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NARRATIVES OF SHIPWRECKS OF THE ROYAL NAVY: BETWEEN 1793 AND 1849

Compiled Principally from Official Documents in the Admiralty

by

WILLIAM O. S. GILLY

With a Preface by

WILLIAM STEPHEN GILLY, D.D.
Vicar of Norham and Canon of Durham

London:
John W. Parker, West Strand

MDCCCL







CONTENTS


ADVERTISEMENT

PREFACE, BY THE REV. DR. GILLY

THE WRECK OF THE

  BOYNE
  AMPHION
  TRIBUNE
  RESISTANCE
  PROSERPINE
  SCEPTRE
  QUEEN CHARLOTTE
  INVINCIBLE
  GRAPPLER
  APOLLO
  HINDOSTAN
  ROMNEY
  VENERABLE
  SHEERNESS
  ATHENIENNE
  NAUTILUS
  FLORA
  AJAX
  ANSON
  BOREAS
  HIRONDELLE
  BANTERER
  CRESCENT
  MINOTAUR
  PALLAS AND NYMPH
  ST. GEORGE AND DEFENCE
  HERO
  DÆDALUS
  PERSIAN
  PENELOPE
  ALCESTE
  DRAKE
  FURY
  MAGPIE
  THETIS
  FIREFLY
  AVENGER

LIST OF SHIPWRECKS OF THE ROYAL NAVY
BETWEEN 1793 & 1850




ADVERTISEMENT.


Some time ago a friend suggested that a selection of the most
interesting naval shipwrecks might be made from the official documents
of the Admiralty, in illustration of the discipline and heroism
displayed by British seamen under the most trying circumstances of
danger: permission to search the records was accordingly asked, and
most kindly granted by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, and
the present volume is the result.

The Author is well aware that the task of preparing these materials
for publication might have fallen into better hands; and whilst he
gratefully acknowledges his obligations to the Lords Commissioners of
the Admiralty, for allowing him to have access to their Records, he
desires also to express his most cordial thanks for the assistance he
has received from those friends, who have kindly revised and improved
his pages as they passed through the press. Without such aid, his own
literary inexperience would have left the work more defective than it
is. He is especially indebted to some naval friends for correcting
his errors in the use of nautical terms and descriptions.

A list of all the shipwrecks that have occurred in the Royal Navy
since the year 1793 has been appended to this volume, in the hope that
it may be useful as a table of reference. The ships are classed,
first, under the initial letter of their names; and secondly, they are
arranged in chronological order as regards the time of their wreck.

W.O.S.G




PREFACE.


At the request of my son, the Author of this volume, I have undertaken
to write the Preface, and to say a few words on the very peculiar and
noble traits of character, which distinguish the British seaman on all
trying occasions, and especially in the terrible hour of shipwreck.

Many circumstances have combined to make me take a warm interest in
all that concerns the navy. In early life, having passed several
months in a line-of-battle ship during the war with France, I was an
eye-witness of scenes and events, which called forth some of those
qualities that are illustrated in the following pages. For the
restoration of my health, in the year 1811, I was advised to try the
effects of sea air and a change of climate, and was glad to accept the
opportunity offered me, by the captain of an eighty-gun ship, to take
a cruise with him off the southern parts of the French coast.

On one occasion, in a severe tempest in the Bay of Biscay, a flash of
lightning struck the ship and set her on fire. The calmness with which
orders were given and obeyed, and the rapidity with which the fire was
extinguished, without the least hurry or confusion, made a deep
impression on me. This was afterwards increased by the conduct of the
crew in a severe gale of wind, when it was necessary to navigate one
of the narrow channels, by which the squadron that blockaded Rochelle
and Rochfort was frequently endangered. The vessel had to pass between
two rocks, so near that a biscuit could have been thrown from the deck
on either. An old quarter-master was at the wheel; the captain stood
by to con and to direct his steering. At one fearful crisis, every
blast threatened to shiver a sail, or to carry away a spar, and a
single false movement of the helmsman, or the slightest want of
steadiness or of obedience on the part of any man on duty, would have
been fatal to the life of every one on board.

    As they drifted on their path
    There was silence deep as death,
    And the boldest held his breath
        For a time.

When the danger was over, the captain thanked the officers and men for
their conduct, and gave a snuff-box with five guineas in it to the
quarter-master, in admiration of his steady head and iron nerves.

I mention these incidents in my early experience as a sort of apology
for a landsman's presumption, in venturing to write this Preface to a
series of nautical details. In after years, the death of a dear
brother, a lieutenant in the navy, who lost his life in a generous
attempt to save a vessel from shipwreck on the coast of Sussex, moved
me to a still deeper concern for those whose employment is 'in the
great waters.'

My early observation of the hazards of a sailor's career, and my
brother's sudden call to his last account, in the awful perils of a
storm at sea, taught me to reflect with painful solemnity on the many
thousand instances, in which our naval protectors are summoned in a
moment, prepared or unprepared, to stand before the throne of the
Eternal. Often have I asked myself and others, Can nothing be done to
elevate the hopes, and to place the fortitude of these men on a firmer
foundation than that of mere animal courage, or the instinct of
discipline? The present is an opportunity of pleading for the sailor
which I should be sorry to lose, and of suggesting something, which
may establish his good conduct on a basis more durable, and more
certain, than even the well-known courage and discipline of a British
tar.

I shall begin by noticing the extraordinary displays of
self-possession, self-devotion, and endurance, which shed lustre on
our naval service; and I will close my remarks with hints for the
improvement of these noble qualities.

The intrepidity and mental resources of a brave man are more
discernible in the hour of patient suffering, than in that of daring
action: and the contents of this volume form a record of heroic doings
and endurances, which exhibits the British seaman as a true specimen
of the national character. Duty is his watchword, and the leading
principle by which he is governed. Nelson knew the spirits he had to
deal with, when he hoisted the memorable signal, 'England expects
every man to do his duty.' He was well aware that the men who could
patiently and calmly face the toil and danger of a blockading fleet,
day and night, on the stormy waves of the Bay of Biscay, or on the lee
shores of the Mediterranean, such as his fleet had had to encounter,
wanted no other stimulus, in the presence of the enemy, than that
which he so confidently applied. Napoleon found to his cost, on the
field of Waterloo, that the word _Glory_ had no longer any power to
launch his battalions successfully against troops, who had learnt in
the British school of duty and obedience to confront death, not only
in the impetuous battle-charge, but in the more trying season of long
endurance in the Lines of Torres Vedras. Men who can wait, and bear
and forbear, and remain steadily at their post under every provocation
to leave it, are invincible opponents. The cool determination which
resisted the onset, and withstood the furious rush of the French
Guards, was part and parcel of the same character which made heroes of
the comrades of Nelson. To obey implicitly, and to feel that no
quality is superior to that of obedience,--to wait for your
commander's word,--to keep order,--to preserve presence of mind,--to
consider yourself one of many, who are to follow the same rule, and to
act in unison with each other,--to regulate your movements according
to the demands of the common safety,--to consider your honour to be as
much at stake in submitting to a command to remain stationary and not
to stir, as to dash forward,--these are the peculiarities, which
constitute the substantial excellence of the national character; and
the shipwrecks of the Royal Navy illustrate this national character
even more than the battles of the Nile and of Trafalgar. The perils of
a shipwreck are so much beyond those of a battle, that the loss of
life, when the St. George, the Defence, and the Hero, were wrecked in
the North Seas, in 1811, was far greater than that on the part of the
English in any naval action of late years. In order to place the
qualities of obedience and endurance--so characteristic of the British
seaman--in the strongest light, and to show by contrast that the
possession of them is the greatest security in danger, whilst the want
of them ensures destruction, I commend the following statement to the
attention of all who shall read this volume.

In the year 1816 two stately vessels were sailing on the ocean, in all
the pride of perfect equipment and of glorious enterprise. The one was
an English frigate, the Alceste, having on board our ambassador to
China; the other was a French frigate, the Medusa, taking out the
suite of a governor for one of the colonies of France on the coast of
Africa. The importance of the mission on which each ship was
despatched, and the value of the freight, would seem to assure us that
the Alceste and the Medusa were officered and manned by the best crews
that could be selected. Two nations, rivals in science and
civilization, who had lately been contending for the empire of the
world, and in the course of that contest had exhibited the most heroic
examples of promptitude and courage, were nautically represented, we
may suppose, by the elite who walked the decks of the Alceste and the
Medusa. If any calamity should happen to either, it could not be
attributed to a failure of that brilliant gallantry, which the English
and French had equally displayed on the most trying occasions.

But a calamity of the most fearful nature did befal both, out of which
the Alceste's crew were delivered with life and honour untouched, when
that of the Medusa sank under a catastrophe, which has become a
proverb and a bye-word to mariners. Both ships were wrecked. For an
account of the good conduct, of the calm and resolute endurance, and
of the admirable discipline to which, under Providence, the
preservation of the crew of the Alceste is to be attributed, see pages
204-226 of this volume. A total relaxation of discipline, an absence
of all order, precaution, and presence of mind, and a contemptible
disregard of everything and of everybody but self, in the hour of
common danger, filled up the full measure of horrors poured out upon
the guilty crew of the Medusa. She struck on a sand-bank under
circumstances which admitted of the hope of saving all on board. The
shore was at no great distance, and the weather was not so boisterous
as to threaten the speedy destruction of the ship when the accident
first happened.

There were six boats of different dimensions available to take off a
portion of the passengers and crew: there was time and there was
opportunity for the construction of a raft to receive the remainder.
But the scene of confusion began among officers and men at the crisis,
when an ordinary exercise of forethought and composure would have been
the preservation of all. Every man was left to shift for himself, and
every man did shift for himself, in that selfish or bewildered manner
which increased the general disaster. The captain was not among the
last, but among the first to scramble into a boat; and the boats
pushed off from the sides of the frigate, before they had taken in as
many as each was capable of holding. Reproaches, recrimination, and
scuffling took the place of order and of the word of command, both in
the ship and in the boats, when tranquillity and order were
indispensable for the common safety.

When the raft had received the miserable remnant, one hundred and
fifty in number, for whom the boats had no room, or would make no
room, it was found, when it was too late to correct the evil, that
this last refuge of a despairing and disorderly multitude had been put
together with so little care and skill, and was so ill provided with
necessaries, that the planking was insecure; there was not space
enough for protection from the waves, and charts, instruments, spars,
sails, and stores were all deficient. A few casks of wine and some
biscuits, enough for a single meal only, were all the provision made
for their sustenance. The rush and scramble from the wreck had been
accomplished with so little attention to discipline, that the raft had
not a single naval officer to take charge of her. At first, the boats
took the raft in tow, but in a short time, though the sea was calm and
the coast was known to be within fifteen leagues, the boats cast off
the tow-lines: and in not one of the six was there a sufficient sense
of duty, or of humanity left, to induce the crew to remain by the
floating planks--the forlorn hope of one hundred and fifty of their
comrades and fellow-countrymen! Nay, it is related by the narrators of
the wreck of the Medusa, that the atrocious cry resounded from one
boat to another, '_Nous les abandonnons_!'--'we leave them to their
fate,'--until one by one all the tow-lines were cast off. During the
long interval of seventeen days, the raft struggled with the waves. A
small pocket compass was the only guide of the unhappy men, who lost
even this in one of the reckless quarrels, which ensued every hour
for a better place on the raft or a morsel of biscuit. On the first
night twelve men were jammed between the timbers, and died under the
agonies of crushed and mangled limbs. On the second night more were
drowned, and some were smothered by the pressure towards the centre of
the raft. Common suffering, instead of softening, hardened the hearts
of the survivors against each other. Some of them drank wine till they
were in a frenzy of intoxication, and attempted to cut the ropes which
kept the raft together. A general fight ensued, many were killed, and
many were cast into the sea during the struggle; and thus perished
from sixty to sixty-five. On the third day portions of the bodies of
the dead were devoured by some of the survivors. On the fourth night
another quarrel and another fight, with more bloodshed, broke out. On
the fifth morning, thirty only out of the one hundred and fifty were
alive. Two of these were flung to the waves for stealing wine: a boy
died, and twenty-seven remained, not to comfort and to assist each
other, but to hold a council of destruction, and to determine who
should be victims for the preservation of the rest. At this hideous
council twelve were pronounced too weak to outlive much more
suffering, and that they might not needlessly consume any part of the
remaining stock of provisions, such as it was, (flying fish mixed with
human flesh.) these twelve helpless wretches were deliberately thrown
into the sea. The _fifteen_, who thus provided for their own safety by
the sacrifice of their weaker comrades, were rescued on the
seventeenth day after the wreck by a brig, sent out in quest of the
wreck of the Medusa by the six boats, which reached the shore in
safety, and which might have been the means of saving all on the raft,
had not the crews been totally lost to every sentiment of generosity
and humanity, when they cast off the tow-lines.

In fact, from the very first of the calamity which befel the Medusa,
discipline, presence of mind, and every generous feeling, were at an
end: and the abandonment of the ship and of the raft, the terrible
loss of Life, the cannibalism, the cruelty, the sufferings, and all
the disgraceful and inhuman proceedings, which have branded the modern
Medusa with a name of infamy worse than that of the Gorgon,--the
monster after which she was called,--originated in the want of that
order and prompt obedience, which the pages of this volume are
intended to record, to the honour of British seamen.

In the history of no less than forty shipwrecks narrated in this
memorial of naval heroism,--of passive heroism, the most difficult to
be exercised of all sorts of heroism,--there are very few instances of
misconduct, and none resembling that on board the Medusa.

This contrast is marked and stated, not in an invidious spirit towards
the French, but because there is no example on record, which furnishes
such a comparison between the safety which depends on cool and orderly
behaviour in the season of peril, and the terrible catastrophe which
is hastened and aggravated by want of firmness, and confusion.

'It is impossible,' said a writer in the _Quarterly Review_, of
October, 1817, 'not to be struck with the extraordinary difference of
conduct in the officers and crew of the Medusa and the Alceste,
wrecked nearly about the same time. In the one case, all the people
were kept together in a perfect state of discipline and subordination,
and brought safely home from the opposite side of the globe; in the
other, every one seems to have been left to shift for himself, and the
greater part perished in the horrible way we have seen.'[1]

I have brought the comparison between the two wrecks again under
notice to show, that as certainly as discipline and good order tend to
insure safety on perilous occasions, so, inevitably, do confusion and
want of discipline lead to destruction. In the one case, intrepidity
and obedience prompted expedients and resources: in the other case,
consternation was followed by despair, and despair aggravated the
catastrophe with tenfold horrors.

It is not to be concealed, that occasional instances of
insubordination and pusillanimity have occurred in the British navy.
Some such appear in this narrative, and they invariably have produced
their own punishment, by leading always to disaster, and often to
death; and they serve as beacons to point out the fatal consequences
of misconduct, under circumstances either of drunkenness,
disobedience, panic, selfishness, or confusion.

The selfish cowardice, noticed in page 94, on the part of the men in
charge of the jolly-boat of the Athenienne, and of some of the crew of
the launch of the Boreas, (see p. 136,) and the tumult, intoxication,
and desertion of the majority of the crew of the Penelope, which were
followed by the prolonged sufferings and painful deaths of the
culprits, (see pp. 200-204,) are but a few dark spots in the
shipwrecks of the Royal Navy, to set off by contrast the many bright
pages, which describe innumerable traits of character that do honour
to human nature.

As a direction to some of these noble traits, every one of which will
make the reader warm to the name of a British sailor: and, if he be
one himself, will bring the blood from his heart to his face in a glow
of emulation and honest pride,--I ask him to turn for examples of
perfect discipline to pages 13, 23, 63, 70, 71, 75, 110, 173, 188,
194, 216, 223, 229, 231, 268, 269, 278, 279, 280. Here he will behold
the portraits of men on the brink of destruction, steady, 'as if they
were moving from one ship to another in any of the Queen's ports,' and
unmoved by images of death under the most appalling forms; and he will
say, 'Lo! these are triumphs of order and subordination, and examples
of such resolute defiance of the terrors of the last enemy, when
covered with the shadow of death, that no exploits in battle can
exhibit fortitude that will compare with them.'

For instances of generous thought for others, of self-devotion and of
disregard of personal safety, I refer the reader to pages 58, 59, 67,
68, 69, 96, 128, 129, 169, 186, 190, 194, 231, 234, 269, 270.

In the long list of heroes, which these references to examples of
indomitable courage and unhesitating self-devotion will unfold, it is
almost wrong to mark out one more than another for observation, and
yet the following stand so prominently forward in the front rank of
heroism, that it is impossible to refrain from noticing them. Captain
Lydiard sacrificed his life in his desperate endeavour to rescue a boy
from the wreck of the Anson, (pp. 128, 129.) Captain Temple, of the
Crescent, and more than two hundred of his crew, displayed a noble
disregard of themselves, when they permitted the jolly-boat, their own
last hope of escape, to take off as many as it would hold, and leave
them to perish. There was no rushing, no struggling, to get away from
the sinking ship, but with orderly care they helped the boat to push
off, bade her God speed, and calmly waited their fate, (p. 153.) The
resolution of Captain Bertram, of the Persian, to brave the danger of
taking some men off a raft into his over-crowded gig, was generously
followed by the crews of the other boats, who threw their clothing and
provisions overboard to make room for the additional weight, (p. 191.)

I may refer also to the magnanimous contest between Captain Baker, of
the Drake, and his officers and men, each insisting on being the last
to make his way from the ship to a rock (p. 231), and which ended in
Captain Baker refusing to stir until he had seen every man clear of
the wreck. A second struggle for precedency in glorious self-devotion
took place, when the same commander declared, that all his crew should
pass from the rock to the mainland, by help of a line, before he
himself would consult his own safety, (p. 234.) The rope broke, and
the last means of communication between the rock and the shore was
severed, while the captain of the Drake and three of his companions
were waiting their turn to escape. They met their fate with intrepid
composure, (p. 235.) Lieutenant Smith, of the Magpie, offered another
memorable example, when his schooner was upset in a squall, and he
took to his boat with seven men. The boat capsized, and while the
struggling crew were endeavouring to right her, they were attacked by
sharks. The lieutenant himself had both his legs bitten off; but when
his body was convulsed with agony, his mind retained and exercised all
its energies, and his last words were expressive of dying
consideration for others. 'Tell the admiral, if you survive,' said he,
to a lad named Wilson, 'that my men have done their duty, and that no
blame is attached to them. I have but one favour to ask, and that is,
that he will promote Meldrum to be a gunner,' (p. 270.) And richly did
Meldrum deserve the distinction. When all in the boat had perished but
himself and another, a brig hove in sight, but did not seem to notice
the speck on the ocean. Meldrum sprang overboard, and swam towards the
ship, and was thus the means of saving his companion's life as well as
his own.

In a volume like this, 'the dangers of the seas' come before the
reader in such rapid succession, that he has scarcely time to think of
the many other awful perils and sufferings, besides those of wind and
storm, which put the mariner's fortitude to the test. The narratives
in pages 2, 3, 9, 36, 69, 70, 113, 115, present to view the horrors of
a ship on fire.

In pages 12, 169, 171, 196, 226, 242, we learn something of the
terrible consequences of being exposed to fogs and mist, ice and snow.
In page 27, we have a vivid picture of a combination of these terrors;
and in pages 217, 268, the most appalling of all the dangers a sailor
has to encounter is brought in view.

We will hope that the rigours and perils of the blockade system, which
occasioned so fearful a loss of life at different periods of the late
war, but especially in the disastrous year 1811, are at end for ever.
From page 154 to 159, and from 168 to 186, the accounts of the loss of
life in the Baltic and North Seas alone occur in fearful succession;
and the magnanimity with which hundreds, nay, thousands of our bravest
officers and men met death on that most perilous of all services, has
rendered the names of British blockading ships memorable in the annals
of hardship, hardihood, and suffering. Many invaluable lives perished
from the inclemency of the weather; men were frozen to death at their
posts. It is recorded of one devoted officer, Lieutenant Topping, that
rushing on deck in anxiety for his ship, without giving himself time
to put on his clothes, 'in fifteen minutes he fell upon the deck a
corpse, stricken by the piercing blast and driving snow,' (p. 169.)

In page 174, we read of the bodies of the dead, victims to the cold
and tempest, piled up by the survivors in rows one above another, on
the deck of the St. George, to serve as a shelter against the violence
of the waves and weather. 'In the fourth row lay the bodies of the
Admiral and his friend Captain Guion;' and out of a crew of 750, seven
only were saved.

The Defence, the consort of the St. George, was cast away in the same
storm: out of her complement of 600, six was the small remnant of
survivors. This ship might probably have escaped, but her gallant
captain (Atkins) said, 'I will never desert my admiral in the hour of
danger and distress,' (p. 175.)

An instance of obedience and discipline, worthy of particular mention,
occurred before the St. George went down. A few men asked leave to
attempt to reach the shore in the yawl. Permission was at first
granted, but afterwards withdrawn, and the men returned to their posts
without a murmur. 'As if Providence had rewarded their implicit
obedience and reliance upon their officers,' says the narrative (p.
173), 'two of these men were of the few (seven) that were saved.'

The question now arises, to what are we to attribute the extraordinary
display of cool determination manifested by British seamen, in such
trials of nerve as are described in the following pages? The series of
shipwrecks extends from 1793 to 1847, a period of fifty-four years;
and tragic scenes are described, many of them far exceeding the
imaginary terrors of fiction, and all of them equal in horror to
anything that the Drama, Romance, or Poetry has attempted to
delineate.

We rise from the perusal with scarcely any other impression upon our
minds than that of wonder and admiration, at the extraordinary
self-command exercised when death was staring every man in the face.
Doubtless there are some instances of misbehaviour, and of lack of
firmness: it could not be otherwise. 'When the stormy wind ariseth,
and they are carried up to the heaven and down again to the deep,
their soul melteth because of their trouble. They reel to and fro, and
stagger like a drunken man, and are at their wit's end.' But such
examples are so few in the British navy, that we have little on this
score wherewith to reproach our seamen.

To what, then, are we to attribute the manly bearing of British
seamen, when the planks of their ship tremble under their feet, and
the waves are yawning to swallow them up!

First.--To the early training which almost all our youth receive, in
one way or other. It begins at school. The first principles of
generosity, as of obedience and order, are taught in our schools:
whether in the national and parochial schools, or at Westminster,
Eton, and Harrow, and other schools of a higher order, where in his
very games the boy learns to exercise presence of mind, daring, and
self-command. In our streets and play-grounds, where the humblest or
the proudest are at their sports, the germ of the manly spirit is
discernible in emulous contention as to who shall bear and forbear,
remain at his post, give and take, with most patience and good-humour.

Foreigners have allowed that there is nothing like an English school
to discipline a lad for the high places, or rough places, of
after-life; and that our mixed schools of every grade are the
seminaries, where one learns to lead, and another to follow, in the
path of honour and duty.

Secondly.--To the habit which prevails so universally in this country,
of giving place to those to whom deference is due, and of looking up
to those, who are above us in station, with ungrudging respect and
confidence. This goes with the man into all the walks of life. Some
attribute it to the aristocratic feeling, which is said to be stronger
in England than elsewhere: but it maybe more justly traced to that
good sense, which is at work in all orders of our people, and which
understands when to obey and to hearken. In the seaman it displays
itself in a predisposition to regard his officer as one worthy of his
confidence, and whom it is his safety as well as duty to obey in the
hour of danger. And this confidence is justified by the almost
unfailing manner, in which the officer shows himself deserving of the
trust reposed in him, and takes the lead in the very front of danger,
and exhibits in moments of doubt and difficulty all the resources of a
cool and collected mind, at the very juncture when life and death
depend upon his composure.

The leadership to which a British tar is accustomed, and which ever
responds to his own confiding spirit, is one of the primary causes of
his endurance and daring. His officer is the first to advance, the
foremost to encounter, the last to hesitate, and the most willing to
take more than his share of danger and of suffering; and this inspires
the men with an emulation to do likewise.

Conduct such as that displayed by the captains and officers of the
Queen Charlotte (pp. 37 and 41), of the Hindostan (p. 71), of the
Athenienne (p. 96), of the Anson (p. 128), of the Dædalus (p. 189),
could not fail of producing a sort of instinctive effect upon a ship's
crew. Under the command of officers who never flinch from their duty,
who share their last biscuit with the lowest cabin-boy, and who will
not move from the vessel when it is sinking under them, until every
other man has taken his seat in the boat, or planted his foot on the
raft that is to carry him from the wreck, where can be the quailing
heart or the unready hand?

Thirdly.--The blockading service has had much to do in training our
seamen for passive heroism and enduring fortitude. During the long war
with France, it was a service wherein all those qualities were called
into action, which are of most value in sudden emergencies. Vigilance,
promptitude, patience, and endurance, were tried to the utmost in the
course of those wintry months, and tempestuous seasons, when single
ships, squadrons, and fleets were cruising off the enemy's coast, and
every man on board was perpetually exposed to something that put his
temper or his nerves to the test. Then was the time to learn when to
keep a sharp look-out, to be on the alert in handling the gear of a
vessel, to respond to the word of command at the instant, to do things
at the right point of time, to hold life at a moment's purchase, and
to stare death in the face without flinching. It was a hard and
rigorous school; but if proficiency in readiness and fortitude was to
be attained anywhere, it was in the blockading service, and there the
heart of oak was tried, and the seaman was trained for the exercise of
that discipline, of which this Record of Naval Shipwrecks presents so
complete a picture.

But we will hope that the principal cause, to which we may ascribe the
good conduct of our sailors in the trying hour, when there seems to be
a span only between life and death, is the religious feeling which
they bring with them to their ship from their homes, whether from the
cabin on the sea-shore, or the cottage on the hill-side. The scene
described in page 115, and the anecdote of the poor boy, in whose hand
was found an open Bible when his corpse was cast on shore, show the
power of religious feeling in the soul of the sailor. It may be a very
imperfect feeling, but the sailor has it; and even in its
imperfection it has a strong hold on his mind. From the first outbreak
of the Revolution; the French sailor entered the service of his
country as a volunteer or a conscript, embued with infidel notions: or
to say the least, with the religious indifference which had become so
common in France. Not so the English sailor. He was not one of the
fools to say in his heart. 'There is no God!' It is not easy to define
the nature of that awe which fills the mind of a religions mariner;
but most certainly those 'who see the works of the Lord and his
wonders in the deep,' face danger more steadily, under the solemn
belief that there is a ruling power to control the waters, and to say
to the winds, 'Peace! be still.' They are predisposed to 'cry unto the
Lord in their trouble,' and to implore Him to 'make the storm a calm,
so that the waves thereof may be still:' and this fear of God, which
is before their eyes, has its influence in making them willing to
adopt every expedient proposed to them by their officers for their
common safety. Under this higher impulse, the spirit of obedience
works in them more confidingly; and humbled before the Supreme Power,
they are prepared to yield submission to every intellect superior to
their own. Now if there be a feeling of this kind already at work for
good in the minds of our seamen, it is of the utmost importance to
strengthen it,[2] to give it a sure direction, and to make it run in
a deeper and a broader channel, by all the appliances of instruction
and education.

To the credit of the official Boards, under whose administrative
authority provision is made for the religious and educational
improvement of men and boys in the Navy, very much has been done
lately to secure this great object. Within my own memory few seamen
could read, still fewer could write, but now the majority of them can
do both, and they respond largely to the instruction they receive, by
their intelligence and good conduct. There is no more imposing sight
than that of the crew of a man-of-war, when assembled for divine
service; and if the chaplain be a clergyman, who applies himself
zealously to his duties, he has a congregation before him, who show by
their attentive looks, that they are under the power of religious
impressions. Almost all ships commanded by post-captains have
chaplains and naval instructors, and where there is no chaplain, the
commanding officer is expected to read prayers on Sundays. In port
the crews of the Queen's ships have the opportunity of observing the
sacred day, either on board the flag-ship, the ordinary, or in the
dockyard chapel. I believe every ship in the navy is provided with a
library; and first, second, third, fourth, and fifth-rates have
schoolmasters. To men and boys desirous of entering the service, the
preference is given to those who can read and write; and an admirable
regulation has lately been adopted, which will contribute further to
advance our navy in the intellectual scale. Boys are entered as naval
apprentices, to the number of one hundred each, at Devonport,
Portsmouth, Sheerness, and Cork. They remain for one year on board the
flag-ship, under a systematic course of education, and are then
drafted into sea-going ships. The happy effects produced by mental
cultivation were felt in an especial degree, when the Discovery ships,
under Captain, now Sir Edward Parry, were blocked up with ice, and had
to pass so many dismal days and nights in the Polar Sea. A school was
established both in the Hecla and Fury, under able superintendence;
and men, whose time would have hung heavily during their icy
imprisonment, were kept in good humour and cheerfulness by the
intellectual occupations in which they were engaged. Captain Parry's
remarks in attestation of the moral effect produced by this means, and
on the uninterrupted good order which prevailed among his men, are
cited in page 243 of this work.

It would add greatly to the intellectual and spiritual improvement of
our seamen, if a Chaplain-general were appointed to take the oversight
of the religious instruction, and an _Examiner_ to direct the secular
instruction, of the Navy. The former should exercise authority
similar to that of an archdeacon, and the functions of the latter
should resemble those of her Majesty's Inspectors of Schools. The
impulse given to parochial education by the latter is beyond all
calculation; and the difference of ecclesiastical discipline in a
diocese, where there are active archdeacons and where there are not,
is a matter of well ascertained fact.

The duties of a chaplain-general[3] should be to visit the naval
posts, and to go on board the Queen's ships, (especially before they
are despatched on foreign service,) for the purpose of reporting and
advising. He should look out for and recommend competent
chaplains,--consult with admirals and captains on the best mode of
securing the regular performance of the sacred offices,--make inquiry
into the state of the ship-libraries, keep them well supplied with
religious books and tracts, and direct observation generally to the
spiritual wants of ships and ports. He would thus be of infinite use
in making religion an object of more and more thoughtfulness to those,
who take an interest in the comfort and good conduct of the Navy: two
things which always go together.

If an Inspector of all the naval schools and schoolmasters were
appointed (Professor Mosely has now the inspection of the Dockyard
Schools,) he should consider it to be part of his office to look to
the libraries, and to recommend elementary books. His periodical
examinations would be likely to stir up the same spirit of emulation
on board ship, which has been the result in our towns and villages,
where the schools are visited by persons appointed by the Committee of
Privy Council on Education. I am satisfied with throwing out these
suggestions without dwelling further upon them, under the persuasion
that every practical hint of the kind will be well considered, and
acted upon (if it commend itself to their judgment,) by those who
preside over naval affairs, and who have at heart the mental
improvement of our seamen.

I have another suggestion to make, which is meant not for those only,
who are officially interested in the condition of the navy, but for
all who love and value it. The merchant service, the fisheries, and
the coasting trade are the nurseries of the navy. Every shipmate and
every boatman on the sea and on the river ought, therefore, to come in
for a share of our sympathy, because he belongs to a class to which
the Queen's ships must look for a supply of men. But none are exposed
to more trials than they, and especially in the larger ports. Many of
them come home from a voyage of danger and deprivation, full of
excitement, and become victims of plunder and temptation; and the man
who last week was impressed, by the perils of the tempest, with the
terrors of the Lord, and was inclined to fear God and to serve him, is
waylaid by unfeeling wretches, who first entice him into scenes of
profligacy and blasphemy, and then cast him off, robbed of his money,
seared in his conscience, and in a miserable condition of soul and
body. Many benevolent efforts have been made to protect and fortify
some of those who are thus beset, and to reclaim such as are not
utterly lost; and associations have been formed for the purpose of
affording temporary relief and instruction to seamen, who might
otherwise become outcasts, and perish in want and ignorance. I allude
to such institutions as the 'Sailor's Home,' or 'Destitute Sailor's
Asylum,' in London, for the reception of seamen who have squandered or
have been despoiled of their earnings after their return from a
foreign voyage, or who are disabled for employment by illness, age, or
accident. There is also. 'The Floating Chapel,' opened to invite and
enable mariners to avail themselves of the opportunity of attending
Divine service, (under the Thames Church Missionary Society,) which
moves from one thickly populated sailors' locality to another. The
establishment of a district church and minister in a large sea-port
parish, like that of St. Mary's, Devonport, to relieve the necessities
of a district crowded with mariners, and rife with all the snares and
temptations which entrap a sailor, and endanger his bodily and
spiritual safety, is another undertaking worthy of notice.

Institutions like these must depend principally on public and
voluntary support. There is much need for them in all our principal
sea-ports; for who require them more than the men who are perpetually
exposed to the double shipwreck of body and soul? The members of these
and similar institutions are instrumental in preserving some from
ruin--in restoring others to character and employment, to usefulness,
to self-estimation, and to religious feeling; and in making both our
merchant and naval service an example to the world of subordination
and patient endurance.

The promoters of these institutions are not satisfied with providing a
remedy for the evil which exists, but they do much to prevent the ills
of irreligion and immorality, by supplying seamen with instructive and
devotional books, and by employing agents to go among them and to tell
them where the offices of religion are performed. The countenance
which admirals and captains, prelates and lords of the Admiralty, have
given to them, are the best warrant for their necessity and
usefulness. A short notice of 'The Swan' and its Tender, will not be
thought out of place in this volume.

'The Swan' is a large cutter of about 140 tons. On her bows she bears
an inscription which describes her as 'The Thames Church.' She conveys
a clergyman and a floating sanctuary from one pool in the river to
another, to carry the Word of God to those who do not seek for it
themselves. Hers is a missionary voyage. She is freighted with Bibles
and Testaments and Prayer-books, and religious tracts. She runs
alongside colliers, outward-bound vessels, and emigrant ships
especially, that the services, the consolation, and the instruction of
the Church may be offered as a parting gift to those, who are taking a
last leave of their native shores, and are saying farewell to weeping
friends and kindred.

There is also a Tender, called 'The Little Thames Church,' which sails
lower down the river, as occasion may require, fraught on the same
holy errand. One extract from the last Report of the 'Thames Church
Mission Society,' which is patronized by the Archbishop of Canterbury
and the Bishops of London and Winchester, will suffice to explain the
nature of her mission.

'Sunday, February 24, Long Reach. Morning service. The congregation
was 128 seamen. Afternoon, Bible class, 62. Evening service,
132,--total 322. One of the captains observed that there was a great
change for the better, which he was rejoiced to see: 'For,' said he,
'about four years ago I attended a service, and found that I was the
only sailor that had come from the fleet; but this morning so crowded
was the church, that I had some difficulty in getting a seat.''

It is by means such as these, which as a Christian nation we are bound
to provide, that we might hope, not only to keep alive, but to improve
the noble spirit which distinguishes the British Navy.

The discipline which now prevails would be established on the highest
principle of obedience and action. The endurance, which now bears
suffering with fortitude, would learn to submit to severer trials
under the sanction of a higher teaching, and patience would have her
perfect work. The courage and steadiness of a brave crew would receive
an accession of energy from the hope that is set before them. The
allegiance, which they owe to their Sovereign, would be strengthened
by a sense of the more sacred duty which they owe to Him, by whom
kings reign and rulers govern: and committing themselves habitually to
the protection of Providence, they would face deprivation, fatigue,
and danger with unshaken composure.--with a hand for any toil, and a
heart for any fate.

WILLIAM STEPHEN GILLY.

_Durham, Oct. 28, 1850._

FOOTNOTES:

[1] See also an elaborate article on the same subject in the
_Edinburgh Review_, September, 1818. No. 60.

[2] In September, 1849, five colliers were wrecked off the Gunfleet
Sands. The crews were saved, and the following extract from the
_Ipswich Express_, copied into the _Times_ of the 12th of December,
contains a proof of the strong hold which religious awe has on the
minds of seamen:--'Yesterday (Monday) afternoon, the united crews,
amounting to about thirty men, had a free passage to Ipswich by the
River Queen. The scene on board was of the most extraordinary and
affecting description. The rough, weather-beaten seamen, who had gone
through the perils of that night with undaunted courage, were, in the
review of it, completely overwhelmed with gratitude to God for His
mercy in granting them deliverance. For the most part they were in the
fore cabin of the steamer, and at one time all would be on their knees
in devout prayer and thanksgiving to God, then a suitable hymn would
be read, and the voices of those who had been saved from the yawning
ocean would presently sound it forth in solemn thanks to God. From
port to port they were entirely occupied in these devotional
exercises, and the effect of them, and indeed the whole scene, upon
several hardy sons of ocean who were on board, will never be
forgotten.'

[3] His duties would be similar to those described in the following
letter from a clergyman in one of the colonies, though more general in
their extent:--'My own duties are pretty much those you would suppose.
I visit the emigrant ships _immediately_ on their coming into port,
and am often on board before they drop anchor. I then inquire for the
members of the Church of England, and for such others as may require
the services of a Church of England clergyman; and having assembled
them together, inquire as to the occurrences on the voyage, whether
they have had schools, and a regular Sunday or daily service, whether
there are children to be baptized, and a thousand other matters of a
like nature, which it would be but tiring you to detail. We then
appoint an hour for holding a thanksgiving service for their
preservation from the perils of the sea, and their safe arrival in the
colony. This service consists in the proper service for the day, with
a short sermon suited to the occasion.'




THE BOYNE

      Roll on, thou deep and dark blue ocean--roll!
      Ten thousand fleets sweep over thee in vain;
      Man marks the earth, with ruin--his control
      Stops with the shore;--upon the watery plain
      The wrecks are all thy deed, nor doth remain
      A shadow of man's ravage, save his own,
      When, for a moment, like a drop of rain,
      He sinks into thy depths with bubbling groan,
    Without a grave, unknell'd, uncoffin'd, and unknown.

    BYRON'S _Childe Harold_.


In the Preface to this work it has been stated that it is not our
intention to give a detailed account of every wreck that has happened
in the Royal Navy from the year 1793, to the present time, but only of
a few of those which appear to be most interesting. We therefore pass
over the first two years, giving only a catalogue of the wrecks that
occurred during that time; because the calamities that befel the
British Navy in 1793 and 1794 were but slight in comparison with those
of a later date. The first loss that we have to record is that of the
BOYNE, of 98 guns, bearing the flag of Vice-Admiral Peyton, and
commanded by Captain George Grey. This ship took fire as she lay at
anchor at Spithead, on the 1st of May, 1795.

The origin of the fire has never been correctly ascertained; but it is
supposed that some of the lighted paper from the cartridges of the
marines, as they were exercising and firing on the windward side of
the poop, flew through the quarter gallery into the admiral's cabin,
and set fire to the papers or other inflammable materials that were
lying there. Be this as it may, the flames burst through the poop
before the fire was discovered, and, notwithstanding the united
efforts of both officers and men, they soon wrapt the vessel in a
blaze fore and aft.

Upon the discovery of the fire, all the boats from the different ships
put out to the Boyne's assistance, and the crew, with the exception of
eleven, were saved.

The Boyne's guns, being loaded, went off as they became heated, and
much injury would have been done to the shipping and those on board,
had not the Port-Admiral, Sir William Parker, made signals for the
vessels most in danger to get under weigh. As it was, two men were
killed, and one wounded on board the Queen Charlotte.

About half-past one in the afternoon, the burning ship parted from her
cables, and blew up with a dreadful explosion. At the time of the
accident, Admiral Peyton and Captain Grey were attending a court
martial in Portsmouth Harbour.




THE AMPHION


The next catastrophe which we have to describe, was of a far more
appalling nature, and one which long threw a gloom over the
inhabitants of Plymouth and the neighbourhood.

The AMPHION frigate had been obliged to put into Plymouth for repairs,
and, on the 22nd Sept., 1796, was lying alongside of a sheer-hulk
taking in her bowsprit, within a few yards of the dockyard jetty. The
ship, being on the eve of sailing, was crowded with more than an
hundred men, women, and children, above her usual complement. It was
about four o'clock in the afternoon that a violent shock, like an
earthquake, was felt at Stonehouse and Plymouth. The sky towards the
dock appeared red, as if from fire, and in a moment the streets were
crowded with the inhabitants, each asking his neighbour what had
occurred. When the confusion had somewhat abated, it was announced
that the Amphion had blown up, and then every one hastened to the
dock, where a most heartrending scene presented itself. Strewed in
all directions were pieces of broken timber, spars, and rigging,
whilst the deck of the hulk, to which the frigate had been lashed was
red with blood, and covered with mangled limbs and lifeless trunks,
all blackened with powder. The frigate had been originally manned from
Plymouth; and as the mutilated forms were collected together and
carried to the hospital, fathers, mothers, brothers, and sisters
flocked to the gates, in their anxiety to discover if their relatives
were numbered amongst the dying or the dead.

From the suddenness of the catastrophe, no accurate account can of
course be given; but the following particulars were collected from the
survivors.

The captain, Israel Pellew, was at dinner in his cabin, with Captain
Swaffield of the Overyssel, a Dutch 64, and the first lieutenant of
the Amphion, when in an instant they were all violently thrown against
the carlings of the upper deck. Captain Pellew had sufficient presence
of mind to rush to the cabin window before a second explosion
followed, by which he was blown into the water; he was soon, however,
picked up by a boat, and was found to have sustained but little
injury.

The first lieutenant, who followed his example, escaped in a similar
manner. Unfortunately, Captain Swaffield perished, in all probability
having been stunned either by the first blow he received against the
carlings, or by coming in contact with some part of the hulk. His body
was found a month afterwards, with the skull fractured, apparently
crushed between the sides of the two vessels.

At the moment of the explosion, the sentinel at the cabin door was
looking at his watch, when it was dashed from his hands and he was
stunned: he knew nothing more until he found himself safe on shore,
and comparatively unhurt. The escape of the boatswain was also very
remarkable; he was standing on the cathead, directing the men in
rigging out the jib-boom, when he felt himself suddenly carried off
his feet into the air: he then fell into the sea senseless; and on
recovering his consciousness, he found that he had got entangled
amongst the rigging, and that his arm was broken. He contrived to
extricate himself, though with some difficulty, and he was soon picked
up by a boat, without further injury.

The preservation of a child was no less singular: in the terror of the
moment, the mother had grasped it in her arms, but, horrible to
relate, the lower part of her body was blown to pieces, whilst the
upper part remained unhurt, and it was discovered with the arms still
clasping the living child to the lifeless bosom.

    Till then we had not wept--
    But well our gushing hearts might say,
    That there a _Mother_ slept!
    For her pale arms a babe had prest
    With such a wreathing grasp,
    The fire had pass'd o'er that fond breast,
    _Yet not undone the clasp_.
    Deep in her bosom lay his head,
    With half-shut violet eye--
    _He_ had known little of her dread,
    Nought of her agony.
    Oh! human love, whose yearning heart,
    Through all things vainly true,
    So stamps upon thy mortal part
    Its passionate adieu:
    Surely thou hast another lot,
    There is some home for thee,
    Where thou shalt rest, rememb'ring not
    The moaning of the sea.--MRS. HEMANS.

The exact complement of the Amphion was 215, but from the crowded
state of her decks at the time of the accident, it is supposed that
300, out of 310 or 312 persons, perished with the ship.

The captain, two lieutenants, a boatswain, three or four seamen, a
marine, one woman, and the child were all that were saved.

The cause of this unfortunate event was never clearly known; but it
was conjectured that the gunner might have let fall some powder near
the fore-magazine, which accidentally igniting, had communicated with
the magazine itself. The gunner had been suspected of stealing the
powder, and on that day he is said to have been intoxicated, and was
probably less careful than usual. He was amongst the numbers who
perished.




THE TRIBUNE


The loss of the TRIBUNE frigate, in November of the following year, is
too interesting to be omitted.

At about eight o'clock on the morning of the 16th of November, 1797,
the harbour of Halifax was discovered, and as a strong wind blew from
the east-south-east, Captain Scory Barker proposed to the master to
lie to, until a pilot came on board. The master replied that there was
no necessity for such a measure, as the wind was favourable, and he
was perfectly well acquainted with the passage. The captain confiding
in this assurance, went below, and the master took charge of the ship.

Towards noon they approached so near the Thrum Cape shoals, that the
master became alarmed and sent for Mr. Galvin, one of the master's
mates. The message was scarcely delivered, before the man in the
main-chains sung out, 'By the mark five.' In a few minutes after the
ship struck.

Signals of distress were immediately made, and as speedily answered by
the military posts, and the ships in the harbour.

Some boats put out from the harbour to the assistance of the Tribune,
and Mr. Rackum, boatswain of the Ordinary, succeeded in reaching her
in a boat from the dockyard, but all the other boats were forced to
put back,--the wind was blowing so hard directly against them.

The ship continued to beat until eight o'clock, P.M., when all the
guns having been thrown overboard (except one, retained for signals),
and all means taken to lighten her, she began to heave, and in about
an hour after she swung off the shoal,--not, however, without having
lost her rudder.

She was then found to have seven feet of water in the hold; the chain
pumps were instantly manned, and every exertion made to save the
vessel. At first these efforts seemed to be successful, but by ten
o'clock the gale had increased to a frightful violence, and the water
was gaining on them so fast that little hope remained. The ship was
driving rapidly towards the rocky coast, against which she must have
been dashed to pieces had she kept afloat a few minutes longer, but
she gave a lurch and went down, rose again for an instant, and with
another lurch sank, and all was over,--and there were nearly two
hundred and fifty human beings struggling with the waves.

Of all the crew twelve only were saved.

Mr. Galvin, the master's mate, was below, directing the working of the
pumps, when the ship went down; he was washed up the hatchway, and
thence into the sea; he then struck out for the shrouds, but was
seized by three of his drowning comrades. To extricate himself from
their grasp, he dived for a few seconds, which caused them to let go
their hold. He reached the shrouds, which were crowded with people,
and then climbed to the main-top. Ten men had taken refuge in the
foretop, and about a hundred persons altogether are supposed by Mr.
Galvin to have been clinging to the shrouds, tops, and other parts of
the rigging; but the long November night, the intense cold, and the
fierce gale, finished the work that the waves had left undone; and one
by one the poor creatures let go their hold, frozen or exhausted, and
dropped into the foaming sea.

About forty persons were clinging to the mainmast when it fell over,
and all were lost, except Mr. Galvin and nine others, who had strength
enough left to enable them to gain the top, which rested on the
mainyard, being fortunately sustained by a part of the rigging. But of
the ten who regained the main-top, four only, including Mr. Galvin,
survived the night. Of the ten in the foretop, six perished, three
from exhaustion, and three were washed way.

Here we cannot refrain from relating an instance of the coolness which
is so often characteristic of the British sailor. Amongst those who
survived in the foretop were two seamen, Robert Dunlap, and Daniel
Munroe; the latter disappeared in the night, and his companion
concluded that he had been washed away with the others. About two
hours, however, after he had been missed, Munroe, to the surprise of
Dunlap, thrust his head through the lubber's hole. Dunlap asked where
he had been.

'Been.' said Munroe; 'I've been cruizing, d'ye see, in search of a
better berth.'

After swimming about the wreck for a considerable time, he had
returned to the fore-shrouds, and crawling in at the cat-harpings, had
been sleeping there more than an hour.

When the morning dawned, there were only eight men still alive on the
rigging, and no effort was made to rescue them until about eleven
o'clock, A.M., when a boy of thirteen years of age put out alone, in a
small skiff from Herring Cove, to their assistance, thus setting a
noble example of humanity and heroism to older and more experienced
men, who should have been leaders, and not followers, on such an
occasion. With great courage and skill, and at the peril of his life,
he reached the wreck, and backing his skiff close to the foretop,
carried off two of the people. Upon this occasion, also, a noble
instance of the magnanimity of the true British tar was displayed.

Munroe and Dunlap, who, during the night, had preserved their strength
and spirits, and had done everything in their power to sustain their
less fortunate comrades, refused to quit the wreck until the other two
men, who were so exhausted as to be unable to make any effort for
their own safety, were taken on shore. They accordingly lifted them
into the skiff, and the gallant boy rowed them off in triumph to the
Cove, and deposited them in safety in the nearest cottage.

He again put off in his skiff, but this time all his efforts were
unavailing, and he was obliged to return. His gallant example,
however, had the effect of inducing others to make the attempt, and
the six survivors were conveyed to the shore in large boats.




THE RESISTANCE

Before concluding this chapter, we will briefly relate another
catastrophe, somewhat similar to that of the Amphion, but which
affords a still more remarkable instance of the preservation of four
individuals, from one of whom the following particulars were
ascertained:----

It appears that the RESISTANCE, of 44 guns, Captain Edward Pakenham,
had anchored in the Straits of Banca, on the 23rd of July, 1798.
Between three and four o'clock in the morning of the 24th, the ship
was struck by lightning: the electric fluid must have penetrated and
set fire to some part of the vessel near to the magazine, as she blew
up with a fearful violence a few moments after the flash. Thomas
Scott, a seaman, one of the few survivors, stated that he was lying
asleep on the starboard side of the quarter-deck, when being suddenly
awakened by a bright blaze, and the sensation of scorching heat, he
found his hair and clothes were on fire. A tremendous explosion
immediately followed, and he became insensible. He supposed that some
minutes must have elapsed before he recovered, when he found himself,
with many of his comrades, struggling in the waves amongst pieces of
the wreck. The Resistance had sunk, but the hammock netting was just
above water on the starboard side, and with much difficulty Scott and
the other survivors contrived to reach it. When they were able to look
around them, they found that twelve men alone remained of a crew of
above three hundred, including the marines. The calmness of the
weather enabled the unfortunate sufferers to construct a raft with the
pieces of timber that were floating about; but most of the men were so
much bruised and burnt as to be unable to assist in the work. The raft
was finished about one o'clock, P.M., but in a very rough and insecure
manner. Part of the mainsail attached to the mast of the jolly-boat
served them for a sail, and they committed themselves to the care of
Providence upon this frail raft, and made for the nearest shore, which
was the low land of Sumatra, about three leagues distant.

About seven o'clock in the evening, a gale sprung up, the sea ran
high, and the lashings of the raft began to give way, the planks which
formed the platform were washed off, and in a short time the mast and
sail were also carried away. An anchor-stock which formed part of the
raft had separated, and was floating away; but although it was at some
distance, Scott proposed to swim for it, and encouraging three others
to follow his example, they all reached it in safety. In about an hour
afterwards they lost sight of their companions on the raft, and never
saw them more. The four men upon the anchor-stock gained the shore,
and they then fell into the hands of the Malays.

Thomas Scott was twice sold as a slave, but was at length released, at
the request of Major Taylor, the governor of Malacca, who, hearing
that four British seamen were captives at Lingan, sent to the Sultan
to beg his assistance in procuring their liberty. Thomas Scott
returned with Major Taylor's messenger to Malacca, from whence he
sailed to England: the other three men had been previously released by
the Sultan's orders, and conveyed to Penang.




THE PROSERPINE.


On Monday, January the 28th, 1799, His Majesty's frigate Proserpine,
28 guns, commanded by Captain James Wallis, sailed from Yarmouth to
Cuxhaven. She had on board the Hon. Thomas Grenville, who was the
bearer of important despatches for the Court of Berlin. On Wednesday,
the 30th, the ship was off Heligoland, and there took in a pilot for
the Elbe. The day being fine, with a fair wind from the N.N.E., the
Proserpine's course was steered for the Red Buoy, where she anchored
for the night. It was then perceived that the two other buoys at the
entrance of the river had been removed: a consultation was therefore
held with the pilots, in the presence of Mr. Grenville, as to the
practicability of proceeding up the river in the absence of the buoys.
The Heligoland pilot, and the two belonging to the ship, were
unanimous in declaring that there was not the slightest difficulty or
danger in ascending the river; they professed the most perfect
knowledge of the passage, and assured Captain Wallis they had no fear
of carrying the vessel to Cuxhaven provided only he would proceed
between half ebb and half flood tide; for in that case they should be
able to see the sands and to recognise their marks.

The next morning (31st), the Proserpine was got under weigh, and
proceeded up the river, having the Prince of Wales packet, which had
accompanied her from Yarmouth, standing on ahead.

At four o'clock in the afternoon, when they were within four miles of
Cuxhaven, the weather became very thick, and some snow fell, so that
Captain Wallis was obliged to anchor.

At nine o'clock, P.M., the wind changed to east by south, blowing a
violent gale, accompanied by a heavy fall of snow, which made it
impossible to see beyond a few feet from the ship; and what was still
worse, the tide and the wind brought such large masses of ice against
the ship, that, with all hands upon deck, it was with the greatest
difficulty they prevented the cables being cut, and were able to
preserve their station till daylight.

By eight o'clock next morning, the flood tide had carried up most of
the ice, and left a passage clear below the ship, while all above it
was blocked tip. The Prince of Wales packet had gone on shore during
the night; and, warned by her fate, Captain Wallis determined to
retreat out of the Elbe. Mr. Grenville was very anxious to be put on
shore as speedily as possible, his mission being of much importance;
but the river was so completely blocked up above them, that there
seemed no possibility of effecting a landing at Cuxhaven: Captain
Wallis therefore got his ship under weigh, and stood out to sea,
intending to land Mr. Grenville on the nearest part of the coast of
Jutland, if it were practicable.

The pilots were congratulating the captain on the frigate's getting
safely out of the river, and clear of the sands, and the people had
been allowed to go to breakfast, on the supposition that all danger
was past, when the vessel struck upon Scharborn Sand, with Newark
Island bearing south by east, at half-past nine o'clock, A.M.

As it was blowing a very strong gale of wind, the Proserpine struck
with great force, though she carried no other canvass than her
foretopmast stay-sail. Upon sounding there was found to be only ten
feet of water under the fore part of her keel.

The boats were immediately lowered to carry out an anchor, but the ice
was returning upon them so fast that this was found impossible, and
the boats were hoisted on board again. All hands were then employed to
shore the ship up, and make her heel towards the bank, to prevent her
falling into the stream, which would have been certain destruction.
Happily this object was effected; for as the tide ebbed, she lay
towards the bank.

The next tide, however, brought down such huge masses of ice that the
shores were carried away--the copper was torn from the starboard
quarter, and the rudder cut in two, the lower part lying on the ice
under the counter.

Notwithstanding all these disasters, Captain Wallis still hoped to get
the ship off at high water, and to effect this, they proceeded to
lighten her by throwing most of her guns and part of her stores
overboard, all of which were borne up on the ice. One party was
employed in hoisting out the provisions, another in starting the casks
of wine and spirits; and such were the good discipline and right
feeling of the men, that not one instance of intoxication occurred.

At ten o'clock on Friday night, they abandoned all hope of saving the
vessel; it was then high water, yet the heavy gale from the south-east
so kept back the tide, that upon sounding, they found three feet less
water than there had been in the morning, when the ship first struck.

The situation of the crew was dreadful. When the tide ebbed, they
expected every moment that the ship would be driven to pieces by the
ice. The cold was intense, and the darkness such that it was almost
impossible to distinguish one another upon deck; and the snow, falling
very thick, was driven against their faces by the wind, and froze upon
them as it fell.

There was no possibility of keeping up warmth and circulation in their
bodies, for the frozen snow and ice made the deck so slippery they
could scarcely stand, much less walk about quickly, and all they could
do was, to try to screen themselves as much as possible from the
pitiless blast. Thus the night was spent in anxious fears for the
future, and dread of immediate destruction. But morning came at last,
though with little comfort to the sufferers, for the wind had
increased, the ice was up to the cabin windows, the stern-post was
found to be broken in two, and the ship otherwise seriously damaged.

In this state they could not long remain. Mr. Grenville and some of
the officers proposed to Captain Wallis that the crew should make an
attempt to get over the ice to Newark Island, as the only means of
preserving their lives.[4] At first, Captain Wallis was inclined to
reject the proposal; he saw all the danger attending such an attempt;
and it appeared to him, that they could scarcely expect to succeed in
crossing the ice through a dense fog and heavy snow-storm, without any
knowledge of the way, without a guide, and exhausted as they were by
mental and bodily suffering, and benumbed with cold.

On the other hand, he confessed that the plan presented a hope of
safety, and that it was their only hope. The ship's company were
unanimous in wishing to adopt it, and therefore Captain Wallis finally
consented.

The people then set heartily to work to consider the difficulties of
the undertaking, and the best means of meeting them. It was determined
that they should be divided into four companies, each headed by an
officer; that the strongest of the men should carry planks, to be laid
down in the most dangerous places by way of assistance to the less
able and active of the party; and that others should hold a long line
of extended rope, to be instantly available in case of any one falling
between the blocks of ice.

When all these measures were decided upon, and every man had provided
himself with what was most essential for his safety and sustenance,
they began their perilous journey at half-past one o'clock, P.M. By
three o'clock, every one had left the ship, except Captain Wallis, and
he then followed the party, accompanied by Lieutenant Ridley, of the
Marines.

To describe the dangers and difficulties the crew of the Proserpine
had to encounter is almost impossible. The snow was still falling
heavily, driving against their faces, and adhering to their hair and
eyebrows, where in a few minutes it became solid pieces of ice.
Sometimes they had to clamber over huge blocks of ice, and at other
times were obliged to plunge through snow and water reaching to their
middle.

As the wind blew from the direction in which they were proceeding, the
large flakes of snow were driven into their eyes, and prevented them
from seeing many yards in advance. This caused them to deviate from
their proper course, and to travel in a direction which, if continued,
would have carried them off the shoal and field of ice into the sea,
or at least have taken them so far from any place of shelter, as to
have left them to perish in the ice and snow during the night.

This dreadful calamity was, however, prevented, by one of the party
having in his possession a pocket compass. Fortunately, bearings had
been taken previous to their leaving the wreck. The course they were
pursuing was examined, and to their surprise it was discovered that
they had been deviating widely from the direct line which they ought
to have pursued. This, however, enabled the party to correct the
march, and after a toilsome journey of six miles, they at length
reached Newark.

In the course of their hazardous journey, a striking instance was
afforded of the inscrutable ways of Providence. Two females were on
board the Proserpine when she was stranded,--one a strong healthy
woman, accustomed to the hardships of a maritime life: the other
exactly the reverse, weak and delicate, had never been twelve hours on
board a ship until the evening previous to the frigate's sailing from
Yarmouth. Her husband had been lately impressed, and she had come on
board for the purpose of taking farewell. Owing to a sudden change of
the weather, and the urgency of the mission for which the Proserpine
had been despatched, she had been unable to quit the ship. The poor
creature was upon the eve of her confinement, and naturally being but
ill prepared to combat with the inconvenience of a ship at sea, in the
course of the day she was delivered of a dead child. The reader can
well imagine the sufferings endured by this helpless woman, with but
one of her own sex to tend her, in a vessel tossed about in the stormy
seas of the Northern Ocean.

But this was little compared with what she had yet to undergo. Before
many hours the frigate stranded: the night was passed in torture of
mind and body, and then was she compelled, with others, to quit the
ship, and travel through masses of snow and ice, and to combat with
the bitter north wind, hail, and sleet.

It may well be supposed that her strength, already weakened by the
sufferings she had undergone, was totally unprepared to bear up
against a trial from which the strongest of the crew might have
shrunk; but it turned out otherwise. The robust, healthy woman, with
her feeble companion, left the wreck together, the former bearing in
her arms an infant of nine months old. No doubt many a ready arm was
stretched forth to assist them in their perilsome journey. But man
could have done but little against the piercing winter's blast with
which they had to contend. Before they had proceeded half the
distance, the child was frozen in its mother's arms, and ere long the
mother herself sunk on the snow, fell into a state of stupor, and
died. Not so the delicate invalid; sustained by help from above, she
still pursued her way, and ere long gained with others the hospitable
shore. The inhabitants of the village received the strangers with
great kindness, and did everything in their power to alleviate their
sufferings. The ship's company were distributed amongst them for the
night, but the poverty of the place afforded them little more than
shelter.

The next morning a general muster was made, and it was ascertained
that, of the whole company, twelve seamen, a woman, and her child,
only were missing; these had either been frozen to death, or had died
from the effects of cold, and the loss was small when compared with
the hardships they had suffered. Several men had their legs and
fingers frozen, but through proper medical treatment they all
recovered.

The storm lasted without intermission till the night of the 5th, and
during that time the crew of the Proserpine were suffering much from
the want of necessary food, clothing, &c. Provisions were so scarce
that they were all put upon short allowance; and their scanty store
being nearly exhausted, it became absolutely necessary that part of
them should proceed to Cuxhaven.

They learnt that at low water it was possible to get to Cuxhaven on
foot; and as some of the islanders offered their services as guides,
and the tide served, it was settled that the first lieutenant and half
the officers and men should start with the guides on the morning of
the 6th.

Mr. Grenville being very anxious to proceed on his mission to Berlin,
determined to accompany the party, with the secretary to the embassy,
and some of the servants; and they accordingly all set off at eight
o'clock in the morning, the severity of the weather having somewhat
abated.

Great as had been the difficulties they had encountered in their
passage from the Proserpine to Newark Island, the dangers of their
present expedition, over sand and ice, were nearly as formidable. At
one part of their journey they found themselves on the banks of a
river. The guides had assured them it was only a very narrow stream,
and would most probably be frozen over: it proved, however, to be a
river of considerable width; the ice was broken and floating upon it
in large masses; the tide, too, was rising, and altogether the passage
presented a formidable appearance. There was little time for
deliberation, so the word was given to push forward, and the next
moment they were up to their waists in the water, struggling against
the tide and the large flakes of ice, which swept against them with
such force that they had great difficulty in keeping their footing.

But through the mercy of Providence they all reached the opposite bank
in safety, and before evening they arrived at Cuxhaven, without the
loss of a single man. Many of them were more or less frost-bitten, but
by rubbing the parts affected with snow, circulation was restored.

We must now return to Captain Wallis and the officers and men who had
remained with him at Newark, in hopes of being able to save some of
the stores from the frigate.

On Friday, the 8th, Mr. Anthony, the master, volunteered with a party
to endeavour to ascertain the state of the vessel, and if possible to
bring away some bread, of which they were in much need.

They had great difficulty in reaching the ship, which they found lying
on her beam ends, with seven feet and a half of water in her hold,
having her quarter-deck separated six feet from her gangway, and
apparently only-kept together by the vast quantity of ice which
surrounded her.

From this report, it was deemed unadvisable to make any more
expeditions to the ship; but on the 10th, the clearness of the day
induced Mr. Anthony, in company with the surgeon, a midshipman, the
boatswain, and two seamen, to go off a second time.

Those who remained at Newark anxiously expected the return of the
party, but they came not. Evening advanced, the tide was flowing, and
at last it was too late for them to cross the sands and ice till the
next ebb. The watchers were obliged to content themselves with the
hope that Mr. Anthony and his party had found it safe and practicable
to remain on board the frigate till morning. But during the night a
violent storm arose, which increased the anxiety of Captain Wallis for
the safety of his people; and this anxiety became deep distress, when
in the morning he gazed wistfully towards the wreck, and saw nothing
but the foaming waters, and moving fields of ice. Not a vestige of the
frigate was visible. We cannot better describe Captain Wallis's
feelings on this occasion than by quoting his own words, when he
communicated the intelligence to Vice-Admiral Archibald Dickson.

'They got on board,' says Captain Wallis, 'but unfortunately
neglected, until too late in the tide, to return, which left them no
alternative but that of remaining on board till next day. About ten
o'clock at night the wind came on at S.S.E., and blew a most violent
storm; the tide, though at the neap, rose to an uncommon height, the
ice got in motion, the velocity of which swept the wreck to
destruction, (for in the morning not a vestige of her was to be seen,)
and with it, I am miserably afraid, went the above unfortunate
officers and men,--and if so, their loss will be a great one to the
service, as, in their different departments, they were a great
acquisition to it.

'The only hope I have is, that Providence which has so bountifully
assisted us in our recent dangers and difficulties, may be extended
towards them, so as to preserve their lives, by means of boat or
otherwise; but I am very sorry to say my hopes are founded on the
most distant degree of human probability. This melancholy accident
happening so unexpectedly, added to my other misfortunes, has given so
severe a shock to my health and spirits, as to prevent me hitherto
undertaking the journey to Cuxhaven, where the survivors of the ship's
company now are, except a few who are here with me, with whom I shall
set out as soon as we are able.'

It is now necessary that we should follow the proceedings of Mr.
Anthony and his party.

They reached the wreck at ten o'clock on Sunday morning; but, being
busily occupied in collecting what stores they could, they neglected
to watch the tide, and whilst they were thus employed, the time passed
over, and the waves rolling between them and their temporary home at
Newark; they were obliged to wait till the next day's ebb. During the
night, as we have stated, the wind changed to the S.S.E.: it blew a
violent gale, and the tide rose to such an unusual height, that it
floated the ship, and the ice that had stuck to her, without the men
on board being aware of it. The next morning, to their horror and
dismay, they found the vessel drifting out to the ocean. We can
scarcely imagine a situation more terrible than that in which these
unfortunate men were placed. They were in all six persons, four
officers and two seamen, and these few hands had to manage a frigate
of 28 guns, which was actually going to pieces, and it was impossible
to conjecture how long she might swim. She was merely buoyed up on the
sea by the fields of ice that surrounded her; and if the ice were to
break away, in all probability she would not hold together for an
hour.

Mr. Anthony and his companions did not, however, give way to despair,
nor lose time in useless repining. They set to work immediately, to
avoid the danger as far as circumstances would permit.

Their first care was to drop the lead between two of the masses of
ice, and they found that the ship was floating in eleven fathoms. They
then fired several guns, to give warning of their situation. By turns
they worked at the pumps, and, in order to lighten the vessel, threw
all the remaining guns, except four, overboard--a labour of no small
magnitude for six men to perform.

Their next object was to get up the tackles for hoisting out the boat,
in case of their getting into clear water, or being obliged to quit
the wreck.

There was one advantage in all this hard labour, to which most of them
were unaccustomed: it prevented their suffering so much as they
otherwise must have done from the extreme cold; and in one respect
they were better off than their comrades at Newark, for they had
plenty of provisions on board. So passed the first day on the wreck.

The next morning, Tuesday, the 12th, at about eleven o'clock, land was
descried on their lee, on which they fired several guns, and hauled
the colours on the main-rigging, union downwards, as a signal of
distress. An hour afterwards the ship struck on a rock off the island
of Baltrum, about a mile and a-half distant from the shore.

Mr. Anthony and his companions then tried to launch the cutter, but
they were obliged to give up the attempt, as the sea was not
sufficiently clear of ice; they therefore remained on board another
night.

The next morning, however, they hoisted out the boat, and pulled
towards the shore; but they had not gone more than half way, when they
were surrounded by fields of ice, so that they were obliged to get
upon the ice, and drag the boat with them.

About noon they had reached to within a cable's length of the shore,
and here they were compelled to leave the boat: they were all
completely exhausted, and found it impossible to drag her any
further. They themselves had to leap from one piece of ice to another,
often falling into the water; and it was at the imminent risk of their
lives that they at last gained the beach.

They were tolerably well received by the inhabitants, who took them to
their houses, and allowed them to seek that repose which they so much
needed.

The next day the islanders, unable to resist the temptation of
plunder, took to their boats, and made off to the ship, which they
ransacked, and carried off all the arms, stores, and provisions of
every kind. In vain Mr. Anthony protested against this base conduct:
it was as much as he could do to persuade them to spare some part of
the provisions for himself and his friends.

The party were obliged to remain at Baltrum amongst their rapacious
hosts until Saturday, the 16th, when they deemed that the ice was
sufficiently cleared away to allow of their sailing for Cuxhaven; they
accordingly secured the cutter and took their departure. As there was
not the remotest chance of getting the Proserpine afloat again, they
abandoned her to the island plunderers. They reached Cuxhaven about
the 22nd, and there they found Lieutenant Wright and those who had
accompanied him from Newark.

On the following day, Captain Wallis arrived, with the rest of the
ship's company, the sick and wounded. We can imagine the joy and
gratitude with which Captain Wallis received the announcement of the
safe arrival of Mr. Anthony and his friends, whom he had deplored as
lost.

Thus were the crew of the Proserpine, with the exception of thirteen
persons, brought once more together after three weeks endurance of
innumerable hardships, and having been exposed to many perils. Never
was the Almighty hand of Providence more visibly displayed than in
the protection afforded to these gallant fellows; and never did men do
more to help themselves than they did, We cannot but admire the calm
courage they evinced throughout that long and dismal night when almost
certain destruction awaited them; as well as their obedience and
cheerful alacrity through their toilsome march from the wreck to
Newark, and again from Newark to Cuxhaven. Nor must we forget the
fortitude displayed by Mr. Anthony and his companions, when they were
a second time wrecked in the Proserpine.

Throughout the history of their dangers and sufferings from cold and
hunger, and the other evils attending a shipwreck on such an
inhospitable shore and in such a climate, there is no mention of one
single instance of murmuring, discontent, or disobedience of orders.

When the Elbe was again navigable and free from ice, the crew embarked
in different packets and sailed for England, where they all arrived
without further disasters.

FOOTNOTES:

[4] Newark Island is the highest point of one of those long ridges of
sand which abound on the south and southeastern coasts of the North
Sea, formed by the deposits of ages from the rivers that empty
themselves into the German Ocean, acted upon by the alternate ebb and
flow of the tide, till they assume a form and establish a position and
a name. Upon Newark Island is a village and light-house, situated a
few miles from Cuxhaven, and accessible at low water by the sand. The
sand ridge takes a north-westerly direction from Newark Island, and
extends about six miles further. It was on the extremity of the
northwestern bank that the Proserpine was wrecked.




THE SCEPTRE.


Early in the spring of 1799, a large convoy of transports and
merchantmen sailed from the Cape of Good Hope, with troops and stores
for the siege of Seringapatam. The Sceptre, 64 guns, commanded by
Captain Valentine Edwards, was appointed to the sole charge of the
convoy, and to take Sir David Baird and the whole of the 84th regiment
on board. The Sceptre may, perhaps, have been the only king's ship
then at the Cape; it is certain that she had been an unusual length of
time on that station, and had become so weak and leaky as to be hardly
sea-worthy, when she was dispatched on this important service.

Happily, the insecure state of the vessel induced extreme watchfulness
on the part of both officers and men, and all went on well till she
had made about two-thirds of her way, when one night a brisk gale
sprung up, which increased in violence so rapidly, that the officers
of the watch felt some anxiety on account of the unusual strain upon
the ship. Captain Edwards ordered the well to be sounded, and the
result confirming his apprehensions, the pumps were manned in an
incredibly short time, every one on board being aroused to a sense of
danger.

Lieutenant the Honourable Alexander Jones had been relieved from the
first watch, and had retired to his berth about an hour before without
any misgivings. He was suddenly awakened by the alarming cry that the
ship was sinking, and the call of 'all hands,' He sprang up, and in a
few moments joined the group of officers, naval and military,
assembled on the quarter-deck. Anxiety was depicted on every
countenance; for although the pumps were worked incessantly, the
soldiers taking their turn with the sailors, the water was still
gaining on them fast; and even whilst the men relieved each other, it
rose several inches. But when human efforts were unavailing, the hand
of Providence was stretched out to save. The wind fell as suddenly as
it had risen, and after many hours of hard labour, the water was got
under, and the vessel was considered comparatively safe.

Had the Sceptre gone down that night, hundreds and hundreds of
England's best and bravest defenders must have sunk into a watery
grave, and in all probability the enemy's ships, which were hovering
upon the track of the convoy, would have got possession of the
transports and merchantmen; and even the success of our arms in India
might have been seriously affected.

A few weeks after the gale we have mentioned, the Sceptre and her
convoy arrived safely at Bombay. She was there put into dock and
repaired, and was strengthened by having large timbers, technically
termed riders, bolted diagonally on either side, fore and aft.

When again fit for sea, she returned to Table Bay, and anchored there
about the middle of October.

On the 1st of November, the captain and officers gave a ball to the
inhabitants of Cape Town, and on that night the ship presented an
appearance of unusual gaiety; mirth and music resounded on all sides;
in place of the stern voice of command, the laugh, the jest, and the
soft tones of woman's voice were heard; whilst many a light footstep
glided over the decks of the old ship.

    The lamps shone o'er fair women and brave men;
    A thousand hearts beat happily; and when
    Music arose with its voluptuous swell,
    Soft eyes looked love to eyes that spake again,
    And all went merry as a marriage bell.

    CHILDE HAROLD.

The night was calm and beautiful, and as the guests left the ship,
little did they think of the fearful doom that was so soon to
overwhelm many of those whose hands they had clasped for the last
time.

The weather continued perfectly calm till the evening of the 4th of
November, when some ominous looking clouds indicated an approaching
storm.

In addition to the Sceptre there remained in the Bay the Jupiter of 50
guns, the Oldenburg, a Danish 64 gun ship, and several other vessels.
On the morning of the 5th, a strong gale blew from the north-west, but
no danger was apprehended, and the ship, dressed in flags, and with
the royal standard hoisted, fired her salute at noon in commemoration
of the Gunpowder Treason.

The gale had increased considerably by two o'clock, and as Table Bay
affords no shelter from a north-west wind, the captain took every
precaution to make all secure: the topmasts were struck, and the fore
and main-yards were lowered to ease the ship. But half-an-hour had not
elapsed before the violence of the storm was such, that the ship
parted from her best bower cable; the sheet anchor was immediately let
go, and the cable veered away to twenty-eight fathoms. The storm
gathered strength, and at half-past six the whole fury of the elements
seemed to be concentrated in one terrific blast.

Orders were given to let go the anchor, with two of the forecastle
guns attached; but even this proved insufficient to hold the ship.

One of the boats was then hoisted out, in order to communicate with
the Jupiter, and procure the end of a cable from her, but in a few
minutes the boat upset and was lost, with all her crew. For some hours
signal guns of distress had been fired, and the ensign had been
hoisted downwards, but no help could reach the vessel: in that
tempestuous sea no boat could live. Some of the officers who had gone
on shore the previous evening were standing on the beach, unable to
render any assistance to their comrades, and compelled to remain
inactive spectators of the harrowing scene, and to behold their brave
ship foundering at her anchors.

About eight o'clock, loud above the howling of the tempest and the
booming of the minute gun, arose the wild cry of _fire_: and thick
smoke was discernible from the shore, issuing from the hatches. Now
were the opposing elements of air, fire, and water combined for the
destruction of the ill-fated ship. For an instant, all stood
paralysed; but it was only for an instant. Again the voices of the
officers were raised in command, and every man was ready at his post.

The smoke came up from the hatches in such dense volumes, that all
attempts to go below to extinguish the fire were abortive. Each man
felt that his last hour was come,--there was not a shadow of hope that
their lives could be saved; it was but a choice of death by fire or
water: to quit the ship must be fatal; they had seen the boat and its
crew swallowed up by the yawning waves, when the tempest raged less
fiercely than now, and she was too far from the shore to afford even a
ray of hope that the strongest swimmer might gain the beach. On the
other hand, to remain on board was to encounter a still more terrible
death--a burning funeral pile amidst the waters. While they hesitated
in doubt and horror, one of their fears was relieved,--the heavy sea
that washed incessantly over the wreck extinguished the fire. The ship
continued to drive at the mercy of the waves till about ten o'clock,
when she stranded, broadside to the shore, heeling on her port side
towards the sea.

The captain then ordered the main and mizen masts to be cut away, and
the foremast soon afterwards went by the board. At this juncture, a
man of the name of Connolly, a favourite with both officers and crew,
volunteered to jump overboard with a deep-sea line attached to his
body, in order to form a communication between the ship and the shore.
He made but a few strokes ere he was borne away by the eddy and
drowned.

The ship being lightened by the falling of the masts, righted herself
and got clear off the ground: there appeared some slight chance of
preservation, and every heart was buoyed up with hope that she might
be thrown high enough upon the beach to enable the people on shore to
render them some assistance.

She was driven nearer and nearer to the land--voices became more and
more audible, so as even to be recognised--in a few minutes more,
the perishing crew might be safe--when a heavy sea struck the ship,
the orlop deck gave way, and the port side fell in--many were swept
away,--those who had the power to do so, retreated to the starboard
side.

A most heartrending scene must that have been! The people were so
benumbed with cold and exhaustion, and paralysed by fear, that many of
them could no longer cling to the ropes and spars for support, and
every wave that broke over the wreck, washed away its victims.

Many in despair leaped overboard, and attempted to swim to shore, but
the eddy caused by the wreck was so strong, that they were carried
out to sea; and in spite of the attempts made by those on board to
rescue them, they all perished. Mr. Tucker, a midshipman, lost his
life in the endeavour to reach the bow of the ship.

About half an hour later the poop was washed away, and carried towards
the shore. Seventy or eighty men who were upon it seemed likely to be
saved from the surrounding destruction. The people on the beach
crowded to the spot where they would probably be driven, that they
might render every possible assistance; but what was their horror to
see a tremendous wave strike the poop, capsize it, and turn it over
and over; whilst every one of those who clung to it perished!

But the terrors of that awful night were not yet exhausted. The wreck,
to which the remaining officers and men were clinging, heeled towards
the shore; but when the gale increased and blew with redoubled force,
it heeled off again, rent fore and aft, and parted in two
places--before the main-chains, and abaft the fore-chains--and then
all disappeared from the eyes of the awe-stricken spectators on the
beach.

High above the crash of timbers and the roaring of the blast, rose the
despairing cry of hundreds of human beings who perished in the waters,
and whose mutilated forms, with the fragments of the wreck, strewed
the beach for miles on the following morning.

Thirty or forty seamen and marines still clung to the bow, the sea
breaking over them incessantly; they kept their hold, however, in the
fond hope that the signal gun remaining, might by its weight prevent
the bow from being capsized; but the timbers, unable to resist the
fury of the tempest, suddenly parted,--the gun reeled from side to
side, and the unhappy men shared the fate of their companions. It has
been said that during that awful time, whilst threatened with instant
death, many of these men were in a stupor, with their hands locked in
the chain plates.

Among the incidents connected with the wreck, it is related that Mr.
Buddle, a midshipman, (one of the few who escaped,) was cast upon the
waves almost insensible. He had not strength to strike out for the
beach, and he therefore merely tried to keep himself above water. This
proved to be the means of saving his life, for he floated in a
direction parallel with the shore, and avoided the huge pieces of
wreck by which all his companions who made directly for land
(excepting three) were dashed to pieces.

Mr. Buddle was nearly exhausted, when he caught hold of a small piece
of timber that was floating near him; a nail which projected from it
wounded him on the breast; he fainted, and did not recover his senses
until he found himself lying on the beach upon a heap of dead bodies.
He attempted in vain to rise; for though he felt no pain, his left leg
was broken, his knee cut almost half through, and his body much
bruised. In this state he was discovered, and carried by some persons
to a large fire until further assistance could be obtained, and he was
then conveyed to the hospital.

One of the officers of the Sceptre, who is still alive, and who
happened to be on shore at the time this terrible catastrophe
occurred, declares, that nothing imagination could conceive ever
equalled the horrors of that night. When the first signals of distress
were made from the Sceptre, the whole population of Cape Town, with
the officers and soldiers of the garrison, crowded down to the beach,
in the vain hope of being able to afford some assistance. The night
was bitterly cold; the wind blew with terrific violence, and the sea,
lashed into fury, broke with a deafening roar upon the beach. As night
approached, and darkness hid the vessel from their sight, the
feelings of the agonized spectators became almost insupportable. The
booming of the guns alone told that the ship still lived among the
raging waters; whilst ever and anon a piercing shriek announced that
the work of death had begun.

All along the beach large fires were lighted, as beacons to guide
those who might be cast upon the shore. At length the ship was driven
nearer, and again she became visible from the land. She appeared, says
an eye-witness (before mentioned), like a huge castle looming in the
distance. The hopes of the spectators revived as she heeled on towards
them, and they all stood ready to give assistance whenever it should
be available. At one moment, a fearful crash was heard--next, a
piercing shriek, and the flash of the torches waved in the air
displayed the struggling forms of the drowning seamen, tossed to and
fro upon the waves amongst masses of the wreck, which, in many
instances, killed those whom the waters would have spared.

The only help that the people on shore could render to the unhappy
sufferers was, to watch the opportunity when the waves brought a body
near to the land, and then to rush into the water, holding one another
at arm's length, and to grasp the exhausted creature before he was
borne back by the receding wave.

In this manner forty-seven men were saved, together with Mr. Shaw, a
master's mate, and two midshipmen, of the names of Spinks and Buddle,
before-mentioned. Six officers had fortunately been on shore at the
time; all the others, with the captain, were lost on the wreck,
together with about three hundred and ninety-one seamen and marines.

The people of Cape Town and the troops were employed the whole night
in searching for the dead, amongst whom they discovered the son of
Captain Edwards, with one hand grasping an open Bible, which was
pressed to his bosom, the parting gift, perhaps, of a fond mother, who
had taught the boy to revere in life that sacred volume, from which he
parted not in death.

Three waggon-loads of the dead were next morning taken to a place near
the hospital, and there buried. About one hundred bodies, shockingly
mangled, were buried in one pit on the beach. The remains of all the
officers (with the exception of Captain Edwards) were found, and were
interred the following Sunday with military honours.

The reader may be interested by being informed of a few of the
providential escapes which were experienced by Lieutenant Jones (now
Rear-Admiral Jones), one of the few survivors of the catastrophe above
described. This officer had been midshipman of the Providence,
discovery-ship, commanded by Captain William Broughton, which vessel,
after many dangerous vicissitudes, was finally wrecked among the
Japanese islands. Mr. Jones having faced all the dangers consequent on
such a trying position, with difficulty escaped a watery grave, by
taking refuge, with the rest of the officers and crew, on board the
tender which accompanied this ill-fated ship. This great addition to
her small complement, and her want of accommodation, produced a
virulent disease amongst the crew, from which Sir. Jones did not
escape. On arrival at Macao, Mr. Jones was ordered a passage, with his
surviving shipmates and crew of the Providence, to England, in the
Swift, sloop of war, selected to convoy a large fleet of Indiamen. The
evening before their departure, it was found that the accommodation in
the Swift was not sufficient for the supernumeraries, and,
consequently, Mr. Jones and Lord George Stuart (also a midshipman of
the Providence) were, by order of Captain Broughton, distributed among
the merchant ships, the former to the Carnatic, the latter to the
Duke of Buccleugh. The Swift and her convoy sailed on the morrow. They
had not proceeded far, before a succession of violent typhoons
overtook them, which scattered and disabled the Indiamen, most of
which were obliged to return to India; but the Swift foundered: she
was seen for a short time struggling with the elements, and making
signals of distress--a moment more, and she disappeared for ever.'

Mr. Jones, arriving at the Cape of Good Hope, was detained by Rear
Admiral Pringle, and employed to communicate with his flag-ship, the
Tremendous, then in a state of mutiny, the mutineers having put her
officers ashore. His courage on this occasion was much lauded, as it
was believed by all, and expected by himself, that he would have been
thrown overboard. Harmony was at length restored on board the
Tremendous, and six of the mutineers were executed. As a reward for
his services, Mr. Jones was appointed acting lieutenant of the
Sceptre: his preservation, and the part he acted on that occasion,
have already been described.

When lieutenant of the Ajax, attached to the fleet under Sir J.
Borlase Warren, lying in Vigo Bay, he was sent with a boat's crew to
the assistance of the Tartarus, sloop of war, which ship was then
driving to leeward in a gale on a rocky shore. So inevitable appeared
her destruction, that the officers and crew had abandoned her, after
letting go an anchor, to retard her expected crash against the rocks.
At this critical moment, whilst held by only one strand of the cable,
Lieutenant Jones's boat (although nearly swamped by the frequent
shipping of seas) neared the ship; and this officer, watching an
opportunity, sprung on board with his intrepid crew, and, by almost
superhuman exertions, succeeded in hauling her ahead. She had just
reached the point of safety, when her officers and crew, who
witnessed her more favourable position, brought about by Lieutenant
Jones's courage and perseverance, returned on board, and Lieutenant
Jones and his gallant followers rejoined their ship amidst the cheers
of the fleet. For this service Lieutenant Jones was sent for by the
commander-in-chief, and thanked by him on the quarter-deck of his
flag-ship.

As lieutenant of the Naiad, this officer had the misfortune to be
involved in a serious quarrel with his superior officer (Lieutenant
Dean), and on that person using very abusive, and unofficer-like
language, Lieutenant Jones struck him. A court martial being held,
Lieutenant Jones was sentenced to be hanged; but, in consideration of
the very provoking language used by Lieutenant Dean, and Lieutenant
Jones's previous irreproachable conduct, his Majesty George the Third
was graciously pleased to pardon him, and restore him to his former
position in the Navy, while Lieutenant Dean was dismissed the service.




THE QUEEN CHARLOTTE.


One of the greatest calamities that ever befel a ship belonging to the
British Navy was the destruction of the Queen Charlotte of 100 guns,
launched in 1790. She was the sister-ship to the Royal George, and was
destined to a no less tragical fate. Her first cruise was with the
fleet fitted out against Spain; Lord Howe, the commander-in-chief,
being on board of her; and she carried his flag on the 1st of June.

She was afterwards sent to the Mediterranean, under the command of
Captain James Todd, and bearing the flag of Vice-Admiral Lord Keith.
Before entering upon our narrative, we may be permitted to apologize
for any inaccuracy, or lack of incident, that may be apparent in the
following account, by stating that the official reports of the
disaster are so vague and imperfect, that it is almost impossible to
give the details of it as fully as we could wish; and so many years
have elapsed since the event, that we cannot obtain information from
private sources.

On the 16th of March, 1800, Lord Keith, with Lieutenant Stewart, and
four other persons, having landed at Leghorn, directed Captain Todd to
proceed in the Queen Charlotte to reconnoitre the Island of Cabrera,
about thirty miles from Leghorn, then in possession of the French, and
which it was his lordship's intention to attack.

At four o'clock on the morning of the 17th, the men who were washing
the decks stowed some hay close aft to the admiral's cabin, near a
match-tub, in which it was usual to keep a match burning, for the
purpose of firing signals. At six o'clock, when the men were in the
act of removing the hay, a portion of it was discovered to have
ignited. Not a moment was lost in giving the alarm, and those at hand
used every means in their power to extinguish the slumbering element;
but the fire had been smouldering for some time before it was
discovered. The water thrown upon it from the buckets was useless--the
flames bursting forth with such violence that they baffled the most
strenuous efforts to overcome them. Such was the posture of affairs
when the captain, officers, and men, alarmed by the cry of fire,
rushed from all parts of the ship to the scene of conflagration. It
would be no easy task to describe the feelings of a number of human
beings thus suddenly and awfully awakened to the perils of their
situation. For the moment, no doubt, fear predominated over every
other feeling, and a degree of confusion ensued. Nor can this be
regarded with astonishment, when we remember that of all the dangers
to which a sailor is familiarized in his hazardous profession, none is
so fraught with horror as a fire at sea.

The battle has no terror for him: he rushes to the conflict excited by
the cheers of his comrades and the hopes of victory--

    Though fore and aft the blood-stained deck,
      Should lifeless trunks appear,
    Or should the vessel float a wreck,
      The sailor knows no fear.

He glories in the stormy sea, and in 'the wild wind's roar:' they fill
him with a fierce delight, while with steady hand and steadfast heart
he obeys the voice of his commander; he trusts to his good ship, and
'laughs at the storm and the battle.'

But how differently does he feel, when roused from his deep slumber by
the cry of fire. He rushes upon deck, but half awake, to meet an enemy
far more terrible than any he has yet encountered. He finds himself
enveloped in a suffocating smoke--here and there gleams a lurid
flame--the fire becomes gradually more vivid: it rises higher and
higher; grows brighter and brighter. In vain he looks for
help,--beneath, nothing meets his eye but the boundless waste of
waters, that can avail so little to quench those flames; above, the
pathless fields of air, that serve but to increase their fury. The
insidious enemy quietly but surely creeps onward, and the sailor knows
but too well, that if not speedily arrested, the flames must reach the
powder magazine, and then a few smouldering fragments strewed upon the
waters will alone remain of the gallant ship and her living freight.

Such was the hideous form in which death presented itself to the minds
of the crew of the Queen Charlotte, who now anxiously turned their
eyes to their captain and officers, in the hope that, as on former
occasions, their example and assistance might enable them to avert the
threatened danger. Nor was their confidence misplaced.

Captain Todd and his first lieutenant (Mr. Bainbridge) stood upon the
quarter-deck, displaying a calmness and self-possession of which the
effects were soon felt throughout the vessel, and restored order among
the ship's company.

They went among the people, calming their fears, and encouraging them
to increased exertion, neither of them seeming for a moment to think
of his own safety in comparison with that of his companions in danger.

All that man could do in such a case was done; but human foresight and
presence of mind were of no avail against the irresistible power of
that relentless enemy.

The flames darted up the mainmast, reached the boats upon the boom,
and now wrapped in wreathing fires the whole of the quarter-deck,
from whence all had been driven save the captain and first lieutenant,
who still nobly kept their posts.

Amongst those who more particularly distinguished themselves on this
occasion (where all did their duty) was Lieutenant the Hon. G.H.L.
Dundas. This officer was roused from his sleep by the sentinel
announcing to him that the ship was on fire. Springing from his cot,
he hastily put on some clothes and attempted to ascend the after
hatchway, but was driven back by the smoke. He then went to the main
hatchway, and had almost reached the top of the ladder, when he was so
overpowered, that he fell exhausted upon the middle deck.

When he had in some degree recovered, he rushed to the fore hatchway
and thence to the forecastle, where he found the first lieutenant,
some petty officers, and the greater part of the ship's company. These
were endeavouring to haul up the mainsail which was in flames. The
carpenter, seeing Lieutenant Dundas, suggested that he might direct
some of the men to sluice the lower decks, and secure the hatchways,
to prevent the fire reaching that part of the ship.

Mr. Dundas collected about seventy men, who volunteered to accompany
him, and descended to the lower decks. The ports were opened, the
cocks turned, and water thrown upon the decks. All the hammocks were
cleared away, and as many people as could be spared were employed in
heaving water upon the burning wood, rigging, and spars, which kept
falling down the hatchways. The gratings were fastened down and
covered over with wet blankets and hammocks. In this way the lower
deck was kept free from fire for some time, until at length it broke
out in both of the transom cabins, and burnt forward with great
rapidity. Mr. Dundas and his party did not leave that part of ship,
till several of the middle guns came through the deck.

At nine o'clock, finding it impossible to remain longer below, he got
out of one of the starboard lower deck ports, and reached the
forecastle, followed by most of the officers and men who had been with
him. On the forecastle, about 250 men were drawing water, and throwing
it upon the fire as far aft as possible.

For nearly four hours every exertion was made to subdue the flames.
Officers and men behaved with heroic courage and self-possession; but
in spite of their almost superhuman efforts, the flames rolled on, and
the destruction of the ship became inevitable.

    With fruitless toil the crew oppose the flame,
    No art can now the spreading mischief tame.

And many of that gallant company verified the poet's description:
almost maddened by the intense heat, they sprung overboard and
perished.

    Some, when the flames could be no more withstood,
    By wild despair directed, 'midst the flood,
    Themselves in haste from the tall vessel threw,
    And from a dry to liquid ruin flew.
    Sad choice of death, when those who shun the fire,
    Must to as fierce an element retire.

Lieut. Archibald Duff, who had been alarmed by the firing of guns,
attempted to get out of the ward-room door, but was driven back by the
smoke. He at last succeeded in scrambling out of the quarter gallery,
and reached the poop, from whence he jumped into the sea, and was
picked up by the launch, when in the act of casting off the tow-rope.
He had hardly left the ship when the mizenmast fell over the side, by
which great numbers were thrown into the water, and left struggling in
the waves; for, as the launch had only one oar, and neither sail nor
mast, she drifted much faster than the men could swim, and many, whom
those on board her would gladly have saved, perished within a few feet
of the boat.

At length a ray of hope dawned upon the anxious survivors: vessels and
boats were seen coming towards them from Leghorn; and as they neared
the ship, every heart beat quicker, and every hand was nerved with
increased strength. But the boats' crews, alarmed by the explosion of
the guns, which were most of them shotted, refused to approach nearer,
and hove to. Seeing their hesitation, the crew of the Queen Charlotte
gave them three cheers to encourage them. The English cheers seemed to
have the desired effect, for again the boats pulled towards the
hapless vessel; but it was afterwards discovered that this renewed
activity was entirely owing to the persuasions of Lieut. Stewart and
other English officers who were in the boats.

Lord Keith, who was watching with intense anxiety the destruction of
his noble ship, used every possible effort to induce the Tuscans to
put to sea; but his entreaties, backed as they were by the commands of
the governor and other authorities, had no influence save with a few
only, and even these, when they did venture to the rescue, were with
great difficulty prevailed upon to approach the vessel. A boat from an
American ship presented a striking contrast. She was manned by three
men only, who, in their generous ardour to save the lives of their
fellow-creatures, came alongside too incautiously, so that the
wretched sufferers from the burning deck leaped into the boat in such
numbers that she capsized, and every one of them perished. The fire
had now advanced so rapidly that it was impossible to bear the heat on
the forecastle, and most of the people got on to the bowsprit and
jib-boom. The latter, however, gave way under the pressure, and
numbers were precipitated into the water and drowned.

The boats, headed by Lieutenant Stewart, approached about ten o'clock,
and the people continued dropping into them from the ship for some
time. Captain Todd and Mr. Bainbridge continued to the last to give
orders for the safety of those who remained alive.

Lieutenant Duff gives the following account of the closing scene:--

'Lieutenant Stewart's ardour in the cause of humanity was only
equalled by his judgment in affording relief. When he reached the
Queen Charlotte, he dropped his tartane under the bows, where almost
all the remaining crew had taken refuge. Little more than an hour had
elapsed, after this assistance was given, before the ship blew up. All
that had been left unburnt immediately sunk down by the stern, but
when the ponderous contents of the hold had been washed away, she for
an instant recovered her buoyancy, and was suddenly seen to emerge
almost her whole length from the deep, and then, turning over, she
floated on the surface, with her burnished copper glistening in the
sun.'

Such was the fate of the Queen Charlotte, which, excepting the Ville
de Paris, was the largest ship in the British navy.

With the gallant vessel perished six hundred and seventy-three of her
men and officers; amongst whom were Captain Todd and Lieutenant
Bainbridge. These two officers, with heroic self-devotion, remained to
share the fate of their ship, occupied to the last in endeavouring to
save the lives of the men.

Before Captain Todd fell a victim to the flames, he had the presence
of mind to write the particulars of the melancholy event, and to give
copies of his account to several of the sailors, charging them to
deliver it to the admiral if they should be so fortunate as to
escape.[5]

The following daring exploit is related of Lieutenant Bainbridge in
James's _Naval History_. We transcribe it as affording a striking
example of the union of undaunted courage with endurance in the
character of a British sailor.

"On the evening of the 21st of December, the British hired 10 gun
cutter, Lady Nelson, while off Carbareta Point, was surrounded and
engaged by two or three French privateers, and some gun vessels, in
sight of the 100 gun ship, Queen Charlotte, and the 36 gun frigate
Emerald, lying in Gibraltar Bay. Vice-Admiral Lord Keith, whose flag
was flying on board the former ship, immediately ordered the boats of
the two to row towards the combatants, in the hope that it might
encourage the Lady Nelson to resist, until she could approach near
enough to be covered by the guns of the ships. Before the boats could
get up, however, the Lady Nelson had been captured, and was in tow by
two of the privateers.

"Notwithstanding this, Lieutenant Bainbridge, in the Queen Charlotte's
barge, with sixteen men, ran alongside, and boarded with the greatest
impetuosity; and after a sharp conflict, carried the Lady Nelson,
taking as prisoners seven French officers and twenty-seven men.--six
or seven others having been killed or knocked overboard in the
scuffle. Lieutenant Bainbridge was severely wounded in the head by the
stroke of a sabre, and slightly in other places."

We have seen how, a few months afterwards, this brave officer
patiently anticipated death in a more terrible form on board the Queen
Charlotte.

FOOTNOTES:

[5] _Naval Chronicle_, vol. iii. p. 302.




THE INVINCIBLE.


The Invincible, of 74 guns, bearing the flag of Rear-Admiral Totty,
and commanded by Captain Rennie, sailed from Yarmouth on the morning
of the 16th of March, 1801, to join the fleet of Admiral Sir Hyde
Parker in the Baltic.

The master and the pilot were both considered very skilful mariners of
those seas, and their orders were to navigate the ship into the North
Sea, and to put her in the way of joining the fleet to the northward,
as soon as she had cleared all the shoals.

About half-past two o'clock, P.M., of the same day, the Invincible,
going at the rate of nine knots an hour, struck violently upon a
sand-bank, and before the sails could be furled, she was fast aground
in little more than three fathoms water.

The pilot and master assured Captain Rennie that there was no danger,
and that the ship must have struck upon a lately formed knowl. In
order to lighten her as much as possible, the yards and topmasts were
struck, and some of the provisions thrown overboard, and then strong
hopes were entertained that she would float off the bank with the next
tide.

During this time she lay tolerably quiet, and the water gained but
little upon the pumps. Every means was used to draw the attention of
vessels passing near--guns were fired, and signals hoisted; but they
remained unanswered until about five o'clock, P.M., when a cutter was
observed scudding towards Yarmouth Roads, as if to inform Admiral
Dickson of the situation of the Invincible. As the ship remained easy,
neither the officers nor men suspected that the danger was imminent,
and they performed their duty with the same regularity as if the ship
were proceeding under ordinary circumstances.

All went on well until about half-past five, P.M., when the wind
freshened, and the vessel began to beat the ground with such violence,
that it was thought necessary to cut away the masts. The ship at this
time dropped from three and a half into seventeen fathoms. She was
then brought to with her bower anchor, and there appeared every
probability of her getting safely off till about nine o'clock, when
the flood-tide was making; she then lost her rudder, became
unmanageable, and was driven back upon the rock.

Fortunately a fishing-smack had come near the Invincible a short time
before, and Admiral Totty learnt from her master that the ship had
struck upon Hammond's knowl; whereupon the admiral requested that the
smack might be anchored as near as possible, so as to be ready in case
of emergency.

In the meantime, the ship continued to strike with increasing
violence, and the water gained considerably upon the pumps. At ten
o'clock, the wind rose, and again the ship swung off into deep water,
and the only prospect of saving her was by pumping and baling till
daylight. Both officers and men laboured incessantly at the pumps, but
all to no purpose, for unfortunately the Invincible was an old ship
(built in the year 1766), and the water gained fast upon them in spite
of all their efforts. Admiral Totty, seeing there was no hope of
saving the ship, ordered Captain Rennie to send all the boys, and the
least able of the crew and passengers, on board the smack, and to make
arrangements for the rest of the crew to leave the ship at daybreak,
or sooner, if possible.

A boat was lowered, into which the admiral and his secretary
immediately descended, with as many others as she would carry, and
they reached the smack in safety. Two other boats were also lowered
and filled with people, but they were less fortunate than the
admiral's, for before they reached the smack, the tide being to
windward and against them, they were carried out to sea, and all on
board would inevitably have perished, if they had not been picked up
by a collier, which conveyed them in safety to Yarmouth.

The fishing-smack, with the admiral on board, remained at anchor
during the night, without being able to afford the slightest
assistance to the crew of the Invincible. At daybreak, as soon as the
tide permitted, the cable of the smack was cut, and she stretched
under the stern of the ship, endeavouring by all possible means to get
alongside of her, but before that could be accomplished, the ill-fated
vessel began to sink. About sixty men jumped into the launch, but they
had only just time to clear the poop, when the gallant ship went down
with four hundred men.

    And first one universal shriek there rush'd,
      Louder than the loud ocean, like a crash
    Of echoing thunder, and then all was hush'd,
      Save the wild wind and the remorseless dash
    Of billows: but at intervals there gushed,
      Accompanied with a convulsive splash,
    A solitary shriek, the bubbling cry
      Of some strong swimmer in his agony.
                                              LORD BYRON.

'The horror of the scene,' writes Admiral Totty, 'and the screams of
the unhappy sufferers, at the moment the ship went down, exceed all
power of description. Numbers who were struggling with the waves
attempted to lay hold of the launch, but the boat was already
overladen, and, for the safety of those who were in her, the drowning
wretches were beaten off, and, soon exhausted, they perished in the
waves.'

Captain Rennie remained in his ship till she sank. He then attempted
to swim to the launch, and by great exertion got within reach of her
oars, when, too much exhausted to make any further effort, he was seen
to raise his hands as if in supplication to Heaven, then putting them
before his face, sank into his watery grave. All the other
commissioned officers, with the exception of Lieutenants Robert Tucker
and Charles Quart, perished.

Captain Rennie had distinguished himself, when a lieutenant, at the
Helder; and Admiral Mitchell had mentioned him in such high terms of
commendation in his public despatches, that he was made a
post-captain. After remaining for some time unemployed, he was
appointed to the Invincible, and proud of his first command, full of
life and hope, he had just put to sea when this melancholy catastrophe
closed a career that held out such bright prospects for the future.

We must not be supposed to have more feeling for an officer than for
the men before the mast. If we dwell with peculiar sorrow upon the
loss of a brave commander, like Captain Rennie, it is not that we are
indifferent to the fate of the four hundred gallant men who perished
with him; but there is something in human nature that compels even the
most generous spirit to speak more of the loss of a man in a
responsible station than others; and one reason for this may be, that
our hopes under God, for the safety of our fleets and our armies, rest
on our brave and efficient commanders.

No one can read such records of British seamen, as appear in this
volume, without joining heart and soul in the sentiment expressed by
the poet:--

    To them your dearest rights you owe;
      In peace, then, would you starve them?
    What say ye, Britain's sons? Oh, no!
      Protect them and preserve them;
    Shield them from poverty and pain;
      'Tis policy to do it:
    Or when grim war shall come again,
      Oh, Britons! ye may rue it.

Lieutenant Robert Tucker, who was saved in the launch, accompanied
Rear-Admiral Totty to the Baltic and West Indies in the Zealous, 74.
He was subsequently promoted, and appointed to the Surinam in 1803.

Whilst the Surinam was on the West India station, Captain Tucker
rendered good service to the French garrison at Jacquemel; and on
returning from thence, his ship sprung her foremast, and was in other
respects so much damaged, that he was obliged to put in at Curaçoa.
Whilst refitting, he received private information that Great Britain
and Holland would ere long be declared enemies. He therefore made
every effort to hasten his departure, and get his ship ready for sea;
and he had warped her to the head of the harbour, when a prize
schooner which he had despatched to Commodore Hood returned from that
officer, with orders for his future guidance. The officer on board the
schooner incautiously permitted his vessel to touch at the government
wharf, when some of the crew, having the opportunity imprudently
afforded them, jumped on shore, and reported that the British had
already commenced hostilities.

Upon this the Surinam was detained, and Captain Tucker was ordered on
shore, and informed that he must consider himself a prisoner of war.
At first he was not put under strict surveillance, and he therefore
employed the weary hours in taking plans of the forts and batteries of
the island. His occupation, however, was soon discovered, and highly
disapproved by the authorities, who immediately placed him in close
confinement in a room of the barracks.

On the first night of his captivity two musket-balls were fired into
his room, one of which struck a table at which he had been seated a
few moments before. These murderous attempts were frequently repeated
during his imprisonment, and he must inevitably have been shot in his
bed, had he not taken the precaution of constantly moving its
position, and thus baffled the treacherous designs of his cowardly
assailants.

A friendly warning was given to him, that where bullets failed,
_poison_ might succeed; and he was thenceforth obliged to watch most
narrowly, lest it should be administered in his food. In this wretched
state of suspense, he lingered for four months, when happily he and
his officers were released in exchange for nine Dutch clergymen.

We regret that our pen should have to record such treachery as that we
have described. We ask, and others have asked, were these soldiers and
gaolers free men and Christians, or were they slaves and heathens? It
must, however, be remembered that politics ran very high at that time;
and in this particular instance, at the outbreak of a war, men's minds
were half frantic, and we must not judge of the character of a nation
by the isolated acts of a petty colonial government.




THE GRAPPLER.


CHAUSSEY, or Choyé, is a group of islets lying off the coast of
Normandy, about twenty miles from Jersey, and nine from Granville.
They stretch north, east, and west, and cover a space of nearly twelve
miles. The principal of them is called the Maitre Isle, and is the
resort of a few French fishermen during the summer, but being only a
rock, and totally devoid of vegetation, its inhabitants are entirely
dependent on the neighbouring shores for all the necessaries of life,
excepting what their nets may produce. At the time of which we are
writing, the winter of 1803, this group of islets was in the hands of
the English, and was the scene of the wreck of the Grappler in that
year.

On the 23rd December, 1803, Lieutenant Abel Thomas, commanding His
Majesty's brig Grappler, then stationed at Guernsey, was directed by
Admiral Sir James Saumarez to proceed, with some French prisoners on
board, to Granville, in Normandy, and there to set them at liberty;
after which he was to touch at the islands of Chaussey, on his return
to Guernsey, in order to supply twelve French prisoners who were on
the Maitre Isle with fifteen days' provisions.

On the evening of the 23rd,--the same day that they sailed from
Guernsey,--the Grappler anchored off the north side of Chaussey, but a
heavy gale of wind which came on during the night rendered her
position so dangerous, that Lieutenant Thomas thought it advisable
either to return to Guernsey, or to run into one of the small harbours
formed among the rocks, which afford a safe shelter during the
severest gales, but are by no means easy of access, and are available
only to small vessels, and with the aid of an experienced pilot. Into
one of these natural harbours, Lieutenant Thomas, by the advice of his
pilot, determined to run the Grappler, and succeeded in anchoring her
in safety under the Maitre Isle. There they remained four or five
days, keeping a sharp look-out by day from the top of one of the
adjacent rocks, to guard against a surprise from the enemy's cruizers;
while for their better security at night, a guard-boat was stationed
at the entrance of the harbour. As the weather still continued too
boisterous to trust the brig with safety on a lee shore, her commander
determined to return to Guernsey, and offered his prisoners the
alternative of returning with him, or remaining with their countrymen
at Chaussey. As they all chose to remain, they were promptly landed,
and furnished with a boat and a week's supply of provisions, in
addition to what had already been left for the use of the inhabitants.
To enable his prisoners to land with greater security at Granville,
Lieutenant Thomas read aloud and sealed in their presence a letter,
addressed by Sir James Saumarez to the Commissary of Marine at that
port, containing an explanation of his reasons for liberating these
Frenchmen,--with his hopes that the French authorities would act in
the same manner towards any English who might fall into their
hands,--and entrusted it to one of them, with another letter from
himself, in which he stated how he had been prevented from conveying
them to Granville in his own vessel, and begged that any English
prisoners who chanced to be at that place might be sent to one of the
Channel Islands. The sequel will show in what manner this courtesy and
generosity were repaid by the French government.

At six, A.M., December 30th, all was in readiness for the Grappler to
leave the harbour. The anchor was up, and the vessel was riding
between wind and tide, with a hawser made fast to the rocks.
Unfortunately, the hawser either broke or slipped while they were in
the act of close reefing the topsails, and the brig cast to port. She
drifted about three or four hundred yards, and struck at last on a
half-tide rock, from which all their efforts were unavailing to haul
her off again, and at low water she bilged, and parted in two abreast
the chess tree.

Lieutenant Thomas, foreseeing the inevitable loss of the brig, had
ordered the master to proceed with the cutter and eight men to Jersey
for assistance; and he was directing the crew in their endeavours to
mount some guns upon a small rocky islet, to which they had already
carried the greater part of the provisions, small arms, and
ammunition, when the look-out man, who had been stationed on the
summit of the rock, reported that several small craft were steering
towards them. Upon receiving this intelligence, the commander and
pilot repaired to the high ground, and after carefully examining the
appearance of the vessels, agreed that they were merely fishing boats,
and considered that it would be imprudent to let them depart before
assistance had been procured from Jersey, as, in case there were no
ships of war at that place, these boats might possibly be hired to
carry the men and stores to Jersey. With this object in view,
Lieutenant Thomas pushed off in the jolly boat, accompanied by the
French fishermen's small boat which had come to the assistance of the
Grappler's crew.

In order to approach the supposed fishing boats, it was necessary to
double a point of the Maitre Isle; and this they had no sooner
accomplished, than they came in sight of three chasse marées, which
had been concealed behind the point. On the sudden appearance of the
English boat, the men on board the chasse marées were thrown into some
confusion, and Lieutenant Thomas determined to attack them before
they had time to recover themselves. On communicating his intention to
his boat's crew, they dashed forwards at once with a loud cheer, but
had scarcely pulled a dozen strokes when a body of soldiers, who had
been concealed behind some rocks on the Maitre Isle, poured in so
severe a fire that Lieutenant Thomas, seeing the superiority of the
French in point of numbers, thought it prudent to retreat. No sooner
had he given orders to do so, than a shot struck him on the lower jaw
and passed through his tongue, rendering him incapable of further
exertion. A second volley of musketry riddled the boat, so that she
began to fill with water, and finding that they had no alternative but
to surrender, the English made a signal to that effect, which was
either unobserved, or purposely disregarded, as the firing did not
cease till the arrival of the officer in command of the French, when
the little party were all made prisoners. Upon Lieutenant Thomas being
carried on shore, he found that he had fallen into the hands of a
Capitaine de Frigate, who commanded a detachment of fourteen boats and
a hundred and sixty men. As soon as the captives were landed, a party
of the French troops proceeded to the wreck of the Grappler, and made
prisoners of the men who were on the adjacent rock, and after seizing
all the stores and provisions, they blew up the remains of the brig.

When Lieutenant Thomas had partially recovered from the faintness and
insensibility caused by his wound, he handed his pocket-book to the
French officer. After reading the orders of Sir James Saumarez, which
it contained, this officer expressed much regret that Lieutenant
Thomas had been so seriously wounded, and alleged that the troops had
fired without his orders. Such was the apology of the French
commander, but it certainly does not tell well for the discipline of
his troops, nor is it easy to understand how so large a body of men
could be left without a commissioned officer even for a moment, much
less how they could have kept up a continued fire, which this seems to
have been. Perhaps, however, it is not fair to comment too severely
upon the conduct of the French on this occasion; the signal of
surrender might not have been observed, and as the English had
commenced the attack, the enemy may naturally have supposed that a
larger force was shortly advancing to the support of their comrades.
We should also bear in mind that the war had just broke out anew,
after a short cessation of hostilities, and that national animosity
was at its height.

Thus far we may attempt to palliate the conduct of the French, but it
might naturally be supposed that upon learning from his papers the
errand of mercy upon which Lieutenant Thomas had been engaged, the
French officer would have done all in his power to alleviate the
sufferings of his prisoner, and have shown him every mark of courtesy
and attention. However this may be, no sooner were all arrangements
completed, than the prisoners were marched to the boats, and
Lieutenant Thomas was handed over to the care of two grenadiers, with
directions that every attention should be paid to him; but the
officer's back was scarcely turned, when these grenadiers, assisted by
some of their comrades, stripped poor Thomas of all his clothes, broke
open his trunk, which had been restored to him, and appropriated to
themselves every article of value that he possessed. Having secured
their plunder, they dragged their unfortunate victim to the beach,
regardless of his wound and sufferings, and after gagging him with a
pocket-handkerchief, threw him on the deck of one of their boats.

The wind blowing fresh on their passage to Granville, which was three
leagues from Chaussey, the greater part of the soldiers were
prostrated by sea-sickness, whilst the seamen were in such a state of
intoxication, that had Lieutenant Thomas been able to rise, or to
communicate with his fellow-prisoners, he might easily have
overpowered the French, and gained possession of the vessel. If such
an idea flashed across his mind, it was but for a moment: he could
neither speak nor move, and lay for many hours exposed to the
insulting jeers of the French, and the inclemency of the weather. It
was late at night when they landed at Granville, but the naval and
military staff waited upon Mr. Thomas the next morning, and told him
that it was the intention of the authorities to send him back to
England, in consideration of his kindness to the French prisoners. The
expectation raised in the English officer's breast by these promises
were, to the disgrace of the French government of that day, never
realized. He was thrown into prison, and treated with the utmost
severity; in vain did he protest against this injustice--in vain did
he represent that he was engaged on no hostile expedition at the time
of his capture, which, moreover, was not through the fortune of war,
but through the violence of the elements. He was kept in close
confinement at Verdun for ten years, and when he was at last released,
liberty was scarcely a boon to him. The damp of his prison, and the
sufferings attendant on his wound, had impaired his eyesight, and
otherwise so injured his constitution, that he was no longer fit for
active service. He was, however, promoted to the rank of commander
immediately on his return to England: this rank he still holds, but
the best years of his life had been spent in captivity, and his hopes
of promotion were not realized till too late for the enjoyment of its
honours, or for the service of his country.




THE APOLLO.


The following account of the loss of the Apollo is taken almost
verbatim from the narrative of Mr. Lewis, clerk of the ship, an
eye-witness of the occurrence. His narrative is too graphic to be
suppressed:--'On Monday, the 26th of March, 1804, His Majesty's ship
Apollo sailed from the Cove of Cork in company with the Carysfort, and
sixty-nine sail of merchantmen under convoy, for the West Indies. On
the 27th, we were out of sight of land, with a fair wind blowing fresh
from the west-south-west. At eight o'clock on the evening of Sunday,
the 1st of April, the wind shifted from south-west to south-east. At
ten o'clock, we up mainsail and set mainstay-sail. At a quarter past
ten, the mainstay-sail split by the sheet giving way. All hands were
called upon deck. It blew strong and squally; we took in the
foretop-sail and set the foresail. At half-past eleven the
maintop-sail split; furled it and the mainsail. The ship was now under
her foresails, the wind blowing hard, with a heavy sea.

'At about half-past three on Monday morning, April 2nd, the ship
struck the ground, to the astonishment of every one on board, and by
the last reckoning, we conjectured we were upon an unknown shoal.

'The vessel struck very heavily several times, by which her bottom was
materially injured, and she made a great deal of water. The chain
pumps were rigged with the utmost despatch, and the men began to pump,
but in about ten minutes she beat and drove over the shoal, and on
endeavouring to steer her, they found her rudder was carried away. The
ship was then got before the wind, the pumps were kept going, but
from the quantity of water shipped, there was every probability of her
soon foundering, as she was filling and sinking very fast.

'After running about five minutes, the ship struck the ground again
with such violent shocks, that we feared she would go to pieces
instantly; however, she kept striking and driving further on the
sands, the sea washing completely over her. Orders were given to cut
away the lanyards of the main and mizen rigging, when the masts fell
with a tremendous crash over the larboard-side: the foremast followed
immediately after. The ship then fell on her starboard-side, with the
gunwale under water. The violence with which she struck the ground and
the weight of the guns (those on the quarter-deck tearing away the
bulwarks) soon made the ship a perfect wreck abaft, and only four or
five guns could possibly be fired to alarm the convoy and give notice
of danger.

'On her drifting a second time, most pitiful cries were heard
everywhere between decks; many of the men giving themselves up to
inevitable death. I was told that I might as well stay below, as there
was an equal likelihood of perishing if I got upon deck. I was,
however, determined to go--and attempted, in the first place, to enter
my cabin, but I was in danger of having my legs broken by the chests
floating about, and the bulkheads giving way.

'I therefore desisted and endeavoured to get upon deck, which I
effected after being several times washed down the hatchway by the
immense body of water incessantly pouring down. As the ship still beat
the ground very heavily, it was necessary to cling fast to some part
of the wreck to save oneself from being washed away by the surges, or
hurled overboard by the concussions. The people held on by the
larboard bulwark of the quarter-deck and in the main chains. The good
captain stood naked upon the cabin skylight grating, making use of
every soothing expression that suggested itself--to encourage men in
such a perilous situation. Most of the officers and men were entirety
naked, not having had time to slip on even a pair of trousers.

'Our horrible situation became every moment more dreadful, until at
daybreak, about half-past four o'clock, we discerned land at two
cables' distance, a long sandy beach reaching to Cape Mondego, three
leagues to the southward of us. On daylight clearing up, we could
perceive between twenty and thirty sail of the convoy ashore, both to
northward and southward, and several of them perfect wrecks. We were
now certain of being on the coast of Portugal, from seeing the cape
mentioned above,--though I am sorry to say no person in the ship had
the least idea of being so near the coast. It was blowing very hard,
and the sea was running mountains high, so that there was little hope
of being saved. About eight o'clock, the ship seemed likely to go to
pieces, and the after part lying lowest, Captain Dixon ordered every
one forward,--a command it was difficult to comply with, from the
motion of the mainmast working on the larboard gunwale, there being no
other way to get forward. Mr. Cook, the boatswain, had his thigh
broken in endeavouring to get a boat over the side. Of six boats not
one was saved, all being stoved, and washed overboard with the booms, &c.

'Soon after the people got forward, the ship parted at the gangways.
The crew were now obliged to stow themselves in the fore-channels, and
from thence to the bowsprit end, to the number of 220,--for, out of
the 240 persons on board when the ship first struck, I suppose twenty
to have previously perished between decks and otherwise. Mr. Lawton,
the gunner, the first who attempted to swim ashore, was drowned;
afterwards, Lieutenant Witson, Mr. Runice, surgeon, Mr. McCabe,
surgeon's mate, Mr. Staudley, master's mate, and several men, were
also drowned (though they were excellent swimmers), by the sea
breaking over them in enormous surges. About thirty persons had the
good fortune to reach the shore upon planks and spars, amongst whom
were Lieutenant Harvey and Mr. Callam, master's mate. On Monday night,
our situation was truly horrible; the old men and boys were dying from
hunger and fatigue; Messrs. Proby and Hayes, midshipmen, died also.
Captain Dixon remained all night upon the bowsprit.

'Tuesday morning presented no better prospect of relief from the jaws
of death. The wind blew stronger, and the sea was much more turbulent.
About noon, our drooping spirits were somewhat revived by seeing
Lieutenant Harvey and Mr. Callam hoisting out a boat from one of the
merchant ships to come to our assistance. They attempted several times
to launch her through the surf; but she was a very heavy boat, and the
sea on the beach acted so powerfully against them, they could not
effect their purpose, though they were assisted by nearly one hundred
of the merchant sailors and Portuguese peasants. This day, several men
went upon rafts made from pieces of the wreck; but not one reached the
shore: the wind having shifted, and the current setting _out_, they
were all driven to sea, and amongst them our captain and three
sailors. Anxious to save the remainder of the ship's company, and too
sanguine of getting safe on shore, he had ventured upon the spar,
saying, as he jumped into the sea, 'My lads, I'll save you all.' In a
few seconds, he lost his hold of the spar, which he could not regain:
he drifted to sea, and perished: and such was also the fate of the
three brave volunteers who shared his fortune.

'The loss of our captain, who had hitherto animated the almost
lifeless crew, and the failure of Lieutenant Harvey and Mr. Callam, in
their noble exertions to launch the boat, extinguished every gleam of
hope, and we looked forward to certain death on the ensuing night, not
only from cold, hunger, and fatigue, but from the expectation that the
remaining part of the wreck might go to pieces at any moment. Had not
the Apollo been a new and well-built ship, that small portion of her
could not have resisted the waves, and held so well together, when all
the after-part from the chess-tree was gone, the starboard bow under
water, and the forecastle deck nearly perpendicular. The weight of the
guns hanging to the larboard bulwark on the inside, and on the outside
the bower and spare anchors, which it was not prudent to cut away, as
they afforded a resting-place to a considerable number of men, added
to the danger. It had become impossible to remain any longer in the
head, or upon the bowsprit, the breakers washing continually over
those places, so that one hundred and fifty men were stowed in the
fore-channels and cat's-head, where alone it was possible to live.

'The night drawing on, the wind increasing, with frequent showers of
rain, the sea washing over us, and the expectation becoming every
instant more certain, that the forecastle would give way and that we
must all perish together, afforded a spectacle truly deplorable, and
the bare recollection of which makes me shudder. The piercing cries of
the people, this dismal night, as the sea washed over them every two
minutes, were pitiful in the extreme. The water running from the head
down over the body kept us continually wet. On that fearful night
every man's strength was exerted for his own individual safety. From
crowding so close together in so narrow a compass, and having nothing
to moisten their mouths, several poor wretches were suffocated, like
those in the black hole,--with this only difference, that we were
confined by water instead of strong walls; and the least movement or
relaxation of our hold would have plunged us into eternity.

'Some unfortunate men drank salt water, several endeavoured to quench
their raging thirst by a still more unnatural means; some chewed
leather, myself and many others thought we experienced great relief by
chewing lead, as it produced saliva.

'In less than an hour after the ship had struck the ground, all the
provisions were under water, and the ship a wreck, so that we were
entirely without food. After a night of most intense suffering,
daylight enabled us to see Lieutenant Harvey and Mr. Callam again
endeavouring to launch the boat. Several attempts were made without
success, and a number of men belonging to the merchant ships were much
bruised and injured in their efforts to assist. Alternate hopes and
fears possessed our wretched minds.

'Fifteen men got safe on shore, this morning, on pieces of the wreck.
About three, P.M., of Wednesday, the 4th, we had the inexpressible
happiness of seeing the boat launched through the surf, by the
indefatigable exertions of the two officers, assisted by the masters
of the merchant ships, and a number of Portuguese peasants, who were
encouraged by Mr. Whitney, the British Consul from Figuera.

'All the crew then remaining on the wreck were brought safe on shore,
praising God for this happy deliverance, from a shipwreck which never
yet had its parallel.

'As soon as I slipt out of the boat, I found several persons whose
humanity prompted them to offer me refreshment, though imprudently, in
the form of spirits, which I avoided as much as possible.

'Our weak state may be conceived when it is remembered that we had
tasted no nourishment from Sunday to Wednesday afternoon, and had been
exposed all that time to the fury, of the elements. After eating and
drinking a little, I found myself weaker than before, owing, I
imagine, to having been so long without food. Some men died soon after
getting on shore, from taking too large a quantity of spirits. The
whole of the crew were in a very weak and exhausted state, and the
greater part of them were also severely bruised and wounded.'

Such is Mr. Lewis's account of the wreck of the Apollo, one of our
finest frigates, and the loss of sixty of her men.

The cause of this catastrophe seems to have been an error in the
reckoning. At twelve o'clock on Sunday, the land was supposed to be
thirty or forty leagues distant, nor were they aware of their true
position when the vessel struck at three o'clock the following
morning, on what was supposed to be an unknown shoal. Never, perhaps,
in the annals of maritime disaster, was there a scene more rife with
horror than that upon which the daylight broke on the morning of the
2nd of April.

The frigate, which but a few hours before had been careering on her
way with her gallant company full of life and energy, now lay a
hapless wreck--her timbers crashing beneath the fury of the waves. The
merchant vessels around were stranded in all directions, and the air
resounded with the despairing shrieks of those on board. The
destruction of the Apollo seemed inevitable; but in this hour of
trial, the captain was firm and resolute, sustaining by words and
example the courage of his crew; and when no other means of escape
presented themselves, he sacrificed his own life in the endeavour to
obtain rescue for those under his charge.

The narrator of this sad tale, has touchingly described in no
exaggerated terms the sufferings of the wretched crowd who were
exposed for nearly three days and nights to the worst of physical and
mental evils--hunger, thirst, cold, and nakedness--in their most
aggravated form, rendered still more painful by the almost utter
hopelessness of their condition, while they watched the repeated
failures of Lieutenant Harvey and Mr. Callam in their attempts to send
a boat to their relief. We need not therefore dwell on this subject
further than to observe that, under Providence, it was by the
undaunted courage and perseverance of those two officers that the
remainder of the crew of the Apollo were saved from destruction--for
no one else had been found bold enough to attempt their rescue,
although the Consul of Figuera had offered 100 guineas to any man that
would take a boat to the wreck.

No less than forty merchantmen were wrecked at the same time. Several
sunk with all their crew, and the remainder lost from two to twelve
men each. Yet Mr. Lewis describes the situation of these ships as not
so dangerous as that of the frigate, because the merchantmen, drawing
less water, were driven closer in to shore, and the men were enabled
to land after the first morning.

The Apollo's company received every mark of kindness and attention
when they got on shore, from the masters of the merchant vessels, who
had erected tents on the beach, and who shared with the sufferers
whatever provisions they had saved from the wrecks.

Dead bodies floated on shore for many days after, and pieces of wreck
covered the beach, marking the scene of this sad calamity.
Fortunately, the Carysfort, with part of the convoy, escaped the fate
of her consort by wearing, and arrived safely at Barbadoes. The
surviving officers and crew of the Apollo marched to Figuera, a
distance of eighteen miles, from whence they were conveyed in a
schooner to Lisbon, and brought by the Orpheus frigate to Portsmouth.

On their arrival in England, they were tried by a court martial; and
it is satisfactory to know that they were all fully acquitted.

It is a principal object in this work to draw attention to the
advantages of firm and steady discipline in all cases of emergency. We
cannot, therefore, omit to show than when a spirit of insubordination
breaks out under circumstances of danger, how surely it is attended
with fatal results.

In the course of the evidence adduced before the court of inquiry upon
the loss of the Apollo, it was proved that about twenty of her men had
broken into the spirit room; disorder, of course, ensued; and
Lieutenant Harvey gave it as his opinion, that, if these men had
remained sober, many lives might have been spared. There is so much
cause for regret in the whole catastrophe, that we will not harshly
impute blame to one party or another. We may see some palliation for
the misconduct of the men in the awful situation in which they were
placed--their fears, perhaps, made them forgetful alike of their duty
to their king, their country, and themselves; but it is cheering to
know that such cases are rare in the British Navy, and we are happy in
having very few such to record: they are alluded to only in the hope
that our seamen may learn from them to value that strict discipline
and order, which, in a moment of danger, is their greatest safeguard.

Lieutenant, now Rear Admiral, Harvey subsequently served in the
Amethyst, Amaranthe, and Intrepid. His promotion to the rank of
commander took place in 1808, when he was appointed to the Cephalus,
in the Mediterranean, and there he captured four of the enemy's
privateers, and several merchant vessels. His post commission bears
date April 18, 1811, and he was employed off Corfu till the month of
December following. His last ship was the Implacable, which he paid
off in 1814. He obtained his flag as rear-admiral in December, 1847.
This officer now holds the appointment of Admiral Superintendent of
Malta Dockyard.




THE HINDOSTAN.


In the year 1804, the Government sent out the Hindostan, of 1100 tons,
laden with supplies for Lord Nelson, then commander-in-chief of the
Mediterranean fleet. This ship was commanded by Captain Le Gros, with
259 persons on board, including passengers, women, and children.

She arrived at Gibraltar in the month of March, and sailed again from
thence in company with the Phoebe frigate, to join Lord Nelson off
Toulon, but she was separated from her consort during a heavy gale of
wind, in the Gulf of Lyons.

On the 2nd of April, at about seven o'clock in the morning, the ship
being then thirteen leagues to the south-east of Cape St. Sebastian, a
thick smoke was observed to issue from the fore and main hatchways.

Lieutenant Tailour, who was on the quarter-deck, heard the cry of
"fire," and saw the people rushing up the hatchway in the midst of
volumes of smoke, coming from the orlop deck. He instantly called for
the drummer and the mate of the watch, and desired the former to beat
to quarters, and the latter to inform Captain Le Gros of what had
occurred, whilst he himself would go below, and endeavour to ascertain
the cause and the place of the fire.

Lieutenant Tailour then went down into the orlop gratings, and
penetrated some distance into each tier; the smoke was very thick in
both, particularly forward. He next went to the sail room, where there
was no appearance of either fire or smoke. He was then joined by
Lieutenant Banks and several other officers, and they proceeded
together to the hold. Here the smoke was very dense, and it affected
the throat like that from hot tar. The officers were satisfied, upon
inquiry, that there had not been either light or tar in the hold. They
then tried to re-enter the tiers, but were driven back by the
suffocating smoke. The absence of heat, however, convinced them that
the fire was not in that part of the ship. A cry was heard that the
fire was down forward,--but we will use Lieutenant Tailour's own words
to describe the scene. He says,--

'When I reached the fore-ladder, none being able to tell me where the
fire was, I went down to examine, when at the orlop, I put my head
over the spars which were stowed in the starboard side, then behind
the ladder in the larboard side; the smoke came thickest in the
starboard side from aft; feeling nothing like fire heat, I attempted
to go down to the cockpit, but ere I reached the third or fourth step
on the ladder, I felt myself overpowered, and called for help. Several
men had passed me upwards on my way down, none I believe were below
me. By the time I came up to the orlop ladder, some one came and
helped me; when I reached the lower deck, I fell, but not, as many
did that day, lifeless.'

When Lieutenant Tailour recovered, he made strict inquiries, whether
any fire had been discovered in the cockpit or store-rooms, and being
assured that there had not, he ordered the lower deck to be scuttled.

So energetic was this officer, that eight or ten minutes only had
elapsed since the first alarm had been given, before the hammocks were
all got on deck, and the ports opened, to give light and room below,
until the place of fire could be discovered, and better means obtained
for drawing water. Mr. Tailour did not recover from the suffocation so
fast as he expected, and was obliged to go upon deck for air. There he
found Captain Le Gros in consultation with the master, who, being of
opinion that the fire was on the larboard side, gave orders to wear
the ship, so as to allow the water which had been hove in to flow over
her. Mr. Tailour differed from them, and said he was convinced that
the fire was on the orlop starboard side. In a few minutes he again
went below and assisted in working the engine, and giving directions
for scuttling on the larboard side, where the smoke appeared most
dense.

The engine, however, proved of little avail, for the smoke increased
to such a degree as to prevent the people working on the orlop deck;
the hatches were, therefore, laid over, the ports lowered, everything
covered up, and all means used to prevent the circulation of air.
Having taken these precautions, Lieutenant Tailour reported to Captain
Le Gros what had been done, and at the same time advised that the
boats should be got out without loss of time. The captain seems to
have objected to this, on the plea that if the boats were got out, the
people would all crowd into them, and abandon the ship without an
effort to save her. To this objection Mr. Tailour replied, that to
save human life must be their first consideration, and that every
moment's delay was fraught with peril and death. 'If we wait,' said
he, 'till the last moment, it may not be possible to save any; we can
get the marines under arms.' Captain Le Gros yielded the point; he
directed the sergeant of marines to get his men under arms, with
orders to load with ball, and to shoot without hesitation the first
man who should attempt to go into the boats without permission. All
hands were then turned up, and the command given to 'out boats.'

The order was promptly executed, and as soon as the boats were out and
secure for towing, the ship's head was pointed to the north-west, with
the view of nearing the land, and in hopes that she might fall in with
the Juno.

In the meantime, a party was employed in getting the booms overboard
for a raft, the fore and main gratings were laid up and covered over,
and Lieutenant Banks was sent down to get the powder out of the
magazine, and stow it away in the stern gallery. He could only
partially accomplish this; for the smoke increased upon them so much
that the men were obliged to desist. The powder they had got up was
thrown overboard, and water was poured down to drown that which
remained; but the task of filling the magazine was hopeless, and
therefore abandoned. Many of the men were drawn up apparently
lifeless, amongst whom were Lieutenant Banks and the gunner.
Lieutenant Tailour then went below to ascertain how matters were going
on; he found only the boatswain's mate in the cockpit, who was almost
stupified by the smoke. Mr. Tailour assisted him to reach the deck,
and then the gallant officer was preparing to return to the magazine,
taking a rope with him by way of precaution, when Lieutenant Banks,
with noble generosity, darted past him, also with a rope in his hand,
and descended on the dangerous service; but in a short time he was
drawn up in a state of insensibility. All hope of doing anything with
the magazine was then given up; but although the smoke was so powerful
below, it had not yet got possession of the after part of the lower
deck.

It was therefore proposed, and the proposition was immediately acted
on, to cut scuttles through the starboard foremost cabin in the
ward-room, and one under it in the gun-room, into the magazine. This
was found more practicable than was at first supposed, as the cabins
kept out the smoke. When they were cutting these scuttles, the smoke
came up in such dense volumes through the after-hatchway, that it was
necessary to shut it closely up, and the scuttle in the after-part of
the captain's cabin was opened for a passage to the ward-room, and
they began to haul up the powder, and heave it overboard out of the
gallery windows. The ward-room doors, and every other passage for the
smoke were carefully closed, and thus it was kept tolerably well
under; yet many of the men employed in the duty were taken up to all
appearance dead. Amongst them we again find Lieutenant Banks, and Mr.
Pearce, the gunner. We cannot proceed without expressing the
admiration we feel for the heroism and self-devotion displayed by
officers and men. This is the third time we have seen Lieutenant Banks
risk his life in the performance of his duty, and it was not the last
of such efforts to save the vessel and the lives of his
fellow-sufferers.

For the present, we will again adopt the language of Lieutenant
Tailour:--'About noon,' said he, 'I went aft upon the poop, where
many were collected, but the marines were drawn up on duty upon the
poop above. Francis Burke, the purser's steward, was lying dead on one
of the arm chests, said to have been suffocated by the smoke below.
Soon after this, my attention was drawn forward, where a vast body of
smoke issued from the hatchway, gallery doors, funnels, and scuttles,
which I soon saw were blown off; I rushed forward and got them secured
again, and in coming aft found the hatches had all been blown off; the
two foremost main-gratings had gone down the hatchway. The after one I
assisted to replace, also the tarpaulin, which was excessively hot,
and left the carpenter to get it secured on. I next thought of the
magazine, where I dreaded some accident. On my way aft, I met some
people again bringing Mr. Banks up in their arms. On reaching the
ward-room, I saw through the windows the stern ladders filled with
people; I broke a pane of glass, and ordered them on the poop,
threatening instant death to any one who dared disobey. On their
beginning to move up, I just took time to summons the men from the
magazine, and went up to the poop to see every one was once more under
the eye of the marines. This done, the smoke having in a great measure
subsided, the maintop-sail was filled, and top-gallant sails set.'

About two o'clock in the afternoon, when they had been seven hours
contending with the fire and smoke, land was discerned through the
haze, on the weather-bow, and it was supposed to be above Cape Creux.

Captain Le Gros, fearing the signals might fall into the enemy's
hands, hove them all overboard. The sight of land gave a turn to the
men's thoughts, and spurred them on to greater exertion. The fire
rapidly increased; but the efforts of the captain and his noble crew
increased with the danger.

Again they attempted to clear the magazine; but the smoke again drove
the men from below, and rendered them powerless. Their courage was,
indeed, kept up by the sight of land, though still five leagues
distant; but there was still much to be done--many perils yet
surrounded them.--and it was awful to feel that fire and water were
contending for the mastery, and that they must be the victims of one
of these elements, unless by the mercy of God the progress of the
conflagration was stayed, and time allowed them to reach the distant
shore. The fire was increasing fearfully; so much so, that Lieutenant
Tailour describes the lower deck 'burning like the flame in an oven.'
All communication was cut off from the fore-part of the ship. The
flames flew up the fore and main hatchways as high as the lower yards,
but still the brave crew remained firm to their duty; and by keeping
tarpaulins over the hatchways, and pouring down water, they managed
for a time to keep the fire from taking serious hold abaft.

But the crisis was fast approaching when human skill and human
fortitude could be of no avail. In defiance of all their exertions and
precautions, the devouring element pursued its course. Every moment it
was gaining aft; and had not officers and men been true to themselves
and to each other, they must all have perished. The mizenmast was on
fire in the captain's cabin, and the flames were bursting from all the
lee-ports. It was now a quarter past five o'clock, and they were
entering the Bay of Rosas. Could they venture to hold on their way,
and still remain in the ship? A moment's glance around him sufficed
for Captain Le Gros to decide the question. The now triumphant element
was no longer smouldering and creeping stealthily onwards amidst smoke
and darkness, but with a lurid glare, and a sullen roar, the flames
rolled on. The word was given to launch the raft; it was obeyed, and
in a few minutes more the vessel struck, about a mile from the beach,
between the Fort of Ampurius and the Church of St. Pierre. She was now
on fire both fore and aft. Self-preservation is the law of nature, it
is said; but there is a stronger law governing the actions of the
British seaman. Officers and men were of one mind. They all united in
putting first the women and children, then the sick and the
foreigners, into the launch. The two yawls and the jolly-boat took as
many as they could carry from the stern, and put them on board some
Spanish boats from La Escada, which had been sent to their assistance,
but which neither threats nor entreaties could avail to bring near to
the ship.

The remainder of the people were then ordered on to the raft, and by
the time it was covered, the flames came aft so thick, that it was
necessary to send it off from the stern. All now had left the
ill-fated vessel, except the gallant Captain Le Gros, Lieutenant
Tailour, and the master. When they saw all the rest clear away, and
not till then, did they descend by the stern ladders into one of the
yauls and pulled towards the shore, which they had scarcely reached
when she blew up.

The value of this ship was estimated at 100,000_l._, and the loss to
Lord Nelson must have been incalculable. Yet it is said that he was
much more distressed by the loss of the despatches, which were taken
by the enemy, about the same time, in the Swift cutter.

In a letter to Lord St. Vincent, dated the 19th of April, Admiral
Nelson says, speaking of Captain Le Gros.--"If his account be correct
(he was then upon his trial), he had great merit for the order in
which the ship was kept. The fire must have originated from medicine
chests breaking, or from wet getting down, which caused the things to
heat. The preservation of the crew seems little short of a miracle. I
never read such a journal of exertions in my whole life."[6]

The captain, officers, and ship's company were most honourably
acquitted by the sentence of court-martial.

Brenton, in his _Naval History_, remarks, 'In support of the
reasonable conjectures of the Admiral (Lord Nelson), as to the origin
of the fire, we might adduce many instances of ships in the cotton
trade having been on fire in the hold during a great part of their
voyage from China, owing to the cargo having been wet when compressed
into the ship. Hemp has been known to ignite from the same cause; and
the dockyard of Brest was set on fire by this means in 1757. New
painted canvas or tarpaulin, laid by before it is completely dry, will
take fire; and two Russian frigates were nearly burnt by the
accidental combination of a small quantity of soot, of burnt fir wood,
hemp, and oil, tied up with some matting,'

Mr. Thomas Banks, acting-lieutenant of the Hindostan, was recommended
to Lord Nelson for promotion, by the members of the court-martial, in
consequence of his conduct on this occasion; and he was advanced to
the rank of lieutenant on the 23rd of June, 1804. This gallant officer
died in 1811. Lieutenant George Tailour was appointed to the Tigre in
1808, and was promoted for his gallant conduct in cutting out a convoy
of transports which had taken refuge in this same Bay of Rosas, where,
five years before, he had equally distinguished himself, under even
more trying circumstances.

FOOTNOTES:

[6] Clark and McArthur, vol. ii. p. 361.




THE ROMNEY.


'In the month of November, 1804,' writes Brenton, in his _Naval
History_, 'the severity of blockading the Ports of the Texel was
practically experienced in the loss of the Romney, of fifty guns,
commanded by Captain the Hon. John Colville.'

The Romney sailed from Yarmouth on the 18th of November, under orders
to join Rear-Admiral Russel, off the Texel; but on the 19th she went
aground on the south-west part of the sand-bank off the Haaks. Regular
soundings had been made during the run from Yarmouth; and a few
minutes before the ship struck, the pilots were confident they were on
the edge of the Broad Fourteens. They then sounded, and the pilots
proposed standing in under double-reefed topsails, and foretopmast
stay-sail, with the wind S.S.W., until they should be in ten or eleven
fathoms. To this Captain Colville objected, as from the unsettled
appearance of the weather, and the thickness of the fog, he deemed it
would be imprudent to approach the shore. They were accordingly in the
act of wearing, when they perceived, through the fog, a large ship
bearing east by north. They stood towards her to make her out more
plainly, and in four or five minutes they discovered that she was a
large merchant vessel on shore.[7] Upon this, the pilots were anxious
to haul off on the larboard tack; but before the ship could be brought
to the wind, she struck. The wind was increasing, the fog very great,
and a heavy sea rolling in. In spite of every exertion, the water
gained upon the vessel so fast, that all hope of saving her was soon
at an end; and had she been in deep water, she must have sunk
immediately. The pilots supposed that the Romney would be dry at low
water, the topmasts were therefore struck, and every preparation made
to shore her up.

The captain having done all in his power to save his ship, next turned
his attention to the preservation of his officers and men, determined
to use every possible means for their safety. Minute guns were fired,
in the hope that they might attract the notice of some of our
cruisers, and procure assistance.

At this time it blew a gale from the south-west, and the sea ran so
high, as to endanger the boats which were lowered in order to lighten
the ship.

The two cutters were sent to a galliot and a schuyt, that were in
sight near the land, to ask for help, but they failed in obtaining it;
and one of them in returning to the Romney was upset in the breakers,
and a master's mate with her crew perished. Lieutenant Baker, who
commanded the other cutter, finding it impossible to reach the ship
again, bore up to the Texel, in hopes of being more successful in
obtaining assistance there than he had been with the schuyt.

On board the ship, in the meantime, the minute guns were fired, and
officers and men looked anxiously for a responsive signal that would
tell them of approaching succour--but they waited in vain; no help was
at hand. The people were therefore set to work to make rafts, and
three were soon finished. Between two and three o'clock in the
afternoon the ship struck again, with such violence, that the rudder
broke away, and she seemed likely to go to pieces immediately. The
captain seized the first moment of the weather-tide slacking to order
the masts to be cut away, which was promptly done, and fortunately
without causing any injury in their fall. After this, the ship became
more easy, although the sea still made a clean breach over her.
Captain Colville saw that the slightest alteration in her position
would be attended with imminent danger, and he therefore ordered the
bower anchors to be let go--her head then swung to the wind, and this
enabled her to settle gradually on the sand, where she lay
comparatively easy. Darkness was fast gathering around, and the hearts
of the crew were becoming dreary and hopeless.

    Nor sail nor shore appeared in sight,
    Nought but the heavy sea and coming night.

When the tide flowed, no part of the ship below the quarter-deck was
accessible. To add to the misery of their situation, out of the four
bags of bread which had been put for safety into the cabin, one only
could be got upon deck, and that one was so soaked in salt water, that
the bread could scarcely be eaten. This, with two cheeses, and a few
gallons of wine, composed the whole of their stock of provisions, and
during the day they had had no leisure to take refreshment of any
kind.

Such was the condition of the crew of the Romney, who passed that
awful night on the quarter-deck, the starboard side of which was under
water at high tide. The wind blew in violent gusts; sleet and rain
were falling, and the sea dashed over the vessel every instant.
Although the men were shivering with cold and hunger, not a murmur
escaped their lips, not a whisper of complaint; but they patiently
awaited the break of day. At length the morning dawned, and with it
hope dawned upon the hearts of those patient sufferers, for the wind
and the waves subsided, the clouds gradually dispersed, and the sun
shone forth with glorious and invigorating light and warmth.

All eyes were turned to the offing, but still no assistance appeared.
Captain Colville then resolved to hoist the white flag on the stump of
the mizen mast, in hopes that it might be seen from the shore, and
that he might preserve the lives of his crew by surrendering to the
enemy.

This step was necessary, as it was the only means of rescue that
remained to them. The barge had been swamped along side, soon after
the masts were cut away, and three of the crew had been drowned. The
launch, also, which was lying to leeward, had parted from her grapnel,
and had been obliged to bear up for the Texel.

At 11 o'clock A.M., Captain Colville asked the carpenter if he thought
they could remain another night upon the wreck: the carpenter assured
him that he considered it almost impossible to do so, and that the
attempt would be attended with the greatest risk to all on board. The
ship had already parted amidships, the main beam and several others
being broken.

Five rafts had been carefully instructed, each fitted with a mast and
sail; and at the earnest entreaty of the crew, Captain Colville, on
hearing the carpenter's report, allowed a part of the men to leave the
wreck on these rafts.

About noon, as the fifth and last raft was about to leave the ship,
seven boats (one bearing a flag of truce) were seen coming towards
them from the shore. The captain ordered the people to throw the
quarter-deck guns, and all the arms and warlike stores overboard,
which they did.

When the boats arrived alongside, an officer hailed the wreck, and
said that if Captain Colville was willing to secure the preservation
of his officers and crew, by surrendering as prisoners of war, the
whole company should be conducted in safety to the Helder. Captain
Colville felt himself obliged to submit to the imperious dictates of
necessity, and he accordingly accepted the proffered conditions, and
surrendered himself to the Dutch, with all the ship's company that
remained on the wreck.

Before nightfall they were all landed. Only those who have been placed
in similar circumstances can judge of the feelings of men so rescued
from the awful contemplation of immediate and certain death. How happy
now did they feel in occupying a position, which two days before they
would have shrunk from with horror, and have shed their life's blood
to avoid. But 'there is no virtue like necessity,'

    All places that the eye of heaven visits,
    Are to a wise man ports and happy havens.
                    RICHARD II.

And the Romney's company were wise enough to rejoice, under the
circumstances of their hard case, in finding themselves safely landed
in an enemy's country as prisoners of war.

Nine seamen had been drowned; thirteen others, who had left the wreck
upon a raft of timber, were afterwards picked up and taken on board
the Eagle; the others who had been saved by the boats and rafts joined
Captain Colville at the Helder. The following extracts from Captain
Colville's dispatches show the high estimation in which he held the
services of his officers and crew:--'That every possible exertion was
made to lessen the calamity, after having struck, I trust will appear
from the minutes.' ... 'Under the uneasiness of mind which the loss of
the ship I had the honour to command, naturally occasioned, I feel
some alleviation in reflecting upon the zealous, active, and orderly
conduct of my officers and crew in circumstances the most trying, and
under which they endured the severest hardships with cheerfulness,
and in perfect reliance on Divine Providence, whose interposition in
our behalf was strongly evident.'

Nothing could exceed the kindness and consideration shown by the Dutch
admiral towards the crew of the Romney. Captain Colville, in a letter
addressed to the Secretary of the Admiralty, does ample justice to a
generous foe:--

'We have experienced,' he says, 'from the Dutch Admiral Kirkhurt,
every attention that our distressed situation made so necessary, and
which his disposition seems incapable of withholding, even from an
enemy. But the wants of my fellow-sufferers are great, for not an
article of clothing or anything else was saved by any one from the
general wreck. I hope the Dutch government will be disposed to
alleviate, in some degree, their wants,--in clothing, particularly.
And I have solicited the assistance of Rear-Admiral Russel in
obtaining these necessaries.' ... 'I have reason to believe we shall
be sent to Amsterdam, until exchanged.'

Subsequently, the Dutch admiral, with noble generosity, sent Captain
Colville, with eight of his officers, to Rear-Admiral Russel. It is
always delightful to record such traits of magnanimity and kindness,
and we feel that British sailors can well afford to do honour to those
virtues in others, for which they have ever been so distinguished
themselves.

Admiral Russel handsomely acknowledged his obligation to the Dutch
government in the following letter to Admiral Kirkhurt:--

    H.B.M. Ship Eagle, Dec. 2, 1804.

    'Sir--I have this moment received your flag of truce, conveying
    to me the Honourable Captain Colville, late of his Majesty's
    ship, the Romney, (wrecked upon your coast,) with eight of his
    officers, whom you have first humanely saved from impending
    destruction, and whom your government, with its ancient
    magnanimity, has released and restored to their country and
    their friends, on their _parole d'honneur_. They are all, Sir,
    most sensibly affected with heartfelt gratitude to the Batavian
    government for their emancipation from captivity; to Admiral
    Kirkhurt for their preservation from the jaws of death, and to
    all the Dutch officers and inhabitants of the Texel, for their
    kindness and most humane attention.

    'This, Sir, is nobly alleviating the rigours of war, as the
    Christian heroes of your country and mine were wont to do in
    these seas, before a considerable portion of European intellect
    was corrupted by false philosophy. Captain Colville will
    communicate to the Right Honourable the Lords Commissioners of
    the Admiralty, your proposal for an exchange of prisoners.
    Accept my sincere thanks, and the assurance that I am, &c. &c.

    '(Signed) T.M. RUSSEL.'

On the 31st of December, Captain Colville, the officers and ship's
company of H.M. (late) ship Romney were tried by a court-martial on
board the Africaine at Sheerness, for the loss of their ship off the
Tezel on the 19th of November.

It appeared to the court, that the loss of the ship had been
occasioned by the thickness of the fog and the ignorance of the
pilots; that the utmost exertions had been used by the captain,
officers, and crew, to save the vessel after she struck, and to
prevent the ship's company becoming prisoners of war. The sentence of
the court was to this effect: that the captain, officers and crew were
fully acquitted of all blame, but that the pilots should forfeit all
their pay, and be rendered henceforth incapable of taking charge of
any of his Majesty's ships or vessels of war, and that they should be
imprisoned in the Marshalsea--one for the space of twelve, and the
other, of six months.

In 1805, Captain Colville was appointed to the Sea Fencibles, at
Margate. In 1807, he obtained the command of L'Hercule, a 74-gun ship,
on the coast of Portugal, and subsequently commanded the Queen on the
North Sea Station.

He succeeded to his title (Lord Colville) on the death of his father
in 1811, and was advanced to the rank of rear-admiral in 1819. On the
10th of November, 1821, he hoisted his flag on board the Semiramis, as
commander-in-chief on the Irish station. Lord Colville died an Admiral
of the White, in 1849.

We are aware that the foregoing narrative may appear deficient in
novel and striking incidents, but we have introduced it for the sake
of exhibiting some of the best and noblest attributes of the
true-hearted sailor--courage, patience, and perfect obedience under
the most trying circumstances, and generous kindness towards an
unfortunate enemy. It is well to think of these things, and the more
we read of the details of naval life--its sufferings, dangers, and
trials, the more fully shall we be persuaded that _true_ courage is
ever generous and unselfish. In the words of the quaint old song--

    Says the captain, says he, (I shall never forget it,)
    'If of courage you'd know, lads, the true from the sham,
    Tis a furious lion in battle, so let it,
    But, duty appeased, 'tis in mercy a lamb.'

    That my friend, Jack or Tom, I should rescue from danger,
    Or lay down my life for each lad in the mess,
    Is nothing at all,--'tis the poor wounded stranger,
    And the poorer the more I shall succour distress:
      In me let the foe feel the paw of the lion,
      But, the battle once ended, the heart of a lamb.

FOOTNOTES:

[7] She proved to be an American, and she went to pieces during the
night.




VENERABLE.


On Saturday, the 24th of November, 1804, the fleet under the command
of Admiral the Hon. W. Cornwallis, lay at anchor in Torbay. As it was
late in the year, and the night dark and stormy, orders were given for
the fleet to put to sea.

Unfortunately, in fishing the anchor of the Venerable, 74-gun ship,
the fish-hook gave way, and a man was precipitated into the sea. The
alarm was immediately given, and one of the cutters was ordered to be
lowered. Numbers of the crew rushed aft to carry the orders into
effect, but in the confusion, one of the falls was suddenly let go,
the boat fell by the run, filled, and a midshipman and two of the crew
were drowned. In a few minutes another boat was lowered, which
fortunately succeeded in picking up the man who first fell overboard.

Owing to this delay, the Venerable fell off considerably towards
Brixham, and getting sternway, was unable to weather the Berry Head.
Every effort was made to stay her, but the ship refused; and, not
having room to wear, she drove on shore, at the north part of the bay,
on a spot called Roundem Head, near Paington.

Orders were given to cut away the masts, in the hopes of their falling
between the ship and the shore. This was found impracticable, as the
ship, from her position on the declivity of the rock on which she
struck, heeled to such an extent, as to render the falling of the
masts in the desired direction quite impossible.

Her commander, Captain John Hunter, however, with undaunted fortitude,
continued to animate the crew with hope, and encouraged them to acts
of further perseverance, with the same calmness and self-possession as
if he were simply conducting the ordinary duties of his ship. From
the moment the ship struck, not the least alteration took place in his
looks, words, or manner; and everything that the most able and
experienced seaman could suggest was done, but in vain. On signals of
distress being made, H.M. cutter Frisk, Lieutenant Nicholson,
immediately stood towards her, and hailing to know in what manner she
could be useful, was requested to anchor as near as possible to
receive the crew, with which her commander immediately complied,
assisted by the boats of the Goliath and Impetueux.

All hope of saving the Venerable being now abandoned, the only object
that remained was to preserve the lives of the crew, who were told to
provide for their own safety on board the boats which had been sent to
their assistance, the captain and officers declaring their intention
of remaining on board till all the men had quitted the wreck.

At this time the sea ran tremendously high, and the men lowered
themselves into the boats from the stern, this being the only
accessible part of the ship. Most anxious was the situation of the
officers and men who were left, during the absence of the boats. Many
gave up all hopes of rescue, for every time the boats approached the
ship, the attempt became more and more dangerous. The night still
continued dark and foggy, with driving sleet and violent gusts of
wind, which seemed to freshen every hour. In this forlorn and dismal
state, the officers continued on the outside of the ship (for she was
nearly on her beam ends), encouraging the men, and affording every
assistance for their escape on board the boats.

The Venerable was now a complete wreck, beating against the rocks, and
was expected to go to pieces at every surge; yet all this time was
she so near the shore that those on board were able to converse with
the people, whom the report of the guns had brought in great numbers
to the rocks. With much difficulty, they at last contrived to fling a
line on shore, which, being secured there, some of the crew attempted
to land themselves by it. The surf, however, broke with such violence
between them and the shore, although they were scarcely twenty yards
distant, that the poor fellows who made the attempt were either
drowned or dashed to pieces.

It was now past five o'clock on Sunday morning, the weather still
growing worse. The crew, with the exception of seventeen, had
succeeded in quitting the ship, and these nobly declared that they
would remain to share the fate of their officers. The situation of the
whole was indeed appalling, and sufficient to quail the boldest heart;
the sea breaking over them, the fore part of the ship under water, and
the rest expected momentarily to go to pieces. Under these
circumstances, the officers, feeling that they could be of no further
use on board, deemed it their duty to represent to the captain the
necessity of endeavouring to save their lives, they having one and all
resolved on sharing his fate.

This point being arranged, the hopes of life began to revive; but a
further difficulty presented itself, which seemed to render their
safety more problematical than ever. This was, who was to lead the
way. The pause had well nigh been fatal to them all. At length a
junior lieutenant, long known on board, and celebrated for his
courage, agreed to lead the way, the rest solemnly promising to
follow. One after another they descended from the stern by a single
rope, wet, cold, and benumbed; and in this condition they gained the
boats, which were in perilous attendance below. About six o'clock
they reached the Impetueux, where they were treated with every
attention and kindness which their unfortunate position so loudly
called for. They quitted the ship in a most critical time, for in a
little more than an hour after they had left her, she parted
amidships--that part on which they had been standing for the last five
or six hours capsized and was buried in the surf. In sixteen hours
from the time she first struck, the whole vessel had disappeared,
under the action of a raging surf, lashed into fury by the violence of
the gale.

The conduct of the people on shore was most inhuman; not the slightest
assistance was offered; not a single boat from Brixham or Torquay
having put out to their assistance during the whole of this dreadful
night. To add to this disgraceful conduct, the cowardly wretches were
observed, when daylight broke, plundering everything of value as it
floated ashore.

The following is the tribute of praise which Captain Hunter so justly
pays to Captain Martin and the officers and crew of the Impetueux:--

    "To Captain Martin, of the Impetueux, whose feelings as a man,
    as well as his zeal as an officer, were on this distressing
    occasion so conspicuous.--It is the desire of the officers and
    crew of the Venerable in this place to express the high sense
    they have of the obligations they are under to his personal
    exertions, as well as those of the officers and boats' crews
    whom he employed in this difficult and dangerous service,--for
    it is to their exertions they owe the life they now enjoy."

Captain Hunter also speaks of the conduct of his own ship's company in
the highest terms. Their steadiness throughout was most remarkable,
and to this, in a great measure, may be attributed the preservation of
their own lives.

One solitary instance of neglect of duty occurred; and when we
consider the circumstances in which the men were placed, and the
temptations which never fail to present themselves on such occasions,
the highest praise is not only due to the crew, but also to the
captain and officers, who, by their previous conduct, had gained the
respect and confidence of those under them. It is in such moments of
severe trial that the character of a ship's company is put to the
test; and the good behaviour of the men who remained with their
officers proves that, in order to maintain a proper degree of
discipline, no undue severity need be practised.

To a comparatively recent period, the captain of a man-of-war had the
power of inflicting corporal punishment to an unlimited extent. This
practice has of late years much diminished; owing, in a great measure,
to the increased good feeling of naval officers, as also to the
Admiralty discountenancing such strong measures, unless in most urgent
cases. A captain of a man-of-war has, notwithstanding, and very
properly so, an almost absolute power, and corporal punishment rests
with him alone; but the humane officer, like Captain Hunter, punishes
one man to save many others, and shares with the delinquent the pain
which, for the sake of example, he is obliged to inflict. The
discipline of a ship of course depends almost entirely upon the
conduct of the captain; to him the officers look for guidance and
example; and whilst they see that the men do their duty properly, they
also learn from him to treat them with due consideration, having their
happiness and comfort in view. As in the case of the Venerable, when
the hour of danger arrives, each cheerfully performs the duties
allotted to him, relying with confidence on those who, from their
clemency, combined with firmness, they have been accustomed to look up
to with respect.

An additional interest belongs to the fate of this vessel, when we
bear in mind that her crew, whilst serving under Lord Duncan, in 1797,
remained untainted during the celebrated mutiny at the Nore.[8] She
also bore a conspicuous part in Lord Duncan's action with the Dutch
fleet, in October of the same year, engaging the Vryheid, the
flag-ship of the Dutch admiral.

The account of this great battle, however, is too well recorded in the
page of history to need repetition. It is sufficient to add, that the
Vryheid, after a noble resistance, was ultimately obliged to strike,
under the destructive fire of the Venerable, Triumph, Ardent, and
Director.




THE SHEERNESS.


In the afternoon of the 7th of January, 1805, His Majesty's ship
Sheerness, of 44 guns, was lying at anchor in the Colombo Roads,
Ceylon.

It was one of those days of extreme stillness which often precede the
frightful hurricanes that sweep the eastern seas. Not a breath of air
stirred, not a cloud was to be seen; the ship lay motionless on the
calm and glassy water. The ensign drooped in heavy folds from the
stern, and many of the crew lay stretched on the decks in listless
apathy, little anticipating the terrible convulsion of the elements
which was so soon to arouse them in fear. The monotony on board was
broken for a moment by the voice of the captain, Lord George Stuart,
who ordered his gig to be manned that he might go on shore with his
first lieutenant, Mr. Swan, and some other officers, whom he had
invited to dine with him under a tent. The bustle of their departure
from the ship was soon over, and again all was still. The captain and
officers had scarcely landed and seated themselves at table, when a
roaring sound was heard, at first distant, but becoming louder and
louder every moment, and before they could conjecture the cause, the
canvass of the tent was almost torn from its fastenings by the sudden
violence of the wind.

Every one thought first of the Sheerness, and rushing from the tent a
scene presented itself to their gaze little calculated to diminish
their alarm for the ship.

The sea, which a few minutes before had been smooth as a polished
mirror, now displayed a picture of terrific grandeur; the waves,
crested with foam, rolled and tossed over one another in wild
confusion, whilst the roaring of the winds, and the torrents of rain,
added to the awful sublimity of the scene. Lord George, though aware
of the imminent danger to which he exposed himself, determined at all
risks to get on board his ship. Without a moment's delay he collected
the crew of the gig, and pushed from the shore towards the
vessel--himself steering the boat, whilst Lieutenant Swan pulled the
bow oar. The wind had now increased to such a hurricane as is only
known in tropical climates, and the waves threatened every instant to
engulf the frail bark. As they advanced, the danger became more and
more urgent; the sea broke over them continually; nevertheless, they
persevered, and strained every nerve to effect their object.

The stunning roar of the hurricane prevented any communication except
by signs, and several times the wind caught the oars with such force
that the men could scarcely retain their seats. In vain were all
their efforts:--

        The winds arise,
    The thunder rolls, the forky lightning flies;
    In vain the master issues out commands,
    In vain the trembling sailors ply their hands,
    The tempest, unforeseen, prevents their care,
    And from the first they labour in despair.
                       Dryden.

The boat filled with water three times, and became so nearly
unmanageable, that they saw it would be impossible to gain the ship,
and they bore up to the west part of York Island, from whence they
waded to the shore, but so exhausted from the fatigue they had
undergone, that they could never have reached the land, had they not
been assisted by some workmen who were on the spot.

When they arrived, they found Mr. Warner, a midshipman, had just
landed from the Sheerness, with a message to the effect that the ship
had parted an anchor, but that she was riding in safety with two
others. Mr. Warner had been sent in the launch, but in nearing the
shore, she had been upset, and two of her crew were drowned; there was
little hope, therefore, of any boat weathering the storm in an attempt
to reach the ship.

Lord George, however, would not give up the attempt, and he expressed
so much anxiety to join his vessel, that it was proposed to go to the
weathermost part of the bay. Thither they accordingly struggled on
foot, with the utmost difficulty making head against the wind, and
suffering acutely from the sand driving into their eyes. In addition
to their personal sufferings, the spectacle around was one of such
desolation and horror as no man can witness without pain. The shore,
as far as the eye could reach, was covered with wrecks, and with the
bodies of the dying and the dead, while the roaring of the surf, and
the howling of the tempest, mingled with the piercing cries of those
on board the stranded vessels, who were yet struggling with their
fate, added to the awfulness of the scene.

At half-past six in the evening, exhausted with fatigue and suffering,
they arrived at the head of the bay; but here they were again doomed
to disappointment, for they found no one to assist them in launching
the boat, although the crew of the launch had been directed to join
them for that purpose.

The ship was still in sight, but they found it would be impossible to
reach her, and they therefore proceeded to the neighbouring town of
Ostenberg, where they directed a soldier whom they met, to hasten to
his commanding officer, and request that a party of soldiers with
torches should be ordered out ready to save the crew of the Sheerness,
in case of her driving on shore.

Lord George and his companions then went to the master attendant's
house, where they passed the night; but although they were worn out in
mind and body, sleep never closed their eyes that night--they passed
it in listening to the reports of the signal guns from the Sheerness,
and in watching the rockets which from time to time illuminated the
darkness, telling of distress and danger which they could not
alleviate.

When morning broke, they assembled all the workmen they could muster,
and manning a cutter with the crew of the launch, they went off to the
Sheerness, which had been driven on shore to the west of York Island.

There a most distressing sight presented itself; two vessels had been
driven on shore, one of which was totally lost. The Sheerness had
parted her cables during the night, and for a time her situation was
exceedingly perilous, it was impossible to stand upon deck till the
main and mizen masts had been cut away. The water rose above the
orlop deck till it became level with the surface of the sea.

Not a barrack-house or tree escaped the ravages of the storm; many
were levelled with the ground, others extensively damaged, and the
hospital was completely unroofed, which rendered the situation of the
sick most deplorable. One of the patients was killed by the falling
beams. Several Europeans fell a sacrifice to the storm, many of them
being exposed to the torrents of rain without any place of shelter
within reach.

Lord George Stuart, the officers and crew of the Sheerness were
acquitted of all blame respecting the loss of that vessel, it being
the opinion of the court, that 'Every exertion was made for the
preservation of the ship by the captain, officers, and crew upon that
trying occasion; and that, owing to the violence of the hurricane, the
loss of the ship was inevitable; and every subsequent attempt to get
her afloat proved ineffectual, in consequence of the damage she had
sustained in grounding when driven on shore, from the impossibility of
keeping her free by means of the pumps.'

Lord George Stuart entered the navy in the year 1793 as a midshipman
on board the Providence, in which ship he had the misfortune to be
wrecked in the year 1797.

He received his post rank in 1804, and was almost constantly employed
from that time until 1809, when he assumed the command of a light
squadron at the mouth of the Elbe.

Here he performed an important service in taking the town of
Gessendorf, situated on the banks of the Weser, and in driving from
the fortress a body of French troops who had made frequent predatory
and piratical excursions in the neighbourhood of Cuxhaven.

A few days after the defeat of the French, the gallant Duke of
Brunswick also arrived on the opposite banks of the Weser, after
having almost succeeded in effecting his retreat through the heart of
Germany. By the previous dispersion of the enemy and the destruction
of the fortress, he succeeded in crossing the river and escaping his
pursuers, who would otherwise, in all probability, have captured or
destroyed the whole of his detachment.

His Lordship was next appointed to the Horatio, a 38-gun frigate.
Whilst cruizing on the morning of the 7th December, 1813, off the
Island of Zealand, he received a letter from a gentleman who had been
in the British service, requesting his aid to drive the French from
Zierick-Zee, the capital of Schowen. He at once complied with this
request, and directed a detachment of seamen and marines to storm the
batteries as soon as the tide would answer for the boats to leave the
ship, which could not be done until nine P.M. In the meantime, a
deputation arrived on board from the principal citizens, bearing a
flag of truce from the French general, and requesting, that in order
to save the effusion of blood, and to prevent the disorders which
would in all probability arise, as the city was then in a state of
insurrection, terms of capitulation should be granted, by which the
French should be allowed to withdraw with their baggage to
Bergen-op-Zoom. To this, Lord George Stuart gave a peremptory refusal,
and summoned the French to surrender unconditionally. After a short
delay, the signal of surrender was made, and thus, by the promptitude
and decision displayed by the British officer, the French were
compelled to evacuate the Island of Schowen without bloodshed, and the
ancient magistrates of Zierick-Zee resumed their former functions.

Lord George Stuart subsequently commanded the Newcastle, and was
employed in the last American war. In 1815, he received the Order of
the Companion of the Bath, and died as rear-admiral in 1841.

FOOTNOTES:

[8] Captain Hunter died in 1807.




ATHENIENNE.


The Athenienne, of 64 guns, commanded by Captain Robert Raynsford,
with a crew of 470 men, sailed from Gibraltar on the 16th of October,
1806, and at noon on the 20th, the Island of Sardinia was seen in the
distance. The ship continued under a press of sail with a fair wind,
and sped on her course towards Malta. At eight o'clock of the evening
of the 20th, the first watch had been stationed, and the officer on
duty had reported the ship's progress at nine knots an hour. The
labours of the day were over, and all, save the few whom duty or
inclination kept on deck, had gone below. Another hour passed away;
the majority of the crew had retired to their berths to seek repose
after the toils of the day, and to gain fresh strength for the
morrow--that morrow which many of them were destined never to behold.

One there was on board the Athenienne, to whose care the safety of the
vessel and the lives of her crew had been entrusted, who appeared to
have misgivings as to the course she was steering. The captain was
seated in his cabin, looking over the chart with one of his officers,
when he exclaimed, 'If the Esquerques do exist, we are now on them,'
Scarcely were the words out of his mouth when the ship struck.

For the information of our readers, we must state that the Esquerques,
or Shirki, are a reef of sunken rocks lying about eighty miles west
from Sicily, and about forty-eight from Cape Bon, on the coast of
Africa. In 1806, the charts were not as accurate as they are in the
present day, and the reef was not laid down in all of them; the very
existence, indeed, of these rocks was positively denied by some
navigators, though it was as positively asserted by others.

It would be vain to attempt to describe the scene that followed the
first shock, on the vessel's striking the rock. Upon the captain's
hastening on deck, he found the crew rushing up from their berths,
many of them in a state of nudity, and so stupified as to be utterly
incapable of making the least effort for their own preservation. Some
went below, and for the moment resigned themselves to despair, while
others rushed to the poop for safety.

In a few minutes, the officers had gathered round their captain. It
needed no words to point out to them the imminence of their danger,
and the necessity of their setting an example of steadiness and
intrepidity to the men. They suffered no signs of dismay to appear in
their demeanour, but immediately proceeded to consider what were the
best steps to be taken to meet the impending danger. The calmness and
courage thus displayed by the captain and his officers could not fail
of having the desired effect upon the ship's company, who recovered
from their panic, and seeing the necessity for instant exertion, held
themselves in readiness to execute each order as it was issued.

In order to prevent the ship falling on her broadside, the masts were
cut away; but she continued to beat so violently upon the rocks, that
in less than half-an-hour she filled with water up to the lower deck
ports, and then fell over to larboard on her beam ends. Captain
Raynsford, foreseeing the inevitable loss of his vessel, had ordered
the boats to be hoisted out, with the idea that they would be useful
in towing a raft, which he had caused to be constructed to leeward.
This raft would probably have been the means of preserving a great
many lives, had not the men in charge of the two jolly-boats pushed
off, and left their unhappy comrades to their fate. Unfortunately,
both the cutter and the barge, in hoisting out, were stove, and
immediately swamped, no less than thirty men perishing with them.
Several of the crew had been killed by the falling of the masts, and
others were severely injured. Two midshipmen were crushed to death
between the spanker boom and the bulwarks.

Brenton has thus described the horrible scene on board:--'Nothing was
to be heard but the shrieks of the drowning and the wailings of
despair. The man who would courageously meet death at the cannon's
mouth, or at the point of the bayonet, is frequently unnerved in such
a scene as this, where there is no other enemy to contend with than
the inexorable waves, and no hope of safety or relief but what may be
afforded by a floating plank or mast. The tremendous shocks as the
ship rose with the sea, and fell again on the rocks, deprived the
people of the power of exertion; while at every crash portions of the
shattered hull, loosened and disjointed, were scattered in dreadful
havoc among the breakers. Imagination can scarcely picture to itself
anything more appalling than the frantic screams of the women and
children, the darkness of the night, the irresistible fury of the
waves, which, at every moment, snatched away a victim, while the
tolling of the bell, occasioned by the violent motion of the wreck,
added a funereal solemnity to the horrors of the scene.'

The fate of the hapless crew seemed fast approaching to a termination.
When the vessel first struck, signal guns had been fired, in the hope
that some aid might be within reach, but none appeared; the guns were
soon rendered useless, and when the ship fell on her beam ends, the
wreck, with the exception of the poop, was entirely under water. Here
were collected all that remained of the ship's company, whose haggard
countenances and shivering forms were revealed to each other, from
time to time, by the glare of the blue lights, and by the fitful
moonbeams which streamed from beneath the dark clouds, and threw their
pale light upon the despairing group.

    The sea-breached vessel can no longer bear
    The floods that o'er her burst in dread career;
    The labouring hull already seems half filled
    With water, through an hundred leeks distilled;
    Thus drenched by every wave, her even deck,
    Stripped and defenceless, floats a naked wreck.
                                             FALCONER.

Two boats only remained, one of which was useless, her side having
been knocked in by the falling of the masts; and the other, the
launch, was therefore the sole means of preservation left. She was
already filled with men, but it was found impossible to remove her
from her position on the booms; and even if she had floated, she could
not have contained above one-fourth of the crew. For about half an
hour she continued in the same position, (the men who were in her
expecting every moment that her bottom would be knocked out by the
waves dashing against the spars on which she rested,) when suddenly a
heavy sea lifted her off the bows clear of the ship. Three loud cheers
greeted her release, and the oars being ready, the men immediately
pulled from the wreck, with difficulty escaping the many dangers they
had to encounter from the floating spars and broken masts.

These gallant fellows, however, would not desert their companions in
misfortune, and although their boat already contained more than a
hundred, they pulled towards the stern of the frigate; but so great
was the anxiety of the poor creatures upon the poop to jump into the
boat, that in self-defence they were obliged to keep at a certain
distance from the wreck, or the launch would have been instantly
swamped. They were therefore reduced to the terrible alternative,
either of leaving their comrades to perish, or of throwing away their
own lives. Nine of the men who had jumped overboard were picked up,
but to have attempted to save any more would have been to sacrifice
all. One of the officers left on board the wreck endeavoured by every
argument to persuade Captain Raynsford to save himself by swimming to
the launch, but all in vain. This intrepid man declared that he was
perfectly resigned to his fate, and was determined not to quit his
ship whilst a man remained on board. Finding that all entreaties were
useless, the officer himself jumped overboard from the stern gallery
into the sea, and swimming through the surf, gained the launch and was
taken on board.

The general cry in the boat was, 'Pull off!' and at twelve o'clock, as
the moon sunk below the horizon, her crew took their last look of the
Athenienne. The situation of the launch was of itself imminently
perilous: she had neither sail, bread, nor water on board. Fortunately
there was a compass, and for a sail the officers made use of their
shirts and the frocks of the seamen. On the following morning they
fell in with a Danish brig, which relieved, in some degree, their
urgent necessities. Lieutenant John Little, a passenger in the
Athenienne, with a party of seamen, went on board the brig, for the
purpose of prevailing on her master to return with them to the wreck,
in hopes of rescuing any of the crew who might be still alive; but
this generous purpose was frustrated by violent and adverse winds.

On the 21st, at four o'clock in the afternoon, the party reached
Maritimo, having been sixteen hours in the open boat, and the next
day they proceeded to Trepani, in Sicily. On the 24th, they arrived at
Palermo; the news of the sad event had already been conveyed thither
to Sir Sidney Smith, by a letter which had been written from Maritimo.
The Eagle, of 74 guns, was instantly ordered to the Esquerques, but
returned with the intelligence, that all who were left upon the wreck
had perished, with the exception of two men, who had been picked up on
a raft by some fishermen. They related that the poop had separated
about eleven o'clock on the morning after the launch left them, and
that they, together with ten others, clung to it, but all had either
been washed off or died except themselves. There were also two other
rafts, on one of which were three warrant officers, and on the other
Captain Raynsford and Lieutenants Swinburne and Salter; but it was
found impossible to disengage the rafts from the rigging to which they
were attached, and the unfortunate men all perished.

The existence of the Esquerques, as we have already stated, had been
doubted, but from Captain Raynsford's exclamation, previous to the
ship striking, we may infer that he himself was not sceptical on the
subject. From whatever cause this fine frigate may have been lost, the
gallantry, at least, and self-devotion of her commander, from the time
the vessel first struck, will rescue his memory from reproach.

    There's a prayer and a tear o'er the lowliest grave;
    But thousands lament o'er the fall of the brave;
    And thou, whose rare valour and fate we bemoan,--
    In the sufferings of others forgetting thy own,--
    O'er thy dust, though no trophies nor columns we rear,
    Though the storm was thy requiem, the wild wave thy bier;
    Yet thy spirit still speaks from its home on the flood,
    Still speaks to the gen'rous, the brave, and the good;
    Still points to our children the path which you trod,
    Who lived for your country, and died in your God.

    J.H.J.

Three hundred and fifty of the crew perished, while one hundred and
forty-one men, with two women, were all who were saved.




THE NAUTILUS.


ONLY a few weeks after the loss of the Athenienne, and of so many of
her crew, a shipwreck occurred in another part of the Mediterranean,
attended by circumstances of most painful interest.

His Majesty's sloop, Nautilus, commanded by Captain Palmer, left the
squadron of Sir Thomas Louis in the Hellespont, on the morning of the:
3rd of January, 1807, bearing dispatches of the utmost importance for
England.

The wind blowing fresh from the north-east, the sloop continued her
course through the Archipelago without danger or mischance, until the
evening of the 4th, when she was off Anti Milo; the pilot then gave up
his charge, professing himself ignorant of the coast they were now
approaching. As the dispatches confided to Captain Palmer were of
great moment, he determined to run every hazard rather than retard
their delivery. He therefore sailed from Anti Milo at sunset, and
shaped his course to Cerigotto. At midnight, the wind had risen to a
gale; the night was dark and gloomy; torrents of rain were falling,
accompanied by loud and incessant peals of thunder, whilst vivid
flashes of lightning ever and anon illuminated for an instant the
murky sky, and left all in obscurity more dismal than before.

At two o'clock A.M., the tempest and the darkness having increased,
the captain gave orders to close-reef topsails, and prepare for
bringing-to until daybreak. A little after three o'clock, a bright
flash of lightning discovered to them, the Island of Cerigotto right
ahead, and about a mile distant. The captain considered his course to
be now clear, and therefore directed all possible sail to be kept on
the vessel without endangering the masts, at the same time he
congratulated Lieutenant Nesbitt upon their escape from the threatened
dangers of the Archipelago.

He then went below, and was engaged with the pilot in examining the
chart, when a cry was heard of 'Breakers ahead!' Lieutenant Nesbitt,
who was on deck, ordered the helm a-lee; it was scarcely done, when
the vessel struck. The shock was so violent, that the men below were
thrown out of their hammocks, and they had difficulty in getting upon
deck, for every sea lifted up the ship and then again dashed her upon
the rocks with such force that they could not keep their feet. All was
confusion and alarm. Every one felt his own utter helplessness.

'Oh! my Lord,' writes Lieutenant Nesbitt to Lord Collingwood, 'it
draws tears from my eyes when I reflect on the complicated miseries of
the scene! Heaven, now our only resource, was piteously invoked; and
happy am I to say, our gallant crew left nothing untried which we
imagined could save us--all cheerfully obeying the orders of the
officers. An instant had hardly elapsed ere our main-deck was burst
in, and a few minutes after the lee bulwark was entirely overwhelmed.
A heavy sea broke entirely over us, and none could see the smallest
aperture through which hope might enter, and enliven the chill and
dreary prospect before us.'

The only chance of escape for the crew was by the boats, and one only,
a small whale-boat, got clear of the ship in safety, the others were
all either stove or washed off the booms and dashed to pieces on the
rocks by the raging surf. The boat that escaped was manned by the
coxswain, George Smith, and nine others. When they got clear of the
wreck, they lay on their oars, and those who had clothing shared it
with others who were nearly naked. They then pulled towards the Island
of Pauri, seeing that it was impossible for them to render any
assistance to their wretched comrades, as the boat already carried as
many as she could possibly stow.

After the departure of the whale-boat, the ship continued to strike
every two or three minutes, but as she was thrown higher on the rock,
the men perceived that a part of it was above water; and as they
expected the vessel to go to pieces at every shock, that lonely rock
offered a safer refuge from the waves than the frail timbers to which
they were clinging. The mercy of Providence soon provided them with
the means of exchanging their perilous situation for one of less
certain and instant danger. The mainmast fell over the side about
twenty minutes after the vessel struck, and the mizen and foremasts
followed. These all served as gangways by which the people passed
through the surf from the wreck to the platform of the coral reef, and
thus for the time were rescued from the certain death that awaited
them if they remained on board.

The rock, which they reached with difficulty, was scarcely above
water; it was between three and four hundred yards long, and two
hundred wide; and upon this spot, in the midst of the deep, nearly a
hundred men were thrown together, without food, almost without
clothing, and with very little hope that they should ever escape from
the perils that surrounded them. They had only left the wreck in time
to hear her dashed to pieces against the rocks; her timbers quivering,
rending, and groaning, as they were riven asunder by the remorseless
waves. When day dawned upon the cheerless group, its light only
revealed new horrors: the sea on all sides was strewed with fragments
of the wreck; not a sail was visible on the waters, and many of their
comrades were seen clinging to spars and planks, tossed hither and
thither by the waves. The situation of the survivors was truly
distressing; they were at least twelve miles from the nearest island,
and their only chance of relief was in the possibility of a ship
passing near enough to see the signal which they hoisted on a long
pole fixed to the rocks.

The day was bitterly cold, and with much difficulty the unfortunate
men contrived to kindle a fire, by means of a knife and flint that
were happily in the pocket of one of the sailors, and a small barrel
of damp powder that had been washed on to the rock. They next
constructed a tent with pieces of canvas, boards, and parts of the
wreck, and so they were enabled to dry the few clothes they had upon
them. And now they had to pass a long and dreary night, exposed to
hunger, cold, and wet; but they kept the fire burning, hoping that it
might be visible in the darkness, and be taken for a signal of
distress. And so it proved; for the coxswain and crew of the whale
boat, who were on the Island of Pauri, observed the fire in the middle
of the night, and the next morning the coxswain and pilot, with four
of the men, pulled to the rocks, in hopes that some of their comrades
might be still living.

They were beyond measure astonished to find so many survivors from the
wreck, when they had scarcely dared to hope that any could have been
saved except themselves. They had no food or water in their boat; for
they had found nothing on the Island of Pauri (which was only a mile
in circumference) but a few sheep and goats, kept there by the
inhabitants of Cerigo, and a little rain-water that was preserved in
a hole of the rock. The coxswain attempted to persuade Captain Palmer
to come into the boat, but the intrepid officer refused. 'Never mind
me,' was his noble reply; 'save your unfortunate shipmates.'

After some consultation, the Captain ordered the coxswain to take ten
of the people from the rock and make the best of his way to Cerigotto,
and return as soon as possible with assistance.

Soon after the departure of the boat, the wind increased to a gale,
the waves dashed over the rock and extinguished the fire, and some of
the men were compelled to cling to the highest part of the rock, and
others to hold on by a rope fastened round a projecting point, in
order to save themselves from being washed away by the surf; and thus
a second night was passed, even more wretched than the first. Many of
the people became delirious from the fatigue, hunger, thirst, and
cold, which they had suffered, and several died during the night;
some, apparently, from the effect of the intense cold upon their
exhausted frames. Terrible was the scene which daylight presented:
indiscriminately crowded together on a small spot, were the living,
the dying, and the dead; and the wretched survivors unable to give any
help to those whose sufferings might shortly be their own.

There was nothing to be done, but to wait in hope for the return of
the whale-boat, when, to the indescribable joy of all, a ship, with
all sail set, hove in sight: she was coming down before the wind, and
steering directly for the rock.

This cheering sight infused vigour into the weakest and most
desponding. Signals of distress were instantly made, and at last they
were perceived by the vessel, which brought to, and then hoisted out
her boat. Great was the joy of all the famishing creatures on the
rock, to see their deliverance at hand; the strongest began to fasten
spars and planks together to form rafts, on which they might get to
the ship; the boat came within pistol-shot. She was full of men, who
rested on their oars for a few minutes, as if to examine the persons
whom they were approaching: the man at the helm waved his hat, and
then the boat's head was put round and they pulled back again to the
ship, and left the crew of the Nautilus to their fate.

The transition from hope to despair was terrible,--all that day they
watched in vain for the return of their own boat from Cerigotto; but
hour after hour passed away, and they began, at length, to fear that
she had been lost in the gale of the preceding night.

Death, in its most horrible forms, now stared them in the face; the
pangs of hunger and thirst were almost insupportable. There was--

    Water, water everywhere,
    Yet not a drop to drink.--COLERIDGE.

Some, indeed, of the poor sufferers were desperate enough to allay
their raging thirst with salt water, in spite of the entreaties and
warnings of those who knew how terrible are its effects. In a few
hours those who had drunk it were seized with violent hysteria and
raving madness, which in many ended in death.

Another night drew on, and they made their sad preparations for it by
huddling together as closely as they could, to keep alive the little
warmth that remained in their bodies, and covering themselves with the
few ragged garments that were left. Happily the weather was more
moderate, and they hoped to be able to get through the night; but worn
out as they were, the ravings of some of their companions banished
sleep from the eyes of the rest. In the middle of the night they were
unexpectedly hailed by the crew of the whale-boat.

The first cry from the rock was--'water! water!' but water they had
none. They had found it impossible to procure anything but earthen
vessels, and these could not be carried through the surf. The
coxswain, however, informed them that next morning a large vessel
would come to their relief; and in this hope of a speedy deliverance
they were encouraged to further endurance. The morning broke at last,
but no boat appeared; then came a reaction, and the heart-sickness of
hope deferred. The scenes that occurred on that day were too dreadful
to relate--it was the fourth on which they had not tasted food.

    ......Savagely
    They glared upon each other;
    .............
    .... and you might have seen
    The longings of the cannibal arise
    (Although they spoke not) in their wolfish eyes.--BYRON.

They must now either taste human flesh or perish--there was no
alternative.

A young man who had died the previous night was selected to be food
for the rest.[9] Most of them had not power to masticate or to
swallow--

    For every tongue, through utter drought,
    Was withered at the root.
    COLERIDGE (_Ancient Mariner_).


Before evening death had made fearful ravages, and had numbered
amongst its victims Captain Palmer and the first lieutenant.

Another night came on; long and anxiously had they gazed upon the
horizon--in vain had they strained their blood-shot eyes to see some
vessel coming to their relief. The shades of night closed round them,
and sadly they awaited the dawn of another day, resolving that if they
lived to see it they would construct a raft and commit themselves to
the waves, rather than remain to die of hunger and thirst.
Accordingly, at daylight they began to put their plan into execution
by fastening some of the larger spars together, and in a few hours the
raft was completed. The eventful moment for launching it arrived, when
with bitter grief and disappointment they beheld the work of their
hands, which it had cost them so much labour to achieve, dashed to
pieces in a few seconds and scattered adrift upon the waves. Some of
the men, rendered desperate by seeing their last chance of escape thus
snatched from them, rushed into the sea, grasping at such parts of the
wreck as came within their reach; but they were all swept away by the
current, and their unhappy comrades saw them no more.

In the afternoon, the coxswain arrived in the whale-boat, but he came
without bringing them any food or means of escape--for all his
entreaties had been unavailing to persuade the Greek fishermen to put
to sea whilst the gale continued. They had, however, promised to come
to the relief of the sufferers the next day if the weather should be
more favourable.

This was the fifth day that these wretched men had passed without food
of any kind except the disgusting morsel they had attempted to
swallow. Many who were completely exhausted, stretched their weary
limbs on the hard rocks and expired, and before night the greater
part of the survivors were in a state of complete insensibility.

On the sixth morning they were scarcely able to raise themselves from
the rock to look once more upon the sea, when one less feeble than the
rest exclaimed, 'the boats are coming.' And most welcome was the sight
of four fishing vessels, and the whale-boat steering towards them.
Such joy was theirs as can only be understood by those who have
experienced a similar deliverance from the jaws of death. The boats
reached the rocks; they contained a supply of water and food, which
were distributed in moderation among the perishing seamen, who, when
they were a little renovated, were taken on board the boats, and in a
few hours landed on Cerigotto.

The poor but hospitable inhabitants of the island received the
strangers most kindly, and tended them with the utmost care. Out of
one hundred and twenty-two, sixty-four only survived. And when we
think of the complicated miseries they had so long endured, we may
wonder that so many were spared.

After remaining eleven days at Cerigotto, the remnant of the crew of
the Nautilus went to Cerigo, and from thence they sailed to Malta.

Lieutenant Nesbitt and the survivors were tried by a court-martial at
Cadiz for the loss of the Nautilus.

The court gave it as their opinion, 'That the loss of that sloop was
occasioned by the captain's zeal to forward the public dispatches,
which induced him to run in a dark, tempestuous night for the passage
between the Island of Cerigotto and Candia; but that the sloop passed
between Cerigotto and Pauri, and was lost on a rock, on the south-west
part of that passage, which rock does not appear to be laid down in
Heather's Chart, by which the said sloop was navigated.

'That no blame attaches to the conduct of Lieutenant Nesbitt, or such
of the surviving crew of the Nautilus, but that it appears that
Lieutenant Nesbitt and the officers and crew did use every exertion
that circumstances could admit.'

Lieutenant Nesbitt died in 1824.

FOOTNOTES:

[9] 'I well remember,' says a naval surgeon, 'the above melancholy
event, and particularly from one of the survivors being drafted on
board the ship to which I belonged, (the Thunderer, then in the
Dardanelles.) The poor fellow became my patient; he complained of no
pain but that which arose from the horrible recollection of his having
tasted human flesh to preserve his life. This preyed so deeply on his
mind, that it rendered him incapable of performing any duty, and when
I saw him sinking under the heavy load, I felt it to be my duty to
order him to the hospital, that he might be invalided and sent home.'




THE FLORA.


Early in January, 1807, H.M. ship Flora, of 36 guns, under the command
of Captain Otway Bland, had been cruizing off the Texel, for the
purpose of reconnoitring the ships of the enemy. This object having
been effected, they shaped a course towards Harlingen, the captain
ordering the pilots not to run the slightest risk, but to give the
sands of the island sufficient berth, so as not to endanger the Flora;
and so often did he reiterate these instructions, that the pilots
appeared hurt that their nautical skill and knowledge of the track
should be doubted. However, to the astonishment of all on board, and
to the dismay of the pilots, the ship took the ground, and struck on
the Shelling Reef, about noon on the 18th of January. It was only just
past high water when she struck, and there was therefore no chance of
getting her off till the next tide. In the meantime all weight was
removed from aloft, and the topmasts were lowered over the side, to
shore her up. Towards evening the wind increased to a gale, and a
heavy swell came on, which prevented their getting out a bower anchor,
although a raft was made for the purpose; but the night became so
dark, and the sea so rough, they were obliged to relinquish the
attempt, and resolved to wait with patience for high water, lightening
the vessel as much as possible, by starting the water, and heaving
most of the shot and other heavy articles overboard. All hands took
their turn at the pumps, and worked vigorously; yet the water gained
rapidly upon the vessel: this was partly attributable to her having
struck amidships, and having a hole through her bottom, instead of her
side, to supply the cistern. At about nine o'clock P.M., she began to
heave, but as the tide made, the wind freshened, the sea rose, and she
brought home the stream anchor, backed by the kedge, and forged on the
sand. At half-past nine o'clock, a last effort was made to get her
off, by letting go a bower anchor with a spring abaft, which brought
her head round. They then made all sail and forced her over the reef.
The ship once more floated in deep water: but this object was not
attained without a most serious loss. The rudder had been carried
away, and with it the launch and the jolly-boat, so that only one
anchor and the worst boat were left for service. After those moments
of breathless anxiety, and after giving utterance to a short but
fervent expression of thankfulness that they had got clear of the
reef, the men, almost worn out as they were, by so many hours of
continued labour, again betook themselves to the pumps, in hopes of
keeping the water under until they could reach an English port. But in
spite of every exertion, in spite of continued bailing and pumping,
and though a thrumbed sail was under the ship's bottom, the water
gained to eight feet. As the danger increased, so did the vigour of
the men. All was order, energy, and steady obedience throughout. The
captain perceiving that it would be impossible to keep the vessel much
longer afloat, gave orders to wear ship, and run her on the enemy's
shore; nor could even this be done without much difficulty and danger,
as it was necessary to let go their last anchor. Most of the guns were
now thrown overboard, and everything done to lighten the ship; and
about half-past six A.M., on the 19th, her head was brought round,
and, steered by the sails and a cable veered astern, towards the
islands. The weather was becoming more gloomy and threatening, and
before ten o'clock A.M. the vessel was so terribly shaken, that it
became absolutely necessary to cut away the main and mizen masts,
leaving the foremast standing, with sail set, to force the ship on as
much as possible, and also to prevent her drifting off with the ebb,
or with a change of wind. Although the dangerous situation of the
Flora was clearly perceived by the people on shore, no boat put out to
her assistance, the authorities having forbidden them to render such
aid on pain of death.

Captain Bland, during his cruize on these seas, had allowed the
fishing-boats of the enemy to range unmolested, and had given strict
orders that not a fish should be taken from them without payment; but
even these boats now came near the labouring ship and passed on,
leaving her and her crew to perish. About four o'clock in the
afternoon when she seemed to be sinking, she took the ground and there
remained, surrounded by breakers, the crew in vain firing guns, and
making other signals of distress, which were totally disregarded. All
hands that could be spared from the pumps had been employed in making
rafts, and these were now launched into the surf, and about one
hundred and thirty of the crew got upon them, and were fortunate
enough to gain the high land.

Captain Bland, with a few officers and men, pushed off in the barge,
the only boat that was left, and after rowing for eighteen hours
without any sustenance, they reached the Island of Amoland, where they
were made prisoners.

The rest of the crew, who had chosen to stay by the ship, remained on
board for four days and nights, and, excepting nine, who perished from
the severity of the weather, they all got safe on shore. The above is
a plain, unvarnished account, taken from the narrative of Captain
Bland: it is a true tale, and needs not the aid of romance to give it
interest. For more than twenty-four hours the crew suffered the
horrors of uncertainty; their vessel thrown upon a hostile shore,
whose inhabitants were forbidden on pain of death to assist them,
whilst of all their boats one only remained. Yet, even during this
time of trial and danger, discipline was not for a moment abandoned;
no man's heart appeared to fail him; each one performed his duty with
cheerfulness and alacrity; and nobly did they all earn the praise
bestowed on them by their commander.

'I cannot help paying here,' said Captain Bland, 'the last tribute of
praise to my crew; they behaved with order, respect, and perfect
coolness to the last moment; nor would they quit the ship's side in
the barge, though at the risk of her being dashed to pieces, till I
took the place they had reserved for me.'

The gallantry and seamanship displayed by Captain Otway Bland, when in
command of the Espoir, 14-gun brig, in his attack and subsequent
capture of a Genoese pirate, well deserve a place in these pages.

On the 7th of August, 1798, the Espoir was sailing near Gibraltar in
charge of part of a convoy, when a large vessel, which appeared to be
a man-of-war, was seen steering apparently with the intention of
cutting off some of the convoy. Captain Bland, notwithstanding the
superiority of the force with which he had to contend, determined upon
attacking the stranger, which proved to be the Liguria, mounted with
26 guns of various calibres.

On approaching within hail, an officer on board the Liguria ordered
the commander of the Espoir to surrender, or he would sink his ship,
enforcing the demand by one shot, and afterwards by a whole broadside.
The fire was returned in a spirited manner by the Espoir, and was kept
up on both sides by the great guns and musketry for upwards of three
hours, when the captain of the Liguria hailed the Espoir, begging her
captain not to fire any more, as he was a Genoese. Upon this, Captain
Bland desired him to lower his sails, and come on board. As no
attention was paid to this demand, and the Genoese appeared to be
attempting some manoeuvre, the Espoir poured in another broadside,
which the Liguria returned; but on the Espoir tacking to fire her
opposite broadside, her opponent surrendered.

The crew of the Liguria consisted, of one hundred and twenty men of
all nations, whilst that of the Espoir was but eighty men, of which
the master was killed, and six men wounded.

Captain Bland died in 1810.




THE AJAX.


On the evening of the 14th of February, 1807, H.M. ship Ajax, 74 guns,
commanded by Captain the Hon. Sir Henry Blackwood, lay at anchor off
the mouth of the Dardanelles, in company with the squadron of
Vice-Admiral Sir John Duckworth. The wind, which during the day had
been boisterous, was partially lulled, and in the clear moonlight
every object was visible with a distinctness almost equal to that of
day.

The scene from the deck of the Ajax was one of surpassing beauty and
interest. The bright moonbeams rested on the waters, and left a
silvery track upon the waves. Ahead and astern, the lofty masts of the
squadron tapered darkly towards the sky, whilst the outline of every
rope and spar was sharply defined against the clear blue vault of
heaven. Every man in the ship, from the commander to the youngest boy,
could feel and understand this natural beauty; but there were many on
board the squadron who had still higher enjoyment, as they gazed on
those isles and shores which recalled the classic verse of Homer and
of Virgil. For them every island, cape, river, and mountain was
fraught with interest. There lay Tenedos, renowned of old; there the
mountain isle of Imbros stood out in bold relief from the snow-clad
summits of Samothracia. In the distance appeared Mount Ida, and at its
foot lay stretched the plains of Troy, o'er which the 'gulfy Simois'
wanders still as it did of old. There is Cape Sigæum, and on it the
tomb of Patroclus, round which Achilles dragged the godlike Hector's
corpse; there, too, the ashes of Achilles repose near those of his
friend; and a little further north, on the Rhoetian promontory, is the
tomb of 'mighty Ajax.' Homer, Euripides, and Virgil have, it is true,
a very small share in the studies of a youthful sailor, as they do not
form an essential ingredient of a nautical education; but an English
gentleman, although his head be crammed with mathematics and
equations, always contrives to pick up enough of classic lore to
enable him thoroughly to enjoy such a scene as that we have attempted
to describe. He is much to be pitied who cannot appreciate such
enjoyment; but in these days, when the schoolmaster is aboard, and
when, by the wise liberality of the Government, our ships are
furnished with useful and interesting books, none need of necessity be
deprived of the exquisite pleasure which is to be derived from
visiting scenes which have been 'dignified either by wisdom, bravery,
or virtue.' We are constantly reminded that 'knowledge is power;' but
it might be well to impress upon youngsters, that '_knowledge_ is
enjoyment.' There is, indeed, no acquirement in literature or science
that will not at some time or other be productive of real pleasure.

We have lingered on this subject longer than we should have done, for
we must now relate how soon the tranquillity of that fair scene was
disturbed--how for a time another light, redder and fiercer than that
of the moon, shone on the blue waters of the Hellespont.

Soon after nine o'clock P.M., Captain Blackwood had received from his
first lieutenant the report of the safety of the Ajax, and all, except
the officers and men who were on duty, had retired to their berths. A
very short time, however, had elapsed, before the stillness of the
night was broken by the appalling cry of 'Fire!' It must be a fearful
sound to hear--the cry of 'Fire!' as awful as the voice of him who

    Drew Priam's curtain in the dead of night,
    And would have told him half his Troy was burned.

The officer of the watch instantly informed Captain Blackwood of the
alarm. He hastened upon deck, and found too surely that flames were
bursting from the after-part. He gave orders to beat to quarters--to
fire the guns as signals of distress, and directed Lieutenant Wood and
a midshipman to proceed in one of the boats to all the ships of the
squadron to request assistance.

These orders were promptly given, and promptly obeyed; but who can
enter fully into the feelings of Captain Blackwood at that awfully
critical moment. Here was his ship and six hundred men threatened with
immediate destruction, and each one of that six hundred looked to him
for direction and guidance.

In order to inspire others with courage and confidence, he must
display decision in every look and gesture. Whatever others might do,
his lip must not tremble, nor his eyelid quiver--no look of
apprehension must be seen on his brow. He must stand forth calm and
undaunted--the recollection of tender ties and loving hearts might
wring his soul with agony, but these thoughts must be banished; the
safety of six hundred human beings depended, under God, on his
firmness and exertion, and every eye was directed to him in anxious
inquiry. When the ship's company had turned out, every man took his
station calmly and in obedience to orders.

The captain, followed by several of his officers, went down to the
cockpit, from whence issued clouds of smoke. Every effort was made to
extinguish the flames in that part of the ship, but they increased so
rapidly, it soon became impossible for any one to remain below.
Several of the men who were throwing down water fell from suffocation
with the buckets in their hands. To give more air to the men so
employed, the lower-deck ports were hauled up; but this rather
increasing than diminishing the density of the smoke, they were closed
again, and the after-hatchway shut down. The carpenter's attempt to
scuttle the after-part of the ship was also ineffectual.

Ten or fifteen minutes only had elapsed after the first alarm had been
given, before the flames raged with such fury, that it was impossible
to hoist out the boats; the jolly-boat had fortunately been lowered in
obedience to the captain's orders when he first went upon deck. As the
flames burst up the main-hatchway, dividing the fore from the
after-part of the ship, the captain ordered all hands to the
forecastle, and seeing that it was utterly beyond human power to
prevent the destruction of the vessel, he desired every man to provide
for his own safety.

    The silent plague through the green timber eats,
    And vomits out a tardy flame by fits;
    Down to the keels, and upwards to the sails,
    The fire descends, or mounts, but still prevails;
    Nor buckets pour'd, nor strength of human hand,
    Can the victorious element withstand.
                          DRYDEN'S _Æneid, Book V_.

The luckless ship was now wrapped in flames from amidships to
taffrail, and the scene of horror is beyond the powers of description.
Hundreds of human beings were assembled together on the forecastle,
bowsprit, and sprit-sail-yard. No boat had yet come to their
assistance. Their perilous situation had levelled all distinction of
rank; men and officers were huddled together, watching with despairing
hearts the progress of the fiery element, which threatened to hurry
them so quickly into eternity. Volumes of black smoke rose in huge
pillars from all parts of the ship, whilst far above the hissing and
crackling of the flames, as they ricked the masts and rigging, rose
the shrieks and death yells of the hapless men, who, unable to gain
the forecastle, had sought safety aloft, where the flames had now
reached them.

Some, rather than endure the horrible suspense, trusted themselves to
the mercy of the waves, and by plunging overboard, ended their lives
and sufferings in a watery grave. Many, in their agony, fell on their
knees, imploring God for that help which they despaired of receiving
from mortal agency. Perhaps these men would not have thought of prayer
to heaven in face of a human foe, but now that the 'last enemy' glared
upon them in so fearful a shape, they felt compelled to fly to Him who
hath said, 'Call upon me in the day of trouble.'

The booming of the guns, as they exploded, echoed far and wide over
the waters, and added to the horrors of that awful night.

In the midst of his people stood the captain, endeavouring to sustain
their sinking spirits, and exhorting them to be firm and to depend
upon the boats which were now heaving in sight. He then bade them
farewell, and sprung into the sea; he breasted the waves for a length
of time, but his strength was nearly exhausted, when, happily, he was
seen, and picked up by one of the boats of the Canopus.

As the boats from the squadron neared the Ajax, the agonizing fears of
the sufferers were changed into wild transports of joy; so sudden was
the transition from despair to hope, that many of the crew lost all
self-possession, and perished by jumping into the sea in their
impatience to reach the boats.

Such details as these, showing the effects of fear upon untutored
minds, make us thankful that a great change for the better has been
effected within the last forty years with respect to the religious and
moral instruction of our sailors.

Every ship's company is exposed to casualties similar to that which
befel the crew of the Ajax,--to shipwreck, fire, and sudden
destruction,--and no man will deny that in times of extreme peril, a
calm and composed mind is the greatest of blessings--the want of it,
the greatest misery. Few will be sceptical enough to deny, on the
other hand, that the best security for such composure, in a moment of
unforeseen danger, or of unlooked-for deliverance, is a firm and sure
trust that there is a God above, who 'ruleth over all;' whom the winds
and the sea obey, and who is 'mighty to save,' even in the hour of
man's direst extremity. To instil this knowledge and trust into the
hearts of our seamen, and by it to make them both better men, and
better sailors, should be the chief object of every improvement in
education.

Lieut. Willoughby, of the St. George, had hastened in a cutter to
assist the crew of the Ajax, and he very soon rescued as many men as
his boat could carry. Numbers, however, were still surrounding him,
who, for the safety of those in the already overladen boat, were, with
much reluctance, left to their fate. Fortunately some launches and a
barge arrived in time to pick them up, and convey them to the
different ships of the squadron.

The Ajax all this time was drifting towards the island of Tenedos,
with her stern and broadside alternately presented to the wind. The
humane exertions of Lieutenant Willoughby had been twice crowned with
success; his boat was, for the third time, nearly filled with people,
when he observed the Ajax round to, and that several men were hanging
by ropes under her head. He resolved, at all hazards, to rescue these
poor fellows before she again fell off. Dashing, therefore, towards
her, he succeeded in the first part of his object, but not until the
vessel was again before the wind, flames issuing from every part of
both hull and rigging, and with the cutter across her hawse.

To extricate himself from this perilous situation was almost
impossible, for every moment increased the speed with which the Ajax
was surging through the water, and the sea thrown up from her bows
threatened his small boat with instant destruction.

We will now take up the account as given by Marshall, in his _Naval
Biograghy_:[10]

'Whilst the Ajax was propelling the cutter in the above alarming
manner, the flames reached the shank, painter, and stopper, of her
remaining bower anchor, and it fell from her bows, nearly effecting
the destruction of the boat at its first plunge into the water. The
cable caught her outer gunwale, over which it ran, apparently one
sheet of fire; orders, exertion, and presence of mind were now of no
avail. Death to all in the cutter appeared inevitable. The sole
alternative was either to be burned or drowned, for they were all too
much exhausted to be able to save themselves by swimming.

'The boats at a distance saw that the cutter was enveloped in flames,
and therefore considered it impossible to assist her. All that
Lieutenant Willoughby and his companions could do while the cable was
running out and binding their boat more firmly to the ship, was to
keep the sparks and flames as much as possible from the uncovered
parts of their persons. Providentially, however, although the inner
portion of the cable had been burnt through, the anchor took the
ground, and gave the ship's head a check to windward, before the less
consumed part had entirely left the tier; and thus the very event
which had seemed to seal the doom of the cutter was in all respects
ordained by the Almighty for her preservation. The change in the
ship's position enabled the boat to get clear, but not before every
individual in her was more or less severely scorched, and the heat was
no longer endurable.'

The wreck drifted on shore on the north side of the island of Tenedos,
where, at five o'clock in the morning, she blew up with an explosion
which might be felt on the adjacent shores of Europe and of Asia; and
all that remained of the Ajax were a few smoking spars, which rose to
the surface of the sea.

Such was the fate of this noble ship, destroyed by a conflagration
more rapid than had ever been known, and of which the cause has never
been clearly ascertained. It appears, however, certain that, contrary
to orders, there had been a light in the bread-room; for when the
first lieutenant broke open the door of the surgeon's cabin, the after
bulk-head was already burnt down; and as the purser's steward, his
assistant, and the cooper, were among the missing, it is but
reasonable to suppose that the fire had been occasioned by their
negligence.

'I trust,' says Captain Blackwood, in his defence before the court of
inquiry, 'that I shall be able to prove to the satisfaction of this
court, that I had instituted a regulation, which obliged the first
lieutenant, the warrant officers, and master at arms, in a body to
visit all the quarters, store-rooms, wings, &c, and report to me at
eight o'clock on their clearness and safety; and that I had also
received at nine o'clock the report of the marine officer of the
guard.' ... 'I trust this court will consider that in ordering the
first lieutenant and warrant officers to visit all parts of the ship,
whose report, as well as that of the master at arms, I had received at
a few minutes past eight o'clock, I had very fully provided for every
want, and might with perfect confidence have considered my ship in a
state of perfect safety with respect to fire.'

Captain Blackwood, his surviving officers and men, were all most
honourably acquitted of any blame respecting the loss of the Ajax.

Out of six hundred men, three hundred and fifty were saved by the
boats of the squadron; but two hundred and fifty perished that night
by fire or water.

Amongst the lost were Lieutenants Reeve and Sibthorpe; Captain Boyd,
Royal Marines; Mr. Owen, surgeon; Mr. Donaldson, master; twenty-five
midshipmen; two merchants of Constantinople, and a Greek pilot.

The melancholy fate of the gunner must not be passed over unnoticed.

This poor man had two sons on board, whom he was bringing up to his
own profession.

When the first alarm of fire was given, he had rushed below, and was
soon seen emerging from the smoke with one of the boys in his arms.

He threw the lad into the sea and the jolly-boat picked him up; but
on going down for the other, the unfortunate father fell a victim to
his paternal affection, and either perished in the flames, or was
suffocated.

Of three women who were on board, one saved herself by following her
husband down a rope from the jib-boom, and was received into a boat.

Captain Blackwood served as a volunteer in the subsequent operations
of the squadron in forcing the passage of the Dardanelles, and his
services then were most highly spoken of in a letter from Sir J.
Duckworth to Lord Collingwood. He had distinguished himself on many
previous occasions. He was in the memorable action of 1st of June,
1794; and he commanded the Euryalus at the battle of Trafalgar.

When Sir Henry Blackwood bade farewell to Nelson, on leaving the
Victory to repair on board his own ship, before the commencement of
the action, Lord Nelson said, with prophetic meaning, 'God bless you,
Blackwood; I shall never see you again.'

In 1810, he commanded the inshore squadron off Toulon, and for his
gallant conduct on that station he received the thanks of the
commander-in-chief, Sir Charles Cotton.

In 1814, Captain Blackwood was advanced to the rank of rear-admiral,
and in 1819 he was appointed commander-in-chief in the East Indies.

He died a vice-admiral in 1832, and his name is enrolled among the
first class of naval heroes who have fought under the British flag.

The memory of Blackwood is still held in veneration by the old
weather-beaten tars of the Nelsonian school.

Lieutenant Willoughby, whom we have seen displaying so much gallantry
in his efforts to save the crew of the Ajax, entered the service in
the year 1790.

Before big promotion to the rank of lieutenant, in the year 1798, he
distinguished himself on more than one occasion by that promptitude of
action for which his after career was so remarkable.

In 1801, he served on board the Russel, at the battle of Copenhagen.
The gallant manner in which he boarded the Provestein block ship,
excited so much admiration, that the Russel's crew gave him three
cheers upon his return to the ship. We next find this young officer
performing a most important service when the French forces capitulated
at Cape François, St. Domingo, in 1803.

He was at this period serving on board the Hercule, flag-ship to Sir
John Duckworth. According to the terms agreed upon, the French
men-of-war were to keep their colours hoisted until they got outside
of the harbour, when they were each to discharge a broadside in return
to a shot fired athwart their bows, by one of the British ships, and
then to make the usual signals of submission.

The Clorinde frigate, in going out of the harbour, grounded under Fort
St. Joseph, at the moment when the launch of the Hercule, commanded by
Mr. Willoughby, was entering the harbour. When Mr. Willoughby saw the
critical position of the Clorinde, and the danger which menaced all on
board of her (for he knew that even if they succeeded in gaining the
shore, which was doubtful, no quarter would be given them by the
blacks), he pulled towards the frigate, and when he came alongside, he
proposed terms to General La Poyne (who was on board of her) by which
the safety of the crew would be secured.

Mr. Willoughby promised, that if the frigate would hoist English
colours, he (Mr. Willoughby) would wait upon General Dessalines, and
demand that the British flag should be respected; and in the event of
the Clorinde going to pieces during the night, the crew and passengers
should be considered prisoners of war.

General La Poyne readily accepted the proposed terms, and
accordingly, Mr. Willoughby proceeded to negotiate with General
Dessalines, who promised compliance with his request.

The boats of the Hercule were sent to the assistance of the Clorinde,
and they succeeded in heaving her off.

Thus by the timely exertions of this zealous young officer, some
hundreds of lives were saved, and the British navy obtained a frigate
which, for many years, was one of the finest of the 38-gun class.

At the attack on Curaçoa, in 1804, Mr. James relates, that for the
sake of encouraging his men, Mr. Willoughby used to take his meals
sitting in a chair upon the breast-work of a battery, while the earth
was ploughed up all around; and one man, we believe, was killed on the
spot; but still the table and chair, and the daring officer who sat
there, remained untouched.

In the following year, the Hercule had captured a merchant schooner,
and one of the prisoners gave notice that a Spanish corvette of twenty
guns, was lying in St. Martha, South America. Mr. Willoughby thereupon
volunteered to attack her; and on the 4th of July, he took the command
of the prize, and parted company with his ship, accompanied by three
midshipmen and thirty volunteers. On the 6th, they entered the harbour
of St. Martha; Captain Samuel Roberts, then a midshipman, was at the
helm, with a check shirt on, his head covered with a French kerchief,
and his face blackened. The rest of the men were below, except a
black, and a mulatto.

The schooner being well known, the deception was perfectly successful,
and she passed the batteries without interruption; but, to the
disappointment of all on board, no corvette was to be found.

Mortified in the extreme, they put about, but not in time to escape
detection. The enemy had found out the trick that had been played upon
them; and the batteries from the island and harbour opened upon the
schooner a volley of no very gentle reproaches. However, she luckily
avoided the danger, and returned in safety to the Hercule, without
receiving a single shot.

In 1807, Mr. Willoughby was appointed to the Royal George. We have
already alluded to his humane exertions to save the crew of the Ajax,
while the squadron was off the Dardanelles. He soon afterwards
received a severe wound whilst he was taking more thought for others'
safety than for his own. Upon the return of the squadron from
Constantinople, an attack was made upon a large building on the island
of Prota.

Lieutenant Willoughby perceiving that three men were very much exposed
to the enemy's fire, called out to them, desiring them to stoop. At
that moment, he was himself struck by two pistol balls; one entered
his head, just above the right jaw, and took a slanting direction
upwards--and has never been extracted; the other shot cut his left
cheek in two; For some minutes he lay apparently lifeless, but
fortunately the movement of an arm indicated enough of life to awaken
hope in his companions; and they carried him on board the Royal
George.

In 1808, he was promoted to the rank of commander, and appointed to
the Otter sloop, then employed in cruizing off the Isle of France.
Here he distinguished himself in cutting out some vessels under the
protection of the batteries of the Black River; and for his services
at the capture of St. Paul, he was appointed to the Xereide.

In 1810, he made an attack upon Jacotel: he thought this a somewhat
dangerous enterprise; and, therefore, to inspire his men with more
than usual courage and ardour, he headed them himself, in full
uniform. After a desperate resistance on the part of the enemy, he
succeeded in spiking the guns of the fort, and taking prisoner the
commanding officer. For this service he was promoted to the rank of
captain.

In the course of the same year, 1810, a musket burst in the hands of
one of the men, so near to the place where Captain Willoughby stood,
that his jaw was fractured, and the windpipe laid bare, so that his
life was despaired of.

He had hardly recovered from this wound, before he was engaged in an
attack upon Port Louis, Isle de France. The disasters which befel the
squadron upon this occasion have now become a matter of history, and
they need not be recounted here,--suffice it to say, that Captain
Willoughby continued to keep up an unequal conflict until nearly all
on board the Nereide were either killed or wounded. Nor did he
surrender, although he had entirely lost one of his eyes, and the
other was much injured, 'until (to use the words of Vice-Admiral
Bertie) after a glorious resistance, almost unparalleled even in the
brilliant annals of the British navy,'

Upon his return to England, Captain Willoughby had a pension of
550_l._ per annum awarded to him in consideration of his wounds.

Having no immediate prospect of employment at home, he repaired to St.
Petersburg, and offered his services to the Czar.

In his very first engagement in his new career, Captain Willoughby was
taken prisoner by the French.--falling a victim to his own generosity.
During the action, he saw two Prussian soldiers severely
wounded,--dismounting himself, and desiring his servant to do the
same, he placed the wounded men upon his own horses, and attended them
on foot. They were quickly overtaken by some French cavalry, and
Captain Willoughby was made prisoner. He was soon afterwards informed
that if he would sign a paper, pledging himself to hasten to France by
a certain route, he would be allowed to travel alone.

He gladly consented to this; but to his astonishment, after signing
the required paper, he was ordered to march with the other prisoners.
In vain he protested against this breach of faith--he was obliged to
proceed. His sufferings from cold and hunger whilst crossing the
deserts of Russia and Poland were intense. After witnessing the
heartrending scenes of Moscow, he at length reached Mayence. Thence he
was removed to Metz, and he had scarcely reached the town, before an
order came for his confinement in the Chateau of Bouillon, where he
remained a close prisoner for nine months. He was then taken to
Peronne, and there he continued until the arrival of the Allies at
Chalons, when he contrived to make his escape.

Soon after his arrival in England, Captain Willoughby received the
Order of the Bath,--an honour scarcely commensurate with the many and
valuable services he had performed for his country. It may safely be
asserted that no officer living has been engaged in so many
hard-fought actions, or has received so many dangerous wounds. From
his first entrance into the service, to the end of the late war, all
his energies were devoted to the service of his country; and now that
his services are no longer required, with a constitution shattered by
age and wounds, he is employing the remainder of his days in deeds of
charity and kindness towards his fellow-creatures.

Captain Willoughby became admiral in 1847, and since the foregoing
pages were written, death has closed his eventful life.

FOOTNOTES:

[10] _Life of Sir Nisbet Willoughby_.




THE ANSON.


The year 1807 was most disastrous to the British navy: during that
period, we lost no less than twenty-nine ships of war, and, unhappily,
the greater part of their crews. Some of these vessels foundered at
sea, others were wrecked or accidentally burnt, and it was at the
close of this eventful year that a calamity occurred which equalled,
if it did not surpass, any previous disaster.

The Anson, of 40 guns, under the command of Captain Charles Lydiard,
after completing her stores for a few months' cruise, sailed from
Falmouth on the 24th of December, to resume her station off Brest. The
wind was adverse, blowing very hard from the W.S.W., until the morning
of the 28th, when Captain Lydiard made the Island of Bas, on the
French coast. As the gale was increasing rather than subsiding, he
determined to return to port, and accordingly shaped his course for
the Lizard. At three o'clock P.M. land was discovered, apparently
about five miles west of the Lizard, but owing to the thickness of the
fog, there was a difference of opinion as to the land that was seen,
and therefore the ship was wore to stand out to sea. She had not been
long on this tack before land was descried right ahead.

It was now evident that their position was extremely dangerous,--the
ship was completely embayed, and the wind raged with increasing fury.
Every exertion was made to keep the Anson off shore, but without
success, and it was not until she was fearfully near to the rocks that
she could be brought to an anchor, in twenty-five fathoms, with the
best bower anchor veered away to two cables' length. The top-gallant
masts were lowered upon deck, and in this state she rode from five
o'clock P.M., when she anchored, till four o'clock the next morning,
when the cable suddenly parted. During the night, the gale was
tremendous, and the sea ran mountains high; they had nothing now to
depend upon for the safety of the ship but a small bower anchor, which
was immediately let go, and this held until eight o'clock, when it
also parted. The ship was no longer an object of consideration;
Captain Lydiard felt that he had done his utmost to save her, but in
vain, and that now every energy must be put forth for the preservation
of human life. The tempest raged with such fury that no boat could
possibly come to their aid, nor could the strongest swimmer hope to
gain the shore. It appeared to Captain Lydiard that the only chance of
escape for any of the crew was in running the ship as near the coast
as possible. He gave the necessary orders, and the master run the
vessel on the sand which forms the bar between the Loe Pool and the
sea, about three miles from Helstone. The tide had been ebbing nearly
an hour when she took the ground, and she broached to, leaving her
broadside heeling over, and facing the beach.

The scene of horror and confusion which ensued on, the Anson striking
against the ground, was one which baffles all description. Many of the
men were washed away by the tremendous sea which swept over the deck;
many others were killed by the falling of the spars, the crashing
sound of which, as they fell from aloft, mingled with the shrieks of
the women on board, was heard even amidst the roar of the waters and
the howling of the winds. The coast was lined with crowds of
spectators, who watched with an intense and painful interest the
gradual approach of the ill-fated vessel towards the shore, and
witnessed the subsequent melancholy catastrophe.

Calm and undaunted amidst the terrors of the scene, Captain Lydiard
is described as displacing in a remarkable degree that self-possession
and passive heroism, which has been so often the proud characteristic
of the commander of a British ship of war under similar harassing
circumstances. Notwithstanding the confusion of the scene, his voice
was heard, and his orders were obeyed with that habitual deference
which, even in danger and in death, an English seaman rarely foils to
accord to his commanding officer.

He was the first to restore order, to assist the wounded, to encourage
the timid, and to revive expiring hope. Most providentially, when the
vessel struck, the mainmast, in falling overboard, served to form a
communication between the ship and the shore, and Captain Lydiard was
the first to point out this circumstance to the crew. Clinging with
his arm to the wheel of the rudder, in order to prevent his being
washed overboard by the waves, he continued to encourage one after
another as they made the perilous attempt to reach the shore. It was
fated that this gallant officer should not enjoy in this world the
reward of his humanity and his heroism. After watching with
thankfulness the escape of many of his men, and having seen with honor
many others washed off the mast, in their attempts to reach the land,
he was about to undertake the dangerous passage himself, when he was
attracted by the cries of a person seemingly in an agony of terror.
The brave man did not hesitate for a moment, but turned and made his
way to the place whence the cries proceeded; there he found a boy, a
protégé of his own, whom he had entered on board the Anson only a few
months before, clinging in despair to a part of the wreck, and without
either strength or courage to make the least effort for his own
preservation. Captain Lydiard's resolution was instantly taken,--he
would save the lad, if possible, though he might himself perish in the
attempt. He threw one arm round the boy, whilst he cheered him by
words of kind encouragement, with the other arm he clung to the spars
and mast to support himself and his burthen. But the struggle did not
last long; nature was exhausted by the mental and physical sufferings
he had endured; he lost his hold, not of the boy, but of the mast, the
wild waves swept over them, and they perished together.

It must not be supposed that the people on the shore were unconcerned
spectators of the fearful tragedy that was enacted before their eyes.
British fishermen are proverbial for their daring and intrepidity.
Inured from childhood to the dangers and hardships attendant on their
perilous calling, with very few exceptions our fishermen have always
been ready to succour the wrecked and tempest-tossed mariner. There is
not, we believe, a fishing village between the Land's End and the
Orkneys, that cannot produce its true _heroes_--men who have risked,
and are willing again to risk, their own lives to save others. Our
fisheries are the best nurseries for our navy. Englishmen may be
justly proud of the boatmen, from amongst whom spring those 'hearts of
oak' which have so long rendered our fleets pre-eminent over those of
every other country in the world. But, besides the generous
disposition to assist any perishing fellow creature, there were in
this instance more powerful motives to exert every effort to save the
crew of the Anson. This ship had been stationed for some time at or
near Falmouth, so that acquaintances, friendships, and still dearer
ties, had been formed between the inhabitants of the neighbouring
towns and villages, and the people of the unfortunate vessel. But a
few days before they had witnessed a far different scene, when she
left their shores in all the pride of a well-ordered and
well-disciplined man-of-war, amidst the shouts, and cheers, and
blessings of the multitude, who now beheld her lying within a few
fathoms of them a helpless wreck, her masts gone, her bulwarks broken
in, the waves sweeping over her, and breaking up her timbers.

The surf ran so high, it was impossible that any boat could reach the
wreck. The life-boat, in 1807, had not been brought to the state of
perfection it has attained in our day; and the many inventions which
science and art have since introduced for the preservation of life,
were for the most part unknown in the times of which we are now
writing.

Several men attempted to swim to the ship, but without success; they
were all, one after another, cast back exhausted upon the beach, and
many of them without sense or motion. At last, when there seemed no
hope left of affording aid to the sufferers, Mr. Roberts, of Helstone,
seized hold of a rope, and boldly struck out in the direction of the
Anson. He was a powerful swimmer, and his courageous efforts were
watched from the shore and from the wreck with intense interest, and
many a heartfelt prayer was breathed for his safety and success.
Tossed on the foaming waters, at one moment lost to sight, and almost
suffocated in the spray, and at another rising on the top of a huge
wave, he at last reached the ship, and was hailed as a deliverer by
those who were still clinging to the spars and rigging. The rope which
Mr. Roberts had taken with him was made fast to the wreck, and this
formed a communication with the shore, by which many a poor wretch was
saved who must otherwise have perished.

Another instance of heroic self-devotion was exhibited by a Methodist
preacher, a little later in the day, when, as no one appeared on the
ship's side, it was supposed that every one had either come on shore,
or had been drowned; but this brave and good mail thought that there
might be some still left on board who were unable to make an effort to
save themselves, and, under this impression, he ventured his life
through the surf, followed by a few other daring spirits like himself.
With great difficulty they gained the wreck, where, as they had
anticipated, they found several persons lying below, all too much
exhausted to get upon deck. Some, in terror and despair, called upon
God for mercy; others, in hopeful trust, seemed resigned to their
fate; and others were so weak as to be indifferent to the horrors
around them. Two women and two children were of the number. The
preacher and his gallant comrades had the happiness of saving the
women and some of the men, but the children were lost.

Sixty men, amongst whom were Captain Lydiard and his first-lieutenant,
perished in the wreck of the Anson. The survivors of the crew were
conveyed to Helstone, where they received every attention and kindness
which their unfortunate condition required. The body of Captain
Lydiard, which was washed on shore, was interred at Falmouth with
military honours.


We feel assured that the following particulars of the life of Captain
Lydiard will not be unacceptable to the reader.

He entered the navy in the year 1780, in the flag-ship of Admiral
Darby, who then commanded the channel fleet, and from that time served
as a midshipman under several commanders on various stations, both at
home and abroad, during thirteen years. In 1794, he was appointed a
lieutenant of the Captain, of 74 guns, in which ship he served in two
general engagements in the Mediterranean. In July of the following
year he removed to the Southampton frigate, commanded by Captain
Shields, and afterwards by Captain Macnamara.

On the evening of the 9th of June, 1796, the Southampton was stationed
with the fleet under Sir John Jervis, off Toulon, when a French cruizer
was discovered working up to Hieres Bay. The commander-in-chief called
the captain of the Southampton on board the Victory, and pointing out
the ship, directed him to make a dash at her through the Grand Pas.
Accordingly, the Southampton weighed, and, in order to delude the
French into the supposition that the ship was either a neutral or a
French frigate, hauled up under easy sail close to the batteries at the
north-east of Porquerol. The stratagem succeeded; for before the enemy
were aware of the approach of the Southampton, the ship was alongside
of the French cruizer. Captain Macnamara cautioned her commander not to
make a fruitless resistance; but he replied by snapping his pistol, and
pouring in a broadside. In a moment, the English boarded, led on by
Lieutenant Lydiard, with an impetuosity that nothing could withstand.
After ten minutes' spirited resistance on the part of the French
captain and a hundred of his men under arms, the 'Utile' surrendered,
but not before the death of her gallant commander, who fell at the
beginning of the onset.

Lydiard was instantly promoted, and appointed to the command of the
ship he had so gallantly captured. In the year 1801, he was advanced
to the rank of post-captain, and though frequently soliciting
employment did not succeed in obtaining a command until 1805, when he
was appointed to the Anson.

These pages will not admit of our recounting the many instances in
which this officer's gallantry was conspicuous. Before concluding,
however, we cannot refrain from laying before our readers the
following account of the last enterprise in which Captain Lydiard was
engaged, and which is related by his biographer in _The Naval
Chronicle_.[11]

'No sooner had the Anson been refitted, than she was again selected,
with three other frigates, under the command of Captain Brisbane (as
Commodore), of the Arethusa, to reconnoitre, and, if possible, to
sound the minds of the inhabitants of Curaçoa upon the suggestion of
an alliance with this country; but the gallant Brisbane, and his
equally gallant partner in this expedition, soon formed a plan for
curtailing this mode of proceeding, and determined, at all risks, by a
_coup de main_, either to capture the island, or to perish in the
attempt.

'With this resolution, having arranged their plan of attack, they
proceeded in their course for the island, and they reached the
entrance of the harbour just at the dawn of day, on the 1st of
January, 1807.

'In order to inform the reader, who may not be acquainted with the
amazing strength of Curaçoa on the sea face, we will give some account
of the difficulties which they had to contend with; and, at the same
time, shall avail ourselves of such statements of the facts as the
different official and other communications upon the subject will
furnish us with.

'The harbour was defended by regular fortifications of two tier of
guns. Fort Amsterdam alone mounting sixty-six pieces of cannon; the
entrance only fifty yards wide, and so circumstanced, that it is
impossible for a ship to return by the same wind that takes it in.
Athwart the entrance of the harbour was the Dutch frigate Kenaw
Hatslam, of 36 guns, and the Surinam, of 22 guns, with two large
schooners of war; a chain of forts was on Mesleberg heights, and that
almost impregnable fortress, Fort Republique, within the distance of
grape-shot, enfilading the whole harbour. The cool determined bravery
of British seamen perceives obstacles only to surmount them; and with
this determination the squadron entered the harbour, the Arethusa,
Captain Brisbane, leading, followed in close line by the Latona,
Captain Wood; Anson, Captain Lydiard; and Fisguard, Captain Bolton.

'When the headmost ship got round the point of the harbour's mouth,
the wind became so unfavourable that she could not fetch in; but to
return was impossible--it was too late. What a trying moment! At that
instant, however, there came on a squall, in which the wind shifted
two points in their favour, and they proceeded close together.

'The enemy were panic-struck at such unexpected gallantry, and all was
confusion. A severe and destructive cannonade now commenced, and the
Dutch frigate was boarded by Captain Brisbane, when the Latona
instantly warped alongside and took possession, and Captain Brisbane
proceeded to the shore. The Surinam was boarded from the larboard bow
of the Anson, while her starboard guns were firing at the batteries;
and Captain Lydiard, upon securing the Surinam, went immediately on
shore, and landed at the same moment with Captain Brisbane.
Immediately debarking their respective officers and ship's companies,
they proceeded to storm the forts, citadel, and town, which were by
seven o'clock completely in their possession, and at ten o'clock the
British flag was hoisted on Fort Republique. Captains Brisbane and
Lydiard were the first upon the walls of Fort Amsterdam. Indeed, too
much cannot be said in praise of the almost unparalleled bravery
displayed by the officers and men of all the ships on this occasion.
It may be truly said to be 'perfectly in union with everything
glorious in the past, and an example of everything glorious to the
future.''

The same year that opened so brilliantly upon the career of Captain
Lydiard, witnessed, at its close, the total destruction of the Anson,
and the untimely fate of her brave commander.

FOOTNOTES:

[11] Vol. xix., p. 449.




THE BOREAS.


In the afternoon of the 21st of November, 1807, the Boreas, of 22
guns, Captain George Scott, proceeded in search of a pilot-boat, which
had been blown off the coast of Guernsey in a gale of wind.

This boat was picked up and taken in tow, when about six o'clock P.M.
it was discovered that the ship was near the Hannois rocks, about two
miles to the south-west of Guernsey. Orders were immediately given by
the pilot to put the helm down, but whilst in stays, the ship struck
on the larboard bow; and although every exertion was made to get her
off, it was found impossible to do so. The point of a rock was
reported to be through the well, rendering the pumps useless. The ship
then heeled on her larboard broadside, and the captain gave orders to
cut away the masts.

The moment the ship struck, the pilots basely deserted her, and made
off in their own boat, without even offering assistance to those who
had encountered this danger and disaster in their service. Had the
pilots returned to Rocquaine, only two miles distant, they might have
procured aid for the Boreas, and preserved the lives of her crew.
When Captain Scott was convinced that there was no chance of saving
his ship, he ordered an allowance of spirits to be served round, and
the gig, the launch, and cutter to be prepared for lowering.

The gig, with Lieutenant Bewick, a lieutenant of marines, and six men,
was sent to give information, and obtain assistance. The launch, with
the gunner, and some others, was ordered to take on board the sick,
and land them at Hannois Point, and then to return to the ship; and
the cutter, with the boatswain, and a few men, was despatched on the
same service. Captain Scott, with noble intrepidity, remained to share
the fate of his vessel.

The launch, under the orders of the gunner, succeeded in reaching the
Hannois Rocks, as did also the cutter; but the greater part of the
crew of the launch abandoned her as soon as they touched the land. In
vain did the gunner use every persuasion to induce the men to return
with him to the assistance of their comrades who were left on board
the Boreas; they were deaf to his entreaties, and he was obliged to
put off again with only four men. The wind and tide were so strong,
and so much against them, that the utmost exertion was necessary to
enable them to make their way towards the ship, and when they got
within two hundred yards of the back of the rocks, the launch was half
filled with water. They then tried to make the land again; but before
they could reach it the boat was swamped, and the men were saved with
difficulty by Mr. Simpson, the boatswain, in the cutter. There is
little doubt that if the launch had not been deserted by the greater
part of her crew, she might have reached the Boreas, and have saved
many valuable lives. And here, in justice to the majority of the
ship's company, we must observe, that those who manned the launch were
chiefly smugglers and privateer's men lately impressed, and were not
to be considered as part of the regular crew of the ship.

In addition to the boats we have already mentioned as having left the
ship, was a small cutter, (containing two midshipmen, of the names of
Luttrell and Hemmings, and two men,) which was lowered into the sea by
order of the first lieutenant, whose humanity induced him to take this
expedient for saving the lives of the two boys. The current was so
strong that in a few moments the cutter drifted away from the ship,
but the generous feelings of the boys forbade them to desert their
comrades in distress, and with great exertion they pulled back to the
vessel; they called for a rope, but were ordered to keep off, and
again their little boat was carried away by the current. Once more
they attempted to get back, but their strength was unequal to the
task, and they were carried out into the open sea. Their situation was
in many respects little better than that of the friends whom they had
left upon the wreck,--the night was pitch dark, the boat had neither
mast nor sail, and the sea ran so high that they could do nothing with
the oars. Every now and then the flash of a gun, seen across the black
distance, told them that the Boreas still held together, and that she
was making signals of distress; but no sound reached their ears save
the roar of the winds and the waves. Even the booming of the guns was
lost in that dismal roar.

The little party scarcely expected to survive the night; they were
drenched to the skin, and suffering intensely from the cold; the waves
broke over the bows of their frail boat, and threatened each minute to
overwhelm it; but their brave hearts did not sink in utter despair;
they did their utmost to keep themselves afloat, by incessantly baling
out the water with their hats and hands. They thought the night would
never end, and that they should never see the morrow; but day dawned
upon them at last, and then with what anxious eyes did they sweep the
horizon. But in vain they looked; not a sail was to be seen. An hour
passed away; they shipped such a quantity of water that their
imperfect attempts to bale it out were almost useless. The boat sank
deeper and deeper, and their hearts sank too. Suddenly a ship hove in
sight, and she seemed to be bearing towards them. Hope and fear
struggled for the mastery in their breasts; hope urged them to renewed
efforts to keep themselves from sinking, whilst, in breathless
anxiety, they watched the vessel. She came nearer and nearer; the
watchers felt sure they were perceived; then a boat was lowered, and
they thanked God for their deliverance. In a few minutes they were
received on board H.M. ship Thalia, more dead than alive, after so
many hours' endurance of cold, hunger, and dismay.

We must now return to Captain Scott and his companions on the wreck.
The men were mustered by the officers on the quarter-deck; they
numbered ninety-five or ninety-seven, and they had been all actively
employed in making rafts, and lashing together spars and other
materials, by which they hoped to save themselves, in the event of the
ship going to pieces before assistance should arrive. Hour after hour
passed away, and no help came; by the noise of the vessel grinding
against the rocks they knew that she could not hold together much
longer. Captain Scott continued to issue his commands with coolness
and decision, and they were promptly obeyed by both officers and men.
About four o'clock in the morning, the quarter-deck being no longer
tenable, all the crew were obliged to betake themselves to the main
and mizen chains. They had already suffered severely from the cold,
but they had now to endure it in greater intensity. In their exposed
situation the waves frequently washed entirely over them, and their
limbs were so benumbed with cold that it was with the utmost
difficulty they could hold on to the wreck, so as to save themselves
from being swept into the abyss of waters that seemed yawning to
receive them. By degrees, even the cries and the complaints of the
sufferers became hushed: not a word was spoken; in awful silence they
listened to the groaning of the timbers, and the sullen roar of the
waves dashing against the rocks.

In this state they had remained another hour, when a hollow sound was
heard below them; still they spoke not a word, for from the captain to
the youngest boy, every one knew what that sound foretold, and that
the last struggle was at hand,--for many, the last hour of existence.
Then a universal tremor was felt through the wreck, and the boldest
heart responded to that shudder. The very timbers seemed to dread
their impending doom: with a mighty crash they yielded to the force of
the waves; for a moment the ship righted, and then sank beneath the
foaming waters.

The pen is powerless when we attempt to describe an event like this,
for we cannot penetrate into the secret recesses of the heart, nor can
we delineate the agonies of conscience which too often increase the
anguish of such scenes, when the near approach of death unveils to
men, truths they have been unwilling to learn or to believe. Many a
cry for pardon and mercy is raised in the hour of shipwreck, from lips
that never prayed before. The best and bravest then bow their heads in
awe, however well they may be prepared for the dangers that are
incident to their profession; and though from childhood 'these men see
the works of the Lord, and His wonders in the deep,' yet it must be
an appalling moment when the plank they have been wont to tread in
calm security, is torn from beneath their feet, and they are left as
helpless as infants, to be the sport of the wild billows!

The moment the vessel sunk, many of the men struck out for the plank
nearest to them; a few of the strongest and best swimmers gained the
raft, but others who were benumbed with cold, or otherwise unable to
swim, perished immediately. The quarter-master was one of those who
reached the raft, and he found the captain, the doctor, and some
others, already upon it. Captain Scott was so much exhausted by the
mental and bodily sufferings he had endured, that the doctor and the
quarter-master were obliged to support him on the raft. He became
gradually weaker, and lingered but a short time ere he expired in
their arms; and a few minutes afterwards a huge wave swept over the
raft, and bore with it the body of the lamented commander of the
Boreas. About eight o'clock in the morning, a number of boats put out
from Guernsey to the relief of the survivors, and carried them safely
on shore.

We have already mentioned the cowardly and inhuman conduct of the
pilots in deserting the Boreas, and it is also a matter of surprise,
that although twenty guns were fired as signals, and several rockets
and blue lights burned, no help of any kind was sent from the shore
till the next morning. One of the witnesses on the court-martial
affirmed, that a pilot on shore had heard the guns firing, and had
inquired of a soldier on guard whether it was an English or French
man-of-war! On the soldier replying that he thought it was an English
vessel, the man refused to put to sea, saying, by way of excuse, that
'it blew too hard.'

Through the exertions of Lieut. Colonel Sir Thomas Saumarez, about
thirty seamen and marines were taken off the rocks of the Hannois at
daylight, making the entire number saved about sixty-eight; whilst the
loss amounted to one hundred and twenty-seven.

The following is an extract from the dispatch of Vice-Admiral Sir
James Saumarez:--'The greatest praise appears due to Captain Scott and
his officers and men, under such perilous circumstances--in a dark and
tempestuous night, in the midst of the most dangerous rocks that can
be conceived, and I have most sincerely to lament the loss of so many
brave officers and men, who have perished on this melancholy occasion.

'Captain Scott has been long upon this station, and has always shown
the greatest zeal and attachment to his Majesty's service, and in him
particularly his country meets a great loss, being a most valuable and
deserving officer.'




THE HIRONDELLE.


The Hirondelle, a 14-gun brig, had been originally a French privateer.
She was taken by the boats of the Tartar in the year 1804, when
attempting to escape from that vessel through a narrow and intricate
channel between the islands of Saona and St. Domingo. The Tartar
finding from the depth of the water that she could not come up with
the schooner, despatched three of her boats under the command of
Lieutenant Henry Muller, assisted by Lieutenant Nicholas Lockyer and
several midshipmen, all volunteers, to endeavour to bring her out. The
instant the boats put off, the Hirondelle hoisted her colours, fired a
gun, and warped her broadside towards them. As they advanced, the
privateer opened a fire from her great guns, and as they drew nearer,
from her small arms also. In spite of this, and of a strong breeze
directly on the bows of the boats, Lieutenant Muller intrepidly pulled
up to the privateer, and after a short but obstinate resistance, he
boarded and carried her, with the loss only of one seaman, and one
marine wounded.'[12]

Such was the first introduction of the Hirondelle into the British
navy. Her career in it was of short duration, and its conclusion
fearfully sudden and disastrous, as the following account, given by
the survivors, will show.

On the 22nd of February, 1808, the Hirondelle, commanded by Lieutenant
Joseph Kidd, sailed from Malta, bound to Tunis, with dispatches on
board. On Wednesday evening they steered a course towards Cape Bon,
but unfortunately they got within the action of the strong current
that sets eastward along the Barbary Coast, so that, instead of making
the Cape as she intended, the brig fell some few leagues short of it
to the eastward, and run aground. As soon as the alarm was given, all
hands were turned up; the night was so dark it was impossible to
ascertain the exact position of the ship, but they distinctly heard
the breakers on the shore. Every effort was made to bring the vessel
up, by endeavouring to anchor, but without effect; while this was
going on, the cutter had been manned with ten or twelve men, and she
might have been the means of saving many lives, but she was no sooner
lowered, than the people rushed into her in such numbers that she was
almost immediately swamped, and all who were on board her perished,
except one man, who regained the deck of the Hirondelle. The commander
now saw that the loss of his ship was inevitable, and he therefore
desired his crew to provide for their own safety. The order was
scarcely uttered, no one had had time to act upon it, when suddenly
the brig gave a lurch and went down; the sea washed over her, and of
all her men, four only were left to tell the sad tale. Happily for
them they were clinging to the wreck, and so escaped the fate of their
companions who were swept overboard; and by aid of some of the spars
they succeeded in gaining the shore.

This account is necessarily brief: so short a time elapsed between the
unexpected striking of the ship and her going to pieces, that there is
no incident to relate. The commander and officers of the Hirondelle
seem to have done all in their power to extricate her from her
unfortunate position; indeed, it would appear that had they attended
less anxiously to the preservation of the ship, many lives might have
been saved.

FOOTNOTES:

[12] James's _Naval History_.




BANTERER.


His Majesty's ship Banterer, of 22 guns, under the command of Captain
Alexander Shephard, was lost on the 29th October, 1808, between Port
Neuf and Point Mille Vache, in the River St. Lawrence, whilst in the
execution of orders, which Captain Shephard had received from Sir John
Borlase Warren, directing him to proceed to Quebec, with all possible
despatch, to take a convoy to England.

The following is the account of this disastrous affair, as given by
Captain Shephard:--

'Being as far as the Island of Bie in pursuance of orders, through
rather an intricate navigation, with foul winds the greater part of
the time, where the charge of the ship devolved upon myself, and the
only chart I could procure of the navigation in question being on a
very small scale, I felt myself relieved from much anxiety by
receiving a branch pilot on board on the 28th October last, on which
night at eight P.M. we passed between that island and the south shore,
with the wind north by west, and very fine weather; at nine, the wind
coming more round to the westward, we tacked for the north shore, in
order, as the pilot said, not only to be ready to avail himself of the
prevailing northerly winds in the morning, but because the current was
there more in our favour. At midnight we tacked to the southward, and
at two A.M. again laid her head to the northward; and at four A.M. the
pilot having expressed a wish to go about, the helm was accordingly
put down, and on rising tacks and sheet, it was discovered that the
ship was aground. As we had then a light breeze at west, the sails
were all laid aback, the land being in sight from the starboard-beam,
apparently at some distance, I immediately ordered the master to sound
round the ship, and finding that the shoal lay on the starboard
quarter and astern, ordered the sails to be furled, the boats hoisted
out, the stream anchor and cable to be got into the launch, and the
boats to tow her out two cables' length, south-west from the ship,
where we found the deepest water; but by this time the wind had
suddenly increased to such a degree that the boats could not row
ahead, and latterly having lost our ground, we were obliged to let
the anchor go in fifteen fathoms, about a cable's length W.S.W. from
the ship, on which, having got the end of the cable on board, we hove
occasionally as the flood made, and in the meantime got our spare
topmasts over the side, with the intention of making a raft to carry
out a bower anchor should it moderate; but the intense cold, and the
still increasing gale rendered it impossible.

'About half-past eleven A.M. the stream cable being then taut ahead,
the wind W.S.W., with a very heavy sea, the ship canted suddenly with
her head to the southward, where we had deep water; we immediately set
our courses, jib and driver, and for some time had the must sanguine
hopes of getting her off, but were unfortunately disappointed, and as
the ebb made we were obliged again to furl sails.

'As the ship was then striking very hard, with a heavy sea breaking
over her in a body, we cut away the topmasts, not only to ease her,
but to prevent their falling upon deck; we also endeavoured to shore
up the ship, but the motion was so violent that four and six parts of
a five-inch hawser were repeatedly snapped, with which we were lashing
the topmasts as shores, through the main-deck ports. At about eight
P.M., fearing the inevitable loss of the ship, as the water was then
gaining on the pumps, I availed myself of the first favourable moment
to land the sick, and a party of marines and boys with some
provisions,--this could only be effected at a certain time of tide,
even with the wind off shore,--and employed those on board in getting
upon deck what bread and other provisions could be come at.

'Though the water was still gaining on the pumps as the flood made,
the wind coming more round to the northward, we again set our
foresail, but without the desired effect. As the stream anchor had,
however, come home, the wind was too doubtful to attempt to lighten
the ship.

'On the morning of the 30th, it being moderate, with the wind off
shore, we hove our guns, shot, and everything that could lighten the
ship, overboard, reserving two on the forecastle for signals. As the
flood made, we again set what sail we could, and hove on the stream
cable,--though, with all hands at the pumps, we found the water
increase in the hold as it flowed alongside; and it was the prevailing
opinion that the ship would have foundered if got off. Being now
convinced, from concurring circumstances, as well as the repeated
representations of the carpenter, that the ship could not swim, the
water having flowed above the orlop deck, and much sand coming up with
the pumps, we desisted from further attempts to get her off the shoal,
and continued getting such stores and provisions as we could upon
deck.

'Towards the afternoon, the wind again increasing from the W.S.W., and
the water being on the lower deck, I judged it proper to send some
provisions, with such men as could be best spared, on shore, that, in
the event of the ship going to pieces, which was expected, the boats
might be the better able to save those remaining on board; and on the
morning of the 31st, conceiving every further effort for the
preservation of the ship unavailing, it then blowing strong, with
every appearance of increasing, I felt myself called on, by humanity
as well as duty to my country, to use every effort in saving the lives
of the people intrusted to my care, and accordingly directed the boats
to land as many of them as possible, keeping the senior lieutenant and
a few others on board with me.

'The whole of this day there was little prospect of saving those who
remained with the wreck, as the surf was so great that the boats could
not return to us; several guns were fired, to point to those on shore
our hopeless situation, and stimulate them to use every possible
effort to come to our relief; but they could not effect it,
notwithstanding every exertion on their part, which we were most
anxiously observing. As the only means which then occurred to me of
saving the people on board, I directed a raft to be made with the
spars left on the booms, which was accomplished, with much difficulty,
in about six hours; the sea then breaking over the ship with great
violence, and freezing as it fell with such severity, that even the
alternative adopted presented little prospect of saving any one left
on the wreck. During this state of awful suspense, we had every reason
to think that the ship was completely bilged, and were apprehensive,
from the steepness of the bank, that she would fall with her decks to
the lee, as the ebb made, in which case all on board must have
inevitably perished.

'About half-past eleven P.M., the barge came off; and as the lives of
the people were now the primary consideration, I sent as many of them
on shore by her as possible, as well as by the launch, when she was
able to come off; and at two A.M., on the 1st November, having
previously succeeded in sending every other person on shore, I left
the ship with regret, in the jolly boat, and landed, with some
difficulty, through the surf. About eight A.M., the same morning, I
attempted to go off in the barge to save as much provisions and stores
as possible, but found it impracticable, as the boat was nearly
swamped. All this and the succeeding day, the gale continuing, we
could not launch the boats, and were employed carrying such provisions
and stores as were saved, to some empty houses which were discovered
about six miles to the eastward of where we landed. Finding that with
all our exertions we had only been able to save three days' bread, the
officers and crew were put upon half allowances, with the melancholy
prospect of starving in the woods.

'On Thursday, the 3rd November, the weather moderating, we launched
the boats before daylight, and dispatched the jolly boat, with the
purser, to a village called Trois Pistoles, about forty-five miles
distant, on the opposite side of the river, that he might find his way
to Quebec, to procure us assistance and relief, there being no
possibility of communicating with any inhabited quarter from where we
were but by water.

'During our stay near the wreck, we had repeated gales of wind, both
to the eastward and westward; and so violent, and with so much sea,
that the mizenmast was thrown overboard, all the upper deck beams
broken, and the ship's bottom beaten out.

'We embraced every intervening opportunity of going off to save stores
by scuttling the decks, which were covered with ice, the ship on her
broadside, and the water flowing over the quarter-deck. On these
occasions we were generally away ten or twelve hours, exposed to the
wet and cold, without nourishment; from which, and fatigue, I had to
lament seeing the people every day become more sickly, and many of
them frost-bitten from the severity of the weather. By the
indefatigable exertions of the officers and crew, we succeeded in
saving all our spare sails, cables, and stores, to a considerable
amount; though the cables were frozen so hard, that we were obliged to
cut and saw them as junk.

'On the 7th, I again sent a boat with the second lieutenant, to Trois
Pistoles, in the hope of procuring, if possible, some temporary
supplies; but the wind increasing to a violent gale from the eastward,
with a heavy fall of snow, they got frozen up on the opposite shore,
and did not return till the 12th, having then only procured three
hundred weight of flour, a few potatoes, and some beef--two men having
deserted from the boat.

'At this period, I had a respectful request made me from the people,
to be allowed to go to Trois Pistoles, that they might shift for
themselves whilst the weather would admit of it, dreading the
consequences of remaining longer where we were; but out boats would
not have carried above one-third, and I conceived the public service
would have suffered from allowing them to separate. We had, also,
several desertions--in consequence, I believe, of hunger, and the
melancholy prospect before them; two of the deserters were brought
back, and one returned delirious, after five days' absence, with his
feet in a state of gangrene, having had only one small cake to eat
during that time. Those still missing must have perished in the woods,
from the accounts of the men who were brought back.

'On Sunday, the 20th November, we were relieved from the most painful
state of anxiety by the arrival of a small schooner, with a
fortnight's provisions, from Quebec, and information that a transport
had been procured, and was equipping for us, which nothing but the ice
setting in would prevent coming down; and on the 24th I had the
satisfaction of receiving a letter by the government schooner,
announcing a further supply of provisions, with some blankets for the
people; it, however, then blew so hard, with a heavy fall of snow,
that she was obliged to take shelter under Bie. On the 25th the
schooner returned, when we embarked, and were carried to the opposite
side of the river, where the transport was expected,--the pilot
conceiving it unsafe to bring the ship nearer to us at that season of
the year.'

'Captain Shephard concludes his narrative in paying the following
tribute to the discipline and good conduct of his crew:--

In justice to the officers and crew, it now becomes my duty, and a
very pleasing part thereof, to bear testimony to the particular
perseverance with which they bore the cold, hunger, and fatigue,
whilst endeavouring to save the ship; and when that idea was given up,
in saving the stores with the dire prospect before them of being cut
off from all supplies had the winter set in, the ice rendering all
communication impracticable during that season of the year.'

The sufferings and privations endured by the officers and crew of the
Banterer, during such trying circumstances, have been ably described
in the above narrative of Captain Shephard. From the 29th of October,
to the 24th of November, a period of twenty-seven days, these men,
with little hopes of succour, had borne, with almost unexampled
fortitude, not only hunger and cold, but, to use the words of the
surgeon, 'a considerable number of the crew were affected with
inflammation of the extremities, which in nearly twenty cases produced
partial mortification, and one extensive gangrene on both feet,
attended with delirium and other dangerous symptoms.'

Captain Shephard died, as rear-admiral, in 1841.




THE CRESCENT.


His Majesty's Ship Crescent, of 36 guns, Captain John Temple, sailed
from Yarmouth about four o'clock in the afternoon of the 29th of
November, 1808, for Gottenburg. When she left Yarmouth, the wind blew
fresh from the south-west, and it continued favourable till the
following afternoon, when the weather became overcast, and the wind
increased to a gale. The vessel proceeded on her course for some days,
and at daylight, on the 5th of December, the coast of Norway was
discernible from the deck. At one o'clock, P.M., they sounded in
twenty-five fathoms, on the coast of Jutland; an hour later they
sounded in eighteen fathoms, and at three o'clock they were in
thirteen fathoms. The pilots in charge of the Crescent requested the
master to inform Captain Temple that they desired that the ship should
be hove to, with her head to the southward, and the topsails close
reefed. The advice of the pilots was immediately acted upon, and they
at the same time assured the captain that they were well acquainted
with the soundings, and they had no doubt the ship would drift with
safety. Suddenly she did drift into ten fathoms, and remained in that
depth until eight o'clock, P.M.

Captain Temple felt anxious for the safety of his ship and her crew,
and he inquired of the pilots if any alteration could be made with
advantage. They replied that none was necessary; but that the Crescent
should be kept on the same tack till daylight. The vessel drifted till
ten o'clock, P.M. when she struck. A boat was immediately lowered to
sound. The men reported the current setting to eastward at the rate of
two and a-half or three miles an hour.

As the sails were now only forcing the ship further on the shoal,
orders were given to furl, and to hoist out all the boats except the
jolly-boat and gig--both of these orders were promptly obeyed. At this
time, the current was taking the ship on the larboard bow, and canting
her round. In order to draw her off, the sails were loosed; but this,
instead of having the desired effect, hove her round into a worse
position than before. The sails were again furled, and an anchor and
cable were got into the launch. The boats then took the launch in tow,
and endeavoured to pull her out; but the force and rapidity of the
current rendered it impossible to do so. The situation of the Crescent
became every instant more perilous; the gale had increased, and the
wind, which had veered round to the north-west, blew direct on shore,
forcing the vessel further on the shoal. As a last attempt to save the
ship, the captain directed that the bower anchor should be let go, and
the ship lightened by heaving the guns, shot, balls, &c., overboard.
Little good resulted from this step; and then the water was started
and the provisions thrown overboard out of the fore and aft holds.
Pumping now became useless, as the water had risen to the hatches; and
when at last the cable parted, all hopes of saving the vessel were
abandoned, and at half-past six in the morning of the 6th of December
the masts were cut away by the captain's orders, and she lay a
helpless wreck. The boats which, until this time, had been lying off
in tow, broke their hawsers; and when the people on board found it
impossible to regain the ship, from the force of the current, they
made for the shore, and fortunately all succeeded in reaching it, with
the exception of one of the cutters, which was lost with all her crew.
Lieutenant Henry Stokes, who was in one of the other boats, fearing
that she would be capsized, jumped overboard, and attempted to swim on
shore, but had not strength to buffet with the waves, and was drowned.
The storm continued to increase as the day advanced, and the men on
board the wreck being completely exhausted, they piped to breakfast,
and a dram was served round. At one o'clock, P.M., a raft was
commenced, and in about an hour it was completed and launched, and
placed under the charge of Lieutenant John Weaver, of the Marines, Mr.
Thomas Mason, clerk, and Mr. James Lavender, midshipman. The crew of
the raft was composed chiefly of the sick, or those least capable of
exerting themselves for their own preservation. When the raft left the
ship, the captain and gallant crew of the Crescent gave three hearty
cheers to their companions, whom they were never likely to behold
again. It is hard to say which of the parties was in greatest peril,
or nearest to destruction; but in all such cases, those who are
obliged to wait for the awful moment, are subjected to more intense
mental suffering than those who act, and are enabled to take any
measures, however perilous, for saving their lives. The people upon
the raft returned the farewell cheer, and as each wave dashed over
them, and they again floated on the surface, they announced their
safety with another and another shout. They had little hope indeed of
reaching the shore alive; they were standing up to their middle in
water, and every billow that rolled over them carried away one or more
of their number. Happily some of those who were washed off the raft,
succeeded in regaining it; but seven of them perished, the rest were
safely landed, and to the constant exertions of the officers to keep
up the spirits of the men, they were greatly indebted for their
preservation.

A second raft was begun on board the Crescent, but it was never
completed; the sea made a clear breach over her; the quarter-deck
became filled with water, and it was therefore necessary to launch the
jolly-boat in order to save as many lives as possible, though she
could scarcely be expected to live in such a sea. Once more, Captain
Temple and above two hundred men and officers said farewell to the
companions of their toils and dangers--once more they bade God speed
to the frail bark--their own last chance of escape--and watched it as
it was now borne aloft on the crested wave, now buried in the briny
furrow. For a time they forgot their own danger in anxiety for the
others; but they were soon recalled to what was passing around
them--the groaning of the timbers, as every sea struck the wreck with
an increasing shock, forewarned them that she could not long resist
that mighty force. There were two hundred and twenty human beings
entirely helpless to save themselves. None may know the agonies of
that hour, when even hope itself had fled--when nothing intervened
between the soul and the unseen world. The Crescent went to pieces a
short time after the departure of the jolly-boat, and every one left
on board perished, to the number of two hundred and twenty, out of a
crew of two hundred and eighty. Amongst the lost were the captain,
three lieutenants, a lieutenant of marines, nine midshipmen, the
surgeon, purser, carpenter, and gunner; two pilots, one passenger, six
women, and a child.

The surviving officers and crew of the Crescent were tried by a court
martial, at Sheerness, for the loss of the vessel, when the court was
of opinion that 'the loss of the Crescent proceeded from the ignorance
and neglect of the pilots, and that the master was blameable, inasmuch
that he did not recommend to the captain or pilots either coming to an
anchor, or standing on the other tact, for the better security of H.M.
late ship Crescent.'

'The court was further of opinion that every exertion was made on the
part of the remaining officers and crew for the safety of the
Crescent.'




THE MINOTAUR.


His Majesty's Ship Minotaur, of 74 guns, Captain John Barrett, was
ordered by Admiral Sir James Saumarez to protect the last Baltic
fleet, in the year 1810.

After seeing the convoy through the Belt, the ship sailed from
Gottenburg about the 15th December, and, with a strong breeze from the
east, shaped her course alone for the Downs.

At eight o'clock, in the evening of the 22nd, Lieutenant Robert Snell
took charge of the watch; the wind was then blowing hard from the
south-east, the weather thick and hazy, and the ship, under
close-reefed topsails, and courses, was going at the rate of four
knots an hour.

At nine o'clock, the captain gave orders that soundings should be
taken every hour, under the immediate direction of the pilot of the
watch. At midnight, the pilot desired that the vessel might be put on
the other tack, and all hands were instantly turned up to carry out
his directions, and Lieutenant Snell was in the act of informing the
captain of what was going on, when the ship struck.

The helm was ordered to be put up, but the first shock had carried
away the tiller; fruitless attempts were then made to back the ship
off, but she had struck with such force upon the sand that it was
impossible to move her. The carpenter now reported fifteen feet water
in the hold; and it increased so rapidly that in a few minutes it rose
above the orlop deck. The officers and the whole of the ship's company
were assembled upon deck, and the universal question passed from mouth
to mouth--'On what coast have we struck?'

The pilot of the watch maintained that they were on some shoal in the
English coast; the other pilot, however, was of opinion that they were
upon the North Haacks, and this proved to be actually the case.

For a few minutes after the ship first struck there was some degree of
confusion on board; but this soon subsided; order and tranquillity
were restored, and the men all exerted themselves to the utmost,
although she struck the ground so heavily, it was almost impossible
for them to keep their feet.

The masts were cut away, and other means taken to lighten the ship;
and guns were fired as signals of distress, but no aid was afforded
to them during that long and dismal night. The darkness was so
intense, it was impossible to see beyond a few yards, and they could
only judge of their proximity to land, by the sullen roar of the
breakers as they dashed upon the shore. In this state of uncertainty
and dread, the night passed away; and daylight at last discovered to
the crew of the Minotaur the horrors of their situation. The ship was
firmly imbedded in sand, and had gradually sunk till the water covered
the forecastle. All the boats excepting the launch and two yauls were
destroyed, either by the falling of the masts, or the waves breaking
over them.

At eight o'clock, A.M., the Minotaur parted amidships, and the sea
made a clear breach over her. The gunner, seeing that she could not
hold together much longer, volunteered to go off in the yard, and
endeavour to obtain assistance from the shore. Captain Barrett at
first refused the offer, as he thought it impossible the boat could
live in such a sea; but upon further consideration, he gave his
consent; and the gunner, with thirty-one of the crew, succeeded in
launching the yaul, and getting clear of the wreck.

The ship now presented a most distressing scene--portions of her
timbers and spars were floating about in all directions, with casks of
spirits and provisions which had been washed up from the hold. Crowded
together on the poop and the quarter-deck were officers and men
watching with eager anxiety the progress of the boat. After two hours
of breathless suspense they saw her reach the shore. Their comrades'
success was hailed with joy by the shipwrecked crew as a happy omen
for themselves--it inspired them with hope and confidence, and some of
them immediately attempted to lift the launch into the sea. They
fortunately succeeded in getting her afloat, and numbers then rushed
to get into her, amongst whom was Lieutenant Snell. He failed in his
first attempt, and then swam to the foretop, near which he knew the
launch must pass, to enable her to clear the wreck. He watched his
opportunity, and when the boat approached, jumped into the sea, and
was taken on board.

In the course of an hour, the launch gained the shore, where, instead
of receiving the assistance they expected, and the kindness their
unfortunate circumstances demanded, the crew were met by a party of
French soldiers, and immediately made prisoners. In vain, they
implored the Dutch officers, who were also on the beach, to send boats
to the aid of their unhappy comrades on the wreck, their earnest
entreaties were met by a cold refusal.

During the morning, Captain Barrett, and about a hundred men,
attempted to reach the shore in the second yaul, but she was swamped
and all were lost. At two o'clock in the afternoon, the after-part of
the ship turned bottom up, and the remainder of the crew perished.

The fate of Lieutenant Salsford was distinguished by a singular
circumstance. A large tame wolf, caught at Aspro, and brought up from
a cub by the ship's company, and exceedingly docile, continued to the
last an object of general solicitude. Sensible of its danger, its
howls were peculiarly distressing. It had always been a particular
favourite of the lieutenant, who was also greatly attached to the
animal, and through the whole of their sufferings kept close to his
master. On the breaking up of the ship both got upon the mast. At
times they were washed off, but by each other's assistance regained
it. The lieutenant at last, became exhausted by continual exertions,
and benumbed, with cold. The wolf was equally fatigued, and both held
occasionally by the other to retain his situation. When within a short
distance of the land, Lieutenant Salsford, affected by the attachment
of the animal, and totally unable any longer to support himself,
turned towards him from the mast, the beast clapped his fore paws
round his neck, while the lieutenant clasped him in his arms, and they
sank together.[13]

Such was the fate of the Minotaur, her captain, and four hundred of
her crew. There is not the slightest doubt but that, had the Dutch
sent assistance, the greater part of the ship's company would have
been saved; and it would appear by the following extract from a
letter, written on the subject by Lieutenant Snell, that the risk
attending such a humane attempt, on the part of the Dutch, would not
have been great. Lieutenant Snell says:--

'The launch which had brought on shore eighty-five men, was of the
smallest description of 74 launches, with one gunwale entirely broken
in, and without a rudder. This will better prove than anything I can
say how easy it would have been for the Dutch admiral in the Texel to
have saved, or to have shown some wish to have saved, the remaining
part of the crew.'

On the other hand, we have the report from the chief officer of the
marine district of the North coast, addressed to the Minister of
Marine, in which he states, that 'Captain Musquetie, commander in the
Texel Roads, sent, at daylight on the 23rd, two boats to reconnoitre
the Minotaur, but the wind and sea prevented them approaching the
vessel.'

It is to be hoped, for the honour of the Dutch officers, that they
_did_ really put out to the relief of the Minotaur, and that they
considered the attempt an impossibility, which a British sailor deemed
one of little risk. It is evident that there must have been
considerable danger for boats, from the fact of the second yaul being
lost, and Captain Barrett's hesitation before he allowed the gunner to
leave the ship in the first yaul; and in charity we must give the
Dutch the benefit of this evidence. At the same time, we have the
equally conclusive testimony of the safe landing of two boats from the
Minotaur, that it was not 'impossible' for even a somewhat crazy boat
to live on such a sea. At daylight, on the 24th, the survivors of the
Minotaur's crew were marched off as prisoners to Valenciennes. From
which place, the gunner, Mr. Bones, contrived to make his escape on
the 3rd of February. After suffering the greatest privations,
concealing himself in barns and stables by day, and travelling by
night, on the 17th of March he got on board a smuggling lugger, about
a mile from Ostend, the Master of which agreed to land him in England
for the sum of £50.

       *       *       *       *       *

NOTE BY A NAVAL FRIEND.

The loss of the Minotaur may be attributed to their not knowing their
position; the pilot's desire to put the ship on the starboard tack at
twelve o'clock at night, with the wind from the south-east, showed
that he thought himself on the English coast. This fatal error in the
navigation of the ship is not easily accounted for; it arises in a
great measure from the dread of approaching the dangerous shoals on
our own coast, many of them far off the land, such as the Leman, and
Ower, Smith's Knowl, the Ridge, and others further in shore. Great
fear of these shoals is felt by all hands, and no doubt the man at the
helm would be cautioned not to bring the ship to the westward of her
course, and he would therefore be apt to err on the other
side--currents also may have carried her to the eastward. I am
tempted to offer this opinion from having experienced a similar
danger. In the year of the Battle of Copenhagen, I was in the Lynx
sloop of war on her return from the Baltic, and when we supposed
ourselves in mid-channel, between Yarmouth and the Texel, about two
o'clock, in the middle watch, we touched the ground in broken water;
happily the weather was moderate, and, by hauling to the westward we
soon got into deep water again. The following morning, about ten
o'clock, we spoke a lugger, and were informed that we were seven or
eight leagues from the coast of Holland. The distance ran from the
time we struck, told us that we must have been on the Haacks. A happy
escape!

FOOTNOTES:

[13] _Naval Chronicle_, vol. xxxvii. p. 183.




THE PALLAS AND THE NYMPH.


In the month of December, 1810, the Pallas, a 32-gun frigate,
commanded by Captain Paris Monke, was returning, in company with the
Nymph, Captain Edward Sneyd Clay, from a month's cruise on the coast
of Norway, and was steering for Leith, with a prize in tow. She had
not got far to the southward, when, on Tuesday morning, the 18th,
between nine and ten o'clock, land was discovered, but the weather was
so thick, it could not be clearly defined. The pilot, however, gave it
as his opinion that they were north of the Red-head. Towards the
middle of the day they fell in with some fishing-boats, and Captain
Monke having requested one of the fishermen to come on board the
frigate, he learnt from this man that the ship was at that time off
Stonehive and the Tod Head. At four o'clock, P.M., the usual order to
pipe to supper was given; the wind was blowing from the north-west,
and the vessel going at the rate of four knots an hour. Supper being
over, the drum beat to quarters, and the captain, having received the
usual reports, ordered the watch to be called. At six o'clock, in
compliance with the wish of the pilot, the course was altered from
south-west to south-south-west. For the last quarter of an hour the
ship had been increasing her rate of sailing from five and a half to
six knots an hour; the top-gallant scudding sails were therefore taken
in, and the royal and top-gallant stay sails hauled down, as also the
jib and the spanker. Soon after this the pilot, pointing towards the
coast, said to the captain, 'There's Lunan Bay;' and shortly
afterwards he said, 'There's the Red Head;' but it was too dark, then,
to see the land, much less could the outline of the coast be
distinguished. The captain inquired if they should not soon see the
Bell Rock Light, and he was answered in the affirmative. He then
ordered the officer of the watch to hail the forecastle, and direct
the men to keep a vigilant look-out for the Bell Rock Light.

Ere many minutes had elapsed after the order was given, a light was
perceived before the starboard beam, which the pilot declared to be a
signal hoisted on the pier at Arbroath to show that there was water
enough for vessels to enter the harbour. The captain then went below
to consult the book of sailing directions, and when he returned upon
deck, he said to the pilot, 'If that light be on Arbroath pier, as you
suppose, we ought most certainly to be in sight of the light on the
Bell Rock.' The pilot replied, 'We shall soon see it;' and Captain
Monke repeated to the officer of the watch his order to keep a sharp
look out.

As the light on the Bell Rock did not appear, the captain became
exceedingly anxious; the more so, as he was convinced, by reckoning
the distances from the Tod Head to the Red Head, and from the Red Head
to the Bell Rock, and comparing their sum with the run from four
o'clock, that the ship had run as many miles to the southward as would
bring her up to the Bell Rock. To ascertain exactly the position of
the ship, he desired the master to work off the run by the log up to
eight o'clock, P.M., and in a short time the master reported that by
his calculation the light which they saw was no other than the
floating light of the Bell Rock, and that they had now only to bear up
and shape a course for the Isle of May.

The captain had been upon deck for more than five hours, and was so
much fatigued that he went down to the gun-room to get some
refreshment, at a little after ten o'clock, leaving positive orders
with the officer of the watch and the master to be most attentive to
the ship's course; and he was so anxious for her safety, that he had
scarcely sat down in the gun-room before he sent for the pilot-book of
sailing directions, that he might ascertain more exactly the position
of the Bell Rock, and the course and distance from thence to the Isle
of May. In a few minutes, the officer of the watch went down to report
that the May light was in sight, and Captain Monke was in the act of
going upon deck, when the vessel struck the ground. He instantly
rushed upon deck, and inquired of the master where he supposed the
ship had grounded. The reply was a startling one:--'I am afraid,' said
he, 'that we are on the Bell Rock, and not a soul will be saved,
unless we can forge her over it.' How they could possibly be upon the
Bell Rock, when the master had himself so confidently declared they
were running from it for some hours, appeared a mystery: but this was
no time for arguing the matter. Captain Monke saw the danger both to
the ship and all on board: he ordered the drum to beat to quarters,
and the men were soon on deck and each at his post Having assured
himself that the rudder was not damaged, the captain ordered the
foretack to be hauled on board, and the yards to be braced with the
larboard brace, which was done without loss of time. The lead was
cast, to ascertain the depth of water, which the quarter-master
reported to be twelve feet. The ship, which at first had taken the
ground easily, now began to strike with great violence; and when they
found that she did not forge ahead, the yards were braced aback, but
to no better purpose, for she remained hard and fast as before.

Land was now seen to leeward, and the master changed his opinion, and
imagined that the frigate had struck on the Isle of May; but the pilot
thought they were on shore in St. Andrew's Bay, and blamed the master
for having hauled too soon. As the tide was falling, there was little
hope of getting the ship afloat, although this was so far fortunate,
that it afforded a better chance of escape for the crew.

Orders were given to man the pumps, and the people obeyed with
alacrity, and worked by turns throughout the night with the utmost
vigour. The ship seemed to come up easier for a time, and the
carpenter reported twelve feet water in the hold. When the moon rose,
the position of the frigate with regard to the land was discovered;
and as the tide ebbed, her larboard bow appeared to be but a short
distance from the nearest rocks. From the time of the ship's striking,
guns had been fired as signals of distress, to arouse the attention of
the inhabitants of the coast, and these signals were soon answered by
lights displayed along the shore, and large fires kindled on the
beach. The glare of the torches moving to and fro on the shore denoted
the inclination of the people to render assistance to the unfortunate
vessel. Voices were heard hailing the ship, but it was impossible to
distinguish the words. The boatswain and carpenter, and some others,
declared that the men said, 'You are in St. Andrew's Bay--come on
shore,' Upon this, the boatswain and gunner volunteered to land with
two men in a small prize skiff, for the purpose of reconnoitring the
beach. This proposition was immediately rejected by the captain, who
assembled the principal officers on the forecastle and declared to
them his determination not to suffer a single boat to be lowered
during the night--but that they should all stick to the ship until
daylight, as the only chance of preserving their lives.

Happily the captain's orders were obeyed, though doubtless many would
feel tempted to risk a landing. The Pallas became more and more
uneasy--her rudder was carried away, and the sea broke completely over
her. The men were each served with a dram, and were still kept at the
pumps until three o'clock A.M., when the main beam broke and the
others began to give way in succession. In order to lighten the
vessel, the mainmast was cut away. At first, this did not appear to
have the desired effect--but in all probability it would have fallen
of itself and have done injury to the people; it now hung over the
side, and promised to serve as a raft in case of necessity. The
foremast was then cut away, and the mizenmast was doomed to
follow--but the axe and tomahawk, which had been carried forward, were
lost, or washed away. The ship by this time had fallen upon her beam
ends, and the sea was making breaches over her, so that every
individual had enough to do to keep himself from being washed
overboard.

About four o'clock in the morning, the spirits of the crew were
revived by seeing a boat appear between the wreck and a large fire
that had been kept burning immediately opposite. This was a welcome
sight, and it was hailed by three loud and hearty cheers from the
Pallas.

Many of the men by this time were suffering much from cold, hunger,
and fatigue, and those who were able, got into the weather chains for
safety and shelter. Daylight discovered to them the real position of
the ship; the light which had been supposed to be on the Isle of May
was that of a lime-kiln on the main land, and as the Bass and North
Berwick Law were plainly visible, it was evident from their bearings
that the frigate was on shore near to Dunbar. She was now a total
wreck--the bottom had separated to some extent amidships from her
upper works; a considerable portion of her floor timber was lying
about ten yards to windward of the rest of the hull, and the iron
ballast within this frame of timber was thus open to view. It was now
time for every man to provide as far as possible for his own safety. A
Portuguese sailor, an excellent swimmer, was the first to quit the
wreck and swim on shore; several men attempted to follow his example,
but five of them perished. The life-boat from Dunbar, which had been
launched with great difficulty on account of the heavy surf beating on
the rocks, reached the ship at ten o'clock in the morning of the 19th,
and she took off a boat-load from the wreck and landed them in safety.

This success encouraged the people to try to employ the boats of the
Pallas, but they were all found to be stove, or otherwise rendered
useless, with the exception of a sixteen-oared cutter. The cutter was
launched without material injury, and fortunately reached the land
with as many as she could carry. The life-boat again neared the ship,
and made a second successful landing with a number of officers and
men; and a third time she touched the wreck, and was again crowded
with people, but unfortunately the rope which she carried as a
hauling line was too short to reach between the ship and the shore,
and this time she had scarcely put off from the quarter before she
filled and upset. By this accident, six of the crew of the Pallas were
drowned, and one of the bravest fellows belonging to the life-boat The
other thirteen men who manned the boat, and several people from the
wreck, were saved with great difficulty; a small fishing-boat, which
had been opportunely launched through the surf, picked them up.
Amongst others so rescued from a watery grave were Captain Monke, and
Mr. Walker, the first lieutenant. The crew of the fishing-boat
persevered with great courage and good judgment in their efforts to
save the rest of the crew. They procured a small tow-line, which being
held by one end on the beach, they made fast to the mizen chains of
the ship. The boat was then hauled to and fro until, in eight or ten
trips, she had cleared the wreck of all the people; and, with the
exception of Mr. Tomlinson, the boatswain, and ten or twelve others
who perished, the whole of the ship's company were saved.

The kindness and hospitality exercised by the inhabitants of Dunbar
and the surrounding country were beyond all praise. The sufferers,
many of whom were insensible when carried on shore, and unconscious of
the manner in which their lives had been preserved, were lodged, fed,
and clothed. Captain Monke, who was much bruised, was carried by
Captain Maitland to the house of his father, Lord Lauderdale, at
Dunbar. The first lieutenant, Mr. Walker, who was picked up apparently
lifeless, was conveyed to Broxmouth, the seat of the Duchess of
Roxburgh, where he was, under Providence, indebted for his restoration
to the unremitting attentions of the duchess and her husband, Mr.
Manners.

The humblest of the crew were equally well cared for. The duchess
went from room to room, ministering to the wants of the sufferers, and
seeing that every comfort was provided for them.

It is gratifying to record that a handsome pecuniary reward was given
by government to the fishermen and other inhabitants of Dunbar who so
nobly risked their lives for the sake of their fellow-countrymen; and
the widow of the man who was lost in the life-boat had a pension of
£25 per annum settled upon her.

'I am persuaded,' writes Captain Monke, in his narrative, 'that this
court will participate in my feelings, and would think me most
forgetful, if I did not here publicly express my grateful sense I
shall ever retain of the humane and liberal conduct of the Duchess of
Roxburgh and Mr. Manners, who in their hospitable mansion at Broxmouth
administered every sort of comfort and medical relief to the far
greater part of the suffering officers and people of the Pallas, many
of whose lives were thereby preserved to their country. In justice to
my own feelings, I cannot close my narrative without declaring to this
honourable court that no men under similar circumstances could behave
better than did the crew of the Pallas. So far from being dismayed by
their perilous situation, they manifested equal firmness and
subordination; and, in fact, from the first moment of the ship
striking the ground, to the time when necessity compelled every
individual to consult his own safety, they obeyed all the orders with
as much alacrity as cheerfulness, and (what is more) without either
noise or confusion. Hence, sir, I consider myself justified in
asserting that, notwithstanding the number victualled on board at the
time was reduced to one hundred and sixty, if any human exertion
could, in the first instance, have got the Pallas afloat, she would
not have been irrecoverably lost to the service. I must also beg leave
to add, that the officers set every example; and that from Mr.
Walker, the first-lieutenant, I derived, throughout this trying scene,
the most effectual support and assistance.'

The Nymph, which we have mentioned as being in company with the
Pallas, got on shore the same night, on a rock called the Devil's Ark,
near Skethard, misled by some irregularity in the lights on the Bell
Rock and Isle of May.

The crew of the Nymph were all saved, but the fine frigate was lost.




ST. GEORGE AND DEFENCE.


Among the many services in which the fleets of Great Britain were
engaged during the last war, none was more rife with perils and
hardships than that on which the Baltic Fleet was employed. During the
long winter nights the crews were continually exposed to intense cold,
and the ships were often enveloped in such impenetrable fogs, that
sometimes even the pilots were deceived as to their true position, and
those lamentable consequences ensued of which the loss of the Minotaur
was an example, (see page 154), her officers conceiving they were on
the coast of England, when they were actually stranded on the opposite
shore.

We will briefly mention two instances, which may give the reader some
idea of the severity of the climate in the Northern Seas.

On the 23rd of December, 1808, the Fama (which had sailed from
Carlscrona the previous day, in consort with some other men-of-war,
and a convoy of merchantmen,) struck upon the Island of Bornholm, in
the midst of such dense darkness, and so blinding a fall of snow,
that it was impossible to discern any of the surrounding objects. The
moment the ship struck, Lieutenant Topping, her commander, sprung from
his berth and rushed upon deck, without giving himself time to put on
his clothes. In his anxiety for the safety of his ship, and of those
who were on board, he continued to give his orders, without any other
protection from the piercing blast and driving snow than a blanket,
which one of his men had thrown over his shoulders; '_in fifteen
minutes from the time the vessel first struck, he fell upon the deck a
corpse_.' One man and a woman shared the same fate, the rest of the
crew survived the night, and were next morning saved by the Danes.

The circumstances attending the loss of the Pandora were still more
horrible. She struck on the Scaw Reef, a shoal on the coast of
Jutland, on the night of the 13th of February, 1811, and in three
hours her rudder was carried away, and the hold nearly filled with
water. The wind was bitterly cold, and, as the men were unable to get
below, they were in danger of being either washed overboard, or frozen
to death, before morning. In this dreadful state they remained until
daybreak, when it was discovered that several of them had perished
from the inclemency of the weather. The survivors contrived to cut a
hole in the side of the deck which was above water, through which they
crept below, one by one, to seek protection from the cold. During the
day, some boats attempted to put out to their assistance, but the sea
ran so high that it was impossible to approach the wreck. The unhappy
crew, disappointed in their hopes of relief, endeavoured to launch the
boats; but these were so encased in ice, that they resembled large
blocks of marble, and it was impossible to move them. In the course of
the night the wind and sea abated, and the Danes succeeded in
rescuing the people of the Pandora from their perilous situation, but
not before twenty-nine had perished from the intense cold.

The month of November, 1811, was most disastrous to the Baltic Fleet.
The British ships of war had already suffered so severely from
attempting the dangerous navigation of the Northern Seas too late in
the year, that the commander-in-chief on the station received orders
on no account to delay the departure of the last homeward-bound convoy
beyond the 1st of November. In obedience to these instructions,
Rear-Admiral Reynolds sailed with a convoy from Hano on that day,
having hoisted his broad pendant on board the St. George, of 98 guns,
Captain Daniel Oliver Guion; but owing to severe gales he was
compelled to put back on three several occasions, and the weather did
not permit him finally to leave the anchorage until the 12th of the
month. On the 15th the St George and convoy arrived off the Island of
Zealand, where they anchored to wait for a favourable wind, having met
with very rough weather in their passage from Hano, and several of the
convoy having foundered, without its being possible for the others to
render them the least assistance. In the course of the night of the
15th the wind increased to a hurricane, and all hands on board the St.
George were summoned to give the ship cable. Before this could be
accomplished the sea poured through the hawse-holes, carried
everything away, and rendered it impossible for many of the men to
stand to their duty. They were still in the act of veering away the
cable, when a large merchant vessel, which had been seen looming
through the darkness, drifted down upon them, its hull coming
violently in collision with the bows of the St. George, and severing
her cables;--one piercing shriek followed,--the merchantman gave a
lurch, and the next instant was engulfed in the raging billows.

However appalling the sight of this fearful tragedy might have been
to the crew of the St. George, their own danger was too imminent to
allow them much time for reflection, for on heaving the lead they
found only fourteen fathoms, though they had anchored in twenty. The
best bower anchor was at once let go, as the ship appeared to be fast
drifting towards the shore; but such was the force of the wind and
sea, that its massive ring broke off as if it had been only a piece of
wire. Upon this it was resolved to wear her off the land, and the jib
and foretopmast stay-sail were loosed, but before they could be set
the sails were wrenched from the bolt-ropes, and borne away by the
blast. The lead being cast again, eight fathoms were reported; the
sheet anchor was let go, in hopes that it would hold, but, like the
other anchor, it made no impression on the ship, and broke short off.
As a last resource, the men began to cut away the masts, when, just as
they fell, a heavy sea lifted the vessel and hurled her with violence
upon a sand bank, where she remained fast, the masts having by good
fortune fallen clear of her sides.

There was but little hope now of saving the ship, yet the crew behaved
with the most admirable steadiness, and obeyed with cheerful alacrity
when they were ordered to man the pumps. Towards daybreak the rudder
was torn from its fastenings, and it was only the discovery that the
water did not gain on the ship that sustained the drooping spirits of
the seamen, exhausted as they were with their arduous exertions and
long exposure to the biting cold and constant fall of sleet and snow.
At half-past six the long-wished-for dawn appeared, when, to their
dismay, they found themselves on a sand bank, four miles from the
shore. As the wind and sea gradually abated, the rest of the squadron
attempted to render them assistance, but did not venture to approach
too close to the shoal. The St. George continued to strike heavily
until twelve that night, when her head swung round to the land, and,
contrary to all expectations, the water was found to have risen three
feet since eight o'clock in the evening. By ten the next morning
(Sunday, the 17th of November) she was clear of all danger, and having
fitted up jury-masts, with a rudder supplied from the Cressy, she
arrived in safety at Gottenburg, about the 2nd of December.

Having partially repaired damages, Admiral Reynolds weighed anchor on
the 17th December, and proceeded, in consort with the Defence and
Cressy, to convoy a homeward-bound fleet of merchantmen.

On the 23rd, another north-westerly gale was encountered, on the coast
of Jutland. At midnight, signals were made to wear, but owing to the
disabled state of the St. George, this was found impossible. In the
hope of bringing her head round to the wind, an anchor was let go, but
the hawser, catching under her keel, tore away the temporary rudder,
and snapped itself with the strain, and again the ship fell off. The
captain gave orders to strike the lower yards and topmasts, and to
lighten the vessel. Between five and six in the morning of the 24th,
the report of a gun was heard from the Defence, which was supposed to
have got on shore about two miles and a half off. A short time after,
the St. George struck, and drifted towards the shore, and from this
moment all hope of saving the ship vanished.

Upon examining the well, the carpenter reported ten feet water in the
hold; and this rose so rapidly, that in the space of half an hour it
reached the lower deck, driving the people to the main deck. Admiral
Reynolds and the captain used every effort to encourage the men to
remain steady to their duty, as the only chance of preserving their
lives. At ten o'clock, the sea swept the main deck, so that all hands
were obliged to seek refuge on the poop. All the boats, except the
yawl, had either been stove or washed overboard. As an instance of the
obedience and discipline of the crew of the St. George, three or four
men came forward, and asked permission to attempt to reach the shore
in the yawl: this request was at first granted, but as they were about
to lower her into the sea, it was considered impossible that the boat
could live, and the men were directed to return to their posts.
Without a murmur, they instantly obeyed; and as if Providence had
rewarded this implicit obedience and reliance upon their officers, two
of these men were of the few that were saved.

It is impossible to describe the suffering of the helpless crew. Their
numbers, originally about seven hundred and fifty, had been terribly
thinned by the severity of the weather, and the surging of the waves,
which every instant burst over them. At eight o'clock in the evening
of the 24th, fourteen men took the boat and attempted to pull from the
wreck, but they had not gone many yards when she upset, and her crew
perished. The mizenmast still stood, and orders were given for its
being cut away, but as no axes could be found, the men were obliged to
use their knives to cut the lanyards of the rigging; at this moment, a
sea struck the mast, carrying away the poop, and the men who were upon
it. As the poop was swept away from the wreck, it bore not only the
living but the dead. The latter far outnumbered the former, and it
became necessary for the general preservation to cast overboard the
bodies of their dead comrades. But their strength, already weakened by
previous suffering, was unequal to the performance of this painful
duty; and while thus employed, a sea swept over the poop, scattering
the men upon the foaming billows. Five regained it, but were again
washed off, and again succeeded in reaching their former position. Of
these, two died, and the other three were washed on shore.

The scene on board was one of the most harrowing description. Mingled
together were the living, the dying, and the dead. The bodies were
piled up by the survivors in rows one above another, as a shelter from
the violence of the waves, which broke incessantly over them.

In the fourth row lay the admiral and his friend Captain Guion; whilst
the groans of the dying, mingling with the roar of the tempest,
unnerved the hearts of those who had hitherto shown an unappalled
front to the perils surrounding them.

There still remained about two hundred men, who were employed in
constructing a raft, as the last chance of saving their lives. After
considerable labour, this was effected, by lashing together a topsail
yard and a cross-jack yard, the only spars that remained.

Upon this, ten men left the wreck, but the timbers being improperly
secured, they broke adrift, and the first sea that came washed five
men off; the others gained the shore, one of whom died.

According to all accounts, even the few who survived would have
perished, had it not been for the humane conduct of the Danes who came
to their assistance; these, at the risk of their own lives, succeeded
in rescuing from the raft the seven exhausted sufferers who survived,
out of the crew of seven hundred and fifty men.

The St. George, as has been already mentioned, was in company with
both the Cressy and Defence. Captain Pater, who commanded the former,
seeing the impossibility of rendering any assistance to the St.
George, and the imminent risk to his own ship if he remained longer on
the starboard tack, wore, and escaped the danger.

The master of the Defence reported to Captain Atkins that the St.
George had gone on shore, and that the Cressy had veered and was
standing to the southward,--at the same time pointing out the great
danger the ship was in, and recommending that he should follow the
example of the Cressy. The captain inquired whether the admiral had
made the signal to part company; upon being answered in the negative,
he replied, 'I will never desert my admiral in the hour of danger and
distress.'

At about six o'clock A.M., the hands were turned up to wear ship, but
before this could be accomplished she struck, the sea made a breach
over her, and washed several men overboard.

The captain gave orders to fire minute guns, and cut away the masts.
Five or six guns only had been fired, before they broke adrift, so
that it was impossible to fire any more; but providentially these had
been heard by the look-out men on shore, to whose assistance may be
attributed the preservation of the few lives that were saved.

The waves swept over the vessel, forcing numbers of the crew down the
hatchways, the guns and other heavy articles had broken loose, killing
some, breaking the arms and legs of others, whose agonizing cries
served only to add to the horrors of a scene scarcely within the power
of description.

The captain at this time stood on the poop, holding on only by a
howitzer that was lashed before the mizenmast, the officers and crew
clinging to other parts of the wreck. The boats were all stove, except
the pinnace, in which about twenty men had collected, when a sea,
breaking over the wreck, washed her overboard, capsized her, and all
perished.

Another sea struck the Defence with such excessive violence as to lift
a spare anchor from its berth, throw it up on end, killing in its fall
upon the forecastle about thirty men. The booms were washed away, and
with them nearly one hundred men, who were clinging to the different
spars.

The following account of the escape of one of her crew is so
interesting, that it has been thought better to leave it as nearly as
possible in his own words, than to alter it for the sake of brevity:--

'I got on one side of the booms that were floating among the rest of
the wreck. At that time every man, except two, John Platt and Ralph
Teasel, two of the men who were saved, were washed off. Myself and
several more were at the same time swept off the mizen-top. I then
made the best of my way from one spar to another, until I got on one
side of the booms. At this time about forty men regained their
position upon the booms, when another sea washed all off except four.
I got on the booms a second time, and spoke to John Brown, and told
him I thought we were approaching the shore. There were then about
twenty men on them, but when we reached the shore there were only six
left.

'Two Danes on the beach came to our assistance; my foot got jammed in
amongst the small spars, and my comrades, seeing that I was unable to
get off the raft, were coming to my help, when the Danes made signs to
them to be quiet. One Dane made three attempts before he succeeded in
reaching the raft, and the third time he was nearly exhausted; he
managed to get hold of my foot, and wrenched it out, and carried me on
shore. I was then taken up to a shed to wait for some carts which were
coming for us, most of us being unable to walk. In about ten minutes a
number of gentlemen arrived on horseback, and some carts came down
upon the beach. We were then placed in them, and driven to a small
village called Shelton. On the road the man who drove the cart spoke
to a woman, and asked her if she had any liquor. She replied by
drawing a bottle from her pocket, and made each of us take a dram,
which I believe was in a great measure the saving of our lives.

'We soon arrived at the houses in the village, where we were stripped
and put to bed, and treated by the inhabitants with the greatest
hospitality and kindness. When I awoke, I found another seaman had
been placed in the same bed with me; he had come on shore some time
after myself upon a piece of wreck. He said, just as he reached the
shore the poop and forecastle were capsized, and not a man to be seen,
except a few upon pieces of wreck. In the evening, a gentleman who
spoke English came to our bedside, and told us that an officer had
been brought up to the house. He also told us that there was another
ship on shore to the southward of us, which appeared to be a
three-decker, lying with her stern on shore. We knew directly it could
be no other than the St. George.

'He inquired if we were able to get up, and go and look at the body of
the officer, and see if we knew him. We answered yes, and, with the
assistance of the people, went into the barn, and recognised our
captain. We then returned to bed again, being too exhausted to stand.
The gentleman told us that medical assistance could not be procured
that night, but that we should have every nourishment the house could
afford. He then took his leave, promising that he would return in the
morning, when we might be better able to speak to him.

'He accordingly came in the morning, and inquired what force our ship
was.

'We told him a 74-gun ship, with a company of 600 men. Upon our
inquiring if any more of our shipmates had reached the shore, he
answered no; and we returned most hearty thanks to the Almighty for
our deliverance!

'On Sunday, the 29th, we put our captain into a coffin, and buried him
in Shelton Church-yard, with two seamen alongside of him.

'It was some time, through the bitterness of the cold and the bruises
we had received, before we were able to walk about. As soon as we had
gained sufficient strength, we went down to the beach, where we saw,
scattered for about two miles along the beach, the wreck of the
Defence, but not a corpse was to be seen. We supposed they had drifted
away to the southward and westward, a strong current setting that way.
This opinion was in a great measure confirmed by seeing our officers'
things sold, and other articles belonging to the ship, six miles to
the southward of where we were cast away, when we went to join the few
who were saved from the St. George. On the 13th January, our captain
was taken up again, and carried to Rinkum Church, and placed in a
vault with the honours of war.'

Such was the unhappy fate of the St. George and Defence; only six men
from the latter ship being saved, out of a crew of 600. Two days
afterwards, when the gale had abated, a Danish boat, with two of the
English sailors, went on board the St. George to bring away the
corpses of the admiral and others, but they found the decks had been
entirely swept away. Nothing could exceed the hospitality and kindness
with which the Danes treated the few who were thrown upon their shore.
Nor was the Danish government backward in generosity. The dead were
buried with military honours, and the survivors were sent to England
without exchange. The following letter from Major General Tellequist,
given in his own language, sufficiently shows the deep commiseration
felt by the Danish government, as well as by himself, for the
lamentable catastrophe which befel the St. George and Defence.

    'Randus, the 21st of January, 1812.

    'Sir,--Though the grievous misfortune which has happened his
    great Britannic Majesty's ships of war on the Danish coast perhaps
    already may be known to your Excellency; nevertheless, whereas the
    opposite case may be possible, I will not omit hereby to make you
    acquainted with the sorrowful accident, assuring you that I am
    very compassionating.

    'The 24th of last month, in the night, the English ships of the
    line, St. George and Defence, are splitted upon the western
    coast of Jutland, and the violent waves made it impossible to
    bring the wretched crews any assistance. From both ships are
    saved but thirteen persons, who are cast on shore by the sea
    with goods of wreck. Some of them are sick, and at present under
    care. A part of the dead bodies are driven to land, and interred
    with as much ceremony as the circumstances would admit.

    'All possible pains have been taken to find out the bodies of
    the officers, in order to show them military honours, by the
    obsequies upon the churchyard.

    'Two bodies of officers were found, and buried with military
    honours. Among these was the body of Captain Atkins, commanding
    the Defence, which is deposited in a church till I receive the
    further ordaining from my most gracious sovereign.

    'I complain much that the body of Admiral Reynolds has not yet
    been found, for all the pains which are taken on this purpose.

    'Agreeably to the charitable sensibility of the Danish nation,
    the inhabitants have been very grieved to see the English
    warriors in such a distress without being able to assist them;
    and I am very sorry, Sir, that I cannot give your Excellency of
    this accident an account less sorrowful.

    'With great esteem, I remain, Sir,

    '&c. &c, &c.,

    'TELLEQUIST.

    'To Governor Maurice.'

The body of Rear Admiral Reynolds was found a few days after the date
of the above letter, and deposited with military honours near that of
Captain Atkins, in Rinkum Church.

The surviving officers and men of the St. George were tried by a
court-martial at Sheerness, and were acquitted of all blame with
reference to the loss of that vessel.

With respect to the loss of the Defence, the court was of opinion that
she was lost by getting on shore on the western coast of Jutland, in
company with his Majesty's late ship St. George, in consequence of the
noble and heroic determination of the captain to stay to the last by
his admiral, at a moment of extreme danger and distress, conduct
which, in the opinion of the court, will reflect immortal honour on
the memory of Captain Atkins.

Rear Admiral Reynolds was an officer of considerable experience, and
had distinguished himself on several occasions previous to his
melancholy fate on board the St. George.

In the year 1797, he commanded the Amazon, a 36-gun frigate, and was
cruizing the 13th of January off Ushant, in company with the
Indefatigable, Captain Sir Edward Pellew, when a large ship was
descried, steering under easy sail for France. This was a little after
twelve o'clock at noon; chase was immediately given, and at four in
the afternoon, the stranger was discovered to be a French two-decker,
the Droits de l'Homme, of 74 guns.

She had on board, exclusive of her crew of 700 men, about 1050 troops,
which, with 50 English prisoners, made 1800 souls.

At a little past five o'clock, the Indefatigable closed with the enemy
and began the action; this had lasted about an hour, when the
Indefatigable unavoidably shot ahead, on which the Amazon took her
place and nobly continued the battle. The Indefatigable, having in
the meantime repaired her rigging, again joined in the attack, the
British ships placing themselves one on each quarter of their
opponent. A continued fire was kept up for upwards of five hours, when
they found it absolutely necessary to sheer off, in order to secure
their masts. During the action the sea is described as having run so
high, that the men on the main decks of the frigates were up to their
middles in water. As soon as the masts were secured, the attack was
again resumed, and notwithstanding the crews of both ships were almost
exhausted with their exertions, it was prolonged for five hours more,
when, late in the night, the fire ceased on both sides. The Amazon had
now nearly three feet of water in the hold, and was in other respects
most severely damaged. The enemy had suffered still more; her foremast
was shot away, and the main and mizen-masts left tottering, the decks
being strewed with the dead and dying.

At about four o'clock in the morning, an officer on board the
Indefatigable reported breakers ahead, and the loss of all three
vessels appeared almost inevitable.

The Indefatigable was then close under the starboard quarter of the
Droits de l'Homme, and the Amazon as near to her on the larboard bow.
The Indefatigable was fortunate enough to avoid the danger by being
able to make sail to the southward, and she escaped.

When daylight broke, a terrible spectacle was presented. The Droits de
l'Homme had drifted towards the land--broadside on--a tremendous surf
beating over her. The position of the Amazon was as precarious,
notwithstanding every effort was made by her officers and crew to work
her off shore, all proved unavailing, and she struck the ground. The
ship's company, with the exception of six men, gained the shore, which
proved to be Audienre Bay, where they were all made prisoners.

The melancholy fate of the Droits de l'Homme is described in James's
_Naval History_. Already 900 souls had perished, when the fourth night
came with renewed horrors,--'weak, distracted, and wanting
everything,' says one of the prisoners, a British officer, in his
narrative, 'we envied the fate of those whose lifeless corpses no
longer needed sustenance. The sense of hunger was already lost, but a
parching thirst consumed our vitals.' ... 'Almost lost to a sense of
humanity, we no longer looked with pity on those who were the speedy
forerunners of our own fate, and a consultation took place, to
sacrifice some one to be food to the remainder. The die was going to
be cast, when the welcome sight of a man-of-war brig renewed our
hopes. A cutter speedily followed, and both anchored at a short
distance from the wreck. They then sent their boats to us, and by
means of large rafts, about 150, out of nearly 400 who attempted it,
were saved by the brig that evening; 380 were left to 'endure another
night's misery,--when, dreadful to relate, about one half were found
dead next morning!'




HERO.


We have next to relate the still more tragical fate of the Hero, of 74
guns. This vessel was lost on the Northern Haaks, under nearly the
same circumstances as the Minotaur in the preceding year, but with
more fatal results, as every soul on board perished.

The following particulars are derived from the accounts taken from the
evidence of Captain Fanshawe, of the Grasshopper, and from the
journals of the day.

The Grasshopper sailed from Wingo Sound on the 18th of December,
1811, in company with the Hero, Egeria, and Prince William, and a
convoy of about 120 merchantmen. The weather, at the time they
commenced their voyage, was stormy and tempestuous. The Egeria and
Prince William parted company on the 20th, and on the 23rd the
Grasshopper was left in company with the Hero, and about eighteen
merchantmen.

At about half-past eleven o'clock, Captain Newman, of the Hero, made
signal to the Grasshopper to come within hail; conceiving that they
were on the Silver Pitts, he directed the course to be altered to the
south-west, which was accordingly done. They continued their course
until ten o'clock at night, when the signal was made to alter it two
points to port.

The Grasshopper was at this time going at the rate of nine knots an
hour; four of the convoy had been kept in view up to this period, but
were soon lost sight of in the heavy squall of snow and sleet. At
half-past three o'clock all hands were turned up, when the ship being
in broken water, she struck with great violence, and suddenly fell
into three fathoms water. The best bower was let go, and she was
brought to an anchor. In a few minutes the ship struck again, and
continued to do so as long as she remained in that position.

The crew of the Grasshopper had now their attention called to the
situation of the Hero. It was first supposed that she was at anchor,
although she fired several guns, and burnt blue lights, which in about
half-an-hour ceased. At daylight it was discovered that both the ships
were inside the Northern Haaks, about five or six miles from the Texel
Island. About a mile from the Grasshopper was the Hero--a complete
wreck--lying on her starboard broadside. The ship's company were all
crowded together upon the poop and forecastle; the sea making clean
breaches over her. An attempt was made by the crew of the Grasshopper
to reach the Hero, but the surf ran so high that it prevented all
communication, and they were under the imperious necessity of seeing
their comrades perish, without the slightest possibility of being able
to render them assistance.

The Hero had hoisted a flag of truce, and fired a gun: in a short time
these signals of distress were answered, by several vessels putting
out from the Texel to her relief; but owing to the flood-tide, and the
strong gale of wind then blowing, the boats were unable to get nearer
than three miles.

Notwithstanding that those on board the Grasshopper were themselves in
a most precarious position, from the repeated shocks the ship had
sustained by striking against the ground, their attention was
completely diverted from themselves, in their anxiety for the fate of
the Hero. The waves burst with relentless fury over the doomed vessel,
every moment snatching a victim from the now almost deserted decks.

As the night was approaching, and the weather still continued
boisterous, Captain Fanshawe, having taken the opinion of the
officers, judged that there was no other alternative for saving the
lives of his crew than by surrendering to the enemy. At four o'clock
the cable was cut, and they made sail for the Helder Point, where they
surrendered to the Dutch Vice-Admiral, De Wintner.

The Hero went to pieces during the night: in the morning not a vestige
of her was to be seen. Every exertion was made by the Dutch squadron
to save the crew, but the weather was so stormy, that all their
efforts proved abortive, and thus every soul on board perished.

In the year 1798, Captain Newman distinguished himself by a most
gallant action which he fought off the coast of Ireland. He was then
in command of the Mermaid, 32-gun frigate, and was cruising in
consort with the Revolutionnaire, of 38 guns, Captain Twysden, and the
Kangaroo, gun-brig, commanded by Captain Brace. On the 15th October,
when near Black Cod Bay, two very large French frigates were seen and
pursued, but they were lost sight of during the night. The next
morning, however, the Mermaid and Kangaroo made out one of the
Frenchmen, and the Kangaroo came up with her the same afternoon, but
was speedily disabled by the heavy fire of her opponent, and compelled
to drop astern. The Mermaid kept on in chase, and engaged the French
vessel, which proved to be the Loire, 46-gun frigate, on the morning
of the 17th October. Early in the action the French attempted to
board, but were frustrated by the skilful handling of the Mermaid,
which enabled her to close within pistol-shot of the Loire, when the
latter's foretopmast was soon shot away, and the fire from her great
guns nearly silenced, though a continuous storm of musketry was still
kept up from her decks. Upon attempting to rake her opponent, the
Mermaid's mizenmast unfortunately went by the board, so that she fell
off, and the maintop-mast almost instantly followed. By this time the
rigging of the English frigate was completely cut to pieces, and her
boats destroyed; she was also making a great deal of water, having
received several shots between wind and water. In this crippled
condition, Captain Newman had no other alternative but to discontinue
the action. This was done without any attempt on the part of the Loire
to renew the engagement, the French being no doubt only too glad to
get rid of her spirited antagonist, though she was only half the size
of their own vessel.

On the following day the Loire fell in with the Anson and Kangaroo,
and surrendered to the British flag. Subsequently Captain Newman was
appointed to the Loire, having the proud satisfaction of commanding
the vessel in whose capture he had so gallantly assisted.

In 1808, our officer received the command of the unfortunate Hero,
which ship, in 1810, formed part of the squadron under Sir James
Saumarez, employed for the protection of commerce in the North Sea.
Here he continued in the unpleasant duty of convoying merchant vessels
backwards and forwards from Dar's Head, the south entrance of the
Great Belt, to Sproe Island. On the 25th of September, Captain Newman,
in company with the Mars, 74, arrived off Yarmouth, having in charge
between five and six hundred merchantmen, the largest convoy that had
ever sailed from the Baltic. He again returned to his former station
in March, 1811, where he remained until the latter end of the year,
when his ship was selected, with others, to convoy the homeward-bound
fleet. On this occasion, he appears to have had sad misgivings as to
the prudence of sending ships home at so late a period of the year,
through the dangerous navigation of the northern seas. On the day
previous to the sailing of the squadron from Wingo Sound, he observed,
'I cannot help thinking that we have been detained too long, and it is
well if some of us do not share the fate of the Minotaur.'[14] His
words were but too prophetic; and, ere long, he and two thousand of
our brave defenders perished on a foreign strand.

FOOTNOTES:

[14] _Naval Chronicle._




THE DÆDALUS.


His Majesty's ship Dædalus, of 38 guns, Captain Murray Maxwell,
sailed from Spithead on the 27th of January, 1813, in charge of an
East Indian convoy, and made the island of Ceylon, near the Pointe de
Galle, on the 1st of July. She passed Dondra Head at sunset, and then
steered east by north during the night, in order to pass well outside
the Basses. In the morning, the ship's head was pointed to the north,
to get near land, a good look-out being kept both from the deck and
mast-head for rocks and breakers. The atmosphere was so clear that a
ripple might have been seen upon the water for miles around. Nothing
appeared to indicate danger; the vessel was supposed to be seven or
eight miles off the land, and the master was pointing out to Captain
Maxwell her position upon the chart, when they felt her take the
ground abaft; but so very easily, that many people on board were not
aware that she had touched. Signals were immediately made to warn the
convoy of their danger, but before the signals could be answered, the
Dædalus swung off into deep water. All sail was set, and strong hopes
were entertained that she was not materially injured; but her frame
was too slight to sustain any shock whatever without damage, the lower
part of the stern-post had given way, occasioning a leak of such
magnitude, that although the pumps were instantly manned; and worked
with unceasing energy, the water could not be kept under. A signal was
made for the convoy to bring to, and to send all their carpenters on
board the Dædalus, which was immediately done, but the combined
efforts of the whole were unavailing to reduce the leak. The rudder
worked so much that it was found necessary to unship it from the
broken part of the stern-post, and bring it alongside; and in order to
relieve the ship from the pressure aft, the guns and other heavy
things were carried forward; this, however, was of so little avail,
that the guns and anchors were soon thrown overboard. They then
prepared a sail with oakum and tar, and got it over the stern, in
order, by passing it under the keel, to stop the leak. For a time this
seemed to have the desired effect, and hopes were entertained that
they might be able to carry the ship to Trincomalee; but these hopes
were of short duration. In spite of the indefatigable exertions of
every officer and man on board, the water gained upon them till it
rose two feet above the orlop-deck. The men had now been working
without intermission for eight hours, and their strength and spirits
began to fail, when, notwithstanding all their efforts, they saw the
water rising to the level of the lower deck.

Captain Maxwell now knew that there was not a chance of saving his
ship, and he felt the painful necessity of leaving her as soon as
possible, in order to preserve the lives of his men, whilst there was
yet time. He ordered the boys, idlers, and two divisions of seamen and
marines to get into the boats which were alongside, while the
remaining men were employed at the pumps to keep the ship afloat, The
good order and discipline which prevailed during this scene are beyond
all praise. 'The men behaved,' to use the words of the captain, 'as if
they were moving from one ship to another in any of the king's ports.'

Such conduct is highly creditable, not only to the ship's company, but
likewise to the captain and officers, in whom the crew must have
reposed most perfect confidence, or such real good order could not
have been maintained at such a time.

The ship was settling fast, when the boats returned to carry away the
remainder of the officers and men, they left the pumps and embarked in
the boats, taking with them the hammocks and clothes belonging to the
ship's company. The last man who stood upon the deck of the sinking
ship was her captain. When all others had gone, he too with a heavy
heart stepped into the boat which bore him from her side; sadly and
sorrowfully he fixed his gaze upon the wreck of 'his home on the
waters.' In a few minutes the ship gave a lurch, and, falling on her
beam ends, remained in that position for the space of a minute, then
she righted, showing only her quarter-deck ports above water, and then
gently and majestically sunk into the bosom of the deep blue sea.




THE PERSIAN.


The Persian, an 18-gun brig, commanded by Captain Charles Bertram, was
lost on the Silver Keys, St. Domingo, in the West Indies, on the 26th
of June, 1813. It appears from Captain Bertram's statement, that the
Keys were laid down on the chart too far to the southward, or that the
ship was carried in that direction by a strong current not mentioned
in any of the charts. The Persian struck about five o'clock P.M., by
running stem on, upon one of the rocks; she was at the time going at
the rate of three or four knots an hour. Everything was done to back
her off; the water was started, most of the guns thrown overboard, the
boats were got out, and the anchors cut from the bows. These measures
for the moment seemed to have the desired effect; but in paying off,
she struck on another rock, and from this it was impossible to move
her. Again the same means were resorted to; the remainder of the guns,
spars, &c, were thrown overboard, but to no purpose. The pumps had
been kept in active play from the first moment of alarm, but the water
gained on them so fast, there was little hope of the vessel keeping
afloat till daylight. The Captain, therefore, resolved to prepare for
the worst, and he directed a large raft to be made for the safety of
some of the ship's company. About seven o'clock, two hours after she
first struck, Captain Bertram perceived that she was gradually
sinking; he therefore ordered as many of the ship's company as the
boats would hold, to get into the two cutters and the jolly-boat; the
cutters were placed under the command of Mr. Norris, the second
lieutenant, and Mr. Nicholls, the master; and the jolly-boat under the
superintendence of the gunner. These boats were ordered to remain near
the ship, in case anything should occur to render it necessary for the
people to return on board.

About half-past nine P.M., Lieutenant Price and the rest of the ship's
company, excepting two or three who remained on board with the
captain, took their places upon the raft, which was veered by a hawser
to leeward of the brig, and directed to remain in that position until
the morning. At two o'clock in the morning Captain Bertram, convinced
that there was no hope of saving his ship, got into his gig with the
men who had stayed with him, and he had scarcely left the side of the
Persian ere she slipped off the rock, fell over on the larboard side,
and sunk into about seven fathoms water, the tops of the masts only
being visible above the waves.

At daylight, Captain Bertram, with the other boats, bore up for the
raft, which had broken from the hawser during the night and drifted to
some distance. They found her and her crew in a very deplorable
state,--the lashings had been cut through by the rocks, and many of
the timbers were broken, so that they scarcely held together, and the
men had had great difficulty in keeping her from being dashed to
pieces against the rocks, and in preserving themselves from being
carried away by the surf which washed over them continually.

Here was a great difficulty to be overcome; the raft was evidently so
insecure that it could not be depended upon for an hour, and the only
means of saving the men was by distributing them amongst the boats,
which were already so over-crowded, that it would be imminently
perilous to add to their freight. However, Captain Bertram did not
hesitate to brave the danger, but set the example by first taking four
men from the raft into his own gig, and directing the other boats to
receive the rest amongst them in their relative proportions. His
commands were instantly and cheerfully obeyed, but to carry them into
effect the boats' crews were obliged to throw overboard the few
articles of clothing they had saved, and the greater part of the
provisions, in order to enable the boats to bear the additional
weight.

It was now between five and six o'clock in the morning; the wind was
blowing fresh from the east; the nearest part of St. Domingo was, as
far as they could judge, about twenty-five leagues distant, to reach
which they supposed they must go through the Mona passage, the most
dangerous in the West Indies.

One of the cutters had forty-five men on board, the other forty-two,
the jolly-boat twenty-two, and the gig fourteen; in all, a hundred and
twenty-three persons. The wind increased as the day advanced, and
became so violent that it seemed almost by a miracle that the boats
were enabled to resist the fury of the storm. In the afternoon the
danger increased, and the men were obliged to heave overboard the
remainder of their bread and water, and never for an instant could
they relax in their efforts to keep the boats free from water. God in
His mercy preserved those who had shown such trust in Him; for we can
scarcely suppose that such noble acts of humanity, courage, and
self-sacrifice as were evinced by these men could arise from other
than the highest and holiest principles.

Before the evening closed in, they caught a glimpse of the land, but
too distant for them to make out what part of the coast it was. The
boats were hove to for the night, and a dreary night it was to these
poor men. They were without food, almost without clothing, weak from
want of nourishment, and exhausted by fatigue; and in this miserable
state they awaited the break of day, the rain falling in torrents, and
the sea breaking over the boats.

On the morning of the 28th, they again made sail, and landed the same
evening in a small cove of a bay between Vieux Cap François and Cap
Cabron. Here, to their bitter disappointment, they could get nothing
to eat--not even a spring of fresh water could be found,--and all the
nourishment they had that night was a few limpets, and the rain water
that had remained in the holes of the rocks,--sorry fare for men who
had been exposed to the inclemency of the weather for two days and two
nights, in open boats, without food.

However, it was a great thing to be on shore; for many of the people
had suffered severely from being so closely stowed in the bottom of
the boats, and their limbs had been terribly cramped. They now wisely
endeavoured to make themselves as comfortable as circumstances
allowed, by lighting a fire to keep off the insects, and to dry their
clothes, and then they composed themselves to sleep, which they much
needed. The next morning, being somewhat refreshed, they started
across the bay to a place called Margante, which they reached about
eight o'clock. Here they found the people well disposed towards them,
and they were able to purchase some beef and plantains, and plenty of
good water, of which they all gladly partook. The inhabitants informed
them that it was probable they might find a vessel at Port Plata that
could take them to St. Thomas's, that being the nearest port where
they were likely to fall in with any of His Majesty's ships. On the
30th of June, they departed from Margante, taking with them a pilot,
to guide them to Port Plata. In order to ease the boats, Captain
Bertram and part of the ship's company walked along the shore. Towards
evening, the people had gone upwards of twenty miles, and were so
exhausted, they were obliged to put into a small bay called Scott's
Bay (B. Ecossaise), where they came on shore and erected a tent, with
the sails of the boats and a few logs of mahogany. With the help of
some turtle, the whole of the ship's company were supplied with food;
and they remained on shore till the next morning, when the boats were
again launched, and all the party embarked in them, as there was no
way along the beech. They arrived safely at Port Plata at eleven
o'clock that night, and were received with great kindness and
humanity. Three houses were provided for the men and one for the
officers, and everything was done that could alleviate their
sufferings. Unfortunately there was no vessel at Port Plata large
enough to convey them to St. Thomas's. With some difficulty, a boat
was procured, in which Lieutenant Price was despatched to Turk's
Island, with a letter to the naval officer there, describing the
situation of the crew of the Persian, and requesting that assistance
might be afforded to Lieutenant Price to enable him to hire a vessel
to take the crew to St. Thomas's.

Lieutenant Price made a successful voyage, and returned to Port Plata
on the 10th of July, with the government schooner Swift, and a hired
sloop. Three days were spent in fitting out these vessels with the
necessary stores, and on the evening of the 13th, the ship's company,
to the number of 112, embarked in them, and arrived at St. Thomas's on
the 22nd. The crew was by this time in a very sickly state; the
crowded state of the ships had engendered a complaint of which the
surgeon died an hour after they cast anchor; and there is little doubt
that had they been forty-eight hours longer on their passage, many
others would have fallen victims to the same disease. At St. Thomas's,
the sufferers received the care and attention they required, and were
sent home to England.

We cannot conclude this account without quoting the following passage
from the narrative of Captain Bertram:--'I most justly attribute the
preservation of the ship's company to very great coolness and
persevering exertions of both officers and men, in keeping the boats
free from the water they shipped, and their great attention in
steering before the sea. I am happy to say that every man behaved with
a regularity that is seldom found on similar occasions: in fact, when
the little clothing the people had saved, and the remaining bread and
water, were from necessity ordered to be thrown overboard, there was
not a murmur,--they vied with each other who should obey the order
first.'

In the year 1808, Captain Bertram, then a lieutenant, was appointed to
the Emerald, a 36-gun frigate, commanded by Captain the Honourable
Frederick Maitland. On the 13th of March, they were off the harbour of
Vivero, when a large French schooner was discovered at anchor, under
the protection of the batteries. Captain Maitland determined to
attempt to capture or destroy her, and accordingly he stood in for the
harbour at about five o'clock in the evening. The first fort, which
mounted eight 24-pounders, opened on the ship, as did also another
fort about a mile higher up, as soon as the frigate came within range.
As it was impossible to place the ship in a position to act upon both
batteries, Captain Maitland ordered Lieutenant Bertram, with a party
of marines and seamen, to storm the outer fort, whilst he took the
ship as near the inner fort as the water would allow. Mr. Bertram
succeeded in driving the enemy from the battery, and spiking the guns;
he then made the best of his way by the shore to take possession of
the schooner, which had been run upon the rocks. He was joined by Mr.
Baird, a midshipman, who had been sent with a party for the same
purpose. On the road they were met by a part of the schooner's crew,
consisting of about sixty men. These were speedily assailed by the two
young officers and their men, and put to flight. Lieutenant Bertram
then advanced towards the schooner, which proved to be L'Apropos, of
twelve 8-pounder carronades, and he persevered for several hours in
his attempts to get her afloat, under a galling fire of musketry from
the shore. All his efforts, however, were of no avail, as she had gone
on shore at high water; it therefore became necessary to set her on
fire, which was done; and the lieutenant returned with his party to
the Emerald.

In this gallant exploit, nine men belonging to the Emerald were
killed, and Lieutenant Bertram and several others wounded.

Captain Bertram, has lately accepted the rank of Retired Rear-Admiral.




THE PENELOPE.


We have now to relate the painful statement of a wreck, which was not
only one of the most disastrous, but the most disgraceful in its
consequences, of any that we have had to describe.

Unfortunately, the loss of the ship is not the darkest side of the
picture; and the insubordination of the crew of the Penelope in the
hour of danger was as fatal to themselves as it was rare in its
occurrence.

The Penelope, troop-ship, Commander James Galloway, sailed from
Spithead for Canada on the 31st of March, 1815, and had a favourable
passage to the Banks of Newfoundland. Here she fell in with large
masses of ice, fogs, and strong south-east winds, so that the captain
considered it unsafe to run in for the land until the weather cleared
up. On the 24th of April, they made the Island of Mequilon, and at the
same time encountered a very heavy gale from the north-west. On the
following day they were surrounded with ice, and were frozen up for
nearly twelve hours. When the ice gave way, all sail was set, and the
ship entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and for the next few days she
continued her course in a north-easterly direction, and passed between
the Islands of Brion and Magdalen. The frost during this time was so
severe, that the furled sails were frozen into a solid body.

On the 29th, they met with large quantities of field ice, which gave
the sea the appearance of one entire sheet of ice, but it was not
strong enough to stop the ship's way. In the afternoon of that day,
the land about Cape Rozier, on the coast of Lower Canada, was visible.

On the 30th, the weather was more moderate, though cloudy; at noon
they steered an eastward course, until the ship broke off about three
points, when at sunset they tacked, and stood in for the land, which
was set by the first lieutenant and the master, at three or four
leagues distance.

At eight o'clock, they sounded in seventy-one fathoms; the vessel
broke off to the west by north, and the captain ordered the master to
go round the ship, and caution the men forward to keep a good look
out,--at the same time desiring him on no account to leave the deck.
The captain then sent for the first-lieutenant into his cabin, and was
in the act of pointing out to him the supposed situation of the vessel
on the chart; the line was at the same moment passing forward for
another cast of the lead, when the ship took the ground.

'I cannot describe my feelings,' writes Captain Galloway, 'at that
moment; for having, for a long time, been almost deprived of my
eyesight by night, and also afflicted with rheumatic pains and other
complaints, I was unable to judge correctly of the extent of our
danger.' The helm was immediately put down, and the sails thrown
aback. One boat was then hoisted out to sound, and found two and a
half fathoms forward, and about three and a half fathoms aft, having
six fathoms a little on the starboard quarter.

All the boats were immediately lowered, and the stream-anchor and
cable, with part of the messenger bent on to it, stowed in the
pinnace, which, from the strength of the current, was with great
difficulty towed to leeward by the other boats, and dropped into five
and a-half fathoms water.

On heaving round, the anchor came home, which it continued to do until
more than half of the cable was run in, when it held fast, but without
altering the position of the vessel. The captain then gave orders to
heave overboard the guns, and cut away the anchors from the bows; but
all these attempts to lighten the vessel were of no avail. The wind,
which had been moderate when she first struck, had increased to a
gale, and the ship beat with such violence upon the rocks, that it
appeared impossible that she could hold together many hours.

In this condition they were obliged to remain until daylight, exposed
to a cold north-east wind, and a pitiless storm of sleet and snow. The
officers did all in their power to sustain the courage of the men, but
unfortunately in many instances without success. Already symptoms of
insubordination had exhibited themselves, several had skulked below to
their hammocks, where they remained in defiance of every command and
entreaty of their officers.

The topmasts were got over side to shore the ship up, but the motion
was so violent that the lashings gave way. At daylight, as the weather
did not moderate, and there was no prospect of saving the ship, orders
were given to get up the provisions. This, however, had been delayed
until it was too late; the water had risen over the orlop deck, and in
a short time gained the lower deck. All that was saved was thirty bags
of biscuits, and these so damaged by the salt water, that they were
totally unfit for use.

The masts were about this time cut away, in order to ease the ship as
much as possible; they fell towards the shore about a cable's length
from the beach. The master was sent in the cutter to try to fasten a
rope to the shore, but the surf ran so high that the boat was stove,
and the crew with difficulty gained the beach.

In this condition, with very little prospect of saving the lives of
the crew, the captain, anxious for the preservation of the public
dispatches, entrusted them to the purser, who, with Captain Moray
(aide-de-camp to Lieut. General Sir George Murray), in charge of the
military dispatches, embarked in the life-boat, to which a small line
was attached. They had, however, no better success than the other
boat, for as soon as they reached the surf, the boat capsized, and the
two officers swam to the shore with the dispatches tied round their
necks.

Another cutter was then sent off in hopes that she would be more
successful, but she filled almost immediately; and the rope which was
fastened to her was obliged to be abandoned.

By this time it was impossible to stand upon the deck, the sea made a
fair breach over the ship, and the water having rushed into the cabin,
the few bags of bread that had been stowed there for protection were
destroyed.

The captain being unable from ill health to make any great exertion to
save his life, was lowered into the pinnace, into which were already
crowded as many men as she could hold, and they took another rope on
board, to make a last attempt to form a communication with the shore.
The boat had scarcely left the side of the ship before a sea struck
and upset her. The captain, supported by two men, made his way through
the surf with great difficulty and got on shore, followed by the rest
of the boat's crew, who, some by swimming and others by help of oars
and spars, saved themselves from destruction. The gig was now the only
boat left on board; she was lowered from the stern, and the first and
second lieutenants, with eighteen men, jumped into her. They were all
fortunate enough to reach the shore, and some of the men gallantly
returned to the vessel, and succeeded in landing about twenty others.
Again, the gig repaired to the wreck, and took off some more of the
crew, but this time she was unfortunately upset in the surf, though no
lives were lost.

When the men left on the wreck saw themselves thus deprived of the
last chance of escape, they raised the most piteous cries for
assistance, although they knew that their comrades had no means of
affording it. It has been said that 'man is a bundle of
inconsistencies,' and here was a proof of the assertion. These were in
all probability the very men who had betaken themselves to their
hammocks a short time before, and had refused to assist in providing
for their own safety; they had disobeyed orders, and despised
discipline, and now we find them imploring others for that deliverance
which they had neglected to provide for themselves. Most of them had
been drinking the spirits, and were so stupified that they were
incapable of taking advantage of the floating spars and planks to
which they might have clung, and so gained the land.

By drunkenness the bed of the ocean has been rendered a foul and
gloomy charnel house, where the bones of thousands of our fellow-men
await the summons of the Archangel's trumpets, when 'the sea shall
give up her dead.' The reckless seamen, though unprepared for another
world, hurry themselves into the presence of their Judge, to meet the
drunkard's doom.

It has been related that upon one occasion, when the shipwreck of a
large packet seemed inevitable, the sailors grew tired of working at
the pumps, and shouted 'to the spirit-room!' They saw death staring
them in the face, and to drown their terror for the moment, they
desired to die drunk. A post-captain in the navy, who was on board the
packet, knowing what would be the result if they got at the spirits,
took his stand at the door of the spirit-room, with a pistol in each
hand, and declared in the most solemn manner, that he would shoot the
first man who attempted to enter. The men seeing themselves defeated,
returned to the pumps, and by the blessing of God, the vessel was
brought in safe with all her crew.[15]

Unfortunate as was the situation of the helpless creatures on the
wreck of the Penelope, it was only a few degrees more wretched than
that of the officers and men on the shore. They had been cast at the
base of a steep mountain, bruised and benumbed by the cold; their
clothes were actually freezing on their backs, and they were without
provisions of any kind. Their first care was to search for wood and
kindle fires, which they at last succeeded in doing, and then they
dried their clothes--but before they could derive any benefit from the
fire, the intensity of cold had caused many of them extreme suffering;
they were frost-bitten in the hands and feet, and several lost their
toes. Some of the people were employed in constructing a tent with
branches of trees and blankets, others were searching for provisions
and securing such articles as were washed on shore from the ship. In
the evening, they found about sixty pieces of pork,--and with this and
some melted snow they satisfied the cravings of hunger and thirst.
Later in the evening several casks of wine, which had been stowed in
the ward-room, were washed on shore; but this, which might have proved
a blessing to all, was seized by a party of the men,--who broke open
the casks and drank to such an excess that they fell asleep, and were
found almost frozen to death. During the whole of the day the unhappy
men upon the wreck had never ceased supplicating their more fortunate
comrades to go to their assistance, but this was impossible; no human
effort could save them. As night drew on, their cries were redoubled,
and were still heard far above the howling and roaring of the
tempest, when darkness had hidden the ill-fated vessel from view.
About twelve o'clock three fearful crashes were followed by a still
more fearful sound--the last agonized shriek of many perishing
creatures.

    And then all was hushed,
    Save the wild and remorseless dash
    Of billows. BYRON.

At daylight, the remains of the Penelope were again visible, but in
three separate pieces; all that were left on board had perished, save
one man, who was washed on shore nearly lifeless.

The sufferings of these poor wretches must have been awful in the
extreme, for their agonies of mind appear to have surpassed those of
the body, and to have prolonged their lives by preventing them falling
into the torpor which precedes death from cold. So severe was the
frost, that the wreck had the appearance of huge masses of ice; and on
shore nothing but the very large fires that were kept burning could
have preserved the existence of the rest of the crew.

Upon the ship breaking up, the spirits floated on shore, when there
ensued such a scene of tumult and insubordination as, happily for the
honour of the service, seldom occurs in the British navy. The men
broke open the casks, and before the officers were aware of it,
scarcely a man was to be seen sober. This brought with it its own
punishment; many had drank to such a degree that they fell lifeless in
the snow. The officers then caused the remainder of the rum to be
stove, excepting a certain quantity placed under their own care; but
when discipline is once broken, it is not easily restored. The next
day, forty-eight men deserted, after plundering several of their
shipmates, and breaking open every trunk that was washed up. These
paid the penalty of their crimes, for many of them were found dead in
the woods by the Canadians.

We cannot do better than take up the account which is thus given by
one of the surviving officers:--

'With the remaining part of the crew the boats were hauled up, which
we began to repair the best way we could. Sails were made from a lower
and topmast studding-sail, which were fortunately washed ashore; a
cask of flour was also found, a part of which was made into dough, and
preparations were made to proceed to Quebec.

'On the third day, a Canadian boat was passing, when the captain
ordered her to be detained to proceed to that port. With the
assistance of the cooking utensils found in the Canadian boat, all the
pork that could be found was cooked and served out to the different
boats, which was a very short allowance for two days.

'On the sixth day of our misery, the weather moderated, the boats were
launched, and all hands embarked; sixty-eight persons in all,
including two women. The wind was favourable, but light; with rowing
and sailing, we got to Great Fox River that night, at which place we
were hospitably entertained with potatoes and salt at a Canadian hut.
Next morning we sailed for Gasper Bay, and reached Douglas Town in the
evening.

'The captain and officers were accommodated at Mr. Johnston's, and the
crew lodged at the different huts around the place. After three days'
rest, we walked nine miles over the ice to where the transports lay;
leaving the sick at Douglas Town. The captain hoisted his pendant on
board the Ann, transport, and put a lieutenant in each of the others,
and an equal number of men. When the ice broke up, which was seven
days after we got on board, we dropped down to Douglas Town, and
embarked the sick, one of whom died, and two deserted. The next
morning we sailed for Quebec, where we arrived on the 28th, many of us
not having a change of clothes of any description.'

In concluding the above narrative of the loss of this vessel, we will
quote the language of Captain Galloway, who thus deprecates, in strong
terms, the disgraceful conduct of the majority of the crew of the
Penelope:--'I feel it my duty,' he says, 'to state to you the infamous
conduct of the whole of the crew, with a very few exceptions. From the
time that the ship struck, their behaviour was not in the character of
British seamen in general; they had neither principle nor humanity;
some, in consequence, have suffered severely, and several died from
drunkenness.'

Captain Galloway died in 1846.

FOOTNOTES:

[15] _Parliamentary Report_, 255.




THE ALCESTE.


At the close of 1815, the Court of Directors of the East India Company
having represented to the British Government the impediments thrown in
the way of our trade with China, by the impositions practised by the
local authorities at Canton, it was determined to send an embassy to
the court of Pekin.

Lord Amherst was selected to undertake the mission, and Mr. Henry
Ellis was appointed secretary to the embassy.

The Alceste, a frigate of 46 guns, under the command of Captain,
afterwards Sir Murray Maxwell, was fitted up for the reception of the
ambassador and his suite.

On the 9th of February, 1816, the expedition sailed from Spithead,
and arrived in the China seas about the middle of July following. It
is not in our province to give any account of the proceedings of the
embassy, which have already been so ably described, and are well
known.

His excellency, having accomplished the object of his mission, took his
departure from China on the 9th of January, 1817, arrived at Manilla
on the 3rd of February, and finally sailed from thence in the Alceste,
on the 9th of the same month.

Captain Maxwell directed the ship's course to be steered towards the
Straits of Gaspar, in preference to those of Banca, as affording, at
that period of the monsoon, the most convenient and speedy egress from
the China seas; and though this passage is not so often taken as that
of Banca, the Gaspar Straits appeared by the plans and surveys laid
down in the Admiralty charts, as well as in those of the East India
Company, to be, not only wider, but to have a much greater depth of
water, and to offer fewer difficulties to navigation.

Early on the morning of the 18th of February, they made the Island of
Gaspar, and in a short time, Pulo Leat, or Middle Island, was descried
from the mast-head. The weather was remarkably fine and clear,--a mild
breeze blowing from the north-west, and the surface of the water
gently agitated by the current, which perpetually sets through the
straits, either to the south-east or south-west, according to the
monsoon.

The sea, which is usually so clear in these climates, had been greatly
discoloured that morning by a quantity of fish spawn, a circumstance
of not unfrequent occurrence in those seas; and the navigation being
thus rendered more dangerous, unusual precautions were taken for
ensuring the safety of the ship. A man was stationed at the
foretopmast head, and others at the fore-yardarms. Captain Maxwell,
with the master and other officers, was upon deck, 'steering, under
all these guarded circumstances,' (writes an eye-witness,) 'the
soundings corresponding so exactly with the charts, and following the
express line prescribed by all concurring directions, to clear every
danger,--and it was the last danger of this sort between us and
England,--when the ship, about half-past seven in the morning, struck
with a horrid crash on a reef of sunken rocks, and remained
immoveable.' 'What my feelings were,' says Captain Maxwell, 'at this
momentary transition from a state of perfect security to all the
horrors of a shipwreck, I will not venture to depict; but I must
acknowledge, it required whatever mental energy I possessed to control
them, and to enable me to give with coolness and firmness the
necessary orders preparatory to abandoning the ship,--which a very
short period of hard working at all the pumps showed the
impracticability of saving.'

The carpenter very soon reported the water above the tanks in the main
hold, and in a few minutes more, over the orlop deck.

The quarter boats had been instantly lowered to sound, and reported
deep water all round the reef, ten fathoms immediately under the
stern, and seventeen about a quarter of a cable further off,--so that
it was but too evident that the preservation of the crew depended
solely upon the vessel's remaining fast where she was.

The first care of Captain Maxwell was for the safety of Lord Amherst
and his suite; the boats were quickly hoisted out, and before
half-past eight, he had the melancholy satisfaction of seeing the
ambassador and all his attendants safely embarked in them.

For the better protection of the embassy, an officer was sent in the
barge, with a guard of marines, to conduct them to Pulo Leat, between
three and four miles distant, and from which it was hoped that plenty
of water and abundance of tropical fruits might be procured.

Meanwhile the officers and men exerted themselves most indefatigably
to save some of the provisions,--a task by no means easy of
accomplishment, as the holds and everything in them were submerged in
water. Towards the afternoon, the boats returned from the shore, and
the men reported that they had had great difficulty in landing his
excellency, from the mangrove trees growing out to a considerable
distance in the water; and it was not until they had pulled three or
four miles from the place where they first attempted to land that they
were enabled to reach terra firma. They also stated that neither food
nor water could be discovered on the island. Unpromising as
appearances were, there was no alternative but to seek shelter on the
inhospitable shore. Accordingly, every preparation was made, and by
eight o'clock P.M., the people were all landed, excepting one
division, who remained on board the wreck, with the captain, first
lieutenant, and some other officers.

About midnight, the wind had greatly increased, and the ship became so
uneasy from her heeling to windward, that fears were entertained for
the safety of those on board. To prevent her falling further over, the
topmasts were cut away, and as the wind became more moderate towards
daylight, the ship remained stationary, and all apprehensions were
removed. The boats did not return to the wreck till between six and
seven o'clock in the morning, and they brought no better tidings as to
the capabilities of the island to furnish food and other necessaries
for the subsistence of so many human beings.

A raft had been constructed during the previous day, upon which the
small quantity of provisions they had been able to collect, together
with some of the baggage of the embassy, and clothes and bedding of
the officers and men, had been transported to the shore.

In the course of the forenoon, Captain Maxwell thought it right to
confer with Lord Amherst as to his further movements; he accordingly
quitted the wreck, and went on shore. He left the vessel in charge of
Mr. Hick, the first lieutenant, with orders that every effort should
be made to get at the provisions and the water, and that a boat should
remain by the wreck for the safety of the men in case of any
emergency. Captain Maxwell reached the shore about half-past eleven
A.M., and we may imagine the bitterness of his distress on finding the
ambassador, surrounded by his suite, and the officers and men of the
Alceste, in the midst of a pestilential saltwater marsh.

The scene is well described by Mr. McLeod. 'The spot in which our
party were situated was sufficiently romantic, but seemed, at the same
time, the abode of ruin and of havoc. Few of its inhabitants (and
among the rest the ambassador) had now more than a shirt or a pair of
trousers on. The wreck of books, or, as it was not unaptly termed, 'a
literary manure,' was spread about in all directions; whilst
parliamentary robes, court dresses, and mandarin habits, intermixed
with check shirts and tarry jackets, were hung around in wild
confusion on every tree.'

The situation in which Captain Maxwell was placed was, indeed, a most
trying one, and such he felt it to be, for, from the lowest seaman to
the ambassador himself, every one looked to him for relief and
direction in his perilous position. Captain Maxwell was fully
competent to meet the emergency; and, said he, 'I had the consolation
left me, to feel with confidence that all would follow my advice, and
abide by my decision, whatever it might be.'

His first care was for the safety of Lord Amherst; and in a short
conference with his excellency and Mr. Ellis, the second commissioner,
it was arranged that the embassy should proceed to Batavia in the
barge and cutter, with a guard of marines to defend the boats from any
attack of the pirates. Mr. Ellis promised that if they arrived safely
at Batavia, he would himself return, in the first vessel that should
put off, to the assistance of those who remained on the island.

A small quantity of provisions, and nine gallons of water, was all
that could be spared from their very scanty store; but at sunset every
heart was exhilarated by hope and sympathetic courage, on seeing the
ambassador strip, and wade off to the boats, with as much cheerfulness
as if he had stepped into them under a salute. At seven o'clock, the
barge, under the charge of Lieutenant Hoppner, and the cutter,
commanded by Mr. Mayne, the master, containing in all forty-seven
persons, took their departure for Batavia, accompanied by the anxious
thoughts and good wishes of their fellow-sufferers, who were left to
encounter new dangers.

Captain Maxwell's first order was to direct a party to dig in search
of water. The men had begun to suffer greatly from thirst, as for the
last two days they had had scarcely a pint of water each--one small
cask only having been saved from the ship. The next step was to remove
their encampment to higher ground, where they could breathe a purer
air, and be in greater safety in case of attack.

In a short time the island presented a scene of bustle and activity
strangely at variance with the dreary solitude it had exhibited two
days before; and the once silent woods resounded with the voices of
men, and the strokes of the axe and the hammer. One party was employed
in cutting a path to the summit of the hill, another in removing
thither their small stock of provisions. A few men were on board the
wreck, endeavouring to save every article that might prove of general
use.

About midnight, the men who had been employed for so many hours on a
most fatiguing and harassing duty, and exposed to the burning rays of
a vertical sun, began to suffer most painfully from increased thirst,
and it was at that moment when they were almost bereft of hope that
they experienced one of the many merciful interpositions of Providence
by which the Almighty displays His tender care for His creatures: a
plentiful shower of rain fell, which the people caught by spreading
out their table cloths and clothes; and then, by wringing them, a
degree of moisture was imparted to their parched lips, and their
hearts were revived, and prepared to hear the joyful news, which was
communicated by the diggers soon after midnight, that they had found
water in the well, and a small bottle of this most dearly prized
treasure was handed to the captain. So great was the excitement of the
people on receiving the announcement, that it became necessary to
plant sentries, in order to prevent their rushing to the well and
impeding the work of the diggers.

On the morning of the 20th, the captain called all hands together, and
pointed out to them the critical nature of their position, and the
absolute necessity of their uniting as one man to overcome the
difficulties by which they were surrounded. He reminded them that they
were still amenable to the regulations of naval discipline, and
assured them that discipline would be enforced with even greater
rigour, if necessary, than on board ship; and that in serving out the
provisions the strictest impartiality should be observed, and all
should share alike until the arrival of assistance from Lord Amherst.

During this day, the well afforded a pint of water to each man; the
water is said to have tasted like milk and water, and when a little
rum was added to it, the men persuaded themselves it resembled
milk-punch, and it became a favourite beverage with them.

The people were employed during the 20th much in the same manner as on
the previous day, but very few things could be obtained from the ship,
every article of value being under water.

On Friday, the 21st, the party stationed on board the wreck observed a
number of proahs full of Malays, apparently well armed, coming towards
them. Being without a single weapon of defence, they could only jump
into their boats without loss of time, and push for the land. The
pirates followed closely in pursuit but retreated when they saw two
boats put out from the shore to the assistance of their comrades. The
Malays then returned to the ship and took possession of her. In an
instant all was activity and excitement in the little camp.

'Under all the depressing circumstances attending shipwreck,' writes
Mr. McLeod, 'of hunger, thirst, and fatigue, and menaced by a ruthless
foe, it was glorious to see the British spirit stanch and unsubdued.
The order was given for every man to arm himself in the best manner he
could, and it was obeyed with the utmost promptitude and alacrity.
Rude pike staves were formed by cutting down young trees; small
swords, dirks, knives, chisels, and even large spike nails sharpened,
were firmly fixed to the ends of these poles, and those who could find
nothing better hardened the end of the wood in the fire, and bringing
it to a sharp point, formed a tolerable weapon. There were, perhaps, a
dozen cutlasses; the marines had about thirty muskets and bayonets;
but we could muster no more than seventy-five ball cartridges among
the whole party.

'We had fortunately preserved some loose powder, drawn from the upper
deck guns after the ship had struck (for the magazines were under
water in five minutes,) and the marines, by hammering their buttons
round, and by rolling up pieces of broken bottles in cartridges, did
their best to supply themselves with a sort of shot that would have
some effect at close quarters, and strict orders were given not to
throw away a single discharge until sure of their aim.

'Mr. Cheffy, the carpenter, and his crew, under the direction of the
captain, were busied in forming a sort of abattis by felling trees,
and enclosing in a circular shape the ground we occupied; and by
interweaving loose branches with the stakes driven in among these, a
breast-work was constructed, which afforded us some cover, and must
naturally impede the progress of any enemy unsupplied with artillery.'

The Malays had taken possession of some rocks, at no great distance
from where the crew of the Alceste were encamped, and here they
deposited the plunder they had taken from the wreck. It now became
necessary for Captain Maxwell to prepare against an attack. With a
very small stock of provisions, which, even if husbanded with the
greatest care, could last only a few days, he had to contend, with a
handful of men, many of them unarmed, against a host of savages,
perhaps the most merciless and inhuman that are to be found in any
part of the world.

In the evening a general muster was called, and a rude and motley
group presented itself to the eye of the commander. But rough as was
the exterior, he well knew that there was that within which would bid
defiance to danger and outrage so long as life should last.

So stanch and resolute was the spirit diffused through all the little
band, that Mr. McLeod says,--'Even the boys had managed to make fast
table-forks on the end of sticks for their defence. One of them, who
had been severely bruised by the falling of the masts, and was slung
in his hammock between two trees, had been observed carefully fixing,
with two sticks and a rope yarn, the blade of an old razor. On being
asked what he meant to do with it, he replied, 'You know I cannot
stand, but if any of these fellows come within reach of my hammock,
I'll mark them.'

The officers and men were divided into companies, and every precaution
adopted to secure the slender garrison from being taken by surprise.
The boats were hauled closer up to the landing-place, and put under
the charge of an officer and guard.

On Saturday morning, the 22nd, every effort was made to induce the
Malays to come to an amicable conference, but without success. Mr.
Hay, the second lieutenant, was, therefore, ordered to proceed to the
ship, with the barge, cutter, and gig, (armed in the best manner
possible under the circumstances,) and to gain possession of her by
fair means or by force. No sooner did the pirates see the boats put
out towards the wreck, than they left the vessel, though not before
they had set fire to her, thus performing an act which was of great
service to the crew of the Alceste; for by burning her upperworks and
decks, everything buoyant could float up from below and be more easily
laid hold of. The ship continued to burn during the night, and the
flames, as they darted from her sides, shed a ruddy glare upon the
wild scenery around, and breaking through the shade of the thick and
lofty trees rested upon a landscape worthy of the pencil of Salvator
Rosa.

Upon the summit of a hill, and under the spreading branches of the
majestic trees, was a rude encampment, formed by the erection of a few
wigwams; whilst here and there, collected together in groups and
reclining in different attitudes, were parties of men armed with pikes
or cutlasses, in their ragged, unwashed, and unshorn appearance,
resembling rather a gang of banditti, than the crew of a British ship
of war.

It was with the most painful feelings that both officers and men
witnessed the gradual destruction of the gallant ship, which had been
their home for so many months.

No one but a sailor can understand the devotion with which a brother
sailor regards his ship, and we cannot better describe it than in the
words of Captain Basil Hall:--

'We do truly make the ship our home, and we have no other thoughts of
professional duty or of happiness, but what are connected with the
vessel in which we swim; we take a pride in her very looks, as we
might in those of a daughter; and bring up her crew to honourable
deeds, as we should wish to instruct our sons. The rate of sailing of
each ship in a fleet is a subject of never-ending discussion amongst
all classes of officers, midshipmen, and crews, every one of whom
considers his own individual honour involved in all the ship does or
is capable of doing.

'This is true almost universally, but it is most striking, no doubt,
in our first ship, which like our first love, is supposed to drink up
from our opening feelings the richest drops of sentiment, never to be
outdone, or even equalled by future attachments.

'I owe, indeed, much good companionship, and many sincere obligations
to other vessels; yet I am sure that if I live to be Lord High
Admiral, the old Leander must still be nearest and dearest to my
nautical heart. I remember every corner about her, every beam, every
cabin, every gun.'

The same feeling, no doubt, existed in the breast of every man and
boy who now stood watching, with painful interest, the fate of the old
ship; all had been too actively employed from the time the vessel
first struck to think of anything save of providing means for their
own preservation; but now, in the dead hour of night, thrown upon a
strange shore, and surrounded by enemies, the thought, perhaps, that
they might never again see their native land or their beloved kindred,
might steal over their hearts, and fill them with sad forebodings. By
degrees the fire became less and less vivid; for an instant, at times,
a brighter flame illuminated the sky, throwing up a shower of golden
sparks--then all was darkness,--a darkness which was felt by all; for
it told that nought remained of their old home, save a smouldering
hull,--that thus was severed, perhaps, the last link between them and
England.

During the night that followed this sad scene, an incident occurred
which, though it occasioned considerable alarm at the time, became a
source of amusement afterwards.

A sentry, startled by the approach of a very suspicious looking
personage, who was making towards him, levelled his musket and fired.
In an instant the whole camp was alive with excitement, supposing that
they were attacked by the savages, when; behold, the enemy turned out
to be a large baboon, one of a race that abounded in the island. These
creatures became very troublesome; they were most audacious thieves,
and even carried away several ducks which had been saved from the
wreck; till at last the poor birds were so frightened that they left
their little enclosure and voluntarily sought for safety and
protection amongst the people.

From the morning of Sunday, the 23rd, till Wednesday, the 26th, the
men were busied in saving whatever they could from the hull of the
Alceste, and they were fortunate enough to obtain several casks of
flour, a few cases of wine, and a cask of beer, besides between fifty
and sixty boarding-pikes, and eighteen muskets, all of which proved
most acceptable.

A second well had been sunk, which supplied clearer water, and in
great abundance, so that they possessed one of the chief necessaries
of life in plenty.

Everything now wore a more favourable aspect. The Malays had retired
behind a little island (called Palo Chalacca, or Misfortune's Isle),
about two miles distant; and although they were expected to return
speedily with a reinforcement, the crew of the Alceste were better
prepared for them. The gunner had been actively employed in forming
musket cartridges; and, by melting down some pewter basons and jugs,
with a small quantity of lead obtained from the wreck, balls had been
cast, in clay moulds, which not a little increased their confidence
and feeling of security.

Under the able command of Captain Maxwell, the greatest regularity and
order prevailed amongst the people. Every man appeared happy and
contented with his lot; for each man, from the highest to the lowest,
encouraged his neighbour by his own good conduct, whilst he in turn
received encouragement from the example of those above him. The
provisions were served out with the strictest impartiality. 'The mode
adopted by Captain Maxwell,' (writes Mr. M'Leod,) 'to make things go
as far as possible, was to chop up the allowance for the day into
small pieces, whether fowls, salt beef, pork, or flour, mixing the
whole hotch-potch, boiling them together, and serving out a measure to
each publicly and openly, and without any distinction. By these means
no nourishment was lost: it could be more equally divided than by any
other way; and although necessarily a scanty, it was by no means an
unsavoury mess.'

Early on Wednesday morning, Lieutenant Hay, who had charge of the
boats, observed two pirate proahs nearing the island, as if to
reconnoitre; he immediately made a dash at them, with the barge,
cutter, and gig. The barge closed with the Malays first, and a
desperate conflict ensued. There was only one musket in the boat,
which Mr. Hay used to some purpose, for he killed two of the savages
with his own hand. In the meantime, the other two boats had come up to
the assistance of their comrades. One more pirate was shot dead, and
another knocked down with the butt-end of a musket; yet the rest
continued to fight with savage ferocity, until, seeing that resistance
was fruitless, they jumped into the sea and drowned themselves,
choosing to perish rather than yield. During the engagement, an
officer who was on the beach, observed a canoe, which had been cut
away from one of the proahs, drifting not many yards from the spot
where he stood; and as he thought the prize worth securing, he entered
the water, and swam towards it. He had nearly attained his object,
when those who watched him from the shore perceived an enormous shark
hovering about. They were almost petrified with horror; anxious to
make their friend aware of his danger, yet not daring to call out to
warn him, lest a sudden perception of the perils of his situation, and
of the proximity of his formidable enemy, should unnerve him, and thus
deprive him of the slight chance of escape that remained. Breathless
and silent then they stood, and marked the movements of the shark with
trembling anxiety. He seemed to be so sure of his prey, that he was in
no haste to seize it, but swam leisurely about, crossing and
recrossing betwixt the doomed victim and the shore, as if gloating
himself, and sharpening his appetite by gazing on the anticipated
feast. The officer, too, seemed to be luxuriating in the refreshing
coolness of the water, calmly approaching the canoe, happily
unconscious of his danger; but the shark followed him closely: his
life depended upon a swimmer's stroke, or the whim of a moment. The
anxiety of the spectators became agony; but that moment was
decisive--the swimmer struck out once more--the canoe was gained, and
he was saved.

Then, and then only, did he become aware of the horrible fate that had
threatened him, and of the merciful interposition of Providence in his
behalf.

In the course of this day fourteen proahs and smaller boats were
observed standing towards the island, from the Banca side, and every
heart bounded with joy in the full anticipation that it was a party
sent by Lord Amherst from Batavia, to their relief. Their joy,
however, did not last long, for they soon found that the boats had
come only to gather a kind of sea-weed much esteemed by Chinese
epicures, who use it, as they do birds' nests, in their soup.

Consultations were held that night as to the policy of negotiating
with these people, so as to induce them, by promises of reward, to
convey part of the crew of the Alceste to Java--the four remaining
boats would then be sufficient for the transport of the rest.

But the morning dawn put all such plans to flight, and revealed the
true character of the Malays. No sooner did they perceive the wreck,
than they started off to her and plundered the hull of everything they
could carry away. No assistance was to be expected from these
rapacious thieves; and as the time had elapsed which was required to
bring succour from Batavia, measures were taken to repair the launch
and to construct a raft to enable the people to leave the island
before their provisions should be completely exhausted.

Matters now began to assume a more formidable aspect, for on
Saturday, the 1st of March, the Malay force was increased by the
arrival of several proahs, who joined in breaking up the remains of
the wreck.

At daybreak on Sunday, the 2nd, the camp was alarmed, and all were
called to arms by the yells of the savages, who, firing their
partereroes, and beating their gongs, advanced with about twenty of
their heaviest vessels towards the landing-place, and anchored within
a cable's length of the shore.

After a short deliberation, a boat full of men armed with creeses
approached the shore, and was met by a canoe containing an officer and
party with a letter from Captain Maxwell, addressed to the chief
authority at Minto, stating the situation of the Alceste's crew, and
praying that assistance might be sent to them.

The officer placed this letter in the hands of the Malays, repeatedly
pronounced the word Minto, and showed them a dollar, to intimate that
they would be well rewarded if they returned with an answer. They
appeared to understand the mission, and to be willing to execute it;
but, as may be supposed, the service was never performed.

Meantime the Malay forces continued to increase; no less than fifty
proahs and boats of different sizes were collected, and, on a moderate
computation, they had 500 men on board. Their mischievous intentions
were too evident; they drew closer and closer to the shore, prevented
the escape of any of the ship's boats, and even had recourse to
stratagem in order to gain possession of the much-desired booty. One
party declared that all the Malays except themselves were hostile, and
urged that they might be allowed to go to the camp to guard the crew
of the Alceste. This kind offer was of course refused. 'We can trust
to ourselves,' was the reply. The plot began to thicken; the odds
seemed fearfully against the heroic little band, who, badly armed,
and worse provisioned, had to make good their position against a
multitude of foes--matchless amongst savages in cunning and cruelty.
But in proportion to the imminence of the danger rose the courage of
our countrymen.

Mr. M'Leod relates that, in the evening, when Captain Maxwell had
assembled, as usual, the men under arms, for the purpose of inspecting
them, he addressed them in these words: 'My lads, you must all have
observed this day, as well as myself, the great increase of the
enemy's force (for enemies we must now consider them), and the
threatening position they have assumed. I have, on various grounds,
strong reason to believe they will attack us this night. I do not wish
to conceal our real state, because I think there is not a man here who
is afraid to face any sort of danger. We are now strongly fenced in,
and our position in all respects is so good, that armed as we are, we
ought to make a formidable defence even against regular troops; what,
then, would be thought of us, if we allowed ourselves to be surprised
by a set of naked savages with their spears and their creeses?

'It is true they have swivels in their boats, but they cannot act
here; I have not observed that they have any matchlocks or muskets;
but if they have, so have we!

'I do not wish to deceive you as to the means of resistance in our
power. When we were first thrown together on shore we were almost
defenceless. Seventy-five ball-cartridges only could be mustered; we
have now sixteen hundred. They cannot, I believe, send up more than
five hundred men, but, with two hundred such as now stand around me, I
do not fear a thousand--nay, fifteen hundred of them! I have the
fullest confidence that we shall beat them. The pikemen standing firm,
we can give them such a volley of musketry as they will be little
prepared for, and when we find they are thrown into confusion, we'll
sally out among them, chase them into the water, and ten to one but we
secure their vessels. Let every man, therefore, be on the alert with
his arms in his hands; and should these barbarians this night attempt
our hill, I trust we shall convince them that they are dealing with
Britons!'

This short but spirited appeal had its full effect upon the hearts to
whom it was addressed. It was answered by three wild hurras, which
were taken up by the piquets and outposts, and resounded through the
woods. The British cheer struck the savages with terror; they no doubt
thought it preceded an attack, and they were observed making signals
with lights to some of their tribe behind the islet.

The night passed undisturbed, and daylight discovered the pirates in
the same position, their force increased by ten proahs, making their
number at least six hundred men. The situation of Captain Maxwell and
his party became hourly more critical; the provisions could not last
long--something must be done--some plan must be decided on. They had
but little choice; they must either make a dash at the pirates, and
seize their boats, with the certainty of being all butchered should
they not succeed,--and the odds were fearfully against them,--or they
must maintain their present position, in the hope that aid might be
sent from Java, in time to save them from a scarcely less horrible
fate--the lingering death of famine.

Under these depressing circumstances, the spirits of the men never for
a moment seemed to flag. True 'hearts of oak,' their courage increased
with their difficulties, and the prevailing desire amongst them was,
to rush upon the enemy and get possession of their boats, or perish in
the attempt.

But for this day, at least, they were ordered to remain passive;
perhaps in coming to this decision, the wise and brave commander of
the party may have remembered another captain who was 'in a great
strait,' and who said, 'Let us fall now into the hands of the Lord,
for His mercies are great, and let me not fall into the hand of man,'
The decision, then, was to wait; and the hours rolled on till
afternoon, when an officer ascended one of the loftiest trees, and
thence he thought he descried a sail at a great distance. The joyful
news seemed too good to be true.

A signal-man was sent up with a telescope, to sweep the horizon. The
eager and intense anxiety that pervaded the little band, until he
could report his observations, may be better imagined than described.
At last, he announced that the object was indeed a brig, or a ship,
standing towards the island under all sail. The joy was unbounded and
overpowering. Men felt as if awaking from some horrible dream; and,
doubtless, many an honest heart was uplifted in thankfulness to the
Almighty, for the mercy vouchsafed in delivering them from what had
appeared, a few minutes before, to be certain destruction.

There remains little more to be told; the vessel proved to be the
Ternate, which Lord Amherst had sent to their assistance. The pirates
took to flight as soon as they discovered the ship, but not before
they had received a volley from the Alceste's people, unfortunately
without effect.

It was not till Friday, the 7th of March, that all were embarked on
board the Ternate. They arrived safely at Batavia on the 9th, and were
most kindly received by Lord Amherst, who converted his table into a
general mess for the officers, as well as the embassy; comfortable
quarters were also provided for the men; and in their present
enjoyment they all soon forgot the hardships they had suffered.

In conclusion, we will quote the following passage from the pen of Mr.
M'Leod:--'It is a tribute due to Captain Maxwell to state (and it is a
tribute which all will most cheerfully pay) that, by his judicious
arrangements, we were preserved from all the horrors of anarchy and
confusion. His measures inspired confidence and hope, while his
personal example in the hour of danger gave courage and animation to
all around him.' Nor ought we to omit the high and well deserved
praise which Captain Maxwell bestowed upon the ship's company in his
examination before the court martial.

'I should be trespassing far too long upon the time of this court,'
said Captain Maxwell, 'were I to bring all before them whose conduct
merited applause; but I can with great veracity assure the court, that
from the captain to the smallest boy, all were animated by the spirit
of Britons; and, whatever the cause was, I ought not to regret having
been placed in a position to witness all the noble traits of character
this extraordinary occasion called forth; and having seen all my
companions in distress fairly embarked, I felt in walking off to the
boat that my heart was lifted up with gratitude to a kind Providence
that had watched over us.'


Captain Murray Maxwell commenced his naval career under the auspices
of Vice-Admiral Sir Samuel Hood, and obtained his first commission as
lieutenant in 1796, and was subsequently promoted to the command of
the Cyane, in December, 1802.

In the following year he was appointed to the Centaur, and received
his post commission on the 4th of August, in the same year. In 1804,
Captain Maxwell distinguished himself at the capture of Surinam, and
for his conduct on that occasion was highly mentioned in the
dispatches.

This officer was constantly employed in the late war, and
distinguished himself on so many occasions, that we can only briefly
allude to one or two instances where his gallantry was most
conspicuous. In 1806, he was appointed to the Alceste, and on the 4th
of April, 1808, whilst that vessel, in company with the Mercury,
Captain James Alexander Gordon, and the Grasshopper, 18-gun sloop, lay
at anchor near Cadiz, a large convoy under the protection of several
gun-boats, was seen coming close in shore from the northward.

Captain Maxwell determined to attempt their capture, and accordingly,
the Alceste and Mercury attacked the gun-boats, whilst the
Grasshopper, stationed close to the batteries of Rota, by a well
directed fire, succeeded in driving the Spaniards from their guns. The
gun-boats being thrown into confusion, the first-lieutenant of the
Alceste, Mr. Allen Stewart, and Lieutenant Watkin Owen Pell of the
Mercury, volunteered to board the enemy in the boats. They accordingly
dashed in among the convoy, boarded and brought out seven tartans from
under the very muzzles of the enemy's guns, though supported by
several armed boats sent from Cadiz to their assistance.

Captain Maxwell was actively employed on the coast of Italy until
1811, when we find him cruizing in the Adriatic, in company with the
Active, Captain James Alexander Gordon, and a 36-gun frigate, the
Unité, Captain Edward Henry Chamberlain. On the morning of the 28th of
November, the little squadron was lying in Port St. George, Island of
Lissa, when signals were made that there were three suspicious sail
south. The three frigates immediately got under weigh, and on the
morning of the 29th came within sight of the strange vessels, which
proved to be the Pauline, a 40-gun frigate, the Pomone, frigate, and
26-gun ship, Persanne. The French commodore, finding the English force
greater than he expected, bore up to the north-west, and the Persanne
separated, and stood to the north-east. The Unité was then despatched
in chase of the Persanne, and the Alceste and Active continued in
pursuit of the French frigates.

In the course of a couple of hours the Alceste commenced action with
the Pomone, but an unlucky shot soon afterwards brought down the
main-topmast of the Alceste, and she was compelled to drop astern. The
Active speedily ranged alongside of the Pomone, and after a spirited
conflict, the latter ship was compelled to haul down her colours and
surrender.

The Pauline, in the meantime, tacked, and poured her fire into the
Alceste, no doubt anticipating an easy victory from her disabled
state; but in this she was disappointed, for the fire was returned
with such effect, that after a warm conflict of two hours and twenty
minutes, the commodore made off to the westward, which, from the
crippled state of the Alceste, Captain Maxwell was unable to prevent.
In this action the Alceste lost twenty killed and wounded, the Active
thirty-five, and Pomone fifty. The gallant captain of the Active had
the misfortune to lose his leg, and his first lieutenant, William
Bateman Dashwood, had his right arm shot away: the command therefore
fell upon the second lieutenant, George Haye, who fought the action,
until her opponent surrendered.

In 1813, Captain Maxwell had the misfortune to be wrecked in the
Dædalus, and in 1815 was again reappointed to the Alceste. On his
passage home, after the loss of that vessel, he touched at St. Helena,
and had an interview with Napoleon Buonaparte, who, reminding him of
the capture of the Pomone, said 'Vous étiez très méchant. Eh bien!
your government must not blame you for the loss of the Alceste, for
you have taken one of my frigates.'[16]

Captain Maxwell was nominated a C.B. in 1815, and received the honour
of knighthood in 1818.

He died in June, 1831.




THE DRAKE.


The Drake, a small schooner, under the command of Captain Charles
Baker, had been despatched by the commander-in-chief on the
Newfoundland station, upon special duty to Halifax.

Having accomplished the object of her mission there, she set sail
again to return to St. John's, on the morning of Thursday, the 20th of
June, 1822. The weather was unusually fine, the wind favourable, and
everything promised a short and prosperous voyage.

Nothing occurred to retard the progress of the vessel until Sunday
morning, when the increasing thickness of the atmosphere betokened the
approach of one of those heavy fogs which so frequently hover over the
coast of Newfoundland.

There are few things more perplexing to the mariner than to find
himself suddenly enveloped in one of these thick mists: it is
impenetrable gloom; night and day are both alike; the sails, saturated
with the watery vapour, hang heavily, and flap against the masts with
a sad foreboding sound, whilst every heart on board feels more or less
oppressed by the atmospheric influence, and every countenance
expresses languor or discontent. But these discomforts are minor evils
compared with other attendants upon a Newfoundland fog. It often
happens that, in spite of every precaution on the part of the men on
the look-out, the bows of the vessel run across some unfortunate
fishing boat; and before a single voice can be raised in warning, a
sudden shock, a smothered cry, a gurgling of the waves, tell the sad
tale! One moment, and all is silent; the ship pursues her course, and
no trace is left of the little vessel and her crew, for whom many days
and nights will anxious love keep watch; but those objects of a
mother's tenderness and of a wife's affection will never more gladden
the eyes of the watchers, till 'the sea shall give up her dead.'

Would that such calamities were of less frequent occurrence. There is
one curious characteristic of these fogs, which in some degree
mitigates the evil of them: they sometimes do not extend beyond a few
miles, having the appearance of a huge wall of dense cloud or mist. A
vessel, after beating about for hours, will suddenly emerge from
almost total darkness, the clouds break away, and all hearts are
gladdened by finding themselves once more beneath the rays of the
glorious sun.

Captain Basil Hall gives an amusing instance of such an occurrence.
The Cambrian 'had run in from sea towards the coast, enveloped in one
of these dense fogs. Of course they took it for granted that the
light-house and the adjacent land--Halifax included--were likewise
covered with an impenetrable cloud of mist; but it so chanced, by what
freak of Dame Nature I know not, that the fog on that day was confined
to the deep water, so that we who were in the port could see it at the
distance of several miles from the coast, lying on the ocean like a
huge stratum of snow, with an abrupt face fronting the shore.

'The Cambrian, lost in the midst of this fog-bank, supposing herself
to be near land, fired a gun. To this the light-house replied; and so
the ship and the light-house went on pelting away gun for gun during
half the day, without seeing one another.

'The people at the light-house had no means of communicating to the
frigate, that if she would only stand on a little further, she would
disentangle herself from the cloud, in which, like Jupiter Olympus of
old, she was wasting her thunder. At last, the captain, hopeless of
its clearing up, gave orders to pipe to dinner; but as the weather, in
all respects except this abominable haze, was quite fine, and the ship
was still in deep water, he directed her to be steered towards the
shore, and the lead kept constantly going. As one o'clock approached,
he began to feel uneasy, from the water shoaling, and the light-house
guns sounding closer and closer; but being unwilling to disturb the
men at their dinner, he resolved to stand on for the remaining ten
minutes of the hour. Lo and behold! however, they had not sailed half
a mile further before the flying gib-boom end emerged from the wall of
mist, then the bowsprit shot into daylight, and lastly, the ship
herself glided out of the cloud into the full blaze of a bright and
'sunshine holiday.' All hands were instantly turned up to make sail:
and the men, as they flew on deck, could scarcely believe their senses
when they saw behind them the fog-bank--right ahead the harbour's
mouth, with the bold cliffs of Cape Sambro on the left--and further
still, the ships at their moorings, with their ensigns and pendants
blowing out light and dry in the breeze.'

But to return to our sad tale. Towards noon, the weather cleared up
for about a quarter of an hour, allowing just sufficient time to get a
good observation of the latitude, which, according to Captain Baker's
reckoning, made their position to be about ninety-one miles from Cape
Race, and fifty-one from Cape St. Mary's.

They continued to steer east till about six o'clock in the evening,
when the breeze rather freshening, and the ship having run sixty miles
since noon, she was hauled off to south-east.

The fog was then so dense that the men could not see more than twenty
yards beyond the ship, but as Captain Baker's orders were to use the
utmost dispatch, he determined to make the best of his way. Every
precaution was taken, by using the lead, and by keeping a vigilant
look-out from every part of the ship. In this manner they proceeded,
carefully feeling the way, until about half-past seven o'clock, when
the look-out man shouted, 'Breakers ahead! Hard a-starboard!' The ship
was instantly hauled to the wind, but not being able to clear the
danger on that tack, every effort was made to stay the vessel, but
from the heavy sea, and whilst in stays, her stern took the breakers,
and she immediately fell broadside on, the sea breaking completely
over her.

At the moment the ship struck, every man was on deck, and there was
such a universal feeling of confidence in the commander, that
notwithstanding their extreme peril, not the slightest confusion
ensued. Captain Baker's first order was to cut away the masts, so as
to lighten the vessel, and perhaps afford means of saving some of the
crew. The order was promptly executed, but unhappily without producing
the desired result, for in a few moments the ship bilged, and the
destruction of the whole crew appeared to be inevitable.

Captain Baker then ordered the cutter to be launched, but they had
scarcely got her over the gangway before she sank. It was a time of
terrible anxiety for both officers and men; for, from the denseness of
the fog, they could not form a conjecture as to their actual
position, whilst the crashing of the masts, the strain of the vessel
upon the rocks, and the roar of the waters, as they swept over the
decks, added to the horrors of the scene.

Captain Baker was as calm and self-possessed as if nothing unusual had
occurred, whilst the eyes of the men were fixed upon him, and they
were ready to obey every command with the same promptitude as when
performing the usual routine of ship's duty.

Fortunately a small rock was discerned through the mist, and as it
seemed to be at no great distance, it presented a means of escape from
the most pressing danger. Without a moment's hesitation, a man of the
name of Lennard sprang forward, and seizing a lead-line, jumped into
the sea; but the current setting directly against him to the
northward, his efforts were unavailing, and with difficulty he was
dragged on board again.

It might be supposed that Lennard's failure would have damped the
spirits of the men, and deterred them from a second attempt. But it
seems to have had a contrary effect, and to have stirred them up to
renewed exertion. A consultation was held as to the next steps to be
taken. The only hope that remained was in the gig, (the jolly-boat
having been washed away,) when Turner, the boatswain, as brave a
fellow as ever breathed, volunteered to make the attempt. He secured a
rope round his body, and was then lowered into the boat. The tackling
was let go, the men gave a cheer, and the boat, with its occupant, was
borne away by the current.

With intense anxiety the men on the wreck watched the progress of
Turner, who had been carried in the boat to within a few feet of the
rock; then the watchers saw it balanced upon the crest of a huge wave,
and the next moment it was dashed to pieces upon the rock; the
boatswain, however, retained his presence of mind; he kept hold of
the rope when dashed out of the boat, and succeeded in scrambling up
the cliff.

In the meantime, the waves were making heavy breaches over the ship;
the crew clung by the ropes on the forecastle; each succeeding wave
threatened them all with destruction; when a tremendous sea lifted her
quarter over the rock on which she had at first struck, and carried
her close to that on which the boatswain stood. The forecastle, which
up to this time had been the only sheltered part of the ship, was now
abandoned for the poop; and as Captain Baker saw no chance of saving
the vessel, he determined to remove the people from her if possible.

Calling around him his officers and men, he communicated to them his
intentions, and pointed out the best means of securing their safety.
He then ordered every man to make the best of his way from the wreck
to the rock. Now, for the first time, his orders were not promptly
obeyed; all the crew to a man refused to leave the wreck unless
Captain Baker would precede them. There was a simultaneous burst of
feeling that did honour alike to the commander and the men. To the
former, in that he had so gained the affection and respect of his
people; and to the latter, inasmuch as they knew how to appreciate
such an officer.

Never was good discipline displayed in a more conspicuous manner. No
argument or entreaty could prevail on Captain Baker to change his
resolution. He again directed the men to quit the vessel, calmly
observing that his life was the least, and last consideration. The
men, upon hearing this reiterated command, stepped severally from the
poop to the rock with as much order as if they had been leaving a ship
under ordinary circumstances. Unhappily, a few of them perished in the
attempt; amongst these was Lieutenant Stanley, who, being benumbed
with cold, was unable to get a firm footing, and was swept away by
the current, his companions, with every inclination, had not the power
to save him; he struggled for a few moments--was dashed with
irresistible force against the rocks, and the receding wave engulfed
its victim.

When he had seen every man clear of the wreck, and not till then, did
Captain Baker join his crew.

As soon as they had time to look about them, the ship's company
perceived that they were on an isolated rock, separated from the
mainland by a few fathoms. The rock rose some feet above the sea, but
to their horror they perceived that it would be covered at high-water.
It seemed as if they were rescued from one fearful catastrophe, only
to perish by a more cruel and protracted fate. They watched the waters
rise inch by inch around them, appalled by the feeling that those
waters must sooner or later close over them for ever, and that nothing
could save them except the outstretched arm of Him who could bid the
waves be stayed, and say to the stormy winds, be still. Every man is
more or less courageous under circumstances of danger, when it is
attended by excitement,--such as that of the battlefield. There is a
courage which springs from companionship in danger, and a courage
derived from the fear of shame; but the test of true valour is a scene
like that we have described. _There_ was no room for a display of the
adventitious bravery which often becomes in reality the thing it
strives to appear. No man _there_ could reproach his neighbour if his
cheek should blanch and his lip quiver; all are alike appalled, but
the well-regulated mind rises superior to the rest. Such was the case
with Captain Baker. Although he could not conceal from himself that
their condition was almost hopeless, he continued with his voice to
encourage the timid, and by his arm to support the weak.

By degrees the fog had partially dispersed, and as the dawn began to
break, a dreary prospect was displayed. The haggard countenances and
lacerated limbs of the men told the sufferings they had endured,
whilst the breakers, which they had only heard before, became
distinctly visible. Still the devoted crew, following the example of
their commander, uttered no complaint. They were ready to meet death,
yet they felt it hard to die without a struggle. The tide was rising
rapidly, and if anything was to be done, it must be done instantly.
The boatswain, who had never lost hold of the rope, determined at all
hazards to make another effort to save his comrades, or to perish in
the attempt.

Having caused one end of the rope to be made fast round his body, and
committing himself to the protection of the Almighty, he plunged into
the sea, and struck out in the direction of the opposite shore.

It was an awful moment to those who were left behind; and in
breathless suspense they waited the result of the daring attempt. All
depended upon the strength of his arm. At one moment he was seen
rising on the crest of the wave, at the next he disappeared in the
trough of the sea; but in spite of the raging surf, and of every other
obstacle, he reached the shore, and an inspiring cheer announced his
safety to his comrades.

As soon as he had recovered his breath and strength, he went to the
nearest point opposite the rock, and, watching his opportunity, he
cast one end of the line across to his companions. Fortunately it
reached the rock, and was gladly seized, but it proved to be only long
enough to allow of one man holding it on the shore, and another on the
rock, at arm's length. It may be imagined with what joy this slender
means of deliverance was welcomed by all. The tide had made rapid
advances; the waves, as if impatient for their prey, threw the white
surf aloft, and dashed over the rock.

Would that we could do justice to the noble courage and conduct
displayed by the crew of the Drake. Instead of rushing to the rope, as
many would have done under similar circumstances, not a man moved
until he was commanded to do so by Captain Baker. Had the slightest
hesitation appeared on the part of the commander, or any want of
presence of mind in the men, a tumultuous rush would have ensued, the
rope, held as it was with difficulty by the outstretched hand, would
inevitably have been lost in the struggle, and then all would have
perished.

But good order, good discipline, and good feeling triumphed over every
selfish fear and natural instinct of self-preservation, and to the
honour of British sailors be it recorded, that each individual man of
the crew, before he availed himself of the means of rescue, urged his
captain to provide for his own safety first, by leading the way. But
Captain Baker turned a deaf ear to every persuasion, and gave but one
answer to all--'I will never leave the rock until every soul is safe.'

In vain the men redoubled their entreaties that he would go; they were
of no avail; the intrepid officer was steadfast in his purpose. There
was no time for further discussion or delay. One by one the men
slipped from the rock upon the rope, and by this assistance forty-four
out of fifty succeeded in gaining the opposite shore. Unfortunately,
amongst the six who remained, one was a woman. This poor creature,
completely prostrate from the sufferings she had endured, lay
stretched upon the cold rock almost lifeless. To desert her was
impossible; to convey her to the shore seemed equally impossible. Each
moment of delay was fraught with destruction. A brave fellow, in the
generosity of despair, when his turn came to quit the rock, took the
woman in his arms, grasped the rope, and began the perilous transit.
Alas! he was not permitted to gain the desired shore. When he had made
about half the distance, the rope parted--not being strong enough to
sustain the additional weight and strain, it broke; the seaman and his
burden were seen but for an instant, and then swallowed up in the
foaming eddies. With them perished the last means of preservation that
remained for Captain Baker and those who were with him on the rock.
Their communication with the mainland was cut off; the water rose, and
the surf increased every moment; all hope was gone, and for them a few
minutes more must end 'life's long voyage.'

The men on shore tried every means in their power to save them. They
tied every handkerchief and available material together to replace the
lost rope, but their efforts were fruitless; they could not get length
enough to reach the rock. A party was despatched in search of help.
They found a farm-house; and while they were in search of a rope,
those who stayed to watch the fate of their loved and respected
commander and his three companions, saw wave after wave rise higher
and higher. At one moment the sufferers disappeared in the foam and
spray; the bravest shuddered, and closed his eyes on the scene. Again,
as spell-bound, he looked; the wave had receded--they still lived, and
rose above the waters. Again and again it was thus; but hope grew
fainter and fainter. We can scarcely bring our narrative to an end;
tears moisten our page; but the painful sequel must be told. The fatal
billow came at last which bore them from time into eternity--all was
over. When the party returned from their inland search, not a vestige
of the rock, or of those devoted men, was to be seen.

    And is he dead, whose glorious mind
      Lifts thine on high?
    To live in hearts we leave behind,
      Is not to die. CAMPBELL.

We feel how inadequate have been our efforts to depict the
self-devotion of Captain Baker, and the courage and constancy of his
crew. The following letter, addressed to Lieutenant Booth, formerly an
officer of the Drake, will go farther than any panegyric we can offer,
to display the right feeling of the ship's company, and their just
appreciation of their brave and faithful commander.

    'SIR,--Your being an old officer of ours in a former ship, and
    being our first lieutenant in H.M. ship Drake, leads us to beg
    that you will have the goodness to represent to our Lords
    Commissioners of the Admiralty the very high sense of gratitude
    we, the surviving petty officers and crew of his Majesty's late
    ship Drake, feel due to the memory of our late much lamented,
    and most worthy commander, who, at the moment he saw death
    staring him in the face on one side, and the certainty of escape
    was pointed out to him on the other, most stanchly and
    frequently refused to attempt procuring his own safety, until
    every man and boy had been rescued from the impending danger.
    Indeed, the manliness and fortitude displayed by the late
    Captain Baker on the melancholy occasion of our wreck was such
    as never before was heard of. It was not as that of a moment,
    but his courage was tried for many hours, and his last
    determination of not crossing from the rock, on which he was
    every moment in danger of being washed away, was made with more
    firmness, if possible, than the first. In fact, during the whole
    business he proved himself to be a man whose name and last
    conduct ought ever to be held in the highest estimation by a
    crew who feel it their duty to ask from the Lords Commissioners
    of the Admiralty that, which they otherwise have not the means
    of obtaining, that is, a public and lasting record of the
    lion-hearted, generous, and very unexampled way in which our
    late noble commander sacrificed his life in the evening of the
    23rd of June.'

The above letter was signed by the surviving crew of the Drake.

We need not add that their request was complied with; and a monument
erected to the memory of Captain Baker, in the chapel of the Royal
Dockyard at Portsmouth.

At the request of the author, a friend, to whom he related the
pathetic story of the captain of the Drake, composed the following
verses on his untimely and romantic fate:--

  THE LOSS OF THE DRAKE.

  1.

  There's a garden full of roses, there's a cottage by the Dove;
  And the trout stream flows and frets beneath the hanging crags above;
  There's a seat beneath the tulip-tree, the sunbeams never scorch:
  There's jasmine on those cottage walls, there's woodbine round the porch.
  A gallant seaman planted them--he perished long ago;
  He perished on the ocean-wave, but not against the foe.

  2.

  He parted with his little ones beneath that tulip-tree;
  His boy was by his father's side, his darling on his knee.
  'Heaven bless thee, little Emma; night and morning you must pray
  To Him on high, who'll shield thee, love, when I am far away.
  Nay, weep not!--if He wills it, I shall soon be back from sea;
  Then how we'll laugh, and romp, and dance around the tulip-tree!

  3.

  'Heaven bless thee, too, my gallant boy! The God who rules the main
  Can only tell if you and I shall ever meet again.
  If I perish on the ocean-wave, when I am dead and gone
  You'll be left with little Emma in a heartless world alone:
  Your home must be her home, my boy, whenever you're a man;
  You must love her, you must guard her, as a brother only can.

  4.

  'There's no such thing as fear, my boy, to those who trust on high;
  But to part with all we prize on earth brings moisture to the eye.
  There's a grave in Ilam Church-yard, there's a rose-tree marks that
      grave;
  'Tis thy mother's: go and pray there when I'm sailing o'er the wave.
  Think, too, sometimes of thy father, when thou kneel'st upon that sod,
  How he lived but for his children, for his country, and his God.'

  5.

  Farewell, farewell, thou gallant ship! thy course will soon be o'er;
  There are mournful hearts on board thee, there are breaking hearts on
      shore.
  The mother mourned her sailor boy, the maiden mourned her love;
  And one, on deck, was musing on a cottage, near the Dove:
  But his features were unmoved, as if all feeling lay congealed;
  They little knew how soft a heart that manly form concealed.

  6.

  Beware, beware, thou gallant ship! there's many a rock ahead,
  And the mist is mantling round thee, like a shroud around the dead.
  The listless crew lay idly grouped, and idly flapped the sail,
  And the sea-bird pierced the vapour with a melancholy wail.
  So hushed the scene, they little deemed that danger was at hand,
  Till they heard the distant breakers as they rolled upon the strand.

  7.

  The winds were roused, the mist cleared off, the mighty tempest rose,
  And cheeks were blanched that never yet had paled before their foes:
  For the waves that heaved beneath them bore them headlong to the rock,
  And face to face with death they stood, in terror of the shock.
  A crash was heard--the ocean yawned--then foamed upon the deck,
  And the gallant Drake, dismasted, on the waters lay a wreck!

  8.

  On that rock they've found a refuge; but the waves that dash its side
  They know, must sweep them from it at the flowing of the tide.
  With the giant crags before them, and the boiling surge between,
  There was one alone stood dauntless midst the horrors of the scene.
  They watched the waters rising, each with aspect of dismay;
  They looked upon their fearless chief, and terror passed away.

  9.

  There's a gallant seaman battling with the perils of the main;
  They saw the waves o'erwhelm him thrice, but thrice he rose again.
  He bears a rope around him that may link them with the beach:
  One struggle more, thou valiant man! the shore's within thy reach.
  Now blest be He who rules on high; though some may die tonight,
  There are more will live to brave again the tempest and the fight.

  10.

  They gathered round their gallant chief, they urged him to descend,
  For they loved him as their father, and he loved them as a friend.
  'Nay, go ye first, my faithful crew; to love is to obey,--
  'Gainst the cutlass or the cannon would I gladly lead the way;
  But I stir not hence till all are safe, since danger's in the rear;
  While I live, I claim obedience; if I die, I ask a tear.'

  11.

  With a smile to cheer the timid, and a hand to help the weak,
  There was firmness in his accents, there was hope upon his cheek.
  A hundred men are safe on shore, but one is left behind;
  There's a shriek is mingling wildly with the wailing of the wind.
  The rope has snapped! Almighty God! the noble and the brave
  Is left alone to perish at the flowing of the wave.

  12.

  'Midst the foaming of the breakers and the howling of the storm,
  'Midst the crashing of the timbers, stood a solitary form;
  He thought upon his distant home, then raised his look on high,
  And thought upon another home--a home beyond the sky.
  Sublimer than the elements, his spirit was at rest,
  And calm as if his little one was nestling on his breast.

  13.

  In agony they watched him, as each feature grew elate,
  As with folded arms and fearless mien lie waited for his fate;
  Now seen above the breakers, and now hidden by the spray,
  As stealthily, yet surely, heaved the ocean to its prey.
  A fiercer wave rolled onward with the wild gust in its wale,
  And lifeless on the billows lay the Captain of the Drake.

  J. HENEAGE JESSE.

FOOTNOTES:

[16] Marshall's _Naval Biography_.




FURY.


In the year 1824, notwithstanding the repeated failures which had
attended the expeditions to the Polar Seas, the British government
determined to make another attempt to discover a passage between the
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; for this purpose Captain, now Sir Edward
Parry was appointed to the command of the Hecla, and a second vessel
was commissioned by Captain Hoppner, who was directed to put himself
under the orders of the beforenamed officer.

The vessels being fully equipped and furnished with provisions and
stores for two years, sailed from England on the 16th of May. Their
progress had been unexpectedly slow, from the quantity and magnitude
of the ice, which had kept the people constantly employed in heaving,
warping, or sawing through it, so that they did not arrive at the
entrance of Lancaster Sound until nearly the middle of September.

There was no doubt that the more than ordinary difficulties which they
encountered in crossing the barrier of ice in Baffin's Bay was owing
to a season of very unusual severity; indeed, Captain Parry was of
opinion, that but for Phillips's capstan, the Hecla and Fury would
have been obliged to winter in the middle of Baffin's Bay.

The season was now too far advanced to give any hopes of the ships
being able to penetrate to the westward, according to their
instructions, during the present year; Captain Parry determined,
therefore, to push on as far as the present season would permit, and
devote the whole of the next summer to the fulfilment of the object of
the expedition.

It is not our intention to enter into a detailed description of the
many difficulties which they met in their passage; it is enough to say
that their toils were incessant, and nothing but the most unwearied
vigilance and perseverance could have prevented the ships being
materially damaged by the enormous pressure of the ice.

Both officers and men were constantly employed, one time in getting
out the boats to tow or cut through the ice, at another, at what is
termed 'sallying,' or causing the ship to roll, by the men running in
a body from side to side, so as to relieve her from the adhesion and
friction of the young ice. It sometimes happened, also, that their
labour was in vain; for during the night a westerly wind would spring
up, and that, combined with a strong current, would drive the vessels
several leagues to eastward, thus compelling them to recommence their
work over again.

On the 27th of September they found themselves in a tolerably open
sea, and assisted by a fine working breeze they reached Port Bowen, in
Regent's Inlet. Here Captain Parry determined to make his winter
harbour, being convinced that it would be safer to remain there, than
run the risk of any further attempt at navigation during the present
year.

'To those who read,' writes Sir Edward Parry, 'as well as those who
describe, the account of a winter passed in these regions can no
longer be expected to afford the interest of novelty it once
possessed; more especially in a station already delineated with
tolerable geographical precision on our maps, and thus, as it were,
brought near to our firesides at home.'

Here it may be perhaps asked, why tell a thrice-told tale?--why go
over ground that has been so often trod before? The answer is, we are
not only writing for the information of the general reader, but also
for the seaman, in the hope that these examples may afford
encouragement to him, if ever thrown under similar circumstances to
those which befel the crews of the Hecla and Fury.

In a short time, the ships became embedded in ice, and in this remote
part of the globe were they destined to remain, in all probability,
for nine months, during the greater part of which they would not see
the light of the sun.

To the seaman, whose happiness is dependent upon a life of excitement
and adventure, such a change must be almost insupportable. As far as
the eye could reach, nothing was to be seen but trackless wilds of
snow; an awful stillness reigned around; even the indigenous animals
had for a time fled; and out of his ship, which is the world to him,
not a living creature breathed in this dreary desert. In order to
procure occupation and amusement for the men, it was necessary to hit
upon some expedient to keep their spirits from flagging. This was
found, by a proposal from Captain Hoppner, that they should attempt a
masquerade, in which both officers and men should join. The happy
thought was at once seized upon, the ship's tailor was placed in
requisition, admirably dressed characters were enacted, and mirth and
merriment rang through the decks of the Hecla. These réunions took
place once a month, alternately on board each ship, and not one
instance is related of anything occurring which could interfere with
the regular discipline of the ship, or at all weaken the respect of
the men towards their superiors. But an occupation which was of
benefit as much to the mind as to the body, was found in the
establishment of a school on board each of the ships. These were
superintended by Mr. Hooper, in the Hecla, and Mr. Mogg, in the Fury.
The men gladly seized this opportunity of instruction which was
afforded them, and in many a long winter evening the lower deck was
made a scene of rational employment, which was not only a lasting
benefit to themselves, but assisted materially in passing away the
time, which otherwise would have hung heavily on their hands.

We cannot refrain here from offering a few observations upon the good
results of education to the seaman.

In the beginning of the present century, and even in a much later
date, the majority of our seamen could neither read nor write; in the
present day it is quite the reverse. We may affirm, without
exaggeration, that two-thirds of them are more or less educated.
Experience has taught those placed at the head of naval affairs the
advantages arising from the improvement of the minds of the seamen of
our navy; every ship has now a seaman schoolmaster, and a well
selected library; and there is no doubt that the moral effect thus
produced, adds in no small degree to the preservation of that
discipline which is so necessary for the comfort and welfare of a
ship's company.

In corroboration of the above, we cannot do better than quote the
words of Sir Edward Parry:--'And I do not speak lightly when I express
my thorough persuasion that to the moral effect thus produced upon the
minds of the men were owing to a very high degree the constant yet
sober cheerfulness, the uninterrupted good order, and even in some
measure the extraordinary state of health which prevailed among us
during winter.'

With the amusement before mentioned, varied now and then, as the days
grew longer, by the excitement of killing a bear, entrapping foxes,
or shooting grouse, the men continued to pass the winter months. To
the officers, higher and more intellectual enjoyments were afforded by
making observations, studying astronomy, and witnessing the brilliant
appearance of the Aurora Borealis.

About the end of March, or beginning of April, 1825, thin flakes of
snow, lying upon painted wood or metal, exposed to the sun's direct
rays, began to melt. These signs of returning spring were hailed as
indications of their approaching deliverance from their winter
quarters. Towards the middle of June, information was brought that the
sea was clear of ice about twenty miles from Port Bowen. On the 12th
of July, the ice began to break away, leaving the ship about one mile
and a quarter from the open sea. All hands were set to work to saw
through this barrier, the men being employed from seven in the
morning, till seven in the evening. On the 19th, after the most
incessant labour, which was performed with the greatest cheerfulness
and alacrity, Captain Parry had the satisfaction of seeing the two
vessels once more floating in their proper element.

After a winter of unusual severity, but of unprecedented good health,
they sailed out of Port Bowen on the 20th of July, the expedition
being in every respect in the most perfect condition, and the season
remarkably forward and fine. Pushing over to the west coast of Prince
Regent's Inlet, which it was Captain Parry's intention to coast
northward and then westward, till they could strike off to the
continental shore, the prospect seemed as favourable as could possibly
be expected. The season continued unusually warm, and channels of open
water always occurred along the shore with particular winds. The ice
was entirely detached from the shores, very much broken up, and
lighter than they had yet navigated.

Proceeding as usual, taking advantage of every opening, and
sheltering the ships on shore when the ice closed, the Fury, on the
1st of August, was unfortunately pressed by the ice in such a manner,
while she also took the ground, that her main keel, stern-post, and
cutwater were immediately broken, and four pumps were necessary to
keep her free.

It was now evidently impossible to proceed without heaving the Fury
down to repair, her officers and men being in a few days almost
exhausted with excessive fatigue; the men's hands having become so
sore from the constant friction of the ropes, that they could hardly
handle them any longer without the use of mittens.

The shore being a straight and exposed one, the principal difficulty
consisted in securing the ship from the inroads of the ice during the
operation. There was little hopes of discovering a harbour for this
purpose, and the only alternative was to endeavour to make one. This
was done by passing lower cables round grounded masses of ice, and
setting them up to anchors buried on the beach, so as to form a basin
for the reception of the ships.

We have now arrived at the period when the labour of heaving down the
Fury commenced; and, for the better information of the reader, we will
at once lay before him the account of the future proceedings, as
related by Sir Edward Parry.[17]

'The ice remaining quite close, on the 6th every individual in both
ships, with the exception of those at the pumps, was employed in
landing provisions from the Fury, together with the spars, boats, and
everything from off her upper deck. The ice coming in in the
afternoon with a degree of pressure which usually attended a northerly
wind on this coast, twisted the Fury's rudder so forcibly against a
mass of ice lying under her stern, that it was for some hours in great
danger of being damaged, and was, indeed, only saved by the efforts of
Captain Hoppner and his officers, who, without breaking off the men
from their other occupations, themselves worked at the ice-saw.

'On the following day, the ice remaining as before, the work was
continued without intermission, and a great quantity of things landed.
The two carpenters, Messrs. Pulfer and Fiddis, took the Fury's boats
in hand themselves, their men being required as part of our physical
strength in clearing the ship. The armourer was also set to work on
the beach in forging bolts for the martingales of the outriggers. In
short, every living creature among us was somehow or other employed,
not even excepting our dogs, which were set to drag up the stores on
the beach, so that our little dockyard soon exhibited the most
animated scene imaginable. The quickest method of landing casks, and
other things not too weighty, was that adopted by Captain Hoppner, and
consisted of a hawser secured to the ship's mainmast head, and set up
as tight as possible to the anchor on the beach,--the casks being
hooked to a block traversing on this as a jack stay, were made to run
down with great velocity. By this means, more than two were got on
shore for every one handed by the boats; the latter, however, being
constantly employed in addition. The Fury was thus so much lightened
in the course of the day, that two pumps were now nearly sufficient to
keep her free, and this number continued requisite until she was hove
down. Her spirit room was now entirely clear, and on examination the
water was found to be rushing in through two or three holes that
happened to be in the ceiling, and which were immediately plugged up.
Indeed it was now very evident that nothing but the lightness of the
Fury's diagonal ceiling had so long kept her afloat, and that any ship
not thus fortified within could not possibly have been kept free by
the pumps.

'At night, just as the people were going to rest, the ice began to
move to the southward, and soon after came in towards the shore, again
endangering the Fury's rudder, and pressing her over on her side to so
alarming a degree, as to warn us that it would not be safe to lighten
her much more in her present insecure situation.

'One of our bergs also shifted its position by this pressure, so as to
weaken our confidence in the pier heads of our intended basin; and a
long 'tongue' of one of them, forcing itself under the Hecla's
fore-foot, while the drift-ice was also pressing her forcibly from
astern, she once more sewed three or four feet forward at low water,
and continued to do so, notwithstanding repeated endeavours to haul
her off, for four successive tides, the ice remaining so close, and so
much doubled under the ship, as to render it impossible to move her a
single inch.

'Notwithstanding the state of the ice, however, we did not remain idle
on the 8th, all hands being employed in unrigging the Fury, and
landing all her spars, sails, booms, boats, and other top weight.

'The ice still continuing very close on the 9th, all hands were
employed in attempting, by saws and axes, to clear the Hecla, which
still grounded on the tongue of ice every tide. After four hours'
labour, they succeeded in making four or five feet of room astern,
when the ship suddenly slided down off the tongue with considerable
force, and became once more afloat. We then got on shore the Hecla's
cables and hawsers for the accommodation of the Fury's men in our
tiers during the heaving down; struck our topmasts, which would be
required as shores and outriggers; and, in short, continued to occupy
every individual in some preparation or other.

'These being entirely completed at an early hour in the afternoon, we
ventured to go on with the landing of the coals and provisions from
the Fury, preferring to run the risk which would thus be incurred, to
the loss of even a few hours in the accomplishment of our present
object. As it very opportunely happened, however, the external ice
slackened to the distance of about a hundred yards outside of us, on
the morning of the 10th, enabling us by a most tedious and laborious
operation, to clear the ice out of our basin piece by piece. The
difficulty of this apparently simple process consisted in the heavy
pressure having repeatedly doubled one mass under another, a position
in which it requires great power to move them, and also by the corners
locking in with the sides of the bergs.

'Our next business was to tighten the cables sufficiently by means of
purchases, and to finish the floating of them in the manner and for
the purpose before described. After this had been completed, the ships
had only a few feet in length, and nothing in breadth to spare, but we
had now great hopes of going on with our work with increased
confidence and security. The Fury, which was placed inside, had
something less than eighteen feet at low water; the Hecla lay in four
fathoms, the bottom being strewed with large and small fragments of
limestone.

'While thus employed in securing the ships, the smoothness of the
water enabled us to see, in some degree, the nature of the Fury's
damage; and it may be conceived how much pain it occasioned us,
plainly to discover that both the stern-post and fore-foot were broken
and turned up on one side with the pressure. We could also perceive,
as far as we were able to see along the main-keel, that it was much
torn, and we had therefore reason to conclude that the damage would
altogether prove very serious. We also discovered that several feet of
the Hecla's false keel were torn away abreast of the fore chains, in
consequence of her grounding forward so frequently.

'The ships being now as well secured as our means permitted from the
immediate danger of ice, the clearing of the Fury went on with
increased confidence, though greater alacrity was impossible, for
nothing could exceed the spirit and zealous activity of every
individual, and as things had turned out, the ice had not obliged us
to wait a moment except at the actual times of its pressure. Being
favoured with fine weather, we continued our work very quickly, so
that on the 12th every cask was landed, and also the powder; and the
spare sails and clothing put on board the Hecla.

'On the 13th, we found that a mass of heavy ice which had been aground
with the Fury, had now floated alongside of her at high water, still
further contracting her already narrow basin, and leaving the ship no
room for turning round. At the next high water, therefore, we got a
purchase on it, and hove it out of the way, so that at night it
drifted off altogether.

'The coals and preserved meats were the principal things now remaining
on board the Fury, and these we continued landing by every method we
could devise as the most expeditious. The tide rose so considerably at
night, new moon occurring within an hour of high water, that we were
much afraid of our bergs floating; they remained firm, however, even
though the ice came in with so much force as to break one of our
hand-masts, a fir spar of twelve inches in diameter. As the high
tides, and the lightening of the Fury, now gave us sufficient depth
of water for unshipping the rudders, we did so, and laid them upon the
small berg astern of us, for fear of their being damaged by any
pressure of the ice.

'Early on the morning of the 14th, the ice slackening a little in our
neighbourhood, we took advantage of it, though the people were much
fagged, to tighten the cables, which had stretched and yielded
considerably by the late pressure. It was well that we did so, for in
the course of this day we were several times interrupted in our work
by the ice coming with a tremendous strain on the north cables, the
wind blowing strong from the N.N.W., and the whole 'pack' outside of
us setting rapidly to the southward. Indeed, notwithstanding the
recent tightening and re-adjustment of the cables, the bight was
pressed in so much, as to force the Fury against the berg astern of
her, twice in the course of the day. Mr. Waller, who was in the hold
the second time that this occurred, reported that the coals about the
keelson were moved by it, imparting the sensation of part of the
ship's bottom falling down; and one of the men at work there was so
strongly impressed with that belief, that he thought it high time to
make a spring for the hatchway. From this circumstance, it seemed more
probable that the main keel had received some serious damage near the
middle of the ship.

'From this trial of the efficacy of our means of security, it was
plain that the Fury could not possibly be hove down under
circumstances of such frequent and imminent risk. I therefore directed
a fourth anchor, with two additional cables, to be disposed, with the
hope of breaking some of the force of the ice, by its offering a more
oblique resistance than the other, and thus by degrees turning the
direction of the pressure from the ships. We had scarcely completed
this new defence, when the largest floe we had seen since leaving
Port Bowen came sweeping along the shore, having a motion to the
southward of not less than a mile and a half an hour, threatened to
overturn it, and would certainly have dislodged it from its situation
but from the cable recently attached to it.

'A second similar occurrence took place with a smaller mass of ice
about midnight, and near the top of an unusually high spring tide,
which seemed ready to float away every security from us. For three
hours about the time of this high water, our situation was a most
critical one, for had the bergs, or, indeed, any one of them, been
carried away or broken, both ships must inevitably have been driven on
shore by the very next mass of ice that should come in. Happily,
however, they did not suffer any further material disturbance, and the
main body keeping at a short distance from the land until the tide had
fallen, the bergs seemed to be once more firmly resting on the ground.
The only mischief, therefore, occasioned by this disturbance was the
slackening of our cables by the alteration in the position of the
several grounded masses, and the consequent necessity of employing
more time, which nothing but absolute necessity could induce us to
bestow, in adjusting and tightening the whole of them afresh.

'The wind veering to the W.N.W. on the morning of the 15th, and still
continuing to blow strong, the ice was forced three or four miles off
the land in the course of a few hours, leaving us a quiet day for
continuing our work, but exciting no very pleasant sensations, when we
considered what progress we might have been making had we been at
liberty to pursue our object.

'The land was indeed so clear of ice to the southward, that Dr. Neill,
who walked a considerable distance in that direction, could see
nothing but an open channel in shore to the utmost extent of his view.
We took advantage of this open water to send the launch for the
Fury's ironwork, left at the former station; for though the few men
thus employed could very ill be spared, we were obliged to arrange
everything with reference to the ultimate saving of time; and it would
have occupied both ships' companies more than a whole day to carry the
things round by land.

'The Fury being completely cleared at an early hour on the 16th, we
were all busily employed in 'winding' the ship, and in preparing the
outriggers, shores, purchases, and additional rigging. Though we
purposely selected the time of high water for turning the ship round,
we had scarcely a foot of space for doing it, and indeed, as it was,
her fore-foot touched the ground; and loosened the broken part of the
wood so much as to enable us to pull it up with ropes, when we found
the fragments to consist of the whole of the gripe, and most of the
'cutwater.' The strong breeze continuing, and the sea rising as the
open water increased in extent, our bergs were sadly washed and
wasted; every hour producing a sensible and serious diminution in
their bulk. As, however, the main body of ice still kept off, we were
in hopes, now that our preparations were so near completed, we should
have been enabled in a few hours to see the extent of the damage, and
repair it sufficiently to allow us to proceed.

'In the evening we received the Fury's crew on board the Hecla, every
arrangement and regulation having been previously made for their
personal comfort, and for the preservation of cleanliness,
ventilation, and dry warmth throughout the ship. The officers of the
Fury, by their own choice, pitched a tent on shore for messing and
sleeping in, as our accommodation for two sets of officers was
necessarily confined. On the 17th, when every preparation was
completed, the cables were found again so slack, by the wasting of
the bergs, in consequence of the continued sea, and possibly also in
part by the masses being moved somewhat in shore, that we were obliged
to occupy several hours in putting them to rights, as we should soon
require all our strength at the purchases. One berg also had, at the
last low water, fallen over on its side, in consequence of its
substance being undermined by the sea, and the cable surrounding it
was thus forced so low under water as no longer to afford protection
from the ice should it again come in. In tightening the cables, we
found it to have the effect of bringing the bergs in towards the
shore, still further contracting our narrow basin; but anything was
better than suffering them to go adrift.

'This work being finished at ten P.M., the people were allowed three
hours' rest only, it being necessary to heave the ship down at, or
near, high water, as there was not sufficient depth to allow her to
take her distance at any other time of tide. Every preparation being
made, at three A.M., on the 18th, we began to heave her down on the
larboard side; but when the purchases were nearly a-block, we found
that the strops under the Hecla's bottom, as well as some of the
Fury's shore-fasts, had stretched or yielded so much, that they could
bring the keel out of water within three or four feet. We immediately
eased her up again, and re-adjusted everything as requisite, hauling
her further in shore than before by keeping a considerable keel upon
her, so as to make less depth of water necessary; and we were then in
the act of once more heaving her down, when a snow storm came on, and
blew with such violence off the land, as to raise a considerable sea.
The ships had now so much motion as to strain the gear very much, and
even to make the lower mast of the Fury bend in spite of the shores.
We were, therefore, most unwillingly compelled to desist until the
sea should go down, keeping everything ready to recommence the instant
we could possibly do so with safety. The officers and men were now
literally so harassed and fatigued as to be scarcely capable of
further exertion without some rest; and on this and one or two other
occasions, I noticed more than a single instance of stupor amounting
to a certain degree of failure in intellect, rendering the individual
so affected quite unable at first to comprehend the meaning of an
order, though still as willing as ever to obey it. It was, therefore,
perhaps, a fortunate necessity which produced the intermission of
labour which the strength of every individual seemed to require.

'The gale rather increasing than otherwise, during the whole day and
night of the 18th, had, on the following morning, when the wind and
sea still continued unabated, so destroyed the bergs on which our sole
dependence was placed, that they no longer remained aground at low
water; the cables had again become slack about them, and the basin we
had taken so much pains in forming had now lost all its defences, at
least during a portion of every tide. It will be plain, too, if I have
succeeded in giving a distinct description of our situation, that
independently of the security of the ships, there was now nothing left
to seaward by which the Hecla could be held out in that direction
while heaving the Fury down, so that our preparations in this way were
no longer available.

'After a night of most anxious consideration and consultation with
Captain Hoppner, who was now my mess-mate in the Hecla, it appeared
but too plain that, should the ice again come in, neither ship could
any longer be secured from driving on shore. It was therefore
determined instantly to prepare the Hecla for sea, making her
thoroughly effective in every respect; so that we might at least push
her out into comparative safety among the ice, when it closed again,
taking every person on board her; securing the Fury in the best manner
we could, and returning to her the instant we were able to do so, to
endeavour to get her out, and to carry her to some place of security
for heaving down. If, after the Hecla was ready, time should still be
allowed us, it was proposed immediately to put into the Fury all that
was requisite, or at least as much as she could safely carry, and
towing her out into the ice, to try the effect of 'foldering' the
leaks, by sails under those parts of her keel which we knew to be
damaged, until some more effectual means could be resorted to.

'Having communicated to the assembled officers and ships' companies my
views and intentions, and moreover given them to understand that I
hoped to see the Hecla's top-gallant yards across before we slept, we
commenced our work, and such was the hearty good-will and
indefatigable energy with which it was carried on, that by midnight
the whole was accomplished, and a bower-anchor and cable carried out
in the offing, for the double purpose of hauling out the Hecla when
requisite, and as some security to the Fury if we were obliged to
leave her. The people were once more quite exhausted by these
exertions, especially those belonging to the Fury, who had never
thoroughly recovered their first fatigues. The ice being barely in
sight, we were enabled to enjoy seven hours of undisturbed rest; but
the wind becoming light, and afterwards shifting to the N.N.E., we had
reason to expect the ice would soon close the shore, and were,
therefore, most anxious to continue our work.

'On the 20th, therefore, the re-loading of the Fury commenced with
recruited strength and spirits, such articles being in the first place
selected for putting on board as were essentially requisite for her
re-equipment; for it was my full determination, could we succeed in
completing this, not to wait even for rigging a topmast, or getting a
lower yard up, in the event of the ice coming in, but to tow her out
among the ice, and there put everything sufficiently to rights for
carrying her to someplace of security. At the same time, the end of
the sea-cable was taken on board the Fury, by way of offering some
resistance to the ice, which was now more plainly seen, though still
about five miles distant. A few hands were also spared, consisting
chiefly of two or three convalescents and some of the officers, to
thrum a sail for putting under the Fury's keel; for we were very
anxious to relieve the men at the pumps, which constantly required the
labour of eight to twelve hands to keep her free. In the course of the
day several heavy masses of ice came drifting by with a breeze from
the north-east, which is here about two points upon the land, and made
a considerable swell. One mass came in contact with our bergs, which,
though only held by the cables, brought it up in time to prevent
mischief. By a long and hard day's labour, the people not going to
rest till two o'clock on the morning of the 21st, we got about fifty
tons weight of coals and provisions on board the Fury, which, in case
of necessity, we considered sufficient to give her stability.

'While we were thus employed, the ice, though evidently inclined to
come in, did not approach us much; and it may be conceived with what
anxiety we longed to be allowed one more day's labour, on which the
ultimate saving of the ship might almost be considered as depending.
Having hauled the ships out a little from the shore, and prepared the
Hecla for casting by a spring at a moment's notice, all the people
except those at the pumps were sent to rest, which, however, they had
not enjoyed for two hours, when, at four A.M. on the 21st, another
heavy mass coming violently in contact with the bergs and cables,
threatened to sweep away every remaining security. Our situation, with
this additional strain,--the mass which had disturbed us fixing itself
upon the weather-cable, and an increasing wind and swell setting
considerably on the shore,--became more and more precarious; and
indeed, under circumstances as critical as can well be imagined,
nothing but the urgency and importance of the object we had in
view--that of saving the Fury, if she was to be saved--could have
prevented my making sail, and keeping the Hecla under way till matters
mended. More hawsers were run out, however, and enabled us still to
hold out: and after six hours of disturbed rest, all hands were again
set to work to get the Fury's anchors, cables, rudder, and spars on
board, these things being absolutely necessary for her equipment,
should we be able to get her out. At two P.M. the crews were called on
board to dinner, which they had not finished, when several not very
large masses of ice drove along the shore near us at a quick rate, and
two or three successively coming in violent contact either with the
Hecla or the bergs to which she was attached, convinced me that very
little additional pressure would tear everything away, and drive both
ships on shore. I saw that the moment had arrived when the Hecla could
no longer be kept in her present situation with the smallest chance of
safety, and therefore immediately got under sail, despatching Captain
Hoppner, with every individual, except a few for working the ship, to
continue getting the things on board the Fury, while the Hecla stood
off and on. It was a quarter-past three P.M. when we cast off, the
wind then blowing fresh from the north-east, or about two points on
the land, which caused some surf on the beach. Captain Hoppner had
scarcely been an hour on board the Fury, and was busily engaged in
getting the anchors and cables on board, when we observed some large
pieces of not very heavy ice closing in with the land near her; and at
twenty minutes after the Hecla had cast off, I was informed, by
signal, that the Fury was on shore. Making a tack in shore, but not
being able, even under a press of canvass, to get very near her, owing
to a strong southerly current which prevailed within a mile or two of
the land, I perceived that she had been apparently driven up the beach
by two or three of the grounded masses forcing her onwards before
them, and these, as well as the ship, seemed now so firmly aground,
as entirely to block her in on the seaward side. We also observed that
the bergs outside of her had been torn away, and set adrift by the
ice. As the navigating of the Hecla with only ten men on board
required constant attention and care, I could not at this time with
propriety leave the ship to go on board the Fury. This, however, I the
less regretted, as Captain Hoppner was thoroughly acquainted with all
my views and intentions, and I felt confident that, under his
direction, nothing would be left undone to endeavour to save the ship.
I, therefore, directed him by telegraph, 'if he thought nothing could
be done at present, to return on board with all hands until the wind
changed;' for this alone, as far as I could see the state of the Fury,
seemed to offer the smallest chance of clearing the shore, so as to
enable us to proceed with our work, or to attempt hauling the ship off
the ground.

'About seven P.M., Captain Hoppner returned to the Hecla, accompanied
by all hands, except an officer with a party at the pumps, reporting
to me that the Fury had been forced aground by the ice pressing on the
masses lying near her, and bringing home, if not breaking, the seaward
anchor, so that the ship was soon found to have swerved from two to
three feet fore and aft. The several masses of ice had, moreover, so
disposed themselves, as almost to surround her on every side where
there was sufficient depth of water for hauling her off. With the ship
thus situated, and masses of heavy ice constantly coming in, it was
Captain Hoppner's decided opinion, as well as that of Lieutenants
Austin and Ross, that to have laid out another anchor to seaward would
have only been to expose it to the same danger as there was reason to
suppose had been incurred with the other, without the most distant
hope of doing any service, especially as the ship had been driven on
shore by a most unfortunate coincidence, just as the tide was
beginning to fall. Indeed, in the present state of the Fury, nothing
short of chopping and sawing up a part of the ice under her stern
could by any possibility have effected her release, even if she had
been already afloat. Under such circumstances, hopeless as, for the
time, every seaman will allow them to have been, Captain Hoppner
judiciously determined to return for the present, as directed by my
telegraphic communication; but being anxious to keep the ship free
from water as long as possible, he left an officer and a small party
of men to continue working at the pumps, so long as a communication
could be kept up between the Hecla and the shore. Every moment,
however, decreased the practicability of doing this; and finding, soon
after Captain Hoppner's return, that the current swept the Hecla a
long way to the southward while hoisting up the boats, and that more
ice was drifting in towards the shore, I was under the painful
necessity of recalling the party at the pumps, rather than incur the
risk, now an inevitable one, of parting company with them altogether.
Accordingly Mr. Bird, with the last of the people, came on board at
eight o'clock in the evening, having left eighteen inches water in
the well, and four pumps being requisite to keep her free. In three
hours after Mr. Bird's return, more than half a mile of closely packed
ice intervened between the Fury and the open water in which we were
beating, and before the morning this barrier had increased to four or
five miles in breadth.

'We carried a press of canvas all night, with a fresh breeze from the
north, to enable us to keep abreast of the Fury, which, on account of
the strong southerly current, we could only do by beating at some
distance from the land. The breadth of the ice inshore continued
increasing during the day, but we could see no end to the water in
which we were beating, either to the southward or eastward. Advantage
was taken of the little leisure now allowed us to let the people mend
and wash their clothes, which they had scarcely had a moment to do for
the last three weeks. We also completed the thrumming of a second sail
for putting under the Fury's keel, whenever we should be enabled to
haul her off the shore. It fell quite calm in the evening, when the
breadth of the ice inshore had increased to six or seven miles. We did
not, during the day, perceive any current setting to the southward,
but in the course of the night we were drifted four or five leagues to
the south-westward, in which situation we had a distinct view of a
large extent of land, which had before been seen for the first time by
some of our gentlemen, who walked from where the Fury lay. This land
trends very much to the westward, a little beyond the Fury Point, the
name by which I have distinguished that headland, near which we had
attempted to heave the Fury down, and which is very near the southern
part of the coast seen in the year 1819. It then sweeps round into a
large bay, formed by a long, low beach, several miles in extent,
afterwards joining higher land, and running in a south-easterly
direction to a point which terminated our view of it in that quarter,
and which bore from us S. 58° W., distant six or seven leagues. This
headland I named Cape Garry, after my worthy friend, Nicholas Garry,
Esq., one of the most active members of the Hudson's Bay Company, and
a gentleman most warmly interested in everything connected with
northern discovery. The whole of the bays which I named after my much
esteemed friend, Francis Cresswell, Esq., as well as the land to the
southward, was free from ice for several miles; and to the southward
and eastward scarcely any was to be seen, while a dark water-sky
indicated a perfectly navigable sea in that direction; but between us
and the Fury there was a compact body of ice eight or nine miles in
breadth. Had we now been at liberty to take advantage of the
favourable prospect before us, I have little doubt we could, without
much difficulty, have made considerable progress.

'A southerly breeze enabling us to regain our northing, we ran along
the margin of the ice, but were led so much to the eastward by it,
that we could approach the ship no nearer than before during the whole
day. She appeared to us, at this distance, to have a much greater heel
than when the people left her, which made us still more anxious to get
near her. A south-west wind gave us hopes of the ice setting off from
the land, but it produced no good effect during the whole of the 24th.
We therefore beat again to the southward, to see if we could manage to
get in with the land anywhere about the shores of the bay; but this
was now impracticable, the ice being once more closely packed there.
We could only wait, therefore, in patience for some alteration in our
favour. The latitude at noon was 72° 34' 57", making our distance from
the Fury twelve miles, which by the following morning had increased to
at least five leagues, the ice continuing to pack between us and the
shore. The wind, however, now gradually drew round to the westward,
giving us hopes of a change, and we continued to ply about the margin
of the ice in constant readiness for taking advantage of any opening
that might occur. It favoured us so much by streaming off in the
course of the day, that by seven P.M. we had nearly reached a channel
of clear water which kept open for seven or eight miles from the land.
Being impatient to obtain a sight of the Fury, and the wind becoming
light, Captain Hoppner and myself left the Hecla in two boats, and
reached the ship at half-past nine, or about three-quarters of an hour
before high water, being the most favourable time of tide for arriving
to examine her condition.

'We found her heeling so much outward, that her main-channels were
within a foot of the water; and the large floe-piece which was still
alongside of her, seemed alone to support her below water, and to
prevent her falling over still more considerably. The ship had been
forced much farther up the beach than before, and she had now in her
bilge above nine feet of water, which reached higher than the
lower-deck beams. On looking down the stern-post, which, seen against
the light-coloured ground, and in shoal water, was now very distinctly
visible, we found that she had pushed the stones at the bottom up
before her, and that the broken keel, stern-post, and dead wood had,
by the recent pressure, been more damaged and turned up than before.
She appeared principally to hang upon the ground abreast the gangway,
where, at high water, the depth was eleven feet alongside her keel;
forward and aft, from thirteen to sixteen feet; so that at low tide,
allowing the usual fall of five or six feet, she would be lying in a
depth of from five to ten feet only. The first hour's inspection of
the Fury's condition too plainly assured me, that, exposed as she was,
and forcibly pressed up upon an open and stony beach; her holds full
of water, and the damage of her hull, to all appearance and in all
probability, more considerable than before, without any adequate means
of hauling her off to the seaward, or securing her from the incursions
of the ice, every endeavour of ours to get her off, or _if_ got off,
to float her to any known place of safety, would at once be utterly
hopeless in itself, and productive of extreme risk of our remaining
ship.

'Being anxious, however, in a case of so much importance, to avail
myself of the judgment and experience of others, I directed Captain
Hoppner, in conjunction with Lieutenants Austin and Sherer, and Mr.
Pulfer, carpenter, being the officers who accompanied me to the Fury,
to hold a survey upon her, and to report their opinions to me. And to
prevent the possibility of the officers receiving any bias from my own
opinion, the order was given to them the moment we arrived on board
the Fury.

'Captain Hoppner and the other officers, after spending several hours
in attentively examining every part of the ship, both within and
without, and maturely weighing all the circumstances of her situation,
gave it as their opinion that it would be quite impracticable to make
her sea-worthy, even if she could be hauled off, which would first
require the water to be got out of the ship, and the holds to be once
more entirely cleared. Mr. Pulfer, the carpenter of the Fury,
considered that it would occupy five days to clear the ship of water;
that if she were got off, all the pumps would not be sufficient to
keep her free, in consequence of the additional damage she seemed to
have sustained: and that, if even hove down, twenty days' work, with
the means we possessed, would be required for making her sea-worthy.
Captain Hoppner and the other officers were therefore of opinion, that
an absolute necessity existed for abandoning the Fury. My own opinion
being thus confirmed as to the utter hopelessness of saving her, and
feeling more strongly than ever the responsibility which attached to
me of preserving the Hecla unhurt, it was with extreme pain and regret
that I made the signal for the Fury's officers and men to be sent for
their clothes, most of which had been put on shore with the stores.

'The Hecla's bower-anchor, which had been placed on the beach, was
sent on board as soon as the people came on shore; but her remaining
cable was too much entangled with the grounded ice to be disengaged
without great loss of time. Having allowed the officers and men an
hour for packing up their clothes, and what else belonging to them the
water in the ship had not covered, the Fury's boats were hauled up on
the beach, and at two A.M. I left her, and was followed by Captain
Hoppner, Lieutenant Austin, and the last of the people in half an hour
after.

'The whole of the Fury's stores were, of necessity, left either on
board her or on shore; every spare corner that we could find in the
Hecla being now absolutely required for the accommodation of our
double complement of officers and men, whose cleanliness and health
could only be maintained by keeping the decks as clear and well
ventilated as our limited space would permit. The spot where the Fury
was left is in latitude 72° 42' 30"; the longitude by chronometers is
91° 50' 05"; the dip of the magnetic needle, 88° 19' 22"; and the
variation 129° 25' westerly.'

There now remains little more to be told--the accident that befel the
Fury, the lateness of the season, and the crowded state of the Hecla,
deprived Sir Edward Parry of all hopes of being able that season of
accomplishing the object for which the expedition had been despatched.

Under all these untoward circumstances, he determined to return to
England, and on the 2nd of September the crew of the Fury were taken
on board the Hecla, the boats hoisted up, the anchor stowed, and the
ship's head put to the north-eastward.

After a prosperous voyage, the whole of the Hecla and Fury's crews,
with but two exceptions, returned in safety to their native country,
arriving at Sheerness on the 20th of October, in as good health as
when they quitted England eighteen months before.

Lieutenant, now Captain Austin has, since these pages were written,
been appointed to the command of an expedition in search of Sir John
Franklin and his brave companions.

Captain Sir Edward Parry at present holds the appointment of
Superintendent of the Royal Clarence Victualling Yard, and Haslar
Hospital, Portsmouth.

FOOTNOTES:

[17] The loss of the Fury is taken from Sir Edward Parry's _Voyage to
the North Pole_, published by Mr. Murray, who has kindly allowed it to
be inserted in this work.




THE MAGPIE.


It is a common and no less apposite remark that truth is stranger than
fiction, and the longer we live, the more are we convinced of the
force of the above axiom.

The story which we are about to relate is one of the most remarkable
incidents in a sailor's life, and, as a tale of horror, cannot be
exceeded even in the pages of romance.

In the year 1826, the Magpie, a small schooner under the command of
Lieutenant Edward Smith, had been despatched in search of a piratical
vessel, which had committed serious depredations on the western shores
of the Island of Cuba.

In the prosecution of this object, she was cruizing on the 27th of
August, off the Colorados Roads, at the western extremity of the
Island. The day had been extremely sultry, and towards the evening the
schooner lay becalmed, awaiting the springing up of the land breeze, a
blessing which only those can appreciate who have enjoyed its
refreshing coolness after passing many hours beneath the burning rays
of a tropical sun.

About eight o'clock a slight breeze sprung up from the westward, and
the vessel was standing under reefed mainsail, whole foresail, and
topsail, and jib. Towards nine, the wind shifted to the southward, and
a small dark cloud was observed hovering over the land. This ominous
appearance, as is well known, is often the precursor of a coming
squall, and seems as if sent as a warning by Providence.

The lurid vapour did not escape the practised eye of the mate of the
watch, who immediately reported the circumstance to Mr. Smith. All
hands were turned up, and in a few minutes the schooner was placed in
readiness to encounter the threatened danger.

In the meantime, the cloud had gradually increased in size and
density. The slight breeze had died away, and a boding stillness
reigned around. Suddenly a rushing, roaring sound was heard, the
surface of the water, which a moment before was almost without a
ripple, was now covered with one white sheet of foam, the schooner was
taken aback; in vain her commander gave the order to cut away the
masts--it was too late, and in less than three minutes from the first
burst of the squall, the devoted vessel sunk to rise no more.

At this fearful juncture, a vivid flash of lightning darted from the
heavens, displaying for a moment, the pale faces of the crew
struggling in the water; the wind ceased as suddenly as it had begun,
and the ocean, as if unconscious of the fearful tragedy that had so
lately been enacted upon its surface, subsided into its former repose.

At the moment of the vessel going down, a gunner's mate, of the name
of Meldrum, struck out and succeeded in reaching a pair of oars that
were floating in the water,--to these he clung, and having divested
himself of a part of his clothing, he awaited in dreadful anxiety the
fate of his companions.

Not a sound met his ear, in vain his anxious gaze endeavoured to
pierce the gloom, but the darkness was too intense. Minutes appeared
like hours, and still the awful silence remained unbroken; he felt,
and the thought was agony, that out of the twenty-four human beings
who had so lately trod the deck of the schooner, he alone was left.
This terrible suspense became almost beyond the power of endurance,
and he already began to envy the fate of his companions, when he heard
a voice at no great distance inquiring if there was any one near. He
answered in the affirmative, and pushing out in the direction from
whence the sound proceeded, he reached a boat, to which seven persons
were clinging; amongst whom was Lieutenant Smith, the commander of the
sloop.

So far this was a subject of congratulation; he was no longer alone;
but yet the chances of his ultimate preservation were as distant as
ever.

The boat, which had been placed on the booms of the schooner, had
fortunately escaped clear of the sinking vessel, and if the men had
waited patiently, was large enough to have saved them all; but the
suddenness of the calamity had deprived them of both thought and
prudence. Several men had attempted to climb in on one side,--the
consequence was, the boat heeled over, became half filled with water,
and then turned keel uppermost; and when Meldrum reached her, he
found some stretched across the keel and others hanging on by the
sides.

Matters could not last long in this way, and Mr. Smith, seeing the
impossibility of any of the party being saved, if they continued in
their present position, endeavoured to bring them to reason, by
pointing out the absurdity of their conduct. To the honour of the men,
they listened with the same respect to their commander, as if they had
been on board the schooner; those on the keel immediately relinquished
their hold, and succeeded, with the assistance of their comrades, in
righting the boat. Two of their number got into her and commenced
baling with their hats, whilst the others remained in the water,
supporting themselves by the gunwales.

Order being restored, their spirits began to revive, and they
entertained hopes of escaping from their present peril; but this was
of short duration, and the sufferings which they had as yet endured,
were nothing in comparison with what they had now to undergo.

The two men had scarcely commenced baling, when the cry was heard
of--'A shark! a shark!' No words can describe the consternation which
ensued: it is well known the horror sailors have of these voracious
animals, who seem apprised by instinct when their prey is at hand. All
order was at an end, the boat again capsized, and the men were left
struggling in the waters. The general safety was neglected, and it was
every man for himself; no sooner had one got hold of the boat, than he
was pushed away by another, and in this fruitless contest more than
one life was nearly sacrificed.

Even in this terrible hour, their commander remained cool and
collected; his voice was still raised in words of encouragement, and
as the dreaded enemy did not make its appearance, he again succeeded
in persuading them to renew their efforts to clear the boat. The night
had passed away--it was about ten o'clock on the morning of the 28th;
the baling had progressed without interruption; a little more
exertion, and the boat would have been cleared, when again was heard
the cry of--'The sharks! the sharks!' But this was no false alarm; the
boat a second time capsized, and the unhappy men were literally cast
amongst a shoal of these terrible monsters.

The men, for a few minutes, remained uninjured, but not untouched; for
the sharks actually rubbed against their victims, and, to use the
exact words of one of the survivors, 'frequently passed over the boat
and between us, whilst resting on the gunwale,' This, however, did not
last long; a shriek soon told the fate of one of the men; a shark had
seized him by the leg, dying the water with his blood; another shriek
followed, and another man disappeared.

But these facts are almost too horrible to dwell upon; human nature
revolts from so terrible a picture; we will therefore hurry over this
part of our tale.

Smith had witnessed the sufferings of his followers with the deepest
distress; and although aware that in all probability he must soon
share the same fate, he never for a moment appeared to think of
himself. There were but six men left, and these he endeavoured to
sustain by his example, cheering them on to further exertions. They
had once more recommenced their labours to clear out the boat, when
one of his legs was seized by a shark. Even whilst suffering the most
horrible torture, he restrained the expression of his feelings, for
fear of increasing the alarm of the men. But the powers of his
endurance were doomed to be tried to the utmost; another limb was
scrunched from his body, and uttering a deep groan, he was about to
let go his hold, when he was seized by two of his men, and placed in
the stern sheets.

Yet when his whole frame was convulsed with agony, the energies of his
mind remained as strong as ever, his own pain was disregarded, he
thought only of the preservation of his crew. Calling to his side a
lad of the name of Wilson, who appeared to be the strongest of the
remaining few, he exhorted him, in the event of his surviving, to
inform the admiral that he was going to Cape Ontario in search of the
pirate when the unfortunate accident occurred; 'Tell him,' he
continued, 'that my men have done their duty, and that no blame is
attached to them. I have but one favour to ask, and that is, that he
will promote Meldrum to be a gunner.'

He then shook each man by the hand, and bade them farewell. By degrees
his strength began to fail, and at last became so exhausted, that he
was unable to speak. He remained in this state until the sunset, when
another panic seized the men, from a reappearance of the sharks. The
boat gave a lurch, and the gallant commander found an end to his
sufferings in a watery grave.

Thus perished an officer, who, if it had pleased Providence to
preserve, would, in all probability, have been one of the brightest
ornaments of the service. His character combined the three great
qualities which are essential for an officer and a seaman--courage,
coolness, and decision: opportunity only was wanting to display these
parts. If he had succeeded in capturing the pirate, promotion would
without doubt have followed, and a bright and honourable career have
been open to him. But the ways of Providence are inscrutable; it was
ordained that he should undergo sufferings from which the bravest
would have shrunk with horror. Had he fallen in battle, his name would
have been recorded in history. We hope that our feeble efforts to
rescue the memory of this brave seaman from sinking into oblivion will
not have been in vain, and that his name may find an honourable place
with others who have died in the performance of their duty.

The death of their commander was sensibly felt by all, for they had
long known his kindness and courage, and when his body sank below the
waves, their hopes sank also. Mr. Maclean, a mate, and now the
commanding officer, took upon himself to direct the efforts of his
comrades, and did all that lay in his power to revive their spirits;
he assured them that if they once succeeded in righting the boat, that
there was every chance of falling in with some vessel. But twenty
hours of constant fatigue, hunger, and thirst had made fearful ravages
upon the strength of the men. Night was again approaching, and Maclean
could not conceal from himself, that when darkness came on, the
chances of their being seen by any vessel passing near were further
removed than ever. The sharks had for a time taken their departure,
but they might return at any moment; for having once tasted blood,
they were not likely to be debarred from making another attack. Two
more of the men, either worn out from fatigue, or anxious to escape
from further suffering, threw themselves from their support, and were
drowned.

The burning sun again set beneath the horizon, but as yet no sail had
been seen upon the waters. Again the land-breeze passed over the
ocean, but it brought no refreshing coolness; it only reminded them of
the weary hours that had elapsed since it was so anxiously expected,
though its results were then far different from what they had hoped.

There were but four men left--Maclean, Meldrum, (the gunner's mate,)
Wilson, and another man. These had, by their united efforts, almost
managed to clear the boat of water, when, about three o'clock in the
morning, the two latter became delirious, sprung overboard, and were
either seized by the sharks or drowned. It will be remembered, that it
was Wilson who was selected by poor Smith to convey his last message
to the admiral.

The two survivors for a time forgot their own sufferings in the
horrible scene which they had just witnessed; but this did not last
long; their thoughts soon returned to the necessity of preserving
their own lives. They once more resumed their labours, and, though
nearly exhausted, did not desist until the boat was almost dry. They
then lay down to rest, in comparative security, and, let us hope, with
their hearts filled with gratitude for the mercies which had already
been vouchsafed to them, and remembering those words of our beautiful
Liturgy: 'That it may please Thee to succour, help, and comfort all
that are in danger, necessity, or tribulation.'

It is said that sometimes the criminal, the night before his
execution, forgets the fate that awaits him in a deep and refreshing
slumber. These two men, in spite of the horrors they had undergone,
fell into a sound sleep, from which they did not awake until the sun
was high in the heavens; when the horrors of their situation broke
upon them, rendered doubly painful by the temporary oblivion of the
last few hours.

The sun darted its scorching rays upon the two solitary beings, who
had planted themselves, one in the bows, and the other in the stern of
the boat, with neither oars, mast, sail, nor provisions of any kind.
In vain they strained their gaze in every direction; nothing was to be
seen but a boundless expanse of waters. Their eyes met, but it needed
no words to tell the hopeless despair which was gnawing at their
hearts. No longer was the loss of their companions regarded with
horror; they envied the fate which had spared them the torture which
they themselves were doomed to suffer:--

    Famine, despair, cold, thirst, and heat had done
    Their work on them by turns. BYRON.

Death at that moment would have been welcome.

Hour after hour passed away, but still the boat remained motionless on
the waters. Neither spoke; their hearts were too full for utterance:
in rapid succession, every thought and action of their lives passed
across their minds; home, kindred, friends, all would be remembered,
only again to be banished by the pangs of hunger and thirst.

Towards eight o'clock in the morning, the energies of Maclean and his
companion had almost sunk under the accumulated load of suffering; it
was more in despair than with any expectation of success, that they
once again cast their eyes around. But this time it was not in vain; a
white speck was seen in the distance: both exclaimed, 'A sail! a
sail!' and the extravagance of joy was now equal to their former
despair. Still the vessel was several miles distant, and unless those
on board kept a vigilant look-out, it was more than probable that they
would escape observation.

Of all the ills to which the human frame is liable, the agony of
suspense is the most intolerable. Hope and fear rose alternately in
their breasts; at one moment, the ship appeared to be nearing, at
another, she seemed further off than ever. The vessel sped slowly on
its course, but to their excited minds the time seemed interminable.
First the white canvas was seen, then the dark hull became visible;
but as yet no signs gave token that those on board were aware of their
proximity.

The brig, for such she now appeared, could not have been above half a
mile distant, when she suddenly altered her course. In vain they both
hailed at once, and waved their jackets as a signal, but no notice was
taken; then, indeed, every hope was dispelled, and the bitterness of
despair returned with redoubled force.

At this juncture, Meldrum resolved, at all hazards, to attempt to swim
to the vessel. If he remained in the boat, certain death would be the
fate of himself and his companion: on the other hand, he might perish
in the sea, but if he reached the brig, both would be saved. Without a
moment's hesitation, he communicated his design to Maclean, and then,
committing himself to the pretection of the Almighty, sprang
overboard.

The idea of solitude is so repugnant to human nature, that even death
would be preferable. It can be therefore easily imagined that it was
with feelings almost amounting to agony that Maclean saw himself
separated from his last friend. His first impulse was to follow his
companion, but better judgment prevailed, and he determined to await
the result. Never for a single instant did his eyes turn from the bold
swimmer: they followed his every stroke. At one time, he thought he
had sunk; at another, the ripple of a wave appeared to his distorted
imagination like the fin of a shark. Anxiety for the fate of his
companion kept his mind on the stretch until distance rendered the
object no longer visible. 'Then, indeed, did he feel that he was
alone.'

Meldrum was naturally a good swimmer, and every nerve was strained in
this last struggle for life; buoyed up by hope, he had accomplished
about two-thirds of his weary task when his strength began to fail,
his dying eyes turned towards the brig, and with one last effort he
raised his voice. He was heard: a boat was lowered from the brig, and
he was taken on board. The perilous situation of his comrade was made
known; and thus by his gallant exertions were preserved the lives of
the two survivors, of the ill-fated Magpie.

This tale might almost be discredited, but the facts from which it was
taken bear the signature of the officers composing the court-martial
who sat upon the two remaining men. Mr. Maclean is at the present
moment alive, and is now serving as a lieutenant in the coast-guard.
Meldrum was promoted for his gallantry to the rank of gunner, and died
two years ago.




THE THETIS.


His Majesty's ship, Thetis, Captain Samuel Burgess, sailed from Rio
Janeiro on the evening of the 4th of December, 1830, having a large
amount of treasure on board. The weather was so thick, that as they
worked out of the harbour, the islands at its entrance were not
visible; but as the evening was tolerably fine, with the exception of
the fog, Captain Burgess determined to persevere in his course. The
following morning the fog dispersed, but it was soon succeeded by such
heavy rain, that the obscurity was nearly as great as before. The ship
continued her course with the wind upon the starboard tack, until
half-past one in the afternoon, when, from the reckoning, they
supposed Cape Frio to be about thirty-eight miles distant, lying north
36° east. From the hour of their departure from Rio Janeiro, till the
time of which we speak, neither sun, moon, nor stars had been visible.
On account of the cross sea, which appeared to impede the progress of
the vessel, and the lightness of the wind, her course was kept east by
north until two o'clock, when it was changed to E.N.E. At four
o'clock P.M. it was calculated that they had run about nineteen miles,
and that they must be nearly abreast of Cape Frio, and about
twenty-four miles distant from it. The weather clearing up at that
time, they discovered a large ship, with all sail set, standing in
shore, and no land being visible, they concluded that they were still
further from land than they had reckoned, and therefore they changed
their course again to N.E. by E. At five o'clock the people were
mustered at quarters, and then a looming of land was seen to the
N.N.W., which, according to their calculation, was the direction Cape
Frio would bear; and there being no land near it that could have the
same appearance, the reckoning was considered correct, and a prudent
proportion of sail was made, regard being had to the state of the
weather, and the course they were steering. Between six and seven
o'clock P.M. the rain again began to fall; the fog returned, and
became gradually so thick, that it was impossible to see the length of
the ship.

At eight P.M. the watch was mustered, and the men placed at their
stations to keep a vigilant look-out, while the officer of the watch
went forward himself to see that the sails were well trimmed, and that
every one was on the alert. At half-past eight, when the captain had
retired to his cabin, and was waiting for the usual evening report
from the master, a midshipman entered with the startling intelligence
that land had been seen close ahead, the ship at the time going at
the rate of eight or nine miles an hour.

Captain Burgess was on deck in a moment; he ordered the helm to be put
'hard a-port,' and was told it had been done. The next instant the
jib-booms and bowsprit were heard to crash; the captain hastened to
the gangway, and was just in time to see the foremast go. Scarcely had
he called to the men to stand clear, when all the three masts fell
aft, one after the other, covering the deck with masts, yards, sails,
and rigging, and in their fall killing some and dreadfully mangling
others. Within a few feet of the ship rose a stupendous black rock,
against which the surf was raging violently. The rock was so
perpendicular, that both the fore and main yardarms were (before they
fell) scraping against the granite cliff. The hull, however, did not
appear to come in contact with the rock; but, as if answering the
helm, her head turned off shore, and as she swung round, the larboard
quarter boat was completely smashed between the ship's side and the
rock. Nothing could exceed the alarm that prevailed on board for a few
minutes after the sudden crash. The decks were covered with spars and
rigging, lying pell-mell upon the bodies of those who had been injured
by their fall. The man at the helm had been killed at his post, and
the wheel itself was shivered to atoms; whilst the darkness of the
night, and the roar of the breakers against the cliff, added to the
horrors of a catastrophe of which the suddenness alone was sufficient
to paralyse the energies of the men.

Captain Burgess saw that everything depended upon promptitude and
decision: he quickly rallied his people, and order was soon restored:
he then gave directions that the well should be sounded, and that the
men should stand by the small bower anchor.

A sentinel was placed to guard the spirit-room, and two small sails
were run up the fore and main-masts, the stumps of which were from
twelve to fifteen feet above the deck, and the helm was put to
starboard. The winches were next manned, and guns, rockets, and blue
lights let off in rapid succession.

The well was reported dry; orders were given for the small bower
anchor to be let go, but it was found covered with the wreck of the
bowsprit, and it was necessary to cut away the best bower in order to
keep the ship off shore; and for the same purpose every spar that
could be obtained was made use of to bear her off the rocky cliffs,
but in vain, for from the depth of the water, the anchor did not reach
the bottom, and the stern tailed upon a shelving rock in spite of all
their efforts. The men were next ordered to clear away the boats and
get them ready--but they were found totally destroyed. Those on the
quarters had been smashed by the rocks, and those on the booms and
stern by the falling of the masts. During the whole of this anxious
period, the conduct of the men was most exemplary. Aware that all
depended upon individual exertion, each one appeared to emulate the
example set by his officers, and worked with hearty good will; not a
single instance of anything like bad conduct occurred.

Their condition was most disheartening; the boats were no longer
available; the water was gaining on the vessel; and the rockets and
blue lights, as they darted into the air, served but to show them the
rugged face of the high rocks, which appeared to afford no footing by
which the summit could be gained, even if they should be so fortunate
as to reach them at all.

Whilst all on board were weighing these chances of destruction or of
safety, the vessel's head had gone round off, and a few succeeding
heavy surfs threw her again with her starboard quarter upon the rock,
and whilst she was in this position, there appeared a possibility of
getting some of the people on shore. Captain Burgess, therefore,
ordered Lieutenant Hamilton to do everything in his power to
facilitate such a proceeding, and shortly afterwards that officer, Mr.
Mends, midshipman, and about seventy others, effected a landing by
jumping either from the broken end of the mainyard, which was lying
across the ship, or from the hammock netting abaft the mizenmast;
several others who attempted to land in the same way were less
fortunate; some were crushed to death, and some drawn back by the
recoil of the surf and drowned.

From the time the ship first struck, the current had been carrying her
along the cliffs at the rate of at least a quarter of a mile an hour;
it now carried her off the rock, and she drifted along shore, a
helpless wreck, at the mercy of the winds and waves. The captain saw
that nothing more could be done for the vessel, and therefore he
directed all his energies to the preservation of the crew. The marine
who had been appointed to guard the spirit-room still remained at his
post, and never left it till commanded to do so by his superior
officer, even after the water had burst open the hatch. We mention
this as an instance of the effect of good discipline in times of the
greatest peril.

The vessel, or rather the wreck, was now carried towards a small cove,
into which she happily drifted; she struck heavily against the rocks,
then gave some tremendous yauls, and gradually sunk until nothing was
left above water but the bows, the broken bowsprit, and the wreck of
the masts as they laid on the booms.

All on board deemed that the crisis of their fate had arrived,--and
they prepared for the final struggle between life and death. There
were some moments of awful suspense, for every lurch the ill-fated
vessel gave, was expected to be the last; but when she seemed to sink
no deeper, there came the hope that her keel had touched the bottom,
and that they should not all he engulfed in a watery grave.

Before she sunk, the frigate's bows had gone so close into the rocks
as to enable some sixty or seventy people to jump on shore; and a
hawser was got out and fixed to a rock, by which several others were
saved; but by a tremendous surge, the piece of rock to which the
hawser was fastened was broken away, and for a time all communication
with the land was suspended. They tried every means that could be
devised to convey a rope from the ship to the land, but for a long
time without success, until Mr. Geach, the boatswain, swung himself on
the stump of the bowsprit, and by making fast two belaying pins to the
end of a line, he succeeded in throwing it on shore. To this a
stronger cable was bent, and it was dragged through the surf by the
people on the rocks, who then kept it taut.

Although a few words only are required to describe the mode by which a
communication was established between the ship and the shore, yet it
had been a work of toil, time, and danger. The boatswain had more than
once nearly lost his life by being washed away by the waves as they
swept over the wreck; the captain, who directed his proceedings, was
standing up to his middle in water, upon one foot only, frequently
losing his hold, and with great difficulty regaining his position.

The boatswain, when the preparations were completed, suggested that,
in order to test the strength of the cable, a boy should be the first
to make a trial of it; accordingly, a young lad was firmly secured to
a sort of cradle or bowling knot, and drawn on shore in safety. The
success of the attempt was announced by a loud cheer from the strand,
and the captain then took upon himself to direct the landing of the
rest of the crew by the same means. He stationed himself on the knight
head, so as to prevent a general rush being made; he then called each
man separately, and one by one they slung themselves upon the rope and
were swung on shore. Nothing could exceed the good conduct displayed
by the whole of the ship's company, every order was promptly obeyed,
and the utmost patience and firmness exhibited by every individual.

When the greater part of the people had quitted the wreck, there
still remained several who could not be induced even by the earnest
and repeated entreaties of their commander to leave their _dry_
position on the yards. The strength of the captain and boatswain was
almost exhausted, and as they could not persuade any more of the men
to avail themselves of the proffered means of safety, they were
obliged, though very reluctantly, to leave them on the wreck, and they
themselves joined the crew on the rocks.

In the course of an hour or two, however, the party who had stayed by
the wreck, took courage and ventured upon the rope; but as the stump
of the bowsprit, which was over the larboard cathead, rendered it
extremely hazardous to come forward, they did not all get on shore
till daylight. In the morning, Captain Burgess's first care was to
muster his men, and a melancholy spectacle presented itself. Sixteen
were missing, and of those who were gathered around him, many had been
dreadfully bruised and lacerated in their efforts to reach the shore.
Amongst those who perished was a fine spirited lad, the son of Captain
Bingham, late commander of the Thetis. But a few months before,
Captain Bingham himself had been drowned in the Guayaquil: thus father
and son lay far from their native land, beneath the western flood.

    The warlike of the isles,
    The men of field and wave,
    Are not the rocks their funeral piles,
    The seas and shores their grave?
    Go, stranger! track the deep--
    Free, free, the white sail spread;
    Wind may not rove, nor billows sweep,
    Where rest not England's dead.

The crew of the Thetis had now time to look around them, and to
consider what was next to be done. The prospect was a sad one. Before
them, and almost hidden by the white foam, lay the once noble frigate,
now a complete wreck; the cove into which she had drifted was bound by
lofty and precipitous crags, arising abruptly from the sea, and
varying in height from 80 to 194 feet. The men and officers were
perched in groups on points of the rocks; few of them had clothing
enough to cover them, and scarcely any had shoes. There seemed to be
no means of ascending the precipice; but to do so must be their first
object; and anxiously they sought for some part which might offer a
surer footing, and a less perilous and perpendicular ascent. At last
they succeeded in casting a rope round one of the projecting crags,
and by help of this some of the strongest of the party climbed the
giddy height, and then assisted in hauling up their weaker comrades.

To give some idea of the difficulties which they had to surmount, and
their almost miraculous escape, we subjoin the following description
of the place from the pen of Captain Dickenson:--

'The coast is formed of rugged and almost perpendicular rocks, varying
from 80 to 194 feet in height, a peak rising at each point, and
another in nearly the centre of the north-eastern side.

'On viewing this terrific place, with the knowledge that at the time
of the shipwreck the wind was from the southward, I was struck with
astonishment, and it appeared quite a mystery that so great a number
of lives could have been saved; and indeed it will never cease to be
so, for that part on which the crew landed is so difficult of access,
that (even in fine weather) after being placed by a boat on a rock at
the base, it required considerable strength and agility, with the
assistance of a man-rope, to climb the precipitous face of the cliff,
and I am certain that in the hour of extreme peril, when excess of
exertion was called forth, there must have been a most extraordinary
display of it by a few for the benefit of the whole.'

When the party were all safely landed on the top of the rocks, they
perceived that they were on an island without inhabitants, and
affording no shelter, except a few huts, that had been erected for the
convenience of the natives curing fish. Fortunately these huts
contained a considerable quantity of salt fish and farina. This was
placed in charge of the purser, and immediately distributed amongst
the ship's company, who stood in great need of refreshment. As soon as
the men were sufficiently recovered from their fatigues, they were
despatched in parties in all directions, to discover means of
communicating with the mainland, from which the island was a few miles
distant. Most of them soon returned with the tidings that no means of
transport could be procured. This was a very disheartening
announcement; but its effects were quickly dispelled by the appearance
of a canoe coming into the little cove where the huts were situated.

The seamen made signals to the men in the canoe, inviting them to
approach, which they did; and when they came up, they communicated the
welcome intelligence, that round a point to the left, on the mainland,
there was a village which afforded all kinds of accommodation.

Captain Burgess then ordered Lieutenant Hamilton to go in a canoe,
with two or three of his men, to this village, and there to make
arrangements for proceeding to the commander-in-chief at Rio Janeiro,
and to send off as many canoes as he could procure to convey the
ship's company to the mainland.

In a short time several canoes arrived at the island, and Mr. Drake,
the purser of the Thetis, was amongst the first sent off to the
village, with directions to despatch a sufficient quantity of
provisions for the people on the rock; but after making two or three
trips between the parties, Mr. Wilson, the master's assistant,
returned in one of the canoes to say, that the natives refused to come
again without being paid. In this dilemma, Captain Burgess went across
himself, and by dint of persuasion and promises of payment, he at last
induced some of the natives to go to the assistance of his people; and
in the course of a few hours as many were conveyed to the village as
was deemed prudent. It was necessary to leave some men to look after
the wreck; and to this duty Lieutenant Otway, Mr. Mends, midshipman,
the gunner, carpenter, four marines, and thirty-three seamen, were
appointed: they therefore remained on the island; and before night
Captain Burgess had the satisfaction of seeing all the rest of his
crew, if not very comfortably lodged, at least safe and under shelter.
In the evening, Lieutenant Hamilton set out overland to Rio Janeiro to
apprise the commander-in-chief of the loss of the Thetis, and the
distressing situation of her men.

The following morning the people had great difficulty in hiring
canoes, and only one could be obtained, in which Lieutenant West and
the boatswain went off to the wreck, where they were for several days
actively employed. None of the men were allowed to be idle, for they
had full occupation in carrying wood and water, which were only to be
found at a great distance.

The behaviour of the local authorities was disgraceful in the extreme;
although fully aware of the destitute condition of the Englishmen who
had been cast upon their shores, they denied them the most trifling
assistance, and turned a deaf ear to every entreaty and remonstrance.

Money! money! was the constant cry. In vain Captain Burgess assured
them that the little he had saved was almost expended; but that as
soon as assistance should arrive from his countrymen, every article
should be paid for. All his arguments and promises were thrown away
upon the natives, whose rapacity knew no bounds; they would give
nothing without payment, and their charges were exorbitant.

Captain Burgess was so exasperated at one of these natives, who had
agreed to let the crew have a small bullock, but, upon finding there
was no money to pay for it, had driven it away, that he thought it
almost justifiable to desire his men to help themselves. There was,
however, one bright exception to this universal hard-heartedness. A
sergeant, named Antonio das Santos, who commanded a small fort of
three guns, seeing the unwillingness of the natives to render any aid
to the strangers, came forward and asked if anything was wanted that
he could supply. Captain Burgess replied, that both his officers and
men stood in great need of food, and that a loan of money for present
use would be very acceptable. The sergeant immediately placed in the
captain's hands forty milreas in copper, and most generously put at
his disposal everything he possessed. The example of this
noble-hearted fellow had no effect on the conduct of the rest; their
great object seemed to be to make as much gain as possible by the
misfortunes of their fellow-creatures, and they went so far as to
plunder the wreck, breaking open the chests, and taking possession of
their contents whenever an opportunity occurred.

In order to attract the notice of vessels passing near, two
flag-staffs had been erected upon the heights, with the ensign
downwards; but day after day passed on, and no friendly sail appeared.
The cupidity of the natives was insatiable, and provisions became more
and more scarce. It was not until the 15th of December, ten days
after the loss of the Thetis, that a vessel was seen in the offing.
She proved to be the Algerine, which arrived most opportunely, when
they were almost reduced to extremity, and brought them the articles
of which they were in greatest need.

The next day, just after the Algerine had entered the harbour of Cape
Frio, Admiral Baker arrived with a necessary supply of money. He had
attempted the sea-passage from Rio Janeiro, for three days, in his
barge, but had been obliged to put back on account of the current, and
had then performed the journey of seventy miles overland in
forty-eight hours. From the admiral, Captain Burgess had the
satisfaction of hearing that the Druid, Clio, Adelaide, and a French
brig of war might be hourly expected.

These all arrived in due course, and took on board the officers and
men of the late Thetis, who were safely landed at Rio Janeiro on the
24th of December.

In conclusion, we cannot refrain from noticing the firmness and
presence of mind evinced by Captain Burgess under the most appalling
circumstances. After having adopted every available means for saving
the ship without effect, he superintended for many hours the
disembarkation of the crew, and during all that tedious process he was
standing in a heavy surf up to the middle in water; nor could he be
persuaded to quit the wreck until not one more of his officers or men
would consent to go before him. Respecting the conduct of the officers
and men, we cannot do better than lay before our readers Captain
Burgess's own estimate of its merits.

'I owe,' he says, 'to the whole of my officers and men (and which most
sincerely and unreservedly I render,) the meed of praise due to the
conduct of every one, without exception. It was their prompt obedience
to all my orders, and the firmness, fortitude, and alacrity which
they perseveringly as well as patiently displayed amidst their great
perils, sufferings, and privations, through the whole of this trying
scene, that contributed, under Providence, to the saving of so many of
their lives.

'Their subsequent orderly and excellent conduct on shore as much
bespeaks my approbation; and, in truth, the general character of their
conduct throughout has induced an esteem in me which it is impossible
can ever cease but with my life.'[18]

Captain Samuel Burgess entered the navy in 1790, and served on board
the Impregnable at the victory of the 1st of June, 1794. He was almost
constantly employed from that time until the year 1804, when he was
appointed a lieutenant on board the Prince, of 98 guns, in which ship
he was present at the battle of Trafalgar.

He next served on board the Dreadnought, 98, and subsequently was
appointed to the command of the Pincher, a 12-gun brig, employed in
the North Sea and Baltic. Whilst in command of this vessel, Lieutenant
Burgess distinguished himself on many occasions, particularly in
assisting Lord George Stuart in reducing the batteries of Cuxhaven and
Bremerleke. His next appointment was to the Vixen gun-brig; and
although he might well have expected promotion for his services, he
remained lieutenant until the year 1816, when he was appointed to the
Queen Charlotte, in which ship he served as flag-lieutenant to Lord
Exmouth at the bombardment of Algiers. Upon the arrival of the
dispatches in England, Lieutenant Burgess was promoted to the rank of
commander. He received his post rank on the 27th November, 1830, when
he took the command of the Thetis. A more lengthened statement of the
services of this officer will be found in O'Byrne's _Naval Biography_,
to which work we are indebted for the above sketch.

FOOTNOTES:

[18] The greater part of the treasure lost with the Thetis (806,000
dollars) has subsequently been recovered. An interesting description
of the means used for raising it will be found in a volume published
by Captain Dickenson.




THE FIREFLY.


The Firefly, a small schooner, with a crew of about fifty men, was
proceeding on her voyage from Belize to Jamaica, on the 27th of
February, 1835. The wind had been moderate during the day, and as they
were steering a course laid down in the chart, no danger was
anticipated.

Between nine and ten o'clock at night, the greater part of the crew,
with the exception of those whose duty it was to be upon deck, had
retired below, when the seaman in charge of the watch reported to the
commander, Lieutenant Julius McDonnell, that it was very dark ahead.
He instantly went upon deck, when the sound of surf breaking upon
rocks was distinctly heard. The helm was put down, under the hopes of
staying the vessel, but as the wind was light, and a heavy swell
setting in at the time, she did not come round, but getting stern-way,
struck with a shock which made every timber vibrate, and appeared to
threaten instant destruction to the vessel. All were in a moment upon
deck; the sweeps were got out on the larboard side, the best bower
anchor let go, and the boats hoisted out, and ordered to sound, whilst
the cutter was sent to carry out the stream anchor. The cable was then
held taut, but snapped almost immediately: the best bower came home,
and the small bower was let go. In the meantime, the wind had shifted
to the northward, and was blowing in heavy squalls, and their small
bower anchor, which was their sole dependence, came home.

Everything that could be done was put into practice to save the
vessel, but all in vain; and when daylight broke, her commander saw
that there was nothing now left him but to take measures for
preserving the lives of the crew.

For this purpose, all the officers and men were set to work to
construct rafts, as the boats were not sufficient to contain the whole
of the crew. Between six and seven o'clock in the morning, one raft
was completed, and the cutter and gig prepared to receive the men. The
vessel was all this time rapidly breaking up; the bolts of her keelson
and the stempost had started; the deck was broken in, and there was
but little hope of her holding together many hours.

One officer, Mr. Nopps, the master's assistant, had been placed in the
cutter, to prevent the men from taking away anything save the clothes
they had on. Eighteen were already in the boat, including Captain West
(an engineer officer) and his son, and fifteen were mustered in the
raft, which was lashed to the larboard of the wreck, when from some
accident the raft got adrift, and was carried away by the current.
This proved most unfortunate, as the raft was their great resource;
and all on board of her would inevitably have perished, had not the
cutter pushed out to their assistance. A rope was fastened to the
raft, and they attempted to tow her back to the schooner; but as the
cutter had only four oars, and the wind set so strong to the
southward, they were unable to reach the schooner.

Those who remained upon the wreck had only the gig left; and as this
could contain but a few, Lieutenant McDonnell thought it advisable to
direct an officer to take on board the sick, and proceed for
assistance to Belize, and if he fell in with the cutter to send her
back to the schooner. The gig accordingly shoved off, but again
returned, in consequence of an accident having happened to the mast;
this being remedied, she again pulled away from the wreck and having
fallen in with the cutter, communicated the orders of Mr. McDonnell
for her return. This, as has before been shown, was impossible, and
the gig having taken on board Captain West and his son, parted from
the cutter, with the intention of proceeding to Belize.

When Lieutenant McDonnell saw that the cutter did not return, he
directed and assisted the men who remained upon the wreck to construct
a second raft. This, after considerable labour, was completed by the
following morning: it was then launched overboard, and made fast to
the rocks within the reef. As the wreck still held together, Mr.
McDonnell considered it prudent to remain by her as long as possible,
in the hope that some assistance might arrive from Belize: but in this
he was disappointed. In the meantime, another and stronger raft had
been formed from the after part of the quarter-deck, which had been
broken up by the sea; this also was launched, and brought forward
under the bows. The men almost hoped against hope, but yet no
assistance arrived. Fortunately, the weather was partially moderate,
but still the sufferings, from exposure to the weather, and the
deprivation of proper food, were severely felt; and Lieutenant
McDonnell determined, under all these circumstances, to wait no
longer, and on the 4th of March everything was in readiness to quit
the wreck. A small barrel of bread was placed on the raft, but this
was immediately washed off into the sea. A beaker one-third full of
rum was then fastened more securely, and this was the only thing that
they could take with them.

All having embarked, they started with the intention of steering
towards a cay which was in sight, but the current proved too strong,
and the raft was swept into deep water. The sail was then set, and
they steered in the direction of what was supposed to be a wreck, or
vessel, in the same situation as themselves; but on nearing, it proved
to be a sand-bore, on which people were distinctly seen walking to and
fro. They immediately conjectured that these must be the crew of one
of the boats, a supposition which afterwards proved to be correct.
Every effort was made to gain the bank, but the current was too
strong, and they found it impossible to reach any part of the reef.

Lieutenant McDonnell, who had been suffering some days from ill
health, was now so exhausted that he was obliged to be supported upon
the raft. He was, therefore, unable to give any commands; and, after a
short consultation, it was considered best to stand out to sea, in the
hopes of falling in with some vessel. The night had set in, and they
steered a course westward. On the following morning a white bottom was
seen, but immediately afterwards the raft was again in deep water. All
this time they had nothing to eat; their sole subsistence being a
small quantity of rum, which was served out at stated intervals.

The following morning, about eight o'clock, land was observed right
ahead, and they endeavoured to steer in that direction; but their
progress, from the heavy construction of the raft, was necessarily
very slow, and it was not until sunset that they found themselves
about nine or ten miles from the shore. All the next night they stood
in the same direction; and about four or five o'clock in the morning,
as near as they could guess, they were cast by the surf upon the
beach. Utterly prostrate with the fatigues they had undergone, they
threw themselves upon the sand, and soon found in sleep a brief
forgetfulness of their past cares and troubles. They did not awake for
many horn's, when, upon looking around, they discovered that the
commander was absent. This, however, gave them no uneasiness, as it
was supposed that he had gone in search of assistance. The first
object was to proceed in quest of water, of which they stood in most
need. They had gone for more than a mile without finding anything to
moisten their lips, or any signs of habitation, when one of the men
discovered a cocoa-nut tree: here was both food and drink, and with
avidity they seized upon the fruit, and found relief from their most
urgent wants.

Amongst the party who were cast on shore were Mr. Malcolm, a master's
assistant, and Mr. Price, a merchant; these, with the rest of the men,
proceeding a little further into the woods, became so fatigued that
they were obliged to return to the place where they were first cast,
whilst their companions prosecuted the search for Lieutenant
McDonnell, whose continued absence had given the greatest alarm.

About one o'clock, some of the men returned, but brought no tidings of
the commander; they said that the rest of the men had determined to
walk round the cay, as they conjectured the place on which they were
cast was Ambegris Cay, and more especially as Mr. Price, who had been
long a resident at Honduras, had assured them that to the south-east
there was a plantation belonging to one of his friends.

About two hours afterwards the men returned, but neither their
endeavours to find a habitation nor any traces of Lieutenant McDonnell
had been successful. They said that it had been their intention to
walk round the cay, but from the appearance of the coast, they did not
think it was possible to do so that day. It was then proposed that
they should rest where they were during night, and renew their search
at an early hour next morning.

Whilst they were sitting on the beach, one of the men thought he saw
Mr. McDonnell running in the surf, about half a mile distant. Ritchie,
the gunner's mate, immediately proceeded in the direction where he was
supposed to be, and found that unfortunate officer in a state of
delirium. He endeavoured to persuade him to come down to where the
rest of the men were assembled, but a few incoherent words were his
only reply. Ritchie was, therefore, obliged to return to his comrades
for assistance; and having communicated the sad condition of their
officer, they all proceeded together to the spot where he was last
seen, but found no traces of the commander. Search was made in every
direction, but in vain; and as night was approaching, they were
reluctantly obliged to return to the place which they had fixed upon
as their rendezvous. In their way thither they gathered some more
cocoa-nuts, and having satisfied their hunger and thirst, lay down to
rest, under the canopy of heaven, and with no softer bed than what the
sandy beach afforded.

The next morning the men again declared their intention of walking in
search of the plantation mentioned by Mr. Price. Mr. Malcolm, who had
become the senior officer in the absence of Mr. McDonnell, advised
them to remain where they were, and to build a hut, and dig a well for
water; he assured them that, as long as there was a plentiful supply
of cocoa-nuts, they could not starve, and that the chances were,
assistance would arrive. All was, however, to no purpose; they would
not listen to any argument, and even disregarded his authority. It was
as much as he could do to insist upon their first going in search of
their commander.

After a long time employed for this purpose, they discovered Mr.
McDonnell asleep beneath a parmetta tree. Upon hearing footsteps
approaching, he awoke, but in such a feeble state that he was unable
to rise without assistance, and from the wildness of his manner, there
was too much reason to fear that his reason had fled. They gave him
some cocoa-nut milk, which he eagerly drank, and this appeared to give
him some relief. With difficulty they made him comprehend that they
intended to proceed to the plantation for assistance, but he refused
to join them, alleging that a boat was coming for him. In a short time
he appeared a little more collected, and agreed to join the
expedition. There still remained a small supply of rum, and a portion
of this being poured into some empty cocoa-nuts, it was distributed
equally amongst the men, and they all commenced their journey, the men
about 200 yards ahead, and Mr. McDonnell, supported by Malcolm and Mr.
Price, brought up the rear.

After proceeding in this way about two miles, Mr. McDonnell's strength
utterly failed, and he sank down upon the ground, declaring that he
could go no further; every entreaty was urged to persuade him to make
another effort, but both the powers of the mind and body had deserted
the unfortunate officer, and Malcolm and his companion were at a loss
to know what course to pursue. After a brief consultation they
determined to leave Mr. McDonnell, and as soon as they reached the
plantation, which Mr. Price declared could not be far distant, return
with assistance.

They then once more resumed their journey, the men proceeding ahead
as before; in the middle of the day they stopped to rest, and again
resumed their march until about an hour before sunset, when they
arrived at two cocoa-nut trees; and as these formed not only a place
of shelter, but also a means of procuring food, they determined to
remain there for the night. The men who had climbed up the trees, and
were gathering fruit, descried a pond, or creek, in the wood, about
half a mile distant. Mr. Price then observed, if that was the case,
they were on the mainland, and not on Ambegris Cay.

They were now in a great dilemma, for they were uncertain which way to
proceed, and Mr. Malcolm endeavoured to persuade the men to return to
the beach, assuring them that it was quite useless their proceeding
any further, for they did not know where they were going; but they
turned a deaf ear to every argument, declaring that they would walk as
long as they were able. Mr. Price, the merchant, agreed with the rest
of the men, and urged them to continue their journey, in the hopes
that they might be seen by some coasting boats going to Belize. This
was Saturday night; and after toiling all day, they had only walked
ten miles from where they had left Mr. McDonnell. The next morning Mr.
Malcolm again entreated the men to remain, but it was of no avail, and
they recommenced their march.

The men continued to walk together until Tuesday evening, subsisting
upon cocoa-nuts, which they gathered on their way, when Malcolm was
obliged to be left behind, as he was unable to walk any further. The
next morning he was found by some natives, and taken to Ambegris Cay,
where the men had arrived the previous evening.

We must now return to the fate of the cutter, which it will be
remembered left the wreck on the morning of the 28th of February,
taking the raft in tow. They endeavoured to return to the schooner,
but the current proving too strong, they were obliged to abandon the
attempt, and ran before the wind until they made a sand-bore, on the
south end of the reef, about an hour afterwards.

They then cut the raft adrift, and landed the men that were in the
cutter, sending the boat back with two men to carry the rest off the
raft, as it was impossible to bring the raft to the sand-bore. It was
about seven o'clock in the evening when they were all safely landed,
the cutter being at this time in such a condition, that she could not
have floated, even in smooth water, without baling.

They then dragged the boat up the beach, where they remained until
daylight next morning, the 1st of March. Mr. Nopps, master's-assistant,
who was the commanding officer of the party, determined to leave the
majority of the men on the sand-bore, and proceed to the wreck; he
accordingly started with five men in the cutter, in hopes of reaching
the schooner, but as it blew strongly from the northward, and the boat
had no jib or mizen, and the mainmast and sprit sprung, they found it
impossible to beat to windward. In this condition, as there was no
appearance of the wind abating, and nothing to eat except some salt
pork, and only two beakers of water, one of which had been drunk during
the night, Mr. Nopps considered it his duty to take the boat with these
five men, and run for the first place they could fetch, hoping to reach
Belize, which was nearly before the wind.

For two days they scudded before the wind, without being able to set
any sail, and had passed at least forty miles to the southward of
Belize, before the wind abated; during this time they suffered
severely from want of water, the last beaker having been finished,
and the salt pork increasing their thirst. It was not until twelve
o'clock on Tuesday, the 3rd of March, that they arrived in Belize
roads, and were taken on board the Fly.

Here they received every attention that was necessary, and Mr. Rogers,
the master of the Fly, accompanied by Mr. Nopps, was despatched in the
Governor's schooner to the assistance of the men who were left on the
sand-bore, and of the others who were still supposed to be upon the
wreck.

On the following Friday, the 6th of March, they reached the sand-bore,
and having taken off the men, proceeded to the wreck, where they found
only two men, from whom they learnt that Lieutenant McDonnell, and the
rest of the people, had quitted the wreck two days previously. Pilot
boats were then sent in search, and another party explored the coast;
and after visiting Long Bay, without hearing any tidings, returned to
Belize.

In the course of two days, a boat arrived with the eight men who had
been with McDonnell, who reported that they had left that officer,
almost dead, in the wood.

Mr. Nopps again departed in a pilot-boat in search of his commander,
but when he reached Ambegris Cay, the boat was unable to beat up
outside the breakers, and it came on to blow so violently during the
night, that they were prevented from landing; the following day they
were more successful, and Mr. Nopps walked up the coast. For two days
his search proved useless, but on the third he had the pleasure of
finding Mr. McDonnell still alive, in a hut, under the care of some
Indians. After the lapse of two days, he was so far recovered as to be
taken on board the pilot-boat, and arrived next morning at Belize Bay.

It would have been happy if all connected with the Firefly had been
equally fortunate. The gig, which had been sent from the wreck to
Belize for assistance, was found several days afterwards cast upon the
beach, broken in two, and all in her must have perished.

Lieutenant McDonnell was promoted to the rank of commander in 1846,
and at present is unemployed.




THE AVENGER.


The Avenger, a steam frigate, with an armament of 6 heavy guns and 280
men, sailed from Gibraltar on the afternoon of the 17th of December,
1847. As her commander, Captain Charles G.E. Napier, was anxious to
spare the coal, the steam was reduced to the least possible degree,
leaving sufficient to work the wheels up to the rate of sailing. On
Monday, the 20th, the steamer was running with square yards, at the
rate of eight or nine knots an hour, steering about east by south,
under double-reefed topsails and reefed foresail. At eight o'clock in
the evening the usual watch was placed, with directions to keep a
careful look-out. The night was dark and squally, with a high sea
running, and occasionally loud peals of thunder were heard,
accompanied with vivid flashes of lightning.

Most of the officers were collected in the gun-room, with the
exception of the captain, who had retired to his sleeping cabin. He
had directed his steward to request the attendance of the master, and
of Mr. Betts, the second master, who soon joined him in the cabin,
where they remained for a few minutes examining the charts. The
captain's steward relates, that the above officers went upon deck,
when Captain Napier desired him to take away the light, and to leave a
small lamp burning in the fore-cabin, which was always kept alight at
sea during the night. He accordingly did so, and returned to his
berth. In about half-an-hour afterwards he heard some one come down
from the quarter-deck, and go into the captain's cabin. In about five
minutes the captain went upon deck, where he remained for a short
time, and again returned to his cabin, but had scarcely closed the
door, before he was summoned upon deck by the officer of the watch.

The officers in the gun-room were upon the point of retiring to their
berths, when they were startled by a sudden jerk, which they at first
supposed to be a gun broken adrift, but the next moment the ship gave
a heavy lurch, as if filling, and her whole frame appeared shaken, and
every beam loosened. It would be in vain to attempt to describe the
dismay of the crew of the ill-fated Avenger, when thus roused from a
sense of comparative security, to find themselves in an instant upon
the verge of destruction. Already the deck was crowded with people,
most of them only partially clothed, and the rest almost naked. On the
bridge between the paddle-boxes stood the captain and master; Mr.
Ayling, the master's assistant, the quarter-master, and two seamen
were at the wheel. In another minute the ship gave a heavy lurch to
starboard, and the sea poured over the forecastle. The captain then
gave the order, 'Out boats--lower away the boats.' These were his last
words, for he was immediately afterwards washed overboard and drowned.

Lieutenant Rooke, who never appears to have lost his presence of mind,
immediately went forward to assist in lowering the boats, but under
the firm impression that the ship was fast sinking, and with little
hope that there was time enough to get out the boats, or even if
lowered, that they could live in such a heavy sea. He saw, however, if
anything was to be done, it must be done immediately; he therefore
went amongst the men endeavouring to persuade them to lower the
starboard cutter; Mr. Betts, the second master, at the same time
attempted to lower the port one. Every entreaty and persuasion that
Lieutenant Rooke could use was, however, of no avail; the men seemed
paralysed with the sudden panic and the apparent helplessness of their
situation. Instead of affording assistance, they clustered together,
exclaiming, 'Oh, my God, Sir, we are lost--we are lost!' Mr. Rooke,
finding that all his arguments were of no avail, crossed the deck to
the port side for the purpose of helping Mr. Betts in lowering the
port cutter. In his way he met Larcom, the gunner, who had just come
from below, with his clothes under his arm, having been in bed when
the ship struck. Hastily acquainting him with his intention, they made
the best of their way to the cutter, where they were joined by Dr.
Steel, the surgeon, Mr. Ayling, master's-assistant, John Owen, a
stoker, James Morley, a boy, and W. Hills, captain's steward. At this
moment, Lieutenant Marryat made his appearance, his manner calm and
self-possessed; he was in the act of addressing himself to one of the
party, when the ship gave a heavy lurch to starboard, and the gallant
young officer lost his footing, and was washed overboard.

Whilst they were in the act of lowering the cutter, an accident
occurred, which was nearly proving fatal to all their hopes of
preservation.

In lowering the boat, the foremost fall got jammed, and the after one
going freely, the boat had her stern in the water, and her bows in the
air; at this moment, Dr. Steel threw in his cloak, which fortunately
got into the sleave-hole of the after fall, and stopped it.

Just as the boat touched the water, and before the tackles were
unhooked, the ship struck again heavily, and began swinging broadside
to the sea, falling over to starboard at the same time, which, from
the cutter being the port one, made her crash with great violence
against the ship's side; however, by dint of great exertion, the boat
was got free from the tackles, and pulled clear of the ship.

The Avenger now lay broadside to the sea, with her head towards
Africa, falling at the same time to windward, with her deck exposed;
the foremast, mainmast, and mizen topmast falling over the starboard
side, and the funnel on the gangway, no doubt killing many of the crew
as it fell. As the boat left the ship's side, some one attempted to
burn a blue-light, but it went out immediately. The sea was now
occasionally seen to break over the forecastle and quarter, and Mr.
Rooke, in the hope of saving some of the crew, gave orders to lie on
their oars, and keep the boat's bow to the ship, to be ready to pick
up any of the survivors in the event of the ship's falling to pieces.
Lieutenant Rooke and his little party[19] remained by the ship for
about an hour and a half, the moon at intervals shining out brightly
from behind the heavy clouds, and discovering the Island of Galita,
apparently at about ten or twelve miles distant. The weather now
became more tempestuous; the rain poured in torrents; and all being
almost exhausted with pulling against a strong current, and being
gradually drawn away from the ship, Lieutenant Rooke considered it
most advisable to run under the lee of Galita, and there, if possible,
remain on their oars until there was daylight sufficient to land, and
seek assistance for the ship, in the event of the island being
inhabited.

All being of the same opinion, the boat's head was turned towards
Galita, and they took a last look of the Avenger, which appeared to be
firmly fixed, and likely to hold together for some time.

The weather grew worse and worse; the boat, under a close-reefed mizen
on the bumpkin stepped as a foremast, was steered with an oar by the
second master. When they had arrived within about two miles of the
island, the wind shifted to a very severe squall, accompanied with
lightning, thunder, and a heavy hail-storm. Mr. Larcom, the gunner,
now took the place of the second master in steering the boat, which
was scarcely got round, before the wind caught her with such violence,
that it seemed impossible the boat could live.

The squall continued without intermission for two hours and a half,
when the moon again emerged from the clouds, and the Island of Galita
was discovered on the port quarter. Some in the boat exclaimed, 'That
is the island!' which, at the time, they supposed to be long out of
sight, as the boat appeared to be going rapidly through the water;
this naturally led to a conjecture that a strong current set to the
northward and eastward. The wind still continued to veer about, and at
one time they thought that they must have passed the ship, but the
night was too dark to enable them to discern anything clearly many
yards beyond the boat.

In this manner they passed the long hours of night, exposed to cold,
hunger, and exhaustion; and, as Lieutenant Rooke afterwards observed,
with the full expectation that they would be unable to survive until
morning. The second master appeared to have lost all reason. Upon
being questioned as to whereabouts they were, or in what direction it
was necessary to steer, he seemed to be scarcely aware that he was
addressed. The doctor, the master's assistant, and the boy Morley,
were lying at the bottom of the boat during the whole night, and the
stoker, John Owen, was wrapped in his jacket, and appeared, if
possible, in a worse condition than the second master. When asked to
do anything, he only replied by vacant answers, and before morning
became an idiot. At last the wished-for day broke, and the coast of
Africa was discerned about eight or nine miles distant. As Lieutenant
Rooke considered that the boat could not be kept above water much
longer, he determined upon attempting a landing, and accordingly he
himself steered her towards a small spot of sand, apparently clear of
the rocks, and slightly sheltered by a reef running out into the sea.

This officer, from the time the boat quitted the Avenger, had,
notwithstanding his own personal sufferings, set a noble example to
his comrades, by exerting every effort to sustain their drooping
spirits. As he approached the shore, he exclaimed in a cheerful voice,
'This is something like Don Juan's shipwreck; I only hope we shall
find a Haidee.' It must not be supposed that this was said out of
bravado, or because he was not perfectly aware of the danger, but from
the necessity of his duty, as their commanding officer, to infuse a
new spirit into his exhausted crew, and to encourage them in the
approaching struggle, which he well knew would he 'life or death.' On
hearing the above words, poor Steel, the doctor, exclaimed, 'Rooke!
Rooke! there are other things to think of now.' The words were
prophetic, for before many minutes had elapsed, he had ceased to
exist. As they approached the shore, the sail was shifted from the
port side to the starboard, and the sheet which had been held by
Hills, the captain's steward, for ten hours, was fastened to the
thwarts.

Mr. Rooke now again resigned his place as steerer to Larcom, the
gunner, and assisted the others in baling out the boat, which had
shipped a heavy sea on the quarter. The boat was steered within about
one hundred and fifty yards of the beach, when the rollers caught her,
first lifting her upright, and, as there was not water enough to float
her whole length, she filled and capsized. Larcom, Lieutenant Rooke,
Hills, the captain's steward, and the boy Morley, succeeded in gaining
the beach, but the rest of their unfortunate comrades perished.

We should here mention that this was the second occasion on which the
boy Morley narrowly escaped a watery grave.

When the Avenger was at Lisbon, the boy fell overboard, and would have
perished, had it not been for Lieutenant Marryat, who, at the risk of
his own life, sprung into the sea, and rescued the boy.

In a few minutes a Bedouin Arab, who had been watching the boat from
some high ground, came toward them and conducted them to his hut,
where he supplied them with some milk; and having lighted a fire, they
were enabled to dry their clothes.

They remained with their hospitable entertainer during that day, and
in the evening made a supper of maize-cake and sour milk. In the
meantime, Mr. Rooke had made the Arab understand their situation, and
their wish to get to Tunis; and after some trouble and promise of
reward, he agreed to conduct them next morning to Biserta. The wearied
men then threw themselves on the ground, where they passed the night
in company with dogs, cows, and goats, exposed to a violent wind and
pouring rain.

Their subsequent proceedings are thus related by Lieutenant Rooke:--

'Wednesday, December 22nd.--At about 9 A.M. we started. Our road lay
at first over a ridge of high hills, from which we saw nothing of the
ship. We then crossed a sandy plain covered with the cactus, which
severely wounded my feet. Afterwards passed through some wooded
ravines, and over an extensive marsh intersected with brooks. Towards
the evening a horseman overtook us, who seeing the tired condition of
the steward, his feet bleeding, and also suffering from a gash on his
head, received whilst landing, carried him for about four miles, and
when his road lay in a different direction, gave our guide his gun,
and a piece of silver for us.

'The night being now dark, and all of us exhausted, we stopped at a
Bedouin encampment, and asked for shelter, which after some time was
granted. We had been walking about ten hours, and got over more than
thirty miles of broken ground, having stopped once for a few minutes
to pick the berries off some arbutus trees, being our only food since
breakfast till late that night. We were wet, coverless, and all except
myself shoeless.

'They gave us some maize-cake and milk. Seeing horses, I made them
understand that they would be well paid if they let us have them to
take us on to Biserta that night, when they made signs that the gates
were locked, but that we should have them in the morning.

'Thursday, December 23rd.--At daylight we set out, but none of us
could walk from swollen feet. After a ride of about fifteen miles,
sometimes fording streams, and at others nearly up to our horses'
knees in mud, we arrived about ten A.M., at Biserta, and went to the
house of our consular agent, an Italian, whom I immediately asked to
prepare a boat for Tunis.

'The boats here were all too small to send to the wreck, and for which
the wind was foul, with a fresh breeze. About 1 P.M. I started for
Tunis, and arrived about 11 P.M. at the Goletta, where I landed, and
sent to our Vice-Consul, who after some difficulty, owing to the port
regulations, came to see me, and tried to pass me through the gates,
but did not succeed. He promised to get two vessels ready, as
unfortunately there were no steamers here at the time of our arrival.
In one I meant to have sent Mr. Larcom to Galita, and the other I
intended to take to the wreck.

'Friday, December 24th.--At daylight, when the gates opened, I entered
a carriage, and drove up to our consul-general, who ordered his agent
to forward my views in every way, sending his son to hurry matters,
whilst he communicated with the Bey, who ordered his squadron to sea.

'Whilst my boat was preparing (a Maltese speronara, with a crew of
twelve men, selected for their knowledge of the coast,) I wrote two
letters, one to Malta, and the other to Lisbon, stating the loss of
the ship. Not having slept for four nights, and being thoroughly
tired, would account for the vague statement I sent. I then
breakfasted, and started about two P.M., having put on board such
provisions as my hurried departure admitted of--tea, coffee, biscuits,
and spirits, in case I should be fortunate enough to save anybody.

'Saturday, December 25th, on my passage, and at daylight on Sunday I
was close to the spot where the Avenger was wrecked, although there
was no broken or discoloured water to mark it. I cruised about till
satisfied she had either broken up or sunk. Whilst here I saw two
steamers (Lavoisier and Pasha) come up and cruise about Galita
together: a merchant ship, and a gun-boat of the Bey's, with which I
communicated, asking them to take me to Galita, which I wished to
examine personally, as also to speak the steamers, my own crew, with
whom I had great trouble, refusing to do so. They declined, when I
asked them to take half my crew out, and lend me two men, to which
request I also received a negative; so I returned to Tunis, arriving
at about 1 A.M. on the morning of Tuesday, December 28th. Sir Thomas
Reade took all to his house, and made it a home for us. I went on
board the French steamer Lavoisier, to thank the captain for his
assistance, and also waited on the governor for the same purpose.'

During the summer of the present year, the French government directed
Captain Bouchet Rivière to make a survey of the Sorelle. In
conclusion, therefore, we will give the following extract from that
officer's letter, as it throws some light upon the circumstances which
led to the loss of the Avenger:--

'The English frigate, Avenger, was lost on the two Sorelle; I saw
between the two heads of rocks, which are aptly named 'Sisters,' her
entire engine, two anchors, a shell gun, and some loose parts of the
wreck. I recovered and took on board some pieces of iron from the bed
of the engine, and a boarding cutlass. The engine lies in a medium
depth of ten metres (thirty-three feet).

'From information which has been given me by boats which saw the
Avenger at sea the day of her loss, and adding the observations which
I was enabled to make on the spot itself, I have every reason to
believe that the event happened in the following manner:--

'The Avenger had, during the day, run along the coast of Algeria, but
on the approach of night, being then north of Calle, and the weather
having suddenly become very bad, with a great deal of wind from the
north-west, the captain of the Avenger altered her course immediately
to the northward, in order not to be caught in the middle of a
dangerous channel. As soon as he thought that the ship had passed the
parallel of the Sorelle, he resumed his course to the eastward,
satisfied that he would pass several miles to the northward of them.
He had not calculated on the currents which I have found at this
dangerous spot, and which, with a north-west wind, set to the
south-eastward with a rapidity of about 3 miles an hour. The track of
the Avenger must have been materially altered by this cause. When she
steered east, she was only in the latitude of the Sorelle, and was
shortly afterwards, on a very dark night, shattered against these
rocks. The first shock must have been dreadful. It took place on the
point south-east of the north-west rock; when she cleared this rock,
which is at this spot thirteen feet below the surface, leaving a large
white furrow, she ran a hundred and sixty feet further, and struck on
the south-east rock, which is only about four feet (one metre twenty
centimetres) below the surface. She again marked the rock very
distinctly. The sea, which is often very rough on this spot, has left
nothing remaining but the massive part of the engine, where it can be
perceived between the two rocks, covered with thick weed.

'The dangerous Sorelle are formed by two tables of rocks, distant
about a hundred and sixty feet from each other, and separated by a
channel of a medium depth of thirty-nine to forty-nine feet (twelve to
fifteen metres). These two tables of rocks extend from the north-west
to the south-east. The north-west one has a diameter of 66 English
feet (twenty metres), its highest point is to the eastward, 16 feet
under water (five metres). The southeastern has a diameter of 197 feet
(sixty metres), and its highest point is only at a depth of 4 feet.
This last point is situated, according to my observations, which agree
with the position laid down in the chart of Admiral Berard, in 37° 24'
of north latitude, and 6° 16' 25" of east longitude from Paris, (or 8°
36' 45" east of Greenwich); 17'.4 miles S. 65° 15' W. of the east
point of the Island of Galita, and 27'.3 miles N. 0° 30' E. of Cape
Roux.'

The fate of the Avenger leads to many sad reflections. The last of the
wrecks described in this volume, one of yesterday, as it were, was
more disastrous than many others. It is painful to contemplate the
scene of dismay, when the ship struck, so unlike the presence of mind
and calm deportment which we have recorded on similar occasions. But
every allowance is to be made for the panic which followed a
catastrophe so sudden and so overwhelming. The night was dark and
tempestuous, the sea was running high, and all the elements were in a
state of uproar. The paralyzing effect of this accumulation of horrors
appears in the fact, that even after the small party of eight had so
far secured their preservation as to be in possession of the cutter,
and were within sight of the Island of Galita, two of them were found
to be bereft of their reason.

The first crash, and the rapid plunge of the ship into the gulf that
opened for her, and the loss of their captain among the first that
perished, left the crew without that guidance and control to which
seamen are in the habit of looking for support.

But though we have to regret the consternation that prevailed, there
was no gross neglect or misconduct to throw a darker shade over the
last hours of the Avenger. Captain Napier had been in consultation in
his cabin with the master and second-master, examining the charts, and
had also been on deck, giving directions to the officer of the watch,
but a short time before the first alarm. When the panic was at its
height, there was no act of dastardly selfishness for personal
preservation, to the disregard of the safety of others. The officers
are not accused of losing their composure. Lieut. Marryat is stated to
have been 'calm and self-possessed;' and Mr. Rooke's strenuous efforts
to lower the cutter, and his manly resolution to remain by the ship,
as long as there was any chance of saving the lives of some of the
survivors, attest his devotion to his duty to the very last.

The French officer, Captain Bouchier Rivière, who made a survey of the
Sorelle after the wreck, and who deliberately considered all the
circumstances, imputes no blame to the officers of the Avenger, but
generously accounts for the misfortune by referring to the dangers of
the spot, the force of the currents, the wildness of the weather, and
the darkness of the night. 'The first shock,' says he, 'must have been
dreadful.'

It would have been humiliating and afflicting, had this record of the
Shipwrecks of the Royal Navy, in which there is so much to admire,
been closed with the details of a calamity in any way disgraceful to
the service. Truth has required that the words '_dismay_' and
'_panic_' should be used in the foregoing relation; but the terrible
suddenness of the event, the instantaneous shock which broke up the
Avenger in a moment, without the preparatory warning of 'breakers
ahead,' or the previous notice of rocks or shoals in sight, will more
than account for the helplessness to which the crew were reduced.
They had not time to brace up their shattered nerves. The noble
bearing of the two lieutenants, Rooke and Marryat, cool as they were,
and in full command of their energies in the midst of crashing timbers
and perishing men, places the character of the British seaman in its
title light, and winds up our narrative with two more examples of
naval heroism.

FOOTNOTES:

[19] The party in the boat consisted of Lieutenant Rooke; Mr. Betts,
second master; Mr. Ayling, master's assistant; Mr. Larcom, gunner; Dr.
Steel, the surgeon; Wm. Hills, captain's steward: John Owen, stoker;
and the boy Morley.




LIST OF THE SHIPWRECKS OF THE ROYAL NAVY,
BETWEEN 1793 AND 1850.


------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+----------------
            |              |    |  Commanding  |No.|Number|
  Name of   |   Date.      |Guns|  Officer's   |of |  of  |  Where lost.
   Ship.    |              |    |    Name.     |men| lost.|
------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+----------------
Advice,     | June  1, 1793|  4 |Edward Tyrell | 30| None |Bokell Key,
  Cutter    |              |    |              |   |      |Honduras.
Amphitrite  | Jan. 20, 1794| 24 |Anthony Hunt  |160| None |On a sunken
            |              |    |              |   |      |rock in the
            |              |    |              |   |      |Mediterranean.
Ardent      | April,   1794| 64 |Robert M.     |500|  All |Blown up or
            |              |    |  Sutton      |   |      |burnt off
            |              |    |              |   |      |Corsica.
Amethyst    | Dec. 29, 1795| 44 |Thomas        |300| None |Striking on
            |              |    |  Affleck     |   |      |rocks off
            |              |    |              |   |      |Guernsey.
Arab, Sloop | June 10, 1796| 14 |Stephen       | 96|Capt. |Rocks off the
            |              |    |  Seymour     |   |      |Glenan Isles,
            |              |    |              |   |      |near Brest.
Active      |Sept. 15, 1796| 32 |Ed. Leveson   |215| None |Running on shore
            |              |    |  Gower       |   |      |at Anticosti
            |              |    |              |   |      |River St.
            |              |    |              |   |      |Lawrence.
Amphion     |Sept. 22, 1796| 32 |Isaac Pellew  |215|Grter.|Burnt by
            |              |    |              |   |pt. of|accident, and
            |              |    |              |   |crew  |blown up in
            |              |    |              |   |      |Hamoaze Harbour.
Albion      |April 27, 1797| 64 |Henry Savage  |491| None |Striking on
            |              |    |              |   |      |Middle Sand in
            |              |    |              |   |      |the Swin.
Artois      | July 31, 1797| 32 |Sir Edmund    |284| None |Running on
            |              |    |  Nagle       |   |      |Ballien Rocks.
Amazon      | Jan. 14, 1797| 32 |Robert C.     |264| None |Engaged with the
            |              |    |  Reynolds    |   |      |Droits des
            |              |    |              |   |      |Hommes, and ran
            |              |    |              |   |      |on shore in
            |              |    |              |   |      |Audernie Bay,
            |              |    |              |   |      |coast of France.
Aigle       | July 18, 1797| 36 |Charles Tyler |274| None |Off Farina,
            |              |    |              |   |      |coast of Spain.
Apollo      |  Jan. 7, 1797| 38 |Peter Halkett |284| None |Running on Haak
            |              |    |              |   |      |Sand, coast of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Holland.
Amaranthe,  | Oct. 25, 1799| 14 |George Hans   | 86|   22 |Coast of
  Sloop     |              |    |  Blake       |   |      |Florida.
Augustus,   | July  7, 1801|    |James Scott   |   | None |In the Sound,
  G. Boat   |              |    |              |   |      |on the Hoe.
Assistance  | Mar. 29, 1802| 50 |Richard Lee   |345| None |Between
            |              |    |              |   |      |Dunkerque and
            |              |    |              |   |      |Gravelines.
Avenger,    | Dec.  5, 1803| 14 |F. Jackson    | 80| None |Running on sand
  Sloop     |              |    |  Snell       |   |      |bank at the
            |              |    |              |   |      |mouth of the
            |              |    |              |   |      |River Jade,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Heligoland.
Apollo      |April  2, 1804| 36 |J.W. Taylor   |264|   62 |Running on shore
            |              |    |  Dixon       |   |      |in Mondego Bay,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Portugal.
Athenienne  | Oct. 20, 1806| 64 |Robert        |491|  350 |On the
            |              |    |  Raynsford   |   |      |Esquerques, off
            |              |    |              |   |      |Sicily.
Adder,      | Dec.  9, 1806| 12 |Molyneux      |   | None |Driven on shore
  Gun Brig  |              |    |  Shuldham    |   |      |on coast of
            |              |    |              |   |      |France.
Ajax        | Feb. 14, 1807| 74 |Hon. Hy.      |600|  250 |Burnt by
            |              |    |  Blackwood   |   |      |accident in the
            |              |    |              |   |      |Dardanelles.
Atalanta,   | Feb. 12, 1807| 14 |John Bowker   |110| None |On La Grande
 Sloop      |              |    |              |   |      |Blanche, Island
            |              |    |              |   |      |of Rhe, France.
Anson       | Dec. 29, 1807| 44 |Charles       |330|   60 |On sand-bank
            |              |    |  Lydiard     |   |      |off Helstone,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Falmouth.
Astræa      | Mar. 23, 1808| 32 |Edmund        |215|    4 |On a reef,
            |              |    |  Heywood     |   |      |Island of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Anegada, West
            |              |    |              |   |      |Indies.
Alemene     | Apr. 20, 1809| 32 |W. Henry      |254| None |On a shoal at
            |              |    |  Tremlett    |   |      |the mouth of
            |              |    |              |   |      |the Loire.
Agamemnon   | June 16, 1809| 64 |Jonas Rose    |491| None |Ran on shore in
            |              |    |              |   |      |Maldonado Roads,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Rio de la
            |              |    |              |   |      |Plata.
Achates,    | Feb.  7, 1810| 14 |Thomas Pinto  | 76| None |On Englishman's
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |Head,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Guadaloupe.
Amethyst    | Feb. 15, 1811| 38 |Jacob Walton  |284|    8 |On Cony Cliffs,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Plymouth Sound.
Avenger,    | Oct.  8, 1812| 18 |Urry Johnson  | 80| None |In the narrows
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |of St. John's
            |              |    |              |   |      |Harbour,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Newfoundland.
Algerine,   | May  20, 1812| 10 |Daniel        | 70| None |On the
  Schooner  |              |    |  Carpenter   |   |      |Galapagos
            |              |    |              |   |      |Roads,
            |              |    |              |   |      |West Indies.
Atalante    | Nov. 10, 1813| 18 |Frederick     |121| None |In a fog on the
            |              |    |  Hickey      |   |      |Sisters' Rocks,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Halifax.
Anacreon,   | Feb. 28, 1814| 18 |John Davis    |121|      |Foundered in
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |the Channel.
Alceste     | Feb. 18, 1817| 38 |Murray        |315| None |Off Island of
            |              |    |  Maxwell     |   |      |Pulo Leat,
            |              |    |  (Sir)       |   |      |China Seas.
Arab, Sloop | Dec. 12, 1823| 18 |William       |100|  All |Near
            |              |    |  Holmes      |   |      |Belmullett,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Westport.
Algerine    | Jan.  9, 1826| 10 |Charles       | 75|  All |In a squall in
            |              |    |  Wemyss      |   |      |the
            |              |    |              |   |      |Mediterranean.
Acorn,      | Apr. 14, 1828| 18 |Edward Gordon |115|  All |On Halifax
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |Station.
Avenger,    | Dec. 20, 1847|  6 |Edw. G.E.     |250|  246 |On the Sorelle
  Steam-ship|              |    |    Napier    |   |      |Rocks,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Mediterranean.
Boyne       | May   1, 1795| 98 |George Grey   |750|   11 |Accidentally
            |              |    |              |   |      |burnt at
            |              |    |              |   |      |Spithead.
Bombay      | Dec. 21, 1796| 74 |Thomas        |590| None |In the Tagus.
  Castle    |              |    |  Sotheby     |   |      |
Berbice,    | Nov.     1796| 20 |John Tresahar | 42| None |Off the coast
  Schooner  |              |    |              |   |      |of Dominique,
            |              |    |              |   |      |West Indies.
Braak, Sloop| May  23, 1798| 14 |James Drew    | 86|   35 |Foundered in
            |              |    |              |   |      |the Delaware.
Blanche     |Sept. 28, 1799| 16 |John Ayscough |121| None |In Scalp Gat,
            |              |    |              |   |      |in the Texel.
------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+---------------

------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+---------------
            |              |    |  Commanding  |No.|Number|
  Name of   |   Date.      |Guns|  Officer's   |of |  of  |  Where lost.
   Ship.    |              |    |    Name.     |men| lost.|
------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+---------------
Brazen,     | Jan. 26, 1800| 14 |James Hanson  |116|    1 |Near Brighton.
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |
Bonetta     | Oct. 13, 1801| 16 |Thomas New    |121| None |On a shoal east
            |              |    |              |   |      |of the
            |              |    |              |   |      |Jardines, Cuba.
Babet       | Unknown, 1801| 24 |Jemmett       |155|  All |Foundered in
            |              |    |  Mainwaring  |   |      |the West
            |              |    |              |   |      |Indies.
Barraconta, | Oct.  2, 1805| 10 |Joel Orchard  | 48| None |On the south
  Schooner  |              |    |              |   |      |side of the
            |              |    |              |   |      |Island of Cuba,
            |              |    |              |   |      |(running on
            |              |    |              |   |      |shore.)
Biter,      | Nov. 10, 1805|    |Geo. Thos.    | 50| None |Near Calais.
  Gun-brig  |              |    | Wingate      |   |      |
Bouncer,    | Feb.     1805|    |Samuel Bassan | 50| None |Off Dieppe.
  Gun-brig  |              |    |              |   |      |
Brave       | April 2, 1806|    |Edmund Boger  |   | None |Foundered in
            |              |    |              |   |      |passage from
            |              |    |              |   |      |from Jamaica to
            |              |    |              |   |      |England.
Boreas      | Dec.  5, 1807| 28 |George Scott  |195|  127 |On the Hannois
            |              |    |              |   |      |Rocks,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Guernsey.
Blenheim    |          1807| 74 |Sir Thomas    |590|  All |Foundered, date
            |              |    |  Troubridge, |   |      |unknown, off
            |              |    |  V.-Admiral, |   |      |the Island of
            |              |    |  Austin      |   |      |Rodrigue,
            |              |    |  Bissell,    |   |      |Indian Ocean.
            |              |    |  Capt.       |   |      |
Blanche     | Mar.  4, 1807| 38 |Sir T. Lavie  |284|   45 |Off Ushant.
Busy, Sloop |          1807| 18 |Richard       |121|  All |Foundered on
            |              |    |  Keilley     |   |      |the Halifax
            |              |    |              |   |      |Station, date
            |              |    |              |   |      |unknown.
Bolina      | Nov.  3, 1807|    |Edward        |   |    1 |Driven on
            |              |    |  Claributt   |   |      |shore, Peran
            |              |    |              |   |      |Porth.
Bermuda,    |April 22, 1808| 12 |Wm. Henry     |121| None |On Little
  Sloop     |              |    |  Byam        |   |      |Bahama Bank.
Bustler,    | Dec. 26, 1808| 10 |Richard Welsh | 50| None |On shore, Cape
  Gun-brig  |              |    |              |   |      |Grisnez,
            |              |    |              |   |      |France.
Banterer    | Dec. 29, 1808| 22 |Alexander     |155| None |In the river
            |              |    |  Sheppard    |   |      |St. Lawrence.
Bassora,    | Feb. 13, 1808| 12 |James Violett | 50| None |Near
  Brig      |              |    |              |   |      |Carthagena.
Barbadoes   |Sept. 29, 1812| 28 |Thomas        |195|    1 |Sable Island,
            |              |    |  Huskisson   |   |      |Bermuda.
Belette,    | Nov. 24, 1812| 18 |David Sloane  |121|  116 |On rocks off
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |Island of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Lessoe, in the
            |              |    |              |   |      |Kattegat.
Bold, Sloop |Sept. 27, 1812| 10 |John Shekel   | 55|      |On Prince
            |              |    |              |   |      |Edward's
            |              |    |              |   |      |Island.
Bermuda,    | Nov. 24, 1816| 10 |John Pakenham | 76|    1 |On Passage from
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |Gulf of Mexico.
Briseis,    | Nov.  5, 1816|    |Geo. Domett   | 76| None |On reef off
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |Point Pedras,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Cuba.
Bermuda,    | March,   1821|    |              |   |  All |Passage from
  Schooner  |              |    |              |   |      |Halifax to
            |              |    |              |   |      |Bermuda.
Briseis,    |          1838|  6 |John Downey   | 33|  All |Falmouth to
  Packet    |              |    |              |   |      |Halifax.
Buffalo,    | July 28, 1841|    |James Wood    |   |    2 |In Mercury Bay,
  Store-ship|              |    |              |   |      |Bay of Islands,
            |              |    |              |   |      |New Zealand.
Convert     | Feb.  8, 1794| 32 |John Lawford  |   | None |On the Grand
            |              |    |              |   |      |Caymanes, West
            |              |    |              |   |      |Indies.
Ca Ira      | Apr. 11, 1796| 80 |Chas. Dudley  |   |    4 |Burnt by
            |              |    |  Pater       |   |      |accident, and
            |              |    |              |   |      |blown up in
            |              |    |              |   |      |St. Fiorenzo
            |              |    |              |   |      |Bay.
Courageux   | Dec. 10, 1796| 74 |Capt. B.      |640|  410 |Struck on rocks
            |              |    |  Hallowell   |   |      |under Apes'
            |              |    |              |   |      |Hill, coast of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Barbary.
Cormorant,  | Dec. 24, 1796| 16 |Thomas Gott   |121|   95 |Burnt and blown
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |up by accident,
            |              |    |              |   |      |at
            |              |    |              |   |      |Port-au-Prince,
            |              |    |              |   |      |St. Domingo.
Curlew,     | Dec. 31, 1796| 16 |Jas. Ventris  | 90|  All |Foundered in
  Sloop     |              |    |  Field       |   |      |North Sea.
Charlotte,  | Dec. 11, 1797|    |John Thukness |   | None |Off the Island
  Brig      |              |    |              |   |      |of Cuba.
Crash,      | Aug. 26, 1798| 50 |Berkeley      | 50| None |Blown on shore
  Gun-boat  |              |    |  Mackworth   |   |      |on the Island
            |              |    |              |   |      |of Vlieland,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Holland.
Colossus    | Dec.  9, 1798| 74 |George Murray |640| None |Off the Island
            |              |    |              |   |      |of Scilly.
Contest,    | Aug. 28, 1799|    |John Ides     | 50| None |Driven on shore
  Gun-boat  |              |    |  Short       |   |      |in the Helder.
Cormorant,  | May  20, 1800| 24 |C. Boyle,     |155| None |On a shoal near
  Sloop     |              |    |  (Hon.)      |   |      |Rosetta, coast
            |              |    |              |   |      |of Egypt.
Chance,     | Oct.  9, 1800| 14 |George S.     |121|  116 |Foundered.
  Sloop     |              |    |  Stovin      |   |      |
Charlotte,  | Mar. 28, 1801|    |John Williams | 60| None |Running on reef
  Schooner  |              |    |              |   |      |of rocks near
            |              |    |              |   |      |Ash, (Island
            |              |    |              |   |      |of.)
Calypso     | Aug.     1803| 16 |William       |121|  All |Foundered in a
            |              |    |  Venour      |   |      |gale, coming
            |              |    |              |   |      |from Jamaica.
Circe       | Nov. 16, 1803| 28 |Chas.         |195| None |On the Leman
            |              |    |  Fielding    |   |      |and Ower, North
            |              |    |              |   |      |Sea.
Creole      | Jan.  2, 1804| 38 |Austin        |   | None |Foundered in
            |              |    |  Russell     |   |      |passage from
            |              |    |              |   |      |Jamaica.
Cerbére,    | Feb. 20, 1804|    |John Patey    | 50| None |Rocks near
  Gun-boat  |              |    |              |   |      |Berry Head.
Conflict,   | Oct. 24, 1804|    |Chas. Cutts   | 50| None |Near Newport,
  Gun-boat  |              |    |   Ormsby     |   |      |Isle of Wight.
Clinker,    | Dec.     1806| 14 |John Salmon   | 50|  All |Foundered in a
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |cruize off
            |              |    |              |   |      |Havre.
------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+---------------

------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+---------------
            |              |    |  Commanding  |No.|Number|
  Name of   |   Date.      |Guns|  Officer's   |of |  of  |  Where lost.
   Ship.    |              |    |    Name.     |men| lost.|
------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+---------------
Cassandra,  | May  13, 1807| 10 |Geo. Le Blanc | 35|   11 |By upsetting in
            |              |    |              |   |      |a sudden squall
            |              |    |              |   |      |off Bourdeaux.
Capelin,    | June 28, 1808|  6 |Josias Bray   | 20|    1 |Sunken rock off
  Schooner  |              |    |              |   |      |entrance of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Brest Harbor.
Crane,      | Oct. 26, 1808|  4 |Joseph        | 20| None |Running on a
  Brig      |              |    |  Tindale     |   |      |rock to the W.
            |              |    |              |   |      |of the Hoe,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Plymouth.
Crescent    | Dec.  5, 1808| 36 |John Temple   |280|  220 |On the coast of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Jutland, in a
            |              |    |              |   |      |heavy gale.
Carrier,    | Jan. 24, 1808|  4 |W. Milner     | 20| None |On a sand-bank
  Cutter    |              |    |              |   |      |near Boulogne.
Carieux,    |Sept. 25, 1809| 18 |Henry Geo.    |110| None |Off Petit
  Sloop     |              |    |  Moysey      |   |      |Terre, Island
            |              |    |              |   |      |of Marigalante,
            |              |    |              |   |      |West Indies.
Contest     |          1809|    |John Gregory  |   |  All |Foundered, as
            |              |    |              |   |      |is supposed,
            |              |    |              |   |      |in passage from
            |              |    |              |   |      |America.
Claudia,    | Jan. 20, 1809| 10 |Anth. Bliss,  | 42| None |Off Norway.
  Brig      |              |    |  W. Lord     |   |      |
Cuckoo,     |April  4, 1810|  4 |Silas Hiscutt | 20|    2 |Haaks, off
  Brig      |              |    |  Paddon      |   |      |Texel.
Conflict,   | Nov.  9, 1810| 10 |Joseph B.     | 50|  All |Foundered in
  Brig      |              |    |  Batt        |   |      |the Bay of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Biscay.
Chichester  | May,  2, 1811|    |William Kirby | 88|    2 |In Madras
            |              |    |              |   |      |Roads.
Centinel,   | Oct. 10, 1812|    |W. Elletson   | 45| None |North-east end
  Gun-boat  |              |    |  King        |   |      |of the Island
            |              |    |              |   |      |of Rugen,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Baltic.
Chubb,      | Aug. 14, 1812|    |Samuel        | 20|  All |Foundered near
  Gun-boat  |              |    |  Nisbett     |   |      |Halifax.
Calibre,    | Aug. 23, 1813| 16 |John Thomson  |100| None |In crossing the
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |bar of Port
            |              |    |              |   |      |Royal, Jamaica.
Captain     | Mar. 22, 1813| 74 |In Ordinary   |590| None |Burnt in
            |              |    |              |   |      |Hamoaze,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Plymouth.
Crane,      |Sept. 30, 1814| 14 |Robert        |121|  All |Foundered in the
  Sloop     |              |    |  Stanley     |   |      |  West Indies.
Cuttle,     |          1814|  4 |              | 20|  All |Exact date
  Gun-boat  |              |    |              |   |      |unknown, on the
            |              |    |              |   |      |Halifax Station.
Cygnet,     |          1815| 16 |Robert Russel |121|  All |Date unknown,
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |off the
            |              |    |              |   |      |Courantine
            |              |    |              |   |      |River.
Comus       | Nov.  4, 1816| 22 |J. John G.    |175| None |Off Cape Pine,
            |              |    |  Bremer      |   |      |Newfoundland.
Carron      |July.  6, 1820|    |John Furneaux |135|   19 |Four miles to
            |              |    |              |   |      |the north of
            |              |    |              |   |      |the Black
            |              |    |              |   |      |Pagoda, Poorie.
Confiance,  |April 21, 1822| 18 |W.T. Morgan   |100|      |Between Moyin
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |Head and Three
            |              |    |              |   |      |Castle Head,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Crookhaven.
Columbine,  | Jan. 25, 1824| 18 |Chas. Abbott  |100| None |In the harbor
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |of Port Longue,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Island of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Sapienza.
Cynthian,   | June  6, 1827|  6 |John White    | 28| None |Off the Island
  Pack.-brig|              |    |              |   |      |of Barbados.
Cambrian    | Jan. 31, 1828| 48 |G.W. Hamilton |275| None |Off Carabusa,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Mediterranean,
            |              |    |              |   |      |in attacking
            |              |    |              |   |      |pirates.
Contest,    |April 14, 1828| 12 |Edw.          | 50|  All |On Halifax
  Gun-boat  |              |    |  Plaggenborg |   |      |Station.
Calypso,    |          1833|  6 |H. Peyton     | 30|  All |In passage from
  Packet    |              |    |              |   |      |Halifax to
            |              |    |              |   |      |England.
Challenger  | May  19, 1835| 28 |Michael       |160|    2 |Coast of
            |              |    |  Seymour     |   |      |Moquilla,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Conception,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Chili.
Diomede     | Aug.  2, 1795| 44 |Matthew Smith |294|      |Striking on a
            |              |    |              |   |      |sunken rock off
            |              |    |              |   |      |Trincomalee.
Deux Amis,  | May  23, 1799|    |Mr. Samuel    |   | None |In Great Chine,
  Schoon.   |              |    |  Wilson      |   |      |Isle of Wight.
Dromedary,  | Aug. 10, 1800| 20 |Bridges W.    |120| None |Parasol Rock,
  Store-sh. |              |    |  Taylor      |   |      |Island of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Trinidad.
Diligence   | Oct.  8, 1800| 16 |Charles H.B.  |121| None |On a shoal on
            |              |    |  Ross        |   |      |the coast of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Havannah.
Determinée  | Mar. 25, 1803| 26 |Alexander     |145|   19 |Striking on a
            |              |    |  Becher      |   |      |sunken rock off
            |              |    |              |   |      |the Island of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Jersey.
Drake,      | July 12, 1804| 14 |William King  | 86| None |On a shoal off
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |the Island of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Nevis.
De Ruyter   | Sept. 4, 1804| 32 |Joseph        |250| None |In a hurricane
            |              |    |  Beckett     |   |      |in Deep Bay,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Antigua.
Doris       | Jan. 12, 1805| 36 |Patrick       |264| None |On a sunken
            |              |    |  Campbell    |   |      |rock in
            |              |    |              |   |      |Quiberon Bay.
Dover, Mar. | Aug. 20, 1806|    |              |   |      |Burnt at
  Barr.     |              |    |              |   |      |Woolwich.
Delphinen   | Aug. 4, 1808 | 16 |Richard       |100| None |On the
            |              |    |  Harward     |   |      |South-West part
            |              |    |              |   |      |of Vieland,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Holland.
Delight,    | Jan. 31, 1808| 16 |Phillip C.    | 95|  All |On the coast of
  Sloop     |              |    |  Handfield   |   |      |Calabria.
Defender,   |Dec. 14, 1809 | 10 |John George   | 50| None |Near
  Brig      |              |    |  Nops        |   |      |Folkestone.
Dominica,   |    Aug. 1809 | 10 |Charles Welsh | 65|   62 |Foundered near
  Brig      |              |    |              |   |      |Tortola.
------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+---------------

------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+---------------
            |              |    |  Commanding  |No.|Number|
  Name of   |   Date.      |Guns|  Officer's   |of |  of  |  Where lost.
   Ship.    |              |    |    Name.     |men| lost.|
------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+---------------
Diana,      | May      1810| 10 |Wm.           | 50| None |At the Island
  Cutter    |              |    |  Kempthorne  |   |      |of Rodrigue,
            |              |    |              |   |      |East Indies.
Dover       | May   2, 1811| 38 |Edward Tucker |300|    2 |In Madras
            |              |    |              |   |      |Roads.
Defence     | Dec. 24, 1811| 74 |David Atkins  |593|  587 |Off the coast
            |              |    |              |   |      |of Jutland.
Dædalus     | July  2, 1813| 38 |Murray        |315| None |Off Island of
Dart,       |              |    |  Maxwell     |   |      |Ceylon.
Cutter      |          1814| 10 |Thomas Allen  | 40|      |Foundered, date
            |              |    |              |   |      |unknown.
Dominica,   | Aug. 15, 1815| 14 |Richard       |   |      |Near Bermuda.
  Schooner  |              |    |  Cranford    |   |      |
Drake,      | June 20, 1822|    |Charles Baker | 76|Cmdr.&|Off the
   Sloop    |              |    |              |   |others|coast of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Newfoundland.
Delight     | Feb. 23, 1824| 10 |Robert Hay    | 75|  All |In a hurricane
            |              |    |              |   |      |at the
            |              |    |              |   |      |Mauritius.
Dwarf       | Mar.  3, 1824| 10 |Nicholas      | 60|    1 |Ran against the
            |              |    |  Gould       |   |      |Pier in
            |              |    |              |   |      |Kingstown
            |              |    |              |   |      |Harbour.
Etrusco,    | Aug. 23, 1798| 26 |George        |125| None |Foundered in
  Store-ship|              |    |  Reynolds    |   |      |the West
            |              |    |              |   |      |Indies.
Espion      | Nov. 17, 1799| 18 |Jonas Rose    |   | None |In Goodwin
            |              |    |              |   |      |Sands.
Ethalion    | Dec. 25, 1799| 38 |John Clark    |284| None |On the
            |              |    |  Searle      |   |      |Saints.
Explosion,  |Sept. 10, 1807| 10 |Edward Elliot | 57| None |On a reef near
  Bomb      |              |    |              |   |      |Sandy Island,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Heligoland.
Elizabeth,  |          1807| 12 |John Sedley   | 55|  All |Foundered, date
  Schooner  |              |    |              |   |      |unknown, in
            |              |    |              |   |      |West Indies.
Electra,    | Mar. 23, 1808| 16 |George        | 95| None |On a reef at
  Sloop     |              |    |  Trolloppe   |   |      |the entrance of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Port Augusta,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Sicily.
Ephira,     | Dec. 26, 1811| 14 |Thomas        | 76| None |On Cochinos
  Sloop     |              |    |  Everard     |   |      |Rocks, in
            |              |    |              |   |      |passage
            |              |    |              |   |      |between Cadiz
            |              |    |              |   |      |and Tarifa.
Encounter,  | July 11, 1812| 10 |S.H. Talbot   | 60|      |Attempting to
  Brig      |              |    |              |   |      |cut out some
            |              |    |              |   |      |vessels, on the
            |              |    |              |   |      |coast of Spain.
Emulous,    | Aug.  2, 1812| 18 |W. Howe       |121| None |Ragged Island,
  Sloop     |              |    |  Mulcaster   |   |      |Nova Scotia.
Exertion,   | July  8, 1812|    |James Murray  | 60| None |In the Elbe.
  Gun-boat  |              |    |              |   |      |
Elizabeth,  | Oct.     1814| 10 |Jonathan W.   | 35|      |Upsetting in
  Schooner  |              |    |  Dyer        |   |      |chase of an
            |              |    |              |   |      |American
            |              |    |              |   |      |Privateer.
Fleche      | Nov. 12, 1795| 14 |Charles Came  |   | None |Reef of Rocks
            |              |    |              |   |      |off Fernelli
            |              |    |              |   |      |Tower, Saint
            |              |    |              |   |      |Fiorenzo's Bay,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Mediterranean.
Fortune,    | June 15, 1797| 14 |Valentine     | 86|      |Ran on shore
  Sloop     |              |    |  Collard     |   |      |near Toreiro,
            |              |    |              |   |      |coast of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Portugal.
Fox         |Sept. 18, 1799| 32 |James         |215| None |In St. George's
            |              |    |  Wooldridge  |   |      |Sound, Gulf of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Mexico.
Fulminante, | Mar. 24, 1801| 10 |Robert        | 60| None |Drifted on
  Cutter    |              |    |  Corbett     |   |      |Shore at La
            |              |    |              |   |      |Cruelle, coast
            |              |    |              |   |      |of Egypt.
Forte       | Jan. 28, 1801| 50 |Lucius F.     |343| None |On a sunken
            |              |    |    Hardyman  |   |      |rock in the
            |              |    |              |   |      |harbour of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Jedda, Red Sea.
Fly,        | Jan.     1802| 16 |Thomas Duval  |121|  All |Foundered,
            |              |    |              |   |      |date unknown,
            |              |    |              |   |      |coast of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Newfoundland.
Fearless,   | Jan. 19, 1804|    |Richard       | 50|    1 |Driven on shore
  Gun-boat  |              |    |  Williams    |   |      |in Cawsand Bay.
Firebrand,  | Oct. 13, 1804|    |William       | 18|    1 |Off Dover.
  Fire-ship |              |    |  Maclean     |   |      |
Fly,        | Mar. 3, 1805 | 18 |Pownole       |121| None |On the
  Sloop     |              |    |  Bastard     |   |      |Carysfort,
            |              |    |  Pellew      |   |      |Reef, Gulf of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Florida.
Felix,      | Jan. 23, 1807| 18 |Robert Clarke | 60|   57 |In St. Andero
  Schooner  |              |    |              |   |      |Bay.
Firefly     | Oct. 17, 1807|    |Thomas Price  |   |  All |Foundered in a
            |              |    |              |   |except|hurricane off
            |              |    |              |   |Surg &|the Spanish
            |              |    |              |   |3 men.|Main.
Flora       | Jan. 19, 1803| 36 |Loftus Otway  |264|    9 |On the coast of
            |              |    |    Bland     |   |      |Holland.
Flying Fish,| Dec. 15, 1808|  2 |J. Glassford  | 50| None |On reef to
  Schooner  |              |    |    Gooding   |   |      |eastward of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Point Salines,
            |              |    |              |   |      |St. Domingo.
Fama,       | Dec. 23, 1808|    |Chas. Topping |   |    2 |On Bornholm,
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |Baltic.
Foxhound,   | Aug. 31, 1809| 18 |James         |121|  All |Foundered on
  Sloop     |              |    |  Mackenzie   |   |      |her return from
            |              |    |              |   |      |Halifax.
Fleche,     | May 24, 1810 | 16 |George Hewson | 86| None |On the
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |Shaarhorn Sand,
            |              |    |              |   |      |off Newark,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Elbe.
Fleur       | Dec. 29, 1810|    |John          | 40| None |Foundered in
  de la Mer |              |    |  Alexander   |   |      |lat. 15° 15'
            |              |    |              |   |      |long. 71° 2'.
Firm,       | June 28, 1811| 10 |John Little   | 50| None |On a bank off
  Brig      |              |    |              |   |      |the coast of
            |              |    |              |   |      |France.
Fancy,      | Dec. 24, 1811|    |Alexander     | 50|  All |In the Baltic
  Gun-boat  |              |    |    Sinclair  |   |      |(foundered.)
------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+---------------

------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+---------------
            |              |    |  Commanding  |No.|Number|
  Name of   |   Date.      |Guns|  Officer's   |of |  of  |  Where lost.
   Ship.    |              |    |    Name.     |men| lost.|
------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+---------------
Fly, Sloop  | Feb. 28, 1812| 16 |Henry Higman  | 95| None |On Anholt Reef.
Fearless    | Dec. 8, 1812 | 10 |Henry L.      | 50| None |Rocks off St.
            |              |    |  Richards    |   |      |Sebastian.
Ferret,     | Jan. 7, 1813 | 18 |Fred. Alex.   |121| None |On Newbiggin
  Sloop     |              |    |  Halliday    |   |      |Point,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Northumberland.
Fantôme,    | Nov. 24, 1814| 18 |Thomas Sykes  |121| None |On rocks near
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |Prospect
            |              |    |              |   |      |Harbour, Nova
            |              |    |              |   |      |Scotia.
Fury        | Aug. 1, 1825 |    |H.P. Hoppner  | 75| None |In Regent's
            |              |    |              |   |      |Inlet.
Firefly,    | Feb. 27, 1835|  5 |Julius        | 50|A few |Reef near
   Schooner |              |    |  McDonnell   |   |      |Belize.
Fairy       |          1841|  6 |William       | 63|  All |Foundered in
            |              |    |  Hewett      |   |      |the North Sea.
Garnet      | Jan.  7, 1798|    |James Clark   |   | None |On a reef off
            |              |    |              |   |      |Cape François.
Garland     | July 26, 1798| 28 |James Athol   |195| None |Coast of
            |              |    |  Wood        |   |      |Madagascar.
Grampus,    | Jan. 19, 1799| 20 |John Hall     |155| None |Near Woolwich.
  Store-ship|              |    |              |   |      |
Galgo       | Oct.  9, 1800|    |Thomas        |   | 25   |Upset in a
            |              |    |  Forrest     |   |saved |squall, in lat.
            |              |    |              |   |      |21° long. 61°
            |              |    |              |   |      |west.
Grappler,   | Dec. 20, 1803|    |Abel Wantn.   | 50| None |On the Isle de
  Gun-boat  |              |    |  Thomas      |   |      |Chausey,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Jersey.
Garland     |Sept. 10, 1803| 24 |Frederick     |135| None |Caracol Reef,
            |              |    |  Cotterell   |   |      |off St.
            |              |    |              |   |      |Domingo.
Georgiana,  |Sept. 25, 1804|    |Joshua        |   | None |On a sand-bank
  G.-boat   |              |    |  Kneeskarn   |   |      |near Harfleur.
Griper      | Feb. 18, 1807| 10 |Edward Morris | 50|  All |Off Ostend.
Greyhound   | Oct. 11, 1808| 32 |Hon. W.       |215|    1 |On the coast of
            |              |    |  Pakenham    |   |      |Lemonia.
Glommen,    | Nov.     1809| 18 |Charles       |100| None |In Carlisle
  Sloop     |              |    |  Pickford    |   |      |Bay, Barbados.
Guachapin,  | July  7, 1811| 10 |Michael       |   | None |On Rat Island,
  Brig      |              |    |  Jenkins     |   |      |Antigua.
Grouper,    | Oct. 21, 1811|  4 |James Atkins  | 40| None |Off Guadaloupe.
  Brig      |              |    |              |   |      |
Goshawk,    |Sept. 21, 1813| 16 |Hon. W.J.     | 95| None |To the eastward
  Sloop     |              |    |  Napier      |   |      |of the Mole
            |              |    |              |   |      |Head,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Barcelona.
Hussar      | Dec. 24, 1796| 28 |James Colnett |195| None |In a gale of
            |              |    |              |   |      |wind to the
            |              |    |              |   |      |westward of the
            |              |    |              |   |      |Island of Bass,
            |              |    |              |   |      |France.
Helena,     | Nov. 3, 1796 | 14 |Jeremiah J.   | 86|  All |On the coast of
  Sloop     |              |    |  Symons      |   |      |Holland.
Hamadryad   | Dec. 24, 1797| 36 |Thomas        |264| None |Blown on shore
            |              |    |  Elphinstone |   |      |in Algier Bay.
Hermes      | Jan.     1797| 14 |William Malso | 76|  All |Place unknown.
Hunter,     | Dec. 27, 1797| 14 |Tudor Tucker  | 80|   75 |Wrecked on Hog
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |Island, off
            |              |    |              |   |      |Virginia.
Hound,      |Sept. 26, 1800| 16 |Wm. Jas.      |235| None |Near Shetland.
  Sloop     |              |    |  Turquand    |   |      |
Harwich     | Nov.  9, 1801| 16 |Phillip       |121| None |In St. Aubin's
            |              |    |  Bartholomew |   |      |Bay, Jersey.
Hindostan,  | Mar. 20, 1804| 20 |John Le Gros  |140|    3 |Burnt in Bay of
  Store-sh  |              |    |              |   |      |Rosas.
Hussar      | Feb.  8, 1804| 38 |Philip        |284| None |On the Saintes
            |              |    |  Wilkinson   |   |      |in the Bay of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Biscay.
Hawke,      | May,     1805| 14 |James Tippet  | 96|  All |Foundered in
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |the Channel.
Heureux     |          1806| 24 |John Morrison |155|  All |Foundered, date
            |              |    |              |   |      |unknown, in
            |              |    |              |   |      |passage from
            |              |    |              |   |      |West Indies to
            |              |    |              |   |      |Halifax.
Hirondelle, | Feb. 23, 1808| 12 |Joseph Kidd   | 50|   46 |On shore the
  cutter    |              |    |              |   |      |coast of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Barbary.
Harrier,    |          1809| 18 |Thomas B.     |121|  All |Foundered, date
  Sloop     |              |    |  Ridge       |   |      |unknown, in the
            |              |    |              |   |      |East Indies.
Hero        | Dec. 24, 1811| 74 |J. Newman     |590|  All |Off the coast
            |              |    |  Newman      |   |      |of Jutland.
Halcyon,    | May  19, 1814| 14 |J. Houlton    |121| None |On reef of
  Sloop     |              |    |  Marshall    |   |      |rocks in
            |              |    |              |   |      |Annatto Bay,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Jamaica.
Holly,      | Jan. 29, 1814| 10 |S. Sharpe     | 50|   44 |Off St.
  Schooner  |              |    |  Treacher    |   |      |Sebastian.
Herring,    |          1814|  4 |John Murray   | 20|  All |Exact date
  Gun-boat  |              |    |              |   |      |unknown, in the
            |              |    |              |   |      |Halifax station.
Illustrious | Mar. 17, 1795| 74 |Thomas L.     |600| None |In a gale of
            |              |    |  Frederick   |   |      |wind on rocks
            |              |    |              |   |      |near Avenga.
Jason       | Oct. 13, 1798| 38 |Chas.         |284| None |Unknown rock
            |              |    |  Stirling    |   |      |near Brest.
Impregnable | Oct. 19, 1799| 74 |Jonathan      |190| None |Striking on
            |              |    |  Faulknor    |   |      |Chichester
            |              |    |              |   |      |Shoals.
Invincible  | Mar. 16, 1801| 74 |John Rennie   |590|  464 |Ranon Hammond's
            |              |    |              |   |      |Knowl, near
            |              |    |              |   |      |Yarmouth.
Iphigenia   | June 20, 1801| 20 |Hayard        | 60| None |Burnt by
            |              |    |  Stackpool   |   |      |accident in
            |              |    |              |   |      |Aboukir Bay.
Jason       | July 24, 1801| 36 |Hon. J.       |264| None |On a rock not
            |              |    |  Murray      |   |      |laid down in
            |              |    |              |   |      |the Charts,
            |              |    |              |   |      |entrance of St.
            |              |    |              |   |      |Malocs.
Julia       | Jan. 21, 1805|    |James Harley  |   | None |On Castle Rocks
            |              |    |              |   |      |at the entrance
            |              |    |              |   |      |of Dartmouth
            |              |    |              |   |      |Harbour.
Imogene,    | Mar. 12, 1805| 18 |Henry Vaughan |121| None |Foundered in
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |passage from
            |              |    |              |   |      |Leeward Islands.
------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+---------------

------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+---------------
            |              |    |  Commanding  |No.|Number|
  Name of   |   Date.      |Guns|  Officer's   |of |  of  |  Where lost.
   Ship.    |              |    |    Name.     |men| lost.|
------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+---------------
Jupiter     | Dec. 10, 1807| 50 |Hon. E. Reg.  |343| None |Reef of rocks
            |              |    |  Baker       |   |      |in Vigo Bay.
Java        |          1807| 32 |Georg Pigot   |   |  All |Foundered with
            |              |    |              |   |      |Blenheim.
Inveterate, | Feb. 18, 1807| 14 |George Norton | 50|   4  |Off Etables,
  Gun-boat  |              |    |              |   |      |France.
Jackall,    | May  29, 1807| 14 |Charles       | 50| None |Near Calais.
  Gun-boat  |              |    |  Stewart     |   |      |
Ignition,   | Feb. 19, 1807|    |Phillip       | 32|   28 |Wrecked off
  Fire-ship |              |    |  Griffin     |   |      |Dieppe.
Jaspar,     | Jan. 20, 1817|    |Thomas Carew  | 76|   72 |Rocks under
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |Mount Batten,
            |              |    |              |   |      |entrance of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Catwater.
Julia,      | Oct.  2, 1817|    |Jenkin Jones  | 95|   55 |Off Tristan
  Brig      |              |    |              |   |      |d'Acunha, coast
            |              |    |              |   |      |of Africa.
Jasper,     | Oct. 11, 1828| 10 |L.C. Rooke    | 75| None |Grounded in
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |running for
            |              |    |              |   |      |Harbour of St.
            |              |    |              |   |      |Maura.
Jackdaw     | Mar. 11, 1835|  4 |Edw. Burnett  | 36| None |On reef off Old
            |              |    |              |   |      |Providence.
Kangaroo,   | Dec. 18, 1828|  6 |Anthony de    | 45|    1 |South-east of
  S.-vessel |              |    |  Mayne       |   |      |Reef of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Hogsties.
Leda        | Dec. 11, 1796| 38 |John Woodley  |264|  257 |Foundered by
            |              |    |              |   |      |upsetting in a
            |              |    |              |   |      |heavy gale,
            |              |    |              |   |      |lat. 38° 8'
            |              |    |              |   |      |long. 17° 40'
Lively      |April 12, 1798| 36 |Jas. N.       |254| None |On Rosa Point,
            |              |    |  Morris      |   |      |near Cadiz.
Lord        |April 10, 1799| 26 |Edward        |121| None |Arklow Bank,
  Mulgrave  |              |    |  Hawkins     |   |      |Irish Channel.
Lutine      | Oct.  9, 1799| 32 |Lancelot      |240|    1 |Off the Vlie
            |              |    |  Skinner     |   |      |Island, coast
            |              |    |              |   |      |of Holland.
Legère,     | Feb.  2, 1801| 16 |Cornelius     |121| None |Jamba Bay, east
  Sloop     |              |    |  Quinton     |   |      |of Carthageua,
            |              |    |              |   |      |S. America.
Lowestoffe  | Aug. 10, 1801| 32 |Robert.       |215| None |On the Island
            |              |    |  Plampin     |   |      |of Great
            |              |    |              |   |      |Heneaga, W.
            |              |    |              |   |      |Indies.
Leveret,    | Nov. 10, 1807| 18 |Jas. L.       |121| None |On the Albion
 Sloop      |              |    |  O'Connor    |   |      |Shoal, Galloper
            |              |    |              |   |      |Rock.
Leda        | Jan. 31, 1808| 32 |Robert        |284| None |At the entrance
            |              |    |  Honyman     |   |      |of Milford
            |              |    |              |   |      |Harbour.
Lark, Sloop | Aug.  3, 1809| 18 |Robert        |121|    3 |In a sudden
            |              |    |  Nicholas    |   |      |squall off
            |              |    |              |   |      |Point Palenqua,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Island of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Domingo.
Lively      | Aug. 10, 1810| 38 |George        |284| None |Point of
            |              |    |  M'Kinley    |   |      |Salina,
            |              |    |              |   |      |South-east of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Bay of St.
            |              |    |              |   |      |Paul's, Malta.
Laurel      | Jan. 31, 1812| 38 |Samuel C.     |300| None |On a sunken
            |              |    |  Rowley      |   |      |rock in
            |              |    |              |   |      |Teigneuse
            |              |    |              |   |      |Passage,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Quiberon Bay.
Laurestinus | Aug. 21, 1813| 24 |Thos. Graham  |175|    1 |North end of
            |              |    |              |   |      |the Island of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Abaco, Halifax.
Leopard,    | June 28, 1814|    |Edward        |   |Gr'ter|Near the Island
  Transport |              |    |  Crofton     |   | part |of Anticosti,
            |              |    |              |   | saved|Gulf of St.
            |              |    |              |   |      |Lawrence.
Lizard,     | July 24, 1843|  3 |Charles       | 60| None |Off Carthagena,
Steam-vessel|              |    |  Postle      |   |      |by being run
            |              |    |              |   |      |foul of by a
            |              |    |              |   |      |French
            |              |    |              |   |      |man-of-war.
Musquito,   |          1795|    |---- McCarty  | 50|      |Wrecked, date
  G.-boat   |              |    |              |   |      |unknown, on the
            |              |    |              |   |      |coast of
            |              |    |              |   |      |France.
Malabar     | Oct. 10, 1796| 54 |Thos. Parr    |324| None |Foundered
            |              |    |              |   |      |coming home
            |              |    |              |   |      |from West
            |              |    |              |   |      |Indies.
Medusa,     | Nov. 22, 1798|    |Alexander     |118| None |Drifting on
  Store-ship|              |    |  Becher      |   |      |shore in Rosier
            |              |    |              |   |      |Bay, Gibraltar.
Mastiff,    | Jan.  5, 1800|    |James Watson  | 50| Many |In Cockle
  Gun-boat  |              |    |              |   |      |Sands, Yarmouth
            |              |    |              |   |      |Roads.
Marlborough | Nov.  4, 1800| 74 |Thomas        |590| None |In the
            |              |    |  Sotheby     |   |      |Bervadeux
            |              |    |              |   |      |Shoal, near
            |              |    |              |   |      |L'Orient,
            |              |    |              |   |      |France.
Martin,     | October, 1800| 16 |Hon. Matth.   | 76|  All |Foundered in
  Sloop     |              |    |  St. Clair   |   |      |North Sea.
Melenger    | June  9, 1801| 16 |Hon. T.       |215| None |In the
            |              |    | Bladen Capel |   |      |Westernmost
            |              |    |              |   |      |Triangle, G. of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Mexico.
Minerve     | July  2, 1803| 40 |Jaheel        |294| None |On the western
            |              |    |  Brenton     |   |      |point of the
            |              |    |              |   |      |Cones of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Cherbourg.
Magnificent |March 25, 1804| 74 |Wm. Henry     |500| None |Wrecked near
            |              |    |  Jervis      |   |      |the Pierres
            |              |    |              |   |      |Noires, Brest.
Morne       | Dec.  5, 1804|    |John L. Dale  |   | None |On Crooked
  Fortunée  |              |    |              |   |      |Island, West
            |              |    |              |   |      |Indies.
Mallard,    | Dec. 24, 1804|    |John William  | 50| None |Near Calais.
  Gun-boat  |              |    |  Miles       |   |      |
Martin,     |          1806| 18 |Thomas Prouse |121|  All |Date unknown.
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |In passage
            |              |    |              |   |      |to Barbadoes.
Moueheron   |          1807|    |James Hawes   |121|  All |Wrecked, date
            |              |    |              |   |      |unknown, in the
            |              |    |              |   |      |Mediterranean.
Maria,      |          1807| 10 |John          | 50|  All |Foundered, date
  Gun-boat  |              |    |  Henderson   |   |      |unknown, in
            |              |    |              |   |      |West Indies.
Melbrook,   |March 25, 1808| 10 |James Leach   | 50| None |On the
  Schooner  |              |    |              |   |      |Burlings.
Muros       |March 24, 1808| 24 |Archibald     |155| None |At the entrance
            |              |    |  Duff        |   |      |of the Harbour
            |              |    |              |   |      |of Bahia Honda,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Cuba.
------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+---------------

------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+---------------
            |              |    |  Commanding  |No.|Number|
  Name of   |   Date.      |Guns|  Officer's   |of |  of  |  Where lost.
   Ship.    |              |    |    Name.     |men| lost.|
------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+---------------
Meleager    | July 30, 1808| 36 |Fred. Warren  |264|    4 |On Barebush
            |              |    |              |   |      |Cay, Jamaica.
Magnet,     | Jan. 11, 1809| 18 |George Morris |121| None |In the Baltic.
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |
Morne       | Jan.  9, 1809| 10 |John Brown    | 65|   41 |Off Martinique.
Fortunée,   |              |    |              |   |      |
  Bg.       |              |    |              |   |      |
Minotaur    | Dec. 22, 1810| 74 |John Barrett  |640|  400 |On the North
            |              |    |              |   |      |Haaks, Texel.
Monkey,     | Dec. 25, 1810| 10 |Thomas        | 50|      |Rocks at Bell
  Brig      |              |    |  Fitzgerald  |   |      |Isle, France.
Manilla     | Jan. 28, 1812| 38 |John Joyce    |274|8 men |On Haaks,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Texel.
Magnet,     |          1812| 16 |F. Moore      | 95|  All |Foundered, date
   Sloop    |              |    |  Maurice     |   |      |unknown, near
            |              |    |              |   |      |Halifax.
Magnet,     | Aug.  4, 1814| 16 |G.I.          | 90| None |Run on shore
  Sloop     |              |    |  Hawksworth  |   |      |near Niagara.
Martin,     | Dec.  8, 1817| 18 |---- Mitchell |121| None |Western coast
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |of Ireland.
Magpie,     | Aug. 27, 1826|  3 |Edward Smith  | 35|   33 |Colorados
  Schooner  |              |    |              |   |      |Roads, Island
            |              |    |              |   |      |of Cuba.
Myrtle      | April 3, 1829|  6 |Samuel Sism   | 29| None |Western head of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Ragged Island,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Nova Scotia.
Megoera     | March 4, 1843|  2 |George        | 60|    1 |On Bare Bush
            |              |    |  Oldmixon    |   |      |Cay.
Mutine,     | Dec, 21, 1848| 12 |J. Lewis      |120|    5 |Reef near
  Sloop     |              |    |  Palmer      |   |      |Palestrina,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Adriatic.
Narcissus   | Oct.  3, 1796| 24 |Percy Fraser  |155| None |On Sandy Key,
            |              |    |              |   |      |near Nassua,
            |              |    |              |   |      |New Providence.
Nautilus    | Feb.  2, 1799| 16 |Henry Gunter  |121| None |Near
            |              |    |              |   |      |Flamborough
            |              |    |              |   |      |Head.
Nassau      | Oct. 24, 1799| 36 |George Tripp  |250|   42 |Haaks Sand, in
            |              |    |              |   |      |the Helder.
Nautilus,   | Jan.  4, 1807| 18 |Capt. Palmer  |122|   58 |On Cerrigoto,
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |a barren rock
            |              |    |              |   |      |in the Levant.
Netley,     | July 10, 1808| 12 |Charles       | 65|   56 |On the Leeward
  Schooner  |              |    |  Burman      |   |      |Island Station.
Nymphe      | Dec. 18, 1810| 36 |Edward Sneyd  |254| None |Wrecked off
            |              |    |  Clay        |   |      |Dunbar.
Nimble,     | Oct.  6, 1812| 10 |John Reynolds | 50| None |On Salo Beacon,
  Cutter    |              |    |              |   |      |coast of Sweden.
Nimrod,     | Jan. 14, 1827| 18 |----          |115| None |Driven on shore
  Sloop     |              |    |  Sparshott   |   |      |in Holyhead Bay.
Nightingale,| Feb. 17, 1829|  2 |George Wood   | 31| None |On ground in
  Schoon.   |              |    |              |   |      |the Shingles.
Nimble,     | Dec.  4, 1834|  5 |Charles       | 50| None |On reef between
  Schooner  |              |    |  Bolton      |   |      |Key Verde and
            |              |    |              |   |      |Old Bahama
            |              |    |              |   |      |Channel.
Orestes     | Unknown, 1799| 16 |William       |121|  All |In a hurricane
            |              |    |  Haggett     |   |      |in the Indian
            |              |    |              |   |      |Ocean.
Orestes,    | July 11, 1805| 14 |Thomas Brown  | 80| None |Splinter Sand,
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |Dunkerque.
Orquino     | Nov.  7, 1805|    |Charles       |   | Many |In a sudden
            |              |    |  Balderson   |   |      |squall off Pt.
            |              |    |              |   |      |Antonio, Jamaica.
Orpheus     | Jan. 23, 1807| 36 |Thomas Briggs |255| None |Running on
            |              |    |              |   |      |shore at the
            |              |    |              |   |      |entrance of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Port Royal
            |              |    |              |   |      |Harbour.
Osprey,     |March 11, 1846| 12 |Fred. Patten  |110| None |At False
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |Hokianga.
Pigmy,      | Dec. 16, 1793|  4 |A. Pullibank  | 60|   10 |On the
  Cutter    |              |    |              |   |      |Motherbank.
Placentia,  | May   8, 1794|  4 |Alexander     |   | None |Saddle Back,
  Sloop     |              |    |  Sheppard    |   |      |Marticot Island,
            |              |    |              |   |      |N. America.
Pylades,    | Nov. 26, 1794| 16 |Thomas        |125| None |Heraldswick Bay,
  Sloop     |              |    |  Twysden     |   |      |Nest, Shetland.
Port Royal  |March 30, 1797|    |Elias Man     |   | None |Running on shore
            |              |    |              |   |      |near Cape St.
            |              |    |              |   |      |Nicolas.
Providence, | May  17, 1797| 14 |W.R.          | 96| None |On a reef in
  Sloop     |              |    |  Broughton   |   |      |the Pacific.
Pandora     |          1797| 14 |Samuel Mason  | 75|  All |In the North
            |              |    |              |   |      |Sea. Date
            |              |    |              |   |      |unknown.
Pallas      |April  4, 1798| 36 |Hon. Henry    |254| None |On Mount Batten
            |              |    |  Curzon      |   |      |Point, Plymouth
            |              |    |              |   |      |Sound.
Pique       | June 30, 1798| 32 |David Milne   |250| None |Running on shore
            |              |    |              |   |      |on the French
            |              |    |              |   |      |coast, after
            |              |    |              |   |      |action with the
            |              |    |              |   |      |French frigate,
            |              |    |              |   |      |La Seine.
Proserpine  | Feb.  1, 1799| 28 |James Wallis  |195|   14 |On a sand-bank,
            |              |    |              |   |      |near Newark
            |              |    |              |   |      |Island, River
            |              |    |              |   |      |Elbe.
Proselyte   | Sept, 2, 1801| 32 |Henry Whitly  |215| None |On shoal, Isle
            |              |    |              |   |      |of St. Martin,
            |              |    |              |   |      |West Indies.
Porpoise    | Aug. 17, 1803|    |Richard       |   | None |On a reef of
            |              |    |  Fowler      |   |      |coral, in the
            |              |    |              |   |      |Pacific.
Pigmy,      | Aug.  9, 1805| 10 |William Smith | 60| None |On Sillet Rock,
  Cutter    |              |    |              |   |      |St. Aubyn Bay,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Jersey.
Pigeon      | Dec.     1805|    |John Luckraft |   | None |Running on
            |              |    |              |   |      |sand-bank, off
            |              |    |              |   |      |Texel.
Papillon,   |     1806     | 18 |William       |121|      |Foundered in
   Sloop    |              |    |  Woolsey     |   |      |Jamaica station,
            |              |    |              |   |      |exact date
            |              |    |              |   |      |unknown.
Pert, Sloop | Oct. 16, 1807| 14 |Donald        | 70|   10 |Driven on shore
            |              |    |  Campbell    |   |      |in a hurricane,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Island of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Mucarva, Spanish
            |              |    |              |   |      |Main.
Prospero,   | Feb. 18, 1807| 10 |William King  | 67|  All |Foundered in
  Bomb      |              |    |              |   |      |the North Sea.
Pigmy,      | March 2, 1807| 10 |Geo. M.       | 60| None |Off Rochefort.
  Cutter    |              |    |  Higginson   |   |      |
------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+---------------

------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+---------------
            |              |    |  Commanding  |No.|Number|
  Name of   |   Date.      |Guns|  Officer's   |of |  of  |  Where lost.
   Ship.    |              |    |    Name.     |men| lost.|
------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+---------------
Pickle,     | June 27, 1808| 10 |Moses         | 40| None |On the Chipiona
  Schooner  |              |    |  Cannadey    |   |      |Shoal, Cadiz.
Proselyte,  | Dec.  5, 1808| 12 |James Hy.     | 78| None |On Anholt Reef,
  Bomb      |              |    |  Lyford      |   |      | Anholt Island.
Primrose,   | Jan. 22, 1809| 18 |James Mein    |121|  120 |On the Manacle
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |Rocks, near
            |              |    |              |   |      |Falmouth.
Pelter,     | Dec.     1809| 10 |William       | 50| None |Foundered in
  Brig      |              |    |  Evelyn      |   |      |passage from
            |              |    |              |   |      |Halifax to
            |              |    |              |   |      |Leeward Islands.
Pigeon      | Jan. 15, 1809|    |Richard Cox   |   |    2 |Off Kingsgate
            |              |    |              |   |      |Point, near
            |              |    |              |   |      |Margate.
Pallas      | Dec. 18, 1810| 32 |George Paris  |215|   11 |Wrecked off
            |              |    |    Monke     |   |      |Dunbar.
Pandora,    | May  13, 1811| 18 |John Ferguson |121|   29 |On the Skaw
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |Reef, Kategat.
Pomone      | Oct. 14, 1811| 38 |Robert Barrie | 84| None |On a sunken rock
            |              |    |              |   |      |in the Needles.
Porgey,     |          1812|    |Name Unknown  | 20|  All |Foundered, date
  Gun-boat  |              |    |              |   |      |unknown, in the
            |              |    |              |   |      |West Indies.
Persian,    | June 26, 1813| 18 |Charles       |121|  All |On the Silver
  Sloop     |              |    |  Bertram     |   |      |Keys, West
            |              |    |              |   |      |Indies.
Peacock,    | Aug.     1814| 18 |Richard Coote |121|  All |Off the southern
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |coast of the
            |              |    |              |   |      |United States.
Penelope    |              | 36 |James         |284|      |To the east of
            |              |    |  Galloway    |   |      |Magdalen River,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Lower Canada.
Phoenix     | Feb. 20, 1816| 36 |Charles John  |284| None |Near Smyrna.
            |              |    |    Austin    |   |      |
Partridge   | Nov. 27, 1825| 10 |G. Younge     | 75| None |Stranded at the
            |              |    |              |   |      |mouth of the
            |              |    |              |   |      |Texel.
Parthian,   | May  15, 1828| 10 |Fred. Hotham  | 75| None |Stranded 16
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |miles to the
            |              |    |              |   |      |westward of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Mayabout, Egypt.
Pincher,    |March  6, 1838|  5 |F. Hope       | 40|  All |In a squall off
            |              |    |              |   |      |the Owers.
Queen       | Mar. 17, 1800|110 |Andrew Todd   |859|  673 |Burnt by
   Charlotte|              |    |              |   |      |accident off
            |              |    |              |   |      |Leghorn.
Rose        | June 28, 1794| 28 |Matthew H.    |200| None |Rocky Point,
            |              |    |  Scott       |   |      |Jamaica.
Reunion     | Dec.  7, 1797|    |W. Henry      |249| A few|In the Swim.
            |              |    |  Baynton     |   |      |
Resolution, | Unknown, 1797|    |W. Huggett    | 60|  All |Foundered at sea.
  Cutter    |              |    |              |   |      |
Raven,      | Feb.  3, 1798| 16 |John W.T.     |121| None |On a sand-bank,
  Sloop     |              |    |  Dixon       |   |      |Cuxhaven, in
            |              |    |              |   |      |the Elbe.
Rover       | June 23, 1798| 14 |George Irvine | 80| None |Running on
            |              |    |              |   |      |shore on coast
            |              |    |              |   |      |of Cape Breton.
Resistance  | July 24, 1798| 44 |Edward        |294|  290 |Blown up in the
            |              |    |  Pakenham    |   |      |Straits of Banca.
Repulse     | Mar. 10, 1800| 64 |James Alms    |491|    3 |Saints, Coast of
            |              |    |              |   |      |France.
Railleur,   | May  16, 1800| 14 |John Raynor   | 76|  All |Foundered in the
            |              |    |              |   |      |Channel.
Requiem,    | Feb.  1, 1801| 12 |James Fowell  | 59| None |On rocks in
  Brig      |              |    |              |   |      |Quiberon Bay.
Resistance  | May  31, 1803| 36 |Hon. P.       |264| None |Running on
  Wodehouse |              |    |  Wodehouse   |   |      |rocks near Cape
            |              |    |              |   |      |St. Vincent.
Raven,      | Jan.  5, 1804| 14 |Spelman       | 86| None |Ran on shore,
  Sloop     |              |    |  Swaine      |   |      |near Mayara
            |              |    |              |   |      |Bay, Sicily.
Romney      | Nov. 10, 1804| 50 |Hon. John     |343| None |In the Haaks,
            |              |    |  Colville    |   |      |near the Texel.
Raven,      | Jan. 30, 1805| 18 |William       |121| None |In Cadiz Bay.
  Sloop     |              |    |  Layman      |   |      |
Redbridge,  | Feb. 26, 1805| 10 |F. Blower     | 60| None |Foundered in
  Schooner  |              |    |  Gibbs       |   |      |Pedro Bay,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Jamaica.
Redbreast,  | Feb. 24, 1807| 14 |J. Bayley     | 50| None |Running on
  Gun-boat  |              |    |  Harrison    |   |      |shore at the
            |              |    |              |   |      |Needles.
Rhodian,    | Feb.  2, 1813| 14 |John George   | 76| None |On Little Plumb
  Sloop     |              |    |  Boss        |   |      |Point, Port
            |              |    |              |   |      |Royal, Jamaica.
Racer,      | Oct. 10, 1814| 14 |H.F.G. Pogson |178| None |In the Gulf of
  Schooner  |              |    |              |   |      |Florida.
Racehorse   | Dec. 14, 1822| 18 |Benjamin      |125|    5 |Ran on Langness
            |              |    |  Suckling    |   |      |Point, Isle of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Man.
Redwing     |          1827| 18 |D.C.          |125|  All |Near Mataceney,
            |              |    |  Clavering   |   |      |coast of Africa
            |              |    |              |   |      |(supposed).
Recruit,    |          1832| 10 |T. Hodges     | 52|  All |Supposed to be
  Gun-brig  |              |    |              |   |      |lost in a
            |              |    |              |   |      |hurricane off
            |              |    |              |   |      |Bermuda.
Rapid, Brig | Apr. 12, 1838| 10 |Hn. G.S.V.    | 50|Commr.|Off Cape Biso,
            |              |    |  Kinnaird    |   |      |Mediterranean.
Spitfire,   | Feb.     1794| 16 |J.W. Rich     |125|  All |Foundered or
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |upset off St.
            |              |    |              |   |      |Domingo.
Scourge,    | Nov.  7, 1795|    |W. Stap       | 30| None |On Penconsand,
  Gun-boat  |              |    |              |   |      |coast of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Friesland.
Salisbury   | May  10, 1796| 50 |William       |343| None |On the Isle of
            |              |    |  Mitchell    |   |      |Ash, West
            |              |    |              |   |      |Indies.
St. Pierre  | Feb. 12, 1796|    |Christopher   |   | None |Rocks off Point
            |              |    |  Paule       |   |      |Negroe.
Spider,     | April 4, 1796|    |J. Oswald     |   | None |Running foul
  Hired Lug |              |    |              |   |      |of the Ramilies.
Swift,      |       Unknown| 16 |Thomas        |121|  All |In the China
  Sloop     |              |    |  Hayward     |   |      |seas
            |              |    |              |   |      |(foundered),
            |              |    |              |   |      |all perished,
            |              |    |              |   |      |date unknown.
Sceptre     | Nov.  5, 1799| 64 |Valentine     |491|  438 |In Table Bay,
            |              |    |  Edwards     |   |      |Cape of Good
            |              |    |              |   |      |Hope.
Stag        | Sept. 6, 1800| 36 |Robert        |271| None |In Vigo Bay.
            |              |    |  Winthrop    |   |      |
------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+---------------

------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+---------------
            |              |    |  Commanding  |No.|Number|
  Name of   |   Date.      |Guns|  Officer's   |of |  of  |  Where lost.
   Ship.    |              |    |    Name.     |men| lost.|
------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+---------------
Scout       | Mar. 25, 1801| 16 |Henry Duncan  |121| None |Running on
            |              |    |              |   |      |Shingles in
            |              |    |              |   |      |British Channel.
Sensible,   | March 3, 1802| 16 |Robert Sauce  |155| None |Stranded to
  Troop-Ship|              |    |              |   |      |southward of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Moeltiva,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Trincomalee.
Seine       | July 23, 1803| 28 |David Milne   |284| None |Runing on
            |              |    |              |   |      |sand-bank, off
            |              |    |              |   |      |Schelling Island,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Texel.
Suffisante, | Dec. 25, 1803| 14 |Gilbert       | 86| None |Off Spike
  Sloop     |              |    |  Healthcote  |   |      |Island, Cork
            |              |    |              |   |      |Harbour.
Shannon     | Dec. 10, 1803| 36 |Edward L.     |264| None |In a gale,
            |              |    |  Gower       |   |      |under the
            |              |    |              |   |      |batteries near
            |              |    |              |   |      |Cape La Hogue.
Starling,   | Dec. 24, 1804|    |George        | 50| None |Near Calais.
  Gun-brig  |              |    |  Skottowe    |   |      |
Severn      | Dec. 20, 1804| 32 |Duke de       |224| None |In Gronville
            |              |    |  Bouillon    |   |      |Bay, Jersey.
Sheerness   | Jan.  8, 1805| 44 |Lord G.       |294|    2 |In a hurricane
            |              |    |  Stuart      |   |      |off Trincomalee.
Seagull     |          1805| 18 |Henry Burke   |121|  All |Foundered.
Serpent,    |          1806| 18 |John Waller   |121|  All |Foundered in
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |Jamaica station.
Seaforth,   | Feb.     1806| 14 |George Steel  |   |  All |Foundered on
  Gun-brig  |              |    |              |   |      |the Leeward
            |              |    |              |   |      |Island station.
Subtle      | Oct. 26, 1807|    |W. Dower      |   | None |On a reef of
            |              |    |              |   |      |rocks, near
            |              |    |              |   |      |Somerset Island,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Bermuda.
Speedwell,  | Feb. 18, 1807|    |L.W.          | 60|  All |Foundered off
  Cutter    |              |    |  Robertson   |   |      |Dieppe.
Snipe,      |          1807| 14 |              | 50|      |Near
  Gun-brig  |              |    |              |   |      |Lowestoffe.
Sparkler,   | Jan. 29, 1808| 10 |Sam. Akid     | 50|  14  |On a reef, S.W.
   Gun-brig |              |    |  Dennis      |   |      |of the Island
            |              |    |              |   |      |of Schelling,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Holland.
Sacorman    | Dec. 23, 1808|    |Andrew Duncan |   |   1  |Foundered in
            |              |    |              |   |      |Baltic.
Solebay     | July 11, 1809| 32 |E.H.          |215| None |Coast of
            |              |    |  Columbine   |   |      |Africa.
Scalark,    | June 18, 1809|  4 |James Proctor | 20|      |In the North
  Brig      |              |    |              |   |      |Sea.
Satellite,  | Dec.     1810| 16 |Willoughby    | 95|  All |In the Channel.
  Sloop     |              |    |  Berkie      |   |      |
Saldanha    | Dec.  4, 1811| 36 |Hon. W.       |274|  All |Off
            |              |    |  Pakenham    |   |      |Loughswilly,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Ireland.
Shamrock,   | Feb. 25, 1811| 10 |W. Parsons    | 40|    1 |On Cape
  Brig      |              |    |  Croke       |   |      |Sta-Maria.
St. George  | Dec. 24, 1811| 98 |R. Carthew    |738|  731 |Off the Coast
            |              |    | Reynolds, R. |   |      |of Jutland.
            |              |    | Adm., Daniel |   |      |
            |              |    | O. Guion,    |   |      |
            |              |    | Captain      |   |      |
Skylark,    | May   3, 1812| 16 |James Boxer   | 95| None |Between Etaples,
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |& Cape Grisnez,
            |              |    |              |   |      |France.
Southampton | Nov. 27, 1812| 32 |Sir James     |215| None |Sunken rock off
            |              |    |  Lucas Yeo   |   |      |Island of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Conception,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Jamaica.
Sarpedon,   | Jan.  1, 1813| 10 |Thomas Parker | 76|  All |Foundered.
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |
Subtle,     | Nov. 30, 1812| 10 |Charles Brown | 50|  All |Foundered off
  Schooner  |              |    |              |   |      |St.
            |              |    |              |   |      |Bartholomew's,
            |              |    |              |   |      |West Indies.
Statira     | Feb. 27, 1815| 38 |Spelman       |315| None |On a sunken rock
            |              |    |  Swaine      |   |      |off the S.E.
            |              |    |              |   |      |Point of the
            |              |    |              |   |      |Great Macque,
            |              |    |              |   |      |West Indies.
Sylph,      | Jan. 17, 1815| 18 |George        |121|  115 |On Southampton
  Sloop     |              |    |  Dickens     |   |      |Bar, North
            |              |    |              |   |      |America.
Success     | Nov. 29, 1829| 28 |              | 61|  All |In Cockburn
            |              |    |              |   |      |Sound.
Spey, Packet|              |    |---- James    |   |      |In passage to
            |              |    |              |   |      |Havanna.
Skipjack,   |              |  3 |H. Wright     | 40|      |
  Schooner  |              |    |              |   |      |
Spitfire,   |Sept. 10, 1842|  6 |H.E.S.        | 53| None |On the
  St.-vessel|              |    |  Winthrop    |   |      |Lighthouse Reef,
            |              |    |              |   |      |British
            |              |    |              |   |      |Honduras.
Skylark,    |April 25, 1845|  2 |Geo. Morris   | 50| None |Ran on shore,
  Brig      |              |    |              |   |      |Kemeridge,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Isle of Wight.
Snake       | Aug. 29, 1817| 14 |T. Bourncaster|130| None |On a reef,
            |              |    |  Brown       |   |      |Coast of Africa,
            |              |    |              |   |      |5 miles from
            |              |    |              |   |      |Mozambique.
Thetis      |              |    |A.F. Cochrane |   | None |Forty-four
            |              |    |              |   |      |miles south of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Cape Henry.
Trompeuse,  | July 15, 1796| 14 |J. Rowley     |106| None |On Dudley
  Sloop     |              |    |  Watson      |   |      |Point, Kinsale.
Tartar      | July  1, 1797| 28 |Hon. G.       |195| None |Coming out of
            |              |    |  Elphinstone |   |      |Port Plate,
            |              |    |              |   |      |St. Domingo.
Tribune     | Nov. 16, 1797| 32 |Scory Barker  |244|  238 |Off Halifax,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Nova Scotia.
Trompeuse,  | May  16, 1800| 16 |Peter         | 86|   83 |Supposed to
  Sloop     |              |    |  Robinson    |   |      |have foundered
            |              |    |              |   |      |in Channel.
Tartarus    | Dec. 20, 1804| 10 |Thomas        | 67|    1 |On Margate
            |              |    |  Withers     |   |      |Sands.
Tartar      | Aug. 18, 1811| 32 |Joseph Baker  |254| None |On a sand in
            |              |    |              |   |      |the Baltic.
Thistle,    | Mar.  6, 1811| 10 |George        | 50|      |Near New York.
  Cutter    |              |    |  McPherson   |   |      |
Tweed,      |Nov. 5, 1813  | 18 |William       |121|   61 |In Shoal Bay,
  Sloop     |              |    |  Mather      |   |      | Newfoundland.
------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+---------------

------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+---------------
            |              |    |  Commanding  |No.|Number|
  Name of   |   Date.      |Guns|  Officer's   |of |  of  |  Where lost.
   Ship.    |              |    |    Name.     |men| lost.|
------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+---------------
Tay         | Nov. 11, 1816| 20 |Samuel        |135| None |On the Isles
            |              |    |  Roberts     |   |      |Alacranes, Gulf
            |              |    |              |   |      |of Mexico.
Telegraph,  | Jan. 20, 1817|    |John Little   | 50| None |Rocks under
  Schooner  |              |    |              |   |      |Mount Batten,
            |              |    |              |   |      |entrance of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Catwater.
Thetis      | Dec.  5, 1830| 46 |Samuel        |275|   16 |Off Cape Frio.
            |              |    |  Burgess     |   |      |
Tribune     | Nov. 28, 1839| 20 |C. Hamlyn     |190| None |Off Port of
            |              |    |  Williams    |   |      |Tarragona.
Thunderbolt,| Feb.  3, 1847|  6 |Alex. Boyle   |148| None |Cape Recife,
  St.-ves.  |              |    |              |   |      |Algoa Bay.
Undaunted   | Aug. 31, 1796| 38 |Robert        |286| None |Morant Keys,
            |              |    |  Winthrop    |   |      |West Indies.
Vanceau,    | Oct. 21, 1796|    |John Gourly   | 60|      |Running on
  Cutter    |              |    |              |   |      |sunken rock,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Port Ferrajo,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Elba.
Viper       | Jan.  2, 1797|    |H. Harding    |   |  All |Off the
            |              |    |  Parker      |   |      |Shannon.
Urchin,     |          1800|    |T. Pearson    |120|  116 |In tow of the
            |              |    |  Croasdale   |   |      |Hector, in
            |              |    |              |   |      |Tetuan Bay.
Utile,      | Nov.     1801| 14 |Edward Jekyl  | 76|  All |Foundered in a
            |              |    |  Canes       |   |      |gale in passage
            |              |    |              |   |      |from Gibraltar
            |              |    |              |   |      |to Malta.
Venerable   | Nov. 24, 1804| 74 |John Hunter   |590| None |In Torbay.
Volador,    | Oct. 22, 1808| 18 |Francis G.    |121|    1 |Near Cape
  Sloop     |              |    |  Dickens     |   |      |Arrekla, Spanish
            |              |    |              |   |      |Man.
Unique,     | May  31, 1809| 10 |Thomas        | 65|      |Burnt at Basse
  Brig      |              |    |  Fellowes    |   |      |Terre,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Guadaloupe.
Union,      | May  17, 1828|    |C. Madden     | 32| None |On a reef off
  Schooner  |              |    |              |   |      |the East End of
            |              |    |              |   |      |Rose Island,
            |              |    |              |   |      |West Indies.
Victor      |          1843| 16 |Charles Otway |130|  All |In a passage
            |              |    |              |   |      |from Vera Cruz
            |              |    |              |   |      |to Halifax.
Weazel,     | Jan. 12, 1799| 14 |Hon. Henry    | 86|   85 |In Barnstaple
  Sloop     |              |    |  Grey        |   |      |Bay.
Weazel,     | Feb. 29, 1804| 12 |William       | 70| None |On Cabreta
  Sloop     |              |    |  Layman      |   |      |Point,
            |              |    |              |   |      |Gibraltar Bay.
Woodlark    | Nov. 13, 1805| 14 |Thos. Innes   | 50| None |Near Calais.
Wolfe,      | Sept. 4, 1806| 18 |G.C.          |121| None |On Heneaga, one
  Sloop     |              |    |  Mackenzie   |   |      |of the Bahama
            |              |    |              |   |      |Islands.
Woodcock,   | Feb. 13, 1807| 10 |I.C. Smith    | 18| None |West of Villa
  Schooner  |              |    |  Collett     |   |      |Franca, Saint
            |              |    |              |   |      |Michael's.
Wagtail,    | Feb. 13, 1807| 10 |William       | 18| None |West of Villa
  Schooner  |              |    |  Cullis      |   |      |Franca, Saint
            |              |    |              |   |      |Michael's.
Widgeon,    |April 20, 1808|  6 |George Elliot | 20| None |On a reef of
  Schooner  |              |    |              |   |      |rocks, near
            |              |    |              |   |      |Banff.
Wildbear,   | Feb. 15, 1810| 10 |Thomas Burton | 76|   12 |On the Rundel
  Sloop     |              |    |              |   |      |Stone, Scilly
            |              |    |              |   |      |Islands.
Woolwich    |Sept. 11, 1813| 20 |Thos. Ball    |135|      |Off Barbuda,
            |              |    |    Sullivan  |   |      |West Indies.
Whiting,    |Sept. 21, 1816| 14 |John Jackson  | 50| None |Near Dunbar.
  Schooner  |              |    |              |   |      |
Wolf, Sloop | Mar. 10, 1830| 18 |Robt. Russell,|116| None |Off Isle of
            |              |    |  Esq.        |   |      |Wight (Brock).
York        | Jan.     1803| 64 |Henry Mitford |491|  All |Foundered in
            |              |    |              |   |      |the North Sea.
Zenobia     |          1806|    |Name unknown  |   |  All |Wrecked, exact
            |              |    |              |   |      |date unknown,
            |              |    |              |   |      |on the Coast
            |              |    |              |   |      |of Florida.
Zebra, Brig |          1841| 16 |J.S. Shepperd |115| None |In the Levant.
------------+--------------+----+--------------+---+------+---------------