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            THE
  ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

     ELEVENTH EDITION




  FIRST     edition, published in three       volumes, 1768-1771.
  SECOND       "         "        ten             "    1777-1784.
  THIRD        "         "        eighteen        "    1788-1797.
  FOURTH       "         "        twenty          "    1801-1810.
  FIFTH        "         "        twenty          "    1815-1817.
  SIXTH        "         "        twenty          "    1823-1824.
  SEVENTH      "         "        twenty-one      "    1830-1842.
  EIGHTH       "         "        twenty-two      "    1853-1860.
  NINTH        "         "        twenty-five     "    1875-1889.
  TENTH        "       ninth edition and eleven
                         supplementary volumes,        1902-1903.
  ELEVENTH     "     published in twenty-nine volumes, 1910-1911.




               COPYRIGHT
  in all countries subscribing to the
            Bern Convention

                   by
  THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS
                 of the
        UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

         _All rights reserved_




                   THE
         ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

                    A
                DICTIONARY
                    OF
  ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL
               INFORMATION

            ELEVENTH EDITION

                VOLUME V

         CALHOUN to CHATELAINE


  New York
  Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
  342 Madison Avenue


  Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910,
  by
  The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.




INITIALS USED IN VOLUME V. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,[1]
WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.


A. Bo.*
    AUGUSTE BOUDINHON, D.D., D.C.L.
      Professor of Canon Law at the Catholic University of Paris.
      Honorary Canon of Paris. Editor of the _Canoniste Contemporain_.

    Canon Law: _General_;
    Cardinal.


A. C. S.
    ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE.
      See the biographical article, SWINBURNE, ALGERNON CHARLES.

    Chapman George (_in part_).


A. E. H.
    A. E. HOUGHTON.
      Formerly Correspondent of The _Standard_ in Spain. Author of
      _Restoration of the Bourbons in Spain_.

    Camacho;
    Canovas del Castillo;
    Castelar y Ripoll.


A. E. S.
    ARTHUR EVERETT SHIPLEY, F.R.S., F.Z.S., F.L.S.
      Fellow, Tutor and Lecturer of Christ's College, Cambridge.
      University Reader in Zoology. Formerly University Lecturer on the
      Advanced Morphology of the Invertebrata. Author of _Zoology of
      the Invertebrata_. Editor of the Pitt Press _Natural Science
      Manuals_, &c.

    Chaetognatha;
    Chaetosomatida.


A. Go.*
    REV. ALEXANDER GORDON, M.A.
      Lecturer in Church History at the University of Manchester.

    Carranza.


A. H. J. G.
    ABEL HENDY JONES GREENIDGE, D.LITT. (Oxon.), (d. 1905).
      Formerly Fellow and Lecturer of Hertford College, Oxford, and of
      St John's College, Oxford. Author of _Infamia in Roman Law_;
      _Handbook of Greek Constitutional History_; _Roman Public Life,
      History of Rome_. Joint-author of _Sources of Roman History_,
      133-70 B.C.

    Censor: _Ancient_.


A. H. S.
    REV. ARCHIBALD HENRY SAYCE, D.LITT., LL.D.
      See the biographical article, SAYCE, A. H.

Caria.


A. J. G.
    REV. ALEXANDER JAMES GRIEVE, M.A., B.D.
      Professor of New Testament and Church History at the United
      Independent College, Bradford. Sometime Registrar of Madras
      University and Member of Mysore Educational Service.

    Catechism;
    Calvin (_in part_).


A. L.
    ANDREW LANG.
      See the biographical article, LANG, ANDREW.

    Casket Letters.


A. Lo.
    AUGUSTE LONGNON.
      Professor at the Collège de France. Director of the École des
      hautes études. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Member of the
      Institute. Author of _Livre des vassaux du Comté de Champagne et
      de Brie_; _Géographie de la Gaule au VI siècle_; _Atlas historique
      de la France depuis César jusqu'à nos jours_; &c.

    Champagne.


A. M. C.
    AGNES MARY CLERKE.
      See the biographical article, CLERKE, A. M.

    Cassini.


A. M. Cl.
    AGNES MURIEL CLAY (MRS WILDE).
      Late Resident Tutor of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. Joint-author of
      _Sources of Roman History_, 133-70 B.C.

    Centumviri.


A. N.
    ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S.
      See the biographical article, NEWTON, ALFRED.

    Canary;
    Capercally.


A. P. C.
    ARTHUR PHILEMON COLEMAN. F.R.S.
      Professor of Geology, University of Toronto.

    Canada: _Geography_.


A. P. H.
    ALFRED PETER HILLIER, M.D., M.P.
      Author of _South African Studies_; _The Commonweal_; &c. Served in
      Kaffir War, 1878-1879. Partner with Dr L. S. Jameson in medical
      practice in South Africa till 1096. Member of Reform Committee,
      Johannesburg, and Political Prisoner at Pretoria, 1895-1896. M.P.
      for Hitchin division of Herts, 1910.

    Cape Colony: § _History_ (_in part_).


A. SI.
    ARTHUR SHADWELL, M.A., M.D., LL.D., F.R.C.P.
      Member of Council of Epidemiological Society. Author of _The
      London Water-Supply_; _Industrial Efficiency_; _Drink, Temperante
      and Legislation_.

    Cancer.


A. S. C.
    ALAN SUMMERLY COLE, C.B.
      Assistant Secretary for Art, Board of Education, 1900-1908. Took
      part in organization of the Textile Manufacturers' Section, St
      Louis Exhibition, 1904. Author of _Ancient Needle Point and Pillow
      Lace_; _Embroidery and Lace_; _Ornament in European Silks_;&c.

    Carpet.


A. V. De P.
    A. VAN DE PUT.
      Assistant, Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington. Author of
      _Hispano-Moresque Ware of the XV. Century_; _The Aragonese
      Double-Crown and the Borja or Borgia Device_.

    Ceramics: § _Hispano-Moresque._


A. Wa.
    ARTHUR WAUGH, M.A.
      Managing Director of Chapman & Hall, Ltd., Publishers. Formerly
      literary adviser to Kegan Paul & Co. Author of _Alfred Lord
      Tennyson_; _Legends of the Wheel_; _Robert Browning_ in
      "Westminster Biographies." Editor of Johnson's _Lives of the
      Poets_.

    Calverley, C. S.


A. W. H.*
    ARTHUR WILLIAM HOLLAND.
      Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of
      Gray's Inn, 1900.

    Charlemagne.


A. Z.
    ALICE ZIMMERN.
      Author of _Methods of Education in the United States_; _The
      Renaissance of Girls' Education in England_; _Women's Suffrage in
      Many Lands_; &c.

    Carpenter, Mary.


B. Bl.
    BERTRAM BLOUNT, F.C.S., F.I.C.
      Consulting Chemist to the Crown Agents for the Colonies. Hon.
      President, Cement Section of International Association for Testing
      Materials, Buda-Pesth. Author of _Practical Electro-Chemistry_.

    Cement.


B. Ra.
    BERNARD RACKHAM, M.A.
      Assistant, Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington.

    Ceramics: § _German, Dutch and Scandinavian._


C.F.A.
    CHARLES FRANCIS ATKINSON.
      Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City of
      London (Royal Fusiliers). Author of _The Wilderness and Cold
      Harbour_.

    Castle (_in part_).


C. F. C.
    C. F. CROSS., B.SC. (Lond.), F.C.S., F.I.C.
      Analytical and Consulting Chemist.

    Cellulose.


C. J. J.
    CHARLES JASPER JOLY, F.R.S., F.R.A.S. (1864-1906).
      Royal Astronomer of Ireland and Andrews Professor of Astronomy in
      the University of Dublin, 1897-1906. Fellow of Trinity College,
      Dublin. Secretary of the Royal Irish Academy.

    Camera Lucida;
    Camera Obscura (_in Part_).


C. L.
    H. CALDWELL LIPSETT.
      Formerly Editor of the _Civil and Military Gazette_, Lahore,
      India. Author of _Lord Curzon in India; &c._

    Ceylon (_in part_).


C. Pf.
    CHRISTIAN PFISTER, D-ÈS-L.
      Professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. Chevalier of the Legion of
      Honour. Author of _Études sur le règne de Robert le Pieux_.

    Capitulary; Carolingians; Charibert; Charles Martel.


C. R. B.
    CHARLES RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., D.LITT.
      Professor of Modern History in the University of Birmingham.
      Formerly Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. University Lecturer in
      the History of Geography. Author of _Henry the Navigator_; _The
      Dawn of Modern Geography_; &c.

    Cam, Diogo;
    Carpini (_in part_);
    Chang Chun.


C. S. L.
    CHARLES STEWART LOCH, D.C.L. (Oxford), LL.D. (ST ANDREWS).
      Secretary to the Council of the London Charity Organization
      Society since 1875. Member of the Royal Commission on the Poor
      Laws. Dunkin Trust Lecturer, Manchester College, Oxford, 1896 and
      1902. Vice-President, Royal Statistical Society,
      1894-1895-1897-1901. Author of _Charity Organization_; _Old Age
      Pensions and Pauperism_; _Methods of Social Advance_; &c.

    Charity and Charities.


D. E. J.
    REV. D. E. JENKINS.
      Calvinistic Methodist Minister, Denbigh. Author of _Life of Lewis
      Charles Edwards of Bala_.

    Calvinistic Methodists;
    Charles, Thomas.


D. F. T.
    DONALD FRANCIS TOVEY.
      Author of _Essays in Musical Analysis_: comprising _The Classical
      Concerto_, _The Goldberg Variations_, and analyses of many other
      classical works.

    Cantata.


D. G. H.
    DAVID GEORGE HOGARTH, M.A.
      Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Fellow of the British Academy.
      Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Excavated at Paphos, 1888;
      Naucratis, 1899 and 1903; Ephesus, 1904-1905; Assiut, 1906-1907;
      Director, British School at Athens, 1897-1900; Director, Cretan
      Exploration Fund, 1899.

    Cappadocia (_in part_).


D. H.
    DAVID HANNAY.
      Formerly British Vice-Consul at Barcelona. Author of _Short
      History of the Royal Navy_; _Life of Emilio Castelar_; &c.

    Carvajal, Luisa de;
    Château-Renault.


D. Ll. T.
    DANIEL LLEUFER THOMAS.
      Barrister at law, Lincoln's Inn. Stipendiary Magistrate at
      Pontypridd and Rhondda.

    Cardiff.


D. Mn.
    REV. DUGALD MACFADYEN, M.A.
      Minister of South Grove Congregational Church, Highgate. Author of
      _Constructive Congregational Ideals_; &c.

    Campbell, John McLeod;
    Chalmers, Thomas (_in part_).


E. Ar.
    EDWARD ARMSTRONG, M.A.
      Fellow of the British Academy. Fellow, Bursar and Lecturer in
      Modern History, Queen's College, Oxford. Warden of Bradfield
      College. Lecturer to the University in Foreign History, 1902-1904.
      Author of _The Emperor Charles V._; _Elisabeth Farnese_; _Lorenzo
      de Medici_; _The French Wars of Religion_; &c.

    Charles V., Emperor.


E. A. J.
    E. ALFRED JONES.
      Author of _Old English Gold Plate; Old Church Plate of the Isle of
      Man_; _Old Silver Sacramental Vessels of Foreign Protestant
      Churches in England_; _Illustrated Catalogue of Leopold de
      Rothschild's Collection of Old Plate_; _A Private Catalogue of The
      Royal Plate at Windsor Castle_; &c.

    Cellini, Benvenuto (_in part_).


E. B.*
    ERNEST CHARLES FRANÇOIS BABELON.
      Professor at the Collège de France. Keeper of the department of
      Medals and Antiquities at the Bibliothèque Nationale. Member of
      the Académie des Inscriptions de Belles Lettres, Paris. Chevalier
      of the Legion of Honour. Author of _Descriptions Historiques des
      Monnaies de la République Romaine_; _Traités des Monnaies Grecques
      et Romaines_; _Catalogue des Camées de la Bibliothèque Nationale_.

    Carthage: _Ancient._


E. C.
    EDWARD CAIRD, D.C.L., D.LITT.
      See the biographical article, CAIRD, EDWARD.

    Cartesianism.


E. C. B.
    RT. REV. EDWARD CUTHBERT BUTLER, O.S.B., M.A., D.LITT. (Dublin).
      Abbot of Downside Abbey, Bath. Author of "The Lausiac History of
      Palladius," in _Cambridge Texts and Studies_, vol. vi.

    Camaldulians;
    Canon: _Church Dignitary_;
    Capuchins;
    Carmelites;
    Carthusians;
    Celestines.


E. C. Q.
    EDMUND CROSBY QUIGGIN, M.A.
      Fellow of, and Lecturer in Modern Languages and Monro Lecturer in
      Celtic at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.

    Celt: _Languages and Literature_.


E. G.
    EDMUND GOSSE, LL.D.
      See the biographical article, GOSSE, EDMUND

    Canzone;
    Carew, Thomas;
    Cavendish, George;
    Chansons de Geste;
    Chant Royal.


E. Gr.
    ERNEST ARTHUR GARDNER.
      See the biographical article, GARDNER, PERCY.

    Calydon;
    Ceos;
    Cephalonia.


E. H. B.
    SIR EDWARD HERBERT BUNBURY, BART., M.A., F.R.G.S. (d. 1895).
      M.P. for Bury-St-Edmunds, 1847-1852. Author of a _History of
      Ancient Geography_, &c.

    Cappadocia (_in part_).


E. H. G.
    E. H. GODFREY.
      Editor, Census and Statistics Office, Department of Agriculture,
      Ottawa.

    Canada: § _Agriculture_.


E. H. M.
    ELLIS HOVELL MINNS, M.A.
      University Lecturer in Palaeography, Cambridge. Lecturer and
      Assistant Librarian at Pembroke College, Cambridge. Formerly
      Fellow of Pembroke College.

    Carpi: _Ancient Tribes_.


E. L. W.
    SIR EDWARD LEADER WILLIAMS (d. 1910).
      Vice-President, Institute of Civil Engineers. Consulting Engineer,
      Manchester Ship Canal. Chief Engineer of the Manchester Ship Canal
      during its construction. Author of papers printed in _Proceedings
      of Institute of Civil Engineers_.

    Canal.


Ed. M.
    EDUARD MEYER, PH.D., D.LITT. (Oxon.), LL.D. (Chicago).
      Professor of Ancient History in the University of Berlin. Author
      of _Geschichte des Alterthums_; _Geschichte des alten Aegyptens_;
      _Die Israeliten und ihre Nachbarstämme_.

    Cambyses.


E. O.*
    EDMUND OWEN, M.B., F.R.C.S., LL.D., D.SC.
      Consulting Surgeon to St Mary's Hospital, London, and to the
      Children's Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London. Chevalier of the
      Legion of Honour. Late Examiner in Surgery at the Universities of
      Cambridge, London and Durham. Author of _A Manual of Anatomy for
      Senior Students_.

    Carbuncle.


E. Pr.
    EDGAR PRESTAGE.
      Special Lecturer in Portuguese Literature in the University of
      Manchester. Examiner in Portuguese in the Universities of London,
      Manchester, &c. Commendador Portuguese Order of S. Thiago.
      Corresponding Member of Lisbon Royal Academy of Sciences, Lisbon
      Geographical Society, &c. Author of _Letters of a Portuguese Nun_;
      _Azurara's Chronicle of Guinea_; &c.

    Camoens;
    Castello Branco;
    Castilho.


E. Tn.
    REV. ETHELRED LEONARD TAUNTON (d. 1907).
      Author of _The English Black Monks of St Benedict_; _History of
      the Jesuits in England_; &c.

    Campeggio;
    Campion, Edmund;
    Cano, Melchior;
    Cassander, George;
    Castellesi.


E. V.
    REV. EDMUND VENABLES, M.A., D.D. (1819-1895).
      Canon and Precentor of Lincoln. Author of _Episcopal Palaces of
      England_.

    Catacomb (_in part_).


F. C. C.
    FREDERICK CORNWALLIS CONYBEARE, M.A., D.TH. (Giessen).
      Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Fellow of University
      College, Oxford. Author of _The Ancient Armenian Texts of
      Aristotle_; _Myth, Magic and Morals_ (1909); &c.

    Cathars.


F. J. H.
    FRANCIS JOHN HAVERFIELD, M.A., LL.D. (Aberdeen), F.S.A.
      Camden Professor of Ancient History at Oxford University. Fellow
      of Brasenose College, Oxford. Fellow of the British Academy.
      Member of the German Imperial Archaeological Institute. Formerly
      Senior Censor, Student, Tutor and Librarian of Christ Church,
      Oxford. Ford's Lecturer, 1906. Author of Monographs on Roman
      History, &c.

    Celtiberia; Cassiterides.


F. Ll. G.
    FRANCIS LLEWELYN GRIFFITH, M.A., PH.D. (Leipzig), F.S.A.
      Reader in Egyptology, Oxford University. Editor of the
      Archaeological Survey and Archaeological Reports of the Egypt
      Exploration Fund. Fellow of Imperial German Archaeological
      Institute.

    Canopus.


F. H. M.
    COL. FREDERIC NATUSCH MAUDE, C.B.
      Lecturer in Military History at Manchester University. Author of
      _War and the World Policy_; _The Leipzig Campaign_; _The Jena
      Campaign_.

    Cavalry.


F. Px.
    FRANK PUAUX.
      President of the Société de l'Histoire du Protestantisme français.
      Author of _Les précurseurs français de la Tolérance_; _Histoire de
      l'établissement des protestants français en Suède_; _L'Église
      réformée de France_; &c.

    Camisards;
    Cavalier, Jean.


F. R. C.
    FRANK R. CANA.
      Author of _South Africa from the Great Trek to the Union_.

    Cameroon;
    Cape Colony.


F. W. R.*
    FREDERICK WILLIAM RUDLER, I.S.O., F.G.S.
      Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology, London,
      1879-1902. President of the Geologists' Association, 1887-1889.

    Carbonado;
    Cassiterite;
    Cat's Eye;
    Celestine;
    Chalcedony.


G. A. B.
    GEORGE A. BOULENGER, F.R.S., D.SC., PH.D. (Giessen).
      Assistant in the Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum,
      South Kensington. Vice-President of the Zoological Society.

    Carp;
    Cat-Fish.


G. G. Co.
    GEORGE GORDON COULTON, M.A.
      Birkbeck Lecturer in Ecclesiastical History, Trinity College,
      Cambridge. Author of _Medieval Studies_; _Chaucer and his
      England_; _From St Francis to Dante_; &c.

    Celibacy.


G. H. C.
    G. H. CARPENTER, B.SC.
      Professor of Zoology in the Royal College of Science, Dublin.
      Author of _Insects: their Structure and Life_.

    Chafer.


G. M. W.
    GEORGE MCKINNON WRONG, M.A., F.R.S. (Canada).
      Professor of History at Toronto University. Author of _A Canadian
      Manor and its Seigneurs_; _The British Nation: a History_; &c.

    Canada: _History to Federation_.


G. R. P.
    GEORGE ROBERT PARKIN, LL.D., C.M.G.
      See the biographical article, PARKIN, G. R.

    Canada: _History from Federation._


G. W. T.
    REV. GRIFFITHES WHEELER THATCHER, M.A., B.D.
      Warden of Camden College, Sydney, N.S.W. Formerly Tutor in Hebrew
      and Old Testament History at Mansfield College, Oxford.

    Carmathians.


H. A. M. S.
    HENRY A. M. SMITH.

    Calhoun, John C.


H. B. Wa.
    HENRY BEAUCHAMP WALTERS, M.A., F.S.A.
      Assistant to Keeper of Greek and Roman Antiquities, British
      Museum. Author of _The Art of the Greeks_; _History of Ancient
      Pottery_; _Catalogue of the Greek and Etruscan Vases in the
      British Museum_, vol. ii.; _Catalogue of Bronzes, Greek, Roman and
      Etruscan_; &c.

    Ceramics: _Greek, Etruscan and  Roman_.


H. Ch.
    HUGH CHISHOLM, M.A.
      Formerly Scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Editor of the
      11th edition of the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_; co-editor of the
      10th edition.

    Campbell Bannerman, Sir H.;
    Canon: _Music_;
    Chamberlain, J.


H. De.
    HIPPOLYTE DELEHAYE, S.J.
      Assistant in the compilation of the Bollandist publications:
      _Analecta Bollandiana_ and _Acta Sanctorum_.

    Canonization.


H. F. G.
    HANS FRIEDRICH GADOW, F.R.S., PH.D.
      Strickland Curator and Lecturer on Zoology in the University of
      Cambridge. Author of _Amphibia and Reptiles_.

    Chameleon.


H. L. C.
    HUGH LONGBOURNE CALLENDAR, F.R.S., LL.D. (McGill Univ.).
      Professor of Physics, Royal College of Science, London. Formerly
      Professor of Physics in McGill College, Montreal, and in
      University College, London.

    Calibration; Calorimetry.


H. M. V.
    HERBERT M. VAUGHAN, F.S.A.
      Keble College, Oxford. Author of _The Last of the Royal Stuarts_;
      _The Medici Popes_; _The Last Stuart Queen_.

    Charles Edward.


H. P. B.
    H. P. BIGGAR.
      Author of _The Voyages of the Cabots to Greenland_.

    Cartier, Jacques.

H. R. H.
    HENRY R. H. HALL, M.A.
      Assistant in the Department of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities,
      British Museum.

    Ceramics: _Egypt and Western Asia_.


H. Sy.
    HENRY SYMONS.
      Assistant in the British Museum. Formerly Lecturer in Greek and
      Roman History at Bedford College, London.

    Chambord, Comte de.


H. T. A.
    REV. HERBERT THOMAS ANDREWS.
      Professor of New Testament Exegesis, New College, London. Author
      of _The Commentary on Acts_ in the _Westminster New Testament_;
      _Handbook on the Apocryphal Books_ in the _Century Bible_.

    Catechumen.


H. W. R.*
    REV. HENRY WHEELER ROBINSON, M.A.
      Professor of Church History in Rawdon College, Leeds. Senior
      Kennicott Scholar, Oxford, 1901. Author of _Hebrew Psychology in
      Relation to Pauline Anthropology_ (in Mansfield College Essays);
      &c.

    Canticles (_in part_).


H. W. S.
    H. WICKHAM STEED.
      Correspondent of _The Times_ at Vienna. Correspondent of _The
      Times_ at Rome, 1897-1902.

    Cavallotti.


H. Y.
    COLONEL SIR HENRY YULE, K.C.S.I.
      See the biographical article, YULE, SIR H.

    Carpini (_in part_).


J. A. B.
    SIR JERVOISE ATHELSTANE BAINES, C.S.J.
      President, Royal Statistical Society, 1909-1910. Census
      Commissioner under the Government of India, 1889-1893. Employed at
      India Office as Secretary to Royal Commission on Opium, 1894-1895.
      Author of _Official Reports on Provincial Administration on Indian
      Census Operations_; &c.

    Census.


J. A. H.
    JOHN ALLEN HOWE, B.SC.
      Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology, London.

    Callovian;
    Cambrian System;
    Caradoc Series;
    Carboniferous System;
    Chalk.


J. A. M'N.
    J.A. M'NAUGHT.
      Member of the Jury for Carriage Building, Paris Exposition, 1900.

  Carriage


J. Bt.
    J. BARTLETT.
      Lecturer on Construction, Architecture, Sanitation, Quantities,
      &c., at King's College, London. Member of Society of Architects.
      Member of Institute of Junior Engineers.

  Carpentry


J. C. M.
    JAMES CLERK MAXWELL, F.R.S.
      See biographical article: MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK.

  Capillary Action (_in part_).


J. D. Pr.
    JOHN DYNELEY PRINCE, PH.D.
      Professor of Semitic Languages, Columbia University, New York.
      Took part in the Expedition to Southern Babylonia, 1888-1889.
      Author of _A Critical Commentary on the Book of Daniel_.

  Chaldea.


J. P. D.
    SIR J. FREDERICK DICKSON, K.C.M.G.
      Reorganized the North-West Province of Ceylon. Editor and
      translator of the _Upasampada-Kammavaca_ and the _Patimokha_.

    Ceylon (_in part_).


J. F.-K.
    JAMES FITZMAURICE-KELLY, LITT.D., F.R.Hist.S.
      Gilmour Professor of Spanish Language and Literature, Liverpool
      University. Norman MacColl Lecturer, Cambridge University. Fellow
      of the British Academy. Corresponding Member of the Royal Spanish
      Academy. Author of _A History of Spanish Literature_; &c.

    Campoamar y Campooserio;
    Castillo Solorzano;
    Celestina, La;
    Cervantes.

J. H. F.
    JOHN HENRY FREESE, M.A.
      Formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge.

    Calpurnius, Titus.


J. H. R.
    JOHN HORACE ROUND, M.A., LL.D. (Edin.).
      Author of _Feudal England_; _Studies in Peerage and Family
      History_; _Peerage and Pedigree_.

    Castle (_in part_);
    Castle Guard.


J. Hl. R.
    JOHN HOLLAND ROSE, M.A., LITT.D.
      Lecturer on Modern History to the Cambridge University Local
      Lectures Syndicate. Author of _Life of Napoleon I._; _Napoleonic
      Studies_; _The Development of the European Nations_; _The Life of
      Pitt_; chapters in the _Cambridge Modern History_.

    Cambacérès.


J. M'D.
    JAMES MACDONALD, M.A., LL.D.
      Vice-President of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland,
      1895-1897. Rhind Lecturer on Archaeology, 1897. Author of _Tituli
      Hunteriani: an Account of the Roman Stones in the Hunterian
      Museum_.

    Chalmers, George.


J. P.-B.
    JAMES GEORGE JOSEPH PENDEREL-BRODHURST.
      Editor of the _Guardian_ (London).

    Chair.


J. P. E.
    JEAN PAUL HIPPOLYTE EMMANUEL ADHÉMAR ESMEIN.
      Professor of Law in the University of Paris. Officer of the Legion
      of Honour. Member of the Institute of France. Author of _Cours
      élémentaire d'histoire du droit français_; &c.

    Chatelet.


J. R. C.
    JOSEPH ROGERSON COTTER, M.A.
      Assistant to the Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy,
      Trinity College, Dublin. Editor of 2nd edition of Preston's
      _Theory of Heat_.

    Calorescence.


J. S. F.
    JOHN SMITH FLETT, D.SC., F.G.S.
      Petrographer to the Geological Survey. Formerly Lecturer on
      Petrology in Edinburgh University. Neill Medallist of the Royal
      Society of Edinburgh. Bigsby Medallist of the Geological Society
      of London.

    Charnockite.


J. T. Be.
    JOHN T. BEALBY.
      Joint author of Stanford's _Europe_. Formerly editor of the
      _Scottish Geographical Magazine_. Translator of Sven Hedin's
      _Through Asia, Central Asia and Tibet_; &c.

    Caspian Sea (_in part_);
    Caucasia;
    Caucasus (_in part_).


J. T. C.
    JOSEPH THOMAS CUNNINGHAM, M.A., F.Z.S.
      Lecturer on Zoology at the South-Western Polytechnic, London.
      Formerly Assistant Professor of Natural History in the University
      of Edinburgh. Naturalist to the Marine Biological Association, and
      Fellow of University College, Oxford. Author of numerous papers in
      scientific journals.

    Cephalopoda.


J. Wa.
    MAJOR-GENERAL JAMES WATERHOUSE.
      Indian Staff Corps. Vice-President of the Royal Photographic
      Society. Assistant Surveyor-General in charge of Photographic
      Operations in the Surveyor-General's Office, Calcutta, 1866-1897.
      Took part in the observation of total eclipses, 1871 and 1875, and
      of transit of Venus, 1874. President of the Asiatic Society of
      Bengal, 1888-1890. Author of _The Preparation of Drawings for
      Photographic Reproduction_; &c.

    Camera Obscura: _History_.


J. W. D.
    CAPTAIN J. WHITLY DIXON, R.N.
      Nautical Assessor to the Court of Appeal.

    Capstan.


J. W. He.
    JAMES WYCLIFFE HEADLAM, M.A.
      Staff Inspector of Secondary Schools under the Board of Education.
      Formerly Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, and Professor of
      Greek and Ancient History at Queen's College, London. Author of
      _Bismarck and the Foundation of the German Empire_; &c.

    Caprivi.


L. D.*
    MONSEIGNEUR LOUIS MARIE OLIVIER DUCHESNE.
      See the biographical article: DUCHESNE, L. M. O.

    Calixtus I.;
    Celestine I.


L. J. B.
    LAWRENCE J. BURPEE.
      Author of _The Search for the Western Sea_. Joint author (with
      Henry J. Morgan) of _Canadian Life in Town and Country_.

    Canada: _Literature, English-Canadian_.


L. J. S.
    LEONARD JAMES SPENCER, M.A.
      Assistant in the Department of Mineralogy, British Museum.
      Formerly Scholar of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and Harkness
      Scholar. Editor of the _Mineralogical Magazine_.

    Cerargyrite;
    Cerussite;
    Chabazite;
    Chalybite.


L. S.
    SIR LESLIE STEPHEN, K.C.B., LITT.D.
      See the biographical article: STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE.

    Carlyle.


L. V.*
    LUIGI VILLARI.
      Italian Foreign Office (Emigration Dept.). Formerly Newspaper
      Correspondent in east of Europe. Italian Vice-Consul in New
      Orleans, 1906, Philadelphia, 1907, and Boston, U.S.A., 1907-1910.
      Author of _Italian Life in Town and Country_; &c.

    Cantu;
    Cappello;
    Capponi, G. and P.;
    Caracciolo;
    Carbonari;
    Carmagnola;
    Carrara;
    Cavour.


M. Br.
    MARGARET BRYANT.

    Chapman, George (_part_);
    Charlemagne: _Legends_.


M. G.
    MOSES GASTER, PH.D. (Leipzig).
      Chief Rabbi of the Sephardic Communities of England.
      Vice-President, Zionist Congress, 1898, 1899, 1900. Ilchester
      Lecturer at Oxford on Slavonic and Byzantine Literature, 1886 and
      1891. President, Folklore Society of England. Vice-President
      Anglo-Jewish Association. Author of _History of Rumanian Popular
      Literature_; &c.

    Cantacuzmo;
    Cantemir.


M. H. S.
    MARION H. SPIELMANN, F.S.A.
      Formerly Editor of the _Magazine of Art_. Member of Fine Art
      Committee of International Exhibitions of Brussels, Paris, Buenos
      Aires, Rome, and the Franco-British Exhibition, London. Author of
      _History of "Punch"_; _British Portrait Painting to the Opening of
      the 19th Century_; _Works of G. F. Watts, R.A._; _British
      Sculpture and Sculptors of To-day_; _Henriette Ronner_; &c.

    Caricature;
    Cartoon.


M. J. de G.
    MICHAEL JAN DE GOEJE.
      See the biographical article: GOEJE, MICHAEL JAN DE.

    Caliphate.


M. P.
    REV. MARK PATTISON.
      See the biographical article: PATTISON, MARK.

    Casaubon, Isaac.


N. E. D.
    NARCISSE EUTROPE DIONNE, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. (Canada).
      Librarian of the Legislature of the Province of Quebec. Chief
      Editor of _Le Courrier du Canada_, 1880-1884. Chief Inspector of
      Federal Licences, 1884-1886. Chief Editor of _Le Journal de
      Quebec_, 1886. Author of _Life of Samuel Champlain, Founder of
      Quebec_; _Life of Jacques Cartier, discoverer of Canada_; _La
      Nouvelle France, 1540-1603_; _Quebec et Nouvelle France_; &c.

    Champlain, Samuel de.


N. W. T.
    NORTHCOTE WHITBRIDGE THOMAS, M.A.
      Government Anthropologist to Southern Nigeria. Corresponding
      Member of the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris. Author of _Thought
      Transference_; _Kinship and Marriage in Australia_; &c.

    Cannibalism.


O. Ba.
    OSWALD BARRON, F.S.A.
      Editor of _The Ancestor_, 1902-1905.

    Cecil.


O. Br.
    OSCAR BRILIANT.

    Carpathian Mountains (_in part_).


O. M. D.
    ORMONDE MADDOCK DALTON, M.A., F.S.A.
      Assistant Keeper, Department of British and Medieval Antiquities,
      British Museum. Corresponding Member of the Imperial Russian
      Archaeological Society. Author of _Guide to the Early Christian
      and Byzantine Antiquities_; &c.

    Catacomb (_in part_).


P. A.
    PAUL DANIEL ALPHANDÉRY.
      Professor of the History of Dogma, École Pratique des Hautes
      Études, Sorbonne, Paris. Author of _Les Idées morales chez les
      hétérodoxes latines au début du XIII^e siècle_.

    Capistrano.


P. A. K.
    PRINCE PETER ALEXEIVITCH KROPOTKIN.
      See the biographical article: KROPOTKIN, P. A.

    Caspian Sea (_in part_);
    Caucasus (_in part_).


P. C. Y.
    PHILIP CHESNEY YORKE, M.A.
      Magdalen College, Oxford.

    Catherine of Aragon;
    Charles I.;
    Charles II.


P. La.
    PHILIP LAKE, M.A., F.G.S.
      Lecturer on Physical and Regional Geography in Cambridge
      University. Formerly of the Geological Survey of India. Author of
      _Monograph of British Cambrian Trilobites_. Translator and Editor
      of Kayser's _Comparative Geology_.

    Carpathian Mountains (_in part_);
    Caucasus: _Geology_.


P. Vn.
    PERCIVAL SYLVANUS VIVIAN.
      Author of _Poems of Marriage_. Editor of the _Poetical Works of
      Thomas Campion_.

    Campion, Thomas.


P. A. M.
    PERCY ALEXANDER MACMAHON, F.R.S., D.SC.
      Late Major R.A. Deputy Warden of the Standards. Board of Trade.
      Joint-General Secretary of the British Association. Formerly
      Professor of Physics, Ordnance College, and President of London
      Mathematical Society.

    Cayley.


R.
    THE RT. HON. LORD RAYLEIGH.
      See the biographical article: RAYLEIGH, 3rd Baron.

    Capillary Action (_in part_).


R. A.*
    ROBERT ANCHEL.
      Archivist to the Department de l'Eure.

    Cambon, Pierre Joseph;
    Cathelineau.


R. Ad.
    ROBERT ADAMSON.
      See the biographical article: ADAMSON, R.

    Category (_in part_).


R. A. S. M.
    ROBERT ALEXANDER STEWART MACALISTER, M.A., F.S.A.
      Director of Excavations for the Palestine Exploration Fund.

    Capernaum;
    Carmel.


R. G.
    RICHARD GARNETT.
      See the biographical article: GARNETT, RICHARD.

    Cardan.


R. I. P.
    R. I. POCOCK, F.Z.S.
      Superintendent of the Zoological Gardens, London.

    Centipede.


R. K. D.
    SIR ROBERT KENNAWAY DOUGLAS.
      Formerly Keeper of Oriental Printed Books and MSS. at the British
      Museum, and Professor of Chinese, King's College, London. Author
      of _The Language and Literature of China_; &c.

    Canton.


R. L.*
    RICHARD LYDEKKER, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S.
      Member of the Staff of the Geological Survey of India, 1874-1882.
      Author of _Catalogues of Fossil Mammals, Reptiles and Birds in
      British Museum_; _The Deer of all Lands_; _The Game Animals of
      Africa_; &c.

    Camel;
    Capuchin Monkey;
    Carnivora;
    Cat;
    Cavy;
    Cetacea;
    Chamois.


R. L. H.
    ROBERT LOCKHART HOBSON.
      Assistant in the Department of British and Medieval Antiquities,
      British Museum. Author of _Porcelain: Oriental, Continental and
      British_; _Marks on Pottery and Porcelain_ (with W. Burton); and
      _Catalogue and Guide of English Pottery and Porcelain in British
      Museum_.

    Ceramics: _Medieval and Later Italian_; Persian, Syrian, Egyptian
      and Turkish.


R. N. B.
    ROBERT NISBET BAIN (d. 1909).
      Assistant Librarian, British Museum, 1883-1909. Author of
      _Scandinavia, the Political History of Denmark, Norway and Sweden,
      1313-1900_; _The First Romanovs, 1613-1725_; _Slavonic Europe, the
      Political History of Poland and Russia from 1469 to 1796_; &c.

    Canute;
    Canute VI;
    Casimir III.;
    Casimir IV.;
    Catherine I.;
    Charles I. (_Hungary_);
    Charles IX., X., XI., XII. (_Sweden_);
    Charles XIII., XIV., XV. (_Sweden and Norway_).


R. Po.
    RENÉ POUPARDIN, D. ès L.
      Secretary of the École des Chartes. Honorary Librarian at the
      Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Author of _Le Royaume de Provence
      sous les Carolingiens_; _Recueil des chartes de Saint-Germain_;
      &c.

    Charles the Bold.


R. P. S.
    R. PHENÉ SPIERS, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.
      Master of the Architectural School and Surveyor, Royal Academy,
      London. Past President of Architectural Association. Associate and
      Fellow of King's College, London. Corresponding Member of the
      Institute of France. Edited Fergusson's _History of Architecture_.
      Author of _Architecture East and West_; &c.

    Campanile;
    Capital: _Arch._;
    Cathedral: _Arch._;
    Ceiling.


R. S. C.
    ROBERT SEYMOUR CONWAY, M.A., D.LITT. (Cantab.).
      Professor of Latin in the University of Manchester. Formerly
      Professor of Latin in University College, Cardiff; and Fellow of
      Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Author of _The Italic
      Dialects_.

    Campania (_in part_).


R. W.
    ROBERT WALLACE, F.R.S. (Edin.), F.L.S.
      Professor of Agriculture and Rural Economy at Edinburgh
      University, and Garton Lecturer on Colonial and Indian
      Agriculture. Professor of Agriculture, R.A.C., Cirencester,
      1882-1885. Author of _Farm Live Stock of Great Britain_; _Indian
      Agriculture_; _The Agriculture and Rural Economy of Australia and
      New Zealand_; _Farming Industries of Cape Colony_; &c.

    Cattle (_in part_).


R. We.
    RICHARD WEBSTER, A.M.
      Editor of _Elegies of Maximianus_.

    Channing, William E.


ST C.
    VISCOUNT ST CYRES.
      See the biographical article: IDDESLEIGH, 1ST EARL OF.

    Casuistry.


S. D.
    SAMUEL DAVIDSON, D.D.
      See the biographical article: DAVIDSON, SAMUEL.

    Canon: _Scriptures_.


T. As.
    THOMAS ASHBY, M.A., D.LITT., F.S.A.
      Director of the British School of Archaeology at Rome.
      Corresponding Member of the Imperial German Archaeological
      Institute. Formerly Scholar of Christ Church, Oxford. Craven
      Fellow, Oxford, 1897. Author of _The Classical Topography of the
      Roman Campagna_; &c.

    Camerino;
    Campania (_in part_);
    Canosa;
    Canusium;
    Capena;
    Capri;
    Capua;
    Carales;
    Carsioli;
    Casilinum;
    Casinum;
    Cassia, Via;
    Catania;
    Caudine Forks;
    Cefalu;
    Centuripe;
    Cesena.


T. A. H.
    CAPTAIN THOMAS A. HULL, R.N.
      Formerly Superintendent of Admiralty Charts.

    Chart.


T. Ba.
    SIR THOMAS BARCLAY, M.P.
      Member of the Institute of International Law. Member of the
      Supreme Council of the Congo Free State. Officer of the Legion of
      Honour. Author of _Problems of International Practice and
      Diplomacy_; &c. M.P. for Blackburn, 1910.

    Capture.


T. F. C.
    THEODORE FREYLINGHUYSEN COLLIER, PH.D.
      Assistant Professor of History, Williams College, Williamstown,
      Mass., U.S.A.

    Carthage, Synods of;
    Chalcedon, Council of.


T. K. C.
    REV. THOMAS KELLY CHEYNE. D.LITT., D.D.
      See the biographical article: CHEYNE, T.K.

    Canaan, Canaanites.


T. M. F.
    THOMAS MACALL FALLOW, M.A., F.S.A.
      Formerly editor of _The Antiquary_, 1895-1899. Author of
      _Memorials of Old Yorkshire_; _The Cathedral Churches of Ireland_.

    Cathedral.


T. W. F.
    THOMAS WILLIAM FOX.
      Professor of Textiles in the University of Manchester. Author of
      _Mechanics of Weaving_.

    Carding.


W. A. B. C.
    REV. WILLIAM AUGUSTUS BREVOORT COOLIDGE, M.A., F.R.G.S.
      Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Professor of English History,
      St David's College, Lampeter, 1880-1881. Author of _Guide to
      Switzerland_; _The Alps in Nature and in History_; &c. Editor of
      _The Alpine Journal_, 1880-1889.

    Cannes;
    Chamonix;
    Chartreuse, La Grande.


W. A. P.
    WALTER ALISON PHILLIPS, M.A.
      Formerly Exhibitioner of Merton College and Senior Scholar of St
      John's College, Oxford. Author of _Modern Europe_; &c.

    Canon: _Church Dignitary_;
    Capo d'Istria;
    Carlsbad Decrees;
    Chasuble.


W. B.*
    WILLIAM BURTON, HON. M.A. (Vict.), F.C.S.
      Chairman, Joint-Committee of Pottery Manufacturers of Great
      Britain. Examiner for Board of Education in Pottery Design and for
      Technological Examinations in Pottery Manufacture. Author of
      _English Stoneware and Earthenware_; _Porcelain_; &c.

    Ceramics (_in part_).


W. B. D.
    WILLIAM BOYD DAWKINS, F.R.S., D.SC.
      See the biographical article: DAWKINS, WILLIAM BOYD.

    Cave.


W. B. Du.
    WILLIAM BARTLETT DUFFIELD, M.A.
      Barrister at Law, Inner Temple. Secretary to the Royal Commission
      on Canals, 1906-1910.

    Chartered Companies.


W. F. C.
    WILLIAM FEILDEN CRAIES, M.A.
      Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple. Lecturer on Criminal Law at King's
      College, London. Editor of _Archbold's Criminal Pleading_ (23rd
      edition).

    Capital punishment.


W. F. W.
    WALTER FRANCIS WILLCOX, LL.B., PH.D.
      Dean of, and Professor of Political Economy and Statistics at,
      Cornell University. Formerly Chief Statistician and now Special
      Agent of the U.S. Census Bureau. Author of _The Divorce Problem--a
      Study in Statistics_; _Social Statistics of the United States_;
      &c.

    Census: _U.S.A._


W. Fr.
    WILLIAM FREAM (d. 1907), LL.D., F.G.S., F.L.S., F.S.S.
      Author of _Handbook of Agriculture_. Formerly Agricultural
      Correspondent of _The Times_.

    Cattle (_in part_).


W. G.*
    WALCOT GIBSON, D.SC., F.G.S.
      Geologist on H.M. Geological Survey. Author of _The Gold-bearing
      Rocks of the S. Transvaal_; _Mineral Wealth of Africa_; _The
      Geology of Coal and Coal Mining_; &c.

    Cape Colony: _Geology._


W. G. F. P.
    SIR WALTER GEORGE FRANK PHILLIMORE, BART., D.C.L., LL.D.
      Judge of the King's Bench Division. President of International Law
      Association, 1905. Author of _Book of Church Law_. Editor of 2nd
      ed. of _Phillimore's Ecclesiastical Law_; 3rd ed. of vol. iv. of
      _Phillimore's International Law_; &c.

    Canon Law: _Anglican._


W. G. M.
    WALTER G. M'MILLAN, F.C.S., M.I.M.E. (d. 1904).
      Formerly Secretary of the Institute of Electrical Engineers.
      Lecturer on Metallurgy, Mason College, Birmingham. Author of _A
      Treatise on Electro-Metallurgy_.

    Carborundum.


W. Ha.
    REV. WILLIAM HANNA, LL.D., D.D. (1802-1882).
      Minister of St John's Free Church, Edinburgh, 1850-1866. Author of
      _Life of Dr Chalmers_; _Wycliffe and the Huguenots_; _Martyrs of
      the Scottish Reformation_.

    Chalmers, Thomas (_in part_).


W. J. G.
    WILLIAM JOHN GRUFFYDD, M.A.
      Lecturer in Celtic, University College, Cardiff. Examiner in Welsh
      to the Central Welsh Board for Intermediate Education. Author of
      _Caneuon a Cherddi: An Anthology of Medieval Welsh Poetry_.

    Celt: _Literature, Welsh._


W. L.*
    WALTER LEHMANN, M.D.
      Directorial Assistant of the Royal Ethnographical Museum, Munich.
      Conducted Exploring Expedition in Mexico and Central America,
      1907-1909. Author of many publications on Mexican and Central
      American Archaeology.

    Central America: _Archaeology._


W. L. A.
    REV. WILLIAM LINDSAY ALEXANDER, D.D., LL.D., F.R.S. (Edin.)
       (1808-1884).
      Classical Tutor, Lancashire Independent College. Pastor of
      Independent Chapel, N. College Street, Edinburgh. One of the Old
      Testament Revisers. Author of _A Moral Philosophy_.

    Calvin (_in part_).


W. L. G.
    WILLIAM LAWSON GRANT, M.A.
      Professor at Queen's University, Kingston, Canada. Formerly Beit
      Lecturer in Colonial History at Oxford University. Editor of _Acts
      of the Privy Council_, Colonial series; _Canadian Constitutional
      Development_ (in collaboration).

    Canada: _Statistics_;
    Cartier, Sir Georges Etienne.


W. M. R.
    WILLIAM MICHAEL ROSSETTI.
      See the biographical article: ROSSETTI, DANTE GABRIEL.

    Canova;
    Caracci;
    Cartoon;
    Cellini, Benvenuto (_in part_);
    Charlet.


W. Ri.
    WILLIAM RIDGEWAY, M.A., D.SC., LL.D. (Aberdeen), D.LITT.
      Fellow of the British Academy. Disney Professor of Archaeology at
      Cambridge University. Professor of Greek, Queen's College, Cork,
      1883. Ex-President of Cambridge Philological, Antiquarian and
      Classical Societies. Author of _The Oldest Irish Epic_; _Origin of
      Metallic Currency and Weight Standards_; _The Early Age of
      Greece_; &c.

    Celt.


W. R. B.
    RT. REV. WILLIAM ROBERT BROWNLOW, M.A., D.D. (d. 1901).
      Roman Catholic Bishop of Clifton. Provost and Domestic Prelate to
      Pope Leo XIII. Co-editor of _English Roma Sotterranea_. Author of
      _Early Christian Symbolism_; _Lectures on Sacerdotalism, on
      Catacombs and other Archaeological Subjects_. Translator of _Cur
      Deus Homo_ and _Vitis mystica_.

   Catacomb (_in part_).


W. R. S.
    WILLIAM ROBERTSON SMITH
       See the biographical article: SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON.

   Canticles (_in part_).


W. Wo.
    WILLIAM WOOD, D.C.L., F.R.S. (Canada).
      Lieut.-Col., Canadian Militia. Formerly President of the English
      Section of the Royal Society of Canada and of the Historic
      Landmarks Association. Author of _The Fight for Canada_; _The Logs
      of the Conquest of Canada_, &c.

   Canada: _Literature, French-Canadian_.


W. W. R.*
    WILLIAM WALKER ROCKWELL, LIC. THEOL.
      Assistant Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary,
      New York.

   Celestine III. and V.


W. Y. S.
    WILLIAM YOUNG SELLAR.
       See the biographical article: SELLAR, WILLIAM YOUNG.

   Catullus (_in part_).


FOOTNOTE:

  [1] A complete list, showing all individual contributors, appears in
    the final volume.




PRINCIPAL UNSIGNED ARTICLES

  California.                     Carrier.
  Cambodia.                       Cartagena.
  Cambridge, Earls and Dukes of.  Cassel.
  Cambridge, England.             Cassiodorus.
  Cambridgeshire.                 Caste.
  Campbell, Thomas.               Catherine, Saint.
  Canary Islands.                 Catherine II.
  Canning, George.                Catherine de' Medici
  Canterbury.                     Catiline.
  Cape Town.                      Cato.
  Cape Verde Islands.             Causation.
  Capital (_Economics_).          Cavaignac, Louis Eugène.
  Capitulations.                  Cavan.
  Carbolic Acid.                  Cavendish, Henry.
  Carbon.                         Caxton, William.
  Cardiganshire.                  Cedar.
  Cards, Playing.                 Celebes.
  Carducci, Giosue.               Celsus.
  Carinthia.                      Cemetery.
  Carlisle, Earls of.             Chambers, Robert.
  Carlisle.                       Chancellor.
  Carlos.                         Chancery.
  Carlsbad.                       Channel Islands.
  Carlstadt.                      Chantrey, Sir Francis.
  Carmarthenshire.                Charles V., VI., VII. of France.
  Carnarvonshire.                 Charles, Archduke of Austria.
  Carnegie, Andrew.               Charles Albert, king of Sardinia.
  Carnot.                         Charles Augustus.
  Carol.                          Chartism.
  Caroline Islands.               Chateaubriand.