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        PIRACY

 OFF THE FLORIDA COAST
     AND ELSEWHERE


          BY
    SAMUEL A. GREEN


       CAMBRIDGE
  JOHN WILSON AND SON
   University Press
         1911




                      FROM THE
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY
                 FOR FEBRUARY, 1911.




PIRACY OFF THE FLORIDA COAST AND ELSEWHERE

At a stated meeting of the MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY, held in
Boston on Thursday, February 9, 1911, Dr. SAMUEL A. GREEN presented the
following paper:--


Few persons of the present day are aware how extensively piracy
prevailed two centuries ago. There was no part of the high seas that was
free from the depredation of roving robbers. At times they threatened
towns on the coast, and at others they attacked ships on mid-ocean; and
they seem to have followed their lawless pursuits at will. When caught,
there was little delay in bringing them to trial and securing a
conviction; and trivial technicality in forms played no part in reaching
results. At times there were multiple executions, and in the community
there was no morbid sentimentality shown for the miserable wretches. Not
the least of their torture was sitting in the meeting-house on the
Sunday before execution and listening to their own funeral sermons, when
the minister told them what they might expect in the next world if they
got their just dues. On June 30, 1704, six poor victims were hung, on
the Boston side of the Charles River bank, for piracy and murder; and
there was a great crowd to witness the tragedy. Among the spectators on
this occasion was Chief-Justice Sewall, one of the judges of the
Admiralty Court which had convicted the pirates, who did not think it
beneath his dignity to be present. It was then considered a public duty
to invest the scene of execution with as much awe as possible, and it
was thought that official station would emphasize this feeling.

The following extract from "The Boston News-Letter," August 21, 1721,
shows how in early times piratical craft, heavily manned and carrying
many guns, sailed the high seas and pursued their unlawful calling. The
vessel was taken somewhere in the Sargasso Sea, off the coast of Africa.

    These are to Certifie all Persons concerned that on the 7th Day of
    May last, William Russel, Master of the Ship Mary of Charlstown, in
    his Voyage from Madera to Surranam in the Lat. 22 Deg. and 27 N. and
    Long. 25 and 27 W. from London was taken by a Pirate Ship upwards of
    50 Guns, Commanded by Capt. Roberts, about 300 Men, who robb'd him
    of part of his Cargo, and Forced away from him two of his Men,
    against his and their own consent, viz. Thomas Russel born in
    Lexintown near Charlstown and the other Thomas Winchol born in
    Portsmouth, New-Hampshire in New England.

I have been led to make these introductory remarks on account of a
manuscript recently given to the Library by Mrs. William B. Rogers,
eldest daughter and sole surviving child of Mr. James Savage, who was
for more than sixty years a member of this Society and for fourteen
years its President. It consists of an extract from a letter written by
her uncle William Savage to her father, dated at Havana, December 31,
1818, giving an account of the capture by pirates of the ship _Emma
Sophia_, off the Florida coast, of which vessel he was supercargo. Since
the receipt of the paper from Mrs. Rogers I have found in the "Boston
Daily Advertiser," February 3, 1819, a fuller version of the letter; and
for that reason I here follow the copy as given in the newspaper.
Anything that relates to Mr. Savage or his family will always be in
order at these meetings. At the unveiling of his bust in this room, on
April 12, 1906, Mr. Adams, the President, said that "with the single
exception of Mr. Winthrop no member of the Society since its beginning
has left upon it so deep and individual an impression" as Mr. Savage
has.

The account appears on the second page of the Advertiser, under the
heading of "Marine Journal," as follows:--

                                 MEMORANDA.

    [->]The vessel mentioned in yesterday's paper, as having been
    plundered off Florida, is the Hamburgh ship _Emma Sophia_, Capt.
    Frahm--the supercargo is Mr. William Savage, of this town. It is
    stated in the Charleston papers that she is insured at Lloyd's.

    We have been favoured with the following extract, giving further
    particulars:

    _Extract of a letter from a gentleman of this town, supercargo of
    the ship Emma Sophia, dated Havana, 31st Dec. 1818._

    On Saturday 19th inst. between the Bahama Bank and Key Sal Bank we
    were boarded and taken possession of by a small schr. of about 30
    tons, having one gun mounted on a pivot and 30 men. She manned us
    with twelve men, Spaniards, French, Germans and Americans, and
    carried us towards the Florida coast. Being arrived on the coast
    nearly opposite to Havana, the privateer went in shore to
    reconnoitre, and our ship lay off and on. Next morning she returned
    with two small vessels, a schooner and sloop. We then all four
    steered over the reef towards the small islands, and on Tuesday
    afternoon were brought to anchor in a little harbour formed by the
    Florida isles and the Martyr's Reef, as snug a hole as buccaniers
    would wish. They had seen no papers, but those of the ship and the
    Manifest, but the latter was enough, and they asked not for invoices
    or bills of lading. As soon as we anchored, they threw off our
    boats, took off the hatches and began to plunder the cargo. They
    loaded their two small vessels and another that came in next
    morning, besides taking our valuables on board the privateer. Having
    filled their vessels with linens and nankins, we had still many
    left, for our ship was full when we sailed from Hamburgh. Till
    Wednesday noon, our cabin had been respected, but then they came
    below and took packages of laces, gold watches from the trunks and
    other valuable goods. Every man had a knife about a foot long, which
    they brandished, swearing they would have money or something more
    valuable, that was concealed, or they would kill every soul of us,
    and they particularly threatened me. I appealed to their captain,
    told him I was in fear of my life, and went with him on board his
    privateer. He said he had no command, the crew would do as they
    pleased, that I need entertain no fear of my life, but had better
    tell at once if any thing was concealed. I told him there was not.
    After my return to the ship towards night, the pirates left us for
    the first time, and we hoped they had done with us. But next morning
    another sch'r and sloop appeared in the offing, and the privateer
    and one of the loaded sloops went out to meet them. They all
    returned together, the privateer anchored, and a boat's crew came
    towards us. I attempted to go on board the privateer to see her
    captain, but was ordered back. When they came on board, they said
    they had come to find where the gold &c. was, and that if we would
    not tell, they would hang every man of us and burn the ship. Davis,
    the spokesman, drew his knife and swore, that every man should die,
    unless he found the money, and first he would hang the supercargo.
    He called for a rope, which he had brought on board, fitted with a
    hangman's noose, sent a man up to the mizen yard and rove it and
    brought the noose down--and one man held it, and another stood ready
    to hoist. Now, said Davis, tell me where is the money, where are
    your diamonds, or I will hang you this minute. In vain I repeated I
    had nothing more but my watch, which I offered and he refused.--Once
    more, said he, will you tell? I have nothing to tell, said I. On
    with the rope, said the villain, and hoist away. The fellow with the
    noose came towards me, and I sprang overboard. They took me up,
    after some time, apparently insensible. They took off all my
    cloaths, and laid me on my back on deck, naked as I was born, except
    having a blanket thrown over me. Here I laid five hours without
    moving hand or foot. Meanwhile they robbed us of every thing of the
    least value. Against me they seemed to have a particular spite,
    stealing even the ring from my finger, and all my cloaths from my
    trunks which they sent on board the privateer.

    At night they left us, but returned once or twice, for a few
    minutes, to see how I was. That night the privateer, with two or
    three of her convoy went to sea, and next morning, Christmas day, we
    got under way.--Having taken good notice of the courses steered in
    coming in, and keeping the lead constantly going, we found our way
    out to _blue water_ without much difficulty, and next morning, 26th,
    arrived without further accident at Havana.

    The privateer was, I think, fitted out from this island. The Captain
    is a Spaniard, a short man with a remarkable good face, that nobody
    would suspect to belong to such a gang. The Lieutenant is a
    Frenchman, a creole of St. Domingo, but called himself an Italian.
    The man they called Davis, who ordered me to be hanged, is the pilot
    or sailing master, and their boarding officer. He is an American,
    belongs to New-York, and was the worst man on board. He is a
    good looking fellow, something perhaps over the middle size, but the
    most brutal rascal I ever met. There was another American on board,
    only a common hand, being a drunkard.--Two negroes are all the
    residue of the gentlemen with whom I had much acquaintance.

    The goods taken from us were upwards of fifty thousand dollars
    worth, and I have no doubt are landed on the coast of this Island.
    The neighborhood of Cuba will be troubled waters until our
    government shall seriously determine to put down this system of
    piracy.

Akin to this subject it may be proper to record an incident which many
years ago concerned myself, and might have been tragical in its result.
In the month of February, 1854, it fell to my lot to sail out of Boston
harbor for Malta, aboard the bark _Sylph_, of Liverpool, Nova Scotia. At
that period vessels sailing under the English flag were known in this
country as _lime-juicers_, so called because in the British navy the
consumption of lime or lemon juice was enforced as an anti-scorbutic
remedy. The only other passenger beside myself was Gen. William A.
Aiken, now of Norwich, Connecticut. The vessel was in command of Captain
Roberts, of Liverpool; and the first officer was Mr. Hicks, and the
second officer, Mr. Wharton. According to my recollection there were
eight in the forecastle, which number, together with the cook and
steward, made up a complement of fourteen persons, all told, aboard the
bark. The cook and steward were represented by a single person of
African descent, who prided himself both on his hair and his cooking, as
well as on his brotherly kinship to the self-styled rival of Jenny Lind,
who was then called the "Black Swan" (Elizabeth Taylor Greenfield), a
singer, well-known in her day. His hair deserves a word of special note,
as it was sometimes closely associated with his cooking, inasmuch as its
elaborate dressing was done before a glass hanging just beside a stove
in the cook's galley. He generally kept his long wool tightly furled in
numerous curling papers that stood out from his head like spikes. On
great occasions, such as Sundays and wonderful deliverances from storms,
he used to unfurl his kinky locks which seemed ample enough then to fill
a bushel basket.

After a delay of a week or ten days in the harbor, owing to head winds
or inclement weather we set sail; and I remember well that the pilot,
Fowler by name, as he was about to leave the vessel, throwing his leg
over the bulwarks, said in his gruff voice to our skipper, "I will give
you twenty-eight days to the Straits."

There is little to write about the trip on the Atlantic side of the
voyage more than it was very monotonous, so much so that both Aiken and
myself for some slight relief used occasionally to help the captain
"take the sun" at noon, and in this way we both became more or less
expert in navigation. It was also interesting to watch the sailors in
their various duties and pleasures; and from them we learned to splice
ropes and to tie fancy knots. We learned, too, the words of command in
proper sequence, as given by the captain, when he ordered the men to
tack ship or to wear ship, all which was of great interest to us.
Occasionally in good weather we used to take our trick at the wheel in
order to break the monotony of the voyage. Sometimes we would catch a
porpoise, of which the liver would give us a taste of fresh meat and
remind us of home. Off Cape Trafalgar we sailed over the waters which
floated the English fleet when Nelson fought his famous fight. I
recollect the first glimpse we had of Cape Spartel, a point of land in
the northwest corner of the African continent, overlooking the Straits,
which we made early in the morning of March 16, my birthday. With a
head-wind it took two days to beat into the Mediterranean, where we had
many calms and much bad weather. At one time we came near being wrecked
in a gale off Cape de Gato on the southern coast of Spain, but generally
we were cruising along the north coast of Africa, within a few leagues
of land, as our sailing course was dependent upon the wind. At times we
could see buildings and villages on the shore, and then would sink them
behind as we sailed away.

The incident to which I have already alluded, occurred in the latter
part of March, off Cape Tres Forcas on the Barbary Coast. One afternoon,
as we were sailing along at low speed with little wind, two or three
leagues from land, we spied two lateen-rigged feluccas, apparently
following us, which at first sight attracted but little attention.
Captain Roberts soon became suspicious of their movements and watched
them closely, as they were gaining on us. We were going hardly more than
two or three knots an hour, having little more than steering way, but
they spreading much sail were faster. The captain soon gave orders to
have an inventory taken of the firearms on board that could be used in
case of need, but these were found to be few in number and in poor
condition. The cook was ordered to heat as much boiling water as his
small galley would allow, to be ready to repel any attempt to board the
vessel. There was great excitement on the bark, and we fully expected to
be attacked, but fortunately for us

    The shades of night were falling fast,

and soon the sun went down. We then changed our course a point or two
and threw a sail over the binnacle light so that the suspected pirates
could not follow us; and thus we escaped what might have been a tragedy.

After our arrival at Malta we learned that three vessels had been taken
by the Riff pirates, as they were called, near the time when we were
threatened, and near the same point of land. Without doubt the captors
belonged to the same crew as those that followed us. We were on the
Mediterranean Sea at the time when the Crimean War broke out, England
having declared war on March 28. This new condition of public affairs
caused great confusion in the movement of steamers and in transportation
generally, as steamships were much needed for military purposes; on
which account my stay at Malta was somewhat prolonged. During this time
I saw a good deal of the American consul, Mr. William Winthrop, who was
a kinsman of our former President, Mr. Winthrop, and at a later period a
Corresponding Member of this Society. At the regular monthly meeting
held on November 8, 1882, Mr. Robert C. Winthrop, Jr., paid a handsome
tribute to the consul, on the occasion of the Society's receiving a
liberal bequest from him. He ended his remarks by saying of him: "He
took a pride, however, in being a Corresponding Member,--the only one in
nearly a century who, so far as I am aware, ever left the Society a
dollar, and I much fear that, in this respect, he is likely long to
remain unique."




Transcriber's Note:

    Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note. Variant
    spellings have been retained, in addition to spelling errors in
    quoted text. [->] has been used to represent a right-pointing index.