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  _FIVE CENTS._

  THE GREAT ROUND WORLD
  AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT

    Vol. 2--No. 10,              March 10, 1898.             No. 70.
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The Great Round World

And What Is Going On In It

       *       *       *       *       *

Vol. II., No 10. MARCH 10, 1898 Whole No. 70


       *       *       *       *       *

[Sidenote: With the Editor]

While much that is interesting has happened this week in connection with
the _Maine_ disaster, little can be even surmised as to the final action
that will be taken by our Government. In our news columns we have given
such statements as seem worthy of repetition, but we wish our readers to
remember that unconfirmed news must not be accepted as fact. Careful
attention to the rumors and reports will, however, enable us to
discriminate between the reports published for sensational purposes and
those based upon actual information.

       *       *       *       *       *

We have received a number of suggestions from our subscribers concerning
subjects relative to Current History that they would like to have
written up in our paper. We are very glad to receive these letters and
to provide articles to meet the demand. It is a pleasure to us to keep
in touch with our subscribers, and it is, of course, our desire to give
them exactly what they want. Let us hear from you on this subject, and
address your letter to the Assistant Editor.

       *       *       *       *       *




Answers to Correspondents


          DEAR EDITOR:

          I would like to hear about flowers and things that
          grow in the woods. I was in Vermont last summer. I
          went out in the woods and found a great many
          mushrooms. There are twelve kinds which grow in
          Holyoke.

          HOLYOKE, MASS.                            NEWTON R.

Mushrooms will be added to the list. This is the first inquiry about
them. "NATURALIST."


          DEAR NATURALIST:

          I second the motion, made in the last number of
          THE GREAT ROUND WORLD by Willard P. M., to have a
          book telling how to catch, tame, and care for
          animals that inhabit our own woods. And I would
          suggest that these animals be simply described. We
          boys who are interested in our animals and birds
          are in great need of such a book; it would have
          helped me in any of the following cases. The
          summer resort at which I have spent several
          summers is infested with moles, yet for two years
          I have tried unsuccessfully to obtain one alive.
          Last spring I had three young crows, all of which
          died, not from inattention, but because I did not
          know how to care for them. Again, I have come
          across animals that I could not find a name for.
          For instance, last summer I came across two
          animals, one that resembled a shrew, another that
          looked somewhat like a mouse. Now if I had had a
          book like this proposed one on hand, I would
          simply have looked up its habits, would have found
          its name, would have known how to tame and feed
          it, and would have had a new addition to my
          menagerie. At least, I could do this if the
          animals were simply and plainly described as I
          suggested.

                                                 G. L. S.

       *       *       *       *       *

Harold H. C., Cornwall.--The fastest large vessels are the new ocean
liners. Several of these have made runs of over five hundred miles in a
day. The new torpedo-boats can outstrip any of the large vessels for
short distances. Several of them have records of about thirty miles an
hour. Seals cannot breathe under water; they are obliged to come to the
surface frequently.

       *       *       *       *       *

"B. S." asks: "For how long are foreign ministers to this country
appointed? by whom? and how are our foreign ministers appointed? and
what is their salary?"

Foreign ministers are appointed by the head of the Government, and
generally until their successor is appointed. Our ministers are
appointed by the President; their salaries differ according to the
importance of their position.




New Books


In place of quoting our own reviewer in reference to the
"Thieme-Preusser German and English Dictionary," we quote a more able
critic, Dr. A. Weiss, Professor of German Language, Woolwich Military
Academy:

"Its very appearance is inviting. A careful selection of paper and type
and a judicious arrangement of the work have made it possible to combine
the two parts in one handy volume for the sake of those who prefer a
foreign dictionary in that form. All literary requirements of our time
have been considered. Without injury to the etymological point of view,
the meanings of a word are grouped according to their frequency in
modern usage, so that obsolescent and obsolete meanings can be
distinguished at a glance by their position at the end of the article.
The new German orthography has been adopted with certain modifications
which seem to settle the points hitherto open to discussion."

This is not the book so long on the market, but a new vastly improved
edition, and is certainly far and away the best of the moderate-priced
German dictionaries.




Current History


The _Maine_ disaster is to the public almost as much of a mystery as
ever. Little of absolutely reliable information has been made known, and
until something is officially stated by the court of inquiry, judgment
must be suspended.

The court of inquiry began the investigation almost immediately after
its arrival at Havana. The sittings were held on the lighthouse tender
_Mangrove_, and lasted for a number of days; the court then adjourned to
Key West.

The investigation has been a secret one throughout, and though the
numerous correspondents have done their best to obtain information, very
few facts have been ascertained; and fact and fiction have been so mixed
in the newspaper accounts that it is not safe to accept as final any of
the statements.

In some foreign papers it has been hinted that the disaster resulted
from an accident due to lack of discipline on board the vessel. The
utter falseness of this statement is shown by the facts. Just think of a
crew, or what was left of it, mustering without confusion on the deck of
a sinking, burning vessel, and this vessel likely to be blown to pieces
at any moment! Could any better evidence of perfect discipline and
heroism be given? Every man took his place without comment; each order
was given quietly and coolly, and obeyed with precision. Is it possible
that an accident could have happened on that ship through lack of
discipline?

Of course, many of the newspaper accounts have more or less foundation
in fact, for no effort is spared by their correspondents to be the first
to ascertain and report the truth. The general impression now seems to
be that no explosion in the ship originated the disaster.

One New York paper stated that the most important evidence was given by
an officer of the _Fern_, who is said to have discovered that the keel
and armor-plates of the _Maine_ had been driven upward, this proving in
his opinion that the explosion must have occurred under the vessel.

The correspondent of this paper also said that the ten-inch and six-inch
magazines were upset and hurled from their places in opposite
directions, and added that the forward boilers were overturned and
wrecked. There were no fires under these boilers at the time of the
explosion. Fires were under the after boilers only.

He added, that from the discoveries of the divers there was every
indication that the explosion came from a point beneath the keel, just
forward of the conning-tower, and that this explosion drove keel,
plates, and ribs almost to the surface, the main force of the explosion
having been exerted on the port side of the vessel.

According to this report, the ascertained facts, collectively, indicate
that the contents of the reserve six-inch magazine were exploded by the
first explosion, and that there was no explosion in either of the other
two magazines. In the reserve magazine was stowed twenty-five hundred
pounds of powder, in copper tanks, each of which contained two hundred
pounds.

Several of these tanks have been found by the divers, all in crushed and
shapeless masses. It is important to note that in the six-inch and
ten-inch tanks recovered the excelsior used for packing the charges
shows no injury from flame or gases.

The powder stowed in the six-inch reserve magazine was used for saluting
purposes only. The magazine itself appears to have been utterly
destroyed, only a few traces being left to show the spot where it was
once located.

The under part of the ten-inch magazine is wholly inaccessible to
divers. In the upper part is lightly wedged a mass of powder cylinders,
too heavy for divers to extricate, but apparently containing unexploded
charges of powder.

The Dow torpedo-tube of the _Maine_ has been located in the wreck. It
lies in the débris forward, submerged several feet under water. The
writer adds that these are the facts as he has obtained them from
sources that he believes to be entirely trustworthy and authentic.

The careful way in which the statement is worded shows how uncertain has
been the information relative to the testimony before the board of
inquiry. As a matter of fact, on the day when this article is being
written we are very much in the dark as to what information the inquiry
is really developing. The secrecy maintained by the board is, of course,
very necessary, for at this time it is most important that, until the
facts in the case are absolutely established, our Government should do
its best to keep back any news tending to inflame public opinion. An
unconsidered and hasty step by our authorities in this matter might
plunge us into war. It will be time enough for us to think of war when
we know beyond a reasonable doubt that we have been injured by Spain and
that Spain refuses to make amends for the loss. Even if the _Maine_ was
blown up by a mine, that does not by any means prove that the Spanish
Government was guilty of the dastardly act. If Spain does what is right
toward redeeming the loss, we will have no just cause for a declaration
of war, and our Government will without doubt use every honorable means
to avoid a conflict.

In connection with the _Maine_ disaster there was no greater example of
heroism than that of the chaplain, the Rev. John P. Chidwick,--"Father
John," as the sailors call him.

From the first he has devoted himself night and day to his
work--spending part of his time with the poor fellows maimed and dying
in the hospital, making their hours of suffering brighter, and from this
work turning to that still more difficult task, the identification of
the dead. He was one of the last to leave the vicinity of the wreck that
terrible night. It was only after the last sailor had been picked up
that he went ashore, and only then because he could be of assistance to
the poor fellows who were suffering. Greater heroism is required to face
such scenes of suffering and death as he had to face, than is necessary
to storm a fortress in time of battle. His name will never be forgotten.

Captain Sigsbee, too, has shown a wonderful amount of self-command in
this time of great trial. Cool and deliberate at the moment of the
disaster, he gave his orders with absolute self-possession, doing the
very best that could be done to save his ship and men. The magazines
were flooded to prevent further damage, and every available step was
taken with as much judgment as if he had had the same terrible
experience many times before. His first reports were worded with the
greatest care, for had he let slip one ill-advised remark it might have
plunged this country at once into the horrors of war. You will remember
his despatch, and how he advised the country to await facts before
forming a judgment. This despatch did more than anything else toward
making the proper investigation possible, and the final action will in
consequence be based upon facts carefully ascertained and deliberately
considered.

The latest news with regard to the movements of the board of inquiry is
that it went to Key West for a few days only, and with the intention of
returning to Havana for further sittings.

       *       *       *       *       *

On February 23d, Secretary of War Long completed arrangements with the
Merritt and Chapman Wrecking Company, of New York city, and with the
Boston Towboat Company, to undertake to raise the _Maine_. It was agreed
that they were to be paid $1,371 a day for their work, $871 a day for
the use of their regular appliances, and $500 a day in addition for the
use of the great floating derrick _Monarch_. On the delivery in New York
of the hull of the wrecked vessel, $100,000 will be paid. It is,
however, provided in the contract that the total cost of the work shall
not exceed $200,000.

The question as to the amount of the indemnity to be paid for the
destruction of the _Maine_, in case Spain is held liable for the
disaster, has occasioned considerable comment in the press. It has been
asserted that the Government should demand at least $10,000,000, and
even so large an amount as $30,000,000 has by some been suggested as the
proper sum to be asked. The ship itself cost about $3,000,000, and the
fittings several millions more. The indemnity should, of course, cover
not only the material loss of the vessel, but the loss of life and the
injury done to our Government.

       *       *       *       *       *

The divers at work on the wreck of the _Maine_ have been steadily
hampered by the difficult situation of the vessel. In the first place,
the hull is sinking into the mud at the rate of a foot a day, and a week
after the disaster the divers had to wade through mud up to their
waists. Then, too, the water is so dirty that they can hardly see below
the surface.

Nevertheless, they have succeeded in bringing up many valuables, among
others the paymaster's safe containing $2,700.

       *       *       *       *       *

The opinion seems to be growing that we may never be able to discover
the cause of the disaster. The fact that the forward half of the ship
has been completely destroyed adds probability to this view. The after
half, however, is reported to be practically intact.

As for the submarine mines, it may be that their existence will also
remain problematical. A prominent naval officer has explained that such
mines consist merely of big metal cases filled with gun-cotton, and that
their explosion would blow them into atoms.

       *       *       *       *       *

In spite of our sensational newspapers, which had done their best to
spread the "war scare," our country has acted in a thoroughly sensible
and praiseworthy manner in relation to the disaster of the _Maine_. The
best of our newspapers, moreover, had also shown a willingness to avoid
sensational news for the sake of encouraging peace. This shows that we
are a much less aggressive nation than we have hitherto been thought to
be.

In this connection it is worth while calling the attention of the
readers of THE GREAT ROUND WORLD to the immense influence that our
newspapers may exert at a time like this. If all of the papers had
behaved as disgracefully as some have done, we might now be really on
the verge of war.

In other words, it is of the highest importance to us as a nation, with
an absolutely free press, to have for journalists men and women who
possess not only ability, but character and discretion as well. So much
that was false was published in some of the papers that their reputation
for reliability has been entirely lost, and now no one pays very much
attention to what they say. They have certainly now a well-established
reputation as monumental liars, and this reputation will stick to them
for a long time to come.

       *       *       *       *       *

In the minds of the public the question as to whether the _Maine_ was
blown up by accident or design seems to have reduced itself to the
question whether the harbor of Havana is fortified with subterranean
mines.

On this point some curious evidence has been presented by an American
citizen who has just returned from Cuba, where he has been for two years
in the employ of a large importing house. His name is J. P. Sherman, and
he is a native of Chicago. In an interview recently published in a New
York paper, he stated that it is a fact well known to residents of
Havana that its harbor was fortified with both torpedo and submarine
mines by order of General Weyler. Early last spring Captain-General
Weyler engaged the services of Charles A. Crandal, an American torpedo
expert, formerly a member of the crew of the United States ship _San
Francisco_, to lay out the mine and torpedo service of the harbor of
Havana. Crandal worked at night, and during the time that he was in the
service of the Spanish Government he placed ten mines and seven
torpedoes in the harbor.

Crandal went to Havana in the latter part of 1895, and was employed by
his firm as a packer. He stated that he had served as a marine and diver
on the United States cruiser _San Francisco_, while Capt. W. T. Sampson,
now president of the _Maine_ board of inquiry, was in command of that
vessel.

Crandal left their employ in May of last year, and soon after said that
he had entered General Weyler's employ and was working on mines and
torpedoes.

When General Weyler left Havana the map showing the location of these
mines and torpedoes was transferred to the custody of a spy, known
throughout Havana as Captain del Pedrio, who was seen on more than one
occasion on board the battle-ship _Maine_ in his capacity as captain of
the harbor police.

The mines and torpedoes were connected with an electric firing plant in
the magazine diagonally across the channel from Morro Castle, and it
would have been one of the easiest things in the world for one of the
spies to have placed the switch and blown the _Maine_ out of the water.

Weyler received in July or August a consignment of ten large casks,
which Sherman himself saw in the Custom-House shed. Crandal told him
that these contained mines, which he claimed were to be placed on the
west side of the island to prevent filibustering. When Crandal had
completed his work of placing the mines and torpedoes in the harbor he
was retained in the Spanish service, but when General Weyler was
recalled he took Crandal to Madrid with him.

In contradiction of Sherman's statement, one of the Madrid newspapers
which is known to express the views of General Weyler declares that it
has the authority of one of the chiefs of the army, supposed to be
Weyler himself, for saying that there are no submarine mines beneath the
harbor of Havana.

       *       *       *       *       *

[Illustration: THE GOVERNOR'S PALACE AT HAVANA.]

After staying for only a few days in the harbor of New York, the
_Vizcaya_ quietly sailed away to Havana.

Her departure was a great relief to our Government, not because she was
a menace to the safety of New York, but because it was feared that harm
might come to her while she was in American waters.

The presence of the vessel, however, in the greatest of our ports at so
critical a time made the War Department realize the importance of
protecting New York more carefully. So the United States monitor
_Terror_ was sent to New York harbor and will remain there for the
present. Work is being pushed on other war-vessels that are in the
shipyards for repair or in process of construction, as it is quite
possible that we may need our whole strength at any time.

       *       *       *       *       *

Last week we referred to the report that a strong feeling was growing in
Washington in favor of putting an end to the Cuban war by having the
United States purchase Cuba.

The report has reached Spain and has brought out the following despatch
from a correspondent in Madrid:

"I have it on the highest authority that Spain will never, no matter
what government is in power, consider any such suggestion or any
compromise in Cuba beyond the broad measure of autonomy drafted by the
liberal government.

"This is an absolute, irrevocable decision. People who suggest anything
else are only wasting time and arousing unfounded hopes in the minds of
the rebels."

Spain's feeling whenever mention is made of possible interference in
Cuba by another power was lately shown by the indignation expressed in
Madrid at the report that Bismarck wanted the war to be settled by
arbitration. The Spanish Premier, Señor Sagasta, refused to believe the
rumor, and declared that "No one would dare to propose such an
absurdity," and that "No Spanish government would listen to or dream of
such a proposal."

In view of this news, the present attitude of Congress toward Cuba is by
no means reassuring. Many of the Republican Congressmen are strongly in
favor of passing the Senate resolution recognizing the belligerent
rights of the Cuban insurgents. This resolution was "shelved" some time
ago by being referred to the House Committee of Foreign Affairs. So warm
is the sentiment in favor of Cuba throughout the country, that many
members of the House of Representatives are said to believe that they
must pass a definite measure in support of the insurgents before
Congress adjourns.

       *       *       *       *       *

It is reported that Consul-General Lee has been quietly advising the
American families in Havana to leave Cuba. On the other hand, we have
good authority for the statement that the captains of the American ships
in the harbor of Havana have been informed by our Government that they
are in no danger, and may, with assurance of safety, remain in the
harbor.

This is an example of the contradictory news that is constantly coming
to us from Cuba.

The fact remains, however, that there is in Havana a strong
anti-American feeling. The Spaniards seem to believe that we are not
sincere in our declarations that we do not want to interfere in the war
or to secure possession of the island.

The friends of General Weyler seem to be particularly hostile to us. It
is said that, in case the destruction of the _Maine_ is found to have
been caused by a plot, they will join forces with the other enemies of
the United States in Cuba and attack the Americans in Havana.

       *       *       *       *       *

On February 26th, while King George of Greece was riding through the
streets of Athens with his daughter, the Princess Maria, two men fired
several shots at him. The driver of his carriage whipped up the horses
and the King escaped injury. One of the footmen was wounded in the arm.

King George displayed great bravery. As soon as the first shot was fired
he rose from his seat and stood between the Princess and the would-be
assassins.

It is supposed that the attack was due to the unpopularity which the
King acquired among many of his subjects during the late war between
Greece and Turkey. The King's escape, however, was made the cause of
great rejoicing and thanksgiving in Athens. From all parts of the
civilized world, too, telegrams of congratulation were sent to him.

King George is the second son of the King of Denmark, and brother of the
Princess of Wales. He was born in Denmark in 1845, and was elected in
1863 by the National Assembly at Athens to fill the vacancy in the
Greek throne. Four years later he married the Grand Duchess Olga, niece
of the late Emperor Alexander II. of Russia.

Until the Græco-Turkish war broke out, King George was one of the most
popular monarchs in Europe. He believed in a liberal form of government
and he lived in a very simple and democratic style. His wife, too, was
highly esteemed for her fine character and abilities. She soon became
known for her great love of the sea, and she is said to be the only
woman in any navy in the world who holds a commission as admiral.

When, about a year ago, King George defied Turkey and the great powers
of Europe in his brave defence of Crete, and actually went to war with a
power vastly stronger than his own little kingdom, he was applauded for
his courage in nearly every country of the civilized world. It was even
thought that Greece was on the verge of winning back her old glory.

But the result proved to be a bitter disappointment. The Greeks were
utterly routed, and King George and Crown Prince Constantine, his son,
were accused of having shamefully mismanaged the war. At one time it
looked as if the royal family would be driven from Greece. It was
reported also that King George intended to abdicate.

Since the close of the war, however, the King has appeared in some
measure to have strengthened his position in Athens. The attempt on his
life, however, suggests that the feeling against him among his people
must still be strong. It is reported that during the last few months
his life has been repeatedly threatened.

Two days after the attack was made on the King, one of his assailants,
while being searched for, gave himself up.

He proved to be an ignorant man named Karditza. It is thought that his
mind had been inflamed against King George by the severe criticisms made
on the King by some of the more violent newspapers in Athens. He has
made a confession showing that a conspiracy was formed by a political
society against the King's life.

A dynamite-bomb was discovered by the police near the spot where the
shooting took place.

       *       *       *       *       *

England has maintained her firm position with regard to her claims in
Western Africa. She has informed France most emphatically that she does
not propose to be interfered with there as she was by the French
colonists in Madagascar.

She has practically persuaded France to agree that she shall have
absolute control of the Niger River. This means that the river will be
kept open to the commerce of the whole world.

It is said that at first Monsieur Hanotaux, the French foreign minister,
did not believe that Lord Salisbury would maintain his position in the
matter, and that this belief encouraged him to send the French troops
into Western Africa. But, with the assistance of Mr. Chamberlain, who is
a shrewd diplomatist as well as a man of nerve, Lord Salisbury held
firmly to his point.

It is now known that the difficulties have been practically settled, and
that France, though she has secured some concessions, has practically
backed down in favor of England.

Nothing pleases the English more than to have their own way against the
French. The English and the French have been natural enemies for
generations. The feeling of the French toward the English is even more
bitter than their hostility to the Germans.

       *       *       *       *       *

The Chinese loan, about which we have heard so many different reports,
has at last been definitely granted by a combination of English and
German capital. The loan has been described as "semi-private," but this
does not prevent it from being considered a distinct success for Lord
Salisbury's negotiations, though regret is naturally felt in England
that Germany should have a share in it. As a result of the loan, England
has secured new concessions from China, which greatly strengthen her
influence in Chinese territory and place her in a stronger position from
which to insist upon her policy of open ports.

The news comes by cable that China has agreed to allow the control of
the imperial maritime customs to be placed in the hands of a British
subject "so long as the British trade with China exceeds that of any
other powers." As the British trade is now reported to be nearly ten
times as great as that of any other power, there is no immediate
prospect of a change.

       *       *       *       *       *

The sentence of Zola to a year's imprisonment and to the payment of a
fine of $600 has been only the beginning of extraordinary proceedings in
France, resulting from his trial.

Colonel Picquart, who has been a strong champion of ex-Captain Dreyfus,
has been expelled from the French army without a pension, and he is also
for three years to be constantly watched by the police.

Furthermore, the papers and the public men who have been conspicuous in
their defence of Zola and of Dreyfus have been warned to cease their
agitation. Even some of the foreign correspondents have received hints
from the governmental authorities that if they are not more careful in
their statements with regard to the Dreyfus case, they will be obliged
to leave the country.

       *       *       *       *       *

It is hard to believe that such a state of affairs can exist in a
civilized country. The position of the French Government has been so
clearly defined, however, by the French Premier, Monsieur Méline, that
it is plain the French republic has for a time become almost a
despotism, ruled by a tyrant known as the French army, which is, of
course, the cause of all the trouble. In the Chamber of Deputies the
other day Monsieur Méline remarked:

"After military justice civil justice has declared itself. It has
proclaimed that the members of the court-martial were honest men, who
obeyed their consciences. The Zola trial has ended the confusion made by
those who presumed to put themselves above the laws of the country.
Those who appeared in court were not there as subordinates of the
Minister of War, but as individual witnesses under nobody's orders.

"Certain generals may have been led on too far, but they were led on by
the defence. One general no doubt spoke a word too much, but remember
the accusations that were flung in his face. They ascribed to officers
hidden intentions to undermine our institutions, but the French army
cannot be an army of one man. There is not a single officer capable of
an attempt against the country, for our officers have other dreams."

From this speech it is plain that the French Government is exerting its
power to crush the present movement in favor of Dreyfus. But those who
have followed the Zola trial carefully and impartially are convinced
that the Government will fail. What the result will be, no one can tell.
But there are many who believe that one result will be a revolution
ending in the overthrow of the republic.

This, however, is an extreme view.

No one really believes that Zola will be kept in prison for a year, even
if he does go there. He himself has borne his sentence like a hero, and
is willing to accept it without an appeal. His lawyer, however, and his
friends will do their utmost to save him from suffering so gross an
injustice.

Even if Zola were guilty of libelling the army, his intentions were so
honorable and unselfish that any fair court of justice could not have
failed to have acquitted him, or at most to have given him merely a
nominal punishment.

       *       *       *       *       *

It is plain that behind the Zola case there lurks a very deep feeling
against the Jews. It is thought by students of French life at the
present time, that this is the real cause of the terrible bitterness of
the French people against ex-Captain Dreyfus and his defenders. They
believe that the Dreyfus party represents the Jews of France, for whom
they have an intense hatred.

It should be explained here that the Jews have acquired an immense power
in France, as they have, indeed, all over Europe. They are the great
financiers of the world, and their power is so extensive that it has
created the alarm and jealousy and malice now finding expression in
Paris.

       *       *       *       *       *

The Government of France is now in so dangerous a situation that there
is a good deal of discussion as to what will happen in case the republic
is overthrown.

The President of the republic, Félix Faure, is popular throughout
France, but he has hardly strength enough with the people to become a
great leader. A few months ago he won enthusiastic approval by the skill
with which he arranged his visit to the Emperor of Russia, and by the
dignity and simplicity which he displayed during that visit.

President Faure is essentially a man of the people. For many years he
has been prominent in the commercial and the political life of France,
and he has always been a champion of the people's rights. But he is not
the kind of leader that would appeal strongly to the army, and, as we
have seen, the army practically controls France at the present moment.

Consequently, if a revolution were to take place in Paris as a result of
the Dreyfus affair, it would probably bring forward a popular military
man as a candidate for leadership. Such a man is to be found in General
Boisdeffre, who figured in the Zola trial and made a bombastic speech
glorifying the army.

A revolution would also, of course, bring up the rival claims in France
of the Royalist and the Napoleonic parties.

The Royalist party is at present headed by the young Duke of Orleans,
who thus far has done very little to distinguish himself. In the event
of a crisis, however, France might recall the fact that a few years ago
the Duke, though exiled from his country, as all the pretenders to the
French throne have been in recent years, forced his way into Paris and
demanded that he be given the right to join the army. This was a very
youthful and theatrical attempt to excite the enthusiasm of the French
people. It failed, however, for the republican Government succeeded in
placing the Duke in a rather ridiculous position. He was kept in prison
for a few months, and then quietly released.

The Bonapartist party has for leader Prince Napoleon Victor Jerome
Bonaparte, grandson of Prince Jerome, youngest brother of Napoleon the
First.

Prince Victor has had almost no chance of making himself known to the
world, and at the present time his chances of succeeding to the throne
of France seem very slight.

       *       *       *       *       *

Our Government has been quietly making provision for strengthening our
navy and coast defences in case of war.

This fact does not mean that the governmental authorities believe that
war is sure to break out. It means simply that they are taking
precautions to be prepared for any circumstances which may arise.

The Department of the Navy has been hampered by being obliged to wait
for the approval of Congress before it can carry out certain important
work. It has, however, lately put two more vessels in commission without
the approval of Congress and on its own responsibility. They are the
monitor _Miantonomoh_ and the harbor-defence ram _Katahdin_.

Since the disaster to the _Maine_, the Government has received a great
number of applications for the regular army and for the naval service.

       *       *       *       *       *

During the past few months some very rich "finds" have been made in the
Klondike, and a great deal of excitement has been created there. The
facilities for carrying on the work are now greater than they have
previously been, and to this fact is attributed the new discoveries.

If the latest reports are to be credited, the gold region is proving to
be as valuable as it was thought to be during the first excitement.
Nevertheless, it is only the few who win great profits, while the
majority suffer.

The Canadian Government is taking an active interest in the Klondike,
and it will probably undertake before long to have surveys made to
discover the best route from the interior of Canada to the Yukon, and
will also have the Mackenzie-River route improved. Sir Wilfrid Laurier
has lately expressed the belief that there are gold regions in the Rocky
Mountains yet to be discovered.

Our Government has several questions to settle with Canada, arising out
of the conflict of opinion regarding the boundaries between the American
and the Canadian Klondike. These are likely to be settled, however, in a
perfectly friendly way.

We continue to hear reports of suffering among the miners, and the
Government is doing its best to provide relief. The best relief it can
provide, however, is to keep out of the gold regions those who are not
sufficiently provided with supplies to keep them alive for a long
period.

An American correspondent from Dawson City has lately given a gloomy
picture of the way affairs are managed in the gold regions. The Canadian
Government, he claims, is doing more for the miners than our own
authorities. The Canadian mail service, for example, is much better than
our own. Throughout the Klondike, governmental discipline seems to be
very poor. Most of the money used is United States money, but the
store-keepers and the owners of saloons do their best to keep it out of
circulation; they naturally find gold more profitable. According to the
correspondent, the miners are the men who are making the smallest
profits in the gold regions for this very reason, as the store-keepers
have their own methods of measuring the gold and estimating its value.
No doubt by next summer banks will be established where miners may
exchange their gold, at full value, for money.




Progress

Invention and Discovery

       *       *       *       *       *

THE NICARAGUA CANAL.

The Nicaragua Canal has been so often referred to lately that it will
prove interesting to our readers to know more about this project and
what its successful completion will mean to the maritime nations of the
world, and especially to the United States.

After Columbus had discovered America and it was known that the Indies
had not been reached, but that a new continent barred the way, the early
discoverers sought a short route past this continent. Hudson, Baffin,
and others sought this route in the North, and others tried every
available opening in both North and South America, but of course
unsuccessfully, as it was soon known that no such route existed.

It must be remembered that the expeditions sailing to the new continent
had no knowledge of it geographically. It is hard to understand now,
maps are so familiar to all of us now, and we can in a moment call up
the shape of the continents, that then they had no knowledge of the
Western hemisphere except what could be obtained by their ships slowly
crawling along the coasts.

It was not unnatural, therefore, when they sailed into what we now call
the Gulf of Mexico and observed how far west they went before coming to
land, that they should expect to find the passage there.

When you look at the map that we print herewith, you will see that it is
but a short step--for the mind--from the strait that was not found to
the idea of connecting the two oceans by a manufactured strait or canal.
Much more than a century ago the suggestion was made, and ever since
efforts have been made to build such a canal.

[Illustration]

The Panama Railroad, a regular steam railroad for passengers and
freight, was built across the narrow part of the Isthmus, as indicated
in the map, in 1850 to 1855, and at that time negotiations were
definitely entered into looking toward the construction of a canal.

Ferdinand de Lesseps, a Frenchman, who made himself famous by building
the Suez Canal, organized a company in France, and work was commenced on
the Panama route. His plan was to construct what is known as a sea-level
canal across the very narrow part of the Isthmus (see map). "Sea level"
means that it was to be merely a cut in which the water would be all the
way at the same level--an open clear waterway from one ocean to the
other. This proved impracticable on account of engineering difficulties
and the crossing of the Chagres River, and in 1887 it was decided that
it could only be built with locks.

The system of using locks allows the water in different parts of the
canal to be at different levels. This is done by closing both ends of
each section of the canal with gates; a second pair of gates is placed a
short distance beyond, and the space between these is called a "lock."
If a vessel is to be taken into a section of the canal higher than that
from which she has come, she goes into the lock; water is then let into
this lock from the higher level by opening a water-gate until enough has
entered to float the vessel up to the level of the higher section of the
canal; the gates before the vessel are then opened and she passes out
into the new section. If she is to be taken to a lower section, the
reverse of this operation accomplishes this: the water is let out until
she is on the lower level.

[Illustration: ROUTE OF NICARAGUA CANAL.]

Mr. Eiffel, the engineer who designed the great tower in Paris which has
his name, designed locks for the Panama Canal, but in March, 1889, work
was stopped on account of lack of money.

How extravagant an operation this canal was, is told by the figures. Two
hundred and fifty millions of dollars were spent, and only one hundred
and forty millions' worth of work can be shown for it. This great
difference created a scandal throughout France, especially as the poorer
French people had been led to invest in canal shares, in the belief that
they would yield great profit.

The Nicaragua Canal plan is a very different one. The distance across
the Isthmus at the point chosen for this route is much greater than for
the Panama Canal, and yet there are fewer difficulties in the way.
Although the route is one hundred and seventy miles long, there will
have to be only twenty-seven miles of actual canal and only six locks.
This is on account of the use of Nicaragua Lake and the rivers. The lake
is the largest of any lying between the Great Lakes of the United States
and Lake Titicaca in Peru.

The route, as laid out after many exploring expeditions have been sent
to Nicaragua, is: From Greytown on the Caribbean Sea to the San Juan
River by canal, through this river to the lake, through the lake a
distance of over sixty miles in clear open water, then by the Lajas
River and by canal to the Pacific Coast at Brito. It will be seen that
about seventy-five miles of the course is in the rivers and over sixty
miles in the lake. Of course the waterway of the rivers will have to be
improved, but the cost of this is small compared to making an entirely
new cutting. The engineering expeditions have been over every inch of
the route to be traversed, and have made thorough examination both of
the surface conditions and of the formation of the soil, etc.

All engineers who have investigated the project unite in believing it
thoroughly practical and not subject to any extraordinary difficulties.

It was at first planned that the United States Government should build
and control this canal, but a bill for this purpose was vetoed by
President Cleveland on account of the conditions named by the Government
of Nicaragua.

In 1889 a private company was formed to undertake the work, but this
company has since failed. It is now hoped that bills can be passed and
financial arrangements made which will enable this company to finish the
work and the United States to control the canal. The estimated cost of
this canal is $150,000,000, and, as General Tracy said in his speech,
the saving, etc., will more than compensate the Government for the
outlay.

The importance of having this waterway joining the two great oceans has
long been recognized and is easily seen. The distance from New York to
San Francisco, when vessels have to go all the way around South America,
is about fourteen thousand eight hundred miles. If they could pass
through a canal at the Isthmus it would be reduced to under five
thousand, or about one-third of the distance. Think of the saving in
time and money that this would mean!

The great advantages of such a plan are evident in a moment.

We have referred to the speech of General Tracy, who, you will remember,
was, during President Harrison's administration, Secretary of the Navy.
In that speech he stated that, were this canal completed, we would need
to have but one navy where now we practically must have two,--one to
guard the Atlantic coast and one the Pacific coast.

If the canal were open, vessels of our navy could be sent from one coast
to the other in a very short time.

Moreover, the canal would make trade with the East--China, Japan,
etc.--much more direct than now, and, because the voyage would be easier
and quicker, greatly increase that trade.

It has been said that the nation that controls such a canal will hold
the "key to the Pacific," and with the considerations of our shipping
interests, and the desirability of having our war-ships easily
transferable from one coast to the other, and our great expanse of
country, it would seem that the United States should control it.




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The children ought to bless the spirit that prompted the getting up of
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          No.   _1st Reader Grade._

          2. Æsop's Fables.--1.
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          20. Stories from Garden and Field. I.
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          _5th Reader Grade._

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          Truth (New York)            2.50             3.50


          ="The Great Round World"=
                will make club rates on any magazines




The Great Round World

          A Weekly Newspaper For Boys
          and Girls--and Others....


=THE GREAT ROUND WORLD.=

ALBERT ROSS PARSONS, _President American College of Musicians_: "For the
purpose of eliciting a free expression of opinion from my son Richard
Percival Parsons, aged 10, I bought a copy of THE GREAT ROUND WORLD for
three or four weeks in succession, and simply left it lying where he
would be likely to see it. In about four weeks he had interested himself
so deeply in its contents that he voluntarily asked if he might
subscribe for it, a wish which I was only too glad to gratify. The bound
volume of the first fifteen numbers has remained his daily mental food
and amusement ever since it arrived. I thank you for your great service
both to our young people and to their elders."


=THE GREAT ROUND WORLD.=

E. A. CARLETON, _State Superintendent of Public Instruction_, Helena,
Mont.: "I have been a constant and eager reader of THE GREAT ROUND WORLD
since my accession to this office, the first of this year. I regard it
as unique, and of almost incomparable value, and I should be pleased to
aid in its general use in all the schools of our State. You are
authorized to use this letter and to quote me as strongly in favor of
it."


=THE GREAT ROUND WORLD.=

WILLIAM N. SHEATS, _State Superintendent of Public Instruction_,
Tallahassee, Fla.: "I have received for several months past copies of
THE GREAT ROUND WORLD. I think it is an ideal paper for children."


=THE GREAT ROUND WORLD.=

T. W. HARRIS, _Superintendent of Schools_, Keene, N. H.: "I find it
excellent for the use we have made of it, and would heartily commend it
to all schools as an aid in the study of current events."

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                         Address
              The Great Round World Publ. Co.,
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Transcriber's Notes:

Obvious punctuation errors repaired.

Under Popular Handbooks, "Sentimenta" changed to "Sentimental."
(Sentimental pieces of Poetry,)

Under Club Rates, "Bazar" changed to "Bazaar." (Harper's Bazaar)