Produced by Robert J. Hall




[Illustration: FRONTISPIECE.--WASHINGTON'S NEW CAPITOL BUILDING.
(Photo Engraved from a Drawing.)
CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW CAPITOL TO BE ERECTED ON THE FOUNDATION
ALREADY LAID AT OLYMPIA WAS AUTHORIZED AT THE 1909 SESSION OF THE
LEGISLATURE.]




[Page 1]
A REVIEW OF THE RESOURCES
AND INDUSTRIES
OF
WASHINGTON

1909


       *       *       *       *       *

PUBLISHED UNDER AUTHORITY OF THE LEGISLATURE, FOR GRATUITOUS
DISTRIBUTION BY THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS, AGRICULTURE AND IMMIGRATION

I. M. HOWELL.
  _Secretary of State_
  _Ex-Officio Commissioner_

GEO. M. ALLEN,
  _Deputy Commissioner,_


[Page 2]
                         OFFICE OF THE
  BUREAU OF STATISTICS, AGRICULTURE AND IMMIGRATION,
            OLYMPIA, WASHINGTON, JUNE 1, 1909.

_To His Excellency M. E. Hay, Governor of Washington:_

We have the honor to transmit herewith the Biennial Report of the
Bureau of Statistics, Agriculture and Immigration for the year 1909,
dealing with the various resources and industries of Washington.

  Very respectfully,

I. M. HOWELL.
  _Secretary of State_,
  _Ex-Officio Commissioner_.

GEO. M. ALLEN,
  _Deputy Commissioner,_




[Page 3]
INTRODUCTION

  OFFICE OF THE
    BUREAU OF STATISTICS, AGRICULTURE AND IMMIGRATION,
      OLYMPIA, WASHINGTON, JUNE 1, 1909.

This publication represents an effort to place before the general
public, and particularly the visitors at the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific
Exposition, a brief description of the principal resources and
industries of the State of Washington.

Its imperfections may be accounted for largely by reason of the
fact that funds for the purpose did not become available until the
first day of April of the current year. This necessitated unusual
haste in securing and preparing the material upon which the pamphlet
is based. However, we have endeavored to deal conservatively and
fairly with the various subjects under consideration, and to present
all the information possible within the limits of the space at
our disposal.

Our purpose has been to supply the reader with an outline of the
salient facts which account for the marvelous growth and development
which the commonwealth is enjoying. To go largely into detail within
the scope of a pamphlet of this size would be, manifestly, an
impossibility. We might readily exhaust our available space in
dealing with one industry or in describing a single county. Details,
therefore, have been necessarily and purposely avoided.

We have sought to bring the entire state within the perspective of
the reader, leaving him to secure additional facts through personal
investigation. Along this line, attention is called to the list of
commercial organizations and local officials presented
[Page 4]
in the statistical portion of this report. Nearly all the larger
communities of the state maintain organizations, equipped to supply
detailed facts relating to their particular locality. Much valuable
information may be obtained on application to these organizations
or to local officials.

An expression of appreciation is due those who have assisted us
by supplying information and collecting photographs for use in
this publication. Without such aid the completion of the pamphlet
would have been materially delayed.

[Illustration: Plate No. 1.--Fruit Farm Adjoining Town of Asotin,
Asotin County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 2--Asotin County Views.]




[Page 5]
GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES OF WASHINGTON.

The State of Washington as now constituted, was, prior to 1853,
a portion of the Territory of Oregon. During the year mentioned,
a new territory was carved from the old Oregon boundaries, which
the statesmen of that day evidently believed was marked by destiny
for the achievement of great things, for they conferred upon it
the name of Washington.

That our state, thus highly distinguished, has already demonstrated
itself worthy of the exalted name, so happily bestowed upon it, the
most carping critic must admit. With a population now reaching up
toward a million and a half, and with all the forces that make for
industrial, commercial and agricultural supremacy in full swing,
and gathering new momentum yearly, Washington is moving onward
and upward toward a position among the very elect of our great
sisterhood of states.

As briefly as the story may be told, the fundamental facts which
underlie the marvelous advancement made by the state during recent
years will be set forth in the pages of this pamphlet.


NATURAL DIVISIONS OF THE STATE.

By virtue of its varied topography, Washington is naturally divided
into a number of districts or sections, each possessing its own
particular characteristics.

Olympic Peninsula.

The first of these districts may be described as consisting of that
section of the state including the Olympic mountains and extending
westward from them to the Pacific ocean. Within the limits of this
Olympic peninsula, as it is ordinarily termed, there is standing
one of the largest and most valuable tracts of virgin timber yet
remaining in the United States.

[Page 6]
Puget Sound Basin.

The second district includes the territory lying between the Olympic
and Cascade mountains, the chief physical feature of which is the
great inland sea known as Puget Sound. The shore front of this
important waterway exceeds 2,000 miles, and its length is broken
by numerous bays and harbors, upon which are located Seattle, the
state's metropolis, and the growing cities of Tacoma, Everett,
Bellingham and Olympia. The climate of this section is mild in winter
and cool in summer, extremes in either season being practically
unknown. Deep sea shipping enters the port of Puget Sound from every
maritime country on the globe, and the industrial and commercial
interests of this section are expanding with extraordinary rapidity.

The Cascade Mountains.

The Cascade mountains constitute the third of these natural divisions.
This range extends in a broken line across the width of the state, at
a distance of about 120 miles from the Pacific ocean. These mountains,
their rugged peaks capped with a mantle of eternal snow, their sides
covered with a heavy timber growth, and their valleys carrying
numerous sparkling mountain streams, with illimitable possibilities
for the development of power, are one of the important assets of
the state, the value of which has not as yet even been estimated.
The mineral wealth of the Cascades, only a slight knowledge of
which has as yet been secured, will ere long contribute largely
to the prosperity of the state, while the more moderate slopes of
the mountains serve a valuable purpose for the pasturage of numerous
flocks and herds.

Okanogan Highlands.

The fourth district is known as the Okanogan highlands, and occupies
that portion of the state lying north of the Columbia river and
east of the Cascade mountains. This section of the state contains
valuable timber and mineral wealth in addition to presenting many
attractive opportunities to the farmer and horticulturist. It has
been hampered thus far by
[Page 7]
lack of adequate transportation facilities, and for this reason
land may be had at exceptionally reasonable figures.

Columbia River Basin.

The Columbia river basin is by far the largest natural division of
the state, and, generally speaking, includes the section drained
by that river and its tributaries. Within the confines of this
district are the great irrigated and grain-growing sections of the
state, which are a source of constantly increasing wealth.

This great "Inland Empire," as it has come to be called, has made
thousands of homeseekers independent, and is largely responsible for
the rise to commercial greatness of the splendid city of Spokane.
Other cities of growing importance lying within the Columbia river
basin are Walla Walla, North Yakima, Ellensburg and Wenatchee,
while scores of smaller communities are annually adding to their
population with the continued development of the districts of which
they are the immediate distributing centers.

The Southeast.

The Blue mountains form the chief natural characteristic of the
extreme southeastern section of the state, which constitutes the
sixth division. This is comparatively a small district, but one
that is highly favored by climatic and soil advantages, and it
is well timbered and watered.

The Southwest.

The southwest is the seventh and final division of the state. It
comprises an extensive district, fronting on the Columbia river and
the Pacific ocean. It is heavily wooded and its chief industries
are based upon its timber wealth. The taking and canning of fish and
oyster culture are also important industries, while fruit growing
and general farming are carried on upon a constantly increasing
scale.




[Page 8]
NATURAL RESOURCES OF WASHINGTON.

Probably few other states in the Union excel Washington in the
great variety, abundance and value of the natural gifts prepared
and ripe for the hand of man within its borders. Preceding races
were content to leave its wealth to us, being themselves satisfied
to subsist upon that which was at hand and ready for consumption
with no effort but the effort of taking. The impenetrable forests
were to them a barrier to be let alone. For the minerals within the
mountains they had no use, and to gather wealth from the tillage
of the soil needed too much exertion. Fish and game and fruits all
ready to gather were all they sought, and the state had enough
of these to attract and hold a large population. But the vision
of the white man was different. His eye scanned the peaks of the
Cascades with its great eternal white Rainier having its head thrust
up among the clouds, and he realized that around and beneath them
must be a vast hoard of the precious metals. His eye caught the
dazzling grandeur of the white-capped Olympics, but he realized
that they held in reserve something more substantial to his needs
than scenery and hunting grounds. The impenetrable barriers of the
forest-covered foothills were to him a treasure worth the struggle
for an empire. He scanned the glittering waters of the bays and
inlets of Puget Sound and its great open way to the Pacific Ocean
and realized that it meant more to him and to his children than a
place to catch a few fish. He viewed the vast plains of "barren"
land within the great winding course of the Columbia river and
believed it worth more than pasturage for a few bands of ponies.

The thousand tumbling water-falls that hastened the course of the
rivers toward the sea meant more than resting places for the chase. No
wonder the hardy pioneers whose vision saw the grandeur of Washington
and comprehended its meaning dared a mighty journey, vast hardships
and trying and dangerous hazards to save this empire to Uncle Sam.
Washington, saved by the energy and foresight of a few, has become the
[Page 9]
delightful home of a million and more, and their possession is
one that Alexander or Napoleon would have coveted, had they known.

[Illustration: Plate No. 3.--Chehalis County Timber.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 4.--The Logging Industry in Chehalis County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 5.--View of Harbor, Aberdeen, Chehalis
County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 6.--Limb Cut from a Chelan County Peach
Tree.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 7.--Six-Year-Old Winesap Apple Tree on
Farm of Blackmont Bros., Chelan County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 8.--Farm of Wm. Turner, Chelan County.
From Sage Brush to Bearing Orchard, Showing How Living Is Made
While Orchard Is Coming Into Bearing.]


FORESTS.

From British Columbia to the majestic Columbia river and from the
Cascade mountains westward to the ocean a vast forest of magnificent
timber stretches out over mountain and hill and valley, covering
the whole landscape of western Washington in a mantle of living
green. The majestic fir trees, which, as small evergreens, adorn
the lawns of other climes, here stretch their ancient heads 300
feet heavenward and give the logger a chance to stand upon his
springboard and, leaving a fifteen foot stump, cut off a log 100
feet in length and 7 feet in diameter free from limbs or knots. Side
by side with these giants of fir are other giants of cedar, hemlock
and spruce crowded in groups, sometimes all alike and sometimes
promiscuously mingled, which offer to the logger often 50,000 feet
of lumber from an acre of ground.

But these great forests of western Washington are not all the forests
within the state. The eastern slope of the Cascade mountains well
down toward the lands of the valleys is mostly covered with timber.
A belt from 30 to 50 miles wide stretching clear across the north
boundary of eastern Washington is mostly a forest, while a large
area in the southeastern corner of the state, probably 24 miles
square, is also forest covered.

To estimate the amount of timber which can be cut from these vast
forest areas is difficult; estimates are not accurate, yet it is
probable that the lumber made will in time far exceed any estimate
yet placed upon this chief source of the wealth of the State of
Washington. Of the fir the estimate has been made that shows still
standing enough timber to make 120 billion feet; for the cedar the
estimate is 25 billion feet, while the same amount of 25 billion
feet is credited to hemlock; 12 billion feet of spruce are claimed,
12 billion feet of yellow pine and probably 6 billion feet of other
woods, including maple, alder, oak, yew, ash and many others, together
forming the great mass of 200 billion feet of lumber. Where forest
areas are cut off, the
[Page 10]
sun and air at once start to life seeds which lie dormant in the
shade and a new crop at once starts and the old ground is in a
few years reforested in nature's prodigal way, a thousand seeds
sprouting and growing where only one giant can ultimately stand.

Of these timbers, the fir, largest in quantity, is also largest
in usefulness. For bridge work, shipbuilding, the construction of
houses, etc. it is unsurpassed. Cedar is lighter and more easily
worked and for shingles chiefly and many other special uses is
superior. Spruce is fine grained, odorless and valuable for butter
tubs, interior finish, shelving, etc. The hemlock is valuable not
only for the tannin of its bark, but as a wood for many purposes is
equal to spruce. The yellow pine, where it is plentiful is the main
wood used in house construction and for nearly all farm purposes.
The yellow pine is the chief timber in all eastern Washington. The
harder woods, maple, alder, ash, etc., are used where available
in furniture construction and for fuel, as are also all the other
woods.


COAL.

Not content with covering half the surface of the state with forests
for fuel, the Creator hid away under the forests an additional
supply of heat and power sufficient to last its future citizens an
indefinite period. The white man was not slow to find and locate
the coal measures in many counties, notably in Kittitas, King,
Pierce, Lewis, Whatcom and Thurston, and to put it to the task of
driving his machinery. The coal measures of these counties are of
vast extent, and, although little developed yet, there are 3,000,000
tons of coal mined annually in Washington. Other counties are known
to have coal measures beneath their forests, but as yet they have
not been opened up for commerce.

The coal already mined includes both lignite and bituminous varieties
and furnishes fuel for the railroads, steamboats and power plants,
giving very satisfactory results. Much of the bituminous coal makes
an excellent article of coke and provides this concentrated carbon
for the various plants about the state engaged in smelting iron
and other metals.

[Page 11]
The fixed carbon of the coal ranges from 48 to 65 per cent. and
the total values in carbon from 64 to 80 per cent. and the ash
from 3 to 17 per cent. The coal measures underlie probably the
great bulk of the foothills on both sides of the Cascades and some
of the Olympics, the Blue mountains of the southeast and some of
the low mountains in the northeastern part of the state.

Besides these coals already mentioned, it is known that veins of
anthracite coal exist in the western part of Lewis county, the
extent and value of which have not been fully determined, and, owing
to the absence of transportation, are not on the market.


MINERAL ORES.

The general topography of the state suggests at once the probability
of deposits of ores of the precious metals, and the cursory prospecting
already done justifies the outlook. Practically the entire mountain
regions are enticing fields for the prospector. Substantial rewards
have already been realized by many who have chanced the hardships,
and there are now in operation many mining enterprises which are
yearly adding a substantial sum to the output of the wealth of
the state. The ores occur chiefly in veins of low grade and great
width and known as base on account of the presence of sulphur,
arsenic and other elements compelling the ores to be roasted before
smelting.

There are, however, some high grade ores in narrow fissures and in
a few localities free milling ores and placer deposits are found.
In most cases the free milling ores are the result of oxidation and
will be found to be base as water level is reached in the mining
process.

Mining of precious metals is being prosecuted in Whatcom, Skagit,
Snohomish, King, Pierce, Lewis, Skamania, Cowlitz, Okanogan, Chelan,
Kittitas, Yakima, Klickitat, Ferry and Stevens counties.

Of the metals the mines of the state are producing gold, silver,
lead, copper, quicksilver, zinc, arsenic, antimony, molybdenum,
[Page 12]
nickel, cobalt, tungsten, titanium, bismuth, sulphur, selenium,
tellurium, tin and platinum.

There are also iron mines, and quarries of marble, granite, onyx,
serpentine, limestone and sandstone--beds of fire clay, kaolin,
fire and potter's clays, talc and asbestos and many prospects of
petroleum.

Mining is suffering for the lack of transportation for the low
grade ores, but prospects are excellent for relief in this regard in
the near future. The era of wildcat exploitation has been relegated
to the past and legitimate mining is now getting a firmer hold
in the state, and we look for results within the next five years
which will astonish many who think themselves well informed.


FISHERIES.

A glance at the map of the state will disclose a remarkable combination
of salt and fresh waters within the jurisdiction of the state of
such a character as to amaze one not familiar with it, but learned
in the habits of the finny tribe in general.

The ocean is the great feeding ground. Out of its mysterious depths
the millions of fish come into fresh waters fat and rich from the
salt water vegetation.

[Illustration: Plate No. 9.--Chelan County Views.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 10.--Farm and Dairy Scene Common to Clallam
County.]

The great Columbia river in the south, Willapa harbor, Grays harbor,
the majestic straits of Fuca and the equally majestic straits of
Georgia on the north are all great open highways from the sea, not
only for merchandise laden ships, but for myriads of salt water
food fishes which annually traverse their bottoms. Into these open
mouths flows a great network of fresh water rivers and streams,
draining the entire area of the state and providing the spawning
waters for the fishes from the sea not only, but for millions of
strictly fresh water fishes. Not only these, but late years have
proven the shore waters of the state to produce also great numbers
of oysters, clams, crabs and shrimp. Nor is this all, because the
proximity of the state to the ocean gives it a great advantage
in profiting from the fishing industry among that class of the
finny hosts who refuse to leave their salt water homes. So that
from the whales of Bering sea to the speckled beauties that haunt
the mountain
[Page 13]
streams, through the long list of delectable salt and fresh water
food, the fisherman of Washington has an enticing and most profitable
chance to satisfy his love of sport and adventure not only, but
to increase his bank account as well.


SOILS AND LANDS.

Washington is particularly blessed in having a diversity of soils,
all admirably adapted to some department of agriculture and giving
the state the opportunity of great diversity in the occupations
of its people. The central plateau of eastern Washington, made
up of level stretches and undulating hills, is all covered with a
soil composed of volcanic ash and the disintegration of basaltic
rocks which, together with some humus from decayed vegetation,
has made a field of surpassing fertility for the production of
the cereals with scant water supply; but under the magic touch of
irrigation it doubles its output and makes of it not only a grain
field but an orchard and garden as well. Underneath the forests
of eastern Washington, along the northern border of the state and
in its southeastern corner there is added a large proportion of
clay, a necessary element for perpetual pasturage, and widening
the field for fruit growing.

In western Washington, upon the bench lands and on the hills and
foothills the forests are supported upon a gravelly soil, intermixed
with a peculiar shot clay which disintegrates with successive tillage
so that when the forests are removed the soil becomes ready for
all the grasses and grains and fruits. In the valleys more silt
and humus make up the soil, and when the cottonwoods, alders and
maples are gone there is left a soil deep and strong for the truck
gardener and general farmer, which will endure successive tillings
for ages. At the deltas of the rivers are large reaches of level
lands, some of which have to be diked to prevent the overflow of
the tides, which have had added the fertility of the salts of the
ocean and are probably the richest lands in the state fit for cereals
and root crops, not omitting the bulbs which have made the deltas
of Holland famous. There are also extensive peat beds which,
scientifically
[Page 14]
fertilized, will produce abundant returns to the intelligent farmer.


LANDS.

The lands of the state are owned, some by Indian tribes, some by
the general government, some by the state, but largely by individual
citizens and corporations.

Indian Lands.

Of the Indian lands most of them have been "allotted" and the balance
will soon be thrown open to settlement. Of these the largest in
western Washington are the Quinault and Makah reservations and in
eastern Washington the great Colville reservation. This latter will
in time make two or three counties of great value, being adapted
to general farming, dairying, fruit growing and mining, and having
an abundance of forest area for fuel and building purposes. Those
in western Washington are timbered areas at present.

Government Lands.

The remnant of government lands are chiefly among the more barren
areas of eastern Washington and the poorer forest lands of western
Washington. The method of obtaining title to government lands is
generally known, and if not, can be obtained from the general land
offices, one of which is in Seattle, Olympia, Vancouver, Spokane,
Waterville, Walla Walla and North Yakima. The government still holds
title to nearly six million acres, and, while the best has been
acquired by others, the diligent searcher can still find homesteads
and desert claims worth energy and considerable expense to secure.

State Lands.

A recent estimate of the value of the state lands still in possession
makes them worth 56 million dollars. They include nearly 3,000,000
acres, a large portion of which is heavily timbered. These lands
may be obtained from the state through the state land commissioner
by purchase outright on very easy terms, or may be leased for a
term of five to ten years at a low rental, the lessee receiving
virtually a first right to purchase.

These state lands are as good as any in the state and offer to the
homeseeker a splendid opportunity for a start.

[Page 15]
In this state there are also numerous tide lands, oyster lands,
and shore lands to be obtained at various prices, both from the
state and from private individuals who have already acquired title
from the state.


WATER POWER.

It is probable that no state in the Union is better equipped for
creating power than the State of Washington. Numerous waterfalls
of magnitude are already successfully utilized. Among these the
most noted are the Spokane falls, capable of producing 400,000
horse power; the Snoqualmie falls, with a sheer descent of 250
feet, with a capacity of 100,000 horse power; Puyallup river at
one place is furnishing about 20,000 horse power; the Cedar river
has a capacity of 50,000 horse wer; the Nooksack falls with 15,000
horse power already generated; Tumwater falls with 4,000 horse
power, with Chelan falls, the Meyers falls and the falls of Asotin
creek all in use to limited extent. The waters of the Yakima river
are also in use in part for power purposes, but more extensively
for irrigation. Besides these there are many minor streams already
harnessed.

But the unused water powers of the state far exceed that portion
now developed. All its streams are mountain streams, excepting
perhaps, the Snake and Columbia rivers. These mountain rivers in
a flow of 50 to 200 miles make a descent of 2,000 to 5,000 feet
in reaching sea level, providing innumerable opportunities to use
the falls already created by nature, or to divert the waters and
produce artificial falls.

No heritage of the state is of greater value and none more appreciated
than this water power. Since the introduction of electricity as
a lighting and motive force, its creation by water power looms
into immense importance. The exhibition of its achievements to
be seen in Washington today is amazing to the men whose vision
of light and power was first with the tallow dip and four-footed
beasts, and later with kerosene and steam. Electricity, created
by our water falls, lights our cities and farm homes, draws our
street cars and some railroad cars--pushes most of the machinery
used in manufactories, to the great satisfaction and profit of
our citizens.


[Page 16]
GAME.

The State of Washington was once a paradise for the sportsman in
its every corner. Its desert lands were full of jack rabbits and
sage hens; over its mountains and foothills roamed herds of elk,
mountain goats, deer, and many bear, cougar and wild cats. In its
timbered valleys were pheasants and grouse in plenty. Upon its
waters and sloughs the wild ducks and geese were in vast flocks,
while its waters teemed with salmon in many varieties, and several
families of the cod tribe, sole, flounders, perch, mountain trout
and other fish.

While these conditions cannot now be said to exist in full, yet
at certain seasons, and in some places, the same game, animals,
birds and fishes are in abundance, and the sportsman, while he
may not have his "fill," may satisfy a reasonable amount of his
craving for the excitement of the frontier. The state has deemed
it wise to restrict the time and place within which its game can
be taken and the amount a single individual shall kill. These
regulations suffice partly to preserve the game from extinction
and help replenish the state's treasury, and are considered wise
and reasonable.


SCENERY.

If Washington is mighty in forest possession, provided with fuel
for centuries in its coal beds, rich in precious metals, with great
open waterways full of fish roads from the ocean and millions of
fishes in its inland waters, with game upon its thousand hills and
its vast plains loaded with waving grains and red with luscious
fruits, still its crowning glory is its matchless scenery.

Towering above the clouds, with its head crowned with eternal snows,
its sides forever glistening with icy glaciers till their feet touch
the green tops of its foothills, near the center of the state, stands
in imposing grandeur the highest mountain of the states--grand,
old Mount Rainier.

[Illustration: Plate No. 11.--Fish Cannery at Port Angeles, Clallam
County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 12.--A Forest Scene in Clallam County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 13.--North Bank Bridge Over the Columbia
River at Vancouver, Clarke County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 14.--U. S. Army Post, Vancouver, Clarke
County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 15.--Stock-Raising in Clarke County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 16.--A Clarke County Fruit Ranch.]

Through its center north and south the Cascade mountains in a zigzag
course lift their clustered peaks and mountain passes from four
to eight thousand feet above the sea, while Mount Olympus and his
colleagues higher still poke their inspiring
[Page 17]
front heavenward. Between these two white and green clad mountain
ranges, protected from the blizzards of the southwestern plains
and from the hurricanes from the ocean, lie in safety the placid
waters of Washington's great inland sea, matchless Puget Sound.

Where else upon the globe is such a diversified stretch of tranquil
water, upon whose shores the ocean tides ebb and flow, upon whose
surface the navies of the world could maneuver to their heart's
content, while visible from shore to shore are the vast evergreen
forests, interlaced with winding waters and stretching gently upwards
till they reach the visible mountain peaks a hundred miles away,
thousands of feet skyward?

Scarcely less enchanting is the view eastward from the Rainier's
lofty height--a vast stretch of hill and plain almost surrounded
by green mountain sides, through whose gray and green fields flow
the great winding courses of the mighty Columbia and the lazy Snake
rivers, while a multitude of smaller streams gleam through the
forest sides of the mountains over innumerable waterfalls. Here
within the foothills you gaze upon the largest lake within the
state, a beauty spot to enchant alike the artist and the sportsman.
Deep within its rocky sides and full of speckled beauties lying
like a mirror in the stretch of green hills about it, lies Lake
Chelan, and on its unruffled bosom a fleet of boats ply for fifty
miles beyond its outlet till reach the mining foothills of the
mountains. A hundred miles eastward, still among the scattered
pines of northeastern Washington, the Spokane river tumbles in
masses of foam and spray over a succession of rocky falls on its
way to the Columbia, while still further on the Pend d'Oreille
and upper reaches of the Columbia river flow close up among the
mountains and foothills and present a series of beautiful combinations
of rock, trees, hills and valleys, of forests and waterfalls of
magnificent beauty. Washington in its scenery is magnificent in
proportions, wonderful in its variety, grand and imposing in form
and feature--picturesque--enticing--"a thing of beauty and a joy
forever."




[Page 18]
PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES OF WASHINGTON.


LUMBERING.

The description of the resources of a state naturally suggests what
its industries are. The forests of western Washington inevitably lead
to the lumber industry and the fertile soil of eastern Washington
point as unerringly to agriculture. These are the two great industries
of the state. The lumberman and the farmer are in the majority.
Already there are sawmills enough in operation to cut up all the
standing timber in the state within fifty years. They employ probably
100,000 men. This includes those engaged in logging and the subsidiary
industries.

Of the trees the fir is pre-eminently useful, and more than half of
the forests of the state are fir trees. It is of greater strength
than any of the others and hence is used for all structural work
where strength is of special importance. It is rather coarse grained,
but when quarter sawed produces a great variety of grains very
beautiful and capable of high finish and is extensively used for
inside finishings for houses as well as for frame work. Its strength
makes it ideal for the construction of ships. The yellow pine is
strong, medium grained and well fitted for general building purposes,
and is very extensively used in eastern Washington.

Cedar is very light and close grained and is chiefly used for shingles,
and for this purpose has no superior. The cheaper grades are also
used for boxes and sheathing for houses and many other purposes.

The spruce furnishes an odorless wood especially useful for butter
tubs; for shelving and similar uses it is superior to either the
fir or cedar. It is a white, close grained lumber, and appreciating
in value.

The hemlock, whose bark produces tannin for the tanneries, is also
a close grained light wood coming more and more into
[Page 19]
general use, for many purposes, especially where it will not be
exposed to the weather.

Logs frequently seven feet in diameter require big saws, and big
carriers 50 to 100 feet long, and hence Washington has probably
the largest sawmills in the world.

Our lumber is used at home and shipped all over the world to make
bridges, ships, houses, floors, sash, doors, boxes, barrels, tubs,
etc. Factories for the manufacture of wood products are scattered
all over the state. Most of the sawmills and some factories are
driven by steam made by burning sawdust, slabs, and other refuse
of the mills. Coal and electricity, however, are both in use.


COAL MINING.

The mining of coal for foreign and domestic purposes is one of
the most important of Washington's industries. The annual output
of the mines is about three million tons, worth about eight million
dollars; Fifty thousand tons of coke are made annually, worth at
the ovens about $300,000. The coal mining industry gives employment
to 6,000 men. The production of coal for 1907 was distributed as
follows:

  Kittitas County, tons  1,524,421
  King County, tons      1,446,966
  Pierce County, tons      612,539
  Lewis County, tons       101,275
  Thurston County, tons     33,772
  Whatcom County, tons       3,160
  Clallam County, tons         300

The coke nearly all comes from Pierce county.

Nearly forty different corporations and individuals are engaged
in coal mining. The coals thus far commercially mined are chiefly
lignite and bituminous. These coal measures lie along the base of
the foothills, chiefly of the Cascade mountains. Higher up are
some mines of anthracite coals, not yet on the market for lack of
transportation. As far as discovered they are chiefly near the
headwaters of the Cowlitz river in Lewis county. Coal forms the
largest factory in furnishing steam for the mill roads. Some of
the railroads, notably the
[Page 20]
Northern Pacific and Great Northern, own their own mines and mine
the coal for their own engines and shops.

It is also the main fuel supply for domestic uses, although fir
and yellow pine cordwood is extensively used when the cost of
transportation is not too great.

Coal is also the chief fuel used in steamboats, both those plying
over inland waters and the ocean-going boats as well. Here also,
however, the fir wood proves a good substitute and is used to some
extent by local steamers on the Sound.

Coal is also used to create both steam and electricity for most
of the large heating plants in the cities and in many factories
and manufacturing plants, flour mills, elevators, etc. The fact
that vast coal measures lie within 50 miles of the seaports of Puget
Sound is a very important factor in insuring the construction of
manufacturing establishments and the concentration of transportation
in these ports.

Coal is also used in all the large cities for the manufacture of
illuminating gas and as a by-product of this industry coke, coal
tar, and crude creosote are produced.

The coke from the ovens goes chiefly to the smelters for the reduction
of ores, both of the precious metals and iron.


METAL MINING.

The mining industry other than coal is quite rapidly reaching importance
among our industries. There are in the state three large smelters,
whose annual output of precious metals far surpasses in value the
output of our coal mines. The ores for these values, however, do
not all come from the mines of this state. Other states, British
Columbia, Alaska, and some foreign countries help furnish the ores.
But Washington has within its borders a great mineralized territory,
not yet thoroughly prospected and very little developed, yet which
materially assists in supplying these smelters with their ores.

[Illustration: Plate No. 17.--Ocean-Going Raft, Built at Stella,
Cowlitz County, by the Oregon Rafting Company.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 18.--COWLITZ COUNTY TIMBER. This Stick
Was 301 Feet Long and 36 Feet in Circumference at Stump.]

The smelter at Everett receives a steady supply of arsenical ores
of copper, lead, gold, silver and zinc from the mines of Snohomish
county which are of magnitude sufficient to make profitable the
railroad which has been built to Monte Cristo
[Page 21]
purposely for these ores. This smelter has a special plant for
saving the arsenic in these ores, which materially adds to the
value of its output and is said to be the only one of its kind in
the nation.

Besides the mines at Monte Cristo, there are copper mines being
successfully worked at Index, whose ores are shipped both to Everett
and Tacoma.

At Tacoma is located one of the largest smelting and refining plants
in the nation, which draws its ores from all parts of the world. At
North Port in Stevens county is a smelter which is chiefly supplied
with ores from this state, supplemented by those of British Columbia.
At Republic in Ferry county are mines producing gold and silver
ores of such extent as to have induced the building of a branch
line of railroad to carry their ores to this smelter. There are
also in Stevens county large deposits of silver-lead ores, which
will be large producers as soon as better transportation is secured.
This last statement is also true regarding many mines in other
counties.


FISHING INDUSTRY.

The business of catching, preserving and selling fish gives employment
probably to more than 10,000 men in this state and adds probably
four million dollars annually to its wealth production. The fishes
include salmon, which is the chief commercial species, cod in many
varieties, halibut, salmon trout, perch, sole, flounders, smelt,
herring, sardines, oysters, clams, crabs and shrimp from its salt
waters, and sturgeon, trout, perch, black bass, white fish and
many others from the fresh water. Great quantities of salmon and
halibut are shipped in ice-packed boxes, fresh from the waters,
to all parts of the nation. Of these fish, many salmon, halibut
and cod are caught in Alaskan waters and brought into this state
to be cured and prepared for the market.

The salmon are chiefly packed in tin cans after being cooked; the
cod are handled as are the eastern cod, dried and salted. The business
of handling the smelts, herring, etc., is in its infancy, as is
also that of the shellfish.

[Page 22]
The propagation of oysters, both native and eastern, is assuming
great importance in many places in the state. In Shoalwater bay,
Willipa bay, Grays harbor, and many of the bays and inlets of Puget
Sound, oysters are being successfully grown. In some instances
oyster farms are paying as much as $1,000 per acre. The state has
sold many thousand acres of submerged lands for this purpose. It
has also reserved several thousand acres of natural oyster beds,
from which the seed oysters are annually sold at a cheap price to
the oyster farmers, who plant them upon their own lands and market
them when full grown.

The native oysters are much smaller than the eastern oysters and
of a distinct flavor, but command the same prices in the market.


AGRICULTURE.

Cereals.

The largest and most important industry in the state is without
doubt the cultivation of the soil. The great variety of the soils
and climatic conditions has made the state, in different parts,
admirably adapted to a large variety of farm products. Vast fields of
wheat cover a large proportion of the uplands of eastern Washington,
the average yield of which is greater than that of any other state
in the Union.

The diked lands of western Washington produce oats at the rate
of 100 to 125 bushels per acre. In some counties in southeastern
Washington barley is more profitable than any other cereal, on
account of the large yield and superior quality.

Corn is successfully raised in some of the irrigated lands, but is
not as profitable as some other crops and hence is not an important
factor in Washington's grain supply. Rye, buckwheat, and flax, are
successfully grown in many localities. In western Washington,
particularly, peas form an important ration for stock food and
are extensively raised for seed, excelling in quality the peas of
most other states.

[Page 23]
Hops.

Hops are a large staple product in many counties of the state.
They are of excellent quality, and the yield is large and their
cultivation generally profitable. The chief drawback is in the
fluctuations of the market price.

Grass and Hay.

Grass here, as elsewhere, is very little talked about, although it
is one of the large elements that make the profits of agriculture.
Saying nothing of the vast amount of grass consumed green, the
state probably produces a million tons of hay annually, averaging
$10 per ton in value. Western Washington is evergreen in pasturage
as well as forests and no spot in the Union can excel it for annual
grass production.

East of the mountains a very large acreage is in alfalfa, with a
yield exceeding six tons per acre.

Potatoes.

On the alluvial soils of western Washington and the irrigated lands
of the eastern valleys, potatoes yield exceedingly heavy crops of
fine tubers, often from 400 to 600 bushels per acre. All other
root crops are produced in abundance.

Beets.

Extensive experiments have proved that the sugar beet can be raised
profitably in many counties and sugar is now on the markets of
the state, made within its borders from home-grown beets.

Truck Gardening.

Garden stuff is supplied to all the large cities chiefly from
surrounding lands in proper seasons, but much is imported from
southern localities to supply the market out of season. The soils
utilized for this purpose are the low alluvial valley lands and
irrigated volcanic ash lands. The yield from both is astonishing
to people from the eastern prairie states, and even in western
Washington, with its humid atmosphere and cool nights, tomatoes,
squashes and sweet corn are being generously furnished the city
markets. The warm irrigated lands of eastern
[Page 24]
Washington produce abundant crops of melons, cucumbers, squashes
and all other vegetables.


HORTICULTURE.

The conditions for successful fruit growing are abundant, and peculiarly
adapted to produce excellence in quality and quantity in nearly all
parts of the state, but some localities have better conditions
for some particular fruits than others, e. g., western Washington
excels in the raising of raspberries and other small fruits of
that sort, its climate and soils being suited to the production
of large berries and heavy yields.

Certain localities in eastern Washington excel in the yield of
orchard fruits, chiefly on irrigated lands. Owing to the abundant
sunshine, the fruits of eastern Washington are more highly colored
than those of other sections of the state.

Taking the state as a whole, horticulture is rapidly assuming vast
importance. Thousands of acres are yearly being added to the area
of orchards, and remarkable cash returns are being realized from
the older plantings now in full bearing.

This is true of all the common orchard fruits, apples, pears, peaches,
plums, cherries, etc.

In western Washington large plantings of the small fruits are growing
in favor, some of the new fruits receiving especial attention. One
plantation of thirty acres is devoted exclusively to Burbank's
phenomenal berry.

Grapes are being grown on both sides of the mountains, the eastern
side, however, giving this fruit much more attention. Cranberries
are being produced in quantities on some of the bog lands near
the sea coast.

Nuts have been planted on both sides of the mountains in an experimental
way, and it has been found that walnuts, chestnuts, and filberts are
profitable. In the southeastern section of the state, nut growing
bids fair to develop into a considerable industry.

[Illustration: Plate No. 19.--Royal Anne Cherry Tree, Owned by
J. H. Rogers, Lexington, Cowlitz County. Circumference of this
Tree Below First Limb, 72-3 Feet. Yield in 1907, 1,500 pounds.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 20.--Dairy Herd on Ranch of T. D. Dungan,
Kelso, Cowlitz County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 21.--Douglas County Fruit.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 22.--Douglas County Wheat at Tram Waiting
Shipment on Columbia River Boats.]


STOCK RAISING.

The glory once enjoyed by this industry is rapidly changing color.
Formerly, a predominating feature of the state was its
[Page 25]
big herds feeding gratuitously on government lands. This condition
still exists to an extent, the forests being utilized, under regulations
by the government, but the herds are limited.

Individual farms and small herds are now the order of the day and,
incidentally, better breeds are developing. This is true of horses,
cattle and sheep. The demand for horses is chiefly for the heavy
draft animals for use in the logging camps and on the streets of
the cities, and the demand is fairly well supplied, chiefly in
eastern Washington.

Good cows and fat steers are always in demand, and Washington's
market for them is not fully supplied from the home farms. The
same is true regarding sheep and hogs. The phenomenal growth of
the seaport towns on Puget Sound and the difficulty in clearing
the lands in western Washington combine to make the consumption
exceed the home grown supply, and many are imported from neighboring
states.

There is abundant room for expansion in stock raising in the state.
Conditions are admirable. Grass is abundant for pasturage, hay is
a prolific crop, the climate is mild, no pests afflict the cattle,
and the markets are at the door and always hungry.


THE DAIRY.

There are few states in the Union equal to Washington in its possession
of natural conditions suited to make dairying profitable. In all of
western Washington, in the western part of eastern Washington, and
in both the northeastern and southeastern sections of the state,
the climate and soil conspire to make ideal grazing. Particularly
is this true in the western part of the state. All the grasses
grow in luxuriance, and with proper care and forethought there
may be secured almost twelve months of green feed annually. The
crops best adapted for use as ensilage grow well, making large
yields. Timothy, clover hay and alfalfa are the standbys for winter
feed so far as the coarse feed is concerned, and while mill stuffs
and all grains are high in price, so are correspondingly the products
of the dairy. Butter ranges from 25 cents to 40 cents per pound,
and milk sells in the coast cities for 10 cents per quart.


[Page 26]
POULTRY.

Perhaps no part of agriculture is more profitable to the wise farmer
than his barnyard fowls, and in Washington this is exceptionally
true. Eggs retail in the coast towns at 25 cents to 60 cents per
dozen. Turkeys at Thanksgiving time are worth from 25 cents to 30
cents per pound dressed, and other fowl in proportion. Conditions
can be made as ideal for poultry raising in this state as anywhere,
and with the market never satisfied, the poultry raiser has every
essential to success in his favor.


BEE CULTURE.

Bee culture among the orchards and alfalfa fields of eastern Washington
is a side line which should not be neglected by the farmer or
horticulturist. Many are fully alert to the favorable conditions,
and Washington honey is on sale in the late summer in most of the
cities and towns until the supply is exhausted, and then that from
other states comes in to meet the demand.

Pasturage for bees is also abundant in many parts of the western
half of the state, and many a rancher among the forest trees has
upon his table the products of his own apiary.


MANUFACTURING OTHER THAN LUMBER.

The State of Washington has natural products either within its
own borders or nearby, to foster many manufacturing industries,
besides those having lumber for their raw material.

In the Puget Sound basin are vast deposits of lime rock, which
is manufactured into commercial lime, supplying the home market
not only, but is being shipped also to foreign ports. These are
chiefly on San Juan island.

Considerable granite of fine quality is used in building and cemetery
structures, from quarries in Snohomish and Skagit counties. Sandstone
is being used for building purposes and is of splendid texture.
Onyx of great variety and beauty is extensively quarried in Stevens
county. Marble of good quality is being sawed up to limited extent.
Quarries in southeastern Alaska furnish rather a better quality
and are more extensively worked.

[Page 27]
Clays of great variety, including fire clays and those suitable
for terra cotta, are abundant, and large factories in King county
are turning out common and pressed brick of many colors and fine
finish, vitrified brick for street paving, terra cotta, stoneware,
drain tile, sewer pipe and other kindred products.

At Concrete, a town of 1,200 people in Skagit county, two factories,
employing 500 men, are daily turning out 1,400 barrels of Portland
cement of fine quality, which is finding ready market in all the
large cities.

At Irondale, in Jefferson county, a large plant has been in operation
turning out pig iron. It is now in process of being turned into
a steel plant and within a few months will be turning out steel
bars and pipes for sewer, gas and other purposes. The ores are
obtained from Whatcom and Skagit counties, some bog iron in the
immediate vicinity and additional ores from Vancouver island. More
than a half million dollars has already been invested and this
will probably reach a full million when the plant is in complete
operation. Although iron ores are present in the state in large
quantities, no other serious effort is being made to supply the
state with home made pig iron or its products. Here is a vast field
awaiting brains and capital. The above represent only a few of the
many lines of manufacturing that have been successfully developed
in Washington.


TRANSPORTATION.

Commerce and transportation are two affinities, ever seeking each
other. They have found on Puget Sound an ideal trysting place. Here
the ships of the ocean reach immense placid waters, not duplicated
on either side of the continent, and for this reason the railroads
have come from the interior to meet them. From foreign ports all over
the world ocean carriers are bringing in great loads of merchandise
and passengers, and the railroads coming from the Atlantic coast
across the entire continent bring like loads of merchandise and
human freight, and here they are exchanged. Teas from China and
Japan for cotton from Galveston and cotton goods from Massachusetts;
[Page 28]
rice and silk, hemp, matting, tin, copper and Japanese bric-a-brac
are exchanged for grain, flour, fish, lumber, fruit, iron and steel
ware, paper, tobacco, etc. Merchandise of all sorts from Asia,
the Philippines, South America and Australia is here exchanged
for different stuffs raised or made in every part of the American
continent and some from Europe. This commerce, however, is in its
infancy. The Northern Pacific and Great Northern railways have
fattened on it for years. All their rivals have looked on with
envious eyes till now a mad rush is on among them all for vantage
ground. The Milwaukee, Canadian Pacific and Burlington systems
already run their trains here, while the Union Pacific and others
are rushing for terminals on Puget Sound tide water. And while
thus racing for the great long haul prizes, they are incidentally
giving to the state a complete system of transportation in all
its parts and for all its multitudinous productions.

Of almost equal importance to the state is its great fleet of local
steamers which ply its inland waters, and the numerous electric
lines that are rapidly uniting its cities and villages and giving
a new and cheap method of migration. From the city of Spokane and
radiating in every direction, electric lines are in operation and
more are in course of construction, bringing the most distant points
of the great "Inland Empire" into close touch with its metropolis
and great distributing center. On the west side the same thing is
true, only in less degree. Between these two groups of transportation
facilities, and the commerce which the union of rail and tidewater
has created, the citizens of Washington have found innumerable
opportunities of employment.

These opportunities are increasing and broadening every year with
the continued development of the state and in multiplied and varied
form they await the newcomer who possesses the ability to rise to
the demands of the situation.

[Illustration: Plate No. 23.--FERRY COUNTY VIEWS. Plant of Karamin
Lumber Co., Karamin, Ferry County. (1) Track of Spokane & B. C.
Railway. (2) Track of Spokane Falls & Northern Ry.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 24.--Helphrey Ranch, Curlew, Ferry County.]




[Page 29]
OPPORTUNITIES IN WASHINGTON.

Washington is a land of widely diverging natural conditions. Its
topographical characteristics vary from the low southern exposures
of the inland river valleys, where strawberries mature as early
as April, to the mountain summits of the Cascades and Olympics,
where winter reigns supreme the year round. Between these extremes
may be found every range of climate known to the semi-tropical
and temperate zones.

For the Homeseeker.

Our lands include those suitable for the successful raising both
of the more tender, as well as the hardier fruits. Every grain,
other than corn, yields splendid results, while the truck gardener,
small fruit grower, dairyman, stock raiser and, in fact, every man
who aims to secure a living and a competence from some form of farm
industry will find, if he looks for it, a spot within the confines
of this state that will meet his most exacting requirements.

To insure success in any of the above lines requires pluck, energy,
stick-to-it-iveness, a determination to secure desired results, and
some capital. But given these, the man who is looking to Washington
as a favored location for the establishment of his household gods
need have no fear of the outcome.

Land may be secured suitable for any of the different purposes
mentioned, and with proper care it may be made to yield beyond
the most sanguine expectations. A market is ready and waiting to
absorb every class of product at profitable prices. Transportation
facilities are already excellent and the millions now being expended
in new railway construction through the state give some idea of
what the future holds forth in this particular.

[Page 30]
For the Business Man.

To the business man a new state, developing as is the State of
Washington, naturally offers numerous and attractive opportunities.
New communities are springing up along the lines of the Milwaukee,
the Portland & Seattle, and other railways now in process of
construction, each demanding its quota of commercial enterprises,
while the older cities and towns are continually absorbing new
additions to their population, thus paving the way for new business
facilities.

For the Investor.

The investor will find an attractive field of action in Washington,
and with the exercise of caution and prudence may anticipate far
better returns than he has been accustomed to, without undue risk
of the impairment of his capital. Raw lands, timber lands, improved
farms, irrigated lands and city and town property are exhibiting
a steady increase in value and undoubtedly will continue to do so
for years to come. The capitalist may take his choice of any of
these forms of investment, or he may turn to private, industrial or
municipal securities which are constantly being offered on excellent
terms and based upon unimpeachable assets.

For the Manufacturer.

To the manufacturer this state offers all the conditions that may
be classed as prerequisite to success. Cheap electric power is
available in nearly every community of any size in the state, while
millions of horse power remain still undeveloped in the rivers and
mountain streams. Raw material is here, in abundance, and the markets
of the world are accessible through rail and water transportation.
The principal manufactured products of the state consist of lumber
and lumber products, flour, feed and various cereal foods, butter,
cheese, evaporated milk, crackers and candy, baking powder, soda,
fruit extracts, clothing, boots and shoes, baskets, bags, beer,
ice, brick and other clay products, iron products, wagons and
agricultural implements, turpentine, leather products, cordage,
saws, boilers, asbestos, water pipes, tin cans, railway equipment,
ships and
[Page 31]
boats, canned fruits and vegetables and a variety of other products.
Desirable locations are frequently offered free to those who will
establish manufacturing industries.

For the Wage Earner.

The wage earner who comes to this state sufficiently fortified
to maintain himself and family for a period may usually expect to
find satisfactory employment at good wages. Washington has never
been exploited as a poor man's paradise, but there is a tremendous
development in progress throughout the state in every line of industry
and there is a steady demand for mechanics and laborers of all
classes.

The foregoing is intended to present in brief form an outline of
the opportunities that await the enterprising newcomer in this
state. Success is being achieved in all of the various lines touched
upon, by thousands who have located here in the past few years,
and as yet the resources of the state have scarcely been touched.
The future of Washington is big with promise, based upon results
already achieved, and in that future the newcomer may expect to
participate in proportion to the effort he expends.




[Page 32]
WASHINGTON'S EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM.

The importance of a complete and well rounded public educational
system has not been overlooked at any stage in the growth and
development of this commonwealth. From kindergarten to university
no link is wanting to supply the ambitious boy or girl with the
very best training that modern educational experts have evolved.

The common school system of the state is based upon the theory
that every child must be educated, and that the state must provide
the facilities for the accomplishment of this purpose. This theory
has been carried out so thoroughly and intelligently that there is
scarcely a child in the state of school age who does not live within
easy reach of a school house. Moreover, attendance is compulsory and
no child is excused unless satisfactory reasons are presented to
the proper authorities.


EDUCATIONAL ENDOWMENT.

Upon admission of Washington to statehood a land endowment was
granted to the state by the federal government for common school
purposes which in round numbers totals nearly two and one-half
millions of acres. This land is offered for sale or lease by the
state, through the office of the state land commissioner, and the
proceeds constitute a permanent and irreducible fund to be invested
for educational purposes.

In addition to the foregoing lands, the state university has an
endowment of 100,000 acres; the agricultural college, 90,000 acres;
the scientific school, 100,000 acres, and the state normal schools,
100,000 acres. As yet only a small portion of these lands has been
disposed of. The expense of maintaining our schools, therefore,
is met almost entirely by taxation.

[Illustration: Plate No. 25.--View of the Country Near Curlew, Ferry
County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 26.--Three-Year-Old Orchard, Near Pasco,
Franklin County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 27.--Combined Harvester Operating in the
Wheat Fields of Franklin County. This Machine Cuts, Threshes and
Sacks the Grain, Depositing the Filled Sacks on the Ground as it
Moves Through the Field.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 28.--(1) A Jefferson County Country Home.
(2) A logging Railroad, Jefferson County. (3) Prize Products, Jefferson
County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 29.--JEFFERSON COUNTY RURAL VIEWS. Field
of Oats and Vetch Yielding 5 Tons Per Acre. Herd of High-Grade
Holstein Dairy County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 30.--View of Waterfront, Port Townsend,
Jefferson County.]


HIGHER INSTITUTIONS.

The University of Washington occupies a campus of 350 acres, located
entirely within the limits of the city of Seattle.
[Page 33]
The buildings of the university consist of the administration building,
science hall, chemistry building, engineering building, power house,
dormitories for men and women, and other smaller buildings. In addition
to the foregoing, the university will come into the possession
of a number of commodious structures at the conclusion of the
Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition. For the current year, the enrollment
of students at the university is 1,838. The faculty consists of
115 members and for the ensuing biennial period the legislature
appropriated the sum of $673,000 for the support of the institution.

The State College of Washington is located at Pullman, in Whitman
county. This institution emphasizes technical and scientific education
and in its agricultural departments has accomplished remarkable results.
It is annually giving the state a number of highly trained experts in
modern agricultural science, and the farming interests of the state
have been greatly assisted by the work of the college. Instruction is
given in civil engineering, mechanical and electrical engineering,
geology, botany, chemistry, zoology, economic science and history,
modern languages, domestic economy, besides the practical operation
of a dairy farm and other branches of agricultural industry. The
institution, in addition to its land endowment, receives annual
assistance from the federal government and a biennial appropriation
from the state legislature.

The state also maintains three normal schools, located respectively
in the cities of Bellingham, Ellensburg and Cheney. These institutions
have a combined attendance of about 850 and are the recruiting
ground for securing instructors in the public schools.

At Vancouver is the State School for the Deaf and Blind. The defective
youth of the state are cared for in a well equipped institution
located at Medical Lake, in Spokane county, and at Chehalis is
the state training school for incorrigibles.




[Page 34]
LOGGED-OFF LANDS.

The problem of making a home and providing a competency for old
age upon the lands in western Washington is somewhat different
and more difficult than doing the same upon the prairie lands of
the east. As they come to the hands of the would-be tiller of the
soil, they present a forbidding and disagreeable aspect. The loggers
have left them with considerable standing timber, with the tops of
the giants of the forests lying where they fell, scattered over
the land and covering it with an almost impenetrable mass of great
limbs and brush and dead logs. If seen in the summer, there is
added the view of a mass of green vegetation, rank and to a large
extent covering up the mass of dead stuff left by the loggers with
the huge stumps sticking up through it all, mute monuments of the
lost wealth of the forest. In some instances this is somewhat relieved
by the fact that, either by accident or design, the fire has been
there and swept through it all, leaving nothing but blackened and
smouldering emblems of its prior greatness. In this case, however,
only the lighter part of the refuse has been destroyed. The great
stumps of fir and cedar are there still, blackened and perhaps
with their dead hearts burned out. Great and small decaying logs
are there, some too wet to burn, some with the bark alone burned
off, and some with the dead centers burned out, scattered about
or piled in crisscross masses as they had fallen during the ages
of the forest's growth. In either case it looks different from
the smooth surface of the sagebrush plains about to be converted
into irrigated farms or the clean face of the prairie lands covered
with grass and ready and longing for the plow. But with all their
forbidding aspects, black with a portentous cloud of hard labor
and long waiting, their known hidden wealth lures on the hardy
pioneer to the task. He throws off his coat, rolls up his sleeves,
gathers together his tools, and with the indomitable courage of
the Anglo-Saxon
[Page 35]
tackles the problem, works and fights and rests by turns till within
a few years he finds himself triumphant. Eventually, beneath his own
orchard trees laden with fruit, and in the comfort and delight of
his big home fireplace, he contemplates the rewards of his struggle,
as he sees his cows complacently chewing their cuds in his green
pastures and listens to the neigh of his fat horses, and at his
table, laden with all the bounty of his rich lands, thanks his Maker
for the successful completion of a hard struggle and the enjoyment
it has brought to him and his family.


MODERN METHODS.

Having thus presented the picture in perspective, we will now work
out some of the details which help to rob it of its difficulty and
add to its attractiveness. If the lands have not been burned off,
and in many instances where this has been done, the rancher will
find a lot of cedar logs, perhaps partially burned, and possibly
long black stubs that it will be wise to save. Cut into proper
lengths and put into piles for preservation, they will make his raw
material for fencing, barns, etc. The cedar is straight-grained,
splits easy, and true, and to the rancher is very valuable, taking
the place of sawed lumber for a great many farm purposes. Having
carefully saved the cedar, the rancher will fire his clearing, thus
getting rid of a large share of the logger's waste with practically
no labor. To the task of disposing of the remaining logs and stumps
he will bring modern tools and methods into action. The axe and
shovel and hand lever have given place to gunpowder, the donkey
engine, derrick and winch. Stump powder puts all the big stumps
into pieces easily. The modern stump-puller lifts out the smaller
stumps with ease. The donkey engine and derrick pull together and
pile the stumps and logs into great heaps, and once more the friendly
fire helps out; and while the dusky woodlands are lighted up with
passing glory the rancher sleeps to wake up and find his fields
almost ready for his plow, nor has the task had half the hard labor
nor consumed half the time that years ago would have been expended
in clearing the same amount of oak and maple and hickory land in
the valley
[Page 36]
of the Mississippi. It should be said, however, that what is gained
in time and saved in labor costs money. The expense of clearing the
logged-off land by these modern methods and tools will run from
$40 to $150 per acre, dependent upon various conditions, number
and size of stumps, etc.

There are in western Washington thousands of acres which are being
pastured and tilled, from which the large stumps have not been
removed. In these instances the same methods can be used, handling
all the small logs and stumps and litter, and after the first burning,
carefully repiling and burning the refuse and then seeding to grass.
In the ashes and loose soil, grass seed readily starts, and a single
season will suffice to provide fairly good pasturage, which will
annually grow better.


COST OF LABOR AND MATERIAL.

The following table, taken from the report of a government inspector,
will give an idea of the cost of the different materials and labor
used in clearing logged-off land:

Cost of removing stumps from 1 foot to 4 feet in diameter from 120
acres of land in 1907:

==========================================================================
                 |        |        |       |         |       Labor.
 MONTH.          | Powder,| Fuse,  | Caps, | Stumps, |--------------------
                 |  lbs.  |  ft.   |  No.  |   No.   | Hours. | Dollars.
-----------------|--------|--------|-------|---------|--------|-----------
 June            | 13,700 | 10,100 | 2,400 |   2,135 |  2,380 |   $650.00
 July            |  1,750 |  2,050 |   400 |     239 |    260 |     87.00
 August          |  2,750 |  2,700 |   700 |     445 |    324 |    114.90
 September       |  1,950 |  2,160 |   500 |     383 |    324 |    126.37
 October         |  1,250 |  1,000 |   300 |     237 |    198 |     77.53
 November        |  2,350 |  3,100 |   800 |     378 |    283 |    114.97
                 |--------|--------|-------|---------|--------|-----------
 Total           | 23,750 | 21,100 | 5,100 |   3,818 |  3,709 | $1,170.77
 Av. pr. Stump   |   6.22 |   5.52 |  1.33 |         |  0.987 |    0.3006
 Av. Cost, cents |  19.76 |   2.37 |   .87 |         |        |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

The average cost of the removal of each stump is shown below:

          _Cents._
  Powder   49.76
  Fuse      2.37
  Caps       .87
  Labor    30.66
           -----
  Total    83.06

The average cost of the materials used was as follows: Powder,
per pound, 8 cents; fuse, per 100 feet, 43 cents; caps, per 100,
65 cents.

[Illustration: Plate No. 31.--View of Second Avenue, Seattle, During
Parade of Marines from Atlantic Fleet, May 26, 1908.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 32.--A Corner of the Seattle Public Market.
Truck Gardeners Find Ready Sale for Their Wares Here the Year Round.]

[Page 37]
There are probably two and one-third million acres of logged-off
lands in the state, of which only half a million are under tillage
or pasturage. The same report shows the distribution of these lands
as follows:

===========================================================================
           |  Acreage   |  Acreage  | Acreage in |   Total   |   Per cent.
 COUNTY.   |merchantable|  logged   |cultivation.|  acreage. | suitable for
           |  timber.   |   off.    |            |           | agriculture.
-----------|------------|-----------|------------|-----------|-------------
 Chehalis  |    583,200 |   112,748 |     11,216 |   807,432 |         90
 Clallam   |    296,611 |   195,933 |     11,784 |   504,329 |         75
 Clarke    |    190,000 |   108,661 |     51,570 |   350,231 |
 Cowlitz   |    500,000 |    25,000 |     20,000 |   704,000 |         75
 Island    |      8,013 |    99,866 |      9,317 |   117,196 |         75
 Jefferson |    186,647 |    59,427 |      4,657 |   254,385 |         50
 King      |    640,000 |   110,000 |     74,857 | 1,243,000 |
 Kitsap    |     45,429 |   171,364 |      7,978 |   224,771 |
 Lewis     |    543,995 |   160,425 |     47,059 |   884,050 |         65
 Mason     |    240,211 |   150,430 |      7,540 |   398,181 |
 Pacific   |    367,827 |    62,720 |     23,042 |   453,139 |
 Pierce    |    413,044 |   150,000 |     27,915 |   658,052 |         75
 San Juan  |     10,000 |    80,000 |      4,000 |    95,684 |
 Skagit    |    306,759 |   149,923 |     45,605 |   502,287 |         25
 Snohomish |    258,005 |   270,422 |     20,908 |   558,336 |
 Thurston  |    291,200 |   120,000 |     13,680 |   428,005 |
 Wahkiakum |     74,564 |    67,337 |      3,642 |   145,544 |         50
 Whatcom   |     78,405 |   258,302 |     35,059 |   371,766 |
-----------|------------|-----------|------------|-----------|-------------
 Total     |  5,033,911 | 2,352,109 |    428,829 | 8,700,388 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

There are a great many acres of these lands that can be slicked
up and burned over and prepared for seeding, not disturbing the
stumps, at an expense of about $10 per acre. Thus treated, good
pasturage can be secured cheaply. In time some of the stumps will
rot out and be easily removed. When the stumps are not too thick,
the lands can be successfully prepared and planted to orchards
without removing the stumps, and their unsightly appearance can be
turned into a thing of beauty and great profit by planting evergreen
blackberries and loganberries about them, using the stumps for
trellises. These berries in the climate of western Washington are
wonderfully prolific and find a greedy market.


COMPENSATIONS.

There are several facts about making farms out of logged-off lands
which should not be lost sight of, because they largely compensate
for the labor spent in the undertaking. One of these is that the
problem of fuel is solved for a lifetime and for the coming generation.
Five acres can be left untouched as a reserve and in a remarkably
few years it will re-forest itself.
[Page 38]
The growth of trees under the humid atmosphere of western Washington
is astonishing, and a very few years will suffice to provide one
with a wood lot to last a generation. Meanwhile some of the fir
logs and alder and maple trees will be preserved from the fire and
piled up to provide fuel for the years until the wood lot furnishes
a fresh green supply.

Then, too, as has already been suggested, the fence question, no
small item in a prairie country, is satisfactorily answered with no
expenditure but for labor. The cedar logs, splitting with ease, can
be turned into rails or boards or posts--preferably the former--and
the rails put on top of each other between two posts fastened together
at the top make as good a hog-tight and cattle-proof fence as can
be desired, and these rails will last in the fence for a century.
For the house, doubtless more satisfaction can be had by patronizing
the nearest saw-mill, although many houses made out of split cedar
timbers and boards are in the state, proofs at once of the usefulness
of this timber and the hardihood and ingenuity of the rancher.
But for the barn and stable, pig-stye, hennery, chicken-coop and
fruit boxes, and a great many other things, the rancher patronizes
his reserve log pile instead of the lumber yard, and saves time
and labor in so doing. Another fact which compensates the rancher
in western Washington in the struggle for a home which will provide
a safe and generous support in his old age is that during all the
labor and waiting he is enjoying a delightful climate, in which no
blizzard drives him from his work. No cyclone endangers his life
and fortune. No snakes lurk in the underbrush. No clouds of dust
blind his eyes. No sultry summer suns make him gasp for breath,
and no intense cold freezes his face or feet. He can work if he
wishes as many days as there are in the year, and know that every
stroke of his axe or mattock is a part of his capital safely invested
that will pay back an annual dividend for a lifetime. No soil will
respond to his energy more quickly or more generously.

There is one more possible compensation. Fir logs and stumps and
roots and bark are all full of pitch. Factories are now in operation
that are turning this wood into charcoal and
[Page 39]
saving and refining all the by-products, particularly turpentine,
wood alcohol, pitch and tar. These factories are successful and
paying dividends, but are on a large scale and permanently located.
It is probable that some genius will soon evolve a movable plant,
capable of serving the same purpose, which can go from one ranch
to another. When this is done, it will be found that the refuse
left by the logger is worth several times more than the cost of
getting it off the land with powder and fire, and, instead of being
a burden upon the land of $100 per acre, will become a matter of
merchandise to be sold for much more and removed from the land
with no expense to the owner.

As a final word, it should be remembered that, after these lands
are put under good tillage, every acre can be made to return more
than the cost of clearing annually. Western Washington has never
been able to produce enough to feed its wonderfully increasing
population. Meats, vegetables, fruits, poultry, eggs, etc., are
all constantly coming in from outside to supply the markets. This
condition keeps prices high. It has been so for twenty years, and
will be for twenty years to come. From $100 to $500 per acre per
year can be had from fruits and vegetables. The same can be realized
from poultry, nor will the dairy fall far behind when the scrub
cow is abandoned and a choice thoroughbred animal takes its place
and the soil is intensely tilled and fertilized.

The logged-off lands when first looked at are black and big labor and
difficulties. When the problem is intelligently understood--undertaken
with comprehension and some capital and plenty of grit--the solution
is easy and the rewards ample and gratifying.




[Page 40]
IRRIGATION IN WASHINGTON.

The lands which require irrigation in the state are chiefly the lower
lands in the valleys of the rivers east of the Cascade mountains.

The winds from the Pacific, though heavily laden with moisture,
are forced to surrender the greater portion to western Washington,
as they meet the cold heights of the mountain ranges. The mountains
themselves receive a very heavy fall of snow in winter, which fills
the lakes and sources of the rivers on the eastern side, providing
a large amount of water available for irrigation purposes, for
lands not too far distant. Within fifty miles from the mountain
peaks there is a drop of about 4,000 feet. The sides of the valleys
in the main are gradual slopes. These conditions make irrigation
very feasible. Its wonderful results have been seen and the process
of irrigation has found a wide field within the past few years.


THE IRRIGATION AREA.

Not only the Yakima valley, where this method of farming had its
beginning in the state, but many other places, are now being made
productive which were once thought wholly worthless on account of
their aridity. Among these are the Wenatchee valley, the Entiat,
the Methow, the Chelan, and the Okanogan--all on the slope of the
Cascades. The immediate low lands of the Columbia and Snake rivers
and considerable of the narrow valleys of the small streams emptying
into them have in many instances been irrigated.

[Illustration: Plate No. 33.--King County Rural Views.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 34.--HOW THE HILLS MAKE WAY FOR THE SKYSCRAPERS
IN SEATTLE. 1907--Last of Hotel Washington. 1908--New Hotel Washington.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 35.--A Portion of the City of Seattle
Overlooking the Harbor.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 36.--Torpedo-Boat Destroyer in Government
Drydock at Navy Yard, Puget Sound, Kitsap County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 37.--Steamship Dakota in Government Drydock
at Navy Yard, Puget Sound, Kitsap County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 38.--A Kittitas County Apple Tree.]


WORK OF THE GOVERNMENT.

The work of reclaiming the arid lands has been wonderfully accelerated
and widened in scope by the national government. The projects of the
reclamation service now include practically all of the available
waters of the Yakima valley for irrigating the lands therein. In
Yakima county alone there are probably
[Page 41]
260,000 acres now under ditch, and probably 50,000 more will be
reclaimed this season. This is probably not more than half the
lands in the county capable of irrigation. The fact that the general
government is in control of these projects insures as wide and
just a distribution of the available waters as possible. The cost
of irrigation, which is from $50 to $60 per acre, is paid by the
owners of the land in ten annual payments. There is also an annual
charge for maintaining the canals from $1.25 to $1.50 per acre.
These projects of the government cover the lands in Benton and
Kittitas counties also--both of these counties being in the Yakima
valley. The government is also engaged in managing an extensive
project in the southern part of Okanogan county, where probably
50,000 acres will be reclaimed.

There is a large acreage in Franklin and Walla Walla counties,
about the junctions of the Snake and Columbia rivers, to which
Pasco is central, which is arid. The government has once turned
this project down, but is now reconsidering it, and it is reported
that these lands will soon be put under ditch by the joint action
of the government and the Northern Pacific railway, which owns
a large portion of the lands.

Meanwhile private enterprises are reclaiming extensive tracts in
Klickitat county, and in fact nearly all the counties bordering on
the Columbia and Snake rivers in eastern Washington. It is probable
that there are more lands capable of irrigation in the state than can
be irrigated with available waters. This fact adds to the importance
of the question of what to do with arid lands when no water can be
put upon them.


METHODS OF IRRIGATION.

There are three methods in use in supplying water to the arid lands.
The first and the one most generally adopted for obvious reasons is
the gravity system. The waters are impounded in lakes or artificial
reservoirs and carried thence in large main canals, winding about
the hills so as to secure a low uniform grade. Once established,
no other force is needed but the usual flow of the water.

[Page 42]
Another method resorted to when the gravity system is impossible
is to pump the water from the big rivers into smaller reservoirs
leading to the canals, the pumps being kept busy only during the
months in which the water is needed. This method is quite successful,
but requires a somewhat larger annual expenditure. It is being
used in some extensive projects, the water being taken out of the
Columbia river.

The third method is in securing the water by means of artesian
wells. This method is naturally limited to small areas, the projects
being undertaken by individual private owners. Several spots have
been found in the arid belt where this method is successful.


SOILS.

The soils over the entire areas of eastern Washington on the arid
lands is a volcanic ash mixed with disintegrated basaltic rocks and
some humus, varying in depth and in the amount of sand it contains.
The low lands are usually more sandy and warmer and earlier in season.
The depth of this soil is in some places 80 feet and generally so
deep as to insure great permanency to its fertility. It readily
absorbs and holds moisture, and is admirably adapted to artificial
watering. In some spots there is an injurious surplus of alkali.
It is generally covered with sagebrush and has the appearance of
sterility, but upon cultivation under irrigation, produces wonderful
results in quantity and quality of grains and grasses and fruits
and vegetables.


GRAINS.

Wheat, oats and corn are successfully grown, but not in large acreage,
because larger profits can be realized from other crops.


HOPS AND POTATOES.

Hops, for example, which can be produced at a cost of 7-1/2 cents
per pound, yield from 1,500 to 2,000 pounds per acre, and potatoes,
yielding from 300 to 500 bushels per acre, and receiving the highest
market price, are both more profitable than wheat or oats.


[Page 43]
ALFALFA.

Alfalfa, yielding from eight to ten tons per acre, and commanding
from $6.00 to $12.00 per ton, is a very profitable crop. Much wheat
and oats are cut when in the milk and sold for hay, and yield better
returns than when matured and threshed.


FRUITS.

The smaller fruits are very profitable under irrigation, yielding
from $300 to $500 net per acre, while apples, pears, peaches, grapes,
etc., often far exceed these figures, sometimes yielding as much
as $1,000 per acre net.

DAIRYING.

Dairying is extensively followed on the irrigated lands, particularly
in Kittitas county, where the cool atmosphere is very favorable,
and the farmers find that turning timothy and clover, alfalfa and
grain hay into butter fat is more profitable than wheat-raising.


PREPARATION OF LAND.

There is a good deal of this arid land which will have to be freed
from the sagebrush and smoothed over before it will be fit for
irrigation. This expense, together with building headgates and
lateral ditches, building flumes and seeding to alfalfa, will cost
from $15.00 to $20.00 per acre, depending upon the character of
the surface, the size of the sagebrush, and amount of flumes, etc.
Some, however, very smooth lands can be prepared for seeding at
less expense.


DISPOSITION OF CROPS.

The hay crops are in large part sold on the ground and fed to cattle
and sheep which have summered in the mountain ranges and are carried
through the winters on the farms in the valleys. What is left after
supplying this demand is baled and shipped by rail to the markets
on Puget sound, Portland or Spokane. The Sound country is also the
chief purchaser of the fruits, although many winter apples, on
account of their superior quality, are shipped to eastern markets.

[Page 44]
Potatoes and other vegetables usually go west, although an occasional
season finds the eastern market depleted, and then the shipments
go to the best market.

Hops are sold to be delivered at railroad stations and go east,
many even to Europe.


VALUE OF LANDS.

The irrigated lands are yearly appreciating in value, mindless of
the large acreage annually added to the supply. This is largely
due to the fact that they are bought up and held for speculative
purposes. However, there are still many farms in the hands of first
purchasers from the government, and others still to be had directly
from the government and others from the Northern Pacific company,
not yet under ditches, which may ultimately be reclaimed. These
latter can be had from $7.00 to $25.00 per acre. The lands already
under ditch, or which will soon be irrigated certainly, are held
from $50 to $100 raw and from $125 to $200 with water rights paid
for. Much land is on the market, already planted or to be planted
to orchards, and cared for, for a term of years until the orchards
are in bearing, which can be purchased on easy terms, ranging in
price from $200 to $500 per acre.


TRANSPORTATION.

Nearness to transportation is a valuable factor in determining
the price of lands--whether under irrigation or otherwise. The
lands being irrigated in eastern Washington are, for the most part,
adjacent to competing railways and water craft on both the Columbia
and Snake rivers. Projects are in contemplation by the government
and state to remove all obstructions from the Columbia river and
give a great navigable stream from Kettle Falls to the mouth of
the river. This will add to the shipping facilities by increasing
the number of boats which will ply the river and be of great help
to all farmers holding lands adjacent. Numerous trolley lines are
already running in many directions--and more are projected--among the
irrigated farms connecting with the cities of Spokane, North Yakima,
[Page 45]
and Walla Walla. These add greatly to the facility and cheapness
of transportation.


CLIMATE.

The character of the climate is well suggested by the crops which
can be harvested. They include peaches, apricots, grapes, figs,
tomatoes, peanuts, sweet potatoes, and other things which require
a warm summer and warm soil. Very little moisture comes upon the
land in the summer. The winters are moderately cold, with some
snow, which is joyfully hailed by the farmers, for all moisture
is quickly absorbed by the soil and held for summer's use. The
spring season is two or three weeks earlier than in the Puget sound
basin. Moderate winds prevail during the summer months, coming from
the east and west by turns, and prevent excessive sultry weather.


OCCUPATIONS.

Aside from the ordinary agricultural pursuits suggested by the
foregoing, which includes grain-growing, horticulture, dairying and
truck gardening, should be mentioned stock-raising, particularly
of sheep, many thousands of which are yearly wintered in the valleys
and summered on the ranges. Bee culture and poultry-raising are
also both becoming important.

In closing, it should be said that the activity of the government
and private investors together has given a great impetus to the
settlement of these arid lands, and the population is rapidly
increasing, being made up of a miscellaneous assortment of Uncle
Sam's energetic, wideawake, industrious citizens, building homes
and making fortunes more rapidly, probably, than in any other part
of irrigated regions in his domain.

The doors are open, too, for the newcomers, for ten times the population
now there can well be made prosperous.




[Page 46]
THE COUNTIES AND MORE IMPORTANT CITIES AND TOWNS OF WASHINGTON


ADAMS COUNTY

LOCATION.

Adams county is in the center of southeastern Washington, cut out
of the once great desert plateau, covered with sage brush. It has
developed into one of the most important food-producing counties
of the state. It has a population of about 13,000 and covers 1,908
square miles of territory.

CLIMATE.

Its climate is not different from that of the balance of the district
in which it is situated, and, although some days in winter are
severely cold and some in summer hot, its dry atmosphere softens
the asperity of its cold, and its generous crop yields are full
compensation for the heat of the summer's sun. Its mean temperature
ranges from 30 degrees to 40 degrees in winter and from 50 to 74
degrees in summer. Its usual coldest days are 20 degrees to 25
degrees and its hottest ranging above 100 degrees. Its rain and
snow give about 12 inches of water. It has one small stream, a
tributary of the Palouse river.

TRANSPORTATION.

The Northern Pacific railway cutting the county diagonally from
northeast to southwest and the Oregon Railroad & Navigation railway
across its southeast corner and near its south and west borders
furnish good facilities for handling its generous wheat crops. To
these are soon to be added the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, the
Portland & Seattle, and the North Coast roads, giving the county
very superior railroad facilities.

INDUSTRIES.

Wheat is its great staple crop, and the last year out of a crop
acreage of 275,000 gave to the world nearly 6,000,000 bushels, an
average of upwards of 20 bushels to the acre. When this average is
compared with that of the wheat fields of the Mississippi valley,
it is no wonder that the value of its realty has increased for
the purposes of taxation more than 300 per cent. in the past six
years. Horses, cattle, hogs and sheep are to a limited extent raised
on the farms, and are important adjuncts to its prosperity.

[Page 47]
PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.

RITZVILLE is the county seat, and has a city hall, electric lights
and water system, flour and feed mills, and is the chief distributing
center of the county.

LIND will be one of the important points on the Chicago, Milwaukee
& St. Paul railway, now building across the county.

WASHTUCNA also is to have another outlet for its wheat over the
Portland & Seattle railway, projected and building. All these towns
have good schools, churches, warehouses, mercantile establishments,
and all enjoy an abundance of prosperity from the marketing of
the crops.


ASOTIN COUNTY

LOCATION.

Asotin county occupies the extreme southeastern corner of the state,
being separated from Idaho on the east by the Snake river and from
Oregon on the south by the state boundary. Its population is about
7,500, its area 640 square miles.

It takes in a portion of the Blue mountains, from which numerous
small streams furnish abundant water for all domestic farm purposes
and for irrigating quite a large area of lands, which makes the
county ideal for the stock-raiser and fruit-grower.

INDUSTRIES.

The irrigation of the low lands has had a wonderful effect in
stimulating the fruit industry, and resulted in a great advance
in land values, particularly about Clarkston and Cloverland, while
the cool water of the mountain streams and their grassy slopes
make the dairy business especially profitable. General farming,
however, is still the standby of the bulk of the population. At
Clarkston the lands irrigated and planted to orchards have reached
in many instances a value of $1,000 per acre, the waters being
taken out of Asotin creek. About Cloverland, waters from George
creek have wrought almost an equal increase in values. Cloverland
is on a plateau about 2,500 feet above sea level, and the lands
irrigated and planted to winter apples are paying handsome dividends
to their fortunate owners. On ordinary farm lands wheat yields 25
to 50 bushels per acre and barley from 40 to 60 bushels per acre.

TRANSPORTATION.

The transportation is limited to the power of steamboats on the
Snake river and the Oregon Railroad & Navigation railway, which
is reached at Lewiston, across the river from Clarkston.

PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.

ASOTIN, the county seat, situated about seven miles south of Clarkston,
on the Snake river, has about 1,500 people within its borders. It
[Page 48]
has a flour mill, warehouses, churches, schools, public library,
light and water systems, and is a prosperous, thriving town.

CLARKSTON, an important commercial center, is situated on the flats
of the Snake river, in the northeast part of the county. Its population
somewhat exceeds that of Asotin. It has all the business institutions
of a thriving town, is the main distributing point for a large
area, and is rapidly growing.

CLOVERLAND, CRAIGIE AND ANATONE are thriving smaller towns.


BENTON COUNTY

Benton county is bounded north, east and south by the Columbia
river and west by Yakima and Klickitat counties. It has an area
of 1,600 square miles and a population of about 9,000 people.

TOPOGRAPHY.

The Yakima river traverses the center of the county in a very crooked
course, through the valley of which the Northern Pacific railroad
winds its way to the top of the Cascades. Both north and south of
the valley of the Yakima are extensive hill and plateau lands,
which are being rapidly utilized for general farming. The valley
lands are arid and useless without irrigating water.

IRRIGATION.

Extensive irrigation projects are in successful operation and projected
to bring a very large portion of the valley lands into successful
use, for these lands, when irrigated, are of unsurpassed fertility.
Lands capable of irrigation have rapidly risen in value during the
past few years because of the immense yields of all crops under
irrigation.

TRANSPORTATION.

The Northern Pacific railway through its center, the Portland &
Seattle around its southern and eastern border and the North Coast
coming into the Yakima valley from the northeast and the southeast,
together with the shipping on the Columbia river, give abundant
means of marketing its products, while several local electric roads
are projected to connect its towns and help to open up the newly
developed portions of the county.

IMPORTANT INDUSTRIES.

General farming on the uplands, truck-gardening and fruit-raising
on the irrigated lower lands are the chief occupations. On account
of the great fertility of the volcanic soils and the early springs,
Benton county is able to supply the large towns with fruits and
vegetables some two weeks earlier than most other sections, giving
it quite an advantage in prices. The county is rapidly growing
in population and prosperity.

[Illustration: Plate No. 39.--Stacking Hay in Kittitas County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 40.--New Training School, Ellensburg, Kittitas
County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 41.--Sheep-Raising in Klickitat County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 42.--Wheat-Raising in Klickitat County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 43.--Eighty-Acre Orchard in Klickitat County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 44.--Manufacturing Scenes, Chehalis, Lewis
County.]

[Page 49]
PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.

PROSSER, its chief town and county seat, is on the Yakima river
and Northern Pacific railway in the western central part of the
county, and has about 2,000 population. It is the chief distributing
center of the county. It has three weekly newspapers, six churches,
good water supply, banks, stores, warehouses, lumber yards, etc.

KENNEWICK, at the easterly center of the county, on the Northern
Pacific and Portland & Seattle railroads and on the Columbia river,
is a town of much importance, having about 1,500 people. It is
noted for the remarkable earliness of its fruits and vegetables. It
has the usual business, church and school establishments, including
an ice and cold storage plant.

KIONA, on the Yakima river, midway between Prosser and Kennewick,
CARLEY AND PETERSON, in the southern portion of the county, on the
Columbia river, are all growing and prospering smaller towns.


CHEHALIS COUNTY

Chehalis county is central among the counties bordering on the
Pacific, the towns about Grays Harbor being its seaports. It has
an area of 2,600 square miles and a population of 35,000.

RESOURCES.

Its industries arise out of its vast timber belts, its fertile
low lands, and its fisheries. It is said to have 800,000 acres of
magnificent timber lands, the great bulk of it unmarketed. Logging
and the manufacture of wood products make up its chief occupation,
though general farming and fruit-raising is rapidly gaining. The
lands of the county when reclaimed from the forests are fertile
and respond generously to the labor of the husbandman. In 1906,
15,000 apple trees were planted in the county. The fishing industry,
including the canning of salmon, sardines, clams and oysters, is
a thriving industry and destined to develop into much larger
proportions.

TRANSPORTATION.

Grays Harbor is open to the ocean, but is splendidly protected
and has safe anchorage. It is the largest lumber shipping port in
the state. The Humptulips and Chehalis rivers empty their waters
into the bay, and are both navigable for some distance.

In addition, the Northern Pacific railroad skirts both sides of
the bay and a logging railroad from Shelton, in Mason county, has
nearly reached the ocean, going through the county from east to
west. Other railroads have surveying parties in the field, and
a conflict is on to share the vast lumber-carrying trade of the
county with the Northern Pacific, which has till now monopolized
it.

Chehalis county is one of the most important counties in the state,
and offers an abundant opportunity for Yankee energy to exercise itself
[Page 50]
in almost every avenue of business. Its opportunities and resources
are numerous and vast. The newcomer may look long and find no better
place for his talents.

PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.

MONTESANO is the county seat, located at the head of navigation
on the Chehalis river, and on the Northern Pacific railway. It
has a population of about 3,500. It has sawmills, sash and door
factories, and is surrounded by a prosperous farming community,
dairying being very remunerative.

ABERDEEN is the commercial metropolis of the county. Nearly $15,000
is daily paid out to wage-earners. Much commerce from the ocean is
centering here, 736 vessels clearing from Grays Harbor in 1907. Seven
hundred and seventy-seven thousand dollars has been appropriated by
congress for the improvement of the harbor. The city has terminal
rail rates, and the Northern Pacific and Chicago, Milwaukee & St.
Paul railroads are hustling after its trade. The business portion
of the city is built of stone, brick or cement. It has eleven large
sawmills, many shingle mills and various other factories for utilizing
the products of its timber, besides fish and clam canneries and other
factories. Its population, now about 15,000, is rapidly growing.

HOQUIAM, Aberdeen's nearby neighbor, has a population crowding
11,000, and is a hustling manufacturing and commercial center, not
different in its general business from Aberdeen.

ELMA, twelve miles east of Montesano, is a town of 2,700.

COSMOPOLIS, south of the river from Aberdeen, has about 1,200, and
is a sawmill town.

OAKVILLE, MAKRHAM and SATSOP are small growing towns on the Northern
Pacific railway. Many other embryo towns will in time grow into
prosperous business centers.


CHELAN COUNTY

Chelan county is one of picturesque beauty and abundance of both
developed and undeveloped wealth. It faces the Columbia river eastward,
while its back rests against the peaks of the Cascades, 5,000 to
6,000 feet above the sea. Lake Chelan is the largest fresh water
body in the state, fifty miles long and one to four wide, and lies
400 feet higher than the Columbia river.

Chelan county has 2,000 square miles, much of it mountainous and
full of minerals. Its population is at present about 14,000.

RESOURCES.

Horticulture, agriculture, lumbering, stock-raising, mining and
dairying all flourish on the bountiful natural fitness of the county
for these occupations. The climate is attractive. It is a sunshiny
county.

[Page 51]
TRANSPORTATION.

Steamers ply up and down the Columbia river. The Great Northern
railway crosses the county through the valley of the Wenatchee
river and the Washington & Great Northern railway is projected along
the western boundary of the Columbia river.

PRODUCTS.

All kinds of temperate zone fruits mature here in wonderful perfection
and abundance. The valleys run with water from the mountains to
irrigate the lands, and furnish vast power, much of it undeveloped.
Hills in the western part of the county are timbered and all the
vacant lands are grass covered. Over 1,000,000 fruit trees have
been planted in the last three years in the county.

The mountain foothills are full of mineral veins of copper, gold,
silver, lead and molybdonite. Some have been producing for twenty
years. Trout in the streams and game on the hills add to its
attractiveness.

PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.

WENATCHEE is the county seat and largest town, having about 3,500
people. It is located on the Columbia river near where the Great
Northern railway crosses it. It is the chief distributing center
for the county and much other territory, chiefly north of it.

LEAVENWORTH, westward of Wenatchee, and also on the railroad, has
a population of 1,200 and is a division point.

CHELAN, at the foot of Lake Chelan, has about 700 people.

CASHMERE, on the railroad, is of about equal size.

LAKESIDE, PESHASTIN and ENTIAT are smaller towns, all thriving and
growing.


CLALLAM COUNTY

Clallam county occupies 2,000 square miles of the northwestern
part of the Olympic peninsula, having 35 miles of shore land on
the Pacific and 90 miles on the straits. The Olympic mountains
and foothills cover the southern half mostly, while the northern
half is made up of lower hills and valleys. Several large lakes
nestle among the mountains; one of them, Lake Crescent, is a famous
summer resort. Lake Crescent is known as the home of the celebrated
Beardslee trout. The eastern and southern parts have a rainfall
sometimes nearing 100 inches annually, while in the eastern northerly
part it is about 20 to 25 inches only.

An important section of the county is that known as Sequim Prairie
This is a level district of about 5,000 acres, located three miles
back from Port Williams. Most of it is under irrigation, and the
soil thus treated produces marvelous crops.

[Page 52]
RESOURCES.

Lumber, fish, agricultural products and coal comprise its chief
resources. The timber of the county is very vast and very little
exploited. Its proximity to the ocean makes it very advantageous
for all fishing industries. Its valleys are noted for the fertility
of their soils, and many a farmer has grown wealthy from their
cultivation.

TRANSPORTATION.

Facilities for getting about are limited to boats and wagons. A
splendid boat service is maintained with Seattle and other Sound
ports, and a system of public roads is now in process of construction
that will be unexcelled in the state. Several surveying parties
are now in the woods and it is believed that Grays Harbor and the
Straits of Juan de Fuca will be soon united with railroad iron
and Clallam county will come to its own.

PRINCIPAL TOWNS AND VILLAGES.

PORT ANGELES, located about 60 miles from the ocean on the Straits
of Fuca, is the largest town and county seat. It has a splendid
harbor, with fine anchorage, furnishing a safe refuge for ships
when the storms rage outside.

DUNGENESS and SEQUIM, three miles from PORT WILLIAMS, are important
farming centers, both noted for their dairy products, and contribute
largely to make Clallam the second county in the state in the value
of its dairy products.

QUILLAYUTE, FORKS, BEAVER, BLYN and GETTYSBURG are other small
settlements waiting for the railroads to open up the country and
render their natural resources available for the good of the world.


CLARKE COUNTY

Clarke county lies on the north shore of the Columbia river, opposite
Portland, Oregon. It has 600 square miles of territory. It was
one of the earliest settled parts of the state, and its timber
as yet uncut is large. It is extremely well watered. The Columbia
and Lewis rivers border it on three sides with navigable waters.
It has a mild climate, very fertile soil, and splendid markets
at its doors, abundant rainfall, and agriculture is successfully
carried on without irrigation.

TRANSPORTATION.

The Northern Pacific railway connects its various towns with both
Portland and Seattle, and the North Bank and Oregon & Washington
railroad, paralleling the Northern Pacific, will add greatly to
the facility and cheapness of its transportation. From Vancouver
northeasterly a road is in operation nearly across the county,
headed for North Yakima and the East.

[Illustration: Plate No. 45.--Mt. St. Helens and Reflection in Spirit
Lake, Lewis County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 46.--LEWIS COUNTY SCENES. Dairy Farm and
Hop Field. A Valley Ranch.]

[Page 53]
INDUSTRIES.

Much of the southern part of the county is devoted to fruit-raising,
prunes being a very prominent factor in the county's output. General
agriculture, with dairying, are very profitable, and to these are
to be added fishing, lumbering and mining.

PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.

VANCOUVER has a population of about 8,000, and is rapidly growing.
It is the county seat, and is connected with Portland, Oregon,
by a trolley line. The Northern Pacific, Union Pacific, Oregon
Railroad & Navigation and North Bank railroads all compete for its
traffic. It is the central distributing point of the county, and
is the United States military headquarters for Washington, Oregon
and Alaska. It is well represented in business establishments,
including barrel factory, fruit cannery, ship yard, iron foundry,
shoe factory, and others.

LA CENTER, ETNA, NACOLT, AMBOY and BRUSH PRAIRIE are smaller towns,
all holding out an inviting hand to the newcomer, and offering
desirable opportunities for new business in both merchandising and
agriculture, as well as in lumbering and its kindred industries.
Clarke county is one well worth investigating by intending settlers,
both on account of its latent possibilities and because of its
peculiarly desirable climatic conditions, and its abundant competing
transportation facilities, both by rail and water.


COLUMBIA COUNTY

Columbia county is one of the four counties in southeastern Washington,
lying on the Oregon state line and south of the Snake river. A forest
reserve in the Blue mountains covers much of the southern portion of
the county, which is heavily timbered. The Northern part of the
county is made up of rolling prairie lands, of great fertility on
account of the large proportion of clay added to the volcanic ash,
which composes most of the soils of eastern Washington. Irrigation
is here unnecessary, and abundant crops reward the agriculturist.
The climate is mild, healthful and vigorous, inclining to much
outdoor life the year around.

PRODUCTS.

Columbia county is essentially an agricultural county, but of late
years is branching out into fruit-raising and dairying with marked
success. Apples and pears predominate among the fruits, though
all others do well. Wheat is, however, still its great product,
and both the Northern Pacific and Oregon Railroad & Navigation
railroads are in operation through the northern part of the county
to carry away its rich grain harvests.

The citizens of Columbia county are among the most prosperous of
the state, its average of per capita wealth being exceeded by only
three other counties.

[Page 54]
PRINCIPAL TOWNS.

DAYTON, the county seat, has a population of about 3,500 people,
is situated about in the center of the county, and is the chief
town for the county's exports, as well as the distributor of its
merchandise. It is a substantially built city, with flour and feed
mills, and general mercantile establishments of importance. All the
public interests, including schools and churches, are generously
provided for. Its chief exports are grain, fruit, livestock and
wool.

STARBUCK, in the northern part of the county, is a shipping point
of no mean importance on the Oregon Railroad & Navigation railway.


COWLITZ COUNTY

Cowlitz county lies immediately north of Clarke county, bordering
about 40 miles on the Columbia river. It has about 1,100 square
miles of territory, and about 13,000 people. The southwestern portion
is largely composed of level valley lands, while its northeastern
part is occupied by the foothills of Mount St. Helens. The drainage
is all westerly and southerly into the Columbia river. Cowlitz river
is navigable as far as Castle Rock, and is an important factor in
the transportation problem.

RESOURCES.

Timber is the great source of industry at present, the county having
about two-thirds of its area heavily covered and unexploited. About
40 saw and shingle mills are engaged in disposing of its logs.
Agriculture follows close on the heels of the lumberman everywhere
in western Washington, and nowhere are better results in general
farming and dairying obtained than in Cowlitz county.

Cowlitz coal fields have not yet been largely utilized, but will
be extensively developed in time.

TRANSPORTATION.

Aside from the river navigation, this county is well supplied with
transportation facilities by rail. The valley of the Cowlitz river
affords the natural highway for roads between the Columbia river
and Puget sound, and is already traversed by the Northern Pacific,
while the Union Pacific systems and the North Coast road are projected
over practically parallel lines through the county. From Kalama
all three systems extend south to Portland and Vancouver.

PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.

KALAMA, on the bank of the Columbia river at the ferry crossing of
the Northern Pacific railway, is the chief town and county seat.
There are here extensive electric power plants and a gravity water
system. The chief industries grow out of the lumbering and fishing
interests. It has about 1,250 people, but is just now rapidly growing,
owing to its superb transportation facilities by both rail and
water.

[Page 55]
KELSO and CASTLE ROCK are both important towns on the railroads
and Cowlitz river, each having about 1,500 people. At Kelso, which
is near the Columbia river, considerable fish are caught and packed,
yet the timber furnishes the chief industry. Fruit and dairying
and general agriculture provide a large part of the support for
the town merchants.

OSTRANDER, CARROLTON, CATLIN, ARIEL and LEXINGTON are smaller towns,
all prospering and being built up into substantial business centers
by the steadily increasing development of the latent resources of
the county.

This county offers many opportunities for business to the newcomer
in either merchandising, manufacturing or farming.


DOUGLAS COUNTY

Douglas county occupies the big bend of the Columbia river, having
about 1,800 square miles of territory. Formerly there were 4,500
square miles. The last legislature carved the county in two, giving
Grant county the southeastern part, about 2,700 square miles of
territory, and leaving 1,800 to the northeastern part, with the old
name. The bend of the Columbia on the northeast and Grant county
on the southeast, compose its boundary. This division boundary
follows the northeastern bank of the Grand coulee, and following
its general direction meets the Columbia river where the Great
Northern railroad touches its valley, thus putting all of that
railroad in this new county, excepting only a few miles of the
railroad along the banks of the river in the southeastern corner
of Douglas county. Douglas county is essentially a high plateau,
some of it 1,500 feet above the main bank. Waterville is the county
seat, and considerable land along the valley of the Columbia is
being irrigated and proving to be of great value for fruit and
grain growing.

In the southeastern part of the county are some lands covered with
black basaltic rocks, but the great bulk of the lands are rich
in a volcanic ash soil, and produce large crops of grain without
irrigation. A wrong view of the county can easily be impressed
upon the traveler by rail; he will see so many of the basaltic
rocks from the car windows but once up out of the canyon which
the railroad follows, he will find himself in view of an expanse
of wheat fields so vast and rich as to astonish him.

RESOURCES.

As already indicated, this county is essentially a grain producer.
Wheat and oats are marketed in large quantities. Fruit-growing
and stock-raising are important adjuncts to the county's wealth.
It is comparatively new, and lands can be had at very reasonable
prices.

TRANSPORTATION.

As now constituted, Douglas county will rely wholly upon the steamboat
crafts on the river to get its grain to market. Its trade, however,
[Page 56]
is too vast to be passed by, and already two lines of railroad,
the Washington & Great Northern and North Coast, are projecting
into the very center of its vast wheat fields. With these roads
completed as projected, Douglas county will have easy access to
both water and rail transportation, and renewed importance will
be given to its farming industries.

CITIES AND TOWNS.

WATERVILLE is its chief town and county seat. It is among the wheat
fields, in a broad plain, about seven miles east of the Columbia
river, to which it is connected by good roads for stages and freight
wagons. It has one of the U. S. general land offices. It has good
schools and churches, water and electric lighting systems, both
owned by the city. It has a population of about 1,200 people, and
is well supplied with business houses, flour and feed mills, a
brick yard, bank, etc.

BRIDGEPORT, a town of some 400 people, is situated in the northern
part of the county on the Columbia river east of its junction with
the Okanogan river, and is an important wheat-shipping point, having
a regular steamboat service. A bank, flour mill, warehouses and
general stores are serving the community, but other industries
await the newcomer.

DOUGLAS, FARMER, JAMESON, MANSFIELD and HOLLISTER are growing
agricultural centers.


FERRY COUNTY

Ferry county is about in the center of the northern part of eastern
Washington, stretching from the northern boundary of the state
to the Columbia river, which marks its southern and southwestern
boundary. The southern half of the county is within the Colville
Indian reservation, and is therefore wholly undeveloped. The lands,
however, have in fact been allotted and the remainder will be thrown
open for settlement in the near future.

Altogether it has an area of 2,200 square miles, and a population
of 5,000. It is principally composed of low mountains, well timbered,
with valleys furnishing fine grazing.

CLIMATE.

The climate of the county is such as prevails generally in northeastern
Washington--a couple of months of snow in winter, affording plenty
of sleighing, skating, etc. Summers are very pleasant, and spring
and fall delightful.

[Illustration: Plate No. 47.--A Ranch Scene in Lincoln County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 48.--Harvest Time in Lincoln County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 49.--View of Spokane River in Lincoln County,
Showing Possibility of Power Development.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 50.--Mason County Timber.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 51.--Dairy Scene in Mason County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 52.--Oyster Beds in Mason County.]

RESOURCES.

The bulk of the resources of this county are yet dormant. The mountains
are full of minerals; timber is abundant; grassy hillsides are
tempting to the sheep and cattle, while the soil is rich, and when
tilled will be found to produce excellent crops. The county has
a fine future for wealth from all these sources, and, while the
mines are
[Page 57]
first to be made productive, without doubt the fruits and cereals
will come into their own in time and furnish much of its wealth.

TRANSPORTATION.

Two railroads reach the center of the northern half of the county,
terminating at Republic, the county seat. These railroads have
pushed in here after the precious metals mined in the vicinity.

The Columbia river is navigable most of its course on the county
boundary, barring some obstructions which the national government
will remove and thus open up to river navigation to the ocean the
fruits of toil in Ferry county.

CITIES AND TOWNS.

REPUBLIC, the county seat, is the only large town in the county,
and has a population of about 1,250 people.

It is the distributing point for supplies for the mines and ships
out much ore for the smelters.

Ferry county altogether offers exceptional opportunities for the
homeseeker in a variety of occupations, as already indicated.


FRANKLIN COUNTY

Franklin county occupies the basin formed by the junction of the
Columbia and Snake rivers, being bounded east, south and west by
them. The southern portion of the county is scarcely 300 feet above
sea level, and the soil is fine and sandy. The northern part of
the county is somewhat higher and composed of successive benches
till they reach an altitude of 1,000 feet. It is only a few years
since these lands were all considered barren and useless. Yet in
1906 these bench lands in this county added 1,500,000 bushels of
wheat to the world's supply and in the following season nearly
doubled that output.

There are no forests, the land being covered with bunchgrass and
sagebrush.

IRRIGATION.

Along the rivers some farmers have irrigated small parcels of land
by pumping water, but the bulk of the irrigable lands are awaiting
the action of the U. S. Reclamation Service, which it is thought
will ultimately be engaged in an extensive irrigation problem to
reclaim thousands of acres now arid and barren. The warm climate
of these low Bandy lands has already been proven to be immensely
advantageous to the gardener and fruit-grower, and the lands wonderfully
productive when the magic influence of plenty of water renders the
sources of plant life soluble.

The wheat crops now being produced come from the bench lands without
irrigation.

TRANSPORTATION.

The Northern Pacific railway passes diagonally through the county
and crosses the Columbia river near Pasco. The Oregon Railroad &
[Page 58]
Navigation railway taps the wheat belt in the northern part of
the county and the North Coast is projected through it, while the
Portland & Seattle follows the north bank of the Snake river along
its southwestern boundary, thus giving the county four systems
of railroad, besides the Columbia river steamboats.

PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.

PASCO is the county seat, in the extreme southern portion of the
county, near the Columbia river, and is more noted as a railroad
center than as a shipping point, on account of the fact that the
surrounding lands are as yet unirrigated. It has a population of
about 1,800, and is just now enjoying new vigor and much building
in anticipation of its future usefulness as a commercial center
for distribution of both merchandise and agricultural products.

CONNELL, in the northern part of the county, is a shipping point
of importance, and has two railroad lines and a third one coming.
In addition to the cereals, many sheep and horses are being raised
and shipped out of the county from this vicinity.


GARFIELD COUNTY

Garfield county is the second from the southeast corner of the
state, and extends from the Snake river on the north to the state
boundary on the south. It has 627 square miles of territory and
a population of about 7,000.

The southern portion is included in the Wenaha forest reserve, and
is quite heavily timbered. The northern portion is an extremely
prolific farming region, made up of undulating lands with deep
rich soil, composed of clays and volcanic ash. No irrigation is
necessary, and very heavy crops of grain are annually matured.

RESOURCES.

As already intimated, the chief source of income for the county
comes from the tillage of the soil. Of the crops raised, barley is
in the lead, having furnished 1,800,000 bushels in 1907, which places
this county second of all counties in the state in the production of
this cereal. Wheat and oats are also largely produced. Stock-raising
in the southern ranges of the county is very profitable, and much
fruit is of late years being produced. Indeed, Garfield county is
well up to the front in the per capita wealth of its citizens.

PRINCIPAL TOWNS.

POMEROY is the county seat and chief distributing center of the
county. It is situated in the north central part of the county,
on the Pataha river and the Oregon Railroad & Navigation railway.
It has a population of nearly 2,000.

It is lighted with electricity, has a gravity water system, and all
the machinery for doing all the business naturally coming to a town
[Page 59]
of its size. It has a fine high school and graded schools, churches,
newspapers, banks, warehouses, big stocks of goods, fire department,
cet.


GRANT COUNTY

Grant county occupies about 2,700 square miles of what was formerly
Douglas county, comprising the lands southeast of the Grand and
Moses coulees, bordering on the southwest on the Columbia river,
with Adams and Lincoln counties on its eastern border.

Ephrata is the county seat, on the Great Northern railway. The
northern part of the county is traversed by the Great Northern
railroad, and has developed into a vast region of grain production
without irrigation, although originally supposed to be valueless
for cereal-raising.

The southern part is new and comparatively undeveloped, but is
crossed by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, just now
giving this new county great impetus. The southern portion of the
county has long been a grazing ground for herds of cattle and horses,
but it is thought now it will be turned into a prosperous region
of small farms.

While the county is cut by several coulees, it is chiefly composed
of large areas of bench lands, comparatively level, barring a range
of hills in its southwestern corner called Saddle mountains. There
is considerable water in the county, Moses lake being quite a large
body of water with bordering swampy lands, about in the center,
and Wilson creek, in the northern and Crab creek, in the southern
part, furnishing considerable stock water.

LANDS.

The lands tributary to the Great Northern railway already produce
great quantities of grain and livestock, and these will continue
to be its staple crops until irrigation may come in and stimulate
fruit production, for which it is thought much of the lands will
be suitable.

TRANSPORTATION.

Both the Great Northern and Northern Pacific railway systems are in
the grain fields of the northern part of the county. The Milwaukee
road crosses the southern part, the N. & S. is projected along its
western border, paralleling the Columbia river, which is navigable,
thus affording all the county, excepting the central portion, good
facilities for marketing its products. As the county develops,
beyond question branch lines will penetrate this portion, and Grant
county will become as well supplied as any other portion of the
state with facilities for commerce.

CITIES AND TOWNS.

EPHRATA, the county seat, is a small village on the Great Northern
railway about midway of the county and the center of a large
wheat-growing section. Its transformation into an important town
is rapidly
[Page 60]
going on, the new county government calling for a variety of new
occupations to center here.

WILSON CREEK, near the eastern border of the county, is a larger
town whose chief industry is marketing grain. It is an important
distributing point, with prospects of larger growth.

QUINCY is a station on the Great Northern and is also an important
wheat-shipping point.

SOAP LAKE, on a lake of the same name, is noted as a resort for
the rheumatic.

BACON, COULEE CITY, and HARTLINE are stations on the Northern Pacific
railway in the northeastern part of the county.

Grant county is new, but has large undeveloped resources, and is
awaiting the newcomer with abundant offerings for his energy and
labor.


ISLAND COUNTY

Island county is entirely composed of a group of islands in Puget
sound, the largest two being Whidby and Camano. It has a land area
of 227 square miles and a population of about 5,000.

RESOURCES.

Lumber, agricultural products and fish make up the county's resources.
Considerable of the timber, particularly from Whidby island, has been
removed, and wheat, oats, hay, potatoes, fruits, poultry, butter,
eggs, etc., are now shipped out to the splendid nearby markets at
the chief seaport towns on Puget Sound.

The soils in the northern part of Whidby island are of remarkable
fertility, some of them producing as much as 100 bushels of wheat
per acre and immense crops of potatoes.

In season the waters of the county abound in salmon and other salt
water fish, and many of the citizens of the county find profitable
employment in connection with the fishing industry.

PRINCIPAL TOWNS.

COUPEVILLE is a town of some 400 people and the county seat, situated
on a beautiful bay in the northern part of Whidby island. It is
chief distributing point for the county, has a sawmill, shingle
mill, fruit-drying establishment, stores, churches, schools, a
newspaper, etc.

OAK HARBOR, further north, is the center of a large farming and
logging district. Two canneries are in successful operation.

UTSALADY, SAN DE FUCA, CAMANO, CLINTON, and LANGLEY are smaller
villages gradually becoming summer resorts for people from the
large cities of the sound. Steamboats furnish good transportation
from all parts of the county.

[Illustration: Plate No. 53.--An Okanogan County Orchard in Bloom.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 54.--A View of the Country Along the Okanogan
River in the Vicinity of the Okanogan Irrigation Project.]


[Page 61]
JEFFERSON COUNTY

Jefferson county is the second county south of the entrance of
Puget sound, stretching from the Pacific ocean eastward over the
peaks of the Olympic mountains to Hood's canal, and turning north
gets a long waterfront also on Puget sound, and taps the Straits
of Fuca. It has a population of 11,000 people and 2,000 square
miles of territory.

RESOURCES.

The resources of this county are largely undeveloped, and yet it
is one of the oldest settled counties in the state. Originally its
entire area, barring a few small patches, was heavily timbered,
and it is estimated that the county still has twenty billion feet of
standing timber. Its soil is remarkably fertile, and the products
of its farms have long been famous.

The Olympic mountains contain veins of precious metals, iron and
manganese, none of which have as yet been thoroughly developed.

Fishing for salmon, sardines, shrimps, clams and crabs is a very
important industry.

SOILS, CLIMATE AND PRODUCTS.

The soils of the county are largely sedimentary, having been washed
down from the mountains for ages, assisted by the decomposition of
vegetable matter accumulated through centuries. In the valleys, where
most of the farming is being done, these soils produce remarkable
crops under the influence of the charming climate the county affords.

The rainfall in the eastern part of the county is moderate, but
ample for all purposes; the average rainfall is about 20 inches.
The temperature rarely exceeds 80 degrees in summer, while the
winter months average about 45 degrees.

Such soils and such climatic conditions combine to force wealth
upon every industrious tiller of the soil. Clover yields from four
to six tons per acre.

Oats and vetches for ensilage purposes yield five to seven tons
per acre. Fifty to seventy-five tons of cabbage or mangles per
acre are not uncommon, and onions and potatoes produce from six
to ten tons. The fruit trees, particularly cherries, apples, and
pears, produce wonderful crops. Cattle can graze ten months in the
year or more, and the products of the dairies of Jefferson county
cannot be excelled.

Because of the light rainfall and moderate weather, this county is
admirably suited to poultry-raising. Green food can be had twelve
months in the year. Runs can always be open, and with proper care
hens can be made to pay $3.00 per year each.

PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.

PORT TOWNSEND, at the entrance of Puget sound, is the county seat
and chief commercial center of the county. It has a population of
[Page 62]
about 6,000. It is the headquarters for many government institutions,
including the U. S. customs service, U. S. revenue cutter service,
marine hospital service, hydrographic service, quarantine service,
and U. S. artillery for the Puget sound district.

Three great forts; Worden, Flagler, and Casey, are located here,
forming the chief defense to Puget sound. Fort Worden joins the
city limits. The present garrison force is 2,000. The scenery from
the city is grand and beyond compare.

Its business interests are varied and extensive. Two canneries
for salmon and sardines are here located, boiler works, a machine
shop for building electric and gasoline engines, a shipyard, sash
and door factory, lumber mills, and shingle mills, a by-product
plant producing wood alcohol, turpentine, etc.

The city is substantially built and its homes are artistically created.

The harbor has twenty-five miles of waterfront and fine anchorage
of from nine to eighteen fathoms, and is an ideal refuge for all
seagoing craft.

The city has gas and electric lights, paid fire department, fine
churches, splendid schools, and a magnificent gravity water system
furnishes the town of Irondale, Hadlock and Forts Worden and Flagler,
having plenty of water to spare for thousands mote.

IRONDALE is practically a suburb of Port Townsend, having the only
pig iron plant in the state. It is an extensive and growing concern,
using bog iron from the vicinity and other ores from different
sources.

PORT LUDLOW, DUCKABUSH, BOGACHIEL, PORT DISCOVERY, QUILCENE, and
CHIMACUM are small villages scattered about the county and are
centers of agricultural activity.


KING COUNTY

King county is distinguished by having Seattle for its county seat.
The county is an empire in itself, stretching from the shores of
Puget sound to the peaks of the Cascade mountains, and containing
more than 2,000 square miles of territory. It also includes Vashon,
one of the large islands of the sound.

RESOURCES.

King county's sources of revenue are varied and extensive. Its
lumber industry, growing out of the vast forests within its borders
not only, but from the cutting of logs brought in from other sections
of the state, is immense.

Its agricultural lands are not surpassed in fertility by any, and
include not only the alluvial deposits in its river bottoms, but
great areas of shot clay and other soils splendidly adapted to
fruit culture.

Its mining industries include not only very great acreage of coal
measures, which have been producing coal for commercial purposes for
local and foreign trade for thirty years and are scarcely scratched
as yet, but also fissure veins of the precious metals--gold, silver, lead,
[Page 63]
copper, antimony, arsenic, and also iron, asbestos, fire clays,
kaolin, granite, sandstones, lime ledges, and others.

Its fishing industries in its own waters and from the ocean give
employment to a large number of men and its fish are shipped even
as far east as Boston, Massachusetts.

Its power capacity, in addition to its wood and coal, includes
great falls and rapids and many large streams which are already
harnessed, but only in part, and driving vast quantities of machinery
in this and adjoining counties.

In commercial possibilities King county is unrivaled. Its combination
of lakes, rivers and salt water harbors have no superior on the
globe, and the fact of its supremacy is demonstrated by the tabulated
statistics of state officers, which show that King county possesses
one-fifth of the population of the state and has more than one-quarter
in value of taxable property of the state, and pays one-fourth of
taxes collected within the state borders.

In scenery, which is no mean asset of the county, it is also
unsurpassed. Vast ranges of mountains, sheets of fresh and salt
water, rivers, hills and plains, forests, and grassy fields combine
and interlace in a thousand directions to entrance and delight
the artistic eye.

In game, including bear, deer, mountain goats, cougar, grouse,
pheasants, quail, mountain trout, salmon and other fishes, make
many a paradise for the sportsman.

TRANSPORTATION.

In addition to its salt waterways, with 75 miles of shore lands,
and its navigable fresh water lakes, there are centering in the
county coming in from all directions seven transcontinental lines of
railroads, making King county and its metropolis a great distributing
center for the commerce between the American continent and the
continents of Asia and the islands of the Pacific. Besides these
steam roads, electric trolley lines are making a network of
inter-communication between all parts of King county not only, but
reaching out into the adjoining counties.

CITIES AND TOWNS.

SEATTLE is the county seat and great metropolis of King county and
the state, with a population crowding, if not exceeding, 275,000
people. It covers the hills and lowlands surrounding Elliot bay, an
indentation of Puget sound, and a part of the land between the sound
and Lake Washington, a freshwater lake of great beauty paralleling
the sound for 23 miles and from one to three miles wide. It also
includes two smaller lakes, whose sloping shores are covered with
the homes of its citizens. From its hills the snow-capped mountains
of the Cascade and Olympic ranges and Mount Rainier's towering
peak are visions of surpassing beauty. A constant stream of coming
and going water craft from all quarters of the globe frequent its
harbor. Its business buildings of brick, stone, iron and concrete
tower heavenward over four avenues, and many cross streets and
miles of its low lands are
[Page 64]
covered with railroad tracks, warehouses and manufacturing plants.

Its grammar schools, high schools, and State University are equipped
with magnificent buildings and grounds. Its streets and homes are
brilliantly lighted with electricity from its own power plants,
while the purest water, sufficient for a million people, flows
through its water mains, all owned and controlled by the city.

A multitude of factories are providing a small part of the merchandise
and composes the groundwork of her commerce.

The shores of Elliot bay are lined with wharves accommodating the
largest sea-going ships. Its last assessed valuation of property
was $203,168,680, and its tax to be raised $975,210.

More than 150 miles of street-car tracks are within her borders
and a nickel pays for a 15-mile ride.

GEORGETOWN, in the southern part of Seattle, but not a part of
it as yet, has a population of about 5,000, and is an important
manufacturing center. Here are the car shops of Seattle Electric
Company, gas works, foundries, breweries, machine shops, brick
and tile works and many other industries.

RENTON, ISSAQUAH, RAVENSDALE, BLACK DIAMOND, and NEW CASTLE are
coal mining towns.

KENT, AUBURN, KIRKLAND, VASHON, NORTH BEND, TOLT, FALL CITY, and
MAPLE VALLEY are agricultural towns of importance.


KITSAP COUNTY

Kitsap county is nearly surrounded by the waters of Puget sound
and Hood's canal, forming the larger part of the great peninsula
which these waters would make an island were a six-mile ridge in
Mason county opened up to them. It has extensive and numerous bays
and inlets, with magnificent anchorage, and contains in its center
the great Port Orchard navy yard, destined to become one of the
largest seats in the United States for Uncle Sam's naval activities.

RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES.

The chief resource of the county is in the lumber. Some of the largest
mills of the state are located within its borders.

It is estimated that there are yet 200,000 acres of uncut timber in
its borders, and its mills are turning out 600,000 feet of lumber
daily, besides vast quantities of shingles.

The fishing industry now includes oyster culture, which is rapidly
becoming very important. About the county are located many villages
supported by the tillage of the soil from its reclaimed forest
lands.

TRANSPORTATION.

Kitsap county has no railroads, but its waterways are so vast and
intricate that all its corners are reached by steamers, and travel
is cheap and freight conveniently handled in all parts of the county.

[Illustration: Plate No. 55.--An Okanogan County Valley, Palmer
Lake.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 56.--McGowan Seining Grounds, Sand Island,
Pacific County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 57.--Oyster Culture in Willapa Harbor,
Pacific County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 58.--View of the Waterfront at Raymond,
Pacific County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 59.--A View of a Portion of Tacoma's Harbor,
Showing Ships Waiting to Load Lumber and Wheat for Foreign Ports.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 60.--Railroad Yards and a Corner of the
Business Section, Tacoma.]

[Page 65]
PRINCIPAL TOWNS.

PORT ORCHARD, the county seat, is on the bay of the same name and
opposite the navy yard. It is the chief distributing point for a
larger part of the cultivated lands of the county, and exports not
only agricultural products, but also shingles. The surrounding lands
are well suited for dairying, fruit-growing and poultry-raising,
which is also true of the entire county.

BREMERTON, adjoining the navy yard, is the largest town in the
county, having about 4,000 people and rapidly growing. It has a
fire department, electric light and water systems, newspapers,
banks, about 1,000 or more wage-earners and is a hustling town.

CHARLESTON is another smaller town adjoining the navy yard on the
west and rapidly growing.

PORT BLAKELEY is an important milling and shipbuilding town of
nearly 2,000 people, opposite Seattle. Its lumber goes to all parts
of the world.

PORT GAMBLE is a sawmill town of importance contributing to swell
the large output of lumber shipped out of the county.

CHICO, TRACYTON, KEYPORT, PAULSBO, SEABECK, CRYSTAL SPRINGS, COLBY,
BANGOR, BURLEY, PORT MADISON, and OLALLA are all small villages,
making progress as agricultural centers and as furnishing summer
homes for business men.


KITTITAS COUNTY

Kittitas county is located about in the center of the state, and
takes in the upper reaches and most of the watershed of the Yakima
river. It has a population of about 20,000 in an area of 2,400
square miles. On its northwestern side it is bordered by two ranges
of the Cascade mountains, while its southwestern side lies on the
Columbia river.

Among the sources of the Yakima river are three large lakes, Keechelus,
Kachess and Cle-Elum, most beautiful bodies of mountain water and
the sources of the great irrigation systems now fathered by the
national government and making the Yakima valley a veritable garden
pot of orchards and vegetables, grasses and flowers.

RESOURCES.

The central portion of the county is a valley comprising 250,000
acres, about one-fourth of which is under irrigation, and has long
been noted for its prolific crops of hay and many herds of dairy
cows.

The foothills of the mountains have precious metals, coal and iron.
The streams abound in trout and much game is in the mountains.

TRANSPORTATION.

The Northern Pacific and Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railroads,
coming into the county from the south and west, cross at Ellensburg
[Page 66]
and then follow the valley of the Yakima to the crest of the Cascades
giving abundant facilities for making markets east and west to all
parts of the country.

PRINCIPAL TOWNS.

ELLENSBURG, the county seat, is situated on a level bench in the
Yakima valley and on the railroads. It is a town of upwards of 5,500
people, and is substantially built, chiefly of brick. There are
creameries, flourmills, sawmills, and warehouses, banks, breweries
newspapers, electric lights, and gravity water system, churches,
schools, among which is one of the state normal schools. It is
also a division point on the Northern Pacific railway, and is the
chief distributing point in the county for farm products and
merchandise.

ROSLYN is the chief coal-mining town, situated on the railroad well
up in the foothills of the mountains. It has about 4,500 people.
It has gravity water and electric lights, and is a substantial,
thriving and growing town. From the coal mines in the vicinity the
best coals of the state are mined in large quantities and shipped
all over the state.

CLE_ELUM is another coal mining town, on the Northern Pacific railway,
with a population of about 2,500. Tributary to Cle-Elum is a wide
mining territory, for which it is the chief distributing point.

THORPE is a smaller village likely to develop into an important
trading point.


KLICKTAT COUNTY

Klickitat county is central among the southern tier of counties
of the state, bordering 80 miles on the Columbia river, with an
average width of 20 miles. It has a population of about 14,000
and an area of 1,800 square miles.

There is a great variety in its climate, the elevation varying from
100 to 3,500 feet above the sea level.

The soil is chiefly volcanic ash, disintegrated basalt and alluvium.
It is deep and much of it sub-irrigated. The principal crops are
wheat, barley, rye, oats, and corn.

The wheat lands yield from 15 to 40 bushels per acre.

Among the fruits raised are apples, peaches, pears, cherries, English
walnuts, almonds, plums, prunes, grapes, apricots, and all the
small fruits.

Wheat lands vary in price from $10 to $50 per acre. It is estimated
that 7,000 acres will be planted to fruit and nut trees this current
year, while last year 75,385 apple trees, 14,675 peach trees, and
17,345 grape vines were planted.

RESOURCES.

As already indicated, the strength of the county is in its soil
and agriculture is its great source of wealth. Stock-raising is a
chief industry, the slopes of the mountains on its northern boundary
furnishing
[Page 67]
abundant pasturage. The southeastern part is fast developing into
a fruit-growing region, while agriculture and grain-growing is
more general in the central and southern portion.

TRANSPORTATION.

The Columbia river, with a railroad on each side of it and numerous
ferries, makes ample provision for transportation, while the Goldendale
branch reaches well up into the center of the county.

CITIES AND TOWNS.

GOLDENDALE, the county seat and metropolis, is located in the center
of the county, 120 miles east of Portland. It is the terminus of
the Goldendale branch of the Spokane, Portland & Seattle railway,
making connection with the main line at Lyle. It is located in
the heart of a splendid agricultural section and at the edge of
the great timber belt.

WHITE SALMON, located in the splendid fruit section, is a thriving
town. It is an important railroad point on the North Bank and is the
outlet for the products of an extensive fruit, timber and dairying
region.

CLIFFS, the division point of the Spokane, Portland & Seattle railway,
is the trading center of many square miles of territory. The best
nut land in the county is located near here.

BICKLETON, the trading point of an extensive wheat section, is in
the eastern part of the county. An electric road has been surveyed,
which will, when completed, give this town railway connection.

LYLE, ROOSEVELT, COLUMBUS, BINGEN, and CENTERVILLE are growing trading
points.


LEWIS COUNTY

Lewis county is one of the largest counties in western Washington,
having an area of 2,593 square miles of territory and about 40,000
people. It occupies a large part of the drainage basins of two
large rivers, the Cowlitz and Chehalis--one emptying its waters
into the Columbia river and the other into Grays harbor. It reaches
from the peaks of the Cascades 100 miles toward the ocean, but
is cut off 30 miles from the coast, and is about 30 miles wide.
Mount Rainier is just north of its extreme eastern portion and
about one-fourth of the county is within the Rainier forest reserve.


RESOURCES.

At present the chief industry of the county consists of manufacturing
its forests into the various forms of lumber and its products, the
lumber cut aggregating four hundred million feet and two hundred
million shingles.

Next in importance probably are the precious metal and coal deposits
of the county, which have, however, been but little developed.
The coal measures include bituminous, lignite and anthracite, and
are of great extent in the foothills of the eastern part of the
county. Two systems of railroads have been projected into these
fields, and the nearest, carrying lignite and bituminous coals,
are being commercially developed.
[Page 68]

Agriculture, including especially dairying and fruit culture, takes
the place of the forests as they are removed and bids fair to reach
in importance, in time, the lumber and coal resources. To this
end, the soil fertility, the mild climate and cool mountain waters
conspire.

TRANSPORTATION.

Lewis county is in the path of all railroads coming in from the
south or through the Columbia gap in the Cascades. Already the
Northern Pacific railway and the Union Pacific railway cross the
county, and the North Coast contemplates traversing the entire
Cowlitz valley, while the Tacoma Eastern is already into the
northwestern part of the county on its way toward the same goal.
The county cannot be too well supplied, for its vast treasures
when developed will furnish immense products for transportation.

CITIES AND TOWNS.

CHEHALIS and CENTRALIA are the two twin cities of the county--less
than five miles apart and of about equal importance. From Chehalis
the Northern Pacific railway branches off, following the upper
reaches of Chehalis river and ending on Willapa bay, while from
Centralia the same road branches, following the lower Chehalis
river, to Grays harbor.

CHEHALIS is the county seat, with a population of 5,000 and rapidly
growing, and has electric lights, sanitary sewerage system, paved
streets, fine business blocks, and a large and growing trade. Near
the city is located the State Training School.

CENTRALIA has a population of about 7,000 people, chiefly engaged
in running sawmills, shingle mills, sash and door factories, and
other woodworking plants. It has a large city hall, ten churches,
fine schools, banks, business houses, water systems, fire department,
and is a hustling, thriving town.

WINLOCK is a town of 1,200 people on the railroad in the southern
part of the county, and a distributing point of much importance.

PE ELL is a town of 1,000 people on the South Bend branch of the
Northern Pacific railway, chiefly engaged in milling and agricultural
pursuits.

MCCORMICK, LITTELL, KOSMOS, LITTLE FALLS, ADNA, DRYAD, DOTY, and
KOPIAH, are all centers of industry in various parts of the county.

Lewis county as a whole offers wonderful opportunities for newcomers
in all pursuits--commercial, agricultural, and mining.

[Illustration: Plate No. 61.--Tacoma High School and Stadium. Rose
Arbor in Point Defiance Park, Tacoma.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 62.--A Red Raspberry Field in the Puyallup
Valley, Pierce County.]


[Page 69]
LINCOLN COUNTY

Lincoln county, adjoining Spokane county on the west, is one of
eastern Washington's great granaries. Its northern boundary is
defined by the Columbia and Spokane rivers. The bulk of its lands
are rolling prairies of great fertility. It has about 2,300 square
miles of territory and about 25,000 people.

TOPOGRAPHY.

The bulk of the county consists of the rolling prairie land
characteristic of the great wheat belt of the state. There are
some mineral lands in the northern part of the county and here
and there will be found considerable stretches of timber. In its
northern portion the county is well watered by the Columbia and
Spokane rivers, while in the southwestern section and elsewhere
numerous small creeks and lakes occur.

RESOURCES.

The great resource of Lincoln county is its wheat fields, which
in 1907 produced to exceed 8,000,000 bushels. Other cereals and
hay are important crops. Along its northern part, particularly
on the bottom lands of the rivers, much fruit is grown, including
peaches and all the small fruits. Diversified farming is growing
in favor among the farmers. Compared with other counties of the
state, Lincoln county ranks as follows in the number of its stock:
Horses, second place; hogs, second place; cattle, sixth place.
The county also stands fourth in the number of its school houses
and spends annually $100,000 for school support.

In wealth per capita, Lincoln county leads the state, showing for
assessment purposes an average holding of real estate of $1,163
and $226 in personalty.

TRANSPORTATION.

The county is traversed from west to east its entire length by the
Great Northern and the central Washington branch of the Northern
Pacific railroads, some distance from its side lines, so that very
little of the county is more than 12 miles from a railroad shipping
point. There are 170 miles of railroad tracks in the county.

CITIES AND TOWNS.

DAVENPORT, the county seat and largest town in the county, is situated
on the central Washington branch of the Northern Pacific railway
near the middle eastern portion of the county, and has a population
of about 2,800 people. Its business blocks are chiefly built of
brick. It owns its own water system, is lighted with electricity,
has fine school buildings and churches. Its court house cost about
$80,000. It is surrounded by splendid farms and annually ships
out about 1,250,000 bushels of wheat.

[Page 70]
WILBUR, a town of 1,500 people, on the Northern Pacific railway,
is a very important shipping and distributing center. It has large
flour mills, warehouses, five churches, and schools, electric lights,
and water system, bank, newspaper, parks, and important commercial
institutions.

ALMIRA, in the western part of the county, on the Northern Pacific
railway, is another prosperous and growing grain center with about
600 people.

HARRINGTON, on the Great Northern railway, is a town of some 1,200
people. It has a beautiful location, commands the trade of a large
farming county, ships grain and livestock, and is a prosperous
and growing town.

CRESTON, EGYPT, and BLUESTEM are smaller growing commercial centers.


MASON COUNTY

Mason county lies on the upper reaches of Puget sound, having the
Olympic mountains at its north, where about one-fourth of the county
is in the Olympic forest reserve. Its total area is about 900 square
miles, and it has a population of about 6,000. Hood's canal penetrates
well into the center of the county in its great bend, giving it a
very long salt-water shore line. From the Olympic mountains numerous
streams flow into the Puget sound, while others empty their waters
into Gray's harbor.

The county is a great forest of splendid timber, which has been
only to a limited degree cut out. The soil of the foothills and
valleys Is composed chiefly of shot clays and alluvial deposits,
making good farming, stock-raising and fruit-growing lands.

RESOURCES.

Logging and its allied industries constitute the main industries
of the county, Much of the logs are shipped out of the county to
feed sawmills in other parts of the Sound.

Raising and marketing oysters is an important source of wealth to
the county.

There is already considerable acreage for farming and stock-raising,
stock finding pasturage the year round. This industry will grow
as the land is cleared.

The county affords splendid hunting and fishing in season.

TRANSPORTATION.

The county is so cut into by the inlets and bays of the sound that
it has splendid transportation facilities by steamer to all the
sound ports. The Northern Pacific railway reaches its southern
boundary. No other railroads traverse the county but its logging
railroads, which can give only a limited service.

[Page 71]
PRINCIPAL TOWNS.

SHELTON is the county seat, situated on an arm of the sound at the
terminus of the logging railroad, and has about 1,200 inhabitants.
Steamers from its wharves reach all the parts of the sound directly
or by connection with others.

The logging industry, manufacturing lumber, cultivating oysters,
fishing and farming are the chief industries of its people. It has
four churches, good schools, a newspaper, good stocks of goods,
volunteer fire department, electric lights, gravity water system.

The logging industry, which centers here, employs 2,000 men and
pays out $120,000 a month.

LAKE CUSHMAN is a summer resort in the mountains famous for its
big trout catches.

ALLYN, on an arm of the sound, is central to much oyster lands,
logging camps and fruit orchards.

ARCADIA, also on the sound, is central to considerable stock-raising
and lumbering.

DETROIT is a prosperous village, proud of the grapes grown on some
of its logged-off lands.

MATLOCK is a town on the logging railroad and central to large logging
operations.


OKANOGAN COUNTY.

Okanogan, the largest county in the state, lies on the northern
boundary just east of the Cascade peaks. It has an area of 4,500
square miles and a population estimated at 13,000.

About one-fourth of the county, a district of great latent resources,
is still within the Colville Indian reservation, but is soon to
be thrown open to settlement.

RESOURCES.

This county is endowed with great natural resources and a delightful
climate, and is destined to become thickly populated.

The mountains and their foothills have large and numerous veins
of metals and are covered also with extensive forests. The rolling
hills of the south and center are rich in agricultural possibilities,
suitable for stock, and great crops of cereals and fruits. The
Okanogan river and its branches drain the greater portion of the
county, rising in British Columbia and flowing south through the
center of the county and joining the Columbia river on the south
boundary. The Methow river drains a large portion of the western
part and makes a paradise for the frontiersman along its sloping
sides.

TRANSPORTATION.

Until now the rivers and wagon roads are the only paths of commerce.
But into this blossoming empire the railroads are looking with
longing eyes. The Great Northern, however, has already tapped the
[Page 72]
northern boundary and projected a line down the Okanogan and Columbia
rivers to Wenatchee. Other railroads will follow, as the prize is
too great not to be divided.

PRINCIPAL TOWNS.

CONCONULLY, the county seat, is situated among the foothills and
mines west of the Okanogan river. In addition to the mining industry,
the raising of sheep and cattle is followed by the citizens. The
town has a population of about 500 people.

OROVILLE is the chief town on the railroad, near the northern border,
and is the terminus of the road. It has about 500 people and is
growing. It is an important ore-shipping point, surrounded also
by good fruit-raising and agricultural lands, yet unirrigated.

BREWSTER, at the junction of the Columbia and Okanogan rivers,
has a population of about 200, and is an important grain and
fruit-shipping point.

OKANOGAN is on the river of the same name, about midway between
Brewster and Conconully, and to this point the steamers ply in
the higher waters of the river.

TWISP is a growing village in the Methow valley, devoted chiefly to
fruit-growing and mining. It is an important distributing center.

PATEROS has steamer connection with Wenatchee, and is an importing,
growing center.

BECK, BONAPARTE, ANGLIN and BODIE are other new and growing commercial
centers.

CHESAW, in the northern part, and NESPELIM, in the southeastern
part, are important locations.


PACIFIC COUNTY.

Pacific county is the extreme southern county, which borders on the
ocean at the mouth of the Columbia river. Although a small county
with only 900 square miles, it has about 100 miles of salt-water
frontage. Willapa harbor, at the northwest, is capable of being
made accessible to all ocean ships, while Shoalwater bay, a body
of water 20 miles long and separated from the ocean by a long slim
peninsula, furnishes probably the best breeding ground In the state
for oyster culture. The county at large is an immense forest, in
the center of which is a range of hills dividing the watershed so
that some of the streams flow into the Columbia river at the south,
some west into Willapa harbor, and others, through the Chehalis
river, reach Grays harbor.

[Illustration: Plate No. 63.--Modern Sanitary Dairy Barn, on Farm
of Hon. W. H. Paulhamus, Sumner, Pierce County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 64.--Views in Rainier National Park, Reached
by Railroad and Driveway from Tacoma.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 65.--San Juan County Views.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 66.--Purse Seiners' Camp at Eagle Gorge,
San Juan County.]

RESOURCES.

As already indicated, its timber and its fisheries are the great
sources of wealth for the county, although stock-raising, dairying,
fruit-growing and general farming are constantly growing in importance.
[Page 73]
The county probably has eleven billion feet of standing timber,
and daily cuts with its 64 sawmills about 775,000 feet of lumber
and one million shingles.

Both native and cultivated oysters are largely marketed, as are
also clams, crabs, shrimp and fish. A splendid market for all farm
products is afforded by the mills and lumber camps and summer campers
on the beach.

TRANSPORTATION.

The Northern Pacific railway reaches Willapa harbor, cutting the
county centrally east and west. On the long ocean beach from the
mouth of the Columbia river northward is a railroad about 20 miles
long, made profitable by the extensive patronage of the summer
campers. Added to these are the water crafts which frequent the
harbor and the Columbia river, and altogether make access to all
parts of the county easy.

CITIES AND TOWNS.

SOUTH BEND, the county seat, situated near the mouth of the Willapa
river, is a rapidly growing town of 3,000 people and destined to become
an important ocean port. The harbor is capacious, well protected,
has fine anchorage, and is handicapped only by a few feet of mud at
the bottom, which Uncle Sam will soon remove. At low tide there
is now from 20 to 30 feet of water in the channel of the river and
at South Bend it is 1,000 feet wide. South Bend is the terminus
of the Northern Pacific railway. It has electric lights, water
works, good schools, fine churches, bank, sawmills, planing-mills,
sash and door factories, fish canneries, newspapers, etc., and
is about to build a $50,000 courthouse.

RAYMOND, a new manufacturing town on the harbor and railroad, a
few miles from South Bend, has 2,500 people and is rapidly growing
in importance. Raymond is not yet five years old; has a monthly
payroll of $100,000; sawmills and factories representing an invested
capital of $4,900,000, employing 1,200 men; an electric light plant;
a city telephone system, owned by local capital; a salt-water fire
protection system; is about to build two bridges, costing $30,000
each, and is adding new manufacturing plants at the rate of one a
month. The city gives free factory sites, and has both rail and
ocean transportation from factory locations to the markets of the
world.

ILWACO is a fishing post of importance near the southwest shore
of the county, with 900 population.

CHINOOK, FRANKFORT and KNABTON are other fishing points on the
Columbia river of importance. NAHCOTTA is an ocean summer resort.


[Page 74]
PIERCE COUNTY.

Pierce county, though not the largest, is one of the most important
counties in the state. Its area of 1,800 square miles occupies
much of the upper reaches of Puget sound on both sides and extends
southeasterly, taking in the Rainier National Park of 2,225,000
acres, and Mount Rainier (Tacoma) 14,526 feet above sea level and
less than 60 miles from salt water, covered with eternal snow, an
endless scene of majestic grandeur, giving the county a greater
variety of elevations and more beautiful and startling scenery than
any other county in the United States. Its northeastern boundary
is the White river, its southwestern boundary the Nisqually river.
It has about 125 miles of salt-water shore lands, with innumerable
bays and inlets and several important islands. Originally one vast
forest, much of it now is covered with fruitful fields of grain,
grass and orchards.

Its climate is mild and salubrious, its soils of great variety
and fertility, and its mountains and foothills full of coal and
precious metals.

RESOURCES.

The resources of Pierce county are varied and of great value. Its
central part is one great coal field, covered with forests, producing
annually about 1,000,000 tons of coal. Gold, silver and copper are
among its precious metals, but not extensively mined as yet.

Its rivers possess almost immeasurable water power. One plant on
the Puyallup river at Electron has an ultimate capacity of 40,000
horse-power, 20,000 horse-power of which is now in use. The city of
Tacoma is engaged in the construction of a plant on the Nisqually
for municipal use, the capacity of which will be 20,000 horse-power.
The 12,000 horse-power plant at Snoqualmie Falls also furnishes
current for city lighting, street railway and manufacturing purposes
in Tacoma.

All the cereals are successfully raised; dairying is one of the
most important industries; fruit-growing, particularly in small
fruits, such as strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, cherries,
etc., is very profitable and is engaging a great deal of attention.
Fish are caught in quantities and shipped to eastern markets, but
Pierce county's greatest natural wealth is in its vast forests.
An idea of the value can be had when it is said that $6,000,000
worth of lumber was cut in 1908 in Tacoma alone. In addition to
these great natural resources, Pierce county's commercial industries
are so great as to place it in the front rank of counties of the
Northwest. The great sawmills, woodworking plants and factories of
various kinds in the city of Tacoma alone employ 11,800 people, and
the value of their output last year amounted to over $43,000,000.00.

TRANSPORTATION.

Pierce county is fast becoming a network of transcontinental railroads
centering in Tacoma, which, coupled with the steamboat traffic on
the Sound, gives the county splendid traffic facilities. Pierce county
[Page 75]
for years was a non-competitive railroad point, the Northern Pacific
being the only road to enter its vast fields of wealth. Within the
last two years, however, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, the
Union Pacific system, and the Great Northern, realizing the wealth
of the county and the importance of Tacoma as a manufacturing center,
the value of her perfect harbor for shipping, the vastness of her
great stretch of level tidelands for factory sites and terminal
yards, and the low cost at which freight can be transferred from the
rails to the sails or _vice versa_, have entered the field and are
now spending $11,000,000 on construction and terminal work in the
city of Tacoma. The addition of these new roads means a wonderful
impetus to the trade of Tacoma. The Tacoma Eastern railroad, a
beautiful scenic route, beginning at Tacoma, runs in a southeasterly
direction through a wonderfully fertile country and vast forests
of splendid timber, to Rainier National Park and Mount Rainier
(Mt. Tacoma). Several trolley lines are in operation, reaching all
the near-by towns and connecting Tacoma and Seattle.

In addition to these lines, many steamboats and crafts of all kinds,
plying the waters of Puget Sound and the Pacific ocean, find abundant
wharfage and anchorage in the harbor of Tacoma. The products of
the world in large quantities pass through Tacoma in process of
distribution. A constant stream of small crafts, running about
the waters of the county, accommodate the local traffic.

CITIES AND TOWNS.

TACOMA, with a population of about 125,000, is the county seat of
Pierce county, and situated on Commencement bay. Its harbor, one
of the finest in the world, and its railroad terminals, unexcelled
on the Pacific Coast, as already indicated, are the center of a
vast commerce by rail and water. At its door is an immense amount
of water power, already developed, driving her street cars and the
machinery in many of her factories. Coal and coke are in abundance
within a few miles of the city, the coal being used extensively
for steam and conveyed from the trains to the boats by immense
electric bunkers. The coke is largely utilized in the largest lead
and copper reduction plant on the coast. The great Guggenheim smelter
at Tacoma reduces and turns out annually lead, copper, gold and silver
worth about $10,000,000. Along her wharves are immense elevators,
grain warehouses and flouring mills. Tacoma yearly ships out more
grain than any other city on Puget sound. In and around the city
are large saw and shingle mills, which last year cut 527,604,000
feet of lumber and 434,000,000 Shingles. Her factories and shops
have $24,000,000 invested and employ 11,800 wage-earners, and her
large flour mills ship their products to all parts of the world.
Her packing-house products amounted to $5,000,000 in 1908. The
largest car shops west of the Mississippi are located here. Her
downtown streets are lined by large business blocks; she has 185
miles of street and suburban railway, and over 75 miles of paved
streets.

[Page 76]
There are four daily newspapers, 8 banks, 1,120 acres in parks,
and many beautiful and expensive public buildings. The city hall
cost $200,000; the court house, $500,000; her high school building,
the most beautiful on the coast, cost a half million dollars, and the
United States government is completing a $500,000 federal building.

PUYALLUP is one of Pierce county's prosperous towns, having about
7,000 population, in the wealthy Puyallup valley. This is the center
or a great fruit-growing district, in which the farmers have combined
and market their crops through an association, sending their berries
in patent refrigerator cars into far-away markets. It is also quite
a large manufacturing center, with a payroll of $45,000 per month.

BUCKLEY, with a population of 1,500, is the center of large sawmilling,
farming and mining industries.

ORTING is a town with 800 people, chiefly engaged in gardening
and farming. The State Soldiers' Home is located near, and adds
considerable trade to the town.

SUMNER has a population of 1,000, is located in the Puyallup valley,
and its people form a part of the farmers' association, engaged
in fruit-growing, dairying and gardening.

STEILACOOM is one of the most beautiful little summer resort towns
on Puget sound and is connected with Tacoma by two electric lines.

SYLVAN, GIG HARBOR, ROSEDALE, ELGIN, LONG BRANCH, BLANCHARD, and
BEE are very prosperous villages of Pierce county, and are located
on the shores of Puget sound.

SPANAWAY, EATONVILLE, ALDERTON, ELBE, MERIDIAN, KAPOWSIN, and MCMILLAN
are villages in the interior, on the railroads.

WILKESON, SOUTH PRARIE, CARBONADO, FAIRFAX, PITTSBURG, and MELMONT
are coal-mining towns of importance.


SAN JUAN COUNTY.

San Juan county is a group of islands lying between the waters
of the Straits of Fuca and the Gulf of Georgia, off the southeast
shore of Vancouver island. It has about 200 square miles of territory
and about 4,500 people.

There are three large islands and several smaller ones. The islands
are covered with soil and timber not different from the main land
adjoining. Heavy timber in the forests, fine clay loams in the
bottom lands, shot clay on the hillsides, big ledges of lime rock
and other minerals and great shoals of fish in the waters are the
foundations for prosperity for the citizens of the county.

RESOURCES.

The soils of the islands yield generously to good tillage, and
wheat, oats, barley, potatoes and hay yield large crops. Dairying
is profitable. Poultry-raising and fruit-growing, are especially
attractive. Sheep and
[Page 77]
cattle find splendid pasture. Great quantities of salmon and other
fish are taken in the waters, and game-deer and wild fowl--are
abundant.

[Illustration: Plate No. 67.--Two Views of the Lime Works at Roche
Harbor, San Juan County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 68.--A Typical Farm Scene in Skagit County.]

TRANSPORTATION.

There is no transportation save by water, but the islands are in
the way of traffic from so many different directions that all parts
are well served by steamboats.

ISLANDS AND TOWNS.

SAN JUAN ISLAND is the largest of the group, and its chief industries
are farming, raising stock, salmon-fishing, and manufacturing lime.

FRIDAY HARBOR, on this island, is the county seat and largest town,
with about 500 people. A telephone system is in operation throughout
the island.

ROCHE HARBOR is the home of great lime kilns.

ORCAS ISLAND is the leading fruit-growing district of the county.

EAST SOUND, near the center of the island, at the foot of Mount
Constitution, is a picturesque and charming fruit-growing section
and summer resort.

ORCAS is an important center of the fruit and sheep raising industries.

LOPEZ ISLAND is a beautiful stretch of fertile agricultural land,
much of it under tillage, and is the home of a prosperous community
of farmers and stock-growers.

LOPEZ is the chief commercial center, with a cannery and creamery.


SKAGIT COUNTY.

Skagit county is the next county to the northwest corner of the
state, stretching from Rosario straits to the peaks of the
Cascades--about 100 miles east and west and 24 miles north and
south. Its area is 1,800 square miles, with a population of about
35,000.

It is a county of great diversities in climate, topography and
resources. The Skagit river and its branches drain nearly the entire
county from the mountains to the saltwater. Its deltas are great
flat fields of wonderful fertility. Its valleys also, where cleared
of forests, are very rich alluvial lands. Its upper lands carry
a great burden of forests and are full of hidden treasures.

RESOURCES.

The resources of the county are its forests and minerals, its
agricultural products, and fishes. Its great cereal crop is of
oats; hops, fruits, hay and barley follow in the order named in
importance, while the products of the dairy are rapidly multiplying.
Its minerals include the precious metals, iron, lead, coal, marble,
limestone, granite, sandstone, etc.

[Page 78]
TRANSPORTATION.

Aside from its water transportation, the Great Northern and the
Northern Pacific railways cross its westerly end and send a branch
line through the valley of the Skagit river well up towards the
mountains and to the salt water at Anacortes. And other roads are
building, while there are 168 miles of modern graveled wagon roads.
The facilities for getting about are excellent.

PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.

MT. VERNON is the county seat, with about 4,000 people. It is on
the Great Northern railway, on the navigable Skagit river, and is
a city of much commercial importance to the agricultural district
around it. The soil in the vicinity is renowned for its great fertility
and astonishing crops of oats, hay and grass. Creameries and a
milk-condensing plant are supported profitably to all concerned.

ANACORTES is the chief town of the county, on the salt water. It
has about 6,000 people, and is a center of lumbering and fishing.
Factories for drying, salting, and canning salmon, halibut, and
cod are increasing industries. There is also a fertilizing plant
and a plant producing charcoal and the by-products of combustion,
wood alcohol, turpentine, etc.

SEDRO-WOOLLEY, on both the Northern Pacific and Great Northern
railways, has a population of 4,000, engaged in lumber industries,
fruit, and vegetables, canning, dairying and gardening. It has a
monthly payroll of $125,000.

BURLINGTON, on the Great Northern railway, has 1,800 people, and
factories for making various wood products, concrete blocks, lumber,
shingles and condensed milk.

LA CONNER is a great oat and hay shipping point. It is at the mouth
of the Skagit river and on tide water, and has 800 people.

HAMILTON, at the head of navigation on the Skagit river, is a mining
and lumbering town of 300 people.

BAY VIEW, SAMMISH, MINKLER, PRAIRIE, FIR, and BIRDSVIEW are other
shipping points.

BAKER, on a branch of the Great Northern railway, has 400 people,
and is a center of cement factories.


[Page 79]
SKAMANIA COUNTY.

Skamania county, in the south central part of the state, has its
southern boundary on the Columbia river, with Lewis county to the
north. It is chiefly within the forest reserve, and includes Mount St.
Helens on the west and Mount Adams on its eastern border. Altogether
it has an area of 1,636 square miles, chiefly mountainous, and about
3,000 people.

The north fork of the Lewis river drains the most of the mountainous
region, while a lot of small streams drain the southern part, emptying
into the Columbia river.

The climate is a mean between that of eastern and western Washington,
and is very mild and salubrious. The soil of the valleys in the
region of the Columbia river is very fertile.

RESOURCES.

The chief resource of the county is in its timber and lumber, yet
its mineral and agricultural wealth is becoming better known and
appreciated yearly. The fruit raised in its valleys is of excellent
flavor, early in season, and the soil is generous in its yield.
Splendid pasturage in the foothills encourages stock-raising, and
fishing in the Columbia river is profitably followed by some of
the citizens.

TRANSPORTATION.

Boats on the Columbia river and a railroad on each side of it are
the means of transportation, and ample for the residents of the
county in its southern portion. The coming of the North Bank railroad
has given a decided stimulus to the growth of the county.

DEVELOPMENT.

Skamania county has developed slowly and the bulk of its natural
wealth is still practically untouched. Its minerals, well known
to be valuable, are attracting the attention of prospectors, while
the forests, fisheries and farming lands will furnish a competence
to hundreds of additional familles. The scenery, combined with
the fishing and hunting afforded, are additional attractions that
will prove alluring to many newcomers.

PRINCIPAL TOWNS.

STEVENSON, a small town on the Columbia river and railroad, is the
county seat and has a population of about 450.

Tributary to Stevenson is considerable improved land, and the people
are engaged in stock-raising, fruit-growing and farming.

BUTLER is a town of about 300 people on the railroad and river.

CARSON, CAPE HORN, MT. PLEASANT and BEAR PRAIRIE are smaller villages,
destined to become centers of commercial distribution.


[Page 80]
SNOHOMISH COUNTY.

Snohomish county extends 36 miles in width from the Sound to the
peaks of the Cascade mountains, adjoining King county on the north.
It has an area of some 2,500 square miles of territory, a population
of about 63,000 people, and a great storehouse of wealth in its
natural resources. It is one of the largest and richest counties in
the state, with a mild and healthful climate, magnificent scenery,
great diversity of landscape, innumerable water falls and plenty
of game.

RESOURCES.

The forests of Snohomish are very extensive and but little depleted.
Fir, cedar, hemlock and spruce are its chief trees. Nearly one-half
of the area of the county is heavily mineralized with veins of
gold, silver, copper, lead, nickel, iron, and other ores. There
are also vast ledges of marble, granite and other building stones.

In diversified agricultural possibilities, few counties can excel
Snohomish. Its general soils in its valleys are alluvial, and produce
astonishing crops; about the deltas of its rivers, the riches of
the salt water and the mountains have combined to make a soil that
will endure for ages and annually astonish the husbandman with
its generosity. Upon its uplands, its clay and decaying herbage
have combined for ages to create a soil wonderfully adapted to
produce grass and fruits, and the industrious are luxuriating in
nature's prodigality.

Rainfall is abundant, but not excessive, and crops of the cereals
and fruits are never failures.

TRANSPORTATION.

This county is splendidly provided with transportation facilities;
many steamboats ply its salt waters and part way up the three great
rivers that flow into the Sound. Two transcontinental railroads
cut the western part of the county in two. The trunk line of the
Great Northern follows the valley of one river from the southeast
to the coast, while two branch lines run up the other two great
valleys, past the center of the state, toward the mountains, while
a dozen spurs and short logging and coal roads act as feeders to
the main lines, thus giving all the towns of the county access
to all the Sound markets, and those of the east and the ports of
the Pacific ocean.

PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.

EVERETT, situated upon a fine harbor on the shores of Puget Sound near
the mouth of the Snohomish river, is the county seat and metropolis
of the county. It has a population of 35,000, and is fast developing
into a commercial and manufacturing center of importance.

The largest steamers afloat can find wharfage at her docks and
safe anchorage in her waters. It has upwards of 3,000 men employed
in its factories and mills, with a monthly payroll aggregating
$230,000.

[Illustration: Plate No. 69.--Codfish and Salmon Packing Plants
at Anacortes, Skagit County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 70.--Plant for the Manufacture of Portland
Cement, Located in Skagit County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 71.--Snohomish County Views.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 72.--Snohomish County Industrial Scenes.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 73.--Street Scene in Stanwood, Snohomish
County. A Pony Farm at Everett, Snohomish County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 74.--City and Town Views, Snohomish County.]

[Page 81]
They are engaged in the manufacture of lumber, shingles, sash and
doors; in railroad shops, pulp and paper mills, and smelters; in
running tug boats, driving piles, making iron castings, and tanning
hides; packing meats and fish; making turpentine, charcoal, flour,
butter, and many other commodities. Its banks have $4,000,000 on
deposit. Its paper mills produce 26 tons of paper daily. Its smelter
is a constant producer of the precious metals and their by-products.

The city is substantially built, having all the conveniences of a
modern city, with wide streets and wide sidewalks; has both gas and
electricity for lights, and a good water system. Some of its streets
are paved with preserved wooden blocks and some with asphalt.

Everett is a sub-port of entry of the Puget sound country. The
United States has spent half a million dollars improving the mouth
of the Snohomish river for a fresh-water harbor.

SNOHOMISH is a city of 4,000 people, on the Snohomish river, which
is navigable, and is connected with Everett by a street car line.
It is also on the Northern Pacific and Great Northern railways,
and is the distributing center for a large agricultural district.
It has a number of shingle and sawmills, and is headquarters for
a good deal of the mining industry of the county.

STANWOOD is a town of about 800 people, on the Sound and railway,
in the northwestern part of the county. It is a center of farming
interests and lumber industries.

ARLINGTON is a mining and lumbering town on the Northern Pacific
railway, well up toward the mountains. It has a population of 2,000
and is growing.

MONROE is a town of 2,400 people, on the line of the Great Northern
railway, in the center of a large farming and milling industry.

EDMONDS, a town of 2,000 people, is on the Sound and Great Northern
railway, near the King county line; chiefly engaged in sawing lumber
and making shingles.

SULTAN, GRANITE FALLS, GOLD BAR, DARRINGTON, and MONTE CRISTO are
all centers of mining and other industries.

MARYSVILLE, MUKILTEO, SILVANA, GETCHELL, and PILCHUCK are centers
of lumbering and farming.


SPOKANE COUNTY

Spokane county lies in the extreme eastern section of the state.
The area of the county is 1,680 square miles.

TRANSPORTATION.

The transportation facilities are the best of the Inland Pacific
Northwest. Three transcontinental railroads--the Northern Pacific,
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, and Great Northern--traverse the
County from east to west; a fourth transcontinental line, the Oregon
Railway & Navigation company, enters from the southwest, and a fifth
transcontinental road, the Spokane International (C. P. R.), enters
[Page 82]
the county from the northeast and terminates at Spokane. The Spokane
Falls & Northern extends north into British Columbia and to Republic
and Oroville, Wash. Electric trolley lines connect Spokane with
the outlying towns in every direction. The total railway mileage
in the county is approximately 429 miles.

TOPOGRAPHY AND INDUSTRIES.

The northern portion of the county is somewhat mountainous, and
is covered with a fine growth of pine and tamarack timber; much of
this section is suitable for agriculture, while all is adapted to
grazing. The central part of the county is rolling and is traversed
by the Spokane river; the central section to the west of the city
of Spokane is fine agricultural land, while to the east of Spokane
is the Spokane valley, which is rapidly being brought into a high
state of cultivation by means of irrigation. There are about 40,000
acres in this valley capable of irrigation; 3,000 acres are now
irrigated and under cultivation. The southern portion of the county
is rolling, and comprises some of the finest agricultural land in the
state. Large areas of this section are utilized for wheat-raising,
while here are grown the finest sugar beets in the world.

Lumbering is a considerable industry, while stock-raising and dairying
are also extensively engaged in. Over 1,000,000 bushels of wheat
are grown annually. The flour mills of the county have a combined
capacity of 3,600 barrels daily.

In fruit-growing Spokane is one of the leading counties of the
state. The value of the fruit produced in the county amounts to
nearly $3,000,000 annually. The following table shows the distribution
of the five important fruits.

  _Trees planted_ 1908--                      _Total._
  [*]Apples,         253,630                   713,567
  Pears,              15,470                    39,232
  Peaches,            59,323                    94,769
  Cherries,           56,405                   106,909
  Plums and Prunes,   11,815                    29,128
  Miscellaneous        2,910                    10,000
                     -------                 ---------
                     399,553  Total planted  1,003,615

[Footnote *: Is 25 percent. of the total number of apple trees planted
in the state in 1908.]

SCHOOLS.

There are 165 school districts in the county and eighteen towns
where graded schools are maintained. The total valuation of assessed
property with improvements (1908) is $77,120,360; personal property,
$10,527,030.

[Illustration: Plate No. 75.--(1) Spokane Club Building, Spokane.
(2)Riverside Avenue, Looking East from Post Street, Spokane.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 76.--Spokane River and Bridge at Spokane,
Showing Fill for New Concrete Structure to Cost $500,000.]

PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.

SPOKANE, situated on the Spokane river, is the county seat of Spokane
county, and is the metropolis of eastern Washington, having a
[Page 83]
population estimated at 120,000. Spokane is the center of a great
wheat-raising section and is the principal mining and commercial
center between the Cascades and the Rocky mountains. A conservative
estimate of the total value of manufactured products for 1908 is
$17,000,000. There are over 12,000 wage-earners, receiving over
$10,000,000 annually. The principal industrial establishments are
lumber mills, flour mills, machine shops, agricultural machinery,
brick plants, iron works, foundries, pottery, cereal food, furniture,
etc.

The industrial prosperity of the city is due largely to the mines
in the vicinity, the great agricultural resources of the surrounding
country, and to the extensive water power which offers special
inducements to manufacturers. The Spokane river here has a total
fall of 132 feet, which furnishes a minimum of 33,000 horse-power,
of which 15,000 horse-power is developed.

There are four national banks, with a combined capital of $3,425,000.
The city owns its own water works, from which an annual revenue
of more than $325,000 is derived.

The educational facilities are excellent. There are twenty-three
public school buildings, constructed of brick and stone, and costing
$1,450,000. There are three daily newspapers, having a combined
circulation of 45,000. Here is located the U. S. circuit court;
the headquarters of the U. S. district court, eastern division;
U. S. military post (Fort Wright); the government headquarters
of the postal inspector service, known as the Spokane division,
which includes the states of Washington, Montana, Idaho, Oregon,
and the territory of Alaska, and a U. S. land office. Postoffice
receipts for 1908 amounted to $360,504.

CHENEY, 10 miles southwest of Spokane, is a town of 1,500 people.
Here is located one of the state normal schools, having about 400
students.

MEDICAL LAKE is an important town, having the Eastern Washington
Hospital for the Insane near-by, It is a noted health resort.

ROCKFORD is an important agricultural town of 1,200 people.

HILLYARD is an important place of 1,500 people, having the car shops
of the Great Northern railway as its chief business.


STEVENS COUNTY

Stevens county, in the extreme northeastern corner of the state,
has an area of 4,500 square miles and a population of about 24,000.
It is a county of great and diverse resources, is splendidly watered
with large rivers, the Columbia bounding it on the west, and the
Spokane on part of its southern line. Three ranges of low mountains
extend across the county nearly north and south. Between these the
Colville river and the Pend d'Oreille flow generally northerly
through grand and beautiful valleys.

[Page 84]
RESOURCES AND PRODUCTIONS.

Agriculture in all its branches, lumbering and kindred pursuits,
and the mining of precious metals and building stones make up its
chief sources of wealth.

AGRICULTURE.

The farms in the Colville valley are noted for their heavy hay
crops, producing abundantly all the cereals, including corn, the
clovers, timothy and alfalfa.

Dairying and stock-raising are important industries. To these the
climate and soils are well adapted. Some lands have been irrigated
with great benefit, but the bulk of the farming is successful without
irrigation.

Fruit-raising is receiving deep interest of late, and the county
bids fair to compete for honors with the very best localities in
the state for the hardier fruits.

Lumbering and saw-milling engage the attention of a large number
of the people, the product of the mills finding a ready market
in the farming region, large cities and mining camps.

Mining of the precious metals is a growing and an attractive industry.
The ores include gold, silver, lead, copper, tungsten and iron, while
quarries of limestone, marble, onyx, fire-clay, etc., abound.

TRANSPORTATION.

In addition to the navigable waters of the Columbia and Pend d'Oreille
rivers, which traverse the outskirts of the county, the Great Northern
railway through the Colville valley from the southern to the northern
boundary, reaches most of the agricultural and mining centers and
renders good service. The western part of the county, comparatively
undeveloped, deserves much more attention.

PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.

COLVILLE is both the county seat and principal town in the county,
having a population of 1,600 people, and is a growing town, a
distributing center on the railroad, surrounded by prosperous farming
communities.

NORTHPORT is the center of much mining activity and has a large
smelter for the reduction of ores of the precious metals. It has
a population of 1,200.

CHEWELAH is a center of agriculture, mining and lumbering industries
in the center of the county, having about 1,000 people.

NEWPORT, in the southeastern part of the county, is an important
agricultural distributing center. A dozen other smaller towns offer
great opportunities to the homeseeker.

[Illustration: Plate No. 77.--Raising Potatoes in Young Orchard,
Spokane County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 78.--Basalt Columns, Spokane River at Spokane.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 79.--STEVENS COUNTY VIEWS. "Where the
Elephant Drinks," a Remarkable Crag on the Bank of the Pend d'Oreille
River. A Typical Fruit Ranch. Flume Creek Falls.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 80.--Stevens County Timber. Cedar Forest.
White Pine Forest. Yellow Pine Forest.]


[Page 85]
THURSTON COUNTY

Thurston county is known as having the state capital, Olympia,
within its borders, and as including the extreme southern reaches
of Puget sound. It is a county of wooded hills and valleys with
a few open prairies well watered by mountain streams, chief of
which is the Nisqually, which forms its dividing line from Pierce
county, and the Des Chutes river, which makes a splendid waterfall
of some 85 feet, a few miles south of Olympia. It has an area of
about 700 square miles, 100 miles of salt-water shore, a population
of about 20,000, and a delightful climate and magnificent scenery of
lofty mountains; great expanse of inland salt water, and green-clad
islands and fields in every direction.

RESOURCES.

The county is one of the oldest settled portions of the state,
and has a great variety of natural resources, among which are its
timber areas, its agricultural fields, its coal mines, its fisheries,
including clam and oyster beds, gray sandstone quarries, and a
great variety of clays.

INDUSTRIES.

The sawmills of the county are still a very important industry
and shiploads of lumber are sent out from its wharves. All the
cereals and grasses yield abundant crops; root crops are extensive;
fruit of great variety and fine flavor is very prominent. Dairying
is flourishing, the county having more dairies than any other in
the state. Coal mining is in its infancy, but has progressed far
enough to demonstrate the existence of vast areas of lignite coal,
having some six veins and having a combined thickness of 61 feet
of coal. About 50,000 sacks of oysters are annually marketed.

TRANSPORTATION.

The Northern Pacific railway connects Olympia with all the important
Sound ports and the east, and all the transcontinental roads coming
to the Sound from the south will pass through the county. Together
with its salt-water deep harbors, these give the county splendid
competition and variety of commercial facilities.

PRINCIPAL CITIES.

OLYMPIA, the chief town of the county, at once the county seat,
state capital and county metropolis, is situated on one of the
deep-water inlets of Puget sound. Its population is about 12,000.
While it has a beautiful sandstone structure, now used for capitol
purposes, the state is about to erect a new capitol building, to
cost $1,000,000. The foundation is already built. Olympia has one
of the U. S. land offices and the U. S. surveyor-general's office.
It is lighted and furnished with power for street-car and other
purposes from the power of Tumwater falls. The city is a beautiful
one of fine homes, shaded streets and parks, surrounded by a very
prosperous agricultural community,
[Page 86]
producing great quantities of fruit, dairy and poultry products.

Several other smaller towns on the railroads are local centers of
commercial activity.


WAHKIAKUM COUNTY

Wahkiakum is a small county, having only 275 square miles of territory,
located on the Columbia river in the southwestern corner of the
state, near the ocean. Its population is about 4,000. The county
is heavily timbered and well watered. In many parts of the county
the soil is exceptionally fertile. The climate is mild, but somewhat
humid. In the northern part are some low mountains, from which the
drainage is south through the county to the Columbia river.

RESOURCES.

The resources of the county consist in its timber, its fertile soil,
and the fish in the river and ocean.

INDUSTRIES.

Logging, saw-milling, and industries growing out of these; agriculture,
dairying, and fishing are the chief occupation of its people. There
are several logging concerns in the county and large saw-mills.
Fish canneries dot its river shores; several creameries and dairies
are manufacturing butter, while its farms produce hay, potatoes,
fruits, cattle, hogs, poultry, eggs, and other products, chiefly
for the Portland market. Many of its citizens are fishermen and
some make considerable sums trapping fur animals in the winters.

TRANSPORTATION.

The Columbia river is the great highway of the county; no railroads
are within its borders or near. Owing to the small area of the
county, this condition is no great drawback, as all the people have
ready access to the river wharves.

PRINCIPAL TOWNS.

CATHLAMET, on the Columbia, is the county seat, with about 500 people,
and is the chief distributing center of the county.

ROSBURG, DEEP RIVER, BROOKFIELD, ALTOONA, and SKAMOKAWA are centers
of industry. This county offers exceptional opportunities for the
frontiersman.


WALLA WALLA COUNTY

Walla Walla is the county of many waters. It is the most western
of the southeastern counties of the state, and is bounded north
and west by the Snake and Columbia rivers. It has 1,296 square
miles and a population of about 30,000. The elevation varies from
350 feet at the Columbia river to 2,500 feet along its eastern
border. It is a succession of plains and rolling hills, covered
with bunch-grass, with some trees along the streams. Its soil varies
from quite sandy volcanic ash in the low lands near the Columbia to a
[Page 87]
heavier clay loam in the eastern parts. In common with much of
eastern Washington, these lands increase in fertility with successive
cultivations. The climate is mild, healthful and vigorous.

[Illustration: Plate No. 81.--Farm Scene Near Colville, Stevens
County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 82.--View of Calispell Valley and Pend
d'Oreille River, Stevens County.]

RESOURCES.

Walla Walla county is essentially agricultural. Its chief resource
is its soil fertility. This is such that few farmers can be found
who have not bank accounts.

PRODUCTS.

The annual production of wheat in Walla Walla county is about 5,000,000
bushels. Barley is also a profitable crop. Oats and some corn are
also raised. Large crops of alfalfa hay are annually marketed,
chiefly from irrigated lands. Fruit of all kinds is abundant. There
are 2,500 acres devoted to orchards. Market gardening is an important
and growing industry.

TRANSPORTATION.

There are 310 miles of railroads in this county, both the Northern
Pacific and Oregon Railroad & Navigation Company railroads competing
for the traffic. In addition to the railroads, steamboats are plying
the rivers around the edge of the county, giving additional facilities
for transportation.

PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.

WALLA WALLA, the county seat, has a population of about 22,000 and
is the commercial center for the southeastern part of the state.
Its streets are paved. The city owns its own system of water, at
a cost of $600,000. It is lighted with electricity and gas, has
large banks and business houses, U. S. land office, U. S. courts,
U. S. cavalry post, an Odd Fellows' home, and a Home for Widows
and Orphans. There are manufacturing industries employing 400 men,
turning out $2,000,000 of productions annually. An electric system
of street cars traverses the streets and is projected into several
other near-by towns.

WAITSBURG is an important agricultural town of about 1,600 people,
in the western part of the county, having both railroad systems,
and ships great quantities of grain. It has large flouring mills,
warehouses, fine schools and churches, and is a prosperous, thriving
town.

A large number of shipping points on both systems of railroads are
growing commercial centers.


WHATCOM COUNTY

Whatcom county lies on the boundary of British Columbia, stretching
from the Straits of Georgia to the peaks of the Cascade mountains--24
miles wide and 100 miles long, The eastern half or more of the
county is included in the national forest reserve, with Mount Baker,
10,827 feet high, in the center of the county. It is one of the
important counties on tide water, and has an area of 2,226 square
miles and a population of about 70,000.

[Page 88]
The climate is not different from the general Puget sound climate
being mild and healthful. There are no severe storms, no sultry
heat and no severe cold.

RESOURCES.

It is estimated that Whatcom county has three billion feet of standing
timber. This is its greatest source of wealth. The western half
of the county, outside of the lumbering, etc., is blessed with
a wealth of soil responding to the farmer's labor generously.

The eastern half of the county is essentially a mountainous,
forest-covered mining region, and has in store many veins of nearly
all the metals.

Game of great variety of animals and fowls and fish are abundant.

INDUSTRIES.

The people of Whatcom county are engaged in lumbering and running
saw-mills, one of the largest of the state being in this county;
manufacturing of various kinds from the raw products in the county,
including shingle mills and shingle machinery factory, salmon canneries,
planing mills, barrel factories, Portland cement factory, and many
others. Of no small importance is farming, fruit-growing and dairying.
Prospecting and mining engage the attention and labor of a large
number of citizens.

TRANSPORTATION.

Aside from having a long salt-water coast, open to traffic from
the ocean, with splendid harbors, the county is traversed in all
its agricultural half by a network of railroads, by the Northern
Pacific, Great Northern, B. B. and B. C. railroads. These furnish
exceptional means of traffic to all industries excepting the mining.
The county has also an admirable system of wagon roads, some planked,
some graveled and some graded and drained, covering about 700 miles.

[Illustration: Plate No. 83.--Products of Thurston County Waters.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 84.--Thurston County Stick. 14,000 Feet.
Sandstone Quarry, Tenino, Thurston County. Logging with Oxen. Early
Days in Thurston County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 84.--Five Combined Harvesters at Work on
a Walla Walla County Wheat Farm.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 86.--Ploughing the Ground for Wheat-Growing,
Walla Walla County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 87.--Bird's-Eye View of a Portion of
Bellingham, Whatcom County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 88.--Typical Farm Scenes in Whatcom County.]

PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.

BELLINGHAM, on a salt-water bay of the same name, is the county
seat, and commercial metropolis not only for this county but much
other territory. It has a population of about 40,000 people. Into
it all the railroads center, while the harbor is one of the best
in Washington. It is largely a manufacturing town, having plants
for the production of sash, doors, columns, tin cans, boilers,
engines, flour and feed, canned fish, condensed milk, and many
others. It is a substantial, live business community of wide-awake
people, and growing rapidly. It has a gravity water system, electric
lights, and gas plant.

BLAINE is a city of about 3,000 inhabitants, situated close to the
Canadian line and on the Great Northern railway. Timber and lumber
manufactures are the chief sources of its prosperity. Fishing and the
canning of salmon are also important industries. The railroad
[Page 89]
company has recently expended considerable sums in improving its
facilities. Blaine is a growing community.

SUMAS, on the Canadian border, is a lumbering town of 1,100 people.

LYNDEN is an agricultural center of 1,200 citizens.

FERNDALE is a lumber center of 1,000 people. Besides, there are a
dozen smaller business centers in the county, growing and prosperous.


WHITMAN COUNTY

Whitman county is one of the chief agricultural counties of the
state, lying immediately south of Spokane county and on the Idaho
state line, having the Snake river for its southern boundary. The
county is a plateau of rolling prairie lands, a large portion of
which is farmed, watered by a number of streams, which are utilized
for irrigation purposes in some of the bottom lands--although the
rainfall is sufficient to mature crops, and no irrigation is had
on the great bulk of the farms. The area is about 2,000 square
miles. The population is about 40,000. The soil is a strong mixture
of volcanic ash and clay of great fertility and permanence. Twenty
years of wheat-growing still leaves the soil able to produce from
25 to 50 bushels per acre.

RESOURCES.

All the resources of the county originate in this splendid soil.
For growing all the cereals and fruits and vegetables it has no
superior. The county is well settled, and probably no county can
excel Whitman county in the per capita wealth of its farmers. The
products of the county are varied, and include wheat, oats, barley
and hay, all giving splendid yields--wheat from 30 to 50 bushels,
oats 60 to 100 bushels, barley from 50 to 80 bushels, and hay from
4 to 6 tons per acre. Potatoes, sugar beets and other vegetables
produce fine crops.

The hardier fruits, such as apples, pears, plums and cherries,
are successfully raised in all parts of the county, while on the
bottom lands, along the Snake river, peaches, melons, etc., are
produced in abundance. Seventy-five carloads of fruit go out annually
from one orchard.

Wheat gives up five and one-half million bushels to the farmers
each year. Oats one and three-fourths million and barley about
one-half million bushels. Whitman county has more banks than any
county in eastern Washington besides Spokane.

TRANSPORTATION.

Whitman county is as well, or better, provided with railroads than
any agricultural county in the state. The Northern Pacific, O.
R. & N., Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and the S. & I. railroads
are all interlaced about its grain-fields. These all connect with
Spokane, and give access to all eastern and western markets.

[Page 90]
PRINCIPAL TOWNS.

COLFAX, the county seat, situated near the center of the county, on
the railroads and Palouse river, is the largest town in the county,
with about 3,600 population. The town owns its own water system, has
electric lights, fine court-house, banks, mills, warehouses, etc.

PULLMAN is a town of 3,000 people, near which is located the Washington
State College, a large educational institution supported by the state,
having about 1,000 students. It is an important grain-shipping
point. It has a public water system, electric lights, and is a
thriving and growing commercial center.

PALOUSE is a railroad center of 2,500 people, a large shipping point
for grain, live stock, fruits and pottery.

OAKESDALE is a town of 1,500 people, having three railroads, and
is an important shipping point.

TEKOA has a population of about 1,400, is a railroad center, and
is a large shipper of fruits and grain.

GARFIELD has a population of 1,000, and ships much grain and other
produce.

ROSALIA has 1,000 population, and is an important grain center.

This county has a dozen other shipping points where from 300 to 700
people are supported by the business originating on the tributary
farms.

YAKIMA COUNTY

Yakima county is one of the large and important counties in the
state, having the Yakima Indian reservation included within its
boundaries. Its area is 3,222 square miles and it has a population of
about 38,000. It is watered by the Yakima river and its tributaries,
and through its valleys the railroads from the east find their
easiest grade toward the Cascade passes. It is a county of level
valleys and plateaus, having a soil made up chiefly of volcanic
ash and disintegrated basaltic rocks, of great depth, which yields
fabulously in cereal and grass crops, fruits and vegetables with
the magic touch of irrigation. Artificial watering is 30 years old
in this valley, and yet only a very small area was thus treated
until the matter was taken up by the national government. But now
vast areas are being provided with water, and the consequent growth
and development of the county is wonderful.

A series of lakes in the mountains are being utilized as reservoirs,
and from these lakes the waters are being distributed in many directions
in the large irrigating canals. When the projects now under way are
completed, more than 200,000 acres will be under ditches.

RESOURCES.

Yakima's wealth consists in the combination of its soil and water
and climate. The county, lying east of the Cascade mountains, in
[Page 91]
large part at a low elevation, receives somewhat severe heat in
the summer, which gives the opportunity successfully to ripen the
less hardy fruits--peaches, apricots, grapes, etc. The county has
half a million bearing trees and two and one-half million young
trees growing in its orchards.

INDUSTRIES.

Naturally the industries of the county consist in exploiting its
natural resources, and so we find Yakima citizens busy in raising
fruits, hay, grain, and garden vegetables, to supply the big cities
of the Sound. Its last year's contribution will probably exceed
ten million dollars in value.

Of the items which compose this large sum, fruit is probably chief
in importance. Alfalfa and grain-hay is an important item, as is
also the crop of melons and potatoes. The combined fields of alfalfa
and orchards make ideal bee pasturage, and Yakima honey is a constant
factor of barter in the Sound cities. The upland farms produce
quantities of all grains--wheat, oats, and barley--and some field
corn is successfully raised in the warmer parts. Sheep, cattle
and horses are also exported. Hops are a large crop.

PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.

NORTH YAKIMA is at once the county seat and chief metropolis of
the entire Yakima valley, having a population of about 12,000. It
is situated on the Northern Pacific railway and Yakima river, and
is the distributing center for both merchandise and farm products
for a large surrounding territory.

The State Fair, supported by the state, holds annual exhibits here.
It has extensive fruit canneries, flour mills, lumber mills, other
woodworking factories, large warehouses, paved streets, big business
blocks, fine churches, schools, banks, newspapers, etc.

SUNNYSIDE, a town built up among the irrigated farms, has a population
of 1,500. Here are a cannery, pulp mill, creameries, etc.

TOPPENISH and MABTON are commercial centers of importance of about
700 inhabitants each, and growing.




[Page 92]
STATISTICAL APPENDIX.

STATISTICS OF THE INCORPORATED CITIES AND TOWNS OF WASHINGTON.

 =======================================================================
     NAME.    |   County.   |      Mayor.      |      Clerk.
 -------------|-------------|------------------|------------------------
 Aberdeen     | Chehalis    | E. B. Benn       | P. F. Clarke
 Almira       | Lincoln     | J. C. Johnson    | Peter Wallerich
 Anacortes    | Skagit      | W. V. Wells      | M. C. Baker
 Arlington    | Snohomish   | Peter Larson     | Homer L. Huddle
 ASOTIN       | Asotin      | J. B. Jones      | J. P. Fulton
 Auburn       | King        | L. C. Smith      | Geo. C. Meade
 BELLINGHAM   | Whatcom     | J. P. De Mattos  | F. B. Graves
 Blaine       | Whatcom     | T. J. Quirt      | J. W. G. Merritt
 Bremerton    | Kitsap      | L. E. Mallette   | Paul Mehner
 Buckley      | Pierce      | D. S. Morris     | W. B. Osbourn
 Burlington   | Skagit      | P. M. Moody      | I. A. Marchant
 Camas        | Clarke      | John Cowan       | F. B. Barnes
 Cashmere     | Chelan      | C. A. Huston     | A. J. Amos
 Castle Rock  | Cowlitz     | T. W. Robin      | G. F. McClane
 CATHLAMET    | Wahkiakum   | J. T. Nassa      | T. M. Nassa
 Centralia    | Lewis       | J. P. Guerrier   | W. H. Hodge
 Charleston   | Kitsap      | N. A. Palmer     | M. M. Bausman
 CHEHALIS     | Lewis       | Wm. West         | W. A. Westover
 Chelan       | Chelan      | C. C. Jackson    | W. M. Emerson
 Cheney       | Spokane     | L. Walter        | J. W. Minnick
 Chewelah     | Stevens     | W. H. Brownlow   | T. L. Montgomery
 Clarkston    | Asotin      | D. B. Parks      | E. A. Bass
 Cle Elum     | Kittitas    | L. R. Thomas     | S. E. Willis
 COLFAX       | Whitman     | Wm. Lippitt      | H. Bramwell
 Colton       | Whitman     | W. H Renfro      | L. F. Gibbs
 COLVILLE     | Stevens     | L. B Harvey      | A. B. Sansburn
 CONCONNULLY  | Okanogan    | C. H. Lovejoy    | Wm. Baines
 Cosmopolis   | Chehalis    | L. B. Hogan      | W. S. McLaughlin
 Coulee City  | Grant       | F. W. McCann     | A. Kirkpatrick
 Creston      | Lincoln     | F. A. Duncan     | D. F. Peffley
 Cunningham   | Adams       | F. W. Parker     | A. J. Haile
 DAVENPORT    | Lincoln     | W. C. Graham     | Lee Odgers
 DAYTON       | Columbia    | H. C. Benbow     | R. O. Dyer
 Deer Park    | Spokane     | W. D. Phillips   | R. G. Cole
 Edmonds      | Snohomish   | Jas Brady        | G. M. Leyda
 Elberton     | Whitman     | R. A. Cox        | J. W. Berkstresser
 ELLENSBURG   | Kittitas    | W. J. Peed       | J. J. Poyser
 Elma         | Chehalis    | C. E. Gouty      | E. S. Avey
 Endicott     | Whitman     | C. L. Wakefield  | M. A. Sherman, Jr.
 EPHRATA      | Grant       | Dr. Chaffee      | Lee Tolliver
 EVERETT      | Snohomish   | Newton Jones     | C. C. Gilman
 Fairfield    | Spokane     | C. A. Loy        | M. Walser
 Farmington   | Whitman     | E. E. Paddock    | C. H. Bass
 Ferndale     | Whatcom     | J. B. Wilson     | C. Kelley
 Garfield     | Whitman     | H. S. McClure    | J. L. Rogers
 Georgetown   | King        | John Mueller     | John Beek
 GOLDENDALE   | Klickitat   | Allen Bonebrake  | J. R. Putman
 Granite Falls| Snohomish   | C. E. Willoughby | C. T. Smith
 Hamilton     | Skagit      | H. I. Bratlie    | S. H. Sprinkle
 Harrington   | Lincoln     | A. G. Mitchum    | W. W. Gwinn
 Hartline     | Grant       | E. A. Whitney    | T. E. Jenkins
 Hatton       | Adams       | J. M. Batten     | W. C. Sallee
 Hillyard     | Spokane     | M. H. Gordon     | J. L. Cramer
 Hoquiam      | Chehalis    | Dr. T. C. Frary  | Z. T. Wllson
 Ilwaco       | Pacific     | W. P. Rowe       | J. A. Howerton
 Index        | Snohomish   | H. L. Bartlett   | H. F. Wilcox
 Kahlotus     | Franklin    | E. R. Doughty    | E. L. Chittenden
 KALAMA       | Cowlitz     | A. L. Watson     | E. N. Howe
 Kelso        | Cowlitz     | M. J. Lord       | Max Whittlesey
 Kennewick    | Benton      | L. E. Johnson    | G. N. Calhoun
 Kent         | King        | M. M. Morrill    | L. E. Price
 Kettle Falls | Stevens     | H. L. Childs     | A. R. Squire
 Kirkland     | King        | R. H. Collins    | J. S. Courtright
 LaConner     | Skagit      | J. F. Dwelley    | J. S. Church
 Lakeside     | Chelan      | Jos. Darnell     | S. B. Russell
 Latah        | Spokane     | W. H. Taylor     | Chas. White
 Leavenworth  | Chelan      | Lewis J. Nelson  | G. A. Hamilton
 Lind         | Adams       | J. T. Dirstine   | Day Imus
 Little Falls | Lewis       | E. C. Brown      | G. E. Grow
 Lynden       | Whatcom     | Walter Elder     | F. W. Bixby
 Mabton       | Yakima      | T. W. Howell     | W. H. Ashton
 Marysville   | Snohomish   | W. H. Roberts    | B. D. Curtiss
 Medical Lake | Spokane     | M. J. Grady      | R. R. McCorkell
 Milton       | Pierce      | C. H. Weekes     | W. J. Keller
 Monroe       | Snohomish   | J. H. Campbell   | Arthur Root
 MONTESANO    | Chehalis    | Geo. W. Winemire | R. H. Fleet
 MT. VERNON   | Skagit      | Wm. Dale         | J. S. Bowen
 Newport      | Stevens     | E. S. Appel      | Ed Beitton
 NORTH YAKIMA | Yakima      | P. M. Armbruster | J. G. Brooker

 =========================================================
              | Sec'y Commercial | Pop. U. S. | Est. Pop.
     NAME.    | Organization.    | Cens. 1900 |   1909
 -------------|------------------|------------|-----------
 Aberdeen     | E. Beinfohr      |      3,747 |    15,000
 Almira       |                  |            |       500
 Anacortes    | Gus Hensler      |      1,476 |     6,000
 Arlington    | Lot Davis        |            |     2,400
 ASOTIN       | E. H. Dammarell  |        470 |     1,500
 Auburn       | Geo. C. Meade    |        489 |     1,500
 BELLINGHAM   | L. Baldrey       |     11,062 |    41,000
 Blaine       | J. J. Pinckney   |      1,592 |     3,500
 Bremerton    | R. S. Hayward    |            |     4,000
 Buckley      | W. B. Osbourn    |      1,014 |     1,500
 Burlington   | I. A. Marchant   |            |     1,800
 Camas        |                  |            |     1,200
 Cashmere     | C. M. Banker     |            |     1,000
 Castle Rock  | G. F. McClane.   |        750 |     1,300
 CATHLAMET    |                  |            |       500
 Centralia    | F. W. Thomas     |      1,600 |     7,000
 Charleston   | A. F. Shepherd   |            |     1,000
 CHEHALIS     | H. C. Coffman    |      1,775 |     5,000
 Chelan       | C. E. Rusk       |            |       900
 Cheney       | L. R. Houck      |        781 |     1,600
 Chewelah     | E. D. Germain    |            |     1,500
 Clarkston    | R. B. Hooper     |            |     2,500
 Cle Elum     |                  |            |     2,500
 COLFAX       | C. R. Lorne      |      2,121 |     3,500
 Colton       | J. B. Ellsworth  |        251 |       500
 COLVILLE     | L. E. Jesseph    |        594 |     2,000
 CONCONNULLY  | W. S. McClure    |            |       500
 Cosmopolis   |                  |      1,004 |     1,200
 Coulee City  | G. T. Walter     |            |       300
 Creston      |                  |            |       500
 Cunningham   | A. J. Haile      |            |       350
 DAVENPORT    | F. W. Anderson   |      1,000 |     2,800
 DAYTON       | F. W. Guernsy    |      2,216 |     3,500
 Deer Park    | W. D. Phillips   |            |     1,100
 Edmonds      | E. M. Allen      |        474 |     2,000
 Elberton     | A. B. Metz       |        297 |       600
 ELLENSBURG   | Wayne Murray     |      1,737 |     5,500
 Elma         | E. S. Avey       | 894        |     2,700
 Endicott     |                  |            |       600
 EPHRATA      |                  |             |
 EVERETT      | E. E. Johnston   |       7,838 |   35,000
 Fairfield    | O. H. Loe        |             |      500
 Farmington   | C. H. Bass       |         434 |      780
 Ferndale     | Percy Hood       |             |
 Garfield     | F. H. Michaelson |         697 |    1,350
 Georgetown   | C. A. Thorndyke  |             |    5,500
 GOLDENDALE   | C. W. Ramsay     |         788 |    1,200
 Granite Falls| W. R. Moore      |             |      800
 Hamilton     | Thos. Conby      |         392 |      500
 Harrington   |                  |             |    1,200
 Hartline     |                  |             |      300
 Hatton       |                  |             |      600
 Hillyard     | J. L. Cramer     |             |    2,500
 Hoquiam      | W. C. Gregg      |       2,608 |   11,000
 Ilwaco       | A. A. Seaborg    |         584 |      900
 Index        |                  |             |      500
 Kahlotus     |                  |             |      300
 KALAMA       | E. N. Howe       |         554 |    1,250
 Kelso        | W. M. Signor     |         694 |    2,500
 Kennewick    | S. Z. Hendersen  |             |    1,500
 Kent         | B. A. Bowen      |         755 |    3,000
 Kettle Falls | E. A. Blakeley   |             |      600
 Kirkland     | W. R. Stevens    |             |      750
 LaConner     | W. E. Schreeker  |         564 |      800
 Lakeside     |                  |             |      400
 Latah        | Chas. White      |         253 |      500
 Leavenworth  |                  |             |    1,500
 Lind         | R. S. Hamilton   |             |    1,400
 Little Falls | W. A. Willis     |             |      800
 Lynden       | R. W. Green      |         365 |    1,500
 Mabton       | G. T. Morgan     |             |    1,200
 Marysville   | P. E. Coffin     |         728 |    1,500
 Medical Lake | W. H. Mills      |         516 |    1,400
 Milton       | J. S. Williams   |             |      650
 Monroe       | L. P. Tallman    |             |    2,500
 MONTESANO    |                  |       1,194 |    3,500
 MT. VERNON   | Frank Pickering  |       1,120 |    4,000
 Newport      | R. S. Anderson   |             |    1,500
 NORTH YAKIMA | H. P. James      |       3,124 |    12,000

 ====================================================
     NAME.    |        Transportation Lines.
 -------------|--------------------------------------
 Aberdeen     | N. P. Ry. and steamship lines.
 Almira       | Northern Pacific railway.
 Anacortes    | G. N. Ry. and two lines of steamers.
 Arlington    | Northern Pacific railway.
 ASOTIN       | River steamers.
 Auburn       | N. P. and Mil. Rys.; P. S. Elec. Ry.
 BELLINGHAM   | G. N., N. P., B. B. & B. C. railways;
              | steamers to all Sound ports.
 Blaine       | Great Northern railway.
 Bremerton    | Steamers to Seattle and Tacoma.
 Buckley      | Northern Pacific railway.
 Burlington   | Great Northern railway.
 Camas        | Portland & Seattle Ry.; river st'rs.
 Cashmere     | Great Northern railway.
 Castle Rock  | Northern Pacific railway.
 CATHLAMET    | Steamboats.
 Centralia    | Northern Pacific railway.
 Charleston   | Steamers to Seattle.
 CHEHALIS     | Northern Pacific railway.
 Chelan       | Steamers on river and lake.
 Cheney       | N. P. Ry.; Spokane Electric Ry.
 Chewelah     | S. F. & N. branch G. N. Ry.
 Clarkston    | O. R. & N. and N. P. Rys.; steamers.
 Cle Elum     | Northern Pacific and Milwaukee Ris.
 COLFAX       | O. R. & N.; S. & I. Electricity.
 Colton       | Branch Northern Pacific railway.
 COLVILLE     | Spokane Falls & Northern railway.
 CONCONNULLY  | Stage.
 Cosmopolis   | N. P. Ry. and steamship lines.
 Coulee City  | Northern Pacific railway.
 Creston      | W. C. branch N. P. Ry.
 Cunningham   | Northern Pacific railway.
 DAVENPORT    | Central Washington railway.
 DAYTON       | N. P. and O. R. & N. railways.
 Deer Park    | Great Northern railway.
 Edmonds      | Great Northern Ry. and steamers
 Elberton     | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co.'s Ry.
 ELLENSBURG   | Northern Pac. and Milwaukee Rys.
 Elma         | N. P. Ry., two branches.
 Endicott     | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co.'s Ry.
 EPHRATA      | Great Northern railway.
 EVERETT      | N. P. and G. N. Rys. and steamers.
 Fairfield    | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co.'s Ry.
 Farmington   | O. R. & N. and N. P. railways.
 Ferndale     | Great Northern railway.
 Garfield     | O. R. & N., N. P. and S. & I. Rys.
 Georgetown   | One Interurban, 3 steam railways.
 GOLDENDALE   | Spokane, Portland & Seattle Ry.
 Granite Falls| Branch of Northern Pacific railway.
 Hamilton     | G. N. Ry.; Skagit river steamers.
 Harrington   | Great Northern railway.
 Hartline     | Northern Pacific railway.
 Hatton       | Northern Pacific railway.
 Hillyard     | Elec. interurb.; G. N. and S. F. & N.
 Hoquiam      | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.
 Ilwaco       | O. R. & N. railway and steamers.
 Index        | Great Northern railway.
 Kahlotus     | O. R. & N. and S. P. & S. railways.
 KALAMA       | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.
 Kelso        | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.
 Kennewick    | N. P. Ry.; P. & S. Ry. and steamers.
 Kent         | N. P. and Mil. Rys.; P. S. Elec. Ry.
 Kettle Falls | N. P. and O. R. & N. railways.
 Kirkland     | N. P. Ry. and ferry to Seattle.
 LaConner     | Boat and stage.
 Lakeside     | Stage and steamer.
 Latah        | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.
 Leavenworth  | Great Northern railway.
 Lind         | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.
 Little Falls | Northern Pacific railway.
 Lynden       | B. B. & B. C. railway.
 Mabton       | Northern Pacific railway.
 Marysville   | Great Northern Ry. and steamers.
 Medical Lake | N. P. and W. W. P. Electric Rys.
 Milton       | Puget Sound Electric railway.
 Monroe       | Great Northern railway.
 MONTESANO    | Northern Pacific railway.
 MT. VERNON   | Great Northern railway.
 Newport      | Great Northern Ry. and steamers.
 NORTH YAKIMA | Northern Pacific railway.

NOTE 1.--County seats in black face type.

NOTE 2.--Population estimates for 1909 were supplied by local
authorities, the school census, upon which the estimates of this
Bureau are usually based, not being available at the time this
publication was compiled.

[Illustration: Plate No. 89.--Dairying, a Growing Industry in Whatcom
County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 90.--Whatcom County Bulb Gardens.]

[Page 94]
 =======================================================================
     NAME.    |   County.   |      Mayor.      |      Clerk.
 -------------|-------------|------------------|------------------------
 Oakesdale    | Whitman     | R. J. Neergaard  | F. S. Baer
 Oakville     | Chehalis    | J. E. Fitzgerald | J. W. Scott
 Ocosta       | Chehalis    | C. C. Flowers    | Andrew Wallace
 Odessa       | Lincoln     | F. J. Guth       | W. M. Nevins
 Okanogan     | Okanogan    | H. J. Kerr       | T. B. Collins
 OLYMPIA      | Thurston    | Mitchell Harris  | J. R. Dever
 Oroville     | Okanogan    | E. A. McMahon    | C. S. Taylor
 Orting       | Pierce      | Frank Lotz       | C. W. Van Scoyoc
 Palouse City | Whitman     | C. H. Farnsworth | G. D. Kincaid
 PASCO        | Franklin    | C. S. O'Brien    | L. D. Conrad
 Pataha       | Garfield    | D. Evens         | Chas. Ward
 Paulsbo      | Kitsap      | A. B. Moe        | Paul Paulson
 Pe Ell       | Lewis       | August Mayer     | C. W. Boynton
 POMEROY      | Garfield    | H. C. Krouse     | H. St. George
 PORT ANGELES | Clallam     | E. E. Seevers    | C. W. Fields
 PT. ORCHARD  | Kitsap      | R. E. Bucklin    | Wm. C. Bading
 PT. TOWNSEND | Jefferson   | Max Gerson       | Geo. Anderson
 Prescott     | Walla Walla | Jos. Utter       | R. B. Smith
 PROSSER      | Benton      | Albert Smith     | Lon Boyle
 Pullman      | Whitman     | H. V. Carpenter  | Geo. N. Henry
 Puyallup     | Pierce      | J. P. Melrose    | J. L. La Plante
 Quincy       | Grant       | F. T. Campbell   | R. C. Wightmar
 Raymond      | Pacific     | A. C. Little     | J. H. Callahan
 Reardan      | Lincoln     | W. S. Bliss      | W. H. Padley
 Renton       | King        | Benj. Ticknor    | A. W. Ticknor
 REPUBLIC     | Ferry       | Jno. Stack       | M. H. Joseph
 RITZVILLE    | Adams       | W. R. Peters     | J. L. Cross
 Rockford     | Spokane     | J. Kindschuh     | A. B. McDaniel
 Rosalia      | Whitman     | R. P. Turnley    | F. S. Chetal
 Roslyn       | Kittitas    | J. G. Green      | Thos. Ray
 Roy          | Pierce      | A. W. Wert       | C. W. Elder
 Ruston       | Pierce      | J. P. Garrison   | V. D. Goss
 SEATTLE      | King        | Jno. F. Miller   | H. W. Carroll
 Sedro-Woolley| Skagit      | C. E. Bingham    | T. J. Morrow
 SHELTON      | Mason       | G. W. Draham     | F. C. Mathewson
 Snohomish    | Snohomish   | C. H. Lamprey    | E. Thistlewaite
 Snoqualmie   | King        | Otto Reinig      |
 SOUTH BEND   | Pacific     | W. P. Cressy     | C. H. Mills
 Spangle      | Spokane     | J. H. Gruenwald  | M. H. Sullivan
 SPOKANE      | Spokane     | C. H. Moore      | C. A. Fleming
 Sprague      | Lincoln     | J. W. Shearer    | J. V. Muzzy
 Springdale   | Stevens     | Jacob Keller     | A. E. Bidgood
 Stanwood     | Snohomish   | A. B. Klaeboe    | G. M. Mitchell
 Starbuck     | Columbia    | H. A. Johnson    | B. A. Whiting
 Steilacoom   | Pierce      | E. Church        | M. P. Potter
 STEVENSON    | Skamania    | A. Fleischhauer  | R. C. Sly
 St. John     | Whitman     | W. S. Ridenour   | W. S. Mott
 Sultan       | Snohomish   | W. W. Morgan     | T. W. Musgrove
 Sumas        | Whatcom     | R. S. Lambert    | L. Van Valkenburg
 Sumner       | Pierce      | R. R. White      | E. D. Swezey
 Sunnyside    | Yakima      | H. W. Turner     | H. F. Wright
 TACOMA       | Pierce      | J. W. Linck      | L. W. Roys
 Tekoa        | Whitman     | T. H. Follett    | J. S. Woods
 Tenino       | Thurston    | L. J. Miller     | S. M. Peterson
 Toledo       | Lewis       | J. H. Douge      | W. H. Carpenter
 Toppenish    | Yakima      | C. W. Grant      | T. W. Johnston
 Tukwila      | King        | Joel Shomaker    | E. F. Greene
 Tumwuter     | Thurston    | A. Whitemarsh    | A. J. Colby
 Uniontown    | Whitman     | Peter Friesoh    | J. J. Gans
 VANCOUVER    | Clarke      | J. P. Kiggins    | F. W. Bier
 Waitsburg    | Walla Walla | R. M. Breeze     | J. B. Lowndagin
 WALLA WALLA  | Walla Walla | Eugene Tausick   | T. D. S. Hart
 Wuputo       | Yakima      | J. F. Douglas    | H. E. Trimble
 Washtucna    | Adams       | G. W. Bassett    | C. E. Wilson
 WATERVILLE   | Douglas     | J. M. Hunter     | J. E. Walker
 Waverley     | Spokane     | Fred Dashiell    | A. L. Robinson
 WENATCHEE    | Chelan      | J. A. Gellatly   | S. R. Sumner
 White Salmon | Klickitat   | G. F. Jewett     | W. C. Manly
 Wilbur       | Lincoln     | W. W. Foley      | T. W. Maxwell
 Wilson Creek | Grant       | W. H. O'Larey    | F. E. Snedicor
 Winlock      | Lewis       | H. A. Baldwin    | C. E. Leonard
 Woodland     | Cowlitz     | L. M. Love       | D. W. Whitlow
 Yacolt       | Clarke      | W. J. Hoag       | Wm. W. Eaton

 =========================================================
              | Sec'y Commercial | Pop. U. S. | Est. Pop.
     NAME.    | Organization.    | Cens. 1900 |   1909
 -------------|------------------|------------|-----------
 Oakesdale    |                  |        928 |    1,200
 Oakville     | O. H. Fry        |            |      600
 Ocosta       |                  |            |      150
 Odessa       | H. L. Cole       |            |    1,200
 Okanogan     | T. B. Collins    |            |      600
 OLYMPIA      | John M. Wilson   |      4,082 |   12,000
 Oroville     | F. A. De Vos     |            |      800
 Orting       | M. C. Hopkins    |        728 |    1,000
 Palouse City | G. D. Kincaid    |        929 |    3,000
 PASCO        | W. D. Fales      |        254 |    1,800
 Pataha       |                  |            |      250
 Paulsbo      | Paul Paulson     |            |      800
 Pe Ell       | P. M. Watson     |            |    1,000
 POMEROY      |                  |        953 |    1,800
 PORT ANGELES | J. M. Davis      |      2,321 |    2,500
 PT. ORCHARD  |                  |        754 |      900
 PT. TOWNSEND | P. C. Peterson   |      3,443 |    5,000
 Prescott     | T. B. Grumwell   |            |      650
 PROSSER      | H. W. Carnahan   |        229 |    2,000
 Pullman      | B. F. Campbell   |      1,308 |    3,000
 Puyallup     | J. P. Leavitt    |      1,884 |    7,000
 Quincy       | Geo. W. Downer   |            |      400
 Raymond      | W. R. Struble    |            |    2,500
 Reardan      | H. G. Burns      |            |      800
 Renton       | P. W. Houser     |            |    3,000
 REPUBLIC     | M. H. Joseph     |      2,500 |    1,250
 RITZVILLE    | J. L. Cross      |        761 |    2,600
 Rockford     | J. W. Lowe       |        433 |    1,200
 Rosalla      | A. A. Wonnell    |        379 |    1,400
 Roslyn       |                  |      2,786 |    4,500
 Roy          |                  |            |      400
 Ruston       |                  |            |      800
 SEATTLE      | C. B. Yandell    |     80,671 |  275,000
              | Geo. E. Boos     |            |
 Sedro-Woolley| M. B. Holbrook   |        885 |    3,450
 SHELTON      | G. C. Angle      |        883 |    1,200
 Snohomish    | W. W. Reed       |      2,101 |    4,000
 Snoqualmie   |                  |            |      400
 SOUTH BEND   | F. G. McIntosh   |        711 |   3,000
 Spangle      | E. C. Rohweder   |        431 |     450
 SPOKANE      | L. G. Monroe     |     36,848 | 120,000
              | A. W. Jones      |            |
 Sprague      | J. S. Freese     |        695 |   1,500
 Springdale   |                  |            |     500
 Stanwood     | L. Livingstone   |            |   1,000
 Starbuck     | J. B. Atkinson   |            |     750
 Steilacoom   | Mr. Annis        |            |   1,000
 STEVENSON    | R. C. Sly        |            |     400
 St. John     | G. W. Case, Jr   |            |     700
 Sultan       | T. W. Musgrove   |            |     500
 Sumas        | Lars Barbo       |        319 |   1,500
 Sumner       | R. R. White      |        531 |   1,000
 Sunnyside    | J. A. Vince      |            |   1,600
 TACOMA       | P. L. Sinclair   |     37,714 | 125,000
              | O. F. Cosper     |            |
 Tekoa        | J. P. Burson     |        717 |   1,200
 Tenino       |                  |            |   1,000
 Toledo       | H. H. Hurst      |        285 |     500
 Toppenish    | J. G. Hillyer    |            |   2,000
 Tukwila      | E. F. Greene     |            |     700
 Tumwuter     |                  |        270 |   1,500
 Uniontown    | W. H. Oyler      |        404 |     500
 VANCOUVER    | H. S. Bartow     |      4,006 |   8,000
 Waitsburg    | W. S. Guntle     |      1,011 |   1,600
 WALLA WALLA  | A. C. Moore      |     10,049 |  22,000
 Wuputo       |                  |            |     500
 Washtucna    |                  |            |     400
 WATERVILLE   | Jas. G. Tuttle   |        482 |   1,200
 Waverley     | Jno. Reycraft    |            |     500
 WENATCHEE    | D. N. Gellatly   |        451 |   5,000
 White Salmon | J. M. Lewis      |            |     600
 Wilbur       | T. W. Maxwell    |            |   1,500
 Wilson Creek | F. E. Snedicor   |            |     500
 Winlock      | C. E. Leonard    |            |   1,600
 Woodland     | E. F. Bryant     |            |     800
 Yacolt       | C. J. Dorsey     |            |     500

 ====================================================
     NAME.    |        Transportation Lines.
 -------------|--------------------------------------
 Oakesdale    | N. P. and O. R. & N. railways.
 Oakville     | Northern Pacific railway.
 Ocosta       | Steamers and railway.
 Odessa       | Great Northern railway.
 Okanogan     | River steamers.
 OLYMPIA      | N. P. Ry.; P. T. & S. Ry.; steamers.
 Oroville     | Great Northern railway.
 Orting       | Northern Pacific railway.
 Palouse City | Four railroads.
 PASCO        | N. P. Ry.: P. & S. Ry.; steamers.
 Pataha       | Oregon Railway & Nav. Co's Ry.
 Paulsbo      | Steamers to Seattle.
 Pe Ell       | Northern Pacific railway.
 POMEROY      | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.
 PORT ANGELES | Steamer and stage lines.
 PT. ORCHARD  | Steamers, Seattle and Tacoma.
 PT. TOWNSEND | P. T. & S. Ry. and Sound steamer.
 Prescott     | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.
 PROSSER      | Northern Pacific railway.
 Pullman      | N. P. and O. R. & N. railways.
 Puyallup     | N. P. and Mil. Rys.; Elec. line Tac.
 Quincy       | Great Northern railway.
 Raymond      | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.
 Reardan      | Central Washington railway.
 Renton       | Steam and electric railways.
 REPUBLIC     | Great Northern branch line.
 RITZVILLE    | Northern Pacific railway.
 Rockford     | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.
 Rosalla      | Northern Pacific and Milwaukee Rys.
 Roslyn       | Northern Pacific railway.
 Roy          | Northern Pacific and Tac. East. Rys.
 Ruston       | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.
 SEATTLE      | N. P.; G. N.; Mil.; C. P. R.; Bur.; C.
              | & P. S.; P. S. E. Rys.; S. S. lines.
 Sedro-Woolley| N. P. and G. N. Rys. and steamers.
 SHELTON      | Steamers to Olympia.
 Snohomish    | G. N., N. P. and C. P. Rys.; steamers.
 Snoqualmie   | Northern Pacific railway.
 SOUTH BEND   | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.
 Spangle      | Branch Northern Pacific railway.
 SPOKANE      | N. P.; G. N.; O. R. & N.; P. & S.; Spok.
              | Int.; W. W. P. and S. & I. Rys.
 Sprague      | Northern Pacific railway.
 Springdale   | Spokane Falls & Northern railway.
 Stanwood     | Rail and steamer.
 Starbuck     | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.
 Steilacoom   | Electric railway and steamers.
 STEVENSON    | Portland & Seattle railway.
 St. John     | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.
 Sultan       | Great Northern railway.
 Sumas        | C. P. Ry.; N. P. Ry. G. N. Ry.
 Sumner       | Northern Pacific railway.
 Sunnyside    | Northern Pacific railway.
 TACOMA       | N. P.; Mil.; T. & E.; U. P. and G. N.
              | Rys.; Electric and S. S. lines.
 Tekoa        | O. R. & N. and Milwaukee Rys.
 Tenino       | Northern Pacific and P. T. & S. Rys.
 Toledo       | Northern Pacific Ry.; River steamer.
 Toppenish    | Northern Pacific railway.
 Tukwila      | Puget Sound Electric railway.
 Tumwuter     | Port Townsend & Southern railway.
 Uniontown    | Northern Pacific railway.
 VANCOUVER    | N. P., P. & S. Rys. and steamers.
 Waitsburg    | O. R. & N. and N. P. railways.
 WALLA WALLA  | N. P. and O. R. & N. railways.
 Wuputo       | Northern Pacific railway.
 Washtucna    | O. R. & N.; S., P. & S. railways.
 WATERVILLE   | Stage and steamer.
 Waverley     | O. R. & N. and Electric railways.
 WENATCHEE    | Great Northern Ry.; Col. river strs.
 White Salmon | S. P. & S. Ry., and river steamer.
 Wilbur       | Northern Pacific railway.
 Wilson Creek | Great Northern railway.
 Winlock      | Northern Pacific railway.
 Woodland     | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers
 Yacolt       | Northern Pacific railway.


[Page 96]
 STATE OFFICERS, COMMISIONS, BOARDS AND PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS OF WASHINGTON.
===========================================================================
             OFFICE.         |          Name.           |  P. O. Address.
-----------------------------|--------------------------|------------------
Governor                     | M. E. Hay                | Olympia.
Governor's Private Secretary | Frank M. Dallam, Jr      | Olympia.
Secretary of State           | I. M. Howell             | Olympia.
Assistant Secretary of State | Ben R. Fish              | Olympia.
Auditor                      | C. W. Clausen            | Olympia.
Deputy Auditor               | F. P. Jameson            | Olympia.
Treasurer                    | John G. Lewis            | Olympia.
Deputy Treasurer             | W. W. Sherman            | Olympia.
Attorney General             | W. P. Bell               | Olympia.
Assistant Attorney General   | W. V. Tanner             | Olympia.
   "         "       "       | W. F. McGill             | Olympia.
   "         "       "       | Geo. A. Lee              | Spokane.
Commissioner of Public Lands | E. W. Ross               | Olympia.
Assistant Comm'r of Public   | Frank C. Morse           | Olympia.
  Lands                      |                          |
Insurance Commissioner       | John H. Shively          | Olympia.
Deputy Insurance Commissioner| S. A. Madge              | Olympia.
Superintendent Public        | Henry B. Dewey           | Olympia.
  Instruction                |                          |
Assistant Supt. Public       | J. M. Layhue             | Olympia.
  Instruction                |                          |
Deputy Supt. Public          | F. F. Nalder             | Olympia.
  Instruction                |                          |
Adjutant General             | Geo. B. Lamping          | Seattle.
Commissioner of Labor        | Chas. F. Hubbard         | Olympia.
State Librarian              | J. M. Hitt               | Olympia.
Law Librarian                | C. W. Shaffer            | Olympia.
Traveling Library            | Mrs. Lou J. Diven, Supt. | Olympia.
Board of Control             | Eugene Lorton            | Walla Walla.
                             | H. T. Jones              | Olympia.
                             | H. E. Gilham             | Olympia.
State Grain Inspector        | E. C. Armstrong          | Colfax.
Dairy and Food Commissioner  | L. Davies                | Davenport.
State Fish Commissioner      | Jno. L. Riseland         | Bellingham.
Commissioner of Statistics   | I. M. Howell, Ex-Officio | Olympia.
Deputy Commissioner of       | Geo. M. Allen            | Seattle.
  Statistics                 |                          |
Horticultural Commissioner   | F. A. Huntley            | Tacoma.
Coal Mine Inspector          | D. C. Botting            | Seattle.
Inspector of Oils            | F. A. Clark              | Seattle.
Public Printer               | E. L. Boardman           | Olympia.
Bank Examiner                | J. L. Mohundro           | Seattle.
Hotel Inspector              | J. H. Munger             | Seattle.
A.-Y.-P. E. Commission       | Geo. E. Dickson.         | Ellensburg.
                             |  Chairman                |
                             | L. P. Hornberger, Sec.   | Seattle.
                             | W. A. Halteman,          | Seattle.
                             |   Exec. Commis.          |
                             | M. M. Godman             | Seattle.
                             | R. W. Condon             | Port Gamble.
                             | J. W. Slayden            | Steilacoom.
                             | L. H. Burnett            | Aberdeen.
Railway Commission           | H. A. Fairchild, Chairman| Olympia.
Tax Commission               | T. D. Rockwell, Chairman | Olympia.
Fire Warden and Forester     | J. R. Welty              | Olympia.
Highway Commissioner         | J. M. Snow               | Olympia.
Board of Accountancy         | Alfred Lister, Sec'y     | Tacoma.
Bureau Inspection Public     | C. W. Clausen,           | Olympia.
  Offices                    |    Ex-officio Chief      |
Board of Health              | E. E. Hegg, Sec'y        | Seattle.
Board of Barber Examiners    | Chas. W. Whisler         | Seattle.
Board of Medical Examiners   | Dr. J. Clinton McFadden, | Seattle.
                             |   Secy.                  |
Board of Pharmacy            | P. Jensen, Sec'y         | Tacoma.
Board of Dental Examiners    | E. B. Edgars             | Seattle.
                             |                          |
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS.    |                          |
                             |                          |
University of Washington     | Thomas Franklin Kane,    | Seattle.
                             |   Pres.                  |
State College                | E. A. Bryan, Pres.       | Pullman.
State Normal School          | H. C. Sampson, Principal | Cheney.
State Normal School          | E. C. Mathes, Principal  | Bellingham.
State Normal School          | W. E. Wilson, Principal  | Ellensburg.
School for Deaf              | Thos. P. Clark,          | Vancouver.
                             |    Superintendent        |
School for Blind             | Geo. H. Mullin, Principal| Vancouver.
State Training School        | C. C. Aspinwall          | Chehalis.
                             |                          |
OTHER STATE INSTITUTIONS.    |                          |
                             |                          |
Soldiers' Home               | Gen. Geo. W. T.          | Orting.
                             |    Tibbetts, Com.        |
   "        "                | Willis L. Ames, Com.     | Port Orchard.
Insane Asylum                | A. P. Calhoun. Supt.     | Fort Steilacoom.
   "      "                  | J. M. Semple, Supt.      | Medical Lake.
State Penitentiary           | C. S. Reed, Warden       | Walla Walla.
State Reformatory            | Cleon B. Roe, Supt.      | Monroe.
Institution for Feeble Minded| S. C. Woodruff, Supt.    | Medical Lake.

[Illustration: Plate No. 91.--Overflow Wheat Warehouse, at Pullman,
Whitman County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 92.--A Yakima County Vineyard.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 93.--Yakima County Potatoes--600 Bushels
to the Acre.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 94.--A Yakima County Orchard Scene.]

[Page 97]
STATEMENT SHOWING AREA OF STATE SCHOOL AND GRANTED LANDS IN EACH COUNTY.
AREA SOLD BY DEEDS AND CONTRACTS OF SALE. COMPILED FOR PERIOD UP TO
AND INCLUDING SEPTEMBER 30, 1908.
==========================================================================
            |            |           |           |   Total   |
            | Total area |  Total    |   Area    | area sold |  Remaining
  COUNTIES. |  of school |   area    |   under   |  by deed  |    area
            | and granted|  deeded.  |  contract | and under |   unsold.
            |   lands.   |           |  of sale. | contract. |
------------|------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|------------
Adams       |  85,632.25 |  1,063.30 | 12,320.00 | 13,383.30 |  72,248.95
Asotin      |  26,906.56 |    161.90 |  1,360.00 |  1,521.90 |  25,384.66
Benton      |  92,937.68 |  1,626.75 |  8,629.90 | 10,256.65 |  82,681.03
Chehalis    |  77,064.41 |  7,883.93 |  1,823.85 |  9,707.78 |  67,356.63
Chelan      |  52,526.50 |    212.34 |  1,074.70 |  1,287.04 |  51,239.46
Clallam     |  77,514.28 |  2,914.42 |    320.00 |  3,234.42 |  74,279.86
Clarke      |  36,972.16 |  3,694.27 |  1,585.85 |  5,280.12 |  31,692.04
Columbia    |  24,640.00 |  5,084.00 |  1,620.00 |  6,704.00 |  17,936.00
Cowlitz     |  85,373.80 |  6,364.43 |  1,063.73 |  7,428.16 |  77,945.00
Douglas     | 313,235.66 |  3,416.62 | 64,211.62 | 67,628.52 | 245,607.14
Ferry       |  21,219.51 |           |           |           |  21,219.51
Franklin    |  40,731.85 |    101.83 |  3,720.00 |  3,821.83 |  36,910.02
Garfield    |  21,298.47 |  2,179.21 |  1,760.00 |  3,939.21 |  17,359.26
Island      |  16,202.70 |  4,679.93 |  1,350.25 |  6,030.18 |  10,172.52
Jefferson   |  87,358.34 | 12,760.91 |  1,306.77 | 14,067.68 |  73,290.66
King        |  86,020.13 | 15,667.80 |  5,195.95 | 20,863.75 |  65,156.38
Kitsap      |  27,157.40 | 12,178.10 |  1,794.70 | 13,972.80 |  13,184.60
Kittitas    | 129,590.97 |  4,648.01 |  1,840.00 |  6,488.01 | 123,102.96
Klickitat   |  77,280.86 |  2,340.84 |  4,143.17 |  6,484.01 |  70,796.85
Lewis       |  86,566.86 |  4,328.31 |  2,106.01 |  6,434.32 |  80,132.54
Lincoln     |  84,088.45 |  4,818.00 | 12,620.00 | 17,438.00 |  66,650.45
Mason       |  48,057.72 |  4,750.53 |    651.98 |  5,402.51 |  42,655.21
Okanogan    |  90,517.34 |    399.55 | 12,487.62 | 12,887.17 |  77,630.17
Pacific     |  60,529.29 |  2,187.81 |  1,401.90 |  3,589.71 |  56,939.58
Pierce      |  62,118.55 |  8,899.98 |  2,056.82 | 10,956.80 |  51,161.75
San Juan    |   4,765.63 |    366.35 |    205.25 |    571.60 |   4,194.03
Skagit      |  92,191.75 |  4,551.83 |  1,718.17 |  6,270.00 |  85,921.75
Skamania    |  44,699.55 |  5,690.08 |    988.50 |  6,678.58 |  38,020.97
Snohomish   |  47,937.99 |  7,545.13 |  5,392.45 | 12,927.58 |  35,000.41
Spokane     |  67,457.64 |  6,943.59 | 15,360.20 | 22,303.79 |  45,153.85
Stevens     | 164,063.72 |    561.19 |  4,748.50 |  5,309.69 | 158,754.03
Thurston    |  33,443.79 |  4,286.82 |  1,636.87 |  5,923.69 |  27,520.10
Wahkiakum   |  26,053.26 |  1,795.95 |    451.55 |  2,257.50 |  23,795.76
Walla Walla |  50,536.97 |  6,785.98 |  7,219.46 | 14,005.44 |  36,531.53
Whatcom     |  41,196.49 |  2,729.50 |  4,591.52 |  7,321.02 |  33,875.47
Whitman     |  80,351.82 | 14,583.47 | 21,322.96 | 35,906.43 |  44,445.39
Yakima      | 143,102.97 |  3,927.59 |  5,169.50 |  9,097.09 | 134,005.88
            |------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|------------
  Totals    |2,607,343.32|172,130.53 |215,259.75 |387,390.28 |2,219,953.04

NOTE:--The statement of total area of school and granted lands
by counties includes only approved indemnity selected, approved
granted lands, and school sections 16 and 36 in place.

[Page 98]
              UNAPPROPRIATED FEDERAL LANDS OF WASHINGTON.
===========================================================================
             |     Area unappropriated     |
     LAND    |       and unreserved        |    Brief description of
   DISTRICT  |-----------------------------| character of unappropriated
     AND     |         |  Unsur- |         |    and unreserved land.
   COUNTRY.  |Surveyed.|  veyed. |  Total. |
-------------|---------|---------|---------|-------------------------------
North Yakima:| _Acres._| _Acres._| _Acres._|
  Benton     |   27,062|         |   27,062| Rolling prairie, hilly,
             |         |         |         |   grazing.
  Douglas    |   15,003|         |   15,003| Grazing, prairie, hilly,
             |         |         |         |   and timber.
  Kittitas   |  149,351|  245,967|  395,318| Grazing, arid prairie,
             |         |         |         |   and timber.
  Yakima     |  126,072|  274,500|  400,572|
             |---------|---------|---------|
    Total    |  317,488|  520,467|  837,955|
             |=========|=========|=========|
Olympia:     |         |         |         |
  Chehalis   |    1,491|         |    1,491| Mountainous timbered lands.
  Jefferson  |      860|         |      860|    Do.
  King       |      560|         |      560|    Do.
  Kitsap     |       40|         |       40|    Do.
  Lewis      |       40|         |       40|    Do.
  Mason      |    2,537|         |    2,537|    Do.
  Pacific    |       80|         |       80|    Do.
  Pierce     |      571|         |      571|    Do.
  Thurston   |      207|         |      207|    Do.
             |---------|---------|---------|
    Total    |    6,886|         |    6,386|
             |=========|=========|=========|
Seattle:     |         |         |         |
  Clallam    |    1,240|    1,840|    3,080| Mountainous and broken; good
             |         |         |         |   supply of excellent timber.
  King       |      680|   11,680|   12,360| Broken and mountainous.
  San Juan   |      324|         |      324| Broken, with little timber.
  Skagit     |    2,475|   25,540|   28,015| Broken, heavily timbered, and
             |         |         |         |   mountainous.
  Snohomish  |      320|    5,484|    5,804|   Do.
  Whatcom    |      840|    8,923|    9,768|   Do.
             |---------|---------|---------|
    Total    |    5,879|   53,467|   59,346|
             |=========|=========|=========|
Spokane:     |         |         |         |
  Adams      |   26,512|         |   26,512| Arid lands, valuable for fruit
             |         |         |         |   and grain.
  Douglas    |         |    l,500|    l,500| Arid lands.
  Ferry      |  165,526|  379,732|  545,258| Farming, grazing, timber, and
             |         |         |         |   mineral.
  Lincoln    |   35,632|    4,448|   40,080| Farming and grazing.
  Okanogan   |   13,343|  114,756|  128,099| Farming, grazing, and mineral.
  Spokane    |    2,896|    3,094|    5,990|   Do.
  Stevens    |  409,093|  711,981|1,121,044| Mountainous, farming, and
             |         |         |         |   mineral.
  Whitman    |    2,053|         |    2,053| Grazing lands.
             |---------|---------|---------|
    Total    |  655,055|1,215,511|1,870,566|
             |=========|=========|=========|
Vancouver:   |         |         |         |
  Clarke     |    4,787|         |    4,787| Timbered and agricultural.
  Cowlitz    |   16,703|    7,080|   23,783|   Do.
  Klickitat  |   61,553|    2,600|   64,153| Timbered, agricultural,
             |         |         |         |   grazing
  Lewis      |    8,013|    4,995|   13,008| Timbered and agricultural.
  Pacific    |    1,981|         |    1,981|   Do.
  Skamania   |    7,418|         |    7,418|   Do.
  Wahkiakum  |      316|         |      316| Timbered.
             |---------|---------|---------|
    Total    |  100,771|   14,675|  115,446|
             |=========|=========|=========|
Walla Walla: |         |         |         |
  Adams      |   15,188|         |   15,188| Prairie, farming, and
             |         |         |         |   grazing lands.
  Asotin     |   83,631|   13,293|   96,924| Mountainous, some timber, and
             |         |         |         |   prairie.
  Benton     |   40,395|         |   40,395| Desert, grazing, some timber,
             |         |         |         |   prairie, and farming.
  Columbia   |   15,203|  152,279|  167,482| Mountainous, some timber,
             |         |         |         |   and prairie.
  Franklin   |   42,363|         |   42,368| Prairie, grazing lands;
             |         |         |         |   no timber.
  Garfield   |   45,468|   44,539|   90,007| Farming, grazing, and timber.
  Klickitat  |   24,926|         |   24,926| Grazing and farming; some
             |         |         |         |   timber.
  Walla Walla|   15,522|         |   15,522|   Do.
  Whitman    |   15,835|         |   15,835| Prairie, farming, and grazing
             |         |         |         |   lands.
             |---------|---------|---------|
    Total    |  298,531|  210,111|  508,642|
             |=========|=========|=========|
[Page 99]
Waterville:  |         |         |         |
  Chelan     |  321,518|    9,880|  331,398| Mountainous, timber, farming.
  Douglas    |  435,207|   44,890|  480,097| Prairie, farming, and grazing.
  Okanogan   |  206,990|  218,175|  425,165| Mountainous, timber, and
             |         |         |         |   farming.
             |---------|---------|---------|
    Total    |  963,715|  272,945|1,236,660|
             |=========|=========|=========|
 State total |2,347,825|2,287,176|4,635,001|


CLIMATIC SUMMARY FOR WASHINGTON.

PREPARED BY GEO. N. SALISBURY,

Of the Weather Bureau at Seattle.

The following tables represent averages of observations, covering ten
years or more. The stations included in the list are so distributed
as to indicate the climatic conditions in every portion of the
state.

                     SOUTHWESTERN WASHINGTON.
                        STATION: ABERDEEN.

========================================================================
          |                       | |          | |_Number of_|
          |                       | | _Precip-_| |   _days--_|
          |     _Temperature_     | | _itation_| |-----------|
          |     _in degrees_      | |   _in_   | |     _With Pre-_
  MONTH.  |     _Fahrenheit_      | | _inches._| |     _cipitation_
          |                       | |          | |    Cloudy |
          |-----------------------| |----------| | Partly |  |_Prevailing_
          |Highest |  Lowest |    | | Snowfall | | Cloudy |  |_direction_
          |----    |-----    |    | |-----     | Clear |  |  |  _of the_
          |Mean|   | Date|   |Date| |Total|    | |  |  |  |  |   _wind_
----------|----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
January   |39.9| 61| 1900| 10|1893| |10.56| 4.8| | 3|13|15|19|    W
February  |40.6| 73| 1905| 13|1899| |10.43| 3.5| | 3|11|14|20|   SW
March     |43.7| 82| 1905| 22|1896| | 7.89| 1.6| | 5|19| 7|20|    W
April     |48.2| 88| 1905| 28|1899| | 7.66|   T| | 6|16| 8|17|    W
May       |53.0| 91| 1897| 29|1901| | 4.58|   0| | 6|17| 8|15|    W
June      |56.8|100| 1903| 34|1901| | 3.72|   0| | 6|15| 9|13|    W
July      |60.8|105| 1891| 37|1901| | 1.02|   0| | 9|17| 5| 7|    W
August    |62.1| 96| 1898| 40|1902| | 1.06|   0| |11|17| 3| 5|    W
September |57.5| 88| 1894| 30|1901| | 4.98|   0| | 9|15| 6| 9|    W
October   |52.3| 85| 1891| 29|1893| | 6.71|   0| | 6|14|10|14|    W
November  |45.1| 73| 1904| 22|1900| |15.28| 0.5| | 2|10|18|22|    W
December  |40.9| 60| 1892| 20|1901| |14.66| 0.5| | 4|11|16|20| SW & W
          |----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
  Sums    |    |   |     |   |    | |88.55|10.9| | 6|14|10|15|
 Means or\|50.0|105|July,| 10|Jan.| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
 Extremes/|    |   |1891 |   |1893| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
------------------------------------------------------------------------


[Page 100]
                       PUGET SOUND DISTRICT.
                    STATION: TACOMA AND ASHFORD.

========================================================================
          |                       | |          | |_Number of_|
          |                       | | _Precip-_| |   _days--_|
          |     _Temperature_     | | _itation_| |-----------|
          |     _in degrees_      | |   _in_   | |     _With Pre-_
  MONTH.  |     _Fahrenheit_      | | _inches._| |     _cipitation_
          |                       | |          | |    Cloudy |
          |-----------------------| |----------| | Partly |  |_Prevailing_
          |Highest |  Lowest |    | | Snowfall | | Cloudy |  |_direction_
          |----    |-----    |    | |-----     | Clear |  |  |  _of the_
          |Mean|   | Date|   |Date| |Total|    | |  |  |  |  |   _wind_
----------|----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
January   |38.0| 64| 1891|  0|1888| | 7.20|11.0| | 4| 6|21|20|   SW
February  |38.9| 66| 1905|  5|1887| | 6.68|12.4| | 4| 7|18|17|   SW
March     |44.4| 74| 1900| 16|1897| | 4.82| 8.0| | 6| 8|17|18|   SW
April     |48.9| 84| 1897| 28|1896| | 4.40| 2.8| | 6|12|12|14|   SW
May       |54.1| 90| 1892| 33|1894| | 4.11| 0.2| | 6|12|13|14|   SW
June      |58.2| 97| 1903| 39|1895| | 2.62|   T| | 8|10|12|11|    N
July      |62.0| 99| 1891| 42|1894| | 1.20|   0| |15| 9| 7| 6|    N
August    |61.6| 92| 1898| 40|1895| | 1.28|   0| |15| 8| 8| 5|    N
September |56.2| 87| 1894| 36|1902| | 2.74|   0| |12| 8|10|10|    N
October   |50.6| 82| 1892| 25|1893| | 4.51|   0| | 8| 8|15|12|   SW
November  |44.2| 70| 1892|  8|1896| | 9.11| 5.2| | 2| 5|23|21|   SW
December  |40.9| 61| 1900| 19|1894| | 9.55| 4.4| | 4| 7|20|18|   SW
          |----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
  Sums    |    |   |     |   |    | |58.22|44.0| | 7| 8|15|14|
 Means or\|49.8| 99|July,|  0|Jan.| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
 Extremes/|    |   |1891 |   |1888| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
------------------------------------------------------------------------


                         EASTERN WASHINGTON.
                          STATION: SPOKANE.

========================================================================
          |                       | |          | |_Number of_|
          |                       | | _Precip-_| |   _days--_|
          |     _Temperature_     | | _itation_| |-----------|
          |     _in degrees_      | |   _in_   | |     _With Pre-_
  MONTH.  |     _Fahrenheit_      | | _inches._| |     _cipitation_
          |                       | |          | |    Cloudy |
          |-----------------------| |----------| | Partly |  |_Prevailing_
          |Highest |  Lowest |    | | Snowfall | | Cloudy |  |_direction_
          |----    |-----    |    | |-----     | Clear |  |  |  _of the_
          |Mean|   | Date|   |Date| |Total|    | |  |  |  |  |   _wind_
----------|----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
January   |24.5| 55| 1893|-30|1888| | 2.54| 9.4| | 4| 4|23|14|    S
February  |28.5| 59| 1896|-23|1890| | 2.02| 8.1| | 4| 7|17|13| E & SW
March     |39.7| 72| 1889|-10|1891| | 1.40| 3.0| | 7| 8|16|12|    S
April     |48.0| 86| 1890| 22|1890| | 1.38| 0.2| | 6|10|14| 9| S & SW
May       |57.0| 95| 1897| 29|1905| | 1.39|   T| | 6|10|15|10|    S
June      |62.4| 96| 1896| 34|1891| | 1.67|   T| | 9|12|10| 9|   SW
July      |69.0|102| 1890| 39|1893| | 0.71|   0| |15| 8| 8| 5|   SW
August    |69.0|104| 1898| 40|1902| | 0.46|   0| |17| 8| 6| 5|    S
September |58.1| 98| 1888| 26|1889| | 1.04|   0| |12| 7|11| 7|   NE
October   |48.0| 86| 1892| 12|1887| | 1.39|   T| | 8| 9|14| 7|   NE
November  |37.8| 70| 1903|-13|1896| | 1.67| 2.9| | 1| 5|24|15|    S
December  |31.3| 57| 1886|-18|1884| | 2.56| 4.9| | 3| 4|24|13|   SW
          |----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
  Sums    |    |   |     |   |    | |18.23|29.4| | 7| 8|15|10|
 Means or\|47.8|104|Aug. |-30|Jan.| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
 Extremes/|    |   |1898 |   |1888| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
------------------------------------------------------------------------


[Page 101]
                       SOUTHEASTERN WASHINGTON.
                         STATION: WALLA WALLA.

========================================================================
          |                       | |          | |_Number of_|
          |                       | | _Precip-_| |   _days--_|
          |     _Temperature_     | | _itation_| |-----------|
          |     _in degrees_      | |   _in_   | |     _With Pre-_
  MONTH.  |     _Fahrenheit_      | | _inches._| |     _cipitation_
          |                       | |          | |    Cloudy |
          |-----------------------| |----------| | Partly |  |_Prevailing_
          |Highest |  Lowest |    | | Snowfall | | Cloudy |  |_direction_
          |----    |-----    |    | |-----     | Clear |  |  |  _of the_
          |Mean|   | Date|   |Date| |Total|    | |  |  |  |  |   _wind_
----------|----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
January   |32.6| 67| 1902|-17|1888| | 2.17| 6.1| | 3|11|17|12|    S
February  |37.0| 69| 1896|-15|1893| | 1.55| 5.1| | 6|13| 9|12|    S
March     |45.2| 74| 1905|  2|1891| | 1.73| 2.7| | 8|16| 7|13|    S
April     |52.6| 89| 1890| 29|1890| | 1.76|   2| |10|17| 3| 9|    S
May       |60.1|100| 1897| 34|1905| | 1.72|   0| |12|16| 3|11|    S
June      |65.8|105| 1896| 40|1901| | 1.13|   0| |15|14| 1| 8|    S
July      |73.8|108| 1891| 45|1891| | 0.37|   0| |24| 6| 1| 4|    S
August    |73.8|113| 1898| 47|1899| | 0.43|   0| |23| 7| 1| 4|    S
September |63.6|100| 1888| 36|1900| | 0.97|   0| |17| 9| 4| 7|    S
October   |54.4| 87| 1904| 24|1887| | 1.50|   T| |15|12| 4| 8|    S
November  |42.8| 76| 1891| -9|1896| | 2.17| 2.0| | 4|13| 3|13|    S
December  |37.3| 65| 1890| -2|1898| | 2.07| 3.5| | 3|11|17|14|    S
          |----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
  Sums    |    |   |     |   |    | |17.58|19.6| |12|12| 6|10|
 Means or\|53.2|113|Aug. |-17|Jan.| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
 Extremes/|    |   |1898 |   |1888| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
------------------------------------------------------------------------


                       THE IRRIGATED WASHINGTON.
              STATION: NORTH YAKIMA, SUNNYSIDE, FT. SIMCOE.

========================================================================
          |                       | |          | |_Number of_|
          |                       | | _Precip-_| |   _days--_|
          |     _Temperature_     | | _itation_| |-----------|
          |     _in degrees_      | |   _in_   | |     _With Pre-_
  MONTH.  |     _Fahrenheit_      | | _inches._| |     _cipitation_
          |                       | |          | |    Cloudy |
          |-----------------------| |----------| | Partly |  |_Prevailing_
          |Highest |  Lowest |    | | Snowfall | | Cloudy |  |_direction_
          |----    |-----    |    | |-----     | Clear |  |  |  _of the_
          |Mean|   | Date|   |Date| |Total|    | |  |  |  |  |   _wind_
----------|----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
January   |30.4| 62| 1899|-16|1899| | 1.82| 9.2| | 7|13|11| 7|    W
February  |35.2| 71| 1901|-22|1893| | 1.14| 5.6| | 8|12| 9| 6|    W
March     |42.5| 78| 1895|  2|1896| | 0.57| 0.4| |12|14| 5| 3|    W
April     |51.1| 90| 1897| 18|1896| | 0.47|   T| |12|13| 5| 3|    W
May       |59.1|101| 1897| 24|1896| | 0.74|   0| |11|14| 6| 5|    W
June      |65.4|106| 1896| 30|1901| | 0.32|   0| |15|10| 5| 4|    W
July      |71.6|112| 1896| 36|1905| | 0.11|   0| |24| 5| 2| 2|    W
August    |71.1|109| 1897| 35|1895| | 0.21|   0| |19| 9| 3| 3|    W
September |61.1| 98| 1896| 24|1891| | 0.44|   0| |17| 8| 5| 4|    W
October   |51.0| 89| 1891| 13|1893| | 0.50|   0| |15|10| 6| 4|    W
November  |39.4| 73| 1897|-23|1896| | 1.56| 4.4| | 4|12|14| 9|    W
December  |32.3| 67| 1898| -8|1895| | 1.47| 6.2| | 7|10|14| 7|   SW
          |----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
  Sums    |    |   |     |   |    | | 9.35|25.8| |12|11| 7| 5|
 Means or\|50.9|112|July,|-23|Nov.| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
 Extremes/|    |   |1896 |   |1896| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
------------------------------------------------------------------------

[Page 102]
TOTAL ASSESSMENT OF ALL PROPERTY IN THE STATE OF WASHINGTON AS
EQUALIZED BY THE STATE BOARD OF EQUALIZATION FOR THE YEAR 1908.
==============================================================
            |        _Total Real and Personal Property,_
            |-------------------------------------------------
            |            |              | Ratio  |           |
            |  Assessed  |              |assessed|           |
  COUNTIES. |    value   |    Actual    |   to   |  *Exemp-  |
            |  returned  |    value.    | actual |   tions.  |
            | by county. |              | value. |           |
------------|------------|--------------|--------|-----------|
Adams       | $12,934,270|   $32,730,750|  $39.51|*  $347,380|
Asotin      |   3,186,570|     6,346,110|   50.21|     73,600|
Benton      |   5,900,630|    13,967,229|   42.24|    201,105|
Chehalis    |  14,832,671|    63,320,298|   23.42|*   897,053|
Chelan      |   7,510,825|    17,903,363|   41.95|    317,510|
Clallam     |   7,045,161|    14,294,907|   49.28|    148,017|
Clarke      |   9,548,965|    22,951,958|   41.60|*   552,000|
Columbia    |   6,677,175|    12,916,674|   51.69|    164,855|
Cowlitz     |   7,506,911|    18,774,621|   39.98|*   258,305|
Douglas     |  13,714,378|    32,623,076|   42.03|*   792,735|
Ferry       |   1,323,524|     2,205,873|   60.00|*   132,674|
Franklin    |   4,029,979|    12,053,842|   33.43|*   121,309|
Garfield    |   4,230,446|     9,466,437|   44.68|    123,027|
Island      |   1,296,572|     3,706,168|   34.98|    100,545|
Jefferson   |   4,566,042|     9,932,771|   45.96|     92,864|
King        |*204,852,223|   437,905,564|   46.78|  5,011,716|
Kitsap      |   4,145,045|     9,133,183|   45.38|*   271,777|
Kittitas    |   8,853,102|    20,145,643|   43.98|    421,605|
Klickitat   |   5,869,515|    14,199,834|   41.33|    366,835|
Lewis       |  17,959,730|    39,028,152|   46.01|    673,137|
Lincoln     |  18,046,865|    44,933,712|   40.16|*   844,061|
Mason       |   3,030,375|    10,744,059|   28.20|     97,386|
Okanogan    |   3,750,417|     6,540,821|   57.33|    421,615|
Pacific     |   7,036,354|    22,947,129|   30.66|     95,700|
Pierce      |  76,828,090|   181,499,746|   42.33|  2,903,450|
San Juan    |   1,553,856|     3,789,892|   41.00|*   126,818|
Skagit      |  10,867,150|    38,346,941|   28.33|    297,600|
Skamania    |   4,063,188|     6,375,330|   63.73|     66,300|
Snohomish   |* 25,699,461|    54,494,192|   47.16|  1,221,570|
Spokane     |  80,038,409|   154,967,786|   51.64|  2,956,265|
Stevens     |   6,675,908|    17,811,897|   37.48|*   654,238|
Thurston    |   8,325,065|    23,882,038|   34.85|    518,971|
Wahkiakum   |   1,668,376|     4,319,197|   38.62|     69,616|
Walla Walla |  19,434,380|    45,866,287|   42.37|    369,000|
Whatcom     |  19,853,046|    48,038,017|   41.32|* 1,460,250|
Whitman     |  19,098,175|    60,560,413|   31.53|  1,160,290|
Yakima      |  23,625,355|    48,428,184|   48.78|* 1,517,390|
            |------------|--------------|--------|-----------|
    Totals  |$675,578,199|$1,567,152,094|  $43.11|$25,902,569|

========================================
_Exclusive of Railroad and Telegraph._ |
------------|-------------|------------|
            |  Aggregate  | Aggregate  |
            |value of tax-|  value as  |
  COUNTIES. |able property| equalized  |
            | as returned |  by state  |
            |  by county. |   board.   |
------------|-------------|------------|
Adams       |  $12,586,890| $13,762,846|
Asotin      |    3,112,970|   2,662,208|
Benton      |    5,699,525|   5,820,167|
Chehalis    |   13,935,618|  26,400,327|
Chelan      |    7,193,315|   7,400,630|
Clallam     |    6,897,144|   6,014,517|
Clarke      |    8,996,965|   9,342,589|
Columbia    |    6,512,320|   5,403,523|
Cowlitz     |    7,248,606|   7,835,434|
Douglas     |   12,921,643|  13,271,073|
Ferry       |    1,190,850|     818,278|
Franklin    |    3,908,670|   5,075,102|
Garfield    |    4,107,419|   3,957,954|
Island      |    1,196,027|   1,497,184|
Jefferson   |    4,473,178|   4,189,154|
King        |  199,840,507| 183,769,507|
Kitsap      |    3,873,268|   3,665,538|
Kittitas    |    8,431,497|   8,263,182|
Klickitat   |    5,502,680|   5,754,713|
Lewis       |   17,286,593|  16,151,899|
Lincoln     |   17,202,804|  18,526,862|
Mason       |    2,932,989|   4,534,378|
Okanogan    |    3,328,802|   2,398,133|
Pacific     |    6,940,654|   9,796,807|
Pierce      |   73,924,640|  75,341,091|
San Juan    |    1,427,038|   1,507,004|
Skagit      |   10,569,550|  16,233,766|
Skamania    |    3,996,883|   2,682,105|
Snohomish   |   24,477,891|  22,270,886|
Spokane     |   77,082,144|  63,850,348|
Stevens     |    6,021,670|   7,024,471|
Thurston    |    7,806,094|   9,776,576|
Wahkiakum   |    1,598,760|   1,792,390|
Walla Walla |   19,065,380|  19,403,957|
Whatcom     |   18,392,796|  19,248,939|
Whitman     |   17,937,885|  24,947,304|
Yakima      |   22,053,965|  19,306,001|
            |-------------|------------|
    Totals  | $649,675,630|$649,696,709|

==================================================================
            |_Railroads._| _Electric_ |_Telegraph._|   TOTAL.    |
            |            |   _Rys._   |            |  Aggregate  |
            |  Value as  |  Value as  |  Value as  |value as real|
            | corrected, | corrected, | corrected, |and personal |
  COUNTIES. |revised and |revised and |revised and | property as |
            |equalized by|equalized by|equalized by|equalized by |
            |state board.|state board.|state board.|state board. |
------------|------------|------------|------------|-------------|
Adams       |  $2,445,703|            |     $10,499|  $16,219,048|
Asotin      |            |            |            |    2,662,208|
Benton      |   2,595,331|            |       5,477|    8,420,975|
Chehalis    |     798,828|     165,258|       2,212|   27,366,625|
Chelan      |   2,860,892|            |       9,058|   10,270,580|
Clallam     |            |            |       4,073|    6,018,590|
Clarke      |     891,275|            |          87|   10,233,951|
Columbia    |     908,202|            |       6,775|    6,318,500|
Cowlitz     |   1,363,089|            |      11,016|    9,209,539|
Douglas     |   3,703,546|            |       9,650|   16,984,269|
Ferry       |   1,359,278|            |            |    2,177,641|
Franklin    |   1,852,025|            |       7,975|    6,935,102|
Garfield    |     144,067|            |         555|    4,102,576|
Island      |            |            |            |    1,497,184|
Jefferson   |     417,464|            |       3,695|    4,610,313|
King        |  11,882,802|   7,477,860|      38,645|  203,168,680|
Kitsap      |            |            |       2,325|    3,667,863|
Kittitas    |   3,674,706|            |      10,194|   11,948,082|
Klickitat   |   1,108,683|            |            |    6,863,396|
Lewis       |   2,050,492|            |      12,186|   18,214,576|
Lincoln     |   4,456,845|            |      12,648|   22,996,355|
Mason       |       7,791|            |            |    4,542,169|
Okanogan    |     834,844|            |            |    3,232,977|
Pacific     |     418,310|            |       1,438|   10,216,555|
Pierce      |   4,589,415|   1,900,370|      22,077|   81,852,953|
San Juan    |            |            |            |    1,507,004|
Skagit      |   2,177,605|            |       7,518|   18,418,889|
Skamania    |     332,926|            |            |    3,015,031|
Snohomish   |   8,064,368|     910,195|      18,950|   31,264,399|
Spokane     |   8,402,563|   2,131,611|      31,075|   74,415,597|
Stevens     |   1,994,897|            |       6,353|    9,025,721|
Thurston    |   1,561,390|      76,530|      10,096|   11,424,592|
Wahkiakum   |            |            |            |    1,792,390|
Walla Walla |   3,797,744|     131,082|      14,574|   23,347,357|
Whatcom     |   3,372,306|     630,373|       7,457|   23,259,075|
Whitman     |   3,296,322|     528,248|      19,897|   28,791,771|
Yakima      |   3,278,556|      10,000|       6,852|   22,601,409|
            |------------|------------|------------|-------------|
    Totals  | $84,642,349| $13,961,527|    $293,357| $748,593,942|

*Exception includes the amount returned by these counties under
the item "Moneys on hand" allowed by the Board.




[Page 103]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Distribution of this publication at the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition
has been made possible through financial assistance extended by
the State A.-Y.-P. E. Commission. An edition of a few thousand
copies only was originally contemplated, but funds provided by
the State Commission have enabled us to increase the quantity to
25,000. This help thus given in extending the field of usefulness
of this report is herewith gratefully acknowledged.

  STATE BUREAU OF STATISTICS AND IMMIGRATION.

  I. M. HOWELL, Secretary of State,
  _Ex-Officio Commissioner._

  GEO. M. ALLEN,
  _Deputy Commissioner._




[Page 104]
INDEX TO DESCRIPTIVE MATTER.

Acknowledgment 103
Adams County 46
Agriculture 22
Asotin County 47
Bee Culture 26
Benton County 48
Coal Fields 10
Coal Mining 19
Chehalis County 49
Chelan County 50
Clallam County 51
Clarke County 52
Columbia County 53
Cowlitz County 54
Dairying 25
Douglas County 55
Educational System 32-33
Ferry County 56
Forests 9
Fisheries 12
Franklin County 57
Game 16
Garfield County 58
Government Lands 14
Grant County 59
Horticulture 24
Indian Lands 14
Industries of Washington 18-28
Introduction 3-4
Irrigation 40-41
Island County 60
Jefferson County 61
King County 62
Kitsap County 64
Kittitas County 65
Klickitat County 66
Lands 14
Letter of Transmittal 2
Lewis County 67
Lincoln County 69
Logged-off Lands 33-39
Lumbering 18
Manufacturing 26
Mason County 70
Mineral Ores 11
Natural Division 5
Okanogan County 71
Opportunities in Washington 29-31
Pacific County 72
Pierce County 74
Poultry 26
Resources of Washington 8-17
San Juan County 76
Scenery 16
Skagit County 77
Skamania County 79
Snohomish County 80
Soils 13
Spokane County 81
State Lands 14
Stevens County 83
Stock Raising 24
Thurston County 85
Title Page 1
Transportation 27
Wahkiakum County 86
Walla Walla County 87
Water Power 15
Whatcom County 87
Whitman County 89
Yakima County 90


INDEX TO STATISTICAL APPENDIX.

Assessed valuations by counties 102
Climatic tables 99-101
Federal lands, distribution by counties 98-99
State officers, boards and commissions 96
State lands, distribution by counties 97
Statistics of incorporated cities and towns 92-95