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[Illustration: [_Frontispiece._

THE RIGHT HON. LORD STANLEY, K.C.V.O., C.B., M.P.

_(Postmaster-General.)_]




The King's Post

Being a volume of historical facts relating to
the Posts, Mail Coaches, Coach Roads,
and Railway Mail Services of and
connected with the Ancient
City of Bristol from 1580
to the present
time.

BY

R.C. TOMBS, I.S.O.


_Ex-Controller of the London Postal Service, and late
Surveyor-Postmaster of Bristol_;

Author of "The London Postal Service of To-day" "Visitors'
Handbook to General Post Office, London"
"The Bristol Royal Mail."

Bristol

W.C. HEMMONS, PUBLISHER, ST. STEPHEN STREET.

1905

2nd Edit., 1906. Entered Stationers' Hall.




TO

THE RIGHT HON. LORD STANLEY,

K.C.V.O., C.B., M.P.,

HIS MAJESTY'S POSTMASTER-GENERAL,

THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED

AS A TESTIMONY OF HIGH

APPRECIATION OF HIS DEVOTION

TO THE PUBLIC SERVICE AT

HOME AND ABROAD,

BY

HIS FAITHFUL SERVANT,

THE AUTHOR.




PREFACE.


When in 1899 I published the "Bristol Royal Mail," I scarcely supposed
that it would be practicable to gather further historical facts of local
interest sufficient to admit of the compilation of a companion book to
that work. Such, however, has been the case, and much additional
information has been procured as regards the Mail Services of the
District.

Perhaps, after all, that is not surprising as Bristol is a very ancient
city, and was once the second place of importance in the kingdom, with
necessary constant mail communication with London, the seat of
Government.

I am, therefore, enabled to introduce to notice "The King's Post," with
the hope that it will prove interesting and find public support equal
to that generously afforded to its forerunner, which treated of Mail and
Post Office topics from earliest times.

I have been rendered very material assistance in my researches by Mr.
J.A. Housden, late of the Savings Bank Department, G.P.O., London; also
by Mr. L.C. Kerans, ex-postmaster of Bath, and Messrs. S.I. Toleman and
G.E. Chambers, ex-assistant Superintendents of the Bristol Post Office.

I have gathered many interesting facts from "Stage Coach and Mail," by
Mr. C.G. Harper, to whom I express hearty indebtedness; and I am also
under deep obligation to Mr. Edward Bennett, Editor of the "St.
Martin's-le-Grand Magazine," and the Assistant Editor, Mr. Hatswell, for
much valuable assistance.

    R.C.T.

    BRISTOL, _September, 1905_.




CONTENTS.


    CHAPTER I.

    THE EARLIEST BRISTOL POSTS, 1580.--FOOT AND
    RUNNING POSTS.--THE FIRST BRISTOL POSTMASTERS:
    ALLEN AND TEAGUE, 1644-1660.--THE POST
    HOUSE.--EARLIEST LETTERS, 1662.                    _Page_ 1

    CHAPTER II.

    THE POST HOUSE AT THE DOLPHIN INN, IN DOLPHIN
    STREET, BRISTOL, 1662.--EXCHANGE AVENUE AND
    SMALL STREET POST OFFICES, BRISTOL.                _Page_ 8

    CHAPTER III.

    ELIZABETHAN POST TO BRISTOL.--THE QUEEN'S
    PROGRESS, 1574.                                   _Page_ 16

    CHAPTER IV.

    THE ROADS.--THE COACH.--MR. JOHN PALMER'S
    MAIL COACH INNOVATIONS, 1660-1818.                _Page_ 22

    CHAPTER V.

    APPRECIATIONS OF RALPH ALLEN, JOHN PALMER,
    AND SIR FRANCIS FREELING, MAIL AND COACH
    ADMINISTRATORS.                                   _Page_ 45

    CHAPTER VI.

    BRISTOL MAIL COACH ANNOUNCEMENTS, 1802, 1830.--THE
    NEW GENERAL POST OFFICE, LONDON.                  _Page_ 62

    CHAPTER VII.

    THE BRISTOL AND PORTSMOUTH MAIL FROM 1772
    ONWARDS.--PROJECTED SOUTH COAST RAILWAY
    FROM BRISTOL, 1903.--THE BRISTOL TO SALISBURY
    POSTBOY HELD UP.--MAIL COACH ACCIDENTS.--LUKE
    KENT AND RICHARD GRIFFITHS, THE MAIL
    GUARDS.                                           _Page_ 75

    CHAPTER VIII.

    THE BUSH TAVERN, BRISTOL'S FAMOUS COACHING
    INN, AND JOHN WEEKS, ITS WORTHY BONIFACE,
    1775-1819.--THE WHITE LION COACHING HOUSE,
    BRISTOL, ISAAC NIBLETT.--THE WHITE HART, BATH.    _Page_ 93

    CHAPTER IX.

    TOLL GATES AND GATE KEEPERS.                      _Page_ 110

    CHAPTER X.

    DARING ROBBERIES OF THE BRISTOL MAIL BY
    HIGHWAYMEN, 1726-1781.--BILL NASH, MAIL COACH
    ROBBER, CONVICT, AND RICH COLONIST, 1832.--BURGLARIES
    AT POST OFFICES IN LONDON AND
    BRISTOL, 1881-1901.                               _Page_ 119

    CHAPTER XI.

    MANCHESTER AND LIVERPOOL MAILS.--FROM COACH
    TO RAIL.--THE WESTERN RAILROAD.--POST OFFICE
    ARBITRATION CASE.                                 _Page_ 141

    CHAPTER XII.

    PRIMITIVE POST OFFICE.--FIFTH CLAUSE POSTS.--MAIL
    CART IN A RHINE.--EFFECT OF GALES ON
    POST AND TELEGRAPH SERVICE.                       _Page_ 151

    CHAPTER XIII.

    BRISTOL REJUVENATED.--VISIT OF PRINCE OF WALES
    IN CONNECTION WITH THE NEW BRISTOL DOCK.--BRISTOL-JAMAICAN
    MAIL SERVICE.--AMERICAN MAILS.--BRISTOL SHIP LETTER
    MAILS.--THE REDLAND POST OFFICE.--THE MEDICAL
    OFFICER.--BRISTOL TELEGRAPHISTS IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN
    WAR.--LORD STANLEY, K.C.V.O., C.B., M.P.--MR.
    J. PAUL BUSH, C.M.G.                              _Page_ 160

    CHAPTER XIV.

    SMALL (THE POST OFFICE) STREET, BRISTOL: ITS
    ANCIENT HISTORY, INFLUENTIAL RESIDENTS, HISTORIC
    HOUSES; THE CANNS; THE EARLY HOME OF THE
    ELTON FAMILY.                                     _Page_ 175

    CHAPTER XV.

    THE POST OFFICE TRUNK TELEPHONE SYSTEM AT
    BRISTOL.                                          _Page_ 195

    CHAPTER XVI.

    THE POST OFFICE BENEVOLENT SOCIETY: ITS ANNUAL
    MEETING AT BRISTOL.--POST OFFICE SPORTS:
    TERRIBLE MOTOR CYCLE ACCIDENT.--BRISTOL POST
    OFFICE IN DARKNESS.                               _Page_ 199

    CHAPTER XVII.

    QUAINT ADDRESSES.--THE DEAN'S PECULIAR
    SIGNATURE.--AMUSING INCIDENTS AND THE POSTMAN'S
    KNOCK.--HUMOROUS APPLICATIONS.                    _Page_ 223

    CHAPTER XVIII.

    POSTMASTERS-GENERAL (RT. HON. A. MORLEY AND
    THE MARQUIS OF LONDONDERRY) VISIT BRISTOL.--THE
    POSTMASTER OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS.--THE
    KING'S NEW POSTAGE STAMPS.--CORONATION
    OF KING EDWARD VII.--LOYALTY OF POST OFFICE
    STAFF.--MRS. VARNAM-COGGAN'S CORONATION
    POEM.                                             _Page_ 232




ILLUSTRATIONS.


                                                                TO FACE
                                                                 PAGE

    1. THE RT. HON. LORD STANLEY, K.C.V.O., C.B.,
       M.P.                                                 _Frontispiece._

    2. THE OLD POST HOUSE IN DOLPHIN STREET, BRISTOL                7

    3. THE BRISTOL POST OFFICE, 1750-1868                           9

    4. THE BRISTOL POST OFFICE AS ENLARGED IN 1889                 15

    5. A STATE COACH OF THE PERIOD OF KING CHARLES I.              23

    6. THE BATH AND BRISTOL WAGGON                                 25

    7. JOHN PALMER AT THE AGE OF 17                                27

    8. THE OLD LETTER WOMAN                                        29

    9. THE OLD GENERAL POST OFFICE IN LOMBARD STREET, LONDON       31

    10. ANTHONY TODD                                               35

    11. JOHN PALMER AT THE AGE OF 75                               44

    12. MEDAL STRUCK IN HONOUR OF RALPH ALLEN                      49

    13. MAIL COACH TOKENS                                          51

    14. BIRTHPLACE OF SIR FRANCIS FREELING                         53

    15. THE OLD BRISTOL POST OFFICE IN EXCHANGE AVENUE             60

    16. HOW THE MAILS WERE CONVEYED TO BRISTOL IN THE DAYS OF
        KING GEORGE IV.                                            69

    17. THE BRISTOL AND LONDON COACH TAKING UP MAILS WITHOUT
        HALTING                                                    72

    18. THE GENERAL POST OFFICE, LONDON, IN 1830                   74

    19. MAIL COACH GUARD'S POST HORN                               90

    20. AVON TRIMOBILE MOTOR VAN                                   92

    21.  MURAL TABLET TO JOHN WEEKS                                95

    22.  THE OLD WHITE LION COACHING INN, BROAD STREET,
         BRISTOL                                                  107

    23. MR. STANLEY WHITE'S COACH                                 108

    24. MR. STANLEY WHITE'S MOTOR CAR                             108

    25. BAGSTONE TURNPIKE HOUSE                                   111

    26. CHARFIELD TURNPIKE HOUSE                                  112

    27. WICKWAR ROAD TURNPIKE HOUSE                               114

    28. WOTTON-UNDER-EDGE TURNPIKE HOUSE                          116

    29. ST. MICHAEL'S HILL TURNPIKE HOUSE                         117

    30. STANTON DREW TURNPIKE HOUSE                               119

    31. THE WHITE HART COACHING INN, BATH                         132

    32. OLD POST OFFICE, WESTBURY-ON-TRYM                         136

    33. PRIMITIVE GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY TRAIN                     143

    34. BRISTOL AND EXETER TRAIN, 1844                            145

    35. GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY ENGINE: "LA FRANCE"                 148

    36. HORTON THATCHED POST OFFICE                               152

    37. EARLY BRISTOL POST MARKS                                  154

    38. SIR ALFRED JONES, K.C.M.G.                                160

    39. THE "PORT KINGSTON"                                       161

    40. THE "PORT ROYAL"                                          162

    41. MR. F.P. LANSDOWN                                         171

    42. MR. J. PAUL BUSH, C.M.G.                                  174

    43. ELTON MANSION                                             177

    44. SIR ABRAHAM ELTON                                         184

    45. LADY ELTON                                                185

    46. GARGOYLE IN ELTON MANSION                                 188

    47. ANCIENT CHIMNEY-PIECE                                     191

    48. EDWARD COLSTON                                            192

    49. CHARLES II.                                               193

    50. KING CHARLES, FLIGHT OF                                   194

    51. COLUMBIA STAMPING MACHINE                                 198

    52. POSTMASTER OF BRISTOL _(The Author)_                      211

    53. QUAINTLY ADDRESSED ENVELOPES                              224

    54. PRUDENT MAN'S FUND RECEIPT NOTE                           231

    55. ADDRESS TO THE KING                                       241




CHAPTER I.

THE EARLIEST BRISTOL POSTS, 1580.--FOOT AND RUNNING POSTS.--THE FIRST
BRISTOL POSTMASTERS: ALLEN AND TEAGUE, 1644-1660.--THE POST
HOUSE.--EARLIEST LETTERS, 1662.


The difficulty in Queen Elizabeth's time of communicating with persons
at a distance from Bristol before the establishment of a post office is
illustrated by the following item from the City Chamberlain's
accounts:--

"1580, August. Paid to Savage, the foot post, to go to Wellington with a
letter to the Recorder touching the holding of the Sessions, and if not
there to go to Wimborne Minster, where he has a house, where he found
him, and returned with a letter; which post was six days upon that
journey in very foul weather, and I paid him for his pains 13s. 4d."

The next record of a person performing postman's work in Bristol is that
of 1615, when the City Chamberlain paid a tradesman 12s. "for cloth to
make Packer, the foot post, a coat." In 1616, Packer was sent by the
same official to Brewham to collect rents, and was paid 3s. 8d. for a
journey, out and home, of 60 miles. This system of a foot post to
collect money in King James the First's reign appears to be an early
application of the somewhat analogous plan, which of recent years has
been under departmental consideration as "C.O.D.," or collection of
business and trade charges by the postman on delivery of parcels--an
exemplification of there being nothing new under the sun!

That travelling and the conveyance of letters was difficult in 1626 is
evident from the fact that nearly £60 was spent in setting up wooden
posts along the highway and causeway at Kingswood, for the guidance of
travellers, the tracks being then unenclosed, so that the "foot post"
must have had no enviable task on his journeys. In October, 1637, John
Freeman was appointed "thorough post" at Bristol, and ordered to provide
horses for all men riding post on the King's affairs of King Charles I:
Letters were not to be detained more than half a quarter of an hour,
and the carriers were to run seven miles an hour in summer, and five in
winter. A Government "running post" from London to Bristol and other
towns was ordered on July 31st, 1638. No messengers were thenceforth to
run to and from Bristol except those appointed by Thomas Withering, but
letters were allowed to be sent by common carriers, or by private
messengers passing between friends. The postage was fixed at twopence
for under 80 miles, and at fourpence for under 140 miles.

In 1644 Lord Hopton "commanded" the grant of the freedom of Bristol to
one Richard Allen, "Postmaster-General." In August, 1643, Lord Hopton
was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Bristol, and held that appointment
until 1645, when Fairfax took the city. Probably Allen was
Postmaster-General of Bristol, and his authority may have extended to
other parts of the country that were held by the King's forces. Prideaux
was appointed Master of the Posts by Parliament, and his jurisdiction
extended as far as the country was under the control of Parliament, as
distinguished from such parts of England as adhered to the King. In
1644, however, very few places--Bristol was one of them--still adhered
to Charles. At an earlier stage of the civil war special posts had been
arranged for the King's service, and it is thought Bristol was one of
the places to which these special posts were arranged.

In the Calendar of State Papers, under the year 1660, there is a
complaint against one "Teig," an anabaptist Postmaster of Bristol, who
broke open letters directed to the King's friends.

The complaint against him appears to have been very seriously considered
by the authorities, and it induced his friends to take up the cudgels in
his behalf as indicated by the following memorials:--

"To the Hon. John Weaver, Esq.: of the Council of State: Honoured
Sir--Having so fit a Messenger I would not omit to acquaint you what a
sad state and condition we are fallen into: How the good old cause is
now sunke and a horrid spirit of Prophaneous Malignity and revenge is
risen up Trampling on all those who have the face of godlinesse and have
been of ye Parliamt party insoemuch that if the Lord doe not interpose
I doubt a Mascare will follow."

"Sir--I have a request to make in the behalfe of this Bearer Mr Teage
who is an honest faithfull sober man That you would stead him what you
can about his continuance in the Post Office for this Citty. I beleive
it will be but for a short continuance for I beleive that few honnest
men in England shall have any place of trust or profit. The Cavilears
Threaten a rooting out all Suddamly Thus with the tender of my old love
and reall respects to you I take leave and Rest Your most humble and
obliged servant, Ja Powell Bristoll this 14th April 60."

"To the Right Honble the Comittee appointed by the Councill of State
for the Management of the Poste affaire Whereas John Teage who hath
formerly beene actually in Armes for ye Parliamt and since that being
an Inhabitant of this Citty hath beene Postmaster here for many years
last past He being a person well qualified and capable for such an
imploiment We doe therefore humbly recomend him to your Honors to be
continued in his said place And we doubt not of his faithfull management
thereof

    "Given under our hands at Bristoll this 14th
    "day of Aprill 1660. Edwd. Tyson (?) _Mayr._
    "Henry Gibbes _Aldm_ Robert Yates _Aldm_
    "James Parsons Ch (?) Dooney George Lane,
      Junior, J. Holwey Nehe Cotting
    "Andrew Hooke James Powell Richd Baugh
      Tho. Deane Robert Hann
    "James Phelps (?) Abell Kelly."
      (Two other names undecipherable.)

Having regard to the looseness of the spelling at that period, it is he,
no doubt, who is mentioned later on as the "Mr. Teague" at the Dolphin,
to whose care a Mr. Browne's letter was addressed in 1671. If Teig or
Teague did continue at his post until 1671 he must have renounced his
Anabaptist opinions and conformed, for no Postmaster was to remain in
the service unless he was conformable to the discipline of the Church of
England.

Evans mentions in his Chronological History, under 1663, a letter
addressed: "To Mr. John Hellier, at his house in Corn Street, in Bristol
Citty," from which it may be inferred that a postman was then employed
for deliveries in the principal streets.

[Illustration: THE OLD POST-HOUSE IN DOLPHIN STREET, BRISTOL.]

In the Broadmead Chapel Records (1648-1687), published in 1847, and now
in the Baptist College, there is mention, at page 126, of a letter of
Mr. Robert Browne, "To my much revered brother, Mr. Terrill, at his
house in Bristol. To be left with Mr. Mitchell, near the Post Office."
The letter was dated Worcester, 15 d. 1 m. 1670-1, and signed Robert
Browne, with this foot-note, "I am forced to send now by way of London."
A second letter of Mr. Browne, sent in April, 1671, is mentioned
likewise. It is addressed "To my respected friend Mr. Terrill, at his
house in Bristol. To be left with Mr. Teague at the Dolphin, in
Bristol," and begins "My dear Brother, I hope you have receeived both
mine, that one sent by the way of London, the other by the trow from
Worcester."




CHAPTER II.

THE POST HOUSE AT THE DOLPHIN INN, IN DOLPHIN STREET, BRISTOL,
1662.--EXCHANGE AVENUE AND SMALL STREET POST OFFICES, BRISTOL.


That a Bristol Post-house existed early in the reign of King Charles II.
is indicated by a letter preserved at the Bristol Museum Library, which
was sent in August of 1662 from Oxford, and is addressed: "This to be
left at the Post-house in Bristol for my honoured landlord, Thomas Gore,
Esquire, living at Barrow in Somerset. Post paid to London."

The Dolphin Inn was for several years--even down to 1700--the Bristol
Post-house, and it was there that the postboys stabled their horses. The
inn long afterwards gave its name to Dolphin Street, which the street
still retains. It is believed the inn stood near the low buildings with
large gateway, in Dolphin Street, shown in the illustration. These
premises at the time the picture was drawn, in about 1815, had become
the stables of the Bush Inn in Corn Street, long celebrated as Bristol's
most famous coaching inn. The site has, until quite recently, been used
in connection with the carrying business.

[Illustration: THE BRISTOL POST OFFICE, 1750-1868.]

In 1700 the first actual Post Office was built. It was erected in All
Saints' Lane, and was held by one Henry Pine, as Postmaster. This Post
Office served the city's purpose until 1742, when the site was required
in connection with the building of the Exchange, and the Post Office was
transferred to Small Street. In September of that year (1742), an
advertisement describes the best boarding school for boys in Bristol as
being kept in Small Street by Mr. John Jones, in rooms "over the
Post-house." What kind of building this was is uncertain, as there is no
picture of it obtainable. Indeed, the first traceable illustration of a
Bristol Post Office is the engraving, a copy of which is here
reproduced, depicting the building erected in 1750, at the corner of the
Exchange Avenue as it appeared in 1805, when it was described as "a
handsome freestone building, situated on the west side of the Exchange,
to which it forms a side wing, projecting some feet forward in the
street; on the east side being another building answerable thereto."
These premises served as the Post Office for the long period of 118
years.

The first half of the present Bristol Post Office premises in Small
Street was occupied by Messrs. Freeman and Brass and Copper Company.

As a matter of history, a copy of the abstract of conveyance may,
perhaps, be fittingly introduced. It sets forth the particulars of the
uses to which the site was originally put before taken by the Post
Office.

"21st December, 1865.--By Indenture between the Bristol City Chambers
Company, Limited, (thereinafter called the Company) of the one part, and
the Right Honourable Edward John Lord Stanley of Alderley, Her Majesty's
Postmaster General for the time being, of the other part

"It is witnessed that in consideration of £8,000 paid by the said
Postmaster General to the said Company the said Company did thereby
grant and convey unto Her Majesty's Postmaster General his successors
and assigns--

"Firstly All that plot piece or parcel of ground situate in the Parish
of St.-Werburgh in the City of Bristol on the South West side of and
fronting to Small Street aforesaid specified in the plan drawn in the
margin of the first Skin of abstracting Indenture said piece of land
being therein distinguished by an edging of red color which said plot of
ground formed the site of a certain messuage warehouses and buildings
recently pulled down which said premises were in certain Deeds dated
13th February, 1861, described as 'All that messuage or Warehouse
situate on the South West side of and fronting to Small Street in the
City of Bristol then lately in the occupation of Messrs. Turpin &
Langdon Book Binders but then void and also all those Warehouses
Counting-house Rooms Yard and Buildings situate lying and being behind
and adjoining to the said last named messuage or Warehouse and then and
for some time past in the occupation of Messrs. John Freeman and Copper
Company and used by them for the purposes of their Co-partnership trade
and business.' Secondly, All that plot piece or parcel of ground
adjoining the heredits firstly thereinbefore described on the North
West side thereof and also fronting to Small Street aforesaid and
specified on the said plan and therein distinguished by an edging of
blue color which said plot of ground formed the site of certain premises
also then recently pulled down which said premises were in certain Deeds
dated 13th February 1861 described as "All that messuage or
dwelling-house formerly in the holding of Thomas Edwards Linen Draper
since that of William Lewis Tailor afterwards and for many years of John
Powell Rich then of George Smith as Tenants to Messrs. Bright & Daniel
afterwards of Daniel George but then unoccupied situate and being No. 6
in Small Street in the Parish of St.-Werburgh in the City of Bristol
between a messuage or tenement formerly in the possession of Messrs.
Harford & Coy. Iron Merchants but then of the Bristol Water Works
Company on or towards the north part and a Coach-house yard and premises
then formerly in the occupation of Richard Bright and Thomas Daniel and
then Co-partners trading under the Firm of the Bristol Copper Company
but then the property of the said James Ford on the South part and
extending from said Street called Small Street on the East part backward
to the West unto part of the ground built on by the said Copper Company
the Wall between the Warehouse and said messuage."

When, in the year 1867, the plan for this new Post Office building in
Small Street had been prepared and Treasury authority obtained for the
expenditure of a sum of £8,000 in the erection of the building, the
Inland Revenue Department asked for accommodation in the structure, and
it was arranged that its staff should be lodged on the first floor of
the new building. The building itself had, therefore, to be carried to a
greater height than had originally been contemplated. This alteration
cost £3,000. There is still evidence in the building of the occupation
of the Inland Revenue staff, iron gates and spiked barriers in the first
floor passage to cut off their rooms from the Post Office section still
remaining.

The authorities of the Post Office accepted tenders in September, 1887,
for the demolition of certain premises known as "New Buildings" and for
the erection thereon of additional premises for the accommodation of
the growing Postal staff. The work began on the 26th September. The cost
of the new wing was estimated at £16,000. Beneath the superstructure
there were two tiers of ancient cellars, one below the other, forming
part of the original mediæval mansion once owned by the Creswick family;
and the removal of these was attended with much difficulty. The new
building was opened for business on the 4th November, 1889.

In Parliament. Session 1903. Post Office (Acquisition of Sites) Power to
the Postmaster-General to acquire Lands, Houses, and Buildings in
Bristol for the service of the Post Office. Notice is hereby given that
application is intended to be made to Parliament in the next session for
an Act for the following purposes or some of them (that is to say):--To
empower His Majesty's Postmaster-General (hereinafter called 'the
Postmaster-General') to acquire for the service of the Post Office, by
compulsory purchase or otherwise, the lands, houses, and buildings
hereinafter described, that is to say:--

"Bristol: (Extension of Head Post Office). Certain lands, houses,
offices, buildings and premises situate in the parish of St. Werburgh,
in the city and county of Bristol, in the county of Gloucester, and
lying on the south-west side of Small Street, and the east side of St.
Leonards Lane."

[Illustration: [_By permission of "The Bristol Observer."_

THE BRISTOL POST OFFICE AS ENLARGED IN 1889.]

Thus commenced a portentous notice which appeared in a Bristol
newspaper, and had reference to the Bristol Water Works premises being
acquired for the further enlargement of the Post Office buildings.

The superficial area of the ground on which the Bristol Post Office
stands is a little over 17,000 square feet. The new site joins the
present Post Office structure, and has a frontage of 88 feet to Small
Street. Its area is 11,715 superficial feet, so that the enlargement
will be considerable but by no means excessive, having regard to the
extremely rapid development of the Bristol Post Office business.




CHAPTER III.

ELIZABETHAN POST TO BRISTOL.--THE QUEEN'S PROGRESS, 1574.


Particulars are on record respecting a very early Post from the Court of
Queen Elizabeth to Bristol. At that period it occupied more days for the
Monarch to travel in Sovereign State to Bristol than it does hours in
these days of Great Western "fliers." It seems that Queen Elizabeth made
a Progress to Bristol in 1574. She travelled from London by way of
Woodstock and Berkeley. She arrived at Bristol, August 14, 1574, and had
a splendid and elaborate reception:--

"Before the Queen left Bristol she knighted her host, John Young, who,
in return for the honour done him, gave her a jewel containing rubies
and diamonds, and ornamented with a Phoenix and Salamander. She did
not get quit of the city until after she had listened to many weary
verses describing the tears and sorrows of the citizens at her
departure, and their earnest prayer for her prosperity. From Bristol she
travelled to Sir T. Thynne's, at Longleat, and from Longleat across
Salisbury Plain to the Earl of Pembroke's, at Wilton, where she arrived
September 3rd."

The British Museum records show that in 1580 Ireland was in rebellion. A
Spanish-Italian force of eight hundred men had been sent, with at least
the connivance of Philip II. of Spain, to assist the rebels, and the
English Government was compelled to hurry reinforcements and supplies to
Ireland. These reinforcements and supplies went by way of Bristol, and
it was at that juncture of affairs that a post was established between
London, or Richmond, where the Court was, and Bristol. This post, if not
actually the first, was certainly one of the earliest posts to Bristol.

At a meeting of the Privy Council held September 26, 1580, a warrant was
issued "to Robert Gascoigne for laying of post horses between London and
Bristol, requiring Her Majesty's officers to be assisting unto him in
this service." A warrant was also issued "to Sir Thomas Heneage,
Knight, Treasurer of her Majesty's Chamber, to pay unto Robert Gascoigne
the sum of ten pounds to be employed about the service of laying post
horses between London and Bristol."

The duty of laying this post was not entrusted to the Master of the
Posts, Thomas Randolph, but to Gascoigne, the Postmaster of the Court,
who usually arranged the posts rendered necessary by Queen Elizabeth's
progresses through her dominions. Gascoigne afterwards furnished an
account of what he had done to carry out the Order of the Privy Council,
and from this document, which is preserved at the Record Office in
London, it seems that the post travelled from Richmond, or London, to
Hounslow, and thence to Maidenhead (16 miles), Newbury (21 miles),
Marlborough (16 miles), Chippenham (22 miles), and thence to Bristol (20
miles). The cost of the post for a month of 28 days is stated to have
been £14 9s.; but it does not appear if this amount is in addition to
the £10 ordered to be paid to Gascoigne for laying the post; nor is
there anything to show how often the post travelled, or for how long it
was maintained; Gascoigne describes it as an "extraordinary" post. At
that time the only ordinary posts were from London to Berwick, Holyhead,
and Dover respectively. It is, perhaps, as well to add that these posts
were the Queen's posts, and were only intended for the conveyance of
persons travelling on her service or of packets sent on her business,
though other persons used the posts for travelling and for sending
letters.

Several complaints were made by Leonard Dutton and another against
Robert Gascoigne, Postmaster of the Court, in respect of abuses
connected with the posts thus laid down for Queen Elizabeth's use while
on a "Progress." The complainants charged Gascoigne with neglect of
duty, laying posts to suit his own convenience, delaying letters, making
improper charges, and stopping something for himself out of money he
should have paid in wages, etc. Among the papers relating to this affair
is a copy of part of Gascoigne's account, of which the following is a
transcript:--

THE OFFICE OF THE POSTE.

In the office of William Dodington, Esquire, Auditor of Her Matie.
Impreste, in the bill of accompt for Her Matie poste among other things
is contained the following:

"Robert Gascoigne's bill for the laying of the extraordinary post on Her
Majesty's Progress.

"BRISTOLL.--Thomas Hoskins and a constable entered post at Bristol for
serving x. days begun xiij. of August until the xxij. of the same month,
half days included, at ij.s. per diem.

    "xx.s.

"MANGOTSFIELD.--Philip Alsop and John Alsop, post at Mangotsfield for
serving v. days begun the xviij. of August and ended the xxij. of the
same month, half days included, at ij.s. per diem.

    "x.s.

"CHIPPENHAM.--John Barnby and Leonard Woodland entered post at
Chippenham for serving x. days begun the xviij. August and ended the
xxvij. of the same month, half days included at ij.s. per diem.

    "xx.s.

"MARLBOROUGH.--Thomas Pike and Anthony Ditton entered post at
Marlborough for serving xvij. days begun the xviij. August and ended
the third day of September, half days included at ij.s. per diem.

                           "xxxiv.s.

    "Exd. per me BARTH. DODINGTON."

As to the Marlborough post, Anthony Ditton was Mayor of the town, as
appears from a certificate by him (which is with the papers) that he
only received from Gascoigne 15s. for the posts. Gascoigne claimed to
have paid at Marlborough 34s. (see the transcript of his account), and
if Ditton was entitled to half that sum Gascoigne pocketed 4s. (£19 15s.
4d.). This is the sort of thing Ditton charged him with doing. To these
charges Gascoigne gave a denial, separately explaining each charge. His
explanation was accepted, inasmuch as he was continued in office.




CHAPTER IV.

THE ROADS.--THE COACH.--MR. JOHN PALMER'S MAIL COACH INNOVATIONS,
1660-1818.


In 1660-1661, James Hicks, Clerk to "The Roads" in the Letter Office,
petitions the King to be continued in office. He says he sent the first
letter from Nantwich to London in 1637, and was sent for in 1640 to be
Clerk for that Road (Chester Road). Had settled in 1642 "Postages
between BRISTOL and YORK for your late father's service."

In 1661, Henry Bisshopp, farmer of the Post Office, furnished to the
Secretary of State "a perfect list" of all officers in the Post Office.
According to this list there were eight Clerks of the Roads, viz.:--Two
of the Northern Road, two of the Chester Road, two of the Eastern Road,
and Two of the Western Road. In 1677, there were, in addition to these
Roads, the Bristol Road and the Kent Road. As there was a Post-House
at Bristol in 1661, no doubt the city was attached to the Western Road.

[Illustration: [_From an old print._

A STATE COACH OF THE PERIOD (17TH CENTURY) WHEN KING CHARLES I.
SOJOURNED AT SMALL STREET, BRISTOL, ON THE SITE OF THE PRESENT POST
OFFICE.]

There were only six stage-coaches known in 1662. A journey that could
not be performed on horseback was rarely undertaken then by those who
could not afford their own steeds.

Amongst the State papers in May, 1666, is an account of the time spent
in carrying the mails on the chief routes throughout the country.
Although the speed fixed by the Government for the postboys was seven
miles an hour in the summer months, the actual rate attained on the
Bristol, Chester, and York Roads was only four miles, and was
half-a-mile less on the Gloucester and Plymouth routes. An appended note
stated that a man spent seventeen or eighteen hours in riding from
Winchester to Southampton. In December, Lord Arlington complained to the
postal authorities that the King's letters from Bristol and other towns
were delayed from ten to fourteen hours beyond the proper time, and
ordered that the Postmasters should be threatened with dismissal unless
they reformed.

In 1667 a London and Oxford Coach was performing the 54 miles between
the two cities in two days, halting for the intervening night at
Beaconsfield: and in the same year the original Bath Coach was the
subject of this proclamation:

"FLYING MACHINE."--"All those desirous of passing from London to Bath,
or any other place on their Road, let them repair to the 'Belle Sauvage'
on Ludgate Hill, in London, and the 'White Lion' at Bath, at both which
places they may be received in a Stage Coach, every Monday, Wednesday,
and Friday, which performs the whole journey in Three Days (if God
permit) and sets forth at 5 o'clock in the Morning.

"Passengers to pay One Pound Five Shillings each, who are allowed to
carry fourteen Pounds Weight--for all above to pay three-halfpence per
Pound."

It was only after repeated appeals to the Government that a "Cross Post"
was established between Bristol and Exeter for inland letters in 1698,
thus substituting a journey of under 80 miles for one of nearly 300,
when the letters were carried through London. In this case, however,
Bristol letters to and from Ireland were excluded from the scheme,
and they still had to pass through the Metropolis.

[Illustration: I've nothing to brag on But driving my Waggon. _Temp:
Georgius III._]

Even at a later date, when strong representations were made to the Post
Office, Ralph Allen, of Bath, who had the control of the Western Mails,
refused to allow a direct communication between Bristol and Ireland, but
offered if the postage from Dublin to London were paid, to convey the
letters to Bristol gratis.

At this period there were quaint public waggons on the Bristol Road, as
depicted in the illustration.

The "Pack Horse" at Chippenham, and the "Old Pack Horse," and the "Pack
Horse and Talbot," at Turnham Green, were, in 1739, halting places of
the numerous Packmen who travelled on the Bristol and Western Road.

By 1742 a stage-coach left London at seven every morning, stayed for
dinner at noon in Uxbridge, arrived at High Wycombe by four in the
afternoon, and rested there all night, proceeding to Oxford the next
day. Men were content to get to York in six days, and to Exeter in a
fortnight.

In 1760, in consequence of frequent complaints as to the dilatoriness
of the postal service, the authorities in London announced that letters
or packets would thenceforth be dispatched from the capital to the chief
provincial towns "at any hour without loss of time," at certain
specified rates. An express to Bristol was to cost £2 3s. 6d.; to
Plymouth, £4 8s. 9d. Leeds, Manchester, Birmingham, Liverpool, were not
even mentioned.

The mail-coach system had its origin in the West of England, and Bristol
and Bath in particular are associated with all the traditions of the
initiatory stages, so that the details on record in ancient newspapers
of those cities are copious.

Mr. John Weeks, who entered upon "The Bush," Bristol, in 1772, after
ineffectually urging the proprietors to quicken their speed, started a
one-day coach to Birmingham himself, and carried it on against a bitter
opposition, charging the passengers only 10s. 6d. and 8s. 6d. for inside
and outside seats respectively, and giving each one of them a dinner and
a pint of wine at Gloucester into the bargain. After two years'
struggle, his opponents gave in, and one-day journeys to Birmingham
became the established rule.

[Illustration: [_From "Stage Coach and Mail," by permission of Mr. C.G.
Harper._

JOHN PALMER AT THE AGE OF 17.]

Soon after this period, John Palmer, of Bath, came on the scene. He had
learnt from the merchants of Bristol what a boon it would be if they
could get their letters conveyed to London in fourteen or fifteen hours,
instead of three days. John Palmer was lessee and manager of the Bath
and Bristol theatres, and went about beating up actors, actresses, and
companies in postchaises, and he thought letters should be carried at
the same pace at which it was possible to travel in a chaise. He devised
a scheme, and Pitt, the Prime Minister of the day, who warmly approved
the idea, decided that the plan should have a trial, and that the first
mail-coach should run between London and Bristol. On Saturday, July 31,
1784, an agreement was signed in connection with Palmer's scheme under
which, in consideration of payment of 3d. a mile, five inn-holders--one
belonging to London, one to Thatcham, one to Marlborough, and two to
Bath--undertook to provide the horses, and on Monday, August 2, 1784,
the first "mail-coach" started.

The following was the Post Office announcement respecting the
service:--"General Post Office, July 24, 1784. His Majesty's
Postmaster-General being inclined to make an experiment for the more
expeditious conveyance of the mails of letters by stage-coaches,
machines, etc., have (_sic_) been pleased to order that a trial shall be
made upon the road between London and Bristol, to commence at each place
on Monday, August 2 next, and that the mails should be made up at this
office every evening (Sundays excepted) at 7 o'clock, and at Bristol, in
return, at 3 in the afternoon (Saturdays excepted), to contain the bags
for the following post towns and their districts--viz.:
Hounslow--between 9 and 10 at night from London; between 6 and 7 in the
morning from Bristol. Maidenhead--between 11 and 12 at night from
London; between 4 and 5 in the morning from Bristol. Reading--about 1 in
the morning from London; between 2 and 3 in the morning from Bristol.
Newbury--about 3 in the morning from London; between 12 and 1 at night
from Bristol. Hungerford--between 4 and 5 in the morning from London;
about 11 at night from Bristol. Marlborough--about 6 in the morning from
London; between 9 and 10 at night from Bristol. Chippenham--between 8
and 9 in the morning from London; about 7 in the evening from Bristol.
Bath--between 10 and 11 in the morning from London; between 5 and 6 in
the afternoon from Bristol. Bristol--about 12 at noon from London.

[Illustration: THE LETTER WOMAN.

    _(From an old print.)_

    THIS SIMPLE BOY HAS LOST HIS PENNY,
    AND SHE WITHOUT IT WON'T TAKE ANY;
    WHAT CAN HE DO IN SUCH A PLIGHT?
    THIS LETTER CANNOT GO TO-NIGHT.

_Printed by Carrington Bowles, 69, St. Paul's Churchyard, London._]

"All persons are therefore to take notice that the letters put into any
receiving house in London before 6 in the evening, or before 7 at this
office, will be forwarded by this new conveyance; all others for the
said post-towns and their districts put in afterwards, or given to the
bell-men, must remain until the following post, at the same hour of 7
o'clock. [At this period there were Post Office bell-women as well as
bell-men. See illustration.]

"Letters also for Colnbrooke, Windsor, Calne, and Ramsbury will be
forwarded by this conveyance every day; and for Devizes, Melksham,
Trowbridge, and Bradford on Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays,
and Saturdays; and for Henley, Nettlebed, Wallingford, Wells,
Bridgwater, Taunton, Wellington, Tiverton, Frome, and Warminster, on
Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays.

"Letters from all the before-mentioned post-towns and their districts
will be sorted and delivered as soon as possible after their arrival in
London, and are not to wait for the general delivery.

"All carriers, coachmen, higglers, news carriers, and all other persons
are liable to a penalty of £5 for every letter which they shall receive,
take up, order, dispatch, carry, or deliver illegally; and to £100 for
every week that any offender shall continue the practice--one-half to
the informer. And that this revenue may not be injured by unlawful
collections and conveyances, all persons acting contrary to the law
therein will be proceeded against, and punished with the utmost
severity.

"By command of the Postmaster-General,

    "ANTHONY TODD, Sec."

The _Bath Chronicle_ versions were as follows, viz.:--"July 29, 1784. On
Monday next the experiment for the more expeditious conveyance of the
mails will be made on the road from London to Bath and Bristol. Letters
are to be put in the London office every evening before 8 o'clock, and
to arrive next morning in Bath before 10 o'clock, and in Bristol by
12 o'clock. The letters for London, or for any place between or beyond,
to be put into the Bath Post Office every evening before 5 o'clock, and
into the Bristol office before 3 o'clock in the afternoon, and they will
be delivered in London the next day."

[Illustration: [_By permission of Kelly's Directories, Lim._

THE OLD GENERAL POST OFFICE IN LOMBARD STREET, LONDON.]

The public were also informed that the mail diligence would commence to
run on Monday, August 2, 1784--and that the proprietors had engaged to
carry the mail to and from London to Bristol in sixteen hours, starting
from the Swan with Two Necks, in Lad Lane, London, at 8 o'clock each
night, and arriving at the Three Tuns, Bath, before 10 o'clock the next
morning, and at the Rummer Tavern, Bristol, by 12 o'clock. "The mail is
to leave Bristol from the Swan Tavern for London every afternoon at 4
o'clock, and to arrive in London before 8 o'clock the next morning."

On August 5, we are told, "the new mail diligence set off for the first
time from Bristol on Monday last, at 4 o'clock, and from Bath at 5.20
p.m. From London it set out at 8 o'clock in the evening, and was in Bath
by 9 o'clock the next morning.

"The excellent steps taken to carry out this undertaking leave no doubt
of its succeeding, to the great advantage and pleasure to the publick.
The mail from this city is made up at 5 o'clock." This grand achievement
of Palmer's was signalised by the following lines:--

    "A safe and quick method is found to convey
    Our bills of exchange, and I promise to pay.
    Political news from all parts of the town,
    The Senate, the play, and each place of renown.
    New pamphlets and schemes, or the prices of stocks,
    That trafficks in ports, and escaped from the rocks.
    At Bristol Hotwells or the New Rooms at Bath
    Arrived Mr. Fancy and Lady Hogarth,
    Who looked so enchanting last week at the races,
    And _nemine contra_ pronounced by the graces.
    Effusions of friendship or letters of love--
    All beautiful, candid, as true as a dove.
    _J'espere, ma chere ami, qui ce bien avec vous,_
    And friendly whip syllabub chat _entre nous_.
    The merchant, the lover, the friend, and the sage
    Will daily applaud Mr. Palmer's New Stage."

No sooner was success apparent than troubles commenced, as may be
gathered from the following paragraph, dated September 9, 1784:--"Bath.
We hear that the contractors for carrying the mail to and from this city
and London have received the most positive orders to direct their
coachmen: on no account whatever to try their speed against other
carriages that may be set up in opposition to them, nor to suffer them
to discharge firearms in passing through any towns, or on the road,
except they are attacked."

"They have generally performed their duty with great care and
punctuality, within an hour of the contracted time and perfectly to the
satisfaction of the Government and the publick, and this before any
opposition was commenced against them, and when it was thought
impossible to effect it in sixteen hours instead of fifteen hours. Their
steady line of conduct will be their best recommendation to this city,
which, much to its honour, has supported them with great spirit.
Attempts by other drivers of other coaches, or any other persons
whatsoever, to impede the mail diligence on its journey will be
certainly attended with the most serious prosecutions to the parties so
offending.

"We are desired by the old proprietors of the Bath coaches to insert the
following:--

"'Last Sunday evening, as the coachman of the mail diligence was driving
furiously down Kennet Hill, between Calne and Marlborough, in order to
overtake the two guard coaches, the coach was suddenly thrown against
the bank, by which means a lady was much hurt, as was also the driver.
The lady was taken out and safely conveyed in one of the guard coaches
to Marlborough.'

"We are informed:--The proprietors of the two coaches, with a guard to
each, which travel from Bristol to London in fifteen hours have
instructed their servants not to fire their arms wantonly, but to be
particularly vigilant in case of attack. The proprietors of these
coaches are determined to have the passengers and property protected and
for the safety of both have ordered their coachmen to keep together
to make assurance doubly sure."

[Illustration: [_By permission of S.W. Partridge & Co., Paternoster Row,
London._

ANTHONY TODD.]

September 16, 1784:--"Our mail diligence still continues its course with
the same steadiness and punctuality. Yesterday its coachman and guard
made their first appearance in Royal livery, and cut a most superior
figure. It is certainly very proper that the Government carriages should
be thus distinguished; such a mark of His Majesty's approbation does the
contractors great honour, and it is with much pleasure we see so great a
change in the conveyance of our mail--not only in its speed and safety,
but in its present respectable appearance, from an old cart and a ragged
boy."

December 16, 1784:--"A writer, under the signature of 'An Enemy to
Schemers,' having published in the _Gazette_ several letters against the
new mode of conveying the mail, another writer, under the signature of
'Lash,' has in a masterly manner replied to all his arguments in that
paper of Monday, and has severely censured the conduct of Mr. Todd of
the Post Office."

December 16, 1784:--"Dear Sir,--I have just received some newspapers
from a friend in Bath containing an abusive letter against my post
plan, and two answers to it under the signature of 'Lash.' I rather
think that the latter may be yours, and think myself much obliged to you
for the warmth with which you have taken the matter up, but could wish
you would take no further notice of it. The letter, if I recollect
right, merely contains the refuse of the observations, sent from the
Post Office to the Treasury, which have been fully refuted to the board.
It might appear these are like doubting the justice of that Court were I
to suffer myself to be decoyed or provoked into another. Two years have
already been wasted in wrangling, and I am heartily weary of it. Since
my return I have the satisfaction to find the public, if possible, still
more pleased from the experience they have had of the punctuality as
well as the expedition of the post in all possible cases, in every
variety of weather our climate gives. And those who express their
surprise that the plan is not extended yet to other parts of the kingdom
I have taken care to tell the plain truth--that it is entirely Mr.
Todd's fault. I could not express my sense of his exceeding ill conduct
at the commencement of the trial (so very different from his
profession) in a stronger manner than in my memorial to the Treasury;
nor could they do me ampler justice than in the resolutions they passed
on the occasion and sent to the Post Office. It should not therefore be
stated to the public his stopping the Norfolk and Suffolk service by his
assertion of the enormous expenses of the new beyond the old system, and
his strange declaration that the number of letters sent by the Bath and
Bristol post had decreased and in consequence of its improvement are so
ill-supported by the statements sent to the Treasury, and the reverse of
these charges so fully established in my answers that I believe there is
an end of the controversy, and have very little doubt but that I shall
shortly receive the Ministers' commands to carry the plan into execution
to the other parts of the kingdom. To do this (and I have not the least
fear of accomplishing it) will be the most decisive answer to abuse, and
more satisfactory to the publick. I rather think, too, from the number
of memorials sent in favour of my plan, and the general indignation
expressed at the mismanagement of the old post, Mr. Todd will find it
prudent to desist from further opposition. Nothing possible can be in
better train than the plan is or in the hands of persons more anxious
for its success. It would be very imprudent, therefore, to run the least
hazard of disturbing it. I beg you'll not imagine I am the least
displeased at what you have done. On the contrary, I am really much
obliged to you; and be assured I shall never forget the zeal and
attention I have experienced from you in the course of this business,
and that you will always find me your sincere friend.--JOHN PALMER,
Arno's Vale, Bristol, December 2, 1784."

December 16, 1784:--"Our mail carriage has, if possible, added to its
reputation from its extraordinary and ready exertions on the bad weather
setting in. It arrived here on Saturday an hour only after its time, and
this morning was within the limited time. The Salisbury mail, which
should have come in on Saturday by eight in the morning did not arrive
till Sunday morning."

January 20, 1785:--"The new regulation of our post turns out a peculiar
advantage to this city, in that letters can be sent from here in the
evening and answered in London next morning's mails, which enables
business people to stay here longer."

On February 22, 1785, the Town Council minutes contain the
following:--"Mr. May acquainted the members present that the inhabitants
of this city, as well as those of other places, having derived great
benefit from Mr. Palmer's plan lately adopted for the improvement of the
post, was the occasion of his calling them together to consider such
measures as might be thought proper for continuance and extension of the
said plan.... It was resolved that a memorial be sent to the Right Hon.
Wm. Pitt, representing the great benefits received from the plan, and
requesting a continuance of the same, together with the extension of the
same plan to other parts of the kingdom."

February 17, 1785:--"At a meeting of the Bristol Merchants' Society on
Saturday last, a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. John Palmer for the
advantages received from his postal plan."

February 24, 1785:--"Memorials appear to the Right Hon. Wm. Pitt for the
continuance and extension of Palmer's plan from the merchants,
tradesmen, shopkeepers in the city of Bristol, Common Council of the
city of Bristol, Mayor, Burgesses and Commonality of the city of
Bristol, Mayor, Aldermen and Common Councilmen of the city of Bristol."

On March 24, 1785, appeared the following letter:--"London, February 16,
1785. Sir,--Having both of us been engaged upon Committees of the House
of Commons, we have been unable to present the paper you transmitted to
us respecting Mr. Palmer's plan to Mr. Pitt till within these few days.
Mr. Pitt has desired us to acquaint Mr. Mayor and the Corporation that
he feels himself very happy to have assisted in giving such an
accommodation to the city of Bath as he always hoped that plan would
afford, and in which he is confirmed by the manner in which the
Corporation have expressed themselves concerning it. Measures are being
taken to carry it into execution through other parts of the kingdom, and
the plan will be adopted in a few days upon the Norfolk and Suffolk
roads.

    "A. MOYSEY AND J.J. PRATT.

"To Philip Georges, Esq., Deputy Town Clerk."

May 12, 1785:--"Bath Post Office. A further extension of Mr. Palmer's
plan for the more safe and expeditious conveyance of the mails took
place on Monday, the 9th inst., when the letters on the cross posts from
Frome, Warminster, Haytesbury, Salisbury, Romsey, Southampton,
Portsmouth, Gosport, Chichester, and their delivery, together with the
Isle of Wight, Jersey and Guernsey, all parts of Hampshire and
Dorsetshire, will be forwarded from this office at five o'clock p.m.,
and every day except Sundays. Letters from the above places will arrive
here every morning, Mondays excepted:

"N.B.--All letters must be put in the office before five o'clock p.m."

May 18, 1785:--"We hear that Mr. Palmer's plan for conveying the mails
will be adopted from London to Manchester through Leicester and Derby,
and to Leeds through Nottingham, at Midsummer."

June 9, 1785:--"Mr. Williams, the public-spirited master of the Three
Tuns Inn, and the chief contractor for conveying the mails, had in the
morning of this day placed in the front of his house His Majesty's
Arms, neatly carved in gilt. In the evening his house was illuminated in
a very elegant manner with variegated lamps, the principal figure in
which was the letters 'G.R.' immediately over the coat-of-arms. A band
of music with horns played several tunes adapted to the day, and a
recruiting party drawn up before the doors with drums and fifes playing
at intervals had a very pleasing effect."

On June 30, 1785, appeared the following paragraph, which shows how
complete was the success of John Palmer's post plan, in spite of all the
obstacles placed in his way to obstruct his scheme. We are now informed
that the "mail-coaches and diligences have been found to answer so well
that they will be generally adopted throughout the kingdom, and
conveying of them in carts will be discontinued."

On June 30 appeared a long letter showing how the G.P.O. tried to
overthrow Mr. Palmer's scheme. This is signed Thomas Symons, Bristol,
and describes the scheme as the most beneficial plan that ever was
thought of for a commercial country. He also complains of the
misconduct of the Post Office, as letters had been miscarried to
Dublin, which caused the merchants of Bristol considerable annoyance,
and this mismanagement without hesitation he declares was by design, in
order to try and overthrow this most excellent system of John Palmer's
post.

Early in 1787, Palmer had to represent to the Contractors that the Mails
must be carried by more reliable coaches.

"The Comptroller-General," he wrote to one Contractor, "has to complain
not only of the horses employed on the Bristol mail, but as well of
their harness and the accoutrements in use, whose defects have several
times delayed the Bath and Bristol letters, and have even led to the
conveyance being overset, to the imminent peril of the passengers.

"Instructions have been issued by the Comptroller for new sets of
harness to be supplied to the several coaches in use on this road, for
which accounts will be sent you by the harness-makers. Mr. Palmer stated
also that he had under consideration, for the Contractor's use, a
new-invented coach."

Soon after this, Palmer's active connection with the Post Office ceased.
He died at Brighton in 1818.

What he looked like at the age of 17 and 75 respectively, is shewn in
the illustrations, the former taken from a picture attributed to
Gainsborough.

[Illustration: [_By permission of "Bath Chronicle."_

JOHN PALMER AT THE AGE OF 75.]




CHAPTER V.

APPRECIATIONS OF RALPH ALLEN, JOHN PALMER, AND SIR FRANCIS FREELING,
MAIL AND COACH ADMINISTRATORS.


On the 25th April, 1901, the day after a visit to Bristol to celebrate
the establishment of the new steamship line to Jamaica, the Marquess of
Londonderry, then Postmaster-General, visited Bath to take part in a
ceremony in honour of Ralph Allen and John Palmer. These two great
postal reformers were both citizens of Bath, and are greatly honoured in
that city for their work in the Post Office, with the famous men of the
eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. By a happy thought there has
lately been started a movement to keep alive associations with the past
by placing tablets on the houses in which famous men lived. One of the
tablets unveiled by Lord Londonderry was placed on the house in which
Ralph Allen first conducted the business of the Bath Post Office, and
of his cross post contracts, and the other on the house in which John
Palmer was born.

Soon after noon on the eventful day, the Bath postmen's band, Mr.
Kerans, the postmaster, and his lieutenants, the staff of postmen and
messengers, marched on to the space between the Abbey and the Guildhall
for inspection by the Head of the Post Office Department. After the
inspection, a procession was formed, in which the Postmaster-General was
accompanied by the Mayor, and followed by the Town Councillors, two by
two. Before them went the city swordbearer, clad in striking robes, and
the party proceeded to the North Parade, from which Allen's house is now
reached by a passage way. The house is built of stone, and has a very
handsome front in the style of the classical Renaissance. In drawing
aside the curtain, which veiled the tablet, on which was inscribed "Here
lived Ralph Allen, 1727-1764," Lord Londonderry said that there was
probably not one of the great men who had been associated with Bath who
was more of a benefactor to his town, as well as to the public service
of his country, than Ralph Allen. The procession then moved on to
Palmer's house, only a few yards away, where a similar ceremony took
place. After another short speech by the Postmaster-General, in which he
explained the share Palmer had borne in developing the modern Post
Office system, the second tablet was unveiled. It bore the inscription,
"Here lived John Palmer, born 1741, died 1818."

Afterwards at the Guildhall, where a bust of Allen in the Council
Chamber looked down upon a large party assembled for luncheon, the
Postmaster-General, in response to the toast of his health, discoursed
more at large upon the topic of the day. He congratulated Bath upon
having among its citizens two out of the four great men of Post Office
history. It was Allen's task to provide a general postal system by
opening up new lines of posts between the main roads, and through new
lines of country. Between 1720, when he began his first contract, and
1764 when he died, he covered the country with a network of posts,
giving easy communication between all important towns, and he also
increased the number and speed of the mails on the post roads. While
doing this he raised himself from being a humble clerk, and later,
postmaster of Bath, to a position of great affluence, and of friendship
with many of the great men of his time. Among those friends was Lord
Chatham.

It was twenty years after Allen's death that Palmer's Mail Coach system
was started. Its advantage soon made itself apparent, and the
improvement of roads at the end of the 18th Century enabled the mail
coach service to be brought to great perfection. It lasted less than 60
years, but in those years correspondence and the revenue of the Post
Office multiplied many times, and when Rowland Hill turned his attention
to postal questions he found a rapid and efficient service, which was at
the same time so cheap that the cost of conveyance was only a small item
in the expenses of the Post Office.

The Mayor of Bath proposed the toast of "the Visitors," and said that
they had amongst them two representatives of the great men they were
honouring. Ralph Allen was represented by Colonel Allen, a direct
descendant, and the owner of Bathampton Manor, a part of Ralph
Allen's estate. Colonel Allen had lately returned from South Africa.
John Palmer was represented by his grandson, Colonel Palmer, R.E.

[Illustration: [_From a block kindly lent by the Proprietors of the
"Bath Chronicle."_]

MEDAL STRUCK IN HONOUR OF RALPH ALLEN.]

Colonel Allen thanked the company for their kind reception, and Colonel
Palmer said that it had given him the greatest pleasure to witness the
testimonial to his grandfather's services, and this pleasure would be
shared by the members of his family, including his sister, who had given
the cup on the table to the Corporation. It had been a present from the
Citizens of Glasgow to John Palmer.

Full accounts of the Post Office services of Allen and Palmer are
written in "The Bristol Royal Mail."

The photograph of a curious memorial of Ralph Allen's work in the Post
Office here reproduced is that of a medal bearing the Royal Arms, and
the inscriptions "To the Famous Mr. Allen, 4th December, 1752," and "the
Gift of His Royal Highness, W.D. of Cumberland."

The reverse of the medal is engraved with some Masonic emblems, and with
the words,


    "Amor Honor Justitia,"
    INO CAMPBELL,
    Armagh.
    No. 409.

The history of this relic is rather obscure. It was purchased in a
curiosity shop in Belfast some fifteen years ago by Mr. D. Buick, LL.D.,
of Sandy Bay, Larne. In the year 1752, the Princess Amelia visited Bath,
and was entertained by Ralph Allen at Prior Park. During her stay at
Bath, the Duke of Cumberland also visited the town, and is known to have
contributed £100 to the Bath Hospital, of which Allen was one of the
most active supporters. It has been surmised that the medal was intended
as an acknowledgment of the courtesy and attention received by the Duke
and the Princess on this occasion.

Whether the medal was ever presented is not known, or how it came to be
converted into a Masonic jewel. Perhaps it may have been given away by
Allen, or it may have gone astray, or been stolen. The Masonic Lodge,
No. 409, is said to have been founded by a Mr. John Campbell in 1761,
shortly before the date of Allen's death: Allen may have been a
Freemason.

[Illustration: [_By permission of Mr. Sydenham, of Bath._

TOKENS COMMEMORATIVE OF PALMER'S MAIL COACH SYSTEM.]

It is to Mr. Sydenham, of Bath, that indebtedness is due for the
interesting impressions of tokens struck in commemoration of Palmer's
mail coach system here depicted.

An interesting tribute was the painting by George Robertson, engraved by
James Fittler, and inscribed to him as Comptroller-General in 1803,
eleven years after he had ceased to hold that position. A copy of this
engraving appears in "The Bristol Royal Mail." Palmer also received the
freedom of eighteen towns and cities in recognition of his public
services, was Mayor of Bath in 1796 and 1801, and represented that city
in the four Parliaments of 1801, 1802, 1806, and 1807.

Francis Freeling, who succeeded John Palmer in the Secretaryship and
General Managership of Post Office affairs, was as a youth a disciple of
his predecessor, and assisted him in the development of the Mail Coach
system. He was apprenticed to the Post Office in Bristol, where his
talents, rectitude of conduct, and assiduity in the duties assigned him
gained for him the esteem and respect of all those connected with the
establishment; and, on the introduction by Mr. Palmer of the new system
of Mail Coaches, Mr. Freeling was appointed in 1785 his assistant to
carry the improvements into effect. He was introduced into the General
Post Office in 1787, and successively filled the office of surveyor,
principal surveyor, joint secretary with the late Anthony Todd, Esq.,
and sole secretary for nearly half a century.

In Mr. Dix's "Life of Chatterton," it is stated, on the authority of a
friend of the Chatterton family, that on Chatterton leaving for London,
"he took leave of several friends on the steps of Redcliff Church very
cheerfully. That at parting from them he went over the way to Mr.
Freeling's house." It is further stated that Mr. Freeling was father to
the late Sir F. Freeling.

As regards Freeling's birthplace, information is forthcoming which seems
conclusive. In a collection of old Bristol sketches purchased for the
Museum and Library, there is a beautiful drawing of Redcliffe Hill,
executed about eighty years ago; and the artist, doubtless acting on
the evidence of old inhabitants--contemporaries of Freeling--has
distinctly marked the house where that gentleman was born, and noted the
fact in his own handwriting.

[Illustration: + BIRTHPLACE OF SIR FRANCIS FREELING, BART.,

_Secretary to the General Post Office_.]

Permission has been obtained from the council of the Bristol Museum and
Reference Library for the picture to be photographed. The following
is the superscription on the back of the original pencil
drawing:--"Redcliffe Pit, Bristol. The house with this mark + at the
door is the house in which Sir Francis Freeling, Bart., was born. The
high building, George's patent shot tower, G. Delamotte, del. Jan. 12,
1831." A copy of the sketch is here reproduced. The house as "set back"
or re-erected is now known as 24, Redcliffe Hill.

Sir Francis Freeling first carried on his secretarial duties at the old
Post Office in Lombard Street, once a citizen's Mansion. There he was
located for 30 years.

On September 29th, 1829, the Lombard Street Office was abandoned as
Headquarters, and Freeling moved, with the secretarial staff under his
chieftainship, to St. Martin's-le-Grand.

In 1833 the question arose whether the mail coaches should be obtained
by public competition, or by private agreement, but Sir Francis
Freeling's idea was to get the public service done well, irrespective of
the means.

On this point Mr. Joyce, C.B., in his history of the Post Office, wrote
that in 1835 the contract for the supply of mail coaches was in the
hands of Mr. Vidler, of Millbank, who had held it for more than 40
years, and little had been done during this period to improve the
construction of the vehicles he supplied. Designed after the pattern in
vogue at the end of the last century, they were, as compared with the
stage coaches, not only heavy and unsightly, but inferior both in point
of speed and accommodation. Commissioners appointed to inquire into the
system, altogether dissatisfied with the manner in which the contract
had been performed, arranged with the Government not only that the
service should be put up to public tender, but that Vidler should be
excluded from the competition. This decision was arrived at in July,
1835, and the contract expired on the 5th of January following. To
invite tenders would occupy time, and after that mail coaches would have
to be built sufficient in number to supply the whole of England and
Scotland. A period of five or six months was obviously not enough for
the purpose, and overtures were made to Vidler to continue his contract
for half a year longer. Vidler, incensed at the treatment he had
received, flatly refused. Not a day, not an hour, beyond the stipulated
time would he extend his contract, and on the 5th of January, 1836, all
the mail coaches in Great Britain would be withdrawn from the roads.
Freeling, now an old man, with this difficulty to overcome, had his old
energy revived, and when the 5th of January arrived there was not a road
in the kingdom, from Wick to Penzance, on which a new coach was not
running. It was then that the mail coaches reached their prime.

Amongst the deaths announced in the _Felix Farley's Journal_ under date
of January 14th, 1804, is that of "the lady of Francis Freeling, Esq.,
of the General Post Office," and another part of the paper contains the
following paragraph:--

"The untimely death of Mrs. Freeling is lamented far beyond the circle
of her own family, extensive as it is. The amiableness of her manner and
the rational accomplishments of her mind had conciliated a general
esteem for such worth, through numerous classes of respectable friends,
who naturally participate in its loss."

Freeling's obituary notice, which appeared in the same _Journal_ on July
16, 1836, ran as follows:

"Saturday last, died at his residence in Bryanston Square, London, in
the 73rd year of his age, Sir Francis Freeling, Bart., upwards of 30
years Secretary to the General Post Office. Sir Francis was a native of
Bristol--he was born in Redcliffe Parish--and first became initiated in
the laborious and multifarious duties attendant upon the important
branch of the public service in which he was engaged in the Post Office
of this city of Bristol, from whence he was removed to the Metropolitan
Office in Lombard Street, on the recommendation of Mr. Palmer, the
former M.P. and Father of George Palmer, the present member for Bath,
who had observed during the period he was employed in first establishing
the mail-coach department the quickness of apprehension, the aptitude
for business, and the steadiness of conduct of his youthful protégé. Sir
Francis rapidly rose to notice and preferment in his new situation; and
after his succession to the office of Chief Secretary, it is proverbial
that no public servant ever gave more general satisfaction by his
indefatigable attention to the interests of the community, or than he
invariably shewed to those of the meanest individual who addressed him;
whether from a peer or peasant, a letter of complaint always received a
prompt reply. The present admirable arrangements and conveniences of
that noble national establishment, the newly-erected Post Office, were
formed upon the experience and the suggestions of Sir Francis and his
eldest son. A more faithful and zealous servant the public never
possessed. The title he enjoyed was the unsolicited reward for his
services, bestowed upon him by his Royal Master George the 4th, from
whom he frequently received other flattering testimonials of regard and
friendship. In Sir Francis Freeling was to be found one of those
instances which so frequently occur in this country of the sure reward
to industry and talent when brought into public notice. In speaking of
his private character, those only can appreciate his worth who saw him
in the bosom of his family--to his fond and affectionate children his
loss will be irreparable. To possess his friendship was to have gained
his heart, for it may be truly said he never forgot the friend who had
won his confidence; particularly if the individual was one who, like
himself, had wanted the fostering hand of a superior. Sir Francis was
always found to be the ready and liberal patron of talent in every
department of literature, science, and the fine arts. Considering the
importance and multiplicity of his public avocations, it was surprising
to all his friends how he could have found leisure to store his mind
with the knowledge he had attained of the works and beauties of all our
most esteemed writers; his library contains one of the rarest and most
curious collections of our early authors, more particularly our poets
and dramatists; in the acquirement of these works he was engaged long
before it became the fashion to purchase a black letter poem, or
romance, merely because it was old or unique. But his highest
excellencies were the virtuous and religious principles which governed
his whole life; his purse was ever open to relieve the distress of an
unfortunate friend, or the wants of the deserving poor. Many were the
alms which he bestowed in secret; which can be testified by the writer
of this paragraph, who knew him well, and enjoyed his friendship."

Miss Edith Freeling, now resident in Clifton, grand-daughter of Sir
Francis Freeling, and daughter of Sir Henry Freeling, and who was
actually born in the General Post Office, St. Martin's-le-Grand, London,
where her father had a residence as Assistant Secretary, has in her
possession several "antiques" belonging to her ancestors.

A worn-out despatch box used by Sir Francis in sending his papers to the
Postmaster-General is one of the prized articles. A very handsome gold
seal cut with the Royal Arms, and bearing the legend--General Post
Office Secretary--is another of the relics. Likewise a smaller gold
seal with a Crown, and "God Save the King," as its legend.

At the time of his death, Sir Francis Freeling's snuff boxes numbered
72, the majority of which had been presented to him. Apparently
"appreciations" took a tangible form in those days! His son, Sir Henry,
likewise had snuff boxes presented to him.

A handsome specimen snuff box is now in Miss Freeling's hands. It is
made of tortoise-shell, it has the portrait of King George the IVth as a
gold medallion on the top, and was known as a Regency Box. The
inscription inside is, "This box was presented to G.H. Freeling by His
Majesty George IVth on board the Lightning steam packet on his birthday
twelfth August 1821 as a remembrance that we had been carried to Ireland
in a Steam Boat." As Sir Francis Freeling migrated from the Bristol
service to Bath in 1784, it must have been at the Old Bristol Post
Office, near the Exchange, indicated by the illustration, that he
commenced that public career which was destined to be one of brilliant
achievements for the department during the many years he presided
over it as permanent chief, and of great good to his country in the
way of providing means for people to communicate with each other more
readily than was the case before his day.

[Illustration: THE OLD BRISTOL POST OFFICE IN EXCHANGE AVENUE.]




CHAPTER VI.

BRISTOL MAIL COACH ANNOUNCEMENTS, 1802-1830.--THE NEW GENERAL POST
OFFICE, LONDON.


How our forefathers got about the country, and how the Mails were
carried as time went on after Allen and Palmer had disappeared from Mail
scenes, and Freeling had taken up the reins, the following
announcements, taken from _Bonner and Middleton's Bristol Journal_, and
from the _Bristol Mirror_ respecting Mail Stage Coaches will aptly
indicate. They are quoted just as they appeared, so that editing may not
spoil their originality or interest:--

"A letter from Exeter, dated May 10, 1802, said:--'Last Thursday the
London mail, horsed by Mr. J. Land, of the New London Inn, Exeter, with
four beautiful grey horses, and driven by Mr. Cave-Browne, of the
Inniskilling Dragoons, started (at the sound of the bugle) from St.
Sydwells, for a bet of 500 guineas, against the Plymouth mail, horsed
by Mr. Phillips, of the Hotel, with four capital blacks, and driven by
Mr. Chichester, of Arlington House, which got the mail first to the Post
Office in Honiton. The bet was won easily by Mr. Browne, who drove the
sixteen miles in one hour and fourteen minutes.--Bets at starting, 6 to
4 on Mr. Browne. A very great concourse of people were assembled on this
occasion.'"

On Saturday, October 2, 1802, it was announced that "the Union post
coach ran from Bristol every Sunday, Wednesday and Friday morning over
the Old Passage, through Chepstow and Monmouth to Hereford, where it met
other coaches, and returned the following days. Coaches left the White
Hart Inn and the Bush Tavern for Exeter and Plymouth every morning, by
the nearest road by ten miles. Fares: To Exeter, inside, £1 1s.;
outside, 14s.; to Plymouth, £1 11s. 6d. and £1 1s. Reduced fares are
offered by the London, Bath, and Bristol mail coaches--to and from
London to Bristol, inside, £2 5s.; from London to Bath, £2. Parcels
under 6lb. in weight taken at 6d. each, with an engagement to be
responsible for the safe delivery of such as are under £5 in value."

In August, 1803, passenger traffic to Birmingham caused rivalry among
the coach proprietors. A new coach having started on this route, three
coaching advertisements were issued:--

Under the heading "Cheap Travelling to Birmingham," the "Jupiter" coach
was announced to run from the White Lion, Broad Street, every Monday and
Friday afternoon, at two o'clock; through Newport, Gloucester,
Tewkesbury, and Worcester to Birmingham; the "Nelson" coach from the
Bush Tavern and White Hart every morning at three; and the mail every
evening at seven. "Performed by Weeks, Williams, Poston, Coupland and
Co."

The "Union" coach altered its times of leaving the Boar's Head, College
Place--"in order to render the conveyance as commodious and expeditious
as possible"--to Sunday, Tuesday and Thursday mornings at seven o'clock,
over the Old Passage, through Chepstow, Monmouth, Abergavenny, and
Hereford, where it met the Ludlow, Shrewsbury, Chester, and Holyhead
coaches, and returned the following days, and met the Bath, Warminster,
Salisbury, and Southampton coaches every Saturday, Tuesday, and Thursday
mornings at seven o'clock. "Performed by W. Williams, Bennett, Whitney,
Broome, Young and Co."

"A new and elegant coach, called the 'Cornwallis,'" left the Lamb Inn,
Broadmead, every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday afternoon, at two
o'clock, through Newport, Gloucester, Tewkesbury and Worcester, to the
George and Rose Inn, Birmingham, where it arrived early the next
morning, whence coaches set off for the Midlands, North Wales, and the
North of England. The proprietors pledged themselves that no pains
should be spared to make this a favourite coach with the public; and as
one of the proprietors would drive it a great part of the way, every
attention would be paid to the comfort of passengers. The fares of this
coach would at all times be as cheap as any other coach on the road, and
the proprietors expected a preference no longer than whilst endeavouring
by attention to merit it. "Performed by Thomas Brooks and Co.,
Bristol."

March 10, 1804:--"The 'Cornwallis' coach to Birmingham is to set out
from the Swan Inn, Maryport Street, at three every morning, Sundays
excepted, through Newport, Gloucester and Worcester, and arrive at the
Rose Inn, Birmingham, early the same evening. The fares of this coach
and the carriage of goods will be found at all times as cheap as any
other coach on the road." At this period Admiral Cornwallis, whose name
this coach bore, was fighting the French with his fleet off Brest.

On August 19, in that year (1804), the public were respectfully
informed, that "a light four-inside coach leaves the original
Southampton and general coach offices, Bush Inn and Tavern, Bristol,
every morning (Sundays excepted), at seven o'clock precisely, and
arrives at the Coach and Horses Inn, Southampton, at five in the
afternoon. The Gosport coach, through Warminster, Salisbury, Romsey and
Southampton, Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday mornings at five o'clock. To
Brighton, a four-inside coach in two days, through Warminster,
Salisbury, Romsey, Southampton, Chichester, Arundel, Worthing and
Shoreham, on Monday, Wednesday and Friday mornings at seven, sleeps at
Southampton, and arrives early the following afternoon. Portsmouth Royal
Mail, through Warminster, Sarum, Romsey, and Southampton every afternoon
at three o'clock. Also the Oxford Royal Mail, every morning at seven
o'clock."

On August 18, 1823, the state of the roads comes under review:--"Mail
men, who have to drive rapidly over long distances, must ever be on the
look-out for the state in which the roads are kept.

"In December, 1819, Mr. Johnson, Superintendent of Mail Coaches, had to
report to the House of Commons on the 'petition of Mr. McAdam,' who was
engaged in constructing and repairing of the public roads.

"Previous to this the roads were very bad in most country places, except
the mail coach roads, built at the time the Romans came to England.

"McAdam's expenses up to 1814 amounted to £5,019 6s., actually expended
by him up to August, 1814, and he had travelled 30,000 miles in 1,920
days.

"He held the position of general surveyor of the Bristol turnpike roads,
at a salary, first year £400, and each subsequent year of £500, but,
taking into account that the annual salary was £200 for expenses
'incident' to the office, the remaining £300 was not more than adequate
payment for the constant and laborious duties attached to the
situation."

Under date of November 8, 1823, there is a list of Royal mails and
post-coaches despatched from and arriving at the Bush Tavern, Corn
Street, Bristol:--"London, daily, 4.0 p.m.; and at reduced fares by the
'Regent' at 9.0 p.m.; Milford and Waterford, via Cardiff and Swansea,
10.30 a.m. daily; Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool, every evening at
7.0; Oxford, daily, at 7.0 a.m.; Portsmouth and Southampton, every
afternoon, at 4.0; Plymouth and Exeter, every morning, at 8; Birmingham,
Manchester and Liverpool, daily, at 6.0 a.m.; Portsmouth and
Southampton, by the 'Rocket,' at 7.0 a.m.; Gloster, Birmingham,
Liverpool, Manchester, and Holyhead leaves Bristol each day at 7.0 a.m."

On July 1, 1826, the "Hero" coach is quoted as performing the journey
from Bristol to Birmingham in twelve hours.

[Illustration: [_From "Stage Coach and Mail." By permission of Mr. C.G.
Harper._

HOW THE MAILS WERE CONVEYED TO BRISTOL IN THE DAYS OF KING GEORGE THE
FOURTH.]

On January 21, 1826:--"From Wood's Office, Bell Yard, Thomas Street,
Bristol. Coaches. The 'London Shamrock,' light post-coach, five o'clock
every evening; arrives in London at half-past seven next morning. Runs
to the Spread Eagle Inn, Gracechurch Street, and Bull Inn, Aldgate.

"'London Chronometer.' Cheap coach. Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday,
twelve o'clock. Fare: inside, 21s.; outside, 10s. 6d. Runs to Gerrard's
Hall, Basing Lane, Cheapside.

"Exeter, Plymouth, Devonport, Totnes, Newton-Bushel, Ashburton,
Tiverton, Wellington, Taunton, and Bridgwater. 'Royal Devon' Coach,
every afternoon at four o'clock.

"Bath. Every morning, at eight, ten, and twelve o'clock, and at five in
the evening."

January 21, 1826:--"Plume of Feathers, General Coach Office, Wine
Street, Bristol. W. Clift takes the present opportunity to return his
sincere thanks to the public for the preference they have given to his
coaches; and begs to inform them that the 'Traveller' coach, to Exeter,
is this day removed from Congdon's Hotel to the Old London Inn, and
leaves there for Bristol every evening, at half-past five, and arrives
at Bristol at half-past five in the morning, in time for the coaches to
Gloucester, Cheltenham, Worcester, Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester,
Holyhead, and all parts of the North; leaves Bristol at seven every
morning, proceeds through Bridgwater, Taunton and Tiverton, and arrives
at Exeter at six the same evening.

"The proprietors, for the better accommodation of their friends, have
declined the conveyance of fish by this coach, and pledge themselves
that no pains shall be wanting to render it the most comfortable as well
as the most expeditious coach on the road.

"Four-inside coaches to all parts of England daily. Performed by Clift,
Pratt and Co."

Saturday, December 30, 1826:--"We are informed that memorials to the
Lords of the Treasury and to the General Post Office, to establish a
mail-coach from Cheltenham, through Tewkesbury, over the Tewkesbury
Severn Bridge to Ledbury, and from thence to Hereford, are now in
course of signature through the neighbourhood connected with that line
of road. The advantages of such an arrangement will be most important,
as it will give to the inhabitants of that city two hours to answer, on
the same day, letters received in the morning from London, Bristol,
Birmingham, and all parts of the North and West, and also from Scotland
and from all parts of the north of Ireland. Should this object be
attained, the intended new mail will bring the London letters for
Hereford from Cheltenham on the arrival there of the Gloucester mail;
and the present Bristol and Birmingham mails will leave the Ledbury and
Hereford letters at Tewkesbury, instead of at Worcester, as now done."

October 13, 1827:--"Royal Mail and General Coach Office, Bush Tavern,
Corn Street, Bristol. New mails to Exeter, Plymouth and Barnstaple. The
public are respectfully informed that the Royal mail will in future
leave the Bush coach office daily, nine a.m., via Bridgwater, Taunton,
Wellington, Collumpton, and arrive in Exeter six p.m., leaving for
Plymouth six-thirty p.m. and arriving there eleven p.m. 'same night,'
making the journey, Bristol to Plymouth, in 'only fourteen hours.'

"Also Royal mail to Barnstaple, daily, nine-thirty a.m., via Taunton,
Wiveliscombe, Bampton and South Molton.

"Each mail will arrive at Bristol at five p.m., in time for the London
mail at five-twenty p.m., and of the 'Sovereign' four-inside coach to
London six p.m."

April 21, 1832:--"From the Bush Coach Office, the day coach, the
'Regulator,' daily (except Sundays) at six-thirty p.m., and arrives at
the White Horse Cellars, Piccadilly, and the Bull and Mouth, St.
Martin's-le-Grand, precisely at eight o'clock."

"The Weston-super-Mare coach, the 'Magnet,' left Weston nine a.m., and
on return left the Bush three-forty-five p.m., through Congresbury,
Cleeve, and Backwell.

"The 'Hope' left Weston-super-Mare on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday at
eight-thirty a.m., and returned from the Plume of Feathers at
four-thirty p.m. same day."

[Illustration: [_By permission of Mr. F.E. Baines, C.B. From "On the
Track of the Mail Coach."_

THE BRISTOL, BATH AND LONDON COACH TAKING UP MAILS WITHOUT HALTING.]

"Royal mail to Portsmouth, daily, five-fifteen p.m., return journey,
Portsmouth seven p.m., arrive White Lion eight-thirty next day."

In 1830, the "Bull and Mouth" in St. Martin's-le-Grand was a great coach
rendezvous. A strong and penetrating aroma of horses and straw pervaded
its neighbourhood, in Bull-and-Mouth Street.

The Gloucester and Aberystwith mail-coach continued to run until the
year 1854, and it is believed that was the last regular main road
mail-coach which was kept on the road. Its guard from 1836 to its
abolition in 1854 was Moses James Nobbs.

The London mail coaches of the period loaded up at about half-past seven
at their respective inns, and then assembled at the Post Office yard in
St. Martin's-le-Grand to receive the bags. All, that is to say, except
seven coaches carrying West of England mails--the Bath, Bristol,
Devonport, Exeter, Gloucester, Southampton, and Stroud--which started
from Piccadilly.

A contemporary writer said:--"Wonderful building, the new General Post
Office, opened in 1829, nearly opposite. They say the Government has
got something very like a white elephant in that vast pile. A great deal
too big for present needs, or, indeed, for any possible extension of
Post Office business."

And yet, in the 75 years which have elapsed two other Post Offices of
equal size have been built near it, and acres of ground at Mount
Pleasant--a mile off--have been covered with buildings for Post Office
purposes!

[Illustration: THE GENERAL POST OFFICE, ST. MARTIN'S-LE-GRAND, LONDON,
IN 1830.]




CHAPTER VII.

THE BRISTOL AND PORTSMOUTH MAIL FROM 1772 ONWARDS.--PROJECTED SOUTH
COAST RAILWAY FROM BRISTOL, 1903.--THE BRISTOL TO SALISBURY POST BOY
HELD UP.--MAIL COACH ACCIDENTS.--LUKE KENT AND RICHARD GRIFFITHS, THE
MAIL GUARDS.


In 1903, in connection with a projected new railway from Bristol to
Basingstoke the promoters made a strong point of the fact that the
letters for the first delivery in the important South Coast towns, such
as Portsmouth and Southampton, could not be posted quite so late in
Bristol then as could those which were carried in the olden days by the
mail coaches throughout.

A deputation, consisting of Mr. John Mardon, Mr. Sidney Humphries, Mr.
Bolt, and Mr. H.J. Spear (Secretary), representing the Chamber of
Commerce and Shipping, waited on the Postmaster-General, at the House of
Commons, London, respecting the imperfect service, and they did not fail
to point out to him (Mr. Austen Chamberlain) the time-table of the old
mail coach by way of contrast with the present service by railway.

Mr. Austen Chamberlain, replying to the deputation, said that, as
regarded the mail arrangements, he thought he had no need to show them
that he recognised the importance of Bristol as a great commercial
centre, or how largely recent developments had increased that
importance. He was also alive to the necessity of prompt means of
communication, but he was not wholly his own master. They had complained
that the train service to the South and South-Eastern Counties was very
inconvenient. That, unfortunately, was the only means of communication
upon which he had to rely. If they had been able to put before him
trains which he did not use for the transmission of mails, he might have
been able to provide facilities. With the existing train facilities the
Post Office business was conducted as well as it could be conducted.
That being so, there was no way by which he could improve that service,
except by requiring of the companies concerned that they should provide
a special train for Post Office purposes. He was afraid that trains run
at the hours which would be necessary to meet their wishes would not
secure much passenger traffic, and the whole cost of the running would
fall upon the Postmaster-General. He would closely watch the matter, and
if he could see his way he would not be reluctant to provide them with
what they desired. At present the service was the best in his power to
afford. They were probably aware that the Post Office was experimenting
in certain places with motor-cars, and if they were found to be
reliable, that might be a way out of the difficulty. He should keep that
before him as a possibility, if further railway facilities were not
forthcoming. He regretted that he could not make a more hopeful
statement. All he could say was that he did not think the service was
satisfactory for a great commercial centre like Bristol, and if he saw
his way to provide them with something better he would certainly not
neglect to do so.

It may be opportune here to recall the mail services of the past.

From an "Account of the Days and Hours of the Post coming in and going
out at Salisbury," the following has been gleaned. The "Account" is a
broad sheet, and was printed in Salisbury in 1772 by Sully and
Alexander. The name of Daniel P. Safe, postmaster, is inscribed at the
foot of the "Account":--

    Comes in from Bristol through Bath, Bradford, Trowbridge, Devizes,
    Westbury, Warminster, Heytesbury, Wells, Shepton Mallet, Frome,
    etc., etc., Monday about Seven at Night; and Wednesday and Friday,
    about Three in the Afternoon.

    Goes out to Heytesbury, Westbury, Devizes, Trowbridge, Bradford,
    Bath, Bristol, Warminster, Frome, Shepton Mallet, Wells, etc., etc.,
    Sunday at Ten at Night; and Wednesday and Friday at Six in the
    Evening.

    Comes in from Portsmouth, Gosport, Isle of Wight, Guernsey, Jersey,
    Southampton, New Forest, Winton, Romsey, on Sunday, Wednesday and
    Friday, at Six in the Evening.

    Goes out to Romsey, Winton, New Forest, Southampton, Guernsey,
    Jersey, Isle of Wight, Gosport, Portsmouth, on Sunday, Tuesday, and
    Thursday at Eleven in the Morning.

The official bag seal of the period was inscribed thus:--

[Illustration]

The Bristol and Portsmouth Mail Coach was established under the
immediate superintendence of Francis Freeling, Secretary to the General
Post Office, who travelled on the coach on its first journey about the
year 1786.

In the year 1793 the Salisbury, Portsmouth, and Chichester mails went
out from Bristol every morning at seven, and arrived in Bristol every
evening between nine and eleven. At that period the coaches from Bristol
for the Southern Counties started thus:--Bush Tavern, Corn Street, John
Weeks; for Weymouth a post coach every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday
morning at 5; for Portsmouth a post coach every Tuesday, Thursday, and
Saturday morning at four, so that probably the mail which left at 7 a.m.
daily was carried by mail cart and postboy.

In about the year 1798 a "long" coach set out from Mr. Crosse's, the
Crown Inn, Portsmouth, to Southampton, Salisbury, Bath, and Bristol,
every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday afternoon; and from Gosport every
Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, to the White Hart Inn, Bristol.

The methods of service in 1798 and the perils of the road are indicated
by the following public notice, viz.:--

    "General Post Office, "October 11th, 1798.

    "The postboy carrying the mail from Bristol to Salisbury on the 9th
    instant was stopped between the hours of eleven and twelve o'clock
    at night by two men on foot within six miles of Salisbury, who
    robbed him of seven shillings in money, but did not offer to take
    the mail. Whoever shall apprehend the culprit, or cause to be
    apprehended and convicted both or either of the persons who
    committed this robbery, will be entitled to a reward of fifty pounds
    over and above the reward given by Act of Parliament for
    apprehending highwaymen. If either party will surrender himself and
    discover his accomplice he will be admitted as evidence for the
    Crown, receive His Majesty's most gracious pardon, and be entitled
    to the said reward.

    "By command of the Postmaster-General.
                  "FRANCIS FREELING, Secretary."

There is no record that anyone claimed the reward.

In 1828 the mail went out from Bristol at twenty minutes past five
o'clock for Salisbury, Southampton, Portsmouth, and Chichester, and
arrived every day previously to the London mail--thus Chichester, in
Sussex, was linked up with the Wiltshire, Dorsetshire, and Hampshire
mails at that early period. The charge for the postage of a letter from
Bristol to Portsmouth was at that time ninepence.

Luke Kent was the first individual who filled the place of Guard of the
Chichester mail coaches. At his death he left a sum of money, on the
condition of the Mail Guard always blowing the horn when he passed the
place of his interment, Farlington Church, near Havant.

Prior to becoming a Mail Guard, Luke Kent kept the turnpike gate at Post
Bridge, and afterwards became landlord of the Goat public house, where
he amassed a good fortune. He then opened the Sadler's Wells and was
assisted by James Perry, the most celebrated mimic of his time, who
assumed the name of Rossignal. He was accustomed to procure a variety
of birds, and, having first given his excellent imitation of the songs
of each, to let them loose amongst the audience, to their no small
gratification. The scheme failed.

In June, 1804, one of the Portsmouth night coaches, having six inside
and fifteen outside passengers, besides a surplus of luggage, was
overturned near Godalming, Surrey. Twelve of the passengers sustained
considerable hurt, and nine were obliged to be left behind; the lives of
two children were said to be despaired of. "We are astonished at the
temerity of the public in trusting themselves to such vehicles."

A Time Bill of 1823, which gives details of a Coach Service at that
period, appears on page 83.

GENERAL POST-OFFICE.
THE EARL OF CHICHESTER AND THE MARQUESS OF SALISBURY, HIS
MAJESTY'S POSTMASTERS-GENERAL.

PORTSMOUTH AND BRISTOL:

Contractors'| Number of |      | Time  |Dispatched from the Post Office, Portsmouth,
Names.      |Passengers.|Miles.|allowed|1823, at 7.20, 22nd March.
            |In.    Out.|      |H.   M.|
            |           |      |       |
            |           |      |       |                            by Clock.
            |           |      |       |                       {With a Time-Piece safe.
           {|           |      |       |Coach No. 240 sent out {No. 69 to Devonshire.
Rogers     {|  4  |  4  |   9  | 1  10 |Arrived at Fareham, at 8.30.
           {|  4  |  4  |12-1/2| 1  50 |Arrived at Southampton, at 10.20.
           {|     |     |      |    10 |         Ten Minutes allowed for Office Duty.
Rogers      |  3  |  4  |   8  | 1   5 |Arrived at Rumsey, at 11.35.
Weeks       |  3  |  4  |  16  | 2  20 |Arrived at Salisbury, at 1.55.
            |     |     |      |    10 |         Ten Minutes allowed for Office Duty.
Hilliar     |  1  |  1  |  22  | 3   0 |Arrived at Warminster, at 5.5.
           {|  1  |  1  |   8  | 1   5 |Arrived at Beckington, at 6.10.
Pickwick   {|  1  |  1  |  10  | 1  40 |Arrived at Bath, at 7.50.
           {|     |     |      |    10 |         Ten Minutes allowed for Office Duty.
           {|  1  |  2  |13-1/2| 1  40 |Arrived at the Post-Office, Bristol, the 23 of
            |     |     +------+-------+March, 1823, at 9.40  by Time-Piece
            |     |     |  99  |14  20 |      at 9.40  by Clock.
            |     |     +------+-------+         Devonshire.
            |     |     |      |       |                    {Delivered the Time-Piece
            |     |     |      |       |                      safe.
            |     |     |      |       |Coach No. 240 arrived {No. 69 to Office.
            |     |     |      |       |         Thomas Cole.

The Time of working each Stage is to be reckoned from the Coach's
Arrival, and as any Time lost, is to be recovered in the course of the
Stage, it is the Coachman's Duty to be as expeditious as possible, and
to report the Horse-keepers if they are not always ready when the Coach
arrives, and active in getting it off. The Guard is to give his best
assistance in changing, whenever his Official Duties do not prevent it.

    November, 1832.----250.
    By Command of the Postmasters-General,
    CHARLES JOHNSON,
    Surveyor and Superintendent.


In 1826, a coachman on this road was accused of imperilling his
passengers through having imbibed too freely, and the Mail Guard was
called on in the following letter to report on the matter:--

"General Post Office, 29th July, 1826. Sir,--The passengers who
travelled with the Portsmouth and Bristol mail on the 26th instant,
having complained that the coachman who drove on that day from Bristol
to Warminster was drunk and unfit to drive I have to desire you will
explain the reason why you neglected to report to me so great and so
disgraceful an irregularity, and also how it happened that you did not
know the coachman's name when the passengers asked you for it. I am,
sir, yours, etc.,

    C. JOHNSON.--Mr. Folwell, Mail Guard, Bristol."

The explanation is not forthcoming.

In 1830, many of the public coaches started from Portsmouth and passed
through Portsea and Landport, but--

    "In olden time two days were spent
    'Twixt Portsmouth and the Monument;
    When flying Diligences plied,
    When men in Roundabouts would ride
    And, at the surly driver's will,
    Get out and climb each tedious hill.
    But since the rapid Freeling's age,
    How much improved the English stage,
    Now in eight hours with ease, the post
    Reaches from Newgate Street our coast."

In the years 1837 and 1838 the Portsmouth mail coach was despatched at
7.5 p.m., from Bristol Post Office--then located at the corner of
Exchange Avenue. The posting of letters without fee was allowed up to
6.35 p.m., and, with fee, paid and unpaid letters alike up to 6.50 p.m.
The coach started from the White Lion coach office, Broad Street, at
6.45 p.m., so as to be in readiness at the Post Office to take up the
mails at the appointed time. The arrival of the mail at Portsmouth from
Bristol was at 6.45 a.m. These times are an improvement upon the service
in operation in 1836. At that time the coach left Bristol at 5.30 p.m.,
with a posting up to 5.0 p.m. without fee, and with fees paid, up to
5.15 p.m. On the inward journey the Coach did not arrive until 8.9 a.m.

It will be appropriate here to enumerate certain interesting incidents
connected with the carrying on of the Mail Coach system.

On Saturday, Jan. 5, 1805, the London Mail of Friday se'nnight, had not
arrived at Swansea where it was due early in the morning, till eleven
o'clock that night, having been detained seventeen hours at the New
Passage, in consequence of such large shoals of ice floating down the
Severn as to render it unsafe for the mail boat to cross until Friday
morning.

Thursday se'nnight, an inquest was held at Swansea on the body of John
Paul, driver of the mail coach between that place and Caermarthen which
on Sunday was overturned about two miles from Swansea, while proceeding
with great rapidity down a hill, it being supposed the coachman's hands
were so benumbed with cold that he could not restrain the horses' speed,
the consequence of which was that he was so much bruised as to occasion
his death on Wednesday night. The guard was slightly hurt, but the
passengers escaped uninjured. Verdict, accidental death.

Very few details exist of that exceptional season, in 1806, when Nevill,
a guard on the Bristol mail, was frozen to death; but the records of the
great snowstorm that began on the Christmas night of 1836 are more
copious.

A valuable reminiscence of that night--Dec. 27, 1836--is Pollard's
graphic picture of the Devonport mail snowed up at Amesbury. Six horses
could not move it, and Guard F. Feecham was in parlous plight. Pollard's
companion picture of the Liverpool mail in the snow near St. Alban's on
the same night is equally interesting. Guard James Burdett fared little
better than his comrade on the Devonport mail:

"An accident occurred to the Worcester mail Coach on Friday evening,
March 27, 1829, opposite the Bull and Mouth Office, in Piccadilly,
which, we are sorry to say, has proved fatal to Turner, the coachman.
Just as Turner had taken hold of the reins, and while he was wrapping a
large coat over his knees, the leaders started, and, turning sharply to
the right, dashed one of the fore-wheels against a post. The shock was
so violent that the coachman was flung from his seat. He fell on his
back, and his neck came violently against the curb-stone. Not a moment
was lost in securing the assistance of a surgeon, by whom he was bled.
The poor man was shortly removed to St. George's Hospital, where he died
at about eight o'clock on Saturday evening. He left a wife and three
infant children in a state of destitution, without even the means of
buying a coffin."

As a "Caution to Mail Coachmen," the following notice was issued on June
20, 1829:--"On Friday, Thomas Moor, the driver of the London mail from
Bristol to Calne and back, appeared before the Magistrates at
Brislington to answer an information laid against him by Mr. Bull, the
Inspector of Mail Coaches, by order of the G.P.O. for giving up the
reins to an outside passenger, and permitting him to drive the mail, on
May 29 last, from Keynsham to Bath, against the remonstrances of the
guard. The magistrates convicted Moor in the mitigated penalty of £5 and
11s. costs. Mr. Bull presented the Bath Hospital with the amount of the
fine."

On September 8th, 1837, a coachman named Burnett was killed at
Speenhamland, on the Bath Road. He was driving one of the New Company's
London and Bristol stages, and alighted at the "Hare and Hounds," very
foolishly leaving the horses unattended, with reins on their backs. He
had been a coachman for 20 years, but experience had not been sufficient
to prevent him thus breaking one of the first rules of the profession.
He had no sooner entered the Inn than the rival Old Company's coach came
down the road. Whether the other coachman gave the horses a touch with
his whip as he passed, or if they started of their own accord, is not
known, but they did start, and Burnett, rushing out to stop them, was
thrown down and trampled on, so that he died.

There departed this life at Bristol, in November, 1904, a somewhat
notable individual in the person of Richard Griffiths, who was born at
Westminster, in the year 1811, and entered the service of the Post
Office as a Mail Guard on the 17th November, 1834. At the commencement
of his service he was employed as Guard to the London and Norwich, _via_
Newmarket Mail Coach, upon which duty he remained until the coach ceased
running on the 5th January, 1846, when he was transferred to the London
and Dover Railway, and acted as Mail Train Guard thereon. When a
Travelling Post Office was established in 1860 on the Dover line of
railway, and the necessity for a Guard to the Mail bags thus removed,
Griffiths was ordered to the South Wales Railway, where he remained as
Mail Train Guard until superannuated on the 25th August, 1870. He lived
at Eastville, in Bristol, under the care at last of Mrs. Barrett, a
kind old dame, who made him very comfortable, and on his demise, after
being on pension for 34 years, he bequeathed his old battered Mail Coach
horn to her (_see illustration_). It is probable that the horn was used
on the last Norwich Coach out of London. The maker's name on it is "J.A.
Turner, 19 Poultry."

On November 9, 1822, attention was drawn to the "Musical Coachman"
thus:--"The blowing of the horn by the coachman and guards of our
mail-coaches has usually been considered a sort of nuisance: now, by the
persevering labours of these ingenious gentlemen, converted into an
instrument of public gratification. Most of the guards of the
stage-coaches now make their entrance and exit to the tune of some old
national ballad, which, though it may not, perhaps, be played at present
in such exact time and tune as would satisfy the leader of the opera
band, is yet pleasant in comparison to the unmeaning and discordant
strains which formerly issued from the same quarter."

[Illustration: AN OLD MAIL COACH GUARD'S POST HORN.]

April, 1832:--"The Tipsy Member" finds mention thus: "An M.P. applied
to the Post Office to know why some of his franks had been charged; The
answer was, 'We supposed, sir, they were not your writing; the 'hand' is
not 'the same.' 'Why, not precisely; but the truth is I happened to be a
_little tipsy_ when I wrote them.' 'Then, sir, you will be so good in
future as to write 'drunk' when you make 'free.'"

In this book are depicted an old State Coach, the Mail Coach, the
primitive Railway Train, and a Railway Engine of the latest pattern, all
indicative of progress in locomotion. To complete the series, and for
the purpose of historical record, subjoined is a picture of the first
Motor vehicle used (1904-1905) in Bristol for the rapid transport of His
Majesty's Mails by road. No doubt, in process of time, this handy little
5-horse power car, built to a Bristol Post Office design, to carry loads
of 3-1/2 cwt., and constructed by the Avon Motor Company, Keynsham, near
Bristol, will have numerous fellow cars darting about in the roads and
crowded thoroughfares of Bristol for the collection of letters and
parcels in conjunction with larger cars of higher horse power to do the
heavy station traffic and country road work.

Still, little "Mercury" will have the credit of being the pioneer car in
the Bristol Post Office Service. During its trials the car did really
useful service, and did not once break down.

[Illustration: THE "AVON" TRIMOBILE, USED BY THE BRISTOL POST OFFICE.]




CHAPTER VIII.

THE BUSH TAVERN, BRISTOL'S FAMOUS COACHING INN, AND JOHN WEEKS, ITS
WORTHY BONIFACE, 1775-1819.--THE WHITE LION COACHING HOUSE, BRISTOL.
ISAAC NIBLETT.--THE WHITE HART, BATH.


It appears that John Weeks was landlord of the Bush Tavern, Bristol,
from 1775 to 1801, and continued to be a coach proprietor until 1806. In
the Eastern cloister of Bristol Cathedral there is a mural tablet
erected to his memory, with a well-executed medallion portrait of him in
profile, with inscription as shown in the illustration.

Verger Sproule, of old time, who was born in the first year of the
nineteenth century, once told Mr. Morgan, present senior lay clerk, that
he well remembered John Weeks, and that the portrait on the tablet was
an excellent likeness of him.

In "Mornings at Matlock," by Robey Skelton Mackenzie, D.C.L., author of
"Titian: an Art Novel" (London, Henry Colburn, publisher, 1850), a book
which contains a collection of twenty-six short stories supposed to have
been told by people stopping at Matlock, there is an interesting story
relating to what was known as the Bush Guinea. Briefly told, Dr.
Mackenzie's Bush Guinea story runs thus:--"It was the delight of this
Boniface (John Weeks) on every Christmas Day, to cover the great table
with a glorious load of roast beef and plum pudding, flanked most
plenteously with double home-brewed of such mighty strength and glorious
flavour that we might well have called it malt wine rather than malt
liquor. At this table on that day every one who pleased was welcome to
sit down and feast. Many to whom a good dinner was an object did so; and
no nobler sight was there in Bristol, amidst all its wealth and
hospitality, than that of honest John Weeks at the head of his table,
lustily carving and pressing his guests to 'Eat, drink, and be merry.'
Nor did his generosity content itself with this.

[Illustration: MURAL TABLET IN BRISTOL CATHEDRAL.]

"It was the custom of the house and of the day, when the repast was
ended, that each person should go to honest John Weeks in the bar and
there receive his cordial wishes for many happy returns of the genial
season. They received something more, for according to their several
necessities a small gift of money was pressed upon each. To one man a
crown; to another, half-a-guinea; to a third, as more needing it a
guinea. On the whole some twenty or thirty guineas were thus disbursed.

"On one particular year it had been noticed during the months of
November and December, that a middle-aged man, whom no frequenter of the
Bush Inn appeared to know, and who appeared to know no one, used to
visit about noon every day, and calling for a sixpenny glass of brandy
and water, sit over it until he had carefully gone through the perusal
of the London paper of the previous evening. On Christmas Eve, honest
John Weeks, anxious that the decayed gentleman should have one meal at
least in the 'Bush,' delicately hinted that on the following day he kept
open table. Punctually at one o'clock, being the appointed hour, he
appeared at the Bush in his usual seedy attire. John Weeks called his
head waiter, a sagacious, well-powdered, steady man, to whom he
confidently entrusted the donation which he had set aside for the
decayed gentleman. The decayed gentleman quietly put it in his pocket,
from which he drew a card. The inscription on the card was simply
'Thomas Coutts, 59, Strand.' Amongst the heirlooms which she most
particularly prized, the late Duchess of St. Albans, widow of Thomas
Coutts, used to show a coin richly mounted in a gorgeous bracelet, which
coin bore the name of 'The Bush Guinea.'"

Numerous as the passengers were by the many coaches starting from the
Bush Inn, yet evidently John Weeks was in the habit of finding enough
food for them to eat, and the wherewithal to fortify themselves with,
ere they set out on their long coach journeys. The Bill of Fare for the
guests at that hostelry during the festive season of 1790 shows that our
ancestors had an excellent conception of Christmas cheer. For variety
and quantity it could not easily be surpassed, and in these
"degenerate" days could not even be equalled. But let it speak for
itself.

CHRISTMAS, 1790.

    One Turtle, weight 47 lb.; 68 Pots Turtle; British Turtle Giblet
    Soup; Gravy Soup; Pea Soup; Soup and Bouille; Mutton Broth; Barley
    Broth; 4 Turbots; 7 Cod; 2 Brills; 2 Pipers; 12 Dories; 2 Haddocks;
    14 Rock Fish; 18 Carp; 16 Perch; 2 Salmon; 12 Plaice; 164 Herrings;
    Sprats; Soles; 22 Eels; Salt Fish. Doe VENISON: 10 Haunches, 10
    Necks, 10 Breasts, 10 Shoulders; 37 Hares; 14 Pheasants; Grouse; 32
    Partridges; 94 Wild Ducks; Wild Geese; 32 Teal; 27 Wigeon; 6 Bald
    Cootes; 1 Sea Pheasant; 3 Mews; 4 Moor Hens; 2 Water Dabs; 2
    Curlews; Bittern; 61 Wood Cocks; 49 Snipes; 7 Wild Turkies; 8 Golden
    Plovers; 5 Quist; 2 Land Rails; 13 Galenas; 4 Pea Hens; 26 Pigeons;
    121 Larks; 26 Stares; 108 Small Birds; 44 Turkies; 8 Capons; 9
    Ducks; 5 Geese; 63 Chicken; 4 Ducklings; 18 Rabbits; 3 Pork
    Griskins; 11 Veal Burrs; 1 Roasting Pig; Oysters, Stewed and
    Scolloped; Eggs; Hogs Puddings; Ragood Feet and Ears; Scotch
    Collops; Veal Cutlets; Harricoad Mutton; Maintenon Chops; Pork
    Chops; Mutton Chops; Rump Steaks; Joint Steaks; Sausages; Hambro'
    Sausages; Tripe; Cow Heel; Notlings; 3 House Lambs. VEAL: 5 Legs, 2
    Loins, 1 Breast, 4 Calves' Heads. BEEF: 5 Rumps, 1 Sirloin, 5 Ribs,
    1 Pinbone, Duch Beef, Hambro' Beef. MUTTON: 16 Haunches, 8 Necks, 8
    Legs, 11 Loins, 6 Saddles, 6 Chines, 5 Shoulders. PORK: 4 Loins, 2
    Legs, 2 Chines, 2 Spare-Ribs, 1 Porker. COLD: Boar's-Head; Baron
    Beef, 3 c. 1 qr.; 6 Hams; 4 Tongues; 6 Chicken; Hogs Feet and Ears;
    7 Collars Brawn; 2 Rounds Beef; Collard Veal and Mutton; Collard
    Eels and Pig's Head; Rein Deers' Tongues; Dutch Tongues; Harts
    Tongues; Bologna Tongues; Parague Pie; French Pies; Pigeon Pies;
    Venison Pasty; Sulks; 470 Minced Pies; 13 Tarts; 218 Jellies; 800
    Craw Fish; Pickled Salmon; Sturgeon; Pickled Oysters; Potted
    Partridges; Crabs; 24 Lobsters; 52 Barrels Pyfleet and Colchester
    Oysters; Milford and Tenby Oysters; Pines.

So far as can be ascertained, Matthew Stretch kept the tavern from 1801
to 1805, and James Anderson in 1805 and 1806. Mr. John Townsend was
"mine host" from 1807 until 1826. Unfortunately, none of his descendants
possess a portrait of him. Mr. Charles Townsend, of St. Mary's, Stoke
Bishop, Bristol, has in his possession the original lease, in which the
Bush Tavern in Corn Street was transferred, on the 18th December, 1806,
from Mr. John Weeks, wine merchant, on the one part, to Mr. John
Townsend on the other part, at a yearly rental of £395 of lawful money
of the United Kingdom--the term to be for fourteen years. The stables
and coach houses "of him, the said John Weeks," situated in Wine Street,
were included in the transfer. Out of the rental the yearly sum of £20
had to be paid by the owner, John Weeks, to the parish of St. Ewen, for
that part of the coffee house which stood in the said parish.

As showing how John Weeks safeguarded his monopoly of coach-running to
and from the Bush Tavern, there was this stipulation in the lease:--"The
said John Townsend shall and will from time to time and at all times
during the continuance of this demise take in and receive at the said
Tavern, hereby demised, all and every Stage Coach or Public Carriage
which shall belong to the said John Weeks at any time during this term,
under the penalty of Two thousand Pounds, and that he, the said John
Townsend, shall not nor will at any time during the said Term, if the
said John Weeks shall so long run carriages of the aforesaid
description, take in at the said Tavern or Coffee Room any Public Stage
Coach or by way of evasion any Public Carriage whatsoever used as a
public stage belonging to any person or persons whomsoever without the
consent and approbation of the said John Weeks &c. in writing for that
purpose first had and obtained under the penalty of two thousand pounds
to be paid for any default in the observance and performance of the
covenants herein before contained in that behalf."

According to Paterson's "Roads," John Weeks in 1794 occupied a homestead
called "The Rodney," at Filton Hay, 4 miles from Bristol on the Bristol
to Tewkesbury Road.

The following advertisement from a very old newspaper will be
interesting as indicative that in addition to the John Weeks, of Bush
Inn fame, Bristol, there was at the Portsmouth end of the Mail Coach
route another worthy of the same name, likewise engaged in the carrying
trade, but by sea instead of land:--"John Weeks, Master of the Duke of
Gloster Sloop, takes this method to thank his friends and the public for
their past favours in the Southampton and Portsmouth passage trade, and
hopes for a continuance of the same, as they may depend on his care, and
the time of sailing more regular than for many years past. He sails from
Southampton every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, and returns every
Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, wind and weather permitting."

In the _Bristol Journal_ of Saturday, July 28, 1804, "James Anderson
(who kept the Lamb Inn, Broadmead, eleven years), begged to inform his
old friends and the public in general that he has taken the Bush Inn,
Tavern, and Coffee-house, facing the Exchange, Bristol," where he hoped,
by constant attention, reasonable charges, &c., to render everything
agreeable and convenient to those who might kindly give a preference to
his house. There had evidently been some friction at the Bush under the
late management, for Mr. Anderson also intimated that "those gentlemen
who withdrew from the Bush Coffee-room (upon Huntley's leaving it) are
solicited to use it, gratis, until Christmas next."

In an advertisement following the above, John Weeks solicited support to
his new tenant at the Bush, and added--"In the case of large dinners, or
other public occasions, John Weeks will assist Mr. Anderson to give
satisfaction."

On the site of the 'Bush,' the head offices of the late West of England
and South Wales District Bank were erected. The directors of the Bristol
and West of England Bank purchased the premises on December 31st, 1880.
Lloyd's Bank now stands on the site.

The White Lion, Bristol, was one of the most famous coaching houses in
England, east, west, north, or south. It stood in Broad Street, a
thoroughfare which belied its name as regards breadth, and could only be
considered broad by comparison with the even narrower Small Street,
which ran parallel with it. Yet at one time there were as many coaches
passing in and out of Broad Street as any street in Bristol, or even in
London!

That the White Lion had attained a venerable age may be judged from the
fact that it is mentioned in a list of old Bristol inns and taverns,
published in 1606. On May 10, 1610, the Duke of Brunswick visited
Bristol, and took up his quarters at this house. In 1621 the Earl of
Essex, and in more modern times, the Grand Duke Constantine of Russia,
lodged there. The father of Sir Thomas Lawrence was host of the White
Lion before he removed to the Bear Inn, Devizes. In 1684, it appears to
have been the occasional hostelry of a Duke of Beaufort, for in that
year, during Monmouth's rebellion, His Grace of Badminton was in
Bristol, where he commanded several regiments of militia against the
insurgents; and on that occasion "the backward stables of the White
Lion, in Brode Street, were set on fire, and therein were burnt to death
two of the Duke of Beaufort's best saddle horses. It was supposed to
have been done by the malice and envy of the fanaticks, of whom a great
many were sent prisoners from Bristol to Gloucester, and there secured
till the rebellion was over."

In Matthew's "New History or Complete Guide to Bristol" for the year
1793, there are the following entries respecting this erstwhile great
coaching establishment:--

WHITE LION, BROAD STREET.--Thomas Luce proprietor. To London: A coach in
two days sets out on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays at seven o'clock
in the morning.

WHITE HART INN, BROAD STREET.--(The White Hart adjoined the White Lion,
and was a distinct hostelry so far back as 1606.) George Poston. To
London: A coach in one day every morning at four o'clock. To Birmingham:
A coach every morning (Sundays excepted) at four o'clock, also a mail
coach every evening at seven o'clock. To Gloucester: A coach every
morning at eight o'clock. To Exeter: A coach every Monday, Wednesday,
and Friday morning at six. To Bath: A coach every morning at nine
o'clock and four in the afternoon.

The _Bristol Mirror_ made announcements touching the White Lion
thus:--"March 10, 1804. Wonderful cheap travelling. Fare inside 10s.
6d., outside 8s. The public are respectfully informed that coaches set
out every Tuesday and Thursday and Saturday morning from the White Lion
and White Hart, John Turner, Landlord, and arrive at Birmingham the same
evening. Performed by Weeks, Poston & Co.

"November 8, 1823. J. Niblett, White Lion, Broad Street, announces
change of Royal Mail coach route to London and back. The Emerald Post
coach would run _via_ Bath, Devizes, Marlborough, and Maidenhead. £1
18s. inside, 16s. outside.

"April 12, 1832: New Royal Mail coach to Bath daily at 7 a.m. Leaves
York House, Bath, on return at 5 p.m. Arrives at White Lion, Bristol, at
6.30 p.m.

"April 21, 1832. Royal Mail to Liverpool every day at 5 p.m. from White
Lion, Broad Street; arrive twelve noon the following day by way of
Chepstow, Monmouth, Hereford, Shrewsbury, and Gloucester. Return journey
Liverpool 5 p.m. Arrive White Lion 12 noon next day.

Mr. Isaac Niblett, who became proprietor of the White Lion Inn in 1823,
in which year Thomas Luce gave up the place, was a well-known individual
in the coaching world when the mail coach system was at its zenith. He
worked 600 coach and post horses--a number only exceeded by the great
London coach proprietor Chaplin, with his 1,300, and Horne and Sherman
with their 700. Of the twenty-two daily coaches between Bristol and
London the greater proportion made the White Lion their headquarters.
Amongst other coaches with which Isaac Niblett was especially associated
were the "Red Rover" and the "Exquisite." The "Red Rover" ran from
Bristol to Brighton through Bath, over Salisbury Plain, on to
Southampton and Chichester, and covered the distance of 140 miles in
fourteen hours. The "Exquisite" used to run from Birmingham to
Cheltenham, thence on through Bristol to Exeter. In the _Bristol
Directory and Gazette_ of 1859, Mr. Niblett's innkeepership is alluded
to thus:--"Isaac Niblett, White Lion and British Coffee House, family
commercial and posting house; hearse and mourning coach proprietor." The
White Hart, family and commercial hotel, Broad Street, was at that time
kept by one Charles Smith.

Mr. Isaac Niblett, like John Weeks, of Bush Inn fame, had a country
place near Bristol. He owned, and stayed from time to time at the
Conigre House, Fylton. Mr. Niblett was for some time the owner of the
old Bush Inn stables in Dolphin Street, according to evidence given in a
recent trial before the Judge of Assize at Bristol. That site, as well
as the Conigre Farm, Fylton, is, it is believed, still in the possession
of his lineal descendants.

The Grand Hotel, one of the largest in the West of England, and most
central in the city of Bristol, now stands on the sites of both the
White Lion and the White Hart Hotels. Erected in 1869, it was known as
the new White Lion until 1874, when its name was changed to that of the
Grand Hotel. The accompanying illustration of the White Lion and the
White Hart Inns, taken from a lithograph engraving of about 1880 by the
well-known Bristol firm of lithographers, Messrs. Lavars, must have been
copied from a picture produced subsequent to the old coaching days, and,
judging from the costumes of the pedestrians depicted, the period was
probably about 1860, or a few years before the demolition of the old
inns. The figure of a white hart appears in the picture over the
entrance door of that hostelry but the statue of a white lion, which for
very many years stood over the entrance gateway to the inn of that name,
and which is recollected by many persons still living, was for some
reason or other omitted from the engraving.

[Illustration: THE OLD WHITE LION COACHING INN, BROAD STREET, BRISTOL.]

The White Lion appears to have been the leading Inn in the town in 1824,
for on May 12 in that year the Mayor, Corporation, and leading citizens
dined there on the occasion of the laying of the foundation stone of the
Bristol Council House. Samuel Taylor Coleridge delivered lectures in the
large room of the Inn in 1800. It was the "blue" house, and in later
times the coach which most frequently entered its narrow archway was
driven by his Grace the sixth Duke of Beaufort, who put up at the inn on
his visits to Bristol, as he had, it is said, a great respect for Isaac
Niblett's sterling qualities and fine sporting instincts.

What an evolution in pleasure and commercial traffic has come about in
the last three-quarters of a century! When the White Lion in Broad
Street and the Bush Tavern in Corn Street were in their prime as
Coaching Inns, a four-in-hand Coach in Bristol's narrow streets and on
the neighbouring country roads was so often in evidence as scarcely to
induce the pedestrian even to turn his head round to look at one in
passing. Now such a patrician vehicle in Bristol's midst is brought down
to an unit, and it is left to Mr. Stanley White, son of Sir George
White, Bart., with his well-appointed Coach and his team of bright
chestnuts, to link old Bristol with the traditions of past Coaching
days. Strange that Mr. Stanley White should have blended in his one
person the love of a coachman for a team with the will and nerve to
render him one of Bristol's boldest and most expert drivers of the
road machine of the latest kind, to wit: the Motor Car.

[Illustration: MR. STANLEY WHITE'S COACH.]

[Illustration: MR. STANLEY WHITE'S MOTOR CAR.]

At a function in Bath in 1902, described in these pages, Colonel Palmer,
a descendant of John Palmer, presented a small curiosity to the
Corporation. Readers of Pickwick will remember that, when Mr. Pickwick
was proceeding to Bath, Sam Weller discovered inside the coach the name
of "Moses Pickwick," and wanted to fight the guard for what he
considered an outrage on his master. Among John Palmer's papers was an
old contract for the Bristol and Bath Mail Service, and one of the
parties bore the name of Pickwick, and was the landlord of the White
Hart Hotel at Bath. It was that contract which Colonel Palmer presented
to the Corporation, as a memorial both of his grandfather and of
Dickens.




CHAPTER IX.

TOLL GATES AND GATE-KEEPERS.


As this book is devoted in great measure to the mail services of old
time--which had to be carried on entirely by horse and rider or
driver--allusion may fittingly be made to the toll gate system, which
played its part in connection with mail vehicular transport.

Toll bars originated, it seems, so far back as the year 1267. They were
at first placed on the outskirts of cities and market towns, and
afterwards extended to the country generally. The tolls for coaches and
postchaises on a long journey were rather heavy, as the toll bars were
put up at no great distances from each other. In the year 1766, Turnpike
Trusts, taking advantage of Sabbatarian feeling, charged double rates on
Sundays, but experienced travellers sometimes journeyed on that day, and
submitted to the double impost, to gain the advantage of avoiding
highwaymen, who did not carry on their avocation on Sunday, but gave
themselves up to riot, conviviality, or repose.

[Illustration: BAGSTONE TURNPIKE GATE HOUSE.

GATE ABOLISHED ABOUT 1870.]

Coaches which carried H. Majesty's mails were exempted by Act of
Parliament from paying tolls. The exemption of mail coaches from paying
tolls, a relief provided by the Act of 25th George III., was really a
continuation of the old policy, by which the postboys of an earlier age,
riding on horseback, and carrying the mails on the pommel of the saddle,
had always been exempt from toll, and the light mail carts of a later
age were always exempted.

It was no great matter, one way or the other, with the Turnpike Trusts,
Mr. C.G. Harper tells us in "The Mail and Stage Coach," for the posts
were then few and far between, and the revenue almost nil; but the
advent of numerous mail coaches, running constantly and carrying
passengers, and yet contributing nothing to the maintenance of the
roads, soon became a very real grievance to those Trusts situated on the
route of the mails. In 1816 the various Turnpike Trusts approached
Parliament for a redress of these disabilities.

Mail coaches continued, however, to go free until the end of the system,
although from 1798 they had to pay toll in Ireland. In Scotland in 1813
an Act was passed repealing the exemption in that part of the kingdom.
Pack horses were superseded by huge wagons on the busiest roads early in
the eighteenth century. Over 5,000 Turnpike Acts for the improvement of
local roads were passed during the years 1700 and 1770. At the latter
part of this period, narrow wheels were penalised more heavily than
broad wheels.

Lewis Levy was a prominent man in the days of Turnpike Trusts, as he was
a farmer of Metropolitan turnpike tolls to the tune of half a million
pounds a year!

The history of toll bars is not wanting in romance: "Blow up for the
gate," would say the coachman to the guard, when drawing near to a
"pike" in the darkness of night. Lustily might guard blow, but it did
not always have the desired effect. "Gate, gate!" would shout coachman
and guard. Down would get guard and tootle-tootle impatiently. And out
would shuffle in his loose slippers the "pike" keeper in a dazed
condition from fatigue produced by frequent disturbances. As he opens
the gate he is soundly rated by coachman and guard, and enjoined to
leave the gate open for the next mail down, or he would have to pay a
fine of 40s. to the Postmaster General, that being the penalty for not
preserving an unobstructed way for H. Majesty's mails.

[Illustration: TURNPIKE GATE HOUSE ON CHARFIELD AND WOTTON-UNDER-EDGE
ROAD.

GATE ABOLISHED 1880.]

In the Bristol district toll bars were plentiful, and attempts were made
to erect ornate little houses which should be pleasing to the eyes of
travellers. That such attempts were not always unsuccessful, the
picturesque toll-gate houses depicted in these pages will demonstrate.

In 1804, Sarah Rennison, widow of Thomas Rennison, advertised that she
lately had the ladies' and gentlemen's cold baths, near Stokes Croft
Turnpike, effectually cleaned. "These baths are supplied with water from
a clear and ever-flowing spring, uncontaminated by anything whatever, as
it flows from a clear and limpid stream from its source to the pipes in
the baths."

This turnpike, named the Stokes Croft Gate, stood on the turnpike way
designated Horfield Road. The gate was erected across the lane leading
from the said road to Rennison's Baths.

Very soon after "Sarah's" announcement, this landmark of the old city
was doomed to disappear, and the gate was removed from the top of the
Croft to a site some four or five hundred yards further up the road,
near to the present railway arch.

An advertisement from the _Bristol Journal_, Saturday, July 14th, 1804,
ran as follows:--"To be sold, the materials of the old Turnpike House at
the top of Stoke's Croft. The purchaser to be at the expense of pulling
down and carrying the same away. Also of pitching the site of the house
by the 20th of August next. For further particulars apply to Messrs.
John and Jere Osborne."

[Illustration: OLD TURNPIKE HOUSE ON THE WICKWAR ROAD.]

The tolls for the year ended the 29th September, 1823, realised the sum
of £1,800. The notice respecting the letting of the tolls for the
succeeding year, based on such takings, was signed by Osborne and Ward
on the 14th of October, 1823:

The following is a toll gate announcement, issued on July 13, 1826:--

"Notice is hereby given that the Tolls arising at the Toll Gates
hereinafter particularly mentioned will be severally Let by Auction, to
the best Bidders at the White Hart Inn, Brislington, on Wednesday, the
16th day of August next, between the hours of Eleven o'clock in the
forenoon and One o'clock in the afternoon, in the manner directed by the
Acts passed in the third and fourth years of the reign of his Majesty
King George the Fourth, 'for regulating Turnpike Roads'; which Tolls
produced last year the several Sums, and will be Let in the several
Parcels or Lots following--viz.:--

    "Lot I.--The Tolls arising from the Arno's Vale Gate, on the
    Brislington Road. £2,405.

    "Lot II.--The Tolls arising at the Knowle Gate, on the Whitchurch
    Road. £660.

    "Lot III.--The Tolls arising at the Saltford Gate, on the
    Brislington Road. £2,355.

    "Lot IV.--The Tolls arising at the Whitchurch Gate, on the
    Whitchurch Road. £670.

    "And will be put up at those Sums respectively.

    "Whoever happens to be the best Bidder must, at the same time, pay
    one Month in advance (if required) of the Rent at which such Tolls
    may be respectively Let, and give security, with sufficient sureties
    to the satisfaction of the Trustees of the said Turnpike Roads, for
    payment of the rest of the money monthly.

    "OSBORNE and WARD,
    "Clerks to the Trustees of the said
    Turnpike Roads.

    "Bristol, 13th July, 1826."


A turnpike ticket of 1840 was worded thus:--

    Bristol Roads.
    LAWFORD's GATE.
    July 8, 1840

                                  s.   d.
    Waggon                      |    |
    Cart                      1 |    |
    Coach, Chaise, &c.          |    |
    Gig                         |    |
    Horses                    2 |    | 9
    Cattle                      |    |
    Sheep, Pigs                 |    |
    Asses                       |    |

Clears Gates on the other side

[Illustration: OLD TOLL-BAR HOUSE, NEAR THE RIDGE, WOTTON-UNDER-EDGE.]

[Illustration: [_From an old Talbot-type Photograph in the possession of
Miss P.A. Fry, of Tower House, Cotham._

ST. MICHAEL'S HILL TURNPIKE, BRISTOL.]

The other Bristol "Gates" were known as Clifton, Redland, White Ladies,
Horfield, St. Michael's Hill, Cutler's Mills, Gallows Acre, Barrow's
Lane, Stapleton Bridge, Pack Horse Lane, Fire-Engine Lane, George's
Lane, West Street, Cherry Garden, Fire-Engine, Blackbirds, one full toll
in each case.

Thomas Brooks was the last toll-keeper at St. Michael's Hill, Bristol.
He held the office until it was abolished in 1867. In the following year
he was appointed sub-postmaster of Cotham, and removed from the old Toll
House to a house nearer the city. The Toll House stood at the corner of
Hampton Road and Cotham Hill, where the fountain is now.

Benjamin Gray, the last keeper of the "Stop Gate" which stood near the
Royal Oak Inn at Horfield, held the office for 30 years. The gate was to
stop travellers entering the city by way of Ashley Down Road, and thus
escape paying the tolls at the Zetland Road end of Gloucester Road.
There is a family connection between the Gray and the Brooks families,
and the daughter of Benjamin now resides with Samuel Brooks, the old
sexton of Horfield Church. A model of the Horfield Stop Gate may be seen
at Robin Hood's Retreat near Berkeley Road, Bristol.

The last barrier on the great London to Bristol Road was removed when
the bridge crossing the Thames at Maidenhead was freed from toll at
midnight, on November 30th, 1903. There was a remarkable demonstration
on the occasion. Five hundred people waded through the flooded streets
to see the toll-gate removed from the bridge which was erected so far
back as in 1772.

Precisely at twelve by the toll-house clock Corporation employés
proceeded to remove the gate, amid loud cheering. Many of the crowd
closed in, and finally seizing the huge gate, carried it to the top of
Maidenhead Bridge and threw it into the river.

[Illustration: STANTON DREW TURNPIKE GATE HOUSE.]




CHAPTER X.

DARING ROBBERIES OF THE BRISTOL MAIL BY HIGHWAYMEN, 1726-1781.--BILL
NASH, MAIL COACH ROBBER, CONVICT AND RICH COLONIST, 1832.--BURGLARIES AT
POST OFFICES IN LONDON AND BRISTOL, 1881-1901.


The mail services between Bristol and the Southern Counties came into
great prominence in 1903. The Postmaster-General was appealed to on the
subject, and the phantom of the old Bristol and Portsmouth mail coach
was conjured up to form a comparison detrimental to present-day
arrangements. The discussion recalls somewhat vividly the mail coach
traditions of the pre-railway period, and certainly the community of
to-day has, at all events, fallen on better times as regards security of
the mails, if not better night mail services. In the General Post Office
letter in Lombard Street, 26th April, 1720, this note appears:--"The
Bristol Mail was again robbed yesterday, in the same place as on Friday,
by one highwayman."

_Mist's Journal_ of Apl. 30, 1720, states:--"Last week the Oxford Stage
Coach was robbed between Uxbridge and London, by the same highwaymen as
is supposed who robbed the Bristol Mail, one of them having a scar on
his forehead."

"A man lately taken up near Maidenhead Thicket, and charged with robbing
the Cirencester Stage Coach, has been examined by a Justice of the
Peace, who has committed him to Reading Gaol. He is said to be a
butcher's son of Thame, in Oxfordshire."

The following particulars relate to a Bristol mail coach robbery in
1721. They were taken from a pamphlet written by Wilson, who was one of
the highwaymen therein alluded to, and saved his neck by informing.
Wilson was a person of education, but some of his statements were
questionable. The pamphlet was full of moral reflections upon the evils
of bad company, gambling, &c.; it ran through several editions, so it
was no doubt popular. It will be interesting as indicating the
difficulties attending the Bristol mail services of the period, and that
death was the penalty for robbing his Majesty's mails. It runs thus in
the heading:--

"A full and impartial account of all the robberies committed by John
Hawkins, George Sympson (lately executed for robbing the Bristol mails),
and their companions. Written by Ralph Wilson, late one of their
confederates. London: Printed for J. Poole at the Lockes Head in
Paternoster Row. Price 6d."

The following is an abbreviation of the contents so far as they relate
to the Bristol mails:--

John Hawkins was the son of poor but honest parents. His father was a
farmer, and lived at Staines, Middlesex. Had a slender education. At 14
he waited on a gentleman, then was a tapster's boy at the Red Lion, at
Brentford; got into service again, was butler to Sir Dennis Daltry; took
to gambling; was suspected of being a confederate in robbing his
master's house of plate; was dismissed. At the age of 24 took to highway
robbery; stopped a coach on Hounslow Heath, and eased the passengers of
about £11; with others committed several robberies on Bagshot and
Hounslow Heaths; was arrested for attempting to rescue Captain Lennard,
one of his accomplices, but was discharged.

Wilson, the writer of the pamphlet, was a Yorkshireman; became clerk to
a Chancery barrister; met Hawkins at a gambling-house; they became
"great cronies." Wilson joins Hawkins's gang; they commit several
highway robberies. Feb. 1, 1721, Wilson goes to Yorkshire; Hawkins
impeached several of his companions, and one of them (Wright) was
hanged. Hawkins, Wilson, and others robbed one morning the Cirencester,
the Worcester, the Gloster, the Oxford, and the Bristol stage coaches;
the next morning the Ipswich and Colchester coaches; a third morning,
perhaps the Portsmouth. The Bury coach was "our constant customer."

Sympson, who was born at Putney, and had no education, had by this time
joined the gang. The robberies were continued. In April (1722) they went
back to their old design of robbing the mail coaches. They first
proposed to rob the Harwich mail, but gave up that design because that
mail was "as uncertain as the wind." They then decided to rob the
Bristol mail. Wilson said he objected to this plan, but he joined in it.
They set out Sunday, April 15th. "The next morning being Monday, we
took the mail, and again on Wednesday morning. The meaning of taking it
twice was to get the halves of some bank bills, the first halves whereof
we took out of the mail on Monday morning." On Monday, April 23rd,
Wilson learnt at the Moorgate Coffee House that there was a great
request for the robbers of the Bristol mail. He therefore contemplated
taking a passage to Newcastle, but before he could do so he was
arrested, and carried to the General Post Office, where he was examined
by the Postmaster-General. He was again examined by the
Postmaster-General (Carteret) the next morning, but he denied all
knowledge of the robbery. While under examination, a messenger came from
Hawkins, who was in prison at the Gate House, "to let the Post-house
know that he had impeached me." One of the officers of the Post Office
then showed Wilson an unsigned letter, which he recognised as being in
Sympson's handwriting, confessing his share in the robbery, and offering
to secure his two companions. Wilson then decided to confess. Hawkins
and Sympson were tried, found guilty, and executed 21st May, 1722.

In connection with this Bristol mail robbery, the following are
interesting particulars from the calendar of Treasury papers:--"Memorial
of William Saunderson, clerk, to Sir Robert Walpole. Says he was author
of an expedient to prevent the Bristol and other mails from being
robbed. The scheme seems to have been to write with red ink on the
foreside of all bank notes the name of the post town where they were
posted, the day of the month, and also the addition of these words,
viz.:--'From Bristol to London,' &c. These services (presumably
Saunderson's) have been attended with great expense and loss of time,
and no mail robberies have since been committed. Asks for compensation.
Referred 11th April, 1728, to postmasters to report. May 23,
1728.--Affidavit of W. Saunderson, receiver, of Holford, West Somerset
(probably the same person), that he sent a letter subscribed A.Z. to the
Postmaster-General offering an expedient to prevent the robbing of the
Bristol and other mails, and of the subsequent negotiations with
the Post Office; has never received any reward. Mr. Carteret
claimed the contrivance of the scheme wholly to himself. May
29th.--Postmaster-General's report of 17th April read: 'My Lords
satisfied with the report.' Saunderson had no pretence to any reward.
Scheme entirely formed at Post Office without assistance of Saunderson
or anybody else. Saunderson called in, informed that my Lords adhere to
Postmaster-General's report, and nothing more will be ordered therein."

Stealing a letter or robbing the mail was a capital offence long after
Hawkins and Sympson expiated their offences on the scaffold. Thus a
notice from the General Post Office on the 24th July, 1767, issued in
the _London Evening Post_, dated "From Tuesday, July 28th, to Thursday,
July 30th, 1767," recited that--"Notice is hereby given that by an Act
passed the last Session of Parliament, 'For amending certain Laws
relating to the revenue of the Post Office, and for granting rates of
postage for the conveyance of letters and packets between Great Britain
and the Isle of Man, and within that Island,' it is enacted--That from
and after the first day of November, 1767, if any person employed or
afterwards to be employed in the Post Office shall 'secrete, embezzle,
or destroy any letters, &c.,' 'every such offender, being thereof
convicted, shall be deemed guilty of felony and shall suffer death as a
felon, without benefit of clergy.' Also if any person or persons
whatsoever shall rob any mail or mails, in which letters are sent or
conveyed by post, although it shall not prove to be highway robbery or
robbery committed in a dwelling-house, yet such offender or offenders
shall be 'deemed guilty of felony, and shall suffer death as a felon,
without benefit of clergy.'" In 1781 there was another robbery of the
Bristol mail. The occurrence was set forth in detail in the following
notice, which was issued on January 29th in that year:--

    "General Post Office, Jan. 29, 1781.

    "The Postboy bringing the Bristol Mail this morning from Maidenhead
    was stop't between two and three o'clock by a single Highwayman with
    a crape over his face, between the 11th and 12th milestones, near
    the Cranford Bridge, who presented a pistol to him, and after making
    him alight, drove away the Horse and Cart, which were found about 7
    o'clock this morning in a meadow field near Farmer Lott's at
    Twyford, when it appears that the greatest part of the letters were
    taken out of the Bath and Bristol Bags, and that the following bags
    were entirely taken away:--Pewsey, Ramsbury, Bradford, Henley,
    Cirencester, Gloucester, Ross, Presteign, Fairford, Aberystwith,
    Carmarthen, Pembroke, Calne, Trowbridge, Wallingford, Reading,
    Stroud, Ledbury, Hereford, Northleach, Lechlade, Lampeter, Tenby,
    Abergavenny, Newbury, Melksham, Maidenhead, Wantage,
    Wotton-under-Edge, Tewkesbury, Leominster, Cheltenham, Hay,
    Cardigan, Haverfordwest.

    "The person who committed this robbery is supposed to have had an
    accomplice, as two persons passed the Postboy on Cranford Bridge on
    Horseback, prior to the Robbery, one of whom he thinks was the
    robber; but it being so extremely dark, he is not able to give any
    description of their persons.

    "Whoever shall apprehend and convict, or cause to be apprehended and
    convicted, the person who committed this Robbery, will be entitled
    to a reward of Two Hundred Pounds, over and above the Reward given
    by Act of Parliament for apprehending Highwaymen; or if any person,
    whether an Accomplice in the Robbery or knoweth thereof, shall make
    Discovery whereby the Person who committed the same may be
    apprehended and brought to Justice, such Discoverer will upon
    conviction of the party be entitled to the Same Reward of Two
    Hundred Pounds, and will also receive his Majesty's most gracious
    Pardon.

    "By Command of the Postmaster-General,

    "ANTH. TODD, Sec."


The robbery, which was graphically described by Mr. G. Hendy, of St.
Martin's-le-Grand, in the 1901 Christmas Number of "The Road," does not
appear to have been a very daring one as regards the act itself, but it
was so as to its consequences. There was no mail coach--no driver in
scarlet--no mail guard--no passengers, but only a ramshackle iron mail
cart--a "postboy" as driver and carrying no arms. What a contrast is
this old mail cart with a single horse, carrying the mails for all the
places enumerated in the Notice, to the splendidly appointed four-horse
mail coaches of a period thirty years later on, or to the present time,
when on the Great Western Railway one whole train is used to carry only
a moiety of the King's mail to Bristol and the West! No wonder that the
postboy fell an easy victim to the highwaymen, who bound him and threw
him into an out-of-the-way field. The desperadoes proved to be two
brothers, young men of the name of Weston.

The Westons, after the robbery, went up and down the country on the
North road very rapidly, in order to get rid of the £10,000 to £15,000
worth of bank notes and bills which they plundered from the mails. The
Bow Street runners were on their track from the first, and the chase
continued from London to Carlisle and back. The vagabonds were not,
however, captured, and the notice was exhibited all over the country,
with the addition of the description of the men wanted by the
thief-catchers.

In 1782, the brothers were tried for another offence and acquitted, but
they were arrested at once for the robbery of the Bristol mail and
committed to Newgate. On trial they were found guilty, and paid the
penalty of death by hanging at Tyburn, on the 3rd September, 1782. In
later years the death penalty for robbing mails was abolished, and at
least one old sinner who robbed the Bristol mail eventually did
remarkably well through having committed that dire offence against the
laws, and by having been transported to the Antipodes at his country's
expense.

Particulars of his career have been furnished by Mr. R.C. Newick, of
Cloudshill, St. George, Bristol, by means of the following extract from
a work published in 1853, "Adventures in Australia, '52-'53," by the
Rev. Berkeley Jones, M.A., late curate of Belgrave Chapel (Bentley,
London, 1853):--"If you turn into any of the auction rooms in Sydney the
day after the gold escort comes in you may see and, if you can, buy,
pretty yellow-looking lumps from about the size of a pin's head to a
horse bean, or, if you prefer it, a flat piece about the size of a small
dessert plate. One of the greatest buyers is an old pardoned convict of
the name of 'William,' or, as he is there more commonly called, 'Bill'
Nash, who robbed the Bristol mail, of which he was the guard. His wife
followed him--as some say, with the booty--and set up a fine shop in
Pitt Street in the haberdashery line. Under the old system he was
assigned to her as a servant. Her own husband her domestic! What a
burlesque on transportation as a punishment! He is very unpopular with
the old hands, as he returned to England and offered an intentional
affront to Queen Victoria when driving in the Park, by drawing his
horses across the road as her equipage was driving by. He cut a great
dash in the Regent's Park, and was known as the 'flash returned
convict.' We stood by him at Messrs. Cohen's auction room when the gold
fraud (planting on the gold buyers nuggets made in Birmingham) was
discussed. He addressed us, and we cannot add that he prepossessed us
much in his favour. He looks what he is and has been. In a little
cupboard-looking shop in King Street he may be seen in shirt sleeves
spreading a tray full of sovereigns in the shop front and heaping up
bank-notes as a border to them, inviting anyone to sell their gold to
him. We believe he is now among the wealthiest men of New South Wales."

By the year 1830 the terror inspired by highwaymen had no doubt
diminished, but the coach proprietors thought it prudent to guard
themselves against loss, and so they put increased charges on the
articles of value they had to carry. On the 1st September, 1830, a
coaching notice of about 1,000 words, based on an Act of Parliament, was
put forth by Moses Pickwick and Company from the White Hart, Bath. A
copy of this notice on a large screen was exhibited recently at the
Dickens celebration at Bath. The notice, in legal or other jargon,
announced the increased rate of charge for commission by mail or stage
coach of articles of value. Put into plain form, the increased rates of
charge were as follows, _viz._:--Additional charge for parcel or package
over £10 in value.--For every pound, or for the value of every pound,
contained in such parcel or package over and above the ordinary rate of
carriage, not exceeding 100 miles, 1d.; 100 to 150 miles, 1-1/2d.; 150
to 200 miles, 2d.; 200 to 250 miles, 2-1/2d.; exceeding 250 miles, 3d.

[Illustration: [_By permission of "Bath Chronicle."_

THE WHITE HART COACHING INN, BATH.]

Few people now bear in mind the great robbery of registered letters from
the Hatton Garden Branch Post Office, London, in November, 1881, which
was effected with skill and daring, and yet with simplicity as to
method. At 5.0 p.m. on the eventful day the members of the staff were
busily engaged, when, lo! the gas suddenly went out, and the office,
which was full of people at the time, was left in darkness. The lady
supervisor obtained matches, went to the basement and there found that
the gas had been turned off at the meter. When the gas had been turned
on again and lighted, it was discovered that the registered letter bag,
which had already been made up and was awaiting the call of the
collecting postman, was missing. The bag contained 40 registered
letters, and their value was estimated at from £80,000 to £100,000. In
the many years which have elapsed since the great robbery no clue to the
perpetrators of the daring deed has been discovered. No further attempts
at such robberies took place for some time, but in the year 1888 several
daring burglaries took place at post offices in London. The Smithfield
Branch Post Office was the first broken into, the thieves staying in the
office from Saturday night to Sunday night. During that interval they
removed the safe from under the counter, placed it in the Chief
Officer's enclosure, broke it open and rifled the contents. Cash and
stamps to the value of about £180 were stolen. In the autumn of the same
year the Aldgate B.O. was burgled--a Saturday night being chosen for the
exploit. The manner in which the burglary was effected leaves little
doubt that the depredation was committed by the same gang of thieves.
The safe was broken open, but in this case it was left under the
counter, where it stood, and was there rifled of its contents. The
interior of the office, including a part of the counter under which the
safe stood, was fully visible from the outside, the woodwork in front of
the office having been kept low for the purpose, and it was marvellous
that the thieves were not detected, as a poor woman had just been
murdered by "Jack the Ripper" within 200 yards, and the road in front of
the post office was thronged with excited people. The thieves in this
case got off with cash and stamps to the value of £328.

Later in the same year, the South Kensington Branch Post Office was
entered by burglars under precisely similar circumstances. The thieves
only obtained the small sum of £6, as, being disturbed, they decamped in
haste, leaving behind them their tools and certain articles of clothing.
They had removed the safe, weighing 1-1/2 cwt., from the public office
without being observed, although it was taken from a spot immediately in
front of a large window, through which police and passers-by could
command full view of the office. The Westbourne Grove and Peckham Branch
Post Offices were also burglariously entered in the same year. Although
the burglars were not discovered in connection with these post office
robberies, and none more daring of their kind have occurred since, they
probably were imprisoned for some other misdemeanour. Was it--it may
well be asked--this same gang of burglars released from durance vile who
committed the post office robbery which in 1901 took place at
Westbury-on-Trym, a suburb of Bristol, three miles distant from the
city? For daring it might well have been they, as the following account
will demonstrate.

The post office, be it said, was in the middle of the village and within
200 yards of the Gloucestershire Constabulary Depôt, and actually within
sight of it. It was during the early hours of the morning of the 18th
October that the burglary took place. Not far from the post office
building operations were being carried on, and from the houses in course
of erection the thieves obtained a ladder and a wheelbarrow. Making
their way to the side of the premises, one member of the gang, by means
of the borrowed ladder effected an entrance through the fanlight over
the postmen's room door, and marks of damp stockinged feet revealed the
fact that they crept through a sliding window into the post office
counter room, where the safe was located. The street door was then
opened to their confederates, and the safe, weighing nearly 2 cwt., was
carried to the barrow outside. The thieves retired to a partially
completed dwelling for the purpose of examining the contents of the
safe. They broke open the carpenter's locker, and many tools were
subsequently found on the floor. These evidently had not assisted the
gang to any great extent, as they found it necessary to use a heavy
pickaxe. The noise they made seems to have aroused the inmates of the
neighbouring houses, and it is said that one resident struck a light and
actually saw them at work, but he concluded that they were merely doing
something in connection with the extensive drainage alterations which
had been in progress for many months. This light apparently disturbed
the thieves, for they departed with their burden and the pickaxe and
retraced their steps. Close to the Parish Institute they managed, in
spite of the darkness, to discover a gap in the hedge, and having forced
the wheelbarrow through this, they left unmistakable traces of the route
taken across the adjoining field.

[Illustration: THE OLD POST OFFICE, WESTBURY-ON-TRYM.]

Having wheeled the safe some 300 or 400 yards, and some 50 yards beyond
the cottages in Canford Lane, they again brought the pickaxe into
requisition, and some hours later a workman discovered the safe, with
one end broken into dozens of pieces, lying near the hedge. He at once
gave information to the police. It was afterwards found that, although
the thieves had removed the paper money from the safe, they had thrown
the postal orders, money order forms, stamps, licenses, etc., into a
neighbouring field, where they were found strewn about in great
disorder. The safe contained postal orders stamps, postcards, and cash
of the total value of £315. Cash to the value of £25 was the extent of
the thieves' booty, and they left behind them three £5 notes, half a
sovereign, and two sixpences, which were found on the grass. As all the
articles were dry, it was apparent that the robbery took place after 2
a.m., up to which time there had been rain. The officials at the office
had begun their morning's work quite unconscious of what had happened,
when Police Sergeant Greenslade appeared with the handle of the safe.
The fact of the officials not having been disturbed may be accounted for
by the circumstance that blasting operations had been carried on at
night in the immediate neighbourhood for some twelve months before. The
sub-postmistress and her family, it appeared, did not retire to rest
until very near midnight, and it is supposed that they were in their
first heavy sleep, but it is a mystery why the dog, a sharp fox terrier,
remained quiet.

The safe was kept in a prominent position in the shop--two people slept
just over it--and the exterior of the shop was well lighted at night by
a large public lamp. Sleeping in the house were several females and
males, one of the latter being an ex-Sergeant-Major of Dragoons, 6 feet
2 inches in height and of great bodily strength. Next door lived a baker
whose workman is about early in the morning, so it may be inferred that
the burglars had no small amount of nerve. Within a week another robbery
took place at a mansion within a mile of the post office. This occurred
in the evening. Whether or not this second burglary was the work of the
same gang which carried off the post office safe, there is similar
evidence of most carefully laid plans and of intimate acquaintance with
the house and the habits of its occupants.

Ere the excitement of these two burglaries had passed off as a nine
days' wonder, another robbery equally bold in character took place, and
this time in the very centre of the city of Bristol, and in its most
frequented thoroughfare. A jeweller's shop window was rifled at 6.0
a.m., at a time when the police were being relieved. The thieves got off
with about £2,000 worth of rings, etc. These three burglaries in
conjunction seem to indicate the work of one gang of professional
burglars hailing probably from the Metropolis.

A little time later, a post office safe in the West End of London was
rifled, the burglars discarding old methods of violence in breaking it
open, and using a jet of oxyhydrogen flame to burn away a portion of the
safe door!




CHAPTER XI.

MANCHESTER AND LIVERPOOL MAILS.--FROM COACH TO RAIL--THE WESTERN
RAILROAD.--POST OFFICE ARBITRATION CASE.


When the construction of the Great Western Railway was in contemplation,
the prospect of the Londoner being able to pay a morning visit to
Bristol, in even four or five hours, was hailed with satisfaction, as
will be gathered from the following article from _The Sun_ newspaper of
March 26th, 1832:--

"RAILWAY FROM LONDON TO BRISTOL.--We understand that two civil engineers
of eminence, Henry H. Price and Wm. Brunton, Esqrs., are busily occupied
(under the auspices of some leading interests) in making the necessary
surveys for the above important work. We hail with satisfaction the
prospect of seeing the metropolis, ere long, thus closely approximated
to the Bristol Channel and Western Seas, when four or five hours will
enable us to pay a morning visit to Bristol. Nothing can tend more to
increase and consolidate the power of the empire than to give the
greatest possible facility of intercourse between its distant points.
When the London and Bristol railway shall be completed, it will be very
possible, in connexion with the Irish steam-boats from the latter port,
for cattle and other Irish produce to be conveyed to the London market
within 32 hours from the time of shipment at Cork, Waterford, &c., and
thus, at a cheap rate, will the London market be thrown immediately open
to the Irish agriculturist; at the same time the London consumers will
be benefited in proportion to the greater extent of country thrown open
whence they may derive their supplies. Liverpool, we understand, imports
above 7,000 head of live stock per week; much of which is conveyed to
Manchester by the railway, and we may surely hope for a similar result
to the metropolis, when the direct communication is opened with Ireland
by similar means. In a political point of view, the importance of the
great work in question is too obvious to require a moment's comment.
We need only state, that in case of emergency, four to five hours will
be sufficient to convey any quantity of men or stores from our depôts or
arsenals near London to Bristol, whence they will be ready to embark for
any point where they may be required, and we at once prove that
railways, judiciously constructed across the country, may be made, not
only the means of economy to the Government (smaller establishments
being necessary), but that they tend more than anything else to
concentrate and consolidate the strength of an empire, and are an
additional guarantee against war and foreign aggression."

[Illustration: PRIMITIVE GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY TRAIN BETWEEN BRISTOL AND
BATH, PASSING KELSTON]

In these days of special trains, composed exclusively of Post Office
carriages, such for instance as the night mail on the Great Western
Railway, leaving Paddington at 9.5 p.m., consisting of eight coaches
with engine (usually the "Alexandra" or "Duke of York"), and measuring
400 feet in length, which runs the whole journey from London to Penzance
in the space of 9 hours 40 minutes, stopping at Bristol and a few other
first-class stations _en route_, it may be interesting to recall the
earliest period of the conveyance of mails by railway. Light is thrown
thereon in the following correspondence relating to the then conveyance
of the mails to Manchester and Liverpool, partly by the
recently-constructed railway, and partly by road:--"Liverpool, 4th July,
1837. Dear Sir, We reached this place precisely at half-past
twelve--exactly an hour behind our time--the loss arose out of various
little _contretemps_, which a little practice will set right. This is
the first time in Europe so long a journey was performed in so short a
time, and if, some very few years ago, it had been said a letter could
be answered by return of post from London, the idea would have been
treated as chimerical, and yet at eight last evening was I in London,
and this letter will reach there to-morrow morning, the proceeding of
these operations occupying a period of 34-1/2 hours only, out of which a
rest of three hours is to be taken, thus performing a distance of 412
miles in 31-1/2 hours.

"Our mail coach was before its time full 15 minutes, notwithstanding at
one place we could not find horses, except posters; and at another
when posters were found there was no coachman; luckily there was one on
the mail, looking out for a place, with which we suited him. To-night,
doubtless, all will go right (some dispute among the amiable
contractors, I believe to be the cause). I need hardly observe that I
have adopted proper measures. I have the honour to be, Dear Sir, Yours
very faithfully, (Signed) Geo. Louis. To Lt.-Col. Maberley, &c., &c.,
&c."

[Illustration: BRISTOL AND EXETER RAILWAY TRAIN BRINGING MAILS TO
BRISTOL ON THE DECLINE OF THE MAIL COACH SYSTEM ABOUT 1844. (CLIFTON
BRIDGE ANTICIPATED BY THE ARTIST.)]

"Manchester, 4th July, 1837. Sir, I have much pleasure in stating that
the London Bag arrived here this day by railway at half-past twelve p.m.
The Bag to London was despatched as usual this morning by the mail
coach, but concluding that a _return by the railway_ is intended both
this day and to-morrow (although the arrangements generally do not
commence until the 6th) I make a despatch with such letters as are in
the office at half-past two p.m., and propose doing the same to-morrow.
I am, Sir, Your most obedient, humble Servant, (Sig.) G.F. Karstadt. To
Lt.-Col. Maberley."

"4th July, 1837. Manchester. G. Karstadt, Esq. For the
Postmaster-General. I enclose a letter from Mr. Louis with this report
from Mr. Karstadt as to the first working of the railroad. I am sorry to
say that it appears from the time bills an hour was lost upon the
railroad coming up. (Signed) J.V.L.M. (Lt.-Col. Maberly). 5th July,
1837. Read, Lichfield (Lord Lichfield)." The coaches running all the way
through at this period were timed to leave London at 8 p.m., and arrive
at Liverpool and Manchester at 2.30 p.m. On the up journey the coaches
left Manchester and Liverpool at 11.30 a.m., and reached London at 6.30
a.m.

The conveyance of the mail partly by road and partly by rail came into
operation on the Western road from 1838 to 1841 as section by section of
the Great Western Railway became completed. Thus, in 1840, mails which
had come by road between Maidenhead and Bath were brought into Bristol
by trains composed of very primitive engines, tenders and coaches, as
depicted in the illustrations taken from engravings of the period.

Mr. J.W. Arrowsmith, the world-wide known Bristol Publisher, recently
reprinted Arrowsmith's Railway Guide of 1854, the year of its first
issue. It is interesting to note from the re-publication that the
shortest time in which Mails and passengers were conveyed between London
and Plymouth was 7 hours, 25 minutes, and between Plymouth and London 7
hours, 35 minutes. What a change a half-century has brought about! The
pace of the trains has been vastly increased, and even goods trains
accomplish the journey from London to Bristol in three hours. There is
no such thing as finality in speed, as the Great Western Railway Company
has been trying a French engine, with a view to beat all previous
records. One of these engines was tried in France with the equivalent of
fifteen loaded coaches behind it. It was brought to a dead stop on a
steep incline, and when started again it gathered speed, so that before
the summit was reached it was travelling at its normal speed--74.6 miles
an hour.

This new engine, "La France," recently accomplished a brilliant feat.
She was started from Exeter with a load of twelve of the largest
corridor-bogies, one being a "diner," the whole weight behind her
tender, including passengers, staff, luggage, and stores, being nearly
330 tons. "La France" ran the 75-1/2 miles to Temple Meads Station,
Bristol, in 72-1/2 minutes, start to stop, thus averaging 62.5 miles an
hour, although she had to face a 20-mile climb at the start, the last 27
miles of this stretch being at 1 in 115. She went on from Bristol to
London, 118-1/2 miles, with the same heavy load, in exactly 118 minutes.
Her time from Bath to Paddington, 107 miles, was 104 minutes; from
Swindon, 77-1/4 miles, 72 minutes; from Reading, 36 miles, 33 minutes.

A good performance in long distance railway running was established by
the Great Western Railway Company in connection with the visit in 1903
of the Prince and Princess of Wales to Cornwall. Their Royal Highnesses
left Paddington in a special division of the Cornishman at 10.40 a.m.,
the train being timed to do the non-stop run to North Road, Plymouth, a
distance of 245 miles, in four hours and a half. This time was, however,
reduced to the extent of 36-1/4 min., the train steaming into North
Road at 33-3/4 minutes past 2 o'clock. The train covered during the
first hour's run 67-3/4 miles, the average speed for the whole journey
to Plymouth being 1.049 miles per minute. The journey was performed in
about half the time occupied in 1854.

[Illustration: [_By permission of "Great Western Railway Magazine."_

"LA FRANCE"--POWERFUL NEW GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY ENGINE.]

The up train, which runs from Bristol to London in exactly two hours,
via Badminton, is matched by a down train in the same time by the easier
but slightly longer main line (_via_ Bath), giving a start-to-stop speed
of 59-1/8 miles an hour, with a dead slow through Bath Station. But to
Bath, where a coach is slipped, the inclusive speed is 60 miles an hour,
as the distance is 107 miles (all but 10 chains), and the time from
Paddington, 1 hr. 47 min. This is by the 10.50 a.m. "Cornishman," and is
said to be the first Great Western train ever booked at a mile a minute,
and the first train on any London Railway even "scheduled" at that
speed.

In connection with the Mail Services between the Metropolis and Bristol,
the "Gate of the West," it may be appropriate here to mention the recent
arbitration case between the Great Western Railway Company and H.M.
Postmaster-General in regard to remuneration for conveyance of Mails.

The Company, dissatisfied with the payment of £115,000 a year under
their contract of 1885, subsequently raised by small additions, from
time to time, to £126,000 a year, brought their case before the Railway
Commissioners, who awarded £135,855 a year from the 1st July, 1902. This
amount covered the provision of a new postal train in each direction
between London and Penzance. It was Sir Frederick Peel who delivered the
judgment of the Court.




CHAPTER XII.

PRIMITIVE POST OFFICE.--FIFTH CLAUSE POSTS.--MAIL CART IN A
RHINE.--EFFECT OF GALES ON POST AND TELEGRAPH SERVICE.


The Bristol Postal District, stretching from the Severn banks beyond
Oldbury-on-Severn to a point near Bath, and thence straight across to
the Bristol Channel again, consists of ground within the City and County
of Bristol, and the Counties of Gloucestershire and Somersetshire. The
border of Wiltshire is touched near Dyrham and Badminton, and the
district is separated from Monmouthshire by the estuary of the River
Severn.

[Illustration: HORTON THATCHED POST OFFICE AT THE FOOT OF COTSWALD
HILLS.]

Post Offices showing signs of great antiquity are scarcely in existence
now, for at the present day the wide district thus described in the
preceding paragraph contains within its boundaries only one post office
established under the primitive but comfortable and picturesque
thatched roof. This is the Horton Post Office. The picture of this post
office is from an excellent photograph taken by Miss Begbie, a daughter
of the Rector of Horton. The village lies at the foot of the Cotswolds,
and near this spot, in quiet retreat, William Tyndale translated the New
Testament. The Duke of Beaufort's hounds meet from time to time in the
Horton Post Office yard. This rustic place was originally the village
ale house, yclept "The Horse Shoe." It is now devoted to the more useful
purpose of the sale of stamps and the posting and distribution of
letters, under the able and energetic superintendence of Mrs. Slade.

Such Postal Sub-Districts as Horton, far remote from their principal
centre, were classified under Parliamentary legislation. Thus the fifth
Clause posts of early in the 19th Century took their name from the Act
41, Geo. 3, Ch. 7, Clause 5, under which they were established. Special
post marks were in use for such posts. In the case of the Bristol
district there was only one 5th Clause post, namely, at Thornbury, which
was established in 1825, and under its regulations one penny was
charged for the delivery of each letter at Thornbury. The post was a
horse post from and to Bristol, and the Contractor delivered and
collected bags at Almondsbury and Fylton, which were both "penny posts."
The main object of the fifth Clause post was to join up small towns with
the larger post towns and so it was that Thornbury became thus linked on
to Bristol. On the other hand, Bristol had 63 penny posts, including
Almondsbury and Fylton, which were denoted by numbers 1 to 63, Clifton
being No. 1.

Of the 52 "Fifth Clause Posts" existing in 1839 Bristol had only the one
which joined Bristol and Thornbury.

Owing to there being no settled port of departure or arrival for vessels
employed for conveyance of Foreign Mails, the letters were frequently
despatched by privately-owned ships. They were then impressed with a
post-mark "Ship Letter," with the name of the town included.

The Penny Post letters were such as had been posted in any one of the 63
Bristol Penny Post Sub-District Offices for delivery in the district of
posting, or in any of the 62 other Offices. Thus a letter posted in
Fylton for delivery in Fylton would be charged one penny upon being
handed in at that Post Office, and another penny would be obtained on
delivery to the addressee.

A letter posted at the Penny Post Office of Almondsbury for delivery in
the Penny Post District of Fylton would be charged a penny upon being
handed in at the Almondsbury Office and another penny would be charged
to the addressee on delivery. Thornbury being a 5th Clause Post would
have letters posted in its special "Open" box, delivered in the
Thornbury Postal area for the one penny, that charged on delivery.

A letter posted in the "Open" box at Thornbury (5th Clause Post) for
Bristol would likewise travel from Poster to addressee for the 1d.
delivery charge in Bristol, as bags would be exchanged between the two
places.

A single letter, _i.e._, a letter without an enclosure, coming from
Reading for Thornbury, would be charged a general post rate of 8d. to
Bristol, plus 1d. for delivery, which would be the same in the cases
of letters from Reading for Fylton or Almondsbury; but if a letter were
posted at Thornbury for Reading, there would be no charge from Thornbury
to Bristol, so that the addressee would only be called upon to pay the
general post rate of 8d., whereas, the postage on a letter from Fylton
or Almondsbury would be 8d., plus a penny charged for collection.

[Illustration: EARLY BRISTOL POST MARKS.]

The mail services in the rural districts are not free from danger. The
pitcher may have been carried to the fountain year after year without
mishap, but it not infrequently becomes broken at last. In like manner
the contractor for the Portishead, Clevedon, and Yatton mail cart
service, after having driven over this route with immunity from accident
for forty years, yet came to grief in the last week of his connection
with His Majesty's mails, January, 1902. The contractor's time table was
arranged thus:--Portishead, leave 9.15 p.m.; Clevedon, arrive 10.5 p.m.,
leave 10.50 p.m.; Yatton, arrive 11.28 p.m.; attend to apparatus and up
mail 12.17 a.m., down mail 12.42 a.m.; Yatton, leave 1.5 a.m.; Clevedon,
arrive 1.48 a.m., depart 4.15 a.m.; Portishead, arrive 5.5 a.m.

The contractor, Mr. Dawes, now in the 66th year of his age, having
performed a part of his outward journey on the 19th September, 1902,
left Clevedon for Yatton quite sober as ever, and in his usual health.
Then comes the mystery. He did not reach Yatton in due course, and the
railway signalman intimated the failure to Bristol, from which office
the postmaster of Clevedon was advised, who at early dawn started out a
scout on a bicycle to search for the missing mailman and mail bags. The
scout discovered no signs of man or mails between Clevedon and the
Yatton apparatus station, and going back over the same ground, he
eventually met an individual who had seen an aged man with a whip in his
hand wandering on the road. This he knew to be his man, and he
discovered Dawes walking aimlessly along the road at about 7 a.m. His
explanations were not coherent. The horse had ran away with him, and
flung him off the cart into a ditch; he had tumbled off the cart, and
walked into a ditch; he had tried to knock people up to assist him in
trying to find what had become of the missing mails! In the meantime, a
farm labourer going out on to the Kingston Seymour moors to milk the
cows discovered the mail cart turned over on to its side, and thus
embedded in a rhine on the roadside. The horse also was in the rhine, up
to his back, partly in mud and partly in water. The milkman immediately
started off to Clevedon to give the alarm, and his employer, who was
accompanying him on his journey to the milking ground, took prompt
steps, in conjunction with moor men, to drag horse and vehicle out of
the mud and mire. Fortunately, the mailbags were uninjured, and the
postmaster of Clevedon, who had set out on a search, had them conveyed
back to his office. Dazed contractor Dawes, the muddy mail cart, and
horse coated with mud from head to hoofs, were got back into the town at
about 11 a.m. It would seem that the contractor fell asleep and tumbled
from his box into the road, and that his horse wandered on, grazing from
side to side of the road, till eventually in the dark of night horse and
cart fell into the rhine. On coming to himself, the contractor, after
trying in vain to arouse the inhabitants of roadside houses, wandered
about all night, or it may be laid down somewhere to await morning
light. The animal was injured to such an extent that it had to be
destroyed.

During the fierce gale which, with unparalleled severity, raged in the
Bristol Channel on the night of Thursday, the 10th September, 1903, a
vessel was driven ashore on the Gore Sands. Soon after daybreak a call
was made for the Burnham Lifeboat, but, in consequence of the heavy
seas, the crew was unable to launch her. The coxswain, therefore,
telegraphed for the Watchet Lifeboat to proceed to the rescue. Every
endeavour was made by the Postal Telegraph authorities to expeditiously
transmit the message, but the elements which had operated against the
vessel, had likewise played havoc with the telegraph wires, with the
result that the telegram sustained such delay in transmission as to
retard the launching of the Lifeboat. Fortunately, no serious
consequences followed.

As regards mail communication, the night journey by road from Bristol to
Bath and Chippenham could not be made, owing to the roads being blocked
by fallen trees.

The gale was far reaching in its effects, and carried away parts of
Weston-super-Mare Pier, landed boats on promenade, blew down walls,
chimneys, and laid low hundreds of trees, was especially "a howler," and
disastrous as regards interference with telegraphic communication. Wires
were blown down in all directions, and Bristol suffered greatly. On the
11th, at 11.0 a.m., there was no wire whatever available to South Wales,
and telegrams had to be sent by train. There was no wire available to
Scotland or to the north beyond Birmingham, or to Cork and Jersey.
Several local lines were down, such as Wedmore, Hambrook, Yatton,
Portishead, Wickwar, etc. Delay of 50 minutes occurred to Birmingham,
which office transmitted all work for the north. The delay to London was
40 minutes. Trunk telephone communication was impossible. Every wire was
interrupted, and remained so all day. In the evening there was still no
wire which could be used to Scotland, Cork, or Channel Islands. Cardiff
was reached at 3.0 p.m., on one wire.




CHAPTER XIII.

BRISTOL REJUVENATED.--VISIT OF PRINCE OF WALES IN CONNECTION WITH THE
NEW BRISTOL DOCK.--BRISTOL AND JAMAICAN MAIL SERVICE.--AMERICAN
MAILS.--BRISTOL SHIP LETTER MAILS.--THE REDLAND POST OFFICE.--THE
MEDICAL OFFICER.--BRISTOL TELEGRAPHISTS IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN WAR.--LORD
STANLEY.--MR. J. PAUL BUSH.


Bristol "lethargic" was for years the general idea of the place. Bristol
"awakening" followed, and it is now realised that Bristol has fully
awakened to her vast potentialities. The eyes of the populace of Great
Britain, and, it may be, of many of the dwellers in the King's dominions
beyond the seas, were in March, 1902, cast in the direction of the
ancient city of Bristol, erstwhile the second port in importance in the
British Isles. This national looking to what Bristolians proudly call
the "metropolis of Western England" was occasioned by the visit of the
Prince of Wales, with H.R.H. the Princess, to turn the first sod in
connection with the great works then about to be undertaken for the
extension of the docks at Avonmouth, so as to render them capable of
accommodating and berthing steamers of a magnitude greater than any yet
built--a work then expected to be completed in four or five years. The
function was a notable one, and the occasion may be briefly summed up as
"a grand day for Bristol." Two millions are being spent on the dock,
which will have a water space of thirty acres, with room for further
extension. The lock will be 875 feet long and 100 feet wide. There will
be 5,000 feet of quay space, with abundant railway sidings and other
appointments of a first-class port.

[Illustration: (signed) Yours faithfully Alfred Jones]

[Illustration: R.M.S. "PORT KINGSTON" (7,584 TONS),

_of the Imperial Direct West Indian Mail Fleet_.]

In Feb., 1902, Sir Alfred Jones, K.C.M.G., the chief of the Elder
Dempster steamship line, set out from Avonmouth in the "Port Antonio"
for Jamaica, with the object of promoting further developments between
Bristol and the West Indies by means of the Imperial Direct West India
mail service. The occasion of his departure was unusually interesting,
as it took place on the first anniversary of the sailing of the first
boat of the direct service carrying H. Majesty's mails to the Island of
Jamaica from Avonmouth. The picture portrays the mails being embarked on
the "Antonio's" sister ship, the "Port Royal," which arrived at
Avonmouth on the day before the royal visit, and was inspected by Their
Royal Highnesses, who were much interested in her banana cargo. The
"Port Kingston," a steamer of larger size and splendid construction, has
now been added to the Jamaican fleet, and she makes the passage from
Kingston to Bristol in ten-and-a-half days. By a coincidence, when
Bristol was "feasting" on the 5th March, 1902--the Red Letter Day--and
its senior Burgess, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and the other
Members of Parliament for the city were felicitating with a goodly array
of Bristol Fathers over the great event likely to be fraught with untold
benefit to the historic port from which Sebastian Cabot set forth years
and years ago to seek and find the continent of America, the feast of
"St. Martin's" was being held at the Criterion, in London, and the Post
Office K.C.B.'s, Sir George Murray, Sir Spencer Walpole, and Sir
William Preece, under the courtly presidency of Sir Robert Hunter, were
eloquently descanting to a large assemblage of Post Office _literati_ on
the usefulness of the Post Office Service magazine--St. Martin's le
Grand.

[Illustration: EMBARKING MAILS AT AVONMOUTH ON THE JAMAICAN STEAMER,
"PORT ROYAL."]

The Chamber of Commerce at this time urged on the Canadian Government
the desirability of making Bristol the terminal port for the new
Canadian fast mail service, on the grounds that mails and passengers
from Canada can be carried into London and the Midlands in the shortest
period of time _via_ the old port of Bristol. From the Holms, 20 miles
below Bristol, a straight line in deep water, without any intervening
land, may be drawn to Halifax. Bristol can be reached from London in 2
hours. The time which could be saved in the passage from Queenstown to
London _via_ Bristol is 5-1/2 hours as compared with the route _via_
Liverpool, and 5 hours as compared with the route _via_ Southampton. By
the Severn Tunnel line there is also direct communication with the
Lancashire and Yorkshire manufacturing districts, as well as the Midland
and Northern parts of the United Kingdom generally. Thus in the two
important elements of speed and safety Bristol has paramount advantages
as a terminal port for the transatlantic mail service. There is evidence
generally that Bristol trade and commerce have revived, and are now
indicating a vigorous growth. The Bristol post office statistics show a
phenomenal progress during the last decade. In the year 1837, before the
introduction of the penny postage system, and when people had to pay for
their missives on delivery, Bristol could only boast of 1,040,000
letters delivered in a year; in 1841, the year after the uniform penny
postage was introduced, the number rose to 2,392,000. In another ten
years, 1851, 5,668,000 was reached; in 1861, 11,062,252 was the number;
1871, 12,158,000; in 1881, 19,484,000; 1891, 29,000,000; and in 1901,
55,473,000, or an increase approaching that of the preceding forty
years. The numbers stand in 1905 at 73,000,000.

On Sunday, the 10th January, 1904, the liner "Philadelphia" (which,
by-the-bye, as the "City of Paris" went ashore on the Manacles and was
salved and re-named) was the first of the fleet of the American Line to
call at Plymouth and land the American mails there, instead of at
Southampton, as formerly. In connection with the inauguration of this
service to the Western port of Plymouth, Bristol--undoubtedly a natural
geographical centre for the distribution of mails from the United States
and Canada--played an important part in distributing and thus greatly
accelerating the delivery of the American correspondence generally.
Bristol itself distinctly benefits by the American mail steamers calling
at Plymouth, for it enables her traders to get their business
correspondence many hours earlier than by any other route.

Owing to a severe storm encountered off Sandy Hook, the "Philadelphia,"
on the occasion alluded to, due on Saturday, did not arrive in Plymouth
Sound until early on Sunday morning. The mails were quickly placed
aboard the tender, which returned to Millbay Docks at 6.20 a.m., and an
hour later the special G.W.R. train moved out, carrying over 21 tons of
mails. Eight tons were at 10 a.m. put out at the Temple Meads Railway
Station to be dealt with at the Bristol Post Office, and the remainder
taken on to Paddington. The mails dealt with at Bristol included not
only those for delivery in Bristol city and district, but also those for
the provinces. They were speedily sorted and dispersed by the
comprehensive through train services to the West, South Wales, Midlands,
and North of England.

The second American mail was brought over by the "St. Louis," which
arrived off Plymouth at one o'clock on Saturday morning, the 16th
January, 1904. The G.W. train reached Temple Meads at 6.23, and 350 bags
which had to be dealt with at Bristol were dropped. The premises
recently acquired from the Water Works Company by the Post Office were
utilized for the first time, there not being sufficient room in the
existing post office buildings to cope with such a heavy consignment.
The letters were sent out with the first morning delivery in Bristol.
The Birmingham letters were despatched at 10.30 a.m., and those for
Manchester and Liverpool were also sent off in time for delivery in the
afternoon.

The third mail arrived per "New York," at 7.35 p.m. on Saturday, the
23rd January, 1904. One hundred and fifty bags were deposited at
Bristol. The New York direct mails for the North went on by the 7.40
p.m. (G.W.) and 7.55 p.m. (Mid.) trains ex Bristol Station. The direct
Plymouth and Bristol service is still being continued.

In an Instruction Book relating to "Ship Letter" Duty which was in use
in the Bristol Post Office so far back as 1833, there are many
interesting documents. The following is a list:--(1) Ship Letters,
Notice, G.P.O., July, 1833. (2) Notice to all Masters and Commanders of
Ships arriving from abroad; Signed, Francis Freeling, Secretary G.P.O.,
June, 1835. (3) Letter from Francis Freeling to G. Huddlestone, 9th
October, 1835, _re_ letters forwarded by the ship "Paragon" from the
Port of Bristol. (4) Letter from Ship Letter Office, London, to
Postmaster of Bristol _re_ Inland prepaid rate and Captain's gratuity
(18th Sept., 1843). (5) Correspondence from G. Huddlestone (26th July,
1838) _re_ Process of Receipt of Ship Letters, and making up of the
mails; also Process of Receipt and Distribution of Ship Letters Inward.
(6) Notice to the Public and Instructions to all Postmasters; signed
W.L. Maberly, Secretary G.P.O., 2nd September, 1840. (7) Receipt from
Postmaster of Bristol for 1 packet directed "O.H.M.S. Ship Mail; per
'Victory'" from Bristol to Cork (Sept. 17th, 1841). (8) Letter
containing Solicitor's opinion that Master of steam vessel cannot be
compelled to sign receipt Ship Letter; signed Jas. Campbell (4th
October, 1841). (9) Notice to Postmasters; signed W.L. Maberly,
Secretary G.P.O., June, 1845. (10) Circular of Instructions; signed
Rowland Hill, G.P.O., 4th October, 1845. (11) Notice to the Commanders
of Ships arriving from Foreign Ports; signed W.L. Maberly, Secretary
G.P.O., June, 1845. (12) Circular of Instructions; signed Rowland Hill,
Secretary G.P.O., July, 1855. (13) Circular of Instructions to
Postmasters at the Outports; signed Rowland Hill, Secretary G.P.O., 13th
August, 1855. (14) Circular of Instructions; signed Rowland Hill,
Secretary G.P.O., 29th January, 1857. (15) Reduction of the Ship Letter
Rate of Postage; signed Rowland Hill, Secretary G.P.O., 26th December,
1857. (16) Circular of Instructions; signed Rowland Hill, Secretary
G.P.O., January 14th, 1858. (17) Instructions; signed Rowland Hill,
Secretary G.P.O., 27th March, 1863. (18) _Re_ Letters to Portugal;
signed Geo. Dumeldenger, for Sub. Con., 7th March, 1871. (19) Note _re_
Loose Letters, 23rd March, 1876. Bristol, 9th December, 1902.

This old book relating to the Ship Letter Duty at Bristol was considered
suitable for the Muniment Room at St. Martin's-le-Grand, as an
historical record, and is retained there for preservation. It is
considered fortunate that it has survived so long.

As the public eye was for a long time directed towards the Redland Post
Office, Bristol, which to meet the wants of the community has been
located by the Department at No. 112, White Ladies Road, Black Boy Hill,
and is carried on apart altogether from any trade or business, it may be
well, in view of connecting links with the past being rapidly effaced in
the march of modern progress, to take an historical retrospect of this
local post office so far as evidence is forthcoming, and thus endeavour
to put on record the traditions of the past. It would appear, then,
according to the earliest evidence obtainable, that Mr. W. Newman had
the appointment of postman and town letter receiver conferred upon him
in 1827, offices which he held until 1872. The post office was carried
on by him in a small house approached by garden and steps immediately
adjoining the old King's Arms Inn, which stood on the site of the
present Inn of that name. It was Newman's mission in those pre-penny
stamp days to serve the wide and then open district bordered by Pembroke
Road, White Ladies Gate, Cold Harbour Farm, Redland Green, Red House
Farm, Stoke Bishop, Cote House, and Sea Mills. He delivered about 40
letters daily. The area owing to the growth of population and the spread
of education, with the consequent development of letter writing, has now
seven post offices; is served by no fewer than 30 postmen, and has a
delivery of 14,000 letters.

In Mr. Newman's early Post Office days mail coaches ran up and down
Black Boy Hill on their way to and from the New Passage, and called at
the Redland Post Office. Newman is said to have had a jackdaw. The bird,
as the mail coach ran down the narrow road on Black Boy Hill, called
"Mail, mail, quick, quick!" to attract his master's attention, and,
waggish bird as he was, he not infrequently gave a false alarm, and
called his master at the wrong time. After some years Mr. Newman moved
with the Post Office to the east side of Black Boy Hill, to a house near
the present Porter Stores. He was succeeded by Mr. Enoch Park. The next
sub-postmaster was the late Mr. Buswell, who for some years occupied
premises on mid-hill, before moving the Post Office to a site lower down
the hill.

[Illustration: MR. F.P. LANSDOWN.]

Mr. F.P. Lansdown retired from the post of Medical Officer to the
Bristol Post Office at the end of the year 1903. He had occupied the
position for the period of 42 years, and it was felt that such long
service could not be allowed to terminate without due recognition at the
hands of the officers of the Postal and Telegraph Services, to whom he
had rendered professional aid from time to time. He was, therefore,
given a solid silver table lamp, subscribed for by over 650 members of
the staff. The presentation took place on Post Office premises, and was
very largely attended.

Twenty-seven of the Bristol telegraph staff served in the campaign in
South Africa. In times of peace many Royal Engineers are employed in the
instrument room of the Bristol Post Office, and the duties of linesmen
are mainly undertaken by men from that corps. On the outbreak of
hostilities, these were at once withdrawn for active service, and then
came the call for Volunteers for the Telegraph Battalion, when seven
civilians attached to the local staff volunteered, and were selected.
Great interest was taken by their confreres in the progress of the war,
especially during the siege and the relief of Ladysmith, where two of
the Bristol R.E.'s were among the besieged. One of the staff went
through the siege of Kimberley, and another for his pluck was awarded
the D.S. Medal. A hearty welcome awaited their return, and this was
manifested by means of a supper and musical evening at St. Stephen's
Restaurant, Dec. 1, 1902.

Not all of them came back--two had fallen and helped to swell the large
number who had sacrificed their lives for their King and country.

Whilst civilian telegraphists and officers of the sorting department
thus volunteered for military service in South Africa, the present
Postmaster-General himself, Lord Stanley, to whom this book is
dedicated, also was not slow in placing himself at the disposal of his
country, and he went through two years of the campaign, acting first as
Press Censor and afterwards as Private Secretary to the
Commander-in-Chief Lord Roberts. He was twice mentioned in despatches
and was awarded the Companionship of the Bath.

Bristolians generally, with great enthusiasm, rallied to the cry for
Volunteers, and special mention may here be made of Mr. J. Paul Bush,
who ungrudgingly gave up his large and fashionable practice as a surgeon
in Clifton, and, at very brief notice, hurried off to South Africa to
occupy the position of senior surgeon to the Princess Christian
Hospital.

He was mentioned by Lord Roberts in despatches, and the Companionship of
the Order of St. Michael and St. George was conferred on him.

Small wonder then, that on Mr. Lansdown's retirement from the Bristol
Medical Officership at the end of 1903, Lord Stanley should have
selected Mr. Paul Bush to fill the appointment.

Mr. Bush had the further claim to the appointment as being a medical man
born in the city of Bristol, and having for an ancestor Paul Bush, the
first Bishop of Bristol, who was born in 1491. He is the son of the late
Major Robert Bush, 96th Regiment, who was particularly patriotic in
having largely assisted in the formation of the 1st Bristol Rifle
Volunteer Corps, of which he became Colonel in command. In addition to
certain honorary medical and surgical appointments in the city, Mr. Bush
holds the position of chief surgeon to the Bristol Constabulary.

[Illustration: MR. J. PAUL BUSH, C.M.G.]




CHAPTER XIV.

SMALL (THE POST OFFICE) STREET, BRISTOL. ITS ANCIENT HISTORY,
INFLUENTIAL RESIDENTS, HISTORIC HOUSES; THE CANNS; THE EARLY HOME OF
THE ELTON FAMILY.


From time immemorial Small Street, in the city and county of Bristol,
two-thirds of the west side of which the Post Office occupies, has been
an important street. One of the nine old town gates was at the bottom of
it, and was known as St. Giles's Gate, having obtained this name from
a church dedicated to St. Giles, the patron saint of cripples and
beggars, which in the fifteenth century stood at the end of
"Seynt-Lauren's-Laane." Here, history says, was the "hygest walle of
Bristow," which has "grete vowtes under it, and the old chyrch of Seynt
Gylys was byldyd ovyr the vowtes." The cutting of the trench, from the
old Stone Bridge to near Prince Street Bridge, for the new channel of
the Froom, was completed in 1247. Before this date ships could only lie
in the Avon, where the bottom was "very stony and rough"; but the bed of
the new course of the Froom having turned out to be soft and muddy, it
became the harbour for the great ships, and Small Street from this time
became a principal thoroughfare. Then to this quarter of the town came
Bristol's greatest merchants. From the centre of the town to the old
Custom House, at the lower end of Pylle Street (now St. Stephen Street)
there was no nearer way than down Small Street and through St. Giles's
Gate. The existence of gardens in the 15th and 16th centuries at the
backs of the Houses in Small Street is evidenced by the wills of old
Bristolians. In that of William Hoton, merchant, of St. Werburgh's
parish, who died in 1475, is mentioned "the garden of Sir Henry
Hungerford, Knight," near the cemetery of St. Leonard's Church, and John
Easterfield, merchant, of St. Werburgh's parish, who died in 1504,
bequeathed to his wife his dwelling-house in Small-Strete, and also "the
garden in St. Leonard's Lane, as long as she dwelleth in the said
house."

[Illustration: ELTON MANSION, SMALL STREET, BRISTOL.]

In this historic Small Street, and just within the old city walls, have
for two or three hundred years stood certain premises, in olden times
divided into three separate holdings, the freehold of which was
purchased in 1903 from the Bristol Water Works Company by the Post
Office, for much-needed extensions to its already large building. The
facts respecting these three edifices have been culled from ancient
parchments which would fill a large wheelbarrow. The premises are not of
very ornate exterior now. They are interesting, however, as denoting an
old style of architecture; but the exteriors have, no doubt, been so
altered and pulled about to meet the requirements of successive
occupiers as to be not quite like what they were originally. The
structures appear to have been erected in the middle of the 17th
century, probably at the end of the reign of King Charles I. (1649). The
plan of Brightstowe, published in 1581 by Hofnagle, shows that the
Church of St. Werburgh and its churchyard occupied one-third of the
frontage of the street, on the west, or Post Office, side, and that
there were only five other separate buildings, which were each detached,
and covered the remainder of the length of the street. Millerd's "Exact
Delineations of the famous Cittie of Bristoll," published in 1673, does
not so clearly illustrate the houses standing in Small Street on its
west or Post Office side as could be desired. The deeds hereafter
alluded to indicate, however, that of the three premises under
consideration, the Elton Mansion, at least, was standing before 1680, as
Richard Streamer, who died in that year, is named as having formerly
dwelt therein. There is no earlier record, and as Streamer only came to
fame as councillor in 1661, it may, perhaps, be assumed that the mansion
was erected about the year 1650; and as a member of the Cann family is
the first known owner of the property, no doubt the house was erected
for him. The style of architecture appears to bear out that assumption
as to date, and the frontages indicate that the three houses under
special review were erected about the same time.

While there may be a little regret when these mediæval buildings
disappear, there will be the advantage of the street being considerably
widened by their removal. It is now only 20 feet wide from house to
house, and gives a very good idea of its appropriate appellation--Small
Street. Taking first the property which formed the middle holding, now
(1905) known as 7, Small Street, and which was not, therefore, actually
contiguous to the existing Post Office, the earliest date alluded to in
the parchments is the year 1700. In a deed of the 14th August, 1723, it
is stated that Sir Abraham Elton, merchant, under indenture of lease
dated 28th February, 1700, had bought from Sir Thomas Cann, of Stoke
Bishopp, in the county of Gloucester, Esq., "All that great messuage or
dwelling-house situate standing and being in Small Street within the
Parishes of St. Walburgh (_sic_) and St. Leonard." The indenture was
between Sir Abraham Elton, Bart., on the one part, and Christopher
Shuter, of the same city, on the other part, and was worded thus: "Now
this Indenture witnesseth that for and in consideration of the sum of
five shillings of lawful money of Great Britain to the said Sir Abraham
Elton in hand paid by the said Christopher Shuter the receipt whereof
the said Sir Abraham Elton doth hereby confess and acknowledge and for
divers good causes and considerations him the said Sir Abraham Elton
hereunto moving hath granted bargained sold assigned and set over ...
unto the said Christopher Shuter all the said messuage and tenements to
have and to hold unto the said Christopher Shuter his executors
administrators and assigns from henceforth for and during all the rest
and residue of the above recited terms of 70 years which is yet to run
and unexpired in trust for said Sir Abraham Elton."

The next record is that bearing date of the next day, thus:--"Mr. Cann's
lease for a year of a Messuage in Small Street to Sir Abraham Elton.
Date 15th August, 1723." Robert Cann "doth demise grant bargain and sell
unto the said Sir Abraham Elton all that great messuage or dwelling
house situate standing and being in Small Street within the parishes of
St. Walburgh and St. Leonards or one of them within the said city of
Bristol wherein Richard Streamer Esq. (who died in 1680) formerly dwelt
and wherein Sir William Poole, Knt. (no trace of him can be found in
local records) afterwards dwelt and now (1723) the dwelling of and in
the possession of the said Sir Abraham Elton (First Baronet) (where also
Sir Abraham Elton, the grandson, successively dwelt, and, after that,
William Thornhill, surgeon) and fronting forwards to the street called
Small Street and extending backwards to a lane called St. Leonard's Lane
and bounded on the outside thereof with a messuage in the holding of
William Donne, Ironmonger, and afterwards (1746) John Perks, Tobacconist
(now 1905, known as No. 6 in Small Street and actually adjoining the
Post Office) and on the other side thereof with a messuage in the tenure
of William Knight, Cooper (and afterwards of Richard Lucas, Cooper) (now
1905, known as No. 8 Small Street and last occupied by Messrs. Bartlett
and Hobbs, Wine Merchants), together with all and singular Cellars,
Sellars Vaults, Rooms, Halls, Parlors, Chambers, Kitchens, Lofts,
Lights, Basements, Backsides, pavements, court yards and appurtenances
whatsoever"--for one whole year, yielding and paying therefor the rent
of a peppercorn on the feast of St. Michael the Archangel (if the same
shall be demanded). Signed and sealed, Robert Cann. In the Abstract of
Title it is noted that William Knight, who occupied the house on the
"other side," was succeeded in the tenure by Richard Lucas, cooper. On
the 14th August, 1746, Sir Abraham Elton (3rd Bart.) and assignees
leased the premises as before described to Dr. Logan, of the city of
Bristol, doctor in physick, for 5s., as in the case of Christopher
Shuter. The house of William Donne, ironmonger, adjoining, was in this
deed mentioned as occupied by John Perks, tobacconist. The property
appears to have been sold by William Logan, of Pennsylvania, Esq., and
nephew and heir of the above-mentioned Dr. Logan, doctor of physick, of
the city of Bristol, to the "Small Street Company (Richard Reynolds,
Edward Garlick, Richard Summers, James Harford, William Cowles, James
Getly)" on the 27th May, 1772. In the year 1847 the property was leased
to the Bristol Water Works Company, and purchased by the company in
1865.

The several owners and occupiers of this "great house" were persons of
no mean degree, as the following statement of their local positions
indicates. According to Playfair's "British Family Antiquity," Vol.
VII., Mr. Robert Cann was the eldest son of Sir Thomas Cann, who was the
eldest son of Sir Robert Cann, the first baronet. Sir Robert Cann was
the eldest son of William Cann, Esqr., Alderman of Bristol. He married
the sister of Sir Robert Yeomans, who was beheaded at Bristol for
supporting the cause of Charles I. Sir Robert was Councillor, 1649-1663;
Sheriff, 1651-1652; Treasurer, Merchant Venturers, 1653-1654; Master,
Merchant Venturers, 1658-1659; Mayor, 1662-1663; Knighted, 1662; created
Baronet, 1662; Alderman 1663-1685; Mayor, 1675-1676. Under the south
window of St. Werburgh's Church was a handsome monument, with a
half-arch, for the family of Sir Robert Cann, of Compton-Greenfield,
Bart. Richard Streamer was Councillor, 1661-1672; Sheriff, 1663-1664;
Alderman, 1672-1680; Mayor 1673-1674; Master, Merchant Venturers,
1672-1673; died 1680. Sir William Pool cannot be traced in the local
histories which have been consulted. Sir Abraham Elton (first baronet),
baptized 3 July, 1654, at St. Philip and St. Jacob Church, was the son
of Isaac and Elizabeth Elton, of that parish. From entries in the
registers, it may be seen that the family was settled there as early as
1608, about which time the members of it migrated from near Ledbury to
the neighbourhood, attracted doubtless by the splendid field for
enterprise offered by the second City of the Kingdom, as Bristol
undoubtedly was at that period, and for some time afterwards. They were
Puritans, and held some land in Barton Regis on the Gloucestershire side
of the city. Richard Elton, bap. at St. Philip and St. Jacob, 29 April,
1610, was a Colonel in Fairfax's Army, and he published one of the
earliest text books in the English language on military tactics; hence
the family motto, "Artibus et Armis." A copy of this book is now in
Clevedon Court Library, with its quaint frontispiece, portrait and
inscription: "Richard Elton, of Bristol, 1649, aetas suae 39." Sir
Abraham was apprenticed in 1670 to his eldest brother, Jacob Elton, but
in 1672 went to sea. He married in 1676 Mary, daughter of Robert
Jefferies, a member of a well-known mercantile family of that day. He
served in many public offices, thus:--President, Gloucestershire
Society, 1689; Councillor, 1699-1712; Sheriff, 1702-1703; Master,
Merchant Venturers, 1708-1709; Mayor, 1710-1711; Alderman, 1712-1728;
Governor, Incorporation of Poor, 1713-1715; High Sheriff of
Gloucestershire, 1716; created baronet, 1717; Mayor, September, 1720;
M.P., 1722-1727.

[Illustration: [_From an original painting at Clevedon Court._

A.E.

THE FIRST SIR ABRAHAM ELTON, BART.]

[Illustration: [_From an original painting at Clevedon Court._

M.E.

MARY, WIFE OF THE FIRST ABRAHAM ELTON, BART.]

The portraits of Abraham and Mary Elton which are here given, are
reproduced, with Sir Edmund Elton's kind consent, from photographs by
Mr. Edwin Hazell, of Linden Road Studio, Clevedon. The original oil
paintings hang in the picture gallery at Clevedon Court.

According to Barrett, in the St. Werburgh's vestry room, over the door
on the inside, as part of a long Latin inscription, was the name of
"Abrahamo Eltono, Guardianis, 1694." The baronetcy was conferred on him
in recognition of his staunch support of the Hanoverian succession
during the Jacobite riots of 1715-16, to the great disgust of Stewart,
the local Jacobite chronicler.

In the Board Room, at St. Peter's Hospital, under the date 1700, Abraham
Elton's name appears as a benefactor for £100.

In 1727, Sir Abraham Elton, Bart., gave £2 10s. per annum to five poor
housekeepers in St. Werburgh's parish not receiving alms, paid September
11, £50. He died at his house in Small Street in the same year--1727.
Having bequeathed considerable sums in local charities, he settled his
estates in Somerset, Gloucestershire, and Wilts, on various members of
his family. He was for many years head of the commerce of Bristol, a
pioneer of its brass and iron foundries, owner of its principal weaving
industry, and of some of its glass and pottery works, besides largely
controlling the shipping of the port. His wife survived him by only two
months. They are both buried in the family vault in SS. Philip and Jacob
Parish Church, within the altar rails near Sir Abraham's parents. The
house in Small Street was their town house from about 1690 down to the
date of their deaths.

Sir Abraham Elton (second baronet), baptized 30 June, 1679, at St. John
the Baptist, Broad Street, was Councillor, 1710-1723; Sheriff,
1710-1711; Mayor, 1719-1720; Master, Merchant Venturers, 1719-1720;
Alderman, 1723-1742; baronet, 1727; M.P., 1727-1742; died October 19th,
1742. He married on the 14th of May, 1702, Abigail, daughter of Zachary
Bayly, of Charlcot House, Wilts, and of Northwood Park, Somerset.

Sir Abraham Elton (third baronet), born 1703, was Councillor, 1728-1757;
Sheriff, 1728-1729; Baronet, 1742; Mayor, 1742-1743; died November 29th,
1761. He died unwed.

Christopher Shuter was Councillor, 1699-1715; Sheriff, 1702-1703; Mayor,
1711-1712; Alderman, 1715-1730; Governor, Incorporation of Poor,
1715-1716; Warden, Merchant Venturers, 1718-1719; died 1730.

William Thornhill was surgeon to the Infirmary, 1737-1754.

William Logan was physician to the Infirmary, 1737-1757; died December,
1757, aged 69.

The neighbours on the right and left of the Elton mansion, mentioned
hereafter, were not of great social consequence. There is, however,
mention of one of them, a John Knight, having been warden of the
Merchant Venturers' Society in 1671-2.

The other premises (6 and 8--1903) stand on the upper and lower sides
respectively of the old Elton Mansion. They belonged in 1709 to Eleanor
Seager, who mortgaged them to Edward Cook for £140. The property was
described in the mortgage deed thus:--

"All those two messuages or tenements situate and being in Small Street
in the Parish of St. Walburg (_sic_) in the City of Bristol in one (No.
6--1905) of which said messuages John Knight Gent now liveth and in the
other of them (No. 8--1905) one M.E. Balley now doth or lastly did
inhabit and dwell, in the said City of Bristol and all houses,
outhouses, edifices, buildings, courtyards, and backsides to the said
messuage or tenement."

[Illustration: GARGOYLE IN ELTON MANSION WALL.]

The two messuages were leased to Mary Knight by Eleanor Seager for 1s.
in money by indenture of 26 June, 1716, thus:--"Between John Saunders
of Hazell in the parish of Olveston in the County of Gloucester, Esq.,
and Eleanora his wife the only daughter and heirs of William Seager late
of Hazell aforesaid on the one part and Mary Knight of the city of
Bristol widow, on the other part.

"hath granted bargained sold all these two several messuages or
tenements situate being in Small Street in one of which said messuages
or tenements John Knight, deceased, formerly dwelt and wherein the said
Mary Knight his widow doth now dwell and in the other of them Thomas
Balley Painter and Glazier doth also dwell (afterwards in tenure or
occupation of John Mason Broker and Thomas Taman Gunsmith) and all the
outhouses," &c, &c, &c. (as in 1709 mortgage deed).

In 1758 (24 June) there was a conveyance of the two messuages from Miss
Knight to Mr. Samuel Page (one of the partners with Edward Garlick,
Richard Reynolds, &c.) for £700. It was this same firm which purchased
the Elton "Great House" in 1772.

The firm was known as Messrs. Reynolds, Getley and Company, by virtue of
an indenture of co-partnership, dated 1st June, 1764. The document was
signed and sealed by Richard Reynolds, Edward Garlick, Richard Summers,
James Harford, William Cowles, James Getley, Samuel Page, William
Weaver, John Partridge, and John Partridge, jun. The firm was engaged in
the iron and tin-plate trades, and, according to the _London Gazette_ of
Saturday, March 17th, 1820, it was being carried on under the style of
Harfords, Crocker, and Co. The partnership dissolved on the 30th day of
June, 1821, by Alicia Calder, Elizabeth Weaver, and Sarah Davies
retiring from the firm, and by reason of the death of the Philip
Crocker. The business was continued by Richard Summers Harford, Samuel
Harford, John Harford, William Green, and William Weaver Davies, under
the firm of Harford Brothers and Co., under the date of 25th day of
February, 1822.

These two tenements became the property of the Bristol Water Works
Company at the same time as the Great House, in 1865, and a portion of
ground at the back, facing St. Leonard's Lane, belonging to the St.
Werburgh's charities, in 1902.

[Illustration: CHIMNEY-PIECE IN ELTON MANSION, SMALL STREET, BRISTOL.]

The old chimney-piece--a fine specimen of mediæval stone carving--which
stood in the principal upstairs room of No. 7, used as a boardroom by
the Water Works Company, the richly decorated ceiling, and the panelled
walls, marked the period at which the Eltons occupied the house; and the
initials A. and M.E., representing Abraham and Mary Elton (Mary,
daughter of Robert Jefferies, whom he married in 1676), and the date,
1700, quaintly cut, are on the chimney-piece. The chimney-piece has been
removed, and re-erected in the new Water Works building in Telephone
Avenue. The inquirer of the far-distant future may be misled when he
finds it in this spot, unless, indeed, there be some tablet provided to
indicate and perpetuate the history of this antique stone carving. The
ceiling and panelling have been purchased by Sir Edmund Elton, and taken
to Clevedon Court.

In letters to the _Bristol Times and Mirror_ newspaper, certain writers
have, in treating of the Water Works premises, sought to establish that
the great philanthropist, Edward Colston, possessed a mansion on the
east side of Small Street, and lived therein. No tangible facts have,
however, been adduced to substantiate the statements. On the other hand,
there is very conclusive evidence to the contrary contained in the notes
on "Colston's House," read at the annual meeting of this society, in
1890, by the late historian of Bristol, John Latimer. Mr. Latimer
demonstrated, beyond doubt, that Thomas Colston purchased the mansion of
the Creswicks, on the west side of Small Street, upon the site of which
the present Post Office stands. It was in that house that Edward Colston
resided, if, indeed, at any time he ever did live for more than a short
period at one time in Small Street.

When King Charles II, as Prince of Wales accompanied his father to
Bristol, and the Court was located in Small Street on that very site,
probably he rode into, and about, the city in a coach such as is given
in the illustration at page 23, but there is no doubt, that in later
days, after the Battle of Worcester, he rode in on horseback as a
fugitive on his way to Abbotsleigh. His start on the long journey from
Boscobel mounted on the Miller's pony, sans wig and sans royal garb, was
not altogether dignified, although the incident here depicted is not
wanting in pathetic interest, as indicating the attachment to His
Majesty of the five faithful Penderel brothers.

[Illustration: [_From a painting in the Merchant Venturers' Hall,
Bristol._

EDWARD COLSTON, 1636-1721.

_(Copyright.)_]

[Illustration: [_By permission of Mr. John Lane, The Bodley Head, Vigo
St., London._

CHARLES II.

_(From "After Worcester Fight," by Allen Fea.)_]

In a report to the General Board of Health on a preliminary enquiry into
the sewerage, drainage, and supply of water, and the sanitary conditions
of the inhabitants of the City and County of Bristol in 1850, it was
stated in a petition from Messrs. H.J.J. Hinton & Son, Small Street,
"There is a filthy lane, called Leonard's Lane, near the bottom of Small
Street, and which leads round into Corn Street. The state of it, in a
general way, is so bad as to be quite sufficient to produce pestilence."

According to the report the Parish of St. Werburgh contained 30 houses.
Its population in 1841 was 99, and its area was 300 square yards. It had
one burial ground, and the average number of interments was 5 per
annum. Leaden coffins were always required.

The "Inspector of Lamps, etc.", reported that there were 21 houses in
Small Street.

[Illustration: [_By permission of Mr. John Lane, The Bodley Head, Vigo
Street, London._

CHARLES II. AFTER BATTLE OF WORCESTER ON ROAD TO BRISTOL.

_(From "After Worcester Fight," by Allen Fea.)_]




CHAPTER XV.

THE POST OFFICE TRUNK TELEPHONE SYSTEM AT BRISTOL.--THE COLUMBIA
STAMPING MACHINE.


The Post Office in Bristol commenced to undertake telephone business in
1896. It began with trunk telephone lines working to Bath, Birmingham,
Cardiff, Exeter, London, Taunton, and Weston-super-Mare. At the outset
the conversations averaged about 170 daily. In that same year the
department took over from the National Telephone Co., Cardiff,
Gloucester, Newport and Sharpness lines, and the conversations soon
increased to nearly 400 per day. At the present time the department has
from 1 to 5 (according to size of town) trunk lines to Bath,
Bradford-on-Avon, Birmingham, Cardiff, Exeter, Gloucester, London,
Lydney, Plymouth, Newport, Sharpness, Southampton, Swansea, Taunton,
Tiverton, and Weston-super-Mare. An increased number of wires has had
marked effect in diminishing the delays which at first occurred through
paucity of trunk lines, but as the business is constantly increasing,
the department is still looked to for additional lines. That the better
accommodation is appreciated, however, is indicated by the fact that now
the Bristol conversations average nearly 1,500 a day, or considerably
over a quarter of a million a year. On Sundays the trunk telephones are
available, but use is made of them only to a small extent, there being
only about 150 conversations per Sunday. The total number of trunk wire
transactions throughout the kingdom during the last year, according to
the Postmaster General's annual report, was 13,467,975, or, reckoning
each transaction as involving at least two spoken messages, a total
number of 26,935,950 (an increase of 16.3 per cent. over that of the
preceding year). The revenue was £325,525 (an increase of 18.4 per
cent.), and the average value of each transaction was 5s. 8d. There is a
silence box in the Public Hall of the Bristol Post Office, from which
conversations can be held with all parts of the Kingdom, with Belgium
and France. Of course, the greater number of trunk line telephone
conversations are held through the medium of the National Telephone
Company's local exchange, but many important Bristol firms have
contracted with the Post Office for private telephone wires in actual
connection with the trunk line system, independent altogether of the
National Co.'s exchange.

The intermingling of the National Telephone business with that of the
Post Office telegraphs has had a further development in a system under
which subscribers to the National Company telephone communications to
the Post Office to be sent on thence as telegrams over Post Office
telegraph wires. This privilege is taken advantage of at Bristol to the
extent of seven or eight hundred messages weekly. The accession of the
trunk telephone business to the already over-crowded office has had the
effect of necessitating the detachment of some part of the staff from
the Post Office headquarter premises in Small Street, and the friendly
relations between the Telephone Company and the Post Office have been
further strengthened by the Bristol Post Office having taken certain
rooms in the headquarters of the National Telephone Co., and located its
Returned Letter Office therein.

Another new feature in Post Office development is the use of Stamping
Machines for the rapid obliteration of the postage stamps and for the
impression of the day's date on letters. Quite recently a machine of the
kind has been introduced into the Bristol Post Office. The machine,
which is of modern invention, goes by the name of the "Columbia"
Cancelling Machine, and is manufactured by the Columbia Postal Supply
Company, of Silver Creek, New York, U.S.A. It is said to be in use in
many Post Offices in the large towns of America and other countries. The
public will no doubt have noticed the new cancelling marks on the
postage stamps, as the die and long horizontal lines are very striking.
The cancelling and date marking operation is performed at the rate of
400 or 500 letters per minute. The motor power of the machine is
electricity.

[Illustration: COLUMBIA STAMPING MACHINE.]




CHAPTER XVI.

THE POST OFFICE BENEVOLENT SOCIETY: ITS ANNUAL MEETING AT BRISTOL.--POST
OFFICE SPORTS: TERRIBLE MOTOR CYCLE ACCIDENT.--BRISTOL POST OFFICE IN
DARKNESS.


The United Kingdom Postal and Telegraph Service Benevolent Society held
its Biennial meeting at Bristol, in June, 1903, and a Banquet was given
by the Bristol Branch to the members of the Conference.

Such a visit to Bristol occurs only once in about 20 years, so it was
regarded as an event of no small importance in the local Post Office
community; and it is, perhaps, worthy on that account of record in this
publication, which aims to be somewhat historical in character. In the
following account of the Banquet there has been withdrawn the seasoning
of the "hear, hear," "laughter," "applause," "loud cheers," etc. The
reader can add it to his or her liking.

The attendance at the Banquet was large, and the guests closely filled
the large central hall of the Royal Hotel, College Green. The High
Sheriff, Mr. Weston Stevens, presided, and amongst those present were
the Lord Bishop of Bristol, Colonel C.E.H. Hobhouse, M.P., Rev. A.N.
Blatchford, Messrs. J. McMurtrie, S. Humphries, R.C. Tombs, I.S.O.
(Postmaster and Surveyor of Bristol), E. Bennett, J.T. Francombe, J.
Asher, J.C. Gilmore, L.J. Botting (the Bristol Central Secretary), E.C.
Taylor (the Chairman of Conference), and many others.

The speeches were interesting as throwing a light on the Post Office
working, and on Post Office benevolence.

When he received the invitation to attend that dinner, Mr. Francombe
said, he was at a loss to know why he should be so honoured. He thought
that possibly some gentleman engaged in the dead-letter office knew he
was a member of the Education Committee of Bristol, and that he might
give a hint to the rising generation to write better, and so save him a
great deal of trouble. If that was the reason, he certainly would
attend to it. Afterwards he said he knew why it was; it was because Sir
Francis Freeling was born in Redcliff, where he (Mr. Francombe) happened
to be schoolmaster of the parish. Sir Francis worked his way up to high
rank in the Postal Service, which was something to be proud of. He hoped
members of the Conference would not go away from Bristol without
visiting Redcliff Church and seeing the slab to his memory. But his duty
was to propose the toast of the Bishop and ministers of religion of that
ancient city. They did not know as much about the Bishop as he should
like them to know. They in Bristol believed him to be physically,
mentally, and spiritually fit to be a leader in the great city. He
believed the work of a Bishop was something like that of a
policeman--not altogether a happy one. His Lordship attended many
functions, gave a fillip to every one of them, and all he said was
reported and saved up ready to be cast in his teeth sometimes. If he
were of a tender disposition he would say, "I could weep my spirit from
mine eyes." But he was not one of that sort. His toast was "Ministers
of Religion." He thought it would have been "Ministers of all
denominations." There was one denomination in Bristol that had no
ministers, and it went on wonderfully well. He referred to the Society
of Friends. He was sure His Lordship would agree. They only spoke when
_the_ spirit moved them, but a good many spoke when _a_ spirit moved
them. Some denominations were better without a minister, and some
ministers would be better without denominations. In the city of Bristol
there was room enough for all, and they need not spend time in attacking
each other, but might do the work God sent them to do. They had one
present that night--a broad-minded gentleman who did his work like the
Bishop, and minded his business, and did not interfere with other
people--Mr. Blatchford.

They always listened in Bristol with special pleasure to a speech from
their friend Mr. Francombe, the Lord Bishop said. He desired to thank
Mr. Francombe for the pleasant manner in which he had spoken of him. The
clergy and ministers had looked about in the world for the faces that
were on the side of right, besides the purely spiritual faces and
spiritual work, and he was always thankful to think a great deal of good
was done in the country by that great service represented that evening.
Their army of postmen and employés of the Post Office were a very great
factor indeed in keeping steady a State like their own. He always said
the same of certain other bodies, but of the postmen it seemed to him
they were so particularly careful about their business, they learned of
necessity to be so sober and so well conducted, or they would lose their
place, that he looked upon them and the railway men as two of the
greatest civilising influences they had among them, apart from such work
as Mr. Blatchford and he were called upon officially to do. He desired
to express, on his own part, his extreme gratitude to those gentlemen
for another reason--the wonderful accuracy with which they delivered the
letters. That gentleman who laughed might once in his life have missed a
letter addressed to him, but it did not happen to the Bishop. In the
five and a half years he had been in Bristol, with a large
correspondence, he was not conscious of having lost one single letter.
He should have been exceedingly glad if a good many had been lost. It so
happened he gave the Post Office a good deal of trouble. He lived at a
place called the Palace. Now Henry VIII. created a bishop's residence in
Bristol, a palace, and it was supposed that a palace must mean something
royal. The real fact was, the name was derived not from a king's palace
but from that of a shepherd--a most suitable thing for a bishop. Henry
VIII., besides creating his residence a palace, created Bristol a city
in the same document. The name palace gave a certain amount of trouble,
because there were palaces in some cities where other things than
bishops were sold. There was a palace where a certain innocuous drink
was sold, and letters sometimes went there. There was also a most
delightful place of entertainment called the People's Palace in Bristol,
and letters sometimes went there. When grave clergymen from a distance
came to stay at his house they were occasionally driven up to the doors
of the People's Palace, and the cabmen expected that they were going to
purchase tickets for the entertainment. A letter came to Bristol
addressed "March 25th, Bristol." The Postmaster was puzzled at first.
Then it occurred to him that the assizes were on, and Justice Day was
the judge, and that his wife was Lady Day. He should like to tell them
one thing more from history. Admirable as the Post Office was now, a
little more than 1,200 years ago, a letter was sent to his predecessor,
St. Aldhelm, from Ireland. The only address given was from an anonymous
Scot. The letter said, "You have a book which it is only the business of
a fortnight to read; I beg you to send it to me." That was all. He did
not name the book. The Post Office in those days was so marvellous a
thing that, as far as they knew, Aldhelm just took the book, put it in
the post, addressed to an anonymous Scot, and he supposed it found its
way to him in Ireland. He did not think they could beat that to-day. Few
people knew how much the country was saved in taxation by people who had
a large correspondence. Their letters were the most agreeable and easy
way of paying their taxes. When they came to see the Budget analysed it
was surprising what a large amount of taxation was paid in this innocent
way. He could not see how it was done. It seemed that the work for which
a penny was charged must cost at least a penny. He could only understand
it on the principle of the old Irish lady who lost on every single apple
she sold, but, by the blessing of God, sold so many that she got a good
living out of it.

He was not surprised, the Rev. A.N. Blatchford said, that the toast
should be so heartily received in a city known as the city of churches.
The Church had thrown herself from ancient time into the cause of the
people; progress and religion had been indissolubly linked together.

In proposing the toast "The Postal and Telegraph Service," Mr. Sidney
Humphries, J.P., present President of the Chamber of Commerce, said that
when he was asked to propose the next toast on the list, his thoughts
naturally turned to the reason for his being put forward to do this
duty, and the only explanation that had occurred to him was that having
had the hardihood to be one of a deputation to the Postmaster-General
quite recently, on the question of their local postal service, those who
had had the arrangement of this function, Mikado like, had lured him to
his punishment; but still, being in for it, many interesting thoughts
had arisen. The first, as to the foresight of that Worcestershire
schoolmaster, Rowland Hill, who, feeling the pinch of expense, made an
agreement with his sweetheart to only write once a fortnight, the rates
of postage in his early days varying from 2d. to 1s. in accordance with
the distance at which they were separated. Fortunately, his thoughts
were directed to the penny postage for all distances within the United
Kingdom, and although many spoke of him as an over-sanguine dreamer,
still events had proved his wisdom, and to-day they had a postal service
that dealt with over 3,832 million letters, postcards, and papers per
annum, giving 91 per head of the population, as against 940 millions 33
years ago, with the comparatively small number of 30 per head then.
Whilst speaking of the enormous growth of the postal business, they
must not lose sight of the wonderful growth of both the telegraph and
Savings Bank business. The former, since it was taken over by Government
in 1870, had more than justified that step, for in the following
year--1871--the number of telegrams sent was 10 millions, whilst last
year the number was well over 92 million messages. Then as regards the
Savings Bank, they could flatter themselves as to the proof it furnished
of the increased wealth of the country, for whilst the total Savings
Bank capital in 1869 was 13-1/2 millions, in 1901 it stood at over 140
millions. But whilst all this progress had been made, many helpful
suggestions had been made by men of moderate position. Take, for
instance, a time so long ago as 1784: the credit of first suggesting the
mail coach was made by a Mr. Palmer, who was then the manager of the
theatre in their neighbouring city of Bath. This was a great improvement
as to speed and safety of delivery when compared with the old postboy;
but think of the mail coach when compared with the mail trains that
covered now over three millions of miles per annum. But with all this
progress there had been many other changes. Think of the notice that was
issued to all postal employés in 1832, that none were to vote or advise
electors how to vote. This was very different to running a candidate on
postal lines, as was to take place at the next election at York. And in
considering what for a better term he might call the commercial side of
the question, there were instances that ought not to be overlooked in
great numbers of devotion to duty--for example, take that of the Scotch
mail carrier, who, feeling himself overcome by the gale and snow, hung
his mail-bag on a tree so that the letters should not be lost, even if
his life were sacrificed. Then this postal system seemed to develop a
special shrewdness. One local case had been mentioned by the Bishop as
having recently occurred, and there was another in which a pictorial
address of Daniel in the lion's den found its rightful owner, who had
become talked about by his visit to a menagerie just before. But in case
they should all think that at last perfection had been reached, there
was another circumstance that he could relate from his own personal
experience. Wanting to send a parcel to Sir Michael Hicks-Beach, he
foolishly sent it to his private address, at 40, Portman Square, instead
of his official residence, he being Chancellor of Exchequer at the time,
and judge of his own astonishment when he received an official
announcement, "Cannot be delivered owing to address being unknown." But
this did not tell against their Bristol friends, a body of men, he
ventured to say, who for smartness and anxiety at all times to meet the
various calls made upon them could not be surpassed, and therefore he
called upon them all to drink heartily the toast of the Postal and
Telegraph Service, coupling with it the name of their local Postmaster
and Surveyor, who was always to the fore in anything that would help
forward Bristol or Bristol interests.

[Illustration: POSTMASTER OF BRISTOL.

_(The Author.)_]

In replying, the Postmaster thanked them all for the cordial reception
of the toast of the Postal and Telegraph Services, and especially Mr.
Humphries, the proposer, for the kind and considerate and genial way in
which he had alluded to his department. In the first place, he wished
to extend to the delegates assembled there--and they came from all parts
of the United Kingdom, North, South, East, and West--the right hand of
good comradeship. Welcome, delegates to Bristol, thrice welcome, he
said. He supposed, in response to this important toast, they would
expect that he should say something of the postal system. The Lord
Bishop had taken them back some hundreds of years--1200 years back, when
Bishop Aldhelm wrote a letter. He must go a little further back than
that. His friend, Mr. Humphries, found a parallel in Holy
Scripture--Daniel in the lion's den. He found in Holy Writ, the only
book of ancient date he had to refer to, that posts and letters were of
respectable antiquity. They would find recorded in Kings II. this
passage in connection with the account of that pathetic incident of the
little Israelitish maiden suggesting the means whereby Naaman might be
cured--"Go to," said the King of Syria, "I will send a letter to the
King of Israel." In the wisdom of Solomon were the words, "My days are
like a shadow that passeth away, and like the post that hasteth by." So
they saw in those ancient days it was all hurry for the postman. He
would skip a few thousand years and come to 1496. It was recorded that
the means of communication in this country were almost non-existent, and
news was carried to and fro by means of travelling merchants, pedlars,
and pilgrims. In 1637 letter posts were established by Charles I. King
Charles stopped in the building that stood on the site of their local
St. Martin's-le-Grand, but little could he have thought that the day
would come when it would be possible for a man to stand on that spot and
speak to a friend and recognise his voice, as far away as Wexford. Sir
Francis Freeling had been named. He became secretary to the Post Office.
He served in the Bristol office two or three years before being
translated to London to become the associate of Palmer, of mail-coach
renown. The old city of Bristol had been under a cloud. In the year 1793
they had only one postman, and two or three years later two. Now they
had 500. In the last 60 years the letters posted and delivered in
Bristol increased from 66 millions to 134 millions in the year. This was
an enormous increase, and showed that Bristol was going to forge ahead
again. It made them glad that the old city had once again aroused
herself. The Post Office had become a giant in the kingdom, but it
exercised its power as a kindly giant. They heard the demand for all
sorts of reforms, but they felt that Mr. Austen Chamberlain was equal to
the occasion.

"The Postal and Telegraph Benevolent Society" was submitted by
Lieut.-Colonel Hobhouse, M.P., who said he was not sure that before long
they would not have to add to their service, and include the telephonic
operators as well. He noticed they depended in their work, and for the
relief which they gave to their members, entirely upon the donations of
their own members. That was satisfactory, not only to them, but to him
as a Member of Parliament, because Members of Parliament seldom came to
gatherings of that sort without being requested to make some
contribution, direct or indirect, to the funds of the Society, so good
as to give them a dinner. He understood the provision of the Society
was in addition to the official pension of the Post Office.

In reply, Mr. Botting said they must all feel very much flattered by the
terms in which Colonel Hobhouse had referred to their Society. He felt
that they might almost suggest to the Government that the questions of
old age pensions and the financial position of friendly societies might
be handed over to them to deal with. He might remind them of a remark
made at the meeting, although having an M.P. present, perhaps he should
not refer to it, that their Society got through more work in a day than
the House of Commons did in a month. He considered they had at their
Conference got through a good day's work. He would not give a long
string of statistics, but he must mention that the Society had a
membership of 19,600, had been in existence nearly 28 years, and during
that time had paid to the nominees of deceased members just upon
£300,000, made up chiefly of penny contributions. Such payments had been
in many cases all that had stood between the widows and orphans and
absolute destitution. In considering this, they must not forget his
friend beside him, whose fertile brain had created the Society. They
must all regret to learn of Mr. Asher's retirement from the Service
through ill-health, and they would all hope that the release from
official work would prove beneficial to him. He (Mr. Botting) hoped that
so long as the Society existed the name of Mr. Asher would never be
forgotten.

Mr. Asher was received very heartily. He said the proposal that such a
society should be formed was regarded as the day dream of a sanguine
mind, but it was something to reflect upon, the immense amount of good
that had been done in the course of years. More practical help he could
not imagine rendering to the fellows in the Service. He trusted that the
work of that day's Conference might re-echo and redound to the credit of
the Bristol meeting, and he desired, in thanking their Bristol friends,
to couple with them the names of Mr. E.C. Taylor and the Reception
Committee.

In proposing "The City and County of Bristol," Mr. Edward Bennett said
that he had attended a great number of these banquets, and had had on
several occasions to propose the toast of the particular town which was
for the moment entertaining the Society. For this reason he was,
perhaps, looked upon as a special pleader, and when he was praising a
provincial city his tongue was thought to be in his cheek, and London
was written on his heart. When Stella was told that Dean Swift had
composed a poem, not in honour of her, but of Vanessa, she replied, with
exquisite feminine amenity, that it was well known that the Dean could
be eloquent over a broomstick. If he that night extolled Bristol above
her other rivals, it would be said of him that he was a verbose
individual, who had called in past years Leeds a beautiful and inspiring
city, Liverpool a rising seaport, and Glasgow a town where urbanity and
sweet reasonableness prevailed. It might be remembered of him that he
had praised the Birmingham man for his childlike humility, and the
Edinburgh man for his excessive modesty. It was his first visit to
Bristol, and it was presumption on his part to speak on the subject at
all. Silence was the better part when a man was situated as he was.
There were some exquisite lines he learnt as a child which conveyed a
deep moral lesson to all day trippers:--

    There was a young lady of Sweden
    She went by the slow train to Weedon,
    When she arrived at Weedon Station she made no observation,
    But returned by the slow train to Sweden.

That was what he ought to have done. His heart went out to that young
lady, and he often had pondered whether it was disgust, astonishment, or
admiration which had inspired her silence. There was a special reason
why Civil Servants should be drawn to Bristol. Doubtless even the
Bristol Chamber of Commerce was acquainted with the process known as
"passing over"--many persons in that room had perhaps undergone the
operation--and those who read the history of Bristol felt a pull at
their heart strings when they realised the fact that she also had been
"passed over" by younger and more pushful rivals. But the capable Civil
Servant never admitted the justice of being passed over. In many
instances he established his case, and he did not rest satisfied until
he had retrieved his position, and in time caught up his quondam
rivals. That, he took it, was the position of Bristol at the present
time. She had relied too much on her ancient name, and had allowed
mushroom places like Liverpool and Manchester to steal a march on her.
She was coming to the front again; she had a glorious past, but she was
going to have a brilliant future. He coupled with the toast the name of
the High Sheriff. If he knew any evil of the High Sheriff he would not
mention it that evening. He had still 24 hours to spend in Bristol, and
a man could do a lot of evil as well as good in that time.

The High Sheriff made a short speech in reply to the toast.

Other good speeches followed.

The Post Office Cycling and Athletic Clubs have for some years past been
in the habit of holding Sports at the County Ground in Bristol. These
annual sports, having been held on Saturday afternoons, have usually
been successful, and have attracted large crowds. In 1903, the sports,
held on the 23rd May, attracted no fewer than nine thousand persons,
owing to the unusual feature of motor cycle races having been arranged
as a novelty--motor cycle racing not having been carried on in Bristol
before. There were several competitors, and London as well as local men,
took part in the motor cycle races. Unfortunately, the track, which had
been made some sixteen years previously for ordinary cycle competitions,
was not suitable for motor racing at great speed. In one of the heats
Bailey, of Bristol, was leading Barnes, of London, a noted motor
cyclist, and through some mishap at or soon after the moment of Barnes
getting past Bailey, his machine having run rather wide on the track,
got out of his command, and dashed into the fringe of sightseers who
were lying on the bank to get the best point of view. The result was a
fearful carnage, and ten or eleven people were carried away insensible
and much injured. In the end, three poor boys died in the Hospital, and
fortunately the seven or eight other people who were injured, slowly
recovered from their concussions and contusions. At the inquest, the
verdict was "Accidental Death."

On the 23rd December, 1903, shortly after five o'clock p.m., the civic
supply of electricity in Bristol failed, and shops, business premises,
and houses depending upon it for light, were plunged into darkness in
all parts of the city. This was soon known to be due to a fire having
broken out at Temple Back Generating Station, and the glare in the sky
suggested that the outbreak had reached serious proportions. The Bristol
Post Office has a full installation of electric light; and the failure
could not have occurred at a more inconvenient time, as the pressure
incidental to Christmas was being experienced. Fortunately, not only for
the Post Office, but also for the general public, the large staff
engaged in the interior of the building was able to cope with the
extensive work before them practically without interruption, as
throughout the whole of the department, gas is still laid on, and,
beyond the shifting of one or two desks to within reasonable distance of
gas jets, no inconvenience was caused after the burners and
fittings--somewhat out of order through non-usage--were put to rights.
The public hall, however, suffered most, as, when thus robbed of the
electric light at one of the busiest periods of the evening, only
scattered gas jets were available, and they had to be supplemented by
lighted candles set at intervals around the semi-circular counter. Some
of the candles were in primitive holders, stuck in blocks of wood, and
plugged firmly with nails; others were even without these supports. The
Counter Officers had, therefore, to work under difficulties; but they
got through their manifold duties expeditiously. The greatest
inconvenience was occasioned at St. James's Parish Hall, which was being
temporarily used as a Post Office. Here, there was no gas service
available, and when the electric lights "gave out," the staff had to
scurry hither and thither to get illuminants, which took the form of
postmen's lamps, table lamps, candles in improvised holders, and such
few hurricane lamps as were procurable at the shops, in the general run
on them. The electric light was fully restored in the evening of the
next day. This fire recalls an occasion when at St. Martin's-le-Grand,
the gas supply failed, and the largest Post Office business of the world
was placed at a standstill. The officials, however, were equal to the
emergency, and cartloads of candles were quickly obtained. The staff of
carpenters employed on the building improvised receptacles, and the
postal work was proceeded with, candles as they burnt out being replaced
by men told off for the purpose. Some time afterwards, it was suggested
that the stock of candles left over should be disposed of, but it was
then found that these had been devoured by the innumerable rats which
infest the old building.




CHAPTER XVII.

QUAINT ADDRESSES AND THE DEAN'S PECULIAR SIGNATURE.--AMUSING INCIDENTS
AND THE POSTMAN'S KNOCK.--HUMOROUS APPLICATIONS.


The members of the Bristol Post Office Staff have to display no little
perspicacity in elucidating quaint addresses on letters going through
the post. To Postman Wade must go the credit of having correctly
surmised that the letter addressed simply "25th March, Clifton," to
which allusion has already been made, was intended for Lady Day, the
wife of the Judge of Assize, Mr. Justice Day, then staying in Clifton. A
letter addressed to "W.D. & H.O.", without street or town being named,
came from a distant county, and was delivered to the firm of Messrs.
W.D. & H.O. Wills & Co., in Bristol, for whom it was found to be
intended.

The pictorial illustrations herewith demonstrate two instances of
letters correctly delivered by the post office officials after the
address had been deciphered by their _Sherlock Holmes_.

In the _Bristol Royal Mail_ particulars were given of the peculiar way
in which correspondents addressed their envelopes to the Post Office,
Bristol. Since that publication was issued, other peculiar instances
have occurred. The following are cases of the kind, viz.:--The Head
Postmaster (Master's Parlour). The Honourable The Postmaster. Postmaster
Number 58 (in answer to query on Form "Postmasters No. 58"). Master,
General Post Office, Bristol.

The Dean of Bristol in the preface of his very interesting book "Odds
and Ends," writes of the many liberties people take with his surname in
their communications, and says that none of their imaginary names are so
pleasing to him as his own proper name of Pigou. That his correspondents
are not altogether to be blamed may be gathered from the fact that the
Dean, in an official letter to the Bristol Post Office, signed his name
thus:

[Illustration: Signature]

The signature was submitted to 22 officers who decipher the badly
addressed letters at the "Blind" Division, at "Head Quarters," in the
General Post Office, London, and their interpretations were as follows,
viz.:--J. Rogers, J. Egan, Ryan, J. Lyon, Roper, J. or T. Rogers, J.
Rogers, J. Logan, J. Lyon, J. Logan, J. Pogon, T. Lyon, J. Rogers, J.
Goson, J. Rogers, J. Eason, T. Egan, J. Goyfer, J.G. Offin, J. Lyons, J.
Pyon, J. Pijou.

[Illustration: LETTER CORRECTLY DELIVERED TO DR. W.G. GRACE, AT
BRISTOL.]

[Illustration: QUAINT ADDRESS.]

It is only fair to the "Blind Writers" to say, that the address heading
of the Dean's letter was withdrawn before the signature was submitted to
them. With that clue they would readily have been able to find out the
writer's correct name from their books of reference, so that the Dean is
not likely to suffer delay of his letters in the Returned Letter Office
through peculiarity of signature.

During a recent Christmas Season a parcel, containing a lb. roll of
butter was received, without address, in the returned Letter Office,
Bristol, from a Devonshire town. As the parcel could not be returned to
the sender within such a time as the contents remained good, the butter
was sold for cooking purposes. When placed upon the kitchen table, the
edge of a yellow coin was observed to be slightly protruding from the
roll. The coin turned out to be a sovereign, and search was made to
ascertain whether any more money had been so strangely hidden, but only
the £1 was found. The money was at once forwarded to the proper Post
Office authorities, and subsequently returned to the sender, but
would-be imitators are warned that such practices are strongly
deprecated by the Post Office Department as tending to lead to
dishonesty.

The Corporation of Bristol erected electric light ventilators in
different parts of the city. At a distance, possibly, these ventilators
appear, to the short-sighted, to be Post Office pillar boxes, as they
are iron boxes placed on the pavement near the kerbstones. They differ
in many respects from the familiar Post Office boxes, for, instead of
being round, they are square; they are painted of a different colour,
and are only about two feet high. They are without indicators, notice
plates, and doors. There is a slightly raised top for the passage of
air. Through this opening of one of the boxes letters have been recently
posted by three separate persons. Such carelessness is astonishing.

The Electric Lighting Authorities, to prevent further mishaps of the
kind, arranged to have the apertures closed by means of perforated zinc.

Even in these days of primary and secondary education, people have still
a very elementary knowledge of matters relating to the Postal and
Telegraph Services, in which everyone is vitally concerned. Recently, an
intelligent servant who had received a Board School education was sent
with a telegram to a Telegraph Office, and told to pay for a reply.
Having paid for the reply, she expected to get one there and then, and
it was only with very great reluctance that she was induced to leave the
Telegraph Office without a reply to convey back to the person who
entrusted her with the commission.

A complainant to the Post Office expressed himself thus:--"Jan. 1st,
1904. Dear Sir,--Your Postman on 28th by the First post In the morning,
With a newspaper,) My Sister Was at the back at the time Getting Sum
cole In. He could not Stop a few Minets; but nock So hard That he brock
a New Nocker on the door and then run off, we not Seen Him Since,) I.
think he Ought to bye Nother Nocker. Ther to much that boy Game with Sum
them The paper after came With Nother postman, He was on a bike wot
Broke the Nocker and Off at once and left the Peces on the door Step,
The postman got a Cast In his eye.) I. Should Not think he wood want us
to pay for a Nother Why dont him coum as A Man and pay for one Sir. I.
Must conclued with Best regurds to you, Yours Truley, F.H.G."

Travellers from North and East to the West of England and _vice versa_
are aware that the Bristol Joint Great Western and Midland station is a
busy railway centre. At a recent Christmas season, there was much remark
on the part of the railway passengers with respect to the platforms
being blocked up with barrows containing mails and the large stack of
parcel baskets to be met with at every point. Said one traveller, "It's
all blooming Post Office on the platform and no room for travellers to
get about." Said another, "The late arrival of the train was all due to
that 'parcel post.'"

A sub-postmaster in the Bristol district was called to account for
employing on the delivery of letters a boy of fourteen years of age,
instead of a person of sixteen years of age or upwards. He nominated
another person, who, he stated, was of proper age, being over 16 years
old. A year or two afterwards a question of discipline arose about this
individual, and it then transpired that he was 68 years of age--rather
too old to commence life in His Majesty's Service!

The phrase "guileless Ministers" in the speech of a former Prime
Minister on the fiscal question (1903) became in course of telegraphing
"guileless monsters," and so reached the Bristol press. Fortunately, the
newspaper proof readers were wide awake, and the error was corrected in
time.

Correspondents have a peculiar idea of the functions devolving on a
postmaster, as the following letters will indicate, viz.:--


"Brighton, March 13th, 1904. To the Postmaster; Sir,--Would you have
pleased to try and get me a small tin of very light coloured dry snuff
(I think it is called Lundifoot) from one of the leading tobacconists in
Bristol. If you will let me know the amount thereof I will send you the
money for the same before you send it. I am, Yours, etc., J.S.A.

"Scarborough, 6th August, 1904; Sir,--Would you please be good enough to
let me know by return, whether the nightingale is in song in Clifton
Woods at the present time. Thanking you in anticipation, and apologising
for troubling you. Believe me, Yours truly, (Sd.) (Mrs.) F.F."

"Cardiff, April 29th, 1902. Sir,--May I ask you the favour to hand over
the enclosed Bristol Blister to the chemist who sells it in your town,
when some person of your office passes the shop. I received considerable
benefit from the blister. I shall be very much obliged to you and the
chemist if he will be so good to let me know how he sells them. I am,
Yours truly, (Sd.) T.B."

[Illustration: FACSIMILE OF A RECEIPT FOR £20 GIVEN BY THE TRUSTEES OF
THE BRISTOL PRUDENT MAN'S FUND SUBMITTED FOR PAYMENT 78 YEARS AFTER
ISSUE.]

Not only are the articles themselves of a diversified character that
pass through the parcel post, but the mode of packing often produces a
certain amount of dubiousness in the minds of the Parcel Department
officials as to which is really the "Right side up," and how to handle
the packages. The sender of a rabbit, however; left no doubt on the
matter, as he had arranged poor defunct "Bunny" in such a way that its
head was securely tied between its hind legs, and the latter formed a
convenient handle, the front legs being tucked under the neck, and the
rabbit presenting the appearance of a ball. Another incident was of
rather an amusing character. The "tie-on" labels had become detached
from two packages which reached Bristol. A label which properly belonged
to a bottle of cough medicine was attached in the Returned Letter Office
to an old slipper, and the label proper to the medicine was delivered
without packet or other attachment to the shoemaker for whom the slipper
was intended. Fortunately, upon inquiry being made by the interested
parties, the medicine and slipper were delivered to the rightful
addressees.

The facsimile herewith of a receipt for £20 given by the Trustees of the
Bristol Prudent Man's Fund of Savings recently submitted for payment, 78
years after issue, will be interesting to Post Office Savings Bank
Investors of the present day.




CHAPTER XVIII.

POSTMASTERS-GENERAL. (RT. HON. A. MORLEY AND THE MARQUIS OF LONDONDERRY)
VISIT BRISTOL.--THE POSTMASTER OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS.--THE KING'S NEW
POSTAGE STAMPS.--CORONATION OF KING EDWARD VII.--LOYALTY OF POST OFFICE
STAFF.--MRS. VARNAM-COGGAN'S CORONATION POEM.


Mr. Arnold Morley, during his term of office as Postmaster-General,
visited Bristol, and was presented by the Chamber of Commerce with an
address, worded thus:--"The Bristol Incorporated Chamber of Commerce and
Shipping. To the Right Honorable Arnold Morley, M.P., Her Majesty's
Postmaster General. Sir,--The Council of the Bristol Incorporated
Chamber of Commerce and Shipping are glad to embrace the opportunity
afforded by your visit to this city of expressing their high
appreciation of the services rendered to the state in general and to the
commercial community in particular by the energy and enterprise
displayed in your administration of the Postal and Telegraphic
Departments of the public service. We recognise that in matters such as
are ranged under your control there can be no finality, and that however
excellent our present Postal and Telegraphic arrangements may appear,
your Departments must be quick to discern the arrival of fresh needs
such as our rapidly developing civilization must constantly bring. We
rejoice in the abundant evidence that you have thoroughly appreciated
the absolute necessity for continual advance and adaptation, and that
you are labouring with such zeal to keep the complicated machinery of
the General Post Office up to date and equal to the immense and ever
increasing strain it has to bear, whilst the Council think it only right
to acknowledge the marked and unvarying urbanity with which, at all
times, you and your officials receive and discuss any suggestions for
the improvement of the services, emanating from Chambers of Commerce and
other sources. In conclusion, the Council recognise in your person the
son of a late highly-esteemed Parliamentary Representative of the city
of Bristol, Mr. Samuel Morley, who for many years took an active
interest in the proceedings of this Chamber and of the Association of
Chambers of Commerce of the United Kingdom; and the Council take this
occasion to tender you their sincere congratulations on the high
position you have attained in the councils and government of this great
Empire. We remain, Sir, Your obedient servants, (Sd.) George H. Perrin,
President; E. Burrow Hill, Mark Whitwill, Vice-Presidents; H.J. Spear,
Secretary. Bristol, 1st Nov., 1894."

The Marquis of Londonderry, when Postmaster-General, was the chief guest
at the annual banquet of the Bristol Chamber of Commerce, held at the
Royal Hotel, Bristol, under the presidency of Mr. T.T. Lindrea, on the
24th April, 1901. Among those present were Earl Waldegrave, Sir Herbert
Ashman, J.P., Sir Frederick Wills, M.P., Judge Austin, J.P., Mr. C.E.
Hobhouse, M.P., Mr. Lewis Fry, the Lord Mayor (Mr. Colthurst Godwin),
the High Sheriff (Mr. E.B. James), etc.

In responding to the toast of "His Majesty's Ministers," Lord
Londonderry alluded to the great growth that had taken place in the
population, trade, and prosperity of Bristol during the late Queen's
reign. Last February, he said, in eighteen days, the amount paid on
goods taken out of Bond reached £487,000. Of this sum, no less than
£430,000 was paid in the last eight days, and of this £370,000 came from
a single firm for withdrawals of tobacco from Bond. This included the
enormous single cheque paid by that firm one day for a quarter of a
million--the largest single cheque ever known at His Majesty's Customs
at Bristol. He also congratulated Bristol on the great development to
her trade that must come through the inauguration in February last of
the new service to the West Indies. This, he was sure, would do much not
only to strengthen the ties that bound this country to the West Indian
Colonies, but also to restore to Bristol some measure of that position
she had once enjoyed in the trade of the United Kingdom. He was rather
glad his good friend the Chancellor of the Exchequer was not there that
night, for if he heard how much was spent in benefiting those who relied
on the Post Office, and how little they handed over to the national
exchequer, he would not be inclined to meet him when he suggested
certain postal reforms, as he intended to do next year. He hoped they
would invite him to meet Sir Michael in Bristol, for he might then be
inclined to grant him (the speaker) any request he might make. He wanted
them to recognise that the Postmaster-General's good intentions, and
they were many, were controlled by Parliamentary and statutory
exigencies. He had also been asked to improve their rates on foreign
letters and parcels, as well as to cheapen the delivery of letters and
parcels from abroad; but it was entirely forgotten that he had to reckon
with foreign Powers. A Postal Reformer had declared, in a letter, that
it was possible to create an ideal Post Office. He wished he could
accede to every one of his requests, but he had to consider Parliament;
he was not master himself. He thought that if they were to meet the
requirements of the public as they were anxious to do, they must
proceed in the course in which they were moving at present--with
steadiness and sureness, and not promise things which it was impossible
to fulfil.

The Ex-Postmaster of the House of Commons, Mr. E.W. Pike, is a
Somersetshire man; he was born at Ilchester, and his grandfather was the
last Governor of the Gaol of that town. When Mr. Pike was ten years of
age, his father received an appointment under the act constituting the
new County Court system, and removed to Temple Cloud in the Bristol
district. The family afterwards moved to the adjacent village of
Clutton, and Mr. Pike went there with the other members.

Mr. Pike remembers that the Post Office at Temple Cloud was held by Mrs.
Carter, and after her death John Spear had the office. Mr. Pike's active
service in the Post Office terminated on Wednesday, the 14th September,
1903. His experience in the Post Office was unique, and no wonder that
he felt proud on retiring, that during a service of nearly 46 years he
had given full satisfaction to his superiors in the Post Office, and to
have had the approbation of the Members of the House of Commons
specially expressed to him by the Prime Minister, Mr. A.J. Balfour.

There was no small stir at the public counter of the Bristol Post Office
on the first day of January, 1902, the day of issue of the new 1/2d.,
1d., 2-1/2d., and 6d. postage stamps, bearing the medallion portrait of
King Edward the VIIth. People were very anxious to become possessed of
specimens, and many of the stamps sold were evidently intended to adorn
collector's books. The sales on the 1st January, 1902, were:--1/2d.,
£175; 1d., £500; 2-1/2d., £27 10s.; 6d., £66 9s., and were slightly in
excess of the average. The general public demanded the new kind almost
without exception, but firms took old stamps to the extent of 10 per
cent. of the whole lot supplied.

The Staff of the Bristol Post Office sent an illuminated address to the
King for His Majesty's Coronation Day.

Mrs. Pattie E. Varnam-Coggan, a lady who at the time was Postmistress of
Chipping Sodbury composed the following hymn in connection with the
event.

        God save our King!
  Up to the sky let loyal voices ring,
  Joy to the land this Festal Day shall bring.
    Roar guns! and peal O bells!
    As loud the anthem swells--
        God save our King!

        God save our Queen!
  A nobler consort ne'er hath England seen!
  Bless her pure life with love and peace serene.
    Crown her with heavenly grace.
    Strength for her royal place--
        God save our Queen!

        God save our land!
  As suppliants now before Thy Throne we stand,
  Craving for gifts from Thine all-powerful Hand.
    Let none make us afraid,
    Foes find us undismayed--
        God save our land!

        Great King of kings!
  Ruler supreme o'er men and earthly things,
  Eternal source from which all goodness springs!
    Bless Thou the Royal Pair,
    Grant them Thy joy to share,
        Great King of kings!

        God! thanks for peace!
  Praised be Thou Who makest war to cease,
  O'er all our Empire wide THY reign increase!
    Let all men seek for good,
    In one blest brotherhood--
        God! thanks for peace!

The staff also made elaborate arrangements to take an active part in the
grand procession which had been organized at Bristol to celebrate the
Coronation, but, alas, the procession had to be postponed in consequence
of the King's sudden illness on the 24th June, and finally was abandoned
altogether. The Post Office section, which was to have been honoured
with first place in the procession, was designed to give the Bristol
public some idea of the working of this most useful branch of the public
service. The section was to have been arranged as follows:--Telegraph
Messengers' Drum and Fife Band. Company of Telegraph Messengers, with
Carbines. Telegraph Messengers' Cycle Corps. Company of Postmen. Mail
Carrier Tricycle. Country Mail Cart--present day. Town Mail Van--present
day. London to Bristol Royal Mail Coach of 100 years since, with
Coachman and Guard in Royal livery of the Period. Guard carrying an
ancient Mail Guard's blunderbuss, borrowed from the armoury of Mr.
Rawlins, of Syston Court. Post Office Tableau, illustrative of the
Collecting, Stamping, and Sorting of Letters, and the Despatch of Mail
Bags; also the sending of Telegrams.

[Illustration: ADDRESS TO THE KING.]

The following acknowledgment of the Address was received on the King's
recovery:--

    "Home Office, Whitehall, 5 Sept., 1902. Sir,--I am commanded by the
    King to convey to you hereby His Majesty's thanks for the Loyal and
    Dutiful Address of the Staff of the Postal and Telegraph Services at
    Bristol. I am, Sir, your obedient servant, A. Akers Douglas. The
    Surveyor Postmaster, Post Office, Bristol."

The address to His Majesty is here reproduced, and as the sentiments
contained in it represent the writer's wishes for King and Queen, it
may, perhaps, fittingly close the chapters of "The King's Post."




INDEX.


                                 PAGE

    Aberystwith, Mail Coach, 77

    Addresses, Quaint, 223, 224

    African War, P.O. Volunteers, 172

    Aldhelm, Bishop, 205

    Allen, Col., 48, 49

    Allen, Ralph, Cross Posts, 25
      "      "  Honoured, 46, 47
      "      "  Medal, 49, 50

    Allen, Richard, P.M.G., 3

    Almondsbury, Penny Post, 154

    American Mails _via_ Plymouth, 164-167

    Anabaptist Opinions, 6

    Anderson, James, Bush Inn, 98
        "       "    Lamb Inn, 100

    Arlington, Lord, Letters Delayed, 23

    Arno's Vale Turnpike, 115

    Arrowsmith, Mr. J.W., Publisher, 147

    Asher, Mr., Speech, 215

    Avon Motor Co., 91

    Avonmouth Dock, New, 161


    Baptist College, 7

    Bear Inn, Devizes, 102

    Beaufort, Dukes of, 102, 108

    Benevolent Society, P.O., Banquet at Bristol, 199

    Bennett, Mr. E., Speech, 215, 218

    Birmingham, Coach, 24, 64, 66
         "      George and Rose Inn, 65
         "      Rose Inn, 66

    Bishop of Bristol, Speech, 202, 206

    Bisshopp, Henry, Farmer of Posts, 22

    Blatchford, Rev. A.N., Speech, 206

    Boar's Head Inn, 64

    Botting, Mr., Speech, 214

    Brewham, Foot post to, 2

    Brightstowe, Plan of, 177

    Brighton Coach, 66

    Brill, Mail Coach Inspector, 88

    Bristol Cathedral, 93
      "    Copper Co., 12
      "    Mail Coach robberies, 119-122, 124, 126, 127
      "    Rejuvenated, 160
      "    Turnpike Gates, 117
      "    Water Works Co., 12, 15

    Broadmead Chapel Records, 7

    Broad Street, 102

    Brooks, Thos., & Co., 65

    Browne, Letter of year 1671, 6-7

    Brunswick, Duke of, at White Lion, 102

    Bull and Mouth Inn, London, 72, 73, 87

    Burglaries, Post Office, 134-136

    Burnett, Mail Coachman, killed, 88, 89

    Bush, Mr. J. Paul, C.M.G., in Africa, 173
      "       "      "     P.O. Medical Officer, 174

    Bush Inn, Bristol, 9, 26, 63, 64, 66, 68, 71, 79, 93,
    94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101


    Canadian Mail Service, 163

    Cann Family, 178-180, 183

    Carriers warned, 30

    Cathedral, Bristol, 93

    "Cavilears" threatening Postmaster Teig, 5

    Chamber of Commerce, 163

    Chamberlain, Mr. Austen, 75, 76

    Chaplin, Coach proprietor, 105

    Charles I., 2

    Charles II., 4, 8, 192, 193

    Chatham, Lord, friend of Allen, 48

    Cheltenham Coach, 71

    Chichester Mail Coach, 75, 79, 81

    Chimney-piece, Old Elton, 191

    Chronometer, London Coach, 69

    City Chamberlain's account, 1, 2

    City Chambers Co., 10

    Clevedon Mail Cart accident, 155, 157, 158

    Clift, Pratt & Co., 70

    Coach accident, Kennet Hill, 34

    Coaches, Better equipment wanted, 43

    Coach and Horses Inn, Southampton, 66

    Coach, Long, Portsmouth, 79

    Coachman fined for giving up reins, 88
      "     Musical, 90
      "     Warminster, drunk, 84

    Coach Service to Bristol, 28, 31, 33

    Coggan, Mrs. Varnam, 238

    Coin secreted in Parcel, 226

    Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 107

    Colston, Edward, 192

    Columbia Stamping Machine, 198

    Commons, P.M. of House of, 237

    Constantine, Duke, of Russia, Visits the White Lion, 102

    Copper Co., Bristol, 12

    Cornishman, G.W.R. Train, 148, 149

    Corn Street, 1663

    Coronation Poem, Mrs. Varnam-Coggan, 239
      "      Procession projected, 240

    Cornwallis Coach, 65, 66
      "      Admiral, 66

    Coutts, Thos., 96

    Cranford Bridge, Postboy robbed, 127

    Creswick Family, Mansion of, 14

    Cross Posts, 24, 41

    Crown Inn, Portsmouth, 79

    Cumberland, Duke of, 50

    Curious Incidents, 226, 227, 229, 230, 231


    Dean of Bristol's Signature, 224, 225

    Devizes, Bear Inn, 102

    Devon Coach, 69

    Devonport Mail snowed up, 86

    Diligence Mail, 31, 33

    Disastrous Gale and the Telegraphs, 3, 159

    Ditton, Antony, Marlboro' Mayor, 21

    Doddington, Barth., 21

    Dolphin Inn, 6-7
      "    Street, Bristol, 106

    Duchess of St. Albans, 96

    Duke of Beaufort, Horses burnt, 103
      "    Brunswick visits White Lion, 102
      "    Gloster Sloop, 100


    Electric Light Fails, 220-222

    Elizabeth, Queen, 220-222
      "      Her Progress, 16, 17

    Elton Family, 179, 180, 184, 185, 186, 187
      "   Mansion, 177, 179-181, 183, 188, 190

    Emerald Post Coach, 104

    Exchange Avenue, 9, 85

    Express Posts, 26

    Exquisite Coach, 105

    Extension of Post Office, 14


    Fairfax, Lord, 3

    Feecham, Mail Guard, 86

    Fifth Clause Post, 152

    Fish, conveyance declined, 70

    Fittler, James, Engraver, 51

    Flying Machine, Bath, 21

    Folwell, Mail Guard, 84

    Foot Post, The, 1, 2

    Francombe, Mr., Speech, 200, 201

    Freeling, Miss Edith, 59, 60
      "      Sir Francis, Birthplace, 51
      "           "       In London, 53
      "           "       On his mettle, 55
      "           "       Death of his wife, 55
      "           "       His death, 56
      "           "       Obituary notice, 57
      "           "       Relics, 58-60, 79-80
      "      Sir G.H., 60

    Freeman and Brass Co., 10, 11
      "    Thorough Post, 2

    Fylton Hay, The Rodney, 100
      "    Niblett's Farm, 106
      "    Open Post, 154


    Gascoigne, lays a Post, 18
      "      Court Postmaster, 19
      "      Extraordinary Post, 20, 21

    George IV., King, 60

    George, Philip, Dep. Town Clerk, Bath, 40

    Gloucester Mail Coach, 73

    Gore, Thomas, of Barrow, 8

    Gosport Mail, 61, 80

    Grand Hotel, Bristol, 106

    Griffiths, Richard, Mail Guard, 89
      "         "     His Post Horn, 90

    G.W.R. and P.O. Arbitration, 150
      "    In construction, 146
      "    In contemplation, 141
      "    Night Mail Train, 143
      "    Service, 147


    Hare and Hounds, 88

    Harford & Co., Iron Merchants, 12

    Harper, Mr. C.G., 111

    Hatton Garden Robbery, 133

    Hellier, Mr., receives letter in 1663, 6

    Henty, G., "The Road", 128

    Hereford Coach, 71

    Hero, Birmingham Coach, 68

    Hicks, James, Roads Clerk, 22

    Hill, Rowland, 40

    Hobhouse, Lt.-Col., Speech, 213, 214

    Holyhead Coach, 65

    Hope, Weston Coach, 72

    Hopton, Lord, 3

    Horne & Sherman, Coach proprietors, 105

    Horton Post Office, 152

    Huton, William, 1475, 175

    Humphries, Mr. Sidney, Speech, 206-210

    Hungerford, Sir Hy., 175


    Inland Revenue Dept., 13


    Jamaica, Bristol Mail Service to, 45, 162

    James I., King, 2

    Johnston, C., Supt. of Mail Coaches, 67, 84

    Joyce, Herbert, C.B., 54


    Karstadt, G.F., 141

    Kennet Hill, Coach Accident, 34

    Kent, Luke, Mail Guard, 81

    Kerans, Mr., P.M., Bath, 46

    King, Address to the, 241

    King of Syria's letter, 211

    Knowle Turnpike, 111


    "La France" Engine, 147

    Lansdown, Mr. F.P., 171

    Lavars, Messrs., Lithographers, 107

    Lawrence, Sir Thos., 102

    Lawford's Gate Turnpike, 116

    Letter Woman, 29

    Lewis Levy, Turnpike Contractor, 112

    Lifeboats and Telegraph, 158

    Lloyd's Bank, 101

    London and Plymouth, Mail Coach Race, 63

    Londonderry, Marquis of, 45, 46, 234, 235, 237

    Longleat, Queen Elizabeth at, 17

    Louis, Mr., 146

    Luce, Thomas, Innkeeper, 103, 105


    Maberley, Lt.-Col., 145

    "Magnet," Weston Coach, 72

    Maidenhead Turnpike Abolished, 118

    Mail Coaches, 62

    Mail Coaches Exempt from Toll, 111

    Mail Coach, First, 27

    Mail Coach Robbers Hanged, 123

    Mail Coach System, 26

    Manchester and Liverpool Railway, 140, 144

    Marlborough Post, 31

    May, Mr., 39

    McAdam, Mr., Roads, 67, 68

    Mercury, Light Motor Van, 92

    Morley, Arnold, Address to, 232, 234

    Motor Cars, 77

    Motor Cycle Accident, 219

    Motor Van, Avon, 93

    Mount Pleasant P.O., London, 74

    Moysey, A., 40

    Muniment Room, P.O., 169

    Musical Coachman, 90


    Nash, Bill, Mail Robber, 131

    Nevill, Mail Guard, Frozen to Death, 86

    New Buildings, 13

    Newick, R.C., 130

    New London Inn, Exeter, 62

    New Passage, Ice Shoals, 85

    New Royal Mail Coach, 104

    Niblett, Isaac, 106

    Niblett, Isaac, Innkeeper, Coach Proprietor, 104, 105

    Nobbs, M.J., Mail Guard, 73

    Norwich--London Coach, 89


    Old Passage, 63, 64

    Osborne, John, and Jere, Messrs., 114

    Oxford Mail, 67


    Packer, the foot post, 2

    Pack Horse, Packmen, 21

    Palace, Bishop's, 204

    Palmer, Col., 49

    Palmer, Death of, 44

    Palmer, John, Coach system, 27

    Palmer, John, honoured, 46, 47

    Palmer's Mail Coach system:--
      Attacked, 36, 38
      Enlarged, 32
      Extended, 41
      Pitt's approbation, 40
      Success, 42
      Thanks--Memorials, 39
      Troubles, 33
      Vindicated, 37, 38

    Passengers Coach, Protection of, 34

    Paul, J., Mail Coachman, killed, 86

    Penny Posts, 153

    Pickwick, Moses, Coaching Notice, 132

    Pike, E.W., Mr., 237, 238

    "Pike" Keepers, 112

    Pine, Henry, Postmaster, 9

    Pitt, Rt. Hon. W., 39, 40

    "Plume of Feathers," Wine Street, 69

    Plymouth Coach, 71, 72

    "Port Antonio," R.M.S., 161

    Porter, George, Innkeeper, 103

    "Port Kingston," R.M.S., 162

    "Port Royal," R.M.S., 162

    Portsmouth Coach overturned, 82

    Portsmouth Coaches, 84, 85

    Portsmouth, Crown Inn, 79

    Portsmouth Mail, 73, 79, 81

    Portsmouth Railway, projected, 75, 76

    Postages, 21

    Postage Stamps, King Edward Issue, 238

    Post Boys, 23

    Postboy robbed, 80

    Post Bridge Turnpike, 81

    Posts, Cross, 24

    Post, Express, 26

    Post, Extraordinary, 19, 20

    Post House, 22

    Post House, The Bristol, 8, 9

    Post, King's Special, 4

    Postman's Knock, 228

    Postmaster-General, Deputation to, 75, 77

    Postmaster-General, Lord Stanley of Alderley, 10

    Postmaster Henry Pine, 9
      "      of Bristol, Speech, 210-213

    Post Office Buildings, 14, 15
      "      All Saints' Lane, 9, 10
      "      Bristol, 10, 11

    Post, Queen Elizabeth's, 17
      "   Running, 3
      "   The Foot, 1-2
      "   Thorough, 2

    Pratt, J.J., 40

    Prideaux, Master of Posts, 3

    Primitive Post Office, 151

    Prince and Princess of Wales, 160, 162

    Prudent Man's Fund Receipt Note, 231


    Quaint Addresses, 223, 224


    Randolph, Master of Posts, 18

    Ralph Allen, Cross Posts, 21

    Redland Post Office, 170

    Red Rover Coach, 105

    Regent Coach, 68

    Registered Letters Stolen, 133

    Rennison, Sarah, Stokes Croft Baths, 113

    Roads, 21, 23

    Robertson, George, Painter, 51

    Rocket, Holyhead Coach, 68

    Romans, The, 67

    Rose Inn, Birmingham, 66

    Royal Livery, Coachman and Guard wear, 35

    Rummer Tavern, Bristol, 31

    Running Post, 3


    Salisbury Mail, Late, 38
      "  Postboy Robbed, 80

    Saltford Turnpike, 115

    Savage, the foot post, 1

    Severn, Ice Shoals, 85

    Shamrock, London Coach, 69

    "Ship Letters", 153, 167, 168

    Shuter, Chris., Councillor, 187

    Small Street, Bristol, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 102, 175, 176, 177,
    189, 194

    Southampton Coach, 65, 67
      "      Coach and Horses Inn, 66

    Sovereign Coach, 72

    Sports, P.O., 218

    Sproule, Verger, 93

    St. Albans, Duchess of, 96

    St. Giles' Gate, 175

    St. Leonard's Lane, 15, 193

    St. Martin's-le-Grand, 37

    St. Michael's Hill Turnpike, 117

    St. Werburgh, Parish of, 11, 15, 193

    Stage Coaches, 22, 24, 25

    Stanley, Lord, _Frontispiece_
      "       in Africa, 173
      "       of Alderley, 10

    Statistics--Bristol P.O., 163

    Stealing Letters, Capital Offence, 121

    Stokes Croft Turnpike, 114

    Stop Gate, Horfield, 117

    Streamer, Richard, 1680, 178

    Stretch, Matthew, Bush Inn, 98

    Swan Inn, 31, 66

    Swan with Two Necks Inn, London, 31

    Symons, Thomas, 42


    Teig or Teague, Anabaptist Postmaster, in peril, 4, 5, 6, 7

    Telegraphs, Lifeboats, and Gales, 159

    Telephones, Trunk P.O., 195, 196, 197

    Thatched Post Office, 152

    Thornbury, Fifth Clause Post, 154

    Thorough Post, 2

    Three Tuns, Bath, 31, 41

    Terrill, Mr., letter of, 1671, 7

    Tewkesbury, 71

    Time Bill, Old Portsmouth, 82

    Tipsy M.P., 91

    Todd, Anthony, 30, 35, 36, 38, 128

    Tokens, Mail Coach, 51

    Toll Gates, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116

    Townsend, John--Charles, Bush Inn, 98

    Tracks Unenclosed, 2

    Traveller, Exeter Coach, 70

    Turner, Mail Coachman, killed, 87

    Turnpike Trusts, 110, 111, 112

    Turpin and Langdon, Book Binders, 11

    Tyndale, William, 152

    Tyson, Mayor, 1660, 6


    Uniform, Royal, introduced, 31

    Union Post Coach, 63, 64


    Value of Tolls, 114

    Vidler, Mr., Mail Contractor, 54, 55


    Waggons, Quaint, 25

    Water Works Company, Bristol, 12

    Water Works Premises, 177, 190

    Weaver, Hon. John, 4

    Weeks, John, 26, 79, 93
      "      Boniface, 94
      "      Coach Monopoly, 99
      "      Mural Tablet, 92
      "      Sloop Master, 100

    Weeks, Poston & Co., 104

    Wellington, Som., 1

    Werburgh, St., Parish, 11, 15

    Westbury-on-Trym P.O. burgled, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140

    Westons, Mail Robbers, 129, 130

    Whitchurch Turnpike, 115

    White Hart Inn, Bristol, 63, 64, 80, 103, 104, 107

    White Horse Cellars, London, 72

    White Lion, Bristol, 73, 85, 101, 102, 103, 104, 107

    White's, Mr. Stanley, Coach, 108
      "           Motor Car, 108

    Wimborne Minster, 1

    Wilton, Queen Elizabeth at, 17, 21

    Withering, Thomas, 3

    Wood's Office, Bristol, 66


    Young, John, Knighted, 16


W.C. HEMMONS, ST. STEPHEN STREET, BRISTOL.