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Title: Notes and Queries, Number 42, August 17, 1850 Author: Various Release date: September 9, 2004 [eBook #13411] Most recently updated: December 18, 2020 Language: English Credits: Produced by Jon Ingram, David King, the Online Distributed Proofreading Team and The Internet Library of Early Journals, *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, NUMBER 42, AUGUST 17, 1850 *** Produced by Jon Ingram, David King, the Online Distributed Proofreading Team and The Internet Library of Early Journals, NOTES AND QUERIES: A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. * * * * * "When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. * * * * * No. 42.] SATURDAY, AUGUST 17, 1850 [Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d. * * * * * {177} CONTENTS. NOTES:-- Alfred's Orosius, by Dr. Bell. 177 Remarkable Proposition concerning Ireland, by H. Kersley. 179 News: a few "old" Materials for its Elucidation, by S.W. Singer. 180 Folk Lore:--Charming for Warts. 181 Minor Notes:--Capture of Henry VI.--The New Temple. 181 QUERIES:-- Essays of certain Paradoxes: Poem on Nothing, by S.W. Singer. 182 Minor Queries:--Papers of Perjury--Church Rates--St. Thomas of Lancaster's Accomplices--Prelates of France--Lord Chancellor's Oath--Mediæval Nomenclature--Sir Christopher Sibthorp--Alarm. 182 REPLIES:-- Shakspeare's Use of "Delighted," by Samuel Hickson. 183 English Comedians in Germany. 184 Achilles and the Tortoise. 185 Replies to Minor Queries:--"Barum" and "Sarum"--Countess of Desmond--Michael Servetus, alias Reves--Caxton's Printing-office--Somagia--Various Modes of Interment among the Ancients--Guy's Porridge-pot--"Welcome the coming, speed the parting Guest"--"A Chrysostom to smoothe his Band in"--William of Wykeham--Dutch Language--"A Frog he would," &c.--City Sanitary Laws--Sanitary Laws of other Days--Michael Scott, the Wizard--Clerical Costume--The Curfew--Welsh Language--Armenian Language--North Sides of Churchyards unconsecrated--"Sir Hilary charged at Agincourt"--Unicorn--Abbey of St. Wandrille, Normandy, &c. 186 MISCELLANEOUS:-- Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 191 Books and Odd Volumes Wanted. 191 Notices to Correspondents. 191 Advertisements. 191 * * * * * NOTES ALFRED'S OROSIUS. The two exceedingly valuable elucidations which the geography of King Alfred relating to Germany (intercalated in the royal author's translation of Orosius), has received from your learned contributors MR. R.T. HAMPSON (Vol. i., p. 257.) and MR. S.W. SINGER (Vol. i., p. 313.) induce me to offer some new views on the same subject. From my having passed a long series of years in the countries described, and read and examined all that continental authors, as well as Englishmen, have written or conjectured on the subject, I trust that my opinions, though differing from all hitherto received, may not be unworthy the attention of these gentlemen, and of your other numerous subscribers. I shall, however, at present, not to exceed the necessary limitation of your articles, restrict myself to a consideration of the very disputed _Cwenas_ and the _Cwen-sae_, which both the gentlemen have not alluded to. The universal agreement amongst the commentators (with the two solitary exceptions I shall hereafter mention), by which this sea is taken for the White Sea, is diverting, and has been the primary source of many of their errors, and of that most monster one, by which Othere's narrative has been made the relation of a voyage round the North Cape to Archangel. It is difficult to say who may have first broached the brilliant idea. Spelmann's annotators, his alumni Oxonienses of University College, seem to have left the matter without much consideration, in which they were pretty servilely followed by Bussæus, though not so much so as to justify Professor Ingram's remark, "that his notes were chiefly extracted thence." (Pref. viii.) Professor Murray of Göttingen (1765), and Langebeck, in his _Scriptores Rerum Danicarum_ (1773), make no mention of these arctic discoveries; and the latter is satisfied that the Cwenas are the Amazons of Adam of Bremen:-- "De Quenorum priscis Sedibus et Quenlandiæ situ, vide Torfæus, _Hist. Norweg._ i. 140. Adamus Bremens, pp. 58, 59. 61., per Amazones et terram Foeminarum voluit Queuones et Quenladiam intelligi." and it remains, therefore, to the next commentator, John Reinhold Forster (the companion navigator with Sir Joseph Banks), to have been the first to whom we owe the important error. He was praised by Daines Barrington, for whose edition he gave the notes afterwards reproduced in his _Northern Voyages of Discovery_; but still with certain reservations. The honourable translator found some negative evidences which seemed to militate against the idea that the voyage could have extended into the arctic circle; for, in such a case, Othere would hardly have refrained from mentioning the perpetual day of those regions; the northern lights, which he must have experienced; to which {178} we add, the perpetual snows, and many other very striking peculiarities, so new and seemingly inexplicable to a southern traveller or listener. Succeeding writers seem to have had fewer scruples, and to have admitted the idea without consideration. Thorkelin, the Dane, (when in England to copy out the poem of _Beowulf_ for publication at Copenhagen), gave a very flattering testimony to Forster's notes, in _Bibliotheca Topographica_, vol. ix. p. 891. _et seq._, though I believe he subsequently much modified it. Our own writers who had to remark upon the subject, Sharon Turner, and Wheaton, in his _History of the Northmen_, may be excused from concurring in an opinion in which they had only a verbal interest. Professor Ingram, in his translation of _Othere's Voyage_ (Oxford, 1807, 4to. p. 96. note), gives the following rather singular deduction for the appellation: Quenland was the land of the Amazons; the Amazons were fair and white-faced, therefore _Cwen-Sae_ the White Sea, as Forster had deduced it: and so, having satisfied himself with this kind of Sorites, follows pretty closely in Forster's wake. But that continental writers, who took up the investigation avowedly as indispensable to the earliest history of their native countries, should have given their concurrence and approval so easily, I must confess, astonishes me. Dahlman, whilst Professor of History at Kiel, felt himself called upon by his situation to edit and explain this work to his countrymen more detailedly than previously, and at vol. ii. p. 405. of the work cited by Mr. Singer gives all Alfred's original notices. I shall at present only mention his interpretation of _Quen Sae_, which he translates _Weltmeer_; making it equivalent to the previous _Garseeg_ or _Oceanus_. He mentions the reasonings of Rask and Porthan, of Abo, the two exceptions to the general opinion (which I shall subsequently notice), without following, on this point, what they had previously so much more clearly explained. The best account of what had previously been done on the subject is contained in Beckmann's _Litteratur der alten Raisen_ (s. 450.); and incidental notices of such passages as fall within the scope of their works, are found in Schlözer's _Allgemeine nordische Geschichte_, Thummann's _Untersuchungen_, Walch's _Allgemeine Bibliothek_, Schöning's _Gamle nordishe Geographie_, Nyerup's _Historisk-statistik Skildering i aeldre og nyere Tider_, in Sprengel's _Geschichte_, and by Wörbs, in Kruse's _Deutsche Alterthümer_. Professor Ludw. Giesebrecht published in 1843, at Berlin, a most excellent _Wendische Geschichte_, in 3 vols. 8vo., but his inquiries concerning this Periplus (vol. iii. p 290) are the weakest part of his work, having mostly followed blindly the opinions to which the great fame and political importance of Dahlman had given full credence and authority. He was not aware of the importance of Alfred's notices for the countries he describes, and particularly for the elucidation of the vexed question of Adam of Bremen's _Julin_ and Helmold's _Veneta_, by an investigation of Othere's _Schiringsheal_, and which I endeavoured to point out in a pamphlet I published in the German language, and a copy of which I had the pleasure of presenting, amongst others, to Professor Dahlman himself at the Germanisten Versammlung at Lübeck in 1847. To return, however, to the _Cwena land_ and _sae_, it is evident that the commentators, who are principally induced by their bearings to Sweon land to look upon the latter as the White Sea, have overlooked the circumstance that the same name is found earlier as an arm of the Wendel or Mediterranean Sea; and it is evident that one denomination cannot be taken in a double meaning; and therefore, when we find Alfred following the boundaries of Europe from Greece, "Crecalande ut on þone Wendelsae Þnord on þone Garsaege pe man Cwen sae haet", it is certain that we have here an arm of the Wendel Sea (here mistaken for the ocean) that runs from Greece to the north, and it cannot also afterwards be the White Sea. It will be necessary to bring this, in conformity with the subsequent mention of _Cwen-Sae_, more to the northward, which, as I have just said, has been hitherto principally attended to. In Welsh topography no designation scarcely recurs oftener than _Gwent_ (or, according to Welsh pronunciation, and as it may be written, _Cwent_) in various modifications, as Gwyndyd, Gwenedd, Gynneth, Gwynne, &c. &c.; and on the authority of Gardnor's _History of Monmouthshire_ (Appendix 14.), under which I willingly cloak my ignorance of the Welsh language, I learn that _Gwent_ or _Went_ is "spelt with or without a _G_, according to the word that precedes it, according to certain rules of grammar in the ancient British language, and that _Venedotia_ for North Wales is from the same root." The author might certainly have said, "the same word Latinized." But exactly the same affinity or identity of names is found in a locality that suits the place we are in search of: in an arm of the Mediterranean stretching from Greece northwards; viz. in the Adriatic, which had for its earliest name _Sirus Venedicus_, translated in modern Italian into _Golfo di Venezia_. Of the multitudes of authorities for this assumption I need only mention Strabo, who calls the first settlers on its northern end (whence the whole gulph was denominated) [Greek: Everoi]; or Livy, who merely Latinizes the term as _Heneti_, lib. i. cap. i., "Antenorem cum multitudine Henetum." With the fable of Antenor and his Trojan colony we have at present no further relation. The name alone, and its universality at this locality, is all that we require. I shall now show that we can follow these Veneti (which, that it is a generic name of situation, I must now omit to prove, from the compression {179} necessary for your miscellany) without a break, in an uninterrupted chain, to the north, and to a position that suits Alfred's other locality much more fitting, than the White Sea. The province of _Vindelicia_ would carry us to the Boden See (Lake of Constance), which Pomponius Mela, lib. iii. cap. i. ad finem, calls _Lacus Venedicus_. This omitting the modern evidences of this name and province in Windisch-Grätz, Windisch-Feistriz, &c. &c., brings us sufficiently in contact with the Slavonic and Wendic people of Bohemia to track the line through them to the two Lausitz, where we are in immediate proximity to the Spree Wald. There the Wends (pronounce _Vends_) still maintain a distinct and almost independent community, with peculiar manners, and, it is believed, like the gypsies, an elected or hereditary king; and where, and round Lüchow, in Hanover, the few remnants of this once potent nation are awaiting their final and gradual absorption into the surrounding German nations. Whenever, in the north of Germany, a traveller meets with a place or district ending in _wits_, _itz_, _pitz_, &c., wherever situate, or whatever language the inhabitants speak, he may put it down as originally Wendish; and the multitude of such terminations will show him how extensively this people was spread over those countries. Itzenplitz, the name of a family once of great consequence in the Mark of Brandenburg is ultra-Wendish. It will, therefore, excite no wonder that we find, even in Tacitus, Veneti along their coasts and Ptolemy, who wrote about a century and a half later than Strabo or Livy, seems to have improved the terminology of the ancients in the interval; for, speaking of the Sarmatian tribes, he calls these Veneti [Greek: Ouenedai par holon ton Ouenedikon kolpon]. Here we find the truest guide for the pronunciation, or, rather, for the undigammaising of the Latin _V_ and the Welsh _W_, as _Ouenetoi_, which is proved in many distant and varying localities. St. Ouen, the Welsh Owen and Evan, and the patron saint of Rouen, no doubt had his name (if he ever existed at all) coined from the French Veneti of Armorica, amongst which he lived; and when foreigners wish to render the English name _Edward_ as spoken, they write _Edouard_ and Robert the Wizzard, the Norman conqueror of Sicily and Apulia, has his name transformed, to suit Italian ears, into _Guiscard_, and as William into _Gulielmi_. Thus, therefore, the whole coast of Prussia, from Pomerania, as far, perhaps, as known, and certainly all the present Prussia Proper, was the _Sinus Venedicus_, Ptolemy's [Greek: kolpon]; and this was also Alfred's Cwen-Sae, for the north. I admit that when Alfred follows Orosius, he uses _Adriatic_ for the _Golfo de Venezia_, but when he gives us his independent researches, he uses an indigenous name. Professor Porthan, of Abo in Finland, published a Swedish translation, with notes, of the _Voyages of Othere and Wulfstan_ in the _Kongl. Vitterhets Historie och Antiquitet Academiens Handlingar, sjette Delen_. Stockholm, 1800, p. 37-106., in which he expressly couples Finland with Cwenland; and, in fact, considering the identity of _Cwen_ and _Ven_, and the convertibility of the _F_ and _V_ in all languages, _Ven_ and _Fen_ and _Cwen_ will all be identical: but I believe he might have taken a hint from Bussæus, who, in addition to his note at p. 13., gives at p. 22. an extract from the _Olaf Tryvassons Saga_, where "Finnland edr Quenland" (Finland or Quenland) are found conjoined as synonyms. Professor Rask, who gives the original text, and a Danish translation in the _Transactions of the Shandinavish Litteratur Selkskab_ for 1815, as "Otter og Wulfstans Korte Reideberetninger," &c., though laudatory in the extreme of Porthan, and differing from him on some minor points, yet fully agrees in finding the Cwen-Sea within the Baltic: and he seems to divide this inland sea into two parts by a line drawn north and south through Bornholm, of which the eastern part is called the Cwen or Serminde, or Samatian Sea. Be that as it may, the above is one of a series of deductions by which I am prepared to prove, that as the land geography of Germany by Alfred is restricted to the valleys of the Weichsel (Wisle), the Oder, the Elbe, and the Weser, so the sea voyages are confined to the debouchures of such of these rivers as flow into the Baltic. This would give a combined action of purpose to both well suited to the genius of the monarch and the necessities of an infant trade, requiring to be made acquainted with coasts and countries accessible to their rude navigation and limited commercial enterprise. So prudent a monarch would never have thought of noting down, for the instruction and guidance of his subjects and posterity, the account of a voyage which even now, after an interval of ten centuries of continued nautical improvements, and since the discovery of the compass, is not unattended with danger, nor accomplished in less than a year's time wasted. WILLIAM BELL, Phil. Dr. British Archeological Association. * * * * * REMARKABLE PROPOSITION CONCERNING IRELAND. The following passage, which contains a curious proposition relating to Ireland, will probably be new and interesting to many readers of "NOTES AND QUERIES," since the book from which I extract it is a scarce one, and not often read. Among the many various schemes that have of late been propounded for the improvement of our sister country, this is perhaps not the least remarkable, and shows that the _questio vexata_, "What is to be done with Ireland?" is one of two centuries' standing. James Harrington, in his _Oceana, the Introduction_, {180} (pp. 35, 36., Toland's Edition, 1700), speaking of Ireland under the name of Panopea, says,-- "Panopea, the soft Mother of a slothful and pusillanimous people, is a neighbor Iland, antiently subjected by the Arms of _Oceana_; since almost depopulated for shaking the Yoke, and at length replanted with a new Race. But (through what virtues of the Soil, or vice of the Air, soever it be), they com still to degenerat. Wherfore seeing it is neither likely to yield men fit for Arms, nor necessary it should; it had bin the Interest of _Oceana_ so to have dispos'd of this Province, being both rich in the nature of the Soil, and full of commodious Ports for Trade, that it might have bin order'd for the best in relation to her Purse, which, in my opinion (if it had been thought upon in time), might have bin best don by planting it with _Jews_, allowing them their own Rights and Laws; for that would have brought then suddenly from all parts of the World, and in sufficient numbers. And though the _Jews_ be now altogether for merchandize, yet in the Land of _Canaan_ (except since their exile, from whence they have not bin Landlords), they were altogether for Agriculture, and there is no cause why a man should doubt, but having a fruitful Country and excellent Ports too, they would be good at both. _Panopea_ well peopled, would be worth a matter of four millions of dry rents; that is besides the advantage of the Agriculture and Trade, which, with a Nation of that Industry, coms at least to as much more. Wherfore _Panopea_ being farm'd out to the Jews and their Heirs for ever, for the pay of a provincial Army to protect them during the term of seven years, and for two millions annual Revenue from that time forward, besides the customs which would pay the provincial Army, would have bin a bargain of such advantage both to them and this Commonwealth, as is not to be found otherwise by either. To receive the _Jews_ after any other manner into a Commonwealth, were to maim it; for they of all Nations never incorporat, but taking up the room of a Limb, are no use or office to the body, while they suck the nourishment which would sustain a natural and useful member." HENRY KERSLEY Corpus Christi Hall, Maidstone. * * * * * NEWS. A FEW _OLD_ MATERIALS FOR ITS ELUCIDATION. "_Novaum_, vulgo _Nouvelle_. Ugutio: '_Rumor, murmur, quod vulgo dicitur Novum._' Occurit non semel in Epistolis Marini Sanuti. 'Novis de Obitu Papæ auditis,' in Regesta Universitatis Paris, an. 1394, _Spicileg. Acher._, tom vi. p. 60." So far Ducange, who also refers to the following: "Supervenerunt nobis _Nova_ certa de morte, videlicet quorundam Nobilium, nobis adhærentium, captorum per partem dieti Philippi in Britannia, et de speciali Præcepto suo Parisiis ignominiosæ morti traditorum; nec non de Strage, &c. &c."--_Charta an_. 1346, apud Rymer, t. v. p. 497. The derivation of this word has been so strenuously and ably discussed by the contending parties in your pages, that I have no intention of interfering (non nostrum tantas componere lites) further than to furnish a few materials bearing on the subject, which may not have come under their notice. It seems uncertain whether _Newes_ was considered by our ancestors _plural_ or _singular_. Resolute John Florio is sadly inconsistent in his use of it: in his _World of Wordes_, ed. 1598, we have: "_Nova_, newe, fresh, a noueltie, a _newe report_. "_Novella_, a tale, a nouell, a noueltie, a discourse, _a newes_ a message." In Queen Anna's _World of Wordes_, 1611: "_Nova_, a noueltie, _a new report_. "_Novella, a tiding, or newes_. "_Novellante_, a teller of _newes_ or _tidings_." Here we have _newes_ treated both as _singular_ and _plural_! while we have _tiding_ as the singular of _tidings_, a form which, from long disuse, would now appear strange to us. In the following extract from Florio's very amusing book of Dialogues, _Second Frutes_, 1591, he makes _newes_ decidedly plural:-- "_C_. What doo they say abroade? what _newes_ have you, Master Tiberio? _T_. Nothing that I know; can you tell whether the post be come? _C_. No, Sir; they saye in the Exchange that the great Turke makes great preparation to warre with the Persian. _T_. 'Tis but a deuice; _these be newes_ cast abroade to feede the common sorte, I doo not beleeue them.... _C_. Yea, but _they_ are written to verie worshipful merchants. _T_. By so much the lesse doo I beleeue them; doo not you know that euerie yeare _such newes are_ spreade abroade? _C_. I am almost of your minde, for I seldome see these written reports prove true. _T_. Prognostications, _newes_, deuices, and letters from forraine countries (good Master Cæsar), are but used as confections to feed the common people withal. _C_. A man must give no more credite to Exchange and Powles' _newes_ than to fugitiues promises and plaiers fables." In Thomas's _Principal Rules of the Italian Grammer, with a Dictionarie_, printed by Thomas Powell in 1562, but written in 1548, we have-- "_Novella_, a tale, a parable, or a _neweltee._ "_Novelluzza_, an _ynkelyng_. "_Novellare_, to tell tales or _newes_." In the title page of a rare little volume printed in 1616, we have the adjective _new_ in apposition with the substantive _newes_, thus: "Sir Thomas Overburie his Wife, with new Elegies upon his (now knowne) untimely death. Whereunto are annexed _New Newes_ and Characters written by himselfe and other learned Gentlemen. Editio septima. London: printed by Edward Griffin for Lawrence Lisle, 1616, 12mo." The head of one section is-- {181} "_Newes_ from any-whence, or, _Old Truth_ under a supposal of _Noueltie_." Chaucer uses for _the newe_ and of _the newe_ (sc. fashion) elliptically. _Tiding_ or _Tidings_, from the A.-S. Tid-an, evidently preceded _newes_ in the sense of inteligence, and may not _newes_ therefore be an elliptic form of _new-tidinges_? Or, as our ancestors had _newelté_ and _neweltés_, can it have been a contraction of the latter? If we are to suppose with Mr. Hickson that _news_ was "adopted bodily into the language," we must not go to the High-German, from which our early language has derived scarcely anything, but to the Neder-Duytsch, from the frequent and constant communication with the Low Countries in the sixteenth century. The following passages from Kilian's _Thesaurus_, printed by Plantin, at Antwerp, in 1573, are to the purpose, and may serve to show how the word was formed:-- "_Nieuwtijdinge_, oft _wat nieuws_, Nouvelles, Nuntius vel Nuntium." "_Seght ons wat nieuws_, Dicte nous quelquechose de nouveau, Recita nobis aliquid novi." "_Nieuwsgierich, nygierich_, Convoiteux de nouveautez, Cupidus novitatis." I trust these materials may be acceptable to your able correspondents, and tend to the resolution of the question at issue. S.W. SINGER. Mickleham, August 6. 1850. "_News_," _Origin of the Word_ (Vol. i., pp. 270. 369. 487.; vol. ii., pp. 23. 81. 106.).--Your correspondents who have written upon this subject may now have seen the following note in Zimperley's _Encyclopædia_, p. 472.:-- "The original orthography was _newes_, and in the singular. Johnson has, however, decided that the word _newes_ is a substantive without a singular, unless it be considered as singular. The word _new_, according to Wachter, is of very ancient use, and is common to many nations. The Britons, and the Anglo-Saxons, had the word, though not the thing. It was first printed by Caxton in the modern sense, in the _Siege of Rhodes_, which was translated by John Kay, the Poet Laureate, and printed by Caxton about the year 1490. In the _Assembly of Foulis_, which was printed by William Copland in 1530, there is the following exclamation:-- "'Newes! newes! newes! have ye ony newes?' "In the translation of the _Utopia_, by Raphe Robinson, citizien and goldsmythe, which was imprinted by Abraham Nele in 1551, we are told, 'As for monsters, because they be no _newes_, of them we were nothynge inquysitive.' Such is the rise, and such the progress of the word _news_, which, even in 1551, was still printed _newes_!" W.J. Havre. * * * * * FOLK LORE. _Charming for Warts_ (Vol. i., p. 19.; vol. ii. p. 150.).--In Lord Bacon's _Sylva Sylvarum, or a Natural History in Ten Centuries_ (No. 997.), the great philosopher gives a minute account of the practice, from personal experience, in the following words:-- "The taking away of warts, by rubbing them with somewhat that afterwards is put to waste and consume, is a common experiment; and I do apprehend it the rather, because of mine own experience. I had from my childhood a wart upon one of my fingers; afterwards, when I was about sixteen years old, being then at Paris, there grew upon both my hands a number of warts (at least an hundred), in a month's space; the English Ambassador's lady, who was a woman far from superstition, told me one day she would help me away with my warts; whereupon she got a piece of lard with the skin on, and rubbed the warts all over with the fat side, and amongst the rest, that wart which I had from my childhood; then she nailed the piece of lard with the fat towards the sun, upon a post of her chamber window, which was to the south. The success was, that within five weeks' space all the warts went quite away, and that wart which I had so long endured for company; but at the rest I did little marvel, because they came in a short time and might go away in a short time again, but the going of that which had stayed so long doth yet stick with me. They say the like is done by rubbing of warts with a green elder stick, and then burying the stick to rot in muck." J.M.B. * * * * * MINOR NOTES. _Capture of Henry the Sixth._--At Waddington in Mytton stands a pile of building known as the "Old Hall," once antique, but now much indeed despoiled of its beauty, where for some time the unfortunate king, Henry the Sixth, was concealed after the fatal battle of Hexham, in Northumberland. Quietly seated one day at dinner, "in company with Dr. Manting, Dean of Windsor, Dr. Bedle, and one Ellarton," his enemies came upon him by surprise, but he privately escaped by a back door, and fled to Brungerley stepping-stones (still partially visible in a wooden frame), where he was taken prisoner, "his legs tied together under the horse's belly," and thus disgracefully conveyed to the Tower in London. He was betrayed by one of the Talbots of Bashall Hall, who was then high-sheriff for the West Riding. This ancient house or hall is still in existence, but now entirely converted into a building for farming purposes: "Sic transit gloria mundi." Near the village of Waddington, there is still to be seen a meadow known by the name of "King Henry's Meadow." In Baker's _Chronicle_, the capture of the king is described as having taken place "in _Lincolnshire_," {182} but this is evidently incorrect; it is Waddington, in Mytton, West Yorkshire. CLERICUS CRAVENSIS. _The New Temple_ (Vol. ii., p. 103.).--As your correspondent is interested in a question connected with the occupants of the New Temple at the beginning of the fourteenth century, I venture to state, at the hazard of its being of any use to him, that I have before me the transcript of a deed, dated at Canterbury, the 16th of July, 1293, by which two prebendaries of the church of York engage to pay to the Abbot of Newenham, in the county of Devon, the sum of 200 marks sterling, at the New Temple in London, in accordance with a bond entered into by them before G. de Thornton and others, the king's justices. S.S.S. * * * * * QUERIES. ESSAYES OF CERTAIN PARADOXES: POEM ON NOTHING. Who was the author of a thin 4to. volume with the above title, printed for Tho. Thorpe, 1616? The contents are, "The Praise of K. Richard the Third--The French Poetes--Nothing--That it is good to be in Debt." The late Mr. Yarnold has a MS. copy of the "Praise of K. Richard," to which was prefixed the following dedication:-- "TO THE HONOURABLE SIR HENRY NEVILL, KNIGHTE." "I am bolde to adventure to your honors viewe this small portion of my privatt labors, as an earnest peny of my love, beinge a mere Paradoxe in prayse of a most blame-worthie and condemned Prince, Kinge Richard the Third; who albeit I shold guilde with farre better termes of eloquence then I have don, and freate myself to deathe in pursuite of his commendations, yet his disgrace beinge so publicke, and the worlde so opinionate of his misdoings, as I shold not be able so farre to justifie him as they to condemne him. Yet that they may see what may be saide, and to shew how farre they haue mispraysed his vertues, this following Treatise shall make manyfest. Your honour may peruse and censure yt at your best leisure, and though yt be not trickt up wth elegance of phrase, yet may it satisfye a right curious judgmente, yf the reasons be considered as they ought. But, howsoever, yf you please to accepte it, I shall thinke my labors well bestowed; who, both in this and what ells may, devote myself to your honour, and rest, "Your honours most affectionat servant, "HEN. W." The praise of Nothing is very well versified from the Latin of Passerat, whose verses Dr. Johnson thought worthy of a place in his _Life of Lord Rochester_. Besides Rochester's seventeen stanzas "Upon Nothing," there appears to have been another copy of verses on this fertile subject; for Flecknoe, in his _Epigrams of All Sorts_, 1671, has "Somewhat to Mr. J.A. on his excellent poem of Nothing." Is _anything_ known of this _Nothing_? S.W. SINGER. Mickleham, July 29. 1850. * * * * * MINOR QUERIES. _Papers of Perjury._--In Leicester's _Commonwealth_ occurs the following passage:-- "The gentlemen were all taken and cast into prison, and afterwards were sent down to Ludlow, there to wear _papers of perjury_." Can any of your readers refer me to a _graphic_ account of the custom of perjurers wearing papers denoting their crime, to which I suppose this passage alludes? S.R. _Church Rates._--CH. would be obliged to any of your readers who could refer him to the volume of either the _Gentleman's_ or the _British Magazine_ which contains some remarks on the article on Church Rates in Knight's _Political Dictionary_, and on Cyric-sceat. _St. Thomas of Lancaster's Accomplices._--In No. 15. I find an extract from Rymer, by MR. MONCKTON MILNES, relative to some accomplices of St. Thomas of Lancaster, supposed to have worked miracles.--Query, Was "The Parson of Wigan" one of these accomplices, and what was his name? Was he ever brought to trial for aiding the Earl, preaching sedition in the parish church of Wigan, and offering absolution to all who would join the standard of the barons? and what was the result of that trial--death or pardon? CLERICUS CRAVENSIS. _Prelates of France._--P.C.S.S. is desirous to know where he can meet with an accurate list of the Archbishops and Bishops of France (or more properly of their Sees) under the old _régime_. _Lord Chancellor's Oath._--The gazette of the 16th July notified that the Right Hon. Sir Thomas Wilde, in council, took the oath of Lord Chancellor of Great Britain _and Ireland_ on the 15th inst.; and the same gazette announced the direction of the Queen that letters patent be passed granting the dignity of baron to the Right Hon. Sir Thomas Wilde, Knt., Lord Chancellor of that part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called _Great Britain_. Why, when he is only Chancellor of Great Britain, should he take the oath of Chancellor of Great Britain _and Ireland_? J. _Mediæval Nomenclature._--In what work is to be obtained the best information explanatory of the nomenclature of the useful arts in mediæval times? [Greek: delta]. {183} _Sir Christopher Sibthorp._--Can any of your readers furnish me with information as to the ancestry of Sir Christopher Sibthorp, whose name appears in the title-page of the following tract: _A friendly Advertisement to the pretended Catholics of Ireland, by Christopher Sibthorp, Knt., one of H.M. Justices of his Court of Chief Place in Ireland_, 1622, Dublin and also as to the crest, arms, and motto borne by him. DE BALDOC. _Alarm_ (Vol. ii., p. 151.).--The derivation of _alarm_, and the French _alarme_, from _à l'arme_, which your correspondent M. has reproduced, has always struck me as unsatisfactory, and as of the class of etymologies suspiciously ingenious. I do not venture to pronounce that the derivation is wrong: I merely wish to ventilate a doubt through "NOTES AND QUERIES," and invite some of your more learned readers to lily to decide the question. Of the identity of the words _alarm_ and _alarum_ there is no doubt. The verb _alarm_ is spelt _alarum_ in old writers, and I have seen it so spelt in manuscripts of Charles II.'s reign, but unfortunately have not taken a "Note." Dr. Johnson says _alarum_ is a corruption of _alarm_. Corruption, however, usually shortens words. I cannot help having a notion that _alarum_ is the original word; and, though I may probably be showing great ignorance in doing so, I venture to propound the following Queries:-- 1. How far back can the word _alarum_ be traced in our language, and how far back _alarm_? 2. Can it be ascertained whether the French took _alarme_ from our _alarm_, or we _alarm_ from them? 3. Can any explanation be given of _alarum_, supposing it to be the original word? Is it a word imitative of sound? _A l'arme_, instead of _aux armes_, adds to the suspiciousness of this derivation. CH. * * * * * REPLIES. SHAKSPEARE'S USE OF "DELIGHTED." Although Dr. Kennedy does not think I have discovered the source from whence Shakspeare's word _delighted_ is derived, I am gratified to find that he concurs with me in drawing a distinction between this and the more common word. His failure to convince me is a source almost of regret, so happy do I regard the derivation he proposes in the last passage cited. But in the passage from _Measure for Measure_, it does not appear to me to express the sense which I deduce from the context; and as I look upon the word in question as the same in each of the three passages, I feel more inclined to adhere to my view, that it is a word of English manufacture, according to the analogy referred to. I express my opinion with hesitation and there can be no doubt the question is deserving of full and attentive consideration. Strengthened, however, in my main purpose, which was to show that Shakspeare did not use _delighted_ in the ordinary sense of _highly gratified_, I am better prepared to meet MR. HALLIWELL. This gentleman does me no more than justice in the remark, not expressed, though, I hope, implied, that I would not knowingly make use of an offensive expression towards him or any living man; and I appreciate the courtesy with which he has sweetened the uncomplimentary things he has felt constrained to say of me. I trust it will be found that I can repay his courtesy and imitate his forbearance. As a preliminary remark, however, I must say that MR. HALLIWELL, in his haste, has confounded the "cool impertinence" for which I censured one editor, with the "cool correction" which was made by another; and, moreover, has referred the remark to _Measure for Measure_, which I applied to the notes to the passage in _Othello_. As I have not yet learned to regard the term "delightful" as an _active participle_, it is evident that, however "cool" I may consider the correction, I have not called it an "impertinence." But he has no mind that I should escape so easily; and therefore, like a true knight-errant, he adopts the cause without hesitation, as though to be first satisfied of its goodness would be quite inconsistent in its champion. When I am charged with an "entire want of acquaintance with the grammatical system" employed by Shakspeare, I might take exception to the omission of the words "as understood by Mr. Halliwell," this gentleman assuming the very point in question between us. I believe he has paid particular attention to this subject; but he must not conclude that all who presume to differ from him "judge Shakspeare's grammar by Cobbett or Murray." And if I were disposed to indulge in as sweeping an expression, I should say that the remark excites a suspicion of the writer's want of acquaintance with the spirit of Shakspeare's works. I do not think so, though I think MR. HALLIWELL has formed his opinion hastily; and I think, moreover, that before I have ended, I shall convince him that it would not have been amiss had he exercised a little more reflection ere he began. In the passage in _Othello_, I object to the substitution of _delighting_ or _delightful_ for _delighted_, as _weak_ epithets, and such as I do not believe that Shakespeare would have used. It was not as a schoolmaster or grammarian, but in reference to the peculiar fitness and force of his expressions, and his perfect acquaintance with the powers of the English language, and his _mastery_ over it, that I called Shakespeare its greatest master. But to return to the first passage I cited--that from _Measure for Measure_,--MR. HALLIWELL will be surprised to find that in the _only_ remark I made {184} upon it as it stands he actually agrees with me. I said that the passage "in our sense of the term" is unintelligible. I still say so; and he who attempts to mend it, or modernise the form, says so too. The question next arises, Does he not mean _no system_, when he says _system_? Otherwise, why does he say that Shakspeare uses the passive for the active participle, when he explains the word not by the active participle, but by an adjective of totally different meaning? Is it not more likely that MR. HALLIWELL may have misunderstood Shakspeare's system, than that the latter should have used intelligible words, and precise forms of words, so at random? And, moreover, does not the critic confound two meanings of the word _delightful_; the one obsolete, _full of delight_, the other the common one, _giving delight_, or _gratifying_? Now by a violent figure which Shakspeare sometimes uses, _delighted may_ mean _delightful_ in the _former_ sense; perhaps, rather, _filled with delight_. The word then would be formed directly from the noun, and must not be regarded as a participle at all, but rather an ellipsis, from which the verb (which may be represented by _give_, _fill_, _endow_, &c.) is omitted. Take, as an instance, this passage in _Measure for Measure_:-- "_Clau._ Death is a fearful thing! "_Isa._ And _shamed_ life a hateful." The meaning here is not _life ashamed_, but _life covered with shame_. In this sense MR. HALLIWELL, apparently without knowing why, has adopted the term _delightful_; but then the two succeeding words of his explanation, "sweet, pleasant", he would appear to have taken at random from a dictionary, forgetting that he was not using the word in its ordinary sense; for it is not possible that he can suppose Shakspeare to have used the word in the sense of the active participle. Now, though I do not think this at all the expression that Shakspeare would use, it is undoubtedly allowable as a general characteristic; but the word actually used would appear to imply the result of a particular action, which would have been productive of anything but delight. In short, as we are agreed that the word _delighted_ in the passage in question in its present sense is unintelligible, so also are we, I think, agreed that the substitute, if any, must be used in a passive sense. Now, with regard to the first instance furnished by MR. HALLIWELL of the use of the passive for the active participle, if I were sure that the delinquent were well out of hearing, and not likely "to rise again and push us from our stools," I should be disposed to repeat the charge of impertinence against the editor who altered "professed" to "professing". The word _professed_ is one of common use, and in the present instance perfectly intelligible. "To your bosom, _professed_ to entertain so much love and care for our father, I commit him," seems to express the sense of the passage: a doubt is implied by the expression, but there is a directness of insult in the term _professing_ quite inconsistent with the character of Cordelia. "Becomed love" is love suited or fitted to the occasion. The use of the passive participle is every way more appropriate than that of the active, though the latter is more common now. In the next instance, I have to observe that there is no such verb as _to guile_. _Guile_ is a noun; and "guiled shore" is _guile-covered_, or _charactered shore_. According to this rule, the modern word _talented_, that is, _talent-endowed_, has been formed, it not having been considered that licences are allowed in poetry that are unsuited to ordinary language. The passage next referred to is conditional, and I regard the use of the passive participle here, too, as correct. I have thus reduced MR. HALLIWELL'S list to that number which usually forms the exception rather than the rule; and if accident, misprint, error in copying, or other special circumstance be not held sufficient to account for the single remaining instance, I have then only to say that I prefer _deformed_ to _deforming_, as an epithet applied disparagingly to Time's hand as more in accordance with Shakspeare's practice, who was not in the habit of repeating the same idea, which, in the latter case, would occur again in the word "defeatures" in the following line. MR. HALLIWELL may, doubtless find other instances, perhaps more felicitous than these; at present, all I can say is that he has failed to show that the use of the passive for the active participle was common with Shakspeare. As to other variations between the grammatical usage of Shakspeare's day and that of our own, I call assure him that I am not quite so ignorant of the fact as he imagines. SAMUEL HICKSON August 1. 1850. * * * * * ENGLISH COMEDIANS IN GERMANY. I am glad to be enabled to reply to MR. BOLTON CORNEY'S Query (Vol. i., p. 439.) respecting a German book of plays. The learned illustrator of the _Curiosities of Literature_ would find the information he desires in the _Vorrath zur Geschichte der deutschen dramatischen Dichtkunst_ of the formerly celebrated J. Christoph Gottsched (Leipzig, 1767-69, 2 vols. 8vo.). But as this book, now somewhat neglected, would perhaps be difficult to be found even in the British Museum, I will transcribe the contents of the _Schau-Bühne englischer und franzõsischer Comõdianten auff welcher werden vorgestellt die schõnsten und neuesten Comõdien, so vor wenig Jahren in Frankreich, Teutschland und andern Orten ... seynd agirt und präsentirt worden_.--_Frankfurt_, {185} 1670, 3 vols. 8vo. Vol. I.-- 1. Amor der Arzt. 2. Die Comödia ohne Comödia. 3. Die köstliche Lächerlichkeit. 4. Der Hahnrey in der Einbildung. 5. Die Hahnreyinn nach der Einbildung. 6. Die Eyfreude mit ihr Selbst. 7. Antiochus, ein Tragicomödia. 8. Die buhlhaffte Mutter. 9. Damons Triumph-Spiel. Vol. II.-- 10. Von Sidonia und Theugene. 11. Der Verliebtell Kllnstgriffe. 12. Lustiges Pickelharings-Spiel, darum er mit einem Stein gar artige Possen macht. 13. Von Fortunato seinem Wünschhütlein und Seckel. 14. Der unbesonnene Liebhaber. 15. Die grossmüthige Thaliklea. Vol. III.-- 16. Vom Könige Ahasvero und Esther und dem hoffartigen Hamon. 17. Vom verlohrnen Sohn, in welchem die Verzweifflung und Hoffnung gar artig introducirt werden. 18. Von Königs Mantalors unrechtmässiger Liebe und derselben Straffe. 19. Der Geitzige. 20. Von der Aminta und Sylvia. 21. Macht den kleinen Knaben Cupidinis. 22. George Damlin, oder der verwirrte Ehmann. Some years before, another similar collection had been published. The first vol. printed in 1620, and reprinted in 1624, has this title: "Englische Comedien und Tragedien, d. i. Sehr schöne, herrliche und ausserlosene, geist- und weltliche Comedi- und Tragedi-Spiel (sic), sampt dem Pickelhering, welche wegen ihrer artigen Inventionen kurtzweiligen auch theils wahrhafftigen Geschichte halbet, _von den Engelländern in Deutschland_ (I beg to notice these words) an Königlichen, Chur- und Furstlichen Höfen, auch in vornehmen Reichs- See- und Handel Städten seynd agirt und gehalten worden, und zuvor nie im Druck aussgangen." The volume contains 10 plays. The 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10, are the 16, 17, 13, 10, and 12, of the collection of 1670. The other five are the following: 4. Eine schöne lustige Comödia von Jemand und Niemand. 7. Tragödia von Julio und Hippolyto. 8. Eine sehr klägliche Tragödia von Tito Andromico und hoffertigen Kayserinn, darinnen denkwürdigen Actiones zu befinden. 9. Ein lustig Pickelherings-Spiel von der schönen Mario und alten Hanrey. The second volume was published in 1630, under the title _Lieberkampff, oder ander Theil der Englischen Comödien_: it contains 8 plays. The 1st is the 21st of the collection of 1670, with this addition: Die Personen der Lustspiels sind: 1. Venus, _die stumme Person_; 2. Cupido; 3. Jucunda, _Jungfraw_; 4. Floretus, _Liebhaber_; 5. Balendus, _Betrieger_; 6. Corcillana, _Kuplerin_; 7. Hans Worst. The 2d is the 20th of the same collection, "mit 9 Personen, worunter die lustige Person Schräm heisst." 3. Comoedia von Prob getrewer Lieb, mit 11 Personen, worunter auch eine allegorische, der Traum ist. The 4th is the 18th, "mit 9 Personen, worunter die lustige Schampilasche _Lean Potage_ heisst." The four remaining are operas, without particular titles. Ebert (_Bibliogr. Lexicon_, N. 5064.), speaking of these collections, says, "the plays they are composed of are not translations from the English," but, "as it appears," German original works. I am at a loss to understand how that bibliographer, generally so exact, did not recognise at least five comedies of Molière. MR. BOLTON CORNEY will, I wish and hope, point out the originals--English, Italian, and, I suppose, Spanish--of some others. If you think proper to make use of the above, I entreat you, for the sake of your readers, to correct my bad English, and to consider my communication only as a token of the gratification I have found in your amusing and useful "NOTES AND QUERIES." D.L. Ancien Membre de la Société des Bibliophiles. Béthune, July 31. 1850. P.S.--The Query (Vol. i., p. 185.) concerning the name of the Alost, Louvain, and Antwerp printer, _Martens_ or _Mertens_, is settled in the note, p. 68., of _Recherches sur la Vie et les Editions de Thierry Martens (Martinus, Martens)_, par J. De Gand, 8vo. Alost, 1845. I am ready to send a copy of the note if it is required. [We have also received a reply to MR. CORNEY'S Query from MR. ASHER of Berlin, who refers for particulars of this interesting collection to Tieck's Preface to his _Alt-Deutsche Theater_. We propose shortly returning to the curious fact of English comedians performing in Germany at the close of the sixteenth and commencement of the seventeenth centuries: a subject which has several times been discussed and illustrated in the columns of our valuable contemporary _The Athenæum_.] * * * * * ACHILLES AND THE TORTOISE. (Vol. ii., p. 154.) This paradox, whilst one of the oldest on record (being attributed by Aristotle to Zeus Eleates, B.C. 500), is one of the most perplexing, upon first presentation to the mind, that can be selected {186} from the most ample list. Its professed object was to disprove the phenomenon of motion; but its real one, to embarrass an opponent. It has always attracted the attention of logicians; and even to them it has often proved embarrassing enough. The difficulty does not lie in proving that the conclusion is absurd, but in _showing where the fallacy lies_. From not knowing the precise kind of information required by [Greek: Idiotaes], I am unwilling to trespass on your valuable space by any irrelevant discussion, and confine myself to copying a very judicious note from Dr. Whateley's _Logic_, 9th edit. p. 373. "This is one of the sophistical puzzles noticed by Aldrich, but he is not happy in his attempt at a solution. He proposes to remove the difficulty by demonstrating that in a certain given time, Achilles _would_ overtake the tortoise; as if any one had ever doubted _that_. The very problem proposed, is to surmount the difficulty of a seeming demonstration of a thing palpably impossible; to show that _it is_ palpably impossible, is no solution of the problem. "I have heard the present example adduced as a proof that the pretensions of logic are futile, since (it was said) the most perfect logical demonstration may lead from true premises to an absurd conclusion. The reverse is the truth; the example before us furnishes a confirmation of the utility of an acquaintance with the syllogistic form, _in which form the pretended demonstration in question cannot be exhibited_. An attempt to do so will evince the utter want of connection between the premises and the conclusion." What the Archbishop says is true, and it disposes of the question as one of "Formal Logic:" but yet the form of the sophism is so plausible, that it imposes with equal force on the "common sense" of all those who repose their conclusions upon the operations of that faculty. With them a different procedure is necessary; and I suspect that if any one of the most obstinate advocates of the sufficiency of common sense for the "balancing of evidence" were to attempt the explanation of a hundred fallacies that could be presented to him, he would be compelled to admit that a more powerful and a more accurate machine would be of advantage to him in accomplishing his task. This machine the syllogism supplies. The discussion of Gregory St. Vincent will be found at pages 101-3. of his _Opus Geometricum_, Antw., 1647 fol. The principle is the same as that which Aldrich afterwards gave, as above referred to by Dr. Whateley. I can only speak from memory of the discussion of Leibnitz, not having his works at hand; but I am clear in this, that his principle again is the same. [Greek: Idiotaes] is in error, however, in calling St. Vincent's "a geometrical treatment" of it. He indeed uses lines to represent the spaces passed over; and their discussion occurs in a chapter on what is universally (but very absurdly) called "geometrical proportion." It is yet no more _geometrical_ than our school-day problem of the basket and the hundred eggs in Francis Walkinghame. Mere names do not bestow character, however much _philosophers as well as legislators_ may think so. All attempts of the kind have been, and must be, purely numerical. T.S.D. Shooter's Hill, August 3. _Achilles and the Tortoise._--Your correspondent will find references in the article "Zeno (of Elea)" in the _Penny Cyclopædia_. For Gregory St. Vincent's treatment of the problem, see his _Quadratara Circuli_, Antwerp, 1647, folio, p. 101., or let it alone. I suspect that the second is the better reference. Zeno's paradox is best stated, without either Achilles or tortoise, as follows:--No one can go a mile; for he must go over the first half, then over half the remaining half, then over half the remaining quarter; and so on _for ever_. Many books of logic, and many of algebra, give the answer to those who cannot find it. M. * * * * * REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES "_Barum_" and "_Sarum_" (Vol. ii., p. 21.)--The formation of the first of these words has not yet been accounted for. I must premise my attempt to supply an explanation by admitting that I was not aware it was in common use as a contraction for Barnstaple. I think it will be found that the contracted form of that name is more usually "Berdest," "Barnst". In trying further to contract the word, the two last letters would be omitted, and it would then be "Barñ", with the circumflex showing the omission of several letters. Having reduced it to this state, an illiterate clerk would easily misread the circumflex for the plain stroke "-," expressing merely the omission of the letter "m", and, perhaps ignorant of the name intended, think it as well to write at full length "Barum." J. Br. _Countess of Desmond_ (Vol. ii., p. 153.)--It is stated in Turner's _Sacred History_, vol. iii. p. 283., that the Countess of Desmond died in 1612, aged 145. This is, I presume, the correct date of her decease, and not 1626 as mentioned by your querist K.; for in Lord Bacon's _History of Life and Death_, originally published in 1623, her death is thus alluded to:-- "The Irish, especially the Wild Irish, even at this day, live very long. Certainly they report that within these few years the Countess of Desmond lived to a hundred and forty years of age, and bred teeth three times." The manner of her death is recorded by Mr. Crofton Croker, in his agreeable volume of _Researches in the South of Ireland_, 4to. London, 1824. {187} Speaking of Drumana, on the Blackwater, a little above Youghall, as the "reputed birth-place of the long-lived Countess of Desmond," he says,-- "In this part of the country, her death is attributed to a fall whilst in the act of picking an apple from a tree in an orchard at Drumana." In the _Olla Podrida_, a volume of miscellanies, printed for private distribution, by Mr. Sainthill of Cork, there is a portrait of the "old countess," from an etching made by Mr. Crofton Croker (if I mistake not) in his early days. J.M.B. _Michael Servetus, alias Reves._--The manuscript, the character and fate of which S.H. (Vol. ii., p. 153.) is anxious to investigate, contained books iii.-vii., inclusive, of the work of Servetus _De Trinitate_; and as these fragments differed somewhat from the printed text, they were probably the first, or an early, draft (not necessarily in the author's handwriting) of part of the _Christianismi Restitutio_. The purchaser of this MS., at the sale of Du Fay's library in Paris in the year 1725, was the Count de Hoym, ambassador to France from Poland. I beg to refer your correspondent to pp. 214-18. of the _Historia Michaelis Serveti_, by Henr. ab Allwoerden, published with Mosheim's approbation, Helmstad 1728. Both a "Note" and a "Query" might be founded on a memorable passage in the fifth book _De Trinitate_, in which Servetus, long before Harvey, explains the circulation of the blood. R.G. _Caxton's Printing-office_ (Vol. ii., pp. 99. 122. 142.).--It is a pity MR. NICHOLS did not take the trouble to see, and, having seen, to notice in his first communication, that Abbot Islip was mentioned in the passage from Stow's _Survey_ cited by MR. RIMBAULT. As that gentleman quotes from, I believe, the second edition of the _Survey_, I may be allowed to doubt, until it is clearly shown, that "Islip's name has been introduced by the error of some subsequent writer." But supposing this to be so, it would in no way affect the only question which is material, Who was Caxton's patron? nor touch the accuracy of the _Life of Caxton_, which MR. NICHOLS seems desirous of impeaching. I am anxious to point this out, because I feel it right to vindicate to the utmost, where they deserve it, useful works, which, like the little volume I am writing of, are published at a price that ensures for them a circulation of almost unlimited extent. ARUN. _Somagia_ (Vol. ii., p. 120.).--This is the plural of "somagium," "summagium," and means "horse-loads." It is a word frequently found in documents relating to agrarian matters, and may signify the load packed upon the horse's back (whence the name "sumpter-horse"), or in a cart drawn by a horse. MR. SANSOM will find a full explanation of the derivatives of its root, "sagma," at p. 50., vol. vii., of Ducange. J.BT. _Various Modes of Interment among the Ancients_ (Vol ii., pp. 8, 9. 22. 41. 78.).--In modes of interment some nations have been distinguished by an idiosyncrasy almost incredible from their inhumanity. "Barcæi, populi inter Colchos et Iberos morbo absumptos igni comburebant, sed qui in bello fortiter occubuissent, honoris gratia vulturibus devorandos objiciebant."--.AElian. _Hist. Anim._ lib. x. "In Hyrcania (refert Cicero in _Tusc. Quæst._ lib. i. 45.) ali canes solitos fuisse, a quibus delaniarentur mortui, eamque optimam Hyrcanos censuisse sepulturam."--Kirchmannus _de Funer. Romanorum._ The appendix to this work may be consulted for this, and yet greater violations of the law of nature and nations. "Apud saniores barbaros ab animalibus discerpi cadavera foedum semper ac miserabile creditum fuit. Foetus abortivi feris alitibutsque exponebantur in montibus aut locis aliis inaccessis, quin et ipsi infantes, &c. Fuit hæc Asinina sepultura _poena_ Tyrannorum ac perduellium. (Spondan. _de Coemet. S._ pp. 367. 387. et seqq.) Quam et victorum insolentia odiumque vulgi implacabile in hostes non raro exercuit."--Ursinus _Arbor. Biblicum._ Hyde accounts for the Persians who embraced the religion of the Magi not having adopted the two contrivances of corporal dissolution prevalent among civilised nations--cremation or burning, and simple inhumation--by the superstitious reverence with which they regarded the four elements. Sir T. Browne remarks that similar superstitions may have had the same effect among other nations. Of the post-mortem _punishments_ described by Ducange, the former was the customary sepulture of the Trogloditæ; the latter corresponds with the rite of some of the Scythians recorded by Statius: "At gente in Scythica suffixa cadavera truncis, Lenta dies sepelit putri liquentia tabo." I shall be obliged if you or a correspondent disposed "not only to teach but to communicate," will kindly throw light on a passage, relating to the Troloditæ, in Strabo, book xvi., where he relates, "Capræ cornu mortuis saxorum cumulo coopertis fuisse superimpositum." T.J. _Guy's Porridge-pot_ (Vol. ii., p. 55.).--Your correspondent is quite correct, when he says "neither the armour nor pot belonged to the noble Guy." He would have been a _guy_ if he _had_ worn the armour, seeing that it was made for a horse, and not for a man. What the stout old lady who showed us the "relics of old Guy" in 1847 called "Guy's breastplate," and sometimes his helmet! is the "croupe" of a suit of horse armour, and "another breastplate" a "poitrel." His porridge-pot is a garrison {188} crock of the sixteenth century, used to prepare "sunkits" for the retainers; and the fork a military fork temp. Hen. VIII. The so called "Roman swords" are "anelaces," and a couteau de chasse of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The "British weapon" is a hammer at arms temp. Hen. VIII., and "the halbert" a black bill temp. Hen. VII. The only weapons correctly described are the Spanish rapiers. The shield with the "sight" is very curious; it weighs thirty pounds, and is of the temp. of Henry VIII. It is impossible to describe the horror of the old lady at our doubting her version; she seemed to wonder the earth did not open and swallow us for our heresy. NASO. "_Welcome the coming, speed the parting Guest_" (Vol. ii., p. 134.).-- "Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest," is from Pope (_Imitations of Horace_, book ii. sat. ii.). Pope's distich, whence the line is taken, runs,-- "For I, who hold sage Homer's rule the best, Welcome the coming, speed the _going_ guest." Query. Where is "sage Homer's rule" to be found? RUSTICUS. [The following additional reply furnishes a solution of the Query of RUSTICUS:-- "True friendship's laws are by this rule express'd, Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest." These lines are from Pope's _Homer_, the Odyssey, Book xv., lines 83 and 84. E.H.] "_A Chrysostom to smoothe his Band in_" (Vol. ii., p. 126.).--This Query by Rev. ALFRED GATTY is answered by referring him to the _Happy Life of a Country Parson_, by Swift, beginning with-- "Parson, these things in thy possessing, Are worthy of a bishop's blessing." And enumerating amongst them "A large Concordance bound long since, Sermons to Charles the First when prince, A chronicle of ancient standing, A chrysostom to smoothe thy band in; The polyglott--three parts--my text, Howbeit--likewise--to my next." T.H.Q. [C.I.R. (to whom we are indebted for a similar reference) adds the concluding line-- "And shake his head at Doctor Swift." which would show that the verses were written not earlier than 1701, as Swift, the author, took his D.D. degree in that year.] _William of Wykeham_ (Vol. ii., p. 89.).-- "Historica descriptio compleetens vitam ac res gestas beatissimi viri Guilmi Wicanii quondam Vintoniensis episcopi et Angliæ Cancellarii et fundatoris duorum collegiorum Oxoniæ et Vintoniæ." is the title of a biography of William of Wykeham attributed to Thomas Martin, published in 4to. Oxford, 1597. There is also a little work which may come under the head of biographies, viz.: "Uvedale (Robert) Examination of Lowth's objections to the account given by Leland of the parentage of William of Wykeham," 8vo. 1801. _Vide_ Oettinger's _Bibliographie Biographique_. S.W. _Dutch Language_ (Vol. ii., p. 77.).--H.B.C. recommends, among other works, Hendrik Conscience's novels. These are in Flemish, not Dutch. The difference may not be great between the two; but one would hardly recommend to a learner of English, Burns's _Poems_ as a reading-book. In 1829 Dr. Bowring wrote an article, being a sketch of Dutch literature, in the _Foreign Quarterly Review_; which article was reprinted in Amsterdam in the form of an 18mo. volume, and which I believe is still to be got, and is a very useful guide to Dutch literature. S.W. "_A frog he would_" &c. (Vol. ii., p. 45. and elsewhere).--I remember, when a boy, to have heard an old aunt repeatedly sing this song; but the chorus was very strange. "A frog he would a-wooing ride, With a rigdum bullydimy kymy; With sword and buckler by his side, With a rigdum bullydimy kymy. Kymyary kelta cary kymyary kymy, Strimstram paradiddle larrabona ringting, Rigdum bullydimy kymy." A. _City Sanitary Laws_ (Vol. ii., p. 99.).--The act of Parliament prohibiting the slaughter of cattle within the city, referred to in the passage from _Arnold's Chronicle_, extracted by your correspondent T.S.D. is the 4 Hen. VII. c. 3., which enacts that-- "No butcher shall kill any flesh within his scalding-house, or within the walls of London, in pain to forfeit for every ox so killed 12d. and for every other beast 8d., to be divided between the king and the prosecutor."--Bohun's _Privilegia Londini_ 1723, p. 480. Brydall, in his _Camera Regis_ (Lond. 1666, p. 114.), quotes the statute of 11 Hen. VII. c. 21, as the authority for the "singularity" attaching to the city, that "butchers shall kill no beasts in London." I believe, however, Bohun's reference will be found to be the correct one. The statute in question has, I think, never been repealed; but in the absence of abbatoirs, or other proper provision for the slaughtering of cattle without the walls of the city, it seems doubtful whether the {189} pains and penalties to which the "contrary doers" were liable, were at any time strictly enforced. JAMES T. HAMMACK. _Sanitary Laws of other Days_ (Vol. ii., p. 99.).--The statute referred to by T.S.D. in his article, by which "it is ordeigned y't no such slaughter of best shuld be used or had within this cite," was no doubt 4 & 5 Henry VII. c. 3., intituled "An Act that no Butcher slea any Manner of Beast within the walls of London." The penalty is only twelvepence for an ox or a cow, and eightpence for any smaller animal. The act itself seems unrepealed, but the penalties are too small at the present day to abate the nuisance. C.R. SOC. _Michael Scott, the Wizard_ (Vol. ii., p. 120.).--I have now lying before me a small duodecimo, Lugdini, 1584, entitled-- "Alberti Magni de Secretis Mulierum libellus, scholiis auctus et a mendis repurgatus," to which is appended a work of the wizard's "ob materiæ similitudinem," "Michaelis Scoti philosophi De Secretis Naturæ Opusculum." E.S.T. _Clerical Costume_ (Vol. ii., p. 22.).--Possibly the answer to this Query may be found in the passage from Bacon's _History of Life and Death_, in the third part of the _Instauratio Magna_, which I copy below from Craik's _Bacon and his Writings_, vol. iii. p. 45.:-- "Some report that they have found great benefit in the conservation of their health by wearing scarlet waistcoats next their skin and under their shirts, as well down to their nether parts as on the upper." From the quantity of serge bought, as well as from the nature of the material, I think it likely it might be required for the purpose here noticed by Bacon, and not for an outer waistcoat. ARUN. _The Curfew_ (Vol. ii., p. 103.).--As NABOC can, I imagine, only get a perfect list of the places where the curfew is still rung by the contributions of scattered correspondents, I will furnish my mite by informing him that a very short time ago it was rung at Sturminster Newton in Dorsetshire. J. BT. _Welsh Language; Armenian Language_ (Vol. ii., p. 136.).--JARLTZBERG will find no Welsh dictionary with the part reversed. I possess a dictionary in Welsh and English, in two volumes, by Pugh, published in 1832, which is one of the best. The one in two volumes by Walters is in English and Welsh, and is also one of the best. The four volumes would make a good dictionary. The best grammar is, I think, Pugh's. See the Welsh bookseller in Holywell Street: I believe his name is Williams. Father Chamick compiled the _History of Armenia_ from the historical works of several authors, which was published at Venice in 1786; and in 1811 an abridgment thereof, which was translated by Mr. Acdall, of Calcutta, in 1827. See Messrs. Allen and Co.'s _Catalogue of Oriental Works_, at whose house these, and translations of other works (particularly the _History of Vartan_ and the _Memoirs of Artemi_), may be procured. I think JARLTZBERG will find a dictionary in Armenian and French. I saw a notice of one a short time since. (See Bernard Quaritch.) In 1841, Peterman published at Berlin, _Porta Ling. Orient., sive Elementa Ling. Syr., Chald., Arab._, &c. &c., which I think contains an Armenian grammar. See Williams and Norgate; also a list of Klaproth's works. AREDJID KOOEZ. _Armenian Language_ (Vol. ii., p. 136.).--In reply to JARLTZBERG, I can answer that Lord Byron did not compose the English part of Aucher's _Armenian and English Grammar_. A very learned friend of mine was at St. Lazero, in Venice, and knew both Aucher and Lord Byron. Lord Byron was taking lessons in Armenian, and a few of his exercises were introduced into Aucher's _Grammar_, which was written for Armenians to learn English, with which language Aucher was quite familiar, having resided four years in London. But a new _Armenian and English Grammar_ has recently been published. There is one, very rare, in Armenian and Latin, and another in Armenian, modern Greek, and Italian. I have just seen John Bunyan's _Pilgrim's Progress_ in _vulgar_ Armenian, with plates, published at Smyrna; and the _Prayers of St. Nierses_, in twenty-four languages, Venice, 1837, of which Armenian is one. Several works in Armenian have been published at Calcutta. HENRY WILKINSON. Brompton. _North Sides of Churchyards unconsecrated_ (Vol. ii., p. 55.).--The strong preference given to the south side of the churchyard is traceable to two principal causes; first and chiefly, because the churchyard cross was always placed here; secondly, because this is the sunny side of the churchyard. The cross, the emblem of all the Christian's hopes, the bright sun shining on the holy ground, figurative of the sun of righteousness, could not fail to bring to mind the comforting assurance that they who slept around would one day rise again. And as the greater part of the congregation entered the church by the south and principal door, another cause of the preference was the hope that the sight of the resting places of those of their friends and neighbours who had died in the communion of the church, might remind the survivors each time they repaired to the house of prayer to remember them in their supplications. {190} There is not, however, I believe, the slightest reason for considering that the north side of the churchyard was left unconsecrated, nor do I think it possible that such could ever be the case, inasmuch as all consecrated ground was required to be fenced off from that which was unhallowed. But the north side has always been considered inferior to the south. For example;--excommunicated persons were at one time buried outside the precincts of the churchyard, which, of course, would not have been necessary if any part had been left unconsecrated, nor are instances of this practice wanting since the Reformation.[1] And when discipline began to be relaxed, and murderers were interred even within the church itself, it was still on the north side.[2] It is very usual in small country parishes to find the north side of the churchyard without a single grave, nor is it generally resorted to until the south side is fully occupied. It would be difficult to mention another instance of a prejudice so universal, existing so long after the causes of it have mainly passed away. I cannot conclude without expressing the extreme interest which, though he seems not to be aware of it, attaches to the statement of your correspondent, to the effect that he had on two occasions, namely, on the Revel Sunday, and on another festival, observed the game of football in a churchyard in the West of England. It is, indeed, interesting to find that relics of a custom which, however repugnant to our notions, was sanctioned by the highest authority in the best days of our church, still linger in some of our rural districts; thus amply bearing out the mention made by Bishop Peirs more than two centuries ago, of the attachment of the people of the west to, and "how very much they desired the continuance of," these ancient celebrations. For the letter of the prelate, which was addressed to Archbishop Laud, and for many valuable details with respect to dedication festivals, and the observance of Sundays in former times, I would refer those who take an interest in the matter to the _Hierurgia Anglicanæ_. ARUN. [Footnote 1: See Parish Register of Hart, Durham, December 17th, 1596; of St. Nicholas, Newcastle, December 31st 1664.] [Footnote 2: Parish Register of St. Nicholas, Newcastle August 1st, 1616, and August 13th, 1620.] "_Sir Hilary charged at Agincourt_."--Your correspondent B.H.C, who, at Vol. ii, p. 158., inquires after the author and answer to this charade, might leave easily ascertained that the author was the late Mackworth Praed, and that the answer is "Good-night." I believe your correspondent has been guilty of some verbal inaccuracies, which makes the answer appear not so pertinent to his version as it really is; but I have not the original at hand. Some few years ago, the charade appeared in a Cambridge paper, with a story about Sir Walter Scott having sent it anonymously to Queen Adelaide. This was contradicted, and the real author named in a subsequent number of the newspaper, and a metrical solution given, amongst others, of the charade, with which, though I believe I could recollect it, I will not trouble the Editor of "NOTES AND QUERIES." I think the charade first appeared in a cheap periodical, which was set on foot by the parties concerned in _Knight's Quarterly_. J.H.L. "_Sir Hilary charged at Agincourt_" (Vol. ii., p. 158).--This enigma was written by the late Winthrop Mackworth Praed, and appeared in _Knight's Quarterly Magazine_, vol. ii. p. 469.: whether solved or soluble, I cannot say. May I here express my concurrence in an opinion expressed in a very recent number of the _Examiner_, that a collected edition of Mr. Praed's poems is wanted? C.H. COOPER. Cambridge, August 5. 1850. _Unicorn_ (Vol. ii., p. 136.).--King James I. abandoned the red dragon of Henry VII. as one of the supporters of the royal arms of England, and substituted the unicorn, one of the supporters of the royal arms of Scotland. S.S.S. _Abbey of St. Wandrille, Normandy_ (Vol. i., pp. 338. 382. 486.).--As the Vicar of Ecclesfield appears interested in the history of this abbey, in the immediate neighbourhood of which I am at present living, I forward the following list of works which have relation to the subject, including the _Chronicle_, extracts from which have already been given by GASTROS:-- "Briefve Chronique de l'Abbaye de St. Wandrille, publiée par la première fois, d'après le Cartulaire de St. Wandrille, de Marcoussis M.S. du XVI. siècle, de la Bibliothèque de Rouen par M.A. Potter."--_Révue Rétrospective Normande_, Rouen, 1842. "Le Trisergon de l'Abbaye de Fontenelle (or St. Wandrille), en Normandie, par Dom Alexis Bréard. M.S. du XVII. siècle."--_Bibliothèque de Rouen_, M.S.S.Y. 110. "Appendix ad Chronicon Fontanellense in Spicileg." Acherii, t. ii. p. 285. "Gallia Christiana," vol. ii., in fo., page 155., (containing the Ecclesiastical History of Normandy). "Acta sanctor ord. St. Bened," tom. v.--_Miracula Wandregisili_. "Essais sur l'Abbaye de St. Wandrille, par Langlois," in 8vo. Rouen, 1827. Several books formerly belonging to this monastery, are now in the public library at Havre. W.J. Havre. _Russian Language_ (Vol. ii., p. l52.).--A James Heard wrote a grammar of this language, and published {191} it at St. Petersburgh, in 1827. Mr. Heard also published a volume of _Themes_, or _Exercises_, to his grammar, in the same year. I am not acquainted with any other Russian grammar written in English. Hamonière published his _Grammaire Russe_ at Paris in 1817; and Gr_e_tsch (not Gr_o_tsch) published (in Russian) his excellent grammar at St. Petersburgh about thirty years ago. A French translation appeared at the same place in 1828, in 2 vols. 8vo., by Reiff. In the _Révue Encyclopédique_ for 1829, p. 702., some curious details will be found respecting, the various Russian grammars then in existence. _J_appe's _Russian Grammar_ is possibly a misprint for _T_appe, whose grammar, written in German, is a good one. Besides these, the titles of some twenty other Russian grammars, in Russian, French, or German, could be mentioned. The anthologies published by Dr. Bowring, besides his Russian, Dutch, and Spanish, are the Magyar, Bohemian, Servian, and Polish. Writing from Oxford, where the first Russian grammar ever published was printed, as your correspondent JARLTZBERG correctly states, perhaps it may interest him, or his friend, who, he says, is about to go to Russia, to be informed (should he not already be aware of the fact) that a "Course of Lectures on Russian Literature" was delivered in this university, by Professor Trithen, at Sir Robert Tayler's Institution, in the winter of 1849. J.M. Oxford, Aug. 6. 1850. * * * * * MISCELLANEOUS. A very interesting contribution to our early national literature, as well as to legendary history, has lately been published by Dr. Nicolaus Delius of Bonn. He has edited in a small octavo volume, published at a very moderate price, _Maistre Wace's St. Nicholas_, an old French poem, by the poetical Canon of Bayeux, whose _Roman de Rou et des Ducs de Normandie_, edited by Pluquet, and _Roman de Brut_, edited by Le Roux de Lincy, are, doubtless, familiar to many of our readers. The present valuable edition to the published works of Maistre Wace, is edited from two Oxford MSS., viz., No. 270. of the Douce Collection, and No. 86. of the Digby Collection in the Bodleian: and to add to the interest of the present work, especially in the eyes of English readers, Dr. Delius has appended to it the old English metrical life of _Saint Nicolas the Bischop_, from the curious series of Lives and Legends which Mr. Black has recently shown to have been composed by Robert of Gloucester. We have received the following Catalogue:--John Russell Smith's (4. Old Compton Street, Soho) Part IV. for 1850. of a Catalogue of Choice, Useful, and Curious Books in most Departments of Literature. * * * * * Notices to Correspondents. VOLUME THE FIRST OF NOTES AND QUERIES, _with Title-page and very copious Index, is now ready, price 9s. 6d., bound in cloth, and may be had, by order, of all Booksellers and Newsmen_. _The Monthly Part for July, being the second of Vol. II. is also now ready, price 1s._ NOTES AND QUERIES _may be procured by the Trade at noon on Friday; so that our country Subscribers ought to experience no difficulty in receiving it regularly. Many of the country Booksellers are, probably, not yet aware of this arrangement, which enables them to receive Copies in their Saturday parcels_. JANUS DOUSA. _The Notes on Folk Lore have been received and will be used very shortly. The Queries just received shall be duly inserted_. _Errata_.--In No. 41., p. 166., col. 1., line 8 from bottom, for "_Cordius_" read "_Cardin_"; p. 171., l. 29., for "haver_s_" read "haver"; and p. 172., l. 24., for "Murton" read "Mu_i_rton." * * * * * GREATLY REDUCED IN PRICE. PATRES ECCLESIASTICI ANGLICANI. THIS SERIES OF THE ENGLISH FATHERS OF THE CHURCH,--commencing with ALDHELM, the first Bishop of Sherborne, which see he held from A.D. 705 to 709, and including VENERABLE BEDE, the father of English History, who died in 735; BONIFACE, the English Apostle to the Germans, whose martyrdom took place in 754; LANFRANC, to whose influence over the Conqueror the English owed what liberty William still allowed them to enjoy; PETER OF BLOIS, the gossiping but querulous archdeacon of Bath; THOMAS A BECKET, the greatest churchman of any time, and the fearless upholder of the rights of the Church against the usurpations of the Crown and his contemporaries; honest plain-spoken JOHN OF SALISBURY; and the specious ERNULPH, Bishop of Lisieux, whose works throw considerable light upon the court intrigues of the reign of Henry II.,--is edited by the Rev. Dr. GILES, formerly Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. The entire Series consists of Thirty-five volumes, 8vo.; the price of which has been reduced from 18l. 19s. 6d. to 9l., _if taken in complete sets_, of which only _a very small number_ remain unsold; or separately as follows:-- ALDHELMI Opera, 1 vol. 8vo. 6s. (published at 10s. 6d.) BEDAE VENERABILIS Opera, 12 vols. 8vo. 3l. 3s. (pub. at 6l. 6s.) BONIFACII Opera, 2 vols. 8vo. 12s. (published at 1l. 1s.) PETRI BLESENSIS Opera, 4 vols. 8vo. 1l. 4s. (pub. at 2l. 8s.) THOMAE CANTUARIENSIS, HERBERT DE BOREHAMI Opera, &c., 8 vols. 2l. 16s. (published at 4l. 16s.) LANFRANCI Opera, 2 vols. 12s. (published at 1l. 1s.) ARNULFI Opera, 1 vol. 6s. (published at 10s. 6d.) JOHANNIS SARESBERIENSIS Opera, 5 vols. 8vo. 1l. 10s. (published at 2l. 12s. 6d.) On sale by D. NUTT, 270. Strand; and H. WASHBOURNE, 18. New Bridge Street, Blackfriars. * * * * * NEW WORK ON THE GREEK DRAMA. In 12mo., price 4s. (with a Plan of a Greek Theatre.) THE ATHENIAN STAGE, a Handbook for Students. From the German of WETZSCHEL, by the Rev. R.B. PAUL, M.A.; and edited by the Rev. T.K. ARNOLD, M.A., Rector of Lyndon, and late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. RIVINGTONS, St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place: Of whom may be had, by the same Editors, l. HANDBOOK of GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES. 3s. 6d. 2. HANDBOOK of ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. 3s. 6d. 3. HANDBOOK of GREEK SYNONYMES. 6s. 6d. * * * * * {192} VALUABLE ANTIQUARIAN, HERALDIC, AND FOREIGN WORKS, DICTIONARIES, GRAMMARS, ETC. SOLD BY BERNARD QUARITCH, 16. CASTLE STREET, LEICESTER SQUARE. * * * * * Adelung's Wörterbuch der Hoch-Deutschen Mundart, mit beständiger Vergleichung der übrigen Mundarten, besonders acer der Oberdeutschen, best edition, by Schönberger, 4 vols. 4to., calf, gilt, marbled edges, 2l. 2s. Wien, 1811. Aldrete, del Origen de la Lengua Castellana o Romance (an Old-Spanish Dictionary), folio, vellum, 15s. Madrid, 1674. 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Lapponic Bible. Tat Ailes Tialog, Abme ja Addä Testamenta, 3 vols. 4to. bds. 24s. Hernösandesne, 1811. Legonidec, Dictionnaire Celto-Breton ou Breton-Français, 8vo. sd. 7s. 6d. Algoulème, 1821. Lhuyd's Archæologia Britannica, giving an Account of the Languages of the original Inhabitants of Britain, folio, hf. bd. calf, neat, scarce, 32s. Oxford, 1707. Contains Armoric, Irish, Scottish, Welsh Grammars and Dictionaries. Lope de Vega, Obras Sueltas, en Prosa y en Verso, 21 vols. small 4to. vellum, 3l. 10s. Madrid, 1776. ----, another copy, Large Paper, sd., uncut, 3l. 3s. Mabillon de Re Diplomatica, cum Supplemento, 2 vols. royal folio, Large Paper, numerous plates, fine copy in Dutch calf, 38s. Lut. Par. 170. 1704. Magnusen (Finn) Runamo og Runerne, 4to. (742 pp.), 14 plates of Runic Antiquities, bds. 18s. Kyobenhavn, 1841. Maurice, le Blason des Armoiries de tous les Chevaliers de l'Ordre de la Toison d'Or, depuis la première Institution, folio, 450 plates, containing upwards of 2000 finely engraved Coats of Arms, calf, a beautiful book, 30s. La Haye, 1665. O'Brien, Irish-English Dictionary, 4to. hf. bd., very scarce, 25s. Paris, 1768. Pompeii illustrated with Picturesque Views from the Drawings by Col. Cockburn, with Plan and Details by Donaldson, 2 vols. in 1, imp. folio, 90 fine plates, some coloured, half morocco, 2l. 12s. 6d. 1827. Rhæsi (D.) Cymbro-Brytannicæ Cymræcæve Linguæ Institutiones, small folio, inlaid title, calf, gilt edges, very scarce, 36s. 1592. Selden's Titles of Honour, folio, best edition, portraits and plates calf, 16. 1672. ----, another edition, folio, with Roger Twysden's autograph, calf, 10s. 1631. Sismondi, Histoire des Républiques Italiennes, 16 vols. 8vo. best edition, a little stained, sd. 36s. Paris, 1818. ----, another edition, 8 vols. royal 8vo. sd. 36s. Brux. 1839. Snorro Sturleson, Heimskringla, seu Historia Regum Norvegicorum, editio nova opera Schöning, et Thorlacii, Islandice Danice, et Latine, 3 vols. in 1, folio, fine paper, sumptuously whole bound calf extra, leather joints, silk linings, gilt edges, 3l. 10s. Hauniæ, 1777-83. These three volumes of this edition comprise the whole of the Heimskringla, as originally published in 1697 by Perinskiold, but with a Danish version in place of the Swedish, and considerable improvements both as regards text and notes. Transactions of the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries. Nordisk Tidskrift for Oldkyndighed, 3 vols. 8vo., numerous fine plates of Antiquities, hf. bd. calf, 12s. Kiob. 1832-36. Annaler for Nordisk Oldkyndighed (Annals for Northern Antiquities, edited by the Royal Society of Antiquaries), 1836-47, 8 vols. 8vo. numerous fine plates, 2 vols hf. bd. the rest sewed, 2l. 5s. Antiquarisk Tidskrift, 1843-48, 3 vols. 8vo. plates, sewed, 9s. Copenh. 1845-48. These three collections form one set, sold together for 3l. Wachteri Glossarium Germanicum, continens Origins et Antiquitates totius Linguæ Germanicæ, 2 vols. in 1, folio, fine copy, old calf gilt, 25s. Lips. 1737. * * * * * _Catalogues of_ BERNARD QUARITCH'S _German_, _French_, _Italian_, _Spanish_, _Northern_, _Celtic_, _Oriental_, _Antiquarian_, and _Scientific Books_ gratis. * * * * * Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City Of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, Of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, August 17, 1850. *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, NUMBER 42, AUGUST 17, 1850 *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. 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