The Project Gutenberg eBook of Orthography This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Orthography Author: Elmer W. Cavins Author of introduction, etc.: Edwin C. Hewett Release date: November 7, 2007 [eBook #23395] Language: English Credits: Produced by Kevin Handy, John Hagerson, Irma Spehar and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORTHOGRAPHY *** Produced by Kevin Handy, John Hagerson, Irma Spehar and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net ORTHOGRAPHY AS OUTLINED IN THE STATE COURSE OF STUDY FOR ILLINOIS. SEVENTH AND EIGHTH YEARS. BY ELMER W. CAVINS, TEACHER OF ORTHOGRAPHY IN ILLINOIS STATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY. INTRODUCTION BY DR. EDWIN C. HEWETT. SECOND EDITION--JANUARY, 1906. _PUBLISHED BY C. M. PARKER, TAYLORVILLE, ILLINOIS._ Copyright, 1904, by C. M. Parker. PREFACE. This book is prepared for teachers and pupils who use the Illinois State Course of Study. The outline in Orthography for the Seventh and Eighth Years is the basis of all that is included herein. Three fifths or more of this work is word analysis which, valuable as it is, teachers as a rule are unable to teach without the aid of a text, never having learned much of it themselves. What, for example, can the average teacher unaided do toward writing a list of words to be analyzed which contain the root _ann_, meaning year? He might turn in the dictionary to _annual_, _anniversary_, and _annuity_, but he must fall back on his acquired knowledge for such as, _biennial_, _centennial_, _millennium_, _perennial_, and _superannuate_. And having the list, very many teachers, as well as pupils, need help in the analysis. The aim of this book has been to set down in an orderly and convenient form such facts as are needed by those who follow the State Course of Study. Emphasis has been placed upon word analysis. The author believes that this has more value in education than is generally attributed to it. When Mr. Kennedy named his work on word analysis "What Words Say", he gave it the best possible title. Composite words have a wealth of meaning; each syllable is significant. And, as a rule, only to those who can read this significance does the word yield its full meaning. Accuracy is the mark of a scholar. Accuracy in speech and in the understanding of speech cannot be attained by those whose knowledge of words is vague and general. Pupils should early learn how to interpret _what words say_, and to discriminate carefully in the use of words, for these are the tools which they are to use in all the various departments for acquiring knowledge. Normal, Ill., Aug. 30, 1904. E. W. CAVINS. INTRODUCTION BY DR. EDWIN C. HEWETT. I have long thought that the careful, discriminating study of words is much neglected in our schools. And I am glad to approve, and help to forward, anything that will promote such a study. Not only will such a study improve a person's language greatly, but it will, at the same time, do much to improve the clearness and precision of his thinking; thought and language have a reciprocal effect. If a child, while young, can be made to be interested in words themselves,--their origin, their exact meaning, their relations to each other and some of the changes in their meaning which result from their use,--he will be likely to retain that interest through life; it will be more likely to increase than to diminish. It seems often to be assumed that a student can do nothing profitably with the study of words made up from Greek and Latin roots till he has acquired some mastery of those languages. But I know from experience and much observation that this is not true. Why should it be? Must one master Greek and Latin before he can understand that, in English words, _graph_ means write; _ge_ means earth; _phone_ means sound; _cur_ means run; _fin_ means limit; _port_ means carry, etc.? And then having learned the meaning of the prefixes and suffixes, is it preposterous to train him to know the etymological significance of a few hundred words by showing him how they are built up? Of course, we know that many words in common use have shades of meaning quite different from, and in some cases almost opposite to, their literal significance. But will not the student be better able to understand these derived meanings by knowing their literal significance than in any other way? At any rate, I am fully persuaded that such a study of words as this book proposes can be made very profitable to those pupils for whose use it is prepared. The teacher will find, however, that the teaching of this subject will require much careful labor on his part. The mere learning of the meaning of prefixes and suffixes and of the roots themselves, with the brief remarks on the meaning of some of the words, will need to be supplemented by a careful mastery of it all on his part. And to this must be added much thought of his own, together with careful research in the great dictionaries. But to the earnest and intelligent teacher, such thought and research will yield very rich fruit in his own thinking, and in his use of English speech. I cheerfully commend the book as a move in the right direction; and as adapted, in my opinion, to do much to supply a serious lack in the present work of the schools. Normal, Ill., Aug. 18, 1904. E. C. H. SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. 1. From the lists given in this book omit such words as in your opinion are beyond the vocabulary of your pupils. 2. All words given for the first month's work are either defined or illustrated below the lists. This is done to help make clear the method of showing their _literal_ significance. Further along in each year's work only the most difficult words are explained. Insist that pupils in every case where it is possible define or illustrate so as to show the _literal_ meaning, else much of the value of the study is lost. And, moreover, the ordinary, or current meaning, _where it differs from the literal_, should be given. Very many of the words have various uses. Thorough work requires that these be illustrated. This necessitates a free use of the dictionary. It is strongly urged that the pupils (with the aid of the teacher when necessary) try to find _an appropriate sentence to illustrate each word_ and write the same in an orderly way in a note book for the purpose. In work of this kind a teacher should not underrate the value of reviews. By this means fix facts on the minds of your pupils, especially the meanings of roots and prefixes. Since these meanings are given in a single word, reviews may proceed rapidly. One convenient method of recitation in this subject is to send pupils to the blackboard without their books, assign them by turns words to be analyzed according to the examples given under "Directions to Pupils", and then let each pupil read to the class what he has written on the board. DIRECTIONS TO PUPILS. Given in the seventh and eighth years' work of the State Course of Study are 45 prefixes, 64 roots, and 33 suffixes,--in all 142 elements or component parts of words. In this book a list of words is furnished to illustrate each element, the average number of words in each list being about eleven, and the total number of different words analyzed, or partially analyzed, is over 1200. TO ANALYZE A WORD. 1. Name its component parts--root, prefix, and suffix--and give the literal meaning of each. 2. Combine these meanings in a definition, _supplying additional words if necessary_, to make the sense complete. In exceptional cases, however, the exact literal meanings of the parts cannot be put together in a good definition. One or more of the parts must then be omitted entirely, or represented by words which are not exactly literal. 3. Give an illustration of the use of the word. (Caution: Carefully distinguish verbs, adjectives and nouns. Do not define adjectives as nouns or verbs, or vice versa. Do not, for illustration, say _audible_ is _that which_ can be _heard_; but rather say _audible_ means _capable of_ being _heard_.) EXAMPLES. avert: (1) _a_, away + _vert_, turn. (2) To _turn away_; to ward off. (3) The evils which exist are necessary to _avert_ greater evils. deify: (1) _dei_, god + _fy_, to make. (2) To _make_ a _god_ of; to praise and revere as if a deity. (3) The people of India _deify_ the Ganges River. hostile: (1)_host_, enemy + _ile_, belonging to. (2) _Belonging to_ or having the characteristics of an _enemy_. (3) Yon tower which rears its head so high invites the _hostile_ winds. portable: (1) _port_, carry + _able_, capable of. (2) _capable of_ being _carried_ or moved from place to place; not stationary. (3) A _portable_ photograph gallery stopped for three days at the cross-roads near my home. benefactor: (1) _bene_, good + _fact_, make, do + _or_, one who. (2) _One who does good_; especially one who makes a charitable donation. (3) "He is a true _benefactor_ and alone worthy of honor who brings comfort where before was wretchedness, who dries the tear of sorrow." A careful study of the five examples given above will reveal that to analyze words a pupil must-- 1. Learn some _facts_--meanings of the component parts of words. 2. Be careful in putting these facts together to make a sensible definition. 3. Use the dictionary to find the ordinary, or current, use of a word. 4. Gather illustrations. This is not easy, but it should not be neglected, for it is the most practical feature of word analysis. Pupils should help each other, and the teacher may contribute when his help is needed. One good illustration for a difficult word might suffice the entire class. PART ONE Word Analysis. SEVENTH YEAR. FIRST MONTH. #a, ab, abs# = from, away. 1. a _vert_, turn 2. ab _brevi_ ate, short 3. ab _duct_, lead 4. ab _ject_, cast 5. ab _lut_ ion, wash 6. ab _origin_ es, beginning 7. ab _rupt_, break 8. ab _sorb_, suck in 9. ab _solve_, loosen 10. ab _use_, use. 2. To _shorten_, to take _from_; to make briefer. 3. To _lead away_; to carry off by force; to kidnap. 4. An _abject_ person is one sunk to low condition (as if _cast from_ the society of others). 5. An _ablution_ is a _washing_ or _cleansing_; especially a religious rite. 6. The inhabitants of a country _from_ the _beginning_. The earliest inhabitants of which anything is known. 7. _Broken_ or appearing as if broken _away_ or off; as an _abrupt_ cliff. 8. To _suck_ up; to drink in. A brick will _absorb_ a pint of water. 9. To _loosen_ or set free, as _from_ some duty or obligation 10. To divert _from_ the proper _use_; to misuse. #ambi, (amphi)# = both, on both sides, around. 1. ambi _dextr_ ous, right hand 2. ambi _ti_ on, go 3. amphi _bi_ ous, life 4. amphi _theatre_, view. 1. _Having_ skill with _both_ hands (as if both were _right hands_). 2. A _going around_ or about, as of a candidate soliciting votes; eager for favors; strongly desirous. 3. _Living both_ on land and in water. Frogs, turtles, crocodiles, seals, otters, and beavers are _amphibious_. 4. An _amphitheatre_ is a building built circular so that spectators may _view_ a performance from _both sides_ or from all _around_. #bene# = well, good. 1. bene _dict_ ion, speak 2. bene _fact_ ion, do 3. bene fact _or_, one who 4. bene _fic_ ent, do 5. bene fic _ial_, pertaining to 6. bene _fit_, do 7. bene _vol_ ent, will 8. beni _gn_, (genus) kind 9. beni gn _ant_, being 10. _nota_ bene, note 1. The _act of speaking well_ to or of; a blessing pronounced at the close of divine service. 2. The _act of doing_ good; making a charitable donation. 4. _Doing_ or effecting _good_; performing acts of kindness. 5. _Pertaining to_ what _does good_, is useful or profitable. 6. A _good_ deed _done_; an act of kindness. 7. _Willing_ to _do good_; well-wishing; charitable. 8. _Good_ and _kind_ of heart; expressive of gentleness or kindness. Literally, of a _good kind_. 9. _Being kind_ and gracious. 10. _Note well_; observe carefully; take notice. Usually abbreviated to N. B. #circum# = around. 1. circum _fer_ ence, carry 2. circum _flex_, bend 3. circum _locut_ ion, speak 4. circum _navig_ ate, sail 5. circum _scribe_, write, draw 6. circum _spect_, look 7. circum _sta_ nce, stand 8. circum _vent_, come. 1. Think the _circumference_ in the process of making; _carry_ the crayon _around_ the circle to produce the _circumference_. 2. A _bending around_; a wave or bend of the voice embracing both a rise and a fall on the same syllable. 3. The _act of speaking_ in a _round_ about way; particularly a studied indirectness or evasiveness of speech. 4. The _act of sailing around_; especially the earth or globe. 5. To _draw_ a bounding line _round_; hence to mark out the limits of. 6. _Looking around_ on all sides; examining carefully. 7. That which attends or relates to (_stands around_, as it were,) an event, a person or a thing. 8. To _circumvent_ one in any enterprise is to _come around_ in an unexpected way for the purpose of gaining an advantage. #contra, (contro, counter)# = against 1. contra _dict_, speak 2. contra _vene_, come 3. contra _st_, stand 4. counter _act_, do 5. counter _balance_, scales 6. contro _versy_, turn 1. To _speak against_; to assert the opposite of. 2. To _come against_; to oppose. 3. To _stand against_; to set in opposition to, as two or more objects of a like kind with a view to showing their difference. 4. To act _against_; to _do_ what hinders. 5. To _weigh against_ with equal weight; equal weight, power or influence acting in opposition to. 6. A _turning against_; debate, contention. #ann# = year. 1. annu _al_, relating to 2. anni _vers_ ary, turn 3. annu _ity_, that which 4. _bi_ ennial, two 5. _cent_ ennial, hundred 6. _mille_ nnium, thousand 7. _per_ ennial, through 8. _super_ annuate, beyond 1. _Relating to_ a _year_; yearly. 2. _That_ day _which returns_ once a _year_ commemorating some event. 3. A stated sum of money payable _yearly_. 4. Happening once in _two years_; lasting two years. 5. Consisting of or lasting a _hundred years_. Happening every hundred years. 6. A period or interval of a _thousand years_. 7. _Throughout_ the _year_; lasting, perpetual. 8. Condition of being _beyond_ the _years_ of active service; impaired or disabled by length of years. #art# = skill. 1. art _ist_, one who 2. arti _fic_ ial, make 3. artist _ic_, relating to 4. art _less_, without 1. _One who_ is _skilled_ or adept in any of the fine arts. 2. Produced or _made_ by _art_ or _skill_ rather than by nature. 3. _Relating_ to _skill_ in any field. 4. _Without skill_; especially without skill in fraud or deceit. #aster, (astr)# = star. 1. aster _isk_, little 2. aster _oid_, form 3. astr _olog_ er, speak. 4. astr _onomy_, distribute 5. _dis_ aster, apart 1. Literally, a _little star_; a mark like a star used to refer to a note in the margin. 2. _Formed_ like a _star_. 3. _One who speaks_ about the _stars_; one who foretells events by the stars, or interprets the supposed influence of the stars. 4. The science which treats of the _distribution_, arrangement and size of heavenly bodies (_stars_). 5. An unfavorable aspect of a _star_ or planet, hence an ill portent, a calamity. #aud# = hear. 1. aud _ible_, capable of 2. audit _ory_, pertaining to 3. audit _ors_, those who 4. _in_ audible, not 1. _Capable of_ being _heard_. 2. _Pertaining to_ the _hearing_, or the sense of hearing. 3. _Those who hear_; people who assemble for the purpose of hearing music or discourse. 4. _Not capable_ of being _heard_; indistinct. SECOND MONTH. #dis (dif)# = apart, from, away. 1. dis _burse_, purse 2. dis _cord_, heart 3. dis _cuss_, shake 4. dif _fer_, bear 5. dif _fuse_, pour 6. dis _loc_ ate, place 7. dis _miss_, send 8. dis _pel_, drive 9. dis _pose_, put 10. dis _rupt_, break 11. dis _sect_, cut 12. dis _tend_, stretch 1. To _disburse_ money is to pay it out (_from_ one's _purse_). 2. (Literally, _hearts apart_.) Want of harmony; not agreeing in opinion, or in action. 3. The _discussion_ of a question _shakes_ it _apart_, for a more thorough examination. 4. When two minds _differ_, one _bears_ in one direction, the other in another, and thus they _bear apart_. They do not agree. 5. To _pour_ out and cause to spread _apart_, as a fluid; to circulate; to scatter. 6. To _place apart_ or out of proper position. 7. To _dismiss_ a congregation is to _send_ the people (or allow them to go) _apart_ to their homes. 8. To _dispel_ fear is to _drive_ it _away_. 9. To _dispose_ of property is to part with it (_put_ it _apart_ from one). 10. Rocks are _disrupted_ when _broken apart_. 11. To _dissect_ the eye of an ox is to _cut_ it _apart_, for the purpose of examination. 12. To _distend_ is to _stretch apart_ or spread in all directions; to dilate, to expand. #extra# = beyond. 1. Extra _ordin_ ary, order, rule (_ary_, relating to). _Relating to_ what is _beyond_ or out of the common _rule_ or _order_; exceptional, unusual. 2. Extra _vag_ ant, _wander_ (_ant_, ing). _Wandering beyond_ bounds or out of the regular course; excessive. #inter# = between, among, through. 1. inter _cede_, go 2. inter _cept_, take 3. inter _course_, run 4. inter _ject_ ion, throw 5. inter _lop_ er, run 6. inter _mingle_, mix 7. inter _pose_, place 8. inter _rogate_, ask 9. inter _sect_, cut 10. inter _val_, wall 11. inter _vene_, come 12. inter _view_, see 1. To _go between_ parties for the purpose of reconciling those who differ; to plead in favor of another. 2. To seize or _take between_ the starting point and destination; as to _intercept_ a letter or messenger. 3. Frequent or habitual meeting or contact of one person with another (a _running between_, to and fro). 4. An _interjection_ is a word _thrown_ in _between_ other words to express emotion or feeling. 5. An _interloper_ is _one who runs_ in _between_ two parties to get the advantage which one would obtain from the other. One who intercepts and buys a basket of eggs between a farmer's wagon and a grocery store would, from the standpoint of the merchant, be an _interloper_. 6. To _mix between_ or together. 7. To protect the eyes from a strong light _interpose_ (_place between_ the eyes and light) a shade. 8. To _interrogate_ is to question. (The _questions_ come _between_ the answers.) 9. One line _intersects_ another when it _cuts_ through it, or _between_ its parts. 10. An _interval_ is an open space or stretch between things or limits. Formerly it meant a space _between walls_. 11. To _come between_ persons, things, or events. 12. A mutual exchange of _views between_ two or more people. #non# = not, un. The prefix _non-_ may be joined to the leading word by means of a hyphen, or, in most cases, the hyphen may be dispensed with. 1. noncommittal 2. non compos mentis 3. nonconductor 4. nondescript 5. nonentity 6. nonessential 7. nonpareil 8. non-payment 9. nonplus 10. non-resident 11. nonsense 12. nonsuit 2. _Com_, with + _pos_, power + _mentis_, of mind. Literally, _not with power of mind_. Not of sound mind; not capable, mentally, of managing one's own affairs. 4. That which has _not_ been _described_; difficult to describe; new, novel, odd. 5. _Entity_ means thing or being; hence a _nonentity_ is _no thing_ or nothing. Often applied to a person or thing which counts for little or _nothing_. 9. _Plus_ means more. Literally, a person is _nonplused_ when he can do _no more_, or go no further; puzzled, confounded, embarrassed. (It seems unnecessary to append definitions or illustrations to other words of the above list.) #per# = through, thoroughly, by. 1. per _ambul_ ate, walk 2. per _ceive_, take 3. per _cent_, hundred 4. per _col_ ate, filter 5. per _enni_ al, year 6. per _fect_, make 7. per _for_ ate, bore 8. per _form_, form 9. per _fume_, smoke 10. per _mit_, let go 11. per _plex_, entangle 12. per _secute_, follow 13. per _sist_, stand 14. per _vade_, go 15. per _vert_, turn 16. per _vi_ ous, way 1. To _walk through_ or over. He got out of bed and _perambulated_ the room for some minutes. 2. To _take_ or obtain knowledge _through_ the senses. To _take_ with a _thorough_ mental grasp; to understand. 3. _By_ the _hundred_. 4. To pass _through_; as, a _filter_ or strainer. 5. Lasting _through_ the _year_, or through many years. 6. _Thoroughly made_; finished in every part; without blemish or defect. 7. To _bore through_; to make holes in; to pierce. 8. To _form thoroughly_; to execute, accomplish, or carry out. 9. "To _perfume_ means literally to _smoke thoroughly_. Hence to impregnate or fill with scent or odor."--_Kennedy._ 10. By this _permit_ we may _go through_ the factory. 11. To _entangle thoroughly_. "Love with doubts _perplexes_ still the mind." 12. To _follow_ with persistence or _thoroughness_. To follow close after; specifically to afflict or harass on account of adherence to a particular creed. The early Christians suffered _persecution_. 13. To take a _thorough stand_; to continue steadily in some state or course of action; especially in spite of opposition. 14. To _go through_; to spread throughout the whole. 15. To turn in another direction; to _turn thoroughly_ from a former course. "Blessings unused _pervert_ into a waste." 16. _Having_ a _way through_. "---- to have their way free and _pervious_ to all places." #clud, clus# = shut. 1. close 2. clos _et_, little 3. _con_ clude, together 4. _dis_ close, un 5. _en_ close, in 6. _ex_ elude, out 7. exclus _ion_, act of 8. _in_ clude, within 9. _pre_ clude, before 10. _re_ cluse, back 11. _se_ clude, aside 12. se clus _ion_, state of being 1. To _shut_. 2. A _small_ side room in which, clothing and other articles are kept _shut_ away from view. 3. To bring to an end. Literally to _shut_ in or _together_ (obsolete); as, "The body of Christ was _concluded_ in the grave." 4. To _un-shut_; to open or uncover; to make known. 9. To put an obstacle _before_, or in the way of, in order to _shut_ out; to prevent or hinder. 10. One who is _shut_ up (or has _shut_ himself _back_) from the world or public view. 11. To _shut_ off or keep apart or _aside_, as from company or society. #cor, cord# = heart. 1. core 2. cordi_al_, relating to 3. _con_ cord, with 4. cord _ate_, shaped 5. _dis_ cord, apart 6. discord _ant_, being 7. _re_ cord, again 8. cour _age_, having 1. The _heart_ or innermost part of a thing; as the _core_ of an apple. 2. _Relating to_ the _heart_; hearty, sincere. 3. Heart _with heart_; hence unity of sentiment or harmony. "Love quarrels oft in _concord_ end." 4. _Heart shaped_; as a _cordate_ leaf. 5. Heart _apart_ from _heart_; hence disagreement or want of harmony. 6. State of _being_ out of harmony. 7. _Record_; through the Latin _recordari_, to remember (or know _again_). To get by _heart_; hence to register; to write or inscribe an authentic account of. 8. _Having heart_; hence bravery, calmness, firmness. (The heart is accounted the seat of bravery; hence the derivative sense of courage.) #corpus, corpor# = body. 1. corpse 2. corps (pronounce core) 3. corpor _al_, relating to 4. corpu _lent_, full of 5. incorpor _ate_, make 6. corpus _cle_, small 7. corset 8. _habeas_ corpus. You may have 1. The _body_ only; hence a dead body. 2. A _body_ of soldiers. 3. _Relating to_ the _body_; as _corporal_ punishment. 4. A _corpulent_ person is fleshy; literally _full of body_. 5. To _make into_ a _body_ in the legal sense, so that a number of individuals may transact business legally as one person. 6. A _small body_; a minute particle. 7. In the middle ages, a close-fitting _body_ garment, having sleeves and skirt. 8. Literally, _you may have the body_. A writ requiring the body of a person restrained of liberty to be brought into court that the lawfulness of the restraint may be investigated. #cura, curo# = care. 1. cure 2. cur_able_, capable of 3. cur_ate_, one who 4. curi _ous_, full of 5. _mani_ cure, hand 6. _ac_ cur ate, to 7. _pro_ cure, for 8. _se_ cure, aside 1. To take _care_ of; to restore to health. 2. _Capable of_ being cured or restored by _care_. 3. _One who_ has the _care_ of souls; a parish priest. 4. Formerly, _curious_ meant _full of care_, or careful, nice, precise; as, "Men were not _curious_ what syllables or particles they used." Eager to learn; inquisitive. 5. To _care_ for the _hands_ and nails. 6. A thing is made _accurate_ by giving _care to_ it. 7. Literally, to _care for_; to look after; as, "I _procured_ that rumor to be spread." To obtain; to get. 8. _Aside_, or free, from _care_, anxiety, or fear; safe. THIRD MONTH. #pre# = before. 1. pre _amble_, walk 2. pre _cede_, go 3. pre ced _ent_, that which 4. pre _cip_ ice, head 5. pre _clude_, shut 6. pre _coc_ ious, cook, ripe 7. pre _curs_ or, run 8. pre _destinate_, to determine 9. pre _dict_, speak 10. pre _face_, say 11. pre _fer_, bring 12. pre _fix_, fasten 13. pre _judice_, judgment 14. pre _limin_ ary, threshold 15. pre _mature_, ripe 16. pre _monit_ ion, warning 17. pre _pare_, make ready 18. pre _posit_ ion, place 19. pre _poster_ ous, after 20. pre _scribe_, write 1. The introductory part of a discourse. Formerly _preamble_ meant, to _walk_ over _before_hand; as, "I will take a thorough view of those who have _preambled_ this by path." 3. _That which_ has _gone before_. A previous example or usage which has, in some measure at least, become established; as, a custom, habit, or rule. 4. A _head_long fall; an abrupt descent. Literally, _head_ _fore_most. 5. See second month, page 16. 6. _Ripe_ in understanding at an early age or _before_ due time; as, a _precocious_ child. 7. A _precursor_ is a _forerunner_. That which precedes an event and indicates its approach. 8. To _determine_ _before_hand by an unchangeable purpose or decree. "Whom He did foreknow He also did _predestinate_ to be conformed to the image of His Son." 11. To _prefer_ one thing to another is to _bring_ or set it before the other in estimation. To hold in greater liking or esteem. 13. A _prejudgment_ formed without due examination. "_Prejudice_ is the child of ignorance." 14. Literally, _before_ the _threshold_. Preceding or leading up to something more important; as _preliminary_ arrangements. 18. A _preposition_ is so called because usually _placed before_ the word with which it is phrased. 19. Anything is _preposterous_ when it is contrary to nature, reason, or common sense. Literally, having that _last_ which ought to be _first_; as, the "cart before the horse". 20. To lay down _before_hand in _writing_ as a rule of action. "_Prescribe_ not us our duties." #re# = back, again. 1. re _bound_, leap 2. re _cede_, go 3. re _claim_, call 4. re _cluse_, shut 5. re _cogn_ ize, know 6. re con _struct_, build 7. re _course_, run 8. re _create_, make 9. re _cruit_, grow 10. re _cur_, run 11. re _flect_, bend 12. re _fresh_, new 13. re _hash_, chop 14. re im _burse_, purse 15. re _ject_, throw 16. re _juven_ ate, young 17. re _lapse_, slip 18. re _late_, carry 19. re _lease_, loose 20. re _mit_, send 21. re _morse_, bite 22. re _nov_ ate, new 23. re _pel_, drive 24. re _plen_ ish, full 25. re _pulse_, drive 26. re _sult_, leap 27. re _sume_, take (up) 28. re _surrect_ ion, rise 29. re _tain_, hold 30. re _tract_, draw Use each of the above words in a sentence and illustrate its meaning, thus: A ball thrown against a brick wall will _rebound_ (_leap back_). #semi# = half. 1. semicircle 2. semicolon 3. semidiameter 4. semilunar 5. semivowel 6. semiweekly #super# = over, above, beyond. 1. super _annu_ ate, year 2. super _cili_ ous, pride 3. super _fic_ ial, face 4. super _flu_ ous, flow 5. super _natur_ al, nature 6. super _numer_ ary, number 7. super _pose_, put 8. super _script_ ion, write 9. super _struct_ ure, build. 10. super _vise_, see 1. A _superannuate_ is one who has become impaired or disabled by length of years. Specifically, one living _beyond_ the _years_ of active service and allowed to retire on a pension. 2. Lofty with _pride_; _over_bearing. "A _supercilious_ nabob of the east, haughty and purse-proud." 3. Literally, not extending below (i. e. in depth _beyond_) the sur_face_; shallow. "She despised _superficiality_, and looked deeper than the color of things." 4. _Overflowing_; more than is needed; as, a composition abounding with _superfluous_ words. 5. Being _beyond_ or exceeding the powers of _nature_. Miracles were performed by _supernatural_ power. 6. _Beyond_ a stated or required _number_; as, a _supernumerary_ officer in a regiment. 7. To _put over_ or upon; as to _superpose_ one rock upon another. 8. A _superscription_ is a _writing over_ or _upon_; especially an address on a letter. 9. A _superstructure_ is something _built over_ something else; particularly an edifice in relation to its foundation. 10. To _oversee_; as, to _supervise_ the erection of a house. #tri# = three. 1. tri _angle_, angle 2. tri _cuspid_, point 3. tri _cycle_, circle 4. tri _dent_, tooth 5. tri _enni_ al, year 6. tri _gam_ ist, marriage. 7. tri gon _ometry_, measure 8. tri _later_ al, side 9. tri _nomi_ al, term 10. trio 11. tri _pod_, foot 12. tri _sect_, cut 13. tri _syllable_, syllable 14. trium _vir_, man 15. tri _une_, one 16. tri _via_ l, way 2. A _tricuspid_ tooth has _three points_. 4. A _three-toothed_ or three-pronged spear. Specifically, a fishing spear. "His nature is too noble for the world; He would not flatter Neptune for his _trident_, Or Jove for his power to thunder." 6. A _trigamist_ is one who has been _three_ times _married_; especially one who has three wives or three husbands at the same time. 7. _Trigonometry_ literally means _three angle measure_. That branch of mathematics which treats of the relations of sides and angles of triangles, and applies them to other figures. 9. A _trinomial_ in algebra is a quantity consisting of _three terms_. 10. A _trio_ is a musical composition in _three_ parts. 11. A _tripod_ has _three feet_ or legs; as a three-legged table or stool, a three-footed kettle or vase. 14. A _triumvir_ is one of _three men_ united in office; specifically in ancient Rome. 15. The _triune_ is _three_ in _one_; the three-fold personality of one divine being,--Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. 16. _Trivial_ formerly meant, pertaining to _three ways_; where three ways or roads cross; of the cross roads; hence, common, commonplace, such as may be picked up anywhere; ordinary; trifling; of little worth. #due# = lead, draw. 1. _ab_ duct, away 2 _ad_ duce, to 3. _aque_ duct, water 4. _con_ duct, with 5. _de_ duct, from 6. duct _ile_, capable of 7. duke, a leader 8. _e_ duc ate, out 9. _in_ duce, into 10. in duce _ment_, that which 11. _intro_ duce, into 12. _pro_ duce, forth 13. _se_ duce, aside 14. _re_ duce, back 1. To _lead_ or carry _away_ wrongfully and usually by force; to kidnap; as, to _abduct_ a child. 2. To _lead_ or bring _to_; to bring forward or offer as an argument in a case. "I too prize facts and shall _adduce_ nothing else." 3. An _aqueduct_ is a _lead_way or artificial channel for conveying _water_. 4. A guide _conducts_ a traveler when he goes _with_ him and, in a sense, _leads_ him along a safe route. 5. To _deduct_ is to take _from_; to _draw_ away. 6. A _ductile_ metal is one _capable of_ being _drawn_ into wire; as, copper, platinum, steel, etc. 8. To develop mentally and morally by instruction. _Educate_ literally means to _lead_ forth, to _draw out_. 11. An _introduction_ is the initial step which _leads_ people _into_ one another's acquaintance. 14. (1) To _lead_ or bring _back_ to a former state; as, "It were but right And equal to _reduce_ me to my dust." (2) To bring to any specific state or form. #fac, fact# = do, make. (fec, fic, fy, fea, fash are variations.) 1. fact 2. fact _ory_, place where 3. facil _ity_, quality of 4. _bene_ fact or, good 5. _manu_ fact ure, hand 6. _ef_ fect, (ex.) out 7. _per_ fect, thoroughly 8. _im_ perfect, not 9. _arti_ ficial, skill 10. _bene_ ficial, good 11. _sacri_ fice, sacred 12. _paci_ fic, peace 13. feat 14. _de_ feat, un 15. feas _ible_, capable of 16. fashion. 1. A _fact_ is something _done_ or brought to pass. 3. _Quality_ of being easily _done_. 5. _Manufacture_ formerly meant to _make_ by _hand_. 6. An _effect_ is something worked _out_, or _done_. 7. A thing is _perfect_ when _thoroughly made_, or _finished_. 11. _Sacrifice_ literally means to _make sacred_; to set apart as sacred. 12. _Pacific_ means pertaining to _peace_; suited to _make_ or restore peace. 13. A _feat_ is an act, a deed, an exploit; something _done_. 14. To _defeat_ means to overcome or vanquish. Literally to _un do_. 16. The _fashion_ of a thing is, in a sense, the _make_ of it. NOTE.--_fy_, meaning to make, is found as a suffix in derivatives too numerous to mention; as, purify (to _make pure_), rarefy (to _make rare_), classify (to _make_ or put into a _class_), etc. #fer, ferr# = carry, bear, bring. 1. _circum_ fer ence, around 2. _con_ fer, together 3. _dif_ fer, apart 4. fert _ile_, capable of 5. _of_ fer, (ob) near. 6. _pro_ (f)fer, forth 7. _re_ fer, back 8. re fer _ee_, one who 9. _suf_ fer, (sub) under 10. _trans_ fer, across 1. See first month, page 10. 2. When two or more persons _confer_ they _bring together_ opinions and facts on some special subject. 3. See second month, page 13. 5. To _bring near_ to; to present for acceptance; as, to _offer_ one's services. 6. To _bring_ or put _forward_; to hold _forth_ so that a person may take; as, to _proffer_ a gift. 7. To direct for information. Literally, to _carry back_; as, "Mahomet _referred_ his new laws to the angel Gabriel, by whose direction he gave out they were made." 9. To _suffer_ is to _bear under_; to undergo. NOTE.--_Ferr_ is an irregular Latin verb the principal parts of which are: _fero_, _ferre_, _tuli_, _latus_. The last form is found in a number of English words; as, dilate, elate, legislate, relate, superlative, translate. The meaning of the root in these words, as in the ten given above, is _bear_, _carry_, or _bring_. #fest# = feast. 1. fest _al_. _Pertaining to_ a _feast_, a holiday or celebration. 2. fest _ive_. _Pertaining to_ or becoming a _feast_; festal, joyous, gay. 3. festival. A time of _feasting_ or celebration. 4. festivity. Joyousness, gayety, such as becomes a _feast_. 5. festoon. Originally an ornament for decoration at a _feast_. 6. fête. Modern French, equivalent of _feast_. FOURTH MONTH. #uni# = one. 1. unit, one 2. un _ity_, ness 3. un _ion_, state of being 4. unite 5. _dis_ unite, not 6. _re_ unite, again 7. un _anim_ ous, mind 8. unanim _ity_, state of being 9. uni _corn_, horn 10. uni _form_, form 11. uni _son_, sound 12. uni _verse_, turn 13. unique 14. onion 9. The _unicorn_ is a fabulous _one-horned_ animal. 12. The _universe_ consists of all things considered as _one_ whole. 13. A thing is _unique_ when it is the only _one_ of its kind. 14. _Onion_ comes from the Latin _unio_, which means _oneness_; also a single pearl of large size resembling the onion. #anti# = against, opposed to. 1. anti _climax_, ladder 2. anti _christ_, Christ 3. anti _dote_, give 4. anti _path_ y, feel 5. anti _pod_ es, foot 6. anti _thesis_, place 7. anti _slave_ ry, slave 8. anti _soci_ al, companion 1. An _anti climax_ is _opposed to_ or in contrast with a _climax_. In rhetoric it is a figure or fault of style consisting of an abrupt descent (down the _ladder_) from stronger to weaker expressions. 3. An _antidote_ is something _given_ to counteract (act _against_) poison or disease. 5. Those who live at _opposite_ points on the globe so that their _feet_ are directly toward each other are _antipodes_. Figuratively, things opposed to each other. 6. In rhetoric an _antithesis_ is a figure of speech which consists of one idea _placed against_ another; a contrast. 8. A person is _antisocial_ when he is averse or _opposed to_ society, social intercourse or _companionship_. #dia# = across, through, between. 1. dia_gon_ al, angle 2. dia _gram_, writing 3. dia _lect_, speech 4. dia _log_, speech 5. dia _meter_, measure 6. dia _pason_, all 7. dia _phragm_, fence 1. A _diagonal_ is a line _across_ from _angle_ to _angle_. 2. A _diagram_ is that which is marked out by lines drawn or _written_ across; as, a figure, a plan. 3. _Dialect_ is _speech_ or language by means of which ideas are communicated (_across_) from one to another. 6. The _diapason_ is one of certain stops in the organ, so called because it extends _through all_ notes of the scale. 7. The _diaphragm_ is a membranous partition or _fence between_ the thorax and abdomen. #en# = on. 1. en _dorse_, back 2. en _grave_, carve 3. en _throne_, throne 4. en _list_, list 1. To _endorse_ a check is to write one's name _on_ the _back_ of it. NOTE.--_en_ in most words is the equivalent of the Latin _in_, meaning in, into, within; as in encage, encase, encircle, enclose, encourage, enrage, enroll, entangle, entice, entomb, entrap, entwine, envelop, enwrap. #foli# = leaf. 1. foliage. A cluster of _leaves_. 2. folio. A _leaf_-sheet folded once. 3. foil. A thin _leaf_ of metal. 4. _tre_foil. A plant with _three leaves_; as, clover. 5. _port_-folio. A case for _carrying_ loose _leaves_ of paper. #fort, forc# = strong. 1. fort 2. forti _fy_, make 3. fortr _ess_ 4. _ef_ fort, (ex.) out 5. forti _tude_, quality of 6. force 7. forc _ible_, capable of 8. _en_ force, on 9. _com_ fort, with 10. _piano_ forte, soft 1. A _fort_ is a _strong_hold. 2. To _make strong_; to strengthen or secure by means of forts, batteries, or other military works. 3. _Ess_ is a feminine ending. A "maiden fortress" is a fortification which has never been taken. A _fortress_ is a very strong fort. 4. An _effort_ is a putting _out_ of one's _strength_ for the accomplishment of some end. 5. _Fortitude_ is _strength_ or firmness of mind in meeting danger, pain, or adversity. 6. _Force_ is _strength_ in general, physical, mental, moral. 9. To _comfort_ is to _strengthen_ with hope and cheer; to give consolation to. 10. The _piano forte_ is an instrument having both _soft_ and loud (_strong_) tones. The name is generally shortened to _piano_. #fract, frang# = break. 1. frail 2. frail _ty_, quality 3. fract _ure_, that which 4. fract _ion_, that which 5. fract _ious_, quality of 6. frag _ile_, capable of 7. frag _ment_, that which 8. _in_ fringe, in 1. A thing is _frail_ when it is easily _broken_. 2. _Frailty_ is a _quality_ of things easily _broken_. 3. A _fracture_ is a _break_; as of a bone. 4. A _fraction_ is a part, as if _broken_ off. 5. A _fractious_ person is one apt to _break_ out into a passion. 6. "The stalk of ivy is tough and not _fragile_" (_capable of_ being _broken_).--_Bacon._ 7. A _fragment_ is _that which_ is _broken_ off. 8. To _infringe_ is to _break in_ upon; to trespass on another's rights. #frater, fratr# = brother. 1. fratern _al_, pertaining to 2. fratern _ity_, that which 3. fratern _ize_, make 4. frater 5. friar 6. friary 1. _Fraternal_ means _brotherly_; like brothers. 2. An organization in _which_ the members hold one another in _brotherly_ relations. 3. To _fraternize_ means to _make_ a _brother_ of; to receive into a fraternity. 4. _Frater._ A _brother_; especially a monk. 5. _Friar._ A _brother_ of any religious order, but especially one of certain monastic orders of the Roman Catholic church. 6. _Friary._ A home for friars (_brothers_); a monastery. FIFTH MONTH. #mono# = one, single, alone, solitary. 1. mon _arch_, rule 2. mono _gam_ ist, marriage 3. mono _gram_, write 4. mono _logue_, speak 5. mono _mania_, mind 6. mo _nomi_ al, term 7. mono _poly_, sell 8. mono _syllable_, syllable 9. mono _the_ ism, God 10. mono _tone_, tone, sound 1. A _monarch_ is a _sole_ or supreme _ruler_. 2. A _monogamist_ is _one who_ believes in _marriage_ with _one_ person only. 3. A _monogram_ is a single character formed of two or more letters interwoven (as if done at _one writing_). 4. A _speak_ing by _one_ person. 5. _Monomania_ is a derangement of _mind_ in regard to a _single_ subject only. 6. A _monomial_ in algebra is a quantity which consists of a _single term_. 7. A _monopoly_ is the sole (or _single_) right to _sell_ a certain article, or to sell it at a given place. 9. _Monotheism_ is the doctrine of belief that there is but _one God_. 10. A _monotone_ is a _single tone_ without harmony or variation in pitch. #para# = aside, beside, similar 1. para _ble_ (ballo), throw 2. para _graph_, write 3. par _allel_, one another 4. para _phrase_, speak 5. para _site_, feed 6. par en _thesis_, put 1. A _parable_ is a short fictitious narrative placed (_thrown_) _beside_ something which it is intended to illustrate. 2. A _paragraph_ was originally a mark or note of comment _written beside_ the line or place where a division should be made; now a distinct part of a discourse or writing. 3. _Parallel_ lines extend _beside one another_. 4. _Paraphrasing_ is telling (_speaking_) the _same_ thing in other words. 5. A _parasite_ is an animal or plant which lives _beside_ or in another organism on which it _feeds_. 6. Marks of _parenthesis_ are often used for a word, phrase, clause, or sentence _put in_ by way of explanation to what it stands _beside_. #peri# = around. 1. peri _anth_, flower 2. peri _cardium_, heart 3. peri _meter_, measure 4. peri _tone_ um, stretch 5. peri _oste_ um 1. The _perianth_ is the floral envelope _around_ the _flower_. 2. The _pericardium_ is the membrane which _surrounds_ the _heart_. 3. The _perimeter_ of a figure is the outer boundary or _measure around_ it. 4. The _peritoneum_ is the membrane which is _stretched around_ the abdomen. 5. The _periosteum_ is the membrane _around_ the _bones_. #syn (syl, sym)# = with, together. 1. syl _lable_, take 2. sym _pathy_, feel 3. sym _phony_, sound 4. syn _chron_ ous, time 5. syn _onym_, name 6. syn _ops_ is, view 7. syn _thesis_, put, place 1. Literally, a _syllable_ is two or more sounds _taken together_, or uttered by one impulse of the voice. Many syllables, however, comprise but one sound. 2. _Sympathy_ is _feeling with_ another, especially his sorrows and misfortunes. 3. A _symphony_ is a _sounding together_; a harmony of sounds. 4. _Synchronous._ Happening or existing at the _same time_. 5. _Synonym._ Literally, a word having the _same name_. But it is applied to words of like or kindred meaning. 6. A _synopsis_ is a _view_ of the whole _together_. A summary giving a general view of some subject. 7. The _putting_ of two or more things _together_. _Synthesis_ is the opposite of analysis. #tele# = far (distance). 1. tele _gram_, write 2. tele _graph_, write 3. tele _pathy_, feel 4. tele _meter_, measure 5. tele _phone_, sound 6. tele _scope_, view 1. A _telegram_ is a message transmitted (_written_) from _afar_. 3. _Telepathy_ is the sympathetic communication at a _distance_ of one mind with another; not by the ordinary methods, but through _feeling_. 4. _Telemeter._ An instrument for _measuring distances_ in surveying. #liber# = free. 1. liber _al_, relating to 2. _il_ liberal, not 3. liberal _ity_, quality of 4. liber _ate_, act of 5. liberat _or_, one who 6. liber _ty_, state of being 7. liberal _ize_, make 8. _de_ liver, from 9. deliver _er_, one who 10. deliver _y_, act of 1. _Liberal._ Relating to or possessing a _free_ and generous heart. 3. _Liberality_ is the quality of being _free_ or generous. 7. To _liberalize_ is to _make free_, as to free from narrow views or prejudices. 8. To _deliver_ means to set _free from_ bondage or restraint. #liter# = letter. 1. letter 2. letters 3. liter _ary_, pert. to 4. liter _ate_, condition of 5. _il_ literate, not 6. _al_ literation, (ad) to 7. liter _al_, relating to 8. _ob_ literate, against 1. _Letter_ (from L. linere, to besmear); so called because smeared on parchment and not cut on wood. 2. _Letters_ usually means literature in general; hence knowledge gained from books; literary culture. 6. _Alliteration_ is a repetition of the same letter or sound at the beginning of two or more words in close succession. Examples: "A whole fleet of _b_ulky _b_ottomed _b_oats." "What a _t_ale of _t_error now _t_heir _t_urbulency _t_ells." Literally, _letter to letter_. 8. In _obliterate_, _ob_ means _against_ or the reverse. The reverse of _besmear_ is to rub off; hence to _obliterate_ means to rub out, to erase. NOTE.--Other words from the same root are, literally, illiteracy, literati, literature, literalize, literalist. #man (manus)# = hand. 1. _bi_ mana, two 2. e man _cip_ ate, take 3. man _acle_, cuff 4. man _euver_, work 5. man (n) _er_, relating to 6. manu _al_, pert. to 7. manu _fact_ ory, make 8. manu _script_, write 1. _Bimana_ is a term applied to man as a special order of mammalia. Animals having _two hands_. 2. To _emancipate_ a slave is to _take_ him _out_ of the _hands_ of his master. 3. The word _manacle_ comes from _manicula_, which means _handcuff_. 4. Literally, _maneuver_ means a _working_ with the _hands_. To make adroit and artful moves; as, of an army. 5. _Manner relates to_ the way of _handling_ or doing things. 6. _Manual._ Performed, made, or used by the _hands_; as manual labor, manual arts. #mater# = mother. 1. _alma_ mater, foster 2. matern _al_, pert. to 3. matern _ity_, state of being 4. matri _cide_, kill 5. metro _polis_, city 6. metropolit _an_, relating to 7. matron 8. matron _ly_, like 1. Literally, _alma mater_ means _foster mother_. It is applied by students to the university or college in which they have been trained. 5. _Metropolis_ means _mother city_; the chief city of a state or country. Chicago is the metropolis of Illinois. 6. _Metropolitan._ _Relating to_ the metropolis; as, a metropolitan newspaper. 7. A _matron_ is a woman with _motherly_ duties; as the _matron_ of a school or hospital. SIXTH MONTH. #able# = capable of, fit to be. 1. _ar_ able, plow 2. _cap_ able, take, hold 3. _dur_ able, last, hard 4. _lia_ ble, bind 5. _mut_ able, change 6. _laud_ able, praise 7. _port_ able, carry 8. _soci_ able, companion 9. _ten_ able, hold 10. _us_ able, use. 1. _Arable_ land is _capable_ of being _plowed_. 2. A _capable_ mind can _take_ and _hold_ ideas (understand and remember). 4. One is _liable_ for a debt when legally _bound_ to pay it. 7. A _portable_ library is one fitted for being _carried_ from place to place. 9. _Tenable_ ground for argument is ground which is _capable of_ being _held_ or maintained. #acy# = state of being, office of. 1. _celib_ acy, unmarried 2. _delic_ acy, pleasing 3. _magistr_ acy, master 4. _obdur_ acy, hard 5. _obstin_ acy, firmly set 6. _pap_ acy, pope 7. _intim_ acy, inmost 8. _intric_ acy, entangle 1. _Celibacy_ is the _state of being unmarried_; especially that of a bachelor or of one bound by vows not to marry. 3. _Magistracy._ The _office of master_; of one clothed with power, as a civil officer. 4. _Obduracy_ is the _state of being hardened_, especially against moral influences; hard-hearted; stubbornly wicked. 6. The _papacy_ is the _office of_ the _pope_. 7. _Intimacy_ is the _state of being inmost_ or near in relationship. #an# = pertaining to. This suffix is seldom used except with names of countries and states. It means, _pertaining to_ what is of that country or state; as, American history, American products, American people. 1. African 2. Alaskan 3. Armenian 4. Australian 5. Bolivian 6. Bulgarian 7. Corsican 8. European 9. Georgian 10. Hawaiian 11. Indian 12. Mexican 13. Ohioan 14. Persian 15. Russian 16. amphibian 17. republican 18. metropolitan 16. _Amphibian_: _amphi_, both (two); _bi_, life; _an_, pertaining to: _pertaining to two_ kinds of _life_; i. e. life on the land and in the water. Frogs, turtles, crocodiles, seals, walruses, otters, beavers, etc., are _amphibians_, because they can live in water (for a time at least) and on land. 18. _Metropolitan._ _Pertaining to_ the _mother city_. (See fifth month's work, page 32.) #ary# = one who, that which. 1. ad _vers_ ary, turn 2. _anni_ vers ary, year 3. _antiqu_ ary, ancient 4. _drom_ ed ary, run 5. _miss_ ion ary, send 6. _e_ miss ary, out 7. _not_ ary, note 8. _sal_ ary, salt 9. _secret_ ary, secret 1. Literally, an _adversary_ is _one who turns toward_ another (to oppose him); hence, one who turns against another. 2. _That_ day _which returns_ each _year_ commemorating some event is an _anniversary_. 3. An _antiquary_ is _one who_ collects and examines old (_ancient_) things; as, coins, medals, weapons. 4. A _dromedary_ is a thorough-bred Arabian camel of more than ordinary speed and bottom; hence well adapted for _running_. 5. A _missionary_ is _one who_ is _sent_ on a mission; especially one sent to propagate religion. 6. An _emissary_ is _one who_ is _sent out_; especially one sent on secret business, as a spy. "I am charged with being an _emissary_ to France."--_Robert Emmet._ 7. A _notary_ was formerly _one whose_ vocation was to make _notes_ or memoranda of acts of others. Now, a public officer usually spoken of as notary public. 8. A _salary_ was formerly an allowance (_that which_ was) given to soldiers with which to buy _salt_. 9. A _secretary_ was formerly _one who_ was intrusted with the private or _secret_ matters of his chief. One employed to do clerical work. _Ary_ is also a suffix of adjectives, meaning _relating to_; as in, arbitrary, contrary, culinary, exemplary, antiquary, hereditary, military, primary, revolutionary, solitary, secondary, visionary. _Ary_ also means _place where_; as in, granary, infirmary, library, seminary, sanctuary. #ate# = having. 1. _corpor_ ate, body 2. de _sper_ ate, hope 3. ef _femin_ ate, woman 4. _fortun_ ate, luck 5. in _anim_ ate, breath 6. _cord_ ate, heart 7. _cruci_ ate, cross 8. _cuspid_ ate, point 9. _dent_ ate, tooth 10. _glomer_ ate, ball 11. _labi_ ate, lip 12. _lun_ ate, moon 13. _pin_ (n) ate, feather 14. _serr_ ate, saw 15. _sagitt_ ate, arrow 16. _stell_ ate, star 1. _Corporate_ means _having_ a _body_. (See incorporate, second month, page 18.) 2. _Having_ no _hope_; as, "Continued misfortune had rendered him _desperate_." 3. _Effeminate._ _Having_ the qualities of a _woman_; soft, delicate, to an unmanly degree. Applied to men. 5. _Inanimate._ _Not having breath_; without life. 6. _Cordate._ _Having_ the shape of a _heart_; as a cordate leaf. #pel, puls# = drive. 1. _com_ pel, together 2. compuls _ion_, act of 3. _dis_ pel, apart 4. _ex_ pel, out 5. expuls _ion_, act of 6. _im_ pel, on 7. _im_ pulse, on 8. pulse 9. _pro_ pel, forward 10. _re_ pel, back 11. _re_ pulse, back 12. repuls _ive_, quality 1. To _compel_, literally means to _drive together_; as a herd (a Latinism and rare). To _drive_ or urge with force. 8. The _pulse_ is caused by _driving_ the blood through the arteries. 12. A person is _repulsive_ when he has _qualities_ which tend to _drive_ others _back_ or away. #pend, pens# = hang. 1. _ap_ pend, to 2. append _age_, that which 3. _de_ pend, from 4. depend _ent_, one who 5. depend _ence_, state or quality of 6. _in_ dependence, not 7. independ_ent_, one who 8. _im_ pend, over 9. pend _ant_, that which 10. pendulum 11. _per_ pendicular, through 12. _sus_ pend, under 13. suspend _ers_, that which 14. suspens _ion_, state of 1. _Append._ To _hang_ or attach _to_. 2. An _appendage_ is _that which hangs to_ something as a part of it. "This little pensive _appendage_ or tender (the moon) to our fuming engine of an earth."--_De Quincey._ 3. _Depend._ To _hang from_; to be fastened or attached to something above; to rely upon. 4. A _dependent_ is _one who hangs_ (figuratively), or relies on another for support. 8. _Impend._ To _hang over_, be ready to fall; threaten. "We seriously consider the dreadful judgments that now _impend_ the nation."--_Penn._ 9. A _pendant_ is _that which hangs_ from something else; as, an earring or a tassel. 10. The _pendulum_ of a clock _hangs_ and swings to and fro. 11. A plumb line is a line _perpendicular_ to the horizon, _hanging_ (_through_ the air). 12. _Suspend._ To _hang under_ or from beneath. 13. _Suspenders_ are _that_ from _which_ trousers are _hung_. #ped (pod)# = foot. 1. _anti_ podes, against 2. _bi_ ped, two 3. _centi_ ped, hundred 4. _ex_ pedite, out 5. expedi _ent_, that which 6. _im_ pede, in 7. impedi _ment_, that which 8. ped _al_, pertaining to 9. peddl _er_, one who 10. pede _stal_, stand 11. pedestr _ian_, one who 12. pedun _cle_, little 13. _quadru_ ped, four 14. _tri_ pod, three 15. _octo_ pus, eight 16. pedi _gree_, crane 1. See fourth month, page 25. 2. _Biped._ A _two-footed_ animal, as man. 3. _Centiped._ An animal so called from having a great many _feet_ (indefinitely a _hundred_). 4. _Expedite._ Literally, to take the _feet out_ of entanglement; hence, to hasten. 6. _Impede._ Literally, to entangle the _feet_. To obstruct the progress, motion, or effect of. 8. _The pedal_ is something made to be moved by the _feet_. 9. A _peddler_, literally, is a trader _who_ travels on _foot_. 10. _Pedestal._ That which forms the base (_standing_ place for the _feet_) of a statue, column, vase, etc. 12. A _peduncle_ is a (_little_) _foot_stalk of a flower or leaf. 15. An _octopus_ is an _eight-footed_ or armed cuttlefish. 16. _Pedigree_ means, literally, _crane's foot_. Why so called is uncertain, but supposed to be on account of a fancied resemblance of the lines of a pedigree, as drawn out on paper, to a crane's foot. (Compare _crow's foot_, applied to the lines of age about the eyes.) #pon, pos# = place, put. 1. _ap_ position, to 2. _com_ pose, together 3. compos _ite_, being 4. composit _ion_, act of 5. compon _ent_, that which 6. _com_ pound, together 7. _de_ pose, down 8. _de_ posit, down (away) 9. deposit _ory_, place where 10. _dis_ pose, apart 11. _ex_ pose, out 12. _im_ pose, upon 13. _inter_ pose, between 14. _im_ post, upon 15. im post _or_, one who 16. _op_ pose, (ob.) against 17. oppos _ite_, being 18. posit _ion_, state of being 19. _pro_ pose, before 20. _trans_ pose, across 1. One word is in _apposition_ to another when it is _placed_ near _to_ it, by way of explanation. 3. _Being_ made by _putting together_ separate parts or elements; as, a _composite_ flower. 5. One of the several parts or elements _which_, when _placed together_, form the whole, is a _component_ part. 6. To _compound_ is to _put_ or mix _together_ two or more elements or ingredients. 8. To _put away_ for safe keeping; as, to _deposit_ money in a bank. 10. To _dispose_ of anything is to _put_ it _apart_ from one; to get rid of it. 11. To _place out_ where all may see; to uncover; as, to _expose_ fraud. 15. An _impostor_ is _one who puts_ burdens _on_ others; commonly applied to one who assumes a character for the purpose of deceiving others. 18. _Position._ The manner in which a thing is _placed_; the _state of being placed_. 20. To _transpose_ a quantity from one side of an equation to another is to _place_ it _across_. SEVENTH MONTH. #ic# = pertaining to. 1. _arct_ ic, bear 2. _aromat_ ic, spice 3. _civ_ ic, citizen 4. _class_ ic, first class 5. _com_ ic, revelry 6. _democrat_ ic, rule of the people 7. _despot_ ic, master 8. _domest_ ic, house 9. _empir_ ic, experience 10. _metr_ ic, measure 11. _numer_ ic, number 12. _phon_ ic, sound 13. _prosa_ ic, prose 14. _plast_ ic, form 15. _graph_ ic, write 1. _Arctic_ literally means _pertaining to_ the _Bear_; i. e. the northern constellations called the Great and Little Bears; hence, pertaining to the northern polar regions. 2. _Aromatic._ _Pertaining to_ an agreeable or _spicy_ odor; fragrant. 3. One's _civic_ duties are those _pertaining to_ him as a _citizen_, in distinction from those as a soldier. 4. _Classic pertains to_ what is _first class_ in literature or art, especially that of the Greeks and Romans. 5. _Comic pertains to revelry_; to what provokes mirth; as a _comic_ song. 9. _Empiric pertains to experience_, or what is founded on experience; relying on or guided by practical experience rather than scientific knowledge. 13. _Prosaic_ means _pertaining to prose_; especially to that which lacks animation or interest. 14. _Plastic_ means _pertaining to_ the process of _forming_ or modeling; capable of being moulded into a desired form. 15. _Graphic_ means _pertaining to_ the art of _writing_ or drawing. A _graphic_ illustration is generally in the form of a drawing. #id# = (ness) quality, condition. 1. _ac_ id, sour 2. _flor_ id, flower 3. _flu_ id, flow 4. _frig_ id, cold 5. in _sip_ id, taste 6. in _trep_ id, tremble 7. _luc_ id, light 8. _morb_ id, disease 9. _pal_(l) id, pale 10. _splend_ id, shine 11. _tep_ id, warm 12. _torr_ id, parch 13. _torp_ id, numb 14. _viv_ id, life 1. The distinguishing _quality_ of _acid_ is its _sour_ness. 2. Having the _quality_ or appearance of _flowers_; specifically, flushed with red; as a _florid_ countenance. 5. That which is _insipid_ has _not_ those _qualities_ which affect the _taste_; tasteless. 6. An _intrepid_ person is brave and daring; he does _not tremble_ with _fear_. 13. _Torpid._ _Benumbed_; insensible; inactive; as an animal in hibernation, when it passes its time in sleep. #ity# = state or quality of being. 1. _alacr_ ity, lively 2. _brev_ ity, short 3. _enm_ ity, enemy 4. _fidel_ ity, faith 5. _mortal_ ity, death 6. _rotund_ ity, wheel 7. _sanct_ ity, holy 8. _seren_ ity, calm 9. _tranquil_ (l)ity, quiet 10. _un_ ity, one 11. _util_ ity, use 12. _veloc_ ity, swift 5. _Mortality._ _State of being_ subject to _death_; frequency of death; hence the death-rate. #ive# = one who, that which. 1. ad _ject_ ive, throw 2. _alter_ native, other 3. _capt_ ive, take 4. con _nect_ ive, bind 5. ex _ecut_ ive, follow 6. ex _plet_ ive, fill 7. _fugit_ ive, flee 8. in _finit_ ive, limit 9. loco_mot_ive, move 10. _nat_ ive, born 11. _negat_ ive, deny 12. _posit_ ive, place 1. (_ad_, to) An _adjective_ is a word _which_ is added (_thrown_) _to_ a noun to qualify its meaning. 2. _Alternative_ in the plural means two things of _which one_ or the _other_ may be taken as a choice. 5. The _executive_ of a state or nation is the _one whose_ duty it is to _follow out_ the decrees of the law making bodies; i. e. to see that the laws are obeyed. 6. An _expletive_ is _that_ word _which fills out_ the sentence that contains it; as an _expletive_ adverb. 8. (_in_, not) An _infinitive_ is _that_ verb _which_ is _not limited_ by person and number. 9. (_loco_, place) A _locomotive_ is _that which_ can _move_ cars from _place_ to place. 12. The _positive_ is _that which_ has a real standing _place_. Not admitting of doubt; definitely laid down; clearly stated. #ment# = act of, that which. 1. com _ple_ ment, fill 2. _fila_ ment, thread 3. _frag_ment, break 4. _gar_ment, protect 5. im_pedi_ ment, foot 6. in_duce_ment, lead 7. _liga_ ment, bind 8. _monu_ ment, remind 9. _orna_ ment, deck 10. re_fresh_ ment, new 1. _That which fills_ or _completes_. 2. A _filament_ is _that which_ is _thread_like; as, the filament of silk, or flax. 5. Literally, an _impediment_ is _that which_ entangles the _feet_; hence, that which hinders or interferes. 10. _Refreshments_ consist of _that which_ makes one fresh or _new again_. #tang, tact, tig# = touch. 1. _con_ tact, together 2. contag_ion_, act of 3. contag _ious_, quality of 4. contamin _ate_, to make 5. contigu _ity_, state of being 6. contigu_ous_, quality of 7. _en_ tire, not 8. _in_ teger, not 9. integr _al_, relating to 10. integr _ity_, state of being 11. tact 12. _in_ tact, not 13. tact _ile_, relating to 14. tang_ent_, that which 15. tang _ible_, capable of 16. _in_ tangible, not 1. The coming _together_ of two bodies; _touching_. 2. The _act of_ communicating disease by the _touch_. 3. Having the _quality of_ being imparted by _touch_; catching; as, _contagious_ diseases. 4. To _contaminate_ is to make impure by mixture (_touching together_). 5. _Contiguity_ is the _state of being_ within _touching_ distance. 7. _Entire._ Whole or complete; _not touched_. 8. An _integer_ is a complete or _not touched_ whole; a whole number. 10. _State_ of _being untouched_ or unimpaired; freedom from corruption or impurity; as, _integrity_ of character. 11. _Tact_ is skill in _touching_; nice perception or discernment in dealing with others. 12. _Intact._ _Not touched_, especially by anything that misplaces, harms, or defiles. 13. _Tactile._ _Relating to_ the sense of _touch_. 14. A _tangent_ is a line _which touches_ a curve. 15. Anything is _tangible_ when it is _capable of_ being _touched_, or perceived by senses. #tempor# = time. 1. contempor _ary_, one who 2. contemporane_ous_, quality of 3. _ex_ tempore, out 4. tempor _al_, relating to 5. tempor _ary_, that which 6. temporari _ly_, state of being 7. tempor _ize_, do 8. tense 9. tempus _fugit_, flies 1. (_con_, together) _One who_ lives at the same _time together_ with another is his _contemporary_; occurring or existing at the same time. 3. _Extempore_ means, literally, _out_ of the _moment_. On the spur of the moment; without previous study or preparation. 4. _Relating to time_ as opposed to eternity; earthly, transient; as, our _temporal_ affairs. 5. _That which_ lasts for a brief _time_ only; not permanent; as, a _temporary_ scaffolding. 7. To _temporize_ is to comply with the _time_ or occasion; to yield to the current of opinion or circumstances; to "_do_ as the _times_ do". 8. The modification of verbs to indicate _time_, is called _tense_. 9. _Tempus fugit_ is a Latin phrase frequently met with in English. It means, literally, _time flies_. #ten, tent, tain# = hold. 1. _abs_ tain, from 2. _con_ tain, together 3. _de_ tain, from 4. detent _ion_, act of 5. _main_ tain, hand 6. _re_ tain, back 7. _sus_ tain, (sub) under 8. ten _ant_, one who 9. tenet 10. ten _able_, capable of 11. ten_acious_, quality of 12. ten_ure_, that which 1. To _abstain_ from drink is to _hold from_ it, to refrain voluntarily. 2. A vessel _contains_ a liquid when it _holds_ its particles _together_. 3. To _detain_ the wages of a laborer is to _hold_ them _from_ him after they are due. 5. _Maintain_ literally means to _hold_ by the _hand_; to preserve from falling. To hold fast; to keep in possession; as, to _maintain_ one's ground in battle. 7. _Sustain._ To _hold_ up from _beneath_; to uphold; to support; to endure. 8. A _tenant_ is _one who holds_ land under another. 9. A _tenet_ is an opinion or doctrine _held_ as true. 10. _Tenable._ _Capable of_ being _held_; as ground taken for argument. 11. _Tenacious._ Having the _quality_ of _holding_ fast. 12. One's _tenure_ of office is _that_ time during _which_ he _holds_ office. #terr# = earth. 1. _in_ ter, in 2. inter _ment_, act of 3. _sub_ terranean, under 4. terr _ace_, that which 5. terra _cotta_, baked 6. terrestri _al_, relating to 7. terr _ier_, that which 8. territ _ory_, relating to 9. _Medi_ terranean, middle 10. Terra del _Fuego_, fire 11. Terre _Haute_, high 12. terra _firma_, firm 1. To bury _in_ the _earth_; as a dead body. 3. Situated or occurring _under_ the surface of the _earth_; as _subterranean_ forests--buried forests. 4. A _terrace_ is a long mound or raised portion of _earth_. 5. _Terra cotta_ is literally _baked earth_. A species of hard pottery used in building; ornamentation. 6. _Terrestrial._ _Relating to_ the _earth_, earthly. 7. A _terrier_ is one of a small breed of dogs, named from their propensity to scratch the ground or _earth_ in pursuit of prey. 8. _Territory._ _Relating to_ the _earth_; a large extent or tract of land. 9. The Mediterranean Sea is so called because situated in the _middle_ of the _land_. In the middle of the ancient known world. 10. Terra del _Fuego_ means literally the land of fire (_del_, of). 11. _Terre Haute_ means _high land_. A city in Indiana situated on high land. 12. _Terra firma_ is a Latin phrase, frequently met in English. It means _firm land_. EIGHTH MONTH. #ac# = pertaining to. 1. _cardi_ ac, heart 2. _demoni_ ac, demon 3. _mani_ ac, mad 4. _zodi_ ac, animal 1. _Cardiac._ _Pertaining to_ or resembling the _heart_; exciting action in the heart. 2. _Demoniac._ _Pertaining to demons_; one possessed of an evil spirit; a lunatic. 3. _Maniac._ Raving with _madness_; crazy; insane. 4. _Zodiac._ _Pertaining to_ the imaginary _animals_ figured in the twelve constellations forming a circle around the sun. #ics# = science of. 1. _civ_ ics, citizen 2. _eth_ ics, character 3. _econom_ ics, (see below) 4. _mechan_ ics, machine 5. _opt_ ics, see 6. _phys_ ics, nature 7. _phon_ ics, sound 8. _polit_ ics, city 1. _Civics._ The _Science_ which treats of _citizen_ship. 2. _Ethics._ The _science_ of right conduct--of _character_-building. 3. _Economics_ literally means, the science of _managing_ the _household_; the science of the production and distribution of wealth, or the means of living well. 4. _Mechanics._ The _science of machinery_, or the theory of machines. 5. _Optics._ The _science_ which treats of light and _vision_, and all that is connected with the phenomena of sight. 6. _Physics._ The _science_ which treats _of_ the forces of _nature_; as, gravitation, light, heat, electricity. 7. _Phonics._ The _science of sound_; especially of sounds produced by the human voice. 8. _Politics._ The _science_ which treats of the government of states and _cities_. #ism# = state of being, theory of. 1. _altru_ ism, other 2. _barbar_ ism, foreign 3. _ego_ tism, self, I 4. _commun_ ism, common 5. _hero_ ism, hero 6. _hypnot_ ism, sleep 7. _organ_ ism, organ 8. _sensual_ ism, sense 1. _Altruism._ The _theory_ that devotion to the interests of _others_ is the highest good. 2. _Barbarism._ The _state_ of _being foreign_; rude in point of manners, arts and literature. 3. _Egotism._ The _state of being self_-centered, self-conceited, and unduly self-confident; selfish as opposed to altruistic. 4. _Communism._ A _theory of_ government and social order according to which property is held in _common_, and the profits of all labor devoted to the general good. 5. The _state of being_ a _hero_ or having heroic qualities; as, lofty aim, fearlessness, fortitude. 6. _Hypnotism._ An artificially induced _state of sleep_, in which the mind becomes passive, but acts readily upon suggestion or direction. 7. _Organism._ The _state of being_ composed of different _organs_ or parts, working together and each necessary to the whole. 8. _Sensual_ism. The _state_ which regards the gratification of the _senses_ as the highest good. #y# = state of being. 1. a _path_ y, feel 2. _anti_ pathy, against 3. an _arch_ y, rule 4. bi _gam_ y, marriage 5. eu _phon_ y, sound 6. melan _chol_ y, bile 7. mis _anthrop_ y, mankind 8. _phil_ anthrop y, love 9. mono _pol_y, sell 10. _poly_ gam y, many 11. _sym_ path y, with 1. _Apathy_ (a = without). _State of being without feeling_; lack of interest; mental indifference; sluggishness. 2. _Antipathy._ A _state of feeling against_ or antagonistic to a person or thing; as, _antipathy_ to spiders. 3. _Anarchy_ (an = without). _State of being without rule_; social and political disorder. 4. _Bigamy_ (bi = two). _State of being married twice_; having two wives or two husbands at the same time. 5. _Euphony_ (eu = well). _State of being_ agreeable in _sound_; _well_-sounding. 6. _Melancholy_ (melan = black). _State of having black bile_; gloomy state of mind arising from grief or natural indisposition. 7. _Misanthropy_ (mis = hatred). _State of having hatred_ for _mankind_; ill will for people in general. 9. _Monopoly_ (mono = one). _State of having_ the exclusive (_sole_) privilege or power to _sell_ an article at a certain place and time. 11. _Sympathy._ _State of feeling with_ another (as he feels) on account of his sufferings, misfortune, or joy. NOTE.--The suffix _y_ has the same meaning in the following words. They are, however, too simple to need defining; in fact, there are no simpler words on which to base definitions: airy, balky, bony, briny, chunky, downy, dusty, healthy, hearty, miry, musty, rusty, scaly, showy, sinewy, wealthy, worthy. #chron# = time. 1. chron _ic_, pertaining to 2. chronicl _er_, one who 3. chron _ology_, science of 4. chrono _meter_, measure 5. _syn_ chron ous, together 6. ana chron _ism_, state of 1. _Pertaining to time_; continuing a long time, as a _chronic_ disease; hence mild as to intensity and slow as to progress. 2. _Chronicler._ _One who_ records events in the order of their occurrence in _time_. 3. _Chronology._ The _science of_ ascertaining the true historic order (in _time_) of past events and their exact dates. 4. _Chronometer._ Any instrument for _measuring time_; as, clock, watch, dial. Specifically, an instrument of great accuracy used on vessels for determining longitude. 5. _Synchronous._ Occurring _together_ in _time_; happening or existing at the same time. 6. _Anachronism_ (ana = back). Any error in respect to dates. Literally, _state of being_ placed at a wrong _time_. The significance of _ana_ in this word is not clear; the original meaning probably was, the referring of an event to a _time back_ of its correct date. #ge# = earth. 1. geo _graph_ y, write 2. geo _logy_, science of 3. geo _metr_ y, measure 4. Ge_orge_, (erg) work 1. _Geography._ A description (_writing_) of the _earth_ and its inhabitants. 2. _Geology._ The _science_ which treats of the structure of the _earth_; of its history as regards rocks, minerals, rivers, valleys, mountains, etc. 3. _Geometry._ That branch of mathematics which treats of the measurement of solids, surfaces, lines, and angles. So called because one of its earliest and most important applications was to the _measurement_ of the _earth's_ surface. 4. _George._ A tiller (_worker_) of the _earth_; a farmer. NOTE 1.--Other words, kindred to the above, containing this root-form are: geometric, geometrical, geometrician, geographic, geologize, geologist. NOTE 2.--_O_ is no part of the root. It is the "wedding ring" that ties roots of families together. #graph# = write. 1. _auto_ graph, self 2. _bio_ graphy, life 3. _chiro_ graphy, hand 4. _tri_ graph, three 5. graph_ic_, pertaining to 6. graphite 7. _litho_ graph, stone 8. _mono_ graph, single 9. ortho _graphy_, right 10. _para_ graph, beside 11. _phono_ graph, sound 12. _photo_ graphy, light 13. _steno_ graphy, narrow 14. _topo_ graphy, place 6. _Graphite_ is a mineral used in lead pencils for _writing_. 7. _Lithograph._ A _writing_ on _stone_ [Rare]. Made by printing (_writing_) from _stone_; as a picture. 8. _Monograph._ A _written_ account or description of a _single_ thing, or class of things. 9. _Orthography._ The art of _writing_ words correctly (_right_), or according to standard usage. 10. _Paragraph._ (See fifth month, page 29.) 12. A _photograph_ is produced by the action of _light_ (_writing_, as it were,) upon chemically prepared paper. 13. _Stenography_ is short (in a somewhat vague sense _narrow_) hand _writing_. 14. _Topography._ A _written_ description of a particular _place_, town, or tract of land; especially the description of the physical features of a locality. #log, logy# = speech, reason, science of. 1. logic 2. logic _ian_, one who 3. _apo_ logy, from 4. _chrono_ logy, time 5. _deca_ logue, ten 6. _dia_ logue, between 7. _epi_logue, upon 8. _eu_ logy, well 9. eulog _ize_, act of 10. _geo_ logy, earth 11. _mono_ logue, single 12. _myth_ ology, fable 13. _ornith_ ology, bird 14. _psych_ ology, soul 15. _pro_ logue, before 16. _theo_ logy, God 17. _dox_ ology, praise 18. _zoo_ logy, animal 1. _Logic._ The science of _reason_. 3. An _apology_ is a _speech_ in defense of what appears to others wrong, the speaker thereby seeking relief _from_ blame. 5. _Decalogue._ The _ten_ commandments (_speeches_) given to Moses on Mount Sinai. 7. _Epilogue._ A _speech_ or poem at the end of an argument or address; a speech _upon_ (on top of, or in addition to) what has been said. 14. _Psychology._ The _science_ which treats of the human _soul_ (mind and spirit included) and its operations. EIGHTH YEAR. FIRST MONTH. #ad# = to, toward. (ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, at, denote the same as _ad_. The consonant is changed for the sake of euphony.) 1. ad _dress_, direct 2. ad _equate_, equal 3. ad _here_, stick 4. adher _ent_, one who 5. a _dieu_, God 6. ad _ject_ ive, throw 7. ad _journ_, day 8. ad _mon_ ish, warning 9. ad _apt_, fit 10. ad _opt_, choose 11. ad _vent_, come 12. ad _vert_ ise, turn 13. ag _greg_ ate, flock 14. al _lure_, entice 15. an _nex_, bind 16. ap _pend_, hang 17. af _fix_, fasten 18. ar _rive_, bank 19. as _sail_, leap 20. at _tach_, fasten 1. To _address_ a letter is to _direct_ it _to_ its destination. 2. One is _adequate_ to a duty or occasion when _equal to_ it. 3. To _adhere_ is to _stick to_; as, a stamp to an envelope. 4. "Every great man has his _adherents_" (_those who stick to_ him). 5. _Adieu._ A farewell; a commendation _to_ the care of _God_. 6. An _adjective_ is a word added (in a sense _thrown_) _to_ a noun to modify its meaning. 7. _Adjourn._ To put off _to_ another _day_, or indefinitely. 8. To _admonish_ is to give a friendly _warning to_; to give advice. 9. To _adapt_ is to _fit to_ a certain purpose. 10. To _adopt_ is to _choose_ (_to_ one's self); as to _adopt_ a child. 11. _Advent._ The second _coming_ of Christ (_to_ the earth). 12. To _advertise_ goods is to cause the public to _turn_ their attention _to_ them. 13. To _aggregate_ is to collect _into_ a _flock_; to collect into a mass or sum. 14. To _allure_ is to attempt to _entice_ or draw (_to_) by the offer of some good, real or apparent. 15. To _annex_ is to _bind_, join or add _to_, as a smaller thing to a greater. 16. _Append_ means to _hang_ or attach _to_, as by a string. 17. _Affix._ To _fasten to_; to add at the close or end. 18. _Arrive_ literally means to come _to_ the _bank_ or shore (from out on the water). In present usage it means to reach any object or result. 19. _Assail._ To _leap toward_; to attack with violence. 20. _Attach._ To _fasten to_; to affix or connect. #ante# = before. 1. ante _ced_ ent, go 2. ante di _luv_ ian, wash 3. ante _meridi_ an, midday 4. ante pen _ult_, last 1. _Antecedent._ That which _goes before_ in time. 2. _Antediluvian_ (di = away) (ian = one who). _One who_ lived _before_ the flood (_wash away_). 3. _Antemeridian._ _Before_ the _middle_ of the _day_. Generally abbreviated to A. M. 4. _Antepenult_ (pen = almost). _Before almost_ the _last_. The last syllable of a word but two. #bi (bis)# = two (twice). 1. bi _ceps_, head 2. bi _cuspid_, point 3. bi _cycle_, circle. 4. bi _ennial_, year 5. bi _gamy_, marriage 6. bi _mana_, hand 7. bi _nomi_al, name or term 8. bi _ped_, foot 9. bis _cuit_, cook 10. bi _sect_, cut 11. bi _valve_, door 12. ba _lance_, plate 1. The _biceps_ is a muscle which draws up the forearm; so called because it has _two heads_ or origins. 2. The _bicuspid_ teeth have _two points_. 3. A _bicycle_ has _two_ wheels or _circles_. 4. _Biennial_ means lasting _two years_ or occurring once in two years. 5. A _bigamist_ is one who has been _married twice_, and who has two wives or two husbands at the same time. 6. The _bimana_ are animals having _two hands_; as man. 7. A _binomial_ in algebra is a quantity consisting of _two terms_. 8. A _biped_ is an animal having but _two feet_; as man. 9. _Biscuit_ were so called because formerly baked or _cooked twice_. 10. To _bisect_ a line is to _cut_ it into _two_ equal parts. 11. _Bivalve._ Having _two doors_; as the clam. (Each side or shell is comparable to a door, opening and shutting on a hinge.) 12. _Balances_ are so called because they consist of _two plates_ or pans suspended from the balance beam. #con (col com cor)# = with, together. 1. col _lapse_, slip, fall 2. col _lect_, choose, gather 3. col _lide_, strike 4. col _loquy_, talk 5. com _mingle_, mix 6. com _miser_ate, pity 7. com _motion_, move 8. com _mute_, change 9. com _pany_, bread 10. com _posit_ion, put 11. com _peer_ (_par_), equal 12. con _cur_, run 13. con _fide_, faith 14. con _cord_, heart 15. con _flict_, strike 16. con _greg_ate, flock 17. con _tact_, touch 18. cor _robor_ ate, strength 1. A building _collapses_ when its sides _fall together_; when it tumbles down. 2. To _collect_ botanical specimens is to _gather_ them _together_. 3. Two objects _collide_ when they _strike together_. 4. A _colloquy_ is a _talking together_ of two or more people. 5. _Commingle_ means to _mix together_; as people in society. 6. _Commiserate._ To feel sorrow, pain or _pity_ (_with_ another). 7. A _commotion_ is a _moving together_; a tumult. 8. _Commute._ To _change_ one thing (_with_) for another; to exchange. To substitute a less thing for a greater. 9. _Company_ formerly meant an assembly of people eating _bread together_. 10. _Composition._ The act of _putting_ parts _together_ to produce a harmonious whole. 11. One's _compeer_ is the _equal with_ himself in rank, age, prowess, etc. 12. Two people _concur_ in regard to a matter when their minds _run together_; when they agree. 13. To _confide_ in one is to have _faith_ in him; to intrust secrets _with_ him. 14. _Concord_ means literally _heart with_ heart; agreement; harmony. 15. _Conflict._ A _striking together_; hostile contest. 16. To _congregate_ means to _flock_ or assemble _together_. 17. _Contact._ A _touching together_; a close union of bodies. 18. _Corroborate._ To _strengthen_; to make more certain; to confirm. Two statements _corroborate_ when one agrees _with_ the other; each thus _strengthens_ the other. #de# = down, from. 1. de _capi_ tate, head 2. de _cid_ uous, fall 3. de _fine_, end, limit 4. de _grade_, step, degree 5. de _ject_ ed, cast 6. de _pose_, place put 7. de _preci_ ate, price 8. de _scend_, climb 9. de _spic_ able, look 10. de _tract_, draw 1. _Decapitate._ To take the _head from_ the body; to behead. 2. The leaves of _deciduous_ trees _fall_ (_down_) once a year. 3. _Define._ To put _down_, or mark out the bounds or _limit_; to fence _from_; to determine the precise meaning; to describe accurately. 4. _Degrade._ To reduce from a higher (_down_) to a lower rank or _degree_. 5. _Dejected._ _Cast down_ in spirit; discouraged. 6. _Depose._ To _put down_; especially to remove from a throne or high station. 7. _Depreciate._ To put _down_ the _price_; to reduce the value of. 8. _Descend._ To _climb down_. 9. _Despicable._ Deserving to be _looked down_ upon; low, mean, contemptible. 10. _Detract._ To _draw from_; to take away; as, to take credit or reputation from. #capt (caput)# = head. 1. _bi_ ceps, two 2. capit _al_, pertaining to 3. capt _ain_, one who 4. capit ul _ate_, act of 5. _de_ capitate, from 6. cab(b) _age_, that which 7. _per_ capita, by 8. cap. 9. cape 1. _Biceps._ A large muscle of the upper arm, so called because it has _two heads_ or origins. 2. _Pertaining to_ the _head_; chief; principal; as the _capital_ city. 3. _One who_ is at the _head_; a leader; as the _captain_ of a vessel, or a company of soldiers. 4. _Capitulate._ To surrender on stipulated terms or conditions; to draw up items under _heads_ or chapters. 5. _Decapitate._ To take the _head from_ the body. 6. _Cabbage._ A vegetable _which_ has a _head_. 7. _By_ the _head_; as a _per capita_ tax. 8. A _cap_ is a covering for the _head_. 9. A _cape_ is a _head_ of land. #cede, ced, cess# = go, yield. 1. _ac_cede, to 2. _ante_cedent, before 3. _ex_ceed, out, beyond 4. _inter_cede, between 5. _pre_cede, before 6. _pro_ceed, forward 7. _re_cede, back 8. _se_cede, aside 9. _suc_ceed, (sub) after, under 10. access 11. an (te) cestor 12. excess 13. intercessor 14. predecessor 15. process 16. recess 17. secession 18. successor 1. _Accede._ To _yield to_; to agree; consent, concur; go to. 2. The _antecedent_ of a pronoun is the noun which _goes before_ it, and for which the pronoun stands. 3. _Exceed._ To _go beyond_ what is needed or expected. 4. To _go between_ two persons as a mediator; especially to plead with the person who has some advantage over the other. 5. _Precede._ To _go before_ in order of time. 6. To _go_ on or _forward_; as _proceed_ with your work. 7. _Recede._ To _go back_ from a given position. 8. To _go aside_; to separate; as to _secede_ from the church. 9. To _go_ or follow _after_ in order of time; as, one shock _succeeded_ another with great rapidity. NOTE 1.--The principal parts of the Latin verb are _cedo_, _cedere_, _cessi_, _cessum_. From this it appears that words 10-18 above are kindred in meaning and correspond to words 1-9. NOTE 2.--Observe that in three of these words the root is spelled _ceed_, in the others _cede_. #cent#--hundred. 1. cent _enni_ al, year 2. centi _grade_, step, degree 3. centi _meter_, measure 4. centi _ped_, foot 5. _per_ cent, by 1. Happening once in a _hundred years_. The _Centennial_ Exposition was held in Philadelphia in 1876, one hundred years after the signing of the Declaration of Independence. 2. Divided into one _hundred degrees_. On the _centigrade_ thermometer there are one hundred degrees between the freezing point and the boiling point. 3. _Centimeter._ The _hundredth_ part of a meter (standard of _measure_). 4. _Centiped._ A segmented invertebrate animal of the class nyrapod (Greek for _many feet_), so called because it has a great many (indefinitely one _hundred_) _feet_. 5. _By_ the _hundred_; as, six _per cent_; that is, six cents on the dollar. #civ# = citizen. 1. _civ_ic, pertaining to 2. civ _il_, quality of 3. civil _ize_, to make 4. civil _ian_, one who 1. _Civic._ _Pertaining to_ a _citizen_, or the affairs of a city. 2. _Civil._ Fit to live in a state or society with _citizens_. 3. _Civilize._ To _make civil_. To instruct in the arts and customs of _citizen_ship. 4. A _civilian_ is _one whose_ pursuits are those of a _citizen_ and not of a _soldier_. SECOND MONTH. #ex# = out, beyond, from. (_e_, _ec_, and _ef_, are euphonic variations of _ex_.) 1. ex _ceed_, go 2. ex _cept_, take 3. ex _clude_, shut 4. ex _curs_ion, run 5. ex _cuse_, charge 6. ex _hale_, breathe 7. ex _it_, go 8. ex _pand_, spread 9. ex _pect_, look 10. ex _ped_ ite, foot 11. ex _pel_, drive 12. ex _pire_, breathe 13. ex _port_, carry 14. ex _tent_, stretch 15. ex _tract_, draw 5. To _excuse_ is to relieve (take _out_) from the _charge_ of blame. 10. To _expedite_ is to hurry forward; especially by removing hinderances (as _from_ the _feet_). #in (il, im, ir)# = in, into, on, not. 1. il _leg_ al, law 2. il _liter_ ate, letter 3. im _bibe_, drink 4. im _mature_, ripe 5. im _mense_, measure 6. im _merse_, plunge 7. im _mort_ al, death 8. im _mut_ able, change 9. im _pel_, drive 10. im per _vi_ ous, way 11. im _pious_, reverent 12. im _port_, carry 13. im _pose_, put 14. im _pulse_, drive 15. im _pun_ ity, punish 16. in _carn_ ate, flesh 17. in _clem_ ent, mild 18. in _cognito_, known 19. in _clude_, shut 20. in _crease_, grow 21. in _cred_ ible, believe 22. in _cur_, run 23. in _dorse_, back 24. in _duce_, lead 25. in _del_ ible, rub out 26. in _dent_, tooth 27. in _evit_ able, avoid 28. in _fid_el, faithful 29. in _fant_, speak 30. in _grate_, thankful 31. in _hale_, breathe 32. in _ject_, throw 33. in _nate_, born 34. in _nov_ ate, new 35. in _sect_, cut 30. in _spect_, look 37. in _toxic_ ate, poison 38. in _trude_, thrust 39. in _vade_, go 40. in _vert_, turn NOTE.--In defining the words in this list choose that meaning of the prefix from the four given above (_in_, _into_, _on_, _not_) which is most suitable; thus: _imbibe_ means to drink _in_; immature, _not_ ripe; immerse, to plunge _into_; indorse, to write _on_ the back of. 2. An _illiterate_ person is one _not_ familiar with _letters_; one who has little or no learning. 5. Literally, anything is _immense_ when it can _not_ be _measured_; of vast extent. 7. _Immortal._ _Not_ liable to _death_. 10. Having _no way through_ (per = through); as, cloth which is _impervious_ to water; waterproof. 14. An _impulse_ is a sudden mental motive or feeling which tends to _drive_ one _on_ to say or do something. 15. _Not_ liable to _punishment_; freedom from the bad consequences which usually result from an act; as, the magician could eat fire with _impunity_. 16. _In_ the _flesh_; as Christ was the _incarnate_ Son of God. 17. _Not mild_, but harsh and severe; as _inclement_ weather. 18. _Not known_; under an assumed name; disguised; as a nobleman traveling _incognito_. 21. A story is _incredible_ when it is _not_ capable of being _believed_; unworthy of belief. 26. _Indent._ To cut _into_ points like a row of _teeth_. 29. _Infant._ A young babe (_not_ yet able to _speak_). 35. _Insect._ A small animal apparently _cut into_ segments. 40. _Invert._ To _turn_ the outside _in_; to place in a contrary way. #ob# = against, in the way of. (_oc_, _of_, _op_, are euphonic variations of _ob_.) 1. ob _ject_, throw 2. ob _loqu_ y, speak 3. ob _sta_ cle, stand 4. ob _struct_, build 5. ob _trude_, thrust 6. oc _cupy_, hold 7. of _fend_, strike 8. op _pon_ ent, place 1. An _objection_ to a proposition is an opinion _thrown against_ or in opposition to it. 2. _Obloquy._ A _speaking against_; language that casts contempt on men and their actions. 6. To take and _hold_ (_against_ the possession of another); as to preëmpt and _occupy_ a homestead. #post# = after, behind. 1. post _date_, date 2. post _pone_, place 3. post _script_, write 4. post _meridian_, midday 5. post _mortem_, death 6. _pre_ poster ous, before 6. _Preposterous_ originally meant, having that _first_ which ought to be _last_; hind side before; reversing the natural order. In present day usage, contrary to nature, reason, or common sense; absurd. #curr, curs# = run. 1. couri _er_, one who 2. _con_ cur, together 3. _con_ course, together 4. curs _ory_, ing 5. course 6. _ex_ curs ion, out 7. _in_ cur, into 8. _inter_ course, between 9. _pre_ curs or, before 10. _re_ course, back 1. A _courier_ is _one who runs_, or goes hastily with a message. 2. The opinions of people _concur_ when they agree, or _run together_. 3. A _concourse_ is an assemblage of people who have come (or _run_) _together_. 4. A _cursory_ glance is a hasty, and hence, a _running_ glance. 5. A race _course_ is a place for _running_. 7. To _incur_ a debt is to _run into_ it. 10. One who adds to his indorsement of a note or check the words "without _recourse_", says in effect, "You can't _run back_ on me for payment". #dent# = tooth. 1. dent 2. dent _al_, pertaining to 3. dent _ate_, shaped like 4. dent _ist_, one who 5. _e_ dent ate, without 6. dan _de lion_, of lion 1. A _dent_ is an impression like that made by a _tooth_. 5. _Edentate_ animals, such as the sloth, are _without teeth_, or at least are without the incisors. 6. The _dandelion_ has yellow compound flowers which resemble the _tooth of_ the _lion_. #dict# = speak, say, tell. 1. _bene_ dict ion, well 2. _contra_ dict, against 3. diction _ary_, that which 4. dict _ate_, act of 5. _e_ dict, out 6. _pre_ dict, before 7. _ver_ dict, truth 8. _male_ dict ion, bad 1. A _benediction_ is a blessing (a _speech_ to the effect that it may be _well_ with thee). 3. A _dictionary_ is a book in _which_ we may learn about words, the elements of _speech_. 4. To _dictate_ is to _speak_ or _say_ what another shall _write_ or do. 7. The _verdict_ of a jury is what they _say_ to be the _truth_ in the case. #doc, doct# = teach. 1. doc _ile_, capable of 2. doct _or_, one who 3. doct _rine_, that which 4. docu _ment_, that which 1. _Docile._ Capable of being easily _taught_. 2. A _doctor_ is _one who_, by virtue of his master's degree, is qualified to _teach_. 3. Doctrine is _that which_ is _taught_; a principle taught as a part of a system of belief. 4. A _document_ is _that which teaches_ by means of the evidence it gives. THIRD MONTH. #pro# = for, forth, forward, before. 1. pro _bat_ ion, try, prove 2. pro _bosc_ is, feed 3. pro _crastin_ ate, tomorrow 4. pro _duce_, lead 5. pro (f) _fer_, bear, bring 6. pro _fuse_, pour 7. pro _gnostic_ ate, know 8. pro _gram_, write 9. pro _gress_, step 10. pro _ject_, cast 11. pro _logue_, speech 12. pro _mise_, send 13. pro _mote_, move 14. pro _noun_, noun 15. pro _pel_, drive 16. pro _pose_, put 17. pro _spect_, look 18. pro _trude_, thrust 19. pro _vide_, see 20. pro _voke_, call 1. One who joins a church on _probation_ is given a _trial_ to _prove_ his worthiness _before_ being fully admitted. 2. A hollow organ attached to the head or mouth (the _forward_ portion) of the animal with which he _feeds_. 3. To put _forward_ till _tomorrow_, or to put off from time to time. "Procrastination is the thief of time." 6. A _profuse_ speaker _pours forth_ ideas freely. 12. One's _promise_ is his word, spoken or written, _sent forth_ as evidence of something more substantial to follow. 16. When a young man _proposes_ he _puts_ the question _before_ his lady. 19. A good _provider sees_ necessities _before_hand and prepares to meet them. 20. To _provoke_ laughter is to _call_ it _forth_. #retro# = backward. 1. retro _grade_, step 2. retro _spect_, look #se (sed)# = aside. 1. se _cede_, go 2. se _clude_, shut 3. se _cure_, care 4. se _duce_, lead 5. se _greg_ ate, flock 6. se _lect_, gather 3. _Secure._ Free (_aside_) from _care_, as to danger or risk; as, _secure_ from attack, or _secure_ against loss by fire. 4. _Seduce._ To _lead_ or draw _aside_; especially from a path of rectitude. To lead into evil. 5. _Segregate._ To place or group (_flock_) _aside_ from others or the rest. In science, to put into a new or separate class. #sub# = under, after, near. (_suc_, _suf_, _sug_, _sup_, _sur_, are euphonic variations of _sub_.) 1. sub _due_ lead 2. sub _jug_ ate, yoke 3. sub _lunar_, moon 4. sub _merge_, plunge 5. sub _ordin_ ate, rank 6. sub _poena_, penalty 7. sub _scribe_, write 8. sub _side_, sit 9. sub _soil_, ground 10. sub _stance_, stand 11. sub _terr_ anean, earth 12. sub _trahe_ nd, draw 13. sub _urbs_, city 14. sub _way_, way 15. suc _cess_ or, go 16. suc _cumb_, lie 17. suf _fer_, bear 18. suf _fix_, fasten 19. suf _focate_, throat 20. sup _port_, carry 1. _Subdue._ To _lead_ or bring _under_ authority; to conquer. 2. _Subjugate._ To bring _under_ the _yoke_ of power or dominion. 3. _Sublunar._ Situated _under_neath the _moon_; hence earthly. 6. _Subpoena._ A writ commanding attendance _under penalty_. 7. _Subscribe._ To bind one's self to, by _writing_ one's name _under_neath; as to _subscribe_ to the terms of a contract. 8. _Subside._ To _sit_ (or settle) _under_ (down). 10. _Substance._ That which underlies (_stands under_) all outward manifestation. 11. _Subterranean._ Situated or occurring _under_ the surface of the _earth_. 12. The _subtrahend_ is placed _under_ the minuend to be _drawn_ from it. 13. _Suburb._ A town or village so _near_ to a _city_ that it may be used for residence by those doing business in the city. 15. _One who goes_ or follows _after_; as, a _successor_ in office. 16. _Succumb._ To _lie under_ discouragement, rather than to surmount it. 19. Certain fumes or vapors _under_ the mouth (or _throat_), will _suffocate_ one. 20. _Support._ To _carry_ on; keep up; as to _support_ a conversation; to _support_ a war. To bear the weight of, especially by holding up from beneath (_under_). #trans# = across, over, through. 1. trans _act_, drive 2. trans _alpine_, Alps 3. trans _atlantic_, Atlantic 4. tran _scend_, climb 5. tran _scribe_, write 6. trans _fer_, carry 7. trans _form_, shape 8. trans _fuse_, pour 9. trans _gress_, step 10. trans _it_, go 11. trans _late_, carry 12. trans _lucent_, shining 13. trans _marine_, sea 14. trans _migration_, moving 15. trans _mit_, send 16. trans _mute_, change 17. trans _parent_, appear 18. trans _port_, carry 19. trans _pose_, put 20. trans _verse_, turn The literal meanings of the twenty words given above are so apparent as to need no explanation. Illustrate each with a sentence. #fin# = end, limit. 1. _Final._ _Pertaining to_ the _end_; the last. 2. _Finale._ The _end_ of a musical composition. 3. _Finish._ To _make_ an _end_ of. 4. _Fine._ Well _finished_. Also, a penalty assessed at the _end_ of the case. 5. _Refine._ Finished over (or _again_). 6. _Finite._ Having a _limit_ in power or knowledge. 7. _Infinite._ Having _no limit_ in power or knowledge. 8. _Confine._ To keep _within limits_ or bounds. 9. _Superfine._ _Over_ or extra finish. #firm# = strong, steadfast. 1. _in_firm, not 2. infirm _ity_, that which 3. infirm _ary_, place where 4. _con_ firm, with 5. farm 1. _Infirm._ _Not strong_, but weak and defective. 2. _Infirmity._ _That_ with _which_ one is afflicted or infirm. 4. The testimony of one witness is made _stronger_ when that of another witness agrees _with_ or _confirms_ it. 5. A _farm_ is a substantial possession, _steadfast_ and immovable. #flex, flect# = bend, turn. 1. flex _ible_, capable of 2. _in_ flexible, not 3. flexibil _ity_, quality 4. flect _or_, that which 5. _circum_ flex, around 6. _de_ flect, from 7. _re_ flection, back 8. _re_ flex, back 4. _That which bends_; as, the biceps muscle is the _flector_ which _bends_ the arm. 5. A _circumflex_ is a _bending around_ of the voice,--a rise and a fall on the same syllable. 7. _Reflection._ A _turning_ of the thoughts _back_ to things of the past. 8. Sensations arrested at the nerve centers and _turned back_ without their reaching the brain results in _reflex_ action. #flu# = flow. 1. flu _ent_, characteristic of 2. _af_ fluence, (ad) to 3. _con_ fluence, together 4. _in_ fluence, in 5. influenz _a_ 6. _in_ flux, in 7. _super_ fluous, over 8. fluid 9. flush 1. A _fluent_ speaker uses smooth and _flowing_ language. 2. People of _affluence_ have wealth _flowing to_ them. 3. The _confluence_ of two streams is their _flowing together_. 4. _Influence_ literally means _flowing in_. The bringing about a result by a gradual process; gradual because _flowing_. 5. _Influenza._ A disease, somewhat allied to a cold, formerly attributed to the _influence_ of the stars. 8. A _fluid_ is so called because it is capable of _flowing_. 9. _Flush._ To _flow_ swiftly. FOURTH MONTH. #vice# = instead of. 1. vice president 2. vice admiral 3. vice _roy_, king 4. vic _ar_, one who 5. vice _versa_, turn 3. _Viceroy._ A ruler acting with kingly authority _instead of_ the _king_. 4. _Vicar._ In general, _one who_ is authorized to perform functions, especially religious ones, _instead of_ another. 5. _Vice versa._ _Turned_, one _instead of_ the other, interchanged. #a (an)# = without, not. 1. a _byss_, bottom 2. a _cephal_ ous, head 3. a _chrom_ atic, color 4. a _gnostic_ ism, knowledge 5. an _archy_, rule 6. an _ecdote_, given out 7. an _esthetic_, feeling 8. an _onym_ ous, name 9. a _pathy_, suffer, feel 10. a _sylum_, right of seizure 11. a _the_ ist, God 12. a _tom_, cut 4. _Agnosticism._ The doctrine or theory that man has _not_ any real or absolute _knowledge_ of anything, but can know only "impressions". 5. _Anarchy._ A state of society in which there is _no_ authority or _ruling_ power. 6. _Anecdote_ [ec (ex) = out]. Originally a personal or biographical incident _not given out_ for publication. 7. That which causes a loss of sensation; hence, one who has taken an _anesthetic_ is _without_ the _feeling_ of pain. 10. _Asylum._ Originally a place of refuge where criminals or debtors were free from (_without_) the _right of seizure_. 11. _Atheist._ _One who_ is _without_ belief in the existence of a _God_. 12. _Atom._ The smallest particle of matter; hence a particle which _cannot_ be further _cut_ or divided. #auto# = self. 1. auto _crat_, rule 2. auto _graph_, write 3. auto _bio_ graphy, life 4. auto _maton_, strive 5. auto _mobile_, move 6. aut _ops_ y, see 1. _Autocrat._ An absolute sovereign, one who has the _ruling_ power all in him_self_. 3. _Autobiography._ A _writing_ of one's _life_ by him_self_. 4. _Automaton._ A _self_ acting (_striving_) machine; one having its motive power within itself. 6. _Autopsy._ _Seeing_ by one's _self_; personal observation or examination. #epi# = upon. 1. epi _cycle_, circle 2. epi _demic_, people 3. epi _dermis_, skin 4. epi _gram_, write 5. epi _sode_, way 6. epi _taph_, tomb 7. epi _thet_, place 8. epi _zoötic_, animal 1. _Epicycle._ A circle whose center moves around _upon_, or in, the circumference of another _circle_; as the orbit of the moon in its motion with the earth around the sun. 4. _Epigram._ Literally, to _write upon_. A short, pointed poem, or a bright thought concisely and sharply expressed. 5. _Episode._ Something which happens _upon_ the _way_, or comes in incidentally to the main enterprise. 7. _Epithet._ An adjective or term _placed upon_ a person or thing and expressing some quality especially appropriate to that person or thing. 8. _Epizoötic._ A disease _upon_ many _animals_ in a community. #micro# = little. micro _be_, life; micro _cosm_, world; micro _scope_, see, view. #grat (grac)# = pleasing, favor, thankful. 1. grati _tude_, ness 2. grate _ful_, full of 3. grati _fy_, make 4. _in_ grati ate, into 5. _in_ grate, not 6. _un_ grateful, not 7. _dis_ grace, from 8. grac _ious_, having 9. _a_ gree, (ad) according to 10. gratis 11. grace 4. To become _ingratiated_ with another is to get _into_ his _favor_. "The pigmy had contrived to _ingratiate_ himself into every man's affection."--_Stanley._ 5. An _ingrate_ is _not thankful_ for benefits received. 7. One in _disgrace_ is out of (away _from_) _favor_ with others. 9. An _agreement_ is entered into _according to_ the _pleasure_ of both parties. 10. _Gratis._ Out of, or because of, _favor_; without recompense. 11. _Grace._ Literally, _pleasing_; beloved. #greg# = flock, herd. 1. _ag_ gregate, (ad) to 2. _con_ gregate, together 3. gregari _ous_, quality 4. _se_ gregate, aside 3. _Gregarious._ _Quality_ or characteristic of animals which tend to gather in _flocks_; as, sheep, geese, deer. 4. _Segregate._ To separate (_aside_) from others and form into an isolated group (_flock_). #ject# = cast, throw. 1. _ab_ ject, away 2. _de_ jected, down 3. _e_ ject, out 4. _in_ ject, in 5. _ob_ ject, against 6. _pro_ ject, forth 7. _re_ ject, back 8. _ad_ jective, to 9. _inter_ jection, between 10. _sub_ ject, under #leg# = law. 1. leg _al_, pertaining to 2. _il_ legal, not 3. legal _ity_, state of 4. legal _ize_, make 5. legis _late_, bring forth 6. _privi_ lege, private 6. A _private law_, a peculiar benefit, right, or favor not enjoyed by others or by all, is a _privilege_. FIFTH MONTH. #aceous# = having the quality of. [In defining words of this ending, combine the meaning of the suffix with the meaning of the root; thus, _cretaceous_ means having the quality of _chalk_.] 1. _creta_ ceous, chalk 2. _crust_ aceous, shell 3. _carbon_ aceous, coal 4. _farin_ aceous, grain 5. _herb_ aceous, herb 6. _sapon_ aceous, soap #al# = pertaining to. 1. _capit_ al, head 2. _corpor_ al, body 3. _cymb_ al, cup 4. _dent_ al, tooth 5. _di_ al, day 6. _fest_ al, feast 7. _fili_ al, son, daughter 8. _fin_ al, end 9. _flor_ al, flower 10. _frug_ al, fruit 11. _jovi_ al, merry 12. _leg_ al, law 13. _miner_ al, mine 14. _nas_ al, nose 15. _nat_ al, born 16. _nomin_ al, name 17. _norm_ al, rule 18. _pen_ al, punishment 19. _plur_ al, more 20. _reg_ al, king 21. _roy_ al, king 22. _rur_ al, country 23. _vit_ al, life 24. _voc_ al, voice 1. _Pertaining to_ the _head_, as, _capital_ punishment, which involves the forfeiture of the _head_. 10. A _frugal_ person is economical with his means, hence _fruitful_ in saving. 16. _Pertaining to_ the _name_ only, not real; as, a _nominal_ Christian. 17. _Pertaining to_ the standard or _rule_; as, the _normal_ color of the crow is black. #ence#, as a suffix to nouns like the following, means _state of being_. 1. abs _tin_ ence, hold 2. af _flu_ ence, flow 3. bene _vol_ ence, wish 4. con _dol_ ence, grief 5. con _fid_ ence, faith 6. de _pend_ ence, hang 7. im _pot_ ence, power 8. _omni_ pot ence, all 9. re _tic_ ence, silent 10. _sequ_ ence, follow 1. _State of holding from_ something which tempts and entices; as, _abstinence_ from strong drink. 2. (See third month, page 63.) 3. _State of being_ actively desirous (_wishing_) for the _well_-being of others. "The laws of social _benevolence_ require that every man should try to assist others by his experience." 4. _Condolence._ _State of being_ in _grief_ or sympathy _with_ others on account of their afflictions. 5. _Confidence._ _State of being_ confident (of having _faith_ in others or in one's self). 6. _Dependence._ _State of being_ dependent (of _hanging_ [relying] on others for support). 7. _Impotence._ _State of being_ impotent (of having no _power_; weak; feeble). 8. _Omnipotence._ _State of being all powerful._ 9. _Reticence_. _State_ or quality _of being silent_; refraining from speech. 10. _Sequence._ _State of being_ sequent (_following_); order of following. #ance#, as a suffix to nouns like the following, means _state of being_. 1. con _cord_ ance, heart 2. con _son_ ance, sound 3. dis _cord_ ance, heart 4. dis _son_ ance, sound 5. _domin_ ance, master 6. ex _pect_ ance, look 7. _fragr_ ance, scent 8. re _pugn_ ance, fist 9. _sembl_ ance, similar 10. _temper_ ance, time 1. _Concordance._ _State of being heart with heart_; harmony; agreement. 2. _Consonance._ _State of_ agreement of _sound with sound_; tones in unison. 8. _Repugnance._ Literally, the _state of being_ disposed to fight (strike) _back_ (with the _fist_) [obsolete]. Opposition; aversion; dislike. 10. _Temperance._ _State of being_ well _timed_ (regular in habits) in eating, drinking, sleeping, exercising, etc. #ent# = one who, that which. 1. ad _her_ ent, stick 2. ante _ced_ ent, go 3. _belliger_ ent, wage war 4. de _pend_ ent, hang 5. equi _val_ ent, power 6. in _solv_ ent, loosen 7. pre _ced_ ent, go 8. op _pon_ ent, place 9. re _pell_ ent, drive 10. _tang_ ent, touch NOTE.--The meanings of the above prefixes have frequently been given. Combine the meaning of suffix, root, and prefix, adding other words when necessary, to make definitions. The only word in the list which can give any difficulty is number four, which is explained in the work of seventh year, sixth month, page 35. #ment# = mind. 1. mental 2. comments 3. mention 4. memento 5. demented 1. One's _mental_ powers are the powers of his _mind_, including intellect, feeling, and will. 2. One's _comments_ on a topic generally reveal to some degree the state of his _mind_ in regard to it. 3. The _mention_ of a thing calls it to _mind_. 4. A _memento_ is a _reminder_. 5. A _demented_ person has the powers of his _mind_ impaired. #mit, mitt# = send, let go. 1. _ad_ mit, to 2. _com_ mit, with 3. _e_ mit, out 4. _o_ mit, (ob) by 5. _per_ mit, through 6. _re_ mit, back 7. _sub_ mit, under 8. _trans_ mit, across 1. A ticket will _admit_ you (_let_ you _go_) to the entertainment. 2. To place in custody; to entrust _with_; as to _commit_ a fund to the care of trustees; to _commit_ (_send_) a prisoner to jail. 3. To _send_ or give _out_; as, the fountain _emits_ water. 4. To _let go by_; to neglect; to overlook; as, to _omit_ a fact. 5. A _permit_ will _let_ you _go through_ the factory. 6. To _remit_ is to _send_ (_back_) value for value received. 7. To give up or _let_ one's self _go under_ the government of another; to yield, or surrender. "Do not _submit_ yourself to insult." 8. To _send_ (_across_) from one to another; as, to _transmit_ a message. #norm# = rule. 1. norm _al_, pertaining to 2. _ab_ normal, from 3. _e_ normous, out 4. enorm _ity_, state of 1. _Pertaining to_ the usual _rule_ or type; as, his pulse is _normal_. 2. Deviating _from_ the natural condition, course, or _rule_; as, an _abnormal_ appetite. 3. _Out_ of the ordinary; not conforming to the usual _rule_; as the death rate was _enormous_. 4. The _state_ or quality _of_ being enormous; especially the quality of being extremely bad; as, the _enormity_ of his crime. #pater# = father. 1. patern _al_, pertaining to 2. patri _arch_, rule 3. patron _ize_, act of 4. patri _cide_, kill 5. patri _ot_, one who 6. patrimony 1. Pertaining to a _father_; fatherly; as, _paternal_ love. 2. _Patriarch._ One of the _fathers_ and _rulers_ of a tribe or race; particularly applied to the early tribes of mankind. 3. _Patronize._ To _act_ like a patron, or one who protects, fosters, or supports some enterprise, as a _father_ looks after those under his care. 4. _Patricide._ The _killing_ of a _father_. 5. _Patriot._ _One who_ loves and supports the institutions of his country somewhat as a _father_ cares for the interests of his family. 6. _Patrimony._ An inheritance from an ancestor; especially from one's _father_. SIXTH MONTH. #fy# = to make. 1. _ampli_ fy, large 2. _certi_ fy, certain 3. _clari_ fy, clear 4. _dei_ fy, god 5. _exempli_ fy, example 6. _falsi_ fy, false 7. _forti_ fy, strong 8. _horri_ fy, horror 9. _identi_ fy, the same 10. _justi_ fy, right 11. _lique_ fy, liquid 12. _magni_ fy, large 13. _puri_ fy, pure 14. _rare_ fy, rare 15. _recti_ fy, right 16. _terri_ fy, frighten 17. _testi_ fy, witness 18. _typi_ fy, type 19. _veri_ fy, true 20. _vivi_ fy, life #ile# = pertaining to, belonging to, capable of, like. 1. _ag_ ile, act 2. _duct_ ile, draw 3. _frag_ ile, break 4. _fert_ ile, bear 5. _host_ ile, enemy 6. _juven_ ile, young 7. _puer_ ile, child 8. _serv_ ile, serve 9. _vers_ atile, turn 10. _vir_ ile, man 2. A _ductile_ substance is one which is _capable of_ being _drawn_ into wire. 9. A _versatile_ person is _capable of turning_ readily from one thing to another; manysided. #ine# = belonging to, like. 1. _aquil_ ine, eagle 2. _bov_ ine, cow 3. _can_ ine, dog 4. _dent_ ine, tooth 5. _div_ ine, deity 6. _fel_ ine, cat 7. _femin_ ine, woman 8. _mar_ ine, sea 9. _mascul_ ine, male 10. _sal_ ine, salt 1. An _aquiline_ nose is one hooked like the beak which _belongs_ to an _eagle_. 3. The _canine_ teeth are so called because they correspond to those best developed in the _dog_. #ion# = the act of, ing. (In many words _ion_ means _that which_.) 1. _ablut_ ion, washing away 2. _bisect_ ion, cutting in two 3. _expans_ ion, spreading out 4. _expuls_ ion, driving out 5. _inspect_ ion, looking into 6. _intercess_ ion, going between 7. _collect_ ion, gathering together 8. _combust_ ion, burn 9. _commot_ ion, move 10. _frict_ ion, rub 11. _junct_ ion, join 12. _opt_ ion, choose 13. _resurrect_ ion, rising again 14. _secess_ ion, going aside 15. _stat_ ion, stand 16. _tens_ ion, stretch 1. An _ablution_ is the _act of washing away_, or cleansing. 15. A _station_ is a _standing_ place for the train. #ite# = one who. 1. A _Canaanite_ is _one who_ dwelt in the land of _Canaan_. 2. A _Dowieite_ is _one who_ is a follower of _Dowie_. 3. A _favorite_ is _one who_ receives special _favor_. 4. A _hypocrite_ is _one who pretends_ to be what he is not. 5. An _Israelite_ is _one who_ is a descendant of _Israel_, or Jacob. 6. A _Levite_ is _one who_ is a descendant of _Levi_. #port# = carry. 1. port _able_, capable of 2. port _folio_, leaf 3. port _er_, one who 4. _ex_ port, out 5. _im_ port, into 6. _re_ port, back 7. _sup_ port, under 8. _trans_ port, across 9. port 1. _Capable of_ being _carried_ or moved without difficulty; as, a _portable_ engine. 2. _Portfolio._ A case or folder in which _leaves_ of loose paper or other stationery may be _carried_. 3. _Porter._ Literally, _one who carries_ burdens. 7. _Support._ To _carry_ or uphold from beneath (_under_). 9. _Port._ The manner in which one _carries_ himself. #rupt# = break. 1. _ab_ rupt, away 2. _bank_ rupt, bench 3. _dis_ rupt, apart 4. _e_ ruption, out 5. _inter_ rupt, between 6. rupt _ure_, ing 7. rout 8. route 2. At Florence, it is said, a trader or money changer who failed in business had his _banca_, or money _bench, broken_; hence, one who is unable to pay his debts is _bankrupt_. 6. A _rupture_ is a _breaking_ apart; as the _rupture_ of a blood vessel. 7. To _break_ the ranks of, and throw into confusion; as to _rout_ an enemy. 8. _Route_ originally meant a road _broken_ through a new and untraveled section of country. After thus _broken_ it became a way or _route_ for travel. #scribe, script# = write. 1. _circum_ scribe, around 2. _de_ scribe, down 3. _in_ scribe, in, upon 4. _pre_ scribe, before 5. _sub_ scribe, under 6. _tran_ scribe, across 7. _post_ script, after 8. _in_ scription, upon 9. scribe 10. scribble 11. script 12. scripture 1. _Circumscribe._ To draw (_write_) a bounding line _around_; hence, to lay down the limits or restrict the action of. 9. A _scribe_, in Jewish history, was a custodian and _writer_ of the official records of the nation. 10. To _scribble_ is to do hasty or careless _writing_. 11. _Script_ consists of characters _written_ by hand. 12. _Scripture._ The sacred _writings_ of any people. #spec, spect# = look, see, view. 1. _a_ spect, (ad) toward 2. _circum_ spect, around 3. _ex_ pect, out 4. _in_ spect, into 5. _per_ spective, through 6. _pro_ spect, before 7. _retro_ spect, backward 8. spectat _or_, one who 9. _sus_ pect, under 10. spectacle 11. spectacles 1. The appearance of a thing as _viewed_ (looked _toward_ or at) by the eye or mind; as, a stern _aspect_; the southern _aspect_ of a house. 2. _Looking around_ in all directions, as against danger or error. "Of all these circumstances, the slow, _circumspect_ eye of the master took cognizance one by one." 5. _Perspective._ That which is _seen through_ an opening or vista. The effect of distance upon the appearance of objects. 9. _Suspect._ To _underlook_; to imagine or infer that appearances misrepresent; hence one who _suspects_ is inclined to _look beneath_ the surface. 10. _Spectacle._ Something exhibited to be _looked_ at, especially if it be held worthy of unusual notice. SEVENTH MONTH. #ory# = place where. 1. _arm_ ory, arms 2. _deposit_ ory, put away 3. _dorm_ itory, sleep 4. _fact_ ory, make 5. _laborat_ ory, work 6. _manufact_ ory, hand made 7. _observ_ atory, observe 8. _prepar_ atory, to make ready 9. _reform_ atory, form again 10. _terr_ itory, land 1. An _armory_ is a _place where arms_ and other instruments of war are kept. 2. A _depository_ is a _place where_ things are or may be _put away_ for safe keeping. 5. A _laboratory_ is, literally, a _place_ for _labor_; particularly a place for scientific experimentation. 6. A _manufactory_ was formerly so called because it named a _place where_ things were _made_ by _hand_. The first part of the word is now generally omitted, and appropriately so, because a small part of the work in a factory is done by hand. 10. _Territory_ is extent of _land_ belonging to or ruled by the government. Literally it means a _place where_ there is _land_. #ous# = having, consisting of, full of, pertaining to. 1. _amphi bi_ ous, double + life 2. _aque_ ous, water 3. _bili_ ous, bile 4. _clamor_ ous, to cry out 5. _decidu_ ous, fall 6. _furi_ ous, rage 7. _greg_ arious, flock 8. _hetero gene_ ous, other + kind 9. _homo gene_ ous, like + kind 10. _im per vi_ ous, no + through + way 11. _numer_ ous, number 12. _preci_ ous, price, value 13. _pre coci_ ous, early + ripe 14. _ponder_ ous, weigh 15. _pre poster_ ous, before + after 16. _viv_ acious, life 1. _Living both_ on land and in water. "Seals of _amphibious_ nature, are either for the land or water." 2. _Pertaining to_, or containing _water_; as, an _aqueous_ vapor. 3. A _state of_ ill health due to a disordered condition of the liver, the gland which secretes _bile_. 4. _Consisting of_ loud and repeated _outcries_ or noise; as, a _clamorous_ crowd. 5. The leaves of _deciduous_ trees _fall_ once a year. 8. _Consisting_ of unlike elements or ingredients of different (_other_) _kinds_. 13. _Having_ the mental faculties _prematurely_ developed; as, a _precocious_ child. 15. Contrary to nature, reason, or common sense. Originally, _preposterous_ meant _having_ the _after_ part _before_. #ulent# = full of. 1. _corp_ ulent, body 2. _fraud_ ulent, fraud 3. _op_ ulent, wealth 4. _succ_ ulent, juice 5. _esc_ ulent, food 6. _vir_ ulent, poison 1. A _corpulent_ person is one who has an excess of fat; hence, literally speaking, is _full of body_. 4. _Succulent_ plants are _full of juice_; as, the stalk of the sugar cane. 5. _Esculent_ plants are those suitable for _food_ (literally, _full of food_). "Every lover of that invaluable _esculent_ (the potato) has reason to remember with gratitude the settlers of Londonderry."--_Whittier._ #ure# = act or state of, that which. 1. _capt_ ure, take 2. _depart_ ure, from + part 3. _en clos_ ure, within + shut 4. _fixt_ ure, fasten 5. _fract_ ure, break 6. _gest_ ure, act, do 7. _junct_ ure, join 8. _manu fact_ ure, hand + make 9. _overt_ ure, open 10. _past_ ure, feed 11. _pict_ ure, paint 12. _pleas_ ure, please 13 _post_ ure, place 14. _pro ced_ ure, forward + go 15. _rapt_ ure, carry away 16. _script_ ure, write 17. _signat_ ure, mark or sign 18. _sut_ ure, sew 19. _text_ ure, weave 20. _verd_ ure, green #y# = state of being, full of, consisting or made of. 1. bloody 2. dewy 3. dressy 4. curly 5. faulty 6. filthy 7. fleshy 8. frosty 9. fussy 10. gaudy 11. gloomy 12. grassy 13. guilty 14. hardy 15. hoary 16. lofty 17. marshy 18. rainy 19. rosy 20. sandy 21. shady 22. spunky 23. thirsty 24. wealthy While the above words serve to illustrate the use of _y_ as a suffix, to analyze them would not be profitable. On account of their simplicity no illustrations are needed to show their use, and no definitions; in fact, there are no words simpler on which to base definitions. The eight words following, which end in _y_, can, however, be analyzed with profit: 1. _an arch_ y, without + rule 2. _a path_ y, without + feel 3. _aut ops_ y, self + see 4. _col loqu_ y, together + speak 5. _ob loqu_ y, against + speak 6. _poly gam_ y, many + marriage 7. _sym path_ y, together + feel 8. _sym phon_ y, together + sound #tort, tors# = twist, wring, wrest. 1. _con_ tort, together 2. _dis_ tort, aside 3. _ex_ tort, out 4. _re_ tort, back 5. torch 6. tor _ment_, that which 7. tortoise 8. tort _ure_, that which 1. To _twist together_; to turn awry. "A form _contorted_ and misshapen from that which nature gave." 2. To _twist aside_; to twist out of shape; to wrest from the true meaning. "For gold the hireling judge _distorts_ the laws." 3. To _wring_ or wrest _out of_ or away from; to get by force or by taking unfair advantage. "'Till the injurious Romans did _extort_ this tribute from us, we were free." 4. To bend, _twist_ or turn _back_. A _retort_ is a short and pointed reply _turned back_ on an assailant. A _retort_ tube is one _twisted_ or bent back at one end. 5. The _torch_ is so called because the wick is _twisted_ like a rope. 6. _Torment_ comes from _tormentum_, a machine (engine) for throwing stones to inflict _torture_. 7. The _tortoise_ is so called because of its _twisted_ or crooked feet. 8. _Wringing_ pain; anguish of body or mind. "In ancient Greece, _torture_ was never employed except in case of treason". #tract# = draw. 1. _abs_ tract, away 2. _at_ tract, to 3. _con_ tract, together 4. _de_ tract, from 5. _dis_ tract, apart 6. _ex_ tract, out 7. _pro_ tract, forward 8. _re_ tract, back 9. _re_ treat, back 10. _sub_ tract, under 11. trace 12. tract _able_, capable of 13. trail 14. train 1. To _draw away_; to consider apart. "In truth the object and sensation are the same thing and cannot be _abstracted_ from each other." 2. To _draw to_ or toward. A magnet _attracts_ iron filings. 3. To _draw together_ or closer. Heat expands and cold _contracts_. 4. To _draw_ away _from_. To take away a part of something, especially from one's credit. "Should I detract his worth, 'twould argue want of merit in myself." 5. To _draw apart_ or away. The attention is _distracted_ when it is _drawn apart_ from the thing in hand. 6. To _draw out_, to withdraw. Honey is sometimes _extracted_ from the honeycomb and the comb replaced in the beehive. 7. To _draw_ forward; to extend or prolong; as, "England desired not to _protract_ the war." 8. To _draw back_; to take back what has been said. When one finds he has said a hasty thing he would do well to _retract_ it. 9. To _draw back_, as from an enemy. "Come, shepherd, let us make an honorable _retreat_." 10. To _draw_ away; as apart from the whole. Literally to _draw_ away from _under_, or in an underhanded way, as by stealth. The word is very seldom used literally. 11. A _trace_ is one of the tugs or straps by which a vehicle is _drawn_. 12. A _tractable_ child is one which can be easily led or _drawn_. 13. _Trail_ means to _draw_ along, or what is _drawn_. 14. A _train_ consists of cars _drawn_ by a locomotive. #ven, vent# = come. 1. _ad_ vent, to 2. _ad_ vent ure, upon 3. _a_ venue, to 4. _con_ vene, together 5. _circum_ vent, around 6. _e_ vent, out 7. _inter_ vention, between 8. _in_ vent, upon 9. _re_ venue, back 10. _pre_ vent, before 1. A _coming_ or arrival of any important event or personage. The _advent_ of summer. An _Adventist_ is one who makes the second personal coming of Christ a special feature in his doctrine. 2. An _adventure_ is a stirring experience, _come upon_, as it were, suddenly and unexpectedly. 3. That which _comes to_ a certain place. Formerly an _avenue_ was a roadway bordered with trees which _comes to_ a residence. 4. To _come together_. "The household fowls _convene_." 5. To _circumvent_ an individual is to gain an advantage over him in a secret and round about (_coming around_) way. 6. The _outcome_ of an occurrence; as, "In that _event_ all will be right." "Marriage is the principal _event_ for good or evil in all lives." 7. The act of _coming between_ persons or objects; especially interference with the acts of others. 8. To _come upon_; to find out or discover. 9. _Revenue_ is that which _comes back_, as from an investment; income from all forms of one's property. 10. To stop or hinder from happening by means of previous measures. Originally _prevent_ meant to _come before_; as in Matt. xvii:25: "When Peter was come into the house, Jesus _prevented_ him." #vers, vert# = turn. 1. _ad_ verse, to (against) 2. ad vers _ity_, state of 3. _ad_ vert, to 4. ad vert _ise_, act of 5. _a_ vers ion, away 6. _a_ vert, away 7. _di_ verse, apart 8. _di_ version, aside 9. _di_ vorce, apart 10. _in_ vert, into 11. _per_ verse, thoroughly 12. _re_ verse, back 13. _trans_ verse, across 14. _versat_ ile, capable of 15. vers _ion_, that which 16. vertex 17. vertigo 18. vortex 1. _Turned against_; antagonistic. _Adverse_ winds. "Error is _adverse_ to human happiness." 2. _State of_ adverse fortune; a condition of calamity, distress, or unhappiness. "Ye have this day rejected your God, who himself saved you out of all _adversities_." 3. To _turn_ the mind or attention _to_; as, "I will only _advert_ to some leading points in the argument."--_Emerson._ 4. To _advertise_ an article is to cause the public to _turn_ attention _to_ it. 5. A _turning away_ from. "Adhesion to vice and _aversion_ to goodness." 6. To _turn away_ or aside. "Till ardent prayer _averts_ the public woe." 7. _Diverse_ ways are different ways--they _turn apart_. 8. The act of _turning aside_ from a course; as the _diversion_ of the mind from study. 9. A judgment or decree dissolving marriage, and thus _turning_ husband and wife _apart_ from each other. 10. To _turn into_ another position; as, upside down, inside out, end for end, etc. 11. A _perverse_ inclination is one _thoroughly_ wrong or _turned_ from the right. 12. To _turn back_; as to _reverse_ an engine. 13. A _transverse_ beam is one _turned across_ others. 14. _Capable of_ moving or _turning_ around; as a _versatile_ spindle; turning with ease from one thing to another; many sided; as, a _versatile_ writer. 15. _That which_ is translated (or _turned_) from another language; as, the King James _version_ of the Bible. 16. The highest point, peak, or summit. Literally the _turning_ point. 17. A _turning_ or whirling around; dizziness or giddiness. "That old _vertigo_ in his head Will never leave him till he's dead." 18. A _whirl_pool. (_Vortex_ is another form of _vertex_.) EIGHTH MONTH. #ic# = pertaining to. 1. _aqua_ tic, water 2. _arc_ tic, bear 3. _barbar_ ic, foreign; uncivilized 4. _chron_ ic, time 5. _civ_ ic, citizen 6. _dom_ estic, house 7. _epi dem_ ic, upon + people 8. _erra_ tic, wander 9. _Homer_ ic, Homer 10. _luna_ tic, moon 11. _lyr_ ic, lyre, harp 12. _metal_ lic, metal 13. _metr_ ic, measure 14. _numer_ ic, number 15. _op_ tic, eye 16. _pan_ ic, Pan 17. _phon_ ic, sound 18. _publ_ ic, people 19. _rust_ ic, country 20. _techn_ ic, art, trade 2. _Arctic_ means, literally, _pertaining to_ the northern constellations called the Great and Little _Bears_; hence pertaining to the north polar regions. 8. _Erratic_ means _wandering_ from the proper or usual course in opinion or conduct. 9. _Homeric_ means _relating to Homer_, the great epic poet of ancient Greece, or to the poetry which he wrote. 10. A _lunatic_ is one who is periodically insane, with intervals of sanity (as if affected by the _moon_). 11. _Lyric_ poetry is that which is adapted to the _lyre_ or harp; fit to be sung to an accompaniment. 16. _Panic_ means sudden or groundless fright, such as was said to have been caused by _Pan_, the god of pastures and forests. #ise, (ize)# = make, do, cause. 1. _ad vert_ ise, to + turn 2. _critic_ ise, judge 3. _familiar_ ize, family 4. _fertil_ ize, bear, produce 5. _leg_ alize, law 6. _re cogn_ ize, again + know 7. _sym path_ ize, with + feel 8. _tan tal_ ize, Tantalus 9. agonize 10. brutalize 11. civilize 12. crystallize 13. equalize 14. generalize 15. harmonize 16. humanize 17. idolize 18. magnetize 19. modernize 20. naturalize 21. organize 22. realize 23. systematize 24. tyrannize 1. A merchant when he _advertises_ goods hopes thereby to _cause_ people to _turn_ their attention _to_ them. 2. To _criticise_ is to (_make_) pass _judgment_ upon. 3. To _familiarize_ means, literally, to _make_ as one of the _family_, to become intimate with. 4. Ground is _fertilized_ when it is _caused_ to _produce_ more abundantly. 5. Any conduct is _legalized_ when it is _made lawful_. 6. We _recognize_ a person when we _know_ him _again_; as, one whom we have known before. 7. To _sympathize_ is to _feel with_ another. 8. _Tantalize_ is derived from Tantalus, a Phyrgian king who, according to Greek mythology, was punished in the lower world by being placed in a lake of pure water up to his chin, while there hung over him luscious fruit, the fruit and the water receding whenever he sought to satisfy his hunger or thirst. Hence tantalize means to tease or torment by presenting something desirable to the view and frustrating expectation by keeping it out of reach. Words 9 to 24 may be defined in a simple and satisfactory manner by using some meaning of the suffix _ize_ in the definition with the first part of the word; thus, _agonize_ means to _cause_ to have _agony_. #ist# = one who. 1. _agri cultur_ ist, field + culture 2. _an arch_ ist, without + rule 3. _art_ ist, art 4. _a the_ ist, without + god 5. _botan_ ist, plant 6. _de_ ist, god 7. _dent_ ist, tooth 8. _flor_ ist, flower 9. _ge olog_ ist, earth + science 10. _hypno_ tist, sleep 11. _journ_ alist, day 12. _jur_ ist, right 13. _loy_ alist, law 14. _oc_ ulist, eye 15. _optim_ ist, best 16. _pessim_ ist, worst 17. _re viv_ alist, again + life 18. _roy_ alist, king 19. _sci_ entist, knowledge 20. _somn ambul_ ist, sleep + walk 4. An _atheist_ is _one who_ is _without_ belief in a personal _God_. 6. A _deist_ is _one who_ believes in _God_ but denies revealed religion. 15. An _optimist_ is _one who_ holds the opinion that all events are ordered for the _best_. 16. A _pessimist_ is _one who_ has a disposition to take the least hopeful (_worst_) view of things; one who believes that the ultimate tendency of the world is toward evil and not good. #oid# = having the form of, shaped like. 1. _aster_ oid, star 2. _dent_ oid, tooth 3. _ethm_ oid, sieve 4. _spher_ oid, sphere 5. _typh_ oid, cloud, stupor 6. _variol_ oid, various #meter, metr# = measure. 1. _anemo_ meter, wind 2. _baro_ meter, weight 3. _chrono_ meter, time 4. _dia_ meter, across 5. _gas_ ometer, gas 6. _ge_ ometer, earth 7. _hexa_ meter, six 8. _hydro_ meter, water 9. _lacto_ meter, milk 10. metr _ic_, pertaining to 11. _penta_ meter, five 12. _peri_ meter, around 13. _thermo_ meter, heat 14. _tri gon_ ometry, three + angle 1. The _anemometer_ is an instrument for _measuring_ the force and velocity of the _wind_. 2. The _barometer measures_ the _weight_ of the atmosphere, and thus aids in determining the indications of the weather. 3. A _chronometer_ is an instrument for _measuring time_. Specifically, it is a large and very accurate watch for use in astronomical observations. 6. _Geometry_ literally means _earth measure_. It treats of the measurement of surfaces, and is therefore applied in the _measurement_ of _land_. 7. The _hexameter_ in poetry is a _measure_ having _six_ poetic feet to the line. 8. The _hydrometer_ is used for _measuring_ the specific gravity of _water_ and other liquids. 9. The _lactometer_ is used for _measuring_ the purity and richness of _milk_. 10. The _metric_ system of weights and measures is one in which the meter is the unit of _measure_. 12. The _perimeter_ is the _measure around_ a body or figure. 14. _Trigonometry_ treats of _measurements_ based on the triangle (_three angles_). #phon# = sound. 1. _eu_ phony, well 2. phon _etic_, pertaining to 3. phon _ic_, pertaining to 4. phono _graph_, write 5. _sym_ phony, with 6. _tele_ phone, far #polis# = city. 1. _acro_ polis, high, upper 2. _Anna_ polis, Ann 3. _Constantin_ ople, Constanine 4. _Indiana_ polis, Indiana 5. _metro_ polis, mother 6. _Minne_ apolis, Minne 7. police 8. politics 1. The _acropolis_ was the _upper_ part of a Grecian _city_. It commanded a view of the surrounding country. 2. Named for Queen _Ann_. 3. A contraction of Constantinopolis. Named for _Constantine_. 4. _Indiana_ means, literally, the _land_ of the _Indians_. _Indianapolis_ means _city_ of _Indiana_. 5. The _metropolis_ is the chief, or _mother city_, of the state or country. 6. The _city_ of _Minne_ (haha). 7. A _police_ force is a body of civil officers in a _city_ organized for its protection. 8. _Politics_ is the science of government in state or _city_. #scop# = view. 1. _horo_ scope, hour 2. _kaleido_ scope, beautiful + form 3. _micro_ scope, small 4. _stereo_ scope, solid 5. _tele_ scope, far 1. The _horoscope_ is an instrument for _viewing_ the heavens at the _hour_ of one's birth, by which the astrologers professed to foretell the events of a person's life. 2. The _kaleidoscope_ is an optical instrument in which an endless variety of _beautiful_ patterns or _forms_ may be _viewed_ by changing its position. 4. The _stereoscope_ is an instrument, with two eye glasses, for giving to pictures the appearance of _solid_ forms as seen in nature. PART TWO Letters, Sounds, Syllables, Words, Principles of Pronunciation, and Rules of Spelling. SEVENTH YEAR. (First Month.) TERMS TO BE DEFINED. An ELEMENTARY SOUND is the simplest sound of spoken language. There are forty-four elementary sounds in the English language. As there are only twenty-six letters in the alphabet some letters represent more than one sound. Certain marks or distinguishing characters used with the letters to indicate the various sounds are called DIACRITICAL MARKS. PHONOTYPY is a method of representing each of the elementary sounds by a distinct printed character or letter. The VOCALS or TONICS are those elementary sounds made by an unmodified or uninterrupted tone of the voice; as [=a], [)e]. The SUBVOCALS or SUBTONICS are those elementary sounds made by the tone of the voice modified by the organs of speech, making an undertone; as b, d, g, r. The ASPIRATES or ATONICS are those elementary sounds made by merely breathing modified by the organs of speech; sometimes called breath sounds; as p, t, s. TABLE OF ELEMENTARY SOUNDS. [From Swett's Normal Word Book.] _I. Vocals._ +--------------+-------------------------+ | a | [=a]-le, [=a]i-m | | ä | ä-lms, ä-rt | | [a:] | [a:]-ll, b-[a:]-ll | | [)a] | [)a]-n, m-[)a]-n | | â | [-c]-â-re, â-ir | | [.a] | [.a]-sk, f-[.a]-st | | [=e] | [=e]-ve, b-[=e] | | [ve] | [ve]-nd, m-[ve]-n | | [~e] | h-[~e]-r, [~e]-rr | | [=i], [=y] | [=i]-ce, b-[=y] | | [)i], [)y] | [)i]-t, h-[)y]-mn | | [=o] | [=o]-ld, n-[=o] | | [vo] | [vo]-n, n-[vo]-t | | [o:], [=oo] | m-[o:]-ve, m-[=oo]-n | | [=u] | [=u]-se, m-[=u]-[s,]e | | [vu] | [vu]-p, b-[vu]-t | | û | û-rge, b-û-rn | | [u.], [)oo] | f-[u.]-ll, w-[)oo]-l | | oi, oy | oi-l, b-oy | | ou, ow | ou-t, ow-l | +--------------+-------------------------+ _II. Subvocals._ +----------+-------------------------------+ | b | b-i-b, b-a-be | | d | d-i-d, d-ea-d | | [=g] | [=g]-i-[=g], [=g]-a-[=g] | | j | j-ar, j-et | | l | l-u-ll, te-ll | | m | m-ai-m, [-c]a-me | | n | n-u-n, n-o-ne | | ng, [n=] | ri-ng, i-[n=]-k | | r | r-oa-r, r-ea-r | | th | th-ese, wi-th | | v | val-ue, v-ain | | w | w-ell, w-eb | | y | y-es, y-et | | z | z-one, z-est | | zh, z | a-z'-ure, sei-z'-ure | +----------+-------------------------------+ _III. Aspirates._ +--------------+-------------------------+ | f | f-i-fe, o-ff | | h | h-at, h-ome | | k | k-ite, k-ill | | p | p-i-pe, to-p | | s | s-un, s-ame | | t | t-en-t, t-ar-t | | ch | ch-ur-ch, ch-ild | | sh | sh-all, wi-sh | | th | th-in, th-ree | | wh | wh-ere, wh-y | +--------------+-------------------------+ NOTE.--The foregoing forty-four sounds are those most employed in the English language. Some of these sounds are represented by other letters, as shown in the following: #IV.--Table of Equivalents.# [Dictionary Work--Metcalf & DeGarmo.] CHAR. EQUIV. [=e] = [=i] [~e] = [~i] = û [=a] = [e=] â = ê ô = [a:] (_broad a_) [o:] = [=oo] = [u:] [)i] = [)y] [)u] = [.o] [)o] = [a.] [o.] = [)oo] = [u.] [=i] = [=y] oi = oy ou = ow [=u] = ew CHAR. EQUIV. j = [.g] (soft) g = [=g] (hard) z = [[s.]=] k = [-c] = [-c]h f = ph s = ç (_cedilla c_) sh = çh [n=] = ng x = ks [x=] = gz COGNATE sounds are such as are produced by the same organs of speech in a similar position. The cognates are in pairs, as follows: _Vowels_: [=a] [)e], [=e] [)i], â [)a], ä [.a], [a:] [)o], û [)u], [=o][=o] [)oo]; _consonants_: g' k, b p, d t, j ch, th th, v f, z s. #[Second Month.]# LETTERS. A LETTER is a mark or character used to represent a sound,--usually an elementary sound. An ALPHABET is an orderly arrangement of all the letters of a language. The NUMBER OF LETTERS in the different alphabets vary, as follows: English 26, Arabic 28, French 25, German 26, Greek 24, Hebrew 22, Italian 21, Russian 33, Spanish 27, Sanskrit 49. The Chinese have no alphabet, but about 20,000 syllabic characters. The POWER OF A LETTER is the elementary sound for which it stands. LETTERS AS TO FORM are either script or print. There are many different STYLES OF LETTERS; as, Roman, Italic, Old English, and Script. As to SIZE letters are both capital and lower case. #[Third Month.]# VOWELS. A VOWEL sound is a free and uninterrupted sound of the voice. The vowel sounds are formed by the voice modified, but not interrupted, by the various positions of the tongue and lips. A CONSONANT sound is an articulate sound made by the obstructed voice, and which in utterance is usually combined with a vowel sound. There is no absolute division between vowels and consonants. Certain vowels are so open as to be only vowels, certain consonants are so close as to be only consonants; but there are yet others which have the value now of vowels and now of consonants; as, _i_, _u_, _w_, and _y_. "_Y_ as a vowel is a substitute for _i_, and _i_ is a consonant as a substitute for _y_. _W_ and _y_ are vowels: (1) When they end words or syllables, (2) when they are not followed by a vowel in the same syllable, (3) when they are followed by a silent vowel in the same syllable. _W_ and _y_ are consonants when they begin words or syllables and are immediately followed by a vowel. _I_ is a consonant when it represents the consonant _y_, as in _alien_. _U_ is a consonant when it represents the consonant _w_, as in _quick_, _language_."--_Irish's Orthography._ A DIPHTHONG is produced by running together two vowel sounds in the same syllable. A diphthong is PROPER if both the vowels are sounded; as _o_ and _i_ in _boil_. An IMPROPER DIPHTHONG or DIGRAPH is merely a collection of two vowels in the same syllable, of which only one is sounded; as in _rain_, _teach_. The diphthongs in the following words are all that are in common use, viz.: t_oi_l, t_oy_, s_ou_nd, c_ow_, p_ea_l, _oi_l, _au_dible, _aw_ning, s_ay_, s_ei_ne, p_eo_ple, f_eu_d, ob_ey_, esch_ew_, bel_ie_ve, l_oa_n, h_oe_, h_ue_, j_ui_ce. Of these _oi_, _oy_, _ou_, and _ow_ are the only _proper_ diphthongs. A TRIPHTHONG is produced by running together three vowel sounds in the same syllable. A triphthong is PROPER if all three of the vowels are sounded. (But there are no proper triphthongs that I know of.) A triphthong is IMPROPER or is called a TRIGRAPH if one or two of the three vowels is silent; as in ad_ieu_, b_eau_ty. #[Fourth Month.]# CONSONANTS. CONSONANTS are divided on three different bases; as follows: I. MUTES and SEMIVOWELS. The mutes represent an explosive sound, and are so called because the mouth organs are closed just before the sound is uttered and the voice is momentarily _mute_. The four subvocals _b_, _d_, _j_, _g_, and their cognates, _p_, _t_, _ch_, and _k_, are generally classed as mutes. Pronounce them and see if they do not represent _explosive_ sounds. All other consonants are _semivowels_, and are pronounced with a _continuous_ sound. The sound may be continued so long as the breath lasts; but in the case of mutes the sound must stop with the explosive utterance. II. The SUBVOCALS and ASPIRATES are shown in the vertical columns of the table below. The subvocals are sometimes called _voice_ consonants and the aspirates _breath_ consonants. These are fit terms, for they indicate the basis of classification. III. LABIALS, LINGUA-DENTALS, and PALATALS constitute a classification of the consonants with respect to the place of formation. Bead the table from left to right. The _lips_ have most to do with making the labial sounds; the lingua-dentals are formed at the point of the _tongue_ in contact with the _teeth_, the palatals between the tongue and hard and soft _palate_. #Consonant Table.# #Subvocals.# #Aspirates.# (Voice.) (Breath.) Labials. { b p (Lips.) { v f { w wh { m Lingua- { d t Dentals. { z s (Point of{ th (sonant) (non-sonant) th tongue.) { l { n { r Palatals.{ zh sh (Between { j ch tongue { g k and { y palate.) { h { ng EIGHTH YEAR. #[First Month.]# SYLLABLES. SYLLABLE literally means _taken together_. A SPOKEN SYLLABLE is an elementary sound, or a combination of elementary sounds, uttered _together_, or with a single impulse of the voice. It constitutes a word or a part of a word. A WRITTEN or printed syllable is a part of a word separated from the rest, and capable of pronunciation by a single impulse of the voice. As to where a word shall be divided in making it into syllables depends upon the PURPOSE OF SYLLABICATION. When the purpose is to show the derivation the division is made with reference to the component parts (roots, prefixes, and suffixes); but if the purpose is to indicate correct pronunciation, the result may be very different. For illustration, the following words are divided, first, to show derivation: abs-tract, bene-vol-ent, pre-de-cess-or, e-duc-ate, phon-o-typ-y, pro-gress, e-lig-ible; and, second, to indicate correct pronunciation: ab-stract, be-nev-o-lent, pred-e-ces-sor, ed-u-cate, pho-not-y-py, prog-ress, el-i-gi-ble. While in the illustrations here given the syllables formed for one purpose are very different from those formed for the other, yet in the majority of words the resulting syllables are the same whether divided for one purpose or for the other. In the United States the prevailing purpose of syllabication is to indicate pronunciation. The ULTIMATE syllable of a word is the last (_ultimus_ = last); the PENULTIMATE is next to the last (_pen_ = almost); the ANTEPENULTIMATE is the third from the last (literally, _before almost_ the _last_); the PREANTEPENULTIMATE is the fourth from the last (literally, _before_ the one that is _before_ the one _almost last_). #[Second Month.]# ACCENT. ACCENT is stress of voice on a particular syllable in pronouncing a word. In long words two, and sometimes three, syllables are accented. But one syllable is always accented more strongly than the others are. The stronger accent is called the PRIMARY accent, the weaker is called the SECONDARY. Thus, in _am' mu ni' tion_ the primary accent falls on the third syllable and the secondary on the first. The "PRINCIPLES" which govern the placing of accent are complicated. The International Dictionary says there are no principles by which to determine the accent in English. Another high authority says: "All attempts to assign rules for the place of the accent in English only serve to render the subject hopelessly intricate and confounded." There are, however, certain _tendencies_ which mature pupils might profitably consider, but the limited scope of this book will not permit me to attempt to set them forth. In the words of the following list the accent changes with a change of meaning. When nouns or adjectives these words are accented on the first syllable; when verbs, on the second: abstract accent compound conflict concert contract contrast converse convict desert escort export ferment forecast frequent incense insult permit prefix present produce project record survey #[Third Month.]# WORDS. A WORD is a sign of an idea. It may be either spoken or written. A PRIMITIVE, OR ROOT, word is one not derived from any other word of the language; as, _fix_, _strike_, _man_. A DERIVATIVE is a word formed from a primitive by changing it internally, or by adding a prefix or suffix; as, _men_, _suffix_, _strikers_. A SIMPLE WORD is a single word. It may be either primitive or derivative. A COMPOUND WORD is a combination of two or more simple words; as, buck-saw, well-behaved, school-room. A word of one syllable is a _monosyllable_ (mono = one); of two syllables, a _dissyllable_ (dis = two); of three syllables, a _trisyllable_ (tri = three); of three or more syllables, a _polysyllable_ (poly = many). The ROOT of a word is its fundamental or elementary part which carries the primitive notion or significance with it, without prefix or suffix; as, _ge_ (earth), _graph_ (write), _vol_ (wish). A PREFIX is a significant syllable joined to the beginning of a word; as, _auto_graph, _circum_vent, _amphi_theater. A SUFFIX is a significant syllable joined to the end of a word; as, man _ly_, fert _ile_, ment _ion_. AFFIX is a general term for prefixes and suffixes; it may be applied to either or to both together. SEVENTH YEAR. #[Fifth Month.]# SILENT LETTERS. Silent letters have at least four uses: 1. To modify sounds of other letters in the same syllable. Drop final silent _e_ from such words as the following and note the effect on the sound of the other vowel in the same syllable: _bare_, _pure_, _ripe_, _lame_. 2. To indicate pronunciation. In the four words last given, for illustration, the pronunciation changes when the final silent _e_ is dropped. Another class of words ending in _ce_ and _ge_ retain the final silent _e_ on adding a suffix beginning with _a_ or _o_ to preserve the soft sound of _c_ and _g_, and with it the correct pronunciation of the word; as, _serviceable_, _noticeable_, _changeable_, _courageous_. 3. To show the meaning of words. Illustrations: _clime_, _climb_, _plumb_, _belle_, _butt_, _dyeing_, _singeing_, _guilt_, _damn_. 4. To show the derivation of words. Numerous illustrations are found in words derived from the Greek. In _chronic_, and _chronology_, the _h_ is silent, but serves to indicate that the root of those words is identical with the Greek root _chron_, which means _time_. Similarly the _g_ in _gnostic_, the _e_ in _eulogy_, _p_ in _pneumonia_, the _h_ in _chromatic_. In _honour_ and _favour_ _u_ is silent, and therefore a useless letter, so far as sound is concerned. The _u_ signifies that the word came to us through the French, instead of directly from the Latin. The question is, whether we shall go to the trouble of writing the extra letter in a large class of such words for the sake of the historical association. Perhaps one in a thousand would choose to do so, but others of us are more intent on saving time and ink. When the spelling reform idea becomes operative with English speaking people, a great many silent letters will go the way of the _u_ in _labour_, _favour_, and the like. The following are some of the numerous classes of silent letters together with the principle found to be operative through them. #[Sixth Month.]# "_E_ final is silent when preceded by another vowel in the same syllable." change sense adverse Chinese condense brace quite bade oppose deceive force scribe burlesque embrace machine crease measure canine emerge endorse cease absolve caprice examine advise #[Seventh Month.]# "_B_ is usually silent before _t_ or after _m_ in the same syllable." lamb tomb numb debt bomb comb thumb dumb doubt crumb limb climb plumb redoubt jamb #[Eighth Month.]# "_C_ is silent before _k_ in the same syllable. _C_ is silent in czar, victuals, muscle, corpuscle, indict, and Connecticut." back deck lack stack Patrick buck duck hack stick reckon burdock chick luck suck thicken clock click lick beckon Cossack EIGHTH YEAR. #[First Month.]# "_D_ is silent before _g_ in the same syllable." edge hedge ridge lodge misjudge wedge budge bridge sledge judgment pledge drudge fudge begrudge lodgment #[Second Month.]# "_G_ is silent before _m_ or _n_ in the same syllable." phlegm malign gnaw campaign gnash arraign paradigm feign foreign gnu benign diaphragm reign design seignior resign gnat assign gnarl consign #[Third Month.]# "_H_ is silent when it follows _g_ or _r_ in the same syllable." ghost myrrh rheumatism rhapsody rhinoceros aghast hemorrhage rhyme rhythm Rhine gherkin rhubarb rhombus rhomboid catarrh #[Fourth Month.]# "_K_ is silent before _n_ in the same syllable." knack kneel knot knap sack knob knave knife knock knowledge knucks knead knight knoll knuckle knarl knee knit know knell knout #[Fifth Month.]# "_N_ final after _l_ or _m_ is silent." hymn contemn solemn limn damn kiln condemn column autumn #[Sixth Month.]# "_T_ is silent before _ch_ in the same syllable." hitch pitch match notch catch kitchen botch hatch scratch patch latch Dutch watch Mitchell satchel thatch ditch witch batch Scotch #[Seventh Month.]# "_W_ is silent before _r_ in the same syllable." wrestle wren wrist writing wreak wrong wrote wreck wrest writ wring wraith awry write wrought wrath wretch wreath wrinkle wrangle #[Eighth Month.]# "_Gh_ is always silent after _i_ and, when not a substitute for _f_ or _k_, is also silent after _au_ and _ou_." sight plight weigh fraught through light wright weight caught although fight height freight thought slaughter might wight aught daughter laughter SEVENTH YEAR. PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION WITH ILLUSTRATIONS. #[Sixth Month.]# "_A_ constituting or ending an unaccented syllable is short Italian _a_." again America banana fatality papa alas amuse canine fatigue parasol algebra apparatus China lapel pica alkali area data massacre sacrament amass arena drama ornament valise #[Seventh Month.]# "_E_ constituting or ending a syllable is long." depot memento obedience really society event museum penal recess superior feline nausea precedence resource theater frequent negro precise sacrilegious theology mechanic notoriety pretense secretary veto #[Eighth Month.]# "_O_ constituting or ending a syllable is long." broken explosive melodeon poem spoken chosen gondola melody police tobacco composition licorice open potato trophy coquet location opponent promotion zodiac cupola locust pantomime proviso zoölogy EIGHTH YEAR. #[Fourth Month.]# "_I_constituting or ending an unaccented syllable, not initial, is always short, and is usually short even in initial syllables, if unaccented." divide tirade sentinel fidelity residence direct intimate continent digest levity finance indivisible defensible hilarious reticent imitate equidistant predicate maritime reticule piazza nobility finance invitation direction In the _initial_ syllables _i_, _bi_, _chi_, _cli_, _cri_, _pri_, _tri_, however, _i_ is generally _long_. idea biology climatic primeval tripod idle Chinese criterion triangular triune isothermal chirography biennial binomial priority #[Fifth Month.]# _E_ before terminal _n_ should always be silent in participles, and also in most other words. given stolen ridden bidden forsaken taken proven shaken woven gotten broken driven written shaven risen spoken frozen arisen chidden smitten fallen hidden beaten eaten stricken also heaven oaken happen burden leaven often leaden seven garden brazen widen golden even eleven christen But in the following words _e_ should be sounded: hyphen chicken marten lichen sudden linden linen gluten mitten aspen _E_ should also be sounded in any word (not a participle) in which terminal _en_ is immediately preceded by _l_, _m_, _n_, or _r_. women Ellen Helen omen pollen barren linen woolen Allen Warren #[Sixth Month.]# "_E_ before terminal _l_ should usually be sounded." Abel model morsel cancel marvel level travel rebel gravel barrel nickel apparel towel channel kennel chapel citadel revel Mabel libel camel laurel bevel funnel parcel But in the following words and in their derivatives _e_ before terminal _l_ should not be sounded: easel weasel ravel mantel shekel navel chattel shrivel drivel snivel shovel grovel mussel hazel teasel #[Seventh Month.]# "In most words _i_ before terminal _l_ or _n_ should be sounded." Latin vigil anvil goblin coffin cavil cabin council rosin origin javelin pencil axil assassin tranquil resin bobbin violin peril moccasin retail satin utensil pistil daffodil In the following words _i_ should not be sounded: devil basin evil cousin weevil raisin #[Eighth Month.]# "_I_ accented in most words from the French has the sound of long _e_." pique quarantine police critique unique machine routine ravine regime intrigue caprice suite valise Bastile magazine guillotine fatigue antique SEVENTH YEAR. RULES OF SPELLING. Many people think that rules of spelling are of no value, because they are hard to remember and because of numerous exceptions. This is certainly true of a great many such rules (and there are a great many); but three or four of these rules apply to so many words difficult to spell, and they have such a small number of exceptions that they are well worth while. Several hundred words are spelled according to the first rule given below. The rule itself is short, and all of the exceptions could be learned "for keeps" by a pupil in an hour. But _pupils must have drill in applying the rules_ or they may be able to repeat the rules perfectly and glibly and not be able to spell the words coming under them. Since the rule given for the work of the first month, seventh year, and that given for the second month, are counterparts, each of the other, I prefer to take them together. Knowing that "_silent final e is dropped when a suffix beginning with a vowel is added_", we naturally infer its counterpart, viz.: "_Silent final e is retained when a suffix beginning with a consonant is added._" To bring about the necessary drill and insure attention to the application of the rule, I suggest that a class of pupils, reciting by turns, spell at least twenty-five words according to the following model. [The words are on the board in this form: love + able, care + less.] "The suffix _able_ begins with the vowel _a_; therefore when it is added to the word _love_ the final silent _e_ is dropped, and the word is spelled _lovable_." Or, "The suffix _less_ begins with the consonant _l_; therefore, when it is added to the word _care_ the final silent _e_ is not dropped, and the word is spelled _careless_." Words to be spelled according to this model should be mixed,--those in which the suffix to be added begins with a vowel mixed with those in which the suffix begins with a consonant. Exceptions ought to be thrown into the mixture, and when a pupil comes to an exception, he can proceed according to the model, concluding with, "but this word is an exception to the rule". Fifty words are here given to illustrate this rule, but pupils who want to do thorough work should spell several such fifties. #[First Month.]# love--able adventure--ous decide--ing care--less change--ing ice--berg blame--able extreme--ly house--keeper achieve--ment fickle--ness idle--ness brake--man fore--cast excite--ment cure--able compare--able console--able discourage--ment continue--ally endure--ance prove--able contrive--ance amaze--ment move--able guide--ance fierce--ness acquire--ing forgive--ness peace--ful else--where hate--ful deface--ment enlarge--ment believe--ing disgrace--ful admire--able converse--ed blue--ish abide--ing hedge--hog lodge--ing advertise--ment achieve--ing amuse--ment eye--brow hoarse--ness dine--ing pursue--ing argue--ing revenge--ful EXCEPTIONS. Words ending in _ce_ and _ge_ retain the _e_ when a suffix beginning with _a_ or _o_ is added. changeable challengeable pronounceable exchangeable peaceable advantageous chargeable serviceable outrageous manageable traceable courageous marriageable noticeable vengeance OTHER EXCEPTIONS. hoeing singeing seer nursling truly shoeing tingeing seeing loathsome duty toeing freeing agreeable awful wisdom dyeing fleeing mileage duly wholly Five other exceptions, to be remembered together: argument, judgment, lodgment, abridgment, acknowledgment. The exceptions here given, which are practically all of the exceptions to this rule, should be reviewed until they cannot be forgotten. The value of the rule depends much on a thorough committal of the exceptions. #[Third Month.]# Rule II: "When a suffix is added to a word ending in _y_, preceded by a consonant, the _y_ is changed to _i_, unless the suffix begins with _i_." Model for drill on this rule (supply + ed, display + ed are written on the board): "The _y_ in _supply_ is preceded by a consonant, therefore, when the suffix _ed_ is added the _y_ is changed to _i_ and the word is spelled, _supplied_." Or, "The _y_ in display is preceded by a vowel, therefore when the suffix _ed_ is added the _y_ is not changed, and the word is spelled, _displayed_." carry + ed study + es espy + ed juicy + est hurry + es destroy + ed deny + ing homely + est marry + ing pity + ing survey + ed pity + ful decay + ed pity + less employ + ing rally + es annoy + s joy + less noisy + est pretty + est copy + ed city + es mighty + er pity + able EXCEPTIONS. _y_ does not change before _'s_; as in la'dy's en'e my's ba'by's coun'try's Other exceptions to the rule, or to what is inferred from it: staid (_or_ stayed) slain dry'ly la'dy like paid dai'ly dry ness la dy bug laid sly ly (_but_, dri'er, la dy ship said sly ness dri'est) ba by hood saith shy ly shy ness ba by house #[Fourth and Fifth Months.]# Rule III: "Monosyllables or words accented on the last syllable, ending in a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, double the final consonant on receiving a suffix beginning with a vowel." This rule carries with it the inference that the final consonant is not doubled unless these conditions are all complied with. Model for drill on this rule: "_Refer_ is not a monosyllable, but it is accented on the last syllable; it ends in a single consonant _r_, preceded by a single vowel _e_; therefore, on adding the suffix _ed_, beginning with the vowel _e_, the final consonant _r_ is doubled, and the word is spelled, _referred_." refer + ed gallop + ed suspend + ed suffer + ing omit + ed abhor + ence kidnap + ed travel + ed cheat + ed join + ing admit + ing rebel + ious flatter + ed benefit + ed differ + ence fertil + izer prefer + ing permit + ed enamel + ed quarrel + ing remit + ance map + ing drug + ist brag + art heap + ing connect + ing emit + ed unfit + ed confer + ing offer + ed conceal + ed parallel + ed acquit + ed* commit + ee shelter + ed stir + ing root + ed squeal + ing intermit + ent equal + ed depend + ent begin + er cheer + ed vigor + ous occur + ed shovel + ed forgot + en regret + ed submit + ed transmit + ed drum + er spin + ing * After _q_, _u_ is a consonant. EXCEPTIONS. The final consonant is not doubled when, in the derivative, the accent is thrown from the last syllable of the primitive; as, _re fer'_, _ref'er ence_. ref'er ence def'er ence ref er ee' pref er ence in fer ence ref'er a ble _or_ con fer ence pref er a ble re fer'ri ble OTHER EXCEPTIONS. gas es (but gassy) tranquillity gas eous humbug ging trans fer able crystallize humbug ged ex cellence chagrined NOTE.--There is a large class of words ending in _l_, and accented on some other syllable than the last, in whose derivatives the _l_ is doubled by many writers; but it accords more with the analogy of the language not to double the _l_. Such words are the following: apparel, cancel, channel, cudgel, dishevel, drivel, duel, enamel, equal, gambol, grovel, jewel, libel, marshal, marvel, metal, model, panel, peril, quarrel. REFERENCE TABLE OF SUFFIXES. _able_, see ble _age_, that which, having _ain_, see ian _al_, pertaining to _an_, pertaining to, one who _ant_, one who, that which, quality of, condition of _ary_, one who, that which, place where, condition of, quality of, pertaining to _ate_, act of, state of, shaped like _ble_, capable of, fit to be _cle_, little, that which _ed_, condition of _ee_, one who _ence_, see ant _ent_, see ant _er_, one who, that which _es_, see er _et_, little _ful_, full of, having _fy_, to make _ial_, see al _ian_, one who _ible_, see ble _ic_, pertaining to _il_, see ile _ile_, capable of, quality of _ion_, act of, state of, that which _ious_, see ous _ish_, act of _is_, that which _ise_, see ize _ism_, state of, doctrine of _ist_, one who _ity_, that which, state of being, quality of _ive_, that which, quality of _ize_, act of _lent_, full of _less_, without _ly_, state of being _ment_, that which _oid_, form _or_, one who _ory_, see ary _ous_, full of, quality of, having _tic_, see ic _tude_, quality of _ty_, see ity _ure_, that which, act of _y_, that which INDEX TO ROOTS. This index is to be used as a cross-reference by means of which, words in different parts of the book having a common root may be associated. Page. act 11, 61 ambl 15, 18, 82 anim 25, 35 *ann 11 aqua 74, 80 arch 28, 45, 82 *art 12 *aster 12 *aud 13 bi, be 9, 64, 65, 74 brev 9, 39 burse 13, 20 *capt, caput 53 *ced, cess 53 *cent 54 cept 14, 55 *chron 46 cep, cip 18, 50 *civ 55 clam, claim 20, 74 clud, clus 16 cogn 20, 56, 81 *cord, card 17 *corpus, corpor 17 *cura, curo 18 *curr 58 cuspid 21, 35, 50 cycl 21, 50, 64 *dent 58 *dict 58 *doc, doct 59 dors 26, 56 dote 25, 63 *duc 22 dur 32, 33 *fac, fec, fic 23 femin 35, 71 *fer, lat 24 *fest 24 fid 39, 51, 56, 67 *fin 62 *firm 62 fix 19, 49, 60 *flex, flect 62 flor 39, 66, 82 *flu 63 *foli 26 form 15, 25, 61, 73 *fort 26 *fract, frang 27 *frater 27 fresh 20, 40 fuse 13, 59, 61 fy 70 gam 21, 28, 45 *ge 47 gnost 59, 63 gon 26, 83 grad, gress 52, 54, 59, 60, 61 *graph 47 *grat, grac 65 *greg 65 hale 55, 56 hypnot 45, 82 itio, it 9, 55, 61 *ject 66 journ 49, 82 junct 71, 75 juven 20, 70 laps 20, 51 lect 51, 60, 71 *leg 66 *liber 30 *liter 31 loc 13, 40 *log, logy 48 loqu 51, 57, 59, 76 luc 39, 61 luna 60, 80 lut, luv 9, 50 *manu 31 mar 61, 71 *mater 32 matur 19, 56 *ment 68 meridi 50, 57 *meter 83 mingle 14, 51 *mit 69 moni 19, 49 mort 39, 56, 57 mot 40, 51, 59, 71 mut 32, 51, 56, 61 nat 40, 56, 66 nomi 21, 28, 50, 66 *norm 69 nov 20, 56 numer 38, 74 opo, opt 29, 44, 64, 76, 80 *pater 69 path 25, 29, 30, 45, 63, 76, 81 *ped, pod 36 *pel, puls 35 *pend, pens 35 *phon 83 ple, plen 20, 40 *polis 84 *pon, pos 37 *port 72 preci 52, 74 roy 63, 66, 82 *rupt 72 sal 34, 71 scend 52, 61 *scop 84 *scrib, scrip 72 secu 15, 40 sect 13, 14, 21, 50, 56, 71 soci 25, 32 solv 9, 68 son 25, 68 *spec 73 sta, sist 11, 15, 57, 60, 71 struct 20, 57 surrect 20, 71 *tang, tact 41 *tempor 41 *ten, tain 42 *terr 43 thesis 25, 29, 64 *tors, tort 76 *tract 77 trude 56, 57, 59 une 21, 39 use, uti 9, 32, 39 vade 15, 56 *ven 78 *vers, vert 79 via, vi 15, 21, 56, 74 vir 21, 70 viv 39, 70, 74, 82 vol 10, 67 zoo 48, 64 * Given in the Illinois State Course of Study. INDEX TO PREFIXES. Page. a (an) 63 a, ab, abs 9 ad (ac, etc.) 49 ambi, amphi 9 ante 50 anti 25 auto 64 bene 10 bi 50 circum 10 con (col, etc.) 51 contra 11 de 52 dia 26 dis 13 en (on) 26 epi 64 ex (e, ec) 55 extra 14 in (im) 56 inter 14 micro 65 non 15 mono 28 ob (op) 57 para 29 per 15 peri 29 post 57 pre 18 pro 59 re 20 retro 60 se 60 semi 20 sub (suc, etc.) 60 super 20 syn (sym) 29 tele 30 trans 61 tri 21 uni 25 vice 63 INDEX TO SUFFIXES. Page able 32 ac 44 aceous 66 acy 33 al 66 an 33 ance 68 ary 34 ate 35 ence 67 ent 68 fy 70 ic 38, 80 ics 44 id 39 ile 70 ine 71 ion 71 ise 81 ist 82 ism 45 ite 71 ity 39 ive 40 ment 40 oid 82 ory 73 ous 74 ulent 75 ure 75 y 45, 75 CONTENTS. Seventh Year. First Month. Page. Word Analysis 9-13 Elementary Sounds 85 Rule of Spelling 100 Second Month. Word Analysis 13-18 Letters, Alphabet, etc. 87 Rule of Spelling 100 Third Month. Word Analysis 18-24 Vowels 88 Rule of Spelling 101 Fourth Month. Word Analysis 25-28 Consonants 89 Rule of Spelling 102 Fifth Month. Word Analysis 28-32 Silent Letters--Principle 93 Rule of Spelling 102 Sixth Month. Word Analysis 32-38 Silent Letters--Principle 94 Principle of Pronunciation 96 Seventh Month. Word Analysis 38-43 Silent Letters--Principle 94 Principle of Pronunciation 97 Eighth Month. Word Analysis 44-48 Silent Letters--Principle 95 Principle of Pronunciation 97 Eighth Year. First Month. Word Analysis 49-55 Syllables 90 Silent Letters--Principle 95 Second Month. Word Analysis 55-59 Accent 91 Silent Letters--Principle 95 Third Month. Word Analysis 59-63 Words 92 Silent Letters--Principle 95 Fourth Month. Word Analysis 63-66 Silent Letters--Principle 95 Principle of Pronunciation 97 Fifth Month. Word Analysis 66-70 Silent Letters--Principle 96 Principle of Pronunciation 98 Sixth Month. Word Analysis 70-73 Silent Letters--Principle 96 Principle of Pronunciation 98 Seventh Month. Word Analysis 73-80 Silent Letters--Principle 96 Principle of Pronunciation 99 Eighth Month. Word Analysis 80-84 Silent Letters--Principle 96 Principle of Pronunciation 99 Reference Table of Suffixes 105 Index to Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes 106-107 Transcriber's notes: The legend for reading accented characters: [=x] macron (straight line) above the letter [x_] macron (straight line) below the letter [:x] diaeresis (umlaut) above the letter [x:] diaeresis (umlaut) below the letter [)x] breve above the letter [x)] breve below the letter [~x] tilde above the letter [x~] tilde below the letter [-x] overlay hyphen through the letter *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORTHOGRAPHY *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. 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