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AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS

INSTITUTED 1852


TRANSACTIONS

Paper No. 1151


THE NEW YORK TUNNEL EXTENSION OF THE
PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD.

THE NORTH RIVER DIVISION.

BY CHARLES M. JACOBS, M. AM. SOC. C. E.




These observations are written with the purpose of outlining briefly, as
far as the writer was concerned, the evolution of the scheme of bringing
the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Long Island Railroad into New York
City, and also, as Chief Engineer of the North River Division of the New
York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad, to record in a
general way some of the leading features of the work on this division,
which is that portion of the work extending from the east line of Ninth
Avenue, New York City, to the Hackensack Portal on the westerly side of
the Palisades, as an introduction to the papers by the Chief Assistant
Engineer and the Resident Engineers describing in detail the work as
constructed.

It may be stated that, since shortly after the year 1871, when the
Pennsylvania Railroad system was extended to New York Harbor through the
lease of the New Jersey Lines, the officers of that company have been
desirous of reaching New York City by direct rail connection.

The writer's first connection with the tunneling of the North River was
early in 1890, when he was consulted by the late Austin Corbin,
President of the Long Island Railroad Company and the Philadelphia and
Reading Railroad Company, as to the feasibility of connecting the Long
Island Railroad with the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad (or with the
Central Railroad of New Jersey, which was the New York connection of the
Reading) by a tunnel from the foot of Atlantic Avenue, Brooklyn, under
the Battery and New York City, and directly across the North River to
the terminal of the Central Railroad of New Jersey. Surveys, borings,
and thorough investigations were made, and the Metropolitan Underground
Railroad Company was incorporated in the State of New York to construct
this railroad. Mr. Corbin, however, was aware that, in the
transportation problem he had in hand, the Central Railroad of New
Jersey and the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad were not as important
factors as the Pennsylvania Railroad, and, in consequence, he abandoned
the scheme for a tunnel to the Central Railroad of New Jersey for a line
direct to the Pennsylvania Railroad terminal in Jersey City.

Meantime, the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, as a result of its
investigation of the matter, in June, 1891, thought that the most
feasible project seemed to be to build tunnels for rapid transit
passenger service from its Jersey City Station to the lower part of New
York, connecting there with the rapid transit systems of that city, and
also extending under New York on the line of Cortlandt Street, with
stations and passenger lifts at the main streets and elevated railroads.

The late A. J. Cassatt, then a Director of the Pennsylvania Railroad
Company, and previous thereto as General Manager and Vice-President (and
later as President) of that company, was deeply interested in obtaining
an entrance into New York City, but was not satisfied with the proposed
rapid transit passenger tunnels which required the termination of the
Pennsylvania Railroad trains at its Jersey City Station. Therefore, upon
his request, in September of the same year, another study and report was
made by Joseph T. Richards, M. Am. Soc. C. E., then Engineer of
Maintenance of Way of the Pennsylvania Railroad, on a route beginning in
New York City at 38th Street and Park Avenue on the high ground of
Murray Hill, thence crossing the East River on a bridge, and passing
around Brooklyn to Bay Ridge, thence under the Lower Bay or Narrows to
Staten Island and across to the mainland, reaching the New York Division
of the Pennsylvania Railroad at some point between Rahway and Metuchen.
Mr. Cassatt also had in mind at that time a connection with the New
England Railroad, then independent, but now part of the New York, New
Haven, and Hartford Railroad system, by means of the Long Island
Railroad, and a tunnel under the East River, which in later years, as
the result of further consideration of the situation, has been covered
by the proposed New York Connecting Railroad with a bridge across the
East River and over Ward's and Randall's Islands.

As a result of these investigations, the late George D. Roberts, who was
then President of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, authorized an
expenditure of about $25,000 for soundings to determine the nature of
the strata for tunneling under water. These soundings were carefully
made by Mr. Richards with a diamond drill, bringing up the actual core
of all rock found in crossing the waters of New York Bay from the west
to the east side and extending from the Narrows to the Jersey City
Station of the Pennsylvania Railroad.

After these investigations had been made, early in 1892, Mr. Roberts
expressed himself as being favorable to the undertaking, with the
definite limitation that the tunnels must be for small cars doing local
suburban business, and for the transfer of Pennsylvania Railroad
passengers to and from New York, Brooklyn, and Jersey City, and not in
any way to be tunnels for standard steam equipment, the expense for
terminals and the prohibited use of coal for fuel in such tunnels not
warranting any broader consideration. Under such instructions, the
interests of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company for effecting a physical
entrance into New York City in that year were turned over to Samuel Rea,
M. Am. Soc. C. E., then Assistant to the President of that Company, who
has been identified with the investigations, and the progress and
construction of this work since that time, Mr. Cassatt also working in
conjunction with him on the plans then and since considered by the
Pennsylvania Railroad Management.

On October 5th, 1892, Mr. Rea, under special direction of President
Roberts, made an extended investigation of the various routes which had
then been projected for extending the system into New York City by rail
or transport, and reported to Mr. Roberts that, in his opinion, because
of the limitation of the tunnel scheme to rapid transit trains and the
consequent transfer of passengers and traffic carried in passenger
trains, and because of the drawbacks caused by the use of steam
locomotives in full-sized tunnels, and the objection to cable traction
or any system of transportation which had not then stood the test of
years of practical service, the plan of the North River Bridge for
reaching New York City and establishing a terminus therein was the best
that had been evolved up to that time. The plan provided a direct rail
entrance into New York City for all railroads reaching the west side of
the Hudson River, and also for the New York Central and Hudson River
Railroad, as well as adequate station facilities in that city. This
bridge would have had one clear span of 3,100 ft. between pier heads,
landing on the New York side at the foot of West 23d Street, and thence
the line would have passed diagonally to the terminus at Sixth Avenue
and 25th Street. The location of the terminus was subsequently changed
to the vicinity of Seventh Avenue and 36th Street. The bridge was
designed with three decks: The first or lower deck was to accommodate
eight steam railroad tracks; the second was to have six tracks, four of
which could be assigned for rapid transit trains operating with electric
power, and the other two for steam railroad trains; the third deck,
reached by elevators, was to be a promenade extending from anchorage to
anchorage. A connection with the Eleventh Avenue tracks of the New York
Central and Hudson River Railroad was to bring the trains of that road
into the Union Station. The Bridge Company had a Federal
charter--granted in 1888--with broad powers. Gustav Lindenthal, M. Am.
Soc. C. E., was Chief Engineer, and he and Mr. Rea were corporators and
among its early promoters. The Pennsylvania Railroad Management looked
with favor on its construction at that time, as subaqueous tunnels, with
standard railroad equipment with steam traction, were not regarded as a
final or attractive solution of the problem, from the standpoint of the
Management, and at a subsequent period the Pennsylvania Railroad Company
agreed to use the North River Bridge provided the other roads reaching
the west bank of the Hudson River would join. These roads, however, did
not avail themselves of the opportunity which in its broadest scope was
laid before them in 1900, after the Board of Directors of the
Pennsylvania Railroad Company had approved the scheme at the instance of
Mr. Cassatt.

The scheme of Mr. Corbin for a subway connection, between Flatbush
Avenue and the Jersey City Station of the Pennsylvania Railroad, for
local transit, took form in 1892, and, jointly with the Pennsylvania
interests, railroad companies were incorporated in the respective States
to build a tunnel from under the Jersey City Station, under the Hudson
River to Cortlandt Street, New York City, thence under Maiden Lane, the
East River, and Pineapple and Fulton Streets, Brooklyn, to a location at
or near Flatbush and Atlantic Avenues. On May 9th, 1893, these companies
were merged into the Brooklyn, New York and Jersey City Terminal
Railroad Company, and estimates and reports on the construction were
made ready by the writer in association with Mr. Rea, pending
application for the franchises. The panic of 1893, occurring about that
time, checked further progress on this scheme, and, before it could be
revived again, other important projects for reaching New York City were
given consideration.

That part of Mr. Corbin's plan contemplating a subway under Atlantic
Avenue in Brooklyn to the present Flatbush Avenue Terminal was not a new
idea, as a tunnel had been built in 1845 and operated under a portion of
Atlantic Avenue, but later it was filled up. Plate IV, reproduced from a
crayon sketch which was the property of the late William H. Baldwin,
Jr., is a view of this tunnel.

In conjunction with schemes for river tunnels, complete plans for rapid
transit subways for New York City, very much on the line of the present
rapid transit subways, were also prepared for Mr. Corbin by the writer.
These plans provided a system of deep tunnels in rock, entirely below
the plane of quicksand, and at the Battery the lines were to connect
directly into the tunnels to Long Island and New Jersey, respectively,
and the stations throughout, where the rock was at a deep level, were to
be fitted with elevators, grouped as suggested in Plate V, using private
property on each side of the street at station locations--one side for
north-bound and the other side for south-bound traffic. These plans were
submitted to the first Rapid Transit Commission, and, after long
consideration, were rejected by that Commission because they provided
for the construction of the tunnels by a private company,
notwithstanding Mr. Corbin gave the Commission assurances of ample
financial means to carry the work to completion.

During the years 1892-93 Mr. Corbin was convinced that it was necessary
to get better facilities for handling the baggage and express matter of
the Long Island Railroad and the Long Island Express Company across the
East River between Long Island City and New York City, and he
instructed the writer to investigate and report on the feasibility of
building a tunnel, along the lines of the East River Gas Tunnels, then
nearly completed, between the foot of East 34th Street, New York City,
and the Long Island City Station of the Long Island Railroad. In 1893 an
investigation was made for such a tunnel, to be of similar size to the
East River Gas Tunnel (8 by 10 ft.), solely for the purpose of handling
baggage and express matter. Investigation was made and estimates
prepared, but the cost was considered to be prohibitive in view of the
possible earnings solely from the handling of baggage and express, and
the matter was not considered further.

[Illustration: PLATE IV.--TUNNEL UNDER PART OF ATLANTIC AVENUE,
BROOKLYN.

(From a Crayon Sketch.)]

While Mr. Corbin was deeply interested in the down-town river tunnels,
the up-town situation was of great importance to the Long Island
Railroad, and, having allied himself with Mr. Charles Pratt, they took
up generally the franchise owned by Dr. Thomas Rainey for a bridge over
Blackwell's Island. Mr. Corbin became interested with Dr. Rainey in
1894, and the actual construction proceeded on this bridge. The design
provided for four railroad tracks, besides highways for tracks,
pedestrians, etc., with a terminal station at Third Avenue and 64th
Street, New York City, which, under the franchise, was the limit to
which the railroad could proceed.

At this period there were two projects for bridging the Hudson or North
River: the New York and New Jersey Bridge Company at about 59th Street,
and the North River Bridge Company at 23d Street, as hereinbefore
described. Several studies were made by the writer, with the idea of
making a rail connection between the Long Island "Rainey" bridge and a
bridge over the North River. An overhead structure connection was
prohibitory, as no franchise could be obtained to cross Fifth Avenue
with an overhead structure. Sketches were prepared for a subway
construction to connect with the bridges, but a final plan was not
worked out.

The failure to carry out the joint undertaking with the Pennsylvania
Railroad Company in 1893 led Mr. Corbin to revive the scheme of
extending the Long Island Railroad from Flatbush Avenue, Brooklyn, to
New York City, therefore consideration was given to a relocation of the
route for Mr. Corbin during the early months of 1896, the idea being
that the entire up-town outlet for the Long Island Railroad would be by
Blackwell's Island Bridge, and the tunnel project would give the
down-town outlet.

At this time a commission had been appointed by the Legislature to
investigate the conditions on Atlantic Avenue, Brooklyn, and evolve some
scheme for the elimination of grade crossings on that avenue. Early in
1896 plans were prepared and presented to this Commission; first, for a
subway from Flatbush Avenue Terminal for the entire distance to the
limits of the City of Brooklyn at Eldert's Lane; second, for a subway
from the Flatbush Avenue Terminal to East New York, Manhattan Crossing,
the railroad to remain as it previously existed at grade through the
26th Ward of Brooklyn. Each of these schemes contemplated an extension
through Brooklyn to New York City at Cortlandt Street and Broadway, and
surveys and borings for this work were made across the East River. In
the summer of 1896, on the decease of Mr. Corbin, all projects and work
were immediately stopped; but, after some months, Mr. W. H. Baldwin,
Jr., when elected President of the Long Island Railroad Company, took up
actively the reconsideration of the means whereby the Long Island
Railroad could reach New York City. After the fullest consideration, he
decided that the Blackwell's Island Bridge was by no means a suitable,
adequate, or convenient entry for the Long Island Railroad into New York
City, as it involved too great a cost and altogether too rigid a
connection; it was also a very inconvenient location, inasmuch as it was
cut off from convenient access to the west side of New York City by
Central Park.

For the down-town connection, Mr. Baldwin became enthusiastic, but he
had in mind, throughout, the all-important necessity for the Long Island
Railroad to reach the Pennsylvania Railroad across the North River. At
the same time Mr. Baldwin took up energetically the Atlantic Avenue
Improvement with the Atlantic Avenue Commission, and, on consideration,
decided it was essential that it should extend through the 26th Ward
above or below grade. The better plan, of course, was obviously to make
it a subway throughout, but, further, the residents of this ward
objected to the subway through that section, and that construction would
have made any change of the Manhattan Beach Division at Manhattan
Crossing very difficult for the future; besides this, the controlling
factor was the absolute limitation by the City of Brooklyn of the amount
of expenditure therefor in which they would participate, therefore a
composite scheme, which is the plan as carried out, was agreed upon,
being in part subway and part elevated. This scheme reached a focus
early in 1897, and the law constituting the Board for the Atlantic
Avenue Improvement was passed, with a provision in the last paragraph of
the Act, for the construction of a tunnel from Flatbush Avenue Terminal
under Flatbush Avenue and Fulton Street to Pineapple Street, crossing
the river to Broadway and Maiden Lane (Cortlandt Street), New York City,
and with the understanding that it would be extended beyond the New York
State Line to the Pennsylvania Railroad Station in New Jersey. This gave
the legal right for the construction of this tunnel, and, on June 20th,
1899, the New York and Long Island Terminal Railroad Company was
incorporated for the purpose, Mr. Baldwin being President and J. V.
Davies, M. Am. Soc. C. E., Chief Engineer. Application was immediately
made to the Boards of Aldermen of Brooklyn and of New York City. The
latter acted favorably on the application, but the Board of Aldermen of
Brooklyn held the matter up, while the Rapid Transit Commission laid out
and promulgated the plan for Contract No. 2 of the Rapid Transit Subway.
With the understanding that the Rapid Transit Brooklyn extension would
be constructed to the Flatbush Avenue Terminal, Mr. Baldwin withdrew the
application for the independent franchise, and agreed to proceed with
the Atlantic Avenue Improvement, on the basis of the City proceeding
with the Brooklyn extension of the Rapid Transit Subway. This provided
for the Long Island Railroad entry down town.

[Illustration: PLATE V.--NEW YORK UNDERGROUND RAILWAY COMPANY Section
Through Surface and Underground Stations]

Subsequently, however, it was proved that Mr. Baldwin had not been fully
satisfied that this was the proper solution of the matter, for on April
12th, 1901, and upon his recommendation, the Board of Directors of the
Long Island Railroad Company took over from the Pennsylvania Railroad
Company its entire interests in the old Brooklyn, New York, and Jersey
City Terminal Railway Company, thus giving him control of the route from
Flatbush Avenue _via_ Maiden Lane and Cortlandt Street to underneath the
Jersey City station.

In the early part of 1900 active consideration was being given by the
Pennsylvania Railroad and other railroads terminating in New Jersey to
the proposed North River Bridge, as hereinbefore stated, and, for the
Long Island Railroad, Mr. Baldwin organized a new company to construct a
tunnel from the Long Island Railroad at Sunnyside Yard, diving under the
streets of Long Island City by two tracks under the East River to the
foot of 33d Street and then proceeding under 33d Street as far as
Seventh Avenue. A station was to be located at Fourth Avenue below the
Rapid Transit Subway Station and also a large Terminal Station at
Broadway. For this purpose an option was obtained on the property of the
Newbold Lawrence Estate, at Broadway, Sixth Avenue, 33d and 34th
Streets, now occupied by Saks' Store. Mr. Baldwin, however, considered
that the amount of the investment ($1,600,000) for that property was too
great for this purpose, and allowed the option to expire. The property
was sold within a week thereafter to the Morganthau Syndicate for
$2,000,000. At this time (May, 1900), the Pennsylvania Railroad obtained
a controlling interest in the Long Island Railroad, and thereafter the
two schemes became one. Mr. Baldwin and Mr. Rea purchased two 25-ft.
lots on 33d Street just east of Broadway for an entrance to the
underground station. Plans were also prepared for extending this line
from Seventh Avenue northward under Seventh Avenue to 45th Street. The
investigation and preliminary work in connection with this project were
carried out in the early part of 1900.

Reconsideration was given by Mr. Baldwin to the proposed location of the
up-town tunnels, with the idea of connecting the New York Central and
Hudson River Railroad by a tunnel between Long Island City (Long Island
Railroad Station) and the foot of 42d Street and extending to the Grand
Central Station, but nothing further than investigation and the
preparation of estimates was done on this.

In the summer of 1901 Mr. Cassatt was in Paris and was advised by Mr.
Rea of the opening of the extension of the Orleans Railway to the Quai
d'Orsay Station and its successful operation by electric power, also of
the possibility of the Pennsylvania Railroad reaching New York City in a
similar way (the other trunk lines not having joined in the promotion of
the North River Bridge project). He at once examined the new line, and
then consulted the writer in London in relation to the possibility of
building tunnels under the North River. The writer returned to New York
with Mr. Cassatt, and soon thereafter a conference of Mr. Cassatt, Mr.
Rea, and Mr. Baldwin with the writer and Mr. Davies was held in the
Pennsylvania Railroad Company Office in New York, when Mr. Cassatt
outlined the scheme practically as it is now carried out, the only
difference being that he also proposed a station on property of the New
York and Harlem Railroad Company at 33d Street, which was soon abandoned
on account of the grade from the East River, and particularly because
of the superior location of the adopted site at Seventh Avenue and 33d
Street, this being central between the down-town commercial and
financial district and Central Park, which divides New York City. On Mr.
Cassatt's instructions, surveys and investigations were begun in
November, 1901, and estimates, drawings, etc., were made. Preliminary
estimates were presented to him on November 8th, 1901. Following this,
borings were continued, and a plan was presented to Mr. Cassatt for
assisting the support of the North River tunnels on piles, if necessary.
At the time of the appointment of the Board of Engineers and the general
organization of the work, the preliminary investigations and work had
been carried to an advanced state.

One result of the determination of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to
extend its lines into New York City and thus move its principal station
from Jersey City, was that the down-town local and suburban as well as
through business was not provided for properly. Mr. William G. McAdoo,
appreciating this opportunity, revived the scheme of an electric subway
from Jersey City to New York, originally promoted by Mr. Corbin and
associates, but not including the extension _via_ Maiden Lane to
Brooklyn, and entered into negotiations with the Pennsylvania Railroad
Company to provide for this down-town business by extensions of the
tunnel lines of the New York and New Jersey Railroads to Exchange Place,
Jersey City, under the Pennsylvania Railroad Station, and thence across
the Hudson River to Cortlandt and Church Streets. As a result, the
Hudson and Manhattan Railroad Company was organized in 1902, and
contracts were made with the Pennsylvania Railroad Company for the
sub-surface use of its station in Jersey City, and for the interchange
of passenger business at that point between the trains of the
Pennsylvania Railroad Company and the tunnel of the Hudson and Manhattan
Railroad Company. Later, a further contract was made with the
Pennsylvania Railroad Company providing for the construction of the
tunnel of the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad Company westward under the
tracks of the Pennsylvania Railroad in Jersey City to a junction with
the latter at Summit Avenue, at which point can be installed a joint
station, and the operation effected of a joint electric train service
between Church Street, New York City, and Newark, N. J., the
Pennsylvania Railroad tracks between Summit Avenue and Newark to be
electrified for that purpose, with a transfer station established east
of Newark, at Harrison, at which point the steam and electric
locomotives will exchange. By means of this, all down-town passengers
will transfer to the electric service at Harrison Station, and thus the
Pennsylvania Railroad Company is expected to be relieved of maintaining
a separate steam service for passenger traffic to Jersey City and a
large down-town station with extensive contingent facilities at that
point.

From the foregoing it will be seen that the final decision to extend the
Pennsylvania Railroad into and through New York City by a system of
tunnels, and erect a large station in that city on a most eligible site,
was not reached in a hurried or off-hand manner, but after years of
painstaking study and a full and extended investigation of all routes,
projects, and schemes, whether originating with the company or suggested
by others.

[Illustration: Plate VI.--Pennsylvania Railroad Extension:
Map Showing Proposed Lines Leading to Those Finally Adopted]

Plate VI is a map of New York City and vicinity on which are shown the
various lines contemplated in the evolution of the New York Tunnel
Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad hereinbefore outlined.

The question of tunnels under the North River was an uncertain factor in
the larger Pennsylvania Railroad scheme, owing to the nature of the
ground composing the river bed in which the tunnels would be
constructed.

It is well known that about 35 years ago an attempt was made to
construct a tunnel under the North River by using a "Pilot" system under
compressed air and forming the tunnels in brick masonry. Owing to the
very soft nature of the materials through which it passed, several
serious accidents occurred, and the work was abandoned after about 2,000
ft. of tunnel had been constructed. Later, this work was taken up again,
when a shield was installed and an additional 1,800 ft. was built with
cast-iron segmental lining, but the work was again abandoned, owing
principally to financial difficulties while coincidentally before
entering a rock reef which presented another serious difficulty in
construction. The experience then in the construction of this tunnel led
capitalists and engineers to believe that, owing to the very soft nature
of the ground, a tunnel could not be built that would be sufficiently
stable to withstand the vibration due to heavy traffic, and for this
reason tunnels under the North River were not looked upon as
practicable. The writer devised a scheme to carry within the tunnel the
rolling loads on bridging supported on piers or piles extending from
the tunnel invert down to hard material. These would be attached to the
tunnel itself or would pass into it independently through sliding joints
in the tunnel shell. This scheme gained the confidence of the
management, as it was believed that, by adopting such a plan, tunnels
could be built in the soft material underlying the Hudson River and
remain stable under all conditions of traffic. After thus feeling
assured that by this method the tunnels could be made safe beyond
question, orders were given to proceed with the great work of the
extension into New York of the Pennsylvania and Long Island Railroad
systems.

[Illustration: FIG. 1.--(Full page image)

ENGINEERING STAFF ORGANIZATION


CHIEF ENGINEER
      |
CHIEF ASSISTANT
   ENGINEER
      |
      |
      +--(CHIEF OFFICE)
      |         |
      |         +--OFFICE ENGINEER
      |         |        |
      |         |        +--Chief Draftsman.
      |         |           Draftsmen.
      |         |           Messenger.
      |         |
      |         +--MECHANICAL ENGINEER
      |         |        |
      |         |        +--Mechanical Draftsmen.
      |         |
      |         +--ASSISTANT ENGINEER
      |                  |
      |                  +--Accountant.
      |                     Clerks.
      |                     Telephone Operators.
      |                     Messenger.
      |
      |
      +--(TERMINAL STATION WEST)
      |         |
      |  RESIDENT ENGINEER
      |         |
      |         +--Assistant Engineer.
      |         |  Chief of Party.
      |         |  Instrumentmen.
      |         |  Rodmen.
      |         |  Chainmen.
      |         |
      |         +--Inspectors.
      |         |
      |         +--Clerk.
      |            Janitors.
      |
      |
      +--(SUBAQUEOUS, 32ND STREET AND WEEHAWKEN TUNNELS)
      |         |
      |  GENERAL RESIDENT ENGINEER
      |         |
      |         +--Cement Inspectors.
      |         |  Ass't. Cement Inspectors.
      |         |
      |         +--Photographer.
      |         |
      |         +--Recording Clerk.
      |         |  Ass't. Recording Clerks.
      |         |
      |         +--DISPATCH BOAT
      |         |        |
      |         |        +--Captains.
      |         |           Engineers.
      |         |           Deckhands.
      |         |           Messenger.
      |         |
      |         +--RESIDENT ENGINEERS
      |                  |
      |                  +--(CONSTRUCTION)
      |                  |        |
      |                  |        +--Ass't. Engineers.
      |                  |           Chief Tunnel Inspectors.
      |                  |           Tunnel Inspectors.
      |                  |           Surface Inspectors.
      |                  |           Clerks.
      |                  |
      |                  +--(ALIGNMENT)
      |                  |        |
      |                  |        +--Ass't. Engineers.
      |                  |           Chiefs of Parties.
      |                  |           Instrumentmen.
      |                  |           Rodmen.
      |                  |           Chainmen.
      |                  |           Rear Chainmen.
      |                  |           Laborers.
      |                  |
      |                  +--(OFFICE STAFF)
      |                            |
      |                            +--Draftsmen.
      |                               Field Office Clerks.
      |                               Cement Warehousemen.
      |                               Janitors.
      |                               Messengers.
      |
      +--(MEDICAL DEPARTMENT)
      |         |
      |  CHIEF MEDICAL OFFICER
      |  Ass't. Medical Officer.
      |
      |
      +--(BERGEN HILL TUNNELS)
      |         |
      |  RESIDENT ENGINEER
      |  Assistant Resident Engineer
      |         |
      |         +--Assistant Engineer.
      |         |  Instrumentmen.
      |         |  Rodmen.
      |         |  Chainmen.
      |         |
      |         +--Inspectors.
      |         |  Cement Warehousemen.
      |         |
      |         +--Clerk.
      |            Janitors.
      |
      |
      +--(METAL INSPECTION)
                |
         CHIEF METAL INSPECTOR
         Metal Inspectors.
         Clerks.
]

The organization of the engineering staff is shown on the diagram, Fig.
1. In the beginning of 1902 and during the period of making studies,
additional borings, and preliminary triangulations, and prior to making
the contract plans and specifications, James Forgie, M. Am. Soc. C. E.,
was appointed Chief Assistant Engineer by the writer. To him all the
Resident Engineers and other heads of the Engineering Departments
reported.

The work was divided into three Residencies:

1.--The Terminal Station-West, under the charge of B. F. Cresson, Jr.,
M. Am. Soc. C. E., Resident Engineer, comprising the work from the east
side of Ninth Avenue to the east side of Tenth Avenue, including
excavation, retaining and face walls, and the extensive work of
underpinning Ninth Avenue with its surface and elevated railroads and
other structures.

2.--The River Tunnels, under the charge of B. H. M. Hewett, M. Am. Soc.
C. E., General Resident Engineer, and Mr. H. F. D. Burke and William
Lowe Brown, M. Am. Soc. C. E., Resident Engineers, including the land
tunnels from the east side of Tenth Avenue, New York City, to the
commencement of the iron-lined tunnels, and extending westward from
there to the Weehawken Shaft, New Jersey.

3.--The Bergen Hill Tunnels, under the charge of F. Lavis, M. Am. Soc.
C. E., Resident Engineer, including the rock tunnels from the Weehawken
Shaft to the Hackensack Portal on the west side of the Palisades, all in
New Jersey.

Paul A. Seurot, M. Am. Soc. C. E., acted as Office Engineer in charge of
the drawing office, and Mr. J. Soderberg as Mechanical Engineer in
charge of the mechanical drafting. Prior to the construction of the
above works Mr. C. J. Crowley acted as Resident Engineer on the
construction of the Weehawken Shaft, and J. F. Rodenbough, Assoc. M. Am.
Soc. C. E., on that of the Manhattan Shaft.

Table 1 shows the quantities of certain materials and other statistics
regarding this Division.


TABLE 1.

------------------------------------------+---------+-----------+----------
                                          | Bergen  |   River   |   Term.
                                          |  Hill.  | Tunnels.  |  Sta.-W.
                                          +---------+-----------+----------
                                          |         |           |
Excavation disposed of (or displaced),    |         |           |
    in cubic yards                        | 263,000 |   238,995 |   517,000
Cast metal used in tunnel, including      |         |           |
    cast iron and cast steel, in tons     |         |    64,265 |
Steel bolts used, in tons                 |         |     2,606 |
Cement used (concrete and grout),         |         |           |
    in barrels                            |  95,000 |   145,500 |    33,000
Concrete, in cubic yards                  |  95,000 |    75,400 |    18,500
Dynamite for blasting, in pounds          | 600,000 |   100,400 |   206,000
Brickwork, in cubic yards                 |         |     4,980 |
Structural steel (including Pier 72),     |         |           |
    in pounds                             |  50,000 | 3,141,000 | 1,475,000
------------------------------------------+---------+-----------+----------

The number of passengers carried on the Elevated Railroad and surface
lines of Ninth Avenue during the underpinning of these structures was
about 125,000,000.

The Board of Engineers, organized by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company
in January, 1902, immediately took up the matter of route and grade. The
center line, which had been assumed as the center line of 32d Street
extended westward, was slightly changed.

The grade adopted was approximately 2% descending westward from Ninth
Avenue, which would place the tunnel well below the Government dredging
plane of 40 ft. below mean low water at the pier head line; thence
westward on a lighter grade still descending until the deepest portion
of the river was reached where the top of the rail would be about 90 ft.
below mean high water, this location giving sufficient cover over the
tunnels to insure stability and guard against the possibility of
shipwrecks settling on the tunnels. From this point to the portal an
ascending grade of 1.30% was adopted, which gave the lines sufficient
elevation to cross over the tracks of the New York, Susquehanna and
Western and the Erie Railroads, which run along the westerly base of the
Palisades. Owing to the exigencies of construction, these grades in the
river were very slightly modified. Plate VII is a plan and profile of
the tunnels as constructed.

[Illustration: Plate VII.--Plan, Profile, and Triangulation, North River
Tunnels]

The Board of Engineers early in 1902 took up the question of supports
for the tunnels under the North River, and various plans and schemes
were considered. It was finally decided to support the tracks on
screw-piles carried through the lining of the tunnels, as originally
proposed by the writer.

In order to know something of the capacity of screw-piles in the actual
material to be passed through, it was resolved to test them. A caisson
was sunk at the end of one of the Erie Railroad piers on the New Jersey
side near the line of the tunnels, and, to obtain parallel conditions as
much as possible, the excavation was carried down to the proposed grade
of the tunnel. Various types of screw-piles were sunk therein and tests
were made, not only of the dead load carrying capacity, but also with
the addition of impact, when it was found that screw-piles could be sunk
to hard ground and carry the required load. The final part of the test
was the loading. The screw-pile, having a shaft 30 in. in diameter and a
blade 5 ft. in diameter, was loaded with 600,000 lb., with the result
that, for a month--the duration of this loaded test--there was no
subsidence.

Again, and after the iron tunnel lining had been constructed across the
river, tests were made of two types of supports: One a screw-pile 29-1/2
in. in diameter with a blade 4 ft. 8 in. in diameter and the other a
wrought-iron pipe 16 in. in external diameter. Tests were made, not only
for their carrying capacity, but also for their value as anchorages, and
it was found that the screw-pile was more satisfactory in every way; it
could be put down much more rapidly, it was more easily maintained in a
vertical position, and it could carry satisfactorily any load which
could be placed on it as a support for the track. The 16-in. pipe did
not prove efficient either as a carrier or as an anchorage. These tests
will be mentioned in the detailed description of the work to follow.
Figs. 2 and 3 illustrate the general arrangement and details of the
machine designed by the writer and used for sinking the test piles in
the tunnels. This machine had been used originally on the New Jersey
side on the test pile at Pier C, and the adaption was not exactly as
shown on these drawings, but if the screw-piles had been placed in the
tunnels, the arrangement shown would have been used.

Surveys, soundings, and borings were commenced in the latter part of
1901 on an assumed center line of tunnels which was the center line of
32d Street extended westward.

The soundings were made from a float stage fastened to a tugboat, the
location being determined by transits on shore and the elevation by
measuring from the surface of the water, a tide gauge being continually
observed and the time of soundings and gauge readings kept.

In the river wash-borings were made from a floating pile-driver on which
was installed a diamond-drill outfit of rods, pump, etc. Fourteen
borings were completed in the river. Considerable difficulty was found
in holding the pile-driver against the current, the material in the
bottom being very soft, and several borings were lost owing to the
drifting of the pile-driver. Each boring was continued, and the depth of
several was more than 250 ft. below the surface of the water. The
borings on land were mostly core borings, and were generally made with
the chilled shot boring machine.

Base lines, about 2,250 ft. in length, were measured on each side of the
river, and observation points established. It was necessary to build a
triangulation tower 60 ft. high on the New Jersey side as an observation
point. The base lines were measured with 100-ft. steel tapes which were
tested repeatedly, and the work was done at night in order to obtain the
benefit of uniform temperature and freedom from traffic interruptions.
From the base line on the New Jersey side, which passed over the
Weehawken Shaft, an elevated point on the assumed center line on the
side of Bergen Hill was triangulated to, and from this point westward a
closed polygon was measured along the streets to the top of the hill on
the west side and thence along the assumed center line to the portal.
The level transfer across the river was made by sighting across in
opposite directions simultaneously, and also by tide gauges. The outline
of the final triangulation system is shown on Plate VII.

[Illustration: FIG. 2.--(Full page image)

HYDRAULIC SCREWING MACHINE WITH RATCHET DRIVE AND VERTICAL JACK

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT]

[Illustration: FIG. 3.--(Full page image)

HYDRAULIC SCREWING MACHINE WITH RATCHET DRIVE AND VERTICAL JACK

DETAILS]

The decision as to the locations of the shafts on both sides of the
river, for construction purposes and finally for permanent use, was a
comparatively simple matter, and, all circumstances considered, they are
unquestionably in the most suitable places. On the New York side the
shaft was as near as practicable to the line dividing the subaqueous
iron-lined tunnels from the land tunnels, and on the New Jersey side the
shaft was placed centrally on the line of the tunnels and on the nearest
available ground to the river, while at the same time beyond the other
end of the river tunnels, thus necessitating driving the subaqueous
tunnels only from east and west to meet under the river. A caisson shaft
on the New York side, on the line of the tunnels near the river
bulkhead, was at one time considered, but was not adopted as it
entailed the driving of two shields both east and west, in addition to
the two from New Jersey, adding to the plant outlay while not affording
any material saving in the time of construction.

It was thought desirable to construct the shafts on the two sides of the
river in advance of letting the main contracts for the tunnels. The
Manhattan Shaft is north of the line of the tunnels, on the north side
of 32d Street, east of Eleventh Avenue. The Weehawken Shaft is on the
line of the tunnels in the yards of the Erie Railroad on the New Jersey
side, and the distance between the shafts is about 6,575 ft. The
contracts for these shafts were let in June, 1903, to the United
Engineering and Contracting Company, and they were completed and ready
for use at the time of letting the main contract for the tunnels, thus
saving considerable time.

_The Terminal Station-West.--Between Ninth and Tenth Avenues._--In the
original design it was contemplated to have a four-track tunnel under
32d Street from Ninth to Eleventh Avenues, but owing to the necessity
for having additional yard facilities, property was bought for about 100
ft. north and 100 ft. south of 32d Street, between Ninth and Tenth
Avenues, and an open excavation, lined with concrete retaining walls and
face walls, was made. Between Ninth and Tenth Avenues, 32d Street was
closed, and the property formerly the street was bought by the Tunnel
Company from the City of New York for a consideration by deed dated
April 18th, 1906. The Church, Rectory, and School of St. Michael's,
which was located on the west side of Ninth Avenue between 31st and 32d
Streets, was acquired by the Tunnel Company after it had acquired
property for and had built a similar institution on the south side of
34th Street west of Ninth Avenue.

Probably the most interesting feature of this contract was the support
and maintenance of Ninth Avenue, which has a three-track elevated
railway structure and a two-track surface railway structure, on which it
was necessary to maintain traffic while excavation was made to a depth
of about 60 ft., and a viaduct was erected to carry Ninth Avenue. The
length of this viaduct is about 375 ft., and the steelwork and its
erection was done apart from the North River Division work, but all
excavation and underpinning was included in this division. The contract
for this work on the Terminal Station-West was let to the New York
Contracting Company-Pennsylvania Terminal, on April 28th, 1906, and
included about 517,000 cu. yd. of excavation, about 87% being rock, the
construction of about 2,000 lin. ft. of retaining and face walls
containing about 18,500 cu. yd. of concrete, and a large quantity of
structural steel (1,475,000 lb.) for temporary use in underpinning Ninth
Avenue.

Fig. 4 shows cross-sections of the Terminal Station-West yard, and Fig.
5 shows the general method of underpinning the Ninth Avenue structures.

[Illustration: FIG. 4.--TERMINAL STATION WEST

TYPICAL SECTIONS]

_River Tunnels._--In the original plan a four-track tunnel was
contemplated from the east side of Tenth Avenue to the east side of
Eleventh Avenue, but, owing to the extension of the Terminal Yard,
previously noted, this plan was changed, and a two-track structure was
built having a central wall between the tracks. This was constructed in
tunnel, with the exception of 172 ft. about midway between Tenth and
Eleventh Avenues, where the rock dipped below the roof of the tunnel,
and there the construction was made in open cut. These tunnels were
lined with concrete with brick arches, Figs. 6, 7, and 8 being typical
cross-sections. This work was executed by the O'Rourke Engineering
Construction Company, under a contract dated November 1st, 1904.

It was possible to excavate in full rock cover about 250 ft. of the
tunnels eastward from the Weehawken Shaft and 225 ft. westward from the
Manhattan Shaft. At these points the rock cover was very thin, and there
shield chambers were made for the erection of two sets of shields, about
6,100 ft. apart. A typical cross-section of the Weehawken Land Tunnel is
shown on Plate VIII.

[Illustration: Plate VIII.--Typical Sections Between Manholes, Bergen
Hill Tunnels]

The Board of Engineers decided, and it was so stated in the contract and
specifications, that the river tunnels should be constructed by means of
hydraulic shields, but bidders were permitted to present to the Board
any scheme on which they might desire to bid, but, of course, the
decision as to the practicability of such plans rested with the Board.

Inasmuch as the shield method of construction was required, the writer
designed a shield for use in the North River Tunnels. The shield was
about 18 ft. long, over all, and was provided with a rigid but removable
hood extending beyond the normal line of the cutting edge, for use in
sand, gravel, and ballast, to be removed when the shield reached the
silt. The shields were thrust forward by twenty-four rams capable of
exerting a pressure of 3,400 tons at a hydraulic pressure of 5,000 lb.
per sq. in. Taking into account 30 lb. air pressure, this pressure was
increased to 4,400 tons. The shield was fitted with a single hydraulic
erector and hydraulic sliding platforms, and when complete weighed 194
tons. Fig. 9 is a back elevation and section of the shield.

The contract for the river tunnels was let to the O'Rourke Engineering
Construction Company on May 2d, 1904.

The shields were built in accordance with the design previously referred
to, and proved entirely satisfactory. Generally, the materials passed
through were as follows: Starting out in full face rock, from it into a
mixed face of rock and sand, thence into sand and gravel, full face of
sand, piles, rip-rap, and the Hudson silt; and all were fully charged
with water.

Compressed air, at an average gauge pressure of about 25 lb. and a
maximum of 40 lb. per sq. in., was used in the tunnels from the time the
shields emerged from full rock face until the tunnel lining had been
joined up and all caulking and grummeting had been done.

[Illustration: FIG. 5.--(Full page image)

ARRANGEMENT OF STRUCTURES SUPPORTING NINTH AVE. DURING PROGRESS OF
EXCAVATION]

Contractor's plants were established at the Weehawken Shaft and at the
Manhattan Shaft, including at each, low-pressure air compressors of a
capacity of 13,000 cu. ft. of free air per minute and also high-pressure
air compressors for drills, hydraulic pumps, electric generators, etc.

The river tunnels passed under Pier 72, North River (old No. 62), which
was occupied by the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Company.
The Tunnel Company leased this pier and withdrew all the piles on the
lines of the tunnels prior to the commencement of construction, and on
the remaining piles constructed a trestle for the disposal of the
excavation from the tunnels and the terminal. At the completion of the
work this pier had to be restored, and Fig. 10 shows the general
arrangements of the location of the piles and the pier structure with
reference to the tunnels.

In the tunnels which were constructed in silt farther down the river, by
the writer as Chief Engineer for the Hudson Companies, it had been
possible to shove the shield through the silt with all the doors closed,
displacing the ground and making great speed in construction owing to
the absence of all mucking. It was thought that this procedure might be
pursued in the larger tunnels of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and it was
tried, but it was almost immediately found to be impossible to maintain
the required grade without taking a certain quantity of muck into the
tunnels through the lower doors, the tendency of the shield being to
rise. By taking in about 33% of the excavation displaced by the tunnel,
the grade could be maintained. It was considered desirable, owing to
this rising of the shields, to increase the weight of the cast-iron
lining, and this was done, making the weight of the completed tunnel
more nearly equal to the weight of the displaced material. The weight of
the cast-iron lining (with bolts) was increased from 9,609 to 12,127 lb.
per lin. ft. of tunnel. The weight of the finished tunnel with this
heavier iron is 31,469 lb. per lin. ft. The weight of the silt displaced
per linear foot of tunnel, at 100 lb. per cu. ft., is 41,548 lb. The
weight of the completed tunnel with the maximum train load is 42,869 lb.
per lin. ft.

The maximum progress at one face in any one month was 545 ft., working
three 8-hour shifts, and the average progress in each heading while
working three shifts was 18 ft. per 24 hours; while working one shift
with the heavier lining referred to above, the delivery of which was
slow, the average progress was 11 ft. per 24 hours.

[Illustration: FIG. 6.--15' 4" Span Twin Tunnels. Rock Roof.]

[Illustration: FIG. 7.--19' 6" Span Twin Tunnels.]

[Illustration: FIG. 8.--21' 6" Span Twin Tunnels]

[Illustration: FIG. 9.--PROPOSED SHIELD FOR SUBAQUEOUS TUNNELING GENERAL
ELEVATION]

[Illustration: FIG. 10.--RESTORATION OF PIER 72 (OLD 62) NORTH RIVER
TRANSVERSE SECTION AT CENTER OF PIER]

In order to permit the screw-piles to be put in place through the
lining, cast-steel bore segments were designed, and placed in the invert
at 15-ft. centers; these are of such a design as to permit the blade and
shaft of the screw-pile to be inserted without removing any portion of
the lining. Fig. 11 is a typical cross-section of the river tunnel, as
originally planned, with these pile supports.

After the shields had met and the iron lining was joined up, various
experiments and tests were made in the tunnel; screw-piles, and 16-in.
pipes, previously referred to, were inserted through the bore segments
in the bottom of the tunnel, thorough tests with these were made, levels
were observed in the tunnels during the construction and placing of the
concrete lining, an examination was conducted of the tunnels of the
Hudson and Manhattan Railroad Company under traffic, and the result of
these examinations was the decision not to install the screw-piles. The
tunnels, however, were reinforced longitudinally by twisted steel rods
in the invert and roof, and by transverse rods where there was a
superincumbent load on the tunnels; it might also be noted that on the
New York side, where the tunnels emerge from the rock and pass into the
soft material, the metal shell is of cast steel instead of cast iron.
Fig. 12 is a typical cross-section of the river tunnels as actually
constructed.

[Illustration: FIG. 11.--(Full page image)

CROSS-SECTION OF TUNNEL SHOWING TRACK SYSTEM AND SCREW-PILE.]

[Illustration: FIG. 12.--SUBAQUEOUS TUNNELS CROSS-SECTIONS]

During the investigations in the tunnels, borings were made to determine
exactly the character of the underlying material, and it was then found
that the hard material noted in the preliminary wash-borings was a layer
of gravel and boulders overlying the rock. When the borings in the
tunnels reached this material it was found to be water-bearing and the
head was about equivalent to that of the river. Rock cores were taken
from these borings, and the deepest rock was found at about the center
of the river at an elevation of 302.6 ft. below mean high water. Rods
were then inserted in each bore hole and thereby attached to the rock
and used as bench-marks in the tunnels. From these bench-marks, using
specially designed instruments, very accurate observations of the
behavior of the tunnels could be made, and from these the very
interesting phenomenon of the rise and fall of the tunnels with the tide
was verified, the tunnels being low at high tide and the average
variations being about 0.008 ft. in the average tide of about 4.38 ft.:
the tidal oscillations are entirely independent of the weight of the
tunnels, since observations show them to have been the same both before
and after the concrete lining was in position. There was considerable
subsidence in the tunnels during construction and lining, amounting to
an average of 0.34 ft. between the bulkhead lines. This settlement has
been constantly decreasing since construction, and appears to have been
due almost entirely to the disturbances of the surrounding materials
during construction. The silt weighs about 100 lb. per cu. ft. (this is
the average of a number of samples taken through the shield door, and
varied from 93 to 109 lb. per cu. ft.), and contains about 38% of water.
It was found that whenever this material was disturbed outside the
tunnels a displacement of the tunnels followed. The tunnels as above
noted have been lined with concrete reinforced with steel rods, and
prior to the placing of the concrete the joints were caulked, the bolts
grummeted, and the tunnels rendered practically water-tight; the present
quantity of water to be disposed of does not exceed 300 gal. per 24
hours in each tunnel 6,100 ft. long.

_Bergen Hill Tunnels._--These are two single-track tunnels, 37 ft. from
center to center, and extend for a distance of 5,940 ft. from the
Weehawken Shaft to the Hackensack Portal. They were built almost
entirely through trap rock. The contract was let on March 6th, 1905, to
the John Shields Construction Company, but was re-let on January 1st,
1906, to William Bradley, the Shields Company having gone into the hands
of a receiver. About 1,369 ft. of the tunnel excavation was done by the
Shields Company, but no concrete lining. The maximum monthly progress
for all headings was 622 ft., and the average progress was 338 ft. A
working shaft 216 ft. deep was sunk from the top of the hill, to
facilitate construction. The tunnels are lined with concrete throughout.
Typical cross-sections of these tunnels are shown on Plate VIII.

In conclusion it may be admissible for the writer after having, in
conjunction with Mr. Samuel Rea, experienced the evolution and
materialization of this Pennsylvania Railroad scheme, to express his
great sorrow for the untimely death of the father of the entire scheme,
the late President Cassatt.