This etext was produced from the 1914 A. C. Fifield edition by David
Price, email ccx074@coventry.ac.uk





A FIRST YEAR IN CANTERBURY SETTLEMENT

by Samuel Butler




INTRODUCTION
By R. A. Streatfeild



Since Butler's death in 1902 his fame has spread so rapidly and the
world of letters now takes so keen in interest in the man and his
writings that no apology is necessary for the republication of even his
least significant works.  I had long desired to bring out a new edition
of his earliest book A FIRST YEAR IN CANTERBURY SETTLEMENT, together
with the other pieces that he wrote during his residence in New Zealand,
and, that wish being now realised, I have added a supplementary group of
pieces written during his undergraduate days at Cambridge, so that the
present volume forms a tolerably complete record of Butler's literary
activity up to the days of EREWHON, the only omission of any importance
being that of his pamphlet, published anonymously in 1865, THE EVIDENCE
FOR THE RESURRECTION OF JESUS CHRIST AS CONTAINED IN THE FOUR
EVANGELISTS CRITICALLY EXAMINED.  I have not reprinted this, because
practically the whole of it was incorporated into THE FAIR HAVEN.

A FIRST YEAR IN CANTERBURY SETTLEMENT has long been out of print, and
copies of the original edition are difficult to procure.  Butler
professed to think poorly of it.  Writing in 1889 to his friend Alfred
Marks, who had picked up a second-hand copy and felt some doubt as to
its authorship, he said:  "I am afraid the little book you have referred
to was written by me.  My people edited my letters home.  I did not
write freely to them, of course, because they were my people.  If I was
at all freer anywhere they cut it out before printing it; besides, I had
not yet shed my Cambridge skin and its trail is everywhere, I am afraid,
perceptible.  I have never read the book myself.  I dipped into a few
pages when they sent it to me in New Zealand, but saw 'prig' written
upon them so plainly that I read no more and never have and never mean
to.  I am told the book sells for 1 pound a copy in New Zealand; in
fact, last autumn I know Sir Walter Buller gave that for a copy in
England, so as a speculation it is worth 2s. 6d. or 3s.  I stole a
passage or two from it for EREWHON, meaning to let it go and never be
reprinted during my lifetime."

This must be taken with a grain of salt.  It was Butler's habit
sometimes to entertain his friends and himself by speaking of his own
works with studied disrespect, as when, with reference to his own DARWIN
AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, which also is reprinted in this volume, he
described philosophical dialogues as "the most offensive form, except
poetry and books of travel into supposed unknown countries, that even
literature can assume."  The circumstances which led to A FIRST YEAR
being written have been fully described by Mr. Festing Jones in his
sketch of Butler's life prefixed to THE HUMOUR OF HOMER (Fifield,
London, 1913, Kennerley, New York), and I will only briefly recapitulate
them.  Butler left England for New Zealand in September, 1859, remaining
in the colony until 1864.  A FIRST YEAR was published in 1863 in
Butler's name by his father, who contributed a short preface, stating
that the book was compiled from his son's journal and letters, with
extracts from two papers contributed to THE EAGLE, the magazine of St.
John's College, Cambridge.  These two papers had appeared in 1861 in the
form of three articles entitled "Our Emigrant" and signed "Cellarius."
By comparing these articles with the book as published by Butler's
father it is possible to arrive at some conclusion as to the amount of
editing to which Butler's prose was submitted.  Some passages in the
articles do not appear in the book at all; others appear unaltered;
others again have been slightly doctored, apparently with the object of
robbing them of a certain youthful "cocksureness," which probably grated
upon the paternal nerves, but seems to me to create an atmosphere of an
engaging freshness which I miss in the edited version.  So much of the
"Our Emigrant" articles is repeated in A FIRST YEAR almost if not quite
verbatim that it did not seem worth while to reprint the articles in
their entirety.  I have, however, included in this collection one
extract from the latter which was not incorporated into A FIRST YEAR,
though it describes at greater length an incident referred to on p. 74.
From this extract, which I have called "Crossing the Rangitata," readers
will be able to see for themselves how fresh and spirited Butler's
original descriptions of his adventures were, and will probably regret
that he did not take the publication of A FIRST YEAR into his own hands,
instead of allowing his father to have a hand in it.

With regard to the other pieces included in this volume {1} I have
thought it best to prefix brief notes, when necessary, to each in turn
explaining the circumstances in which they were written and, when it was
possible, giving the date of composition.

In preparing the book for publication I have been materially helped by
friends in both hemispheres.  My thanks are specially due to Miss
Colborne-Veel, of Christ-church, N.Z., for copying some of Butler's
early contributions to THE PRESS, and in particular for her kindness in
allowing me to make use of her notes on "The English Cricketers"; to Mr.
A. T. Bartholomew for his courtesy in allowing me to reprint his article
on "Butler and the Simeonites," which originally appeared in THE
CAMBRIDGE MAGAZINE of 1 March, 1913, and throws so interesting a light
upon a certain passage in THE WAY OF ALL FLESH.  The article is here
reprinted by the kind permission of the editor and proprietor of THE
CAMBRIDGE MAGAZINE; to Mr. J. F. Harris for his generous assistance in
tracing and copying several of Butler's early contributions to THE
EAGLE; to Mr. W. H. Triggs, the editor of THE PRESS, for allowing me to
make use of much interesting matter relating to Butler that has appeared
in the columns of that journal; and lastly to Mr. Henry Festing Jones,
whose help and counsel have been as invaluable to me in preparing this
volume for the Press as they have been in past years in the case of the
other books by Butler that I have been privileged to edit.

R. A. STREATFEILD.



PREFACE
[By the Rev. Thomas Butler]



The writer of the following pages, having resolved on emigrating to New
Zealand, took his passage in the ill-fated ship Burmah, which never
reached her destination, and is believed to have perished with all on
board.  His berth was chosen, and the passage-money paid, when important
alterations were made in the arrangements of the vessel, in order to
make room for some stock which was being sent out to the Canterbury
Settlement.

The space left for the accommodation of the passengers being thus
curtailed, and the comforts of the voyage seeming likely to be much
diminished, the writer was most providentially induced to change his
ship, and, a few weeks later, secured a berth in another vessel.

The work is compiled from the actual letters and journal of a young
emigrant, with extracts from two papers contributed by him to the Eagle,
a periodical issued by some of the members of St. John's College,
Cambridge, at which the writer took his degree.  This variety in the
sources from which the materials are put together must be the apology
for some defects in their connection and coherence.  It is hoped also
that the circumstances of bodily fatigue and actual difficulty under
which they were often written, will excuse many faults of style.

For whatever of presumption may appear in giving this little book to the
public, the friends of the writer alone are answerable.  It was at their
wish only that he consented to its being printed.  It is, however,
submitted to the reader, in the hope that the unbiassed impressions of
colonial life, as they fell freshly on a young mind, may not be wholly
devoid of interest.  Its value to his friends at home is not diminished
by the fact that the MS., having been sent out to New Zealand for
revision, was, on its return, lost in the Colombo, and was fished up
from the Indian Ocean so nearly washed out as to have been with some
difficulty deciphered.

It should be further stated, for the encouragement of those who think of
following the example of the author, and emigrating to the same
settlement, that his most recent letters indicate that he has no reason
to regret the step that he has taken, and that the results of his
undertaking have hitherto fully justified his expectations.

LANGAR RECTORY
June 29, 1863



CHAPTER I



Embarkation at Gravesend--Arrest of Passenger--Tilbury Fort--Deal--Bay
of Biscay Gale--Becalmed off Teneriffe--Fire in the Galley--Trade Winds-
-Belt of Calms--Death on Board--Shark--Current--S. E. Trade Winds--
Temperature--Birds--Southern Cross--Cyclone.

It is a windy, rainy day--cold withal; a little boat is putting off from
the pier at Gravesend, and making for a ship that is lying moored in the
middle of the river; therein are some half-dozen passengers and a lot of
heterogeneous-looking luggage; among the passengers, and the owner of
some of the most heterogeneous of the heterogeneous luggage, is myself.
The ship is an emigrant ship, and I am one of the emigrants.

On having clambered over the ship's side and found myself on deck, I was
somewhat taken aback with the apparently inextricable confusion of
everything on board; the slush upon the decks, the crying, the kissing,
the mustering of the passengers, the stowing away of baggage still left
upon the decks, the rain and the gloomy sky created a kind of half-
amusing, half-distressing bewilderment, which I could plainly see to be
participated in by most of the other landsmen on board.  Honest country
agriculturists and their wives were looking as though they wondered what
it would end in; some were sitting on their boxes and making a show of
reading tracts which were being presented to them by a serious-looking
gentleman in a white tie; but all day long they had perused the first
page only, at least I saw none turn over the second.

And so the afternoon wore on, wet, cold, and comfortless--no dinner
served on account of the general confusion.  The emigration commissioner
was taking a final survey of the ship and shaking hands with this, that,
and the other of the passengers.  Fresh arrivals kept continually
creating a little additional excitement--these were saloon passengers,
who alone were permitted to join the ship at Gravesend.  By and by a
couple of policemen made their appearance and arrested one of the party,
a London cabman, for debt.  He had a large family, and a subscription
was soon started to pay the sum he owed.  Subsequently, a much larger
subscription would have been made in order to have him taken away by
anybody or anything.

Little by little the confusion subsided.  The emigration commissioner
left; at six we were at last allowed some victuals.  Unpacking my books
and arranging them in my cabin filled up the remainder of the evening,
save the time devoted to a couple of meditative pipes.  The emigrants
went to bed, and when, at about ten o'clock, I went up for a little time
upon the poop, I heard no sound save the clanging of the clocks from the
various churches of Gravesend, the pattering of rain upon the decks, and
the rushing of the river as it gurgled against the ship's side.

Early next morning the cocks began to crow vociferously.  We had about
sixty couple of the oldest inhabitants of the hen-roost on board, which
were intended for the consumption of the saloon passengers--a destiny
which they have since fulfilled:  young fowls die on shipboard, only old
ones standing the weather about the line.  Besides this, the pigs began
grunting and the sheep gave vent to an occasional feeble bleat, the only
expression of surprise or discontent which I heard them utter during the
remainder of their existence, for now, alas! they are no more.  I
remember dreaming I was in a farmyard, and woke as soon as it was light.
Rising immediately, I went on deck and found the morning calm and sulky-
-no rain, but everything very wet and very grey.  There was Tilbury
Fort, so different from Stanfield's dashing picture.  There was
Gravesend, which but a year before I had passed on my way to Antwerp
with so little notion that I should ever leave it thus.  Musing in this
way, and taking a last look at the green fields of old England, soaking
with rain, and comfortless though they then looked, I soon became aware
that we had weighed anchor, and that a small steam-tug which had been
getting her steam up for some little time had already begun to subtract
a mite of the distance between ourselves and New Zealand.  And so, early
in the morning of Saturday, October 1, 1859, we started on our voyage.

The river widened out hour by hour.  Soon our little steam-tug left us.
A fair wind sprung up, and at two o'clock, or thereabouts, we found
ourselves off Ramsgate.  Here we anchored and waited till the tide,
early next morning.  This took us to Deal, off which we again remained a
whole day.  On Monday morning we weighed anchor, and since then we have
had it on the forecastle, and trust we may have no further occasion for
it until we arrive at New Zealand.

I will not waste time and space by describing the horrible sea-sickness
of most of the passengers, a misery which I did not myself experience,
nor yet will I prolong the narrative of our voyage down the Channel--it
was short and eventless.  The captain says there is more danger between
Gravesend and the Start Point (where we lost sight of land) than all the
way between there and New Zealand.  Fogs are so frequent and collisions
occur so often.  Our own passage was free from adventure.  In the Bay of
Biscay the water assumed a blue hue of almost incredible depth; there,
moreover, we had our first touch of a gale--not that it deserved to be
called a gale in comparison with what we have since experienced, still
we learnt what double-reefs meant.  After this the wind fell very light,
and continued so for a few days.  On referring to my diary, I perceive
that on the 10th of October we had only got as far south as the forty-
first parallel of latitude, and late on that night a heavy squall coming
up from the S.W. brought a foul wind with it.  It soon freshened, and by
two o'clock in the morning the noise of the flapping sails, as the men
were reefing them, and of the wind roaring through the rigging, was
deafening.  All next day we lay hove to under a close-reefed main-
topsail, which, being interpreted, means that the only sail set was the
main-topsail, and that that was close reefed; moreover, that the ship
was laid at right angles to the wind and the yards braced sharp up.
Thus a ship drifts very slowly, and remains steadier than she would
otherwise; she ships few or no seas, and, though she rolls a good deal,
is much more easy and safe than when running at all near the wind.  Next
day we drifted due north, and on the third day, the fury of the gale
having somewhat moderated, we resumed--not our course, but a course only
four points off it.  The next several days we were baffled by foul
winds, jammed down on the coast of Portugal; and then we had another
gale from the south, not such a one as the last, but still enough to
drive us many miles out of our course; and then it fell calm, which was
almost worse, for when the wind fell the sea rose, and we were tossed
about in such a manner as would have forbidden even Morpheus himself to
sleep.  And so we crawled on till, on the morning of the 24th of
October, by which time, if we had had anything like luck, we should have
been close on the line, we found ourselves about thirty miles from the
Peak of Teneriffe, becalmed.  This was a long way out of our course,
which lay three or four degrees to the westward at the very least; but
the sight of the Peak was a great treat, almost compensating for past
misfortunes.  The Island of Teneriffe lies in latitude 28 degrees,
longitude 16 degrees.  It is about sixty miles long; towards the
southern extremity the Peak towers upwards to a height of 12,300 feet,
far above the other land of the island, though that too is very elevated
and rugged.  Our telescopes revealed serrated gullies upon the mountain
sides, and showed us the fastnesses of the island in a manner that made
us long to explore them.  We deceived ourselves with the hope that some
speculative fisherman might come out to us with oranges and grapes for
sale.  He would have realised a handsome sum if he had, but
unfortunately none was aware of the advantages offered, and so we looked
and longed in vain.  The other islands were Palma, Gomera, and Ferro,
all of them lofty, especially Palma--all of them beautiful.  On the
seaboard of Palma we could detect houses innumerable; it seemed to be
very thickly inhabited and carefully cultivated.  The calm continuing
three days, we took stock of the islands pretty minutely, clear as they
were, and rarely obscured even by a passing cloud; the weather was
blazing hot, but beneath the awning it was very delicious; a calm,
however, is a monotonous thing even when an island like Teneriffe is in
view, and we soon tired both of it and of the gambols of the blackfish
(a species of whale), and the operations on board an American vessel
hard by.

On the evening of the third day a light air sprung up, and we watched
the islands gradually retire into the distance.  Next morning they were
faint and shrunken, and by midday they were gone.  The wind was the
commencement of the north-east trades.  On the next day (Thursday,
October 27, lat. 27 degrees 40 minutes) the cook was boiling some fat in
a large saucepan, when the bottom burnt through and the fat fell out
over the fire, got lighted, and then ran about the whole galley, blazing
and flaming as though it would set the place on fire, whereat an alarm
of fire was raised, the effect of which was electrical:  there was no
real danger about the affair, for a fire is easily extinguishable on a
ship when only above board; it is when it breaks out in the hold, is
unperceived, gains strength, and finally bursts its prison, that it
becomes a serious matter to extinguish it.  This was quenched in five
minutes, but the faces of the female steerage passengers were awful.  I
noticed about many a peculiar contraction and elevation of one eyebrow,
which I had never seen before on the living human face, though often in
pictures.  I don't mean to say that all the faces of all the saloon
passengers were void of any emotion whatever.

The trades carried us down to latitude 9 degrees.  They were but light
while they lasted, and left us soon.  There is no wind more agreeable
than the N.E. trades.  The sun keeps the air deliciously warm, the
breeze deliciously fresh.  The vessel sits bolt upright, steering a
S.S.W. course, with the wind nearly aft:  she glides along with scarcely
any perceptible motion; sometimes, in the cabin, one would fancy one
must be on dry land.  The sky is of a greyish blue, and the sea silver
grey, with a very slight haze round the horizon.  The water is very
smooth, even with a wind which would elsewhere raise a considerable sea.
In latitude 19 degrees, longitude 25 degrees, we first fell in with
flying fish.  These are usually in flocks, and are seen in greatest
abundance in the morning; they fly a great way and very well, not with
the kind of jump which a fish takes when springing out of the water, but
with a bona fide flight, sometimes close to the water, sometimes some
feet above it.  One flew on board, and measured roughly eighteen inches
between the tips of its wings.  On Saturday, November 5, the trades left
us suddenly after a thunder-storm, which gave us an opportunity of
seeing chain lightning, which I only remember to have seen once in
England.  As soon as the storm was over, we perceived that the wind was
gone, and knew that we had entered that unhappy region of calms which
extends over a belt of some five degrees rather to the north of the
line.

We knew that the weather about the line was often calm, but had pictured
to ourselves a gorgeous sun, golden sunsets, cloudless sky, and sea of
the deepest blue.  On the contrary, such weather is never known there,
or only by mistake.  It is a gloomy region.  Sombre sky and sombre sea.
Large cauliflower-headed masses of dazzling cumulus tower in front of a
background of lavender-coloured satin.  There are clouds of every shape
and size.  The sails idly flap as the sea rises and falls with a heavy
regular but windless swell.  Creaking yards and groaning rudder seem to
lament that they cannot get on.  The horizon is hard and black, save
when blent softly into the sky upon one quarter or another by a rapidly
approaching squall.  A puff of wind--"Square the yards!"--the ship
steers again; another--she moves slowly onward; it blows--she slips
through the water; it blows hard--she runs very hard--she flies; a drop
of rain--the wind lulls; three or four more of the size of half a crown-
-it falls very light; it rains hard, and then the wind is dead--whereon
the rain comes down in a torrent which those must see who would believe.
The air is so highly charged with moisture that any damp thing remains
damp and any dry thing dampens:  the decks are always wet.  Mould
springs up anywhere, even on the very boots which one is wearing; the
atmosphere is like that of a vapour bath, and the dense clouds seem to
ward off the light, but not the heat, of the sun.  The dreary monotony
of such weather affects the spirits of all, and even the health of some.
One poor girl who had long been consumptive, but who apparently had
rallied much during the voyage, seemed to give way suddenly as soon as
we had been a day in this belt of calms, and four days after, we lowered
her over the ship's side into the deep.

One day we had a little excitement in capturing a shark, whose
triangular black fin had been veering about above water for some time at
a little distance from the ship.  I will not detail a process that has
so often been described, but will content myself with saying that he did
not die unavenged, inasmuch as he administered a series of cuffs and
blows to anyone that was near him which would have done credit to a
prize-fighter, and several of the men got severe handling or, I should
rather say, "tailing" from him.  He was accompanied by two beautifully
striped pilot fish--the never-failing attendants of the shark.

One day during this calm we fell in with a current, when the aspect of
the sea was completely changed.  It resembled a furiously rushing river,
and had the sound belonging to a strong stream, only much intensified;
the waves, too, tossed up their heads perpendicularly into the air;
whilst the empty flour-casks drifted ahead of us and to one side.  It
was impossible to look at the sea without noticing its very singular
appearance.  Soon a wind springing up raised the waves and obliterated
the more manifest features of the current, but for two or three days
afterwards we could perceive it more or less.  There is always at this
time of year a strong westerly set here.  The wind was the commencement
of the S.E. trades, and was welcomed by all with the greatest pleasure.
In two days more we reached the line.

We crossed the line far too much to the west, in longitude 31 degrees 6
minutes, after a very long passage of nearly seven weeks, such as our
captain says he never remembers to have made; fine winds, however, now
began to favour us, and in another week we got out of the tropics,
having had the sun vertically overhead, so as to have no shadow, on the
preceding day.  Strange to say, the weather was never at all
oppressively hot after latitude 2 degrees north, or thereabouts.  A fine
wind, or indeed a light wind, at sea removes all unpleasant heat even of
the hottest and most perpendicular sun.  The only time that we suffered
any inconvenience at all from heat was during the belt of calms; when
the sun was vertically over our heads it felt no hotter than on an
ordinary summer day.  Immediately, however, upon leaving the tropics the
cold increased sensibly, and in latitude 27 degrees 8 minutes I find
that I was not warm once all day.  Since then we have none of us ever
been warm, save when taking exercise or in bed; when the thermometer was
up at 50 degrees we thought it very high and called it warm.  The reason
of the much greater cold of the southern than of the northern hemisphere
is that the former contains so much less land.  I have not seen the
thermometer below 42 degrees in my cabin, but am sure that outside it
has often been very much lower.  We almost all got chilblains, and
wondered much what the winter of this hemisphere must be like if this
was its summer:  I believe, however, that as soon as we get off the
coast of Australia, which I hope we may do in a couple of days, we shall
feel a very sensible rise in the thermometer at once.  Had we known what
was coming, we should have prepared better against it, but we were most
of us under the impression that it would be warm summer weather all the
way.  No doubt we felt it more than we should otherwise on account of
our having so lately crossed the line.

The great feature of the southern seas is the multitude of birds which
inhabit it.  Huge albatrosses, molimorks (a smaller albatross), Cape
hens, Cape pigeons, parsons, boobies, whale birds, mutton birds, and
many more, wheel continually about the ship's stern, sometimes in
dozens, sometimes in scores, always in considerable numbers.  If a
person takes two pieces of pork and ties them together, leaving perhaps
a yard of string between the two pieces, and then throws them into the
sea, one albatross will catch hold of one end, and another of the other,
each bolts his own end and then tugs and fights with his rival till one
or other has to disgorge his prize; we have not, however, succeeded in
catching any, neither have we tried the above experiment ourselves.
Albatrosses are not white; they are grey, or brown with a white streak
down the back, and spreading a little into the wings.  The under part of
the bird is a bluish-white.  They remain without moving the wing a
longer time than any bird that I have ever seen, but some suppose that
each individual feather is vibrated rapidly, though in very small space,
without any motion being imparted to the main pinions of the wing.  I am
informed that there is a strong muscle attached to each of the large
plumes in their wings.  It certainly is strange how so large a bird
should be able to travel so far and so fast without any motion of the
wing.  Albatrosses are often entirely brown, but farther south, and when
old, I am told, they become sometimes quite white.  The stars of the
southern hemisphere are lauded by some:  I cannot see that they surpass
or equal those of the northern.  Some, of course, are the same.  The
southern cross is a very great delusion.  It isn't a cross.  It is a
kite, a kite upside down, an irregular kite upside down, with only three
respectable stars and one very poor and very much out of place.  Near
it, however, is a truly mysterious and interesting object called the
coal sack:  it is a black patch in the sky distinctly darker than all
the rest of the heavens.  No star shines through it.  The proper name
for it is the black Magellan cloud.

We reached the Cape, passing about six degrees south of it, in twenty-
five days after crossing the line, a very fair passage; and since the
Cape we have done well until a week ago, when, after a series of very
fine runs, and during as fair a breeze as one would wish to see, we were
some of us astonished to see the captain giving orders to reef topsails.
The royals were stowed, so were the top-gallant-sails, topsails close
reefed, mainsail reefed, and just at 10.45 p.m., as I was going to bed,
I heard the captain give the order to take a reef in the foresail and
furl the mainsail; but before I was in bed a quarter of an hour
afterwards, a blast of wind came up like a wall, and all night it blew a
regular hurricane.  The glass, which had dropped very fast all day, and
fallen lower than the captain had ever seen it in the southern
hemisphere, had given him warning what was coming, and he had prepared
for it.  That night we ran away before the wind to the north, next day
we lay hove-to till evening, and two days afterwards the gale was
repeated, but with still greater violence.  The captain was all ready
for it, and a ship, if she is a good sea-boat, may laugh at any winds or
any waves provided she be prepared.  The danger is when a ship has got
all sail set and one of these bursts of wind is shot out at her; then
her masts go overboard in no time.  Sailors generally estimate a gale of
wind by the amount of damage it does, if they don't lose a mast or get
their bulwarks washed away, or at any rate carry away a few sails, they
don't call it a gale, but a stiff breeze; if, however, they are caught
even by comparatively a very inferior squall, and lose something, they
call it a gale.

The captain assured us that the sea never assumes a much grander or more
imposing aspect than that which it wore on this occasion.  He called me
to look at it between two and three in the morning when it was at its
worst; it was certainly very grand, and made a tremendous noise, and the
wind would scarcely let one stand, and made such a roaring in the
rigging as I never heard, but there was not that terrific appearance
that I had expected.  It didn't suggest any ideas to one's mind about
the possibility of anything happening to one.  It was excessively
unpleasant to be rolled hither and thither, and I never felt the force
of gravity such a nuisance before; one's soup at dinner would face one
at an angle of 45 degrees with the horizon, it would look as though
immovable on a steep inclined plane, and it required the nicest handling
to keep the plane truly horizontal.  So with one's tea, which would
alternately rush forward to be drunk and fly as though one were a
Tantalus; so with all one's goods, which would be seized with the most
erratic propensities.  Still we were unable to imagine ourselves in any
danger, save that one flaxen-headed youth of two-and-twenty kept waking
up his companion for the purpose of saying to him at intervals during
the night, "I say, isn't it awful?" till finally silenced him with a
boot.  While on the subject of storms I may add, that a captain, if at
all a scientific man, can tell whether he is in a cyclone (as we were)
or not, and if he is in a cyclone he can tell in what part of it he is,
and how he must steer so as to get out of it.  A cyclone is a storm that
moves in a circle round a calm of greater or less diameter; the calm
moves forward in the centre of the rotatory storm at the rate of from
one or two to thirty miles an hour.  A large cyclone 500 miles in
diameter, rushing furiously round its centre, will still advance in a
right line, only very slowly indeed.  A small one 50 or 60 miles across
will progress more rapidly.  One vessel sailed for five days at the rate
of 12, 13, and 14 knots an hour round one of these cyclones before the
wind all the time, yet in the five days she had made only 187 miles in a
straight line.  I tell this tale as it was told to me, but have not
studied the subjects myself.  Whatever saloon passengers may think about
a gale of wind, I am sure that the poor sailors who have to go aloft in
it and reef topsails cannot welcome it with any pleasure.



CHAPTER II



Life on Board--Calm--Boat Lowered--Snares and Traps--Land--Driven off
coast--Enter Port Lyttelton--Requisites for a Sea Voyage--Spirit of
Adventure aroused.

Before continuing the narrative of my voyage, I must turn to other
topics and give you some account of my life on board.  My time has
passed very pleasantly:  I have read a good deal; I have nearly finished
Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, am studying Liebig's
Agricultural Chemistry, and learning the concertina on the instrument of
one of my fellow-passengers.  Besides this, I have had the getting up
and management of our choir.  We practise three or four times a week; we
chant the Venite, Glorias, and Te Deums, and sing one hymn.  I have two
basses, two tenors, one alto, and lots of girls, and the singing
certainly is better than you would hear in nine country places out of
ten.  I have been glad by this means to form the acquaintance of many of
the poorer passengers.  My health has been very good all the voyage:  I
have not had a day's sea-sickness.  The provisions are not very first-
rate, and the day after to-morrow, being Christmas Day, we shall sigh
for the roast beef of Old England, as our dinner will be somewhat of the
meagrest.  Never mind!  On the whole I cannot see reason to find any
great fault.  We have a good ship, a good captain, and victuals
sufficient in quantity.  Everyone but myself abuses the owners like pick
pockets, but I rather fancy that some of them will find themselves worse
off in New Zealand.  When I come back, if I live to do so (and I
sometimes amass a wonderful fortune in a very short time, and come back
fabulously rich, and do all sorts of things), I think I shall try the
overland route.  Almost every evening four of us have a very pleasant
rubber, which never gets stale.  So you will have gathered that, though
very anxious to get to our journey's end, which, with luck, we hope to
do in about three weeks' time, still the voyage has not proved at all
the unbearable thing that some of us imagined it would have been.  One
great amusement I have forgotten to mention--that is, shuffle-board, a
game which consists in sending some round wooden platters along the deck
into squares chalked and numbered from one to ten.  This game will
really keep one quite hot in the coldest weather if played with spirit.

During the month that has elapsed since writing the last sentence, we
have had strong gales and long, tedious calms.  On one of these
occasions the captain lowered a boat, and a lot of us scrambled over the
ship's side and got in, taking it in turns to row.  The first thing that
surprised us was the very much warmer temperature of the sea-level than
that on deck.  The change was astonishing.  I have suffered from a
severe cold ever since my return to the ship.  On deck it was cold,
thermometer 46 degrees; on the sea-level it was deliciously warm.  The
next thing that surprised us was the way in which the ship was pitching,
though it appeared a dead calm.  Up she rose and down she fell upon a
great hummocky swell which came lazily up from the S.W., making our
horizon from the boat all uneven.  On deck we had thought it a very
slight swell; in the boat we perceived what a heavy, humpy, ungainly
heap of waters kept rising and sinking all round us, sometimes blocking
out the whole ship, save the top of the main royal, in the strangest way
in the world.  We pulled round the ship, thinking we had never in our
lives seen anything so beautiful as she then looked in the sunny
morning, when suddenly we saw a large ripple in the waters not far off.
At first the captain imagined it to have been caused by a whale, and was
rather alarmed, but by and by it turned out to be nothing but a shoal of
fish.  Then we made for a large piece of seaweed which we had seen some
way astern.  It extended some ten feet deep, and was a huge, tangled,
loose, floating mass; among it nestled little fishes innumerable, and as
we looked down amid its intricate branches through the sun-lit azure of
the water, the effect was beautiful.  This mass we attached to the boat,
and with great labour and long time succeeded in getting it up to the
ship, the little fishes following behind the seaweed.  It was impossible
to lift it on board, so we fastened it to the ship's side and came in to
luncheon.  After lunch some ropes were arranged to hoist the ladies in a
chair over the ship's side and lower them into the boat--a process which
created much merriment.  Into the boat we put half a dozen of champagne-
-a sight which gave courage to one or two to brave the descent who had
not previously ventured on such a feat.  Then the ladies were pulled
round the ship, and, when about a mile ahead of her, we drank the
champagne and had a regular jollification.  Returning to show them the
seaweed, the little fishes looked so good that someone thought of a
certain net wherewith the doctor catches ocean insects, porpytas, clios,
spinulas, etc.  With this we caught in half an hour amid much screaming,
laughter, and unspeakable excitement, no less than 250 of them.  They
were about five inches long--funny little blue fishes with wholesome-
looking scales.  We ate them next day, and they were excellent.  Some
expected that we should have swollen or suffered some bad effects, but
no evil happened to us:  not but what these deep-sea fishes are
frequently poisonous, but I believe that scaly fishes are always
harmless.  We returned by half-past three, after a most enjoyable day;
but, as proof of the heat being much greater in the boat, I may mention
that one of the party lost the skin from his face and arms, and that we
were all much sunburnt even in so short a time; yet one man who bathed
that day said he had never felt such cold water in his life.

We are now (January 21) in great hopes of sighting land in three or four
days, and are really beginning to feel near the end of our voyage:  not
that I can realise this to myself; it seems as though I had always been
on board the ship, and was always going to be, and as if all my past
life had not been mine, but had belonged to somebody else, or as though
someone had taken mine and left me his by mistake.  I expect, however,
that when the land actually comes in sight we shall have little
difficulty in realising the fact that the voyage has come to a close.
The weather has been much warmer since we have been off the coast of
Australia, even though Australia is some 100 north of our present
position.  I have not, however, yet seen the thermometer higher than
since we passed the Cape.  Now we are due south of the south point of
Van Diemen's Land, and consequently nearer land than we have been for
some time.  We are making for the Snares, two high islets about sixty
miles south of Stewart's Island, the southernmost of the New Zealand
group.  We sail immediately to the north of them, and then turn up
suddenly.  The route we have to take passes between the Snares and the
Traps--two rather ominous-sounding names, but I believe more terrible in
name than in any other particular.

January 22.--Yesterday at midday I was sitting writing in my cabin, when
I heard the joyful cry of "Land!" and, rushing on deck, saw the swelling
and beautiful outline of the high land in Stewart's Island.  We had
passed close by the Snares in the morning, but the weather was too thick
for us to see them, though the birds flocked therefrom in myriads.  We
then passed between the Traps, which the captain saw distinctly, one on
each side of him, from the main topgallant yard.  Land continued in
sight till sunset, but since then it has disappeared.  To-day (Sunday)
we are speeding up the coast; the anchors are ready, and to-morrow by
early daylight we trust to drop them in the harbour of Lyttelton.  We
have reason, from certain newspapers, to believe that the mails leave on
the 23rd of the month, in which case I shall have no time or means to
add a single syllable.

January 26.--Alas for the vanity of human speculation!  After writing
the last paragraph the wind fell light, then sprung up foul, and so we
were slowly driven to the E.N.E.  On Monday night it blew hard, and we
had close-reefed topsails.  Tuesday morning at five it was lovely, and
the reefs were all shaken out; a light air sprang up, and the ship, at
10 o'clock, had come up to her course, when suddenly, without the
smallest warning, a gale came down upon us from the S.W. like a wall.
The men were luckily very smart in taking in canvas, but at one time the
captain thought he should have had to cut away the mizzenmast.  We were
reduced literally to bare poles, and lay-to under a piece of tarpaulin,
six times doubled, and about two yards square, fastened up in the mizzen
rigging.  All day and night we lay thus, drifting to leeward at three
knots an hour.  In the twenty-four hours we had drifted sixty miles.
Next day the wind moderated; but at 12 we found that we were eighty
miles north of the peninsula and some 3 degrees east of it.  So we set a
little sail, and commenced forereaching slowly on our course.  Little
and little the wind died, and it soon fell dead calm.  That evening
(Wednesday), some twenty albatrosses being congregated like a flock of
geese round the ship's stern, we succeeded in catching some of them, the
first we had caught on the voyage.  We would have let them go again, but
the sailors think them good eating, and begged them of us, at the same
time prophesying two days' foul wind for every albatross taken.  It was
then dead calm, but a light wind sprang up in the night, and on Thursday
we sighted Banks Peninsula.  Again the wind fell tantalisingly light,
but we kept drawing slowly toward land.  In the beautiful sunset sky,
crimson and gold, blue, silver, and purple, exquisite and
tranquillising, lay ridge behind ridge, outline behind outline, sunlight
behind shadow, shadow behind sunlight, gully and serrated ravine.  Hot
puffs of wind kept coming from the land, and there were several fires
burning.  I got my arm-chair on deck, and smoked a quiet pipe with the
intensest satisfaction.  Little by little the night drew down, and then
we rounded the headlands.  Strangely did the waves sound breaking
against the rocks of the harbour; strangely, too, looked the outlines of
the mountains through the night.  Presently we saw a light ahead from a
ship:  we drew slowly near, and as we passed you might have heard a pin
drop.  "What ship's that?" said a strange voice.--The Roman Emperor,
said the captain.  "Are you all well?"--"All well."  Then the captain
asked, "Has the Robert Small arrived?"--"No," was the answer, "nor yet
the Burmah." {2}  You may imagine what I felt.  Then a rocket was sent
up, and the pilot came on board.  He gave us a roaring republican speech
on the subject of India, China, etc.  I rather admired him, especially
as he faithfully promised to send us some fresh beefsteaks and potatoes
for breakfast.  A north-wester sprung up as soon as we had dropped
anchor:  had it commenced a little sooner we should have had to put out
again to sea.  That night I packed a knapsack to go on shore, but the
wind blew so hard that no boat could put off till one o'clock in the
day, at which hour I and one or two others landed, and, proceeding to
the post office, were told there were no letters for us.  I afterwards
found mine had gone hundreds of miles away to a namesake--a cruel
disappointment.

A few words concerning the precautions advisable for anyone who is about
to take a long sea-voyage may perhaps be useful.  First and foremost,
unless provided with a companion whom he well knows and can trust, he
must have a cabin to himself.  There are many men with whom one can be
on excellent terms when not compelled to be perpetually with them, but
whom the propinquity of the same cabin would render simply intolerable.
It would not even be particularly agreeable to be awakened during a
hardly captured wink of sleep by the question "Is it not awful?" that,
however, would be a minor inconvenience.  No one, I am sure, will repent
paying a few pounds more for a single cabin who has seen the
inconvenience that others have suffered from having a drunken or
disagreeable companion in so confined a space.  It is not even like a
large room.  He should have books in plenty, both light and solid.  A
folding arm-chair is a great comfort, and a very cheap one.  In the hot
weather I found mine invaluable, and, in the bush, it will still come in
usefully.  He should have a little table and common chair:  these are
real luxuries, as all who have tried to write, or seen others attempt
it, from a low arm-chair at a washing-stand will readily acknowledge.

A small disinfecting charcoal filter is very desirable.  Ship's water is
often bad, and the ship's filter may be old and defective.  Mine has
secured me and others during the voyage pure and sweet-tasting water,
when we could not drink that supplied us by the ship.  A bottle or two
of raspberry vinegar will be found a luxury when near the line.  By the
aid of these means and appliances I have succeeded in making myself
exceedingly comfortable.  A small chest of drawers would have been
preferable to a couple of boxes for my clothes, and I should recommend
another to get one.  A ten-pound note will suffice for all these things.
The bunk should not be too wide:  one rolls so in rough weather; of
course it should not be athwartships, if avoidable.  No one in his right
mind will go second class if he can, by any hook or crook, raise money
enough to go first.

On the whole, there are many advantageous results from a sea-voyage.
One's geography improves apace, and numberless incidents occur pregnant
with interest to a landsman; moreover, there are sure to be many on
board who have travelled far and wide, and one gains a great deal of
information about all sorts of races and places.  One effect is,
perhaps, pernicious, but this will probably soon wear off on land.  It
awakens an adventurous spirit, and kindles a strong desire to visit
almost every spot upon the face of the globe.  The captain yarns about
California and the China seas--the doctor about Valparaiso and the
Andes--another raves about Hawaii and the islands of the Pacific--while
a fourth will compare nothing with Japan.

The world begins to feel very small when one finds one can get half
round it in three months; and one mentally determines to visit all these
places before coming back again, not to mention a good many more.

I search my diary in vain to find some pretermitted adventure wherewith
to give you a thrill, or, as good Mrs. B. calls it, "a feel"; but I can
find none.  The mail is going; I will write again by the next.



CHAPTER III



Aspect of Port Lyttelton--Ascent of Hill behind it--View--Christ Church-
-Yankeeisms--Return to Port Lyttelton and Ship--Phormium Tenax--Visit to
a Farm--Moa Bones.

January 27, 1860.--Oh, the heat! the clear transparent atmosphere, and
the dust!  How shall I describe everything--the little townlet, for I
cannot call it town, nestling beneath the bare hills that we had been
looking at so longingly all the morning--the scattered wooden boxes of
houses, with ragged roods of scrubby ground between them--the tussocks
of brown grass--the huge wide-leafed flax, with its now seedy stem,
sometimes 15 or 16 feet high, luxuriant and tropical-looking--the
healthy clear-complexioned men, shaggy-bearded, rowdy-hatted, and
independent, pictures of rude health and strength--the stores, supplying
all heterogeneous commodities--the mountains, rising right behind the
harbour to a height of over a thousand feet--the varied outline of the
harbour now smooth and sleeping.  Ah me! pleasant sight and fresh to
sea-stricken eyes.  The hot air, too, was very welcome after our long
chill.

We dined at the table d'hote at the Mitre--so foreign and yet so
English--the windows open to the ground, looking upon the lovely
harbour.  Hither come more of the shaggy clear-complexioned men with the
rowdy hats; looked at them with awe and befitting respect.  Much grieved
to find beer sixpence a glass.  This was indeed serious, and was one of
the first intimations which we received that we were in a land where
money flies like wild-fire.

After dinner I and another commenced the ascent of the hill between port
and Christ Church.  We had not gone far before we put our knapsacks on
the back of the pack-horse that goes over the hill every day (poor pack-
horse!).  It is indeed an awful pull up that hill; yet we were so
anxious to see what was on the other side of it that we scarcely noticed
the fatigue:  I thought it very beautiful.  It is volcanic, brown, and
dry; large intervals of crumbling soil, and then a stiff, wiry,
uncompromising-looking tussock of the very hardest grass; then perhaps a
flax bush, or, as we should have said, a flax plant; then more crumbly,
brown, dry soil, mixed with fine but dried grass, and then more
tussocks; volcanic rock everywhere cropping out, sometimes red and
tolerably soft, sometimes black and abominably hard.  There was a great
deal, too, of a very uncomfortable prickly shrub, which they call
Irishman, and which I do not like the look of at all.  There were cattle
browsing where they could, but to my eyes it seemed as though they had
but poor times of it.  So we continued to climb, panting and broiling in
the afternoon sun, and much admiring the lovely view beneath.  At last
we near the top, and look down upon the plain, bounded by the distant
Apennines, that run through the middle of the island.  Near at hand, at
the foot of the hill, we saw a few pretty little box-like houses in
trim, pretty little gardens, stacks of corn and fields, a little river
with a craft or two lying near a wharf, whilst the nearer country was
squared into many-coloured fields.  But, after all, the view was rather
of the "long stare" description.  There was a great extent of country,
but very few objects to attract the eye and make it rest any while in
any given direction.  The mountains wanted outlines; they were not
broken up into fine forms like the Carnarvonshire mountains, but were
rather a long, blue, lofty, even line, like the Jura from Geneva or the
Berwyn from Shrewsbury.  The plains, too, were lovely in colouring, but
would have been wonderfully improved by an object or two a little nearer
than the mountains.  I must confess that the view, though undoubtedly
fine, rather disappointed me.  The one in the direction of the harbour
was infinitely superior.

At the bottom of the hill we met the car to Christ Church; it halted
some time at a little wooden public-house, and by and by at another,
where was a Methodist preacher, who had just been reaping corn for two
pounds an acre.  He showed me some half-dozen stalks of gigantic size,
but most of that along the roadside was thin and poor.  Then we reached
Christ Church on the little river Avon; it is larger than Lyttelton and
more scattered, but not so pretty.  Here, too, the men are shaggy,
clear-complexioned, brown, and healthy-looking, and wear exceedingly
rowdy hats.  I put up at Mr. Rowland Davis's; and as no one during the
evening seemed much inclined to talk to me, I listened to the
conversation.

The all-engrossing topics seemed to be sheep, horses, dogs, cattle,
English grasses, paddocks, bush, and so forth.  From about seven o'clock
in the evening till about twelve at night I cannot say that I heard much
else.  These were the exact things I wanted to hear about, and I
listened till they had been repeated so many times over that I almost
grew tired of the subject, and wished the conversation would turn to
something else.  A few expressions were not familiar to me.  When we
should say in England "Certainly not," it is here "No fear," or "Don't
YOU believe it."  When they want to answer in the affirmative they say
"It is SO," "It does SO."  The word "hum," too, without pronouncing the
U, is in amusing requisition.  I perceived that this stood either for
assent, or doubt, or wonder, or a general expression of comprehension
without compromising the hummer's own opinion, and indeed for a great
many more things than these; in fact, if a man did not want to say
anything at all he said "hum hum."  It is a very good expression, and
saves much trouble when its familiar use has been acquired.  Beyond
these trifles I noticed no Yankeeism, and the conversation was English
in point of expression.  I was rather startled at hearing one gentleman
ask another whether he meant to wash this year, and receive the answer
"No."  I soon discovered that a person's sheep are himself.  If his
sheep are clean, he is clean.  He does not wash his sheep before
shearing, but he washes; and, most marvellous of all, it is not his
sheep which lamb, but he "lambs down" himself.

* * *

I have purchased a horse, by name Doctor.  I hope he is a homoeopathist.
He is in colour bay, distinctly branded P. C. on the near shoulder.  I
am glad the brand is clear, for, as you well know, all horses are alike
to me unless there is some violent distinction in their colour.  This
horse I bought from --, to whom Mr. FitzGerald kindly gave me a letter
of introduction.  I thought I could not do better than buy from a person
of known character, seeing that my own ignorance is so very great upon
the subject.  I had to give 55 pounds, but, as horses are going, that
does not seem much out of the way.  He is a good river-horse, and very
strong.  A horse is an absolute necessity in this settlement; he is your
carriage, your coach, and your railway train.

On Friday I went to Port Lyttelton, meeting on the way many of our late
fellow-passengers--some despondent, some hopeful; one or two dinnerless
and in the dumps when we first encountered them, but dinnered and
hopeful when we met them again on our return.  We chatted with and
encouraged them all, pointing out the general healthy, well-conditioned
look of the residents.  Went on board.  How strangely changed the ship
appeared!  Sunny, motionless, and quiet; no noisy children, no
slatternly, slipshod women rolling about the decks, no slush, no washing
of dirty linen in dirtier water.  There was the old mate in a clean
shirt at last, leaning against the mainmast, and smoking his yard of
clay; the butcher close--shaven and clean; the sailors smart, and
welcoming us with a smile.  It almost looked like going home.  Dined in
Lyttelton with several of my fellow-passengers, who evidently thought it
best to be off with the old love before they were on with the new, i.e.
to spend all they brought with them before they set about acquiring a
new fortune.  Then went and helped Mr. and Mrs. R. to arrange their new
house, i.e.  R. and I scrubbed the floors of the two rooms they have
taken with soap, scrubbing-brushes, flannel, and water, made them
respectably clean, and removed his boxes into their proper places.

Saturday.--Rode again to port, and saw my case of saddlery still on
board.  When riding back the haze obscured the snowy range, and the
scenery reminded me much of Cambridgeshire.  The distinctive marks which
characterise it as not English are the occasional Ti palms, which have a
very tropical appearance, and the luxuriance of the Phormium tenax.  If
you strip a shred of this leaf not thicker than an ordinary piece of
string, you will find it hard work to break it, if you succeed in doing
so at all without cutting your finger.  On the whole, if the road
leading from Heathcote Ferry to Christ Church were through an avenue of
mulberry trees, and the fields on either side were cultivated with
Indian corn and vineyards, and if through these you could catch an
occasional glimpse of a distant cathedral of pure white marble, you
might well imagine yourself nearing Milan.  As it is, the country is a
sort of a cross between the plains of Lombardy and the fens of North
Cambridgeshire.

At night, a lot of Nelson and Wellington men came to the club.  I was
amused at dinner by a certain sailor and others, who maintained that the
end of the world was likely to arrive shortly; the principal argument
appearing to be, that there was no more sheep country to be found in
Canterbury.  This fact is, I fear, only too true.  With this single
exception, the conversation was purely horsy and sheepy.  The fact is,
the races are approaching, and they are the grand annual jubilee of
Canterbury.

Next morning, I rode some miles into the country, and visited a farm.
Found the inmates (two brothers) at dinner.  Cold boiled mutton and
bread, and cold tea without milk, poured straight from a huge kettle in
which it is made every morning, seem the staple commodities.  No
potatoes--nothing hot.  They had no servant, and no cow.  The bread,
which was very white, was made by the younger.  They showed me, with
some little pleasure, some of the improvements they were making, and
told me what they meant to do; and I looked at them with great respect.
These men were as good gentlemen, in the conventional sense of the word,
as any with whom we associate in England--I daresay, de facto, much
better than many of them.  They showed me some moa bones which they had
ploughed up (the moa, as you doubtless know, was an enormous bird, which
must have stood some fifteen feet high), also some stone Maori battle-
axes.  They bought this land two years ago, and assured me that, even
though they had not touched it, they could get for it cent per cent upon
the price which they then gave.



CHAPTER IV



Sheep on Terms, Schedule and Explanation--Investment in Sheep-run--Risk
of Disease, and Laws upon the Subject--Investment in laying down Land in
English Grass--In Farming--Journey to Oxford--Journey to the Glaciers--
Remote Settlers--Literature in the Bush--Blankets and Flies--Ascent of
the Rakaia--Camping out--Glaciers--Minerals--Parrots--Unexplored Col--
Burning the Flats--Return.

February 10, 1860.--I must confess to being fairly puzzled to know what
to do with the money you have sent me.  Everyone suggests different
investments.  One says buy sheep and put them out on terms.  I will
explain to you what this means.  I can buy a thousand ewes for 1250
pounds; these I should place in the charge of a squatter whose run is
not fully stocked (and indeed there is hardly a run in the province
fully stocked).  This person would take my sheep for either three, four,
five, or more years, as we might arrange, and would allow me yearly 2s.
6d. per head in lieu of wool.  This would give me 2s. 6d. as the yearly
interest on 25s.  Besides this he would allow me 40 per cent per annum
of increase, half male, and half female, and of these the females would
bear increase also as soon as they had attained the age of two years;
moreover, the increase would return me 2s. 6d. per head wool money as
soon as they became sheep.  At the end of the term, my sheep would be
returned to me as per agreement, with no deduction for deaths, but the
original sheep would be, of course, so much the older, and some of them
being doubtless dead, sheep of the same age as they would have been will
be returned in their place.

I will subjoin a schedule showing what 500 ewes will amount to in seven
years; we will date from January, 1860, and will suppose the yearly
increase to be one-half male and one-half female.

            Ewes Ewe   Wether  Ewe     Wether   Wethers Total
                 Lambs Lambs   Hoggets Hoggets
1 year old }
 January,  }
    1860   } 500--   --     --     --      --       500
    1861     500 100   100    --     --      --       700
    1862     500 100   100     100     100     --       900
    1863     600 120   120     100     100      100     1140
    1864     700 140   140     120     120      200     1420
    1865     820 164   164     140     140      320     1748
    1866     960 192   192     164     164      460     2132
    1867    1124 225   225     192     192      624     2582

The yearly wool money would be:-

                                   Pounds  s.  d.
January, 1861 .  .  2s. 6d. per head   62  10  0
         1862 .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   87  10  0
         1863 .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  112  10  0
         1864 .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  142  10  0
         1865 .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  177  10  0
         1866 .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  218  10  0
         1867 .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  266  10  0
Total wool money received .  .  .  . 1067  10  0
Original capital expended .  .  .  .  625   0  0

I will explain briefly the meaning of this.

We will suppose that the ewes have all two teeth to start with--two
teeth indicate one year old, four teeth two years, six teeth three
years, eight teeth (or full mouthed) four years.  For the edification of
some of my readers as ignorant as I am myself upon ovine matters, I may
mention that the above teeth are to be looked for in the lower jaw and
not the upper, the front portion of which is toothless.  The ewes, then,
being one year old to start with, they will be eight years old at the
end of seven years.  I have only, however, given you so long a term that
you may see what would be the result of putting out sheep on terms
either for three, four, five, six, or seven years, according as you
like.  Sheep at eight years old will be in their old age:  they will
live nine or ten years--sometimes more, but an eight-year-old sheep
would be what is called a broken-mouthed creature; that is to say, it
would have lost some of its teeth from old age, and would generally be
found to crawl along at the tail end of the mob; so that of the 2582
sheep returned to me, 500 would be very old, 200 would be seven years
old, 200 six years old.  All these would pass as old sheep, and not
fetch very much; one might get about 15s. a head for the lot all round.
Perhaps, however, you might sell the 200 six years old with the younger
ones.  Not to overestimate, count these 700 old sheep as worth nothing
at all, and consider that I have 1800 sheep in prime order, reckoning
the lambs as sheep (a weaned lamb being worth nearly as much as a full-
grown sheep).  Suppose these sheep to have gone down in value from 25s.
a head to 10s., and at the end of my term I realise 900 pounds.  Suppose
that of the wool money I have only spent 62 pounds 10s. per annum, i.e.
ten per cent on the original outlay, and that I have laid by the
remainder of the wool money.  I shall have from the wool money a surplus
of 630 pounds (some of which should have been making ten per cent
interest for some time); that is to say, my total receipts for the sheep
should be at the least 1530 pounds.  Say that the capital had only
doubled itself in the seven years, the investment could not be
considered a bad one.  The above is a bona-fide statement of one of the
commonest methods of investing money in sheep.  I cannot think from all
I have heard that sheep will be lower than 10s. a head, still some place
the minimum value as low as 6s. {3}

The question arises, What is to be done with one's money when the term
is out?  I cannot answer; yet surely the colony cannot be quite used up
in seven years, and one can hardly suppose but that, even in that
advanced state of the settlement, means will not be found of investing a
few thousand pounds to advantage.

The general recommendation which I receive is to buy the goodwill of a
run; this cannot be done under about 100 pounds for every thousand
acres.  Thus, a run of 20,000 acres will be worth 2000 pounds.  Still,
if a man has sufficient capital to stock it well at once, it will pay
him, even at this price.  We will suppose the run to carry 10,000 sheep.
The wool money from these should be 2500 pounds per annum.  If a man can
start with 2000 ewes, it will not be long before he finds himself worth
10,000 sheep.  Then the sale of surplus stock which he has not country
to feed should fetch him in fully 1000 pounds per annum; so that,
allowing the country to cost 2000 pounds, and the sheep 2500 pounds, and
allowing 1000 pounds for working, plant, buildings, dray, bullocks, and
stores, and 500 pounds more for contingencies and expenses of the first
two years, during which the run will not fully pay its own expenses--for
a capital of 6000 pounds a man may in a few years find himself possessed
of something like a net income of 2000 pounds per annum.  Marvellous as
all this sounds, I am assured that it is true. {4}  On the other hand,
there are risks.  There is the uncertainty of what will be done in the
year 1870, when the runs lapse to the Government.  The general opinion
appears to be, that they will be re-let, at a greatly advanced rent, to
the present occupiers.  The present rent of land is a farthing per acre
for the first and second years, a halfpenny for the third, and three
farthings for the fourth and every succeeding year.  Most of the waste
lands in the province are now paying three farthings per acre.  There is
the danger also of scab.  This appears to depend a good deal upon the
position of the run and its nature.  Thus, a run situated in the plains
over which sheep are being constantly driven from the province of
Nelson, will be in more danger than one on the remoter regions of the
back country.  In Nelson there are few, if any, laws against
carelessness in respect of scab.  In Canterbury the laws are very
stringent.  Sheep have to be dipped three months before they quit
Nelson, and inspected and re-dipped (in tobacco water and sulphur) on
their entry into this province.  Nevertheless, a single sheep may remain
infected, even after this second dipping.  The scab may not be apparent,
but it may break out after having been a month or two in a latent state.
One sheep will infect others, and the whole mob will soon become
diseased; indeed, a mob is considered unsound, and compelled to be
dipped, if even a single scabby sheep have joined it.  Dipping is an
expensive process, and if a man's sheep trespass on to his neighbour's
run he has to dip his neighbour's also.  Moreover, scab may break out
just before or in mid-winter, when it is almost impossible, on the
plains, to get firewood sufficient to boil the water and tobacco (sheep
must be dipped whilst the liquid is at a temperature of not less than 90
degrees), and when the severity of the sou'-westers renders it nearly
certain that a good few sheep will be lost.  Lambs, too, if there be
lambs about, will be lost wholesale.  If the sheep be not clean within
six months after the information is laid, the sum required to be
deposited with Government by the owner, on the laying of such
information, is forfeited.  This sum is heavy, though I do not exactly
know its amount.  One dipping would not be ruinous, but there is always
a chance of some scabby sheep having been left upon the run unmustered,
and the flock thus becoming infected afresh, so that the whole work may
have to be done over again.  I perceive a sort of shudder to run through
a sheep farmer at the very name of this disease.  There are no four
letters in the alphabet which he appears so mortally to detest, and with
good reason.

Another mode of investment highly spoken of is that of buying land and
laying it down in English grass, thus making a permanent estate of it.
But I fear this will not do for me, both because it requires a large
experience of things in general, which, as you well know, I do not
possess, and because I should want a greater capital than would be
required to start a run.  More money is sunk, and the returns do not
appear to be so speedy.  I cannot give you even a rough estimate of the
expenses of such a plan.  I will only say that I have seen gentlemen who
are doing it, and who are confident of success, and these men bear the
reputation of being shrewd and business-like.  I cannot doubt,
therefore, that it is both a good and safe investment of money.  My
crude notion concerning it is, that it is more permanent and less
remunerative.  In this I may be mistaken, but I am certain it is a thing
which might very easily be made a mess of by an inexperienced person;
whilst many men, who have known no more about sheep than I do, have made
ordinary sheep farming pay exceedingly well.  I may perhaps as well say,
that land laid down in English grass is supposed to carry about five or
six sheep to the acre; some say more and some less.  Doubtless, somewhat
will depend upon the nature of the soil, and as yet the experiment can
hardly be said to have been fully tried.  As for farming as we do in
England, it is universally maintained that it does not pay; there seems
to be no discrepancy of opinion about this.  Many try it, but most men
give it up.  It appears as if it were only bona-fide labouring men who
can make it answer.  The number of farms in the neighbourhood of Christ
Church seems at first to contradict this statement; but I believe the
fact to be, that these farms are chiefly in the hands of labouring men,
who had made a little money, bought land, and cultivated it themselves.
These men can do well, but those who have to buy labour cannot make it
answer.  The difficulty lies in the high rate of wages.

February 13.--Since my last I have been paying a visit of a few days at
Kaiapoi, and made a short trip up to the Harewood Forest, near to which
the township of Oxford is situated.  Why it should be called Oxford I do
not know.

After leaving Rangiora, which is about 8 miles from Kaiapoi, I followed
the Harewood road till it became a mere track, then a footpath, and then
dwindled away to nothing at all.  I soon found myself in the middle of
the plains, with nothing but brown tussocks of grass before me and
behind me, and on either side.  The day was rather dark, and the
mountains were obliterated by a haze.  "Oh the pleasure of the plains,"
I thought to myself; but, upon my word, I think old Handel would find
but little pleasure in these.  They are, in clear weather, monotonous
and dazzling; in cloudy weather monotonous and sad; and they have little
to recommend them but the facility they afford for travelling, and the
grass which grows upon them.  This, at least, was the impression I
derived from my first acquaintance with them, as I found myself steering
for the extremity of some low downs about six miles distant.  I thought
these downs would never get nearer.  At length I saw a tent-like object,
dotting itself upon the plain, with eight black mice as it were in front
of it.  This turned out to be a dray, loaded with wool, coming down from
the country.  It was the first symptom of sheep that I had come upon,
for, to my surprise, I saw no sheep upon the plains, neither did I see
any in the whole of my little excursion.  I am told that this
disappoints most new-comers.  They are told that sheep farming is the
great business of Canterbury, but they see no sheep; the reason of this
is, partly because the runs are not yet a quarter stocked, and partly
because the sheep are in mobs, and, unless one comes across the whole
mob, one sees none of them.  The plains, too, are so vast, that at a
very short distance from the track, sheep will not be seen.  When I came
up to the dray, I found myself on a track, reached the foot of the
downs, and crossed the little River Cust.  A little river, brook or
stream, is always called a creek; nothing but the great rivers are
called rivers.  Now clumps of flax, and stunted groves of Ti palms and
other trees, began to break the monotony of the scene.  Then the track
ascended the downs on the other side of the stream, and afforded me a
fine view of the valley of the Cust, cleared and burnt by a recent fire,
which extended for miles and miles, purpling the face of the country, up
to the horizon.  Rich flax and grass made the valley look promising, but
on the hill the ground was stony and barren, and shabbily clothed with
patches of dry and brown grass, surrounded by a square foot or so of
hard ground; between the tussocks, however, there was a frequent though
scanty undergrowth which might furnish support for sheep, though it
looked burnt up.

I may as well here correct an error, which I had been under, and which
you may, perhaps, have shared with me--native grass cannot be mown.

After proceeding some few miles further, I came to a station, where,
though a perfect stranger, and at first (at some little distance)
mistaken for a Maori, I was most kindly treated, and spent a very
agreeable evening.  The people here are very hospitable; and I have
received kindness already upon several occasions, from persons upon whom
I had no sort of claim.

Next day I went to Oxford, which lies at the foot of the first ranges,
and is supposed to be a promising place.  Here, for the first time, I
saw the bush; it was very beautiful; numerous creepers, and a luxuriant
undergrowth among the trees, gave the forest a wholly un-European
aspect, and realised, in some degree, one's idea of tropical vegetation.
It was full of birds that sang loudly and sweetly.  The trees here are
all evergreens, and are not considered very good for timber.  I am told
that they have mostly a twist in them, and are in other respects not
first rate.

* * *

March 24.--At last I have been really in the extreme back country, and
positively, right up to a glacier.

As soon as I saw the mountains, I longed to get on the other side of
them, and now my wish has been gratified.

I left Christ Church in company with a sheep farmer, who owns a run in
the back country, behind the Malvern Hills, and who kindly offered to
take me with him on a short expedition he was going to make into the
remoter valleys of the island, in hopes of finding some considerable
piece of country which had not yet been applied for.

We started February 28th, and had rather an unpleasant ride of twenty-
five miles, against a very high N.W. wind.  This wind is very hot, very
parching, and very violent; it blew the dust into our eyes so that we
could hardly keep them open.  Towards evening, however, it somewhat
moderated, as it generally does.  There was nothing of interest on the
track, save a dry river-bed, through which the Waimakiriri once flowed,
but which it has long quitted.  The rest of our journey was entirely
over the plains, which do not become less monotonous upon a longer
acquaintance; the mountains, however, drew slowly nearer, and by evening
were really rather beautiful.  Next day we entered the valley of the
River Selwyn, or Waikitty, as it is generally called, and soon found
ourselves surrounded by the low volcanic mountains, which bear the name
of the Malvern Hills.  They are very like the Banks Peninsula.  We dined
at a station belonging to a son of the bishop's, and after dinner made
further progress into the interior.  I have very little to record, save
that I was disappointed at not finding the wild plants more numerous and
more beautiful; they are few, and decidedly ugly.  There is one beast of
a plant they call spear-grass, or spaniard, which I will tell you more
about at another time.  You would have laughed to have seen me on that
day; it was the first on which I had the slightest occasion for any
horsemanship.  You know how bad a horseman I am, and can imagine that I
let my companion go first in all the little swampy places and small
creeks which we came across.  These were numerous, and as Doctor always
jumped them, with what appeared to me a jump about three times greater
than was necessary, I assure you I heartily wished them somewhere else.
However, I did my best to conceal my deficiency, and before night had
become comparatively expert without having betrayed myself to my
companion.  I dare say he knew what was going on, well enough, but was
too good and kind to notice it.

At night, and by a lovely clear, cold moonlight, we arrived at our
destination, heartily glad to hear the dogs barking and to know that we
were at our journey's end.  Here we were bona fide beyond the pale of
civilisation; no boarded floors, no chairs, nor any similar luxuries;
everything was of the very simplest description.  Four men inhabited the
hut, and their life appears a kind of mixture of that of a dog and that
of an emperor, with a considerable predominance of the latter.  They
have no cook, and take it turn and turn to cook and wash up, two one
week, and two the next.  They have a good garden, and gave us a capital
feed of potatoes and peas, both fried together, an excellent
combination.  Their culinary apparatus and plates, cups, knives, and
forks, are very limited in number.  The men are all gentlemen and sons
of gentlemen, and one of them is a Cambridge man, who took a high
second-class a year or two before my time.  Every now and then he leaves
his up-country avocations, and becomes a great gun at the college in
Christ Church, examining the boys; he then returns to his shepherding,
cooking, bullock-driving, etc. etc., as the case may be.  I am informed
that the having faithfully learned the ingenuous arts, has so far
mollified his morals that he is an exceedingly humane and judicious
bullock-driver.  He regarded me as a somewhat despicable new-comer (at
least so I imagined), and when next morning I asked where I should wash,
he gave rather a French shrug of the shoulders, and said, "The lake."  I
felt the rebuke to be well merited, and that with the lake in front of
the house, I should have been at no loss for the means of performing my
ablutions.  So I retired abashed and cleansed myself therein.  Under his
bed I found Tennyson's Idylls of the King.  So you will see that even in
these out-of-the-world places people do care a little for something
besides sheep.  I was told an amusing story of an Oxford man shepherding
down in Otago.  Someone came into his hut, and, taking up a book, found
it in a strange tongue, and enquired what it was.  The Oxonian (who was
baking at the time) answered that it was Machiavellian discourses upon
the first decade of Livy.  The wonder-stricken visitor laid down the
book and took up another, which was, at any rate, written in English.
This he found to be Bishop Butler's Analogy.  Putting it down speedily
as something not in his line, he laid hands upon a third.  This proved
to be Patrum Apostolicorum Opera, on which he saddled his horse and went
right away, leaving the Oxonian to his baking.  This man must certainly
be considered a rare exception.  New Zealand seems far better adapted to
develop and maintain in health the physical than the intellectual
nature.  The fact is, people here are busy making money; that is the
inducement which led them to come in the first instance, and they show
their sense by devoting their energies to the work.  Yet, after all, it
may be questioned whether the intellect is not as well schooled here as
at home, though in a very different manner.  Men are as shrewd and
sensible, as alive to the humorous, and as hard-headed.  Moreover, there
is much nonsense in the old country from which people here are free.
There is little conventionalism, little formality, and much liberality
of sentiment; very little sectarianism, and, as a general rule, a
healthy, sensible tone in conversation, which I like much.  But it does
not do to speak about John Sebastian Bach's Fugues, or pre-Raphaelite
pictures.

To return, however, to the matter in hand.  Of course everyone at
stations like the one we visited washes his own clothes, and of course
they do not use sheets.  Sheets would require far too much washing.  Red
blankets are usual; white show fly-blows.  The blue-bottle flies blow
among blankets that are left lying untidily about, but if the same be
neatly folded up and present no crumpled creases, the flies will leave
them alone.  It is strange, too, that, though flies will blow a dead
sheep almost immediately, they will not touch one that is living and
healthy.  Coupling their good nature in this respect with the love of
neatness and hatred of untidiness which they exhibit, I incline to think
them decidedly in advance of our English bluebottles, which they
perfectly resemble in every other respect.  The English house-fly soon
drives them away, and, after the first year or two, a station is seldom
much troubled with them:  so at least I am told by many.  Fly-blown
blankets are all very well, provided they have been quite dry ever since
they were blown:  the eggs then come to nothing; but if the blankets be
damp, maggots make their appearance in a few hours, and the very
suspicion of them is attended with an unpleasant creepy crawly
sensation.  The blankets in which I slept at the station which I have
been describing were perfectly innocuous.

On the morning after I arrived, for the first time in my life I saw a
sheep killed.  It is rather unpleasant, but I suppose I shall get as
indifferent to it as other--people are by and by.  To show you that the
knives of the establishment are numbered, I may mention that the same
knife killed the sheep and carved the mutton we had for dinner.  After
an early dinner, my patron and myself started on our journey, and after
travelling for some few hours over rather a rough country, though one
which appeared to me to be beautiful indeed, we came upon a vast river-
bed, with a little river winding about it.  This is the Harpur, a
tributary of the Rakaia, and the northern branch of that river.  We were
now going to follow it to its source, in the hopes of being led by it to
some saddle over which we might cross, and come upon entirely new
ground.  The river itself was very low, but the huge and wasteful river-
bed showed that there were times when its appearance must be entirely
different.  We got on to the river-bed, and, following it up for a
little way, soon found ourselves in a close valley between two very
lofty ranges, which were plentifully wooded with black birch down to
their base.  There were a few scrubby, stony flats covered with Irishman
and spear-grass (Irishman is the unpleasant thorny shrub which I saw
going over the hill from Lyttelton to Christ Church) on either side the
stream; they had been entirely left to nature, and showed me the
difference between country which had been burnt and that which is in its
natural condition.  This difference is very great.  The fire dries up
many swamps--at least many disappear after country has been once or
twice burnt; the water moves more freely, unimpeded by the tangled and
decaying vegetation which accumulates round it during the lapse of
centuries, and the sun gets freer access to the ground.  Cattle do much
also:  they form tracks through swamps, and trample down the earth,
making it harder and firmer.  Sheep do much:  they convey the seeds of
the best grass and tread them into the ground.  The difference between
country that has been fed upon by any live stock, even for a single
year, and that which has never yet been stocked is very noticeable.  If
country is being burnt for the second or third time, the fire can be
crossed without any difficulty; of course it must be quickly traversed,
though indeed, on thinly grassed land, you may take it almost as coolly
as you please.  On one of these flats, just on the edge of the bush, and
at the very foot of the mountain, we lit a fire as soon as it was dusk,
and, tethering our horses, boiled our tea and supped.  The night was
warm and quiet, the silence only interrupted by the occasional sharp cry
of a wood-hen, and the rushing of the river, whilst the ruddy glow of
the fire, the sombre forest, and the immediate foreground of our saddles
and blankets, formed a picture to me entirely new and rather impressive.
Probably after another year or two I shall regard camping out as the
nuisance which it really is, instead of writing about sombre forests and
so forth.  Well, well, that night I thought it very fine, and so in good
truth it was.

Our saddles were our pillows and we strapped our blankets round us by
saddle-straps, and my companion (I believe) slept very soundly; for my
part the scene was altogether too novel to allow me to sleep.  I kept
looking up and seeing the stars just as I was going off to sleep, and
that woke me again; I had also underestimated the amount of blankets
which I should require, and it was not long before the romance of the
situation wore off, and a rather chilly reality occupied its place;
moreover, the flat was stony, and I was not knowing enough to have
selected a spot which gave a hollow for the hip-bone.  My great object,
however, was to conceal my condition from my companion, for never was a
freshman at Cambridge more anxious to be mistaken for a third-year man
than I was anxious to become an old chum, as the colonial dialect calls
a settler--thereby proving my new chumship most satisfactorily.  Early
next morning the birds began to sing beautifully, and the day being thus
heralded, I got up, lit the fire, and set the pannikins to boil:  we
then had breakfast, and broke camp.  The scenery soon became most
glorious, for, turning round a corner of the river, we saw a very fine
mountain right in front of us.  I could at once see that there was a
neve near the top of it, and was all excitement.  We were very anxious
to know if this was the backbone range of the island, and were hopeful
that if it was we might find some pass to the other side.  The ranges on
either hand were, as I said before, covered with bush, and these, with
the rugged Alps in front of us, made a magnificent view.  We went on,
and soon there came out a much grander mountain--a glorious glaciered
fellow--and then came more, and the mountains closed in, and the river
dwindled and began leaping from stone to stone, and we were shortly in
scenery of the true Alpine nature--very, very grand.  It wanted,
however, a chalet or two, or some sign of human handiwork in the fore-
ground; as it was, the scene was too savage.

All the time we kept looking for gold, not in a scientific manner, but
we had a kind of idea that if we looked in the shingly beds of the
numerous tributaries to the Harpur, we should surely find either gold or
copper or something good.  So at every shingle-bed we came to (and every
little tributary had a great shingle-bed) we lay down and gazed into the
pebbles with all our eyes.  We found plenty of stones with yellow specks
in them, but none of that rich goodly hue which makes a man certain that
what he has found is gold.  We did not wash any of the gravel, for we
had no tin dish, neither did we know how to wash.  The specks we found
were mica; but I believe I am right in saying that there are large
quantities of chromate of iron in the ranges that descend upon the
river.  We brought down several specimens, some of which we believed to
be copper, but which did not turn out to be so.  The principal rocks
were a hard, grey, gritty sandstone, interwoven with thin streaks of
quartz.  We saw no masses of quartz; what we found was intermixed with
sandstone, and was always in small pieces.  The sandstone, in like
manner, was almost always intermingled with quartz.  Besides this
sandstone there was a good deal of pink and blue slate, the pink chiefly
at the top of the range, showing a beautiful colour from the river-bed.
In addition to this, there were abundance of rocks, of every gradation
between sandstone and slate--some sandstone almost slate, some slate
almost sandstone.  There was also a good deal of pudding-stone; but the
bulk of the rock was this very hard, very flinty sandstone.  You know I
am no geologist.  I will undertake, however, to say positively that we
did not see one atom of granite; all the mountains that I have yet seen
are either volcanic or composed of this sandstone and slate.

When we had reached nearly the base of the mountains, we left our
horses, for we could use them no longer, and, crossing and recrossing
the stream, at length turned up through the bush to our right.  This
bush, though very beautiful to look at, is composed of nothing but the
poorest black birch.  We had no difficulty in getting through it, for it
had no undergrowth, as the bushes on the front ranges have.  I should
suppose we were here between three and four thousand feet above the
level of the sea; and you may imagine that at that altitude, in a valley
surrounded by snowy ranges, vegetation would not be very luxuriant.
There was sufficient wood, however, to harbour abundance of parroquets--
brilliant little glossy green fellows, that shot past you now and again
with a glisten in the sun, and were gone.  There was a kind of dusky
brownish-green parrot, too, which the scientific call a Nestor.  What
they mean by this name I know not.  To the un-scientific it is a rather
dirty-looking bird, with some bright red feathers under its wings.  It
is very tame, sits still to be petted, and screams like a real parrot.
Two attended us on our ascent after leaving the bush.  We threw many
stones at them, and it was not their fault that they escaped unhurt.

Immediately on emerging from the bush we found all vegetation at an end.
We were on the moraine of an old glacier, and saw nothing in front of us
but frightful precipices and glaciers.  There was a saddle, however, not
above a couple of thousand feet higher.  This saddle was covered with
snow, and, as we had neither provisions nor blankets, we were obliged to
give up going to the top of it.  We returned with less reluctance, from
the almost absolute certainty, firstly, that we were not upon the main
range; secondly, that this saddle would only lead to the Waimakiriri,
the next river above the Rakaia.  Of these two points my companion was
so convinced, that we did not greatly regret leaving it unexplored.  Our
object was commercial, and not scientific; our motive was pounds,
shillings, and pence:  and where this failed us, we lost all excitement
and curiosity.  I fear that we were yet weak enough to have a little
hankering after the view from the top of the pass, but we treated such
puerility with the contempt that it deserved, and sat down to rest
ourselves at the foot of a small glacier.  We then descended, and
reached the horses at nightfall, fully satisfied that, beyond the flat
beside the riverbed of the Harpur, there was no country to be had in
that direction.  We also felt certain that there was no pass to the west
coast up that branch of the Rakaia, but that the saddle at the head of
it would only lead to the Waimakiriri, and reveal the true backbone
range farther to the west.  The mountains among which we had been
climbing were only offsets from the main chain.

This might be shown also by a consideration of the volume of water which
supplies the main streams of the Rakaia and the Waimakiriri, and
comparing it with the insignificant amount which finds its way down the
Harpur.  The glaciers that feed the two larger streams must be very
extensive, thus showing that the highest range lies still farther to the
northward and westward.  The Waimakiriri is the next river to the
northward of the Rakaia.

That night we camped as before, only I was more knowing, and slept with
my clothes on, and found a hollow for my hip-bone, by which contrivances
I slept like a top.  Next morning, at early dawn, the scene was most
magnificent.  The mountains were pale as ghosts, and almost sickening
from their death-like whiteness.  We gazed at them for a moment or two,
and then turned to making a fire, which in the cold frosty morning was
not unpleasant.  Shortly afterwards we were again en route for the
station from which we had started.  We burnt the flats as we rode down,
and made a smoke which was noticed between fifty and sixty miles off.  I
have seen no grander sight than the fire upon a country which has never
before been burnt, and on which there is a large quantity of Irishman.
The sun soon loses all brightness, and looks as though seen through
smoked glass.  The volumes of smoke are something that must be seen to
be appreciated.  The flames roar, and the grass crackles, and every now
and then a glorious lurid flare marks the ignition of an Irishman; his
dry thorns blaze fiercely for a minute or so, and then the fire leaves
him, charred and blackened for ever.  A year or two hence, a stiff nor'-
wester will blow him over, and he will lie there and rot, and fatten the
surrounding grass; often, however, he shoots out again from the roots,
and then he is a considerable nuisance.  On the plains Irishman is but a
small shrub, that hardly rises higher than the tussocks; it is only in
the back country that it attains any considerable size:  there its trunk
is often as thick as a man's body.

We got back about an hour after sundown, just as heavy rain was coming
on, and were very glad not to be again camping out, for it rained
furiously and incessantly the whole night long.  Next day we returned to
the lower station belonging to my companion, which was as replete with
European comforts as the upper was devoid of them; yet, for my part, I
could live very comfortably at either.



CHAPTER V



Ascent of the Waimakiriri--Crossing the River--Gorge--Ascent of the
Rangitata--View of M'Kenzie Plains--M'Kenzie--Mount Cook--Ascent of the
Hurunui--Col leading to West Coast.

Since my last, I have made another expedition into the back country, in
the hope of finding some little run which had been overlooked.  I have
been unsuccessful, as indeed I was likely to be:  still I had a pleasant
excursion, and have seen many more glaciers, and much finer ones than on
my last trip.  This time I went up the Waimakiriri by myself, and found
that we had been fully right in our supposition that the Rakaia saddles
would only lead on to that river.  The main features were precisely
similar to those on the Rakaia, save that the valley was broader, the
river longer, and the mountains very much higher.  I had to cross the
Waimakiriri just after a fresh, when the water was thick, and I assure
you I did not like it.  I crossed it first on the plains, where it flows
between two very high terraces, which are from half a mile to a mile
apart, and of which the most northern must be, I should think, 300 feet
high.  It was so steep, and so covered with stones towards the base, and
so broken with strips of shingle that had fallen over the grass, that it
took me a full hour to lead my horse from the top to the bottom.  I dare
say my clumsiness was partly in fault; but certainly in Switzerland I
never saw a horse taken down so nasty a place:  and so glad was I to be
at the bottom of it, that I thought comparatively little of the river,
which was close at hand waiting to be crossed.  From the top of the
terrace I had surveyed it carefully as it lay beneath, wandering
capriciously in the wasteful shingle-bed, and looking like a maze of
tangled silver ribbons.  I calculated how to cut off one stream after
another, but I could not shirk the main stream, dodge it how I might;
and when on the level of the river, I lost all my landmarks in the
labyrinth of streams, and determined to cross each just above the first
rapid I came to.  The river was very milky, and the stones at the bottom
could not be seen, except just at the edges:  I do not know how I got
over.  I remember going in, and thinking that the horse was lifting his
legs up and putting them down in the same place again, and that the
river was flowing backwards.  In fact I grew dizzy directly, but by
fixing my eyes on the opposite bank, and leaving Doctor to manage
matters as he chose, somehow or other, and much to my relief, I got to
the other side.  It was really nothing at all.  I was wet only a little
above the ankle; but it is the rapidity of the stream which makes it so
unpleasant--in fact, so positively hard to those who are not used to it.
On their few first experiences of one of these New Zealand rivers,
people dislike them extremely; they then become very callous to them,
and are as unreasonably foolhardy as they were before timorous; then
they generally get an escape from drowning or two, or else they get
drowned in earnest.  After one or two escapes their original respect for
the rivers returns, and for ever after they learn not to play any
unnecessary tricks with them.  Not a year passes but what each of them
sends one or more to his grave; yet as long as they are at their
ordinary level, and crossed with due care, there is no real danger in
them whatever.  I have crossed and recrossed the Waimakiriri so often in
my late trip that I have ceased to be much afraid of it unless it is
high, and then I assure you that I am far too nervous to attempt it.
When I crossed it first I was assured that it was not high, but only a
little full.

The Waimakiriri flows from the back country out into the plains through
a very beautiful narrow gorge.  The channel winds between wooded rocks,
beneath which the river whirls and frets and eddies most gloriously.
Above the lower cliffs, which descend perpendicularly into the river,
rise lofty mountains to an elevation of several thousand feet:  so that
the scenery here is truly fine.  In the river-bed, near the gorge, there
is a good deal of lignite, and, near the Kowai, a little tributary which
comes in a few miles below the gorge, there is an extensive bed of true
and valuable coal.

The back country of the Waimakiriri is inaccessible by dray, so that all
the stores and all the wool have to be packed in and packed out on
horseback.  This is a very great drawback, and one which is not likely
to be soon removed.  In winter-time, also, the pass which leads into it
is sometimes entirely obstructed by snow, so that the squatters in that
part of the country must have a harder time of it than those on the
plains.  They have bush, however, and that is a very important thing.

I shall not give you any full account of what I saw as I went up the
Waimakiriri, for were I to do so I should only repeat my last letter.
Suffice it that there is a magnificent mountain chain of truly Alpine
character at the head of the river, and that, in parts, the scenery is
quite equal in grandeur to that of Switzerland, but far inferior in
beauty.  How one does long to see some signs of human care in the midst
of the loneliness!  How one would like, too, to come occasionally across
some little auberge, with its vin ordinaire and refreshing fruit!  These
things, however, are as yet in the far future.  As for vin ordinaire, I
do not suppose that, except at Akaroa, the climate will ever admit of
grapes ripening in this settlement--not that the summer is not warm
enough, but because the night frosts come early, even while the days are
exceedingly hot.  Neither does one see how these back valleys can ever
become so densely peopled as Switzerland; they are too rocky and too
poor, and too much cut up by river-beds.

I saw one saddle low enough to be covered with bush, ending a valley of
some miles in length, through which flowed a small stream with dense
bush on either side.  I firmly believe that this saddle will lead to the
West Coast; but as the valley was impassable for a horse, and as, being
alone, I was afraid to tackle the carrying food and blankets, and to
leave Doctor, who might very probably walk off whilst I was on the wrong
side of the Waimakiriri, I shirked the investigation.  I certainly ought
to have gone up that valley.  I feel as though I had left a stone
unturned, and must, if all is well, at some future time take someone
with me and explore it.  I found a few flats up the river, but they were
too small and too high up to be worth my while to take.

April, 1860.--I have made another little trip, and this time have tried
the Rangitata.  My companion and myself have found a small piece of
country, which we have just taken up.  We fear it may be snowy in
winter, but the expense of taking up country is very small; and even
should we eventually throw it up the chances are that we may be able to
do so with profit.  We are, however, sanguine that it may be a very
useful little run, but shall have to see it through next winter before
we can safely put sheep upon it.

I have little to tell you concerning the Rangitata different from what I
have already written about the Waimakiriri and the Harpur.  The first
great interest was, of course, finding the country which we took up; the
next was what I confess to the weakness of having enjoyed much more--
namely, a most magnificent view of that most magnificent mountain, Mount
Cook.  It is one of the grandest I have ever seen.  I will give you a
short account of the day.

We started from a lonely valley, down which runs a stream called Forest
Creek.  It is an ugly, barren-looking place enough--a deep valley
between two high ranges, which are not entirely clear of snow for more
than three or four months in the year.  As its name imports, it has some
wood, though not much, for the Rangitata back country is very bare of
timber.  We started, as I said, from the bottom of this valley on a
clear frosty morning--so frosty that the tea-leaves in our pannikins
were frozen, and our outer blanket crisped with frozen dew.  We went up
a little gorge, as narrow as a street in Genoa, with huge black and
dripping precipices overhanging it, so as almost to shut out the light
of heaven.  I never saw so curious a place in my life.  It soon opened
out, and we followed up the little stream which flowed through it.  This
was no easy work.  The scrub was very dense, and the rocks huge.  The
spaniard "piked us intil the bane," and I assure you that we were hard
set to make any headway at all.  At last we came to a waterfall, the
only one worthy of the name that I have yet seen.  This "stuck us up,"
as they say here concerning any difficulty.  We managed, however, to
"slew" it, as they, no less elegantly, say concerning the surmounting of
an obstacle.  After five hours of most toilsome climbing, we found the
vegetation become scanty, and soon got on to the loose shingle which was
near the top of the range.

In seven hours from the time we started, we were on the top.  Hence we
had hoped to discover some entirely new country, but were disappointed,
for we only saw the Mackenzie Plains lying stretched out for miles away
to the southward.  These plains are so called after a notorious
shepherd, who discovered them some few years since.  Keeping his
knowledge to himself, he used to steal his master's sheep and drive them
quietly into his unsuspected hiding-place.  This he did so cleverly that
he was not detected until he had stolen many hundred.  Much obscurity
hangs over his proceedings:  it is supposed that he made one successful
trip down to Otago, through this country, and sold a good many of the
sheep he had stolen.  He is a man of great physical strength, and can be
no common character; many stories are told about him, and his fame will
be lasting.  He was taken and escaped more than once, and finally was
pardoned by the Governor, on condition of his leaving New Zealand.  It
was rather a strange proceeding, and I doubt how fair to the country
which he may have chosen to honour with his presence, for I should
suppose there is hardly a more daring and dangerous rascal going.
However, his boldness and skill had won him sympathy and admiration, so
that I believe the pardon was rather a popular act than otherwise.  To
return.  There we lay on the shingle-bed, at the top of the range, in
the broiling noonday; for even at that altitude it was very hot, and
there was no cloud in the sky and very little breeze.  I saw that if we
wanted a complete view we must climb to the top of a peak which, though
only a few hundred feet higher than where we were lying, nevertheless
hid a great deal from us.  I accordingly began the ascent, having
arranged with my companion that if there was country to be seen he
should be called, if not, he should be allowed to take it easy.  Well, I
saw snowy peak after snowy peak come in view as the summit in front of
me narrowed, but no mountains were visible higher or grander than what I
had already seen.  Suddenly, as my eyes got on a level with the top, so
that I could see over, I was struck almost breathless by the wonderful
mountain that burst on my sight.  The effect was startling.  It rose
towering in a massy parallelogram, disclosed from top to bottom in the
cloudless sky, far above all the others.  It was exactly opposite to me,
and about the nearest in the whole range.  So you may imagine that it
was indeed a splendid spectacle.  It has been calculated by the
Admiralty people at 13,200 feet, but Mr. Haast, a gentleman of high
scientific attainments in the employ of Government as geological
surveyor, says that it is considerably higher.  For my part, I can well
believe it.  Mont Blanc himself is not so grand in shape, and does not
look so imposing.  Indeed, I am not sure that Mount Cook is not the
finest in outline of all the snowy mountains that I have ever seen.  It
is not visible from many places on the eastern side of the island, and
the front ranges are so lofty that they hide it.  It can be seen from
the top of Banks Peninsula, and for a few hundred yards somewhere near
Timaru, and over a good deal of the Mackenzie country, but nowhere else
on the eastern side of this settlement, unless from a great height.  It
is, however, well worth any amount of climbing to see.  No one can
mistake it.  If a person says he THINKS he has seen Mount Cook, you may
be quite sure that he has not seen it.  The moment it comes into sight
the exclamation is, "That is Mount Cook!"--not "That MUST be Mount
Cook!"  There is no possibility of mistake.  There is a glorious field
for the members of the Alpine Club here.  Mount Cook awaits them, and he
who first scales it will be crowned with undying laurels:  for my part,
though it is hazardous to say this of any mountain, I do not think that
any human being will ever reach its top.

I am forgetting myself into admiring a mountain which is of no use for
sheep.  This is wrong.  A mountain here is only beautiful if it has good
grass on it.  Scenery is not scenery--it is " country," subaudita voce
"sheep."  If it is good for sheep, it is beautiful, magnificent, and all
the rest of it; if not, it is not worth looking at.  I am cultivating
this tone of mind with considerable success, but you must pardon me for
an occasional outbreak of the old Adam.

Of course I called my companion up, and he agreed with me that he had
never seen anything so wonderful.  We got down, very much tired, a
little after dark.  We had had a very fatiguing day, but it was amply
repaid.  That night it froze pretty sharply, and our upper blankets were
again stiff.

* * *

May, 1860.--Not content with the little piece of country we found
recently, we have since been up the Hurunui to its source, and seen the
water flowing down the Teramakaw (or the "Tether-my-cow," as the
Europeans call it).  We did no good, and turned back, partly owing to
bad weather, and partly from the impossibility of proceeding farther
with horses.  Indeed, our pack-horse had rolled over more than once,
frightening us much, but fortunately escaping unhurt.  The season, too,
is getting too late for any long excursion.  The Hurunui is not a snow
river; the great range becomes much lower here, and the saddle of the
Hurunui can hardly be more than 3000 feet above the level of the sea.
Vegetation is luxuriant--most abominably and unpleasantly luxuriant (for
there is no getting through it)--at the very top.  The reason of this
is, that the nor'-westers, coming heavily charged with warm moisture,
deposit it on the western side of the great range, and the saddles, of
course, get some of the benefit.  As we were going up the river, we
could see the gap at the end of it, covered with dense clouds, which
were coming from the N.W., and which just lipped over the saddle, and
then ended.  There are some beautiful lakes on the Hurunui, surrounded
by lofty wooded mountains.  The few Maories that inhabit this settlement
travel to the West Coast by way of this river.  They always go on foot,
and we saw several traces of their encampments--little mimis, as they
are called--a few light sticks thrown together, and covered with grass,
affording a sort of half-and-half shelter for a single individual.  How
comfortable!



CHAPTER VI



Hut--Cadets--Openings for Emigrants without Capital--For those who bring
Money--Drunkenness--Introductions--The Rakaia--Valley leading to the
Rangitata--Snow-grass and Spaniard--Solitude--Rain and Flood--Cat--
Irishman--Discomforts of Hut--Gradual Improvement--Value of Cat.

I am now going to put up a V hut on the country that I took up on the
Rangitata, meaning to hibernate there in order to see what the place is
like.  I shall also build a more permanent hut there, for I must have
someone with me, and we may as well be doing something as nothing.  I
have hopes of being able to purchase some good country in the immediate
vicinity.  There is a piece on which I have my eye, and which adjoins
that I have already.  There can be, I imagine, no doubt that this is
excellent sheep country; still, I should like to see it in winter.

* * *

June, 1860.--The V hut is a fait accompli, if so small an undertaking
can be spoken of in so dignified a manner.  It consists of a small roof
set upon the ground; it is a hut, all roof and no walls.  I was very
clumsy, and so, in good truth, was my man.  Still, at last, by dint of
perseverance, we have made it wind and water tight.  It was a job that
should have taken us about a couple of days to have done in first-rate
style; as it was, I am not going to tell you how long it DID take.  I
must certainly send the man to the right-about, but the difficulty is to
get another, for the aforesaid hut is five-and-twenty miles (at the very
least) from any human habitation, so that you may imagine men do not
abound.  I had two cadets with me, and must explain that a cadet means a
young fellow who has lately come out, and who wants to see a little of
up-country life.  He is neither paid nor pays.  He receives his food and
lodging gratis, but works (or is supposed to work) in order to learn.
The two who accompanied me both left me in a very short time.  I have
nothing to say against either of them; both did their best, and I am
much obliged to them for what they did, but a very few days' experience
showed me that the system is a bad one for all the parties concerned in
it.  The cadet soon gets tired of working for nothing; and, as he is not
paid, it is difficult to come down upon him.  If he is good for
anything, he is worth pay, as well as board and lodging.  If not worth
more than these last, he is simply a nuisance, for he sets a bad
example, which cannot be checked otherwise than by dismissal; and it is
not an easy or pleasant matter to dismiss one whose relation is rather
that of your friend than your servant.  The position is a false one, and
the blame of its failure lies with the person who takes the cadet, for
either he is getting an advantage without giving its due equivalent, or
he is keeping a useless man about his place, to the equal detriment both
of the man and of himself.  It may be said that the advantage offered to
the cadet, in allowing him an insight into colonial life, is a bona-fide
payment for what work he may do.  This is not the case; for where labour
is so very valuable, a good man is in such high demand that he may find
well-paid employment directly.  When a man takes a cadet's billet it is
a tolerably sure symptom that he means half-and-half work, in which case
he is much worse than useless.  There is, however, another alternative
which is a very different matter.  Let a man pay not only for his board
and lodging, but a good premium likewise, for the insight that he
obtains into up-country life, then he is at liberty to work or not as he
chooses; the station-hands cannot look down upon him, as they do upon
the other cadet, neither, if he chooses to do nothing (which is far less
likely if he is on this footing than on the other), is his example
pernicious--it is well understood that he pays for the privilege of
idleness, and has a perfect right to use it if he sees fit.  I need not
say that this last arrangement is only calculated for those who come out
with money; those who have none should look out for the first employment
which they feel themselves calculated for, and go in for it at once.

You may ask, What is the opening here for young men of good birth and
breeding, who have nothing but health and strength and energy for their
capital?  I would answer, Nothing very brilliant, still, they may be
pretty sure of getting a shepherd's billet somewhere up-country, if they
are known to be trustworthy.  If they sustain this character, they will
soon make friends, and find no great difficulty, after the lapse of a
year or two, in getting an overseer's place, with from 100 to 200 pounds
a year, and their board and lodging.  They will find plenty of good
investments for the small sums which they may be able to lay by, and if
they are bona-fide smart men, some situation is quite sure to turn up by
and by in which they may better themselves.  In fact, they are quite
sure to do well in time; but time is necessary here, as well as in other
places.  True, less time may do here, and true also that there are more
openings; but it may be questioned whether good, safe, ready-witted men
will not fetch nearly as high a price in England as in any part of the
world.  So that if a young and friendless lad lands here and makes his
way and does well, the chances are that he would have done well also had
he remained at home.  If he has money the case is entirely changed; he
can invest it far more profitably here than in England.  Any merchant
will give him 10 per cent. for it.  Money is not to be had for less, go
where you will for it; and if obtained from a merchant, his 2.5 per
cent. commission, repeated at intervals of six months, makes a nominal
10 per cent. into 15.  I mention this to show you that, if it pays
people to give this exorbitant rate of interest (and the current rate
MUST be one that will pay the borrower), the means of increasing capital
in this settlement are great.  For young men, however, sons of gentlemen
and gentlemen themselves, sheep or cattle are the most obvious and best
investment.  They can buy and put out upon terms, as I have already
described.  They can also buy land, and let it with a purchasing clause,
by which they can make first-rate interest.  Thus, twenty acres cost 40
pounds; this they can let for five years, at 5s. an acre, the lessee
being allowed to purchase the land at 5 pounds an acre in five years'
time, which, the chances are, he will be both able and willing to do.
Beyond sheep, cattle, and land, there are few if any investments here
for gentlemen who come out with little practical experience in any
business or profession, but others would turn up with time.

What I have written above refers to good men.  There are many such who
find the conventionalities of English life distasteful to them, who want
to breathe a freer atmosphere, and yet have no unsteadiness of character
or purpose to prevent them from doing well--men whose health and
strength and good sense are more fully developed than delicately
organised--who find head-work irksome and distressing, but who would be
ready to do a good hard day's work at some physically laborious
employment.  If they are in earnest, they are certain to do well; if
not, they had better be idle at home than here.  Idle men in this
country are pretty sure to take to drinking.  Whether men are rich or
poor, there seems to be far greater tendency towards drink here than at
home; and sheep farmers, as soon as they get things pretty straight and
can afford to leave off working themselves, are apt to turn drunkards,
unless they have a taste for intellectual employments.  They find time
hang heavy on their hands, and, unknown almost to themselves, fall into
the practice of drinking, till it becomes a habit.  I am no teetotaller,
and do not want to moralise unnecessarily; still it is impossible, after
a few months' residence in the settlement, not to be struck with the
facts I have written above.

I should be loth to advise any gentleman to come out here unless he have
either money and an average share of good sense, or else a large amount
of proper self-respect and strength of purpose.  If a young man goes out
to friends, on an arrangement definitely settled before he leaves
England, he is at any rate certain of employment and of a home upon his
landing here; but if he lands friendless, or simply the bearer of a few
letters of introduction, obtained from second or third hand--because his
cousin knew somebody who had a friend who had married a lady whose
nephew was somewhere in New Zealand--he has no very enviable look-out
upon his arrival.

A short time after I got up to the Rangitata, I had occasion to go down
again to Christ Church, and stayed there one day.  On my return, with a
companion, we were delayed two days at the Rakaia:  a very heavy fresh
had come down, so as to render the river impassable even in the punt.
The punt can only work upon one stream; but in a heavy fresh the streams
are very numerous, and almost all of them impassable for a horse without
swimming him, which, in such a river as the Rakaia, is very dangerous
work.  Sometimes, perhaps half a dozen times in a year, the river is
what is called bank and bank; that is to say, one mass of water from one
side to the other.  It is frightfully rapid, and as thick as pea soup.
The river-bed is not far short of a mile in breadth, so you may judge of
the immense volume of water that comes down it at these times.  It is
seldom more than three days impassable in the punt.  On the third day
they commenced crossing in the punt, behind which we swam out horses;
since then the clouds had hung unceasingly upon the mountain ranges, and
though much of what had fallen would, on the back ranges, be in all
probability snow, we could not doubt but that the Rangitata would afford
us some trouble, nor were we even certain about the Ashburton, a river
which, though partly glacier-fed, is generally easily crossed anywhere.
We found the Ashburton high, but lower than it had been; in one or two
of the eleven crossing-places between our afternoon and evening resting-
places we were wet up to the saddle-flaps--still we were able to proceed
without any real difficulty.  That night it snowed, and the next morning
we started amid a heavy rain, being anxious, if possible, to make my own
place that night.

Soon after we started the rain ceased, and the clouds slowly uplifted
themselves from the mountain sides.  We were riding through the valley
that leads from the Ashburton to the upper valley of the Rangitata, and
kept on the right-hand side of it.  It is a long, open valley, the
bottom of which consists of a large swamp, from which rise terrace after
terrace up the mountains on either side; the country is, as it were,
crumpled up in an extraordinary manner, so that it is full of small
ponds or lagoons--sometimes dry, sometimes merely swampy, now as full of
water as they could be.  The number of these is great; they do not,
however, attract the eye, being hidden by the hillocks with which each
is more or less surrounded; they vary in extent from a few square feet
or yards to perhaps an acre or two, while one or two attain the
dimensions of a considerable lake.  There is no timber in this valley,
and accordingly the scenery, though on a large scale, is neither
impressive nor pleasing; the mountains are large swelling hummocks,
grassed up to the summit, and though steeply declivitous, entirely
destitute of precipice.  Truly it is rather a dismal place on a dark
day, and somewhat like the world's end which the young prince travelled
to in the story of "Cherry, or the Frog Bride."  The grass is coarse and
cold-looking--great tufts of what is called snow-grass, and spaniard.
The first of these grows in a clump sometimes five or six feet in
diameter and four or five feet high; sheep and cattle pick at it when
they are hungry, but seldom touch it while they can get anything else.
Its seed is like that of oats.  It is an unhappy-looking grass, if grass
it be.  Spaniard, which I have mentioned before, is simply detestable;
it has a strong smell, half turpentine half celery.  It is sometimes
called spear-grass, and grows to about the size of a mole-hill, all over
the back country everywhere, as thick as mole-hills in a very mole-hilly
field at home.  Its blossoms, which are green, insignificant, and ugly,
are attached to a high spike bristling with spears pointed every way and
very acutely; each leaf terminates in a strong spear, and so firm is it,
that if you come within its reach, no amount of clothing about the legs
will prevent you from feeling its effects.  I have had my legs marked
all over by it.  Horses hate the spaniard--and no wonder.  In the back
country, when travelling without a track, it is impossible to keep your
horse from yawing about this way and that to dodge it, and if he
encounters three or four of them growing together, he will jump over
them or do anything rather than walk through.  A kind of white wax,
which burns with very great brilliancy, exudes from the leaf.  There are
two ways in which spaniard may be converted to some little use.  The
first is in kindling a fire to burn a run:  a dead flower-stalk serves
as a torch, and you can touch tussock after tussock literally [Greek
text which cannot be reproduced] lighting them at right angles to the
wind.  The second is purely prospective; it will be very valuable for
planting on the tops of walls to serve instead of broken bottles:  not a
cat would attempt a wall so defended.

Snow-grass, tussock grass, spaniard, rushes, swamps, lagoons, terraces,
meaningless rises and indentations of the ground, and two great brown
grassy mountains on either side, are the principal and uninteresting
objects in the valley through which we were riding.  I despair of giving
you an impression of the real thing.  It is so hard for an Englishman to
divest himself, not only of hedges and ditches, and cuttings and
bridges, but of all signs of human existence whatsoever, that unless you
were to travel in similar country yourself you would never understand
it.

After about ten miles we turned a corner and looked down upon the upper
valley of the Rangitata--very grand, very gloomy, and very desolate.
The river-bed, about a mile and a half broad, was now conveying a very
large amount of water to sea.

Some think that the source of the river lies many miles higher, and that
it works its way yet far back into the mountains; but as we looked up
the river-bed we saw two large and gloomy gorges, at the end of each of
which were huge glaciers, distinctly visible to the naked eye, but
through the telescope resolvable into tumbled masses of blue ice, exact
counterparts of the Swiss and Italian glaciers.  These are quite
sufficient to account for the volume of water in the Rangitata, without
going any farther.

The river had been high for many days; so high that a party of men, who
were taking a dray over to a run which was then being just started on
the other side (and which is now mine), had been detained camping out
for ten days, and were delayed for ten days more before the dray could
cross.  We spent a few minutes with these men, among whom was a youth
whom I had brought away from home with me, when I was starting down for
Christ Church, in order that he might get some beef from P-'s and take
it back again.  The river had come down the evening on which we had
crossed it, and so he had been unable to get the beef and himself home
again.

We all wanted to get back, for home, though home be only a V hut, is
worth pushing for; a little thing will induce a man to leave it, but if
he is near his journey's end he will go through most places to reach it
again.  So we determined on going on, and after great difficulty and
many turnings up one stream and down another we succeeded in getting
safely over.  We were wet well over the knee, but just avoided swimming.
I got into one quicksand, of which the river is full, and had to jump
off my mare, but this was quite near the bank.

I had a cat on the pommel of my saddle, for the rats used to come and
take the meat from off our very plates by our side.  She got a sousing
when the mare was in the quicksand, but I heard her purring not very
long after, and was comforted.  Of course she was in a bag.  I do not
know how it is, but men here are much fonder of cats than they are at
home.

After we had crossed the river, there were many troublesome creeks yet
to go through--sluggish and swampy, with bad places for getting in and
out at; these, however, were as nothing in comparison with the river
itself, which we all had feared more than we cared to say, and which, in
good truth, was not altogether unworthy of fear.

By and by we turned up the shingly river-bed which leads to the spot on
which my hut is built.  The river is called Forest Creek, and, though
usually nothing but a large brook, it was now high, and unpleasant from
its rapidity and the large boulders over which it flows.  Little by
little, night and heavy rain came on, and right glad were we when we saw
the twinkling light on the terrace where the hut was, and were thus
assured that the Irishman, who had been left alone and without meat for
the last ten days, was still in the land of the living.  Two or three
coo-eys soon made him aware that we were coming, and I believe he was
almost as pleased to see us as Robinson Crusoe was to see the Spaniard
who was brought over by the cannibals to be killed and eaten.  What the
old Irishman had been about during our absence I cannot say.  He could
not have spent much time in eating, for there was wonderfully little
besides flour, tea, and sugar for him to eat.  There was no grog upon
the establishment, so he could not have been drinking.  He had
distinctly seen my ghost two nights before.  I had been coherently
drowned in the Rangitata; and when he heard us coo-eying he was almost
certain that it was the ghost again.

I had left the V hut warm and comfortable, and on my return found it
very different.  I fear we had not put enough thatch upon it, and the
ten days' rain had proved too much for it.  It was now neither air-tight
nor water-tight; the floor, or rather the ground, was soaked and soppy
with mud; the nice warm snow-grass on which I had lain so comfortably
the night before I left, was muddy and wet; altogether, there being no
fire inside, the place was as revolting-looking an affair as one would
wish to see:  coming wet and cold off a journey, we had hoped for better
things.  There was nothing for it but to make the best of it, so we had
tea, and fried some of the beef--the smell of which was anything but
agreeable, for it had been lying ten days on the ground on the other
side the Rangitata, and was, to say the least, somewhat high--and then
we sat in our great-coats on four stones round the fire, and smoked;
then I baked, and one of the cadets washed up; and then we arranged our
blankets as best we could, and were soon asleep, alike unconscious of
the dripping rain, which came through the roof of the hut, and of the
cold, raw atmosphere which was insinuating itself through the numerous
crevices of the thatch.

I had brought up a tin kettle with me.  This was a great comfort and
acquisition, for before we had nothing larger than pint pannikins to
fetch up water in from the creek; this was all very well by daylight,
but in the dark the hundred yards from the hut to the creek were no easy
travelling with a pannikin in each hand.  The ground was very stony, and
covered with burnt Irishman scrub, against which (the Irishman being
black and charred, and consequently invisible in the dark) I was
continually stumbling and spilling half the water.  There was a terrace,
too, so that we seldom arrived with much more than half a pannikin, and
the kettle was an immense step in advance.  The Irishman called it very
"beneficial," as he called everything that pleased him.  He was a great
character:  he used to "destroy" his food, not eat it.  If I asked him
to have any more bread or meat, he would say, with perfect seriousness,
that he had "destroyed enough this time."  He had many other quaint
expressions of this sort, but they did not serve to make the hut water-
tight, and I was half regretfully obliged to send him away a short time
afterwards.

The winter's experience satisfied me that the country that H-- and I had
found would not do for sheep, unless worked in connection with more that
was clear of snow throughout the year.  As soon, therefore, as I was
convinced that the adjacent country was safe, I bought it, and settled
upon it in good earnest, abandoning the V hut.  I did so with some
regret, for we had good fare enough in it, and I rather liked it; we had
only stones for seats, but we made splendid fires, and got fresh and
clean snow-grass to lie on, and dried the floor with wood-ashes.  Then
we confined the snow-grass within certain limits by means of a couple of
poles laid upon the ground and fixed into their places with pegs; then
we put up several slings to hang our saddle-bags, tea, sugar, salt,
bundles, etc.; then we made a horse for the saddles--four riding-saddles
and a pack-saddle--and underneath this went our tools at one end and our
culinary utensils, limited but very effective, at the other.  Having
made it neat we kept it so, and of a night it wore an aspect of comfort
quite domestic, even to the cat, which would come in through a hole left
in the thatched door for her especial benefit, and purr a regular
hurricane.  We blessed her both by day and by night, for we saw no rats
after she came; and great excitement prevailed when, three weeks after
her arrival, she added a litter of kittens to our establishment.



CHAPTER VII



Loading Dray--Bullocks--Want of Roads--Banks Peninsula--Front and Back
Ranges of Mountains--River-beds--Origin of the Plains--Terraces--Tutu--
Fords--Floods--Lost Bullocks--Scarcity of Features on the Plains--
Terraces--Crossing the Ashburton--Change of Weather--Roofless Hut--
Brandy-keg.

I completed the loading of my dray on a Tuesday afternoon in the early
part of October, 1860, and determined on making Main's accommodation-
house that night.  Of the contents of the dray I need hardly speak,
though perhaps a full enumeration of them might afford no bad index to
the requirements of a station; they are more numerous than might at
first be supposed--rigidly useful and rarely if ever ornamental.

Flour, tea, sugar, tools, household utensils few and rough, a plough and
harrows, doors, windows, oats and potatoes for seed, and all the usual
denizens of a kitchen garden; these, with a few private effects, formed
the main bulk of the contents, amounting to about a ton and a half in
weight.  I had only six bullocks, but these were good ones, and worth
many a team of eight; a team of eight will draw from two to three tons
along a pretty good road.  Bullocks are very scarce here; none are to be
got under twenty pounds, while thirty pounds is no unusual price for a
good harness bullock.  They can do much more in harness than in bows and
yokes, but the expense of harness and the constant disorder into which
it gets, render it cheaper to use more bullocks in the simpler tackle.
Each bullock has its name, and knows it as well as a dog does his.
There is generally a tinge of the comic in the names given to them.
Many stations have a small mob of cattle from whence to draw their
working bullocks, so that a few more or a few less makes little or no
difference.  They are not fed with corn at accommodation-houses, as
horses are; when their work is done, they are turned out to feed till
dark, or till eight or nine o'clock.  A bullock fills himself, if on
pretty good feed, in about three or three and a half hours; he then lies
down till very early morning, at which time the chances are ten to one
that, awakening refreshed and strengthened, he commences to stray back
along the way he came, or in some other direction; accordingly, it is a
common custom, about eight or nine o'clock, to yard one's team, and turn
them out with the first daylight for another three or four hours' feed.
Yarding bullocks is, however, a bad plan.  They do their day's work of
from fifteen to twenty miles, or sometimes more, at one spell, and
travel at the rate of from two and a half to three miles an hour.

The road from Christ Church to Main's is metalled for about four and a
half miles; there are fences and fields on both sides, either laid down
in English grass or sown with grain; the fences are chiefly low ditch
and bank planted with gorse, rarely with quick, the scarcity of which
detracts from the resemblance to English scenery which would otherwise
prevail.  The copy, however, is slatternly compared with the original;
the scarcity of timber, the high price of labour, and the pressing
urgency of more important claims upon the time of the small
agriculturist, prevent him, for the most part, from attaining the spick-
and-span neatness of an English homestead.  Many makeshifts are
necessary; a broken rail or gate is mended with a piece of flax, so,
occasionally, are the roads.  I have seen the Government roads
themselves being repaired with no other material than stiff tussocks of
grass, flax, and rushes:  this is bad, but to a certain extent
necessary, where there is so much to be done and so few hands and so
little money with which to do it.

After getting off the completed portion of the road, the track commences
along the plains unassisted by the hand of man.  Before one, and behind
one, and on either hand, waves the yellow tussock upon the stony plain,
interminably monotonous.  On the left, as you go southward, lies Banks
Peninsula, a system of submarine volcanoes culminating in a flattened
dome, little more than 3000 feet high.  Cook called it Banks Island,
either because it was an island in his day, or because no one, to look
at it, would imagine that it was anything else.  Most probably the
latter is the true reason; though, as the land is being raised by
earthquakes, it is just possible that the peninsula may have been an
island in Cook's days, for the foot of the peninsula is very little
above the sea-level.  It is indeed true that the harbour of Wellington
has been raised some feet since the foundation of the settlement, but
the opinion here is general that it must have been many centuries since
the peninsula was an island.

On the right, at a considerable distance, rises the long range of
mountains which the inhabitants of Christ Church suppose to be the
backbone of the island, and which they call the Snowy Range.  The real
axis of the island, however, lies much farther back, and between it and
the range now in sight the land has no rest, but is continually steep up
and steep down, as if Nature had determined to try how much mountain she
could place upon a given space; she had, however, still some regard for
utility, for the mountains are rarely precipitous--very steep, often
rocky and shingly when they have attained a great elevation, but seldom,
if ever, until in immediate proximity to the West Coast range, abrupt
like the descent from the top of Snowdon towards Capel Curig or the
precipices of Clogwyn du'r arddu.  The great range is truly Alpine, and
the front range occasionally reaches an altitude of nearly 7000 feet.

The result of this absence of precipice is, that there are no waterfalls
in the front ranges and few in the back, and these few very
insignificant as regards the volume of the water.  In Switzerland one
has the falls of the Rhine, of the Aar, the Giesbach, the Staubbach, and
cataracts great and small innumerable; here there is nothing of the
kind, quite as many large rivers, but few waterfalls, to make up for
which the rivers run with an almost incredible fall.  Mount Peel is
twenty-five miles from the sea, and the river-bed of the Rangitata
underneath that mountain is 800 feet above the sea line, the river
running in a straight course though winding about in its wasteful river-
bed.  To all appearance it is running through a level plain.  Of the
remarkable gorges through which each river finds its way out of the
mountains into the plains I must speak when I take my dray through the
gorge of the Ashburton, though this is the least remarkable of them all;
in the meantime I must return to the dray on its way to Main's, although
I see another digression awaiting me as soon as I have got it two miles
ahead of its present position.

It is tedious work keeping constant company with the bullocks; they
travel so slowly.  Let us linger behind and sun ourselves upon a tussock
or a flax bush, and let them travel on until we catch them up again.

They are now going down into an old river-bed formerly tenanted by the
Waimakiriri, which then flowed into Lake Ellesmere, ten or a dozen miles
south of Christ Church, and which now enters the sea at Kaiapoi, twelve
miles north of it; besides this old channel, it has others which it has
discarded with fickle caprice for the one in which it happens to be
flowing at present, and which there appears some reason for thinking it
is soon going to tire of.  If it eats about a hundred yards more of its
gravelly bank in one place, the river will find an old bed several feet
lower than its present; this bed will conduct it into Christ Church.
Government had put up a wooden defence, at a cost of something like 2000
pounds, but there was no getting any firm starting-ground, and a few
freshes carried embankment, piles, and all away, and ate a large slice
off the bank into the bargain; there is nothing for it but to let the
river have its own way.  Every fresh changes every ford, and to a
certain extent alters every channel; after any fresh the river may shift
its course directly on to the opposite side of its bed, and leave Christ
Church in undisturbed security for centuries; or, again, any fresh may
render such a shift in the highest degree improbable, and sooner or
later seal the fate of our metropolis.  At present no one troubles his
head much about it, although a few years ago there was a regular panic
upon the subject.

These old river channels, or at any rate channels where portions of the
rivers have at one time come down, are everywhere about the plains, but
the nearer you get to a river the more you see of them; on either side
the Rakaia, after it has got clear of the gorge, you find channel after
channel, now completely grassed over for some miles, betraying the
action of river water as plainly as possible.  The rivers after leaving
their several gorges lie, as it were, on the highest part of a huge
fanlike delta, which radiates from the gorge down to the sea; the plains
are almost entirely, for many miles on either side the rivers, composed
of nothing but stones, all betraying the action of water.  These stones
are so closely packed, that at times one wonders how the tussocks and
fine, sweet undergrowth can force their way up through them, and even
where the ground is free from stones at the surface I am sure that at a
little distance below stones would be found packed in the same way.  One
cannot take one's horse out of a walk in many parts of the plains when
off the track--I mean, one cannot without doing violence to old-world
notions concerning horses' feet.

I said the rivers lie on the highest part of the delta; not always the
highest, but seldom the lowest.  There is reason to believe that in the
course of centuries they oscillate from side to side.  For instance,
four miles north of the Rakaia there is a terrace some twelve or
fourteen feet high; the water in the river is nine feet above the top of
this terrace.  To the eye of the casual observer there is no perceptible
difference between the levels, still the difference exists and has been
measured.  I am no geologist myself, but have been informed of this by
one who is in the Government Survey Office, and upon whose authority I
can rely.

The general opinion is that the Rakaia is now tending rather to the
northern side.  A fresh comes down upon a crumbling bank of sand and
loose shingle with incredible force, tearing it away hour by hour in
ravenous bites.  In fording the river one crosses now a considerable
stream on the northern side, where four months ago there was hardly any;
while after one has done with the water part of the story, there remains
a large extent of river-bed, in the process of gradually being covered
with cabbage-trees, flax, tussock, Irishman, and other plants and
evergreens; yet after one is once clear of the blankets (so to speak) of
the river-bed, the traces of the river are no fresher on the southern
than on the northern side, even if so fresh.

The plains, at first sight, would appear to have been brought down by
the rivers from the mountains.  The stones upon them are all water-worn,
and they are traversed by a great number of old water-courses, all
tending more or less from the mountains to the sea.  How, then, are we
to account for the deep and very wide channels cut by the rivers?--for
channels, it may be, more than a mile broad, and flanked on either side
by steep terraces, which, near the mountains, are several feet high?  If
the rivers cut these terraces, and made these deep channels, the plains
must have been there already for the rivers to cut them.  It must be
remembered that I write without any scientific knowledge.

How, again, are we to account for the repetition of the phenomenon
exhibited by the larger rivers, in every tributary, small or great, from
the glaciers to the sea?  They are all as like as pea to pea in
principle, though of course varying in detail.  Yet every trifling
watercourse, as it emerges from mountainous to level ground, presents
the same phenomenon, namely, a large gully, far too large for the water
which could ever have come down it, gradually widening out, and then
disappearing.  The general opinion here among the reputed cognoscenti
is, that all these gullies were formed in the process of the gradual
upheaval of the island from the sea, and that the plains were originally
sea-bottoms, slowly raised, and still slowly raising themselves.
Doubtless, the rivers brought the stones down, but they were deposited
in the sea.

The terraces, which are so abundant all over the back country, and which
rise, one behind another, to the number, it may be, of twenty or thirty,
with the most unpicturesque regularity (on my run there are fully
twenty), are supposed to be elevated sea-beaches.  They are to be seen
even as high as four or five thousand feet above the level of the sea,
and I doubt not that a geologist might find traces of them higher still.

Therefore, though, when first looking at the plains and river-bed flats
which are so abundant in the back country, one might be inclined to
think that no other agent than the rivers themselves had been at work,
and though, when one sees the delta below, and the empty gully above,
like a minute-glass after the egg has been boiled--the top glass empty
of the sand, and the bottom glass full of it--one is tempted to rest
satisfied; yet when we look closer, we shall find that more is wanted in
order to account for the phenomena exhibited, and the geologists of the
island supply that more, by means of upheaval.

I pay the tribute of a humble salaam to science, and return to my
subject.

We crossed the old river-bed of the Waimakiriri, and crawled slowly on
to Main's, through the descending twilight.  One sees Main's about six
miles off, and it appears to be about six hours before one reaches it.
A little hump for the house, and a longer hump for the stables.

The tutu not having yet begun to spring, I yarded my bullocks at Main's.
This demands explanation.  Tutu is a plant which dies away in the
winter, and shoots up anew from the old roots in spring, growing from
six inches to two or three feet in height, sometimes even to five or
six.  It is of a rich green colour, and presents, at a little distance,
something the appearance of myrtle.  On its first coming above the
ground it resembles asparagus.  I have seen three varieties of it,
though I am not sure whether two of them may not be the same, varied
somewhat by soil and position.  The third grows only in high situations,
and is unknown upon the plains; it has leaves very minutely subdivided,
and looks like a fern, but the blossom and seed are nearly identical
with the other varieties.  The peculiar property of the plant is, that,
though highly nutritious both for sheep and cattle when eaten upon a
tolerably full stomach, it is very fatal upon an empty one.  Sheep and
cattle eat it to any extent, and with perfect safety, when running loose
on their pasture, because they are then always pretty full; but take the
same sheep and yard them for some few hours, or drive them so that they
cannot feed, then turn them into tutu, and the result is that they are
immediately attacked with apoplectic symptoms, and die unless promptly
bled.  Nor does bleeding by any means always save them.  The worst of it
is, that when empty they are keenest after it, and nab it in spite of
one's most frantic appeals, both verbal and flagellatory.  Some say that
tutu acts like clover, and blows out the stomach, so that death ensues.
The seed-stones, however, contained in the dark pulpy berry, are
poisonous to man, and superinduce apoplectic symptoms.  The berry (about
the size of a small currant) is rather good, though (like all the New
Zealand berries) insipid, and is quite harmless if the stones are not
swallowed.  Tutu grows chiefly on and in the neighbourhood of sandy
river-beds, but occurs more or less all over the settlement, and causes
considerable damage every year.  Horses won't touch it.

As, then, my bullocks could not get tuted on being turned out empty, I
yarded them.  The next day we made thirteen miles over the plains to the
Waikitty (written Waikirikiri) or Selwyn.  Still the same monotonous
plains, the same interminable tussock, dotted with the same cabbage-
trees.

On the morrow, ten more monotonous miles to the banks of the Rakaia.
This river is one of the largest in the province, second only to the
Waitaki.  It contains about as much water as the Rhone above Martigny,
perhaps even more, but it rather resembles an Italian than a Swiss
river.  With due care, it is fordable in many places, though very rarely
so when occupying a single channel.  It is, however, seldom found in one
stream, but flows, like the rest of these rivers, with alternate periods
of rapid and comparatively smooth water every few yards.  The place to
look for a ford is just above a spit where the river forks into two or
more branches; there is generally here a bar of shingle with shallow
water, while immediately below, in each stream, there is a dangerous
rapid.  A very little practice and knowledge of each river will enable a
man to detect a ford at a glance.  These fords shift every fresh.  In
the Waimakiriri or Rangitata, they occur every quarter of a mile or
less; in the Rakaia, you may go three or four miles for a good one.
During a fresh, the Rakaia is not fordable, at any rate, no one ought to
ford it; but the two first-named rivers may be crossed, with great care,
in pretty heavy freshes, without the water going higher than the knees
of the rider.  It is always, however, an unpleasant task to cross a
river when full without a thorough previous acquaintance with it; then,
a glance at the colour and consistency of the water will give a good
idea whether the fresh is coming down, at its height, or falling.  When
the ordinary volume of the stream is known, the height of the water can
be estimated at a spot never before seen with wonderful correctness.
The Rakaia sometimes comes down with a run--a wall of water two feet
high, rolling over and over, rushes down with irresistible force.  I
know a gentleman who had been looking at some sheep upon an island in
the Rakaia, and, after finishing his survey, was riding leisurely to the
bank on which his house was situated.  Suddenly, he saw the river coming
down upon him in the manner I have described, and not more than two or
three hundred yards off.  By a forcible application of the spur, he was
enabled to reach terra firma, just in time to see the water sweeping
with an awful roar over the spot that he had been traversing not a
second previously.  This is not frequent:  a fresh generally takes four
or five hours to come down, and from two days to a week, ten days, or a
fortnight, to subside again.

If I were to speak of the rise of the Rakaia, or rather of the numerous
branches which form it; of their vast and wasteful beds; the glaciers
that they spring from, one of which comes down half-way across the
river-bed (thus tending to prove that the glaciers are descending, for
the river-bed is both ABOVE and BELOW the glacier); of the wonderful
gorge with its terraces rising shelf upon shelf, like fortifications,
many hundred feet above the river; the crystals found there, and the
wild pigs--I should weary the reader too much, and fill half a volume:
the bullocks must again claim our attention, and I unwillingly revert to
my subject.

On the night of our arrival at the Rakaia I did not yard the bullocks,
as they seemed inclined to stay quietly with some others that were about
the place; next morning they were gone.  Were they up the river, or down
the river, across the river, or gone back?  You are at Cambridge, and
have lost your bullocks.  They were bred in Yorkshire, but have been
used a good deal in the neighbourhood of Dorchester, and may have
consequently made in either direction; they may, however, have worked
down the Cam, and be in full feed for Lynn; or, again, they may be
snugly stowed away in a gully half-way between the Fitzwilliam Museum
and Trumpington.  You saw a mob of cattle feeding quietly about
Madingley on the preceding evening, and they may have joined in with
these; or were they attracted by the fine feed in the neighbourhood of
Cherryhinton?  Where shall you go to look for them?

Matters in reality, however, are not so bad as this.  A bullock cannot
walk without leaving a track, if the ground he travels on is capable of
receiving one.  Again, if he does not know the country in advance of
him, the chances are strong that he has gone back the way he came; he
will travel in a track if he happens to light on one; he finds it easier
going.  Animals are cautious in proceeding onwards when they don't know
the ground.  They have ever a lion in their path until they know it, and
have found it free from beasts of prey.  If, however, they have been
seen heading decidedly in any direction over-night, in that direction
they will most likely be found sooner or later.  Bullocks cannot go long
without water.  They will travel to a river, then they will eat, drink,
and be merry, and during that period of fatal security they will be
caught.

Ours had gone back ten miles, to the Waikitty; we soon obtained clues as
to their whereabouts, and had them back again in time to proceed on our
journey.   The river being very low, we did not unload the dray and put
the contents across in the boat, but drove the bullocks straight
through.  Eighteen weary monotonous miles over the same plains, covered
with the same tussock grass, and dotted with the same cabbage-trees.
The mountains, however, grew gradually nearer, and Banks Peninsula
dwindled perceptibly.  That night we made Mr. M-'s station, and were
thankful.

Again we did not yard the bullocks, and again we lost them.  They were
only five miles off, but we did not find them till afternoon, and lost a
day.  As they had travelled in all nearly forty miles, I had had mercy
upon them, intending that they should fill themselves well during the
night, and be ready for a long pull next day.  Even the merciful man
himself, however, would except a working bullock from the beasts who
have any claim upon his good feeling.  Let him go straining his eyes
examining every dark spot in a circumference many long miles in extent.
Let him gallop a couple of miles in this direction and the other, and
discover that he has only been lessening the distance between himself
and a group of cabbage-trees; let him feel the word "bullock" eating
itself in indelible characters into his heart, and he will refrain from
mercy to working bullocks as long as he lives.  But as there are few
positive pleasures equal in intensity to the negative one of release
from pain, so it is when at last a group of six oblong objects, five
dark and one white, appears in remote distance, distinct and
unmistakable.  Yes, they are our bullocks; a sigh of relief follows, and
we drive them sharply home, gloating over their distended tongues and
slobbering mouths.  If there is one thing a bullock hates worse than
another it is being driven too fast.  His heavy lumbering carcase is
mated with a no less lumbering soul.  He is a good, slow, steady,
patient slave if you let him take his own time about it; but don't hurry
him.  He has played a very important part in the advancement of
civilisation and the development of the resources of the world, a part
which the more fiery horse could not have played; let us then bear with
his heavy trailing gait and uncouth movements; only next time we will
keep him tight, even though he starve for it.  If bullocks be invariably
driven sharply back to the dray, whenever they have strayed from it,
they will soon learn not to go far off, and will be cured even of the
most inveterate vagrant habits.

Now we follow up one branch of the Ashburton, and commence making
straight for the mountains; still, however, we are on the same
monotonous plains, and crawl our twenty miles with very few objects that
can possibly serve as landmarks.  It is wonderful how small an object
gets a name in the great dearth of features.  Cabbage-tree hill, half-
way between Main's and the Waikitty, is an almost imperceptible rise
some ten yards across and two or three feet high:  the cabbage-trees
have disappeared.  Between the Rakaia and Mr. M-'s station is a place
they call the half-way gully, but it is neither a gully nor half-way,
being only a grip in the earth, causing no perceptible difference in the
level of the track, and extending but a few yards on either side of it.
So between Mr. M-'s and the next halting-place (save two sheep-stations)
I remember nothing but a rather curiously shaped gowai-tree, and a dead
bullock, that can form milestones, as it were, to mark progress.  Each
person, however, for himself makes innumerable ones, such as where one
peak in the mountain range goes behind another, and so on.

In the small River Ashburton, or rather in one of its most trivial
branches, we had a little misunderstanding with the bullocks; the
leaders, for some reason best known to themselves, slewed sharply round,
and tied themselves into an inextricable knot with the polars, while the
body bullocks, by a manoeuvre not unfrequent, shifted, or as it is
technically termed slipped, the yoke under their necks, and the bows
over; the off bullock turning upon the near side and the near bullock
upon the off.  By what means they do this I cannot explain, but believe
it would make a conjuror's fortune in England.  How they got the chains
between their legs and how they kicked to liberate themselves, how we
abused them, and, finally, unchaining them, set them right, I need not
here particularise; we finally triumphed, but this delay caused us not
to reach our destination till after dark.

Here the good woman of the house took us into her confidence in the
matter of her corns, from the irritated condition of which she argued
that bad weather was about to ensue.  The next morning, however, we
started anew, and, after about three or four miles, entered the valley
of the south and larger Ashburton, bidding adieu to the plains
completely.

And now that I approach the description of the gorge, I feel utterly
unequal to the task, not because the scene is awful or beautiful, for in
this respect the gorge of the Ashburton is less remarkable than most,
but because the subject of gorges is replete with difficulty, and I have
never heard a satisfactory explanation of the phenomena they exhibit.
It is not, however, my province to attempt this.  I must content myself
with narrating what I see.

First, there is the river, flowing very rapidly upon a bed of large
shingle, with alternate rapids and smooth places, constantly forking and
constantly reuniting itself like tangled skeins of silver ribbon
surrounding lozenge-shaped islets of sand and gravel.  On either side is
a long flat composed of shingle similar to the bed of the river itself,
but covered with vegetation, tussock, and scrub, with fine feed for
sheep or cattle among the burnt Irishman thickets.  The flat is some
half-mile broad on each side the river, narrowing as the mountains draw
in closer upon the stream.  It is terminated by a steep terrace.  Twenty
or thirty feet above this terrace is another flat, we will say
semicircular, for I am generalising, which again is surrounded by a
steeply sloping terrace like an amphitheatre; above this another flat,
receding still farther back, perhaps half a mile in places, perhaps
almost close above the one below it; above this another flat, receding
farther, and so on, until the level of the plain proper, or highest
flat, is several hundred feet above the river.  I have not seen a single
river in Canterbury which is not more or less terraced even below the
gorge.  The angle of the terrace is always very steep:  I seldom see one
less than 45 degrees.  One always has to get off and lead one's horse
down, except when an artificial cutting has been made, or advantage can
be taken of some gully that descends into the flat below.  Tributary
streams are terraced in like manner on a small scale, while even the
mountain creeks repeat the phenomena in miniature:  the terraces being
always highest where the river emerges from its gorge, and slowly
dwindling down as it approaches the sea, till finally, instead of the
river being many hundred feet below the level of the plains, as is the
case at the foot of the mountains, the plains near the sea are
considerably below the water in the river, as on the north side of the
Rakaia, before described.

Our road lay up the Ashburton, which we had repeatedly to cross and
recross.

A dray going through a river is a pretty sight enough when you are
utterly unconcerned in the contents thereof; the rushing water stemmed
by the bullocks and the dray, the energetic appeals of the driver to
Tommy or Nobbler to lift the dray over the large stones in the river,
the creaking dray, the cracking whip, form a tout ensemble rather
agreeable than otherwise.  But when the bullocks, having pulled the dray
into the middle of the river, refuse entirely to pull it out again; when
the leaders turn sharp round and look at you, or stick their heads under
the bellies of the polars; when the gentle pats on the forehead with the
stock of the whip prove unavailing, and you are obliged to have recourse
to strong measures, it is less agreeable:  especially if the animals
turn just after having got your dray half-way up the bank, and, twisting
it round upon a steeply inclined surface, throw the centre of gravity
far beyond the base:  over goes the dray into the water.  Alas, my
sugar! my tea! my flour! my crockery!  It is all over--drop the curtain.

I beg to state my dray did not upset this time, though the centre of
gravity fell far without the base:  what Newton says on that subject is
erroneous; so are those illustrations of natural philosophy, in which a
loaded dray is represented as necessarily about to fall, because a
dotted line from the centre of gravity falls outside the wheels.  It
takes a great deal more to upset a well-loaded dray than one would have
imagined, although sometimes the most unforeseen trifle will effect it.
Possibly the value of the contents may have something to do with it; but
my ideas are not yet fully formed upon the subject.

We made about seventeen miles and crossed the river ten times, so that
the bullocks, which had never before been accustomed to river-work,
became quite used to it, and manageable, and have continued so ever
since.

We halted for the night at a shepherd's hut:  awakening out of slumber I
heard the fitful gusts of violent wind come puff, puff, buffet, and die
away again; nor'-wester all over.  I went out and saw the unmistakable
north-west clouds tearing away in front of the moon.  I remembered Mrs.
W-'s corns, and anathematised them in my heart.

It may be imagined that I turned out of a comfortable bed, slipped on my
boots, and then went out; no such thing:  we were all lying in our
clothes with one blanket between us and the bare floor--our heads
pillowed on our saddle-bags.

The next day we made only three miles to Mr. P-'s station.  There we
unloaded the dray, greased it, and restored half the load, intending to
make another journey for the remainder, as the road was very bad.

One dray had been over the ground before us.  That took four days to do
the first ten miles, and then was delayed several weeks on the bank of
the Rangitata by a series of very heavy freshes, so we determined on
trying a different route:  we got farther on our first day than our
predecessor had done in two, and then Possum, one of the bullocks, lay
down (I am afraid he had had an awful hammering in a swampy creek where
he had stuck for two hours), and would not stir an inch; so we turned
them all adrift with their yokes on (had we taken them off we could not
have yoked them up again), whereat Possum began feeding in a manner
which plainly showed that there had not been much amiss with him.  But
during the interval that elapsed between our getting into the swampy
creek and getting out of it a great change had come over the weather.
While poor Possum was being chastised I had been reclining on the bank
hard by, and occasionally interceding for the unhappy animal, the men
were all at him (but what is one to do if one's dray is buried nearly to
the axle in a bog, and Possum won't pull?); so I was taking it easy,
without coat or waistcoat, and even then feeling as if no place could be
too cool to please me, for the nor'-wester was still blowing strong and
intensely hot, when suddenly I felt a chill, and looking at the lake
below saw that the white-headed waves had changed their direction, and
that the wind had chopped round to sou'-west.

We left the dray and went on some two or three miles on foot for the
purpose of camping where there was firewood.  There was a hut, too, in
the place for which we were making.  It was not yet roofed, and had
neither door nor window; but as it was near firewood and water we made
for it, had supper, and turned in.

In the middle of the night someone, poking his nose out of his blanket,
informed us that it was snowing, and in the morning we found it
continuing to do so, with a good sprinkling on the ground.  We thought
nothing of it, and, returning to the dray, found the bullocks, put them
to, and started on our way; but when we came above the gully, at the
bottom of which the hut lay, we were obliged to give in.  There was a
very bad creek, which we tried in vain for an hour or so to cross.  The
snow was falling very thickly, and driving right into the bullocks'
faces.  We were all very cold and weary, and determined to go down to
the hut again, expecting fine weather in the morning.  We carried down a
kettle, a camp oven, some flour, tea, sugar, and salt beef; also a novel
or two, and the future towels of the establishment, which wanted
hemming; also the two cats.  Thus equipped we went down the gulley, and
got back to the hut about three o'clock in the afternoon.  The gulley
sheltered us, and there the snow was kind and warm, though bitterly cold
on the terrace.  We threw a few burnt Irishman sticks across the top of
the walls, and put a couple of counterpanes over them, thus obtaining a
little shelter near the fire.  The snow inside the hut was about six
inches deep, and soon became sloppy, so that at night we preferred to
make a hole in the snow and sleep outside.

The fall continued all that night, and in the morning we found ourselves
thickly covered.  It was still snowing hard, so there was no stirring.
We read the novels, hemmed the towels, smoked, and took it
philosophically.  There was plenty of firewood to keep us warm.  By
night the snow was fully two feet thick everywhere, and in the drifts
five and six feet.  I determined that we would have some grog, and had
no sooner hinted the bright idea than two volunteers undertook the
rather difficult task of getting it.  The terrace must have been 150
feet above the hut; it was very steep, intersected by numerous gullies
filled with deeply drifted snow; from the top it was yet a full quarter
of a mile to the place where we had left the dray.  Still the brave
fellows, inspired with hope, started in full confidence, while we put
our kettle on the fire and joyfully awaited their return.  They had been
gone at least two hours, and we were getting fearful that they had
broached the cask and helped themselves too liberally on the way, when
they returned in triumph with the two-gallon keg, vowing that never in
their lives before had they worked so hard.  How unjustly we had
suspected them will appear in the sequel.

Great excitement prevailed over drawing the cork.  It was fast; it broke
the point of someone's knife.  "Shove it in," said I, breathless with
impatience; no--no--it yielded, and shortly afterwards, giving up all
opposition, came quickly out.  A tin pannikin was produced.  With a
gurgling sound out flowed the precious liquid.  "Halloa!" said one;
"it's not brandy, it's port wine."  "Port wine!" cried another; "it
smells more like rum."  I voted for its being claret; another moment,
however, settled the question, and established the contents of the cask
as being excellent vinegar.  The two unfortunate men had brought the
vinegar keg instead of the brandy.

The rest may be imagined.  That night, however, two of us were attacked
with diarrhoea, and the vinegar proved of great service, for vinegar and
water is an admirable remedy for this complaint.

The snow continued till afternoon the next day.  It then sulkily ceased,
and commenced thawing.  At night it froze very hard indeed, and the next
day a nor'-wester sprang up which made the snow disappear with the most
astonishing rapidity.  Not having then learnt that no amount of melting
snow will produce any important effect upon the river, and, fearing that
it might rise, we determined to push on:  but this was as yet
impossible.  Next morning, however, we made an early start, and got
triumphantly to our journey's end at about half-past ten o'clock.  My
own country, which lay considerably lower, was entirely free of snow,
while we learnt afterwards that it had never been deeper than four
inches.



CHAPTER VIII



Taking up the Run--Hut within the Boundary--Land Regulations--Race to
Christ Church--Contest for Priority of Application--Successful issue--
Winds and their Effects--Their conflicting Currents--Sheep crossing the
River.

There was a little hut on my run built by another person, and tenanted
by his shepherd.  G- had an application for 5,000 acres in the same
block of country with mine, and as the boundaries were uncertain until
the whole was surveyed, and the runs definitely marked out on the
Government maps, he had placed his hut upon a spot that turned out
eventually not to belong to him.  I had waited to see how the land was
allotted before I took it up.  Knowing the country well, and finding it
allotted to my satisfaction, I made my bargain on the same day that the
question was settled.  I took a tracing from the Government map up with
me, and we arrived on the run about a fortnight after the allotment.  It
was necessary for me to wait for this, or I might have made the same
mistake which G- had done.  His hut was placed where it was now of no
use to him whatever, but on the very site on which I had myself intended
to build.  It is beyond all possibility of doubt upon my run; but G- is
a very difficult man to deal with, and I have had a hard task to get rid
of him.  To allow him to remain where he was was not to be thought of:
but I was perfectly ready to pay him for his hut (such as it is) and his
yard.  Knowing him to be at P-'s, I set the men to their contract, and
went down next day to see him and to offer him any compensation for the
loss of his hut which a third party might arrange.  I could do nothing
with him; he threatened fiercely, and would hear no reason.  My only
remedy was to go down to Christ Church at once and buy the freehold of
the site from the Government.

The Canterbury regulations concerning the purchase of waste lands from
the Crown are among the very best existing.  They are all free to any
purchaser with the exception of a few Government reserves for certain
public purposes, as railway-township reserves, and so forth.  Every run-
holder has a pre-emptive right over 250 acres round his homestead, and
50 acres round any other buildings he may have upon his run.  He must
register this right, or it is of no avail.  By this means he is secured
from an enemy buying up his homestead without his previous knowledge.
Whoever wishes to purchase a sheep farmer's homestead must first give
him a considerable notice, and then can only buy if the occupant refuses
to do so at the price of 2 pounds an acre.  Of course the occupant would
NOT refuse, and the thing is consequently never attempted.  All the
rest, however, of any man's run is open to purchase at the rate of 2
pounds per acre.  This price is sufficient to prevent monopoly, and yet
not high enough to interfere with the small capitalist.  The sheep
farmer cannot buy up his run and stand in the way of the development of
the country, and at the same time he is secured from the loss of it
through others buying, because the price is too high to make it worth a
man's while to do so when so much better investments are still open.  On
the plains, however, many run-holders are becoming seriously uneasy even
at the present price, and blocks of 1000 acres are frequently bought
with a view to their being fenced in and laid down in English grasses.
In the back country this has not yet commenced, nor is it likely to do
so for many years.

But to return.  Firstly, G- had not registered any pre-emptive right,
and, secondly, if he had it would have been worthless, because his hut
was situated on my run and not on his own.  I was sure that he had not
bought the freehold; I was also certain that he meant to buy it.  So,
well knowing there was not a moment to lose, I went towards Christ
Church the same afternoon, and supped at a shepherd's hut three miles
lower down, and intended to travel quietly all night.

The Ashburton, however, was heavily freshed, and the night was pitch
dark.  After crossing and re-crossing it four times I was afraid to go
on, and camping down, waited for daylight.  Resuming my journey with
early dawn, I had not gone far when, happening to turn round, I saw a
man on horseback about a quarter of a mile behind me.  I knew at once
that this was G-, and letting him come up with me, we rode for some
miles together, each of us of course well aware of the other's
intentions, but too politic to squabble about them when squabbling was
no manner of use.  It was then early on the Wednesday morning, and the
Board sat on the following day.  A book is kept at the Land-Office
called the application-book, in which anyone who has business with the
Board enters his name, and his case is attended to in the order in which
his name stands.  The race between G- and myself was as to who should
first get his name down in this book, and secure the ownership of the
hut by purchasing the freehold of twenty acres round it.  We had nearly
a hundred miles to ride; the office closed at four in the afternoon, and
I knew that G- could not possibly be in time for that day; I had
therefore till ten o'clock on the following morning; that is to say,
about twenty-four hours from the time we parted company.  Knowing that I
could be in town by that time, I took it easily, and halted for
breakfast at the first station we came to.  G- went on, and I saw him no
more.

I feared that our applications would be simultaneous, or that we should
have an indecorous scuffle for the book in the Land Office itself.  In
this case, there would only have remained the unsatisfactory alternative
of drawing lots for precedence.  There was nothing for it but to go on,
and see how matters would turn up.  Before midday, and whilst still
sixty miles from town, my horse knocked-up completely, and would not go
another step.  G-'s horse, only two months before, had gone a hundred
miles in less than fifteen hours, and was now pitted against mine, which
was thoroughly done-up.  Rather anticipating this, I had determined on
keeping the tracks, thus passing stations where I might have a chance of
getting a fresh mount.  G- took a short cut, saving fully ten miles in
distance, but travelling over a very stony country, with no track.  A
track is a great comfort to a horse.

I shall never forget my relief when, at a station where I had already
received great kindness, I obtained the loan of a horse that had been
taken up that morning from a three-months' spell.  No greater service
could, at the time, have been rendered me, and I felt that I had indeed
met with a friend in need.

The prospect was now brilliant, save that the Rakaia was said to be very
heavily freshed.  Fearing I might have to swim for it, I left my watch
at M-'s, and went on with the satisfactory reflection that, at any rate,
if I could not cross, G- could not do so either.  To my delight,
however, the river was very low, and I forded it without the smallest
difficulty a little before sunset.  A few hours afterwards, down it
came.  I heard that G- was an hour ahead of me, but this was of no
consequence.  Riding ten miles farther, and now only twenty-five miles
from Christ Church, I called at an accommodation-house, and heard that
G- was within, so went on, and determined to camp and rest my horse.
The night was again intensely dark, and it soon came on to rain so
heavily that there was nothing for it but to start again for the next
accommodation-house, twelve miles from town.  I slept there a few hours,
and by seven o'clock next morning was in Christ Church.  So was G-.  We
could neither of us do anything till the Land Office opened at ten
o'clock.  At twenty minutes before ten I repaired thither, expecting to
find G- in waiting, and anticipating a row.  If it came to fists, I
should get the worst of it--that was a moral certainty--and I really
half-feared something of the kind.  To my surprise, the office-doors
were open--all the rooms were open--and on reaching that in which the
application-book was kept, I found it already upon the table.  I opened
it with trembling fingers, and saw my adversary's name written in bold
handwriting, defying me, as it were, to do my worst.

The clock, as the clerk was ready to witness, was twenty minutes before
ten.  I learnt from him also that G- had written his name down about
half an hour.  This was all right.  My course was to wait till after
ten, write my name, and oppose G-'s application as having been entered
unduly, and before office-hours.  I have no doubt that I should have
succeeded in gaining my point in this way, but a much easier victory was
in store for me.

Running my eye through the list of names, to my great surprise I saw my
own among them.  It had been entered by my solicitor, on another matter
of business, the previous day, but it stood next BELOW G-'s.  G-'s name,
then, had clearly been inserted unfairly, out of due order.  The whole
thing was made clear to the Commissioners of the Waste Lands, and I need
not say that I effected my purchase without difficulty.  A few weeks
afterwards, allowing him for his hut and yard, I bought G- out entirely.
I will now return to the Rangitata.

There is a large flat on either side of it, sloping very gently down to
the river-bed proper, which is from one to two miles across.  The one
flat belongs to me, and that on the north bank to another.  The river is
very easily crossed, as it flows in a great many channels; in a fresh,
therefore, it is still often fordable.  We found it exceedingly low, as
the preceding cold had frozen up the sources, whilst the nor'-wester
that followed was of short duration, and unaccompanied with the hot
tropical rain which causes the freshes.  The nor'-westers are vulgarly
supposed to cause freshes simply by melting the snow upon the back
ranges.  We, however, and all who live near the great range, and see the
nor'-wester while still among the snowy ranges, know for certain that
the river does not rise more than two or three inches, nor lose its
beautiful milky blue colour, unless the wind be accompanied with rain
upon the great range--rain extending sometimes as low down as the
commencement of the plains.  These rains are warm and heavy, and make
the feed beautifully green.

The nor'-westers are a very remarkable feature in the climate of this
settlement.  They are excessively violent, sometimes shaking the very
house; hot, dry, from having already poured out their moisture, and
enervating like the Italian sirocco.  The fact seems to be, that the
nor'-west winds come heated from the tropics, and charged with moisture
from the ocean, and this is precipitated by the ice-fields of the
mountains in deluges of rain, chiefly on the western side, but
occasionally extending some distance to the east.  They blow from two or
three hours to as many days, and if they last any length of time, are
generally succeeded by a sudden change to sou'-west--the cold, rainy, or
snowy wind.  We catch the nor'-west in full force, but are sheltered
from the sou'-west, which, with us, is a quiet wind, accompanied with
gentle drizzling but cold rain, and, in the winter, snow.

The nor'-wester is first descried on the river-bed.  Through the door of
my hut, from which the snowy range is visible, at our early breakfast, I
see a lovely summer's morning, breathlessly quiet, and intensely hot.
Suddenly a little cloud of dust is driven down the river-bed a mile and
a half off; it increases, till one would think the river was on fire,
and that the opposite mountains were obscured by volumes of smoke.
Still it is calm with us.  By and by, as the day increases, the wind
gathers strength, and, extending beyond the river-bed, gives the flats
on either side a benefit; then it catches the downs, and generally blows
hard till four or five o'clock, when it calms down, and is followed by a
cool and tranquil night, delightful to every sense.  If, however, the
wind does not cease, and it has been raining up the gorges, there will
be a fresh; and, if the rain has come down any distance from the main
range, it will be a heavy fresh; while if there has been a clap or two
of thunder (a very rare occurrence), it will be a fresh in which the
river will not be fordable.  The floods come and go with great rapidity.
The river will begin to rise a very few hours after the rain commences,
and will generally have subsided to its former level about forty-eight
hours after the rain has ceased.

As we generally come in for the tail-end of the nor'-western rains, so
we sometimes, though less frequently, get that of the sou'-west winds
also.  The sou'-west rain comes to us up the river through the lower
gorge, and is consequently sou'-east rain with us, owing to the
direction of the valley.  But it is always called sou'-west if it comes
from the southward at all.  In fact, there are only three recognised
winds, the north-west, the north-east, and the south-west, and I never
recollect perceiving the wind to be in any other quarter, saving from
local causes.  The north-east is most prevalent in summer, and blows
with delightful freshness during the greater part of the day, often
rendering the hottest weather very pleasant.

It is curious to watch the battle between the north-west and south-east
wind, as we often see it.  For some days, perhaps, the upper gorges may
have been obscured with dark and surging clouds, and the snowy ranges
hidden from view.  Suddenly the mountains at the lower end of the valley
become banked-up with clouds, and the sand begins to blow up the river-
bed some miles below, while it is still blowing down with us.  The
southerly "burster," as it is called, gradually creeps up, and at last
drives the other off the field.  A few chilly puffs, then a great one,
and in a minute or two the air becomes cold, even in the height of
summer.  Indeed, I have seen snow fall on the 12th of January.  It was
not much, but the air was as cold as in mid-winter.

The force of the south-west wind is here broken by the front ranges, and
on these it often leaves its rain or snow, while we are quite exempt
from either.  We frequently hear both of more rain and of more snow on
the plains than we have had, though my hut is at an elevation of 1840
feet above the level of the sea.  On the plains, it will often blow for
forty-eight hours, accompanied by torrents of pelting, pitiless rain,
and is sometimes so violent, that there is hardly any possibility of
making headway against it.  Sheep race before it as hard as they can go
helter-skelter, leaving their lambs behind them to shift for themselves.
There is no shelter on the plains, and, unless stopped by the shepherds,
they will drive from one river to the next.  The shepherds, therefore,
have a hard time of it, for they must be out till the wind goes down;
and the worse the weather the more absolutely necessary it is that they
should be with the sheep.  Different flocks not unfrequently join during
these gales, and the nuisance to both the owners is very great.

In the back country, sheep can always find shelter in the gullies, or
under the lee of the mountain.

We have here been singularly favoured with regard to snow this last
winter, for whereas I was absolutely detained by the snow upon the
plains on my way from Christ Church, because my horse would have had
nothing to eat had I gone on, when I arrived at home I found they had
been all astonishment as to what could possibly have been keeping me so
long away.

The nor'-westers sometimes blow even in mid-winter, but are most
frequent in spring and summer, sometimes continuing for a fortnight
together.

During a nor'-wester, the sand on the river-bed is blinding, filling
eyes, nose, and ears, and stinging sharply every exposed part.  I lately
had the felicity of getting a small mob of sheep into the river-bed
(with a view of crossing them on to my own country) whilst this wind was
blowing.  There were only between seven and eight hundred, and as we
were three, with two dogs, we expected to be able to put them through
ourselves.  We did so through the two first considerable streams, and
then could not get them to move on any farther.  As they paused, I will
take the opportunity to digress and describe the process of putting
sheep across a river.

The first thing is to carefully secure a spot fitted for the purpose,
for which the principal requisites are:  first, that the current set for
the opposite bank, so that the sheep will be carried towards it.  Sheep
cannot swim against a strong current, and if the stream be flowing
evenly down mid-channel, they will be carried down a long way before
they land; if, however, it sets at all towards the side from which they
started, they will probably be landed by the stream on that same side.
Therefore the current should flow towards the opposite bank.  Secondly,
there must be a good landing-place for the sheep.  A spot must not be
selected where the current sweeps underneath a hollow bank of gravel or
a perpendicular wall of shingle; the bank on to which the sheep are to
land must shelve, no matter how steeply, provided it does not rise
perpendicularly out of the water.  Thirdly, a good place must be chosen
for putting them in; the water must not become deep all at once, or the
sheep won't face it.  It must be shallow at the commencement, so that
they may have got too far to recede before they find their mistake.
Fourthly, there should be no tutu in the immediate vicinity of either
the place where the sheep are put into the river or that on to which
they are to come out; for, in spite of your most frantic endeavours, you
will be very liable to get some sheep tuted.  These requisites being
secured, the depth of the water is, of course, a matter of no moment;
the narrowness of the stream being a point of far greater importance.
These rivers abound in places combining every requisite.

The sheep being mobbed up together near the spot where they are intended
to enter the water, the best plan is to split off a small number, say a
hundred or hundred and fifty (a larger mob would be less easily
managed), dog them, bark at them yourself furiously, beat them, spread
out arms and legs to prevent their escaping, and raise all the
unpleasant din about their ears that you possibly can.  In spite of all
that you can do they will very likely break through you and make back;
if so, persevere as before, and in about ten minutes a single sheep will
be seen eyeing the opposite bank, and evidently meditating an attempt to
gain it.  Pause a moment that you interrupt not a consummation so
devoutly to be wished; the sheep bounds forward with three or four jumps
into midstream, is carried down, and thence on to the opposite bank;
immediately that one sheep has entered, let one man get into the river
below them, and splash water up at them to keep them from working lower
and lower down the stream and getting into a bad place; let another be
bringing up the remainder of the mob, so that they may have come up
before the whole of the leading body are over; if this be done they will
cross in a string of their own accord, and there will be no more trouble
from the moment when the first sheep entered the water.

If the sheep are obstinate and will not take the water, it is a good
plan to haul one or two over first, pulling them through by the near
hind leg; these will often entice the others, or a few lambs will
encourage their mothers to come over to them, unless indeed they
immediately swim back to their mothers:  the first was the plan we
adopted.

As I said, our sheep were got across the first two streams without much
difficulty; then they became completely silly.  The awful wind, so high
that we could scarcely hear ourselves talk, the blinding sand, the cold
glacier water, rendered more chilling by the strong wind, which,
contrary to custom, was very cold, all combined to make them quite
stupid; the little lambs stuck up their backs and shut their eyes and
looked very shaky on their legs, while the bigger ones and the ewes
would do nothing but turn round and stare at us.  Our dogs knocked-up
completely, and we ourselves were somewhat tired and hungry, partly from
night-watching and partly from having fasted since early dawn, whereas
it was now four o'clock.  Still we must get the sheep over somehow, for
a heavy fresh was evidently about to come down; the river was yet low,
and could we get them over before dark they would be at home.  I rode
home to fetch assistance and food; these arriving, by our united efforts
we got them over every stream, save the last, before eight o'clock, and
then it became quite dark, and we left them.  The wind changed from very
cold to very hot--it literally blew hot and cold in the same breath.
Rain came down in torrents, six claps of thunder (thunder is very rare
here) followed in succession about midnight, and very uneasy we all
were.  Next morning, before daybreak, we were by the river side; the
fresh had come down, and we crossed over to the sheep with difficulty,
finding them up to their bellies in water huddled up in a mob together.
We shifted them on to one of the numerous islands, where they were
secure, and had plenty of feed, and with great difficulty recrossed, the
river having greatly risen since we had got upon its bed.  In two days'
time it had gone down sufficiently to allow of our getting the sheep
over, and we did so without the loss of a single one.

I hardly know why I have introduced this into an account of a trip with
a bullock dray; it is, however, a colonial incident, such as might
happen any day.  In a life of continual excitement one thinks very
little of these things.  They may, however, serve to give English
readers a glimpse of some of the numerous incidents which, constantly
occurring in one shape or other, render the life of a colonist not only
endurable, but actually pleasant.



CHAPTER IX



Plants of Canterbury--Turnip--Tutu--Ferns--Ti Palm--Birds--Paradise
Duck--Tern--Quail--Wood Hen--Robin--Linnet--Pigeon--Moa--New Parroquet--
Quadrupeds--Eels--Insects--Weta--Lizards.

The flora of this province is very disappointing, and the absence of
beautiful flowers adds to the uninteresting character which too
generally pervades the scenery, save among the great Southern Alps
themselves.  There is no burst of bloom as there is in Switzerland and
Italy, and the trees being, with few insignificant exceptions, all
evergreen, the difference between winter and summer is chiefly
perceptible by the state of the grass and the temperature.  I do not
know one really pretty flower which belongs to the plains; I believe
there are one or two, but they are rare, and form no feature in the
landscape.  I never yet saw a blue flower growing wild here, nor indeed
one of any other colour but white or yellow; if there are such they do
not prevail, and their absence is sensibly felt.  We have no soldanellas
and auriculas, and Alpine cowslips, no brilliant gentians and anemones.
We have one very stupid white gentian; but it is, to say the least of
it, uninteresting to a casual observer.  We have violets, very like
those at home, but they are small and white, and have no scent.  We have
also a daisy, very like the English, but not nearly so pretty; we have a
great ugly sort of Michaelmas daisy too, and any amount of spaniard.  I
do not say but that by hunting on the peninsula, one might find one or
two beautiful species, but simply that on the whole the flowers are few
and ugly.  The only plant good to eat is Maori cabbage, and that is
swede turnip gone wild, from seed left by Captain Cook.  Some say it is
indigenous, but I do not believe it.  The Maoris carry the seed about
with them, and sow it wherever they camp.  I should rather write, USED
to sow it where they CAMPED, for the Maoris in this island are almost a
thing of the past.

The root of the spaniard, it should be added, will support life for some
little time.

Tutu (pronounced toot) is a plant which abounds upon the plains for some
few miles near the river-beds; it is at first sight not much unlike
myrtle, but is in reality a wholly different sort of plant; it dies down
in the winter, and springs up again from its old roots.  These roots are
sometimes used for firewood, and are very tough, so much so as not
unfrequently to break ploughs.  It is poisonous for sheep and cattle if
eaten on an empty stomach.

New Zealand is rich in ferns.  We have a tree-fern which grows as high
as twenty feet.  We have also some of the English species; among them I
believe the Hymenophyllum Tunbridgense, with many of the same tribe.  I
see a little fern which, to my eyes, is our English Asplenium
Trichomanes.  Every English fern which I know has a variety something
like it here, though seldom identical.  We have one to correspond with
the adder's tongue and moonwort, with the Adiantum nigrum and Capillus
Veneris, with the Blechnum boreale, with the Ceterach and Ruta muraria,
and with the Cystopterids.  I never saw a Woodsia here; but I think that
every other English family is represented, and that we have many more
besides.  On the whole, the British character of many of the ferns is
rather striking, as indeed is the case with our birds and insects; but,
with a few conspicuous exceptions, the old country has greatly the
advantage over us.

The cabbage-tree or ti palm is not a true palm, though it looks like
one.  It has not the least resemblance to a cabbage.  It has a tuft of
green leaves, which are rather palmy-looking at a distance, and which
springs from the top of a pithy, worthless stem, varying from one to
twenty or thirty feet in height.  Sometimes the stem is branched at the
top, and each branch ends in a tuft.  The flax and the cabbage-tree and
the tussock-grass are the great botanical features of the country.  Add
fern and tutu, and for the back country, spear-grass and Irishman, and
we have summed up such prevalent plants as strike the eye.

As for the birds, they appear at first sight very few indeed.  On the
plains one sees a little lark with two white feathers in the tail, and
in other respects exactly like the English skylark, save that he does
not soar, and has only a little chirrup instead of song.  There are also
paradise ducks, hawks, terns, red-bills, and sand-pipers, seagulls, and
occasionally, though very rarely, a quail.

The paradise duck is a very beautiful bird.  The male appears black,
with white on the wing, when flying:  when on the ground, however, he
shows some dark greys and glossy greens and russets, which make him very
handsome.  He is truly a goose, and not a duck.  He says "whiz" through
his throat, and dwells a long time upon the "z."  He is about the size
of a farmyard duck.  The plumage of the female is really gorgeous.  Her
head is pure white, and her body beautifully coloured with greens and
russets and white.  She screams, and does not say "whiz."  Her mate is
much fonder of her than she is of him, for if she is wounded he will
come to see what is the matter, whereas if he is hurt his base partner
flies instantly off and seeks new wedlock, affording a fresh example of
the superior fidelity of the male to the female sex.  When they have
young, they feign lameness, like the plover.  I have several times been
thus tricked by them.  One soon, however, becomes an old bird oneself,
and is not to be caught with such chaff any more.  We look about for the
young ones, clip off the top joint of one wing, and leave them; thus, in
a few months' time, we can get prime young ducks for the running after
them.  The old birds are very bad eating.  I rather believe they are
aware of this, for they are very bold, and come very close to us.  There
are two that constantly come within ten yards of my hut, and I hope mean
to build in the neighbourhood, for the eggs are excellent.  Being geese,
and not ducks, they eat grass.  The young birds are called flappers till
they can fly, and can be run down easily.

The hawk is simply a large hawk, and to the unscientific nothing more.
There is a small sparrow-hawk, too, which is very bold, and which will
attack a man if he goes near its nest.

The tern is a beautiful little bird about twice as big as a swallow, and
somewhat resembling it in its flight, but much more graceful.  It has a
black satin head, and lavender satin and white over the rest of its
body.  It has an orange bill and feet; and is not seen 4 in the back
country during the winter.

The red-bill is, I believe, identical with the oyster-catcher of the
Cornish coast.  It has a long orange bill, and orange feet, and is black
and white over the body.

The sand-piper is very like the lark in plumage.

The quail is nearly exterminated.  It is exactly like a small partridge,
and is most excellent eating.  Ten years ago it was very abundant, but
now it is very rarely seen.  The poor little thing is entirely
defenceless; it cannot take more than three flights, and then it is done
up.  Some say the fires have destroyed them; some say the sheep have
trod on their eggs; some that they have all been hunted down:  my own
opinion is that the wild cats, which have increased so as to be very
numerous, have driven the little creatures nearly off the face of the
earth.

There are wood hens also on the plains; but, though very abundant, they
are not much seen.  The wood hen is a bird rather resembling the
pheasant tribe in plumage, but not so handsome.  It has a long, sharp
bill and long feet.  It is about the size of a hen.  It cannot fly, but
sticks its little bob-tail up and down whenever it walks, and has a
curious Paul-Pry-like gait, which is rather amusing.  It is exceedingly
bold, and will come sometimes right into a house.  It is an arrant
thief, moreover, and will steal anything.  I know of a case in which one
was seen to take up a gold watch, and run off with it, and of another in
which a number of men, who were camping out, left their pannikins at the
camp, and on their return found them all gone, and only recovered them
by hearing the wood hens tapping their bills against them.  Anything
bright excites their greed; anything red, their indignation.  They are
reckoned good eating by some; but most people think them exceedingly
rank and unpleasant.  From fat wood hens a good deal of oil can be got,
and this oil is very valuable for almost anything where oil is wanted.
It is sovereign for rheumatics, and wounds or bruises; item for
softening one's boots, and so forth.  The egg is about the size of a
guinea fowl's, dirtily streaked, and spotted with a dusky purple; it is
one of the best eating eggs I have ever tasted.

I must not omit to mention the white crane, a very beautiful bird, with
immense wings, of the purest white; and the swamp hen, with a tail which
it is constantly bobbing up and down like the wood hen; it has a good
deal of bluish purple about it, and is very handsome.

There are other birds on the plains, especially about the river-beds,
but not many worthy of notice.

In the back country, however, we have a considerable variety.  I have
mentioned the kaka and the parroquet.

The robin is a pretty little fellow, in build and manners very like our
English robin, but tamer.  His plumage, however, is different, for he
has a dusky black tail coat and a pale canary-coloured waistcoat.  When
one is camping out, no sooner has one lit one's fire than several robins
make their appearance, prying into one's whole proceedings with true
robin-like impudence.  They have never probably seen a fire before, and
are rather puzzled by it.  I heard of one which first lighted on the
embers, which were covered with ashes; finding this unpleasant, he
hopped on to a burning twig; this was worse, so the third time he
lighted on a red-hot coal; whereat, much disgusted, he took himself off,
I hope escaping with nothing but a blistered toe.  They frequently come
into my hut.  I watched one hop in a few mornings ago, when the
breakfast things were set.  First he tried the bread--that was good;
then he tried the sugar--that was good also; then he tried the salt,
which he instantly rejected; and, lastly, he tried a cup of hot tea, on
which he flew away.  I have seen them light on a candle (not a lighted
one) and peck the tallow.  I fear, however, that these tame ones are too
often killed by the cats.  The tomtit is like its English namesake in
shape, but smaller, and with a glossy black head and bright yellow
breast.

The wren is a beautiful little bird, much smaller than the English one,
and with green about its plumage.

The tui or parson-bird is a starling, and has a small tuft of white
cravat-like feathers growing from his throat.  True to his starling
nature, he has a delicious voice.

We have a thrush, but it is rather rare.  It is just like the English,
save that it has some red feathers in its tail.

Our teal is, if not the same as the English teal, so like it, that the
difference is not noticeable.

Our linnet is a little larger than the English, with a clear, bell-like
voice, as of a blacksmith's hammer on an anvil.  Indeed, we might call
him the harmonious blacksmith.

The pigeon is larger than the English, and far handsomer.  He has much
white and glossy green shot with purple about him, and is one of the
most beautiful birds I ever saw.  He is very foolish, and can be noosed
with ease.  Tie a string with a noose at the end of it to a long stick,
and you may put it round his neck and catch him.  The kakas, too, will
let you do this, and in a few days become quite tame.

Besides these, there is an owl or two.  These are heard occasionally,
but not seen.  Often at night one hears a solemn cry of "More pork! more
pork! more pork!"  I have heard people talk, too, of a laughing jackass
(not the Australian bird of that name), but no one has ever seen it.

Occasionally we hear rumours of the footprint of a moa, and the Nelson
surveyors found fresh foot-tracks of a bird, which were measured for
fourteen inches.  Of this there can be little doubt; but since a wood
hen's foot measures four inches, and a wood hen does not stand higher
than a hen, fourteen inches is hardly long enough for the track of a
moa, the largest kind of which stood fifteen feet high.  We often find
some of their bones lying in a heap upon the ground, but never a perfect
skeleton.  Little heaps of their gizzard stones, too, are constantly
found.  They consist of very smooth and polished flints and cornelians,
with sometimes quartz.  The bird generally chose rather pretty stones.
I do not remember finding a single sandstone specimen of a moa gizzard
stone.  Those heaps are easily distinguished, and very common.  Few
people believe in the existence of a moa.  If one or two be yet living,
they will probably be found on the West Coast, that yet unexplored
region of forest which may contain sleeping princesses and gold in ton
blocks, and all sorts of good things.  A gentleman who lives at the
Kiakoras possesses a moa's egg; it is ten inches by seven.  It was
discovered in a Maori grave, and must have been considered precious at
the time it was buried, for the Maoris were accustomed to bury a man's
valuables with him.

I really know of few other birds to tell you about.  There is a good
sprinkling more, but they form no feature in the country, and are only
interesting to the naturalist.  There is the kiwi, or apteryx, which is
about as large as a turkey, but only found on the West Coast.  There is
a green ground parrot too, called the kakapo, a night bird, and hardly
ever found on the eastern side of the island.  There is also a very rare
and as yet unnamed kind of kaka, much larger and handsomer than the kaka
itself, of which I and another shot one of the first, if not the very
first, observed specimen.  Being hungry, far from home, and without
meat, we ate the interesting creature, but made a note of it for the
benefit of science.  Since then it has found its way into more worthy
hands, and was, a few months ago, sent home to be named.  Altogether, I
am acquainted with about seventy species of birds belonging to the
Canterbury settlement, and I do not think that there are many more.  Two
albatrosses came to my wool-shed about seven months ago, and a dead one
was found at Mount Peel not long since.  I did not see the former
myself, but my cook, who was a sailor, watched them for some time, and
his word may be taken.  I believe, however, that their coming so far
inland is a very rare occurrence here.

As for the quadrupeds of New Zealand, they are easily disposed of.
There are but two, a kind of rat, which is now banished by the Norway
rat, and an animal of either the otter or beaver species, which is known
rather by rumour than by actual certainty.

The fishes, too, will give us little trouble.  There are only a sort of
minnow and an eel.  This last grows to a great size, and is abundant
even in the clear, rapid, snow-fed rivers.  In every creek one may catch
eels, and they are excellent eating, if they be cooked in such a manner
as to get rid of the oil.


Try them spitchcocked or stewed,
They're too oily when fried,


as Barham says, with his usual good sense.  I am told that the other
night a great noise was heard in the kitchen of a gentleman with whom I
have the honour to be acquainted, and that the servants, getting up,
found an eel chasing a cat round about the room.  I believe this story.
The eel was in a bucket of water, and doomed to die upon the morrow.
Doubtless the cat had attempted to take liberties with him; on which a
sudden thought struck the eel that he might as well eat the cat as the
cat eat him; and he was preparing to suit the action to the word when he
was discovered.

The insects are insignificant and ugly, and, like the plants, devoid of
general interest.  There is one rather pretty butterfly, like our
English tortoiseshell.  There is a sprinkling of beetles, a few ants,
and a detestable sandfly, that, on quiet, cloudy mornings, especially
near water, is more irritating than can be described.  This little beast
is rather venomous; and, for the first fortnight or so that I was bitten
by it, every bite swelled up to a little hard button.  Soon, however,
one becomes case-hardened, and only suffers the immediate annoyance
consequent upon its tickling and pricking.  There is also a large
assortment of spiders.  We have, too, one of the ugliest-looking
creatures that I have ever seen.  It is called "weta," and is of tawny
scorpion-like colour with long antennae and great eyes, and nasty
squashy-looking body, with (I think) six legs.  It is a kind of animal
which no one would wish to touch:  if touched, it will bite sharply,
some say venomously.  It is very common, but not often seen, and lives
chiefly among dead wood and under stones.  In the North Island, I am
told that it grows to the length of three or four inches.  Here I never
saw it longer than an inch and a half.  The principal reptile is an
almost ubiquitous lizard.

Summing up, then, the whole of the vegetable and animal productions of
this settlement, I think that it is not too much to say that they are
decidedly inferior in beauty and interest to those of the old world.
You will think that I have a prejudice against the natural history of
Canterbury.  I assure you I have no such thing; and I believe that
anyone, on arriving here, would receive a similar impression with
myself.



CHAPTER X



Choice of a Run--Boundaries--Maoris--Wages--Servants--Drunkenness--
Cooking--Wethers--Choice of Homestead--Watchfulness required--Burning
the Country--Yards for Sheep--Ewes and Lambs--Lambing Season--Wool
Sheds--Sheep Washing--Putting up a Hut--Gardens--Farewell.

In looking for a run, some distance must be traversed; the country near
Christ Church is already stocked.  The waste lands are, indeed, said to
be wholly taken up throughout the colony, wherever they are capable of
supporting sheep.  It may, however, be a matter of some satisfaction to
a new settler to examine this point for himself, and to consider what he
requires in the probable event of having to purchase the goodwill of a
run, with the improvements upon it, which can hardly be obtained under
150 pounds per 1000 acres.

A river boundary is most desirable; the point above or below the
confluence of two rivers is still better, as there are then only two
sides to guard.  Stony ground must not be considered as an impediment;
grass grows between the stones, and a dray can travel upon it.  England
must have been a most impracticable country to traverse before metalled
roads were made.  Here the surface is almost everywhere a compact mass
of shingle; it is for the most part only near the sea that the shingle
is covered with soil.  Forest and swamp are much greater impediments to
a journey than a far greater distance of hard ground would prove.  A
river such as the Cam or Ouse would be far more difficult to cross
without bridges than the Rakaia or Rangitata, notwithstanding their
volume and rapidity; the former are deep in mud, and rarely have
convenient places at which to get in or out; while the latter abound in
them, and have a stony bed on which the wheels of your dray make no
impression.  The stony ground will carry a sheep to each acre and a half
or two acres.  Such diseases as foot-rot are unknown, owing probably to
the generally dry surface of the land.

There are few Maoris here; they inhabit the north island, and are only
in small numbers, and degenerate in this, so may be passed over
unnoticed.  The only effectual policy in dealing with them is to show a
bold front, and, at the same time, do them a good turn whenever you can
be quite certain that your kindness will not be misunderstood as a
symptom of fear.  There are no wild animals that will molest your sheep.
In Australia they have to watch the flocks night and day because of the
wild dogs.  The yards, of course, are not proof against dogs, and the
Australian shepherd's hut is built close against the yard; here this is
unnecessary.

Having settled that you will take up your country or purchase the lease
of it, you must consider next how to get a dray on to it.  Horses are
not to be thought of except for riding; you must buy a dray and
bullocks.  The rivers here are not navigable.

Wages are high.  People do not leave England and go to live at the
antipodes to work for the same wages which they had at home.  They want
to better themselves as well as you do, and, the supply being limited,
they will ask and get from 1 pound to 30s. a week besides their board
and billet.

You must remember you will have a rough life at first; there will be a
good deal of cold and exposure; a good deal of tent work; possibly a
fever or two; to say nothing of the seeds of rheumatism which will give
you something to meditate upon hereafter.

You and your men will have to be on rather a different footing from that
on which you stood in England.  There, if your servant were in any
respect what you did not wish, you were certain of getting plenty of
others to take his place.  Here, if a man does not find you quite what
he wishes, he is certain of getting plenty of others to employ him.  In
fact, he is at a premium, and soon finds this out.  On really good men
this produces no other effect than a demand for high wages.  They will
be respectful and civil, though there will be a slight but quite
unobjectionable difference in their manner toward you.  Bad men assume
an air of defiance which renders their immediate dismissal a matter of
necessity.  When you have good men, however, you must recognise the
different position in which you stand toward them as compared with that
which subsisted at home.  The fact is, they are more your equals and
more independent of you, and, this being the case, you must treat them
accordingly.  I do not advise you for one moment to submit to
disrespect; this would be a fatal error.  A man whose conduct does not
satisfy you must be sent about his business as certainly as in England;
but when you have men who DO suit you, you must, besides paying them
handsomely, expect them to treat you rather as an English yeoman would
speak to the squire of his parish than as an English labourer would
speak to him.  The labour markets will not be so bad but that good men
can be had, and as long as you put up with bad men it serves you right
to be the loser by your weakness.

Some good hands are very improvident, and will for the most part spend
their money in drinking, a very short time after they have earned it.
They will come back possibly with a DEAD HORSE TO WORK OFF--that is, a
debt at the accommodation house--and will work hard for another year to
have another drinking bout at the end of it.  This is a thing fatally
common here.  Such men are often first-rate hands and thoroughly good
fellows when away from drink; but, on the whole, saving men are perhaps
the best.  Commend yourself to a good screw for a shepherd; if he knows
the value of money he knows the value of lambs, and if he has contracted
the habit of being careful with his own money he will be apt to be so
with yours also.  But in justice to the improvident, it must be owned
they are often admirable men save in the one point of sobriety.

Their political knowledge is absolutely nil, and, were the colony to
give them political power, it might as well give gunpowder to children.

How many hands shall you want?

We will say a couple of good bush hands, who will put up your hut and
yards and wool-shed.  If you are in a hurry and have plenty of money you
can have more.  Besides these you will want a bullock driver and
shepherd, unless you are shepherd yourself.  You must manage the cooking
among you as best you can, and must be content to wash up yourself,
taking your full part in the culinary processes, or you will soon find
disaffection in the camp; but if you can afford to have a cook, have one
by all means.  It is a great nuisance to come in from a long round after
sheep and find the fire out and no hot water to make tea, and to have to
set to work immediately to get your men's supper; for they cannot earn
their supper and cook it at the same time.  The difficulty is that good
boys are hard to get, and a man that is worth anything at all will
hardly take to cooking as a profession.  Hence it comes to pass that the
cooks are generally indolent and dirty fellows, who don't like hard
work.  Your college education, if you have had one, will doubtless have
made you familiar with the art of making bread; you will now proceed to
discover the mysteries of boiling potatoes.  The uses of dripping will
begin to dawn upon you, and you will soon become expert in the
manufacture of tallow candles.  You will wash your own clothes, and will
learn that you must not boil flannel shirts, and experience will teach
you that you must eschew the promiscuous use of washing soda, tempting
though indeed it be if you are in a hurry.  If you use collars, I can
inform you that Glenfield starch is the only starch used in the
laundries of our most gracious Sovereign; I tell you this in confidence,
as it is not generally advertised.

To return to the culinary department.  Your natural poetry of palate
will teach you the proper treatment of the onion, and you will ere long
be able to handle that inestimable vegetable with the breadth yet
delicacy which it requires.  Many other things you will learn, which for
your sake as well as my own I will not enumerate here.  Let the above
suffice for examples.

At first your wethers will run with your ewes, and you will only want
one shepherd; but as soon as the mob gets up to two or three thousand
the wethers should be kept separate; you will then want another
shepherd.  As soon as you have secured your run you must buy sheep;
otherwise you lose time, as the run is only valuable for the sheep it
carries.  Bring sheep, shepherd, men, stores, all at one and the same
time.  Some wethers must be included in your purchase, otherwise you
will run short of meat, as none of your own breeding will be ready for
the knife for a year and a half, to say the least of it.  No wether
should be killed till it is two years old, and then it is murder to kill
an animal which brings you in such good interest by its wool, and would
even be better if suffered to live three years longer, when you will
have had its value in its successive fleeces.  It will, however, pay you
better to invest nearly all your money in ewes, and to kill your own
young stock, than to sink more capital than is absolutely necessary in
wethers.

Start your dray, then, from town and join it with your sheep on the way
up.  Your sheep will not travel more than ten miles a day if you are to
do them justice; so your dray must keep pace with them.  You will
generally find plenty of firewood on the track.  You can camp under the
dray at night.  In about a week you will get on to your run, and very
glad you will feel when you are safely come to the end of your journey.
See the horses properly looked to at once; then set up the tent, make a
good fire, put the kettle on, out with the frying-pan and get your
supper, smoke the calumet of peace, and go to bed.

The first question is, Where shall you place your homestead?  You must
put it in such a situation as will be most convenient for working the
sheep.  These are the real masters of the place--the run is theirs, not
yours:  you cannot bear this in mind too diligently.  All considerations
of pleasantness of site must succumb to this.  You must fix on such a
situation as not to cut up the run, by splitting off a little corner too
small to give the sheep free scope and room.  They will fight rather shy
of your homestead, you may be certain; so the homestead must be out of
their way.  You MUST, however, have water and firewood at hand, which is
a great convenience, to say nothing of the saving of labour and expense.
Therefore, if you can find a bush near a stream, make your homestead on
the lee side of it.  A stream is a boundary, and your hut, if built in
such a position, will interfere with your sheep as little as possible.

The sheep will make for rising ground and hill-side to camp at night,
and generally feed with their heads up the wind, if it is not too
violent.  As your mob increases, you can put an out-station on the other
side the run.

In order to prevent the sheep straying beyond your boundaries, keep ever
hovering at a distance round them, so far off that they shall not be
disturbed by your presence, and even be ignorant that you are looking at
them.  Sheep cannot be too closely watched, or too much left to
themselves.  You must remember they are your masters, and not you
theirs; you exist for them, not they for you.  If you bear this well in
mind, you will be able to turn the tables on them effectually at
shearing-time.  But if you once begin to make the sheep suit their
feeding-hours to your convenience, you may as well give up sheep-farming
at once.  You will soon find the mob begin to look poor, your percentage
of lambs will fall off, and in fact you will have to pay very heavily
for saving your own trouble, as indeed would be the case in every
occupation or profession you might adopt.

Of course you will have to turn your sheep back when they approach the
boundary of your neighbour.  Be ready, then, at the boundary.  You have
been watching them creeping up in a large semicircle toward the
forbidden ground.  As long as they are on their own run let them alone,
give them not a moment's anxiety of mind; but directly they reach the
boundary, show yourself with your dog in your most terrific aspect.
Startle them, frighten them, disturb their peace; do so again and again,
at the same spot, from the very first day.  Let them always have peace
on their own run, and none anywhere off it.  In a month or two you will
find the sheep begin to understand your meaning, and it will then be
very easy work to keep them within bounds.  If, however, you suffer them
to have half an hour now and then on the forbidden territory, they will
be constantly making for it.  The chances are that the feed is good on
or about the boundary, and they will be seduced by this to cross, and go
on and on till they are quite beyond your control.

You will have burnt a large patch of feed on the outset.  Burn it in
early spring, on a day when rain appears to be at hand.  It is dangerous
to burn too much at once:  a large fire may run farther than you wish,
and, being no respecter of imaginary boundaries, will cross on to your
neighbour's run without compunction and without regard to his sheep, and
then heavy damages will be brought against you.  Burn, however, you
must; so do it carefully.  Light one strip first, and keep putting it
out by beating it with leafy branches, This will form a fireproof
boundary between you and your neighbour.

Burnt feed means contented and well-conditioned sheep.  The delicately
green and juicy grass which springs up after burning is far better for
sheep than the rank and dry growth of summer after it has been withered
by the winter's frosts.  Your sheep will not ramble, for if they have
plenty of burnt pasture they are contented where they are.  They feed in
the morning, bunch themselves together in clusters during the heat of
the day, and feed again at night.

Moreover, on burnt pasture, no fire can come down upon you from your
neighbour so as to hurt your sheep.

The day will come when you will have no more occasion for burning, when
your run will be fully stocked, and the sheep will keep your feed so
closely cropped that it will do without it.  It is certainly a
mortification to see volumes of smoke rising into the air, and to know
that all that smoke might have been wool, and might have been sold by
you for 2s. a pound in England.  You will think it great waste, and
regret that you have not more sheep to eat it.  However, that will come
to pass in time; and meanwhile, if you have not mouths enough upon your
run to make wool of it, you must burn it off and make smoke of it
instead.  There is sure to be a good deal of rough scrub and brushwood
on the run, which is better destroyed, and which sheep would not touch;
therefore, for the ultimate value of your run, it is as well or better
that it should be fired than fed off.

The very first work to be done after your arrival will be to make a yard
for your sheep.  Make this large enough to hold five or six times as
many sheep as you possess at first.  It may be square in shape.  Place
two good large gates at the middle of either of the two opposite sides.
This will be sufficient at first, but, as your flocks increase, a
somewhat more complicated arrangement will be desirable.

The sheep, we will suppose, are to be thoroughly overhauled.  You wish,
for some reason, to inspect their case fully yourself, or you must tail
your lambs, in which case every lamb has to be caught, and you will cut
its tail off, and ear-mark it with your own earmark; or, again, you will
see fit to draft out all the lambs that are ready for weaning; or you
may wish to cull the mob, and sell off the worst-woolled sheep; or your
neighbour's sheep may have joined with yours; or for many other reasons
it is necessary that your flock should be closely examined.  Without
good yards it is impossible to do this well--they are an essential of
the highest importance.

Select, then, a site as dry and stony as possible (for your sheep will
have to be put into the yard over night), and at daylight in the morning
set to work.

  +-------------------------------------------+
  |           |    D  _________|              |
  |           | _____/         |              |
  |           |/     |         |              |
  GATE   F  GATE C GATE   B  GATE     A       GATE
  |           |\_____|         |              |
  |           |      \_________|              |
  |           |    E           |              |
  +-------------------------------------------+

Fill the yard B with sheep from the big yard A.  The yard B we will
suppose to hold about 600.  Fill C from B:  C shall hold about 100.
When the sheep are in that small yard C (which is called the drafting-
yard), you can overhaul them, and your men can catch the lambs and hold
them up to you over the rail of the yard to ear-mark and tail.  There
being but 100 sheep in the yard, you can easily run your eye over them.
Should you be drafting out sheep or taking your rams out, let the sheep
which you are taking out be let into the yards D and E.  Or, it may be,
you are drafting two different sorts of sheep at once; then there will
be two yards in which to put them.  When you have done with the small
mob, let it out into the yard F, taking the tally of the sheep as they
pass through the gate.  This gate, therefore, must be a small one, so as
not to admit more than one or two at a time.  It would be tedious work
filling the small yard C from the big one A; for in that large space the
sheep will run about, and it will take you some few minutes every time.
From the smaller yard B, however, C will easily be filled.  Among the
other great advantages of good yards, there is none greater than the
time saved.  This is of the highest importance, for the ewes will be
hungry, and their lambs will have sucked them dry; and then, as soon as
they are turned out of the yards, the mothers will race off after feed,
and the lambs, being weak, will lag behind; and the Merino ewe being a
bad mother, the two may never meet again, and the lamb will die.
Therefore it is essential to begin work of this sort early in the
morning, and to have yards so constructed as to cause as little loss of
time as possible.  I will not say that the plan given above is the very
best that could be devised, but it is common out here, and answers all
practical purposes.  The weakest point is in the approach to B from A.

As soon as you have done with the mob, let them out.  They will race off
helter-skelter to feed, and soon be spread out in an ever-widening fan-
like shape.  Therefore have someone stationed a good way off to check
their first burst, and stay them from going too far and leaving their
lambs; after a while, as you sit, telescope in hand, you will see the
ewes come bleating back to the yards for their lambs.  They have
satisfied the first cravings of their hunger, and their motherly
feelings are beginning to return.  Now, if the sheep have not been kept
a little together, the lambs may have gone off after the ewes, and some
few will then be pretty certain never to find their mothers again.  It
is rather a pretty sight to sit on a bank and watch the ewes coming
back.  There is sure to be a mob of a good many lambs sticking near the
yards, and ewe after ewe will come back and rush up affectionately to
one lamb after another.  A good few will try to palm themselves off upon
her.  If she is young and foolish, she will be for a short time in
doubt; if she is older and wiser, she will butt away the little
impostors with her head; but they are very importunate, and will stick
to her for a long while.  At last, however, she finds her true child,
and is comforted.  She kisses its nose and tail with the most
affectionate fondness, and soon the lost lamb is seen helping himself
lustily, and frolicking with his tail in the height of his contentment.
I have known, however, many cunning lambs make a practice of thieving
from the more inexperienced ewes, though they have mothers of their own;
and I remember one very beautiful and favourite lamb of mine, who, to my
great sorrow, lost its mother, but kept itself alive in this manner, and
throve and grew up to be a splendid sheep by mere roguery.  Such a case
is an exception, not a rule.

You may perhaps wonder how you are to know that your sheep are all
right, and that none get away.  You cannot be QUITE CERTAIN of this.
You may be pretty sure, however, for you will soon have a large number
of sheep with whom you are personally acquainted, and who have, from
time to time, forced themselves upon your attention either by peculiar
beauty or peculiar ugliness, or by having certain marks upon them.  You
will have a black sheep or two, and probably a long-tailed one or two,
and a sheep with only one eye, and another with a wart on its nose, and
so forth.  These will be your marked sheep, and if you find all of them
you may be satisfied that the rest are safe also.  Your eye will soon
become very accurate in telling you the number of a mob of sheep.

When the sheep are lambing they should not be disturbed.  You cannot
meddle with a mob of lambing ewes without doing them mischief.  Some one
or two lambs, or perhaps many more, will be lost every time you disturb
the flock.  The young sheep, until they have had their lambs a few days,
and learnt their value, will leave them upon the slightest provocation.
Then there is a serious moral injury inflicted upon the ewe:  she
becomes familiar with the crime of infanticide, and will be apt to leave
her next lamb as carelessly as her first.  If, however, she has once
reared a lamb, she will be fond of the next, and, when old, will face
anything, even a dog, for the sake of her child.

When, therefore, the sheep are lambing, you must ride or walk farther
round, and notice any tracks you may see:  anything rather than disturb
the sheep.  They must always lamb on burnt or green feed, and against
the best boundary you have, and then there will be the less occasion to
touch them.

Besides the yards above described, you will want one or two smaller ones
for getting the sheep into the wool-shed at shearing-time, and you will
also want a small yard for branding.  The wool-shed is a roomy covered
building, with a large central space, and an aisle-like partition on
each side.  These last will be for holding the sheep during the night.
The shearers will want to begin with daylight, and the dew will not yet
be off the wool if the sheep are exposed.  If wool is packed damp it
will heat and spoil; therefore a sufficient number of sheep must be left
under cover through the night to last the shearers till the dew is off.
In a wool-shed the aisles would be called skilions (whence the name is
derived I know not, nor whether it has two l's in it or one).  All the
sheep go into the skilions.  The shearers shear in the centre, which is
large enough to leave room for the wool to be stowed away at one end.
The shearers pull the sheep out of the skilions as they want them.  Each
picks the worst sheep, i.e. that with the least wool upon it, that
happens to be at hand at the time, trying to put the best-woolled sheep,
which are consequently the hardest to shear, upon someone else; and so
the heaviest-woolled and largest sheep get shorn the last.

A good man will shear 100 sheep in a day, some even more; but 100 is
reckoned good work.  I have known 195 sheep to be shorn by one man in a
day; but I fancy these must have been from an old and bare mob, and that
this number of well-woolled sheep would be quite beyond one man's power.
Sheep are not shorn so neatly as at home.  But supposing a man has a mob
of 20,000, he must get the wool off their backs as best he can without
carping at an occasional snip from a sheep's carcass.  If the wool is
taken close off, and only now and then a sheep snipped, there will be no
cause to complain.

Then follows the draying of the wool to port, and the bullocks come in
for their full share of work.  It is a pleasant sight to see the first
load of wool start down, but a far pleasanter to see the dray returning
from its last trip.

Shearing well over will be a weight off your mind.  This is your most
especially busy and anxious time of year, and when the wool is safely
down you will be glad indeed.

It may have been a matter of question with you, Shall I wash my sheep
before shearing or not?  If you wash them at all, you should do it
thoroughly, and take considerable pains to have them clean; otherwise
you had better shear in the grease, i.e. not wash.  Wool in the grease
weighs about one-third heavier, and consequently fetches a lower price
in the market.  When wool falls, moreover, the fall tells first upon
greasy wool.  Still many shear in the grease, and some consider it pays
them better to do so.  It is a mooted point, but the general opinion is
in favour of washing.

As soon as you have put up one yard, you may set to work upon a hut for
yourself and men.  This you will make of split wooden slabs set upright
in the ground, and nailed on to a wall-plate.  You will first plant
large posts at each of the corners, and one at either side every door,
and four for the chimney.  At the top of these you will set your wall-
plates; to the wall-plates you will nail your slabs; on the inside of
the slabs you will nail light rods of wood, and plaster them over with
mud, having first, however, put up the roof and thatched it.  Three or
four men will have split the stuff and put up the hut in a fortnight.
We will suppose it to be about 18 feet by 12.

By and by, as you grow richer, you may burn bricks at your leisure, and
eventually build a brick house.  At first, however, you must rough it.

You will set about a garden at once.  You will bring up fowls at once.
Pigs may wait till you have time to put up a regular stye, and to have
grown potatoes enough to feed them.  Two fat and well-tended pigs are
worth half a dozen half-starved wretches.  Such neglected brutes make a
place look very untidy, and their existence will be a burden to
themselves, and an eyesore to you.

In a year or two you will find yourself very comfortable.  You will get
a little fruit from your garden in summer, and will have a prospect of
much more.  You will have cows, and plenty of butter and milk and eggs;
you will have pigs, and, if you choose it, bees, plenty of vegetables,
and, in fact, may live upon the fat of the land, with very little
trouble, and almost as little expense.  If you grudge this, your fare
will be rather unvaried, and will consist solely of tea, mutton, bread,
and possibly potatoes.  For the first year, these are all you must
expect; the second will improve matters; and the third should see you
surrounded with luxuries.

If you are your own shepherd, which at first is more than probable, you
will find that shepherding is one of the most prosaic professions you
could have adopted.  Sheep will be the one idea in your mind; and as for
poetry, nothing will be farther from your thoughts.  Your eye will ever
be straining after a distant sheep--your ears listening for a bleat--in
fact, your whole attention will be directed, the whole day long, to
nothing but your flock.  Were you to shepherd too long your wits would
certainly go wool-gathering, even if you were not tempted to bleat.  It
is, however, a gloriously healthy employment.

And now, gentle reader, I wish you luck with your run.  If you have
tolerably good fortune, in a very short time you will be a rich man.
Hoping that this may be the case, there remains nothing for me but to
wish you heartily farewell.



Crossing the Rangitata



Suppose you were to ask your way from Mr. Phillips's station to mine, I
should direct you thus:  "Work your way towards yonder mountain; pass
underneath it between it and the lake, having the mountain on your right
hand and the lake on your left; if you come upon any swamps, go round
them or, if you think you can, go through them; if you get stuck up by
any creeks--a creek is the colonial term for a stream--you'll very
likely see cattle marks, by following the creek up and down; but there
is nothing there that ought to stick you up if you keep out of the big
swamp at the bottom of the valley; after passing that mountain follow
the lake till it ends, keeping well on the hill-side above it, and make
the end of the valley, where you will come upon a high terrace above a
large gully, with a very strong creek at the bottom of it; get down the
terrace, where you'll see a patch of burnt ground, and follow the river-
bed till it opens on to a flat; turn to your left and keep down the
mountain sides that run along the Rangitata; keep well near them and so
avoid the swamps; cross the Rangitata opposite where you see a large
river-bed coming into it from the other side, and follow this river-bed
till you see my hut some eight miles up it."  Perhaps I have thus been
better able to describe the nature of the travelling than by any other.
If one can get anything that can be manufactured into a feature and be
dignified with a name once in five or six miles, one is very lucky.

Well, we had followed these directions for some way, as far in fact as
the terrace, when, the river coming into full view, I saw that the
Rangitata was very high.  Worse than that, I saw Mr. Phillips and a
party of men who were taking a dray over to a run just on the other side
of the river, and who had been prevented from crossing for ten days by
the state of the water.  Among them, to my horror, I recognised my
cadet, whom I had left behind me with beef which he was to have taken
over to my place a week and more back; whereon my mind misgave me that a
poor Irishman who had been left alone at my place might be in a sore
plight, having been left with no meat and no human being within reach
for a period of ten days.  I don't think I should have attempted
crossing the river but for this.  Under the circumstances, however, I
determined at once on making a push for it, and accordingly taking my
two cadets with me and the unfortunate beef that was already putrescent-
-it had lain on the ground in a sack all the time--we started along
under the hills and got opposite the place where I intended crossing by
about three o'clock.  I had climbed the mountain side and surveyed the
river from thence before approaching the river itself.  At last we were
by the water's edge.  Of course, I led the way, being as it were
patronus of the expedition, and having been out some four months longer
than either of my companions; still, having never crossed any of the
rivers on horseback in a fresh, having never seen the Rangitata in a
fresh, and being utterly unable to guess how deep any stream would take
me, it may be imagined that I felt a certain amount of caution to be
necessary, and accordingly, folding my watch in my pocket-handkerchief
and tying it round my neck in case of having to swim for it
unexpectedly, I strictly forbade the other two to stir from the bank
until they saw me safely on the other side.  Not that I intended to let
my horse swim, in fact I had made up my mind to let my old Irishman wait
a little longer rather than deliberately swim for it.  My two companions
were worse mounted than I was, and the rushing water might only too
probably affect their heads.  Mine had already become quite indifferent
to it, though it had not been so at first.  These two men, however, had
been only a week in the settlement, and I should have deemed myself
highly culpable had I allowed them to swim a river on horseback, though
I am sure both would have been ready enough to do so if occasion
required.

As I said before, at last we were on the water's edge; a rushing stream
some sixty yards wide was the first instalment of our passage.  It was
about the colour and consistency of cream and soot, and how deep?  I had
not the remotest idea; the only thing for it was to go in and see.  So
choosing a spot just above a spit and a rapid--at such spots there is
sure to be a ford, if there is a ford anywhere--I walked my mare quickly
into it, having perfect confidence in her, and, I believe, she having
more confidence in me than some who have known me in England might
suppose.  In we went; in the middle of the stream the water was only a
little over her belly (she is sixteen hands high); a little farther, by
sitting back on my saddle and lifting my feet up I might have avoided
getting them wet, had I cared to do so, but I was more intent on having
the mare well in hand, and on studying the appearance of the remainder
of the stream than on thinking of my own feet just then; after that the
water grew shallower rapidly, and I soon had the felicity of landing my
mare on the shelving shingle of the opposite bank.  So far so good; I
beckoned to my companions, who speedily followed, and we all then
proceeded down the spit in search of a good crossing place over the next
stream.  We were soon beside it, and very ugly it looked.  It must have
been at least a hundred yards broad--I think more, but water is so
deceptive that I dare not affix any certain width.  I was soon in it,
advancing very slowly above a slightly darker line in the water, which
assured me of its being shallow for some little way; this failing, I
soon found myself descending into deeper water, first over my boots for
some yards, then over the top of my gaiters for some yards more.  This
continued so long that I was in hopes of being able to get entirely
over, when suddenly the knee against which the stream came was entirely
wet, and the water was rushing so furiously past me that my poor mare
was leaning over tremendously.  Already she had begun to snort, as
horses do when they are swimming, and I knew well that my companions
would have to swim for it even though I myself might have got through.
So I very gently turned her head round down stream and quietly made back
again for the bank which I had left.  She had got nearly to the shore,
and I could again detect a darker line in the water, which was now not
over her knees, when all of a sudden down she went up to her belly in a
quicksand, in which she began floundering about in fine style.  I was
off her back and into the water that she had left in less time than it
takes to write this.  I should not have thought of leaving her back
unless sure of my ground, for it is a canon in river crossing to stick
to your horse.  I pulled her gently out, and followed up the dark line
to the shore where my two friends were only too glad to receive me.  By
the way, all this time I had had a companion in the shape of a cat in a
bag, which I was taking over to my place as an antidote to the rats,
which were most unpleasantly abundant there.  I nursed her on the pommel
of my saddle all through this last stream, and save in the episode of
the quicksand she had not been in the least wet.  Then, however, she did
drop in for a sousing, and mewed in a manner that went to my heart.  I
am very fond of cats, and this one is a particularly favourable
specimen.  It was with great pleasure that I heard her purring through
the bag, as soon as I was again mounted and had her in front of me as
before.

So I failed to cross this stream there, but, determined if possible to
get across the river and see whether the Irishman was alive or dead, we
turned higher up the stream and by and by found a place where it
divided.  By carefully selecting a spot I was able to cross the first
stream without the waters getting higher than my saddle-flaps, and the
second scarcely over the horse's belly.  After that there were two
streams somewhat similar to the first, and then the dangers of the
passage of the river might be considered as accomplished--the dangers,
but not the difficulties.  These consisted in the sluggish creeks and
swampy ground thickly overgrown with Irishman, snow-grass, and spaniard,
which extend on either side the river for half a mile and more.  But to
cut a long story short we got over these too, and then we were on the
shingly river-bed which leads up to the spot on which my hut is made and
my house making.  This river was now a brawling torrent, hardly less
dangerous to cross than the Rangitata itself, though containing not a
tithe of the water, the boulders are so large and the water so powerful.
In its ordinary condition it is little more than a large brook; now,
though not absolutely fresh, it was as unpleasant a place to put a horse
into as one need wish.  There was nothing for it, however, and we
crossed and recrossed it four times without misadventure, and finally
with great pleasure I perceived a twinkling light on the terrace where
the hut was, which assured me at once that the old Irishman was still in
the land of the living.  Two or three vigorous "coo-eys" brought him
down to the side of the creek which bounds my run upon one side.



Footnotes:

{1}  Project Gutenberg note:  the edition of the book from which this
eText was transcribed contained a number of other, unrelated, pieces.
These have been transcribed and are available as separate eTexts.  The
pieces on Darwin are in the eText "Pieces on Darwin" and the minor
pieces written whilst Butler was at Cambridge University, England, are
in the eText "Cambridge Pieces".--DP.

{2}  See Preface.

{3}  August, 1862.--Since writing the above, matters have somewhat
changed.  Firstly, Ewes are fully worth 30s. a head, and are not to be
had under.  Secondly, The diggings in Otago have caused the value of
wethers to rise, and as they are now selling at 33s. on the runs of the
Otago station (I quote the Lyttelton Times, which may be depended upon),
and those runs are only very partially stocked, the supply there must in
all probability fall short of the demand.  The price of sheep in this
settlement is therefore raised also, and likely to continue high.  All
depends upon what this next spring may bring forth upon the Otago gold-
fields.  If they keep up the reputation which they sustained until the
winter caused the diggers to retreat, the price will be high for some
few years longer; if they turn out a failure, it MUST fall before very
long.  Still, there is a large and increasing population in Canterbury,
and as its sheep-feeding area is as nothing compared with that of
Australia, we do not expect sheep here ever to fall as low as they did
there before the diggings.  Indeed, they hardly can do so; for our sheep
are larger than the Australian, and clip a much heavier fleece, so that
their fleece, and skins, and tallow must be of greater value.  Should
means be found of converting the meat into portable soup, the carcase of
the sheep ought, even at its lowest value, to be considerably higher
than 10s.  Nothing is heard about this yet, for the country is not
nearly stocked, so that the thing is not needed; but one would, a
priori, be under the impression that there should ultimately be no
insuperable difficulty in rescuing the meat from waste.  It is a matter
which might well attract the attention of scientific men in England.  We
should all be exceedingly obliged to them if they would kindly cause
sheep to be as high as 15s. or 17s. seven years hence, and I can see no
reason why, if the meat could be made use of, they should fall lower.
In other respects, what I have written about sheep on terms is true to
the present day.

{4}  The above is true to the present day (August, 1862), save that a
higher price must be given for the goodwill of a run, and that sheep are
fully 30s. a head.  Say 8000 pounds instead of 6000 pounds, and the rest
will stand.  8000 pounds should do the thing handsomely.