Produced by A. Elizabeth Warren





LETTERS TO DEAD AUTHORS

By Andrew Lang




Contents.

     I.     To W. M. Thackeray
     II.    To Charles Dickens
     III.   To Pierre De Ronsard
     IV.    To Herodotus
     V.     Epistle to Mr. Alexander Pope
     VI.    To Lucian of Samosata
     VII.   To Maitre Francoys Rabelais
     VIII.  To Jane Austen
     IX.    To Master Isaak Walton
     X.     To M. Chapelain
     XI.    To Sir John Manndeville, Kt
     XII.   To Alexandre Dumas
     XIII.  To Theocritus
     XIV.   To Edgar Allan Poe
     XV.    To Sir Walter Scott, Bart.
     XVI.   To Eusebius of Caesarea
     XVII.  To Percy Bysshe Shelley
     XVIII. To Monsieur De Moliére, Valet De Chambre du Roi
     XIX.   To Robert Burns
     XX.    To Lord Byron
     XXI.   To Omar Khayya'm
     XXII.  To Q. Horatius Flaccus




Preface.


Sixteen of these Letters, which were written at the suggestion of the
editor of the 'St. James's Gazette,' appeared in that journal, from
which they are now reprinted, by the editor's kind permission. They have
been somewhat emended, and a few additions have been made. The Letters
to Horace, Byron, Isaak Walton, Chapelain, Ronsard, and Theocritus have
not been published before.

The gem published for the first time on the title-page is a red
cornelian in the British Museum, probably Graeco-Roman, and treated in
an archaistic style. It represents Hermes Psychogogos, with a Soul, and
has some likeness to the Baptism of Our Lord, as usually shown in art.
Perhaps it may be post-Christian. The gem was selected by Mr. A. S.
Murray.

It is, perhaps, superfluous to add that some of the Letters are written
rather to suit the Correspondent than to express the writer's own taste
or opinions. The Epistle to Lord Byron, especially, is 'writ in a manner
which is my aversion.'




LETTERS TO DEAD AUTHORS




I. To W. M. Thackeray.



Sir,--There are many things that stand in the way of the critic when
he has a mind to praise the living. He may dread the charge of writing
rather to vex a rival than to exalt the subject of his applause. He
shuns the appearance of seeking the favour of the famous, and would not
willingly be regarded as one of the many parasites who now advertise
each movement and action of contemporary genius. 'Such and such men of
letters are passing their summer holidays in the Val d'Aosta,' or
the Mountains of the Moon, or the Suliman Range, as it may happen. So
reports our literary 'Court Circular,' and all our _Précieuses_ read the
tidings with enthusiasm. Lastly, if the critic be quite new to the world
of letters, he may superfluously fear to vex a poet or a novelist by the
abundance of his eulogy. No such doubts perplex us when, with all our
hearts, we would commend the departed; for they have passed almost
beyond the reach even of envy; and to those pale cheeks of theirs no
commendation can bring the red.

You, above all others, were and remain without a rival in your
many-sided excellence, and praise of you strikes at none of those who
have survived your day. The increase of time only mellows your renown,
and each year that passes and brings you no successor does but sharpen
the keenness of our sense of loss. In what other novelist, since
Scott was worn down by the burden of a forlorn endeavour, and died
for honour's sake, has the world found so many of the fairest gifts
combined? If we may not call you a poet (for the first of English
writers of light verse did not seek that crown), who that was less than
a poet ever saw life with a glance so keen as yours, so steady, and so
sane? Your pathos was never cheap, your laughter never forced; your
sigh was never the pulpit trick of the preacher. Your funny people--your
Costigans and Fokers--were not mere characters of trick and catch-word,
were not empty comic masks. Behind each the human heart was beating; and
ever and again we were allowed to see the features of the man.

Thus fiction in your hands was not simply a profession, like another,
but a constant reflection of the whole surface of life: a repeated echo
of its laughter and its complaint. Others have written, and not written
badly, with the stolid professional regularity of the clerk at his desk;
you, like the Scholar Gipsy, might have said that 'it needs heaven-sent
moments for this skill.' There are, it will not surprise you, some
honourable women and a few men who call you a cynic; who speak of 'the
withered world of Thackerayan satire;' who think your eyes were ever
turned to the sordid aspects of life--to the mother-in-law who threatens
to 'take away her silver bread-basket;' to the intriguer, the sneak, the
termagant; to the Beckys, and Barnes Newcomes, and Mrs. Mackenzies of
this world. The quarrel of these sentimentalists is really with life,
not with you; they might as wisely blame Monsieur Buffon because there
are snakes in his Natural History. Had you not impaled certain noxious
human insects, you would have better pleased Mr. Ruskin; had you
confined yourself to such performances, you would have been more dear to
the Neo-Balzacian school in fiction.

You are accused of never having drawn a good woman who was not a doll,
but the ladies that bring this charge seldom remind us either of Lady
Castlewood or of Theo or Hetty Lambert. The best women can pardon you
Becky Sharp and Blanche Amory; they find it harder to forgive you Emmy
Sedley and Helen Pendennis. Yet what man does not know in his heart that
the best women--God bless them--lean, in their characters, either to the
sweet passiveness of Emmy or to the sensitive and jealous affections
of Helen? 'Tis Heaven, not you, that made them so; and they are easily
pardoned, both for being a very little lower than the angels and for
their gentle ambition to be painted, as by Guido or Guercino, with wings
and harps and haloes. So ladies have occasionally seen their own
faces in the glass of fancy, and, thus inspired, have drawn Romola and
Consuelo. Yet when these fair idealists, Mdme. Sand and George Eliot,
designed Rosamund Vincy and Horace, was there not a spice of malice in
the portraits which we miss in your least favourable studies?

That the creator of Colonel Newcome and of Henry Esmond was a snarling
cynic; that he who designed Rachel Esmond could not draw a good woman:
these are the chief charges (all indifferent now to you, who were once
so sensitive) that your admirers have to contend against. A French
critic, M. Taine, also protests that you do preach too much. Did any
author but yourself so frequently break the thread (seldom a strong
thread) of his plot to converse with his reader and moralise his tale,
we also might be offended. But who that loves Montaigne and Pascal, who
that likes the wise trifling of the one and can bear with the melancholy
of the other, but prefers your preaching to another's playing!

Your thoughts come in, like the intervention of the Greek Chorus, as an
ornament and source of fresh delight. Like the songs of the Chorus, they
bid us pause a moment over the wider laws and actions of human fate and
human life, and we turn from your persons to yourself, and again from
yourself to your persons, as from the odes of Sophocles or Aristophanes
to the action of their characters on the stage. Nor, to my taste, does
the mere music and melancholy dignity of your style in these passages of
meditation fall far below the highest efforts of poetry. I remember
that scene where Clive, at Barnes Newcome's Lecture on the Poetry of the
Affections, sees Ethel who is lost to him. 'And the past and its dear
histories, and youth and its hopes and passions, and tones and looks for
ever echoing in the heart and present in the memory--these, no doubt,
poor Clive saw and heard as he looked across the great gulf of time, and
parting and grief, and beheld the wonmn he had loved for many years.'

_For ever echoing in the heart and present in the memory:_ who has not
heard these tones, who does not hear them as he turns over your books
that, for so many years, have been his companions and comforters? We
have been young and old, we have been sad and merry with you, we have
listened to the mid-night chimes with Pen and Warrington, have stood
with you beside the death-bed, have mourned at that yet more awful
funeral of lost love, and with you have prayed in the inmost chapel
sacred to our old and immortal affections, _a' léal souvenir!_ And
whenever you speak for yourself, and speak in earnest, how magical, how
rare, how lonely in our literature is the beauty of your sentences! 'I
can't express the charm of them' (so you write of George Sand; so we
may write of you): 'they seem to me like the sound of country bells,
provoking I don't know what vein of music and meditation, and falling
sweetly and sadly on the ear.' Surely that style, so fresh, so rich, so
full of surprises--that style which stamps as classical your fragments
of slang, and perpetually astonishes and delights--would alone give
immortality to an author, even had he little to say. But you, with your
whole wide world of fops and fools, of good women and brave men, of
honest absurdities and cheery adventurers: you who created the Steynes
and Newcomes, the Beckys and Blanches, Captain Costigan and F. B., and
the Chevalier Strong--all that host of friends imperishable--you must
survive with Shakespeare and Cervantes in the memory and affection of
men.




II. To Charles Dickens.



Sir,--It has been said that every man is born a Platonist or an
Aristotelian, though the enormous majority of us, to be sure, live and
die without being conscious of any invidious philosophic partiality
whatever. With more truth (though that does not imply very much) every
Englishman who reads may be said to be a partisan of yourself or of Mr.
Thackeray. Why should there be any partisanship in the matter; and
why, having two such good things as your novels and those of your
contemporary, should we not be silently happy in the possession? Well,
men are made so, and must needs fight and argue over their tastes in
enjoyment. For myself, I may say that in this matter I am what the
Americans do not call a 'Mugwump,' what English politicians dub a
'superior person'--that is, I take no side, and attempt to enjoy the
best of both.

It must be owned that this attitude is sometimes made a little difficult
by the vigour of your special devotees. They have ceased, indeed, thank
Heaven! to imitate you; and even in 'descriptive articles' the touch
of Mr. Gigadibs, of him whom 'we almost took for the true Dickens,'
has disappeared. The young lions of the Press no longer mimic your less
admirable mannerisms--do not strain so much after fantastic comparisons,
do not (in your manner and Mr. Carlyle's) give people nick-names derived
from their teeth, or their complexion; and, generally, we are spared
second-hand copies of all that in your style was least to be commended.
But, though improved by lapse of time in this respect, your devotees
still put on little conscious airs of virtue, robust manliness, and so
forth, which would have irritated you very much, and there survive some
press men who seem to have read you a little (especially your later
works), and never to have read anything else. Now familiarity with the
pages of 'Our Mutual Friend'and 'Dombey and Son' does not precisely
constitute a liberal education, and the assumption that it does is apt
(quite unreasonably) to prejudice people against the greatest comic
genius of modern times.

On the other hand, Time is at last beginning to sift the true admirers
of Dickens from the false. Yours, Sir, in the best sense of the word, is
a popular success, a popular reputation. For example, I know that, in a
remote and even Pictish part of this kingdom, a rural household, humble
and under the shadow of a sorrow inevitably approaching, has found in
'David Copperfield' oblivion of winter, of sorrow, and of sickness. On
the other hand, people are now picking up heart to say that 'they cannot
read Dickens,' and that they particularly detest 'Pickwick.' I believe
it was young ladies who first had the courage of their convictions in
this respect. 'Tout sied aux belles,' and the fair, in the confidence of
youth, often venture on remarkable confessions. In your 'Natural History
of Young Ladies' I do not remember that you describe the Humorous Young
Lady (1). She is a very rare bird indeed, and humour generally is at a
deplorably low level in England.


     (1)   I am informed that the _Natural History of Young
     Ladies_ is attributed, by some writers, to another
     philosopher, the author of _The Art of Pluck_.


Hence come all sorts of mischief, arisen since you left us; and, it
may be said, that inordinate philanthropy, genteel sympathy with Irish
murder and arson, Societies for Badgering the Poor, Esoteric
Buddhism, and a score of other plagues, including what was once called
Aestheticism, are all, primarily, due to want of humour. People discuss,
with the gravest faces, matters which properly should only be stated
as the wildest paradoxes. It naturally follows that, in a period almost
destitute of humour, many respectable persons 'cannot read Dickens,' and
are not ashamed to glory in their shame. We ought not to be angry with
others for their misfortunes; and yet when one meets the _crétins_ who
boast that they cannot read Dickens, one certainly does feel much as Mr.
Samuel Weller felt when he encountered Mr. Job Trotter.

How very singular has been the history of the decline of humour. Is
there any profound psychological truth to be gathered from consideration
of the fact that humour has gone out with cruelty? A hundred years ago,
eighty years ago--nay, fifty years ago--we were a cruel but also
a humorous people. We had bull-baitings, and badger-drawings, and
hustings, and prize-fights, and cock-fights; we went to see men hanged;
the pillory and the stocks were no empty 'terrors unto evil-doers,' for
there was commonly a malefactor occupying each of these institutions.
With all this we had a broad blown comic sense. We had Ho-garth, and
Bunbury, and George Cruikshank, and Gilray; we had Leech and Surtees,
and the creator of Tittlebat Titmouse; we had the Shepherd of the
'Noctes,' and, above all, we had _you_.

From the old giants of English fun--burly persons delighting in broad
caricature, in decided colours, in cockney jokes, in swashing blows at
the more prominent and obvious human follies--from these you derived the
splendid high spirits and unhesitating mirth of your earlier works. Mr.
Squeers, and Sam Weller, and Mrs. Gamp, and all the Pickwickians, and
Mr. Dowler, and John Browdie--these and their immortal companions were
reared, so to speak, on the beef and beer of that naughty, fox-hunting,
badger-baiting old England, which we have improved out of existence.
And these characters, assuredly, are your best; by them, though stupid
people cannot read about them, you will live while there is a laugh left
among us. Perhaps that does not assure you a very prolonged existence,
but only the future can show.

The dismal seriousness of the time cannot, let us hope, last for ever
and a day. Honest old Laughter, the true _lutin_ of your inspiration,
must have life left in him yet, and cannot die; though it is true that
the taste for your pathos, and your melodrama, and plots constructed
after your favourite fashion ('Great Expectations' and the 'Tale of Two
Cities' are exceptions) may go by and never be regretted. Were people
simpler, or only less clear-sighted, as far as your pathos is concerned,
a generation ago? Jeffrey, the hard-headed shallow critic, who declared
that Wordsworth 'would never do,' cried, 'wept like anything,' over your
Little Nell. One still laughs as heartily as ever with Dick Swiveller;
but who can cry over Little Nell?

Ah, Sir, how could you--who knew so intimately, who remembered so
strangely well the fancies, the dreams, the sufferings of childhood--how
could you 'wallow naked in the pathetic,' and massacre holocausts of the
Innocents? To draw tears by gloating over a child's death-bed, was it
worthy of you? Was it the kind of work over which our hearts should
melt? I confess that Little Nell might die a dozen times, and be
welcomed by whole legions of Angels, and I (like the bereaved fowl
mentioned by Pet Marjory) would remain unmoved.

  She was more than usual calm,
  She did not give a single dam,

wrote the astonishing child who diverted the leisure of Scott. Over your
Little Nell and your Little Dombey I remain more than usual calm; and
probably so do thousands of your most sincere admirers. But about matter
of this kind, and the unsealing of the fountains of tears, who can
argue? Where is taste? where is truth? What tears are 'manly, Sir,
manly,' as Fred Bayham has it; and of what lamentations ought we rather
to be ashamed? _Sunt lacrymae rerum_; one has been moved in the cell
where Socrates tasted the hemlock; or by the river-banks where Syracusan
arrows slew the parched Athenians among the mire and blood; or, in
fiction, when Colonel Newcome said _Adsum_, or over the diary of Clare
Doria Forey, or where Aramis laments, with strange tears, the death
of Porthos. But over Dombey (the Son), or Little Nell, one declines to
snivel.

When an author deliberately sits down and says, 'Now, let us have a good
cry,' he poisons the wells of sensibility and chokes, at least in many
breasts, the fountain of tears. Out of 'Dombey and Son' there is little
we care to remember except the deathless Mr. Toots; just as we forget
the melodramatics of 'Martin Chuzzlewit.' I have read in that book a
score of times; I never see it but I revel in it--in Pecksniff, and Mrs.
Gamp, and the Americans. But what the plot is all about, what Jonas did,
what Montagu Tigg had to make in the matter, what all the pictures with
plenty of shading illustrate, I have never been able to comprehend. In
the same way, one of your most thorough-going admirers has allowed (in
the licence of private conversation) that 'Ralph Nickleby and Monk are
too steep;' and probably a cultivated taste will always find them a
little precipitous.

'Too steep:'--the slang expresses that defect of an ardent genius,
carried above itself, and out of the air we breathe, both in its
grotesque and in its gloomy imaginations. To force the note, to press
fantasy too hard, to deepen the gloom with black over the indigo, that
was the failing which proved you mortal. To take an instance in little:
when Pip went to Mr. Pumblechook's, the boy thought the seedsman 'a very
happy man to have so many little drawers in his shop.' The reflection
is thoroughly boyish; but then you add, 'I wondered whether the
flower-seeds and bulbs ever wanted of a fine day to break out of those
jails and bloom.' That is not boyish at all; that is the hard-driven,
jaded literary fancy at work.

'So we arraign her; but she,' the Genius of Charles Dickens, how
brilliant, how kindly, how beneficent she is! dwelling by a fountain of
laughter imperishable; though there is something of an alien salt in the
neighbouring fountain of tears. How poor the world of fancy would be,
how 'dispeopled of her dreams,' if, in some ruin of the social system,
the books of Dickens were lost; and if The Dodger, and Charley Bates,
and Mr. Crinkle, and Miss Squeers, and Sam Weller, and Mrs. Gamp, and
Dick Swiveller were to perish, or to vanish with Menander's men and
women! We cannot think of our world without them; and, children of
dreams as they are, they seem more essential than great statesmen,
artists, soldiers, who have actually worn flesh and blood, ribbons and
orders, gowns and uniforms. May we not almost welcome 'Free Education'?
for every Englishman who can read, unless he be an Ass, is a reader the
more for you.




III. To Pierre de Ronsard (Prince of Poets.)



Master and Prince of Poets,--As we know what choice thou madest of a
sepulchre (a choice how ill fulfilled by the jealousy of Fate), so we
know well the manner of thy chosen immortality. In the Plains Elysian,
among the heroes and the ladies of old song, there was thy Love with
thee to enjoy her paradise in an eternal spring.

  La' du plaisant Avril la saison imortelle
   Sans eschange le suit,
  La terre sans labeur, de sa grasse mamelle,
   Tout chose y produit;
  D'enbas la troupe sainte autrefois amoureuse,
   Nous honorant sur tous,
  Viendra nous saluer, s'estimant bien-heureuse
   De s'accointer de nous.

There thou dwellest, with the learned lovers of old days, with Belleau,
and Du Bellay, and Bai'f, and the flower of the maidens of Anjou. Surely
no rumour reaches thee, in that happy place of reconciled affections, no
rumour of the rudeness of Time, the despite of men, and the change which
stole from thy locks, so early grey, the crown of laurels and of thine
own roses. How different from thy choice of a sepulchre have been the
fortunes of thy tomb!

  I will that none should break
  The marble for my sake,
  Wishful to make more fair
    My sepulchre.

 So didst thou sing, or so thy sweet numbers run in my rude English. Wearied
of Courts and of priories, thou didst desire a grave beside thine own
Loire, not remote from

  The caves, the founts that fall
  From the high mountain wall,
   That fall and flash and fleet,
    Wilh silver fret.

  Only a laurel tree
  Shall guard the grave of me;
   Only Apollo's bough
    Shall shade me now!

 Far other has been thy sepulchre: not in the free air, among the field
flowers, but in thy priory of Saint Cosme, with marble for a monument,
and no green grass to cover thee. Restless wert thou in thy life; thy
dust was not to be restful in thy death. The Huguenots, _ces nouveaux
Chrétiens qui la France ont pillée_, destroyed thy tomb, and the warning
of the later monument,

 ABI, NEFASTE, QUAM CALCAS HUMUM SACRA EST,

has not scared away malicious men. The storm that passed over France a
hundred years ago, more terrible than the religious wars that thou didst
weep for, has swept the column from the tomb. The marble was broken by
violent hands, and the shattered sepulchre of the Prince of Poets gained
a dusty hospitality from the museum of a country town. Better had been
the laurel of thy desire, the creeping vine, and the ivy tree.

Scarce more fortunate, for long, than thy monument was thy memory.
Thou hast not encountered, Master, in the Paradise of Poets, Messieurs
Malherbe, De Balzac, and Boileau--Boileau who spoke of thee as _Ce poéte
orgueilleux trébuché de si haut!_

These gallant gentlemen, I make no doubt, are happy after their own
fashion, backbiting each other and thee in the Paradise of Critics. In
their time they wrought thee much evil, grumbling that thou wrotest in
Greek and Latin (of which tongues certain of them had but little skill),
and blaming thy many lyric melodies and the free flow of thy lines. What
said M. de Balzac to M. Chapelain? 'M. de Malherbe, M. de Grasse, and
yourself must be very little poets, if Ronsard be a great one.' Time has
brought in his revenges, and Messieurs Chapelain and De Grasse are as
well forgotten as thou art well remembered. Men could not always be deaf
to thy sweet old songs, nor blind to the beauty of thy roses and thy
loves. When they took the wax out of their ears that M. Boileau had
given them lest they should hear the singing of thy Sirens, then they
were deaf no longer, then they heard the old deaf poet singing and made
answer to his lays. Hast thou not heard these sounds? have they not
reached thee, the voices and the lyres of Théophile Gautier and Alfred
de Musset? Methinks thou hast marked them, and been glad that the old
notes were ringing again and the old French lyric measures tripping to
thine ancient harmonies, echoing and replying to the Muses of Horace and
Catullus. Returning to Nature, poets returned to thee. Thy monument has
perished, but not thy music, and the Prince of Poets has returned to his
own again in a glorious Restoration.

Through the dust and smoke of ages, and through the centuries of wars we
strain our eyes and try to gain a glimpse of thee, Master, in thy good
days, when the Muses walked with thee. We seem to mark thee wandering
silent through some little village, or dreaming in the woods, or
loitering among thy lonely places, or in gardens where the roses blossom
among wilder flowers, or on river banks where the whispering poplars and
sighing reeds make answer to the murmur of the waters. Such a picture
hast thou drawn of thyself in the summer afternoons.

  Je m'en vais pourmener tantost parmy la plaine,
  Tantost en un village, et tantost en un bois,
  Et tantost par les lieux solitaires et cois.
  J'aime fort les jardins qui sentent le sauvage,
  J'aime le flot de l'eau qui gazou'ille au rivage.

Still, methinks, there was a book in the hand of the grave and learned
poet; still thou wouldst carry thy Horace, thy Catullus, thy Theocritus,
through the gem-like weather of the _Renouveau_, when the woods
were enamelled with flowers, and the young Spring was lodged, like a
wandering prince, in his great palaces hung with green:

  Orgueilleux de ses fleurs, enflé de sa jeunesse,
  Logé comme un grand Prince en ses vertes maisons!

Thou sawest, in these woods by Loire side, the fair shapes of old
religion, Fauns, Nymphs, and Satyrs, and heard'st in the nightingale's
music the plaint of Philomel. The ancient poets came back in the train
of thyself and of the Spring, and learning was scarce less dear to thee
than love; and thy ladies seemed fairer for the names they borrowed from
the beauties of forgotten days, Helen and Cassandra. How sweetly didst
thou sing to them thine old morality, and how gravely didst thou teach
the lesson of the Roses! Well didst thou know it, well didst thou love
the Rose, since thy nurse, carrying thee, an infant, to the holy font,
let fall on thee the sacred water brimmed with floating blossoms of the
Rose!

  Mignonne, allons voir si la Rose,
  Qui ce matin avoit desclose
  Sa robe de pourpre au soleil,
  A point perdu ceste vespree
  Les plis de sa robe pourpree,
  Et son teint au votre pareil.

And again,

  La belle Rose du Printemps,
  Aubert, admoneste les hommes
  Passer joyeusement le temps,
  Et pendant que jeunes nous sommes,
  Esbattre la fleur de nos ans.

In the same mood, looking far down the future, thou sangest of thy
lady's age, the most sad, the most beautiful of thy sad and beautiful
lays; for if thy bees gathered much honey 't was somewhat bitter to
taste, as that of the Sardinian yews. How clearly we see the great hall,
the grey lady spinning and humming among her drowsy maids, and how
they waken at the word, and she sees her spring in their eyes, and they
forecast their winter in her face, when she murmurs ''Twas Ronsard sang
of me.'

Winter, and summer, and spring, how swiftly they pass, and how early
time brought thee his sorrows, and grief cast her dust upon thy head.

  Adieu ma Lyre, adieu fillettes,
  Jadis mes douces amourettes,
  Adieu, je sens venir ma fin,
  Nul passetemps de ma jeunesse
  Ne m'accompagne en la vieillesse,
  Que le feu, le lict et le vin.

Wine, and a soft bed, and a bright fire: to this trinity of poor
pleasures we come soon, if, indeed, wine be left to us. Poetry herself
deserts us; is it not said that Bacchus never forgives a renegade? and
most of us turn recreants to Bacchus. Even the bright fire, I fear,
was not always there to warm thine old blood, Master, or, if fire there
were, the wood was not bought with thy book-seller's money. When autumn
was drawing in during thine early old age, in 1584, didst thou not write
that thou hadst never received a sou at the hands of all the publishers
who vended thy books? And as thou wert about putting forth the folio
edition of 1584, thou didst pray Buon, the bookseller, to give thee
sixty crowns to buy wood withal, and make thee a bright fire in winter
weather, and comfort thine old age with thy friend Gallandius. And if
Buon will not pay, then to try the other book-sellers, 'that wish to
take everything and give nothing.'

Was it knowledge of this passage, Master, or ignorance of everything
else, that made certain of the common steadfast dunces of our days speak
of thee as if thou hadst been a starveling, neglected poetaster, jealous
forsooth, of Maitre Francoys Rabelais? See how ignorantly M. Fleury
writes, who teaches French literature withal to them of Muscovy, and
hath indited a Life of Rabelais. 'Rabelais était revétu d'un emploi
honorable; Ronsard était traité en subalterne,' quoth this wondrous
professor. What! Pierre de Ronsard, a gentleman of a noble house,
holding the revenue of many abbeys, the friend of Mary Stuart, of the
Duc d'Orléans, of Charles IX., _he_ is _traité en subalterne_, and is
jealous of a frocked or unfrocked _manant_ like Maitre Francoys! And
then this amazing Fleury falls foul of thine epitaph on Mai'tre Francoys
and cries, 'Ronsard a voulu faire des vers méchants; il n'a fait que de
méchants vers.' More truly saith M. Sainte-Beuve, 'If the good Rabelais
had returned to Meudon on the day when this epitaph was made over the
wine, he would, methinks, have laughed heartily.' But what shall be said
of a Professor like the egregious M. Fleury, who holds that Ronsard was
despised at Court? Was there a party at tennis when the king would not
fain have had thee on his side, declaring that he ever won when Ronsard
was his partner? Did he not give thee benefices, and many priories, and
call thee his father in Apollo, and even, so they say, bid thee sit down
beside him on his throne? Away, ye scandalous folk, who tell us that
there was strife between the Prince of Poets and the King of Mirth.
Naught have ye by way of proof of your slander but the talk of Jean
Bernier, a scurrilous, starveling apothecary, who put forth his fables
in 1697, a century and a half after Mai'tre Francoys died. Bayle quoted
this fellow in a note, and ye all steal the tattle one from another
in your dull manner, and know not whence it comes, nor even that Bayle
would none of it and mocked its author. With so little knowledge is
history written, and thus doth each chattering brook of a 'Life swell
with its tribute, that great Mississippi of falsehood,' Biography.




IV. To Herodotus.



To Herodotus of Halicarnassus, greeting.--Concerning the matters set
forth in your histories, and the tales you tell about both Greeks and
barbarians, whether they be true, or whether they be false, men dispute
not little but a great deal. Wherefore I, being concerned to know the
verity, did set forth to make search in every manner, and came in my
quest even unto the ends of the earth. For there is an island of the
Cimmerians beyond the Straits of Heracles, some three days' voyage to a
ship that hath a fair following wind in her sails; and there it is
said that men know many things from of old: thither, then, I came in my
inquiry. Now, the island is not small, but large, greater than the whole
of Hellas; and they call it Britain. In that island the east wind
blows for ten parts of the year, and the people know not how to cover
themselves from the cold. But for the other two months of the year the
sun shines fiercely, so that some of them die thereof, and others die of
the frozen mixed drinks; for they have ice even in the summer, and this
ice they put to their liquor. Through the whole of this island, from the
west even to the east, there flows a river called Thames: a great river
and a laborious, but not to be likened to the River of Egypt.

The mouth of this river, where I stepped out from my ship, is
exceedingly foul and of an evil savour by reason of the city on the
banks. Now this city is several hundred parasangs in circumference. Yet
a man that needed not to breathe the air might go round it in one hour,
in chariots that run under the earth; and these chariots are drawn by
creatures that breathe smoke and sulphur, such as Orpheus mentions in
his 'Argonautica,' if it be by Orpheus. The people of the town, when
I inquired of them concerning Herodotus of Halicarnassus, looked on me
with amazement, and went straightway about their business,--namely,
to seek out whatsoever new thing is coming to pass all over the whole
inhabited world, and as for things old, they take no keep of them.

Nevertheless, by diligence I learned that he who in this land knew most
concerning Herodotus was a priest, and dwelt in the priests' city on the
river which is called the City of the Ford of the Ox. But whether Io,
when she wore a cow's shape, had passed by that way in her wanderings,
and thence comes the name of that city, I could not (though I asked all
men I met) learn aught with certainty. But to me, considering this, it
seemed that Io must have come thither. And now farewell to Io.

To the City of the Priests there are two roads: one by land; and one by
water, following the river. To a well-girdled man, the land journey is
but one day's travel; by the river it is longer but more pleasant. Now
that river flows, as I said, from the west to the east. And there is in
it a fish called chub, which they catch; but they do not eat it, for a
certain sacred reason. Also there is a fish called trout, and this is
the manner of his catching. They build far this purpose great dams of
wood, which they call weirs. Having built the weir they sit upon it with
rods in their hands, and a line on the rod, and at the end of the line a
little fish. There then they 'sit and spin in the sun,' as one of their
poets says, not for a short time but for many days, having rods in their
hands and eating and drinking. In this wise they angle for the fish
called trout; but whether they ever catch him or not, not having
seen it, I cannot say; for it is not pleasant to me to speak things
concerning which I know not the truth.

Now, after sailing and rowing against the stream for certain days, I
came to the City of the Ford of the Ox. Here the river changes his name,
and is called Isis, after the name of the goddess of the Egyptians. But
whether the Britons brought the name from Egypt or whether the Egyptians
took it from the Britons, not knowing I prefer not to say. But to me it
seems that the Britons are a colony of the Egyptians, or the Egyptians
a colony of the Britons. Moreover, when I was in Egypt I saw certain
soldiers in white helmets, who were certainly British. But what they did
there (as Egypt neither belongs to Britain nor Britain to Egypt) I know
not, neither could they tell me. But one of them replied to me in that
line of Homer (if the Odyssey be Homer's), 'We have come to a sorry
Cyprus, and a sad Egypt.' Others told me that they once marched against
the Ethiopians, and having defeated them several times, then came back
again, leaving their property to the Ethiopians. But as to the truth of
this I leave it to every man to form his own opinion.

Having come into the City of the Priests, I went forth into the street,
and found a priest of the baser sort, who for a piece of silver led me
hither and thither among the temples, discoursing of many things.

Now it seemed to me a strange thing that the city was empty, and no man
dwelling therein, save a few priests only, and their wives, and their
children, who are drawn to and fro in little carriages dragged by women,
but the priest told me that during half the year the city was desolate,
for that there came somewhat called 'The Long,' or 'The Vac,' and drave
out the young priests. And he said that these did no other thing but row
boats, and throw balls from one to the other, and this they were made to
do, he said, that the young priests might learn to be humble, for they
are the proudest of men. But whether he spoke truth or not I know not,
only I set down what he told me. But to anyone considering it, this
appears rather to jump with his story--namely, that the young priests
have houses on the river, painted of divers colours, all of them empty.

Then the priest, at my desire, brought me to one of the temples, that I
might seek out all things concerning Herodotus the Halicarnassian, from
one who knew. Now this temple is not the fairest in the city, but less
fair and goodly than the old temples, yet goodlier and more fair than
the new temples; and over the roof there is the image of an eagle made
of stone--no small marvel, but a great one, how men came to fashion him;
and that temple is called the House of Queens. Here they sacrifice a
boar once every year; and concerning this they tell a certain sacred
story which I know but will not utter.

Then I was brought to the priest who had a name for knowing most about
Egypt, and the Egyptians, and the Assyrians, and the Cappadocians, and
all the kingdoms of the Great King. He came out to me, being attired in
a black robe, and wearing on his head a square cap. But why the
priests have square caps I know, and he who has been initiated into
the mysteries which they call 'Matric' knows, but I prefer not to tell.
Concerning the square cap, then, let this be sufficient. Now, the priest
received me courteously, and when I asked him, concerning Herodotus,
whether he were a true man or not, he smiled, and answered 'Abu Goosh,'
which, in the tongue of the Arabians, means 'The Father of Liars.' Then
he went on to speak concerning Herodotus, and he said in his discourse
that Herodotus not only told the thing which was not, but that he did so
wilfully, as one knowing the truth but concealing it. For example, quoth
he, 'Solon never went to see Croesus, as Herodotus avers; nor did those
about Xerxes ever dream dreams; but Herodotus, out of his abundant
wickedness, invented these things.

'Now behold,' he went on, 'how the curse of the Gods falls upon
Herodotus. For he pretends that he saw Cadmeian inscriptions at Thebes.
Now I do not believe there were any Cadmeian inscriptions there:
therefore Herodotus is most manifestly lying. Moreover, this Herodotus
never speaks of Sophocles the Athenian, and why not? Because he, being a
child at school, did not learn Sophocles by heart: for the tragedies
of Sophocles could not have been learned at school before they were
written, nor can any man quote a poet whom he never learned at school.
Moreover, as all those about Herodotus knew Sophocles well, he could
not appear to them to be learned by showing that he knew what they knew
also.' Then I thought the priest was making game and sport, saying first
that Herodotus could know no poet whom he had not learned at school,
and then saying that all the men of his time well knew this poet, 'about
whom everyone was talking'. But the priest seemed not to know that
Herodotus and Sophocles were friends, which is proved by this, that
Sophocles wrote an ode in praise of Herodotus.

Then he went on, and though I were to write with a hundred hands (like
Briareus, of whom Homer makes mention) I could not tell you all the
things that the priest said against Herodotus, speaking truly, or not
truly, or sometimes correctly and sometimes not, as often befalls mortal
men. For Herodotus, he said, was chiefly concerned to steal the lore of
those who came before him, such as Hecataeus, and then to escape notice
as having stolen it. Also he said that, being himself cunning and
deceitful, Herodotus was easily beguiled by the cunning of others,
and believed in things manifestly false, such as the story of the
Phoenix-bird.

Then I spoke, and said that Herodotus himself declared that he could
not believe that story; but the priest regarded me not. And he said that
Herodotus had never caught a crocodile with cold pig, nor did he ever
visit Assyria, nor Babylon, nor Elephantine; but, saying that he had
been in these lands, said that which was not true. He also declared
that Herodotus, when he travelled, knew none of the Fat Ones of the
Egyptians, but only those of the baser sort. And he called Herodotus a
thief and a beguiler, and 'the same with intent to deceive,' as one of
their own poets writes, and, to be short, Herodotus, I could not tell
you in one day all the charges which are now brought against you; but
concerning the truth of these things, _you_ know, not least, but most,
as to yourself being guilty or innocent. Wherefore, if you have anything
to show or set forth whereby you may be relieved from the burden of
these accusations, now is the time. Be no more silent; but, whether
through the Oracle of the Dead, or the Oracle of Branchidae, or that in
Delphi, or Dodona, or of Amphiaraus at Oropus, speak to your friends and
lovers (whereof I am one from of old) and let men know the very truth.

Now, concerning the priests in the City of the Ford of the Ox, it is to
be said that of all men whom we know they receive strangers most gladly,
feasting them all day. Moreover, they have many drinks, cunningly mixed,
and of these the best is that they call Archdeacon, naming it from
one of the priests' offices. Truly, as Homer says (if the Odyssey be
Homer's), 'when that draught is poured into the bowl then it is no
pleasure to refrain.'

Drinking of this wine, or nectar, Herodotus, I pledge you, and pour
forth some deal on the ground, to Herodotus of Halicarnassus, in the
House of Hades.

And I wish you farewell, and good be with you. Whether the priest spoke
truly, or not truly, even so may such good things betide you as befall
dead men.




V. Epistle to Mr. Alexander Pope.



  From mortal Gratitude, decide, my Pope,
  Have Wits Immortal more to fear or hope?
  Wits toil and travail round the Plant of Fame,
  Their Works its Garden, and its Growth their Aim,
  Then Commentators, in unwieldy Dance,
  Break down the Barriers of the trim Pleasance,
  Pursue the Poet, like Actaeon's Hounds,
  Beyond the fences of his Garden Grounds,
  Rend from the singing Robes each borrowed gem,
  Rend from the laurel'd Brows the Diadem,
  And, if one Rag of Character they spare,
  Comes the Biographer, and strips it bare!

  Such, Pope, has been thy Fortune, such thy Doom.
  Swift the Ghouls gathered at the Poet's Tomb,
  With Dust of Notes to clog each lordly Line,
  Warburton, Warton, Croker, Bowles, combine!
  Collecting Cackle, Johnson condescends
  To _interview_ the Drudges of your Friends.
  Though still your Courthope holds your merits high,
  And still proclaims your Poems poetry,
  Biographers, un-Boswell-like, have sneered,
  And Dunces edit him whom Dunces feared!

  They say; what say they? Not in vain You ask.
  To tell you what they say, behold my Task!
  'Methinks already I your Tears survey'
  As I repeat 'the horrid Things they say.' (1)


     (1) _Rape of the Lock_.


  Comes El--n first: I fancy you'll agree
  Not frenzied Dennis smote so fell as he;
  For El--n's Introduction, crabbed and dry,
  Like Churchill's Cudgel's (2) marked with Lie, and Lie!

       (2) In Mr Hogarth's Caricatura.


  'Too dull to know what his own System meant,
  Pope yet was skilled new Treasons to invent;
  A Snake that puffed himself and stung his Friends,
  Few Lied so frequent, for such little Ends;
  His mind, like Flesh inflamed, (3) was raw and sore,
  And still, the more he writhed, he stung the more!
  Oft in a Quarrel, never in the Right,
  His Spirit sank when he was called to fight.
  Pope, in the Darkness mining like a Mole,
  Forged on Himself, as from Himself he stole,
  And what for Caryll once he feigned to feel,
  Transferred, in Letters never sent, to Steele!
  Still he denied the Letters he had writ,
  And still mistook Indecency for Wit.
  His very Grammar, so De Quincey cries,
  "Detains the Reader, and at times defies!"'


       (3) Elwyn's Pope, ii. 15.


  Fierce El--n thus: no Line escapes his Rage,
  And furious Foot-notes growl 'neath every Page:
  See St-ph-n next take up the woful Tale,
  Prolong the Preaching, and protract the Wail!
  'Some forage Falsehoods from the North and South,
  But Pope, poor D---l, lied from Hand to Mouth; (1)
  Affected, hypocritical, and vain,
  A Book in Breeches, and a Fop in Grain;
  A Fox that found not the high Clusters sour,
  The Fanfaron of Vice beyond his power,
  Pope yet possessed'--(the Praise will make you start)--
  'Mean, morbid, vain, he yet possessed a Heart!
  And still we marvel at the Man, and still
  Admire his Finish, and applaud his Skill:
  Though, as that fabled Barque, a phantom Form,
  Eternal strains, nor rounds the Cape of Storm,
  Even so Pope strove, nor ever crossed the Line
  That from the Noble separates the Fine!'


       (1) 'Poor Pope was always a hand-to-mouth liar.'
       --_Pope_, by Leslie Stephen, 139.


  The Learned thus, and who can quite reply,
  Reverse the Judgment, and Retort the Lie?
  You reap, in arméd Hates that haunt Your name,
  Reap what you sowed, the Dragon's Teeth of Fame:
  You could not write, and from unenvious Time
  Expect the Wreath that crowns the lofty Rhyme,
  You still must fight, retreat, attack, defend,
  And oft, to snatch a Laurel, lose a Friend!

  The Pity of it! And the changing Taste
  Of changing Time leaves half your Work a Waste!
  My Childhood fled your couplet's clarion tone,
  And sought for Homer in the Prose of Bohn.
  Still through the Dust of that dim Prose appears
  The Flight of Arrows and the Sheen of Spears;
  Still we may trace what Hearts heroic feel,
  And hear the Bronze that hurtles on the Steel!
  But, ah, your Iliad seems a half-pretence,
  Where Wits, not Heroes, prove their Skill in Fence,
  And great Achilles' Eloquence doth show
  As if no Centaur trained him, but Boileau!
  Again, your Verse is orderly,--and more,--
  'The Waves behind impel the Waves before;'
  Monotonously musical they glide,
  Till Couplet unto Couplet hath replied.
  But turn to Homer! How his Verses sweep!
  Surge answers Surge and Deep doth call on Deep;
  This Line in Foam and Thunder issues forth,
  Spurred by the West or smitten by the North,
  Sombre in all its sullen Deeps, and all
  Clear at the Crest, and foaming to the Fall,
  The next with silver Murmur dies away,
  Like Tides that falter to Calypso's Bay!

  Thus Time, with sordid Alchemy and dread,
  Turns half the Glory of your Gold to Lead;
  Thus Time,--at Ronsard's wreath that vainly bit,--
  Has marred the Poet to preserve the Wit,
  Who almost left on Addison a stain,
  Whose knife cut cleanest with a poisoned pain,--
  Yet Thou (strange Fate that clings to all of Thine!)
  When most a Wit dost most a Poet shine.
  In Poetry thy Dunciad expires,
  When Wit has shot 'her momentary Fires.'
  'T is Tragedy that watches by the Bed
  'Where tawdry Yellow strove with dirty Red,'
  And men, remembering all, can scarce deny
  To lay the Laurel where thine Ashes lie!




VI. To Lucian of Samosata.



In what bower, oh Lucian, of your rediscovered Islands Fortunate are you
now reclining; the delight of the fair, the learned, the witty, and the
brave? In that clear and tranquil climate, whose air breathes of 'violet
and lily, myrtle, and the flower of the vine,'

 Where the daisies are rose-scented,
 And the Rose herself has got
 Perfume which on earth is not,

among the music of all birds, and the wind-blown notes of flutes hanging
on the trees, methinks that your laughter sounds most silvery sweet,
and that Helen and fair Charmides are still of your company. Master of
mirth, and Soul the best contented of all that have seen the world's
ways clearly, most clear-sighted of all that have made tranquillity
their bride, what other laughers dwell with you, where the crystal and
fragrant waters wander round the shining palaces and the temples of
amethyst?

Heine surely is with you; if, indeed, it was not one Syrian soul that
dwelt among alien men, Germans and Romans, in the bodily tabernacles of
Heine and of Lucian. But he was fallen on evil times and evil tongues;
while Lucian, as witty as he, as bitter in mockery, as happily dowered
with the magic of words, lived long and happily and honoured, imprisoned
in no 'mattress-grave.' Without Rabelais, without Voltaire, without
Heine, you would find, methinks, even the joys of your Happy Islands
lacking in zest; and, unless Plato came by your way, none of the
ancients could meet you in the lists of sportive dialogue.

There, among the vines that bear twelve times in the year, more
excellent than all the vineyards of Touraine, while the song-birds bring
you flowers from vales enchanted, and the shapes of the Blessed come
and go, beautiful in wind-woven raiment of sunset hues; there, in a land
that knows not age nor winter, midnight, nor autumn, nor noon, where the
silver twilight of summer-dawn is perennial, where youth does not wax
spectre-pale and die; there, my Lucian, you are crowned the Prince of
the Paradise of Mirth.

Who would bring you, if he had the power, from the banquet where Homer
sings: Homer, who, in mockery of commentators, past and to come, German
and Greek, informed you that he was by birth a Babylonian? Yet, if
you, who first wrote Dialogues of the Dead, could hear the prayer of
an epistle wafted to 'lands indiscoverable in the unheard-of West,' you
might visit once more a world so worthy of such a mocker, so like the
world you knew so well of old.

Ah, Lucian, we have need of you, of your sense and of your mockery!
Here, where faith is sick and superstition is waking afresh; where gods
come rarely, and spectres appear at five shillings an interview; where
science is popular, and philosophy cries aloud in the market-place,
and clamour does duty for government, and Thais and Lais are names of
power--here, Lucian, is room and scope for you. Can I not imagine a
new 'Auction of Philosophers,' and what wealth might be made by him who
bought these popular sages and lecturers at his estimate, and vended
them at their own?

HERMES: Whom shall we put first up to auction?

ZEUS: That German in spectacles; he seems a highly respectable man.

HERMES: Ho, pessimist, come down and let the public view you.

ZEUS: Go on, put him up and have done with him.

HERMES: Who bids for the Life Miserable, for extreme, complete, perfect,
unredeemable perdition? What offers for the universal extinction of the
species, and the collapse of the Conscious?

A PURCHASER: He does not look at all a bad lot. May one put him through
his paces?

HERMES: Certainly; try your luck.

PURCHASER: What is your name?

PESSIMIST: Hartmann.

PURCHASER: What can you teach me?

PESSIMIST: That Life is not worth Living.

PURCHASER: Wonderful! Most edifying! How much for this lot?

HERMES: Two hundred pounds.

PURCHASER: I will write you a cheque for the money. Come home,
Pessimist, and begin your lessons without more ado.

HERMES: Attention! Here is a magnificent article--the Positive Life, the
Scientific Life, the Enthusiastic Life. Who bids for a possible place in
the Calendar of the Future?

PURCHASER: What does he call himself? he has a very French air.

HERMES: Put your own questions.

PURCHASER: What's your pedigree, my Philosopher, and previous
performances?

POSITIVIST: I am by Rousseau out of Catholicism, with a strain of the
Evolution blood.

PURCHASER: What do you believe in?

POSITIVIST: In Man, with a large M.

PURCHASER: Not in individual Man?

POSITIVIST: By no means; not even always in Mr. Gladstone. All men, all
Churches, all parties, all philosophies, and even the other sect of our
own Church, are perpetually in the wrong. Buy me, and listen to me, and
you will ahvays be in the right.

PURCHASER: And, after this life, what have you to offer me?

POSITIVIST: A distinguished position in the Choir Invisible: but not, of
course, conscious immortality.

PURCHASER: Take him away, and put up another lot.

Then the Hegelian, with his Notion, and the Darwinian, with his
notions, and the Lotzian, with his Broad Church mixture of Religion and
Evolution, and the Spencerian, with that Absolute which is a sort of
a something, might all be offered with their divers wares; and cheaply
enough, Lucian, you would value them in this auction of Sects. 'There is
but one way to Corinth,' as of old; but which that way may be, oh master
of Hermotimus, we know no more than he did of old; and still we find, of
all philosophies, that the Stoic route is most to be recommended. But
we have our Cyrenaics too, though they are no longer 'clothed in
purple, and crowned with flowers, and fond of drink and of female
flute-players.' Ah, here too, you might laugh, and fail to see where the
Pleasure lies, when the Cyrenaics are no 'judges of cakes' (nor of
ale, for that matter), and are strangers in the Courts of Princes. 'To
despise all things, to make use of all things, in all things to follow
pleasure only:' that is not the manner of the new, if it were the secret
of the older Hedonism.

Then, turning from the philosophers to the seekers after a sign, what
change, Lucian, would you find in them and their ways? None; they are
quite unaltered. Still our Perigrinus, and our Perigrina too, come to
us from the East, or, if from the West, they take India on their
way--India, that secular home of drivelling creeds, and of religion in
its sacerdotage. Still they prattle of Brahmins and Buddhism; though,
unlike Peregrinus, they do not publicly burn themselves on pyres, at
Epsom Downs, after the Derby. We are not so fortunate in the demise of
our Theosophists; and our police, less wise than the Hellenodicae, would
probably not permit the Immolation of the Quack. Like your Alexander,
they deal in marvels and miracles, oracles and warnings. All such bogy
stories as those of your 'Philopseudes,' and the ghost of the lady who
took to table-rapping because one of her best slippers had not been
burned with her body, are gravely investigated by the Psychical Society.

Even your ignorant Bibliophile is still with us--the man without a tinge
of letters, who buys up old manuscripts 'because they are stained and
gnawed, and who goes, for proof of valued antiquity, to the testimony
of the book-worms.' And the rich Bibliophile now, as in your satire,
clothes his volumes in purple morocco and gay _dorures_, while their
contents are sealed to him.

As to the topics of satire and gay curiosity which occupy the lady known
as 'Gyp,' and M. Halévy in his 'Les Petites Cardinal,' if you had not
exhausted the matter in your 'Dialogues of Hetairai,' you would be
amused to find the same old traits surviving without a touch of change.
One reads, in Halévy's French, of Madame Cardinal, and, in your Greek,
of the mother of Philinna, and marvels that eighteen hundred years
have not in one single trifle altered the mould. Still the old shabby
light-loves, the old greed, the old luxury and squalor. Still the
unconquerable superstition that now seeks to tell fortunes by the
cards, and, in your time, resorted to the sorceress with her magical
'bull-roarer' or '_turndun_.' (1)

     (1)The Greek _rombos_ [transliterated], mentioned by Lucian
     and Theocritus, was the magical weapon of the Australians--
     the _turndun_.

Yes, Lucian, we are the same vain creatures of doubt and dread, of
unbelief and credulity, of avarice and pretence, that you knew, and at
whom you smiled. Nay, our very 'social question' is not altered. Do
you not write, in 'The Runaways,' 'The artisans will abandon their
workshops, and leave their trades, when they see that, with all the
labour that bows their bodies from dawn to dark, they make a petty and
starveling pittance, while men that toil not nor spin are floating in
Pactolus'?

They begin to see this again as of yore; but whether the end of their
vision will be a laughing matter, you, fortunate Lucian, do not need to
care. Hail to you, and farewell!




VII. To Maitre Francoys Rabelais.

Of the Coming of the Coqcigrues.


Master,--In the Boreal and Septentrional lands, turned aside from the
noonday and the sun, there dwelt of old (as thou knowest, and as Olaus
voucheth) a race of men, brave, strong, nimble, and adventurous, who had
no other care but to fight and drink. There, by reason of the cold (as
Virgil witnesseth), men break wine with axes. To their minds, when once
they were dead and gotten to Valhalla, or the place of their Gods, there
would be no other pleasure but to swig, tipple, drink, and boose till
the coming of that last darkness and Twilight, wherein they, with their
deities, should do battle against the enemies of all mankind; which day
they rather desired than dreaded.

So chanced it also with Pantagruel and Brother John and their company,
after they had once partaken of the secret of the _Dive Bouteille_.
Thereafter they searched no longer; but, abiding at their ease, were
merry, frolic, jolly, gay, glad, and wise; only that they always and
ever did expect the awful Coming of the Coqcigrues. Now concerning the
day of that coming, and the nature of them that should come, they knew
nothing; and for his part Panurge was all the more adread, as Aristotle
testifieth that men (and Panurge above others) most fear that which they
know least. Now it chanced one day, as they sat at meat, with viands
rare, dainty, and precious as ever Apicius dreamed of, that there
fluttered on the air a faint sound as of sermons, speeches, orations,
addresses, discourses, lectures, and the like; whereat Panurge, pricking
up his ears, cried, 'Methinks this wind bloweth from Midlothian,' and so
fell a trembling.

Next, to their aural orifices, and the avenues audient of the brain,
was borne a very melancholy sound as of harmoniums, hymns, organ-pianos,
psalteries, and the like, all playing different airs, in a kind most
hateful to the Muses. Then said Panurge, as well as he might for
the chattering of his teeth: 'May I never drink if here come not the
Coqcigrues!' and this saying and prophecy of his was true and inspired.
But thereon the others began to mock, flout, and gird at Panurge for
his cowardice. 'Here am I!' cried Brother John, 'well-armed and ready
to stand a siege; being entrenched, fortified, hemmed-in and surrounded
with great pasties, huge pieces of salted beef, salads, fricassees,
hams, tongues, pies, and a wilderness of pleasant little tarts, jellies,
pastries, trifles, and fruits of all kinds, and I shall not thirst
while I have good wells, founts, springs, and sources of Bordeaux wine,
Burgundy, wine of the Champagne country, sack and Canary. A fig for thy
Coqcigrues!'

But even as he spoke there ran up suddenly a whole legion, or rather
army, of physicians, each armed with laryngoscopes, stethoscopes,
horoscopes, microscopes, weighing machines, and such other tools,
engines, and arms as they had who, after thy time, persecuted Monsieur
de Pourceaugnac! And they all, rushing on Brother John, cried out to
him, 'Abstain! Abstain!' And one said, 'I have well diagnosed thee,
and thou art in a fair way to have the gout.' 'I never did better in my
days,' said Brother John. 'Away with thy meats and drinks!' they cried.
And one said, 'He must to Royat;' and another, 'Hence with him to Aix;'
and a third, 'Banish him to Wiesbaden;' and a fourth, 'Hale him to
Gastein;' and yet another, 'To Barbouille with him in chains!'

And while others felt his pulse and looked at his tongue, they all wrote
prescriptions for him like men mad. 'For thy eating,' cried he that
seemed to be their leader, 'No soup!' 'No soup!' quoth Brother John; and
those cheeks of his, whereat you might have warmed your two hands in the
winter solstice, grew white as lilies. 'Nay! and no salmon nor any beef
nor mutton! A little chicken by times, but _periculo tuo_! Nor any game,
such as grouse, partridge, pheasant, capercailzie, wild duck; nor any
cheese, nor fruit, nor pastry, nor coffee, nor eau de vie; and avoid all
sweets. No veal, pork, nor made dishes of any kind.' 'Then what may I
eat?' quoth the good Brother, whose valour had oozed out of the soles
of his sandals. 'A little cold bacon at breakfast--no eggs,' quoth the
leader of the strange folk, 'and a slice of toast without butter.' 'And
for thy drink'--('What?' gasped Brother John)--'one dessert-spoonful of
whisky, with a pint of the water of Apollinaris at luncheon and dinner.
No more!' At this Brother John fainted, falling like a great buttress of
a hill, such as Taygetus or Erymanthus.

While they were busy with him, others of the frantic folk had built
great platforms of wood, whereon they all stood and spoke at once, both
men and women. And of these some wore red crosses on their garments,
which meaneth 'Salvation;' and others wore white crosses, with a little
black button of crape, to signify 'Purity;' and others bits of blue to
mean 'Abstinence.' While some of these pursued Panurge others did beset
Pantagruel; asking him very long questions, whereunto he gave but short
answers. Thus they asked:

Have ye Local Option here?--Pan.: What?

May one man drink if his neighbour be not athirst?--Pan.: Yea!

Have ye Free Education?--Pan.: What?

Must they that have, pay to school them that have not?--Pan.: Nay

Have ye free land?--Pan.: What?

Have ye taken the land from the farmer, and given it to the tailor out
of work and the candlemaker masterless?--Pan.: Nay!

Have your women folk votes?--Pan.: Bosh!

Have ye got religion?--Pan.: How?

Do you go about the streets at night, brawling, blowing a trumpet before
you, and making long prayers?--Pan.: Nay

Have you manhood suffrage?--Pan.: Eh?

Is Jack as good as his master? Pan.: Nay!

Have you joined the Arbitration Society?--Pan.: _Quoy?_?

Will you let another kick you, and will you ask his neighbour if you
deserve the same?--Pan.: Nay?

Do you cat what you list?--Pan.: Ay!

Do you drink when you are athirst? Pan.: Ay!

Are you governed by the free expression of the popular will?--Pan.:
How?

Are you servants of priests, pulpits, and penny papers?--Pan.: No!

Now, when they heard these answers of Pantagruel they all fell, some a
weeping, some a praying, some a swearing, some an arbitrating, some a
lecturing, some a caucussing, some a preaching, some a faith-healing,
some a miracle-working, some a hypnotising, some a writing to the daily
press; and while they were thus busy, like folk distraught, 'reforming
the island,' Pantagruel burst out a laughing; whereat they were greatly
dismayed; for laughter killeth the whole race of Coqcigrues, and they
may not endure it.

Then Pantagruel and his company stole aboard a barque that Panurge had
ready in the harbour. And having provisioned her well with store of
meat and good drink, they set sail for the kingdom of Entelechy, where,
having landed, they were kindly entreated; and there abide to this day;
drinking of the sweet and eating of the fat, under the protection of
that intellectual sphere which hath in all places its centre and nowhere
its circumference.

Such was their destiny; there was their end appointed, and thither
the Coqcigrues can never come. For all the air of that land is full
of laughter, which killeth Coqcigrues; and there aboundeth the herb
Pantagruelion. But for thee, Master Francoys, thou art not well liked
in this island of ours, where the Coqcigrues are abundant, very fierce,
cruel, and tyrannical. Yet thou hast thy friends, that meet and drink
to thee and wish thee well wheresoever thou hast found thy _grand
peut-étre_.




VIII. To Jane Austen.



Madame,--If to the enjoyments of your present state be lacking a view
of the minor infirmities or foibles of men, I cannot but think (were the
thought permitted) that your pleasures are yet incomplete. Moreover, it
is certain that a woman of parts who has once meddled with literature
will never wholly lose her love for the discussion of that delicious
topic, nor cease to relish what (in the cant of our new age) is styled
'literary shop.' For these reasons I attempt to convey to you some
inkling of the present state of that agreeable art which you, madam,
raised to its highest pitch of perfection.

As to your own works (immortal, as I believe), I have but little that
is wholly cheering to tell one who, among women of letters, was almost
alone in her freedom from a lettered vanity. You are not a very popular
author: your volumes are not found in gaudy covers on every bookstall;
or, if found, are not perused with avidity by the Emmas and Catherines
of our generation. 'Tis not long since a blow was dealt (in the
estimation of the unreasoning) at your character as an author by the
publication of your familiar letters. The editor of these epistles,
unfortunately, did not always take your witticisms, and he added
others which were too unmistakably his own. While the injudicious were
disappointed by the absence of your exquisite style and humour, the
wiser sort were the more convinced of your wisdom. In your letters
(knowing your correspondents) you gave but the small personal talk of
the hour, for them sufficient; for your books you reserved matter and
expression which are imperishable. Your admirers, if not very numerous,
include all persons of taste, who, in your favour, are apt somewhat to
abate the rule, or shake off the habit, which commonly confines them to
but temperate laudation.

'T is the fault of all art to seem antiquated and faded in the eyes of
the succeeding generation. The manners of your age were not the manners
of to-day, and young gentlemen and ladies who think Scott 'slow,' think
Miss Austen 'prim' and 'dreary.' Yet, even could you return among us, I
scarcely believe that, speaking the language of the hour, as you might,
and versed in its habits, you would win the general admiration. For how
tame, madam, are your characters, especially your favourite heroines!
how limited the life which you knew and described! how narrow the range
of your incidents! how correct your grammar!

As heroines, for example, you chose ladies like Emma, and Elizabeth,
and Catherine: women remarkable neither for the brilliance nor for
the degradation of their birth; women wrapped up in their own and the
parish's concerns, ignorant of evil, as it seems, and unacquainted with
vain yearnings and interesting doubts. Who can engage his fancy with
their match-makings and the conduct of their affections, when so many
daring and dazzling heroines approach and solicit his regard?

Here are princesses dressed in white velvet stamped with golden
fleurs-de-lys--ladies with hearts of ice and lips of fire, who count
their roubles by the million, their lovers by the score, and even their
husbands, very often, in figures of some arithmetical importance. With
these are the immaculate daughters of itinerant Italian musicians, maids
whose souls are unsoiled amidst the contaminations of our streets, and
whose acquaintance with the art of Phidias and Praxiteles, of Daedalus
and Scopas, is the more admirable, because entirely derived from loving
study of the inexpensive collections vended by the plaster-of-Paris man
round the corner. When such heroines are wooed by the nephews of Dukes,
where are your Emmas and Elizabeths? Your volumes neither excite nor
satisfy the curiosities provoked by that modern and scientific fiction,
which is greatly admired, I learn, in the United States, as well as in
France and at home.

You erred, it cannot be denied, with your eyes open. Knowing Lydia
and Kitty so intimately as you did, why did you make of them almost
insignificant characters? With Lydia for a heroine you might have gone
far; and, had you devoted three volumes, and the chief of your time, to
the passions of Kitty, you might have held your own, even now, in the
circulating library. How Lyddy, perched on a corner of the roof, first
beheld her Wickham; how, on her challenge, he climbed up by a ladder to
her side; how they kissed, caressed, swung on gates together, met at odd
seasons, in strange places, and finally eloped: all this might have been
put in the mouth of a jealous elder sister, say Elizabeth, and you would
not have been less popular than several favourites of our time. Had you
cast the whole narrative into the present tense, and lingered lovingly
over the thickness of Mary's legs and the softness of Kitty's cheeks,
and the blonde fluffiness of Wickham's whiskers, you would have left a
romance still dear to young ladies.

Or again, you might entrance your students still, had you concentrated
your attention on Mrs. Rushworth, who eloped with Henrv Crawford. These
should have been the chief figures of 'Mansfield Park.' But you timidly
decline to tackle Passion. 'Let other pens,' you write, 'dwell on guilt
and misery. I quit such odious subjects as soon as I can.' Ah, _there_
is the secret of your failure! Need I add that the vulgarity and
narrowness of the social circles you describe impair your popularity? I
scarce remember more than one lady of title, and but very few lords (and
these unessential) in all your tales. Now, when we all wish to be in
society, we demand plenty of titles in our novels, at any rate, and we
get lords (and very queer lords) even from Republican authors, born in
a country which in your time was not renowned for its literature. I have
heard a critic remark, with a decided air of fashion, on the brevity
of the notice which your characters give each other when they
offer invitations to dinner. 'An invitation to dinner next day was
despatched,' and this demonstrates that your acquaintance 'went out'
very little, and had but few engagements. How vulgar, too, is one
of your heroines, who bids Mr. Darcy 'keep his breath to cool his
porridge.' I blush for Elizabeth! It were superfluous to add that your
characters are debased by being invariably mere members of the Church of
England as by law established. The Dissenting enthusiast, the open soul
that glides from Esoteric Buddhism to the Salvation Army, and from the
Higher Pantheism to the Higher Paganism, we look for in vain among your
studies of character. Nay, the very words I employ are of unknown sound
to you; so how can you help us in the stress of the soul's travailings?

You may say that the soul's travailings are no affair of yours; proving
thereby that you have indeed but a lowly conception of the duty of the
novelist. I only remember one reference, in all your works, to that
controversy which occupies the chief of our attention--the great
controversy on Creation or Evolution. Your Jane Bennet cries: 'I have
no idea of there being so much Design in the world as some persons
imagine.' Nor do you touch on our mighty social question, the Land Laws,
save when Mrs. Bennet appears as a Land Reformer, and rails bitterly
against the cruelty 'of settling an estate away from a family of five
daughters, in favour of a man whom nobody cared anything about.' There,
madam, in that cruelly unjust performance, what a text you had for a
_Tendenz-Roman_. Nay, you can allow Kitty to report that a Private had
been flogged, without introducing a chapter on Flogging in the Army. But
you formally declined to stretch your matter out, here and there, 'with
solemn specious nonsense about something unconnected with the story.'
No 'padding' for Miss Austen! In fact, madam, as you were born before
Analysis came in, or Passion, or Realism, or Naturalism, or Irreverence,
or Religious Open-mindedness, you really cannot hope to rival your
literary sisters in the minds of a perplexed generation. Your heroines
are not passionate, we do not see their red wet cheeks, and tresses
dishevelled in the manner of our frank young Maenads. What says your
best successor, a lady who adds fresh lustre to a name that in fiction
equals yours? She says of Miss Austen: 'Her heroines have a stamp of
their own. They have a _certain gentle self-respect and humour and
hardness of heart_... Love with them does not mean a passion as much as
an interest, deep and silent.' I think one prefers them so, and that
Englishwomen should be more like Anne Elliot than Maggie Tulliver. 'All
the privilege I claim for my own sex is that of loving longest when
existence or when hope is gone,' said Anne; perhaps she insisted on a
monopoly that neither sex has all to itself. Ah, madam, what a relief it
is to come back to your witty volumes, and forget the follies of to-day
in those of Mr. Collins and of Mrs. Bennet! How fine, nay, how noble is
your art in its delicate reserve, never insisting, never forcing the
note, never pushing the sketch into the caricature! You worked without
thinking of it, in the spirit of Greece, on a labour happily limited,
and exquisitely organised. 'Dear books,' we say, with Miss
Thackeray--'dear books, bright, sparkling with wit and animation, in
which the homely heroines charm, the dull hours fly, and the very bores
are enchanting.'




IX. To Master Isaak Walton.



Father Isaak,--When I would be quiet and go angling it is my custom
to carry in my wallet thy pretty book, 'The Compleat Angler.' Here,
methinks, if I find not trout I shall find content, and good company,
and sweet songs, fair milkmaids, and country mirth. For you are to know
that trout be now scarce, and whereas he was ever a fearful fish, he
hath of late become so wary that none but the cunningest anglers may be
even with him.

It is not as it was in your time, Father, when a man might leave his
shop in Fleet Street, of a holiday, and, when he had stretched his legs
up Tottenham Hill, come lightly to meadows chequered with waterlilies
and lady-smocks, and so fall to his sport. Nay, now have the houses
so much increased, like a spreading sore (through the breaking of that
excellent law of the Conscientious King and blessed Martyr, whereby
building beyond the walls was forbidden), that the meadows are all
swallowed up in streets. And as to the River Lea, wherein you took many
a good trout, I read in the news sheets that 'its bed is many inches
thick in horrible filth, and the air for more than half a mile on each
side of it is polluted with a horrible, sickening stench,' so that we
stand in dread of a new Plague, called the Cholera. And so it is all
about London for many miles, and if a man, at heavy charges, betake
himself to the fields, lo you, folk are grown so greedy that none will
suffer a stranger to fish in his water.

So poor anglers are in sore straits. Unless a man be rich and can
pay great rents, he may not fish, in England, and hence spring the
discontents of the times, for the angler is full of content, if he
do but take trout, but if he be driven from the waterside, he falls,
perchance, into evil company, and cries out to divide the property of
the gentle folk. As many now do, even among Parliament, men, whom you
loved not, Father Isaak, neither do I love them more than Reason and
Scripture bid each of us be kindly to his neighbour. But, behold, the
causes of the ill content are not yet all expressed, for even where a
man hath licence to fish, he will hardly take trout in our age, unless
he be all the more cunning. For the fish, harried this way and that by
so many of your disciples, is exceeding shy and artful, nor will he bite
at a fly unless it falleth lightly, just above his mouth, and floateth
dry over him, for all the world like the natural _ephemeris_. And we may
no longer angle with worm for him, nor with penk or minnow, nor with the
natural fly, as was your manner, but only with the artificial, for the
more difficulty the more diversion. For my part I may cry, like Viator
in your book, 'Master, I can neither catch with the first nor second
Angle: I have no fortune.'

So we fare in England, but somewhat better north of the Tweed, where
trout are less wary, but for the most part small, except in the extreme
rough north, among horrid hills and lakes. Thither, Master, as
methinks you may remember, went Richard Franck, that called himself
_Philanthropus_, and was, as it were, the Columbus of anglers,
discovering for them a new Hyperborean world. But Franck, doubtless, is
now an angler in the Lake of Darkness, with Nero and other tyrants, for
he followed after Cromwell, the man of blood, in the old riding days.
How wickedly doth Franck boast of that leader of the giddy multitude,
'when they raged, and became restless to find out misery for themselves
and others, and the rabble would herd themselves together,' as you said,
'and endeavour to govern and act in spite of authority.' So you wrote;
and what said Franck, that recreant angler? Doth he not praise
'Ireton, Vane, Nevill, and Martin, and the most renowned, valorous, and
victorious conqueror, Oliver Cromwell.' Natheless, with all his sins
on his head, this Franck discovered Scotland for anglers, and my heart
turns to him when he praises 'the glittering and resolute streams of
Tweed.'

In those wilds of Assynt and Loch Rannoch, Father, we, thy followers,
may yet take trout, and forget the evils of the times. But, to be done
with Franck, how harshly he speaks of thee and thy book. 'For you may
dedicate your opinion to what scribbling putationer you please; the
_Compleat Angler_ if you will, who tells you of a tedious fly story,
extravagantly collected from antiquated authors, such as Gesner and
Dubravius.' Again, he speaks of 'Isaac Walton, whose authority to
me seems alike authentick, as is the general opinion of the vulgar
prophet,' &c.

Certain I am that Franck, if a better angler than thou, was a worse
man, who, writing his 'Dialogues Piscatorial' or 'Northern Memoirs' five
years after the world welcomed thy 'Compleat Angler,' was jealous of
thy favour with the people, and, may be, hated thee for thy loyalty and
sound faith. But, Master, like a peaceful man avoiding contention, thou
didst never answer this blustering Franck, but wentest quietly about thy
quiet Lea, and left him his roaring Brora and windy Assynt. How could
this noisy man know thee--and know thee he did, having argued with thee
in Stafford--and not love Isaak Walton? A pedant angler, I call him,
a plaguy angler, so let him huff away, and turn we to thee and to thy
sweet charm in fishing for men.

How often, studying in thy book, have I hummed to myself that of
Horace--

   Laudis amore tumes? Sunt certa piacula quae te
   Ter pure lecto poterunt recreare libello.

So healing a book for the frenzy of fame is thy discourse on meadows,
and pure streams, and the country life. How peaceful, men say, and
blessed must have been the life of this old man, how lapped in content,
and hedged about by his own humility from the world! They forget, who
speak thus, that thy years, which were many, were also evil, or would
have seemed evil to divers that had tasted of thy fortunes. Thou wert
poor, but that, to thee, was no sorrow, for greed of money was thy
detestation. Thou wert of lowly rank, in an age when gentle blood was
alone held in regard; yet tiny virtues made thee hosts of friends, and
chiefly among religious men, bishops, and doctors of the Church. Thy
private life was not unacquainted with sorrow; thy first wife and all
her fair children were taken from thee like flowers in spring, though,
in thine age, new love and new offspring comforted thee like 'the
primrose of the later year.' Thy private griefs might have made thee
bitter, or melancholy, so might the sorrows of the State and of the
Church, which were deprived of their heads by cruel men, despoiled
of their wealth, the pious driven, like thee, from their homes; fear
everywhere, everywhere robbery and confusion: all this ruin might have
angered another temper. But thou, Father, didst bear all with so much
sweetness as perhaps neither natural temperament, nor a firm faith, nor
the love of angling could alone have displayed. For we see many anglers
(as witness Richard Franck aforesaid) who are angry men, and myself,
when I get my hooks entangled at every cast in a tree, have come nigh to
swear prophane.

Also we see religious men that are sour and fanatical, no rare thing
in the party that professes godliness. But neither private sorrow nor
public grief could abate thy natural kindliness, nor shake a religion
which was not untried, but had, indeed, passed through the furnace like
fine gold. For if we find not Faith at all times easy, because of the
oppositions of Science, and the searching curiosity of men's minds,
neither was Faith a matter of course in thy day. For the learned and
pious were greatly tossed about, like worthy Mr. Chillingworth, by
doubts wavering between the Church of Rome and the Reformed Church of
England. The humbler folk, also, were invited, now here, now there, by
the clamours of fanatical Nonconformists, who gave themselves out to be
somebody, while Atheism itself was not without many to witness to it.
Therefore, such a religion as thine was not, so to say, a mere innocence
of evil in the things of our Belief, but a reasonable and grounded
faith, strong in despite of oppositions. Happy was the man in whom
temper, and religion, and the love of the sweet country and an angler's
pastime so conveniently combined; happy the long life which held in its
hand that threefold clue through the labyrinth of human fortunes! Around
thee Church and State might fall in ruins, and might be rebuilded, and
thy tears would not be bitter, nor thy triumph cruel.

 Thus, by God's blessing, it befell thee
         Nec turpem senectam
   Degere, nec cithara carentem.


I would, Father, that I could get at the verity about thy poems. Those
recommendatory verses with which thou didst grace the Lives of Dr. Donne
and others of thy friends, redound more to the praise of thy kind heart
than thy fancy. But what or whose was the pastoral poem of 'Thealma and
Clearchus,' which thou didst set about printing in 1678, and gavest to
the world in 1683? Thou gavest John Chalkhill for the author's name, and
a John Chalkhill of thy kindred died at Winchester, being eighty years
of his age, in 1679. Now thou speakest of John Chalkhill as 'a friend of
Edmund Spenser's,' and how could this be?

Are they right who hold that John Chalkhill was but a name of a friend,
borrowed by thee out of modesty, and used as a cloak to cover poetry of
thine own inditing? When Mr. Flatman writes of Chalkhill, 't is in words
well fitted to thine own merit:

   Happy old man, whose worth all mankind knows
   Except himself, who charitably shows
   The ready road to virtue and to praise,
   The road to many long and happy days.

However it be, in that road, by quiet streams and through green
pastures, thou didst walk all thine almost century of years, and we,
who stray into thy path out of the highway of life, we seem to hold thy
hand, and listen to thy cheerful voice. If our sport be worse, may our
content be equal, and our praise, therefore, none the less. Father, if
Master Stoddard, the great fisher of Tweed-side, be with thee, greet
him for me, and thank him for those songs of his, and perchance he will
troll thee a catch of our dear River.

  Tweed! winding and wild! where the heart is unbound,
  They know not, they dream not, who linger around,
  How the saddened will smile, and the wasted rewin
  From thee--the bliss withered within.

Or perhaps thou wilt better love,

  The lanesome Tala and the Lyne,
  And Mahon wi' its mountain rills,
  An' Etterick, whose waters twine
  Wi' Yarrow frae the forest hills;
  An' Gala, too, and Teviot bright,
  An' mony a stream o' playfu' speed,
  Their kindred valleys a' unite
  Amang the braes o' bonnie Tweed!

So, Master, may you sing against each other, you two good old anglers,
like Peter and Corydon, that sang in your golden age.



X. To M. Chapelain.



Monsieur,--You were a popular writer, and an honourable, over-educated,
upright gentleman. Of the latter character you can never be deprived,
and I doubt not it stands you in better stead where you are, than the
laurels which flourished so gaily, and faded so soon.

  Laurel is green for a season, and Love is fair for a day,
  But Love grows bitter with treason, and laurel out-lives not May.

I know not if Mr. Swinburne is correct in his botany, but _your_ laurel
certainly outlived not May, nor can we hope that you dwell where Orpheus
and where Homer are. Some other crown, some other Paradise, we cannot
doubt it, awaited _un si bon homme_. But the moral excellence that even
Boileau admitted, _ladfoi, l'honneur, la probiité,_ do not in Parnassus
avail the popular poet, and some luckless Musset or Théophile, Regnier
or Villars attains a kind of immortality denied to the man of many
contemporary editions, and of a great commercial success.

If ever, for the confusion of Horace, any Poet was Made, you, Sir,
should have been that fortunately manufactured article. You were, in
matters of the Muses, the child of many prayers. Never, since Adam's
day, have any parents but yours prayed for a poet-child. Then Destiny,
that mocks the desires of men in general, and fathers in particular,
heard the appeal, and presented M. Chapelain and Jeanne Corbiére his
wife with the future author of 'La Pucelle.' Oh futile hopes of men, _O
pectora caeca!_ All was done that education could do for a genius which,
among other qualities, 'especially lacked fire and imagination,' and an
ear for verse--sad defects these in a child of the Muses. Your training
in all the mechanics and metaphysics of criticism might have made you
exclaim, like Rasselas, 'Enough! Thou hast convinced me that no human
being can ever be a Poet.' Unhappily, you succeeded in convincing
Cardinal Richelieu that to be a Poet was well within your powers, you
received a pension of one thousand crowns, and were made Captain of
the Cardinal's minstrels, as M. de Tréville was Captain of the King's
Musketeers.

Ah, pleasant age to live in, when good intentions in poetry were more
richly endowed than ever is Research, even Research in Prehistoric
English, among us niggard moderns! How I wish I knew a Cardinal, or,
even as you did, a Prime Minister, who would praise and pension me; but
Envy be still! Your existence was more happy indeed; you constructed
odes, corrected sonnets, presided at the Ho'tel Rambouillet, while the
learned ladies were still young and fair, and you enjoyed a prodigious
celebrity on the score of your yet unpublished Epic. 'Who, indeed,' says
a sympathetic author, M. Théophile Gautier, 'who could expect less than
a miracle from a man so deeply learned in the laws of art--a perfect
Turk in the science of poetry, a person so well pensioned, and so
favoured by the great?' Bishops and politicians combined in perfect good
faith to advertise your merits. Hard must have been the heart that could
resist the testimonials of your skill as a poet offered by the Duc de
Montausier, and the learned Huet, Bishop of Avranches, and Monseigneur
Godeau, Bishop of Vence, or M. Colbert, who had such a genius for
finance.

If bishops and politicians and prime ministers skilled in finance, and
some critics, Ménage and Sarrazin and Vaugetas, if ladies of birth and
taste, if all the world in fact, combined to tell you that you were
a great poet, how can we blame you for taking yourself seriously, and
appraising yourself at the public estimate?

It was not in human nature to resist the evidence of the bishops
especially, and when every minor poet believes in himself on the
testimony of his own conceit, you may be acquitted of vanity if you
listened to the plaudits of your friends. Nay, you ventured to pronounce
judgment on contemporaries whom Posterity has preferred to your
perfections. 'Moliére,' said you, 'understands the nature of comedy, and
presents it in a natural style. The plot of his best pieces is borrowed,
but not without judgment; his _morale_ is fair, and he has only to avoid
scurrility.'

Excellent, unconscious, popular Chapelain!

Of yourself you observed, in a Report on contemporary literature, that
your 'courage and sincerity never allowed you to tolerate work
not absolutely good.' And yet you regarded 'La Pucellé with some
complacency.

On the 'Pucellé you were occupied during a generation of mortal men.
I marvel not at the length of your labours, as you received a yearly
pension till the Epic was finished, but your Muse was no Alcmena, and no
Hercules was the result of that prolonged night of creations. First you
gravely wrote out (it was the task of five years) all the compositions
in prose. Ah, why did you not leave it in that commonplace but
appropriate medium? What says the Précieuse about you in Boileau's
satire?

  In Chapelain, for all his foes have said,
  She finds but one defect, he can't be read;
  Yet thinks the world might taste his maiden's woes,
  If only he would turn his verse to prose!

The verse had been prose, and prose, perhaps, it should have remained.
Yet for this precious 'Pucelle,' in the age when 'Paradise Lost' was
sold for five pounds, you are believed to have received about four
thousand. Horace was wrong, mediocre poets may exist (now and then), and
he was a wise man who first spoke of _aurea mediocritas_. At length the
great work was achieved, a work thrice blessed in its theme, that
divine Maiden to whom France owes all, and whom you and Voltaire
have recompensed so strangely. In folio, in italics, with a score of
portraits and engravings, and _culs de lampe_, the great work was given
to the world, and had a success. Six editions in eighteen months are
figures which fill the poetic heart with envy and admiration. And then,
alas! the bubble burst. A great lady, Madame de Longveille, hearing the
'Pucellé read aloud, murmured that it was 'perfect indeed, but perfectly
wearisome.' Then the satires began, and the satirists never left you
till your poetic reputation was a rag, till the mildest Abbé at Ménagés
had his cheap sneer for Chapelain.

I make no doubt, Sir, that envy and jealousy had much to do with the
onslaught on your 'Pucelle.' These qualities, alas! are not strange to
literary minds; does not even Hesiod tell us 'potter hates potter, and
poet hates poet'? But contemporary spites do not harm true genius. Who
suffered more than Moliére from cabals? Yet neither the court nor the
town ever deserted him, and he is still the joy of the world. I admit
that his adversaries were weaker than yours. What were Boursault and Le
Boulanger, and Thomas Corneille and De Visé, what were they all compared
to your enemy, Boileau? Brossette tells a story which really makes a man
pity you. There was a M. de Puimorin who, to be in the fashion, laughed
at your once popular Epic. 'It is all very well for a man to laugh who
cannot even read.' Whereon M. de Puimorin replied: 'Qu'il n'avoit que
trop su' lire, depuis que Chapelain s'étoit avisé de faire imprimer.'
A new horror had been added to the accomplishment of reading since
Chapelain had published. This repartee was applauded, and M. de Puimorin
tried to turn it into an epigram. He did complete the last couplet,

  Hélas! pour mes péchés, je n'ai su' que trop lire
 Depuis que tu fais imprimer.

But by no labour would M. de Puimorin achieve the first two lines of his
epigram. Then you remember what great allies came to his assistance. I
almost blush to think that M. Despréaux, M. Racine, and M. de Moliére,
the three most renowned wits of the time, conspired to complete the poor
jest, and madden you. Well, bubble as your poetry was, you may be proud
that it needed all these sharpest of pens to prick the bubble. Other
poets, as popular as you, have been annihilated by an article. Macaulay
puts forth his hand, and 'Satan Montgomery' was no more. It did not need
a Macaulay, the laughter of a mob of little critics was enough to blow
into space; but you probably have met Montgomery, and of contemporary
failures or successes I do not speak.

I wonder, sometimes, whether the consensus of criticism ever made you
doubt for a moment whether, after all, you were not a false child of
Apollo? Was your complacency tortured, as the complacency of true poets
has occasionally been, by doubts? Did you expect posterity to reverse
the verdict of the satirists, and to do you justice? You answered your
earliest assailant, Liniére, and, by a few changes of words, turned his
epigrams into flattery. But I fancy, on the whole, you remained calm,
unmoved, wrapped up in admiration of yourself. According to M. de
Marivaux, who reviewed, as I am doing, the spirits of the mighty dead,
you 'conceived, on the strength of your reputation, a great and serious
veneration for yourself and your genius.' Probably you were protected by
this invulnerable armour of an honest vanity, probably you declared that
mere jealousy dictates the lines of Boileau, and that Chapelain's real
fault was his popularity, and his pecuniary success, Qu'il soit le mieux
renté de tous les beaux-esprits.

This, you would avow, was your offence, and perhaps you were not
altogether mistaken. Yet posterity declines to read a line of yours,
and, as we think of you, we are again set face to face with that eternal
problem, how far is popularity a test of poetry? Burns was a poet, and
popular. Byron was a popular poet, and the world agrees in the verdict
of their own generation. But Montgomery, though he sold so well, was no
poet, nor, Sir, I fear, was your verse made of the stuff of immortality.
Criticism cannot hurt what is truly great; the Cardinal and the Academy
left Chiméne as fair as ever, and as adorable. It is only pinchbeck that
perishes under the acids of satire: gold defies them. Yet I sometimes
ask myself, does the existence of popularity like yours justify the
malignity of satire, which blesses neither him who gives, nor him who
takes? Are poisoned arrows fair against a bad poet? I doubt it, Sir,
holding that, even unpricked, a poetic bubble must soon burst by its own
nature. Yet satire will assuredly be written so long as bad poets are
successful, and bad poets will assuredly reflect that their assailants
are merely envious, and, while their vogue lasts, that Prime Ministers
and the purchasing public are the only judges.

                  Monsieur,
          Votre trés humble serviteur,
                      Andrew Lang.




XI. To Sir John Manndeville, Kt.

(Of the Ways Into Ynde.)


Sir John,--wit you well that men holden you but light, and some clepen
you a Liar. And they say that you never were born in Englond, in the
town of Seynt Albones, nor have seen and gone through manye diverse
Londes. And there goeth an old knight at arms, and one that connes
Latyn, and hath been beyond the sea, and hath seen Prester John's
country. And he hath been in an Yle that men clepen Burmah, and there
bin women bearded. Now men call him Colonel Henry Yule, and he hath writ
of thee in his great booke, Sir John, and he holds thee but lightly. For
he saith that ye did pill your tales out of Odoric his book, and that ye
never saw snails with shells as big as houses, nor never met no Devyls,
but part of that ye say, ye took it out of William of Boldensele
his book, yet ye took not his wisdom, withal, but put in thine own
foolishness. Nevertheless, Sir John, for the frailty of Mankynde, ye are
held a good fellow, and a merry; so now, come, I shall tell you of the
new ways into Ynde.

In that Lond they have a Queen that governeth all the Lond, and all they
ben obeyssant to her. And she is the Queen of Englond; for Englishmen
have taken all the Lond of Ynde. For they were right good werryoures of
old, and wyse, noble, and worthy. But of late hath risen a new sort of
Englishman very puny and fearful, and these men clepen Radicals. And
they go ever in fear, and they scream on high for dread in the streets
and the houses, and they fain would flee away from all that their
fathers gat them with the sword. And this sort men call Scuttleres, but
the mean folk and certain of the womenkind hear them gladly, and they
say ever that Englishmen should flee out of Ynde. Fro England men gon
to Ynde by many dyverse Contreyes. For Englishmen ben very stirring and
nymble. For they ben in the seventh climate, that is of the Moon. And
the Moon (ye have said it yourself, Sir John, natheless, is it true) is
of lightly moving, for to go diverse ways, and see strange things, and
other diversities of the Worlde. Wherefore Englishmen be lightly moving,
and far wandering. And they gon to Ynde by the great Sea Ocean. First
come they to Gibraltar, that was the point of Spain, and builded upon a
rock; and there ben apes, and it is so strong that no man may take it.
Natheless did Englishmen take it fro the Spanyard, and all to hold the
way to Ynde. For ye may sail all about Africa, and past the Cape men
clepen of Good Hope, but that way unto Ynde is long and the sea is
weary. Wherefore men rather go by the Midland sea, and Englishmen have
taken many Yles in that sea.

For first they have taken an Yle that is clept Malta; and therein built
they great castles, to hold it against them of Fraunce, and Italy, and
of Spain. And from this Ile of Malta Men gon to Cipre. And Cipre is
right a good Yle, and a fair, and a great, and it hath 4 principal
Cytees within him. And at Famagost is one of the principal Havens of the
sea that is in the world, and Englishmen have but a lytel while gone won
that Yle from the Sarazynes. Yet say that sort of Englishmen where of I
told you, that is puny and sore adread, that the Lond is poisonous and
barren and of no avail, for that Lond is much more hotter than it is
here. Yet the Englishmen that ben werryoures dwell there in tents, and
the skill is that they may ben the more fresh.

From Cypre, Men gon to the Lond of Egypte, and in a Day and a Night he
that hath a good wind may come to the Haven of Alessandrie. Now the Lond
of Egypt longeth to the Soudan, yet the Soudan longeth not to the Lond
of Egypt. And when I say this, I do jape with words, and may hap ye
understond me not. Now Englishmen went in shippes to Alessandrie, and
brent it, and over ran the Lond, and their soudyours warred agen the
Bedoynes, and all to hold the way to Ynde. For it is not long past since
Frenchmen let dig a dyke, through the narrow spit of lond, from the
Midland sea to the Red sea, wherein was Pharaoh drowned. So this is the
shortest way to Ynde there may be, to sail through that dyke, if men gon
by sea.

But all the Lond of Egypt is clepen the Vale enchaunted; for no man may
do his business well that goes thither, but always fares he evil, and
therefore clepen they Egypt the Vale perilous, and the sepulchre of
reputations. And men say there that is one of the entrees of Helle. In
that Vale is plentiful lack of Gold and Silver, for many misbelieving
men, and many Christian men also, have gone often time for to take of
the Thresoure that there was of old, and have pilled the Thresoure,
wherefore there is none left. And Englishmen have let carry thither
great store of our Thresoure, 9,000,000 of Pounds sterling, and whether
they will see it agen I misdoubt me. For that Vale is alle fulle of
Develes and Fiendes that men clepen Bondholderes, for that Egypt from
of olde is the Lond of Bondage. And whatsoever Thresoure cometh into the
Lond, these Devyls of Bondholders grabben the same. Natheless by
that Vale do Englishmen go unto Ynde, and they gon by Aden, even to
Kurrachee, at the mouth of the Flood of Ynde. Thereby they send their
souldyours, when they are adread of them of Muscovy.

For, look you, there is another way into Ynde, and thereby the men
of Muscovy are fain to come, if the Englishmen let them not. That way
cometh by Desert and Wildernesse, from the sea that is clept Caspian,
even to Khiva, and so to Merv; and then come ye to Zulfikar and Penjdeh,
and anon to Herat, that is called the Key of the Gates of Ynde. Then ye
win the lond of the Emir of the Afghauns, a great prince and a rich,
and he hath in his Thresoure more crosses, and stars, and coats that
captains wearen, than any other man on earth.

For all they of Muscovy, and all Englishmen maken him gifts, and he
keepeth the gifts, and he keepeth his own counsel. For his lond lieth
between Ynde and the folk of Muscovy, wherefore both Englishmen and men
of Muscovy would fain have him friendly, yea, and independent. Wherefore
they of both parties give him clocks, and watches, and stars, and
crosses, and culverins, and now and again they let cut the throats of
his men some deal, and pill his country. Thereby they both set up their
rest that the Emir will be independent, yea, and friendly. But his men
love him not, neither love they the English nor the Muscovy folk, for
they are worshippers of Mahound, and endure not Christian men. And they
love not them that cut their throats, and burn their country.

Now they of Muscovy ben Devyls, und they ben subtle for to make a thing
seme otherwise than it is, for to deceive mankind. Wherefore Englishmen
putten no trust in them of Muscovy, save only the Englishmen ciept
Radicals, for they make as if they loved these Develes, out of the fear
and dread of war wherein they go, and would be slaves sooner than fight.
But the folk of Ynde know not what shall befall, nor whether they of
Muscovy will take the Lond, or Englishmen shall keep it, so that
their hearts may not enduren for drede. And methinks that soon shall
Englishmen and Muscovy folk put their bodies in adventure, and war one
with another, and all for the way to Ynde.

But St. George for Englond, I say, and so enough; and may the Seyntes
hele thee, Sir John, of thy Gowtes Artetykes, that thee tormenten. But
to thy Boke I list not to give no credence.




XII. To Alexandre Dumas.


Sir,--There are moments when the wheels of life, even of such a life as
yours, run slow, and when mistrust and doubt overshadow even the most
intrepid disposition. In such a moment, towards the ending of your days,
you said to your son, M. Alexandre Dumas, 'I seem to see myself set on
a pedestal which trembles as if it were founded on the sands.' These
sands, your uncounted volumes, are all of gold, and make a foundation
more solid than the rock. As well might the singer of Odysseus, or the
authors of the 'Arabian Nights', or the first inventors of the stories
of Boccaccio, believe that their works were perishable (their names,
indeed, have perished), as the creator of 'Les Trois Mousquetaires'
alarm himself with the thought that the world could ever forget
Alexandre Dumas.

Than yours there has been no greater nor more kindly and beneficent
force in modern letters. To Scott, indeed, you owed the first impulse
of your genius; but, once set in motion, what miracles could it not
accomplish? Our dear Porthos was overcome, at last, by a superhuman
burden; but your imaginative strength never found a task too great for
it. What an extraordinary vigour, what health, what an overflow of force
was yours! It is good, in a day of small and laborious ingenuities, to
breathe the free air of your books, and dwell in the company of Dumas's
men--so gallant, so frank, so indomitable, such swordsmen, and such
trenchermen. Like M. de Rochefort in 'Vingt Ans Aprés,' like that
prisoner of the Bastille, your genius 'n'est que d'un parti, c'est du
parti du grand air.'

There seems to radiate from you a still persistent energy and enjoyment;
in that current of strength not only your characters live, frolic,
kindly, and sane, but even your very collaborators were animated by the
virtue which went out of you. How else can we explain it, the dreary
charge which feeble and envious tongues have brought against you, in
England and at home? They say you employed in your novels and dramas
that vicarious aid which, in the slang of the studio, the 'sculptor's
ghost' is fabled to afford.

Well, let it be so; these ghosts, when uninspired by you, were faint
and impotent as 'the strengthless tribes of the dead' in Homer's Hades,
before Odysseus had poured forth the blood that gave them a momentary
valour. It was from you and your inexhaustible vitality that these
collaborating spectres drew what life they possessed; and when they
parted from you they shuddered back into their nothingness. Where are
the plays, where the romances which Maquet and the rest wrote in their
own strength? They are forgotten with last year's snows; they have
passed into the wide waste-paper basket of the world. You say of
D'Artagnan, when severed from his three friends--from Porthos, Athos,
and Aramis--'he felt that he could do nothing, save on the condition
that each of these companions yielded to him, if one may so speak, a
share of that electric fluid which was his gift from heaven.'

No man of letters ever had so great a measure of that gift as you; none
gave of it more freely to all who came--to the chance associate of the
hour, as to the characters, all so burly and full-blooded, who flocked
from your brain. Thus it was that you failed when you approached the
supernatural. Your ghosts had too much flesh and blood, more than the
living persons of feebler fancies. A writer so fertile, so rapid,
so masterly in the ease with which he worked, could not escape the
reproaches of barren envy. Because you overflowed with wit, you could
not be 'serious;' Because you created with a word, you were said to
scamp your work; because you were never dull, never pedantic, incapable
of greed, you were to be censured as desultory, inaccurate, and
prodigal.

A generation suffering from mental and physical anaemia--a generation
devoted to the 'chiselled phrase,' to accumulated 'documents,' to
microscopic porings over human baseness, to minute and disgustful
records of what in humanity is least human--may readily bring
these unregarded and railing accusations. Like one of the great and
good-humoured Giants of Rabelais, you may hear the murmurs from afar,
and smile with disdain. To you, who can amuse the world--to you who
offer it the fresh air of the highway, the battle-field, and the
sea--the world must always return, escaping gladly from the boudoirs and
the _bouges_, from the surgeries and hospitals, and dead rooms, of M.
Daudet and M. Zola and of the wearisome De Goncourt.

With all your frankness, and with that queer morality of the Camp which,
if it swallows a camel now and again, never strains at a gnat, how
healthy and wholesome, and even pure, are your romances! You never gloat
over sin, nor dabble with an ugly curiosity in the corruptions of sense.
The passions in your tales are honourable and brave, the motives are
clearly human. Honour, Love, Friendship make the threefold cord, the
clue your knights and dames follow through how delightful a labyrinth of
adventures! Your greatest books, I take the liberty to maintain, are
the Cycle of the Valois ('La Reine Margot, 'La Dame de Montsoreau,' 'Les
Quarante-cinq'), and the Cycle of Louis Treize and Louis Quatorze ('Les
Trois Mousquetaires,' 'Vingt Ans Aprés,' 'Le Vicomte de Bragelonné);
and, beside these two trilogies--a lonely monument, like the sphinx hard
by the three pyramids--'Monte Cristo.'

In these romances how easy it would have been for you to burn incense to
that great goddess, Lubricity, whom our critic says your people worship.
You had Branto'me, you had Tallemant, you had Rétif, and a dozen others,
to furnish materials for scenes of voluptuousness and of blood that
would have outdone even the present _naturalistes_. From these alcoves
of 'Les Dames Galantes,' and from the torture chambers (M. Zola would
not have spared us one starting sinew of brave La Mole on the rack)
you turned, as Scott would have turned, without a thought of their
profitable literary uses. You had other metal to work on: you gave
us that superstitious and tragical true love of La Molés, that
devotion--how tender and how pure!--of Bussy for the Dame de Montsoreau.
You gave us the valour of D'Artagnan, the strength of Porthos, the
melancholy nobility of Athos: Honour, Chivalry, and Friendship. I
declare your characters are real people to me and old friends. I cannot
bear to read the end of 'Bragelonne,' and to part with them for ever.
'Suppose Perthos, Athos, and Aramis should enter with a noiseless
swagger, curling their moustaches.' How we would welcome them, forgiving
D'Artagnan even his hateful _fourberie_ in the case of Milady. The
brilliance of your dialogue has never been approached: there is wit
everywhere; repartees glitter and ring like the flash and clink
of small-swords. Then what duels are yours! and what inimitable
battle-pieces! I know four good fights of one against a multitude,
in literature. These are the Death of Gretir the Strong, the Death of
Gunnar of Lithend, the Death of Hereward the Wake, the Death of Bussy
d'Amboise. We can compare the strokes of the heroic fighting-times with
those described in later days; and, upon my word, I do not know that the
short sword of Gretir, or the bill of Skarphedin, or the bow of Gunnar
was better wielded than the rapier of your Bussy or the sword and shield
of Kingsley's Hereward.

They say your fencing is unhistorical; no doubt it is so, and you knew
it. La Mole could not have lunged on Coconnas 'after deceiving circle;'
for the parry was not invented except by your immortal Chicot, a genius
in advance of his time. Even so Hamlet and Laertes would have fought
with shields and axes, not with small swords. But what matters this
pedantry? In your works we hear the Homeric Muse again, rejoicing in the
clash of steel; and even, at times, your very phrases are unconsciously
Homeric.

Look at these men of murder, on the Eve of St. Bartholomew, who flee in
terror from the Queen's chamber, and 'find the door too narrow for their
flight:' the very words were anticipated in a line of the 'Odyssey'
concerning the massacre of the Wooers. And the picture of Catherine de
Medicis, prowling 'like a wolf among the bodies and the blood,' in
a passage of the Louvre--the picture is taken unwittingly from the
'Iliad.' There was in you that reserve of primitive force, that epic
grandeur and simplicity of diction. This is the force that animates
'Monte Cristo,' the earlier chapters, the prison, and the escape. In
later volumes of that romance, methinks, you stoop your wing. Of your
dramas I have little room, and less skill, to speak. 'Antony,' they tell
me, was 'the greatest literary event of its time,' was a restoration of
the stage. 'While Victor Hugo needs the cast-off clothes of history,
the wardrobe and costume, the sepulchre of Charlemagne, the ghost of
Barbarossa, the coffins of Lucretia Borgia, Alexandre Dumas requires no
more than a room in an inn, where people meet in riding cloaks, to move
the soul with the last degree of terror and of pity.'

The reproach of being amusing has somewhat dimmed your fame--for a
moment. The shadow of this tyranny will soon be overpast; and when 'La
Curée and 'Pot-Bouillé are more forgotten than 'Le Grand Cyrus,' men
and women--and, above all, boys--will laugh and weep over the page
of Alexandre Dumas. Like Scott himself, you take us captive in our
childhood. I remember a very idle little boy who was busy with the
'Three Musketeers' when he should have been occupied with 'Wilkins's
Latin Prose.' 'Twenty years after' (alas and more) he is still constant
to that gallant company; and, at this very moment, is breathlessly
wondering whether Grimand will steal M. de Beaufort out of the
Cardinal's prison.




XIII. To Theocritus



'Sweet, methinks, is the whispering sound of yonder pine-tree,' so,
Theocritus, with that sweet word _ade_*, didst thou begin and strike the
keynote of thy songs. 'Sweet,' and didst thou find aught of sweet, when
thou, like thy Daphnis, didst 'go down the stream, when the whirling
wave closed over the man the Muses loved, the man not hated of the
Nymphs?' Perchance below those waters of death thou didst find, like
thine own Hylas, the lovely Nereids waiting thee, Eunice, and Malis,
and Nycheia with her April eyes. In the House of Hades, Theocritus, doth
there dwell aught that is fair, and can the low light on the fields
of asphodel make thee forget thy Sicily? Nay, methinks thou hast not
forgotten, and perchance for poets dead there is prepared a place more
beautiful than their dreams. It was well for the later minstrels of
another day, it was well for Ronsard and Du Bellay to desire a dim
Elysium of their own, where the sunlight comes faintly through the
shadow of the earth, where the poplars are duskier, and the waters more
pale than in the meadows of Anjou.

     * Transliterated.

There, in that restful twilight, far remote from war and plot, from
sword and fire, and from religions that sharpened the steel and lit the
torch, there these learned singers would fain have wandered with their
learned ladies, satiated with life and in love with an unearthly quiet.
But to thee, Theocritus, no twilight of the Hollow Land was dear, but
the high suns of Sicily and the brown cheeks of the country maidens were
happiness enough. For thee, therefore, methinks, surely is reserved an
Elysium beneath the summer of a far-off system, with stars not ours
and alien seasons. There, as Bion prayed, shall Spring, the thrice
desirable, be with thee the whole year through, where there is neither
frost, nor is the heat so heavy on men, but all is fruitful, and all
sweet things blossom, and evenly meted are darkness and dawn. Space is
wide, and there be many worlds, and suns enow, and the Sun-god surely
has had a care of his own. Little didst thou need, in thy native land,
the isle of the three capes, little didst thou need but sunlight on
land and sea. Death can have shown thee naught dearer than the fragrant
shadow of the pines, where the dry needles of the fir are strewn, or
glades where feathered ferns make 'a couch more soft than Sleep.' The
short grass of the cliffs, too, thou didst love, where thou wouldst lie,
and watch, with the tunny watcher till the deep blue sea was broken by
the burnished sides of the tunny shoal, and afoam with their gambols in
the brine. There the Muses met thee, and the Nymphs, and there Apollo,
remembering his old thraldom with Admetus, would lead once more a
mortal's flocks, and listen and learn, Theocritus, while thou, like
thine own Comatas, 'didst sweetly sing.'

There, methinks, I see thee as in thy happy days, 'reclined on deep beds
of fragrant lentisk, lowly strewn, and rejoicing in new stript leaves
of the vine, while far above thy head waved many a poplar, many an
elm-tree, and close at hand the sacred waters sang from the mouth of the
cavern of the nymphs.' And when night came, methinks thou wouldst flee
from the merry company and the dancing girls, from the fading crowds of
roses or white violets, from the cottabos, and the minstrelsy, and the
Bibline wine, from these thou wouldst slip away into the summer night.
Then the beauty of life and of the summer would keep thee from thy
couch, and wandering away from Syracuse by the sandhills and the
sea, thou wouldst watch the low cabin, roofed with grass, where
the fishing-rods of reed were leaning against the door, while the
Mediterranean floated up her waves, and filled the waste with sound.
There didst thou see thine ancient fishermen rising ere the dawn from
their bed of dry sea-weed, and heardst them stirring, drowsy, among
their fishing gear, and heardst them tell their dreams.

Or again thou wouldst wander with dusty feet through the ways that the
dust makes silent, while the breath of the kine, as they were driven
forth with the morning, came fresh to thee, and the trailing dewy branch
of honeysuckle struck sudden on thy cheek. Thou wouldst see the Dawn
awake in rose and saffron across the waters, and Etna, grey and pale
against the sky, and the setting crescent would dip strangely in the
glow, on her way to the sea. Then, methinks, thou wouldst murmur, like
thine own Simaetha, the love-lorn witch, 'Farewell, Selene, bright and
fair; farewell, ye other stars, that follow the wheels of the quiet
Night.' Nay, surely it was in such an hour that thou didst behold the
girl as she burned the laurel leaves and the barley grain, and melted
the waxen image, and called on Selene to bring her lover home. Even so,
even now, in the islands of Greece, the setting Moon may listen to the
prayers of maidens. 'Bright golden Moon, that now art near the waters,
go thou and salute my lover, he that stole my love, and that kissed me,
saying "Never will I leave thee." And lo, he hath left me as men leave a
field reaped and gleaned, like a church where none cometh to pray, like
a city desolate.'

So the girls still sing in Greece, for though the Temples have fallen,
and the wandering shepherds sleep beneath the broken columns of the
god's house in Selinus, yet these ancient fires burn still to the old
divinities in the shrines of the hearths of the peasants. It is none of
the new creeds that cry, in the dirge of the Sicilian shepherds of
our time, 'Ah, light of mine eyes, what gift shall I send thee, what
offering to the other world? The apple fadeth, the quince decayeth,
and one by one they perish, the petals of the rose. I will send thee my
tears shed on a napkin, and what though it burneth in the flame, if my
tears reach thee at the last.'

Yes, little is altered, Theocritus, on these shores beneath the sun,
where thou didst wear a tawny skin stripped from the roughest of
he-goats, and about thy breast an old cloak buckled with a plaited
belt. Thou wert happier there, in Sicily, methinks, and among vines
and shadowy lime-trees of Cos, than in the dust, and heat, and noise of
Alexandria. What love of fame, what lust of gold tempted thee away from
the red cliffs, and grey olives, and wells of black water wreathed with
maidenhair?

  The music of the rustic flute
  Kept not for long its happy country tone;
  Lost it too soon, and learned a stormy note
  Of men contention tost, of men who groan,
  Which tasked thy pipe too sore, and tired thy throat--
  It failed, and thou wast mute!

 What hadst _thou_ to make in cities, and what could Ptolemies and Princes
give thee better than the goat-milk cheese and the Ptelean wine? Thy
Muses were meant to be the delight of peaceful men, not of tyrants and
wealthy merchants, to whom they vainly went on a begging errand. 'Who
will open his door and gladly receive our Muses within his house, who is
there that will not send them back again without a gift? And they with
naked feet and looks askance come homewards, and sorely they upbraid me
when they have gone on a vain journey, and listless again in the bottom
of their empty coffer they dwell with heads bowed over their chilly
knees, where is their drear abode, when portionless they return.' How
far happier was the prisoned goat-herd, Comatas, in the fragrant cedar
chest where the blunt-faced bees from the meadow fed him with food of
tender flowers, because still the Muse dropped sweet nectar on his lips!

Thou didst leave the neat-herds and the kine, and the oaks of Himera,
the galingale hummed over by the bees, and the pine that dropped her
cones, and Amaryllis in her cave, and Bombyca with her feet of carven
ivory. Thou soughtest the City, and strife with other singers, and the
learned write still on thy quarrels with Apollonius and Callimachus,
and Antagoras of Rhodes. So ancient are the hatreds of poets, envy,
jealousy, and all unkindness.

Not to the wits of Courts couldst thou teach thy rural song, though all
these centuries, more than two thousand years, they have laboured to
vie with thee. There has come no new pastoral poet, though Virgil copied
thee, and Pope, and Phillips, and all the buckram band of the teacup
time; and all the modish swains of France have sung against thee, as the
_son challenged Athene_. They never knew the shepherd's life, the long'
winter nights on dried heather by the fire, the long summer days, when
over the dry grass all is quiet, and only the insects hum, and the
shrunken burn whispers a silver tune. Swains in high-heeled shoon, and
lace, shepherdesses in rouge and diamonds, the world is weary of all
concerning them, save their images in porcelain, effigies how unlike the
golden figures, dedicate to Aphrodite, of Bombyca and Battus. Somewhat,
Theocritus, thou hast to answer for, thou that first of men brought
the shepherd to Court, and made courtiers wild to go a Maying with the
shepherds.




XIV. To Edgar Allan Poe.



Sir,--Your English readers, better acquainted with your poems
and romances than with your criticisms, have long wondered at the
indefatigable hatred which pursues your memory. You, who knew the men,
will not marvel that certain microbes of letters, the survivors of your
own generation, still harass your name with their malevolence, while old
women twitter out their incredible and heeded slanders in the literary
papers of New York. But their persistent animosity does not quite
suffice to explain the dislike with which many American critics regard
the greatest poet, perhaps the greatest literary genius, of their
country. With a commendable patriotism, they are not apt to rate native
merit too low; and you, I think, are the only example of an American
prophet almost without honour in his own country.

The recent publication of a cold, careful, and in many respects
admirable study of your career ('Edgar Allan Poe,' by George Woodberry:
Houghton, Mifflin and Co., Boston) reminds English readers who have
forgotten it, and teaches those who never knew it, that you were,
unfortunately, a Reviewer. How unhappy were the necessities, how
deplorable the vein, that compelled or seduced a man of your eminence
into the dusty and stony ways of contemporary criticism! About the
writers of his own generation a leader of that generation should hold
his peace, he should neither praise nor blame nor defend his equals;
he should not strike one blow at the buzzing ephemerae of letters. The
breath of their life is in the columns of 'Literary Gossip;' and they
should be allowed to perish with the weekly advertisements on which
they pasture. Reviewing, of course, there must needs be; but great minds
should only criticise the great who have passed beyond the reach of
eulogy or fault-finding.

Unhappily, taste and circumstances combined to make you a censor; you
vexed a continent, and you are still unforgiven. What 'irritation of a
sensitive nature, chafed by some indefinite sense of wrong,' drove you
(in Mr. Longfellow's own words) to attack his pure and beneficent Muse
we may never ascertain. But Mr. Longfellow forgave you easily; for
pardon comes easily to the great. It was the smaller men, the Daweses,
Griswolds, and the like, that knew not how to forget. 'The New Yorkers
never forgave him,' says your latest biographer; and one scarcely
marvels at the inveteracy of their malice. It was not individual vanity
alone, but the whole literary class that you assailed. 'As a literary
people,' you wrote, 'we are one vast perambulating humbug.' After that
declaration of war you died, and left your reputation to the vanities
yet writhing beneath your scorn. They are writhing and writing still.
He who knows them need not linger over the attacks and defences of your
personal character; he will not waste time on calumnies, tale-bearing,
private letters, and all the noisome dust which takes so long in
settling above your tomb.

For us it is enough to know that you were compelled to live by your
pen, and that in an age when the author of 'To Helen' and' The Cask
of Amontillado' was paid at the rate of a dollar a column. When such
poverty was the mate of such pride as yours, a misery more deep than
that of Burns, an agony longer than Chatterton's, were inevitable
and assured. No man was less fortunate than you in the moment of his
birth--_infelix opportunitate vitae_. Had you lived a generation later,
honour, wealth, applause, success in Europe and at home, would all have
been yours. Within thirty years so great a change has passed over the
profession of letters in America; and it is impossible to estimate the
rewards which would have fallen to Edgar Poe, had chance made him the
contemporary of Mark Twain and of 'Called Back.' It may be that your
criticisms helped to bring in the new era, and to lift letters out of
the reach of quite unlettered scribblers. Though not a scholar, at least
you had a respect for scholarship. You might still marvel over such
words as 'objectional' in the new biography of yourself, and might ask
what is meant by such a sentence as 'his connection with it had inured
to his own benefit by the frequent puffs of himself,' and so forth.

Best known in your own day as a critic, it is as a poet and a writer of
short tales that you must live. But to discuss your few and elaborate
poems is a waste of time, so completely does your own brief definition
of poetry, 'the rhythmic creation of the beautiful,' exhaust your
theory, and so perfectly is the theory illustrated by the poems. Natural
bent, and reaction against the example of Mr. Longfellow, combined
to make you too intolerant of what you call the 'didactic' element in
verse. Even if morality be not seven-eighths of our life (the exact
proportion as at present estimated), there was a place even on the
Hellenic Parnassus for gnomic bards, and theirs in the nature of the
case must always be the largest public.

'Music is the perfection of the soul or the idea of poetry,' so you
wrote; 'the vagueness of exaltation aroused by a sweet air (which should
be indefinite and never too strongly suggestive), is precisely what we
should aim at in poetry.' You aimed at that mark, and struck it again
and again, notably in 'Helen, thy beauty is to me,' in 'The Haunted
Palace,' 'The Valley of Unrest,' and 'The City in the Sea.' But by some
Nemesis which might, perhaps, have been foreseen, you are, to the world,
the poet of one poem--'The Raven:' a piece in which the music is highly
artificial, and the 'exaltation' (what there is of it) by no means
particularly 'vague.' So a portion of the public know little of Shelley
but the 'Skylark,' and those two incongruous birds, the lark and the
raven, bear each of them a poet's name _vivu' per ora virum_. Your
theory of poetry, if accepted, would make you (after the author of
'Kubla Khan') the foremost of the poets of the world; at no long
distance would come Mr. William Morris as he was when he wrote 'Golden
Wings,' 'The Blue Closet,' and 'The Sailing of the Sword;' and, close
up, Mr. Lear, the author of 'The Yongi Bongi Bo,' and the lay of the
'Jumblies.'

On the other hand Homer would sink into the limbo to which you consigned
Moliére. If we may judge a theory by its results, when compared with the
deliberate verdict of the world, your aesthetic does not seem to hold
water. The 'Odyssey' is not really inferior to 'Ulalume,' as it ought to
be if your doctrine of poetry were correct, nor 'Le Festin de Pierré to
'Undine.' Yet you deserve the praise of having been constant, in your
poetic practice, to your poetic principles--principles commonly deserted
by poets who, like Wordsworth, have published their aesthetic system.
Your pieces are few; and Dr. Johnson would have called you, like
Fielding, 'a barren rascal.' But how can a writer's verses be numerous
if with him, as with you, 'poetry is not a pursuit but a passion...
which cannot at will be excited with an eye to the paltry compensations
or the more paltry commendations of mankind!' Of you it may be said,
more truly than Shelley said it of himself, that 'to ask you for
anything human, is like asking at a gin-shop for a leg of mutton.'

Humanity must always be, to the majority of men, the true stuff of
poetry; and only a minority will thank you for that rare music which
(like the strains of the fiddler in the story) is touched on a single
string, and on an instrument fashioned from the spoils of the grave. You
chose, or you were destined

   To vary from the kindly race of men;

and the consequences, which wasted your life, pursue your reputation.
For your stories has been reserved a boundless popularity, and that
highest success--the success of a perfectly sympathetic translation. By
this time, of course, you have made the acquaintance of your translator,
M. Charles Baudelaire, who so strenuously shared your views about Mr.
Emerson and the Transcendentalists, and who so energetically resisted
all those ideas of 'progress' which 'came from Hell or Boston.' On
this point, however, the world continues to differ from you and M.
Baudelaire, and perhaps there is only the choice between our optimism
and universal suicide or universal opium-eating. But to discuss your
ultimate ideas is perhaps a profitless digression from the topic of your
prose romances.

An English critic (probably a Northerner at heart) has described them
as 'Hawthorne and delirium tremens.' I am not aware that extreme
orderliness, masterly elaboration, and unchecked progress towards a
predetermined effect are characteristics of the visions of delirium. If
they be, then there is a deal of truth in the criticism, and a good
deal of delirium tremens in your style. But your ingenuity, your
completeness, your occasional luxuriance of fancy and wealth of
jewel-like words, are not, perhaps, gifts which Mr. Hawthorne had at
his command. He was a great writer--the greatest writer in prose fiction
whom America has produced. But you and he have not much in common,
except a certain mortuary turn of mind and a taste for gloomy allegories
about the workings of conscience.

I forbear to anticipate your verdict about the latest essays of American
fiction. These by no means follow in the lines which you laid down about
brevity and the steady working to one single effect. Probably you would
not be very tolerant (tolerance was not your leading virtue) of Mr. Roe,
now your countrymen's favourite novelist. He is long, he is didactic,
he is eminently uninspired. In the works of one who is, what you were
called yourself, a Bostonian, you would admire, at least, the acute
observation, the subtlety, and the unfailing distinction. But, destitute
of humour as you unhappily but undeniably were, you would miss, I fear,
the charm of 'Daisy Miller.' You would admit the unity of effect secured
in 'Washington Square,' though that effect is as remote as possible from
the terror of 'The House of Usher' or the vindictive triumph of 'The
Cask of Amontillado.'

Farewell, farewell, thou sombre and solitary spirit: a genius tethered
to the hack-work of the press, a gentleman among _canaille_, a poet
among poetasters, dowered with a scholar's taste without a scholar's
training, embittered by his sensitive scorn, and all unsupported by his
consolations.




XV. To Sir Walter Scott, Bart.

                  Rodono, St. Mary's Loch:
                  Sept. 5, 1885.

Sir,--In your biography it is recorded that you not only won the favour
of all men and women; but that a domestic fowl conceived an affection
for you, and that a pig, by his will, had never been severed from your
company. If some Circe had repeated in my case her favourite miracle
of turning mortals into swine, and had given me a choice, into that
fortunate pig, blessed among his race, would I have been converted! You,
almost alone among men of letters, still, like a living friend, win
and charm us out of the past; and if one might call up a poet, as the
scholiast tried to call Homer, from the shades, who would not, out of
all the rest, demand some hours of your society? Who that ever meddled
with letters, what child of the irritable race, possessed even a tithe
of your simple manliness, of the heart that never knew a touch of
jealousy, that envied no man his laurels, that took honour and wealth
as they came, but never would have deplored them had you missed both and
remained but the Border sportsman and the Border antiquary?

Were the word 'genial' not so much profaned, were it not misused in easy
good-nature, to extenuate lettered and sensual indolence, that worn old
term might be applied, above all men, to 'the Shirra.' But perhaps we
scarcely need a word (it would be seldom in use) for a character so
rare, or rather so lonely, in its nobility and charm as that of Walter
Scott. Here, in the heart of your own country, among your own grey
round-shouldered hills (each so like the other that the shadow of one
falling on its neighbour exactly outlines that neighbour's shape), it is
of you and of your works that a native of the Forest is most frequently
brought in mind. All the spirits of the river and the hill, all the
dying refrains of ballad and the fading echoes of story, all the memory
of the wild past, each legend of burn and loch, seem to have combined
to inform your spirit, and to secure themselves an immortal life in your
song. It is through you that we remember them; and in recalling them, as
in treading each hillside in this land, we again remember you and bless
you.

It is not 'Sixty Years Since' the echo of Tweed among his pebbles fell
for the last time on your ear; not sixty years since, and how much is
altered! But two generations have passed; the lad who used to ride from
Edinburgh to Abbotsford, carrying new books for you, and old, is still
vending, in George Street, old books and new. Of politics I have not the
heart to speak. Little joy would you have had in most that has befallen
since the Reform Bill was passed, to the chivalrous cry of 'burke Sir
Walter.' We are still very Radical in the Forest, and you were taken
away from many evils to come. How would the cheek of Walter Scott, or
of Leyden, have blushed at the names of Majuba, The Soudan, Maiwand, and
many others that recall political cowardice or military incapacity!
On the other hand, who but you could have sung the dirge of Gordon,
or wedded with immortal verse the names of Hamilton (who fell with
Cavagnari), of the two Stewarts, of many another clansman, brave among
the bravest! Only he who told how

    The stubborn spearmen still made good
    Their dark impenetrable wood

could have fitly rhymed a score of feats of arms in which, as at
M'Neill's Zareeba and at Abu Klea,

    Groom fought like noble, squire like knight,
      As fearlessly and well.

Ah, Sir, the hearts of the rulers may wax faint, and the voting classes
may forget that they are Britons; but when it comes to blows our
fighting men might cry, with Leyden,

    My name is little Jock Elliot,
    And wha daur meddle wi' me!

Much is changed, in the country-side as well as in the country; but
much remains. The little towns of your time are populous and excessively
black with the smoke of factories--not, I fear, at present very
flourishing. In Galashiels you still see the little change-house and the
cluster of cottages round the Laird's lodge, like the clachan of Tully
Veolan. But these plain remnants of the old Scotch towns are almost
buried in a multitude of 'smoky dwarf houses'--a living poet, Mr.
Matthew Arnold, has found the fitting phrase for these dwellings, once
for all. All over the Forest he waters are dirty and poisoned: I think
they are filthiest below Hawick; but this may be mere local prejudice in
a Selkirk man. To keep them clean costs money; and, though improvements
are often promised, I cannot see much change for the better. Abbotsford,
luckily, is above Galashiels, and only receives the dirt and dyes of
Selkirk, Peebles, Walkerburn, and Innerlethen. On the other hand,
your ill-omened later dwelling, 'the unhappy palace of your race,'
is overlooked by villas that prick a cockney ear among their larches,
hotels of the future. Ah, Sir, Scotland is a strange place. Whisky is
exiled from some of our caravanserais, and they have banished Sir John
Barleycorn. It seems as if the views of the excellent critic (who wrote
your life lately, and said you had left no descendants, _le pauvre
homme_) were beginning to prevail. This pious biographer was greatly
shocked by that capital story about the keg of whisky that arrived at
the Liddesdale farmer's during family prayers. Your Toryism also was an
offence to him.

Among these vicissitudes of things and the overthrow of customs, let
us be thankful that, beyond the reach of the manufacturers, the Border
country remains as kind and homely as ever. I looked at Ashiestiel some
days ago: the house seemed just as it may have been when you left it for
Abbotsford, only there was a lawn-tennis net on the lawn, the hill on
the opposite bank of the Tweed was covered to the crest with turnips,
and the burn did not sing below the little bridge, for in this arid
summer the burn was dry. But there was still a grilse that rose to a big
March brown in the shrunken stream below Elibank. This may not interest
you, who styled yourself

     No fisher,
     But a well-wisher
     To the game!

Still, as when you were thinking over Marmion, a man might have 'grand
gallops among the hills'--those grave wastes of heather and bent that
sever all the watercourses and roll their sheep-covered pastures from
Dollar Law to White Combe, and from White Combe to the Three Brethren
Cairn and the Windburg and Skelf-hill Pen. Yes, Teviotdale is pleasant
still, and there is not a drop of dye in the water, _purior electro_, of
Yarrow. St. Mary's Loch lies beneath me, smitten with wind and rain--the
St. Mary's of North and of the Shepherd. Only the trout, that see a
myriad of artificial flies, are shyer than of yore. The Shepherd could
no longer fill a cart up Meggat with trout so much of a size that the
country people took them for herrings.

The grave of Piers Cockburn is still not desecrated: hard by it lies,
within a little wood; and beneath that slab of old sandstone, and the
graven letters, and the sword and shield, sleep 'Piers Cockburn and
Marjory his wife.' Not a hundred yards off was the castle door where
they hanged him; this is the tomb of the ballad, and the lady that
buried him rests now with her wild lord.

    Oh, wat ye no my heart was sair,
    When I happit the mouls on his yellow hair;
    Oh, wat ye no my heart was wae,
    When I turned about and went my way! (1)

Here too hearts have broken, and there is a sacredness in the shadow and
beneath these clustering berries of the rowan-trees. That sacredness,
that reverent memory of our old land, it is always and inextricably
blended with our memories, with our thoughts, with our love of you.
Scotchmen, methinks, who owe so much to you, owe you most for the
example you gave of the beauty of a life of honour, showing them what,
by Heaven's blessing, a Scotchman still might be.

(1) Lord Napier and Ettrick points out to me that, unluckily, the
tradition is erroneous. Piers was not executed at all. William Cockburn
suffered in Edinburgh. But the _Border Minstrelsy_ overrides history.

_Criminal Trials in Scotland_ by Robert Pitcairn, Esq. Vol. i. part I.
p. 144, A. D. 1530. 17 Jac. V.

May 16. William Cokburne of Henderland, convicted (in presence of the
King) of high treason committed by him in bringing Alexander Forestare
and his son, Englishmen, to the plundering of Archibald Somervile; and
for treasunably bringing certain Englishmen to the lands of Glenquhome;
and for common theft, common reset of theft, out-putting and in-putting
thereof. Sentence. For which causes and crimes he has forfeited his
life, lands, and goods, movable and immovable; which shall be escheated
to the King. Beheaded.

Words, empty and unavailing--for what words of ours can speak our
thoughts or interpret our affections! From you first, as we followed the
deer with King James, or rode with William of Deloraine on his midnight
errand, did we learn what Poetry means and ali the happiness that is in
the gift of song. This and more than may be told you gave us, that
are not forgetful, not ungrateful, though our praise be unequal to our
gratitude. _Fungor inani munere!_




XVI. To Eusebius of Caesarea.

(Concerning the Gods of the Heathen.)


Touching the Gods of the Heathen, most reverend Father, thou art not
ignorant that even now, as in the time of thy probation on earth, there
is great dissension. That these feigned Deities and idols, the work of
men's hands, are no longer worshipped thou knowest; neither do men eat
meat offered to idols. Even as spoke that last Oracle which murmured
forth, the latest and the only true voice from Delphi, even so 'the
fair-wrought court divine hath fallen; no more hath Phoebus his home,
no more his laurel-bough, nor the singing well of water; nay, the
sweet-voiced water is silent.' The fane is ruinous, and the images of
men's idolatry are dust.

Nevertheless, most worshipful, men do still dispute about the beginnings
of those sinful Gods: such as Zeus, Athene, and Dionysus: and marvel
how first they won their dominion over the souls of the foolish peoples.
Now, concerning these things there is not one belief, but many;
howbeit, there are two main kinds of opinion. One sect of philosophers
believes--as thyself, with heavenly learning, didst not vainly
persuade--that the Gods were the inventions of wild and bestial folk,
who, long before cities were builded or life was honourably ordained,
fashioned forth evil spirits in their own savage likeness; ay, or in the
likeness of the very beasts that perish. To this judgment, as it is set
forth in thy Book of the Preparation for the Gospel, I, humble as I
am, do give my consent. But on the other side are many and learned men,
chiefly of the tribes of the Alemanni, who have almost conquered the
whole inhabited world. These, being unwilling to suppose that the
Hellenes were in bondage to superstitions handed down from times of
utter darkness and a bestial life, do chiefly hold with the heathen
philosophers, even with the writers whom thou, most venerable, didst
confound with thy wisdom and chasten with the scourge of small cords of
thy wit.

Thus, like the heathen, our doctors and teachers maintain that the Gods
of the nations were, in the beginning, such pure natural creatures as
the blue sky, the sun, the air, the bright dawn, and the fire; but, as
time went on, men, forgetting the meaning of their own speech and no
longer understanding the tongue of their own fathers, were misled and
beguiled into fashioning all those lamentable tales: as that Zeus, for
love of mortal women, took the shape of a bull, a ram, a serpent, an
ant, an eagle, and sinned in such wise as it is a shame even to speak
of.

Behold, then, most worshipful, how these doctors and learned men argue,
even like the philosophers of the heathen whom thou didst confound. For
they declare the Gods to have been natural elements, sun and sky and
storm, even as did thy opponents; and, like them, as thou saidst, 'they
are nowise at one with each other in their explanations.' For of old
some boasted that Hera was the Air; and some that she signified the love
of woman and man; and some that she was the waters above the Earth; and
others that she was the Earth beneath the waters; and yet others
that she was the Night, for that Night is the shadow of Earth: as if,
forsooth, the men who first worshipped Hera had understanding of these
things! And when Hera and Zeus quarrel unseemly (as Homer declareth),
this meant (said the learned in thy days) no more than the strife
and confusion of the elements, and was not in the beginning an idle
slanderous tale.

To all which, most worshipful, thou didst answer wisely: saying that
Hera could not be both night, and earth, and water, and air, and the
love of sexes, and the confusion of the elements; but that all these
opinions were vain dreams, and the guesses of the learned. And why--thou
saidst--even if the Gods were pure natural creatures, are such foul
things told of them in the Mysteries as it is not fitting for me to
declare. 'These wanderings, and drinkings, and loves, and corruptions,
that would be shameful in men, why,' thou saidst, 'were they attributed
to the natural elements; and wherefore did the Gods constantly show
themselves, like the sorcerers called were-wolves, in the shape of
the perishable beasts?' But, mainly, thou didst argue that, till the
philosophers of the heathen were agreed among themselves, not all
contradicting each the other, they had no semblance of a sure foundation
for their doctrine.

To all this and more, most worshipful Father, I know not what the
heathen answered thee. But, in our time, the learned men who stand to it
that the heathen Gods were in the beginning the pure elements, and that
the nations, forgetting their first love and the significance of their
own speech, became confused and were betrayed into foul stories about
the pure Gods--these learned men, I say, agree no whit among themselves.
Nay, they differ one from another, not less than did Plutarch and
Porphyry and Theagenes, and the rest whom thou didst laugh to scorn.
Bear with me, Father, while I tell thee how the new Plutarchs and
Porphyrys do contend among themselves; and yet these differences of
theirs they call 'Science'!

Consider the goddess Athene, who sprang armed from the head of Zeus,
even as--among the fables of the poor heathen folk of seas thou never
knewest--goddesses are fabled to leap out from the armpits or feet of
their fathers. Thou must know that what Plato, in the 'Cratylus,' made
Socrates say in jest, the learned among us practise in sad earnest. For,
when they wish to explain the nature of any God, they first examine
his name, and torment the letters thereof, arranging and altering them
according to their will, and flying off to the speech of the Indians and
Medes and Chaldeans, and other Barbarians, if Greek will not serve their
turn. How saith Socrates? 'I bethink me of a very new and ingenious idea
that occurs to me; and, if I do not mind, I shall be wiser than I should
be by to-morrow's dawn. My notion is that we may put in and pull out
letters at pleasure and alter the accents.' Even so do our learned--not
at pleasure, maybe, but according to certain fixed laws (so they
declare); yet none the more do they agree among themselves. And I deny
not that they discover many things true and good to be known; but,
as touching the names of the Gods, their learning, as it standeth, is
confusion. Look, then, at the goddess Athene: taking one example out of
hundreds. We have dwelling in our coasts Muellerus, the most erudite
of the doctors of the Alemanni, and the most golden-mouthed. Concerning
Athene, he saith that her name is none other than, in the ancient tongue
of the Brachmanae, _Ahana'_, which, being interpreted, means the Dawn.
'And that the morning light,' saith he, 'offers the best starting-point;
for the later growth of Athene has been proved, I believe, beyond the
reach of doubt or even cavil.' (1)

     (1) 'The Lesson of Jupiter.'--_Nineteenth Century_, October, 1885.

Yet this same doctor candidly lets us know that another of his nation,
the witty Benfeius, hath devised another sense and origin of Athene,
taken from the speech of the old Medes. But Muellerus declares to us
that whosoever shall examine the contention of Benfeius 'will be bound,
in common honesty, to confess that it is untenable.' This, Father, is
one for Benfeius, as the saying goes. And as Muellerus holds that these
matters 'admit of almost mathematical precision,' it would seem
that Benfeius is but a _Dummkopf_, as the Alemanni say, in their own
language, when they would be pleasant among themselves.

Now, wouldst thou credit it? despite the mathematical plainness of
the facts, other Alemanni agree neither with Muellerus, nor yet with
Benfeius, and will neither hear that Athene was the Dawn, nor yet that
she is 'the feminine of the Zend _Thra'eta'na athwya'na_.' Lo, you! how
Prellerus goes about to show that her name is drawn not from _Ahana'_
and the old Brachmanae, nor _athwya'na_ and the old Medes, but from 'the
root _aith_*, whence _aither_*, the air, or _ath_*, whence _anthos_*, a
flower.' Yea, and Prellerus will have it that no man knows the verity of
this matter. None the less he is very bold, and will none of the Dawn;
but holds to it that Athene was, from the first, 'the clear pure height
of the Air, which is exceeding pure in Attica.'

Now, Father, as if all this were not enough, comes one Roscherus in,
with a mighty great volume on the Gods, and Furtwaenglerus, among
others, for his ally. And these doctors will neither with Rueckertus and
Hermannus, take Athene for 'wisdom in person;' nor with Welckerus
and Prellerus, for 'the goddess of air;' nor even, with Muellerus and
mathematical certainty, for 'the Morning-Red:' but they say that Athene
is the 'black thunder-cloud, and the lightning that leapeth therefrom'!
I make no doubt that other Alemanni are of other minds: _quot Alemanni
tot sententiae_.

Yea, as thou saidst of the learned heathen, _Oude gar allelois symphona_
_physiologousis_. Yet these disputes of theirs they call 'Science'!
But if any man says to the learned: 'Best of men, you are erudite,
and laborious and witty; but, till you are more of the same mind, your
opinions cannot be styled knowledge. Nay, they are at present of no
avail whereon to found any doctrine concerning the Gods'--that man is
railed at for his 'mean' and 'weak' arguments.

     * Transliterated from Greek.

Was it thus, Father, that the heathen railed against thee? But I
must still believe, with thee, that these evil tales of the Gods were
invented 'when man's life was yet brutish and wandering' (as is the life
of many tribes that even now tell like tales), and were maintained in
honour of the later Greeks 'because none dared alter the ancient beliefs
of his ancestors.' Farewell, Father; and all good be with thee, wishes
thy well-wisher and thy disciple.




XVII. To Percy Bysshe Shelley.


Sir,--In your lifetime on earth you were not more than commonly curious
as to what was said by 'the herd of mankind,' if I may quote your own
phrase. It was that of one who loved his fellow-men, but did not in
his less enthusiastic moments overestimate their virtues and their
discretion. Removed so far away from our hubbub, and that world where,
as you say, we 'pursue our serious folly as of old,' you are, one may
guess, but moderately concerned about the fate of your writings and your
reputation. As to the first, you have somewhere said, in one of your
letters, that the final judgment on your merits as a poet is in the
hands of posterity, and that you fear the verdict will be 'Guilty,'
and the sentence 'Death.' Such apprehensions cannot have been fixed or
frequent in the mind of one whose genius burned always with a clearer
and steadier flame to the last. The jury of which you spoke has met: a
mixed jury and a merciful. The verdict is 'Well done,' and the sentence
Immortality of Fame. There have been, there are, dissenters; yet
probably they will be less and less heard as the years go on.

One judge, or juryman, has made up his mind that prose was your true
province, and that your letters will outlive your lays. I know not
whether it was the same or an equally well-inspired critic, who spoke
of your most perfect lyrics (so Beau Brummell spoke of his ill-tied
cravats) as 'a gallery of your failures.' But the general voice does not
echo these utterances of a too subtle intellect. At a famous University
(not your own) once existed a band of men known as 'The Trinity
Sniffers.' Perhaps the spirit of the sniffer may still inspire some of
the jurors who from time to time make themselves heard in your case.
The 'Quarterly Review', I fear, is still unreconciled. It regards your
attempts as tainted by the spirit of 'The Liberal Movement in English
Literature;' and it is impossible, alas! to maintain with any success
that you were a Throne and Altar Tory. At Oxford you are forgiven; and
the old rooms where you let the oysters burn (was not your founder,
King Alfred, once guilty of similar negligence?) are now shown to pious
pilgrims.

But Conservatives, 't is rumoured, are still averse to your opinions,
and are believed to prefer to yours the works of the Reverend Mr. Keble,
and, indeed, of the clergy in general. But, in spite of all this, your
poems, like the affections of the true lovers in Theocritus, are still
'in the mouths of all, and chiefly on the lips of the young.' It is in
your lyrics that you live, and I do not mean that every one could pass
an examination in the plot of "Prometheus Unbound" Talking of this
piece, by the way, a Cambridge critic finds that it reveals in you a
hankering after life in a cave--doubtless an unconsciously inherited
memory from cave-man. Speaking of cave-man reminds me that you once
spoke of deserting song for prose, and of producing a history of the
moral, intellectual, and political elements in human society, which, we
now agree, began, as Asia would fain have ended, in a cave.

Fortunately you gave us 'Adonai, and 'Hellas' instead of this treatise,
and we have now successfully written the natural history of Man for
ourselves. Science tells us that before becoming cave-dweller he was
a brute; Experience daily proclaims that he constantly reverts to his
original condition. _L'homme est un méchant animal_, in spite of
your boyish efforts to add pretty girls 'to the list of the good, the
disinterested, and the free.'

Ah, not in the wastes of Speculation, nor the sterile din of Politics,
were 'the haunts meet for thee.' Watching the yellow bees in the ivy
bloom, and the reflected pine forest in the water-pools, watching the
sunset as it faded, and the dawn as it fired, and weaving all fair and
fleeting things into a tissue where light and music were at one, that
was the task of Shelley! 'To ask you for anything human,' you said, 'was
like asking for a leg of mutton at a gin-shop.' Nay, rather, like asking
Apollo and Hebe, in the Olympian abodes, to give us beef for ambrosia,
and port for nectar. Each poet gives what he has, and what he can offer;
you spread before us fairy bread, and enchanted wine, and shall we turn
away, with a sneer, because, out of all the multitudes of singers,
one is spiritual and strange, one has seen Artemis unveiled? One, like
Anchises, has been beloved of the Goddess, and his eyes, when he looks
on the common works of common men, are, like the eyes of Anchises, blind
with excess of light. Let Shelley sing of what he saw, what none saw but
Shelley!

Notwithstanding the popularity of your poems (the most romantic of
things didactic), our world is no better than the world you knew. This
will disappoint you, who had 'a passion for reforming it.' Kings and
priests are very much where you left them. True, we have a poet who
assails them, at large, frequently and fearlessly; yet Mr. Swinburne has
never, like 'kind Hunt,' been in prison, nor do we fear for him a charge
of treason. Moreover, chemical science has discovered new and ingenious
ways of destroying principalities and powers. You would be interested in
the methods, but your peaceful Revolutionism, which disdained physical
force, would regret their application.

Our foreign affairs are not in a state which even you would consider
satisfactory; for we have just had to contend with a Revolt of Islam,
and we still find in Russia exactly the qualities which you recognised
and described. We have a great statesman whose methods and eloquence
somewhat resemble those you attribute to Laon and Prince Athanase. Alas!
he is a youth of more than seventy summers; and not in his time will
Prometheus retire to a cavern and pass a peaceful millennium in twining
buds and beams.

In domestic affairs most of the Reforms you desired to see have been
carried. Ireland has received Emancipation, and almost everything else
she can ask for. I regret to say that she is still unhappy; her wounds
unstanched, her wrongs unforgiven. At home we have enfranchised the
paupers, and expect the most happy results. Paupers (as Mr. Gladstone
says) are 'our own flesh and blood,' and, as we compel them to be
vaccinated, so we should permit them to vote. Is it a dream that Mr.
Jesse Collings (how you would have loved that man!) has a Bill for
extending the priceless boon of the vote to inmates of Pauper Lunatic
Asylums? This may prove that last element in the Elixir of political
happiness which we have sought in vain. Atheists, you will regret to
hear, are still unpopular; but the new Parliament has done something for
Mr. Bradlaugh. You should have known our Charles while you were in the
'Queen Mab' stage. I fear you wandered, later, from his robust condition
of intellectual development.

As to your private life, many biographers contrive to make public as
much of it as possible. Your name, even in life, was, alas! a kind of
_ducdame_ to bring people of no very great sense into your circle. This
curious fascination has attracted round your memory a feeble folk of
commentators, biographers, anecdotists, and others of the tribe.
They swarm round you like carrion-flies round a sensitive plant, like
night-birds bewildered by the sun. Men of sense and taste have written
on you, indeed; but your weaker admirers are now disputing as to whether
it was your heart, or a less dignified and most troublesome organ, which
escaped the flames of the funeral pyre. These biographers fight terribly
among themselves, and vainly prolong the memory of 'old unhappy far-off
things, and _sorrows_ long ago.' Let us leave them and their squabbles
over what is unessential, their raking up of old letters and old
stories.

The town has lately yawned a weary laugh over an enemy of yours, who has
produced two heavy volumes, styled by him 'The Real Shelley.' The real
Shelley, it appears, was Shelley as conceived of by a worthy gentleman
so prejudiced and so skilled in taking up things by the wrong handle
that I wonder he has not made a name in the exact science of Comparative
Mythology. He criticises you in the spirit of that Christian Apologist,
the Englishman who called you 'a damned Atheist' in the post-office at
Pisa. He finds that you had 'a little turned-up nose,' a feature no less
important in his system than was the nose of Cleopatra (according to
Pascal) in the history of the world. To be in harmony with your nose,
you were a 'phenomenal' liar, an ill-bred, ill-born, profligate, partly
insane, an evil-tempered monster, a self-righteous person, full of
self-approbation--in fact you were the Beast of this pious Apocalypse.
Your friend Dr. Lind was an embittered and scurrilous apothecary, 'a bad
old man.' But enough of this inopportune brawler. For Humanity, of which
you hoped such great things, Science predicts extinction in a night of
Frost. The sun will grow cold, slowly--as slowly as doom came on Jupiter
in your 'Prometheus,' but as surely. If this nightmare be fulfilled,
perhaps the Last Man, in some fetid hut on the ice-bound Equator, will
read. by a fading lamp charged with the dregs of the oil in his cruse,
the poetry of Shelley. So reading, he, the latest of his race, will not
wholly be deprived of those sights which alone (says the nameless Greek)
make life worth enduring. In your verse he will have sight of sky,
and sea, and cloud, the gold of dawn and the gloom of earthquake and
eclipse, he will be face to face, in fancy, with the great powers that
are dead, sun, and ocean, and the illimitable azure of the heavens. In
Shelley's poetry, while Man endures, all those will survive; for your
'voice is as the voice of winds and tides,' and perhaps more deathless
than all of these, and only perishable with the perishing of the human
spirit.




XVIII. To Monsieur de Moliére, Valet de Chambre du Roi.


Monsieur,--With what awe does a writer venture into the presence of the
great Moliére! As a courtier in your time would scratch humbly (with his
comb!) at the door of the Grand Monarch, so I presume to draw near your
dwelling among the Immortals. You, like the king who, among all his
titles, has now none so proud as that of the friend of Moliére--you
found your dominions small, humble, and distracted; you raised them to
the dignity of an empire: what Louis XIV. did for France you achieved
for French comedy; and the ba'ton of Scapin still wields its sway though
the sword of Louis was broken at Blenheim. For the King the Pyrenees,
or so he fancied, ceased to exist; by a more magnificent conquest you
overcame the Channel. If England vanquished your country's arms, it was
through you that France _ferum victorem cepit_, and restored the dynasty
of Comedy to the land whence she had been driven. Ever since Dryden
borrowed 'L'Etourdi,' our tardy apish nation has lived (in matters
theatrical) on the spoils of the wits of France.

In one respect, to be sure, times and manners have altered. While
you lived, taste kept the French drama pure; and it was the congenial
business of English playwrights to foist their rustic grossness and
their large Fescennine jests into the urban page of Moliére. Now they
are diversely occupied; and it is their affair to lend modesty
where they borrow wit, and to spare a blush to the cheek of the Lord
Chamberlain. But still, as has ever been our wont since Etherege saw,
and envied, and imitated your successes--still we pilfer the plays of
France, and take our _bien_, as you said in your lordly manner, wherever
we can find it. We are the privateers of the stage; and it is rarely,
to be sure, that a comedy pleases the town which has not first been
'cut out' from the countrymen of Moliére. Why this should be, and what
'tenebriferous star' (as Paracelsus, your companion in the 'Dialogues
des Morts,' would have believed) thus darkens the sun of English humour,
we know not; but certainly our dependence on France is the sincerest
tribute to you. Without you, neither Rotrou, nor Corneille, nor 'a
wilderness of monkeys' like Scarron, could ever have given Comedy to
France and restored her to Europe.

While we owe to you, Monsieur, the beautiful advent of Comedy, fair and
beneficent as Peace in the play of Aristophanes, it is still to you that
we must turn when of comedies we desire the best. If you studied with
daily and nightly care the works of Plautus and Terence, if you 'let no
musty _bouquin_ escape you' (so your enemies declared), it was to some
purpose that you laboured. Shakespeare excepted, you eclipsed all who
came before you; and from those that follow, however fresh, we turn: we
turn from Regnard and Beaumarchais, from Sheridan: and Goldsmith,
from Musset and Pailleron and Labiche, to that crowded world of your
creations. 'Creations' one may well say, for you anticipated Nature
herself: you gave us, before she did, in Alceste a Rousseau who was a
gentleman not a lacquey; in a _mot_ of Don Juan's, the secret of the new
Religion and the watchword of Comte, _l'amour de l'humanité_.

Before you where can we find, save in Rabelais, a Frenchman with humour;
and where, unless it be in Montaigne, the wise philosophy of a secular
civilisalion? With a heart the most tender, delicate, loving, and
generous, a heart often in agony and torment, you had to make life
endurable (we cannot doubt it) without any whisper of promise, or hope,
or warning from Religion. Yes, in an age when the greatest mind of
all, the mind of Pascal, proclaimed that the only help was in voluntary
blindness, that the only chance was to hazard all on a bet at evens,
you, Monsieur, refused to be blinded, or to pretend to see what you
found invisible.

In Religion you beheld no promise of help. When the Jesuits and
Jansenists of your time saw, each of them, in Tartufe the portrait of
their rivals (as each of the laughable Marquises in your play conceived
that you were girding at his neighbour), you all the while were mocking
every credulous excess of Faith. In the sermons preached to Agnés we
surely hear your private laughter; in the arguments for credulity
which are presented to Don Juan by his valet we listen to the eternal
self-defence of superstition. Thus, desolate of belief, you sought for
the permanent element of life--precisely where Pascal recognised all
that was most fleeting and unsubstantial--in _divertissement_; in the
pleasure of looking on, a spectator of the accidents of existence, an
observer of the follies of mankind. Like the Gods of the Epicurean, you
seem to regard our life as a play that is played, as a comedy; yet how
often the tragic note comes in! What pity, and in the laughter what an
accent of tears, as of rain in the wind! No comedian has been so kindly
and human as you; none has had a heart, like you, to feel for his butts,
and to leave them sometimes, in a sense, superior to their tormentors.
Sganarelle, M. de Pourceaugnac, George Dandin, and the rest--our
sympathy, somehow, is with them, after all; and M. de Pourceaugnac is a
gentleman, despite his misadventures.

Though triumphant Youth and malicious Love in your plays may batter and
defeat Jealousy and Old Age, yet they have not all the victory, or you
did not mean that they should win it. They go off with laughter, and
their victim with a grimace; but in him we, that are past our youth,
behold an actor in an unending tragedy, the defeat of a generation. Your
sympathy is not wholly with the dogs that are having their day; you can
throw a bone or a crust to the dog that has had his, and has been taught
that it is over and ended. Yourself not unlearned in shame, in jealousy,
in endurance of the wanton pride of men (how could the poor player and
the husband of Céliméne be untaught in that experience?), you never
sided quite heartily, as other comedians have done, with young
prosperity and rank and power.

I am not the first who has dared to approach you in the Shades; for just
after your own death the author of 'Les Dialogues des Morts' gave you
Paracelsus as a companion, and the author of 'Le Jugement de Pluton'
made the 'mighty warder' decide that 'Moliére should not talk
philosophy.' These writers, like most of us, feel that, after all, the
comedies of the _Contemplateur_, of the translator of Lucretius, are a
philosophy of life in themselves, and that in them we read the lessons
of human experience writ small and clear.

What comedian but Moliére has combined with such depths--with the
indignation of Alceste, the self-deception of Tartufe, the blasphemy of
Don Juan--such wildness of irresponsible mirth, such humour, such wit!
Even now, when more than two hundred years have sped by, when so much
water has flowed under the bridges and has borne away so many trifles
of contemporary mirth (_cetera_ _fluminis ritu feruntur_), even now we
never laugh so well as when Mascarille and Vadius and M. Jourdain tread
the boards in the Maison de Moliére. Since those mobile dark brows
of yours ceased to make men laugh, since your voice denounced the
'demoniac' manner of contemporary tragedians, I take leave to think that
no player has been more worthy to wear the _canons_ of Mascarille or
the gown of Vadius than M. Coquelin of the Comédie Francaise. In him
you have a successor to your Mascarille so perfect, that the ghosts of
play-goers of your date might cry, could they see him, that Moliére had
come again. But, with all respect to the efforts of the fair, I doubt if
Mdlle. Barthet, or Mdme. Croizette herself, would reconcile the town
to the loss of the fair De Brie, and Madeleine, and the first, the true
Céliméne, Armande. Yet had you ever so merry a _soubrette_ as Mdme.
Samary, so exquisite a Nicole?

Denounced, persecuted, and buried hugger-mugger two hundred years ago,
you are now not over-praised, but more worshipped, with more servility
and ostentation, studied with more prying curiosity than you may
approve. Are not the Moliéristes a body who carry adoration to
fanaticism? Any scrap of your handwriting (so few are these), any
anecdote even remotely touching on your life, any fact that may prove
your house was numbered 15 not 22, is eagerly seized and discussed by
your too minute historians. Concerning your private life, these men
often write more like malicious enemies than friends; repeating the
fabulous scandals of Le Boulanger, and trying vainly to support them by
grubbing in dusty parish registers. It is most necessary to defend you
from your friends--from such friends as the veteran and inveterate M.
Arséne Houssaye, or the industrious but puzzle-headed M. Loiseleur.
Truly they seek the living among the dead, and the immortal Moliére
among the sweepings of attorneys' offices. As I regard them (for I
have tarried in their tents) and as I behold their trivialities--the
exercises of men who neglect Moliérés works to write about Moliére's
great-grandmother's second-best bed--I sometimes wish that Moliére
were here to write on his devotees a new comedy, 'Les Moliéristes.' How
fortunate were they, Monsieur, who lived and worked with you, who saw
you day by day, who were attached, as Lagrange tells us, by the kindest
loyalty to the best and most honourable of men, the most open-handed in
friendship, in charity the most delicate, of the heartiest sympathy! Ah,
that for one day I could behold you, writing in the study, rehearsing
on the stage, musing in the lace-seller's shop, strolling through the
Palais, turning over the new books at Billaine's, dusting your ruffles
among the old volumes on the sunny stalls. Would that, through the
ages, we could hear you after supper, merry with Boileau, and with
Racine,--not yet a traitor,--laughing over Chapelain, combining to gird
at him in an epigram, or mocking at Cotin, or talking your favourite
philosophy, mindful of Descartes. Surely of all the wits none was ever
so good a man, none ever made life so rich with humour and friendship.




XIX. To Robert Burns.


Sir,--Among men of Genius, and especially among Poets, there are some to
whom we turn with a peculiar and unfeigned affection; there are others
whom we admire rather than love. By some we are won with our will, by
others conquered against our desire. It has been your peculiar fortune
to capture the hearts of a whole people--a people not usually prone to
praise, but devoted with a personal and patriotic loyalty to you and to
your reputation. In you every Scot who _is_ a Scot sees, admires, and
compliments Himself, his ideal self--independent, fond of whisky,
fonder of the lassies; you are the true representative of him and of his
nation. Next year will be the hundredth since the press of Kilmarnock
brought to light its solitary masterpiece, your Poems; and next year,
therefore, methinks, the revenue will receive a welcome accession from
the abundance of whisky drunk in your honour. It is a cruel thing for
any of your countrymen to feel that, where all the rest love, he can
only admire; where all the rest are idolators, he may not bend the knee;
but stands apart and beats upon his breast, observing, not adoring--a
critic. Yet to some of us--petty souls, perhaps, and envious--that loud
indiscriminating praise of 'Robbie Burns' (for so they style you in
their Change-house familiarity) has long been ungrateful; and, among the
treasures of your songs, we venture to select and even to reject. So it
must be! We cannot all love Haggis, nor 'painch, tripe, and thairm,'
and all those rural dainties which you celebrate as 'warm-reekin, rich!'
'Rather too rich,' as the Young Lady said on an occasion recorded by Sam
Weller.

  Auld Scotland wants nae skinking ware
     That jaups in luggies;
  But, if ye wish her gratefu' prayer,
     Gie her a Haggis!

 You _have_ given her a Haggis, with a vengeance, and her 'gratefu' prayer' is
yours for ever. But if even an eternity of partridge may pall on the
epicure, so of Haggis too, as of all earthly delights, cometh satiety at
last. And yet what a glorious Haggis it is--the more emphatically rustic
and even Fescennine part of your verse! We have had many a rural bard
since Theocritus 'watched the visionary flocks,' but you are the only
one of them all who has spoken the sincere Doric. Yours is the talk of
the byre and the plough-tail; yours is that large utterance of the early
hinds. Even Theocritus minces matters, save where Lacon and Comatas
quite outdo the swains of Ayrshire. 'But thee, Theocritus, wha matches?'
you ask, and yourself out-match him in this wide rude region, trodden
only by the rural Muse.

'_Thy_ rural loves are nature's sel';' and the wooer of Jean Armour
speaks more like a true shepherd than the elegant Daphnis of the
'Oaristys.'

Indeed it is with this that moral critics of your life reproach you,
forgetting, perhaps, that in your amours you were but as other Scotch
ploughmen and shepherds of the past and present. Ettrick may still, with
Afghanistan, offer matter for idylls, as Mr. Carlyle (your antithesis,
and the complement of the Scotch character) supposed; but the morals of
Ettrick are those of rural Sicily in old days, or of Mossgiel in your
days. Over these matters the Kirk, with all her power, and the Free Kirk
too, have had absolutely no influence whatever. To leave so delicate a
topic, you were but as other swains, or, as 'that Birkie ca'd a lord,'
Lord Byron; only you combined (in certain of your letters) a libertine
theory with your practice; you poured out in song your audacious
raptures, your half-hearted repentance, your shame and your scorn. You
spoke the truth about rural lives and loves. We may like it or dislike
it; but we cannot deny the verity.

Was it not as unhappy a thing, Sir, for you, as it was fortunate for
Letters and for Scotland, that you were born at the meeting of two ages
and of two worlds--precisely in the moment when bookish literature was
beginning to reach the people, and when Society was first learning to
admit the low-born to her Minor Mysteries? Before you how many singers
not less truly poets than yourself--though less versatile not less
passionate, though less sensuous not less simple--had been born and had
died in poor men's cottages! There abides not even the shadow of a name
of the old Scotch song-smiths, of the old ballad-makers. The authors of
'Clerk Saunders,' of 'The Wife of Usher's Well,' of 'Fair Annie,' and
'Sir Patrick Spens,' and 'The Bonny Hind,' are as unknown to us as
Homer, whom in their directness and force they resemble. They never,
perhaps, gave their poems to writing; certainly they never gave them to
the press. On the lips and in the hearts of the people they have their
lives; and the singers, after a life obscure and untroubled by society
or by fame, are forgotten. 'The Iniquity of Oblivion blindly scattereth
his Poppy.'

Had you been born some years earlier you would have been even as
these unnamed Immortals, leaving great verses to a little clan--verses
retained only by Memory. You would have been but the minstrel of your
native valley: the wider world would not have known you, nor you the
world. Great thoughts of independence and revolt would never have burned
in you; indignation would not have vexed you. Society would not have
given and denied her caresses. You would have been happy. Your songs
would have lingered in all 'the circle of the summer hills;' and your
scorn, your satire, your narrative verse, would have been unwritten or
unknown. To the world what a loss! and what a gain to you! We should
have possessed but a few of your lyrics, as

  When o'er the hill the eastern star
  Tells bughtin-time is near, my jo;
  And owsen frae the furrowed field,
  Return sae dowf and wearie O!

How noble that is, how natural, how unconsciously Greek! You found,
oddly, in good Mrs. Barbauld, the merits of the Tenth Muse:

  In thy sweet sang, Barbauld, survives
  Even Sappho's flame!

But how unconsciously you remind us both of Sappho and of Homer in these
strains about the Evening Star and the hour when the Day _metenisseto
boulytoide_?* Had you lived and died the pastoral poet of some silent
glen, such lyrics could not but have survived; free, too, of all that
in your songs reminds us of the Poet's Corner in the 'Kirkcudbright
Advertiser.' We should not have read how

  Phoebus, gilding the brow o' morning,
    Banishes ilk darksome shade!

Still we might keep a love-poem unexcelled by Catullus,

  Had we never loved sae kindly,
  Had we never loved sae blindly,
  Never met--or never parted,
  We had ne'er been broken-hearted.

But the letters to Clarinda would have been unwritten, and the thrush
would have been untaught in 'the style of the Bird of Paradise.'

     *Transliterated from Greek.

A quiet life of song, _fallentis semita vitae_', was not to be yours.
Fate otherwise decreed it. The touch of a lettered society, the strife
with the Kirk, discontent with the State, poverty and pride, neglect and
success, were needed to make your Genius what it was, and to endow the
world with 'Tam o' Shanter,' the 'Jolly Beggars,' and 'Holy Willie's
Prayer.' Who can praise them too highly--who admire in them too much the
humour, the scorn, the wisdom, the unsurpassed energy and courage? So
powerful, so commanding, is the movement of that Beggars' Chorus, that,
methinks, it unconsciously echoed in the brain of our greatest living
poet when he conceived the Vision of Sin. You shall judge for yourself.
Recall:

   Here's to budgets, bags, and wallets!
   Here's to all the wandering train!
   Here's our ragged bairns and callers!
   One and all cry out, Amen!

   A fig for those by law protected!
   Liberty's a glorious feast!
   Courts for cowards were erected!
   Churches built to please the priest!

Then read this:   Drink to lofty hopes that cool
    Visions of a perfect state:
   Drink we, last, the public fool,
    Frantic love and frantic hate.
.........   Drink to Fortune, drink to Chance,
    While we keep a little breath!
   Drink to heavy Ignorance
    Hob and nob with brother Death!
Is not the movement the same, though the modern speaks a wilder
recklessness?

So in the best company we leave you, who were the life and soul of so
much company, good and bad. No poet, since the Psalmist of Israel,
ever gave the world more assurance of a man; none lived a life more
strenuous, engaged in an eternal conflict of the passions, and by them
overcome--'mighty and mightily fallen.' When we think of you, Byron
seems, as Plato would have said, remote by one degree from actual truth,
and Musset by a degree more remote than Byron.




XX. To Lord Byron.


My Lord,  (Do you remember how Leigh Hunt
 Enraged you once by writing _My dear Byron_?)
  Books have their fates,--as mortals have who punt,
 And _yours_ have entered on an age of iron.
  Critics there be who think your satin blunt,
 Your pathos, fudge; such perils must environ
 Poets who in their time were quite the rage,
 Though now there's not a soul to turn their page.

 Yes, there is much dispute about your worth,
  And much is said which you might like to know
 By modern poets here upon the earth,
  Where poets live, and love each other so;
 And, in Elysium, it may move your mirth
  To hear of bards that pitch your praises low,
 Though there be some that for your credit stickle,
 As--Glorious Mat,--and not inglorious Nichol.

 This kind of writing is my pet aversion,
  I hate the slang, I hate the personalities,
 I loathe the aimless, reckless, loose dispersion,
  Of every rhyme that in the singer's wallet is,
 I hate it as you hated the _Excursion_,
 But, while no man a hero to his valet is,
 The hero's still the model; I indite
 The kind of rhymes that Byron oft would write.

 There's a Swiss critic whom I cannot rhyme to,
  One Scherer, dry as sawdust, grim and prim.
 Of him there's much to say, if I had time to
  Concern myself in any wise with him.
 He seems to hate the heights he cannot climb to,
 He thinks your poetry a coxcomb's whim,
 A good deal of his sawdust he has spilt on
 Shakspeare, and Moliére, and you, and Milton.

 Ay, much his temper is like Vivien's mood,
  Which found not Galahad pure, nor Lancelot brave;
 Cold as a hailstorm on an April wood,
  He buries poets in an icy grave,
 His Essays--he of the Genevan hood!
  Nothing so good, but better doth he crave.
 So stupid and so solemn in his spite
 He dares to print that Moliére could not write!

 Enough of these excursions; I was saying
  That half our English Bards are turned Reviewers,
 And Arnold was discussing and assaying
  The weight and value of that work of yours,
 Examining and testing it and weighing,
  And proved, the gems are pure, the gold endures.
 While Swinburne cries with an exceeding joy,
 the stones are paste, and half the gold, alloy.

 In Byron, Arnold finds the greatest force,
  Poetic, in this later age of ours
 His song, a torrent from a mountain source,
  Clear as the crystal, singing with the showers,
 Sweeps to the sea in unrestricted course
  Through banks o'erhung with rocks and sweet with flowers;
 None of your brooks that modestly meander,
 But swift as Awe along the Pass of Brander.

 And when our century has clomb its crest,
  And backward gazes o'er the plains of Time,
 And counts its harvest, yours is still the best,
  The richest garner in the field of rhyme
 (The metaphoric mixture, 't is confest,
  Is all my own, and is not quite sublime).
 But fame's not yours alone; you must divide all
 The plums and pudding with the Bard of Rydal!

 WORDSWORTH and BYRON, these the lordly names
  And these the gods to whom most incense burns.
 'Absurd!' cries Swinburne, and in anger flames,
  And in an AEschylean fury spurns
 With impious foot your altar, and exclaims
  And wreathes his laurels on the golden urns
 Where Coleridge's and Shelley's ashes lie,
 Deaf to the din and heedless of the cry.

 For Byron (Swinburne shouts) has never woven
  One honest thread of life within his song;
 As Offenbach is to divine Beethoven
  So Byron is to Shelley (_This_ is strong!),
 And on Parnassus' peak, divinely cloven,
  He may not stand, or stands by cruel wrong;
 For Byron's rank (the Examiner has reckoned)
 Is in the third class or a feeble second.

 'A Bernesque poet' at the very most,
  And never earnest save in politics--
 The Pegasus that he was wont to boast
  A blundering, floundering hackney, full of tricks,
 A beast that must be driven to the post
  By whips and spurs and oaths and kicks and sticks,
 A gasping, ranting, broken-winded brute,
 That any judge of Pegasi would shoot;

 In sooth, a half-bred Pegasus, and far gone
  In spavin, curb, and half a hundred woes.
 And Byron's style is 'jolter-headed jargon;'
  His verse is 'only bearable in prose.'
 So living poets write of those that are gone,
  And o'er the Eagle thus the Bantam crows;
 And Swinburne ends where Verisopht began,
 By owning you 'a very clever man.'

 Or rather does not end: he still must utter
  A quantity of the unkindest things.
 Ah! were you here, I marvel, would you flutter
  O'er such a foe the tempest of your wings?
 'T is 'rant and cant and glare and splash and splutter'
  That rend the modest air when Byron sings.
 There Swinburne stops: a critic rather fiery.
 _Animis caelestibus tantaene irae_?

 But whether he or Arnold in the right is,
  Long is the argument, the quarrel long;
 _Non nobis est  to settle  tantas lites_;
  No poet I, to judge of right or wrong:
 But of all things I always think a fight is
  The most unpleasant in the lists of song;
 When Marsyas of old was flayed, Apollo
 Set an example which we need not follow.

 The fashion changes! Maidens do not wear,
  As once they wore, in necklaces and lockets
 A curl ambrosial of Lord Byron's hair;
  'Don Juan' is not always in our pockets
 Nay, a NEW WRITER's readers do not care
  Much for your verse, but are inclined to mock its
 Manners and morals. Ay, and most young ladies
 To yours prefer the 'Epic' called 'of Hades'!

 I do not blame them; I'm inclined to think
  That with the reigning taste 't is vain to quarrel,
 And Burns might teach his votaries to drink,
  And Byron never meant to make them moral.
 You yet have lovers true, who will not shrink
  From lauding you and giving you the laurel;
 The Germans too, those men of blood and iron,
 Of all our poets chiefly swear by Byron.

 Farewell, thou Titan fairer than the gods!
  Farewell, farewell, thou swift and lovely spirit,
 Thou splendid warrior with the world at odds,
  Unpraised, unpraisable, beyond thy merit;
 Chased, like Oresres, by the furies' rods,
  Like him at length thy peace dost thou inherit;
 Beholding whom, men think how fairer far
 Than all the steadfast stars the wandering star!

_Note_ Mr. Swlnburne's and Mr. Arnold's diverse views of Byron will be
found in the _Selections_ by Mr. Arnold and in the _Nineteenth Century_.




XXI. To Omar Kha'yya'm.


  Wise Omar, do the Southern Breezes fling
  Above your Grave, at ending of the Spring,
    The Snowdrift of the petals of the Rose,
  The wild white Roses you were wont to sing?

  Far in the South I know a Land divine, (1)
  And there is many a Saint and many a Shrine,
   And over all the shrines the Blossom blows
  Of Roses that were dear to you as wine.


     (1) The hills above San Remo, where rose-bushes are planted
     by the shrines. Omar desired that his grave might be where
     the wind would scatter rose-leaves over it.


  You were a Saint of unbelieving days,
  Liking your Life and happy in men's Praise;
   Enough for you the Shade beneath the Bough,
  Enough to watch the wild World go its Ways.

  Dreadless and hopeless thou of Heaven or Hell,
  Careless of Words thou hadst not Skill to spell,
   Content to know not all thou knowest now,
  What's Death? Doth any Pitcher dread the Well?

  The Pitchers we, whose Maker makes them ill,
  Shall He torment them if they chance to spill?
   Nay, like the broken potsherds are we cast
  Forth and forgotten,--and what will be will!

  So still were we, before the Months began
  That rounded us and shaped us into Man.
   So still we shall be, surely, at the last,
  Dreamless, untouched of Blessing or of Ban!

  Ah, strange it seems that this thy common thought
  How all things have been, ay, and shall be nought
   Was ancient Wisdom in thine ancient East,
  In those old Days when Senlac fight was fought,

  Which gave our England for a captive Land
  To pious Chiefs of a believing Band,
   A gift to the Believer from the Priest,
  Tossed from the holy to the blood-red Hand! (1)

  (1) Omar was contemporary with the battle of Hastings.

  Yea, thou wert singing when that Arrow clave
  Through helm and brain of him who could not save
   His England, even of Harold Godwin's son;
  The high tide murmurs by the Hero's grave! (1)

  (1) Per mandata Ducis, Rex hic, Heralde, quiescis,
       Ut custos maneas littoris et pelagi.

  And _thou_ wert wreathing Roses--who can tell?--
  Or chanting for some girl that pleased thee well,
   Or satst at wine in Nasha'pu'r, when dun
  The twilight veiled the field where Harold fell!

  The salt Sea-waves above him rage and roam!
  Along the white Walls of his guarded Home
   No Zephyr stirs the Rose, but o'er the wave
  The wild Wind beats the Breakers into Foam!

  And dear to him, as Roses were to thee,
  Rings long the Roar of Onset of the Sea;
   The _Swan's Path_ of his Fathers is his grave:
  His sleep, methinks, is sound as thine can be.

  His was the Age of Faith, when all the West
  Looked to the Priest for torment or for rest;
   And thou wert living then, and didst not heed
  The Saint who banned thee or the Saint who blessed!

  Ages of Progress! These eight hundred years
  Hath Europe shuddered with her hopes or fears,
   And now!--she listens in the wilderness
  To thee, and half believeth what she hears!

  Hadst _thou_ THE SECRET? Ah, and who may tell?
  'An hour we have,' thou saidst. 'Ah, waste it well!'
   An hour we have, and yet Eternity
  Looms o'er us, and the thought of Heaven or Hell!

  Nay, we can never be as wise as thou,
  O idle singer 'neath the blossomed bough.
   Nay, and we cannot be content to die.
  _We_ cannot shirk the questions 'Where?' and 'How?'

  Ah, not from learned Peace and gay Content
   Shall we of England go the way he went
   The Singer of the Red Wine and the Rose
  Nay, otherwise than his our Day is spent!

  Serene he dwelt in fragrant Nasha'pu'r,
  But we must wander while the Stars endure.
   _He_ knew THE SECRET: we have none that knows,
  No Man so sure as Omar once was sure!




XXII. To Q. Horatius Flaccus.


In what manner of Paradise are we to conceive that you, Horace, are
dwelling, or what region of immortality can give you such pleasures as
this life afforded? The country and the town, nature and men, who knew
them so well as you, or who ever so wisely made the best of those two
worlds? Truly here you had good things, nor do you ever, in all your
poems, look for more delight in the life beyond; you never expect
consolation for present sorrow, and when you once have shaken hands with
a friend the parting seems to you eternal.

  Quis desiderio sit pudor aut modus
  Tam cari capitis?

So you sing, for the dear head you mourn has sunk for ever beneath the
wave. Virgil might wander forth bearing the golden branch 'the Sibyl
doth to singing men allow,' and might visit, as one not wholly without
hope, the dim dwellings of the dead and the unborn. To him was it
permitted to see and sing 'mothers and men, and the bodies outworn
of mighty heroes, boys and unwedded maids, and young men borne to the
funeral fire before their parents' eyes.' The endless caravan swept past
him--'many as fluttering leaves that drop and fall in autumn woods when
the first frost begins; many as birds that flock landward from the great
sea when now the chill year drives them o'er the deep and leads them to
sunnier lands.' Such things was it given to the sacred poet to behold,
and the happy seats and sweet pleasances of fortunate souls, where the
larger light clothes all the plains and dips them in a rosier gleam,
plains with their own new sun and stars before unknown. Ah, not _frustra
pius_ was Virgil, as you say, Horace, in your melancholy song. In him,
we fancy, there was a happier mood than your melancholy patience. 'Not,
though thou wert sweeter of song than Thracian Orpheus, with that lyre
whose lay led the dancing trees, not so would the blood return to the
empty shade of him whom once with dread wand the inexorable god hath
folded with his shadowy flocks; but patience lighteneth what heaven
forbids us to undo.'

    _Durum, sed levius fit patientia_?

It was all your philosophy in that last sad resort to which we are
pushed so often--

  'With close-lipped Patience for our only friend,
  Sad Patience, too near neighbour of Despair.'

The Epicurean is at one with the Stoic at last, and Horace with Marcus
Aurelius. 'To go away from among men, if there are gods, is not a thing
to be afraid of; but if indeed they do not exist, or if they have no
concern about human affairs, what is it to me to live in a universe
devoid of gods or devoid of providence?'

An excellent philosophy, but easier to those for whom no Hope had dawn
or seemed to set. Yet it is harder than common, Horace, for us to think
of you, still glad somewhere, among rivers like Liris and plains and
vine-clad hills, that

  Solemque suum, sua sidera borunt.

It is hard, for you looked for no such thing.

       _Omnes una manet nox
   Et calcanda semel via leti_.

You could not tell Maecenas that you would meet him again; you could
only promise to tread the dark path with him.

          _Ibimus, ibimus,
  Utcunque praecedes, supremum
      Carpere iter comites parati_.

Enough, Horace, of these mortuary musings. You loved the lesson of the
roses, and now and again would speak somewhat like a death's head over
thy temperate cups of Sabine _ordinaire_. Your melancholy moral was
but meant to heighten the joy of thy pleasant life, when wearied Italy,
after all her wars and civic bloodshed, had won a peaceful haven. The
harbour might be treacherous; the prince might turn to the tyrant; far
away on the wide Roman marches might be heard, as it were, the endless,
ceaseless monotone of beating horses' hoofs and marching feet of men.
They were coming, they were nearing, like footsteps heard on wool; there
was a sound of multitudes and millions of barbarians, all the North,
_officina gentium_, mustering and marshalling her peoples. But their
coming was not to be to-day, nor to-morrow; nor to-day was the budding
princely sway to blossom into the blood-red flower of Nero. In the hall
between the two tempests of Republic and Empire your odes sound 'like
linnets in the pauses of the wind.'

What joy there is in these songs! what delight of life, what an
exquisite Hellenic grace of art, what a manly nature to endure, what
tenderness and constancy of friendship, what a sense of all that is fair
in the glittering stream, the music of the waterfall, the hum of bees,
the silvery grey of the olive woods on the hillside! How human are all
your verses, Horace! what a pleasure is yours in the straining poplars,
swaying in the wind! what gladness you gain from the white crest of
Soracte, beheld through the fluttering snowflakes while the logs are
being piled higher on the hearth. You sing of women and wine--not all
whole-hearted in your praise of them, perhaps, for passion frightens
you, and 't is pleasure more than love that you commend to the young.
Lydia and Glycera, and the others, are but passing guests of a heart at
ease in itself, and happy enough when their facile reign is ended. You
seem to me like a man who welcomes middle age, and is more glad than
Sophocles was to 'flee from these hard masters' the passions. In the
'fallow leisure of life' you glance round contented, and find all very
good save the need to leave all behind. Even that you take with an
Italian good-humour, as the folk of your sunny country bear poverty and
hunger.

    _Durum, sed levius fit patientia_!

To them, to you, the loveliness of your land is, and was, a thing to
live for. None of the Latin poets your fellows, or none but Virgil, seem
to me to have known so well as you, Horace, how happy and fortunate a
thing it was to be born in Italy. You do not say so, like your Virgil,
in one splendid passage, numbering the glories of the land as a lover
might count the perfections of his mistress. But the sentiment is ever
in your heart and often on your lips.

   Me nec tam patiens Lacedaemon,
  Nec tam Larissae percussit campus opimae,
   Quam domus Albuneae resonantis
  Et praeceps Anio, ac Tiburni lucus, et uda
   Mobilibus pomaria rivis. (1)

     (1) 'Me neither resolute Sparta nor the rich Larissaean
     plain so enraptures as the fane of echoing Albunea, the
     headlong Anio, the grove of Tibur, the orchards watered by
     the wandering rills.

So a poet should speak, and to every singer his own land should be
dearest. Beautiful is Italy with the grave and delicate outlines of her
sacred hills, her dark groves, her little cities perched like eyries on
the crags, her rivers gliding under ancient walls; beautiful is Italy,
her seas, and her suns: but dearer to me the long grey wave that bites
the rock below the minster in the north; dearer is the barren moor and
black peat-water swirling in tanny foam, and the scent of bog myrtle
and the bloom of heather, and, watching over the lochs, the green
round-shouldered hills.

In affection for your native land, Horace, certainly the pride in great
Romans dead and gone made part, and you were, in all senses, a lover
of your country, your country's heroes, your country's gods. None but a
patriot could have sung that ode on Regulus, who died, as our own hero
died, on an evil day for the honour of Rome, as Gordon for the honour of
England.

 Fertur pudicae conjujis osculum,
 Parvosque natos, ut capitis minor,
  Ab se removisse, et virilem
   Torvus humi pusuisse voltum:

 Donec labantes consilio patres
 Firmaret auctor nunquam alias dato,
  Interque maerentes amicos
   Egregius properaret exul.

 Atqui sciebat, quae sibi barbarus
 Tortor pararet: non aliter tamen
  Dimovit obstantes propinquos,
   Et populum reditus morantem,

 Quam si clientum longa negotia
 Dijudicata lite relinqueret,
  Tendens Venafranos in agros
   Aut Lacedaemonium Tarentum. (1)

(1) 'They say he put aside from him the pure lips of his wife and
his little children, like a man unfree, and with his brave face bowed
earthward sternly he waited till with such counsel as never mortal gave
he might strengthen the hearts of the Fathers, and through his mourning
friends go forth, a hero, into exile. Yet well he knew what things were
being prepared for him at the hands of the tormenters, who, none the
less, put aside the kinsmen that barred his path and the people that
would fain have held him back, passing through their midst as he
might have done, if, his retainers' weary business ended and the suits
adjudged, he were faring to his Venafran lands or to Dorian Tarentum.'

We talk of the Greeks as your teachers. Your teachers they were, but
that poem could only have been written by a Roman! The strength, the
tenderness, the noble and monumental resolution and resignation--these
are the gift of the lords of human things, the masters of the world.
Your country's heroes are dear to you, Horace, but you did not sing them
better than your country's Gods, the pious protecting spirits of the
hearth, the farm, the field, kindly ghosts, it may be, of Latin fathers
dead or Gods framed in the image of these. What you actually believed
we know not, _you_ knew not. Who knows what he believes? _Parcus Deorum
cultor_ you bowed not often, it may be, in the temples of the state
religion and before the statues of the great Olympians; but the pure and
pious worship of rustic tradition, the faith handed down by the homely
elders, with that you never broke. Clean hands and a pure heart, these,
with a sacred cake and shining grains of salt, you could offer to the
Lares. It was a benignant religion, uniting old times and new, men
living and men long dead and gone, in a kind of service and sacrifice
solemn yet familiar.

     Te nihil attinet
 Tentare multa caede bidentium
  Parvos coronantem marino
   Rore deos fragilique myrto.

 Immunis aram si tetigit manus,
 Non sumptuosa blandior hostia
   Mollivit aversos Penates
    Farre pio et salienta mica. (1)


     (1) Thou, Phidyle, hast no need to besiege the gods with
     slaughter so great of sheep, thou who crownest thy tiny
     deities with myrtle rare and rosemary. If but the hand be
     clean that touches the altar, then richest sacrifice will
     not more appease the angered Penates than the duteous cake
     and salt that crackles in the blaze.'


Farewell, dear Horace; farewell, thou wise and kindly heathen; of
mortals the most human, the friend of my friends and of so many
generations of men.