, were re-established, and the most vigorous measures adopted to
give prosperity to the settlement. New buildings were immediately planned,
and large tracts of ground, at Rose-hill, ordered to be cleared, and
prepared for cultivation. Some superintendents who had arrived in the
fleet, and were hired by government for the purpose of overlooking and
directing the convicts, were found extremely serviceable in accelerating
the progress of improvement.

July, 1790. This month was marked by nothing worth communication, except
a melancholy accident which befell a young gentleman of amiable character
(one of the midshipmen lately belonging to the 'Sirius') and two marines.
He was in a small boat, with three marines, in the harbour, when a whale
was seen near them. Sensible of their danger, they used every effort to
avoid the cause of it, by rowing in a contrary direction from that which
the fish seemed to take, but the monster suddenly arose close to them, and
nearly filled the boat with water. By exerting themselves, they baled her
out, and again steered from it. For some time it was not seen, and they
conceived themselves safe, when, rising immediately under the boat, it
lifted her to the height of many yards on its back, whence slipping off,
she dropped as from a precipice, and immediately filled and sunk. The
midshipman and one of the marines were sucked into the vortex which the
whale had made, and disappeared at once. The two other marines swam for
the nearest shore, but one only reached it, to recount the fate of his
companions.

August, 1790. In the beginning of this month, in company with Mr. Dawes and
Mr. Worgan, late surgeon of the 'Sirius', I undertook an expedition to
the southward and westward of Rose Hill, where the country had never been
explored. We remained out seven days, and penetrated to a considerable
distance in a S.S.W. direction, bounding our course at a remarkable hill,
to which, from its conical shape, we gave the name of Pyramid-hill. Except
the discovery of a river (which is unquestionably the Nepean near its
source) to which we gave the name of the Worgan, in honour of one of our
party, nothing very interesting was remarked.

Towards the end of the month, we made a second excursion to the north-west
of Rose Hill, when we again fell in with the Nepean, and traced it to
the spot where it had been first discovered by the party of which I was
a member, fourteen months before, examining the country as we went along.
Little doubt now subsisted that the Hawkesbury and Nepean were one river.

We undertook a third expedition soon after to Broken Bay, which place
we found had not been exaggerated in description, whether its capacious
harbour, or its desolate incultivable shores, be considered. On all these
excursions we brought away, in small bags, as many specimens of the soil
of the country we had passed through, as could be conveniently carried, in
order that by analysis its qualities might be ascertained.




CHAPTER VIII.



Transactions of the Colony in the Beginning of September, 1790.


The tremendous monster who had occasioned the unhappy catastrophe just
recorded was fated to be the cause of farther mischief to us.

On the 7th instant, Captain Nepean, of the New South Wales Corps, and Mr.
White, accompanied by little Nanbaree, and a party of men, went in a boat
to Manly Cove, intending to land there, and walk on to Broken Bay. On
drawing near the shore, a dead whale, in the most disgusting state of
putrefaction, was seen lying on the beach, and at least two hundred Indians
surrounding it, broiling the flesh on different fires, and feasting on
it with the most extravagant marks of greediness and rapture. As the boat
continued to approach, they were observed to fall into confusion and to
pick up their spears, on which our people lay upon their oars and Nanbaree
stepping forward, harangued them for some time, assuring them that we were
friends. Mr. White now called for Baneelon who, on hearing his name, came
forth, and entered into conversation. He was greatly emaciated, and so
far disfigured by a long beard, that our people not without difficulty
recognized their old acquaintance. His answering in broken English, and
inquiring for the governor, however, soon corrected their doubts. He seemed
quite friendly. And soon after Colbee came up, pointing to his leg, to show
that he had freed himself from the fetter which was upon him, when he had
escaped from us.

When Baneelon was told that the governor was not far off, he expressed
great joy, and declared that he would immediately go in search of him,
and if he found him not, would follow him to Sydney. "Have you brought any
hatchets with you?" cried he. Unluckily they had not any which they chose
to spare; but two or three shirts, some handkerchiefs, knives, and other
trifles, were given to them, and seemed to satisfy. Baneelon, willing
to instruct his countrymen, tried to put on a shirt, but managed it so
awkwardly, that a man of the name of M'Entire, the governor's gamekeeper,
was directed by Mr. White to assist him. This man, who was well known to
him, he positively forbade to approach, eyeing him ferociously, and with
every mark of horror and resentment. He was in consequence left to himself,
and the conversation proceeded as before. The length of his beard seemed
to annoy him much, and he expressed eager wishes to be shaved, asking
repeatedly for a razor. A pair of scissors was given to him, and he shewed
he had not forgotten how to use such an instrument, for he forthwith began
to clip his hair with it.

During this time, the women and children, to the number of more than fifty,
stood at a distance, and refused all invitations, which could be conveyed
by signs and gestures, to approach nearer. "Which of them is your old
favourite, Barangaroo, of whom you used to speak so often?"

"Oh," said he, "she is become the wife of Colbee! But I have got 'bulla
muree deein' (two large women) to compensate for her loss."

It was observed that he had received two wounds, in addition to his former
numerous ones, since he had left us; one of them from a spear, which had
passed through the fleshy part of his arm; and the other displayed itself
in a large scar above his left eye. They were both healed, and probably
were acquired in the conflict wherein he had asserted his pretensions to
the two ladies.

Nanbaree, all this while, though he continued to interrogate his
countrymen, and to interpret on both sides, shewed little desire to return
to their society, and stuck very close to his new friends. On being asked
the cause of their present meeting, Baneelon pointed to the whale, which
stunk immoderately, and Colbee made signals, that it was common among them
to cat until the stomach was so overladen as to occasion sickness.

Their demand of hatchets being re-iterated, notwithstanding our refusal,
they were asked why they had not brought with them some of their own? They
excused themselves by saying, that on an occasion of the present sort,
they always left them at home, and cut up the whale with the shell which is
affixed to the end of the throwing-stick.

Our party now thought it time to proceed on their original expedition, and
having taken leave of their sable friends, rowed to some distance, where
they landed, and set out for Broken Bay, ordering the coxswain of the boat,
in which they had come down, to go immediately and acquaint the governor
of all that had passed. When the natives saw that the boat was about to
depart, they crowded around her, and brought down, by way of present, three
or four great junks of the whale, and put them on board of her, the largest
of which, Baneelon expressly requested might be offered, in his name, to
the governor.

It happened that his excellency had this day gone to a landmark, which was
building on the South-head, near the flag-staff, to serve as a direction to
ships at sea, and the boat met him on his return to Sydney. Immediately on
receiving the intelligence, he hastened back to the South-head, and having
procured all the fire-arms which could be mustered there, consisting of
four muskets and a pistol, set out, attended by Mr. Collins and Lieutenant
Waterhouse of the navy.

When the boat reached Manly Cove, the natives were found still busily
employed around the whale. As they expressed not any consternation on
seeing us row to the beach, governor Phillip stepped out unarmed, and
attended by one seaman only, and called for Baneelon, who appeared,
but, notwithstanding his former eagerness, would not suffer the other
to approach him for several minutes. Gradually, however, he warmed
into friendship and frankness, and presently after Colbee came up. They
discoursed for some time, Baneelon expressing pleasure to see his old
acquaintance, and inquiring by name for every person whom he could
recollect at Sydney; and among others for a French cook, one of the
governor's servants, whom he had constantly made the butt of his ridicule,
by mimicking his voice, gait, and other peculiarities, all of which he
again went through with his wonted exactness and drollery. He asked also
particularly for a lady from whom he had once ventured to snatch a kiss;
and on being told that she was well, by way of proving that the token was
fresh in his remembrance, he kissed Lieutenant Waterhouse, and laughed
aloud. On his wounds being noticed, he coldly said, that he had received
them at Botany Bay, but went no farther into their history.

Hatchets still continued to be called for with redoubled eagerness,
which rather surprised us, as formerly they had always been accepted
with indifference. But Baneelon had probably demonstrated to them their
superiority over those of their own manufacturing. To appease their
importunity, the governor gave them a knife, some bread, pork, and other
articles, and promised that in two days he would return hither, and bring
with him hatchets to be distributed among them, which appeared to diffuse
general satisfaction.

Baneelon's love of wine has been mentioned; and the governor, to try
whether it still subsisted, uncorked a bottle, and poured out a glass of
it, which the other drank off with his former marks of relish and good
humour, giving for a toast, as he had been taught, "The King."

Our party now advanced from the beach but, perceiving many of the Indians
filing off to the right and left, so as in some measure to surround them,
they retreated gently to their old situation, which produced neither alarm
or offence. The others by degrees also resumed their former position. A
very fine barbed spear of uncommon size being seen by the governor, he
asked for it. But Baneelon, instead of complying with the request, took
it away, and laid it at some distance, and brought back a throwing-stick,
which he presented to his excellency.

Matters had proceeded in this friendly train for more than half an hour,
when a native, with a spear in his hand, came forward, and stopped at
the distance of between twenty and thirty yards from the place where the
governor, Mr. Collins, Lieutenant Waterhouse, and a seaman stood. His
excellency held out his hand, and called to him, advancing towards him at
the same time, Mr. Collins following close behind. He appeared to be a
man of middle age, short of stature, sturdy, and well set, seemingly a
stranger, and but little acquainted with Baneelon and Colbee. The nearer
the governor approached, the greater became the terror and agitation of the
Indian. To remove his fear, governor Phillip threw down a dirk, which
he wore at his side. The other, alarmed at the rattle of the dirk, and
probably misconstruing the action, instantly fixed his lance in his
throwing-stick*.

[*Such preparation is equal to what cocking a gun, and directing it at its
object, would be with us. To launch the spear, or to touch the trigger,
only remains.]

To retreat, his excellency now thought would be more dangerous than to
advance. He therefore cried out to the man, Weeeree, Weeree, (bad; you
are doing wrong) displaying at the same time, every token of amity and
confidence. The words had, however, hardly gone forth, when the Indian,
stepping back with one foot, aimed his lance with such force and dexterity,
that striking* the governor's right shoulder, just above the collar-bone,
the point glancing downward, came out at his back, having made a wound of
many inches long. The man was observed to keep his eye steadily fixed on
the lance until it struck its object, when he directly dashed into the
woods and was seen no more.

[*His excellency described the shock to me as similar to a violent blow,
with such energy was the weapon thrown.]


Instant confusion on both sides took place. Baneelon and Colbee disappeared
and several spears were thrown from different quarters, though without
effect. Our party retreated as fast as they could, calling to those
who were left in the boat, to hasten up with firearms. A situation more
distressing than that of the governor, during the time that this lasted,
cannot readily be conceived: the pole of the spear, not less than ten
feet in length, sticking out before him, and impeding his flight, the butt
frequently striking the ground, and lacerating the wound. In vain did Mr.
Waterhouse try to break it; and the barb, which appeared on the other side,
forbade extraction, until that could be performed. At length it was broken,
and his excellency reached the boat, by which time the seamen with the
muskets had got up, and were endeavouring to fire them, but one only would
go off, and there is no room to believe that it was attended with any
execution.

When the governor got home, the wound was examined. It had bled a good deal
in the boat, and it was doubtful whether the subclavian artery might not
be divided. On moving the spear, it was found, however, that it might be
safely extracted, which was accordingly performed.

Apprehension for the safety of the party who had gone to Broken Bay, now
took place. Lieutenant Long, with a detachment of marines, was immediately
sent to escort them back, lest any ambush might be laid by the natives to
cut them off. When Mr. Long reached Manly Cove, the sun had set; however,
he pursued his way in the dark, scrambling over rocks and thickets, as well
as he could, until two o'clock on the following morning, when he overtook
them at a place where they had halted to sleep, about half-way between the
two harbours.

At day-break they all returned, and were surprised to find tracks in the
sand of the feet of the Indians, almost the whole way from the place where
they had slept to the Cove. By this it should seem as if these last
had secretly followed them, probably with hostile intentions but, on
discovering their strength, and that they were on their guard, had
abandoned their design.

On reaching Manly Cove, three Indians were observed standing on a rock,
with whom they entered into conversation. The Indians informed them, that
the man who had wounded the governor belonged to a tribe residing at Broken
Bay, and they seemed highly to condemn what he had done. Our gentlemen
asked them for a spear, which they immediately gave. The boat's crew said
that Baneelon and Colbee had just departed, after a friendly intercourse.
Like the others, they had pretended highly to disapprove the conduct of the
man who had thrown the spear, vowing to execute vengeance upon him.

From this time, until the 14th, no communication passed between the natives
and us. On that day, the chaplain and lieutenant Dawes, having Abaroo with
them in a boat, learned from two Indians that Wileemarin was the name of
the person who had wounded the governor. These two people inquired kindly
how his excellency did, and seemed pleased to hear that he was likely to
recover. They said that they were inhabitants of Rose Hill, and expressed
great dissatisfaction at the number of white men who had settled in their
former territories. In consequence of which declaration, the detachment at
that post was reinforced on the following day.

A hazardous enterprise (but when liberty is the stake, what enterprise is
too hazardous for its attainment!) was undertaken in this month by five
convicts at Rose Hill, who, in the night, seized a small punt there, and
proceeded in her to the South Head, whence they seized and carried off a
boat, appropriated to the use of the lookout house, and put to sea in
her, doubtless with a view of reaching any port they could arrive at, and
asserting their freedom. They had all come out in the last fleet; and for
some time previous to their elopement, had been collecting fishing tackle,
and hoarding up provisions, to enable them to put their scheme into
execution*.

[*They have never since been heard of. Before they went away, they tried in
vain to procure firearms. If they were not swallowed by the sea, probably
they were cut off by the natives, on some part of the coast where their
necessities obliged them to land.]




CHAPTER IX.



Transactions of the Colony in part of September and October, 1790.


From so unfavourable an omen as I have just related, who could
prognosticate that an intercourse with the natives was about to commence!
That the foundation of what neither entreaty, munificence, or humanity,
could induce, should be laid by a deed, which threatened to accumulate
scenes of bloodshed and horror was a consequence which neither speculation
could predict, or hope expect to see accomplished.

On the 15th a fire being seen on the north shore of the harbour, a party
of our people went thither, accompanied by Nanbaree and Abaroo. They found
there Baneelon, and several other natives, and much civility passed, which
was cemented by a mutual promise to meet in the afternoon at the same
place. Both sides were punctual to their engagement, and no objection being
made to our landing, a party of us went ashore to them unarmed. Several
little presents, which had been purposely brought, were distributed among
them; and to Baneelon were given a hatchet and a fish. At a distance stood
some children, who, though at first timorous and unwilling to approach,
were soon persuaded to advance, and join the men.

A bottle of wine was produced, and Baneelon immediately prepared for the
charge. Bread and beef he called loudly for, which were given to him, and
he began to eat, offering a part of his fare to his countrymen, two of whom
tasted the beef, but none of them would touch the bread. Having finished
his repast, he made a motion to be shaved, and a barber being present, his
request was complied with, to the great admiration of his countrymen, who
laughed and exclaimed at the operation. They would not, however, consent
to undergo it, but suffered their beards to be clipped with a pair of
scissors.

On being asked where their women were, they pointed to the spot, but seemed
not desirous that we should approach it. However, in a few minutes, a
female appeared not far off, and Abaroo was dispatched to her. Baneelon
now joined with Abaroo to persuade her to come to us, telling us she was
Barangaroo, and his wife, notwithstanding he had so lately pretended that
she had left him for Colbee. At length she yielded, and Abaroo, having
first put a petticoat on her, brought her to us. But this was the prudery
of the wilderness, which her husband joined us to ridicule, and we soon
laughed her out of it. The petticoat was dropped with hesitation, and
Barangaroo stood "armed cap-a-pee in nakedness." At the request of
Baneelon, we combed and cut her hair, and she seemed pleased with the
operation. Wine she would not taste, but turned from it with disgust,
though heartily invited to drink by the example and persuasion of Baneelon.
In short, she behaved so well, and assumed the character of gentleness and
timidity to such advantage, that had our acquaintance ended here, a very
moderate share of the spirit of travelling would have sufficed to record,
that amidst a horde of roaming savages, in the desert wastes of New South
Wales, might be found as much feminine innocence, softness, and modesty
(allowing for inevitable difference of education), as the most finished
system could bestow, or the most polished circle produce. So little fitted
are we to judge of human nature at once! And yet on such grounds have
countries been described, and nations characterized. Hence have arisen
those speculative and laborious compositions on the advantages and
superiority of a state of nature. But to resume my subject.

Supposing, that by a private conversation, she might be induced to visit
Sydney, which would be the means of drawing her husband and others thither,
Abaroo was instructed to take her aside, and try if she could persuade her
to comply with our wish. They wandered away together accordingly, but it
was soon seen, that Barangaroo's arguments to induce Abaroo to rejoin their
society, were more powerful than those of the latter, to prevail upon her
to come among us; for it was not without manifest reluctance, and often
repeated injunctions, that Abaroo would quit her countrywomen; and when she
had done so, she sat in the boat, in sullen silence, evidently occupied by
reflection on the scene she had left behind, and returning inclination to
her former habits of life.

Nor was a circumstance which had happened in the morning interview,
perhaps, wholly unremembered by the girl. We had hinted to Baneelon to
provide a husband for her, who should be at liberty to pass and repass to
and from Sydney, as he might choose. There was at the time, a slender fine
looking youth in company, called Imeerawanyee, about sixteen years old.
The lad, on being invited, came immediately up to her, and offered many
blandishments, which proved that he had assumed the 'toga virilis'. But
Abaroo disclaimed his advances, repeating the name of another person,
who we knew was her favourite. The young lover was not, however, easily
repulsed, but renewed his suit, on our return in the afternoon, with such
warmth of solicitation, as to cause an evident alteration in the sentiments
of the lady.

To heighten the good humour which pervaded both parties, we began to
play and romp with them. Feats of bodily strength were tried, and their
inferiority was glaring. One of our party lifted with ease two of them from
the ground, in spite of their efforts to prevent him, whereas in return, no
one of them could move him. They called him 'murree mulla' (a large strong
man). Compared with our English labourers, their muscular power would
appear very feeble and inadequate.

Before we parted, Baneelon informed us that his countrymen had lately been
plundered of fish-gigs, spears, a sword, and many other articles, by
some of our people, and expressed a wish that they should be restored,
promising, that if they were, the governor's dirk should be produced and
returned to us to-morrow, if we would meet him here.

Accordingly on the following day we rowed to the spot, carrying with us the
stolen property. We found here several natives, but not Baneelon. We asked
for him, and were told that he was gone down the harbour with Barangaroo to
fish. Although disappointed at his breach of promise, we went on shore, and
mingled without distrust among those we found, acquainting them that we had
brought with us the articles of which they had been plundered. On hearing
this account, they expressed great joy, and Imeerawanyee darting forward,
claimed the sword. It was given to him, and he had no sooner grasped it,
than he hastened to convince his mistress, that his prowess in war, was not
inferior to his skill in courtship. Singling out a yellow gum-tree for the
foe, he attacked it with great fierceness, calling to us to look on, and
accompanying his onset with all the gestures and vociferation which they
use in battle. Having conquered his enemy, he laid aside his fighting face,
and joined us with a countenance which carried in it every mark of youth
and good nature.

Whether Abaroo's coyness, and preference of another, had displeased him, or
it was owing to natural fickleness, he paid her no farther attention, but
seemed more delighted with us. He had no beard, but was highly gratified in
being combed and having his hair clipped.

All the stolen property being brought on shore, an old man came up, and
claimed one of the fish-gigs, singling it from the bundle, and taking only
his own; and this honesty, within the circle of their society, seemed to
characterize them all.

During this time, it was observed, that one of the Indians, instead of
mixing with the rest, stood aloof, in a musing posture, contemplating what
passed. When we offered to approach him, he shunned us not, and willingly
shook hands with all who chose to do so. He seemed to be between 30 and 40
years old, was jolly, and had a thoughtful countenance, much marked by the
smallpox. He wore a string of bits of dried reed round his neck, which I
asked him to exchange for a black stock. He smiled at the proposal, but
made no offer of what I wanted; which our young friend, Imeerawanyee,
observing, flew to him, and taking off the necklace, directly fixed it
about my neck. I feared he would be enraged, but he bore it with serenity,
and suffered a gentleman present to fasten his black stock upon him, with
which he appeared to be pleased. To increase his satisfaction, some other
trifle was given to him.

Having remained here an hour we went in quest of Baneelon, agreeably to the
directions which his companions pointed out. We found him and Barangaroo
shivering over a few lighted sticks, by which they were dressing small
fish, and their canoe hauled up on the beach near them. On first seeing the
boat, they ran into the woods; but on being called by name, they came back,
and consented to our landing. We carried on shore with us the remaining
part of the fish-gigs and spears which had been stolen, and restored them
to Baneelon. Among other things, was a net full of fishing lines and
other tackle, which Barangaroo said was her property and, immediately on
receiving it, she slung it around her neck.

Baneelon inquired, with solicitude, about the state of the governor's
wound, but he made no offer of restoring the dirk; and when he was asked
for it, he pretended to know nothing of it, changing the conversation with
great art, and asking for wine, which was given to him.

At parting, we pressed him to appoint a day on which he should come to
Sydney, assuring him, that he would be well received, and kindly treated.
Doubtful, however, of being permitted to return, he evaded our request, and
declared that the governor must first come and see him, which we promised
should be done.

The governor did not hesitate to execute the engagement which we had
contracted for him. But Baneelon still resisted coming among us, and
matters continued in this fluctuating state until the 8th of October, when
a fire, which they had agreed to light as a signal for us to visit them,
was observed. The eager desire by which we were stimulated to carry our
point of effecting an intercourse had appeared. Various parties accordingly
set out to meet them, provided with different articles, which we thought
would prove acceptable to them. We found assembled, Baneelon, Barangaroo,
and another young woman, and six men, all of whom received us with welcome,
except the grave looking gentleman before mentioned, who stood aloof in
his former musing posture. When they saw that we had brought hatchets, and
other articles with us, they produced spears, fish-gigs, and lines, for
the purpose of barter,* which immediately commenced, to the satisfaction
of both parties. I had brought with me an old blunted spear, which wanted
repair. An Indian immediately undertook to perform the task, and carrying
it to a fire, tore with his teeth a piece of bone from a fish-gig, which he
fastened on the spear with yellow gum, rendered flexible by heat.

[*It had long been our wish to establish a commerce of this sort. It is a
painful consideration, that every previous addition to the cabinet of the
virtuosi, from this country, had wrung a tear from the plundered Indian.]


October, 1790. Many of them now consented to be shaved by a barber whom we
had purposely brought over. As I thought he who could perform an operation
of such importance must be deemed by them an eminent personage, I bade him
ask one of them for a fine barbed spear which he held in his hand; but all
the barber's eloquence was wasted on the Indian, who plainly gave him to
understand that he meant not to part with his spear, without receiving an
equivalent. Unfortunately, his price was a hatchet, and the only one which
I had brought with me was already disposed of to the man who had pointed
my spear. In vain did I tempt him with a knife, a handkerchief, and a hat;
nothing but a hatchet seemed to be regarded. 'Bulla mogo parrabugo' (two
hatchets to-morrow) I repeatedly cried; but having probably experienced our
insincerity, he rejected the proposal with disdain. Finding him inflexible,
and longing to possess the spear, I told him at length that I would go
to Sydney and fetch what he required. This seemed to satisfy, and he
accompanied me to my boat, in which I went away, and as quickly as possible
procured what was necessary to conclude the bargain. On my return, I was
surprised to see all our boats rowing towards home, and with them a
canoe, in which sat two Indians paddling. I pulled to them, and found that
Baneelon, and another Indian, were in one of the boats, and that the whole
formed a party going over to visit the governor. I now learned, that during
my absence, the governor had passed in a boat, on his return from Rose
Hill, near the place where they were standing; and that finding he would
not come to them, although they had called to him to do so, they had at
once determined to venture themselves unreservedly among us. One of the men
in the canoe was the person to whom I was to give the hatchet I had been
to fetch; and directly as he saw me, he held up his spear, and the exchange
took place, with which, and perhaps to reward me for the trouble I had
taken, he was so delighted that he presented me with a throwing-stick
'gratis'.

Not seeing Barangaroo of the party, I asked for her, and was informed that
she had violently opposed Baneelon's departure. When she found persuasion
vain, she had recourse to tears, scolding, and threats, stamping the
ground, and tearing her hair. But Baneelon continuing determined, she
snatched up in her rage one of his fish-gigs, and dashed it with such fury
on the rocks, that it broke. To quiet her apprehensions on the score of her
husband's safety, Mr. Johnson, attended by Abaroo, agreed to remain as a
hostage until Baneelon should return.

We landed our four friends opposite the hospital, and set out for the
governor's house. On hearing of their arrival, such numbers flocked to view
them that we were apprehensive the crowd of persons would alarm them,
but they had left their fears behind, and marched on with boldness and
unconcern. When we reached the governor's house, Baneelon expressed
honest joy to see his old friend, and appeared pleased to find that he had
recovered of his wound. The governor asked for Wileemarin, and they said
he was at Broken Bay. Some bread and beef were distributed among them but
unluckily no fish was to be procured, which we were sorry for, as a promise
of it had been one of the leading temptations by which they had been
allured over. A hatchet apiece was, however, given to them, and a couple
of petticoats and some fishing tackle sent for Barangaroo, and the other
woman.

The ceremony of introduction being finished, Baneelon seemed to consider
himself quite at home, running from room to room with his companions, and
introducing them to his old friends, the domestics, in the most familiar
manner. Among these last, he particularly distinguished the governor's
orderly sergeant, whom he kissed with great affection, and a woman who
attended in the kitchen; but the gamekeeper, M'Entire*, he continued to
hold in abhorrence, and would not suffer his approach.

[*Look at the account of the governor being wounded, when his detestation
of this man burst forth.]

Nor was his importance to his countrymen less conspicuous in other
respects. He undertook to explain the use and nature of those things which
were new to them. Some of his explanations were whimsical enough. Seeing,
for instance, a pair of snuffers, he told them that they were "Nuffer* for
candle,"--which the others not comprehending, he opened the snuffers, and
holding up the fore-finger of his left hand, to represent a candle, made
the motion of snuffing it. Finding, that even this sagacious interpretation
failed, he threw down the snuffers in a rage, and reproaching their
stupidity, walked away.

[*The S is a letter which they cannot pronounce, having no sound in their
language similar to it. When bidden to pronounce sun, they always say tun;
salt, talt, and so of all words wherein it occurs.]

It was observed, that a soft gentle tone of voice, which we had taught him
to use, was forgotten, and his native vociferation returned in full force.
But the tenderness which (like Arabanoo) he had always manifested to
children, he still retained; as appeared by his behaviour to those who were
presented to him.

The first wish they expressed to return, was complied with, in order to
banish all appearance of constraint, the party who had conducted them to
Sydney returning with them. When we reached the opposite shore, we
found Abaroo and the other woman fishing in a canoe, and Mr. Johnson
and Barangaroo sitting at the fire, the latter employed in manufacturing
fish-hooks. At a little distance, on an adjoining eminence, sat an Indian,
with his spear in his hand, as if sentinel over the hostages, for the
security of his countrymen's return. During our absence, Barangaroo
had never ceased whining, and reproaching her husband. Now that he was
returned, she met him with unconcern, and seemed intent on her work only,
but this state of repose did not long continue. Baneelon, eyeing the broken
fish-gig, cast at her a look of savage fury and began to interrogate
her, and it seemed more than probable that the remaining part would be
demolished about her head had we not interposed to pacify him. Nor would
we quit the place until his forgiveness was complete, and his good humour
restored. No sooner, however, did she find her husband's rage subsided,
than her hour of triumph commenced. The alarm and trepidation she had
manifested disappeared. Elated at his condescension, and emboldened by our
presence and the finery in which we had decked her, she in turn assumed a
haughty demeanour, refused to answer his caresses, and viewed him with a
reproaching eye. Although long absence from female society had somewhat
blunted our recollection, the conduct of Barangaroo did not appear quite
novel to us, nor was our surprise very violent at finding that it succeeded
in subduing Baneelon who, when we parted, seemed anxious only to please
her.

Thus ended a day, the events of which served to complete what an unhappy
accident had begun. From this time our intercourse with the natives,
though partially interrupted, was never broken off. We gradually continued,
henceforth, to gain knowledge of their customs and policy, the only
knowledge which can lead to a just estimate of national character.




CHAPTER X.



The arrival of the 'Supply' from Batavia; the State of the Colony in
November, 1790.


Joy sparkled in every countenance to see our old friend the 'Supply' (I
hope no reader will be so captious as to quarrel with the phrase) enter the
harbour from Batavia on the 19th of October. We had witnessed her departure
with tears; we hailed her return with transport.

Captain Ball was rather more than six months in making this voyage, and is
the first person who ever circumnavigated the continent of New Holland. On
his passage to Batavia, he had discovered several islands, which he gave
names to and, after fighting his way against adverse elements and through
unexplored dangers, safely reached his destined port. He had well stored
his little bark with every necessary and conveniency which he judged
we should first want, leaving a cargo of rice and salt provisions to be
brought on by a Dutch snow, which he had hired and freighted for the use of
the settlement. While at Batavia, the 'Supply' had lost many of her people
by sickness, and left several others in the general hospital at that place.

As the arrival of the 'Supply' naturally leads the attention from other
subjects to the state of the colony, I shall here take a review of it by
transcribing a statement drawn from actual observation soon after, exactly
as I find it written in my journal.

Cultivation, on a public scale, has for some time past been given up here,
(Sydney) the crop of last year being so miserable, as to deter from farther
experiment, in consequence of which the government-farm is abandoned,
and the people who were fixed on it have been removed. Necessary public
buildings advance fast; an excellent storehouse of large dimensions, built
of bricks and covered with tiles, is just completed; and another planned
which will shortly be begun. Other buildings, among which I heard the
governor mention an hospital and permanent barracks for the troops, may
also be expected to arise soon. Works of this nature are more expeditiously
performed than heretofore, owing, I apprehend, to the superintendants
lately arrived, who are placed over the convicts and compel them to labour.
The first difficulties of a new country being subdued may also contribute
to this comparative facility.

Vegetables are scarce, although the summer is so far advanced, owing to
want of rain. I do not think that all the showers of the last four months
put together, would make twenty-four hours rain. Our farms, what with this
and a poor soil, are in wretched condition. My winter crop of potatoes,
which I planted in days of despair (March and April last), turned out very
badly when I dug them about two months back. Wheat returned so poorly last
harvest, that very little, besides Indian corn, has been sown this year.
The governor's wound is quite healed, and he feels no inconveniency
whatever from it. With the natives we are hand and glove. They throng the
camp every day, and sometimes by their clamour and importunity for bread
and meat (of which they now all eat greedily) are become very troublesome.
God knows, we have little enough for ourselves! Full allowance (if eight
pounds of flour and either seven pounds of beef, or four pounds of pork,
served alternately, per week, without either pease, oatmeal, spirits,
butter, or cheese, can be called so) is yet kept up; but if the Dutch snow
does not arrive soon it must be shortened, as the casks in the storehouse,
I observed yesterday, are woefully decreased.

The convicts continue to behave pretty well; three only have been hanged
since the arrival of the last fleet, in the latter end of June, all of
whom were newcomers. The number of convicts here diminishes every day;
our principal efforts being wisely made at Rose Hill, where the land is
unquestionably better than about this place. Except building, sawing and
brickmaking, nothing of consequence is now carried on here. The account
which I received a few days ago from the brickmakers of their labours, was
as follows. Wheeler (one of the master brick-makers) with two tile stools
and one brick stool, was tasked to make and burn ready for use 30000 tiles
and bricks per month. He had twenty-one hands to assist him, who performed
every thing; cut wood, dug clay, etc. This continued (during the days of
distress excepted, when they did what they could) until June last. From
June, with one brick and two tile stools he has been tasked to make
40000 bricks and tiles monthly (as many of each sort as may be), having
twenty-two men and two boys to assist him, on the same terms of procuring
materials as before. They fetch the clay of which tiles are made, two
hundred yards; that for bricks is close at hand. He says that the bricks
are such as would be called in England, moderately good, and he judges they
would have fetched about 24 shillings per thousand at Kingston-upon-Thames
(where he resided) in the year 1784. Their greatest fault is being too
brittle. The tiles he thinks not so good as those made about London.
The stuff has a rotten quality, and besides wants the advantage of being
ground, in lieu of which they tread it.

King (another master bricklayer) last year, with the assistance of sixteen
men and two boys, made 11,000 bricks weekly, with two stools. During short
allowance did what he could. Resumed his old task when put again on full
allowance and had his number of assistants augmented to twenty men and two
boys, on account of the increased distance of carrying wood for the kilns.
He worked at Hammersmith, for Mr. Scot, of that place. He thinks the bricks
made here as good as those made near London, and says that in the year
1784, they would have sold for a guinea per thousand and to have picked the
kiln at thirty shillings.'

Such is my Sydney detail dated the 12th of November, 1790. Four days after
I went to Rose Hill, and wrote there the subjoined remarks.

November 16th. Got to Rose Hill in the evening. Next morning walked round
the whole of the cleared and cultivated land, with the Rev. Mr. Johnson,
who is the best farmer in the country. Edward Dod, one of the governor's
household, who conducts everything here in the agricultural line,
accompanied us part of the way, and afforded all the information he could.
He estimates the quantity of cleared and cultivated land at 200 acres. Of
these fifty-five are in wheat, barley, and a little oats, thirty in
maize, and the remainder is either just cleared of wood, or is occupied by
buildings, gardens, etc. Four enclosures of twenty acres each, are planned
for the reception of cattle, which may arrive in the colony, and two of
these are already fenced in. In the centre of them is to be erected a
house, for a person who will be fixed upon to take care of the cattle.
All these enclosures are supplied with water; and only a part of the trees
which grew in them being cut down, gives to them a very park-like and
beautiful appearance.

Our survey commenced on the north side of the river. Dod says he expects
this year's crop of wheat and barley from the fifty-five acres to yield
full 400 bushels. Appearances hitherto hardly indicate so much. He says he
finds the beginning of May the best time to sow barley,* but that it may
continue to be sown until August. That sown in May is reaped in December;
that of August in January. He sowed his wheat, part in June and part in
July. He thinks June the best time, and says that he invariably finds that
which is deepest sown, grows strongest and best, even as deep as three
inches he has put it in, and found it to answer. The wheat sown in June
is now turning yellow; that of July is more backward. He has used only the
broad-cast husbandry, and sowed two bushels per acre. The plough has never
yet been tried here; all the ground is hoed, and (as Dod confesses) very
incompetently turned up. Each convict labourer was obliged to hoe sixteen
rods a day, so that in some places the earth was but just scratched over.
The ground was left open for some months, to receive benefit from the sun
and air; and on that newly cleared the trees were burnt, and the ashes dug
in. I do not find that a succession of crops has yet been attempted; surely
it would help to meliorate and improve the soil. Dod recommends strongly
the culture of potatoes, on a large scale, and says that were they planted
even as late as January they would answer, but this I doubt. He is more
than ever of opinion that without a large supply of cattle nothing can be
done. They have not at this time either horse, cow, or sheep here. I asked
him how the stock they had was coming on. The fowls he said multiplied
exceedingly, but the hogs neither thrived or increased in number, for want
of food. He pointed out to us his best wheat, which looks tolerable, and
may perhaps yield 13 or 14 bushels per acre**. Next came the oats which are
in ear, though not more than six inches high: they will not return as much
seed as was sown. The barley, except one patch in a corner of a field,
little better than the oats. Crossed the river and inspected the south
side. Found the little patch of wheat at the bottom of the crescent very
bad. Proceeded and examined the large field on the ascent to the westward:
here are about twenty-five acres of wheat, which from its appearance we
guessed would produce perhaps seven bushels an acre. The next patch to this
is in maize, which looks not unpromising; some of the stems are stout, and
beginning to throw out large broad leaves, the surest sign of vigour. The
view from the top of the wheat field takes in, except a narrow slip, the
whole of the cleared land at Rose Hill. From not having before seen an
opening of such extent for the last three years, this struck us as grand
and capacious. The beautiful diversity of the ground (gentle hill and dale)
would certainly be reckoned pretty in any country. Continued our walk, and
crossed the old field, which is intended to form part of the main street of
the projected town. The wheat in this field is rather better, but not much,
than in the large field before mentioned. The next field is maize, inferior
to what we have seen, but not despicable. An acre of maize, at the bottom
of the marine garden, is equal in luxuriancy of promise to any I ever saw
in any country.

[*The best crop of barley ever produced in New South Wales, was sown by a
private individual, in February 1790, and reaped in the following October.]

[**As all the trees on our cleared ground were cut down, and not grubbed
up, the roots and stumps remain, on which account a tenth part of surface
in every acre must be deducted. This is slovenly husbandry; but in a
country where immediate subsistence is wanted, it is perhaps necessary.
None of these stumps, when I left Port Jackson, showed any symptoms of
decay, though some of the trees had been cut down four years. To the
different qualities of the wood of Norfolk Island and New South Wales,
perhaps the difference of soil may in some measure be traced. That of
Norfolk Island is light and porous: it rots and turns into mould in two
years. Besides its hardness that of Port Jackson abounds with red corrosive
gum, which contributes its share of mischief.]


The main street of the new town is already begun. It is to be a mile long,
and of such breadth as will make Pall Mall and Portland Place "hide their
diminished heads." It contains at present thirty-two houses completed, of
twenty-four feet by twelve each, on a ground floor only, built of wattles
plastered with clay, and thatched. Each house is divided into two rooms, in
one of which is a fire place and a brick chimney. These houses are designed
for men only; and ten is the number of inhabitants allotted to each;
but some of them now contain twelve or fourteen, for want of better
accommodation. More are building. In a cross street stand nine houses for
unmarried women; and exclusive of all these are several small huts where
convict families of good character are allowed to reside. Of public
buildings, besides the old wooden barrack and store, there is a house of
lath and plaster, forty-four feet long by sixteen wide, for the governor,
on a ground floor only, with excellent out-houses and appurtenances
attached to it. A new brick store house, covered with tiles, 100 feet long
by twenty-four wide, is nearly completed, and a house for the store-keeper.
The first stone of a barrack, 100 feet long by twenty-four wide, to which
are intended to be added wings for the officers, was laid to-day. The
situation of the barrack is judicious, being close to the store-house, and
within a hundred and fifty yards of the wharf, where all boats from Sydney
unload. To what I have already enumerated, must be added an excellent barn,
a granary, an inclosed yard to rear stock in, a commodious blacksmith's
shop, and a most wretched hospital, totally destitute of every conveniency.
Luckily for the gentleman who superintends this hospital, and still more
luckily for those who are doomed in case of sickness to enter it, the air
of Rose Hill has hitherto been generally healthy. A tendency to produce
slight inflammatory disorders, from the rapid changes* of the temperature
of the air, is most to be dreaded.

[*In the close of the year 1788, when this settlement was established, the
thermometer has been known to stand at 50 degrees a little before sunrise,
and between one and two o' clock in the afternoon at above 100 degrees.]


'The hours of labour for the convicts are the same here as at Sydney. On
Saturdays after ten o'clock in the morning they are allowed to work in
their own gardens. These gardens are at present, from the long drought and
other causes, in a most deplorable state. Potatoes, I think, thrive better
than any other vegetable in them. For the public conveniency a baker is
established here in a good bakehouse, who exchanges with every person bread
for flour, on stipulated terms; but no compulsion exists for any one to
take his bread; it is left entirely to every body's own option to consume
his flour as he pleases. Divine service is performed here, morning and
afternoon, one Sunday in every month, when all the convicts are obliged
to attend church, under penalty of having a part of their allowance of
provisions stopped, which is done by the chaplain, who is a justice of the
peace.

'For the punishment of offenders, where a criminal court is not judged
necessary, two or more justices, occasionally assemble, and order the
infliction of slight corporal punishment, or short confinement in a strong
room built for this purpose. The military present here consists of two
subalterns, two sergeants, three corporals, a drummer, and twenty-one
privates. These have been occasionally augmented and reduced, as
circumstances have been thought to render it necessary.

Brick-kilns are now erected here, and bricks manufactured by a convict
of the name of Becket, who came out in the last fleet, and has fifty-two
people to work under him. He makes 25,000 bricks weekly. He says that they
are very good, and would sell at Birmingham, where he worked about eighteen
months ago, at more than 30 shillings per thousand.

Nothing farther of public nature remaining to examine, I next visited a
humble adventurer, who is trying his fortune here. James Ruse, convict, was
cast for seven years at Bodmin assizes, in August 1782. He lay five years
in prison and on board the 'Dunkirk' hulk at Plymouth, and then was sent
to this country. When his term of punishment expired, in August 1789, he
claimed his freedom, and was permitted by the governor, on promising to
settle in the country, to take in December following, an uncleaned piece of
ground, with an assurance that if he would cultivate it, it should not be
taken from him. Some assistance was given him, to fell the timber, and he
accordingly began. His present account to me was as follows.


I was bred a husbandman, near Launcester in Cornwall. I cleared my land as
well as I could, with the help afforded me. The exact limit of what ground
I am to have, I do not yet know; but a certain direction has been pointed
out to me, in which I may proceed as fast as I can cultivate. I have now
an acre and a half in bearded wheat, half an acre in maize, and a small
kitchen garden. On my wheat land I sowed three bushels of seed, the produce
of this country, broad cast. I expect to reap about twelve or thirteen
bushels. I know nothing of the cultivation of maize, and cannot therefore
guess so well at what I am likely to gather. I sowed part of my wheat
in May, and part in June. That sown in May has thrived best. My maize I
planted in the latter end of August, and the beginning of September. My
land I prepared thus: having burnt the fallen timber off the ground, I dug
in the ashes, and then hoed it up, never doing more than eight, or perhaps
nine, rods in a day, by which means, it was not like the government farm,
just scratched over, but properly done. Then I clod-moulded it, and dug in
the grass and weeds. This I think almost equal to ploughing. I then let it
lie as long as I could, exposed to air and sun; and just before I sowed my
seed, turned it all up afresh. When I shall have reaped my crop, I purpose
to hoe it again, and harrow it fine, and then sow it with turnip-seed,
which will mellow and prepare it for next year. My straw, I mean to bury in
pits, and throw in with it every thing which I think will rot and turn
to manure. I have no person to help me, at present, but my wife, whom I
married in this country; she is industrious. The governor, for some time,
gave me the help of a convict man, but he is taken away. Both my wife
and myself receive our provisions regularly at the store, like all other
people. My opinion of the soil of my farm, is, that it is middling, neither
good or bad. I will be bound to make it do with the aid of manure, but
without cattle it will fail. The greatest check upon me is, the dishonesty
of the convicts who, in spite of all my vigilance, rob me almost every
night.


The annexed return will show the number of persons of all descriptions
at Rose Hill, at this period. On the morning of the 17th, I went down to
Sydney.

Here terminates the transcription of my diary. It were vain to suppose,
that it can prove either agreeable or interesting to a majority of readers
but as this work is intended not only for amusement, but information, I
considered it right to present this detail unaltered, either in its style
or arrangement.



A return of the number of persons employed at Rose Hill, November 16th,
1790.


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How Employed | Troops | Civil dept |     Troops       |      Convicts         |
             |        |            |Wives  |  Children| Men | Women | Children|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Storekeeper                 1
Surgeon                     1
Carpenters                                              24
Blacksmiths                                              5
Master Bricklayer                                        1
Bricklayers                                             28
Master Brickmaker                                        1
Brickmakers                                             52
Labourers                                              326*
Assistants to the
provision store                                          4
Assistants to the
hospital                                                 3
Officers' servants                                       6
Making Clothing                                                50
Superintendants            4
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total number of
persons   552|  29    |    6       |   1   |      3   | 450 |  50   |    13   |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[*Of these labourers, 16 are sawyers. The rest are variously employed in
clearing fresh land; in dragging brick and timber carts; and a great number
in making a road of a mile long, through the main street, to the governor's
house.]




CHAPTER XI.



Farther Transactions of the Colony in November, 1790.


During the intervals of duty, our greatest source of entertainment now
lay in cultivating the acquaintance of our new friends, the natives. Ever
liberal of communication, no difficulty but of understanding each other
subsisted between us. Inexplicable contradictions arose to bewilder our
researches which no ingenuity could unravel and no credulity reconcile.

Baneelon, from being accustomed to our manners, and understanding a little
English, was the person through whom we wished to prosecute inquiry, but he
had lately become a man of so much dignity and consequence, that it was not
always easy to obtain his company. Clothes had been given to him at various
times, but he did not always condescend to wear them. One day he would
appear in them, and the next day he was to be seen carrying them in a net
slung around his neck. Farther to please him, a brick house of twelve feet
square was built for his use, and for that of such of his countrymen as
might choose to reside in it, on a point of land fixed upon by himself. A
shield, double cased with tin, to ward off the spears of his enemies, was
also presented to him, by the governor.

Elated by these marks of favour, and sensible that his importance with his
countrymen arose in proportion to our patronage of him, he warmly attached
himself to our society. But the gratitude of a savage is ever a precarious
tenure. That of Baneelon was fated to suffer suspension, and had well nigh
been obliterated by the following singular circumstance.

One day the natives were observed to assemble in more than an ordinary
number at their house on the point, and to be full of bustle and agitation,
repeatedly calling on the name of Baneelon, and that of 'deein' (a woman).
Between twelve and one o'clock Baneelon, unattended, came to the governor
at his house, and told him that he was going to put to death a woman
immediately, whom he had brought from Botany Bay. Having communicated
his intention, he was preparing to go away, seeming not to wish that the
governor should be present at the performance of the ceremony. But His
Excellency was so struck with the fierce gestures, and wild demeanour of
the other, who held in his hand one of our hatchets and frequently tried
the sharpness of it, that he determined to accompany him, taking with him
Mr. Collins and his orderly sergeant. On the road, Baneelon continued
to talk wildly and incoherently of what he would do, and manifested such
extravagant marks of fury and revenge, that his hatchet was taken away from
him, and a walking-stick substituted for it.

When they reached the house, they found several natives, of both sexes
lying promiscuously before the fire, and among them a young woman, not
more than sixteen years old, who at sight of Baneelon, started, and raised
herself half up. He no sooner saw her than, snatching a sword of the
country, he ran at her, and gave her two severe wounds on the head and one
on the shoulder, before interference in behalf of the poor wretch could
be made. Our people now rushed in and seized him; but the other Indians
continued quiet spectators of what was passing, either awed by Baneelon's
superiority or deeming it a common case, unworthy of notice and
interposition. In vain did the governor by turns soothe and threaten him.
In vain did the sergeant point his musquet at him. He seemed dead to every
passion but revenge; forgot his affection to his old friends and, instead
of complying with the request they made, furiously brandished his sword
at the governor, and called aloud for his hatchet to dispatch the unhappy
victim of his barbarity. Matters now wore a serious aspect. The other
Indians appeared under the control of Baneelon and had begun to arm and
prepare their spears, as if determined to support him in his violence.

Farther delay might have been attended with danger. The 'Supply' was
therefore immediately hailed, and an armed boat ordered to be sent on
shore. Luckily, those on board the ship had already observed the commotion
and a boat was ready, into which captain Ball, with several of his people
stepped, armed with musquets, and put off. It was reasonable to believe
that so powerful a reinforcement would restore tranquillity, but Baneelon
stood unintimidated at disparity of numbers and boldly demanded his
prisoner, whose life, he told the governor, he was determined to sacrifice,
and afterwards to cut off her head. Everyone was eager to know what could
be the cause of such inveterate inhumanity. Undaunted, he replied that her
father was his enemy, from whom he had received the wound in his forehead
beforementioned; and that when he was down in battle, and under the lance
of his antagonist, this woman had contributed to assail him. "She is now,"
added he, "my property: I have ravished her by force from her tribe: and
I will part with her to no person whatever, until my vengeance shall be
glutted."

Farther remonstrance would have been wasted. His Excellency therefore
ordered the woman to be taken to the hospital in order that her wounds
might be dressed. While this was doing, one of the natives, a young man
named Boladeree, came up and supplicated to be taken into the boat also,
saying that he was her husband, which she confirmed and begged that he
might be admitted. He was a fine well grown lad, of nineteen or twenty
years old, and was one of the persons who had been in the house in the
scene just described, which he had in no wise endeavoured to prevent, or to
afford assistance to the poor creature who had a right to his protection.

All our people now quitted the place, leaving the exasperated Baneelon and
his associates to meditate farther schemes of vengeance. Before they parted
he gave them, however, to understand that he would follow the object of his
resentment to the hospital, and kill her there, a threat which the governor
assured him if he offered to carry into execution he should be immediately
shot. Even this menace he treated with disdain.

To place the refugees in security, a sentinel was ordered to take post
at the door of the house, in which they were lodged. Nevertheless they
attempted to get away in the night, either from fear that we were not
able to protect them, or some apprehension of being restrained from future
liberty. When questioned where they proposed to find shelter, they said
they would go to the Cameragal tribe, with whom they should be safe. On the
following morning, Imeerawanyee* joined them, and expressed strong fears of
Baneelon's resentment. Soon after a party of natives, known to consist of
Baneelon's chosen friends, with a man of the name of Bigon, at their head,
boldly entered the hospital garden, and tried to carry off all three by
force. They were driven back and threatened, to which their leader only
replied by contemptuous insolence.

[*This good-tempered lively lad, was become a great favourite with us, and
almost constantly lived at the governor's house. He had clothes made up for
him, and to amuse his mind, he was taught to wait at table. One day a lady,
Mrs. McArthur, wife of an officer of the garrison, dined there, as did
Nanbaree. This latter, anxious that his countryman should appear to
advantage in his new office, gave him many instructions, strictly charging
him, among other things, to take away the lady's plate, whenever she should
cross her knife and fork, and to give her a clean one. This Imeerawanyee
executed, not only to Mrs. McArthur, but to several of the other guests.
At last Nanbaree crossed his knife and fork with great gravity, casting a
glance at the other, who looked for a moment with cool indifference at
what he had done, and then turned his head another way. Stung at this
supercilious treatment, he called in rage, to know why he was not attended
to, as well as the rest of the company. But Imeerawanyee only laughed; nor
could all the anger and reproaches of the other prevail upon him to do
that for one of his countrymen, which he cheerfully continued to perform to
every other person.]

Baneelon finding he could not succeed, withdrew himself for two days. At
length he made his appearance, attended only by his wife. Unmindful of what
had so recently happened, he marched singly up to the governor's house,
and on being refused admittance, though unarmed, attempted to force the
sentinel. The soldier spared him, but the guard was instantly sent for, and
drawn up in front of the house; not that their co-operation was necessary,
but that their appearance might terrify. His ardour now cooled, and he
seemed willing, by submission, to atone for his misconduct. His intrepid
disregard of personal risk, nay of life, could not however, but gain
admiration; though it led us to predict, that this Baneelon, whom
imagination had fondly pictured, like a second Omai, the gaze of a court
and the scrutiny of the curious, would perish untimely, the victim of his
own temerity.

To encourage his present disposition of mind, and to try if feelings of
compassion towards an enemy, could be exerted by an Indian warrior, the
governor ordered him to be taken to the hospital, that he might see the
victim of his ferocity. He complied in sullen silence. When about to enter
the room in which she lay, he appeared to have a momentary struggle with
himself, which ended his resentment. He spoke to her with kindness, and
professed sorrow for what he had done, and promised her future protection.
Barangaroo, who had accompanied him, now took the alarm: and as in shunning
one extreme we are ever likely to rush into another, she thought him
perhaps too courteous and tender. Accordingly she began to revile them both
with great bitterness, threw stones at the girl and attempted to beat her
with a club.

Here terminated this curious history, which I leave to the reader's
speculation. Whether human sacrifices of prisoners be common among them
is a point which all our future inquiry never completely determined. It is
certain that no second instance of this sort was ever witnessed by us.




CHAPTER XII.



Transactions of the Colony in Part of December, 1790.


On the 9th of the month, a sergeant of marines, with three convicts, among
whom was McEntire, the governor's gamekeeper (the person of whom Baneelon
had, on former occasions, shown so much dread and hatred) went out on a
shooting party. Having passed the north arm of Botany Bay, they proceeded
to a hut formed of boughs, which had been lately erected on this peninsula,
for the accommodation of sportsmen who wished to continue by night in the
woods; for, as the kangaroos in the day-time, chiefly keep in the cover, it
is customary on these parties to sleep until near sunset, and watch for the
game during the night, and in the early part of the morning. Accordingly,
having lighted a fire, they lay down, without distrust or suspicion.

About one o'clock, the sergeant was awakened by a rustling noise in the
bushes near him, and supposing it to proceed from a kangaroo, called to his
comrades, who instantly jumped up. On looking about more narrowly, they saw
two natives with spears in their hands, creeping towards them, and three
others a little farther behind. As this naturally created alarm, McEntire
said, "don't be afraid, I know them," and immediately laying down his gun,
stepped forward, and spoke to them in their own language. The Indians,
finding they were discovered, kept slowly retreating, and McEntire
accompanied them about a hundred yards, talking familiarly all the while.

One of them now jumped on a fallen tree and, without giving the least
warning of his intention, launched his spear at McEntire and lodged it in
his left side. The person who committed this wanton act was described as a
young man with a speck or blemish on his left eye That he had been lately
among us was evident from his being newly shaved.

The wounded man immediately drew back and, joining his party, cried, "I am
a dead man". While one broke off the end of the spear, the other two set
out with their guns in pursuit of the natives; but their swiftness of foot
soon convinced our people of the impossibility of reaching them. It was now
determined to attempt to carry McEntire home, as his death was apprehended
to be near, and he expressed a longing desire not to be left to expire in
the woods. Being an uncommonly robust muscular man, notwithstanding a great
effusion of blood, he was able, with the assistance of his comrades, to
creep slowly along, and reached Sydney about two o'clock the next morning.
On the wound being examined by the surgeons, it was pronounced mortal.
The poor wretch now began to utter the most dreadful exclamations, and to
accuse himself of the commission of crimes of the deepest dye, accompanied
with such expressions of his despair of God's mercy, as are too terrible to
repeat.

In the course of the day, Colbee, and several more natives came in, and
were taken to the bed where the wounded man lay. Their behaviour indicated
that they had already heard of the accident, as they repeated twice or
thrice the name of the murderer Pimelwi, saying that he lived at Botany
Bay. To gain knowledge of their treatment of similar wounds, one of the
surgeons made signs of extracting the spear, but this they violently
opposed, and said, if it were done, death would instantly follow.

On the 12th, the extraction of the spear was, however, judged practicable,
and was accordingly performed. That part of it which had penetrated the
body measured seven inches and a half long, having on it a wooden barb, and
several smaller ones of stone, fastened on with yellow gum, most of which,
owing to the force necessary in extraction, were torn off and lodged in the
patient. The spear had passed between two ribs, and had wounded the
left lobe of the lungs. He lingered* until the 20th of January, and
then expired. On opening the corpse, it was found that the left lung had
perished from suppuration, its remains adhering to the ribs. Some pieces of
stone, which had dropped from the spear were seen, but no barb of wood.

[*From the aversion uniformly shown by all the natives to this unhappy
man, he had long been suspected by us of having in his excursions, shot
and injured them. To gain information on this head from him, the moment
of contrition was seized. On being questioned with great seriousness, he,
however, declared that he had never fired but once on a native, and then
had not killed, but severely wounded him and this in his own defence.
Notwithstanding this death-bed confession, most people doubted the truth of
the relation, from his general character and other circumstances.]

The governor was at Rose-hill when this accident happened. On the day after
he returned to Sydney, the following order was issued:


Several tribes of the natives still continuing to throw spears at any
man they meet unarmed, by which several have been killed, or dangerously
wounded, the governor, in order to deter the natives from such practices
in future, has ordered out a party to search for the man who wounded
the convict McEntire, in so dangerous a manner on Friday last, though no
offence was offered on his part, in order to make a signal example of that
tribe. At the same time, the governor strictly forbids, under penalty of
the severest punishment, any soldier or other person, not expressly ordered
out for that purpose, ever to fire on any native except in his own defence;
or to molest him in any shape, or to bring away any spears, or other
articles which they may find belonging to those people. The natives will be
made severe examples of whenever any man is wounded by them; but this
will be done in a manner which may satisfy them that it is a punishment
inflicted on them for their own bad conduct, and of which they cannot be
made sensible if they are not treated with kindness while they continue
peaceable and quiet.

A party, consisting of two captains, two subalterns, and forty privates,
with a proper number of non-commissioned officers from the garrison, with
three days provisions, etc. are to be ready to march to-morrow morning at
day-light, in order to bring in six of those natives who reside near the
head of Botany Bay; or, if that should be found impracticable, to put that
number to death.


Just previous to this order being issued, the author of this publication
received a direction to attend the governor at head quarters immediately. I
went, and his excellency informed me that he had pitched upon me to execute
the foregoing command. He added that the two subalterns who were to be
drawn from the marine corps, should be chosen by myself; that the sergeant
and the two convicts who were with McEntire, should attend as guides; that
we were to proceed to the peninsula at the head of Botany Bay; and thence,
or from any part of the north arm of the bay, we were, if practicable, to
bring away two natives as prisoners; and to put to death ten; that we
were to destroy all weapons of war but nothing else; that no hut was to
be burned; that all women and children were to remain uninjured, not being
comprehended within the scope of the order; that our operations were to
be directed either by surprise or open force; that after we had made any
prisoners, all communication, even with those natives with whom we were
in habits of intercourse, was to be avoided, and none of them suffered to
approach us. That we were to cut off and bring in the heads of the slain;
for which purpose hatchets and bags would be furnished. And finally, that
no signal of amity or invitation should be used in order to allure them to
us; or if made on their part, to be answered by us: for that such conduct
would be not only present treachery, but give them reason to distrust every
future mark of peace and friendship on our part.

His excellency was now pleased to enter into the reasons which had induced
him to adopt measures of such severity. He said that since our arrival in
the country, no less than seventeen of our people had either been killed or
wounded by the natives; that he looked upon the tribe known by the name of
Bideegal, living on the beforementioned peninsula, and chiefly on the north
arm of Botany Bay, to be the principal aggressors; that against this tribe
he was determined to strike a decisive blow, in order, at once to convince
them of our superiority and to infuse an universal terror, which might
operate to prevent farther mischief. That his observations on the natives
had led him to conclude that although they did not fear death individually,
yet that the relative weight and importance of the different tribes
appeared to be the highest object of their estimation, as each tribe deemed
its strength and security to consist wholly in its powers, aggregately
considered. That his motive for having so long delayed to use violent
measures had arisen from believing, that in every former instance of
hostility, they had acted either from having received injury, or from
misapprehension.

"To the latter of these causes," added he, "I attribute my own wound,
but in this business of McEntire, I am fully persuaded that they were
unprovoked, and the barbarity of their conduct admits of no extenuation;
for I have separately examined the sergeant, of whose veracity I have the
highest opinion, and the two convicts; and their story is short, simple,
and alike. I have in vain tried to stimulate Baneelon, Colbee, and the
other natives who live among us, to bring in the aggressor. Yesterday,
indeed, they promised me to do it, and actually went away as if bent on
such a design; but Baneelon, instead of directing his steps to Botany Bay,
crossed the harbour in his canoe, in order to draw the foreteeth of some
of the young men; and Colbee, in the room of fulfilling his engagement,
is loitering about the lookout house. Nay, so far from wishing even to
describe faithfully the person of the man who has thrown the spear, they
pretended that he has a distorted foot, which is a palpable falsehood. So
that we have our efforts only to depend upon; and I am resolved to execute
the prisoners who may be brought in, in the most public and exemplary
manner, in the presence of as many of their countrymen as can be collected,
after having explained the cause of such a punishment; and my fixed
determination to repeat it, whenever any future breach of good conduct on
their side shall render it necessary."

Here the governor stopped, and addressing himself to me, said if I could
propose any alteration of the orders under which I was to act, he would
patiently listen to me. Encouraged by this condescension, I begged leave
to offer for consideration whether, instead of destroying ten persons,
the capture of six would not better answer all the purposes for which the
expedition was to be undertaken; as out of this number, a part might be
set aside for retaliation; and the rest, at a proper time, liberated, after
having seen the fate of their comrades and being made sensible of the cause
of their own detention.

This scheme, his Excellency was pleased instantly to adopt, adding, "if
six cannot be taken, let this number be shot. Should you, however, find it
practicable to take so many, I will hang two and send the rest to Norfolk
Island for a certain period, which will cause their countrymen to believe
that we have dispatched them secretly." The order was accordingly altered
to its present form; and I took my leave to prepare, after being again
cautioned not to deceive by holding signals of amity.

At four o'clock on the morning of the 14th we marched The detachment
consisted, besides myself, of Captain Hill of the New South Wales Corps,
Lieutenants Poulder and Dawes, of the marines, Mr. Worgan and Mr. Lowes,
surgeons, three sergeants, three corporals, and forty private soldiers,
provided with three days provisions, ropes to bind our prisoners with, and
hatchets and bags to cut off and contain the heads of the slain. By nine
o'clock this terrific procession reached the peninsula at the head of
Botany Bay, but after having walked in various directions until four
o'clock in the afternoon, without seeing a native, we halted for the night.

At daylight on the following morning our search recommenced. We marched in
an easterly direction, intending to fall in with the south-west arm of the
bay, about three miles above its mouth, which we determined to scour, and
thence passing along the head of the peninsula, to proceed to the north
arm, and complete our Search. However, by a mistake of our guides, at half
past seven o'clock instead of finding ourselves on the south-west arm,
we came suddenly upon the sea shore, at the head of the peninsula, about
midway between the two arms. Here we saw five Indians on the beach, whom we
attempted to surround; but they penetrated our design, and before we could
get near enough to effect our purpose, ran off. We pursued; but a
contest between heavy-armed Europeans, fettered by ligatures, and naked
unencumbered Indians, was too unequal to last long. They darted into the
wood and disappeared.

The alarm being given, we were sensible that no hope of success remained,
but by a rapid movement to a little village (if five huts deserve the name)
which we knew stood on the nearest point of the north arm, where possibly
someone unapprised of our approach, might yet be found. Thither we
hastened; but before we could reach it three canoes, filled with Indians,
were seen paddling over in the utmost hurry and trepidation, to the
opposite shore, where universal alarm prevailed. All we could now do was to
search the huts for weapons of war: but we found nothing except fish gigs,
which we left untouched.

On our return to our baggage (which we had left behind under a small guard
near the place where the pursuit had begun) we observed a native fishing in
shallow water not higher than his waist, at the distance of 300 yards from
the land. In such a situation it would not have been easily practicable
either to shoot, or seize him. I therefore determined to pass without
noticing him, as he seemed either from consciousness of his own security,
or from some other cause, quite unintimidated at our appearance. At length
he called to several of us by name, and in spite of our formidable array,
drew nearer with unbounded confidence. Surprised at his behaviour I ordered
a halt, that he might overtake us, fully resolved, whoever he might be,
that he should be suffered to come to us and leave us uninjured. Presently
we found it to be our friend Colbee; and he joined us at once with his
wonted familiarity and unconcern. We asked him where Pimelwi was, and found
that he perfectly comprehended the nature of our errand, for he described
him to have fled to the southward; and to be at such a distance, as had we
known the account to be true, would have prevented our going in search of
him, without a fresh supply of provisions.

When we arrived at our baggage, Colbee sat down, ate, drank, and slept with
us, from ten o'clock until past noon. We asked him several questions about
Sydney, which he had left on the preceding day*; and he told us he had been
present at an operation performed at the hospital, where Mr. White had cut
off a woman's leg. The agony and cries of the poor sufferer he depicted in
a most lively manner.

[*He had it seems visited the governor about noon, after having gained
information from Nanbaree of our march, and for what purpose it was
undertaken. This he did not scruple to tell to the governor; proclaiming
at the same time, a resolution of going to Botany Bay, which his excellency
endeavoured to dissuade him from by every argument he could devise: a
blanket, a hatchet, a jacket, or aught else he would ask for, was offered
to him in vain, if he would not go. At last it was determined to try to eat
him down, by setting before him his favourite food, of which it was hoped
he would feed so voraciously, as to render him incapable of executing his
intention. A large dish of fish was accordingly set before him. But after
devouring a light horseman, and at least five pounds of beef and bread,
even until the sight of food became disgusting to him, he set out on his
journey with such lightness and gaiety, as plainly shewed him to be a
stranger to the horrors of indigestion.]

At one o'clock we renewed our march, and at three halted near a freshwater
swamp, where we resolved to remain until morning: that is, after a day of
severe fatigue, to pass a night of restless inquietude, when weariness is
denied repose by swarms of mosquitoes and sandflies, which in the summer
months bite and sting the traveller, without measure or intermission.

Next morning we bent our steps homeward; and, after wading breast-high
through two arms of the sea, as broad as the Thames at Westminster, were
glad to find ourselves at Sydney, between one and two o'clock in the
afternoon.

The few remarks which I was able to make on the country through which we
had passed, were such as will not tempt adventurers to visit it on the
score of pleasure or advantage. The soil of every part of the peninsula,
which we had traversed, is shallow and sandy, and its productions meagre
and wretched. When forced to quit the sand, we were condemned to drag
through morasses, or to clamber over rocks, unrefreshed by streams, and
unmarked by diversity. Of the soil I brought away several specimens.

Our first expedition having so totally failed, the governor resolved to try
the fate of a second; and the 'painful pre-eminence' again devolved on me.

The orders under which I was commanded to act differing in no respect
from the last, I resolved to try once more to surprise the village
beforementioned. And in order to deceive the natives, and prevent them
from again frustrating our design by promulgating it, we feigned that our
preparations were directed against Broken Bay; and that the man who
had wounded the governor was the object of punishment. It was now also
determined, being full moon, that our operations should be carried on in
the night, both for the sake of secrecy, and for avoiding the extreme heat
of the day.

A little before sun-set on the evening of the 22nd, we marched. Lieutenant
Abbot, and ensign Prentice, of the New South Wales corps, were the two
officers under my command, and with three sergeants, three corporals, and
thirty privates, completed the detachment.

We proceeded directly to the fords of the north arm of Botany Bay, which we
had crossed in our last expedition, on the banks of which we were compelled
to wait until a quarter past two in the morning, for the ebb of the tide.
As these passing-places consist only of narrow slips of ground, on each
side of which are dangerous holes; and as fording rivers in the night is at
all times an unpleasant task, I determined before we entered the water,
to disburthen the men as much as possible; that in case of stepping wrong
every one might be as ready, as circumstances would admit, to recover
himself. The firelock and cartouche-box were all that we carried, the
latter tied fast on the top of the head, to prevent it from being wetted.
The knapsacks, etc. I left in charge of a sergeant and six men, who from
their low stature and other causes, were most likely to impede our march,
the success of which I knew hinged on our ability, by a rapid movement, to
surprise the village before daybreak.

The two rivers were crossed without any material accident: and in pursuit
of my resolution, I ordered the guides to conduct us by the nearest route,
without heeding difficulty, or impediment of road. Having continued to push
along the river-bank very briskly for three quarters of an hour, we were
suddenly stopped by a creek, about sixty yards wide, which extended to our
right, and appeared dry from the tide being out: I asked if it could be
passed, or whether it would be better to wheel round the head of it. Our
guides answered that it was bad to cross, but might be got over, which
would save us more than a quarter of a mile. Knowing the value of time, I
directly bade them to push through, and every one began to follow as well
as he could. They who were foremost had not, however, got above half over
when the difficulty of progress was sensibly experienced. We were immersed,
nearly to the waist in mud, so thick and tenacious, that it was not without
the most vigorous exertion of every muscle of the body, that the legs could
be disengaged. When we had reached the middle, our distress became not only
more pressing, but serious, and each succeeding step, buried us deeper. At
length a sergeant of grenadiers stuck fast, and declared himself incapable
of moving either forward or backward; and just after, Ensign Prentice and
I felt ourselves in a similar predicament, close together. 'I find it
impossible to move; I am sinking;' resounded on every side. What to do
I knew not: every moment brought increase of perplexity, and augmented
danger, as those who could not proceed kept gradually subsiding. From our
misfortunes, however, those in the rear profited. Warned by what they saw
and heard, they inclined to the right towards the head of the creek, and
thereby contrived to pass over.

Our distress would have terminated fatally, had not a soldier cried out
to those on shore to cut boughs of trees*, and throw them to us--a lucky
thought, which certainly saved many of us from perishing miserably; and
even with this assistance, had we been burdened by our knapsacks, we could
not have emerged; for it employed us near half an hour to disentangle some
of our number. The sergeant of grenadiers in particular, was sunk to his
breast-bone, and so firmly fixed in that the efforts of many men were
required to extricate him, which was effected in the moment after I had
ordered one of the ropes, destined to bind the captive Indians, to be
fastened under his arms.

[*I had often read of this contrivance to facilitate the passage of a
morass. But I confess, that in my confusion I had entirely forgotten it,
and probably should have continued to do so until too late to be of use.]

Having congratulated each other on our escape from this 'Serbonian Bog,'
and wiped our arms (half of which were rendered unserviceable by the mud)
we once more pushed forward to our object, within a few hundred yards of
which we found ourselves about half an hour before sunrise. Here I formed
the detachment into three divisions, and having enjoined the most perfect
silence, in order, if possible, to deceive Indian vigilance, each division
was directed to take a different route, so as to meet at the village at the
same moment.

We rushed rapidly on, and nothing could succeed more exactly than the
arrival of the several detachments. To our astonishment, however, we found
not a single native at the huts; nor was a canoe to be seen on any part of
the bay. I was at first inclined to attribute this to our arriving half an
hour too late, from the numberless impediments we had encountered. But
on closer examination, there appeared room to believe, that many days had
elapsed since an Indian had been on the spot, as no mark of fresh fires, or
fish bones, was to be found.

Disappointed and fatigued, we would willingly have profited by the
advantage of being near water, and have halted to refresh. But on
consultation, it was found, that unless we reached in an hour the rivers
we had so lately passed, it would be impossible, on account of the tide,
to cross to our baggage, in which case we should be without food until
evening. We therefore pushed back, and by dint of alternately running and
walking, arrived at the fords, time enough to pass with ease and safety.
So excessive, however, had been our efforts, and so laborious our progress,
that several of the soldiers, in the course of the last two miles, gave up,
and confessed themselves unable to proceed farther. All that I could do for
these poor fellows, was to order their comrades to carry their muskets, and
to leave with them a small party of those men who were least exhausted, to
assist them and hurry them on. In three quarters of an hour after we
had crossed the water, they arrived at it, just time enough to effect a
passage.

The necessity of repose, joined to the succeeding heat of the day, induced
us to prolong our halt until four o'clock in the afternoon, when we
recommenced our operations on the opposite side of the north arm to that
we had acted upon in the morning. Our march ended at sunset, without
our seeing a single native. We had passed through the country which the
discoverers of Botany Bay extol as 'some of the finest meadows in the
world*.' These meadows, instead of grass, are covered with high coarse
rushes, growing in a rotten spongy bog, into which we were plunged
knee-deep at every step.

[*The words which are quoted may be found in Mr. Cook's first voyage, and
form part of his description of Botany Bay. It has often fallen to my lot
to traverse these fabled plains; and many a bitter execration have I heard
poured on those travellers, who could so faithlessly relate what they saw.]

Our final effort was made at half past one o'clock next morning; and after
four hours toil, ended as those preceding it had done, in disappointment
and vexation. At nine o'clock we returned to Sydney, to report our
fruitless peregrination.

But if we could not retaliate on the murderer of M'Entire, we found no
difficulty in punishing offences committed within our own observation. Two
natives, about this time, were detected in robbing a potato garden. When
seen, they ran away, and a sergeant and a party of soldiers were dispatched
in pursuit of them. Unluckily it was dark when they overtook them, with
some women at a fire; and the ardour of the soldiers transported them so
far that, instead of capturing the offenders, they fired in among them. The
women were taken, but the two men escaped.

On the following day, blood was traced from the fireplace to the sea-side,
where it seemed probable that those who had lost it, had embarked. The
natives were observed to become immediately shy; but an exact knowledge of
the mischief which had been committed, was not gained until the end of two
days, when they said that a man of the name of Bangai (who was known to
be one of the pilferers) was wounded and dead. Imeerawanyee, however,
whispered that though he was wounded, he was not dead. A hope now existed
that his life might be saved; and Mr. White, taking Imeerawanyee, Nanbaree,
and a woman with him, set out for the spot where he was reported to be. But
on their reaching it, they were told by some people who were there that the
man was dead, and that the corpse was deposited in a bay about a mile
off. Thither they accordingly repaired, and found it as described,
covered--except one leg, which seemed to be designedly left bare--with
green boughs and a fire burning near it. Those who had performed the
funeral obsequies seemed to have been particularly solicitous for the
protection of the face, which was covered with a thick branch, interwoven
with grass and fern so as to form a complete screen. Around the neck was
a strip of the bark of which they make fishing lines, and a young strait
stick growing near was stripped of its bark and bent down so as to form an
arch over the body, in which position it was confined by a forked branch
stuck into the earth.

On examining the corpse, it was found to be warm. Through the shoulder had
passed a musquet ball, which had divided the subclavian artery and caused
death by loss of blood. No mark of any remedy having been applied could
be discovered. Possibly the nature of the wound, which even among us would
baffle cure without amputation of the arm at the shoulder, was deemed so
fatal, that they despaired of success, and therefore left it to itself. Had
Mr. White found the man alive, there is little room to think that he
could have been of any use to him; for that an Indian would submit to so
formidable and alarming an operation seems hardly probable.

None of the natives who had come in the boat would touch the body, or even
go near it, saying, the mawn would come; that is literally, 'the spirit of
the deceased would seize them'. Of the people who died among us, they had
expressed no such apprehension. But how far the difference of a natural
death, and one effected by violence, may operate on their fears to induce
superstition; and why those who had performed the rites of sepulture should
not experience similar fears and reluctance, I leave to be determined.
Certain it is (as I shall insist upon more hereafter), that they believe
the spirit of the dead not to be extinct with the body.

Baneelon took an odd method of revenging the death of his countryman. At
the head of several of his tribe, he robbed one of the private boats of
fish, threatening the people, who were unarmed, that in case they resisted
he would spear them. On being taxed by the governor with this outrage, he
at first stoutly denied it; but on being confronted with the people who
were in the boat, he changed his language, and, without deigning even to
palliate his offence, burst into fury and demanded who had killed Bangai.




CHAPTER XIII.



The Transactions of the Colony continued to the End of May, 1791.


December, 1790. The Dutch snow from Batavia arrived on the 17th of the
month, after a passage of twelve weeks, in which she had lost sixteen of
her people. But death, to a man who has resided at Batavia, is too familiar
an object to excite either terror or regret. All the people of the 'Supply'
who were left there sick, except one midshipman, had also perished in that
fatal climate.

The cargo of the snow consisted chiefly of rice, with a small quantity of
beef, pork, and flour.

A letter was received by this vessel, written by the Shebander at Batavia,
to governor Phillip, acquainting him that war had commenced between England
and Spain. As this letter was written in the Dutch language we did not find
it easy of translation. It filled us, however, with anxious perturbation,
and with wishes as impotent, as they were eager, in the cause of our
country. Though far beyond the din of arms, we longed to contribute to her
glory, and to share in her triumphs.

Placed out of the reach of attack, both by remoteness and insignificancy,
our only dread lay lest those supplies intended for our consumption should
be captured. Not, however, to be found totally unprovided in case an enemy
should appear, a battery was planned near the entrance of Sydney Cove, and
other formidable preparations set on foot.

The commencement of the year 1791, though marked by no circumstances
particularly favourable, beamed far less inauspicious than that of 1790 had
done.

January, 1791. No circumstance, however apparently trivial, which can
tend to throw light on a new country, either in respect of its present
situation, or its future promise, should pass unregarded. On the 24th of
January, two bunches of grapes were cut in the governor's garden, from
cuttings of vines brought three years before from the Cape of Good Hope.
The bunches were handsome, the fruit of a moderate size, but well filled
out and the flavour high and delicious.

The first step after unloading the Dutch snow was to dispatch the 'Supply'
to Norfolk Island for captain Hunter, and the crew of the 'Sirius' who had
remained there ever since the loss of that ship. It had always been the
governor's wish to hire the Dutchman, for the purpose of transporting them
to England. But the frantic extravagant behaviour of the master of her, for
a long time frustrated the conclusion of a contract. He was so totally
lost to a sense of reason and propriety, as to ask eleven pounds per ton,
monthly, for her use, until she should arrive from England, at Batavia.
This was treated with proper contempt; and he was at last induced to accept
twenty shillings a ton, per month (rating her at three hundred tons) until
she should arrive in England--being about the twenty-fifth part of his
original demand. And even at this price she was, perhaps, the dearest
vessel ever hired on a similar service, being totally destitute of every
accommodation and every good quality which could promise to render so long
a voyage either comfortable or expeditious.

February, 1791. On the 26th, Captain Hunter, his officers and ship's
company joined us; and on the 28th of March the snow sailed with them for
England, intending to make a northern passage by Timor and Batavia, the
season being too far advanced to render the southern route by Cape Horn
practicable*.

[*They did not arrive in England until April, 1792.]

Six days previous to the departure of captain Hunter, the indefatigable
'Supply' again sailed for Norfolk Island, carrying thither captain Hill
and a detachment of the New South Wales corps. A little native boy named
Bondel, who had long particularly attached himself to captain Hill,
accompanied him, at his own earnest request. His father had been killed in
battle and his mother bitten in two by a shark: so that he was an orphan,
dependant on the humanity of his tribe for protection*. His disappearance
seemed to make no impression on the rest of his countrymen, who were
apprized of his resolution to go. On the return of the 'Supply' they
inquired eagerly for him, and on being told that the place he was gone
to afforded plenty of birds and other good fare, innumerable volunteers
presented themselves to follow him, so great was their confidence in us and
so little hold of them had the amor patriae.

[*I am of opinion that such protection is always extended to children who
may be left destitute.]


March, 1791. The snow had but just sailed, when a very daring manoeuvre was
carried into execution, with complete success, by a set of convicts, eleven
in number, including a woman, wife of one of the party, and two little
children. They seized the governor's cutter and putting into her a
seine, fishing-lines, and hooks, firearms, a quadrant, compass, and some
provisions, boldly pushed out to sea, determined to brave every danger and
combat every hardship, rather than remain longer in a captive state. Most
of these people had been brought out in the first fleet, and the terms of
transportation of some of them were expired. Among them were a fisherman,
a carpenter, and some competent navigators, so that little doubt was
entertained that a scheme so admirably planned would be adequately
executed*. When their elopement was discovered, a pursuit was ordered
by the governor. But the fugitives had made too good an use of the
intermediate time to be even seen by their pursuers. After the escape of
Captain Bligh, which was well known to us, no length of passage or hazard
of navigation seemed above human accomplishment. However to prevent future
attempts of a like nature, the governor directed that boats only of stated
dimensions should be built. Indeed an order of this sort had been issued
on the escape of the first party, and it was now repeated with additional
restrictions.

[*It was my fate to fall in again with part of this little band of
adventurers. In March 1792, when I arrived in the Gorgon, at the Cape of
Good Hope, six of these people, including the woman and one child, were put
on board of us to be carried to England. Four had died, and one had jumped
overboard at Batavia. The particulars of their voyage were briefly as
follows. They coasted the shore of New Holland, putting occasionally into
different harbours which they found in going along. One of these harbours,
in the latitude of 30 degrees south, they described to be of superior
excellence and capacity. Here they hauled their bark ashore, paid her seams
with tallow, and repaired her. But it was with difficulty they could keep
off the attacks of the Indians. These people continued to harras them so
much that they quitted the mainland and retreated to a small island in
the harbour, where they completed their design. Between the latitude of 26
degrees and 27 degrees, they were driven by a current 30 leagues from the
shore, among some islands, where they found plenty of large turtles. Soon
after they closed again with the continent, when the boat got entangled in
the surf and was driven on shore, and they had all well nigh perished. They
passed rough the straits of Endeavour and, beyond the gulf of Carpentaria,
found a large freshwater river, which they entered, and filled from it
their empty casks.

Until they reached the gulf of Carpentaria, they saw no natives or canoes
differing from those about Port Jackson. But now they were chased by large
canoes, jitted with sails and fighting stages, and capable of holding
thirty men each. They escaped by dint of rowing to windward. On the 5th
of June 1791 they reached Timor, and pretended that they had belonged to a
ship which, on her passage from Port Jackson to India, had foundered;
and that they only had escaped. The Dutch received them with kindness
and treated them with hospitality. But their behaviour giving rise to
suspicion, they were watched; and one of them at last, in a moment of
intoxication, betrayed the secret. They were immediately secured and
committed to prison. Soon after Captain Edwards of the Pandora, who had
been wrecked near Endeavour straits, arrived at Timor, and they were
delivered up to him, by which means they became passengers in the Gorgon.

I confess that I never looked at these people without pity and
astonishment. They had miscarried in a heroic struggle for liberty after
having combated every hardship and conquered every difficulty.

The woman, and one of the men, had gone out to Port Jackson in the ship
which had transported me thither. They had both of them been always
distinguished for good behaviour. And I could not but reflect with
admiration at the strange combination of circumstances which had again
brought us together, to baffle human foresight and confound human
speculation.]


April, 1791. Notwithstanding the supplies which had recently arrived from
Batavia, short allowance was again proclaimed on the 2nd of April, on which
day we were reduced to the following ration:

Three pounds of rice, three pounds of flour and three pounds of pork per
week.

It was singularly unfortunate that these retrenchments should always happen
when the gardens were most destitute of vegetables. A long drought had
nearly exhausted them. The hardships which we in consequence suffered were
great, but not comparable to what had been formerly experienced. Besides,
now we made sure of ships arriving soon to dispel our distress. Whereas,
heretofore, from having never heard from England, the hearts of men sunk
and many had begun to doubt whether it had not been resolved to try how
long misery might be endured with resignation.

Notwithstanding the incompetency of so diminished a pittance, the daily
task of the soldier and convict continued unaltered. I never contemplated
the labours of these men without finding abundant cause of reflection on
the miseries which our nature can overcome. Let me for a moment quit the
cold track of narrative. Let me not fritter away by servile adaptation
those reflections and the feelings they gave birth to. Let me transcribe
them fresh as they arose, ardent and generous, though hopeless and
romantic. I every day see wretches pale with disease and wasted with
famine, struggle against the horror's of their situation. How striking is
the effect of subordination; how dreadful is the fear of punishment! The
allotted task is still performed, even on the present reduced subsistence.
The blacksmith sweats at the sultry forge, the sawyer labours pent-up in
his pit and the husbandman turns up the sterile glebe. Shall I again hear
arguments multiplied to violate truth, and insult humanity! Shall I again
be told that the sufferings of the wretched Africans are indispensable
for the culture of our sugar colonies; that white men are incapable of
sustaining the heat of the climate! I have been in the West Indies. I
have lived there. I know that it is a rare instance for the mercury in the
thermometer to mount there above 90 degrees; and here I scarcely pass a
week in summer without seeing it rise to 100 degrees; sometimes to 105;
nay, beyond even that burning altitude.

But toil cannot be long supported without adequate refreshment. The first
step in every community which wishes to preserve honesty should be to set
the people above want. The throes of hunger will ever prove too
powerful for integrity to withstand. Hence arose a repetition of petty
delinquencies, which no vigilance could detect, and no justice reach.
Gardens were plundered, provisions pilfered, and the Indian corn stolen
from the fields where it grew for public use. Various were the measures
adopted to check this depredatory spirit. Criminal courts, either from the
tediousness of their process, or from the frequent escape of culprits from
their decision, were seldomer convened than formerly. The governor ordered
convict offenders either to be chained together or to wear singly a large
iron collar with two spikes projecting from it, which effectually hindered
the party from concealing it under his shirt; and thus shackled, they were
compelled to perform their quota of work.

May, 1791. Had their marauding career terminated here, humanity would
have been anxious to plead in their defence; but the natives continued to
complain of being robbed of spears and fishing tackle. A convict was at
length taken in the fact of stealing fishing-tackle from Daringa, the wife
of Colbee. The governor ordered that he should be severely flogged in the
presence of as many natives as could be assembled, to whom the cause of
punishment should be explained. Many of them, of both sexes, accordingly
attended. Arabanoo's aversion to a similar sight has been noticed; and if
the behaviour of those now collected be found to correspond with it, it
is, I think, fair to conclude that these people are not of a sanguinary
and implacable temper. Quick indeed of resentment, but not unforgiving of
injury. There was not one of them that did not testify strong abhorrence
of the punishment and equal sympathy with the sufferer. The women were
particularly affected; Daringa shed tears, and Barangaroo, kindling into
anger, snatched a stick and menaced the executioner. The conduct of these
women, on this occasion, was exactly descriptive of their characters. The
former was ever meek and feminine, the latter fierce and unsubmissive.

On the first of May, many allotments of ground were parcelled out by the
governor to convicts whose periods of transportation were expired, and who
voluntarily offered to become settlers in the country. The terms on which
they settled, and their progress in agriculture, will be hereafter set
forth.




CHAPTER XIV.



Travelling Diaries in New South Wales.


From among my numerous travelling journals into the interior parts of
the country, I select the following to present to the reader, as equally
important in their object, and more amusing in their detail, than any
other.

In April 1791 an expedition was undertaken, in order to ascertain whether
or not the Hawkesbury and the Nepean, were the same river. With this view,
we proposed to fall in a little above Richmond Hill*, and trace down to it;
and if the weather should prove fine to cross at the ford, and go a short
distance westward, then to repass the river and trace it upward until we
should either arrive at some spot which we knew to be the Nepean, or should
determine by its course that the Hawkesbury was a different stream.

[*Look at the map for the situation of this place (Unfortunately, there is
no map accompanying this etext. Ed.)]


Our party was strong and numerous. It consisted of twenty-one persons,
viz. the governor, Mr. Collins and his servant, Mr. White, Mr. Dawes, the
author, three gamekeepers, two sergeants, eight privates, and our friends
Colbee and Boladeree. These two last were volunteers on the occasion, on
being assured that we should not stay out many days and that we should
carry plenty of provisions. Baneelon wished to go, but his wife would not
permit it. Colbee on the other hand, would listen to no objections. He only
stipulated (with great care and consideration) that, during his absence,
his wife and child should remain at Sydney under our protection, and be
supplied with provisions.

But before we set out, let me describe our equipment, and try to convey
to those who have rolled along on turnpike roads only, an account of those
preparations which are required in traversing the wilderness. Every
man (the governor excepted) carried his own knapsack, which contained
provisions for ten days. If to this be added a gun, a blanket, and a
canteen, the weight will fall nothing short of forty pounds. Slung to the
knapsack are the cooking kettle and the hatchet, with which the wood to
kindle the nightly fire and build the nightly hut is to be cut down. Garbed
to drag through morasses, tear through thickets, ford rivers and scale
rocks, our autumnal heroes, who annually seek the hills in pursuit of
grouse and black game, afford but an imperfect representation of the
picture.

Thus encumbered, the march begins at sunrise, and with occasional halts
continues until about an hour and a half before sunset. It is necessary to
stop thus early to prepare for passing the night, for toil here ends not
with the march. Instead of the cheering blaze, the welcoming landlord, and
the long bill of fare, the traveller has now to collect his fuel, to erect
his wigwam, to fetch water, and to broil his morsel of salt pork. Let him
then lie down, and if it be summer, try whether the effect of fatigue is
sufficiently powerful to overcome the bites and stings of the myriads of
sandflies and mosquitoes which buzz around him.

Monday, April 11, 1791. At twenty minutes before seven o'clock, we started
from the governor's house at Rose Hill and steered* for a short time nearly
in a north-east direction, after which we turned to north 34 degrees west,
and steadily pursued that course until a quarter before four o'clock, when
we halted for the night. The country for the first two miles, while we
walked to the northeast, was good, full of grass and without rock or
underwood.

Afterwards it grew very bad, being full of steep, barren rocks, over which
we were compelled to clamber for seven miles, when it changed to a plain
country apparently very sterile, and with very little grass in it, which
rendered walking easy. Our fatigue in the morning had, however, been so
oppressive that one of the party knocked up. And had not a soldier, as
strong as a pack-horse, undertaken to carry his knapsack in addition to his
own, we must either have sent him back, or have stopped at a place for the
night which did not afford water. Our two natives carried each his pack,
but its weight was inconsiderable, most of their provisions being in the
knapsacks of the soldiers and gamekeepers. We expected to have derived from
them much information relating to the country, as no one doubted that they
were acquainted with every part of it between the sea coast and the river
Hawkesbury. We hoped also to have witnessed their manner of living in
the woods, and the resources they rely upon in their journeys. Nothing,
however, of this sort had yet occurred, except their examining some
trees to see if they could discover on the bark any marks of the claws of
squirrels and opossums, which they said would show whether any of those
animals were hidden among the leaves and branches. They walked stoutly,
appeared but little fatigued, and maintained their spirits admirably,
laughing to excess when any of us either tripped or stumbled, misfortunes
which much seldomer fell to their lot than to ours.

[*Our method, on these expeditions, was to steer by compass, noting the
different courses as we proceeded; and counting the number of paces, of
which two thousand two hundred, on good ground, were allowed to be a mile.
At night when we halted, all these courses were separately cast up, and
worked by a traverse table, in the manner a ship's reckoning is kept, so
that by observing this precaution, we always knew exactly where we were,
and how far from home; an unspeakable advantage in a new country, where one
hill, and one tree, is so like another that fatal wanderings would ensue
without it. This arduous task was always allotted to Mr. Dawes who,
from habit and superior skill, performed it almost without a stop, or an
interruption of conversation: to any other man, on such terms, it would
have been impracticable.]

At a very short distance from Rose Hill, we found that they were in a
country unknown to them, so that the farther they went the more dependent
on us they became, being absolute strangers inland. To convey to their
understandings the intention of our journey was impossible. For, perhaps,
no words could unfold to an Indian the motives of curiosity which induce
men to encounter labour, fatigue and pain, when they might remain in repose
at home, with a sufficiency of food. We asked Colbee the name of the people
who live inland, and he called them Boorooberongal; and said they were bad,
whence we conjectured that they sometimes war with those on the sea coast,
by whom they were undoubtedly driven up the country from the fishing
ground, that it might not be overstocked; the weaker here, as in every
other country, giving way to the stronger.

We asked how they lived. He said, on birds and animals, having no fish.
Their laziness appeared strongly when we halted, for they refused to draw
water or to cleave wood to make a fire; but as soon as it was kindled
(having first well stuffed themselves), they lay down before it and fell
asleep. About an hour after sunset, as we were chatting by the fire side
and preparing to go to rest, we heard voices at a little distance in the
wood. Our natives caught the sound instantaneously and, bidding us be
silent, listened attentively to the quarter whence it had proceeded. In a
few minutes we heard the voices plainly; and, wishing exceedingly to open
a communication with this tribe, we begged our natives to call to them,
and bid them to come to us, to assure them of good treatment, and that they
should have something given them to eat. Colbee no longer hesitated,
but gave them the signal of invitation, in a loud hollow cry. After some
whooping and shouting on both sides, a man with a lighted stick in his hand
advanced near enough to converse with us. The first words which we could
distinctly understand were, 'I am Colbee, of the tribe of Cadigal.'
The stranger replied, 'I am Bereewan, of the tribe of Boorooberongal.'
Boladeree informed him also of his name and that we were white men and
friends, who would give him something to eat. Still he seemed irresolute.
Colbee therefore advanced to him, took him by the hand and led him to us.
By the light of the moon, we were introduced to this gentleman, all our
names being repeated in form by our two masters of the ceremonies, who said
that we were Englishmen and 'budyeeree' (good), that we came from the sea
coast, and that we were travelling inland.

Bereewan seemed to be a man about thirty years old, differing in no respect
from his countrymen with whom we were acquainted. He came to us unarmed,
having left his spears at a little distance. After a long conversation with
his countrymen, and having received some provisions, he departed highly
satisfied.

Tuesday, April 12th, 1791. Started this morning at half past six o'clock,
and in two hours reached the river. The whole of the country we passed
was poor, and the soil within a mile of the river changed to a coarse deep
sand, which I have invariably found to compose its banks in every part
without exception that I ever saw. The stream at this place is about 350
feet wide; the water pure and excellent to the taste. The banks are about
twenty feet high and covered with trees, many of which had been evidently
bent by the force of the current in the direction which it runs, and
some of them contained rubbish and drift wood in their branches at least
forty-five feet above the level of the stream. We saw many ducks, and
killed one, which Colbee swam for. No new production among the shrubs
growing here was found. We were acquainted with them all. Our natives had
evidently never seen this river before. They stared at it with surprise,
and talked to each other. Their total ignorance of the country, and of the
direction in which they had walked, appeared when they were asked which
way Rose Hill lay; for they pointed almost oppositely to it. Of our compass
they had taken early notice, and had talked much to each other about it.
They comprehended its use, and called it 'naamoro,' literally, "to see the
way"; a more significant or expressive term cannot be found.

Supposing ourselves to be higher on the stream than Richmond Hill, we
agreed to trace downward, or to the right hand. In tracing, we kept as
close to the bank of the river as the innumerable impediments to walking
which grow upon it would allow. We found the country low and swampy; came
to a native fireplace, at which were some small fish-bones; soon after we
saw a native, but he ran away immediately. Having walked nearly three miles
we were stopped by a creek which we could neither ford, or fall a tree
across. We were therefore obliged to coast it, in hope to find a passing
place or to reach its head. At four o'clock we halted for the night on
the bank of the creek. Our natives continued to hold out stoutly. The
hindrances to walking by the river side which plagued and entangled us so
much, seemed not to be heeded by them, and they wound through them with
case; but to us they were intolerably tiresome. Our perplexities afforded
them an inexhaustible fund of merriment and derision: Did the sufferer,
stung at once with nettles and ridicule, and shaken nigh to death by his
fall, use any angry expression to them, they retorted in a moment, by
calling him by every opprobrious name* which their language affords.

Boladeree destroyed a native hut today very wantonly before we could
prevent him. On being asked why he did so, he answered that the inhabitants
inland were bad; though no longer since than last night, when Bereewan
had departed, they were loud in their praise. But now they had reverted to
their first opinion; so fickle and transient are their motives of love and
hatred.

[*Their general favourite term of reproach is 'goninpatta', which signifies
'an eater of human excrement'. Our language would admit a very concise and
familiar translation. They have, besides this, innumerable others which
they often salute their enemies with.]


Wednesday, April 13th, 1791. We did not set out this morning until past
seven o'clock, when we continued to trace the creek. The country which we
passed through yesterday was good and desirable to what was now presented
to us. It was in general high and universally rocky. 'Toiling our uncouth
way', we mounted a hill, and surveyed the contiguous country. To the
northward and eastward, the ground was still higher than that we were upon;
but in a south-west direction we saw about four miles. The view consisted
of nothing but trees growing on precipices; not an acre of it could be
cultivated. Saw a tree on fire here, and several other vestiges of the
natives. To comprehend the reasons which induce an Indian to perform many
of the offices of life is difficult; to pronounce that which could lead him
to wander amidst these dreary wilds baffles penetration. About two o'clock
we reached the head of the creek, passed it and scrambled with infinite
toil and difficulty to the top of a neighbouring mountain, whence we saw
the adjacent country in almost every direction, for many miles. I record
with regret that this extended view presented not a single gleam of change
which could encourage hope or stimulate industry, to attempt its culture.
We had, however, the satisfaction to discover plainly the object of our
pursuit, Richmond Hill, distant about eight miles, in a contrary direction
from what we had been proceeding upon. It was readily known to those who
had been up the Hawkesbury in the boats, by a remarkable cleft or notch
which distinguishes it. It was now determined that we should go back to the
head of the creek and pass the night there; and in the morning cut
across the country to that part of the river which we had first hit
upon yesterday, and thence to trace upward, or to the left. But before I
descend, I must not forget to relate that to this pile of desolation on
which, like the fallen angel on the top of Niphates, we stood contemplating
our nether Eden, His Excellency was pleased to give the name of Tench's
Prospect Mount.

Our fatigue to-day had been excessive; but our two sable companions seemed
rather enlivened than exhausted by it. We had no sooner halted and given
them something to eat than they began to play ten thousand tricks and
gambols. They imitated the leaping of the kangaroo; sang, danced, poised
the spear and met in mock encounter. But their principal source of
merriment was again derived from our misfortunes, in tumbling amidst
nettles, and sliding down precipices, which they mimicked with inimitable
drollery. They had become, however, very urgent in their inquiries about
the time of our return, and we pacified them as well as we could by saying
it would be soon, but avoided naming how many days.

Their method of testifying dislike to any place is singular: they point to
the spot they are upon, and all around it, crying 'weeree, weeree' (bad)
and immediately after mention the name of any other place to which they
are attached (Rose Hill or Sydney for instance), adding to it 'budyeree,
budyeree' (good). Nor was their preference in the present case the
result of caprice, for they assigned very substantial reasons for such
predilection: "At Rose Hill," said they, "are potatoes, cabbages, pumpkins,
turnips, fish and wine; here are nothing but rocks and water." These
comparisons constantly ended with the question of "Where's Rose Hill?
Where?" on which they would throw up their hands and utter a sound to
denote distance, which it is impossible to convey an idea of upon paper.

Thursday, April 14th, 1791. We started early and reached the river in about
two hours and a half. The intermediate country, except for the last half
mile, was a continued bed of stones, which were in some places so thick and
close together that they looked like a pavement formed by art. When we got
off the stones, we came upon the coarse river sand beforementioned.

Here we began to trace upward. We had not proceeded far when we saw several
canoes on the river. Our natives made us immediately lie down among the
reeds, while they gave their countrymen the signal of approach. After much
calling, finding that they did not come, we continued our progress until
it was again interrupted by a creek, over which we threw a tree and passed
upon it. While this was doing, a native, from his canoe, entered into
conversation with us, and immediately after paddled to us with a frankness
and confidence which surprised every one. He was a man of middle age, with
an open cheerful countenance, marked with the small pox, and distinguished
by a nose of uncommon magnitude and dignity. He seemed to be neither
astonished or terrified at our appearance and number. Two stone hatchets,
and two spears he took from his canoe, and presented to the governor, who
in return for his courteous generosity, gave him two of our hatchets and
some bread, which was new to him, for he knew not its use, but kept
looking at it, until Colbee shewed him what to do, when he eat it
without hesitation. We pursued our course, and to accommodate us, our new
acquaintance pointed out a path and walked at the head of us. A canoe,
also with a man and a boy in it, kept gently paddling up abreast of us.
We halted for the night at our usual hour, on the bank of the river.
Immediately that we had stopped, our friend (who had already told us his
name) Gombeeree, introduced the man and the boy from the canoe to us. The
former was named Yellomundee, the latter Deeimba. The ease with which these
people behaved among strangers was as conspicuous, as unexpected. They
seated themselves at our fire, partook of our biscuit and pork, drank from
our canteens, and heard our guns going off around them without betraying
any symptom of fear, distrust or surprise. On the opposite bank of the
river they had left their wives and several children, with whom they
frequently discoursed; and we observed that these last manifested neither
suspicion or uneasiness of our designs towards their friends.

Having refreshed ourselves, we found leisure to enter into conversation
with them. It could not be expected that they should differ materially from
the tribes with whom we were acquainted. The same manners and pursuits, the
same amusements, the same levity and fickleness, undoubtedly characterised
them. What we were able to learn from them was that they depend but little
on fish, as the river yields only mullets, and that their principal support
is derived from small animals which they kill, and some roots (a species of
wild yam chiefly) which they dig out of the earth. If we rightly understood
them, each man possesses two wives. Whence can arise this superabundance of
females? Neither of the men had suffered the extraction of a front tooth.
We were eager to know whether or not this custom obtained among them. But
neither Colbee nor Boladeree would put the question for us; and on the
contrary, showed every desire to wave the subject. The uneasiness which
they testified, whenever we renewed it, rather served to confirm a
suspicion which we had long entertained, that this is a mark of subjection
imposed by the tribe of Cameragal, (who are certainly the most powerful
community in the country) on the weaker tribes around them. Whether the
women cut off a joint of one of the little fingers, like those on the sea
coast, we had no opportunity of observing. These are petty remarks. But
one variety struck us more forcibly. Although our natives and the strangers
conversed on a par and understood each other perfectly, yet they spoke
different dialects of the same language; many of the most common and
necessary words used in life bearing no similitude, and others being
slightly different.

     ------------------------------------------------------------
     English     Name on the sea coast     Name at the Hawkesbury
     ------------------------------------------------------------

     The Moon           Yeneeda                Condoen
     The Ear            Gooree                 Benna
     The Forehead       Nullo                  Narran
     The Belly          Barang                 Bindee
     The Navel          Muneero                Boombong
     The Buttocks       Boong                  Baylee
     The Neck           Calang                 Ganga
     The Thigh          Tara                   Dara
     The Hair           Deewara                Keewara
     -------------------------------------------------------------

That these diversities arise from want of intercourse with the people
on the coast can hardly be imagined, as the distance inland is but
thirty-eight miles; and from Rose Hill not more than twenty, where the
dialect of the sea coast is spoken. It deserves notice that all the
different terms seemed to be familiar to both parties, though each in
speaking preferred its own*.

[*How easily people, unused to speak the same language, mistake each other,
everyone knows. We had lived almost three years at Port Jackson (for more
than half of which period natives had resided with us) before we knew that
the word 'beeal', signified 'no', and not 'good', in which latter sense we
had always used it without suspecting that we were wrong; and even without
being corrected by those with whom we talked daily. The cause of our error
was this. The epithet 'weeree', signifying 'bad', we knew; and as the
use of this word and its opposite afford the most simple form of denoting
consent or disapprobation to uninstructed Indians, in order to find out
their word for 'good', when Arabanoo was first brought among us, we used
jokingly to say that any thing, which he liked was 'weeree', in order to
provoke him to tell us that it was good. When we said 'weeree', he answered
'beeal', which we translated and adopted for 'good'; whereas he meant no
more than simply to deny our inference, and say 'no'--it is not bad.
After this, it cannot be thought extraordinary that the little vocabulary
inserted in Mr. Cook's account of this part of the world should appear
defective--even were we not to take in the great probability of the
dialects at Endeavour River and Van Diemen's land differing from that
spoken at Port Jackson. And it remains to be proved that the animal called
here 'patagaram' is not there called 'kangaroo'.]

Stretched out at ease before our fire, all sides continued to chat and
entertain each other. Gombeeree shewed us the mark of a wound which he had
received in his side from a spear. It was large, appeared to have passed to
a considerable depth, and must certainly have been attended with imminent
danger. By whom it had been inflicted, and on what occasion, he explained
to Colbee; and afterwards (as we understood) he entered into a detail of
the wars, and, as effects lead to causes, probably of the gallantries of
the district, for the word which signifies a woman was often repeated.
Colbee, in return for his communication, informed him who we were; of our
numbers at Sydney and Rose Hill, of the stores we possessed and, above all,
of the good things which were to be found among us, enumerating potatoes,
cabbages, turnips, pumpkins, and many other names which were perfectly
unintelligible to the person who heard them, but which he nevertheless
listened to with profound attention.

Perhaps the relation given by Gombeeree, of the cure of his wound, now
gave rise to the following superstitious ceremony. While they were talking,
Colbee turned suddenly round and asked for some water. I gave him a cupful,
which he presented with great seriousness to Yellomundee, as I supposed to
drink. This last indeed took the cup and filled his mouth with water, but
instead of swallowing it, threw his head into Colbee's bosom, spit the
water upon him and, immediately after, began to suck strongly at his
breast, just below the nipple. I concluded that the man was sick; and
called to the governor to observe the strange place which he had chosen to
exonerate his stomach. The silent attention observed by the other
natives, however, soon convinced us that something more than merely
the accommodation of Yellomundee, was intended. The ceremony was again
performed; and, after having sucked the part for a considerable time, the
operator pretended to receive something in his mouth, which was drawn from
the breast. With this he retired a few paces, put his hand to his lips and
threw into the river a stone, which I had observed him to pick up slily,
and secrete. When he returned to the fireside, Colbee assured us that
he had received signal benefit from the operation; and that this second
Machaon had extracted from his breast two splinters of a spear by which
he had been formerly wounded. We examined the part, but it was smooth and
whole, so that to the force of imagination alone must be imputed both the
wound and its cure. Colbee himself seemed nevertheless firmly persuaded
that he had received relief, and assured us that Yellomundee was a
'caradyee', or 'Doctor of renown'. And Boladeree added that not only he but
all the rest of his tribe were 'caradyee' of especial note and skill.

The Doctors remained with us all night, sleeping before the fire in the
fullness of good faith and security. The little boy slept in his father's
arms, and we observed that whenever the man was inclined to shift his
position, he first put over the child, with great care, and then turned
round to him.

Friday, April 15th, 1791. The return of light aroused us to the repetition
of toil. Our friends breakfasted with us, and previous to starting
Gombeeree gave a specimen of their manner of climbing trees in quest of
animals. He asked for a hatchet and one of ours was offered to him, but he
preferred one of their own making. With this tool he cut a small notch in
the tree he intended to climb, about two feet and a half above the ground,
in which he fixed the great toe of his left foot, and sprung upwards, at
the same time embracing the tree with his left arm. In an instant he had
cut a second notch for his right toe on the other side of the tree into
which he sprung, and thus, alternately cutting on each side, he mounted to
the height of twenty feet in nearly as short a space as if he had ascended
by a ladder, although the bark of the tree was quite smooth and slippery
and the trunk four feet in diameter and perfectly strait. To us it was a
matter of astonishment, but to him it was sport; for while employed thus he
kept talking to those below and laughing immoderately. He descended with
as much ease and agility as he had raised himself. Even our natives allowed
that he was a capital performer, against whom they dared not to enter
the lists; for as they subsist chiefly by fishing they are less expert at
climbing on the coast than those who daily practice it.

Soon after they bade us adieu, in unabated friendship and good humour.
Colbee and Boladeree parted from them with a slight nod of the head, the
usual salutation of the country; and we shook them by the hand, which they
returned lustily.

At the time we started the tide was flowing up the river, a decisive proof
that we were below Richmond Hill. We had continued our march but a
short time when we were again stopped by a creek, which baffled all our
endeavours to cross it, and seemed to predict that the object of our
attainment, though but a very few miles distant, would take us yet a
considerable time to reach, which threw a damp on our hopes. We traced the
creek until four o'clock, when we halted for the night. The country, on
both sides, we thought in general unpromising; but it is certainly very
superior to that which we had seen on the former creek. In many places
it might be cultivated, provided the inundations of the stream can be
repelled.

In passing along we shot some ducks, which Boladeree refused to swim for
when requested, and told us in a surly tone that they swam for what was
killed, and had the trouble of fetching it ashore, only for the white men
to eat it. This reproof was, I fear, too justly founded; for of the few
ducks we had been so fortunate as to procure, little had fallen to their
share except the offals, and now and then a half-picked bone. True, indeed,
all the crows and hawks which had been shot were given to them; but
they plainly told us that the taste of ducks was more agreeable to their
palates, and begged they might hereafter partake of them. We observed
that they were thoroughly sick of the journey, and wished heartily for its
conclusion: the exclamation of "Where's Rose Hill, where?" was incessantly
repeated, with many inquiries about when we should return to it.

Saturday April 16th, 1791. It was this morning resolved to abandon our
pursuit and to return home; at hearing of which our natives expressed great
joy. We started early; and reached Rose Hill about three o'clock, just as
a boat was about to be sent down to Sydney. Colbee and Boladeree would
not wait for us until the following morning, but insisted on going down
immediately to communicate to Baneelon and the rest of their countrymen the
novelties they had seen.

The country we passed through was, for the most part, very indifferent,
according to our universal opinion. It is in general badly watered. For
eight miles and a half on one line we did not find a drop of water.

RICHMOND HILL

Having eluded our last search, Mr. Dawes and myself, accompanied by a
sergeant of marines and a private soldier, determined on another attempt,
to ascertain whether it lay on the Hawkesbury or Nepean. We set out on this
expedition on the 24th of May, 1791; and having reached the opposite side
of the mouth of the creek which had in our last journey prevented our
progress, we proceeded from there up to Richmond Hill by the river side;
mounted it; slept at its foot; and on the following day penetrated some
miles westward or inland of it until we were stopped by a mountainous
country, which our scarcity of provisions, joined to the terror of a river
at our back, whose sudden rising is almost beyond computation, hindered
us from exploring. To the elevation which bounded our research we gave
the name of Knight Hill, in honour of the trusty sergeant who had been the
faithful indefatigable companion of all our travels.

This excursion completely settled the long contested point about the
Hawkesbury and Nepean. We found them to be one river. Without knowing it,
Mr. Dawes and myself had passed Richmond Hill almost a year before (in
August 1790), and from there walked on the bank of the river to the spot
where my discovery of the Nepean happened, in June 1789. Our ignorance
arose from having never before seen the hill, and from the erroneous
position assigned to it by those who had been in the boats up the river.

Except the behaviour of some natives whom we met on the river, which it
would be ingratitude to pass in silence, nothing particularly worthy of
notice occurred on this expedition.

When we had reached within two miles of Richmond Hill, we heard a native
call. We directly answered him and conversed across the river for some
time. At length he launched his canoe and crossed to us without distrust
or hesitation. We had never seen him before; but he appeared to know our
friend Gombeeree, of whom he often spoke. He said his name was Deedora. He
presented us with two spears and a throwing-stick, and in return we gave
him some bread and beef. Finding that our route lay up the river, he
offered to accompany us and, getting into his canoe, paddled up abreast
of us. When we arrived at Richmond Hill it became necessary to cross
the river; but the question was, how this should be effected? Deedora
immediately offered his canoe. We accepted of it and, Mr. Dawes and the
soldier putting their clothes into it, pushed it before them, and by
alternately wading and swimming, soon passed. On the opposite shore sat
several natives, to whom Deedora called, by which precaution the arrival of
the strangers produced no alarm. On the contrary, they received them with
every mark of benevolence. Deedora, in the meanwhile, sat talking with the
sergeant and me. Soon after, another native, named Morunga, brought back
the canoe, and now came our turn to cross. The sergeant (from a foolish
trick which had been played upon him when he was a boy) was excessively
timorous of water, and could not swim. Morunga offered to conduct him, and
they got into the canoe together; but, his fears returning, he jumped out
and refused to proceed. I endeavoured to animate him, and Morunga ridiculed
his apprehensions, making signs of the ease and dispatch with which he
would land him; but he resolved to paddle over by himself, which, by dint
of good management and keeping his position very steadily, he performed.
It was now become necessary to bring over the canoe a third time for my
accommodation, which was instantly done, and I entered it with Deedora.
But, like the sergeant, I was so disordered at seeing the water within a
hair's breadth of the level of our skiff (which brought to my remembrance
a former disaster I had experienced on this river) that I jumped out, about
knee-deep, and determined to swim over, which I effected. My clothes, half
our knapsacks, and three of our guns yet remained to be transported across.
These I recommended to the care of our grim ferrymen, who instantaneously
loaded their boat with them and delivered them on the opposite bank,
without damage or diminution.

During this long trial of their patience and courtesy--in the latter part
of which I was entirely in their power, from their having possession of
our arms--they had manifested no ungenerous sign of taking advantage of the
helplessness and dependance of our situation; no rude curiosity to pry into
the packages with which they were entrusted; or no sordid desire to possess
the contents of them; although among them were articles exposed to view, of
which it afterwards appeared they knew the use, and longed for the benefit.
Let the banks of those rivers, "known to song", let him whose travels have
lain among polished nations produce me a brighter example of disinterested
urbanity than was shown by these denizens of a barbarous clime to a set of
destitute wanderers on the side of the Hawkesbury.

On the top of Richmond Hill we shot a hawk, which fell in a tree. Deedora
offered to climb for it and we lent him a hatchet, the effect of which
delighted him so much that he begged for it. As it was required to chop
wood for our evening fire, it could not be conveniently spared; but we
promised him that if he would visit us on the following morning, it should
be given to him. Not a murmur was heard; no suspicion of our insincerity;
no mention of benefits conferred; no reproach of ingratitude. His good
humour and cheerfulness were not clouded for a moment. Punctual to our
appointment, he came to us at daylight next morning and the hatchet was
given to him, the only token of gratitude and respect in our power to
bestow. Neither of these men had lost his front tooth.

THE LAST EXPEDITION

Which I ever undertook in the country I am describing was in July 1791,
when Mr. Dawes and myself went in search of a large river which was said
to exist a few miles to the southward of Rose Hill. We went to the place
described, and found this second Nile or Ganges to be nothing but a
saltwater creek communicating with Botany Bay, on whose banks we passed a
miserable night from want of a drop of water to quench our thirst, for as
we believed that we were going to a river we thought it needless to march
with full canteens.

On this expedition we carried with us a thermometer which (in unison with
our feelings) shewed so extraordinary a degree of cold for the latitude of
the place that I think myself bound to transcribe it.

Monday, 18th July 1791. The sun arose in unclouded splendor and presented
to our sight a novel and picturesque view. The contiguous country as white
as if covered with snow, contrasted with the foliage of trees flourishing
in the verdure of tropical luxuriancy*. Even the exhalation which steamed
from the lake beneath contributed to heighten the beauty of the scene.
Wind SSW. Thermorneter at sunrise 25 degrees. The following night was still
colder. At sunset the thermometer stood at 45 degrees; at a quarter before
four in the morning, it was at 26 degrees; at a quarter before six at 24
degrees; at a quarter before seven, at 23 degrees; at seven o'clock, 22.7
degrees; at sunrise, 23 degrees, after which it continued gradually to
mount, and between one and two o'clock, stood at 59.6 degrees in the shade.
Wind SSW. The horizon perfectly clear all day, not the smallest speck to
be seen. Nothing but demonstration could have convinced me that so severe
a degree of cold ever existed in this low latitude. Drops of water on a
tin pot, not altogether out of the influence of the fire, were frozen into
solid ice in less than twelve minutes. Part of a leg of kangaroo which we
had roasted for supper was frozen quite hard, all the juices of it being
converted into ice. On those ponds which were near the surface of the
earth, the covering of ice was very thick; but on those which were lower
down it was found to be less so, in proportion to their depression; and
wherever the water was twelve feet below the surface (which happened to be
the case close to us) it was uncongealed. It remains to be observed that
the cold of both these nights, at Rose Hill and Sydney, was judged to be
greater than had ever before been felt.

[*All the trees of New South Wales, may I apprehend, be termed evergreen.
For after such weather as this journal records, I did not observe either
that the leaves had dropped off, or that they had assumed that sickly
autumnal tint, which marks English trees in corresponding circumstances.]




CHAPTER XV.



Transactions of the Colony to the end of November, 1791.


The extreme dryness of the preceding summer has been noticed. It had
operated so far in the beginning of June that we dreaded a want of water
for common consumption most of the little reservoirs in the neighbourhood
of Sydney being dried up. The small stream near the town was so nearly
exhausted (being only the drain of a morass) that a ship could not have
watered at it, and the 'Supply' was preparing to sink casks in a swamp when
rain fell and banished our apprehensions.

June, 1791. On the second instant, the name of the settlement, at the head
of the harbour (Rose Hill) was changed, by order of the governor, to that
of Parramatta, the native name of it. As Rose Hill has, however, occurred
so often in this book, I beg leave, to avoid confusion, still to continue
the appellation in all future mention of it.

Our travelling friend Boladeree, who makes so conspicuous a figure in the
last chapter, about this time committed an offence which we were obliged
to notice. He threw a spear at a convict in the woods, and wounded him. The
truth was, some mischievous person belonging to us had wantonly destroyed
his canoe, and he revenged the injury on the first of our people whom he
met unarmed. He now seemed to think the matter adjusted; and probably such
is the custom they observe in their own society in similar cases. Hearing,
however, that an order was issued to seize him, or in case that could not
be effected, to shoot him, he prudently dropped all connection with us and
was for a long time not seen.

But if they sometimes injured us, to compensate they were often of signal
benefit to those who needed their assistance: two instances of which had
recently occurred. A boat was overset in the harbour Baneelon and some
other natives, who saw the accident happen, immediately plunged in, and
saved all the people. When they had brought them on shore, they undressed
them, kindled a fire and dried their clothes, gave them fish to eat and
conducted them to Sydney.

The other instance was of a soldier lost in the woods, when he met a party
of natives. He at first knew not whether to flee from them, or to implore
their assistance. Seeing among them one whom he knew, he determined to
communicate his distress to him and to rely on his generosity. The Indian
told him that he had wandered a long way from home, but that he would
conduct him thither, on the single condition of his delivering up a gun
which he held in his hand, promising to carry it for him and to restore
it to him at parting. The soldier felt little inclination to surrender
his arms, by which he would be put entirely in their power. But seeing no
alternative, he at last consented; on which the whole party laid down their
spears and faithfully escorted him to the nearest part of the settlement,
where the gun was given up, and they took their leave without asking for
any remuneration, or even seeming to expect it.

The distressful state of the colony for provisions continued gradually to
augment until the 9th of July, when the Mary Anne transport arrived from
England. This ship had sailed from the Downs so lately as the 25th of
February, having been only four months and twelve days on her passage. She
brought out convicts, by contract, at a specific sum for each person. But
to demonstrate the effect of humanity and justice, of 144 female convicts
embarked on board only three had died, and the rest were landed in perfect
health, all loud in praise of their conductor. The master's name was Munro;
and his ship, after fulfilling her engagement with government, was bound on
the southern fishery. The reader must not conclude that I sacrifice to
dull detail, when he finds such benevolent conduct minutely narrated.
The advocates of humanity are not yet become too numerous: but those
who practise its divine precepts, however humble and unnoticed be their
station, ought not to sink into obscurity, unrecorded and unpraised, with
the vile monsters who deride misery and fatten on calamity.

July, 1791. If, however, the good people of this ship delighted us with
their benevolence, here gratification ended. I was of a party who had rowed
in a boat six miles out to sea, beyond the harbour's mouth, to meet them;
and what was our disappointment, on getting aboard, to find that they had
not brought a letter (a few official ones for the governor excepted) to any
person in the colony! Nor had they a single newspaper or magazine in their
possession; nor could they conceive that any person wished to hear news;
being as ignorant of everything which had passed in Europe for the last
two years as ourselves, at the distance of half the circle. "No war--the
fleet's dismantled," was the whole that we could learn. When I asked
whether a new parliament had been called, they stared at me in stupid
wonder, not seeming to comprehend that such a body either suffered
renovation or needed it.

"Have the French settled their government?"

"As to that matter I can't say; I never heard; but, damn them, they were
ready enough to join the Spaniards against us."

"Are Russia and Turkey at peace?"

"That you see does not lie in my way; I have heard talk about it, but don't
remember what passed."

"For heaven's sake, why did you not bring out a bundle of newspapers? You
might have procured a file at any coffee house, which would have amused
you, and instructed us?"

"Why, really, I never thought about the matter until we were off the Cape
of Good Hope, when we spoke a man of war, who asked us the same question,
and then I wished I had."

To have prosecuted inquiry farther would have only served to increase
disappointment and chagrin. We therefore quitted the ship, wondering and
lamenting that so large a portion of plain undisguised honesty should be so
totally unconnected with a common share of intelligence, and acquaintance
with the feelings and habits of other men.

By the governor's letters we learned that a large fleet of transports, with
convicts on board, and His Majesty's ship Gorgon, (Captain Parker)
might soon be expected to arrive. The following intelligence which they
contained, was also made public.


That such convicts as had served their period of transportation, were not
to be compelled to remain in the colony; but that no temptation should be
offered to induce them to quit it, as there existed but too much reason to
believe, that they would return to former practices; that those who might
choose to settle in the country should have portions of land, subject to
stipulated restrictions, and a portion of provisions assigned to them
on signifying their inclinations; and that it was expected, that those
convicts who might be possessed of means to transport themselves from the
country, would leave it free of all incumbrances of a public nature.


The rest of the fleet continued to drop in, in this and the two succeeding
months. The state of the convicts whom they brought out, though
infinitely preferable to what the fleet of last year had landed, was not
unexceptionable. Three of the ships had naval agents on board to control
them. Consequently, if complaint had existed there, it would have been
immediately redressed. Exclusive of these, the 'Salamander', (Captain
Nichols) who, of 155 men lost only five; and the 'William and Anne'
(Captain Buncker) who of 187 men lost only seven, I find most worthy of
honourable mention. In the list of convicts brought out was Barrington, of
famous memory.

Two of these ships also added to our geographic knowledge of the country.
The 'Atlantic', under the direction of Lieutenant Bowen, a naval agent, ran
into a harbour between Van Diemen's land, and Port Jackson, in latitude 35
degrees 12 minutes south, longitude 151 degrees east, to which, in honour
of Sir John Jervis, Knight of the Bath, Mr. Bowen gave the name of Port
Jervis. Here was found good anchoring ground with a fine depth of water,
within a harbour about a mile and a quarter broad at its entrance, which
afterwards opens into a basin five miles wide and of considerable length.
They found no fresh water, but as their want of this article was not
urgent, they did not make sufficient researches to pronounce that none
existed there.* They saw, during the short time they stayed, two kangaroos
and many traces of inhabitants. The country at a little distance to the
southward of the harbour is hilly, but that contiguous to the sea is flat.
On comparing what they had found here afterwards, with the native produce
of Port Jackson, they saw no reason to think that they differed in any
respect.

[*Just before I left the country, word was brought by a ship which had put
into Port Jervis, that a large fresh water brook was found there.]


The second discovery was made by Captain Wetherhead, of the 'Matilda'
transport, which was obligingly described to me, as follows, by that
gentleman, on my putting to him the underwritten questions.

"When did you make your discovery?"

"On the 27th of July, 1791."

"In what latitude and longitude does it lie?"

"In 42 degrees 15 minutes south by observation, and in 148 1/2 east by
reckoning"

"Is it on the mainland or is it an island?"

"It is an island, distant from the mainland about eight miles."

"Did you anchor?"

"Yes; and found good anchorage in a bay open about six points."

"Did you see any other harbour or bay in the island?"

"None."

"Does the channel between the island and the main appear to afford good
shelter for shipping?"

"Yes, like Spithead."

"Did you find any water on the island?"

"Yes, in plenty."

"Of what size does the island appear to be?"

"It is narrow and long; I cannot say how long. Its breadth is
inconsiderable."

"Did you make any observations on the soil?"

"It is sandy; and many places are full of craggy rocks."

"Do you judge the productions which you saw on the island to be similar to
those around Port Jackson?"

"I do not think they differ in any respect."

"Did you see any animals?"

"I saw three kangaroos."

"Did you see any natives, or any marks of them?"

"I saw no natives, but I saw a fire, and several huts like those at Port
Jackson, in one of which lay a spear."

"What name did you give to your discovery?"

"I called it, in honour of my ship, Matilda Bay."

November, 1791. A very extraordinary instance of folly stimulated to
desperation occurred in the beginning of this month among the convicts at
Rose Hill. Twenty men and a pregnant woman, part of those who had arrived
in the last fleet, suddenly disappeared with their clothes, working tools,
bedding, and their provisions, for the ensuing week, which had been just
issued to them. The first intelligence heard of them, was from some convict
settlers, who said they had seen them pass, and had enquired whither
they were bound. To which they had received for answer, "to China." The
extravagance and infatuation of such an attempt was explained to them by
the settlers; but neither derision, nor demonstration could avert them from
pursuing their purpose. It was observed by those who brought in the account
that they had general idea enough of the point of the compass in which
China lies from Port Jackson, to keep in a northerly direction.

An officer with a detachment of troops, was sent in pursuit of them; but
after a harassing march returned without success. In the course of a week
the greatest part of them were either brought back by different parties who
had fallen in with them, or were driven in by famine. Upon being questioned
about the cause of their elopement, those whom hunger had forced back,
did not hesitate to confess that they had been so grossly deceived as to
believe that China might easily be reached, being not more than 100 miles
distant, and separated only by a river. The others, however, ashamed of the
merriment excited at their expense, said that their reason for running
away was on account of being overworked and harshly treated, and that they
preferred a solitary and precarious existence in the woods to a return
to the misery they were compelled to undergo. One or two of the party
had certainly perished by the hands of the natives, who had also wounded
several others.

I trust that no man would feel more reluctant than myself to cast an
illiberal national reflection, particularly on a people whom I regard in an
aggregate sense as brethren and fellow-citizens; and among whom, I have the
honour to number many of the most cordial and endearing intimacies which
a life passed on service could generate. But it is certain that all these
people were Irish.




CHAPTER XVI



Transactions of the colony until 18th of December 1791, when I quitted it,
with an Account of its state at that time.


The Gorgon had arrived on the 21st of September, and the hour of departure
to England, for the marine battalion, drew nigh. If I be allowed to speak
from my own feelings on the occasion, I will not say that we contemplated
its approach with mingled sensations: we hailed it with rapture and
exultation.

The 'Supply', ever the harbinger of welcome and glad tidings, proclaimed
by her own departure, that ours was at hand. On the 26th of November
she sailed for England. It was impossible to view our separation with
insensibility: the little ship which had so often agitated our hopes and
fears, which from long acquaintance we had learned to regard as part of
ourselves, whose doors of hospitality had been ever thrown open to relieve
our accumulated wants, and chase our solitary gloom!

In consequence of the offers made to the non-commissioned officers and
privates of the marine battalion to remain in the country as settlers or to
enter into the New South Wales corps, three corporals, one drummer and 59
privates accepted of grants of land, to settle at Norfolk Island and Rose
Hill. Of these men, several were undoubtedly possessed of sufficient skill
and industry, by the assistance of the pay which was due to them from the
date of their embarkation, in the beginning of the year 1787, to the day on
which they were discharged, to set out with reasonable hopes of being
able to procure a maintenance. But the only apparent reason to which the
behaviour of a majority of them could be ascribed was from infatuated
affection to female convicts, whose characters and habits of life, I am
sorry to say, promise from a connection neither honour nor tranquillity.

The narrative part of this work will, I conceive, be best brought to a
termination by a description of the existing state of the colony, as taken
by myself a few days previous to my embarkation in the Gorgon, to sail for
England.

December 2nd, 1791. Went up to Rose Hill. Public buildings here have not
greatly multiplied since my last survey. The storehouse and barrack have
been long completed; also apartments for the chaplain of the regiment, and
for the judge-advocate, in which last, criminal courts, when necessary, are
held; but these are petty erections. In a colony which contains only a few
hundred hovels built of twigs and mud, we feel consequential enough already
to talk of a treasury, an admiralty, a public library and many other
similar edifices, which are to form part of a magnificent square. The great
road from near the landing place to the governor's house is finished, and a
very noble one it is, being of great breadth, and a mile long, in a strait
line. In many places it is carried over gullies of considerable depth,
which have been filled up with trunks of trees covered with earth. All
the sawyers, carpenters and blacksmiths will soon be concentred under the
direction of a very adequate person of the governor's household. This plan
is already so far advanced as to contain nine covered sawpits, which change
of weather cannot disturb the operations of, an excellent workshed for the
carpenters and a large new shop for the blacksmiths. It certainly promises
to be of great public benefit. A new hospital has been talked of for the
last two years, but is not yet begun. Two long sheds, built in the form
of a tent and thatched, are however finished, and capable of holding 200
patients. The sick list of today contains 382 names. Rose Hill is less
healthy than it used to be. The prevailing disorder is a dysentery, which
often terminates fatally. There was lately one very violent putrid fever
which, by timely removal of the patient, was prevented from spreading.
Twenty-five men and two children died here in the month of November.

When at the hospital I saw and conversed with some of the 'Chinese
travellers'; four of them lay here, wounded by the natives. I asked these
men if they really supposed it possible to reach China. They answered
that they were certainly made to believe (they knew not how) that at a
considerable distance to northward existed a large river, which separated
this country from the back part of China; and that when it should be
crossed (which was practicable) they would find themselves among a
copper-coloured people, who would receive and treat them kindly. They
added, that on the third day of their elopement, one of the party died
of fatigue; another they saw butchered by the natives who, finding them
unarmed, attacked them and put them to flight. This happened near Broken
Bay, which harbour stopped their progress to the northward and forced them
to turn to the right hand, by which means they soon after found themselves
on the sea shore, where they wandered about in a destitute condition,
picking up shellfish to allay hunger. Deeming the farther prosecution of
their scheme impracticable, several of them agreed to return to Rose Hill,
which with difficulty they accomplished, arriving almost famished. On their
road back they met six fresh adventurers sallying forth to join them, to
whom they related what had passed and persuaded them to relinquish their
intention. There are at this time not less than thirty-eight convict men
missing, who live in the woods by day, and at night enter the different
farms and plunder for subsistence.

December 3rd, 1791. Began my survey of the cultivated land belonging to the
public. The harvest has commenced. They are reaping both wheat and barley.
The field between the barrack and the governor's house contains wheat and
maize, both very bad, but the former particularly so. In passing through
the main street I was pleased to observe the gardens of the convicts look
better than I had expected to find them. The vegetables in general are but
mean, but the stalks of maize, with which they are interspersed, appear
green and flourishing. The semicircular hill, which sweeps from the
overseer of the cattle's house to the governor's house, is planted with
maize, which, I am told, is the best here. It certainly looks in most
parts very good--stout thick stalks with large spreading leaves--but I am
surprised to find it so backward. It is at least a month later than that
in the gardens at Sydney. Behind the maize is a field of wheat, which looks
tolerably for this part of the world. It will, I reckon, yield about twelve
bushels an acre. Continued my walk and looked at a little patch of wheat
in the governor's garden, which was sown in drills, the ground being first
mixed with a clay which its discoverers pretended was marle. Whatever it
be, this experiment bespeaks not much in favour of its enriching qualities;
for the corn looks miserably, and is far exceeded by some neighbouring
spots on which no such advantage has been bestowed. Went round the
crescent at the bottom of the garden, which certainly in beauty of form and
situation is unrivalled in New South Wales. Here are eight thousand vines
planted, all of which in another season are expected to bear grapes.
Besides the vines are several small fruit trees, which were brought in
the Gorgon from the Cape, and look lively; on one of them are half a dozen
apples as big as nutmegs. Although the soil of the crescent be poor, its
aspect and circular figure, so advantageous for receiving and retaining the
rays of the sun, eminently fit it for a vineyard. Passed the rivulet
and looked at the corn land on its northern side. On the western side of
Clarke's* house the wheat and maize are bad, but on the eastern side is a
field supposed to be the best in the colony. I thought it of good height,
and the ears well filled, but it is far from thick.

[*Dod, who is mentioned in my former journal of this place, had died
some months ago. And Mr. Clarke, who was put in his room, is one of the
superintendants, sent out by government, on a salary of forty pounds per
annum. He was bred to husbandry, under his father at Lewes in Sussex;
and is, I conceive, competent to his office of principal conductor of the
agriculture of Rose Hill.]

While I was looking at it, Clarke came up. I told him I thought he would
reap fifteen or sixteen bushels an acre; he seemed to think seventeen or
eighteen. I have now inspected all the European corn. A man of so little
experience of these matters as myself cannot speak with much confidence.
Perhaps the produce may average ten bushels an acre, or twelve at the
outside. Allowance should, however, be made in estimating the quality of
the soil, for the space occupied by roots of trees, for inadequate culture,
and in some measure to want of rain. Less has fallen than was wished, but
this spring was by no means so dry as the last. I find that the wheat grown
at Rose Hill last year weighed fifty-seven pounds and a half per bushel. My
next visit was to the cattle, which consists of two stallions, six mares,
and two colts; besides sixteen cows, two cow-calves, and one bull-calf,
which were brought out by the Gorgon. Two bulls which were on board died
on the passage, so that on the young gentleman just mentioned depends the
stocking of the colony.

The period of the inhabitants of New South Wales being supplied with animal
food of their own raising is too remote for a prudent man to calculate.
The cattle look in good condition, and I was surprised to hear that neither
corn nor fodder is given to them. The enclosures in which they are confined
furnish hardly a blade of grass at present. There are people appointed to
tend them who have been used to this way of life, and who seem to execute
it very well.

Sunday, December 4th, 1791. Divine service is now performed here every
Sunday, either by the chaplain of the settlement or the chaplain of the
regiment. I went to church today. Several hundred convicts were present,
the majority of whom I thought looked the most miserable beings in the
shape of humanity I ever beheld. They appeared to be worn down with
fatigue.

December, 5th. Made excursions this day to view the public settlements.
Reached the first, which is about a mile in a north-west direction from the
governor's house. This settlement contains, by admeasurement, 134 acres,
a part of which is planted with maize, very backward, but in general
tolerably good, and beautifully green. Thirteen large huts, built in the
form of a tent, are erected for the convicts who work here; but I could not
learn the number of these last, being unable to find a superintendant or
any person who could give me information. Ponds of water here sufficient to
supply a thousand persons.

Walked on to the second settlement, about two miles farther, through
an uncleared country. Here met Daveney, the person who planned and now
superintends all the operations carried on here. He told me that he
estimated the quantity of cleared ground here at 300 acres. He certainly
over-rates it one-third, by the judgment of every other person. Six weeks
ago this was a forest. It has been cleared, and the wood nearly burnt off
the ground by 500 men, in the before-mentioned period, or rather in thirty
days, for only that number have the convicts worked. He said it was too
late to plant maize, and therefore he should sow turnips, which would help
to meliorate and prepare it for next year. On examining the soil, I thought
it in general light, though in some places loamy to the touch. He means to
try the Rose Hill 'marle' upon it, with which he thinks it will incorporate
well. I hope it will succeed better than the experiment in the governor's
garden. I wished to know whether he had chosen this ground simply from the
conveniency of its situation to Rose Hill, and its easy form for tillage,
and having water, or from any marks which he had thought indicated good
soil. He said that what I had mentioned no doubt weighed with him, and that
he judged the soil to be good, from the limbs of many of the trees growing
on it being covered with moss.

"Are," said I, "your 500 men still complete?"

"No; this day's muster gave only 460. The rest are either sick and removed
to the hospital, or are run away in the woods."

"How much is each labourer's daily task?"

"Seven rods. It was eight, but on their representing to the governor that
it was beyond their strength to execute, he took off one."

Thirteen large huts, similar to those beforementioned, contain all the
people here. To every hut are appointed two men, as hutkeepers, whose only
employment is to watch the huts in working hours to prevent them from
being robbed. This has somewhat checked depredations, and those endless
complaints of the convicts that they could not work because they had
nothing to eat, their allowance being stolen. The working hours at this
season (summer) are from five o'clock in the morning until ten; rest from
ten to two; return to work at two; and continue till sunset. This surely
cannot be called very severe toil; but on the other hand must be remembered
the inadequacy of a ration of salt provisions, with few vegetables, and
unassisted by any liquor but water.

Here finished my remarks on every thing of a public nature at Rose Hill.
But having sufficient time, I determined to visit all the private settlers
to inspect their labours, and learn from them their schemes, their hopes
and expectations.

In pursuance of my resolution, I crossed the country to Prospect Hill, at
the bottom of which live the following thirteen convicts, who have accepted
allotments of ground, and are become settlers.


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Men's names.                      |  Trades. | Number of     | Number of acres
                                  |          | acres in each | in cultivation.
                                  |          | allotment.    |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
John Silverthorne                   Weaver       40                 1 3/4
Thomas Martin                         "          40                 1 1/2
John Nichols                        Gardener     40                 2
William Butler*, and his wife       Seaman       50 )
---- Lisk*                          Watchmaker   40 )               4
William Parish, wife, and a child   Seaman       60                 2 3/4
William Kilby, and his wife         Husbandman   60                 1 1/4
Edward Pugh, wife, and two children Carpenter    70                 2 1/2
Samuel Griffith
John Herbertt**
James Castle
Joseph Marlow***
John Williams, and his wife
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[*In partnership.[Butler and Lisk]

[**Not out of his time; but allowed to work here at his leisure hours, as
he has declared his intention of settling.]

[***In a similar predicament with Herbert.]

The terms on which these allotments have been granted are: that the estates
shall be fully ceded for ever to all who shall continue to cultivate for
five years, or more; that they shall be free of all taxes for the first ten
years; but after that period to pay an annual quit-rent of one shilling.
The penalty on non-performance of any of these articles is forfeiture of
the estate, and all the labour which may have been bestowed upon it.
These people are to receive provisions, (the same quantity as the working
convicts), clothes, and medicinal assistance, for eighteen months from the
day on which they settled.

To clear and cultivate the land, a hatchet, a tomahawk, two hoes, a spade
and a shovel, are given to each person, whether man or woman; and a certain
number of cross-cut saws among the whole. To stock their farms, two sow
pigs were promised to each settler, but they almost all say they have not
yet received any, of which they complain loudly. They all received grain
to sow and plant for the first year. They settled here in July and August
last. Most of them were obliged to build their own houses; and wretched
hovels three-fourths of them are. Should any of them fall sick, the rest
are bound to assist the sick person two days in a month, provided the
sickness lasts not longer than two months; four days labour in each year,
from every person, being all that he is entitled to. To give protection to
this settlement, a corporal and two soldiers are encamped in the centre of
the farms, as the natives once attacked the settlers and burnt one of their
houses. These guards are, however, inevitably at such a distance from
some of the farms as to be unable to afford them any assistance in case of
another attack.

With all these people I conversed and inspected their labours. Some I found
tranquil and determined to persevere, provided encouragement should be
given. Others were in a state of despondency, and predicted that they
should starve unless the period of eighteen months during which they are to
be clothed and fed, should be extended to three years. Their cultivation is
yet in its infancy, and therefore opinions should not be hastily formed
of what it may arrive at, with moderate skill and industry. They have
at present little in the ground besides maize, and that looks not very
promising. Some small patches of wheat which I saw are miserable indeed.
The greatest part of the land I think but indifferent, being light and
stoney. Of the thirteen farms ten are unprovided with water; and at some of
them they are obliged to fetch this necessary article from the distance
of a mile and a half. All the settlers complain sadly of being frequently
robbed by the runaway convicts, who plunder them incessantly.

December 6th. Visited the settlements to the northward of the rivulet. The
nearest of them lies about a mile due north of Mr. Clarke's house. Here are
only the undernamed five settlers.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Men's names.                      |  Trades. | Number of     | Number of acres
                                  |          | acres in each | in cultivation.
                                  |          | allotment.    |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Thomas Brown*, wife, and child       ---           60 )
William Bradbury*                    ---           30 )              3 1/2
William Mold*                        ---           30 )
Simon Burne, and wife               Hosier         50                3
----Parr, and wife              Merchant's clerk   50                3 1/2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[*These three cultivate in partnership.(Brown, Bradbury, Mold.)]

These settlers are placed on the same footing in every respect which
concerns their tenure and the assistance to be granted to them as those
at Prospect Hill. Near them is water. Parr and Burne are men of great
industry. They have both good houses which they hired people to build for
them. Parr told me that he had expended thirteen guineas on his land, which
nevertheless he does not seem pleased with. Of the three poor fellows who
work in partnership, one (Bradbury) is run away. This man had been
allowed to settle, on a belief, from his own assurance, that his term of
transportation was expired; but it was afterwards discovered that he had
been cast for life. Hereupon he grew desperate, and declared he would
rather perish at once than remain as a convict. He disappeared a week ago
and has never since been heard of. Were I compelled to settle in New South
Wales, I should fix my residence here, both from the appearance of the
soil, and its proximity to Rose Hill. A corporal and two privates are
encamped here to guard this settlement, as at Prospect.

Proceeded to the settlement called the Ponds, a name which I suppose it
derived from several ponds of water which are near the farms. Here reside
the fourteen following settlers.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Men's names.                      |  Trades. | Number of     | Number of acres
                                  |          | acres in each | in cultivation.
                                  |          | allotment.    |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Thomas Kelly                      Servant             30          1 1/2
William Hubbard, and wife         Plasterer           50          2 1/4
Curtis Brand, and wife            Carpenter           50          3
John Ramsay, and wife             Seaman              50          3 1/2
William Field                     ---                 30          2 1/2
John Richards*                    Stone-cutter        30 )        4 1/2
John Summers*                     Husbandman          30 )
----Varnell                       ---                 30          1
Anthony Rope**, and wife, and
two children                      Bricklayer          70          1
Joseph Bishop, and wife           None                50          1 1/2
Mathew Everingham, and wife       Attorney's clerk    50          2
John Anderson, and wife           ---                 50          2
Edward Elliot***                  Husbandman          30 )        2
Joseph Marshall***                Weaver              30 )
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[*They (Richards and Summers) cultivate in partnership.] [**A convict
who means to settle here; and is permitted to work in his leisure hours.]
[***They (Elliot and Marshall) cultivate in partnership.]

The Prospect Hill terms of settlement extend to this place. My private
remarks were not many. Some spots which I passed over I thought desirable,
particularly Ramsay's farm; and he deserves a good spot, for he is a civil,
sober, industrious man. Besides his corn land, he has a well laid out
little garden, in which I found him and his wife busily at work. He praised
her industry to me; and said he did not doubt of succeeding. It is not
often seen that sailors make good farmers; but this man I think bids fair
to contradict the observation. The gentleman of no trade (his own words to
me) will, I apprehend, at the conclusion of the time when victualling from
the store is to cease, have the honour of returning to drag a timber or
brick cart for his maintenance. The little maize he has planted is done in
so slovenly a style as to promise a very poor crop. He who looks forward
to eat grapes from his own vine, and to sit under the shade of his own
fig-tree, must labour in every country. He must exert more than ordinary
activity. The attorney's clerk I also thought out of his province. I dare
believe that he finds cultivating his own land not half so easy a task
as he formerly found that of stringing together volumes of tautology
to encumber, or convey away, that of his neighbour. Hubbard's farm, and
Kelly's also, deserve regard, from being better managed than most of the
others. The people here complain sadly of a destructive grub which destroys
the young plants of maize. Many of the settlers have been obliged to
plant twice, nay thrice, on the same land, from the depredations of these
reptiles. There is the same guard here as at the other settlements.

Nothing now remains for inspection but the farms on the river side.

December 7th. Went to Scheffer's farm. I found him at home, conversed with
him, and walked with him over all his cultivated ground. He had 140 acres
granted to him, fourteen of which are in cultivation, twelve in maize, one
in wheat and one in vines and tobacco. He has besides twenty-three acres
on which the trees are cut down but not burnt off the land. He resigned his
appointment and began his farm last May, and had at first five convicts to
assist him; he has now four. All his maize, except three acres, is mean.
This he thinks may be attributed to three causes: a middling soil; too dry
a spring; and from the ground not being sufficiently pulverized before the
seed was put into it. The wheat is thin and poor: he does not reckon its
produce at more than eight or nine bushels. His vines, 900 in number,
are flourishing, and will, he supposes, bear fruit next year. His tobacco
plants are not very luxuriant: to these two last articles he means
principally to direct his exertions. He says (and truly) that they will
always be saleable and profitable. On one of the boundaries of his land is
plenty of water. A very good brick house is nearly completed for his use,
by the governor; and in the meantime he lives in a very decent one,
which was built for him on his settling here. He is to be supplied with
provisions from the public store, and with medical assistance for eighteen
months, reckoning from last May. At the expiration of this period he is
bound to support himself and the four convicts are to be withdrawn. But if
he shall then, or at any future period, declare himself able to maintain a
moderate number of these people for their labour, they will be assigned to
him.

Mr. Scheffer is a man of industry and respectable character. He came out to
this country as superintendant of convicts, at a salary of forty pounds per
annum, and brought with him a daughter of twelve years old. He is by birth
a Hessian, and served in America, in a corps of Yaghers, with the rank of
lieutenant. He never was professionally, in any part of life, a farmer, but
he told me, that his father owned a small estate on the banks of the Rhine,
on which he resided, and that he had always been fond of looking at and
assisting in his labours, particularly in the vineyard. In walking along,
he more than once shook his head and made some mortifying observations
on the soil of his present domain, compared with the banks of his native
stream. He assured me that (exclusive of the sacrifice of his salary) he
has expended more than forty pounds in advancing his ground to the state in
which I saw it. Of the probability of success in his undertaking, he spoke
with moderation and good sense. Sometimes he said he had almost despaired,
and had often balanced about relinquishing it; but had as often been
checked by recollecting that hardly any difficulty can arise which vigour
and perseverance will not overcome. I asked him what was the tenure on
which he held his estate. He offered to show the written document, saying
that it was exactly the same as Ruse's. I therefore declined to trouble
him, and took my leave with wishes for his success and prosperity.

Near Mr. Scheffer's farm is a small patch of land cleared by Lieutenant
Townson of the New South Wales corps, about two acres of which are in maize
and wheat, both looking very bad.

Proceeded to the farm of Mr. Arndell, one of the assistant surgeons. This
gentleman has six acres in cultivation as follows: rather more than four in
maize, one in wheat, and the remainder in oats and barley. The wheat looks
tolerably good, rather thin but of a good height, and the ears well filled.
His farming servant guesses the produce will be twelve bushels,* and I do
not think he over-rates it. The maize he guesses at thirty bushels, which
from appearances it may yield, but not more. The oats and barley are not
contemptible. This ground has been turned up but once The aspect of it is
nearly south, on a declivity of the river, or arm of the sea, on which Rose
Hill stands. It was cleared of wood about nine months ago, and sown this
year for the first time.

[*I have received a letter from Port Jackson, dated in April 1792, which
states that the crop of wheat turned out fifteen bushels, and the maize
rather more than forty bushels.]

December 8th. Went this morning to the farm of Christopher Magee, a convict
settler, nearly opposite to that of Mr. Scheffen. The situation of this
farm is very eligible, provided the river in floods does not inundate it,
which I think doubtful. This man was bred to husbandry, and lived eight
years in America; he has no less than eight acres in cultivation, five
and a half in maize, one in wheat, and one and a half in tobacco. From
the wheat he does not expect more than ten bushels, but he is extravagant
enough to rate the produce of maize at 100 bushels (perhaps he may get
fifty); on tobacco he means to go largely hereafter. He began to clear this
ground in April, but did not settle until last July. I asked by what means
he had been able to accomplish so much? He answered, "By industry, and by
hiring all the convicts I could get to work in their leisure hours, besides
some little assistance which the governor has occasionally thrown in." His
greatest impediment is want of water, being obliged to fetch all he uses
more than half a mile. He sunk a well, and found water, but it was brackish
and not fit to drink. If this man shall continue in habits of industry and
sobriety, I think him sure of succeeding.

Reached Ruse's farm,* and begged to look at his grant, the material part of
which runs thus: "A lot of thirty acres, to be called Experiment Farm; the
said lot to be holden, free of all taxes, quit-rents, &c. for ten years,
provided that the occupier, his heirs or assigns, shall reside within the
same, and proceed to the improvement thereof; reserving, however, for the
use of the crown, all timber now growing, or which hereafter shall grow,
fit for naval purposes. At the expiration of ten years, an annual quit-rent
of one shilling shall be paid by the occupier in acknowledgment."

[*See the state of this farm in my former Rose Hill journal of November
1790, thirteen months before.]

Ruse now lives in a comfortable brick house, built for him by the governor.
He has eleven acres and a half in cultivation, and several more which have
been cleared by convicts in their leisure hours, on condition of receiving
the first year's crop. He means to cultivate little besides maize; wheat
is so much less productive. Of the culture of vineyards and tobacco he is
ignorant; and, with great good sense, he declared that he would not quit
the path he knew, for an uncertainty. His livestock consists of four
breeding sows and thirty fowls. He has been taken from the store (that is,
has supplied himself with provisions) for some months past; and his wife
is to be taken off at Christmas, at which time, if he deems himself able to
maintain a convict labourer, one is to be given to him.

Crossed the river in a boat to Robert Webb's farm. This man was one of
the seamen of the 'Sirius', and has taken, in conjunction with his brother
(also a seaman of the same ship) a grant of sixty acres, on the same terms
as Ruse, save that the annual quit-rent is to commence at the expiration of
five years, instead of ten. The brother is gone to England to receive the
wages due to them both for their services, which money is to be expended
by him in whatever he judges will be most conducive to the success of their
plan. Webb expects to do well; talks as a man should talk who has just set
out on a doubtful enterprise which he is bound to pursue. He is sanguine
in hope, and looks only at the bright side of the prospect. He has received
great encouragement and assistance from the governor. He has five acres
cleared and planted with maize, which looks thriving, and promises to yield
a decent crop. His house and a small one adjoining for pigs and poultry
were built for him by the governor, who also gave him two sows and seven
fowls, to which he adds a little stock of his own acquiring.

Near Webb is placed William Read, another seaman of the 'Sirius', on the
same terms, and to whom equal encouragement has been granted.

My survey of Rose Hill is now closed. I have inspected every piece of
ground in cultivation here, both public and private, and have written from
actual examination only.

But before I bade adieu to Rose Hill, in all probability for the last
time of my life, it struck me that there yet remained one object of
consideration not to be slighted: Barrington had been in the settlement
between two and three months, and I had not seen him.

I saw him with curiosity. He is tall, approaching to six feet, slender, and
his gait and manner, bespeak liveliness and activity. Of that elegance and
fashion, with which my imagination had decked him (I know not why), I
could distinguish no trace. Great allowance should, however, be made for
depression and unavoidable deficiency of dress. His face is thoughtful and
intelligent; to a strong cast of countenance he adds a penetrating eye, and
a prominent forehead. His whole demeanour is humble, not servile. Both on
his passage from England, and since his arrival here, his conduct has been
irreproachable. He is appointed high-constable of the settlement of Rose
Hill, a post of some respectability, and certainly one of importance to
those who live here. His knowledge of men, particularly of that part of
them into whose morals, manners and behaviour he is ordered especially to
inspect, eminently fit him for the office.

I cannot quit him without bearing my testimony that his talents promise to
be directed in future to make reparation to society for the offences he has
heretofore committed against it.

The number of persons of all descriptions at Rose Hill at this period will
be seen in the following return.


A return of the number of persons at Rose Hill, 3rd of December 1791

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Quality.             |Men.|Women.|                Children
                     |    |      |  of 10 years  | of 2 years  | under 2 years
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Convicts*             1336   133         0              9             17
Troops                  94     9         1              5              2
Civil Department         7     0         0              0              0
Seamen Settlers          3     0         0              0              0
Free Persons             0     7         2              1              2
Total number of
persons               1440   149         3             15             21
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[*The convicts who are become settlers, are included in this number.]

Of my Sydney journal, I find no part sufficiently interesting to be worth
extraction. This place had long been considered only as a depot for stores.
It exhibited nothing but a few old scattered huts and some sterile gardens.
Cultivation of the ground was abandoned, and all our strength transferred
to Rose Hill. Sydney, nevertheless, continued to be the place of the
governor's residence, and consequently the headquarters of the colony. No
public building of note, except a storehouse, had been erected since my
last statement. The barracks, so long talked of, so long promised, for the
accommodation and discipline of the troops, were not even begun when I left
the country; and instead of a new hospital, the old one was patched up and,
with the assistance of one brought ready-framed from England, served to
contain the sick.

The employment of the male convicts here, as at Rose Hill, was the public
labour. Of the women, the majority were compelled to make shirts, trousers
and other necessary parts of dress for the men, from materials delivered
to them from the stores, into which they returned every Saturday night the
produce of their labour, a stipulated weekly task being assigned to them.
In a more early stage, government sent out all articles of clothing ready
made; but, by adopting the present judicious plan, not only a public saving
is effected, but employment of a suitable nature created for those who
would otherwise consume leisure in idle pursuits only.

On the 26th of November 1791, the number of persons, of all descriptions,
at Sydney, was 1259, to which, if 1628 at Rose Hill and 1172 at Norfolk
Island be added, the total number of persons in New South Wales and its
dependency will be found to amount to 4059.*

[*A very considerable addition to this number has been made since I quitted
the settlement, by fresh troops and convicts sent thither from England.]

On the 13th of December 1791, the marine battalion embarked on board His
Majesty's ship Gorgon, and on the 18th sailed for England.




CHAPTER XVII.



Miscellaneous Remarks on the country. On its vegetable productions. On its
climate. On its animal productions. On its natives, etc.


The journals contained in the body of this publication, illustrated by the
map which accompanies it (unfortunately, there is no map accompanying this
etext), are, I conceive, so descriptive of every part of the country known
to us, that little remains to be added beyond a few general observations.

The first impression made on a stranger is certainly favourable. He sees
gently swelling hills connected by vales which possess every beauty that
verdure of trees, and form, simply considered in itself, can produce; but
he looks in vain for those murmuring rills and refreshing springs which
fructify and embellish more happy lands. Nothing like those tributary
streams which feed rivers in other countries are here seen; for when I
speak of the stream at Sydney, I mean only the drain of a morass; and the
river at Rose Hill is a creek of the harbour, which above high water mark
would not in England be called even a brook. Whence the Hawkesbury, the
only fresh water river known to exist in the country, derives its supplies,
would puzzle a transient observer. He sees nothing but torpid unmeaning
ponds (often stagnant and always still, unless agitated by heavy rains)
which communicate with it. Doubtless the springs which arise in Carmarthen
mountains may be said to constitute its source. To cultivate its banks
within many miles of the bed of the stream (except on some elevated
detached spots) will be found impracticable, unless some method be devised
of erecting a mound, sufficient to repel the encroachments of a torrent
which sometimes rises fifty feet above its ordinary level, inundating the
surrounding country in every direction.

The country between the Hawkesbury and Rose Hill is that which I have
hitherto spoken of. When the river is crossed, this prospect soon gives
place to a very different one. The green vales and moderate hills disappear
at the distance of about three miles from the river side, and from Knight
Hill, and Mount Twiss,* the limits which terminate our researches, nothing
but precipices, wilds and deserts, are to be seen. Even these steeps fail
to produce streams. The difficulty of penetrating this country, joined to
the dread of a sudden rise of the Hawkesbury, forbidding all return, has
hitherto prevented our reaching Carmarthen mountains.

[*Look at the Map. (There is no map accompanying this etext)]

Let the reader now cast his eye on the relative situation of Port Jackson.
He will see it cut off from communication with the northward by Broken Bay,
and with the southward by Botany Bay; and what is worse, the whole space
of intervening country yet explored, (except a narrow strip called the
Kangaroo Ground) in both directions, is so bad as to preclude cultivation.

The course of the Hawkesbury will next attract his attention. To the
southward of every part of Botany Bay we have traced this river; but how
much farther in that line it extends we know not. Hence its channel takes a
northerly direction, and finishes its course in Broken Bay, running at
the back of Port Jackson in such a manner as to form the latter into a
peninsula.

The principal question then remaining is, what is the distance between the
head of Botany Bay and the part of the Hawkesbury nearest to it? And is the
intermediate country a good one, or does it lead to one which appearances
indicate to be good? To future adventurers who shall meet with more
encouragement to persevere and discover than I and my fellow wanderer[s]
did, I resign the answer. In the meantime the reader is desired to look
at the remarks on the map (there is no map accompanying this etext), which
were made in the beginning of August 1790, from Pyramid Hill, which bounded
our progress on the southern expedition; when, and when only, this part of
the country has been seen.

It then follows that from Rose Hill to within such a distance of the
Hawkesbury as is protected from its inundations, is the only tract of land
we yet know of, in which cultivation can be carried on for many years
to come. To aim at forming a computation of the distance of time, of the
labour and of the expense, which would attend forming distinct convict
settlements, beyond the bounds I have delineated; or of the difficulty
which would attend a system of communication between such establishments
and Port Jackson, is not intended here.

Until that period shall arrive, the progress of cultivation, when it shall
have once passed Prospect Hill, will probably steal along to the southward,
in preference to the northward, from the superior nature of the country in
that direction, as the remarks inserted in the map will testify.

Such is my statement of a plan which I deem inevitably entailed on the
settlement at Port Jackson. In sketching this outline of it let it not be
objected that I suppose the reader as well acquainted with the respective
names and boundaries of the country as long residence and unwearied
journeying among them, have made the author. To have subjoined perpetual
explanations would have been tedious and disgusting. Familiarity with the
relative positions of a country can neither be imparted, or acquired, but
by constant recurrence to geographic delineations.

On the policy of settling, with convicts only, a country at once so
remote and extensive, I shall offer no remarks. Whenever I have heard this
question agitated, since my return to England, the cry of, "What can we do
with them! Where else can they be sent!" has always silenced me.

Of the soil, opinions have not differed widely. A spot eminently
fruitful has never been discovered. That there are many spots cursed with
everlasting and unconquerable sterility no one who has seen the country
will deny. At the same time I am decidedly of opinion that many large
tracts of land between Rose Hill and the Hawkesbury, even now, are of a
nature sufficiently favourable to produce moderate crops of whatever may
be sown in them. And provided a sufficient number of cattle* be imported to
afford manure for dressing the ground, no doubt can exist that subsistence
for a limited number of inhabitants may be drawn from it. To imperfect
husbandry, and dry seasons, must indubitably be attributed part of the
deficiency of former years. Hitherto all our endeavours to derive advantage
from mixing the different soils have proved fruitless, though possibly only
from want of skill on our side.

[*In my former narrative I have particularly noticed the sudden
disappearance of the cattle, which we had brought with us into the country.
Not a trace of them has ever since been observed. Their fate is a riddle,
so difficult of solution that I shall not attempt it. Surely had they
strayed inland, in some of our numerous excursions, marks of them must have
been found. It is equally impossible to believe that either the convicts or
natives killed and ate them, without some sign of detection ensuing.]

The spontaneous productions of the soil will be soon recounted. Every part
of the country is a forest: of the quality of the wood take the following
instance. The 'Supply' wanted wood for a mast, and more than forty of the
choicest young trees were cut down before as much wood as would make it
could be procured, the trees being either rotten at the heart or riven by
the gum which abounds in them. This gum runs not always in a longitudinal
direction in the body of the tree, but is found in it in circles, like a
scroll. There is however, a species of light wood which is found excellent
for boat building, but it is scarce and hardly ever found of large size.

To find limestone many of our researches were directed. But after repeated
assays with fire and chemical preparations on all the different sorts of
stone to be picked up, it is still a desideratum. Nor did my experiments
with a magnet induce me to think that any of the stones I tried contained
iron. I have, however, heard other people report very differently on this
head.

The list of esculent vegetables, and wild fruits is too contemptible
to deserve notice, if the 'sweet tea' whose virtues have been already
recorded, and the common orchis root be excepted. That species of palm tree
which produces the mountain cabbage is also found in most of the freshwater
swamps, within six or seven miles of the coast. But is rarely seen farther
inland. Even the banks of the Hawkesbury are unprovided with it. The inner
part of the trunk of this tree was greedily eaten by our hogs, and
formed their principal support. The grass, as has been remarked in former
publications, does not overspread the land in a continued sward, but arises
in small detached tufts, growing every way about three inches apart, the
intermediate space being bare; though the heads of the grass are often so
luxuriant as to hide all deficiency on the surface. The rare and beautiful
flowering shrubs, which abound in every part, deserve the highest
admiration and panegyric.

Of the vegetable productions transplanted from other climes, maize
flourishes beyond any other grain. And as it affords a strong and nutritive
article of food, its propagation will, I think, altogether supersede that
of wheat and barley.

Horticulture has been attended in some places with tolerable success. At
Rose Hill I have seen gardens which, without the assistance of manure, have
continued for a short time to produce well grown vegetables. But at Sydney,
without constantly dressing the ground, it was in vain to expect them; and
with it a supply of common vegetables might be procured by diligence in
all seasons. Vines of every sort seem to flourish. Melons, cucumbers and
pumpkins run with unbounded luxuriancy, and I am convinced that the grapes
of New South Wales will, in a few years, equal those of any other country.
'That their juice will probably hereafter furnish an indispensable article
of luxury at European tables', has already been predicted in the vehemence
of speculation. Other fruits are yet in their infancy; but oranges, lemons
and figs, (of which last indeed I have eaten very good ones) will, I dare
believe, in a few years become plentiful. Apples and the fruits of colder
climes also promise to gratify expectation. The banana-tree has been
introduced from Norfolk Island, where it grows spontaneously.

Nor will this surprise, if the genial influence of the climate be
considered. Placed in a latitude where the beams of the sun in the
dreariest season are sufficiently powerful for many hours of the day to
dispense warmth and nutrition, the progress of vegetation never is at a
stand. The different temperatures of Rose Hill and Sydney in winter, though
only twelve miles apart, afford, however, curious matter of speculation.
Of a well attested instance of ice being seen at the latter place, I never
heard. At the former place its production is common, and once a few flakes
of snow fell. The difference can be accounted for only by supposing that
the woods stop the warm vapours of the sea from reaching Rose Hill, which
is at the distance of sixteen miles inland; whereas Sydney is but four.*
Again, the heats of summer are more violent at the former place than at the
latter, and the variations incomparably quicker. The thermometer has been
known to alter at Rose Hill, in the course of nine hours, more than 50
degrees; standing a little before sunrise at 50 degrees, and between one
and two at more than 100 degrees. To convey an idea of the climate in
summer, I shall transcribe from my meteorological journal, accounts of two
particular days which were the hottest we ever suffered under at Sydney.

[*Look at the journal which describes the expedition in search of the
river, said to exist to the southward of Rose Hill. At the time we felt
that extraordinary degree of cold were not more than six miles south west
of Rose Hill, and about nineteen miles from the the sea coast. When I
mentioned this circumstance to colonel Gordon, at the Cape of Good Hope, he
wondered at it; and owned, that, in his excursions into the interior parts
of Africa, he had never experienced anything to match it: he attributed
its production to large beds of nitre, which he said must exist in the
neighbourhood.]

December 27th 1790. Wind NNW; it felt like the blast of a heated oven, and
in proportion as it increased the heat was found to be more intense, the
sky hazy, the sun gleaming through at intervals.

     At 9 a.m.                  85 degrees
     At noon                   104
     Half past twelve          107 1/2
     From one p.m. until 20
     minutes past two          108 1/2
     At 20 minutes past two    109
     At Sunset                  89
     At 11 p.m.                 78 1/2

[By a large Thermometer made by Ramsden, and graduated on Fahrenheit's
scale.]

     December 28th.

     At 8 a.m.                  86
     10 a.m.                    93
     11 a.m.                   101
     At noon                   103 1/2
     Half an hour past noon    104 1/2
     At one p.m.               102
     At 5 p.m.                  73
     At sunset                  69 1/2

[At a quarter past one, it stood at only 89 degrees, having, from a sudden
shift of wind, fallen 13 degrees in 15 minutes.]


My observations on this extreme heat, succeeded by so rapid a change, were
that of all animals, man seemed to bear it best. Our dogs, pigs and fowls,
lay panting in the shade, or were rushing into the water. I remarked that a
hen belonging to me, which had sat for a fortnight, frequently quitted
her eggs, and shewed great uneasiness, but never remained from them many
minutes at one absence; taught by instinct that the wonderful power in the
animal body of generating cold in air heated beyond a certain degree,
was best calculated for the production of her young. The gardens suffered
considerably. All the plants which had not taken deep root were withered by
the power of the sun. No lasting ill effects, however, arose to the
human constitution. A temporary sickness at the stomach, accompanied with
lassitude and headache, attacked many, but they were removed generally in
twenty-four hours by an emetic, followed by an anodyne. During the time it
lasted, we invariably found that the house was cooler than the open air,
and that in proportion as the wind was excluded, was comfort augmented.

But even this heat was judged to be far exceeded in the latter end of the
following February, when the north-west wind again set in, and blew with
great violence for three days. At Sydney, it fell short by one degree
of what I have just recorded: but at Rose Hill, it was allowed, by every
person, to surpass all that they had before felt, either there or in any
other part of the world. Unluckily they had no thermometer to ascertain its
precise height. It must, however, have been intense, from the effects it
produced. An immense flight of bats driven before the wind, covered all the
trees around the settlement, whence they every moment dropped dead or in a
dying state, unable longer to endure the burning state of the atmosphere.
Nor did the 'perroquettes', though tropical birds, bear it better. The
ground was strewn with them in the same condition as the bats.

Were I asked the cause of this intolerable heat, I should not hesitate to
pronounce that it was occasioned by the wind blowing over immense deserts,
which, I doubt not, exist in a north-west direction from Port Jackson, and
not from fires kindled by the natives. This remark I feel necessary, as
there were methods used by some persons in the colony, both for estimating
the degree of heat and for ascertaining the cause of its production, which
I deem equally unfair and unphilosophical. The thermometer, whence my
observations were constantly made, was hung in the open air in a southern
aspect, never reached by the rays of the sun, at the distance of several
feet above the ground.

My other remarks on the climate will be short. It is changeable beyond any
other I ever heard of; but no phenomena sufficiently accurate to reckon
upon, are found to indicate the approach of alteration. Indeed, for the
first eighteen months that we lived in the country, changes were supposed
to take place more commonly at the quartering of the moon than at other
times. But lunar empire afterwards lost its credit. For the last two years
and a half of our residing at Port Jackson, its influence was unperceived.
Three days together seldom passed without a necessity occurring for
lighting a fire in an evening. A 'habit d'ete', or a 'habit de demi
saison', would be in the highest degree absurd. Clouds, storms and sunshine
pass in rapid succession. Of rain, we found in general not a sufficiency,
but torrents of water sometimes fall. Thunder storms, in summer, are common
and very tremendous, but they have ceased to alarm, from rarely causing
mischief. Sometimes they happen in winter. I have often seen large
hailstones fall. Frequent strong breezes from the westward purge the air.
These are almost invariably attended with a hard clear sky. The easterly
winds, by setting in from the sea, bring thick weather and rain, except
in summer, when they become regular sea-breezes. The 'aurora australis' is
sometimes seen, but is not distinguished by superior brilliancy.

To sum up: notwithstanding the inconveniences which I have enumerated, I
will venture to assert in few words, that no climate hitherto known is more
generally salubrious*, or affords more days on which those pleasures which
depend on the state of the atmosphere can be enjoyed, than that of New
South Wales. The winter season is particularly delightful.

[*To this cause, I ascribe the great number of births which happened,
considering the age and other circumstances, of many of the mothers. Women
who certainly would never have bred in any other climate here produced as
fine children as ever were born.]

The leading animal production is well known to be the kangaroo. The natural
history of this animal will, probably, be written from observations made
upon it in England, as several living ones of both sexes, have been brought
home. Until such an account shall appear, probably the following desultory
observation may prove acceptable.

The genus in which the kangaroo is to be classed I leave to better
naturalists than myself to determine. How it copulates, those who pretend
to have seen disagree in their accounts: nor do we know how long the period
of gestation lasts. Prolific it cannot be termed, bringing forth only one
at a birth, which the dam carries in her pouch wherever she goes until the
young one be enabled to provide for itself; and even then, in the moment
of alarm, she will stop to receive and protect it. We have killed
she-kangaroos whose pouches contained young ones completely covered with
fur and of more than fifteen pounds weight, which had ceased to suck and
afterwards were reared by us. In what space of time it reaches such a
growth as to be abandoned entirely by the mother, we are ignorant. It is
born blind, totally bald, the orifice of the ear closed and only just the
centre of the mouth open, but a black score, denoting what is hereafter to
form the dimension of the mouth, is marked very distinctly on each side
of the opening. At its birth, the kangaroo (notwithstanding it weighs when
full grown 200 pounds) is not so large as a half-grown mouse. I brought
some with me to England even less, which I took from the pouches of the old
ones. This phenomenon is so striking and so contrary to the general laws of
nature, that an opinion has been started that the animal is brought forth
not by the pudenda, but descends from the belly into the pouch by one of
the teats, which are there deposited. On this difficulty as I can throw
no light, I shall hazard no conjecture. It may, however, be necessary
to observe that the teats are several inches long and capable of great
dilatation. And here I beg leave to correct an error which crept into my
former publication wherein I asserted that, "the teats of the kangaroo
never exceed two in number." They sometimes, though rarely, amount to four.
There is great reason to believe that they are slow of growth and live many
years. This animal has a clavicle, or collar-bone, similar to that of the
human body. The general colour of the kangaroo is very like that of the
ass, but varieties exist. Its shape and figure are well known by the
plates which have been given of it. The elegance of the ear is particularly
deserving of admiration. This far exceeds the ear of the hare in quickness
of sense and is so flexible as to admit of being turned by the animal
nearly quite round the head, doubtless for the purpose of informing the
creature of the approach of its enemies, as it is of a timid nature, and
poorly furnished with means of defence; though when compelled to resist, it
tears furiously with its forepaws, and strikes forward very hard with
its hind legs. Notwithstanding its unfavourable conformation for such a
purpose, its swims strongly; but never takes to the water unless so hard
pressed by its pursuers as to be left without all other refuge. The noise
they make is a faint bleat, querulous, but not easy to describe. They are
sociable animals and unite in droves, sometimes to the number of fifty
or sixty together; when they are seen playful and feeding on grass, which
alone forms their food. At such time they move gently about like all other
quadrupeds, on all fours; but at the slightest noise they spring up on
their hind legs and sit erect, listening to what it may proceed from, and
if it increases they bound off on those legs only, the fore ones at the
same time being carried close to the breast like the paws of a monkey;
and the tail stretched out, acts as a rudder on a ship. In drinking, the
kangaroo laps. It is remarkable that they are never found in a fat state,
being invariably lean. Of the flesh we always eat with avidity, but in
Europe it would not be reckoned a delicacy. A rank flavour forms the
principal objection to it. The tail is accounted the most delicious part,
when stewed.

Hitherto I have spoken only of the large, or grey kangaroo, to which
the natives give the name of 'patagaran'.* But there are (besides the
kangaroo-rat) two other sorts. One of them we called the red kangaroo,
from the colour of its fur, which is like that of a hare, and sometimes is
mingled with a large portion of black: the natives call it 'bagaray'. It
rarely attains to more than forty pounds weight. The third sort is
very rare, and in the formation of its head resembles the opossum. The
kangaroo-rat is a small animal, never reaching, at its utmost growth, more
than fourteen or fifteen pounds, and its usual size is not above seven
or eight pounds. It joins to the head and bristles of a rat the leading
distinctions of a kangaroo, by running when pursued on its hind legs only,
and the female having a pouch. Unlike the kangaroo, who appears to have no
fixed place of residence, this little animal constructs for itself a
nest of grass, on the ground, of a circular figure, about ten inches in
diameter, with a hole on one side for the creature to enter at; the inside
being lined with a finer sort of grass, very soft and downy. But its manner
of carrying the materials with which it builds the nest is the greatest
curiosity: by entwining its tail (which, like that of all the kangaroo
tribe, is long, flexible and muscular) around whatever it wants to remove,
and thus dragging along the load behind it. This animal is good to eat; but
whether it be more prolific at a birth than the kangaroo, I know not.

[*kangaroo was a name unknown to them for any animal, until we introduced
it. When I showed Colbee the cows brought out in the Gorgon, he asked me if
they were kangaroos.]

The Indians sometimes kill the kangaroo; but their greatest destroyer is
the wild dog,* who feeds on them. Immediately on hearing or seeing this
formidable enemy, the kangaroo flies to the thickest cover, in which, if
he can involve himself, he generally escapes. In running to the cover, they
always, if possible, keep in paths of their own forming, to avoid the high
grass and stumps of trees which might be sticking up among it to wound them
and impede their course.

[*I once found in the woods the greatest part of a kangaroo just killed by
the dogs, which afforded to three of us a most welcome repast. Marks of its
turns and struggles on the ground were very visible. This happened in the
evening, and the dogs probably had seen us approach and had run away. At
daylight next morning they saluted us with most dreadful howling for the
loss of their prey.]

Our methods of killing them were but two; either we shot them, or hunted
them with greyhounds. We were never able to ensnare them. Those sportsmen
who relied on the gun seldom met with success, unless they slept near
covers, into which the kangaroos were wont to retire at night, and watched
with great caution and vigilance when the game, in the morning, sallied
forth to feed. They were, however, sometimes stolen in upon in the day-time
and that fascination of the eye, which has been by some authors so much
insisted upon, so far acts on the kangaroo that if he fixes his eye upon
any one, and no other object move at the same time, he will often continue
motionless, in stupid gaze, while the sportsman advances with measured
step, towards him, until within reach of his gun. The greyhounds for a long
time were incapable of taking them; but with a brace of dogs, if not near
cover a kangaroo almost always falls, since the greyhounds have acquired
by practice the proper method of fastening upon them. Nevertheless the dogs
are often miserably torn by them. The rough wiry greyhound suffers least in
the conflict, and is most prized by the hunters.

Other quadrupeds, besides the wild dog, consist only of the flying
squirrel, of three kinds of opossums and some minute animals, usually
marked by the distinction which so peculiarly characterizes the opossum
tribe. The rats, soon after our landing, became not only numerous but
formidable, from the destruction they occasioned in the stores. Latterly
they had almost disappeared, though to account for their absence were not
easy. The first time Colbee saw a monkey, he called 'wurra' (a rat); but on
examining its paws he exclaimed with astonishment and affright, 'mulla' (a
man).

At the head of the birds the cassowary or emu, stands conspicuous. The
print of it which has already been given to the public is so accurate for
the most part, that it would be malignant criticism in a work of this kind
to point out a few trifling defects.

Here again naturalists must look forward to that information which longer
and more intimate knowledge of the feathered tribe than I can supply, shall
appear. I have nevertheless had the good fortune to see what was never seen
but once, in the country I am describing, by Europeans--a hatch, or flock,
of young cassowaries with the old bird. I counted ten, but others said
there were twelve. We came suddenly upon them, and they ran up a hill
exactly like a flock of turkeys, but so fast that we could not get a shot
at them. The largest cassowary ever killed in the settlement, weighed
ninety-four pounds. Three young ones, which had been by accident separated
from the dam, were once taken and presented to the governor. They were not
larger than so many pullets, although at first sight they appeared to be
so from the length of their necks and legs. They were very beautifully
striped, and from their tender state were judged to be not more than three
or four days old. They lived only a few days.

A single egg, the production of a cassowary, was picked up in a desert
place, dropped on the sand, without covering or protection of any kind.
Its form was nearly a perfect ellipsis; and the colour of the shell a dark
green, full of little indents on its surface. It measured eleven inches and
a half in circumference, five inches and a quarter in height, and weighed a
pound and a quarter. Afterwards we had the good fortune to take a nest. It
was found by a soldier in a sequestered solitary situation, made in a patch
of lofty fern about three feet in diameter, rather of an oblong shape and
composed of dry leaves and tops of fern stalks, very inartificially put
together. The hollow in which lay the eggs, twelve in number, seemed made
solely by the pressure of the bird. The eggs were regularly placed in the
following position.

                   O
               O   O   O
           O   O   O   O   O
           O       O       O

The soldier, instead of greedily plundering his prize, communicated the
discovery to an officer, who immediately set out for the spot. When they
had arrived there they continued for a long time to search in vain for
their object, and the soldier was just about to be stigmatized with
ignorance, credulity or imposture, when suddenly up started the old bird
and the treasure was found at their feet.

The food of the cassowary is either grass, or a yellow bell-flower growing
in the swamps. It deserves remark, that the natives deny the cassowary to
be a bird, because it does not fly.

Of other birds the varieties are very numerous. Of the parrot tribe alone
I could, while I am writing, count up from memory fourteen different sorts.
Hawks are very numerous, so are quails. A single snipe has been shot.
Ducks, geese and other aquatic birds are often seen in large flocks, but
are universally so shy, that it is found difficult to shoot them. Some
of the smaller birds are very beautiful, but they are not remarkable for
either sweetness, or variety of notes. To one of them, not bigger than
a tomtit, we have given the name of coach-whip, from its note exactly
resembling the smack of a whip. The country, I am of opinion, would abound
with birds did not the natives, by perpetually setting fire to the grass
and bushes, destroy the greater part of the nests; a cause which also
contributes to render small quadrupeds scarce. They are besides ravenously
fond of eggs and eat them wherever they find them. They call the roe of a
fish and a bird's egg by one name.

So much has been said of the abundance in which fish are found in the
harbours of New South Wales that it looks like detraction to oppose a
contradiction. Some share of knowledge may, however, be supposed to belong
to experience. Many a night have I toiled (in the times of distress) on the
public service, from four o'clock in the afternoon until eight o'clock next
morning, hauling the seine in every part of the harbour of Port Jackson:
and after a circuit of many miles and between twenty and thirty hauls,
seldom more than a hundred pounds of fish were taken. However, it
sometimes happens that a glut enters the harbour, and for a few days they
sufficiently abound. But the universal voice of all professed fishermen
is that they never fished in a country where success was so precarious and
uncertain.

I shall not pretend to enumerate the variety of fish which are found. They
are seen from a whale to a gudgeon. In the intermediate classes may be
reckoned sharks of a monstrous size, skait, rock-cod, grey-mullet, bream,
horse-mackarel, now and then a sole and john dory, and innumerable others
unknown in Europe, many of which are extremely delicious, and many highly
beautiful. At the top of the list, as an article of food, stands a fish,
which we named light-horseman. The relish of this excellent fish was
increased by our natives, who pointed out to us its delicacies. No epicure
in England could pick a head with more glee and dexterity than they do that
of a light-horseman.

Reptiles in the swamps and covers are numerous. Of snakes there are two
or three sorts: but whether the bite of any of them be mortal, or even
venomous, is somewhat doubtful. I know but of one well attested instance
of a bite being received from a snake. A soldier was bitten so as to draw
blood, and the wound healed as a simple incision usually does without
shewing any symptom of malignity. A dog was reported to be bitten by a
snake, and the animal swelled and died in great agony. But I will by no
means affirm that the cause of his death was fairly ascertained. It is,
however, certain that the natives show, on all occasions, the utmost horror
of the snake, and will not eat it, although they esteem lizards, goannas,
and many other reptiles delicious fare. On this occasion they always
observe that if the snake bites them, they become lame, but whether by this
they mean temporary or lasting lameness I do not pretend to determine.
I have often eaten snakes and always found them palatable and nutritive,
though it was difficult to stew them to a tender state.

Summer here, as in all other countries, brings with it a long list of
insects. In the neighborhood of rivers and morasses, mosquitoes and
sandflies are never wanting at any season, but at Sydney they are seldom
numerous or troublesome. The most nauseous and destructive of all the
insects is a fly which blows not eggs but large living maggots, and if
the body of the fly be opened it is found full of them. Of ants there are
several sorts, one of which bites very severely. The white ant is
sometimes seen. Spiders are large and numerous. Their webs are not only the
strongest, but the finest, and most silky I ever felt. I have often thought
their labour might be turned to advantage. It has, I believe, been proved
that spiders, were it not for their quarrelsome disposition which irritates
them to attack and destroy each other, might be employed more profitably
than silk-worms.

The hardiness of some of the insects deserves to be mentioned. A beetle was
immersed in proof spirits for four hours, and when taken out crawled away
almost immediately. It was a second time immersed, and continued in a glass
of rum for a day and a night, at the expiration of which period it still
showed symptoms of life. Perhaps, however, what I from ignorance deem
wonderful is common.


*****


The last but the most important production yet remains to be considered.
Whether plodding in London, reeking with human blood in Paris or wandering
amidst the solitary wilds of New South Wales--Man is ever an object of
interest, curiosity and reflection.

The natives around Port Jackson are in person rather more diminutive and
slighter made, especially about the thighs and legs, than the Europeans. It
is doubtful whether their society contained a person of six feet high. The
tallest I ever measured, reached five feet eleven inches, and men of his
height were rarely seen. Baneelon, who towered above the majority of his
countrymen, stood barely five feet eight inches high. His other principal
dimensions were as follows:

     Girth of the Chest.              2 feet 10 inches
     Girth of the Belly.              2 feet 6 1/2 inches
     Girth of the Thigh.              18 1/8 inches
     Girth of the Leg at the Calf.    12 1/8 inches
     Girth of the Leg at the Small.   10 inches
     Girth of arm half way between
     the shoulder and elbow.          9 inches

Instances of natural deformity are scarce, nor did we ever see one of them
left-handed. They are, indeed, nearly ambidexter; but the sword, the spear
and the fish-gig are always used with the right hand. Their muscular force
is not great; but the pliancy of their limbs renders them very active.
"Give to civilized man all his machines, and he is superior to the savage;
but without these, how inferior is he found on opposition, even more so
than the savage in the first instance." These are the words of Rousseau,
and like many more of his positions must be received with limitation. Were
an unarmed Englishman and an unarmed New Hollander to engage, the latter, I
think, would fall.

Mr. Cook seems inclined to believe the covering of their heads to be wool.
But this is erroneous. It is certainly hair, which when regularly combed
becomes soon nearly as flexible and docile as our own. Their teeth are not
so white and good as those generally found in Indian nations, except in the
children, but the inferiority originates in themselves. They bite sticks,
stones, shells and all other hard substances, indiscriminately with them,
which quickly destroys the enamel and gives them a jagged and uneven
appearance. A high forehead, with prominent overhanging eyebrows, is
their leading characteristic, and when it does not operate to destroy all
openness of countenance gives an air of resolute dignity to the aspect,
which recommends, in spite of a true negro nose, thick lips, and a wide
mouth. The prominent shin bone, so invariably found in the Africans, is
not, however, seen. But in another particular they are more alike. The
rank offensive smell which disgusts so much in the negro, prevails strongly
among them when they are in their native state, but it wears off in those
who have resided with us and have been taught habits of cleanliness. Their
hands and feet are small*, especially the former.

[*I mentioned this, among other circumstances, to colonel Gordon when I
was at the Cape, and he told me that it indicated poverty and inadequacy
of living. He instanced to me the Hottentots and Caffres. The former fare
poorly, and have small hands and feet. The Caffres, their neighbours, live
plenteously and have very large ones. This remark cannot be applied to
civilized nations, where so many factitious causes operate.]

Their eyes are full, black and piercing, but the almost perpetual strain in
which the optic nerve is kept, by looking out for prey, renders their sight
weak at an earlier age than we in general find ours affected. These large
black eyes are universally shaded by the long thick sweepy eyelash, so much
prized in appreciating beauty, that, perhaps hardly any face is so homely
which this aid cannot in some degree render interesting; and hardly any so
lovely which, without it, bears not some trace of insipidity. Their tone
of voice is loud, but not harsh. I have in some of them found it very
pleasing.

Longevity, I think, is seldom attained by them. Unceasing agitation wears
out the animal frame and is unfriendly to length of days. We have seen them
grey with age, but not old; perhaps never beyond sixty years. But it may be
said, the American Indian, in his undebauched state, lives to an advanced
period. True, but he has his seasons of repose. He reaps his little harvest
of maize and continues in idleness while it lasts. He kills the roebuck or
the moose-deer, which maintains him and his family for many days, during
which cessation the muscles regain their spring and fit him for fresh
toils. Whereas every sun awakes the native of New South Wales (unless
a whale be thrown upon the coast) to a renewal of labour, to provide
subsistence for the present day.

The women are proportionally smaller than the men. I never measured but two
of them, who were both, I think, about the medium height. One of them, a
sister of Baneelon, stood exactly five feet two inches high. The other,
named Gooreedeeana, was shorter by a quarter of an inch.

But I cannot break from Gooreedeeana so abruptly. She belonged to the tribe
of Cameragal, and rarely came among us. One day, however, she entered my
house to complain of hunger. She excelled in beauty all their females
I ever saw. Her age about eighteen, the firmness, the symmetry and the
luxuriancy of her bosom might have tempted painting to copy its charms.
Her mouth was small and her teeth, though exposed to all the destructive
purposes to which they apply them, were white, sound and unbroken. Her
countenance, though marked by some of the characteristics of her native
land, was distinguished by a softness and sensibility unequalled in the
rest of her countrywomen, and I was willing to believe that these traits
indicated the disposition of her mind. I had never before seen this elegant
timid female, of whom I had often heard; but the interest I took in her
led me to question her about her husband and family. She answered me
by repeating a name which I have now forgotten, and told me she had no
children. I was seized with a strong propensity to learn whether the
attractions of Gooreedeeana were sufficiently powerful to secure her from
the brutal violence with which the women are treated, and as I found my
question either ill understood or reluctantly answered, I proceeded to
examine her head, the part on which the husband's vengeance generally
alights. With grief I found it covered by contusions and mangled by scars.
The poor creature, grown by this time more confident from perceiving that I
pitied her, pointed out a wound just above her left knee which she told me
was received from a spear, thrown at her by a man who had lately dragged
her by force from her home to gratify his lust. I afterwards observed that
this wound had caused a slight lameness and that she limped in walking. I
could only compassionate her wrongs and sympathize in her misfortunes. To
alleviate her present sense of them, when she took her leave I gave her,
however, all the bread and salt pork which my little stock afforded.

After this I never saw her but once, when I happened to be near the
harbour's mouth in a boat, with captain Ball. We met her in a canoe with
several more of her sex. She was painted for a ball, with broad stripes of
white earth, from head to foot, so that she no longer looked like the same
Gooreedeeana. We offered her several presents, all of which she readily
accepted; but finding our eagerness and solicitude to inspect her, she
managed her canoe with such address as to elude our too near approach, and
acted the coquet to admiration.

To return from this digression to my subject, I have only farther to
observe that the estimation of female beauty among the natives (the men at
least) is in this country the same as in most others. Were a New Hollander
to portray his mistress, he would draw her the 'Venus aux belles fesses'.
Whenever Baneelon described to us his favourite fair, he always painted her
in this, and another particular, as eminently luxuriant.

Unsatisfied, however, with natural beauty (like the people of all
other countries) they strive by adscititious embellishments to heighten
attraction, and often with as little success. Hence the naked savage of New
South Wales pierces the septum of his nose, through which he runs a
stick or a bone, and scarifies his body, the charms of which increase
in proportion to the number and magnitude of seams by which it is
distinguished. The operation is performed by making two longitudinal
incisions with a sharpened shell, and afterwards pinching up with the
nails the intermediate space of skin and flesh, which thereby becomes
considerably elevated and forms a prominence as thick as a man's finger.
No doubt but pain must be severely felt until the wound be healed. But the
love of ornament defies weaker considerations, and no English beau can bear
more stoutly the extraction of his teeth to make room for a fresh set from
a chimney sweeper, or a fair one suffer her tender ears to be perforated,
with more heroism than the grisly nymphs on the banks of Port Jackson,
submit their sable shoulders to the remorseless lancet.

That these scarifications are intended solely to increase personal
allurement I will not, however, positively affirm. Similar, perhaps, to the
cause of an excision of part of the little finger of the left hand in
the women, and of a front tooth in the men;* or probably after all our
conjectures, superstitious ceremonies by which they hope either to avert
evil or to propagate good, are intended. The colours with which they
besmear the bodies of both sexes possibly date from the same common origin.
White paint is strictly appropriate to the dance. Red seems to be used on
numberless occasions, and is considered as a colour of less consequence.
It may be remarked that they translate the epithet white when they speak of
us, not by the name which they assign to this white earth, but by that with
which they distinguish the palms of their hands.


[*It is to be observed that neither of these ceremonies is universal, but
nearly so. Why there should exist exemptions I cannot resolve. The manner
of executing them is as follows. The finger is taken off by means of a
ligature (generally a sinew of a kangaroo) tied so tight as to stop the
circulation of the blood, which induces mortification and the part drops
off. I remember to have seen Colbee's child, when about a month old, on
whom this operation had been just performed by her mother. The little
wretch seemed in pain, and her hand was greatly swelled. But this was
deemed too trifling a consideration to deserve regard in a case of so much
importance.

The tooth intended to be taken out is loosened by the gum being scarified
on both sides with a sharp shell. The end of a stick is then applied to the
tooth, which is struck gently several times with a stone, until it becomes
easily moveable, when the 'coup de grace' is given by a smart stroke.
Notwithstanding these precautions, I have seen a considerable degree of
swelling and inflammation follow the extraction. Imeerawanyee, I remember,
suffered severely. But he boasted the firmness and hardihood with which he
had endured it. It is seldom performed on those who are under sixteen years
old.]


As this leads to an important subject I shall at once discuss it. "Have
these people any religion: any knowledge of, or belief in a deity?--any
conception of the immortality of the soul?" are questions which have been
often put to me since my arrival in England: I shall endeavour to answer
them with candour and seriousness.

Until belief be enlightened by revelation and chastened by reason,
religion and superstition, are terms of equal import. One of our earliest
impressions is the consciousness of a superior power. The various forms
under which this impression has manifested itself are objects of the most
curious speculation.

The native of New South Wales believes that particular aspects and
appearances of the heavenly bodies predict good or evil consequences to
himself and his friends. He oftentimes calls the sun and moon 'weeree,'
that is, malignant, pernicious. Should he see the leading fixed stars (many
of which he can call by name) obscured by vapours, he sometimes disregards
the omen, and sometimes draws from it the most dreary conclusions. I
remember Abaroo running into a room where a company was assembled, and
uttering frightful exclamations of impending mischiefs about to light on
her and her countrymen. When questioned on the cause of such agitation she
went to the door and pointed to the skies, saying that whenever the stars
wore that appearance, misfortunes to the natives always followed. The night
was cloudy and the air disturbed by meteors. I have heard many more of them
testify similar apprehensions.

However involved in darkness and disfigured by error such a belief be, no
one will, I presume, deny that it conveys a direct implication of superior
agency; of a power independent of and uncontrolled by those who are the
objects of its vengeance. But proof stops not here. When they hear the
thunder roll and view the livid glare, they flee them not, but rush out and
deprecate destruction. They have a dance and a song appropriated to this
awful occasion, which consist of the wildest and most uncouth noises and
gestures. Would they act such a ceremony did they not conceive that either
the thunder itself, or he who directs the thunder, might be propitiated by
its performance? That a living intellectual principle exists, capable of
comprehending their petition and of either granting or denying it? They
never address prayers to bodies which they know to be inanimate, either
to implore their protection or avert their wrath. When the gum-tree in a
tempest nods over them; or the rock overhanging the cavern in which they
sleep threatens by its fall to crush them, they calculate (as far as their
knowledge extends) on physical principles, like other men, the nearness and
magnitude of the danger, and flee it accordingly. And yet there is reason
to believe that from accidents of this nature they suffer more than from
lightning. Baneelon once showed us a cave, the top of which had fallen in
and buried under its ruins, seven people who were sleeping under it.

To descend; is not even the ridiculous superstition of Colbee related in
one of our journies to the Hawkesbury? And again the following instance.
Abaroo was sick. To cure her, one of her own sex slightly cut her on the
forehead, in a perpendicular direction with an oyster shell, so as just to
fetch blood. She then put one end of a string to the wound and, beginning
to sing, held the other end to her own gums, which she rubbed until they
bled copiously. This blood she contended was the blood of the patient,
flowing through the string, and that she would thereby soon recover. Abaroo
became well, and firmly believed that she owed her cure to the treatment
she had received. Are not these, I say, links, subordinate ones indeed,
of the same golden chain? He who believes in magic confesses supernatural
agency, and a belief of this sort extends farther in many persons than they
are willing to allow. There have lived men so inconsistent with their own
principles as to deny the existence of a God, who have nevertheless turned
pale at the tricks of a mountebank.

But not to multiply arguments on a subject where demonstration (at least to
me) is incontestable, I shall close by expressing my firm belief that the
Indians of New South Wales acknowledge the existence of a superintending
deity. Of their ideas of the origin and duration of his existence; of
his power and capacity; of his benignity or maleficence; or of their own
emanation from him, I pretend not to speak. I have often, in common with
others, tried to gain information from them on this head; but we were
always repulsed by obstacles which we could neither pass by or surmount.
Mr. Dawes attempted to teach Abaroo some of our notions of religion, and
hoped that she would thereby be induced to communicate hers in return.
But her levity and love of play in a great measure defeated his efforts,
although every thing he did learn from her served to confirm what is here
advanced. It may be remarked, that when they attended at church with us
(which was a common practice) they always preserved profound silence and
decency, as if conscious that some religious ceremony on our side was
performing.

The question of, whether they believe in the immortality of the soul
will take up very little time to answer. They are universally fearful
of spirits.* They call a spirit 'mawn'. They often scruple to approach a
corpse, saying that the 'mawn' will seize them and that it fastens upon
them in the night when asleep.** When asked where their deceased friends
are they always point to the skies. To believe in after existence is to
confess the immortality of some part of being. To enquire whether they
assign a 'limited' period to such future state would be superfluous. This
is one of the subtleties of speculation which a savage may be supposed
not to have considered, without impeachment either of his sagacity or
happiness.

[* "It is remarkable," says Cicero, "that there is no nation, whether
barbarous or civilized, that does not believe in the existence of
spirits".]

[**As they often eat to satiety, even to produce sickness, may not this be
the effect of an overloaded stomach: the nightmare?]



Their manner of interring the dead has been amply described. It is certain
that instead of burying they sometimes burn the corpse; but the cause of
distinction we know not. A dead body, covered by a canoe, at whose side
a sword and shield were placed in state, was once discovered. All that we
could learn about this important personage was that he was a 'Gweeagal'
(one of the tribe of Gweea) and a celebrated warrior.

To appreciate their general powers of mind is difficult. Ignorance,
prejudice, the force of habit, continually interfere to prevent
dispassionate judgment. I have heard men so unreasonable as to exclaim at
the stupidity of these people for not comprehending what a small share
of reflection would have taught them they ought not to have expected. And
others again I have heard so sanguine in their admiration as to extol for
proofs of elevated genius what the commonest abilities were capable of
executing.

If they be considered as a nation whose general advancement and
acquisitions are to be weighed, they certainly rank very low, even in the
scale of savages. They may perhaps dispute the right of precedence with the
Hottentots or the shivering tribes who inhabit the shores of Magellan.
But how inferior do they show when compared with the subtle African; the
patient watchful American; or the elegant timid islander of the South
Seas. Though suffering from the vicissitudes of their climate, strangers
to clothing, though feeling the sharpness of hunger and knowing the
precariousness of supply from that element on whose stores they principally
depend, ignorant of cultivating the earth--a less enlightened state we
shall exclaim can hardly exist.

But if from general view we descend to particular inspection, and examine
individually the persons who compose this community, they will certainly
rise in estimation. In the narrative part of this work, I have endeavoured
rather to detail information than to deduce conclusions, leaving to the
reader the exercise of his own judgment. The behaviour of Arabanoo, of
Baneelon, of Colbee and many others is copiously described, and assuredly
he who shall make just allowance for uninstructed nature will hardly accuse
any of those persons of stupidity or deficiency of apprehension.

To offer my own opinion on the subject, I do not hesitate to declare that
the natives of New South Wales possess a considerable portion of that
acumen, or sharpness of intellect, which bespeaks genius. All savages hate
toil and place happiness in inaction, and neither the arts of civilized
life can be practised or the advantages of it felt without application and
labour. Hence they resist knowledge and the adoption of manners and customs
differing from their own. The progress of reason is not only slow, but
mechanical. "De toutes les Instructions propres a l'homme, celle qu'il
acquiert le plus tard, et le plus difficilement, est la raison meme." The
tranquil indifference and uninquiring eye with which they surveyed our
works of art have often, in my hearing, been stigmatized as proofs of
stupidity, and want of reflection. But surely we should discriminate
between ignorance and defect of understanding. The truth was, they often
neither comprehended the design nor conceived the utility of such works,
but on subjects in any degree familiarised to their ideas, they generally
testified not only acuteness of discernment but a large portion of good
sense. I have always thought that the distinctions they shewed in their
estimate of us, on first entering into our society, strongly displayed the
latter quality: when they were led into our respective houses, at once to
be astonished and awed by our superiority, their attention was directly
turned to objects with which they were acquainted. They passed without
rapture or emotion our numerous artifices and contrivances, but when they
saw a collection of weapons of war or of the skins of animals and birds,
they never failed to exclaim, and to confer with each other on the subject.
The master of that house became the object of their regard, as they
concluded he must be either a renowned warrior, or an expert hunter. Our
surgeons grew into their esteem from a like cause. In a very early stage of
intercourse, several natives were present at the amputation of a leg. When
they first penetrated the intention of the operator, they were confounded,
not believing it possible that such an operation could be performed without
loss of life, and they called aloud to him to desist; but when they saw the
torrent of blood stopped, the vessels taken up and the stump dressed,
their horror and alarm yielded to astonishment and admiration, which they
expressed by the loudest tokens. If these instances bespeak not nature and
good sense, I have yet to learn the meaning of the terms.

If it be asked why the same intelligent spirit which led them to
contemplate and applaud the success of the sportsman and the skill of the
surgeon, did not equally excite them to meditate on the labours of the
builder and the ploughman, I can only answer that what we see in its remote
cause is always more feebly felt than that which presents to our immediate
grasp both its origin and effect.

Their leading good and bad qualities I shall concisely touch upon. Of
their intrepidity no doubt can exist. Their levity, their fickleness, their
passionate extravagance of character, cannot be defended. They are indeed
sudden and quick in quarrel; but if their resentment be easily roused,
their thirst of revenge is not implacable. Their honesty, when tempted
by novelty, is not unimpeachable, but in their own society there is good
reason to believe that few breaches of it occur. It were well if similar
praise could be given to their veracity: but truth they neither prize nor
practice. When they wish to deceive they scruple not to utter the grossest
and most hardened lies.* Their attachment and gratitude to those among us
whom they have professed to love have always remained inviolable, unless
effaced by resentment, from sudden provocation: then, like all other
Indians, the impulse of the moment is alone regarded by them.

[*This may serve to account for the contradictions of many of their
accounts to us.]

Some of their manufactures display ingenuity, when the rude tools with
which they work, and their celerity of execution are considered. The
canoes, fish-gigs, swords, shields, spears, throwing sticks, clubs,
and hatchets, are made by the men. To the women are committed the
fishing-lines, hooks and nets. As very ample collections of all these
articles are to be found in many museums in England, I shall only briefly
describe the way in which the most remarkable of them are made. The
fish-gigs and spears are commonly (but not universally) made of the long
spiral shoot which arises from the top of the yellow gum-tree, and bears
the flower. The former have several prongs, barbed with the bone of
kangaroo. The latter are sometimes barbed with the same substance, or with
the prickle of the sting-ray, or with stone or hardened gum, and sometimes
simply pointed. Dexterity in throwing and parrying the spear is considered
as the highest acquirement. The children of both sexes practice from the
time that they are able to throw a rush; their first essay. It forms their
constant recreation. They afterwards heave at each other with pointed
twigs. He who acts on the defensive holds a piece of new soft bark in the
left hand, to represent a shield, in which he receives the darts of the
assailant, the points sticking in it. Now commences his turn. He extracts
the twigs and darts them back at the first thrower, who catches them
similarly. In warding off the spear they never present their front, but
always turn their side, their head at the same time just clear of the
shield, to watch the flight of the weapon; and the body covered. If a spear
drop from them when thus engaged, they do not stoop to pick it up, but hook
it between the toes and so lift it until it meet the hand. Thus the eye is
never diverted from its object, the foe. If they wish to break a spear or
any wooden substance, they lay it not across the thigh or the body, but
upon the head, and press down the ends until it snap. Their shields are
of two sorts. That called 'illemon' is nothing but a piece of bark with
a handle fixed in the inside of it. The other, dug out of solid wood, is
called 'aragoon', and is made as follows, with great labour. On the bark
of a tree they mark the size of the shield, then dig the outline as deep
as possible in the wood with hatchets, and lastly flake it off as thick as
they can, by driving in wedges. The sword is a large heavy piece of wood,
shaped like a sabre, and capable of inflicting a mortal wound. In using
it they do not strike with the convex side, but with the concave one, and
strive to hook in their antagonists so as to have them under their blows.
The fishing-lines are made of the bark of a shrub. The women roll shreds
of this on the inside of the thigh, so as to twist it together, carefully
inserting the ends of every fresh piece into the last made. They are not
as strong as lines of equal size formed of hemp. The fish-hooks are chopped
with a stone out of a particular shell, and afterwards rubbed until they
become smooth. They are very much curved, and not barbed. Considering the
quickness with which they are finished, the excellence of the work, if it
be inspected, is admirable. In all these manufactures the sole of the foot
is used both by men and women as a work-board. They chop a piece of wood,
or aught else upon it, even with an iron tool, without hurting themselves.
It is indeed nearly as hard as the hoof of an ox.

Their method of procuring fire is this. They take a reed and shave one side
of the surface flat. In this they make a small incision to reach the pith,
and introducing a stick, purposely blunted at the end, into it, turn it
round between the hands (as chocolate is milled) as swiftly as possible,
until flame be produced. As this operation is not only laborious, but the
effect tedious, they frequently relieve each other at the exercise. And to
avoid being often reduced to the necessity of putting it in practice, they
always, if possible, carry a lighted stick with them, whether in their
canoes or moving from place to place on land.

Their treatment of wounds must not be omitted. A doctor is, with them, a
person of importance and esteem, but his province seems rather to
charm away occult diseases than to act the surgeon's part, which, as a
subordinate science, is exercised indiscriminately. Their excellent habit
of body*, the effect of drinking water only, speedily heals wounds without
an exterior application which with us would take weeks or months to close.
They are, nevertheless, sadly tormented by a cutaneous eruption, but we
never found it contagious. After receiving a contusion, if the part
swell they fasten a ligature very tightly above it, so as to stop all
circulation. Whether to this application, or to their undebauched habit, it
be attributable, I know not, but it is certain that a disabled limb among
them is rarely seen, although violent inflammations from bruises, which in
us would bring on a gangrene, daily happen. If they get burned, either from
rolling into the fire when asleep, or from the flame catching the grass
on which they lie (both of which are common accidents) they cover the part
with a thin paste of kneaded clay, which excludes the air and adheres to
the wound until it be cured, and the eschar falls off.

[*Their native hardiness of constitution is great. I saw a woman on the day
she was brought to bed, carry her new-born infant from Botany Bay to Port
Jackson, a distance of six miles, and afterwards light a fire and dress
fish.]

Their form of government, and the detail of domestic life, yet remain
untold. The former cannot occupy much space. Without distinctions of rank,
except those which youth and vigour confer, theirs is strictly a system of
'equality' attended with only one inconvenience--the strong triumph over
the weak. Whether any laws exist among them for the punishment of offences
committed against society; or whether the injured party in all cases seeks
for relief in private revenge, I will not positively affirm; though I am
strongly inclined to believe that only the latter method prevails. I have
already said that they are divided into tribes; but what constitutes the
right of being enrolled in a tribe, or where exclusion begins and ends,
I am ignorant. The tribe of Cameragal is of all the most numerous and
powerful. Their superiority probably arose from possessing the best fishing
ground, and perhaps from their having suffered less from the ravages of the
smallpox.

In the domestic detail there may be novelty, but variety is unattainable.
One day must be very like another in the life of a savage. Summoned by
the calls of hunger and the returning light, he starts from his beloved
indolence, and snatching up the remaining brand of his fire, hastens with
his wife to the strand to commence their daily task. In general the canoe
is assigned to her, into which she puts the fire and pushes off into deep
water, to fish with hook and line, this being the province of the women.
If she have a child at the breast, she takes it with her. And thus in her
skiff, a piece of bark tied at both ends with vines, and the edge of it
but just above the surface of the water, she pushes out regardless of
the elements, if they be but commonly agitated. While she paddles to
the fishing-bank, and while employed there, the child is placed on her
shoulders, entwining its little legs around her neck and closely grasping
her hair with its hands. To its first cries she remains insensible, as she
believes them to arise only from the inconvenience of a situation, to which
she knows it must be inured. But if its plaints continue, and she supposes
it to be in want of food, she ceases her fishing and clasps it to her
breast. An European spectator is struck with horror and astonishment at
their perilous situation, but accidents seldom happen. The management of
the canoe alone appears a work of unsurmountable difficulty, its breadth is
so inadequate to its length. The Indians, aware of its ticklish formation,
practise from infancy to move in it without risk. Use only could reconcile
them to the painful position in which they sit in it. They drop in the
middle of the canoe upon their knees, and resting the buttocks on the
heels, extend the knees to the sides, against which they press strongly,
so as to form a poise sufficient to retain the body in its situation, and
relieve the weight which would otherwise fall wholly upon the toes. Either
in this position or cautiously moving in the centre of the vessel, the
mother tends her child, keeps up her fire (which is laid on a small
patch of earth), paddles her boat, broils fish and provides in part the
subsistence of the day. Their favourite bait for fish is a cockle.

The husband in the mean time warily moves to some rock, over which he can
peep into unruffled water to look for fish. For this purpose he always
chooses a weather shore, and the various windings of the numerous creeks
and indents always afford one. Silent and watchful, he chews a cockle and
spits it into the water. Allured by the bait, the fish appear from beneath
the rock. He prepares his fish-gig, and pointing it downward, moves it
gently towards the object, always trying to approach it as near as
possible to the fish before the stroke be given. At last he deems himself
sufficiently advanced and plunges it at his prey. If he has hit his mark,
he continues his efforts and endeavours to transpierce it or so to entangle
the barbs in the flesh as to prevent its escape. When he finds it secure
he drops the instrument, and the fish, fastened on the prongs, rises to the
surface, floated by the buoyancy of the staff. Nothing now remains to be
done but to haul it to him, with either a long stick or another fish-gig
(for an Indian, if he can help it, never goes into the water on these
occasions) to disengage it, and to look out for fresh sport.

But sometimes the fish have either deserted the rocks for deeper water, or
are too shy to suffer approach. He then launches his canoe, and leaving the
shore behind, watches the rise of prey out of the water, and darts his gig
at them to the distance of many yards. Large fish he seldom procures by
this method; but among shoals of mullets, which are either pursued by
enemies, or leap at objects on the surface, he is often successful.
Baneelon has been seen to kill more than twenty fish by this method in an
afternoon. The women sometimes use the gig, and always carry one in each
canoe to strike large fish which may be hooked and thereby facilitate the
capture. But generally speaking, this instrument is appropriate to the men,
who are never seen fishing with the line, and would indeed consider it as a
degradation of their pre-eminence.

When prevented by tempestuous weather or any other cause, from fishing,
these people suffer severely. They have then no resource but to pick up
shellfish, which may happen to cling to the rocks, and be cast on the
beach, to hunt particular reptiles and small animals, which are scarce,
to dig fern root in the swamps or to gather a few berries, destitute of
flavour and nutrition, which the woods afford. To alleviate the sensation
of hunger, they tie a ligature tightly around the belly, as I have often
seen our soldiers do from the same cause.

Let us, however, suppose them successful in procuring fish. The wife
returns to land with her booty, and the husband quitting the rock joins
his stock to hers; and they repair either to some neighbouring cavern or
to their hut. This last is composed of pieces of bark, very rudely piled
together, in shape as like a soldier's tent as any known image to which I
can compare it: too low to admit the lord of it to stand upright, but
long and wide enough to admit three or four persons to lie under it.
"Here shelters himself a being, born with all those powers which education
expands, and all those sensations which culture refines." With a lighted
stick brought from the canoe they now kindle a small fire at the mouth of
the hut and prepare to dress their meal. They begin by throwing the fish
exactly in the state in which it came from the water, on the fire. When it
has become a little warmed they take it off, rub away the scales, and then
peal off with their teeth the surface, which they find done and eat. Now,
and not before, they gut it; but if the fish be a mullet or any other which
has a fatty substance about the intestines, they carefully guard that part
and esteem it a delicacy. The cooking is now completed by the remaining
part being laid on the fire until it be sufficiently done. A bird, a
lizard, a rat, or any other animal, they treat in the same manner. The
feathers of the one and the fur of the other, they thus get rid of.*

[*They broil indiscriminately all substances which they eat. Though they
boil water in small quantities in oyster shells for particular purposes,
they never conceived it possible until shown by us, to dress meat by this
method, having no vessel capable of containing a fish or a bird which would
stand fire. Two of them once stole twelve pounds of rice and carried it
off. They knew how we cooked it, and by way of putting it in practice they
spread the rice on the ground before a fire, and as it grew hot continued
to throw water on it. Their ingenuity was however very ill rewarded, for
the rice became so mingled with the dirt and sand on which it was laid,
that even they could not eat it, and the whole was spoiled.]

Unless summoned away by irresistable necessity, sleep always follows the
repast. They would gladly prolong it until the following day; but the
canoe wants repair, the fish-gig must be barbed afresh, new lines must be
twisted, and new hooks chopped out. They depart to their respective tasks,
which end only with the light.

Such is the general life of an Indian. But even he has his hours of
relaxation, in seasons of success, when fish abounds. Wanton with plenty,
he now meditates an attack upon the chastity of some neighbouring fair one;
and watching his opportunity he seizes her and drags her away to complete
his purpose. The signal of war is lighted; her lover, her father, her
brothers, her tribe, assemble, and vow revenge on the spoiler. He tells
his story to his tribe. They judge the case to be a common one and agree to
support him. Battle ensues; they discharge their spears at each other, and
legs and arms are transpierced. When the spears are expended the combatants
close and every species of violence is practiced. They seize their
antagonist and snap like enraged dogs, they wield the sword and club,
the bone shatters beneath their fall and they drop the prey of unsparing
vengeance.

Too justly, as my observations teach me has Hobbes defined a state of
nature to be a state of war. In the method of waging it among these people,
one thing should not, however, escape notice. Unlike all other Indians,
they never carry on operations in the night, or seek to destroy by ambush
and surprise. Their ardent fearless character, seeks fair and open combat
only.

But enmity has its moments of pause. Then they assemble to sing and dance.
We always found their songs disagreeable from their monotony. They are
numerous, and vary both in measure and time. They have songs of war, of
hunting, of fishing, for the rise and set of the sun, for rain, for thunder
and for many other occasions. One of these songs, which may be termed
a speaking pantomime, recites the courtship between the sexes and is
accompanied with acting highly expressive. I once heard and saw Nanbaree
and Abaroo perform it. After a few preparatory motions she gently sunk on
the ground, as if in a fainting fit. Nanbaree applying his mouth to her
ear, began to whisper in it, and baring her bosom, breathed on it several
times. At length, the period of the swoon having expired, with returning
animation she gradually raised herself. She now began to relate what she
had seen in her vision, mentioning several of her countrymen by name, whom
we knew to be dead; mixed with other strange incoherent matter, equally new
and inexplicable, though all tending to one leading point--the sacrifice of
her charms to her lover.

At their dances I have often been present; but I confess myself unable to
convey in description an accurate account of them. Like their songs, they
are conceived to represent the progress of the passions and the occupations
of life. Full of seeming confusion, yet regular and systematic, their wild
gesticulations, and frantic distortions of body are calculated rather to
terrify, than delight, a spectator. These dances consist of short parts,
or acts, accompanied with frequent vociferations, and a kind of hissing,
or whizzing noise. They commonly end with a loud rapid shout, and after a
short respite are renewed. While the dance lasts, one of them (usually
a person of note and estimation) beats time with a stick on a wooden
instrument held in the left hand, accompanying the music with his voice;
and the dancers sometimes sing in concert.

I have already mentioned that white is the colour appropriated to the
dance, but the style of painting is left to every one's fancy. Some are
streaked with waving lines from head to foot; others marked by broad
cross-bars, on the breast, back, and thighs, or encircled with spiral
lines, or regularly striped like a zebra. Of these ornaments, the face
never wants its share, and it is hard to conceive any thing in the shape
of humanity more hideous and terrific than they appear to a stranger--seen,
perhaps, through the livid gleam of a fire, the eyes surrounded by large
white circles, in contrast with the black ground, the hair stuck full of
pieces of bone and in the hand a grasped club, which they occasionally
brandish with the greatest fierceness and agility. Some dances are
performed by men only, some by women only, and in others the sexes mingle.
In one of them I have seen the men drop on their hands and knees and
kiss the earth with the greatest fervor, between the kisses looking up to
Heaven. They also frequently throw up their arms, exactly in the manner in
which the dancers of the Friendly Islands are depicted in one of the plates
of Mr. Cook's last voyage.

Courtship here, as in other countries, is generally promoted by this
exercise, where every one tries to recommend himself to attention and
applause. Dancing not only proves an incentive, but offers an opportunity
in its intervals. The first advances are made by the men, who strive
to render themselves agreeable to their favourites by presents of
fishing-tackle and other articles which they know will prove acceptable.
Generally speaking, a man has but one wife, but infidelity on the side of
the husband, with the unmarried girls, is very frequent. For the most part,
perhaps, they intermarry in their respective tribes. This rule is not,
however, constantly observed, and there is reason to think that a more
than ordinary share of courtship and presents, on the part of the man,
is required in this case. Such difficulty seldom operates to extinguish
desire, and nothing is more common than for the unsuccessful suitor to
ravish by force that which he cannot accomplish by entreaty. I do not
believe that very near connections by blood ever cohabit. We knew of no
instance of it.

But indeed the women are in all respects treated with savage barbarity
Condemned not only to carry the children but all other burthens, they meet
in return for submission only with blows, kicks and every other mark of
brutality. When an Indian is provoked by a woman, he either spears her
or knocks her down on the spot. On this occasion he always strikes on the
head, using indiscriminately a hatchet, a club or any other weapon
which may chance to be in his hand. The heads of the women are always
consequently seen in the state which I found that of Gooreedeeana. Colbee,
who was certainly, in other respects a good tempered merry fellow, made no
scruple of treating Daringa, who was a gentle creature, thus. Baneelon did
the same to Barangaroo, but she was a scold and a vixen, and nobody pitied
her. It must nevertheless be confessed that the women often artfully study
to irritate and inflame the passions of the men, although sensible that the
consequence will alight on themselves.

Many a matrimonial scene of this sort have I witnessed. Lady Mary Wortley
Montague, in her sprightly letters from Turkey, longs for some of the
advocates for passive obedience and unconditional submission then existing
in England to be present at the sights exhibited in a despotic government.
A thousand times, in like manner, have I wished that those European
philosophers whose closet speculations exalt a state of nature above
a state of civilization, could survey the phantom which their heated
imaginations have raised. Possibly they might then learn that a state of
nature is, of all others, least adapted to promote the happiness of a
being capable of sublime research and unending ratiocination. That a savage
roaming for prey amidst his native deserts is a creature deformed by all
those passions which afflict and degrade our nature, unsoftened by the
influence of religion, philosophy and legal restriction: and that the more
men unite their talents, the more closely the bands of society are drawn
and civilization advanced, inasmuch is human felicity augmented, and man
fitted for his unalienable station in the universe.

Of the language of New South Wales I once hoped to have subjoined to this
work such an exposition as should have attracted public notice, and
have excited public esteem. But the abrupt departure of Mr. Dawes, who,
stimulated equally by curiosity and philanthropy, had hardly set foot on
his native country when he again quitted it to encounter new perils in the
service of the Sierra Leona company, precludes me from executing this part
of my original intention, in which he had promised to co-operate with
me; and in which he had advanced his researches beyond the reach of
competition. The few remarks which I can offer shall be concisely detailed.

We were at first inclined to stigmatised this language as harsh and
barbarous in its sounds. Their combinations of words in the manner they
utter them, frequently convey such an effect. But if not only their proper
names of men and places, but many of their phrases and a majority of their
words, be simply and unconnectedly considered, they will be found to abound
with vowels and to produce sounds sometimes mellifluous and sometimes
sonorous. What ear can object to the names of Colbee, (pronounced exactly
as Colby is with us) Bereewan, Bondel, Imeerawanyee, Deedora, Wolarawaree,
or Baneelon, among the men; or to Wereeweea, Gooreedeeana, Milba*, or
Matilba, among the women. Parramatta, Gweea, Cameera, Cadi, and Memel, are
names of places. The tribes derive their appellations from the places they
inhabit. Thus Cemeeragal, means the men who reside in the bay of Cameera;
Cedigal, those who reside in the bay of Cadi; and so of the others. The
women of the tribe are denoted by adding 'eean' to any of the foregoing
words. A Cadigaleean imports a woman living at Cadi, or of the tribe of
Cadigal. These words, as the reader will observe, are accented either on
the first syllable or the penultima. In general, however, they are partial
to the emphasis being laid as near the beginning of the word as possible.

[*Mrs. Johnson, wife of the chaplain of the settlement, was so pleased with
this name that she christened her little girl, born in Port Jackson, Milba
Maria Johnson.]

Of compound words they seem fond. Two very striking ones appear in the
journal to the Hawkesbury. Their translations of our words into their
language are always apposite, comprehensive, and drawn from images familiar
to them. A gun, for instance, they call 'gooroobeera', that is, a stick of
fire. Sometimes also, by a licence of language, they call those who
carry guns by the same name. But the appellation by which they generally
distinguished us was that of 'bereewolgal', meaning men come from afar.
When they salute any one they call him 'dameeli', or namesake, a term which
not only implies courtesy and good-will, but a certain degree of affection
in the speaker. An interchange of names with any one is also a symbol of
friendship. Each person has several names; one of which, there is reason to
believe, is always derived from the first fish or animal which the child,
in accompanying its father to the chase or a fishing, may chance to kill.

Not only their combinations, but some of their simple sounds, were
difficult of pronunciation to mouths purely English. Diphthongs often
occur. One of the most common is that of 'ae', or perhaps, 'ai', pronounced
not unlike those letters in the French verb 'hair', to hate. The letter 'y'
frequently follows 'd' in the same syllable. Thus the word which signifies
a woman is 'dyin'; although the structure of our language requires us to
spell it 'deein'.

But if they sometimes put us to difficulty, many of our words were to them
unutterable. The letters 's' and 'v' they never could pronounce. The latter
became invariably 'w', and the former mocked all their efforts, which in
the instance of Baneelon has been noticed; and a more unfortunate defect in
learning our language could not easily be pointed out.

They use the ellipsis in speaking very freely; always omitting as many
words as they possibly can, consistent with being understood. They inflect
both their nouns and verbs regularly; and denote the cases of the former
and the tenses of the latter, not like the English by auxiliary words, but
like the Latins by change of termination. Their nouns, whether substantive
or adjective, seem to admit of no plural. I have heard Mr. Dawes hint his
belief of their using a dual number, similar to the Greeks, but I confess
that I never could remark aught to confirm it. The method by which they
answer a question that they cannot resolve is similar to what we
sometimes use. Let for example the following question be put: 'Waw Colbee
yagoono?'--Where is Colbee to-day? 'Waw, baw!'--Where, indeed! would be the
reply. They use a direct and positive negative, but express the affirmative
by a nod of the head or an inclination of the body.

Opinions have greatly differed, whether or not their language be copious.
In one particular it is notoriously defective. They cannot count with
precision more than four. However as far as ten, by holding up the fingers,
they can both comprehend others and explain themselves. Beyond four every
number is called great; and should it happen to be very large, great great,
which is an Italian idiom also. This occasions their computations of time
and space to be very confused and incorrect. Of the former they have no
measure but the visible diurnal motion of the sun or the monthly revolution
of the moon.

To conclude the history of a people for whom I cannot but feel some share
of affection. Let those who have been born in more favoured lands and who
have profited by more enlightened systems, compassionate, but not despise
their destitute and obscure situation. Children of the same omniscient
paternal care, let them recollect that by the fortuitous advantage of birth
alone they possess superiority: that untaught, unaccommodated man is the
same in Pall Mall as in the wilderness of New South Wales. And ultimately
let them hope and trust that the progress of reason and the splendor
of revelation will in their proper and allotted season be permitted to
illumine and transfuse into these desert regions, knowledge, virtue and
happiness.




CHAPTER XVIII.



Observations on the Convicts.


A short account of that class of men for whose disposal and advantage the
colony was principally, if not totally, founded, seems necessary.

If it be recollected how large a body of these people are now congregated
in the settlement of Port Jackson and at Norfolk Island, it will, I think,
not only excite surprise but afford satisfaction, to learn, that in a
period of four years few crimes of a deep dye or of a hardened nature
have been perpetrated. Murder and unnatural sins rank not hitherto in the
catalogue of their enormities, and one suicide only has been committed.

To the honour of the female part of our community let it be recorded that
only one woman has suffered capital punishment. On her condemnation she
pleaded pregnancy, and a jury of venerable matrons was impanneled on the
spot, to examine and pronounce her state, which the forewoman, a grave
personage between sixty and seventy years old, did, by this short address
to the court; 'Gentlemen! she is as much with child as I am.' Sentence was
accordingly passed, and she was executed.

Besides the instance of Irving, two other male convicts, William
Bloodsworth, of Kingston upon Thames, and John Arscott, of Truro, in
Cornwall, were both emancipated for their good conduct, in the years
1790 and 1791. Several men whose terms of transportation had expired, and
against whom no legal impediment existed to prevent their departure, have
been permitted to enter in merchant ships wanting hands: and as my Rose
Hill journals testify, many others have had grants of land assigned to
them, and are become settlers in the country.

In so numerous a community many persons of perverted genius and of
mechanical ingenuity could not but be assembled. Let me produce the
following example. Frazer was an iron manufacturer, bred at Sheffield, of
whose abilities as a workman we had witnessed many proofs. The governor had
written to England for a set of locks to be sent out for the security of
the public stores, which were to be so constructed as to be incapable of
being picked. On their arrival his excellency sent for Frazer and bade him
examine them telling him at the same time that they could not be picked.
Frazer laughed and asked for a crooked nail only, to open them all. A nail
was brought, and in an instant he verified his assertion. Astonished at his
dexterity, a gentleman present determined to put it to farther proof. He
was sent for in a hurry, some days after, to the hospital, where a lock of
still superior intricacy and expense to the others had been provided.
He was told that the key was lost and that the lock must be immediately
picked. He examined it attentively, remarked that it was the production of
a workman, and demanded ten minutes to make an instrument 'to speak with
it.' Without carrying the lock with him, he went directly to his shop, and
at the expiration of his term returned, applied his instrument, and open
flew the lock. But it was not only in this part of his business that he
excelled: he executed every branch of it in superior style. Had not his
villainy been still more notorious than his skill, he would have proved an
invaluable possession to a new country. He had passed through innumerable
scenes in life, and had played many parts. When too lazy to work at his
trade he had turned thief in fifty different shapes, was a receiver of
stolen goods, a soldier and a travelling conjurer. He once confessed to me
that he had made a set of tools, for a gang of coiners, every man of whom
was hanged.

Were the nature of the subject worthy of farther illustration, many similar
proofs of misapplied talents might be adduced.

Their love of the marvellous has been recorded in an early part of this
work. The imposture of the gold finder, however prominent and glaring,
nevertheless contributed to awaken attention and to create merriment.
He enjoyed the reputation of a discoverer, until experiment detected the
imposition. But others were less successful to acquire even momentary
admiration. The execution of forgery seems to demand at least neatness of
imitation and dexterity of address. On arrival of the first fleet of ships
from England, several convicts brought out recommendatory letters from
different friends. Of these some were genuine, and many owed their birth
to the ingenuity of the bearers. But these last were all such bungling
performances as to produce only instant detection and succeeding contempt.
One of them addressed to the governor, with the name of Baron Hotham
affixed to it, began 'Honored Sir!'

A leading distinction, which marked the convicts on their outset in the
colony, was an use of what is called the 'flash', or 'kiddy' language. In
some of our early courts of justice an interpreter was frequently necessary
to translate the deposition of the witness and the defence of the prisoner.
This language has many dialects. The sly dexterity of the pickpocket, the
brutal ferocity of the footpad, the more elevated career of the highwayman
and the deadly purpose of the midnight ruffian is each strictly appropriate
in the terms which distinguish and characterize it. I have ever been of
opinion that an abolition of this unnatural jargon would open the path to
reformation. And my observations on these people have constantly instructed
me that indulgence in this infatuating cant is more deeply associated with
depravity and continuance in vice than is generally supposed. I recollect
hardly one instance of a return to honest pursuits, and habits of industry,
where this miserable perversion of our noblest and peculiar faculty was not
previously conquered.

Those persons to whom the inspection and management of our numerous and
extensive prisons in England are committed will perform a service to
society by attending to the foregoing observation. Let us always keep
in view, that punishment, when not directed to promote reformation, is
arbitrary, and unauthorised.




CHAPTER XIX.



Facts relating to the probability of establishing a whale fishery on the
coast of New South Wales, with Thoughts on the same.


In every former part of this publication I have studiously avoided
mentioning a whale fishery, as the information relating to it will, I
conceive, be more acceptably received in this form, by those to whom it is
addressed, than if mingled with other matter.

Previous to entering on this detail, it must be observed that several of
the last fleet of ships which had arrived from England with convicts, were
fitted out with implements for whale fishing, and were intended to sail for
the coast of Brazil to pursue the fishery, immediately on having landed the
convicts.

On the 14th of October, 1791, the 'Britannia', Captain Melville, one of
these ships, arrived at Sydney. In her passage between Van Diemen's Land
and Port Jackson, the master reported that he had seen a large shoal of
spermaceti whales. His words were, 'I saw more whales at one time around
my ship than in the whole of six years which I have fished on the coast of
Brazil.'

This intelligence was no sooner communicated than all the whalers were
eager to push to sea. Melville himself was among the most early; and on the
10th of November, returned to Port Jackson, more confident of success than
before. He assured me that in the fourteen days which he had been out, he
had seen more spermaced whales than in all his former life. They amounted,
he said to many thousands, most of them of enormous magnitude; and had he
not met with bad weather he could have killed as many as he pleased. Seven
he did kill, but owing to the stormy agitated state of the water, he could
not get any of them aboard. In one however, which in a momentary interval
of calm, was killed and secured by a ship in company, he shared. The oil
and head matter of this fish, he extolled as of an extraordinary fine
quality. He was of opinion the former would fetch ten pounds per ton more
in London than that procured on the Brazil coast. He had not gone farther
south than 37 degrees; and described the latitude of 35 degrees to be the
place where the whales most abounded, just on the edge of soundings, which
here extends about fifteen leagues from the shore; though perhaps, on other
parts of the coast the bank will be found to run hardly so far off.

On the following day (November 11th) the 'Mary Anne', Captain Munro,
another of the whalers, returned into port, after having been out sixteen
days. She had gone as far south as 41 degrees but saw not a whale, and had
met with tremendously bad weather, in which she had shipped a sea that had
set her boiling coppers afloat and had nearly carried them overboard.

November 22d. The 'William and Anne', Captain Buncker, returned after
having been more than three weeks out, and putting into Broken Bay. This is
the ship that had killed the fish in which Melville shared. Buncker had met
with no farther success, owing, he said, entirely, to gales of wind; for
he had seen several immense shoals and was of opinion that he should have
secured fifty tons of oil, had the weather been tolerably moderate. I asked
him whether he thought the whales he had seen were fish of passage. "No,"
he answered, "they were going on every point of the compass, and were
evidently on feeding ground, which I saw no reason to doubt that they
frequent." Melville afterwards confirmed to me this observation. December
3rd, the 'Mary Anne' and 'Matilda' again returned. The former had gone to
the southward, and off Port Jervis had fallen in with two shoals of whales,
nine of which were killed, but owing to bad weather, part of five only were
got on board. As much, the master computed, as would yield thirty barrels
of oil. He said the whales were the least shy of any he had ever seen, "not
having been cut up". The latter had gone to the northward, and had seen no
whales but a few fin-backs.

On the 5th of December, both these ships sailed again; and on the 16th and
17th of the month (just before the author sailed for England) they and the
'Britannia' and 'William and Anne' returned to Port Jackson without success
having experienced a continuation of the bad weather and seen very few
fish. They all said that their intention was to give the coast one more
trial, and if it miscarried to quit it and steer to the northward in search
of less tempestuous seas.

The only remark which I have to offer to adventurers on the above subject,
is not to suffer discouragement by concluding that bad weather only is to
be found on the coast of New South Wales, where the whales have hitherto
been seen. Tempests happen sometimes there, as in other seas, but let them
feel assured that there are in every month of the year many days in which
the whale fishery may be safely carried on. The evidence of the abundance
in which spermaceti whales are sometimes seen is incontrovertible: that
which speaks to their being 'not fish of passage' is at least respectable
and hitherto uncontradicted. The prospect merits attention--may it
stimulate to enterprise.

The two discoveries of Port Jervis and Matilda Bay (which are to be found
in the foregoing sheets) may yet be wanting in the maps of the coast.
My account of their geographic situation, except possibly in the exact
longitude of the latter (a point not very material) may be safely depended
upon. A knowledge of Oyster Bay, discovered and laid down by the 'Mercury'
store-ship, in the year 1789, would also be desirable. But this I am
incapable of furnishing.

Here terminates my subject. Content with the humble province of detailing
facts and connecting events by undisturbed narration, I leave to others
the task of anticipating glorious, or gloomy, consequences, from
the establishment of a colony, which unquestionably demands serious
investigation, ere either its prosecution or abandonment be determined.

But doubtless not only those who planned, but those who have been delegated
to execute, an enterprise of such magnitude, have deeply revolved, that
"great national expense does not imply the necessity of national suffering.
While revenue is employed with success to some valuable end, the profits of
every adventure being more than sufficient to repay its costs, the public
should gain, and its resources should continue to multiply. But an expense
whether sustained at home or abroad; whether a waste of the present, or an
anticipation of the future, revenue, if it bring no adequate return, is to
be reckoned among the causes of national ruin."*

[*Ferguson's Essay on the History of Civil Society.]



A list of the Civil and Military Establishments in New South Wales

Governor and Commander in Chief, His Excellency Arthur Phillip, Esq.

Lieutenant Governor, Robert Ross, Esq.

Judge of the Admiralty Court, Robert Ross, Esq.

Chaplain of the Settlement, the Rev. Richard Johnson.

Judge Advocate of the Settlement, David Collins, Esq.

Secretary to the Governor, David Collins, Esq.

Surveyor General, Augustus Alt, Esq.

Commissary of Stores and Provisions, Andrew Miller, Esq.

Assistant Commissary, Mr. Zechariah Clarke.

Provost Martial, who acts as Sheriff of Cumberland County, Mr. Henry
Brewer.

Peace Officer, Mr. James Smith.


MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT.

His Majesty's Ship 'Sirius', John Hunter, Esq. Commander. Lieutenants,
Bradley, King, Maxwell.

His Majesty's armed Brig, 'Supply', Lieutenant Henry Lidgbird Ball,
Commander.


FOUR COMPANIES OF MARINES

Major Robert Ross, Commandant.


CAPTAINS COMMANDING COMPANIES

James Campbell, John Shea, Captain Lieutenants, James Meredith, Watkin
Tench.


FIRST LIEUTENANTS

George Johnson, John Johnson, John Creswell, James Maltland Shairp, Robert
Nellow, Thomas Davey, James Furzer, Thomas Timins, John Poulden.


SECOND LIEUTENANTS

Ralph Clarke, John Long, William Dawes, William Feddy.

Adjutant, John Long.

Quarter Master, James Furzer.

Aide de Camp to the Governor, George Johnson.

Officer of Engineers and Artillery, William Dawes.


HOSPITAL ESTABLISHMENT.

Surgeon General of the Settlement, John White, Esq.

First Assistant, Mr. Dennis Considen.

Second Assistant, Mr. Thomas Arndell.

Third Assistant, Mr. William Balmain.