The Project Gutenberg eBook of Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902 Referred to the Genus Myotis This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902 Referred to the Genus Myotis Author: Walter Woelber Dalquest E. Raymond Hall Release date: November 23, 2010 [eBook #34411] Most recently updated: January 7, 2021 Language: English Credits: Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PIPISTRELLUS CINNAMOMEUS MILLER 1902 REFERRED TO THE GENUS MYOTIS *** Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902 Referred to the Genus Myotis BY E. RAYMOND HALL and WALTER W. DALQUEST University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History Volume 1, No. 25, pp. 581-590, 5 figures in text January 20, 1950 University of Kansas LAWRENCE 1950 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Edward H. Taylor, A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson Volume 1, No. 25, pp. 581-590, 5 figures in text January 20, 1950 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY FERD VOILAND. JR., STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1950 23-1545 [Transcriber's Note: Words surrounded by tildes, like ~this~ signifies words in bold. Words surrounded by underscores, like _this_, signifies words in italics. Male symbol is shown as [M] and female symbol is [F].] Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902 Referred to the Genus Myotis By E. RAYMOND HALL AND WALTER W. DALQUEST Miller (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 390, September 3,1902) based the name _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ on a skin and skull of a vespertilionid bat obtained on May 4, 1900, at Montecristo, Tabasco, Mexico, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. A single specimen was available to Miller when he proposed the name _P. cinnamomeus_. Dalquest and Hall (Jour. Mamm., 29:180, May 14, 1948) reported three additional specimens collected in 1946 by W. W. Dalquest on the Río Blanco, twenty kilometers west-northwest of Piedras Negras, Veracruz, Mexico. No other published information concerning this species is known to us, although the name has, of course, appeared in regional lists, for example in the "List of North American Recent Mammals, 1923" (Bull. U. S. National Museum, 128:75, April 29, 1924) by Gerrit S. Miller, Jr. Additional specimens, nevertheless, are known. Two collected on April 18 and 20, 1903, at Papayo, Guerrero, by Nelson and Goldman, are in the Biological Surveys Collection in the United States National Museum. A skin, probably of this species, for which the skull cannot now be found, was taken on October 27, 1904, at Esquinapa, Sinaloa, by J. H. Batty and is in the American Museum of Natural History. This is the skin referred by Miller and Allen (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:100, May 25, 1928) to _Myotis occultus_. Three additional specimens, each a skin with skull, were collected twenty kilometers east-northeast of Jesús Carranza, at 200 feet elevation, Veracruz, by Walter W. Dalquest, two on April 13, 1949, and one on May 16 of the same year. These are in the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas, as also are the three previously reported by Dalquest and Hall (_loc. cit._). A total of ten specimens, from five localities, all in Mexico, thus is accounted for. On page 392 of the original description--which our study of the holotype shows to be accurate--Miller wrote: "This bat differs so widely from the other known American species of _Pipistrellus_ as to need no special comparisons. Superficially it has much the appearance of an unusually red _Myotis lucifugus_, and only on examination of the teeth do the animal's true relationships become apparent." In referring to the teeth Miller almost certainly was thinking of the premolars of which there are only two on each side of the upper jaw and on each side of the lower jaw in _Pipistrellus_, including his _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_, whereas _Myotis_ at that time was thought always to have three premolars on each side of both the upper and lower jaw, except in rare instances where one premolar might be lacking on one side of one jaw or even more rarely on both sides of the upper jaw. In his original description of _P. cinnamomeus_, Miller mentioned also that it had the "Inner upper incisor distinctly smaller than the outer, not approximately equal to it as is the case in _P. subflavus_." At this point it is well to make clear that each of the genera _Pipistrellus_ and _Myotis_ contains a large number of species and that the differences between the two genera are few. Our examination of American specimens reveals only one differential character: In _Myotis_ the outer upper incisor is distinctly larger than the inner, whereas the two incisors are of approximately equal size in _Pipistrellus_. It may be noted that the outer upper incisor of several, but not all, species of _Myotis_ has a well-developed concave surface directed toward the canine whereas this surface is flat or convex in _Pipistrellus_. In both features, the type of _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ Miller agrees with _Myotis_ and differs from _Pipistrellus_. Five years after naming and describing _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_, Miller published his monumental work entitled "The families and genera of bats" (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 57, June 29, 1907) wherein he points out the differences in the upper incisors between _Pipistrellus_ and _Myotis_ (by a _lapsus plumae_ ascribes subequal incisors to _Myotis_ and unequal incisors to _Pipistrellus_) but seemingly failed to reëxamine _P. cinnamomeus_ in the light of this better understanding of the two genera, or if he did examine _P. cinnamomeus_ he possibly was misled still by the absence of the third premolar on each side of both the upper and lower jaw. In 1928 when Miller and Allen published their account of "The American bats of the Genera _Myotis_ and _Pizonyx_" (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144, May 25, 1928) they examined specimens of _Myotis occultus_ which they implied (_op. cit._: 99-100) had only two instead of three premolars on each side of both the upper and lower jaws. In preparing this taxonomic account of bats of the genus _Myotis_, the specimens (type and two from Papayo) of _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ seem not to have been examined. Indeed, it is almost certain that they were not examined for the species was renamed; the new name, _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_ Miller and Allen (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:54, May 25, 1928), was based on a skull with the corresponding body in alcohol. The characters of this specimen are almost exactly those of _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_, named and described by Miller 26 years earlier. The type locality (Teapa) of _M. l. fortidens_ is 80 miles westerly from the type locality of _P. cinnamomeus_; both are in the state of Tabasco, and in the same life-zone, at equivalent elevations (neither higher than 50 meters). Since there are no characters of taxonomic worth to distinguish the two named specimens, _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_ Miller and Allen 1928 falls as a synonym of _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ Miller 1902. But, according to Miller and Allen (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:19, 197), _Vespertilio cinnamomeus_ Wagner 1855 is a name based on _Myotis ruber_ (E. Geoffroy, 1806) from Paraguay and hence _Myotis cinnamomeus_ (Miller) 1902 is a homonym of _Myotis cinnamomeus_ (Wagner) 1855 and is unavailable for the animal from Montecristo when it is transferred to the genus _Myotis_; the species of animal concerned will take the next available name, which seems to be _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_ Miller and Allen 1928. It may reasonably be asked if _Myotis_ and _Pipistrellus_ should be retained as separate genera if the only constant difference between the two is subequal versus unequal upper incisors. In our opinion it would be worth-while for someone who had access to adequate material from both the Old World and the New World to investigate this question. We lack adequate material from the Old World. When Miller and Allen named _M. l. fortidens_ they had only two specimens, the holotype from Teapa, Tabasco, and a referred specimen from Fort Hancock, El Paso County, Texas, approximately 1,200 miles north-northwest of Teapa. We have examined this specimen from Texas (U. S. Nat. Mus., 21083/36121, skin and skull) and regard it as _Myotis lucifugus carissima_ Thomas. Furthermore, we regard the holotype of _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_ Miller and Allen 1928 as specifically distinct from _Myotis lucifugus_ of Miller and Allen 1928. The Cinnamon Myotis, described below, therefore may stand as: ~Myotis fortidens~ Miller and Allen CINNAMON MYOTIS _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 390, September 3, 1902, type from Montecristo, Tabasco (preoccupied by _Vespertilio cinnamomeus_ Wagner, Schreber's Säugethiere, suppl., 5:755, 1855, a renaming of _Vespertilio ruber_ E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire). _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_ Miller and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:54, May 25, 1928. _Type._--"Adult female (in alcohol) No. 88.8.8.18, British Museum (Natural History). Collected at Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico, by H. H. Smith, January 5, 1888. Presented by Messrs. Salvin and Godman [after Miller and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:54, May 25, 1928]." _Range._--Known only from the lower part of the Tropical Life-zone of the region of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and east and west coasts of Mexico. [Illustration: FIG. 1. Map showing localities from which _Myotis fortidens_ has been recorded.] _Diagnosis._--Among American species of the genus, over-all size medium (total length 94 mm); body long (54); tail short (39); forearm of medium length (37); tibia short (14.5); foot long (58 per cent of length of tibia); wing membrane arising from side of foot at distal end of metatarsal; calcar simple (not keeled) and 7 mm long; ears 15 to 16 mm long measured in the flesh from the notch (posteroventral border of the meatus); tragus, measured from same place, 7 to 8 mm high with posterobasal lobe; third metacarpal longest and second metacarpal shortest; fifth shorter than fourth; ears brownish; membranes of wing and tail blackish; uropatagium almost hairless, the few hairs that are present being almost invisible; pelage of back 5 mm long with some overhairs 8 to 9 mm long; basal 3 mm of fur black, remainder Cinnamon-Brown (capitalized color terms, after Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., 1912); outline of skull viewed dorsally similar to that of _Myotis lucifugus_; sagittal crest well developed; distance across upper canines equal to or slightly exceeding interorbital constriction; braincase low; two premolars on each side in upper jaw and also in lower jaw, the one remaining small premolar in contact with both the canine and the fourth premolar. [Illustration: FIGS. 2-5. Four views of the skull of _Myotis fortidens_. No. 32112, University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, [M], obtained 20 kilometers east-northeast Jesús Carranza, 200 feet elevation, Veracruz, Mexico, on May 16, 1949, by Walter W. Dalquest; original no. 12869. ×2.] _Remarks._--_Myotis fortidens_ is known only from the Tropical Life-zone. The skin, without a skull, from Esquinapa, Sinaloa, agrees in color with the undoubted specimens of _M. fortidens_ from Papayo, Guerrero, but can be matched also by selected skins of _Myotis occultus_ from Blythe, Riverside County, California. Without the skull the reference of this specimen to _M. fortidens_ is provisional. Reason for referring it to _fortidens_ rather than to _M. occultus_ is provided, however, by a series of eleven specimens of _M. occultus_ from Álamos, Sonora. These are Saccardo's Umber rather than Cinnamon-Brown and they are geographically intermediate between the reddish _M. occultus_ of California and the reddish _M. fortidens_ of Mexico. Furthermore, these specimens from Álamos have large skulls of slightly different proportions than those of _M. fortidens_ or than those of _M. occultus_ from California; possibly the animals from Álamos are representative of the larger, duller-colored variation for which Hollister proposed the name _Myotis baileyi_ (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 22:44, March 10, 1909). This duller-colored type of animal intervenes between the geographic ranges of undoubted _M. occultus_ and undoubted _M. fortidens_. The specimen from Esquinapa, in the geographic sense, is on the _fortidens_ side rather than on the _occultus_ side of the _baileyi_ population. This geographic position is the basis on which the specimen from Esquinapa is referred to _M. fortidens_. The third premolar is lacking from each side of both the upper and the lower jaws of each individual of this series from Álamos. The specimens of _M. fortidens_ are all distinguishable by their color from other kinds of _Myotis_ found in the same area. Occasional individuals of _Myotis velifer_, as for example three from Las Vigas, Veracruz, also are reddish but they are of brighter tone. In addition, the larger size and cranial features of these specimens of _M. velifer_ permit ready differentiation of them from specimens of _M. fortidens_. One specimen (No. 32113) of _M. fortidens_ from twenty kilometers east-northeast of Jesús Carranza is lighter than the others, being near (_j_) Cinnamon-Brown above and is lighter on the under-parts than on the upper parts. Another individual (No. 32112) is duller colored than the others, being Snuff Brown both above and below. Otherwise the specimens of _M. fortidens_ agree in color. Among named kinds of _Myotis_, _M. fortidens_ resembles _Myotis lucifugus_ and _Myotis occultus_. From the former, _M. fortidens_ differs in possessing a strong sagittal crest and in lacking the third premolar in both the upper jaw and the lower jaw. _M. fortidens_ lacks the glossy sheen found on the pelage of many individuals of _M. lucifugus_. From _M. occultus_, _M. fortidens_ differs in having the rostrum (viewed from above) smaller in relation to the braincase. This is true of specimens with the teeth showing much wear as well as in specimens with the teeth unworn or only moderately worn. Also, _M. fortidens_ is longer bodied as may be seen by comparing the measurements given here with those recorded for _M. occultus_ by Miller and Allen (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:100, May 25, 1928). We are agreed that _M. fortidens_ is as closely related to _M. occultus_ as to any other named kind of _Myotis_, and that it is more closely related to it than to most other species of the genus, but one of us (Dalquest) thinks that _M. fortidens_ is specifically distinct from _M. occultus_, whereas the other author (Hall) inclines to the view that additional specimens from localities intermediate between the known geographic ranges of _M. occultus_ and _M. fortidens_ will reveal intergradation between the two kinds. However that may be, there is no proof at present of such intergradation and the binomial is therefore used for the Cinnamon Myotis. _Specimens examined._--Total number, 10, all from Mexico, each a skin with skull except the skin-only from Sinaloa. _Sinaloa_: Esquinapa, 1 (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). _Guerrero_: Papayo, 2 (U. S. Biological Surveys Collection). _Veracruz_: 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras, 3 (Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Kansas); 20 km. ENE Jesús Carranza, 200 ft. elevation, 3 (Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Kansas). _Tabasco_: Montecristo, 1 (U. S. Biological Surveys Collection). _Additional record._--Tabasco: Teapa, the holotype of _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_ Miller and Allen 1928. _University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas. Transmitted October 31, 1949._ CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF _Myotis fortidens_ Column headings: A: Greatest length B: Condylobasal length C: Zygomatic breadth D: Interorbital constriction E: Breadth of braincase F: Mandible G: Maxillary tooth-row H: Maxillary breadth at M3 I: Mandibular tooth-row J: Wear of teeth ============================================================================== Sex No. Age Locality A B C D E F G H I J ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 25030[M] Esquinapa .... .... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ? 126650[F] Papayo 15.0 14.2 9.7 3.9 7.1 11.5 5.5 5.6 6.0 0 126651[F] Do. 15.1 13.8 9.4 3.8 6.8 10.6 5.6 5.9 6.0 0 17834[M] P. Negras[1] .... 4.1 10.6 5.6 5.7 6.0 0 17835[F] Do. 15.5 14.9 9.6 4.2 7.2 11.0 5.7 6.0 6.1 2 17836[F] Do. 15.5 14.5 9.7 4.2 7.3 10.9 5.4 5.9 5.7 3 32112[M] J. Carranza[2] 15.3 14.4 9.7 4.1 7.3 11.5 5.7 5.9 6.3 1 32113[M] Do. 15.0 14.0 9.5 4.2 7.2 10.9 5.5 5.9 5.9 1 32114[M] Do. 15.0 13.9 9.7 4.1 7.2 10.8 5.4 6.0 5.9 1 88.8.8.18[F][3] Teapa 15.0 13.8 9.6 3.8 7.4 .... 5.4 5.8 5.8 1 100231[F][4] Montecristo 15.0 14.1 9.0 4.0 7.2 11.4 5.8 ... 6.0 0 Average 15.2 14.2 9.5 4.0 7.2 11.0 5.6 5.9 6.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Note 1: 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras.] [Note 2: 20 km. ENE Jesús Carranza, 200 ft.] [Note 3: Type of _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_; measurements after Miller and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:100; 101, May 25, 1928.] [Note 4: Type of _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ Miller 1902.] EXTERNAL MEASUREMENTS OF _Myotis fortidens_ Column headings: A: Total length B: Head and body C: Tail D: Tibia E: Foot F: Forearm G: Thumb H: Third metacarpal I: Fifth metacarpal J: Ear from notch =============================================================================== Sex No. Age Locality A B C D E F G H I J ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25030[M] Esquinapa .. .. .. 14.2 8.1[5] 35.6 5.5 33.3 30.8 .. 126650[F] Papayo .. .. .. 14.7 8.2[5] 38.3 5.4 35.1 32.4 126651[F] Do. .. .. .. 14.8 7.9[5] 35.6 5.7 32.7 31.1 17834[M] P. Negras[6] 95 55 40 14.7 9.0[5] 37.0 5.7 33.8 32.0 15 17835[F] Do. 93 55 38 15.6 9.4[5] 37.5 6.0 35.4 32.2 15 17836[F] Do. 94 55 39 14.3 8.4[5] 37.6 6.0 34.5 32.7 15 32112[M] J. Carranza[7] 94 53 41 14.5 8.9[5] 38.2 5.0 35.1 33.8 16 32113[M] Do. 94 57 37 14.2 8.0[5] 36.5 5.3 34.9 32.7 16 32114[M] Do. 90 53 37 .... ... 37.0 5.1 34.2 33.0 16 88.8.8.18[F][8] Teapa .. 46 39 15.6 8.0 38.6 6.2 34.8 33.0 100231[F][9] Montecristo 99 56 44 15.4 9.6 37.0 6.0 .... .... Average 94 53.8 39.4 14.8 8.6 37.2 5.6 34.4 32.4 15.5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [Note 5: Measured on the dried skin.] [Note 6: 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras.] [Note 7: 20 km. ENE Jesús Carranza.] [Note 8: Type of _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_; measurements after Miller and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:100, 101, May 25, 1928.] [Note 9: Type of _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ Miller 1902.] 28-1545 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PIPISTRELLUS CINNAMOMEUS MILLER 1902 REFERRED TO THE GENUS MYOTIS *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. 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