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Title: Index of Project Gutenberg Works on Black History A 2019 Project Gutenberg Contribution for Black History Month Author: Various Editor: David Widger Release Date: February 27, 2019 [EBook #58975] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INDEX OF PG WORKS ON BLACK HISTORY *** Produced by David Widger INDEX OF PROJECT GUTENBERG WORKS ON BLACK HISTORY Compiled by David Widger CONTENTS ## THE JOURNAL OF NEGRO HISTORY, Vol. 1. Jan. 1916 Various ## THE JOURNAL OF NEGRO HISTORY, Vol. 2, 1917 Various ## THE JOURNAL OF NEGRO HISTORY, Vol. 3, 1918 Various ## THE JOURNAL OF NEGRO HISTORY, Vol. 4, 1919 Various ## THE JOURNAL OF NEGRO HISTORY, Vol. 5, 1920 Various ## OUR WORLD, or THE SLAVEHOLDERS DAUGHTER F. Colburn Adams ## NARRATIVE OF THE LIFE OF FREDERICK DOUGLASS Frederick Douglass ## OTHER ARTICLES BY FREDERICK DOUGLASS Frederick Douglass ## MY BONDAGE AND MY FREEDOM Frederick Douglass JOHN BROWN Frederick Douglass ABOLITION FANATICISM IN NEW YORK Frederick Douglass ## THE SOULS OF BLACK FOLK W.E.B. Du Bois ## DARKWATER, VOICES FROM WITHIN THE VEIL W.E.B. Du Bois ## THE QUEST OF THE SILVER FLEECE W.E.B. Du Bois ## THE NEGRO W.E.B. Du Bois ## SUPPRESSION OF THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE TO THE USA W.E.B. Du Bois THE CONSERVATION OF RACES W.E.B. Du Bois ## UP FROM SLAVERY AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY B.T. Washington ## THE NEGRO PROBLEM B.T. Washington ## A NEGRO EXPLORER AT THE NORTH POLE B.T. Washington ## THE FUTURE OF THE AMERICAN NEGRO B.T. Washington ## TUSKEGEE & ITS PEOPLE B.T. Washington ## SHADOW AND LIGHT B.T. Washington ## THE NEGRO IN THE SOUTH B.T. Washington THE STORY OF SLAVERY B.T. Washington ## THE NEGRO IN THE SOUTH B.T. Washington ## FROM SLAVE TO COLLEGE PRESIDENT Pike ## UNDERGROUND RAILROAD FROM SLAVERY TO FREEDOM Siebert ## THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD Still ## CLOTELLE Brown ## ESCAPE OF WM. WELLS BROWN FROM SLAVERY Brown ## NARRATIVE OF WILLIAM W. BROWN, A FUGITIVE SLAVE Brown ## DRED, A TALE OF THE GREAT DISMAL SWAMP Stowe ## UNCLE TOM'S CABIN Stowe ## STEP BY STEP American Tract ## THE IRON FURNACE Aughey ## A SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN NEGRO Brawley ## CAPTAIN CANOT, TWENTY YEARS A SLAVER Canot ## THE WHITE SLAVES OF ENGLAND Cobden ## THE BLACK EXPERIENCE IN AMERICA Coombs ## WHERE THE TWAIN MEET Gaunt ## FATHER HENSON'S STORY OF HIS LIFE Henson ## BLACK REBELLION, FIVE REVOLTS Higginson ## THIRTY YEARS A SLAVE Hughes ## INCIDENTS IN THE LIFE OF A SLAVE GIRL Jacobs ## 30 YEARS A SLAVE; 4 YEARS IN THE WHITE HOUSE Keckley ## THE SLAVERY QUESTION Lawrence ## JOURNAL OF A WEST INDIA PROPRIETOR Lewis ## THE NEGRO AND THE NATION Merriam ## THE SEA-WITCH Murray ## TWELVE YEARS A SLAVE Northup ## THE BROTHERS' WAR Reed ## THE BOY SLAVES Reid ## TWENTY-TWO YEARS A SLAVE Steward ## THE STORY OF MATTIE J. JACKSON Thompson ## POEMS Wheatley LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF HENRY BIBB Bibb THE LIFE OF HARRIET TUBMAN Bradford TABLES OF CONTENTS OF VOLUMES POEMS ON VARIOUS SUBJECTS, By Phillis Wheatley (Negro Servant To Mr. John Wheatley, Of Boston, In New-England) 1771 CONTENTS PREFACE. TO THE PUBLIC. P O E M S TO M AE C E N A S. O N V I R T U E. TO THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, IN NEW-ENGLAND. TO THE KING’S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. 1768. ON BEING BROUGHT FROM AFRICA TO AMERICA. ON THE DEATH OF THE REV. DR. SEWELL, 1769. ON THE DEATH OF THE REV. MR. GEORGE WHITEFIELD. 1770. ON THE DEATH OF A YOUNG LADY OF FIVE YEARS OF AGE. ON THE DEATH OF A YOUNG GENTLEMAN. TO A LADY ON THE DEATH OF HER HUSBAND. G O L I A T H O F G A T H. THOUGHTS ON THE WORKS OF PROVIDENCE. TO A LADY ON THE DEATH OF THREE RELATIONS. TO A CLERGYMAN ON THE DEATH OF HIS LADY. AN HYMN TO THE MORNING AN HYMN TO THE EVENING. ISAIAH lxiii. 1-8. ON RECOLLECTION. ON IMAGINATION. A FUNERAL POEM ON THE DEATH OF C. E. AN INFANT OF TWELVE MONTHS. TO CAPTAIN H———D, OF THE 65TH REGIMENT. TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE WILLIAM, EARL OF DARTMOUTH O D E T O N E P T U N E. TO A LADY ON HER COMING TO NORTH-AMERICA WITH HER SON, FOR THE RECOVERY OF HER HEALTH. TO A LADY ON HER REMARKABLE PRESERVATION IN AN HURRICANE IN NORTH-CAROLINA. TO A LADY AND HER CHILDREN, ON THE DEATH OF HER SON AND THEIR BROTHER. TO A GENTLEMAN AND LADY ON THE DEATH OF THE LADY’S BROTHER AND SISTER, AND A CHILD OF THE NAME OF AVIS, AGED ONE YEAR. ON THE DEATH OF DR. SAMUEL MARSHALL. 1771. TO A GENTLEMAN ON HIS VOYAGE TO GREAT-BRITAIN FOR THE RECOVERY OF HIS HEALTH. TO THE REV. DR. THOMAS AMORY, ON READING HIS SERMONS ON DAILY DEVOTION, IN WHICH THAT DUTY IS RECOMMENDED AND ASSISTED. ON THE DEATH OF J. C. AN INFANT. AN H Y M N TO H U M A N I T Y. TO S. P. G. ESQ; TO THE HONOURABLE T. H. ESQ; ON THE DEATH OF HIS DAUGHTER. NIOBE IN DISTRESS FOR HER CHILDREN SLAIN BY APOLLO, FROM OVID’S METAMORPHOSES, BOOK VI. AND FROM A VIEW OF THE PAINTING OF MR. RICHARD WILSON. TO S. M. A YOUNG AFRICAN PAINTER, ON SEEING HIS WORKS. TO HIS HONOUR THE LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR, ON THE DEATH OF HIS LADY. MARCH 24, 1773. A FAREWEL TO AMERICA. TO MRS. S. W. A REBUS, BY I. B. AN ANSWER TO THE REBUS, BY THE AUTHOR OF THESE POEMS. NARRATIVE OF THE LIFE OF FREDERICK DOUGLASS AN AMERICAN SLAVE. WRITTEN BY HIMSELF. CONTENTS PREFACE LETTER FROM WENDELL PHILLIPS, ESQ. FREDERICK DOUGLASS. CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI APPENDIX A PARODY ADDITIONAL PROJECT GUTENBERG COLLECTED ARTICLES By Frederick Douglass CONTENTS MY ESCAPE FROM SLAVERY RECONSTRUCTION MY BONDAGE and MY FREEDOM By Frederick Douglass CONTENTS MY BONDAGE and MY FREEDOM EDITOR’S PREFACE INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I. Childhood CHAPTER II. Removed from My First Home CHAPTER III. Parentage CHAPTER IV. A General Survey of the Slave Plantation CHAPTER V. Gradual Initiation to the Mysteries of Slavery CHAPTER VI. Treatment of Slaves on Lloyd’s Plantation CHAPTER VII. Life in the Great House CHAPTER VIII. A Chapter of Horrors CHAPTER IX. Personal Treatment CHAPTER X. Life in Baltimore CHAPTER XI. “A Change Came O’er the Spirit of My Dream” CHAPTER XII. Religious Nature Awakened CHAPTER XIII. The Vicissitudes of Slave Life CHAPTER XIV. Experience in St. Michael’s CHAPTER XV. Covey, the Negro Breaker CHAPTER XVI. Another Pressure of the Tyrant’s Vice CHAPTER XVII. The Last Flogging CHAPTER XVIII. New Relations and Duties CHAPTER XIX. The Run-Away Plot CHAPTER XX. Apprenticeship Life CHAPTER XXI. My Escape from Slavery LIFE as a FREEMAN CHAPTER XXII. Liberty Attained CHAPTER XXIII. Introduced to the Abolitionists CHAPTER XXIV. Twenty-One Months in Great Britain CHAPTER XXV. Various Incidents RECEPTION SPEECH [10]. At Finsbury Chapel, Moorfields, England, May 12, Dr. Campbell’s Reply LETTER TO HIS OLD MASTER. [11]. To My Old Master, Thomas Auld THE NATURE OF SLAVERY. Extract from a Lecture on Slavery, at Rochester, INHUMANITY OF SLAVERY. Extract from A Lecture on Slavery, at Rochester, WHAT TO THE SLAVE IS THE FOURTH OF JULY?. Extract from an Oration, at THE INTERNAL SLAVE TRADE. Extract from an Oration, at Rochester, July THE SLAVERY PARTY. Extract from a Speech Delivered before the A. A. S. THE ANTI-SLAVERY MOVEMENT. Extracts from a Lecture before Various FOOTNOTES UP FROM SLAVERY: AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY By Booker T. Washington CONTENTS Preface Introduction UP FROM SLAVERY Chapter I A Slave Among Slaves Chapter II Boyhood Days Chapter III The Struggle For An Education Chapter IV Helping Others Chapter V The Reconstruction Period Chapter VI Black Race And Red Race Chapter VII Early Days At Tuskegee Chapter VIII Teaching School In A Stable And A Hen-House Chapter IX Anxious Days And Sleepless Nights Chapter X A Harder Task Than Making Bricks Without Straw Chapter XI Making Their Beds Before They Could Lie On Them Chapter XII Raising Money Chapter XIII Two Thousand Miles For A Five-Minute Speech Chapter XIV The Atlanta Exposition Address Chapter XV The Secret Of Success In Public Speaking Chapter XVI Europe Chapter XVII Last Words THE NEGRO PROBLEM By Booker T. Washington and Others CONTENTS I Industrial Education for the Negro Booker T. Washington 7 II The Talented Tenth W.E. Burghardt DuBois 31 III The Disfranchisement of the Negro Charles W. Chesnutt 77 IV The Negro and the Law Wilford H. Smith 125 V The Characteristics of the Negro People H.T. Kealing 161 VI Representative American Negroes Paul Laurence Dunbar 187 VII The Negro's Place in American Life at the Present Day T. Thomas Fortune 211 A NEGRO EXPLORER AT THE NORTH POLE By Matthew A. Henson With A Foreword By Robert E. Peary Rear Admiral, U. S. N., Retired And An Introduction By Booker T. Washington CONTENTS page Foreword v Introduction xv CHAPTER I The Early Years: Schoolboy, Cabin-Boy, Seaman, and Lieutenant Peary's Body-Servant—First Trips to the Arctic 1 CHAPTER II Off for the Pole—How the Other Explorers Looked—The Lamb-Like Esquimos—Arrival at Etah 15 CHAPTER III Finding of Rudolph Franke—Whitney Landed—Trading and Coaling—Fighting the Ice-packs 26 CHAPTER IV [x]Preparing for Winter at Cape Sheridan—The Arctic Library 35 CHAPTER V Making Peary Sledges—Hunting in the Arctic Night—the Excitable Dogs and Their Habits 40 CHAPTER VI The Peary Plan—a Rain of Rocks—My Friends, the Esquimos 46 CHAPTER VII Sledging to Cape Columbia—Hot Soldering in Cold Weather 52 CHAPTER VIII In Camp at Columbia—Literary Igloos—The Magnificent Desolation of the Arctic 62 CHAPTER IX Ready for the Dash to the Pole—The Commander's Arrival 70 CHAPTER X Forward! March! 75 CHAPTER XI [xi]Fighting up the Polar Sea—Held up by the "Big Lead" 78 CHAPTER XII Pioneering the Way—Breaking Sledges 93 CHAPTER XIII The Supporting-Parties Begin to Turn Back 103 CHAPTER XIV Bartlett's Farthest North—His Quiet Good-By 116 CHAPTER XV The Pole! 127 CHAPTER XVI The Fast Trek Back to Land 140 CHAPTER XVII Safe on the Roosevelt—Poor Marvin 145 CHAPTER XVIII After Musk-Oxen—The Doctor's Scientific Expedition 153 CHAPTER XIX [xii]The Roosevelt Starts for Home—Esquimo Villages—New Dogs and New Dog Fights 161 CHAPTER XX Two Narrow Escapes—Arrival at Etah—Harry Whitney—Dr. Cook's Claims 170 CHAPTER XXI Etah to New York—Coming of Mail and Reporters—Home! 180 Appendix I—Notes on the Esquimos 189 Appendix II—List of Smith Sound Esquimos 196 ILLUSTRATIONS matthew a. henson Frontispiece nothing facing page robert e. peary in his north pole furs 76 the four north pole esquimos 77 camp morris k. jesup at the north pole 122 matthew a. henson immediately after the sledge journey to the pole and back 123 the "roosevelt" in winter quarters at cape sheridan 138 matthew a. henson in his north pole furs, taken after his return to civilization 139 THE FUTURE OF THE AMERICAN NEGRO By Booker T. Washington CONTENTS Chapter I. Page 3 First appearance of Negroes in America—Rapid increase—Conditions during Civil War—During the reconstruction. Chapter II. Page 16 Responsibility of the whole country for the Negro—Progress in the past—Same methods of education do not fit all cases—Proved in the case of the Southern Negro—Illustrations—Lack of money—Comparison between outlay for schools North and South—Duty of North to South. Chapter III. Page 42 Decadence of Southern plantation—Demoralization of Negroes natural—No home life before the war—Too much classical education at the start—Lack of practical training—Illustrations—The well-trained slaves now dead—Former plantations as industrial schools—The decayed plantation built up by a former slave—Misunderstanding of industrial education. Chapter IV. Page 67 The Negroes' proper use of education—Hayti, Santo Domingo, and Liberia as illustrations of the lack of practical training—Present necessity for union of all forces to further the cause of industrial education—Industrial education not opposed to the higher education—Results of practical training so far—Little or no prejudice against capable Negroes in business in the South—The Negro at first shunned labor as degrading—Hampton and Tuskegee aim to remove this feeling—The South does not oppose industrial education for the Negroes—Address to Tuskegee students setting forth the necessity of steadfastness of purpose. Chapter V. Page 106 The author's early life—At Hampton—The inception of the Tuskegee School in 1881—Its growth—Scope—Size at present—Expenses—Purposes—Methods—Building of the chapel—Work of the graduates—Similar schools beginning throughout the South—Tuskegee Negro Conference—The Workers' Conference—Tuskegee as a trainer of teachers. Chapter VI. Page 127 The Negro race in politics—Its patriotic zeal in 1776—In 1814—In the Civil War—In the Spanish War—Politics attempted too soon after freedom—Poor leaders—Two parties in the South, the blacks' and the whites'—Not necessarily opposed in interests—The Negro should give up no rights—The same tests for the restriction of the franchise should be applied alike to both blacks and whites—This is not the case—Education and the franchise—The whites must help the blacks to pure votes—Rioting and lynching only to be stopped by mutual confidence. Chapter VII. Page 157 Difficulty of fusion—Africa impossible as a refuge because already completely claimed by other nations—Comparison of Negro race with white—Physical condition of the Negro—Present lack of ability to organize—Weaknesses—Ability to work—Trustworthiness—Desire to rise—Obstructions put in the way of Negroes' advancement—Results of oppression—Necessity for encouragement and self-respect—Comparison of Negroes'[Pg x] position and that of the Jews—Lynching—Non-interference of the North—Increase of lynching—Statistics of numbers, races, places, causes of violence—Uselessness of lynching in preventing crime—Fairness in carrying out the laws—Increase of crime among the Negroes—Reason for it—Responsibility of both races. Chapter VIII. Page 200 Population—Emigration to the North—Morality North and South—Dangers: 1. incendiary advice; 2. mob violence; 3. discouragement; 4. newspaper exaggeration; 5. lack of education; 6. bad legislation—Negroes must identify with best interests of the South—Unwise missionary work—Wise missionary work—Opportunity for industrial education—The good standing of business-educated Negroes in the South—Religion and morality—Justice and appreciation coming for the Negro race as it proves itself worthy. TUSKEGEE AND ITS PEOPLE By Booker T. Washington CONTENTS PAGE GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 By Booker T. Washington. PART I THE SCHOOL AND ITS PURPOSES I.—PRESENT ACHIEVEMENTS AND GOVERNING IDEALS 19 By Emmett J. Scott, Mr. Washington's Executive Secretary. II.—RESOURCES AND MATERIAL EQUIPMENT 35 By Warren Logan, Treasurer of the School. III.—THE ACADEMIC AIMS 56 By Roscoe C. Bruce, Director of the Academic Department. IV.—WHAT GIRLS ARE TAUGHT, AND HOW 68 By Mrs. Booker T. Washington, Director of Industries for Girls. V.—HAMPTON INSTITUTE'S RELATION TO TUSKEGEE 87 By Robert R. Moton. PART II AUTOBIOGRAPHIES BY GRADUATES OF THE SCHOOL I.—A COLLEGE PRESIDENT'S STORY 101 By Isaac Fisher, of Pine Bluff, Arkansas. II.—A SCHOOL PRINCIPAL'S STORY 111 By William H. Holtzclaw, of Utica, Mississippi. III.—A LAWYER'S STORY 141 By George W. Lovejoy, of Mobile, Alabama. IV.—A SCHOOL TREASURER'S STORY 152 By Martin A. Menafee, of Denmark, South Carolina. V.—THE STORY OF A FARMER 164 By Frank Reid, of Dawkins, Alabama. VI.—THE STORY OF A CARPENTER 173 By Gabriel B. Miller, of Fort Valley, Georgia. VII.—COTTON-GROWING IN AFRICA 184 By John W. Robinson, of Lome, Togo, West Africa. VIII.—THE STORY OF A TEACHER OF COOKING 200 By Mary L. Dotson, of Tuskegee Institute, Alabama. IX.—A WOMAN'S WORK 211 By Cornelia Bowen, of Waugh (Mt. Meigs), Alabama. X.—UPLIFTING OF THE SUBMERGED MASSES 224 By W. J. Edwards, of Snow Hill, Alabama. XI.—A DAIRYMAN'S STORY 253 By Lewis A. Smith, of Rockford, Illinois. XII.—THE STORY OF A WHEELWRIGHT 264 By Edward Lomax, of Tuskegee Institute, Alabama. XIII.—THE STORY OF A BLACKSMITH 276 By Jubie B. Bragg, of Tallahassee, Florida. XIV.—A DRUGGIST'S STORY 285 By David L. Johnston, of Birmingham, Alabama. XV.—THE STORY OF A SUPERVISOR OF MECHANICAL INDUSTRIES 299 By James M. Canty, of Institute P. O., West Virginia. XVI.—A NEGRO COMMUNITY BUILDER 317 By Russell C. Calhoun, of Eatonville, Florida. XVII.—THE EVOLUTION OF A SHOEMAKER 338 By Charles L. Marshall, of Cambria, Virginia. ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE BOOKER T. WASHINGTON Frontispiece EMMETT J. SCOTT 20 Mr. Washington's Executive Secretary. THE COLLIS P. HUNTINGTON MEMORIAL BUILDING 26 WARREN LOGAN 36 Treasurer of the School THE OFFICE BUILDING IN PROCESS OF ERECTION 50 Student carpenters shown at work. ROSCOE C. BRUCE 56 Director of the Academic Department. A PORTION OF THE SCHOOL GROUNDS 64 ANOTHER PORTION OF THE SCHOOL GROUNDS 66 MRS. BOOKER T. WASHINGTON 68 Director of Industries for Girls. A CLASS IN MILLINERY 76 THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL 94 Standing, left to right: P. C. Parks, Superintendent of Farm; George W. Carver, Director, Agricultural Department; J. N. Calloway, Land Extension; John H. Palmer, Registrar; Charles H. Gibson, Resident Auditor; Edgar J. Penney, Chaplain. Seated, left to right: Lloyd G. Wheeler, Business Agent; Robert R. Taylor, Director of Mechanical Industries; John H. Washington, General Superintendent of Industries; Warren Logan, Treasurer; Booker T. Washington, Principal; Miss Jane E. Clark, Dean of Woman's Department; Mrs. Booker T. Washington, Director of Industries for Girls; and Emmett J. Scott, Secretary to the Principal. The Director of the Academic Department, Roscoe C. Bruce, and the Commandant of Cadets, Major J. B. Ramsey, also members of the Executive Council, were absent when photograph was taken. THE CARNEGIE LIBRARY BUILDING 108 MORNING AT THE BARNS ON THE SCHOOL FARM 122 Teams of horses and cattle ready to start for the day's work. STUDENTS PRUNING PEACH-TREES 146 A SILO ON THE FARM 166 Students filling it with fodder corn, steam-power being used. A MODEL DINING-ROOM 208 From the department where table-service is taught. THE CULTURE OF BEES 220 Students at work in the apiary. IN THE DAIRY 254 Students using separators. STUDENTS AT WORK IN THE HARNESS SHOP 270 AT THE HOSPITAL 294 A corner in the boys' ward. IN THE TIN SHOP 300 STUDENTS CANNING FRUIT 308 STARTING A NEW BUILDING 314 Student masons laying the foundation in brick. GIRLS GARDENING 344 SHADOW and LIGHT AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY With Reminiscences Of The Last And Present Century. By Mifflin Wistar Gibbs With An Introduction By Booker T. Washington CONTENTS CHAPTER I 3 Parents, School and Teacher—Foundation of the Negroes' Mechanical Knowledge—First Brick A. M. E. Church—Bishop Allen—Olive Cemetery—Harriet Smith Home—"Underground Railroad"—Incidents on the Road—William and Ellen Craft—William Box Brown. CHAPTER II 15 Nat Turner's Insurrection—Experience on a Maryland Plantation—First Street Cars in Philadelphia—Anti-Slavery Meetings—Amusing Incidents—Opposition of Negro Churches—Kossuth Celebration, and the Unwelcome Guest. CHAPTER III 29 Cinguez, the Hero of Armistead Captives—The Threshold of Man's Estate—My First Lecturing Tour with Frederic Douglass—His "Life and Times"—Pen Picture of George William Curtis of Ante-Bellum Conditions—Harriet Beecher Stowe, Lucretia Mott, and Frances E. Harper, a Noble Band of Women—"Go Do Some Great Thing"—Journey to California—Incidents at Panama. CHAPTER IV 40 Arrival at San Francisco—Getting Domiciled and Seeking Work—Strike of White Employees—Lester & Gibbs, Importers—Assaulted in Our Store—First Protest from the Colored Men of California—Poll Tax. CHAPTER V 51 "Vigilance Committee" and Lynch Law at "Fort Gunny"—Murder of James King, of William—A Paradox to Present Conditions. CHAPTER VI 59 Gold Discovery in British Columbia—Incidents on Shipboard and Arrival at Victoria—National Unrest in 1859—"Irrepressible Conflict"—Garrison and Douglass—Harriet Beecher Stowe and Frances Ellen Harper—John Brown of Harper's Ferry—"Fugitive Slave Law"—Flight to Canada. CHAPTER VII 74 Abraham Lincoln President—Rebellion Inaugurated—Success of the Union Army—Re-Election of Lincoln—Bravery and Endurance of Negro Soldiers—Assassination of Lincoln—Lynching Denounced by Southern Governors and Statesmen—Words of Wisdom from St. Pierre de Couberton. CHAPTER VIII 85 My First Entry Into Political Life—Intricacies of the Ballot—Number of Negro Schools, Pupils and Amount of School Property in 1898—Amendment to Constitution and Interview with Vice-President Schuyler Colfax at Victoria, B. C.—William Lloyd Garrison, Jr., and James Russell Lowell on the Right to Vote. CHAPTER IX 93 Philip A. Bell, a Veteran Editor of the "Negro Press"—British Columbia, Its Early History, Efforts for Annexation to the United States—Meeting with Lady Franklin, Widow of Sir John Franklin, the Arctic Explorer, in 1859—Union of British Columbia with the Dominion of Canada in 1868, the Political Issue—Queen Charlotte Island—Anthracite Coal Company—Director, Contractor and Shipper of First Cargo of Anthracite Coal on the Pacific Coast—Indians and Their Peculiarities. CHAPTER X 107 An Incident of Peril—My Return to the United States in 1869—Thoughts and Feelings En Route—Entered Oberlin Law College and Graduated—Visit to my Brother, J. C. Gibbs, Secretary of State of Florida—A Delegate to the National Convention of Colored Men at Charleston, S. C.—"Gratitude Expensive"—The Trend of Republican Leaders—Contribution of Southern White People for Negro Education—Views of a Leading Democrat. CHAPTER XI 122 President of National Convention at Nashville, Tenn., in 1876—Pen and Ink Sketch by H. V. Redfield of "Cincinnati Commercial"—Colored Leaders Desire to Fraternize for Race Protection—William H. Grey, H. B. Robinson, and J. H. Johnson, of Arkansas, Leaders and Planters—My Arrival at Little Rock, May, 1871—Reading of Local Statutes in the Law Office of Benjamin & Barnes—"Wheeler & Gibbs," Attorneys-at-Law. CHAPTER XII 134 Politics and Politicians—Disruption of the Republicans in Arkansas—"Minstrels and Brindle Tails"—Early Canvassing in the South, with Its Peculiarities—Ku Klux Visits—My Appointment as County Attorney and Election as Municipal Judge—Hon. John Allen, of Mississippi, His Descriptive Anecdote. CHAPTER XIII 145 Lowering Cloud on Righteous Rule—Comparison of Negro Progress—Sir Walter Scott in His Notes on English History—George C. Lorimer, a Noted Divine—Educational Solution of the Race Problem—Baron Russell, Lord Chief Justice of England—Civil War in Arkansas—Expulsion of Governor Baxter and Instalment of Governor Brooks at the State Houses—Stirring Episodes—"Who Shall Bell the Cat?"—Extraordinary Session of the Legislature—My Issue of a Search Warrant for the Seal of the State—Recognition of Baxter by the President. CHAPTER XIV 158 Arkansas Constitutional Convention and New Constitution Adopted—Augustus H. Garland Elected Governor—My Letter from Madagascar on Learning of His Demise—General Grant's Nomination in 1872 at the Academy of Music, Philadelphia—Oliver P. Morton, of Indiana—William H. Gray, of Arkansas—R. B. Elliot, of South Carolina—"Henry at Ajincourt"—Study of Obsolete Languages Versus Industrial Education—Views of Lord Rosebery, ex-Premier of England—Also of Washington Post—United States Have Supreme Advantages for the Negro. CHAPTER XV 173 Presidential Elector in 1876, Receiving the Highest Vote—President Hayes, His Yearnings and Accomplishments—Protest Against Lawlessness by the Negroes in State Conventions—Negro Exodus from the Southern to the Western States in 1878—Secretary William Windom's Letter—Hon J. C. Rapier, of Alabama, and Myself Appointed by Secretary Windom to Visit Western States and Report. CHAPTER XVI 185 Appointed by the President in 1877 Register of U. S. Lands—Robert J. Ingersoll on the Benignity of Homestead Law—General Grant's Tour Around the World and His Arrival at Little Rock, 1879—A Guest at the Banquet Given Him—Response to the Toast, "The Possibilities of American Citizenship"—Roscoe Conkling's Speech Nominating General Grant for Third Term—Bronze Medal as one of the Historic "306" at the National Convention of 1880—The Manner of General Grant's Defeat for Nomination and Garfield's Success—Character Sketches of Hon. James G. Blaine, Ingersoll's Mailed Warrior and Plumed Knight—Hon Grover Cleveland. CHAPTER XVII 195 Honorary Commissioner for the Colored Exhibits of the World's Exposition at New Orleans, La.—Neglected Opportunities—Important Factors Necessary to Recognition. CHAPTER XVIII 201 Effort of Henry Brown, of Oberlin, Ohio, to Establish "Schools of Trade"—Call for a Conference of Leading Colored Men in 1885—Industrial Fair at Pine Bluff, Ark.—Captain Thompson, of the "Capital Guards," a Colored Military Company—Meeting of Prominent Leaders at New Orleans—The Late N. W. Cuney, of Texas—Contented Benefactions from Christian Churches. CHAPTER XIX 215 The Reunion of General Grant's "306"—Ferdinand Havis, of Pine Bluff—Compromise and Disfranchisement—Progress of the Negro—"Decoration Day"—My Letter to the "Gazette"—Commission to Sell Lots of the Hot Springs Reservation—Twelve Years in the Land Service of the United States. CHAPTER XX 223 My Appointment as U. S. Consul to Tamatave, Madagascar—My Arrival in France En Route to Paris—Called on Ambassador Porter and Consul Gowdy Relative to My "Exequator"—Visited the Louvre, the Famous Gallery of Paintings—"Follies Bergere," or Variety Theater—The "Dome des Invalids" or the Tomb of the Great Napoleon—Mrs. Mason, of Arkansas and Washington, in Paris—Marseilles and "Hotel du Louvre"—Embarkation on French Ship "Pie Ho" for Madagascar—Scenes and Incidents En Route—"Port Said"—Visit to the "Mosque," Mohammedan Place of Worship. CHAPTER XXI 236 Suez Canal—The Red Sea—Pharaoh and His Hosts—Their Waterloo—Children of Israel—Travel by Sea—Arrival and Landing at Madagascar—Bubonic Plague—My Letter From Madagascar. CHAPTER XXII 250 Island of Madagascar—Origin and Character of the Inhabitants—Their Religion and Superstitions—Physical Appearance of Madagascar—A Word Painting of Antananarivo, the Capital, by Cameron—Forms of Government—Queens of Madagascar—Slavery and Forced Labor. CHAPTER XXIII 265 Introduction of the Christian Religion—Printing the Bible, Edict by Queen Ranavalona Against It—The New Religion "a Cloth of a Pattern She Did Not Like"—Asked the Missionaries, "Can You Make Soap?"—"Dark Days"—Persecutions and Executions for a Quarter of a Century—Examples of Christian Martyrs—Death of Queen Ranavalona—Permanent Establishment of the Christian Religion—Self-denial and Heroic Service of the Roman Catholics—Native Race Protection Committee—Forced Labor Abolished. CHAPTER XXIV 282 Cuba and the Philippines—Their Acquisition Under the Plea of Relief From Spanish Misrule—Aguinaldo, Leader of the Filipinos—The Fidelity and Bravery of the American Negro in the Spanish War—Attestation by Many Witnesses—Industrial Education—Othello's Occupation Gone When Polls are Closed. CHAPTER XXV 298 Opposition Possibly Beneficent—President McKinley's Order for Enlistment of Colored Soldiers—General Grosvenor's Tribute—Fifteen Thousand in the Spanish War—U. S. Supreme Court vs. The Negro—The Basis of Congressional Representation. CHAPTER XXVI 306 Departure from Madagascar—Memories—Governor General's Farewell Letter—Madagascar Branch of the Smithsonian Institute—Wild Animals, a Consul's Burden—Descriptive Letter to State Department. CHAPTER XXVII 312 Leave-taking, its Jollity and Sadness—Arrival at Camp Aden, Arabia—An Elysium for the Toper—Whisky Was Plenty, But the Water Was Out—Pleasant Visit to U. S. Consul Cunningham, of Knoxville, Tenn.—Arrival at Suez—My Visit to the U. S. Cruiser "New York"—The Urbanity of Captain Rogers—Suez Canal—Port Said—"Mal de Mer"—Marseilles to Paris—Across the English Channel to London. CHAPTER XXVIII 320 My First Visit to the Land of Wilberforce and Clarkson—Excursion on the Thames—Bank of England—Visited Towers of London—Beauchamp Tower With Its Sad Inscriptions—Arrival at New York—National Negro Business Men's League Convention at Chicago—Booker T. Washington President—Many Talented Business Men in Attendance. CHAPTER XXIX 327 Visit to President McKinley at Canton, Ohio—His Assassination at Buffalo—The Assassin Struck Down by James Parker—President's Death—The Nation in Tears—A Christian Statesman—A Lover of Justice—Crucial Epochs of Our Country's History, the Negro at the Fore. CHAPTER XXX 336 President Roosevelt—His Imperial Honesty—Ex-Governor Jones, of Alabama—Advance of Justice in Our Country—Status a Half-Century Ago—Theodore Parker's Arraignment—Eulogy by Ralph Waldo Emerson. CHAPTER XXXI 343 Booker T. Washington a Guest at the White House—Northern and Southern Press Comments—The Latter Not Typical of the Best Element of Southern Opinion. CHAPTER XXXII 361 Washington City, the American Mecca—Ante-room at the White House—The Diary of an Office Seeker—William, the Innocent—William, the Croker—Colored People of the District of Columbia—Colored Press of the District. CHAPTER XXXIII 269 Howard University—Public Schools—R. H. Terrell Appointed to a Judgship of the District—Unlettered Pioneers—Conclusions. ILLUSTRATIONS. 1. M. W. Gibbs Front. 2. Richard Allen 8 3. Wm. Lloyd Garrison 18 4. Frederick Douglass 32 5. Booker T. Washington 44 6. H. M. Turner 50 7. Geo. H. White 58 8. J. M. Langston 70 9. Abraham Lincoln 74 10. W. B. Derrick 80 11. Alexander Walters 92 12. H. P. Cheatham 104 13. Edward E. Cooper 118 14. Judson Lyons 128 15. Powell Clayton 140 16. P. B. S. Pinchback 149 17. A. H. Garland 158 18. J. A. Booker 172 19. I. G Ish 175 20. J. P. Green 183 21. P. L. Dunbar 199 22. B. K. Bruce 204 23. T. T. Fortune 210 24. W. A. Pledger 220 25. John C. Dancy 228 26. Abram Grant 253 27. J. E. Bush 263 28. J. P. Robinson 272 29. Martyrs 274 30. Chester W. Keatts 284 31. J. T. Settle 294 32. Justice Harlan 302 33. Charles W. Chestnut 312 34. William McKinley 327 35. James B. Parker 331 36. President Roosevelt 336 37. Secretary Cortelyou 341 38. W. Calvin Chase 367 39. R. H. Terrill 370 THE NEGRO IN THE SOUTH Being the William Levi Bull Lectures for the Year 1907 By Booker T. Washington And W.E. Burghardt Dubois CONTENTS I. The Economic Development of the Negro Race in Slavery By Booker T. Washington 7 II. The Economic Development of the Negro Race since its Emancipation By Booker T. Washington 43 III. The Economic Revolution in the South By W.E. Burghardt DuBois 77 IV. Religion in the South By W.E. Burghardt DuBois 123 Notes to Chapters III and IV 193 THE SOULS OF BLACK FOLK By W.E.B. Du Bois CONTENTS CHAPTER The Forethought I. Of Our Spiritual Strivings II. Of the Dawn of Freedom III. Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others IV. Of the Meaning of Progress V. Of the Wings of Atalanta VI. Of the Training of Black Men VII. Of the Black Belt VIII. Of the Quest of the Golden Fleece IX. Of the Sons of Master and Man X. Of the Faith of the Fathers XI. Of the Passing of the First-Born XII. Of Alexander Crummell XIII. Of the Coming of John XIV. Of the Sorrow Songs The Afterthought DARKWATER Voices from within the Veil By W.E.B. Du Bois CONTENTS POSTSCRIPT Credo I THE SHADOW OF YEAR A Litany at Atlanta II THE SOULS OF WHITE FOLK The Riddle of the Sphinx III THE HANDS OF ETHIOPIA The Princess of the Hither Isles IV OF WORK AND WEALTH The Second Coming V "THE SERVANT IN THE HOUSE" Jesus Christ in Texas VI OF THE RULING OF MEN The Call VII THE DAMNATION OF WOMEN Children of the Moon VIII THE IMMORTAL CHILD Almighty Death IX OF BEAUTY AND DEATH The Prayers of God X THE COMET A Hymn to the Peoples THE QUEST OF THE SILVER FLEECE By W.E.B. Du Bois 1911 CONTENTS Note from the Author One DREAMS Two THE SCHOOL Three MISS MARY TAYLOR Four TOWN Five ZORA Six COTTON Seven THE PLACE OF DREAMS Eight MR. HARRY CRESSWELL Nine THE PLANTING Ten MR. TAYLOR CALLS Eleven THE FLOWERING OF THE FLEECE Twelve THE PROMISE Thirteen MRS. GREY GIVES A DINNER Fourteen LOVE Fifteen REVELATION Sixteen THE GREAT REFUSAL Seventeen THE RAPE OF THE FLEECE Eighteen THE COTTON CORNER Nineteen THE DYING OF ELSPETH Twenty THE WEAVING OF THE SILVER FLEECE Twenty-one THE MARRIAGE MORNING Twenty-two MISS CAROLINE WYNN Twenty-three THE TRAINING OF ZORA Twenty-four THE EDUCATION OF ALWYN Twenty-five THE CAMPAIGN Twenty-six CONGRESSMAN CRESSWEL Twenty-seven THE VISION OF ZORA Twenty-eight THE ANNUNCIATION Twenty-nine A MASTER OF FATE Thirty THE RETURN OF ZORA Thirty-one A PARTING OF WAYS Thirty-two ZORA'S WAY Thirty-three THE BUYING OF THE SWAMP Thirty-four THE RETURN OF ALWYN Thirty-five THE COTTON MILL Thirty-six THE LAND Thirty-seven THE MOB Thirty-eight ATONEMENT THE NEGRO By W.E.B. Du Bois CONTENTS I AFRICA II THE COMING OF BLACK MEN III ETHIOPIA AND EGYPT IV THE NIGER AND ISLAM V GUINEA AND CONGO VI THE GREAT LAKES AND ZYMBABWE VII THE WAR OF RACES AT LAND'S END VIII AFRICAN CULTURE IX THE TRADE IN MEN X THE WEST INDIES AND LATIN AMERICA XI THE NEGRO IN THE UNITED STATES XII THE NEGRO PROBLEMS SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING MAPS The Physical Geography of Africa Ancient Kingdoms of Africa Races in Africa Distribution of Negro Blood, Ancient and Modern THE SUPPRESSION OF THE AFRICAN SLAVE-TRADE TO THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1638-1870 Volume I, Harvard Historical Studies 1896 CONTENTS CHAPTER I Introductory 1. Plan of the Monograph 9 2. The Rise of the English Slave-Trade 9 CHAPTER II The Planting Colonies 3. Character of these Colonies 15 4. Restrictions in Georgia 15 5. Restrictions in South Carolina 16 6. Restrictions in North Carolina 19 7. Restrictions in Virginia 19 8. Restrictions in Maryland 22 9. General Character of these Restrictions 23 CHAPTER III The Farming Colonies 10. Character of these Colonies 24 11. The Dutch Slave-Trade 24 12. Restrictions in New York 25 13. Restrictions in Pennsylvania and Delaware 28 14. Restrictions in New Jersey 32 15. General Character of these Restrictions 33 CHAPTER IV The Trading Colonies 16. Character of these Colonies 34 17. New England and the Slave-Trade 34 18. Restrictions in New Hampshire 36 19. Restrictions in Massachusetts 37 20. Restrictions in Rhode Island 40 21. Restrictions in Connecticut 43 22. General Character of these Restrictions 44 CHAPTER V The Period of the Revolution, 1774–1787 6 23. The Situation in 1774 45 24. The Condition of the Slave-Trade 46 25. The Slave-Trade and the "Association" 47 26. The Action of the Colonies 48 27. The Action of the Continental Congress 49 28. Reception of the Slave-Trade Resolution 51 29. Results of the Resolution 52 30. The Slave-Trade and Public Opinion after the War 53 31. The Action of the Confederation 56 CHAPTER VI The Federal Convention, 1787 32. The First Proposition 58 33. The General Debate 59 34. The Special Committee and the "Bargain" 62 35. The Appeal to the Convention 64 36. Settlement by the Convention 66 37. Reception of the Clause by the Nation 67 38. Attitude of the State Conventions 70 39. Acceptance of the Policy 72 CHAPTER VII Toussaint L'Ouverture and Anti-Slavery Effort, 1787–1807 40. Influence of the Haytian Revolution 74 41. Legislation of the Southern States 75 42. Legislation of the Border States 76 43. Legislation of the Eastern States 76 44. First Debate in Congress, 1789 77 45. Second Debate in Congress, 1790 79 46. The Declaration of Powers, 1790 82 47. The Act of 1794 83 48. The Act of 1800 85 49. The Act of 1803 87 50. State of the Slave-Trade from 1789 to 1803 88 51. The South Carolina Repeal of 1803 89 52. The Louisiana Slave-Trade, 1803–1805 91 53. Last Attempts at Taxation, 1805–1806 94 54. Key-Note of the Period 96 CHAPTER VIII The Period of Attempted Suppression, 1807–1825 7 55. The Act of 1807 97 56. The First Question: How shall illegally imported Africans be disposed of? 99 57. The Second Question: How shall Violations be punished? 104 58. The Third Question: How shall the Interstate Coastwise Slave-Trade be protected? 106 59. Legislative History of the Bill 107 60. Enforcement of the Act 111 61. Evidence of the Continuance of the Trade 112 62. Apathy of the Federal Government 115 63. Typical Cases 120 64. The Supplementary Acts, 1818–1820 121 65. Enforcement of the Supplementary Acts,1818–1825 126 CHAPTER IX The International Status of the Slave-Trade, 1783–1862 66. The Rise of the Movement against the Slave-Trade,1788–1807 133 67. Concerted Action of the Powers, 1783–1814 134 68. Action of the Powers from 1814 to 1820 136 69. The Struggle for an International Right of Search, 1820–1840 137 70. Negotiations of 1823–1825 140 71. The Attitude of the United States and the State of the Slave-Trade 142 72. The Quintuple Treaty, 1839–1842 145 73. Final Concerted Measures, 1842–1862 148 CHAPTER X The Rise of the Cotton Kingdom, 1820–1850 74. The Economic Revolution 152 75. The Attitude of the South 154 76. The Attitude of the North and Congress 156 77. Imperfect Application of the Laws 159 78. Responsibility of the Government 161 79. Activity of the Slave-Trade,1820–1850 163 CHAPTER XI The Final Crisis, 1850–1870 8 80. The Movement against the Slave-Trade Laws 168 81. Commercial Conventions of 1855–1856 169 82. Commercial Conventions of 1857–1858 170 83. Commercial Convention of 1859 172 84. Public Opinion in the South 173 85. The Question in Congress 174 86. Southern Policy in 1860 176 87. Increase of the Slave-Trade from 1850 to 1860 178 88. Notorious Infractions of the Laws 179 89. Apathy of the Federal Government 182 90. Attitude of the Southern Confederacy 187 91. Attitude of the United States 190 CHAPTER XII The Essentials in the Struggle 92. How the Question Arose 193 93. The Moral Movement 194 94. The Political Movement 195 95. The Economic Movement 195 96. The Lesson for Americans 196 APPENDICES A. A Chronological Conspectus of Colonial and State Legislation restricting the African Slave-Trade, 1641–1787 199 B. A Chronological Conspectus of State, National, and International Legislation, 1788–1871 234 C. Typical Cases of Vessels engaged in the American Slave-Trade, 1619–1864 306 D. Bibliography 316 INDEX 347 THE NEGRO IN THE SOUTH Being the William Levi Bull Lectures for the Year 1907 By Booker T. Washington Of the Tuskeegee Normal and Industrial Institute and W.E. Burghardt Dubois Of the Atlanta University CONTENTS I. The Economic Development of the Negro Race in Slavery By Booker T. Washington 7 II. The Economic Development of the Negro Race since its Emancipation By Booker T. Washington 43 III. The Economic Revolution in the South By W.E. Burghardt DuBois 77 IV. Religion in the South By W.E. Burghardt DuBois 123 Notes to Chapters III and IV 193 OUR WORLD: OR, THE SLAVEHOLDER'S DAUGHTER. By F. Colburn Adams 1855. CONTENTS PREFACE. CHAPTER I. MARSTON'S PLANTATION. CHAPTER II. HOW A NIGHT WAS SPENT ON MARSTON'S PLANTATION. CHAPTER III. THINGS ARE NOT SO BRIGHT AS THEY SEEM. CHAPTER IV. AN UNEXPECTED CONFESSION. CHAPTER V. THE MAROONING PARTY. CHAPTER VI. ANOTHER SCENE IN SOUTHERN LIFE. CHAPTER VII. "BUCKRA-MAN VERY UNCERTAIN." CHAPTER VIII. A CLOUD OF MISFORTUNE HANGS OVER THE PLANTATION. CHAPTER IX. WHO IS SAFE AGAINST THE POWER? CHAPTER X. ANOTHER SHADE OF THE PICTURE. CHAPTER XI. MRS. ROSEBROOK'S PROJECT. CHAPTER XII. ELDER PEMBERTON PRAISEWORTHY CHANGES HIS BUSINESS. CHAPTER XIII. A FATHER TRIES TO BE A FATHER. CHAPTER XIV. IN WHICH THE EXTREMES ARE PRESENTED. CHAPTER XV. A SCENE OF MANY LIGHTS. CHAPTER XVI. ANOTHER PHASE OF THE PICTURE. CHAPTER XVII. PLEASANT DEALINGS WITH HUMAN PROPERTY. CHAPTER XVIII. A NOT UNCOMMON SCENE SLIGHTLY CHANGED. CHAPTER XIX. THEY ARE ALL GOING TO BE SOLD. CHAPTER XX. LET US FOLLOW POOR HUMAN NATURE TO THE MAN SHAMBLES. CHAPTER XX. A FATHER'S TRIALS. CHAPTER XXI. WE CHANGE WITH FORTUNE. CHAPTER XXII. THE VICISSITUDES OF A PREACHER. CHAPTER XXIII. HOW WE MANUFACTURE POLITICAL FAITH. CHAPTER XXIV. MR. M'FADDEN SEES SHADOWS IN THE FUTURE. CHAPTER XXV. HOW THEY STOLE THE PREACHER. CHAPTER XXVI. COMPETITION IN HUMAN THINGS. CHAPTER XXVII. THE PRETTY CHILDREN ARE TO BE SOLD. CHAPTER XXVIII. NATURE SHAMES ITSELF. CHAPTER XXX. THE VISION OF DEATH HAS PAST. CHAPTER XXXI. A FRIEND IS WOMAN. CHAPTER XXXII. MARSTON IN PRISON. CHAPTER XXXIII. VENDERS OF HUMAN PROPERTY ARE NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS MENTAL CAPRICES. CHAPTER XXXIV. A COMMON INCIDENT SHORTLY TOLD. CHAPTER XXXV. THE CHILDREN ARE IMPROVING. CHAPTER XXXVI. WORKINGS OF THE SLAVE SYSTEM. CHAPTER XXXVII. AN ITEM IN THE COMMON CALENDAR. CHAPTER XXXVIII. IN WHICH REGRETS ARE SHOWN OF LITTLE WORTH. CHAPTER XXXIX. HOW WE SHOULD ALL BE FORGIVING. CHAPTER XL. CONTAINING VARIOUS MATTERS. CHAPTER XLI. NICHOLAS'S SIMPLE STORY. CHAPTER XLII. HE WOULD DELIVER HER FROM BONDAGE. CHAPTER XLIII. OTHER PHASES OF THE SUBJECT. CHAPTER XLIV. HOW DADDY BOB DEPARTED. CHAPTER XLV. HOW SLAVEHOLDERS FEAR EACH OTHER. CHAPTER XLVI. SOUTHERN ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE. CHAPTER XLVII. PROSPERITY THE RESULT OF JUSTICE. CHAPTER XLVIII. IN WHICH THE FATE OF FRANCONIA IS SEEN. CHAPTER XLIX. IN WHICH IS A SAD RECOGNITION. CHAPTER L. IN WHICH A DANGEROUS PRINCIPLE IS ILLUSTRATED. CHAPTER LI. A CONTINUATION OF THE LAST CHAPTER. CHAPTER LII. IN WHICH ARE PLEASURES AND DISAPPOINTMENTS. CHAPTER LIII. A FAMILIAR SCENE, IN WHICH PRINGLE BLOWERS HAS BUSINESS. CHAPTER LIV. IN WHICH ARE DISCOVERIES AND PLEASANT SCENES. CHAPTER LV. IN WHICH IS A HAPPY MEETING, SOME CURIOUS FACTS DEVELOPED, AND CLOTILDA'S HISTORY DISCLOSED. CHAPTER LVI. IN WHICH A PLOT IS DISCLOSED, AND THE MAN-SELLER MADE TO PAY THE PENALTY OF HIS CRIMES. THE JOURNAL OF NEGRO HISTORY VOL. I., No. 1 JANUARY, 1916 Edited By Carter G. Woodson CONTENTS Carter G. Woodson: The Negroes of Cincinnati Prior to the Civil War W. B. Hartgrove: The Story of Maria Louise Moore and Fannie M. Richards Monroe N. Work: The Passing Tradition and the African Civilization A. O. Stafford: The Mind of the African Negro as reflected in his Proverbs Documents: What the Negro was thinking during the Eighteenth Century. Letters showing the Rise and Progress of the early Negro Churches of Georgia and The West Indies. Reviews of Books: Steward's Haitian Revolution; Cromwell's The Negro in American History; Ellis's Negro Culture in West Africa; and Woodson's The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861. Notes VOL. I., NO. 2, APRIL, 1916 CONTENTS Kelly Miller: The Historic Background of the Negro Physician W. B. Hartgrove: The Negro Soldier in the American Revolution C. G. Woodson: Freedom and Slavery in Appalachian America A. O. Stafford: Antar, The Arabian Negro Warrior, Poet and Hero Documents: Eighteenth Century Slaves As Advertised By Their Masters; Learning a Modern Language; Learning to Read and Write; Educated Negroes; Slaves in Good Circumstances; Negroes Brought from The West Indies; Various Kinds of Servants; Negro Privateers and Soldiers Prior to The American Revolution; Relations Between the Slaves and the British During The Revolutionary War; Relations Between the Slaves And the French During The Colonial Wars; Colored Methodist Preachers Among the Slaves; Slaves in Other Professions; Close Relations of the Slaves and Indentured Servants. Reviews of Books: Dubois's The Negro; Roman's The American Civilization and the Negro; Henry's The Police Control of the Slave in South Carolina; Steward and Steward's Gouldtown. Notes How The Public Received The Journal Of Negro History Various Letters and Reviews VOL. I., NO. 3, JUNE, 1916 CONTENTS John H. Russell, Ph.D.: Colored Freemen as Slave Owners in Virginia John H. Paynter, A.M.: The Fugitives of the Pearl Benjamin Brawley: Lorenzo Dow Louis R. Mehlinger: The Attitude Of The Free Negro Toward African Colonization Documents: Transplanting Free Negroes to Ohio From 1815 to 1858: Blacks and Mulattoes, New Style Colonization, Freedom in a Free State, The Randolph Slaves, The Republic of Liberia. A Typical Colonization Convention: Convention of Free Colored People, Emigration of the Colored Race, Circular, Address to the Free Colored People of the State of Maryland, Proceedings of the Convention of Free Colored People of the State of Maryland Reviews of Books: Abel's The Slaveholding Indians. Volume I: As Slaveholder and Secessionist; George's The Political History of Slavery in the United States; Clark's The Constitutional Doctrines of Justice Harlan; Thompson's Reconstruction in Georgia, Economic, Social, Political, 1865--1872 Notes VOL. I., NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1916 CONTENTS C. E. Pierre: The Work of The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts among the Negroes in the Colonies Alice Dunbar-Nelson: People of Color in Louisiana, Part I William T. McKinney: The Defeat of the Secessionists in Kentucky in 1861 J. Kunst: Notes on Negroes in Guatemala During the Seventeenth Century; A Mulatto Corsair of the Sixteenth Century Documents: Travelers' Impressions of Slavery in America from 1750 to 1800: Burnaby's View of the Situation in Virginia; General Treatment of Slaves Among the Albanians--Consequent Attachment of Domestics.--Reflections on Servitude by an American Lady; Impressions of an English Traveler; Abbé Robin on Conditions in Virginia; Observations of St. John De Crèvecoeur; Impressions of Johann D. Schoepf; Extracts from Anburey's Travels Through North America; Vindication of The Negroes: A Controversy; Sur L'état Général, Le Genre D'industrie, Les Moeurs, Le Caractère, Etc. Des Noirs, Dans Les États-unis; Slavery as Seen by Henry Wansey; Esclavage Par La Rochefoucauld-liancourt; Observations Sur L'esclavage Par La Rochefoucauld-liancourt; What Isaac Weld Observed in Slave States; John Davis's Thoughts on Slavery; Observations of Robert Sutcliff; Some Letters of Richard Allen and Absalom Jones to Dorothy Ripley; Letter from an African Minister, Resident in Philadelphia Addressed to Dorothy Ripley. Letter from an African, resident in Philadelphia, to Dorothy Ripley Reviews of Books: Clayton's The Aftermath of the Civil War, in Arkansas; Evans's Black and White in the Southern States; Sayers's Samuel Coleridge-Taylor--Musician. His Life and Letters; Bailey's Race Orthodoxy in the South and Other Aspects of the Negro Problem; Notes INDEX TO VOLUME I. Abel, A. H. II, The Slaveholding Indians of, reviewed, 339 African Mind, The, 42 Aftermath of the Civil War, The, reviewed, 444 Albany, a state convention of Colored people at, 293; slavery at, 400 Allen, Richard, letter of, 436 American Colonization Society opposed by free Negroes, 276 American lady, an, on the treatment of slaves, 400 Anburey, travels through North America, quoted, 407 Anderson, Martha E., a teacher in Ohio, 19 Andrew, one of the first Negroes to teach in Charleston, 352 Angus, Judith, the will of, 238 Antar, the Arabian Negro Warrior, Poet and Hero, 151 Arming the slaves, urged in South Carolina, 121; in Virginia, 119; in Rhode Island, 119; in Massachusetts, 120; in New York, 120 Astor, John Jacob, grandson of, aided slaves to purchase freedom, 252 Attitude of the Free People of Color toward African Colonization, 276 Auchmutty, Rev. Mr., took up the work of Elias Neau, 358 Augusta, Dr. A. T., studied medicine at Toronto, 105; surgeon in the Civil War, 107 Augusta, Negroes at the siege of, 117 Bacon, Rev. Thomas, favored the instruction of Negroes, 350 Ball, Thomas, a colored photographer, 20 Baltimore, George, on colonization, 297 Baltimore, meeting to protest against African colonization, 279; another colonization meeting in 1831, 238; a divided meeting, 298; A Typical Colonization Meeting, 318 Bancroft, tribute to Negro troops, 129 "Baptists, Emancipating," 143 Barclay, Rev. T., instructed Negroes at Albany, 358 Bartow, Rev. Mr., baptized Negroes, 355 Beckett, Rev. Mr., instructed Negroes, 355 Beech, Rev. J., baptized Negroes, 359 Beecham, Mrs., teacher of Negroes in Fredericksburg, 24 Beecher, Henry Ward, aided slaves to purchase freedom, 254 Berea College in anti-slavery centre, 149 Bienville, exchanged Indians for Negroes, 362; code of, 365; Negro troops under, 371 Bigham, J. A., review of Du Bois's The Negro, 217 Birney, James G., editor of The Philanthropist destroyed by mob, 8 Black and White in the Southern States, reviewed, 437 Black Laws of Ohio, 2, 3, 4; repeal of 16 Black master, the existence of, 235-236 Blackburn, Miss Lucy, taught in Cincinnati, 19 Border States, position of, in 1861, 371 Boré, de Etienne, learned to granulate sugar, 375; the effects of the discovery, 375-376 Boston, anti-colonization meetings at, 284, 292 Bowen, Nathaniel, on colonization, 298 Boyd, Henry, a successful Negro business man prior to 1860, 21 Brawley, Benjamin, Lorenzo Dow, 265 Bray, Rev. Thomas, work of, among Negroes, 353-354; "The Associates" of, 354 "Breckinridge Democrats," in control of Kentucky, 379 Breckinridge, John, views of, 377, 378, 379 Breacroft, Dr., appeal of, in behalf of the enlightenment of the Negroes, 352 Brissot de Warville, J. P., on the condition of the slaves, 419 Brooklyn, anti-colonization meeting of, 285 Brown County, Ohio, Negroes in, 302 Brown, William Wells, an occasional physician, 106 Bryan, Andrew, letters of, 87 Buckner, S. B., joined the Confederates, 390 Calhoun, John C., refuted by Dr. James McCune Smith, 104 Casas, De las, on slavery, 361-362 Casey, Wm. R., a teacher, 19 Casor, John, a slave, 234 Cesar, cure of, 101-102 Channing, offered to aid the defense of Daniel Drayton, 251 Charleston, missionary efforts at, among Negroes, 350-352; attitude of Negroes of, toward colonization, 280-281 Charlton, Rev. Mr., a teacher of Negroes in New York, 358 Chase, Salmon P., desired to aid Daniel Drayton, 251 Chastellux, Marquis de, his observations of Negro troops, 128 critical examination of the travels of, 419 Chatham, the attitude of the Negroes of, toward colonization, 300 Chickasaws, fought with Negroes in Louisiana, 370 Chouchas, fought with Negroes in Louisiana, 369, 370 Choctaws, Negroes' troubles with, in Louisiana, 371 Cimarrones, in Guatemala, 393-394 Cincinnati, The Negroes of, Prior to 1861, 1; Lane Seminary students opposed slavery, 7-8, 10-11, 12; Negro churches of, 11 progress of the Negroes of, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13; anti-colonization meetings of, 289, 293, 294; Negroes excluded from public schools of, 17-18 Clark, F. B., The Constitutional Doctrines of Justice Harlan, 342 Clark, Jonathan, letters of, 79, 82 Clark, Peter H., a teacher in Ohio, 19 Clay, Henry, asked to head the anti-slavery societies of Kentucky, 144 Clayton, Powell, The Aftermath of the Civil War of, reviewed, 444 Cleveland, anti-colonization meeting of, 292 Clinton, Sir Henry, appeal of, to Negroes, 116 proclamation of, 116 Code Noir, quoted, 365 Coffin, Joshua, aided fugitives to Northwest Territory, 146 Colgan, Rev. Mr., taught Negroes in New York, 358 Colonization, African, opposed, 279; supported, 280-282 Color, People of, in Louisiana, 362 Colored Freemen as Slave Owners in Virginia, 233 Columbia, anti-colonization meeting of, 287 Columbus, Negroes of, opposed to colonization, 292, 293 Conrad, Rufus, a preacher in Ohio, 20 Cook, Rev. Joseph, letter of, 69 Cooke, Stephen, letter of, 77 Cookes, moved from Fredericksburg to Detroit, 26 Cooper, Phil, chattel of his free wife, 240 Corbic, W. J., a teacher of Ohio, 19 Cornish, Samuel, opposed colonization, 294 Cornwallis, Ft., garrisoned by Negroes, 117 Corsair, a mulatto, 397 Creole, definition of, 366-368 Crittenden, John J., advocated neutrality, 383; letter of, to General Scott, 387 Crittenden, Thomas L., stood with the Union, 391 Cromwell, John W., The Negro in American History of, reviewed, 94 Crozat, Anthony, traffic of, in slaves, 362 Crummell, Alexander, on colonization, 296 Cutler, Rev. Dr., admitted Negroes to his congregation at Boston, 359 Dabney, Austin, remarkable soldier and man, 129-131 Dahomey, speech of the king of, 65 D'Alone, a supporter of Dr. Bray, 353 Davis, Garrett, letter of, to General MeClellan, 381 Davis, John, thoughts on slavery, 434 Dayton, meeting at, to promote colonization, 298 De Baptiste, Richard, attended school at Fredericksburg, 22; moved to Detroit, 22; a preacher, 29 Debern, Magdelaine, lawsuit of, 366 De Grasse, John V., student at Bowdoin, 105 Delany, M. R., studied at Harvard, 105; physician at Pittsburgh, 106; news on African colonization, 296; sent to Africa, 300 Depression of Louisiana, 375-376. Derham, James, a Negro physician, 103 Detroit, attitude of, toward Negroes, 27; the question of fugitives in, 27; measures unfavorable to colored people, 28; progress of the Negroes of, 29 Diggs, Judson, betrayed the fugitives of the Pearl, 247 Don Quixote, quoted, 43 Dorsey, Thomas, opposed colonization, 282 Dotty, Duane, Miss Fannie M. Richards's first superintendent of schools, 31 Douglass, Frederick, opposed to colonization, 295; controversy of, with the National Council, 300 Dove, Dr., owner of James Derham, 103 Dow, Lorenzo, journeys of, 266; writings of, discussed, 271; attitude of, toward slavery, 273 Drayton, Daniel, in charge of the Pearl, 245 Drummond, Henry, quoted, 42 Du Bois, The Negro of, reviewed, 217 Dunbar-Nelson, Alice, People of Color in Louisiana of, 361 Dunmore, Lord, issued proclamation of freedom to loyal Negroes, 115 Dyson, Walter, review of, of Ellis's Negro Culture in West Africa, 95; of Gouldtown, 221 East, the attitude of, toward the West, 119 Edmondson children, the, 243; family tree of, 261 Edmondson, Hamilton, sold in New Orleans, 253 Edmondson, Richard, heroic efforts of, 248 Edmondson, Samuel, married Delia Taylor, 256 Education of the Negroes in Cincinnati, 6, 10 Education, The, of the Negro Prior to 1861, reviewed, 96 Edwards, Mrs., taught Negroes in South Carolina, 350-351 Effect of slaveholding in Louisiana, 368 Eighteenth Century Slaves as advertised by their Masters, 163 Ellis, Geo. W., Negro Culture in West Africa of, reviewed, 95 Emancipating Baptists in Kentucky, 143 Emancipation, the, and the arming of slaves, urged, 119 English, Chester, sailor on the Pearl, 246 Enlisting Negroes in the American Revolution, 112, 113, 114; considered by a council of war, 114; urged and allowed, 117 Ermana, a slave owned by her husband, 241 Erroneous opinions concerning the Negro, 34 Essadi Abdurrahman, a writer of the Sudan, 41 Essays on Negro slavery, 49, 54 Established Church of England, the ministrations of, 349 Ethiopia, ruled Egypt, 37 Evans, M. S., Black and White in Southern States of, reviewed, 437 Fausett, Jessie, review of, of T. G. Steward's Haitian Revolution, 93; of A. H. Abel's The Slaveholding Indians, 339 Ferguson, Joseph, a physician, 103 Fleet, Dr., educated in Washington, 105 Fleetwood, Bishop, urged the proselyting of Negroes, 350 Foote, John P., his opinion of Negroes, 19 Foote, Senator, effect of the speech of, at the Louis-Phillipe celebration, 245 Foster, James, opposed to colonization, 290 Free Negroes, power of, to manumit limited, 241-242; transplanted to free soil, 302; litigation concerning, in Louisiana, 368; aristocracy of, 395 Free Soilers attacked "Black Laws" of Ohio, 16 Freedman, a rich one of Guatemala, 395 Freedom in a Free State, 311 "Friends of Humanity" organized in Kentucky, 144 Frink, Rev. Mr., toiled among Negroes of Augusta, 354 Fugitives, going to the Northwest Territory, 1; from British territory to Michigan, 27 Fugitives of the Pearl, The, 243 Fuller, Betsey, owned her husband, 241 Gage, Thomas, quoted, on Negroes in Guatemala, 392-398 Gaines, John L., secured writ to obtain fund for colored schools, 17 Galvez, Governor of Louisiana, who employed Negro troops, 374 Garden, Commissary, opened a colored school in Charleston, 352 Garrison, Wm. L., effects of the radicalism of, 146 Gazzan, Dr. Joseph, teacher of M. R. Delany, 106 Gens de couleur libres, 365-366 George, James Z., The. Political History of Slavery of, reviewed, 340 Georgia, rise and progress of Negro Churches, 69; Negroes with the British in, 116, 117; Reconstruction in Georgia, reviewed, 343; missionary work in, 354 Germans, crowded the Negroes out in Cincinnati, 5; in Appalachian America, 133-134 Gibson, Bishop, address of, in behalf of Negroes, 352 Giddings, Joshua, motion for an inquiry into the detention of fugitives, 250-251 Gilmore High School founded, 19 Goldsmith, Samuel, deposition of, 234 Gordon, Robert, a successful business man, 21-22 Gordon, Virginia Ann, daughter and heir of Robert Gordon, 22 Graydon, referred to Negro troops, 129 Greeks, acquainted with Ethiopia, 39 Greene, General, learned that the British would enlist Negroes, 115 Grimké, Thomas, letter of, referred to, 281 Gromes, Frank, purchased his relatives, 239 Guy, Rev. Mr., baptized Negroes in South Carolina, 352 Haigue, Mrs., taught Negroes in South Carolina, 351 Haitian Revolution, The, reviewed, 93 Hale, Senator, offered resolutions concerning the fugitives of the Pearl, 251 Hall, Rev. C., admitted Negroes to his church in North Carolina, 353 Hamilton, Alexander, urged the emancipation and arming of slaves, 118; letter of, on conditions in South Carolina, 121 Hancock, John, member of the committee that opposed the enlistment of Negroes,-- Hanson, Roger W., went with the South, 390 Harlan, J. M., Constitutional Doctrines of, reviewed, 342 Harlan, Robert, once a man of considerable wealth, 20 Harris, Dr., opinion of, of Negro troops, 128 Harry, one of the first Negro teachers in America, 352 Hartford, anti-slavery meeting at, 286 Hartgrove, W. B., The Negro Soldier in the American Revolution of, 110 Hawkins, Peter, emancipated slaves, 240 Healing art among Negroes, 101-102 Henrico County, Virginia, records, 237 Henry, H. M., Police Control of the Slave in South Carolina of, reviewed, 219 Henry, Patrick, influence of, in the uplands, 138 Hildreth, Richard, offered Daniel Drayton aid, 251 Hill, James H., statement of, 239 Historic Background of the Negro Physician, 99 Holly, James Theodore, position on African colonization, 300 Honyman, Rev. Mr., had Negroes in his congregation, 360 Hopkins, Samuel, urged the emancipation and arming of slaves, 118 How the Public received the Journal of Negro History, 225 Howe, Samuel, offered aid to Daniel Drayton, 251 Hubbard, Dr., a friend of Negro education, 107 Huddlestone, Rev. Mr., a successor of Neau, 358 Humboldt, Alex. Von, Observations on Negroes, 393 Hunt, Rev. Mr., had a Negro under probation, 352 Huntsville, Alabama, Negroes of, for colonization, 282 Husting Court of Richmond, a lawsuit in, to obtain freedom, 238 Iben Khaldun, a writer of Arabia, quoted, 39 Illinois, attitude of Negroes in, toward colonization, 300 Immigration of Negroes into Ohio, 2, 4; opposition to, aroused, 4 Impressions of an English traveler, 404 Indiana, Negroes took up land in, 8; attitude of Negroes of, toward African colonization, 300 Insurrections in Louisiana, 370, 376 Irish, crowded out the Negroes of Cincinnati, 5; the Scotch-Irish in the West, 133, 135 Iron first smelted by Negroes, 36-37 Jackson, George W., manager of Robert Gordon's estate, 22 Jacob, R. T., offered resolutions for mediatorial neutrality, 384 Jefferson County, Ohio, free Negroes of, 304 Jefferson, Thomas, influence of, on frontier, 138 Jenny, Dr., worked among Negroes, 355 Johnson, Anthony, a Negro owning slaves, 234-236 Johnson, Jerome A., remembered Judson Diggs, 247 Johnson, Rev. Mr., baptized Negroes at Stratford, 359 Jones, Absalom, letter of, --; mentioned by Dow, 274; opposed colonization, 277 Jones, David A., deposition of, 238-239 Jones, S. Wesley, letter of, quoted, 281 Kearsley, John, master of James Derham, 103 Kemps Landing, Negroes in battle of, 115 Kench, Thomas, wanted Negroes in separate regiments, 120 Kentucky, "Emancipating Baptists" of, 143 anti-slavery Presbyterians in, 143 neutrality of, 383 dangerous policy of, 385 Knight and Bell, Negro contractors in Cincinnati, 20 Kunst. J., Notes on the Negroes in Guatemala in the Seventeenth Century, 392 Lannon, W. D., joined the Confederates, 390 Laurens, John, urged the arming of slaves, 118 Law, John, schemes of, 362-363 Lawrence County, Ohio, Negroes in, 4, 306 Lawrence, Samuel, Negroes under, behaved well, 112, 113 Lecky, tribute of, to Negro troops, 129 Lees, migrated to Detroit, 24, 26 Leile, George, letters of, 80, 81, 84 Lemoyne, Dr. Francis J., teacher of M. R. Delany, 106 Letters on slavery by a Negro, 60; letters showing the rise and progress of Negro Churches in Georgia and the West Indies, 69 Lewiston, Pennsylvania, anti-colonization meeting of, 287 Liberia, the Republic of, discussed, 313 Lincoln, a desire of, for the support of Kentucky, 377, 384 Lindsay, Rev. Mr., baptized Negroes in New Jersey, 355 Locke, Rev. Richard, baptized Negroes in Pennsylvania, 355 Longworth, Nicholas, aided colored schools of Cincinnati, 19 Louis-Philippe, the expulsion of, celebrated in Washington, 244 Louisiana, prostration of, 374-375; relieved somewhat by Negro refugees, 375 Lowth, Bishop, urged the conversion of Negroes, 350 Lundy, Benjamin, work of, in Tennessee, 145 Lutherans, in the West, 134 Lyell, Sir Charles, on the Negroes of Cincinnati, 18 Lyme, anti-colonization meeting of, 286 Madison, James, urged the emancipation and arming of slaves, 118 Magoffin, Governor, tried to aid the Secessionists in Kentucky, 382 Mann, Horace, offered to aid Daniel Drayton, 251 Manumission Society of Tennessee, 145 Marshall, Abraham, letters of, 77, 78, 85 Marshall, Humphrey, views of, 377, 384 Maryland, the enlistment of Negroes in, 120 Maryville, Tennessee, favorable to Negroes, 147-149 Massachusetts, arming the slaves in, 120 May, Samuel, helped to furnish defense for Daniel Drayton, 251 McSparran, conducted a class of Negroes, 359 Mehlinger, Louis R., The Attitude of the Free Negro toward African Colonization of, 276 Mennonites in the West, 134 Mercer County, Ohio, Negroes in, 9, 306 Middletown, anti-colonization meeting at, 286 Migration of Negroes, West Indian, 370-371; to the Northwest Territory, 1 Miller, Kelly, The Historic Background of the Negro Physician, 99 Monmouth, Negroes in the battle of, 129 Moore, Edwin, father of Maria Louise Moore, 23 Moore, Maria Louise, her struggles and triumphs, 23 Moral Religious Manumission Society of West Tennessee, 145 Moravians, in the mountains, 134 Morris, Robert, Jr., offered to aid Daniel Drayton, 251 Mountaineers, attitude of, toward slavery, 147; their efforts to elevate the slaves, 148, 149, 150; supported the Union, 149, 150; aided the Underground Railroad, 146; attitude of, toward the American Colonization Society, 146 Mulatto corsair, a, 397 Mundin, William, declaration of, 238 Nantucket, anti-colonization meeting at, 288 Natchez, Negroes captured by, 370 National Council, 299-300 Neau, Elias, work of, 356-358; supposed connection with Negro riot, 357 Negro, The, in American History, reviewed, 94; Negro Culture in West Africa, reviewed, 95; Negro Soldiers in the American Revolution, 110; What the Negro was thinking in the Eighteenth Century, 49 Negroes, contribution of, to civilization, 36; Notes on the Negroes of Guatemala in the Seventeenth Century, 392 Neill, Rev. Mr., preached to Negroes at Dover, 355 Neutrality in Kentucky, 383, 385; became dangerous policy, 385; abandoned, 389 New Bedford, anti-colonization meeting at, 293 New England, work among Negroes of, 359 New Hampshire, the enlistment of Negroes in, 120 New Jersey, teaching Negroes in, 355 New York, the enlistment of Negroes in, 120; instruction of Negroes in, 356; anti-colonization meetings of, 285, 288, 289 Newman, Rev. Mr., worked among Negroes, 353 North Carolina, slavery in, 142 Northampton County, Virginia, records of black masters, 237 Ohio, Negroes owned land in, 8-9; "Black Laws" of, 4; Law of 1849, 12; Negroes transplanted to, 302; protest against, 308; Negroes an issue in the Constitutional Convention of, 4 Ordinance of 1787, interpretation of, 377 "Othello," letters of, on slavery, 49-60 Otis, James, influence of, in the uplands, 138 Palomeque, a hard master, 396 Parham, William, a teacher of Negroes, 19 Park, Dr. R. E., review of Race Orthodoxy of, 439 Patoulet, M., decision of, 366 Patterson, Senator, speech at Louis-Philippe celebration, 245 Payne, Daniel A., on colonization, 296 Pearl, The Fugitives of, 246 Pelhams moved to Detroit, 26, 29 Pennington, J. W. C., opposed colonization, 293 People of Color in Louisiana, 361 Perier, Governor, fought Indians with Negroes 368, 369; tribute to Negroes Philadelphia, anti-colonization meetings of, 277, 279; Convention of Free People of Color at, 290, 291 Philanthropist, The, office of, destroyed, 8 Physicians, Negro, the number of, 107 Piatt, James W., efforts with Cincinnati mob, 14 Pittsburgh, anti-colonization meetings of, 287, 292 Pittsylvania County, Virginia, Negroes from, 4 Point Bridge, Negro soldiers behaved well at battle of, 129 Political History of Slavery, The, by James Z. George, reviewed, 340 Political theories of Appalachian America, discussed, 129 Polk, invaded Kentucky, 390 Prejudice against the colored people in Cincinnati, 12-13 Presbyterians, anti-slavery, in Kentucky, 143 Pressly, J., a colored photographer, 20 Prince William County, Virginia, a Negro of, owned his family, 241 Professions, Negroes in, 99-101 Protests against African colonization, 277-296 Providence, anti-colonization meeting of, 293 Pugh, Rev. Mr., baptized Negroes in Pennsylvania, 355 Puritan, attitude of, toward Negro, 359 Purvis, Dr. Charles B., a Negro surgeon in the Civil War, 107 Quakers, interested in colonizing Negroes in the Northwest, 3; work of, among Negroes of Appalachian America, 133, 134 Quickly, Mary, owner of slaves, 238 Race Orthodoxy in the South, reviewed, 447 Racial characteristics on the frontier, 135 Racial elements in Appalachian America, 133 Radford, James, sold a Negro, 238 Radford, George, purchased a Negro woman, 238 Ramsey's estimate of Negroes lost to British, 116 Randolph, John, the slaves of, sent to Ohio, 308, 310, 311, 312 Ransford, Rev. Mr., baptized Negroes in North Carolina, 353 Redpath, James, appointed commissioner of emigration of Haiti, 300 Richards, Adolph, came to Fredericksburg for his health, 23; married Maria Louise Moore, 23 Richards, Fannie M., studied in Toronto, 30; taught in Detroit, 31 Richmond, meeting of, to denounce the American Colonization Society, 277 Rider, Sidney, opinion of the services of Negro troops, 128 Ripley, Dorothy, letters received, 436 Riots, in Cincinnati, in 1836, 8; in 1841, 13-16; in New York, 357 Robert, M., decision of, with reference to Negroes, 366 Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, "l'esclavage" of, 430 Rochester, anti-colonization meeting of, 293 Roman, C. V., The American Civilization of, reviewed, 218 Ross, Rev. G., commended Mr. Yeates for work among Negroes, 354, 355 Rumford, Rev. Mr., baptized Negroes, 353 Rush, Benjamin, talks with James Derham, 103 Rutledge, Governor, freed a slave for his valor in battle, 129 Ryall, Anne, teacher in Cincinnati, 19 St. John de Crèvecoeur, observations of, 404 Salem, Peter, killed Major Pitcairn, 112 Sanderson, Bishop, urged the instruction of Negroes, 350 Sankore, the university of, 40 Savannah, a freedman of, favored colonization, 280 Sayers, Captain, owner of the Pearl, 246 Sayers, W. Berwick, Samuel Coleridge-Taylorof, reviewed, 438 Sayre, Rev. J., instructed Negroes, 358 Schoepf, Johann D., impressions of, 405 Schuyler, M., opposed the instruction of Negroes, 359 Secession in Kentucky, 377, 378, 385, 389, 390 Secker, Bishop, appeal in behalf of the enlightenment of Negroes, 352 Seward, W. H., offered to aid in defending Daniel Drayton, 251 Sewell, Samuel, endeavored to aid Daniel Drayton when accused, 251 Shelby County, Ohio, Negroes in, 309 Shelton, Rev. Wallace, a preacher of Cincinnati, 20 Simon, a Negro officer in Louisiana, 391 Simon, the Negro doctor, 102 Simpson, Henry, a preacher in Ohio, 20 Slaveholding Indians, The, reviewed, 339 Slavery, in North Carolina, 142; in Western Virginia, 142; in Tennessee, 143; in Kentucky, 144 Slaves of the 18th century, learning a modern language, 164; learning to read and write, 175; educated ones, 185; in good circumstances, 189; brought from the West Indies, 191; various kinds of servants, 194; relations between the Negroes and the British during the Revolution, 200; relations between the blacks and the French, 201; colored Methodist preachers among the slaves, 202; slaves in other professions, 205; close relations of the slaves and indentured servants, 206 Smith, Dr. James McCune, physician in New York, 104; opposed to colonization, 293 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, organized, 349 work of, 350 Songhay, empire of, discussed, 41 South Carolina, the enlistment of Negroes in, 122; Hamilton's letter on, 121-122; resolutions of Congress concerning, 123-124; efforts to instruct Negroes of, 350-352 Spaniards, attitude of, toward slavery, 361 Stafford, A. O., African Proverbs and Antar of, 42, 151 Stephenson, John W., views of, 378 Steward, T. G., The Haitian Revolution of, reviewed, 93; Gouldtown of, reviewed, 221 Steward, Rev. Mr., found a colored school in North Carolina, 354 Story of a Negro cook, 372 of a Negro blacksmith, 372 Stoupe, Rev. Mr., instructed Negroes in New Rochelle, 358 Stowe, H. B., inquiry of, 295 Sturgeon, Rev. W., taught Negroes in Philadelphia, 355 Sudan, the kingdoms of, 37 Sumner, Alphonso, on African colonization, 297 Sutcliff, Robert, observations of, 434 Swigle, Thomas Nichols, the letters of, 85, 88 Taylor, Dr., educated in Washington, 105 Taylor, Mr. Charles, instructed blacks in New York, 358 Taylor, Rev. E., a missionary in South Carolina, 351; report of, 351 Taylor, Samuel Coleridge-, Life of, reviewed, 446 Tennessee, Manumission Society of, 144; Moral Religious Manumission Society of West Tennessee, 144 Thomas, General, urged the enlistment of Negro troops, 117, 129 Thomas, Rev. Mr., taught Negroes in South Carolina, 350 Thompson, C. M., Reconstruction in Georgia of, reviewed, 343 Tilley, Virginia C., a teacher, 19 Timbuctoo, the university of, 40 Trades Unions against Negroes, 12 Traveler's Impressions of Slavery in America from 1750 to 1800, 399 Trenton, anti-colonization meeting, 288 Typical Colonization Convention, A, 318 Underground Railroad, in the mountains, 146 Union cause in Kentucky, the, 380, 391 Usher, Rev. J., mentioned Negroes desiring baptism, 359 Vandroffen, Petrus, opposed the education of Negroes, 359 Vesey, Rev. Mr., interested in the Negroes of New York, 356 Vindication of Negroes, 408 Virginia, laws of, to prohibit the education of Negroes, 119; slavery in the western part of, 142; colored freemen as slave owners in, 233 Wansey, Henry, on slavery, 427 Warden, D. B., observations of, 3 Warren, John, a preacher in Ohio, 8 Washington, Augustus, attitude of, toward emigration, 297 Washington, Booker T., note on, 98 Washington, George, on the enlistment of Negroes, 113, 115, 125 Wattles, Augustus, induced Negroes to go to Ohio, 8 Webster, Daniel, petition of, 241 Weld, Isaac, observations of, 432 West, Dr., master of James Derham, 103 West Indian migration, 370, 371 West, Reuben, a black master, 239 Whigs attacked "Black Laws" of Ohio, 16 Whitbeck, teacher of a colored school in Detroit, 31 White, Dr. Thomas J., student at Bowdoin, 105 Whitfield, James, defended the National Council, 300 Whitmore, Rev. Mr., taught Negroes in New York, 358 Wilcox, Samuel T., a wealthy Negro of Cincinnati, 20 Wilkins, Charles T., testimonial of, 32 Wilkins, William D., assisted Miss Fannie M. Richards, 31 Williams, Rev. Peter, troubles of, in New York, 288 Wilmington, anti-colonization meeting at, 284 Wilson, Bishop, urged the instruction of Negroes, 352 Wing, Mr., taught Negroes in Cincinnati, 7 Wood, Jannette, manumitted by her mother, 240 Woodson, C. G., The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, reviewed, 96; Freedom and Slavery in Appalachian America, 132 Wright, Theodore, antagonistic to colonization, 294 Yeates, Rev. Mr., endeavored to instruct Negroes, 354 THE JOURNAL OF NEGRO HISTORY VOLUME II. 1917 CONTENTS VOLUME II. 1917— NO. 2 Slavery and the Slave Trade in Africa Jerome Dowd The Negro in the Field of Invention Henry E. Baker Anthony Benezet C. G. Woodson People of Color in Louisiana - Part II Alice Dunbar-Nelson Notes on Connecticut as a Slave State Documents Letters of Anthony Benezet Reviews of Books Notes VOL II—APRIL, 1917—NO. 2 Evolution of Slave Status in American Democracy - I John M. Mecklin John Woolman's Efforts in Behalf of Freedom G. David Houston The Tarik É Soudan A. O. Stafford From a Jamaica Portfolio T. H. MacDermot Notes on the Nomolis of Sherbroland Walter L. Edwin Documents Observations on the Negroes of Louisiana The Conditions against which Woolman and Anthony Benezet Inveighted Book Reviews Notes Vol II—JULY, 1917—NO. 3 Formation of American Colonization Society Henry Noble Sherwood, Ph.D Evolution of Slave Status in American Democracy - II John M. Mecklin History of High School for Negroes in Washington Mary Church Terrell The Danish West Indies Leila Amos Pendleton Documents Relating to the Danish West Indies Reviews of Books Notes African Origin of Grecian Civilization VOL. II—OCTOBER, 1917—No. 4 Some Historical Errors of James Ford Rhodes John R. Lynch The Struggle of Haiti and Liberia for Recognition Charles H. Wesley Three Negro Poets Benjamin Brawley Catholics and the Negro Joseph Butsch Documents Letters of George Washington Bearing on the Negro Petition for Compensation for the Loss of Slaves An Extract from the Will of Robert Pleasants Proceedings of a Reconstruction Meeting Reviews of Books Notes The First Biennial Meeting of the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History at Washington THE JOURNAL OF NEGRO HISTORY VOLUME III. 1918 CONTENTS VOL. III.-JANUARY, 1918-NO. 1 The Story of Josiah Henson W. B. Hartgrove Elizabeth Barrett Browning and the Negro Benjamin Brawley Palmares: The Negro Numantia Charles E. Chapman Slavery in California Delilah L. Beasley Documents California Freedom Papers Thomas Jefferson's Thoughts on the Negro Some Undistinguished Negroes Book Reviews Notes VOL. III.-APRIL, 1918-NO. 2 Benjamin Banneker Henry E. Baker George Liele and Andrew Bryan John W. Davis Fifty Years of Howard University - Part I Dwight O. W. Holmes Historical Errors of James Ford Rhodes John R. Lynch Documents Letters of Governor Edward Coles Some Undistinguished Negroes Book Reviews Notes VOL. III,-JULY, 1918-NO. 3 Slavery in Kentucky Ivan E. McDougle Book Reviews Notes VOL. III.-OCTOBER, 1918-NO. 4 Beginnings of Miscegenation of Whites and Blacks Carter G. Woodson Gerrit Smith's Effort in Behalf of Negroes Zita Dyson The Buxton Settlement in Canada Fred Landon Fifty Years of Howard University - Part II Dwight O. W. Holmes Documents What the Framers of the Federal Constitution Thought of the Negro Some Undistinguished Negroes Book Reviews Notes THE JOURNAL OF NEGRO HISTORY VOLUME IV. 1919 CONTENTS VOL. IV.-JANUARY, 1919-NO. 1 Primitive Law and the Negro Roland G. Usher Lincoln's Plan for Colonizing Negroes Charles H. Wesley Lemuel Haynes W. H. Morse The Anti-Slavery Society of Canada Fred Landon Documents Benjamin Franklin and Freedom Proceedings of a Mississippi Migration Convention in 1879 How the Negroes were Duped Remarks on this Exodus by Federick Douglass The Senate Report on the Exodus of 1879 Some Undistinguished Negroes Book Reviews Notes VOL. IV.-APRIL, 1919-NO. 2 The Conflict and Fusion of Cultures Robert E. Park The Company of Royal Adventurers George F. Zook Book Reviews Notes VOL. IV.-JULY, 1919-NO. 3 Negroes in the Confederate Army Charles H. Wesley Legal Status of Negroes in Tennessee William Lloyd Imes Negro Life and History in our Schools C. G. Woodson Grégoire's Sketch of Angelo Solimann F. Harrison Hough Documents Letters of Negro Migrants of 1916-1918 Book Reviews Notes VOL. IV.-OCTOBER, 1919-NO. 4 Labor Conditions in Jamaica Prior to 1917 E. Ethelred Brown The Life of Charles B. Ray M. N. Work The Slave in Upper Canada W. R. Riddell Documents Notes on Slavery in Canada Additional Letters of Negro Migrants of 1916-1918 Book Reviews Notes Biennial Meeting of Association THE JOURNAL OF NEGRO HISTORY VOLUME V. 1920 CONTENTS VOL. V.-JANUARY, 1920-NO. 1 The Negro In Education Loretta Funke Negro Migration to Canada Fred Landon Richard Hill Frank Cundall Negroes and Indians in Massachusetts C. G. Woodson Documents Book Reviews Notes VOL. V.-APRIL, 1920-NO. 2 Negro Public School System in Missouri Henry Sullivan Williams Religious Education David Henry Sims Aftermath of Nat Turner's Insurrection John W. Cromwell Documents Correspondence Book Reviews Notes VOL. V.-JULY, 1920-NO. 3 The Slave in Canada William Renwick Riddell Book Reviews Notes VOL. V.-OCTOBER, 1920-NO. 4 The Return of Negro Slaves Arnett G. Lindsay The Negro in Politics Norman P. Andrews Henry Bibb, a Colonizer Fred Landon Myrtilla Miner G. Smith Wormley Communications Documents Some Undistinguished Negroes Book Reviews Notes THE JOURNAL OF NEGRO HISTORY VOLUME V. 1920 CONTENTS VOL. V.-JANUARY, 1920-NO. 1 The Negro In Education Loretta Funke Negro Migration to Canada Fred Landon Richard Hill Frank Cundall Negroes and Indians in Massachusetts C. G. Woodson Documents Book Reviews Notes VOL. V.-APRIL, 1920-NO. 2 Negro Public School System in Missouri Henry Sullivan Williams Religious Education David Henry Sims Aftermath of Nat Turner's Insurrection John W. Cromwell Documents Correspondence Book Reviews Notes VOL. V.-JULY, 1920-NO. 3 The Slave in Canada William Renwick Riddell Book Reviews Notes VOL. V.-OCTOBER, 1920-NO. 4 The Return of Negro Slaves Arnett G. Lindsay The Negro in Politics Norman P. Andrews Henry Bibb, a Colonizer Fred Landon Myrtilla Miner G. Smith Wormley Communications Documents Some Undistinguished Negroes Book Reviews Notes THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD FROM SLAVERY TO FREEDOM A COMPREHENSIVE HISTORY By Wilbur H. Siebert CONTENTS CHAPTER I Sources of the History of the Underground Railroad PAGE The Underground Road as a subject for research 1 Obscurity of the subject 2 Books dealing with the subject 2 Magazine articles on the Underground Railroad 5 Newspaper articles on the subject 6 Scarcity of contemporaneous documents 7 Reminiscences the chief source 11 The value of reminiscences illustrated 12 CHAPTER II Origin and Growth of the Underground Road Conditions under which the Underground Road originated 17 The disappearance of slavery from the Northern states 17 Early provisions for the return of fugitive slaves 19 The fugitive slave clause in the Ordinance of 1787 20 The fugitive slave clause in the United States Constitution 20 The Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 21 The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 22 Desire for freedom among the slaves 25 Knowledge of Canada among the slaves 27 Some local factors in the origin of the underground movement 30 The development of the movement in eastern Pennsylvania, in New Jersey, and in New York 33 The development of the movement in the New England states 36 The development of the movement in the West 37 The naming of the Road 44 [xvi]CHAPTER III The Methods of the Underground Railroad Penalties for aiding fugitive slaves 47 Social contempt suffered by abolitionists 48 Espionage practised upon abolitionists 50 Rewards for the capture of fugitives and the kidnapping of abolitionists 52 Devices to secure secrecy 54 Service at night 54 Methods of communication 56 Methods of conveyance 59 Zigzag and variable routes 61 Places of concealment 62 Disguises 64 Informality of management 67 Colored and white agents 69 City vigilance committees 70 Supplies for fugitives 76 Transportation of fugitives by rail 78 Transportation of fugitives by water 81 Rescue of fugitives under arrest 83 CHAPTER IV Underground Agents, Station-Keepers, or Conductors Underground agents, station-keepers, or conductors 87 Their hospitality 87 Their principles 89 Their nationality 90 Their church connections 93 Their party affinities 99 Their local standing 101 Prosecutions of underground operators 101 Defensive League of Freedom proposed 103 Persons of prominence among underground helpers 104 [xvii]CHAPTER V Study of the Map of the Underground Railroad System Geographical extent of underground lines 113 Location and distribution of stations 114 Southern routes 116 Lines of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York 120 Routes of the New England states 128 Lines within the old Northwest Territory 134 Noteworthy features of the general map 139 Complex routes 141 Broken lines and isolated place names 141 River routes 142 Routes by rail 142 Routes by sea 144 Terminal stations 145 Lines of lake travel 147 Canadian ports 148 CHAPTER VI Abduction of Slaves from the South Aversion among underground helpers to abduction of slaves 150 Abductions by negroes living along the northern border of the slave states 151 Abductions by Canadian refugees 152 Abductions by white persons in the South 153 Abductions by white persons of the North 154 The Missouri raid of John Brown 162 John Brown's great plan 166 Abductions attempted in response to appeals 168 Devotees of abduction 178 CHAPTER VII Life of the Colored Refugees in Canada Slavery question in Canada 190 Flight of slaves to Canada 192 Refugees representative of the slave class 195 [xviii]Misinformation about Canada among slaves 197 Hardships borne by Canadian refugees 198 Efforts toward immediate relief for fugitives 199 Attitude of the Canadian government 201 Conditions favorable to their settlement in Canada 203 Sparseness of population 203 Uncleared lands 204 Encouragement of agricultural colonies among refugees 205 Dawn Settlement 205 Elgin Settlement 207 Refugees' Home Settlement 209 Alleged disadvantages of the colonies 211 Their advantages 212 Refugee settlers in Canadian towns 217 Census of Canadian refugees 220 Occupations of Canadian refugees 223 Progress made by Canadian refugees 224 Domestic life of the refugees 227 School privileges 228 Organizations for self-improvement 230 Churches 231 Rescue of friends from slavery 231 Ownership of property 232 Rights of citizenship 233 Character as citizens 233 CHAPTER VIII Fugitive Settlers in the Northern States Number of fugitive settlers in the North 235 The Northern states an unsafe refuge for runaway slaves 237 Reclamation of fugitives in the free states 239 Protection of fugitives in the free states 242 Object of the personal liberty laws 245 Effect of the law of 1850 on fugitive settlers 246 Underground operators among fugitives of the free states 251 [xix]CHAPTER IX Prosecutions of Underground Railroad Men Enactment of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 254 Grounds on which the constitutionality of the measure was questioned 254 Denial of trial by jury to the fugitive slave 255 Summary mode of arrest 257 The question of concurrent jurisdiction between the federal and state governments in fugitive slave cases 259 The law of 1793 versus the Ordinance of 1787 261 Power of Congress to legislate concerning the extradition of fugitive slaves denied 263 State officers relieved of the execution of the law by the Prigg decision, 1842 264 Amendment of the law of 1793 by the law of 1850 265 Constitutionality of the law of 1850 questioned 267 First case under the law of 1850 268 Authority of a United States commissioner 269 Penalties imposed for aiding and abetting the escape of fugitives 273 Trial on the charge of treason in the Christiana case, 1854 279 Counsel for fugitive slaves 281 Last case under the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 285 Attempted revision of the law 285 Destructive attacks upon the measure in Congress 286 Lincoln's Proclamation of Emancipation 287 Repeal of the Fugitive Slave Acts 288 CHAPTER X The Underground Railroad in Politics Valuation of the Underground Railroad in its political aspect 290 The question of the extradition of fugitive slaves in colonial times 290 Importance of the question in the constitutional conventions 293 Failure of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 294 Agitation for a more efficient measure 295 Diplomatic negotiations for the extradition of colored refugees from Canada, 1826-1828 299 The fugitive slave a missionary in the cause of freedom 300 [xx]Slave-hunting in the free states 302 Preparation for the abolition movement of 1830 303 The Underground Railroad and the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 308 The law in Congress 310 The enforcement of the law of 1850 316 The Underground Road and Uncle Tom's Cabin 321 Political importance of the novel 323 Sumner on the influence of escaped slaves in the North 324 The spirit of nullification in the North 327 The Glover rescue, Wisconsin, 1854 327 The rendition of Burns, Boston, 1854 331 The rescue of Addison White, Mechanicsburg, Ohio, 1857 334 The Oberlin-Wellington rescue, 1858 335 Obstruction of the Fugitive Slave Law by means of the personal liberty acts 337 John Brown's attempt Lo free the slaves 338 CHAPTER XI Effect of the Underground Railroad The Underground Road the means of relieving the South of many despairing slaves 340 Loss sustained by slave-owners through underground channels 340 The United States census reports on fugitive slaves 342 Estimate of the number of slaves escaping into Ohio, 1830-1860 346 Similar estimate for Philadelphia, 1830-1860 346 Drain on the resources of the depot at Lawrence, Kansas, described in a letter of Col. J. Bowles, April 4, 1859 347 Work of the Underground Railroad as compared with that of the American Colonization Society 350 The violation of the Fugitive Slave Law a chief complaint of Southern states at the beginning of the Civil War 351 Refusal of the Canadian government to yield up the fugitive Anderson, 1860 352 Secession of the Southern states begun 353 Conclusion of the fugitive slave controversy 355 General effect and significance of the controversy 356 ILLUSTRATIONS, PORTRAITS, FACSIMILES AND MAPS The Underground Railroad: Levi Coffin receiving a company of fugitives in the outskirts of Cincinnati, Ohio Frontispiece FACING PAGE Isaac T. Hopper 17 The Runaway: a stereotype cut used on handbills advertising escaped slaves 27 Crossing-place on the Ohio River at Steubenville, Ohio 47 The Rankin House, Ripley, Ohio 47 Facsimile of an Underground Message On page 57 Barn of Seymour Finney, Detroit, Michigan 65 The Old First Church, Galesburg, Illinois 65 William Still 75 Levi Coffin 87 Frederick Douglass 104 Caves in Salem Township, Washington County, Ohio 130 House of Mrs. Elizabeth Buffum Chace, Valley Falls, Rhode Island 130 The Detroit River at Detroit, Michigan 147 Ashtabula Harbor, Ohio 147 Ellen Craft as she escaped from Slavery 163 Samuel Harper and Wife 163 Dr. Alexander M. Ross 180 Harriet Tubman 180 Group of Refugee Settlers at Windsor, Ontario, C.W. 190 Theodore Parker 205 Thomas Wentworth Higginson 205 Dr. Samuel G. Howe 205 Benjamin Drew 205 Church of the Fugitive Slaves, Boston, Massachusetts 235 Salmon P. Chase 254 [xxii]Thomas Garrett 254 Rush R. Sloane 282 Thaddeus Stevens 282 J. R. Ware 282 Rutherford B. Hayes 282 Gerrit Smith 290 Joshua R. Giddings 290 Charles Sumner 290 Richard H. Dana 290 Bust of Rev. John Rankin 307 Harriet Beecher Stowe 321 Captain John Brown 338 Facsimile of a Leaf from the Diary of Daniel Osborn On pages 344, 345 MAPS Map of the Underground Railroad System Facing page 113 Map of Underground Lines in Southeastern Pennsylvania " 113 Map of Underground Lines in Morgan County, Ohio On page 136 Lewis Falley's Map of the Underground Routes of Indiana and Michigan On page 138 Map of an Underground Line through Livingston and La Salle Counties, Illinois On page 139 Map of Underground Lines through Greene, Warren and Clinton Counties, Ohio On page 140 APPENDICES Appendix A: Constitutional Provisions and National Acts relative to Fugitive Slaves, 1787-1850 359-366 Appendix B: List of Important Fugitive Slave Cases 367-377 Appendix C: Figures from the United States Census Reports relating to Fugitive Slaves 378, 379 Appendix D: Bibliography 380-402 Appendix E: Directory of the names of Underground Railroad Operators and Members of Vigilance Committees 403-439 THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD A RECORD OF FACTS, AUTHENTIC NARRATIVE, LETTERS, &C., By William Still ILLUSTRATIONS THE AUTHOR PETER STILL—"THE KIDNAPPED AND THE RANSOMED" CHARITY STILL TWICE ESCAPED FROM SLAVERY DESPERATE CONFLICT IN A BARN DEATH OF ROMULUS HALL RESURRECTION OF HENRY BOX BROWN RESCUE OF JANE JOHNSON AND HER CHILDREN PASSMORE WILLIAMSON JANE JOHNSON ESCAPING FROM PORTSMOUTH, VA TWENTY-EIGHT FUGITIVES ESCAPING FROM EASTERN SHORE OF MARYLAND ESCAPING FROM ALABAMA ON TOP OF A CAR THE RIVER ON HORSEBACK IN THE NIGHT A BOLD STROKE FOR FREEDOM—CONTEST WITH FIRE-ARMS ABRAM GALLOWAY THE MAYOR AND POLICE OF NORFOLK SEARCHING CAPTAIN FOUNTAIN'S SCHOONER MARIA WEEMS ESCAPING AS JO WRIGHT JOHN HENRY HILL DRY-GOODS MERCHANT SEARCHING THE CARS ESCAPE WITH A LADY, AS HER COACHMAN, WITH MASTER'S HORSE AND CARRIAGE SIX ON TWO HORSES UP A TREE SAMUEL GREEN SENTENCED TO THE PENITENTIARY FOR TEN YEARS FOR HAVING A COPY OF "UNCLE TOM'S CABIN" IN HIS HOUSE LEAR GREEN ESCAPING IN A CHEST ESCAPE OF ELEVEN PASSENGERS FROM MARYLAND IN TWO CARRIAGES THE CHRISTIANA TRAGEDY WILLIAM AND ELLEN CRAFT MEMBERS OF THE ACTING COMMITTEE: N.W. DEPEE JACOB C. WHITE CHARLES WISE EDWIN H. COATES KNIFING HIS VICTIM LIVING IN A HOLLOW TREE IN A CAVE A NARROW ESCAPE SUSPENDED BY THE HANDS WITH BLOCK AND TACKLE CROSSING THE BAY BREAKING HIM IN MOTHER ESCAPING WITH SEVEN CHILDREN FIGHT IN CHESAPEAKE BAY JOHN W. DUNGEE MARY MILBURN (SECRETED IN A BOX) HEAVY WEIGHTS—ARRIVAL OF A PARTY AT LEAGUE ISLAND SKETCHES AND PORTRAITS OF STATION-MASTERS, PROMINENT ANTI-SLAVERY MEN, AND SUPPORTERS OF THE U.G.R.R.: ABIGAIL GOODWIN THOMAS GARRETT DANIEL GIBBONS LUCRETIA MOTT J. MILLER M'KIM WILLIAM H. FURNESS WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON LEWIS TAPPAN ELIJAH F. PENNYPACKER WILLIAM WRIGHT DR. BARTHOLOMEW FUSSELL ROBERT PURVIS JOHN HUNN SAMUEL RHOADS WILLIAM WHIPPER SAMUEL D. BURRIS CHARLES D. CLEVELAND GRACE ANNA LEWIS MRS. FRANCES E.W. HARPER JOHN NEEDLES CONTENTS SETH CONCKLIN UNDERGROUND RAILROAD LETTERS. From Thomas Garrett—G.A. Lewis—E.L. Stevens—Sydney Howard Gay—John Henry Hill—J. Bigelowe—Ham and Eggs—Rev. H. Wilson—Sheridan Ford—E.F. Pennypacker—J.C. Bustill—Slave secreted in Richmond—G.S. Nelson—John Thompson—Wm. Penn WILLIAM BOX PEEL JONES Came boxed up viâ Erricson line of Steamers. WESLEY HARRIS ALIAS ROBERT JACKSON, CRAVEN MATTERSON AND TWO BROTHERS. CLARISSA DAVIS Arrived in Male Attire. ANTHONY BLOW ALIAS HENRY LEVISON Secreted Ten Months—Eight days on the Steamship City of Richmond bound for Philadelphia. PERRY JOHNSON, OF ELKTON, MARYLAND. Eye knocked Out. ISAAC FORMAN, WILLIAM DAVIS AND WILLIS REDICK. Hearts full of joy for Freedom—Very anxious for Wives in Slavery. JOSEPH HENRY CAMP Sold, the day he escaped, for Fourteen Hundred Dollars—Slave Trader loses his Bargain. SHERIDAN FORD Secreted in the Woods—Escapes in a Steamer. JOSEPH KNEELAND ALIAS JOSEPH HULSON Young Master had a "Malignant Spirit". EX-PRESIDENT TYLER'S HOUSEHOLD LOSES AN ARISTOCRATIC ARTICLE. EDWARD MORGAN, HENRY JOHNSON, JAMES AND STEPHEN BUTLER. "Two Thousand Dollars Reward" offered. HENRY PREDO Daniel Hughes, Thomas Elliott, and five others betrayed into Dover Jail. MARY EPPS ALIAS EMMA BROWN, JOSEPH AND ROBERT ROBINSON. A Slave Mother Loses her Speech at the Sale of her Child ... Bob Escapes from his Master, a Trader, with Fifteen Hundred Dollars in North Carolina Money. GEORGE SOLOMON, DANIEL NEALL, BENJAMIN R. FLETCHER AND MARIA DORSEY. HENRY BOX BROWN Arrived by Adams Express. TRIAL OF THE EMANCIPATORS OF COL. J.H. WHEELER'S SLAVES, JANE JOHNSON AND HER TWO LITTLE BOYS. THE ARRIVALS OF A SINGLE MONTH. Sixty Passengers came in one Month—Twenty-eight in one Arrival—Great Panic and Indignation Meeting—Interesting Correspondence from Masters and Fugitives. A SLAVE GIRL'S NARRATIVE. Cordelia Loney, Slave of Mrs. Joseph Cahell, (widow of the late Hon. Joseph Cahell, of Virginia)—Cordelia's Escape from her Mistress in Philadelphia. ARRIVAL OF JACKSON, ISAAC AND EDMONDSON TURNER FROM PETERSBURG. Touching Scene on Meeting their Old Blind Father at the U.G.R.R. Depot. ROBERT BROWN ALIAS THOMAS JONES. Crossing the River on Horseback in the Night. ANTHONY LONEY ALIAS WILLIAM ARMSTEAD AND CORNELIUS SCOTT. SAMUEL WILLIAMS ALIAS JOHN WILLIAMS. BARNABY GRIGBY ALIAS JOHN BOYER, AND MARY ELIZABETH HIS WIFE, FRANK WANZER ALIAS ROBERT SCOTT, EMILY FOSTER ALIAS ANN WOOD. WILLIAM JORDAN ALIAS WILLIAM PRICE. JOSEPH GRANT AND JOHN SPEAKS. Two Passengers viâ Liverpool. WILLIAM N. TAYLOR. "One Hundred Dollars Reward". LOUISA BROWN, JACOB WATERS, AND ALFRED GOULDEN. ARRIVAL FROM BALTIMORE. Jefferson Pipkins alias David Jones, Louisa Pipkins, Elizabeth Brit, Harriet Brown, alias Jane Wooton, Gracy Murry alias Sophia Sims, Edward Williams alias Henry Johnson, Charles Lee alias Thomas Bushier. SEVERAL ARRIVALS FROM DIFFERENT PLACES. Henry Anderson, Charles and Margaret Congo, Chaskey Brown, William Henry Washington, James Alfred Frisley, Charles Henry Salter, Stephen Taylor, Charles Brown, Charles H. Hollis, Luther Dorsey. ARRIVAL FROM RICHMOND. Jeremiah W. Smith and wife Julia. EIGHT ARRIVALS. James Massey, Perry Henry Trusty, George Rhoads, James Rhoads, George Washington, Sarah Elizabeth Rhoads, and Child, Mary Elizabeth Stephenson. CHARLES THOMPSON. Carrier of "The National American". BLOOD FLOWED FREELY. Abram Galloway and Richard Eden—Secreted in a Vessel Loaded with Spirits of Turpentine—Shrouds Prepared to Prevent being Smoked to Death—Abram a Soldier under Father Abraham—Senator of North Carolina. JOHN PETTIFOOT. "One Hundred Dollars Reward" Offered—McHenry and McCulloch Anxious About John. EMANUEL T. WHITE. "Would rather Fight than Eat". THE ESCAPE OF A CHILD FOURTEEN MONTHS OLD. Letter from "J.B."—Letters from E.L. Stevens ... Great Anxiety and Care. ESCAPE OF A YOUNG SLAVE MOTHER. Baby, Little Girl and Husband left Behind—Three Hundred Dollars Reward Offered. SAMUEL W. JOHNSON. Arrival from the Richmond Daily Dispatch Office—"Uncle Tom's Cabin" turned Sam's Brain—Affecting Letters. FAMILY FROM BALTIMORE. Stephen Amos alias Henry Johnson, Harriet alias Mary Jane Johnson, and their four children, Ann Rebecca, William H., Elizabeth and Mary Ellen. ELIJAH HILTON. From Richmond—"Five Hundred Dollars Reward" offered by R.J. Christian.... Grateful letter from Canada. SOLOMON BROWN. Arrived per City of Richmond—Letter from Canada containing expressions of Gratitude. WILLIAM HOGG ALIAS JOHN SMITH. Traveler from Maryland—William was much troubled about his Wife left behind—Letter from Canada. TWO FEMALE PASSENGERS FROM MARYLAND. Ann Johnson and Lavina Woolfley Sold—Out of the Frying Pan into the Fire. CAPTAIN F. AND THE MAYOR OF NORFOLK. Twenty-one Passengers secreted in Captain Fountain's Boat—Mayor and Posse of Officers on the Boat searching for U.G.R.R. Passengers. ARRIVALS FROM DIFFERENT PLACES. Matilda Mahoney—Dr. J.W. Pennington's Brother and Sons—Great Adventure to deliver a Lover. FLEEING GIRL OF FIFTEEN IN MALE ATTIRE. Ann Maria Weems alias Joe Wright—Great Triumph—Arrival on Thanksgiving Day—Interesting letters from J. Bigelow. FIVE YEARS AND ONE MONTH SECRETED. John Henry, Hezekiah and James Hill. FROM VIRGINIA, MARYLAND AND DELAWARE. Archer Barlow, alias Emet Robins—Samuel Bush alias William Oblebee—John Spencer and his son William and James Albert—Robert Fisher—NATHAN HARRIS—Hansel Waples—Rosanna Tonnell, alias Maria Hyde—Mary Ennis alias Licia Hemmit and two Children—Lydia and Louisa Caroline. SAM, ISAAC, PERRY, CHARLES AND GREEN. "One Thousand Dollars Reward". FROM RICHMOND AND NORFOLK, VA. William B. White, Susan Brooks, and Wm. Henry Atkinson. FOUR ARRIVALS. Charlotte and Harriet escape in deep Mourning—White Lady and Child with a Colored Coachman—Three likely Young Men from Baltimore—Four large and two Small Hams—U.G.R.R. Passengers Travelling with their Master's Horses and Carriage—Six Passengers on two Horses, &c. FROM VIRGINIA, MARYLAND, DELAWARE, NORTH CAROLINA, WASHINGTON, D.C. AND SOUTH CAROLINA. CHARLES GILBERT, Fleeing from Davis, a Negro Trader—Secreted under a Hotel—Up a Tree—Under a Floor—In a Thicket—On a Steamer. LIBERTY OR DEATH. Jim Bowlegs alias Bill Paul. SALT-WATER FUGITIVE. SAMUEL GREEN ALIAS WESLEY KINNARD. Ten Years in the Penitentiary for having a Copy of Uncle Tom's Cabin in his House. AN IRISH GIRL'S DEVOTION TO FREEDOM. In Love with a Slave—Gets him off to Canada—Follows him—Marriage, &c. "SAM" NIXON ALIAS DR. THOMAS BAYNE. The Escape of a Dentist on the U.G.R.R. &c. SUNDRY ARRIVALS. From Loudoun County, Va., Norfolk, Baltimore, Md., Petersburg, Va., &c. HEAVY REWARD. "Two Thousand Six Hundred Dollars Reward" Offered. SLAVE-TRADER HALL IS FOILED. Robert McCoy alias William Donar, and Elizabeth Sanders, arrived per steamer. THE PROTECTION OF SLAVE PROPERTY IN VIRGINIA. A Bill providing additional Protection for the Slave Property of Citizens of this Commonwealth. ESCAPING IN A CHEST. "One Hundred and Fifty Dollars Reward"—Lear Green. ISAAC WILLIAMS, HENRY BANKS AND KIT NICKLESS. ARRIVAL OF FIVE PROM THE EASTERN SHORE OF MARYLAND. Cyrus Mitchell alias John Steel, Joshua Handy alias Hambleton Hamby, Charles Button alias William Robinson, Ephraim Hudson alias John Spry, Francis Molock alias Thomas Jackson. SUNDRY ARRIVALS ABOUT AUGUST 1ST, 1855. Francis Hilliard and Others. DEEP FURROWS ON THE BACK. Thomas Madden. PETER MATHEWS ALIAS SAMUEL SPARROWS. "I might as well be in the Penitentiary as in Slavery." "MOSES" ARRIVES WITH SIX PASSENGERS. ESCAPED FROM "A WORTHLESS SOT." John Atkinson. WILLIAM BUTCHER ALIAS Wm. T. MTCHELL. "He was abuseful". "WHITE ENOUGH TO PASS". ESCAPING WITH MASTER'S CARRIAGES AND HORSES. Harriet Shephard, and her five Children with five other Passengers. EIGHT AND A HALF MONTHS SECRETED. Washington Somlor alias James Moore. ARTHUR FOWLER ALIAS BENJAMIN JOHNSON. SUNDRY ARRIVALS. About the 1st of June, 1855—Emory Roberts and others. SUNDRY ARRIVALS ABOUT JANUARY 1ST, 1855. Verenea Mercer and others. SLAVE-HOLDER IN MARYLAND WITH THREE COLORED WIVES. James Griffin alias Thomas Brown. CAPTAIN F. ARRIVES WITH NINE PASSENGERS. Names of Passengers. OWEN AND OTHO TAYLOR'S FLIGHT WITH HORSES, &c. HEAVY REWARD. Three Hundred Dollars Reward—"Tom" gone. CAPT. F. ARRIVES WITH FOURTEEN "PRIME ARTICLES" ON BOARD. SUNDRY ARRIVALS, LATTER PART OF DECEMBER, 1855, AND BEGINNING OF JANUARY, 1856. Joseph Cornish and others. PART OF THE ARRIVALS IN DECEMBER, 1855. Thomas J. Gooseberry and others. THE FUGITIVE SLAVE BILL OF 1850. "An Act Respecting Fugitives from Justice, and Persons Escaping from the Services of their Masters." THE SLAVE HUNTING TRAGEDY IN LANCASTER COUNTY, IN SEPTEMBER, 1851. "Treason at Christiana". WILLIAM AND ELLEN CRAFT. Female Slave in Male Attire, fleeing as a Planter, with her Husband as her Body Servant. ARRIVALS FROM RICHMOND. Lewis Cobb and Nancy Brister. PASSENGERS FROM NORTH CAROLINA, [By SCHOONER.] Major Latham, William Wilson, Henry Goram, Wiley Madison, and Andrew Shepherd. THOMAS CLINTON, SAUNEY PRY AND BENJAMIN DUCKET. Passed over the U.G.R.R. in the Fall of 1856. ARRIVALS IN APRIL, 1856. Charles Hall and others. FIVE FROM GEORGETOWN CROSS-ROADS. Mother and Child from Norfolk, Va., &c. PASSENGERS FROM MARYLAND. William Henry MOODY, BELINDA BIVANS, &c. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND. ARRIVAL FROM WASHINGTON, D.C., &c., 1857. George Carroll, Randolph Branson, John Clagart and William Royan. ARRIVAL FROM UNIONVILLE, 1857. Israel Todd and Bazil Aldridge. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND, 1857. Ordee Lee and Richard J. Booce. ARRIVAL FROM CAMBRIDGE, 1857. Silas Long and Solomon Light—"The Mother of Twelve Children"—Old Jane Davis. BENJAMIN ROSS AND HIS WIFE HARRIET Fled from Caroline County, Eastern Shore of Maryland, June, 1857. ARRIVAL FROM VIRGINIA, 1857. ARRIVAL FROM DELAWARE, 1857. ARRIVAL FROM ALEXANDRIA, IN 1857. ARRIVAL FROM UNIONVILLE, 1857. FROM NEW ORLEANS, 1857. ARRIVAL FROM WASHINGTON, D.C. ARRIVAL FROM VIRGINIA, 1857. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND. ARRIVAL FROM GEORGETOWN CROSS ROADS AND ALEXANDRIA. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND. ARRIVAL FROM NORFOLK, VA. ARRIVAL FROM WASHINGTON, D.C. FOUR ABLE BODIED "ARTICLES" IN ONE ARRIVAL, 1857. ARRIVAL FROM ARLINGTON, MD., 1857. FIVE PASSENGERS, 1847. ARRIVAL FROM HOWARD COUNTY, MD., 1857. ARRIVAL FROM PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY, MD. ARRIVAL FROM RAPPAHANNOCK COUNTY, 1857. ARRIVAL FROM NORTH CAROLINA, 1857. ALFRED HOLLON, GEORGE AND CHARLES N. RODGERS. ARRIVAL FROM KENT COUNTY, 1857. ARRIVAL FROM BALTIMORE COUNTY, 1857. MARY COOPER AND MOSES ARMSTEAD, 1857. ARRIVAL FROM NEAR WASHINGTON, D.C. HON. L. McLANE'S PROPERTY, SOON AFTER HIS DEATH, TRAVELS VIA THE UNDERGROUND RAIL ROAD—WILLIAM KNIGHT, ESQ. LOSES A SUPERIOR "ARTICLE." ARRIVAL FROM HARFORD COUNTY, 1857. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND, 1857. ARRIVAL FROM NORFOLK, VA., 1857. ARRIVAL FROM HOOPERVILLE, MD., 1857. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND, 1857. ARRIVAL FROM QUEEN ANNE COUNTY, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM BALTIMORE. ARRIVED FROM DUNWOODY COUNTY, 1858. ARRIVED FROM ALEXANDRIA, VA., 1857. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM PETERSBURG, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND. ARRIVAL OF A PARTY OF SIX, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM RICHMOND, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM BALTIMORE, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM HIGHTSTOWN, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM VIRGINIA, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM BELLAIR. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM VIRGINIA, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM RICHMOND, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM NORFOLK, VA., 1858. ARRIVAL FROM NEAR BALTIMORE, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM VIRGINIA, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM WASHINGTON, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM VIRGINIA, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM THE OLD DOMINION. ARRIVAL FROM DELAWARE, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM DELAWARE, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM NORTH CAROLINA AND DELAWARE. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND. ARRIVAL FROM THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM HONEY BROOK TOWNSHIP, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM ALEXANDRIA, VA., 1858. ARRIVAL FROM THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT. CROSSING THE BAY IN A SKIFF. ARRIVAL FROM KENT COUNTY, MD., 1858. ARRIVAL FROM WASHINGTON, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM CECIL COUNTY, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM GEORGETOWN, D.C., 1858. ARRIVAL FROM SUSSEX COUNTY, 1858. SUNDRY ARRIVALS IN 1859. ARRIVAL FROM RICHMOND, 1859. ARRIVAL FROM DELAWARE, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM RICHMOND, 1859. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND, 1859. SUNDRY ARRIVALS, 1859. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND, 1859. ARRIVAL FROM DELAWARE, 1859. ARRIVAL FROM VIRGINIA, 1859. SUNDRY ARRIVALS FROM MARYLAND, 1859. ARRIVAL FROM RICHMOND, 1859. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND, VIRGINIA, AND THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. SUNDRY ARRIVALS FROM MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA. ARRIVAL FROM SEAFORD, 1859. ARRIVAL FROM TAPS' NECK, MD., 1859. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND, 1859. SUNDRY ARRIVALS FROM VIRGINIA, MARYLAND AND DELAWARE. ARRIVAL FROM DIFFERENT POINTS. SUNDRY ARRIVALS FROM MARYLAND, 1860. ARRIVAL FROM VIRGINIA, 1860. ARRIVAL FROM BALTIMORE, 1860. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND. ARRIVAL FROM FREDERICKSBURG, 1860. SUNDRY ARRIVALS FROM MARYLAND, 1860. CROSSING THE BAY IN A BATTEAU. ARRIVAL FROM DORCHESTER COUNTY, 1860. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND, 1860. TWELVE MONTHS IN THE WOODS, 1860. ARRIVAL FROM MARYLAND. A SLAVE CATCHER CAUGHT IN HIS OWN TRAP. TO WHOM IT MIGHT CONCERN. ARRIVAL FROM RICHMOND, 1858. ARRIVAL FROM RICHMOND, 1859. ARRIVAL FROM RICHMOND. "AUNT HANNAH MOORE." KIDNAPPING OF RACHEL AND ELIZABETH PARKER—MURDER OF JOSEPH C. MILLER, IN 1851 AND 1852. ARRIVAL FROM VIRGINIA, 1854. ARRIVAL FROM NORFOLK. ARRIVAL OF FIFTEEN FROM NORFOLK, VIRGINIA. THE CASE OF EUPHEMIA WILLIAMS. HELPERS AND SYMPATHIZERS AT HOME AND ABROAD—INTERESTING LETTERS. PAMPHLET AND LETTERS. LETTERS TO THE WRITER. WOMAN ESCAPING IN A BOX, 1857. ORGANIZATION OF THE VIGILANCE COMMITTEE. PORTRAITS AND SKETCHES. ESTHER MOORE. ABIGAIL GOODWIN. THOMAS GARRETT. DANIEL GIBBONS. LUCRETIA MOTT. JAMES MILLER McKIM. WILLIAM H. FURNESS, D.D. WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON. LEWIS TAPPAN. ELIJAH F. PENNYPACKER. WILLIAM WRIGHT. DR. BARTHOLOMEW FUSSELL. THOMAS SHIPLEY. ROBERT PURVIS. JOHN HUNN. SAMUEL RHOADS. GEORGE CORSON. CHARLES D. CLEVELAND. WILLIAM WHIPPER. ISAAC T. HOPPER. SAMUEL D. BURRIS. MARIANN, GRACE ANNA, AND ELIZABETH R. LEWIS. CUNNINGHAM'S RACHE. FRANCES ELLEN WATKINS HARPER. CLOTELLE; OR, THE COLORED HEROINE. A TALE OF THE SOUTHERN STATES. By William Wells Brown CONTENTS CLOTELLE CHAPTER I THE SOUTHERN SOCIAL CIRCLE CHAPTER II THE NEGRO SALE CHAPTER III THE SLAVE-SPECULATOR CHAPTER IV THE BOAT-RACE CHAPTER V THE YOUNG MOTHER CHAPTER VI THE SLAVE-MARKET CHAPTER VII THE SLAVE-HOLDING PARSON CHAPTER VIII/td> A NIGHT IN THE PARSON'S KITCHEN CHAPTER IX THE MAN OF HONOR CHAPTER X THE QUADROON'S HOME CHAPTER XI TO-DAY A MISTRESS, TO-MORROW A SLAVE CHAPTER XII THE MOTHER-IN-LAW CHAPTER XIII A HARD-HEARTED WOMAN CHAPTER XIV THE PRISON CHAPTER XV THE ARREST CHAPTER XVI DEATH IS FREEDOM CHAPTER XVII CLOTELLE CHAPTER XVIII A SLAVE-HUNTING PARSON CHAPTER XIX THE TRUE HEROINE CHAPTER XX THE HERO OF MANY ADVENTURES CHAPTER XXI SELF-SACRIFICE CHAPTER XXII LOVE AT FIRST SIGHT AND WHAT FOLLOWED CHAPTER XXIII MEETING OF THE COUSINS CHAPTER XXIV THE LAW AND ITS VICTIM CHAPTER XXV THE FLIGHT CHAPTER XXVI THE HERO OF A NIGHT CHAPTER XXVII TRUE FREEDOM CHAPTER XXVIII FAREWELL TO AMERICA CHAPTER XXIX A STRANGER IN A STRANGE LAND CHAPTER XXX NEW FRIENDS CHAPTER XXXI THE MYSTERIOUS MEETING CHAPTER XXXII THE HAPPY MEETING CHAPTER XXXIII THE HAPPY DAY CHAPTER XXXIV CLOTELLE MEETS HER FATHER CHAPTER XXXV THE FATHER'S RESOLVE CHAPTER XXXVI THE RETURN HOME CHAPTER XXXVII THE ANGEL OF MERCY CHAPTER XXXVIII THE GREAT TUNNEL AND THE MISTAKE CHAPTER XXXIX CONCLUSION ILLUSTRATED EDITION OF THE LIFE AND ESCAPE OF WM. WELLS BROWN FROM AMERICAN SLAVERY By Wm. Wells Brown Written By Himself. CONTENTS TESTIMONIALS. PREFACE TO THE EIGHTH ENGLISH EDITION. NARRATIVE. CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II. CHAPTER III. CHAPTER IV. CHAPTER V. CHAPTER VI. CHAPTER VII. CHAPTER VIII. CHAPTER IX. CHAPTER X. CHAPTER XI. CHAPTER XII. THE AMERICAN SLAVE-TRADE. NARRATIVE OF WILLIAM W. BROWN A Fugitive Slave Written By Himself CONTENTS PREFACE. CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II. CHAPTER III. CHAPTER IV. CHAPTER V. CHAPTER VI. CHAPTER VII. CHAPTER VIII. CHAPTER IX. CHAPTER X. CHAPTER XI. CHAPTER XII. CHAPTER XIII. CHAPTER XIV. DRED A TALE OF THE GREAT DISMAL SWAMP By Harriet Beecher Stowe CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PAGE The Mistress of Canema 1 CHAPTER II. Clayton 11 CHAPTER III. The Clayton Family and Sister Anne 22 CHAPTER IV. The Gordon Family 31 CHAPTER V. Harry and his Wife 50 CHAPTER VI. The Dilemma 66 CHAPTER VII. Consultation 77 CHAPTER VIII. Old Tiff 82 CHAPTER IX. The Death 101 CHAPTER X. The Preparation 106 CHAPTER XI. The Lovers 116 [Pg vi]CHAPTER XII. Explanations 129 CHAPTER XIII. Tom Gordon 145 CHAPTER XIV. Aunt Nesbit's Loss 162 CHAPTER XV. Mr. Jekyl's Opinions 172 CHAPTER XVI. Milly's Story 178 CHAPTER XVII. Uncle John 193 CHAPTER XVIII. Dred 205 CHAPTER XIX. The Conspirators 213 CHAPTER XX. Summer Talk at Canema 224 CHAPTER XXI. Tiff's Preparations 235 CHAPTER XXII. The Worshippers 242 CHAPTER XXIII. The Camp-Meeting 255 CHAPTER XXIV. Life in the Swamps 285 CHAPTER XXV. More Summer Talk 293 [Pg vii]CHAPTER XXVI. Milly's Return 307 CHAPTER XXVII. The Trial 313 CHAPTER XXVIII. Magnolia Grove 321 CHAPTER XXIX. The Troubadour 336 CHAPTER XXX. Tiff's Garden 348 CHAPTER XXXI. The Warning 357 CHAPTER XXXII. The Morning Star 362 CHAPTER XXXIII. The Legal Decision 368 CHAPTER XXXIV. The Cloud Bursts 379 CHAPTER XXXV. The Voice in the Wilderness 391 CHAPTER XXXVI. The Evening Star 395 CHAPTER XXXVII. The Tie Breaks 403 CHAPTER XXXVIII. The Purpose 410 CHAPTER XXXIX. The New Mother 418 [Pg viii]CHAPTER XL. The Flight into Egypt 424 CHAPTER XLI. The Clerical Conference 436 CHAPTER XLII. The Result 448 CHAPTER XLIII. The Slave's Argument 457 CHAPTER XLIV. The Desert 468 CHAPTER XLV. Jegar Sahadutha 477 CHAPTER XLVI. Frank Russel's Opinions 488 CHAPTER XLVII. Tom Gordon's Plans 497 CHAPTER XLVIII. Lynch Law 502 CHAPTER XLIX. More Violence 515 CHAPTER L. Engedi 521 CHAPTER LI. The Slave Hunt 530 CHAPTER LII. "All Over" 535 CHAPTER LIII. The Burial 542 [Pg ix]CHAPTER LIV. The Escape 547 CHAPTER LV. Lynch Law again 556 CHAPTER LVI. Flight 569 CHAPTER LVII. Clear Shining after Rain 576 APPENDIX I. 580 APPENDIX II. 587 APPENDIX III. 596 UNCLE TOM’S CABIN or Life among the Lowly By Harriet Beecher Stowe CONTENTS VOLUME I CHAPTER I In Which the Reader Is Introduced to a Man of Humanity CHAPTER II The Mother CHAPTER III The Husband and Father CHAPTER IV An Evening in Uncle Tom's Cabin CHAPTER V Showing the Feelings of Living Property on Changing Owners CHAPTER VI Discovery CHAPTER VII The Mother's Struggle CHAPTER VIII Eliza's Escape CHAPTER In Which It Appears That a Senator Is But a Man IX CHAPTER X The Property Is Carried Off CHAPTER XI In Which Property Gets into an Improper State of Mind CHAPTER XII Select Incident of Lawful Trade CHAPTER XIII The Quaker Settlement CHAPTER XIV Evangeline CHAPTER XV Of Tom's New Master, and Various Other Matters CHAPTER XVI Tom's Mistress and Her Opinions CHAPTER XVII The Freeman's Defence CHAPTER XVIII Miss Ophelia's Experiences and Opinions VOLUME II CHAPTER Miss Ophelia's Experiences and Opinions Continued XIX CHAPTER XX Topsy CHAPTER XXI Kentuck CHAPTER XXII "The Grass Withereth-the Flower Fadeth" CHAPTER XXIII Henrique CHAPTER XXIV Foreshadowings CHAPTER XXV The Little Evangelist CHAPTER XXVI Death CHAPTER XXVII "This Is the Last of Earth" CHAPTER XXVIII Reunion CHAPTER XXIX The Unprotected CHAPTER XXX The Slave Warehouse CHAPTER XXXI The Middle Passage CHAPTER XXXII Dark Places CHAPTER XXXIII Cassy CHAPTER XXXIV The Quadroon's Story CHAPTER XXXV The Tokens CHAPTER XXXVI Emmeline and Cassy CHAPTER XXXVII Liberty CHAPTER XXXVIII The Victory CHAPTER XXXIX The Stratagem CHAPTER XL The Martyr CHAPTER XLI The Young Master CHAPTER XLII An Authentic Ghost Story CHAPTER XLIII Results CHAPTER XLIV The Liberator CHAPTER XLV Concluding Remarks STEP BY STEP or, TIDY'S WAY TO FREEDOM. CONTENTS STEP BY STEP. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER II THE BABY. CHAPTER III SUNSHINE. CHAPTER IV SEVERAL EVENTS. CHAPTER V A NEW HOME. CHAPTER VI BEGINNINGS OF KNOWLEDGE. CHAPTER VII FRANCES. CHAPTER VIII PRAYER. CHAPTER IX THE FIRST LESSON. CHAPTER X LONY'S PETITION. CHAPTER XI ROUGH PLACES. CHAPTER XII A GREAT UNDERTAKING. CHAPTER XIII A LONG JOURNEY. CHAPTER XIV CRUELTY. CHAPTER XV COTTON. CHAPTER XVI RESCUE. CHAPTER XVII TRUE LIBERTY. CHAPTER XVIII CROWNING MERCIES. THE IRON FURNACE: OR,SLAVERY AND SECESSION CONTENTS CHAPTER I. SECESSION. Speech of Colonel Drane—Submission Denounced—Northern Aggression—No more Slave States—Northern isms—Yankees’ Servants—Yankee inferiority—Breckinridge, or immediate, complete, and eternal Separation—A Day of Rejoicing—Abraham Lincoln, President elect—A Union Speech—A Southerner’s Reasons for opposing Secession—Address by a Radical Secessionist—Cursing and Bitterness—A Prayer—Sermon against Secession—List of Grievances—Causes which led to Secession 13—49 CHAPTER II. VIGILANCE COMMITTEE AND COURT-MARTIAL. The election of Delegates to determine the status of Mississippi—The Vigilance Committee—Description of its members—Charges—Phonography—No formal verdict—Danger of Assassination—Passports—Escape to Rienzi—Union sentiment—The Conscript Law—Summons to attend Court-Martial—Evacuation of Corinth—Destruction of Cotton—Suffering poor—Relieved by General Halleck 50—69 CHAPTER III. ARREST, ESCAPE, AND RECAPTURE. High price of Provisions—Holland Lindsay’s Family—The arrest—Captain Hill—Appearance before Colonel Bradfute at Fulton—Arrest of Benjamin Clarke—Bradfute’s [Pg 10]Insolence—General Chalmers—The clerical Spy—General Pfeifer—Under guard—Priceville—General Gordon—Bound for Tupelo—The Prisoners entering the Dungeon—Captain Bruce—Lieutenant Richard Malone—Prison Fare and Treatment—Menial Service—Resolve to escape—Plan of escape—Federal Prisoners—Co-operation of the Prisoners—Declaration of Independence—The Escape—The Separation—Concealment—Travel on the Underground Railroad—Pursuit by Cavalry and Bloodhounds—The Arrest—Dan Barnes, the Mail-robber—Perfidy—Heavily ironed—Return to Tupelo 70—112 CHAPTER IV. LIFE IN A DUNGEON. Parson Aughey as Chaplain—Description of the Prisoners—Colonel Walter, the Judge Advocate—Charges and Specifications against Parson Aughey, a Citizen of the Confederate States—Execution of two Tennesseeans—Enlistment of Union Prisoners—Colonel Walter’s second visit—Day of Execution specified—Farewell Letter to my Wife—Parson Aughey’s Obituary penned by himself—Address to his Soul—The Soul’s Reply—Farewell Letter to his Parents—The Union Prisoners’ Petition to Hon. W. H. Seward—The two Prisoners and the Oath of Allegiance—Irish Stories 113—142 CHAPTER V. EXECUTION OF UNION PRISONERS. Resolved to Escape—Mode of Executing Prisoners—Removal of Chain—Addition to our Numbers—Two Prisoners become Insane—Plan of Escape—Proves a Failure—Fetters Inspected—Additional Fetters—Handcuffs—A Spy in the Disguise of a Prisoner—Special Police Guard on Duty—A Prisoner’s Discovery—Divine Services—The General Judgment—The Judge—The Laws—The Witnesses—The [Pg 11]Concourse—The Sentence 143—167 CHAPTER VI. SUCCESSFUL ESCAPE. The Second Plan of Escape—Under the Jail—Egress—Among the Guards—In the Swamp—Travelling on the Underground Railroad—The Fare—Green Corn eaten Raw—Blackberries and Stagnant Water—The Bloodhounds—Tantalizing Dreams—The Pickets—The Cows—Become Sick—Fons Beatus—Find Friends—Union Friend No. Two—The night in the Barn—Death of Newman by Scalding—Union Friend No. Three—Bound for the Union Lines—Rebel Soldiers—Black Ox—Pied Ox—Reach Headquarters in Safety—Emotions on again beholding the Old Flag—Kindness while Sick—Meeting with his Family—Richard Malone again—The Serenade—Leave Dixie—Northward bound 168—211 CHAPTER VII. SOUTHERN CLASSES—CRUELTY TO SLAVES. Sandhillers—Dirt-eating—Dipping—Their Mode of Living—Patois—Rain-book—Wife-trade—Coming in to see the Cars—Superstition—Marriage of Kinsfolks—Hardshell Sermon—Causes which lead to the Degradation of this Class—Efforts to Reconcile the Poor Whites to the Peculiar Institution—The Slaveholding Class—The Middle Class—Northern isms—Incident at a Methodist Minister’s House—Question asked a Candidate for Licensure—Reason of Southern Hatred toward the North—Letter to Mr. Jackman—Barbarities and Cruelties of Slavery—Mulattoes—Old Cole—Child Born at Whipping-post—Advertisement of a Keeper of Bloodhounds—Getting Rid of Free Blacks—The Doom of Slavery—Methodist Church South 212—248 [Pg 12] CHAPTER VIII. NOTORIOUS REBELS.—UNION OFFICERS. Colonel Jefferson Davis—His Speech at Holly Springs, Mississippi—His Opposition to Yankee Teachers and Ministers—A bid for the Presidency—His Ambition—Burr, Arnold, Davis—General Beauregard—Headquarters at Rienzi—Colonel Elliott’s Raid—Beauregard’s Consternation—Personal description—His illness—Popularity waning.—Rev. Dr. Palmer of New Orleans—His influence—The Cincinnati Letter—His Personal Appearance—His Denunciations of General Butler—His Radicalism.—Rev. Dr. Waddell of La Grange, Tennessee—His Prejudices against the North—President of Memphis Synodical College—His Talents prostituted.—Union Officers—General Nelson—General Sherman 249—263 CHAPTER IX. CONDITION OF THE SOUTH. Cause of the Rebellion—Prevalence of Union Sentiment in the South—Why not Developed—Stevenson’s Views—Why Incorrect—Cavalry Raids upon Union Citizens—How the Rebels employ Slaves—Slaves Whipped and sent out of the Federal Lines—Resisting the Conscript Law—Kansas Jayhawkers—Guarding Rebel Property—Perfidy of Secessionists—Plea for Emancipation—The South Exhausted—Failure of Crops—Southern Merchants Ruined—Bragg Prohibits the Manufacture and Vending of Intoxicating Liquors—Its Salutary Effect 264—281 CHAPTER X. BATTLES OF LEESBURG, BELMONT, AND SHILOH. Rebel Cruelty to Prisoners—The Fratricide—Grant Defeated—Saved by Gunboats—Buell’s Advance—Railroad Disaster—The South Despondent—General Rosecrans—Secession will become Odious even in the South—Poem 282—296 A SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN NEGRO By Benjamin Brawley CONTENTS CHAPTER I THE COMING OF NEGROES TO AMERICA 1. African Origins 2. The Negro in Spanish Exploration 3. Development of the Slave-Trade 4. Planting of Slavery in the Colonies 5. The Wake of the Slave-Ship CHAPTER II THE NEGRO IN THE COLONIES 1. Servitude and Slavery 2. The Indian, the Mulatto, and the Free Negro 3. First Effort toward Social Betterment 4. Early Insurrections CHAPTER III THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA 1. Sentiment in England and America 2. The Negro in the War 3. The Northwest Territory and the Constitution 4. Early Steps toward Abolition 5. Beginning of Racial Consciousness CHAPTER IV THE NEW WEST, THE SOUTH, AND THE WEST INDIES 1. The Cotton-Gin, the New Southwest, and the First Fugitive Slave Law 2. Toussaint L'Ouverture, Louisiana, and the Formal Closing of the Slave-Trade 3. Gabriel's Insurrection and the Rise of the Negro Problem CHAPTER V INDIAN AND NEGRO 1. Creek, Seminole, and Negro to 1817: The War of 1812 2. First Seminole War and the Treaties of Indian Spring and Fort Moultrie 3. From the Treaty of Fort Moultrie to the Treaty of Payne's Landing 4. Osceola and the Second Seminole War CHAPTER VI EARLY APPROACH TO THE NEGRO PROBLEM 1. The Ultimate Problem and the Missouri Compromise 2. Colonization 3. Slavery CHAPTER VII THE NEGRO REPLYâ?"I: REVOLT 1. Denmark Vesey's Insurrection 2. Nat Turner's Insurrection 3. The Amistad and Creole Cases CHAPTER VIII THE NEGRO REPLYâ?"II: ORGANIZATION AND AGITATION 1. Walker's "Appeal" 2. The Convention Movement 3. Sojourner Truth and Woman Suffrage CHAPTER IX LIBERIA 1. The Place and the People 2. History (a) Colonization and Settlement (b) The Commonwealth of Liberia (c) The Republic of Liberia 3. International Relations 4. Economic and Social Conditions CHAPTER X THE NEGRO A NATIONAL ISSUE 1. Current Tendencies 2. The Challenge of the Abolitionists 3. The Contest CHAPTER XI SOCIAL PROGRESS, 1820-1860 CHAPTER XII THE CIVIL WAR AND EMANCIPATION CHAPTER XIII THE ERA OF ENFRANCHISEMENT 1. The Problem 2. Meeting the Problem 3. Reaction: The Ku-Klux Klan 4. Counter-Reaction: The Negro Exodus 5. A Postscript on the War and Reconstruction CHAPTER XIV THE NEGRO IN THE NEW SOUTH 1. Political Life: Disfranchisement 2. Economic Life: Peonage 3. Social Life: Proscription, Lynching CHAPTER XV "THE VALE OF TEARS," 1890-1910 1. Current Opinion and Tendencies 2. Industrial Education: Booker T. Washington 3. Individual Achievement: The Spanish-American War 4. Mob Violence; Election Troubles; The Atlanta Massacre 5. The Question of Labor 6. Defamation; Brownsville 7. The Dawn of a To-morrow CHAPTER XVI THE NEGRO IN THE NEW AGE 1. Character of the Period 2. Migration; East St. Louis 3. The Great War 4. High Tension: Washington, Chicago, Elaine 5. The Widening Problem CHAPTER XVII THE NEGRO PROBLEM 1. World Aspect 2. The Negro in American Life 3. Face to Face TWENTY YEARS OF AN AFRICAN SLAVER By Brantz Mayer CONTENTS. PAGE CHAP. I.—My parentage and education—Apprenticed at Leghorn to an American captain—First voyage—its mishaps—overboard—black cook—Sumatra—cabin-boy—Arrival in Boston—My first command—View of Boston harbor from the mast-head—My first interview with a Boston merchant, William Gray 1 CHAP. II.—My uncle tells my adventure with Lord Byron—Captain Towne, and my life in Salem—My skill in Latin—Five years voyaging from Salem—I rescue a Malay girl at Quallahbattoo—The first slave I ever saw—End of my apprenticeship—My backslidings in Antwerp and Paris—Ship on a British vessel for Brazil—The captain and his wife—Love, grog, and grumbling—A scene in the harbor of Rio—Matrimonial happiness—Voyage to Europe—Wreck and loss on the coast near Ostend 10 CHAP. III.—I design going to South America—A Dutch galliot for Havana—Male and female captain—Run foul of in the Bay of Biscay—Put into Ferrol, in Spain—I am appropriated by a new mother, grandmother, and sisters—A comic scene—How I got out of the scrape—Set sail for Havana—Jealousy of the captain—Deprived of my post—Restored—Refuse to do duty—Its sad consequences—Wrecked on a reef near Cuba—Fisherman-wreckers—Offer to land cargo—Make a bargain with our salvors—A sad denouement—A night bath and escape 19 CHAP. IV.—Bury my body in the sand to escape the insects—Night of horror—Refuge on a tree—Scented by bloodhounds—March to the rancho—My guard—Argument about my fate—“My Uncle” Rafael suddenly appears on the scene—Magic change effected by my relationship—Clothed, and fed, and comforted—I find an uncle, and am protected—Mesclet—Made cook’s mate—Gallego, the cook—His appearance and character—Don Rafael’s story—“Circumstances”—His counsel for my conduct on the island 31 CHAP. V.—Life on a sand key—Pirates and wreckers—Their difference—Our galliot destroyed—the gang goes to Cuba—I am left with Gallego—His daily fishing and nightly flitting—I watch him—My discoveries in the graveyard—Return of the wreckers—“Amphibious Jews”—Visit from a Cuban inspector—“Fishing license”—Gang goes to Cape Verde—Report of a fresh wreck—Chance of escape—Arrival—Return of wreckers—Bachicha and his clipper—Death of Mesclet—My adventures in a privateer—My restoration to the key—Gallego’s charges—His trial and fate 41 [Pg x] CHAP. VI.—I am sent from the key—Consigned to a grocer at Regla—Cibo—His household—Fish-loving padre—Our dinners and studies—Rafael’s fate—Havana—A slaver—I sail for Africa—The Areostatico’s voyage, crew, gale—Mutiny—How I meet it alone—My first night in Africa! 57 CHAP. VII.—Reflections on my conduct and character—Morning after the mutiny—Burial of the dead—My wounds—Jack Ormond or the “Mongo John”—My physician and his prescription—Value of woman’s milk—I make the vessel ready for her slave cargo—I dine with Mongo John—His harem—Frolic in it—Duplicity of my captain—I take service with Ormond as his clerk—I pack the human cargo of the Areostatico—Farewell to my English cabin-boy—His story 68 CHAP. VIII.—I take possession of my new quarters—My household and its fittings—History of Mr. Ormond—How he got his rights in Africa—I take a survey of his property and of my duties—The Cerberus of his harem—Unga-golah’s stealing—Her rage at my opposition—A night visit at my quarters—Esther, the quarteroon—A warning and a sentimental scene—Account of an African factor’s harem—Mongo John in his decline—His women—Their flirtations—Battles among the girls—How African beaus fight a duel for love!—Scene of passionate jealousy among the women 76 CHAP. IX.—Pains and dreariness of the “wet season”—African rain!—A Caravan announced as coming to the Coast—Forest paths and trails in Africa—How we arrange to catch a caravan—“Barkers,” who they are—Ahmah-de-Bellah, son of the Ali-Mami of Footha-Yallon—A Fullah chief leads the caravan of 700 persons—Arrival of the caravan—Its character and reception—Its produce taken charge of—People billeted—Mode of trading for the produce of a caravan—(Note: Account of the produce, its value and results)—Mode of purchasing the produce—Sale over—Gift of an ostrich—Its value in guns—Bungee or “dash”—Ahmah-de-Bellah—How he got up his caravan—Blocks the forest paths—Convoy duties—Value and use of blocking the forest paths—Collecting debts, &c.—My talks with Ahmah—his instructions and sermons on Islamism—My geographical disquisitions, rotundity of the world, the Koran—I consent to turn, minus the baptism!—Ahmah’s attempt to vow me to Islamism—Fullah punishments—Slave wars—Piety and profit—Ahmah and I exchange gifts—A double-barrelled gun for a Koran—I promise to visit the Fullah country 84 CHAP. X.—Mode of purchasing Slaves at factories—Tricks of jockeys—Gunpowder and lemon-juice—I become absolute manager of the stores—Reconciliation with Unga-golah—La belle Esther—I get the African fever—My nurses—Cured by sweating and bitters—Ague—Showerbath remedy—Mr. Edward Joseph—My union with him—I quit the Mongo, and take up my quarters with the Londoner 94 CHAP. XI.—An epoch in my life in 1827—A vessel arrives consigned to me for slaves—La Fortuna—How I managed to sell my cigars and get a cargo, though I had no factory—My first shipment—(Note on the cost and profit of a slave voyage)—How slaves are selected for various markets, and shipped—Go on board naked—hearty feed before embarkation—Stowage—Messes—Mode of eating—Grace—Men and women separated—Attention to health, cleanliness, ventilation—Singing and amusements—Daily purification of the vessel—Night, order and silence preserved by negro constables—Use and disuse of handcuffs—Brazilian slavers—(Note on condition of slavers since the treaty with Spain) 99 CHAP. XII.—How a cargo of slaves is landed in Cuba—Detection avoided—“Gratificaciones.” Clothes distributed—Vessel burnt or sent in as a coaster, or in distress—A[Pg xi] slave’s first glimpse of a Cuban plantation—Delight with food and dress—Oddity of beasts of burden and vehicles—A slave’s first interview with a negro postilion—the postilion’s sermon in favor of slavery—Dealings with the anchorites—How tobacco smoke blinds public functionaries—My popularity on the Rio Pongo—Ormond’s enmity to me 107 CHAP. XIII.—I become intimate with “Country princes” and receive their presents—Royal marriages—Insulting to refuse a proffered wife—I am pressed to wed a princess and my diplomacy to escape the sable noose—My partner agrees to marry the princess—The ceremonial of wooing and wedding in African high life—Coomba 110 CHAP. XIV.—Joseph, my partner, has to fly from Africa—How I save our property—My visit to the Bagers—their primitive mode of life—Habits—Honesty—I find my property unguarded and safe—My welcome in the village—Gift of a goat—Supper—Sleep—A narrow escape in the surf on the coast—the skill of Kroomen 118 CHAP. XV.—I study the institution of Slavery in Africa—Man becomes a “legal tender,” or the coin of Africa—Slave wars, how they are directly promoted by the peculiar adaptation of the trade of the great commercial nations—Slavery an immemorial institution in Africa—How and why it will always be retained—Who are made home slaves—Jockeys and brokers—Five sixths of Africa in domestic bondage 126 CHAP. XVI.—Caravan announced—Mami-de-Yong, from Footha-Yallon, uncle of Ahmah-de-Bellah—My ceremonious reception—My preparations for the chief—Coffee—his school and teaching—Narrative of his trip to Timbuctoo—Queer black-board map—prolix story teller—Timbuctoo and its trade—Slavery 129 CHAP. XVII.—I set forth on my journey to Timbo, to see the father of Ahmah-de-Bellah—My caravan and its mode of travel—My Mussulman passport—Forest roads—Arrive at Kya among the Mandingoes—My lodgings—Ibrahim Ali—Our supper and “bitters”—A scene of piety, love and liquor—Next morning’s headache—Ali-Ninpha begs leave to halt for a day—I manage our Fullah guide—My fever—Homœopathic dose of Islamism from the Koran—My cure—Afternoon 136 CHAP. XVIII.—A ride on horseback—Its exhilaration in the forest—Visit to the Devil’s Fountain—Tricks of an echo and sulphur water—Ibrahim and I discourse learnedly upon the ethics of fluids—My respect for national peculiarities—Our host’s liberality—Mandingo etiquette at the departure of a guest—A valuable gift from Ibrahim and its delicate bestowal—My offering in return—Tobacco and brandy 143 CHAP. XIX.—A night bivouac in the forest—Hammock swung between trees—A surprise and capture—What we do with the fugitive slaves—A Mandingo upstart and his “town”—Inhospitality—He insults my Fullah leader—A quarrel—The Mandingo is seized and his townsfolk driven out—We tarry for Ali-Ninpha—He returns and tries his countrymen—Punishment—Mode of inculcating the social virtues among these interior tribes—We cross the Sanghu on an impromptu bridge—Game—Forest food—Vegetables—A “Witch’s cauldron” of reptiles for the negroes 147 CHAP. XX.—Spread of Mahometanism in the interior of Africa—The external aspect of nature in Africa—Prolific land—Indolence a law of the physical constitution—My caravan’s progress—The Ali-Mami’s protection, its value—Forest scenery—Woods, open plains, barrancas and ravines—Their intense heat—Prairies—Swordgrass—River scenery, magnificence of the shores, foliage, flowers, fruits and birds; picturesque towns, villages and herds—Mountain scenery, view, at morning, over the lowlands—An African noon 153 [Pg xii] CHAP. XXI.—We approach Tamisso—Our halt at a brook—bathing, beautifying, and adornment of the women—Message and welcome from Mohamedoo, by his son, with a gift of food—Our musical escort and procession to the city—My horse is led by a buffoon of the court, who takes care of my face—Curiosity of the townsfolk to see the white Mongo—I pass on hastily to the Palace of Mohamedoo—What an African palace and its furniture is—Mohamedoo’s appearance, greeting and dissatisfaction—I make my present and clear up the clouds—I determine to bathe—How the girls watch me—Their commentaries on my skin and complexion—Negro curiosity—A bath scene—Appearance of Tamisso, and my entertainment there 157 CHAP. XXII.—Improved character of country and population as we advance to the interior—We approach Jallica—Notice to Suphiana—A halt for refreshment and ablutions—Ali-Ninpha’s early home here—A great man in Soolimana—Sound of the war-drum at a distance—Our welcome—Entrance to the town—My party, with the Fullah, is barred out—We are rescued—Grand ceremonial procession and reception, lasting two hours—I am, at last, presented to Suphiana—My entertainment in Jallica—A concert—Musical instruments—Madoo, the ayah—I reward her dancing and singing 162 CHAP. XXIII.—Our caravan proceeds towards Timbo—Met and welcomed in advance, on a lofty table land, by Ahmah-de-Bellah—Psalm of joy song by the Fullahs for our safety—We reach Timbo before day—A house has been specially built and furnished for me—Minute care for my taste and comforts—Ahmah-de-Bellah a trump—A fancy dressing-gown and ruffled shirt—I bathe, dress, and am presented to the Ali-Mami—His inquisitive but cordial reception and recommendation—Portrait of a Fullah king—A breakfast with his wife—My formal reception by the Chiefs of Timbo and Sulimani-Ali—The ceremonial—Ahmah’s speech as to my purposes—Promise of hospitality—My gifts—I design purchasing slaves—scrutiny of the presents—Cantharides—Abdulmomen-Ali, a prince and book-man—His edifying discourse on Islamism—My submission 167 CHAP. XXIV.—Site of Timbo and the surrounding country—A ride with the princes—A modest custom of the Fullahs in passing streams—Visit to villages—The inhabitants fly, fearing we are on a slave scout—Appearance of the cultivated lands, gardens, near Findo and Furo—Every body shuns me—A walk through Timbo—A secret expedition—I watch the girls and matrons as they go to the stream to draw water—Their figures, limbs, dress—A splendid headdress—The people of Timbo, their character, occupation, industry, reading—I announce my approaching departure—Slave forays to supply me—A capture of forty-five by Sulimani-Ali—The personal dread of me increases—Abdulmomen and Ahmah-de-Bellah continue their slave hunts by day, and their pious discourses on Islamism by night—I depart—The farewell gifts—two pretty damsels 176 CHAP. XXV.—My home journey—We reach home with a caravan near a thousand strong—Kambia in order—Mami-de-Yong and my clerk—The story and fate of the Ali-Mami’s daughter Beeljie 183 CHAP. XXVI.—Arrival of a French slaver, La Perouse, Captain Brulôt—Ormond and I breakfast on board—Its sequel—We are made prisoners and put in irons—Short mode of collecting an old debt on the coast of Africa—The Frenchman gets possession of our slaves—Arrival of a Spanish slaver 190 CHAP. XXVII.—Ormond communicates with the Spaniard, and arranges for our rescue—La Esperanza—Brulôt gives in—How we fine him two hundred and fifty doubloons for the expense of his suit, and teach him the danger of playing tricks upon African factors 196 [Pg xiii] CHAP. XXVIII.—Capt. Escudero of the Esperanza dies—I resolve to take his place in command and visit Cuba—Arrival of a Danish slaver—Quarrel and battle between the crews of my Spaniard and the Dane—The Dane attempts to punish me through the duplicity of Ormond—I bribe a servant and discover the trick—My conversation with Ormond—We agree to circumvent the enemy—How I get a cargo without cash 200 CHAP. XXIX.—Off to sea—A calm—A British man-of-war—Boat attack—Reinforcement—A battle—A catastrophe—A prisoner 206 CHAP. XXX.—I am sent on board the corvette—My reception—A dangerous predicament—The Captain and surgeon make me comfortable for the night—Extraordinary conveniences for escape, of which I take the liberty to avail myself 214 CHAP. XXXI.—I drift away in a boat with my servant—Our adventures till we land in the Isles de Loss—My illness and recovery—I return to the Rio Pongo—I am received on board a French slaver—Invitation to dinner—Monkey soup and its consequences 218 CHAP. XXXII.—My greeting in Kambia—The Feliz from Matanzas—Negotiations for her cargo—Ormond attempts to poison me—Ormond’s suicide—His burial according to African customs 222 CHAP. XXXIII.—A visit to the Matacan river in quest of slaves—My reception by the king—His appearance—Scramble for my gifts—How slaves are sometimes trapped on a hasty hunt—I visit the Matacan Wizard; his cave, leopard, blind boy—Deceptions and jugglery—Fetiches—A scale of African intellect 227 CHAP. XXXIV.—What became of the Esperanza’s officers and crew—The destruction of my factory at Kambia by fire—I lose all but my slaves—the incendiary detected—Who instigated the deed—Ormond’s relatives—Death of Esther—I go to sea in a schooner from Sierra Leone—How I acquire a cargo of slaves in the Rio Nunez without money 233 CHAP. XXXV.—I escape capture—Symptoms of mutiny and detection of the plot—How we put it down 240 CHAP. XXXVI.—A “white squall”—I land my cargo near St. Jago de Cuba—Trip to Havana on horseback—My consignees and their prompt arrangements—success of my voyage—Interference of the French Consul—I am nearly arrested—How things were managed, of old, in Cuba 244 CHAP. XXXVII.—A long holiday—I am wrecked on a key—My rescue by salvors—New Providence—I ship on the San Pablo, from St. Thomas’s, as sailing master—Her captain and his arrangements—Encounter a transport—Benefit of the small-pox—Mozambique Channel—Take cargo near Quillimane—How we managed to get slaves—Illness of our captain—The small-pox breaks out on our brig—Its fatality 248 CHAP. XXXVIII.—Our captain longs for calomel, and how I get it from a Scotchman—Our captain’s last will and testament—We are chased by a British cruiser—How we out-manœvred and crippled her—Death of our captain—Cargo landed and the San Pablo burnt 255 CHAP. XXXIX.—My returns from the voyage $12,000, and how I apply them—A custom-house encounter which loses me La Conchita and my money—I get command of a slaver for Ayudah—La Estrella—I consign her to the notorious Da Souza or Cha-cha—His history and mode of life in Africa—His gambling houses and women—I keep aloof from his temptations, and contrive to get my cargo in two months 260 [Pg xiv] CHAP. XL.—All Africans believe in divinities or powers of various degree, except the Bagers—Iguanas worshipped in Ayudah—Invitation to witness the HUMAN SACRIFICES at the court of Dahomey—How they travel to Abomey—The King, his court, amazons, style of life, and brutal festivities—Superstitious rights at Lagos—The Juju hunts by night for the virgin to be sacrificed—Gree-gree bush—The sacrifice—African priest and kingcraft 265 CHAP. XLI.—My voyage home in the Estrella—A revolt of the slaves during a squall, and how we were obliged to suppress it—Use of pistols and hot water 272 CHAP. XLII.—Smallpox and a necessary murder—Bad luck every where—A chase and a narrow escape 276 CHAP. XLIII.—The Aguila de Oro, a Chesapeake clipper—my race with the Montesquieu—I enter the river Salum to trade for slaves—I am threatened, then arrested, and my clipper seized by French man-of-war’s men—Inexplicable mystery—We are imprisoned at Goree—Transferred to San Louis on the Senegal—The Frenchmen appropriate my schooner without condemnation—How they used her The sisters of charity in our prison—The trial scene in court, and our sentence—Friends attempt to facilitate my escape, but our plans detected—I am transferred to a guard-ship in the stream—New projects for my escape—A jolly party and the nick of time, but the captain spoils the sport 280 CHAP. XLIV.—I am sent to France in the frigate Flora—Sisters of charity—The prison of Brest—My prison companions—Prison mysteries—Corporal Blon—I apply to the Spanish minister—Transfer to the civil prison 286 CHAP. XLV.—Madame Sorret and my new quarters—Mode of life—A lot of Catalan girls—Prison boarding and lodging—Misery of the convicts in the coast prisons—Improvement of the central prisons 292 CHAP. XLVI.—New lodgers in our quarters—How we pass our time in pleasant diversions by aid of the Catalan girls and my cash—Soirées—My funds give out—Madame Sorret makes a suggestion—I turn schoolmaster, get pupils, teach English and penmanship, and support my whole party 295 CHAP. XLVII.—Monsieur Germaine, the forger—His trick—Cause of Germaine’s arrest—An adroit and rapid forgery—Its detection 300 CHAP. XLVIII.—Plan of escape—Germaine’s project against Babette—A new scheme for New Year’s night—Passports—Pietro Nazzolini and Dominico Antonetti—Preparations for our “French leave”—How the attempt eventuated 304 CHAP. XLIX.—Condition of the sentinel when he was found—His story—Prison researches next day—How we avoid detection—Louis Philippe receives my petition favorably—Germaine’s philosophic pilfering and principles—His plan to rob the Santissima Casa of Loretto—He designs making an attempt on the Emperor Nicholas—I am released and banished from France 310 CHAP. L.—I go to Portugal, and return in disguise to Marseilles, in order to embark for Africa—I resolve to continue a slaver—A Marseilles hotel during the cholera—Doctor Du Jean and Madame Duprez—Humors of the table d’hôte—Coquetry and flirtation—A phrenological denouement 316 CHAP. LI.—I reach Goree, and hasten to Sierra Leone, where I become a coast-pilot to Gallinas—Site of that celebrated factory—Don Pedro Blanco—His monopoly of the Vey country—Slave-trade and its territorial extent prior to the American Scheme of Colonization—Blanco’s arrangements, telegraphs, &c. at Gallinas—Appearance and mode of life—Blanco and the Lords’ prayer in Latin 324 [Pg xv] CHAP. LII.—Anecdotes of Blanco—Growth of slave-trade in the Vey country—Local wars—Amarar and Shiakar—Barbarities of the natives 330 CHAP. LIII.—I visit Liberia, and observe a new phase of negro development—I go to New Sestros, and establish trade—Trouble with Prince Freeman—The value of gunpowder physic 335 CHAP. LIV.—My establishment at New Sestros, and how I created the slave-trade in that region—The ordeal of Saucy-Wood—My mode of attacking a superstitious usage, and of saving the victims—The story of Barrah and his execution 339 CHAP. LV.—No river at New Sestros—Beach—Kroomen and Fishmen—Bushmen—Kroo boats—I engage a fleet of them for my factory—I ship a cargo of slaves in a hurry—My mode of operating—Value of rum and mock coral beads—Return of the cruiser 344 CHAP. LVI.—I go on a pleasure voyage in the Brilliant, accompanied by Governor Findley—Murder of the Governor—I fit out an expedition to revenge his death—A fight with the beach negroes—We burn five towns—A disastrous retreat—I am wounded—Vindication of Findley’s memory 349 CHAP. LVII.—What Don Pedro Blanco thought of my Quixotism—Painful effects of my wound—Blanco’s liberality to Findley’s family—My slave nurseries on the coast—Digby—I pack nineteen negroes on my launch, and set sail for home—Disastrous voyage—Stories—I land my cargo at night at Monrovia, and carry it through the colony!—Some new views of commercial Morality! 356 CHAP. LVIII.—My compliments to British cruisers—The Bonito—I offer an inspection of my barracoons, &c., to her officers—A lieutenant and the surgeon are sent ashore—My reception of them, and the review of my slaves, feeding, sleeping, &c.—Our night frolic—Next morning—A surprise—The Bonito off, and her officers ashore!—Almost a quarrel—How I pacified my guests over a good breakfast—Sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander 362 CHAP. LIX.—Ups and downs—I am captured in a Russian vessel, and sent to Sierra Leone—It is resolved that I am to be despatched to England—I determine to take French leave—Preparation to celebrate a birthday—A feast—A martinet—Corporal Blunt—Pleasant effects of cider—A swim for life and liberty at night—My concealment—I manage to equip myself, and depart in a Portuguese vessel—I ship thirty-one slaves at Digby—A narrow escape from a cruiser—My return to New Sestros—Report of my death—How I restored confidence in my actual existence—Don Pedro’s notion of me—The gift of a donkey, and its disastrous effect on the married ladies of New Sestros 369 CHAP. LX.—The confession of a dying sailor—Sanchez—The story of the murder of Don Miguel, and destruction of his factory by Thompson—A piratical revenge—An auto-da-fé at sea 377 CHAP. LXI.—My establishment at Digby—The rival kinsmen, and their quarrel—Jen-ken, the Bushman—My arrival at Digby, carousal—A night attack by the rival and his allies—A rout—Horrid scenes of massacre, barbarity, and cannibalism—My position and ransom 382 CHAP. LXII.—I escape from the bloody scene in a boot with a Krooman—Storm on the coast—My perilous attempt to land at Gallinas—How I am warned off—An African tornado—The sufferings of my companion and myself while exposed in the boat, and our final rescue 387 CHAP. LXIII.—Don Pedro Blanco leaves Gallinas—I visit Cape Mount, to restore his son to the Chief—His reception—I go to England in the Gil Blas; she is run [Pg xvi] down by steamer in the Channel—Rescued, and reach Dover—I see London and the British Islands—The diversions, sufferings, and opinions of my servant Lunes in Great Britain—He leaves voluntarily for Africa—A queer chat and scene with the ladies—His opinion of negro dress and negro bliss 391 CHAP. LXIV.—I make arrangements for future trade and business with Mr. Redman—I go to Havana, resolved to obtain a release from Blanco, and engage in lawful commerce—Don Pedro refuses, and sends me back with a freight—A voyage with two African females revisiting their native country—Their story in Cuba; results of frugality and industry—Shiakar’s daughter—Her reception at home—Her disgust with her savage home in Africa, and return to Cuba 396 CHAP. LXV.—I find my establishment in danger, from the colonists and others—A correspondence with Lieut. Bell, U. S. N.—Harmless termination of Governor Buchanan’s onslaught—Threatened with famine; my relief—The Volador takes 749 slaves;—The last cargo I ever shipped 399 CHAP. LXVI.—I am attacked by the British cruiser Termagant, Lieut. Seagram—Correspondence and diplomacy—I go on board the cruiser in a damp uniform—My reception and jollification—I confess my intention to abandon the Slave-trade—My compact with Seagram—How we manage Prince Freeman—His treaty with the Lieutenant for the suppression of the trade—The negro’s duplicity outwits himself—The British officer guaranties the safe removal of my property, whereupon I release 100 slaves—Captain Denman’s destruction of Gallinas—Freeman begins to see my diplomacy, and regrets his inability to plunder my property, as the natives had done at Gallinas—His plot to effect this—How I counteract it 405 CHAP. LXVII.—My barracoons destroyed—Adieus to New Sestros—I sail with Seagram, in the Termagant, for Cape Mount—A slaver in sight—All the nautical men depart to attack her in boats during a calm—I am left in charge of Her Britannic Majesty’s cruiser—The fruitless issue—Escape of the Serea 411 CHAP. LXVIII.—We land at Cape Mount, and obtain a cession of territory, by deed, from King Fana-Toro and Prince Gray—I explore the region—Site of old English slave factory—Difficulty of making the negroes comprehend my improvements at New Florence—Negro speculations and philosophy in regard to labor. 414 CHAP. LXIX.—Visit to Monrovia—Description of the colony and its products—Speculations on the future of the republic, and the character of colored colonization 419 CHAP. LXX.—I remove, and settle permanently at New Florence—I open communications with cruisers to supply them with provisions, &c.—Anecdote of Soma, the gambler—His sale and danger in the hands of a Bushman—Mode of gambling one’s self away in Africa—A letter from Governor Macdonald destroys my prospect of British protection—I haul down the British flag—I determine to devote myself to husbandry—Bad prospect 424 CHAP. LXXI.—Account of the character of the Vey negroes—The Gree-gree bush—Description of this institution, its rites, services, and uses—Marriage and midwifery—A scene with Fana-Toro, at Toso—Human sacrifice of his enemy; frying a heart; indignity committed on the body—Anecdote of the king’s endurance; burns his finger as a test, and rallies his men—Death of Prince Gray—Funeral rites among the Vey people—Smoking the corpse—I am offered the choice of his widows 429 CHAP. LXXII.—My workshops, gardens, and plantations at the Cape Mount settlement—I do not prosper as a farmer or trader with the interior—I decide to send [Pg xvii] a coaster to aid in the transfer of the Yankee clipper A—— to a slaver—I part on bad terms with the British—Game at Cape Mount—Adventure of a boy and an Ourang-outang—How we killed leopards, and saved our castle—Mode of hunting elephants—Elephant law 437 CHAP. LXXIII.—Fana-Toro’s war, and its effect on my establishment—I decline joining actively in the conflict—I allow captives to be shipped by a Gallinas factor—Two years of blockade by the British—A miraculous voyage of a long-boat with thirty-three slaves to Bahia—My disasters and mishaps at Cape Mount in consequence of this war—Exaggerations of my enemies—My true character—Letter from Rev. John Seys to me—My desire to aid the missionaries—Cain and Curtis stimulate the British against me—Adventure of the Chancellor—the British destroy my establishment—Death of Fana-Toro—The natives revenge my loss—The end 442 THE WHITE SLAVES OF ENGLAND Compiled From Official Documents. By John C. Cobden CONTENTS CHAPTER I. General Slavery proceeding from the existence of the British Aristocracy Page 13 CHAPTER II. Slavery in the British Mines 28 CHAPTER III. Slavery in the British Factories 104 CHAPTER IV. Slavery in the British Workshops 168 CHAPTER V. The Workhouse System of Britain 206 CHAPTER VI. Impressment, or Kidnapping White Men for Slaves in the Naval Service 257 CHAPTER VII.[Pg 12] Irish Slavery 284 CHAPTER VIII. The Menial Slaves of Great Britain 370 CHAPTER IX. Mental and Moral Condition of the White Slaves in Great Britain 379 CHAPTER X. Coolie Slavery in the British Colonies 433 CHAPTER XI. Slavery in British India 441 CHAPTER XII. The Crime and the Duty of the English Government 489 THE BLACK EXPERIENCE IN AMERICA By Norman Coombs CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgments The Human Cradle West African Empires The Culture of West Africa The Slave Trade Caribbean Interlude The Shape of American Slavery North American and South American Slavery Slavery and the Formation of Character Slave Response Slavery and the American Revolution Slave Insurrections Growing Racism Black Moderates and Militants White Liberals Growth of Extremism Blue, Gray, and Black Reconstruction and Its Failure The New Racism Fighting Jim Crow Making the World Safe for Democracy Urban Riots The Klan Revival The Debate Over Means and Ends Booker T. Washington: The Trumpet of Conciliation W. E. B. DuBois: The Trumpet of Confrontation Marcus Garvey: The Trumpet of Pride A. Philip Randolph: The Trumpet of Mobilization Immigration and Migration Harlem: "The Promised Land" The Negro Renaissance Black Nationalism Hard Times Again The Second World War The U.S. and the U.N. Schools and Courts The Civil Rights Movement Civil Disorders Black Power Epilogue WHERE THE TWAIN MEET By Mary Gaunt CONTENTS PREFACE WHERE THE TWAIN MEET CHAPTER I BRITAIN'S FIRST TROPICAL COLONY CHAPTER II THE WHITE BONDSMEN CHAPTER III JAMAICA'S FIRST HISTORIAN CHAPTER IV THE CASTLES ON THE GUINEA COAST CHAPTER V THE MIDDLE PASSAGE CHAPTER VI THE PLANTATION CHAPTER VII SLAVE REBELLIONS CHAPTER VIII THE MAROONS CHAPTER IX THE FOOTPRINTS OF THE YEARS CHAPTER X THE MAKING OF CHRISTIANS CHAPTER XI THE FREEING OF THE SLAVE CHAPTER XII JAMAICA AS I SAW IT FATHER HENSON'S STORY OF HIS OWN LIFE. CONTENTS CHAPTER I. MY BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD. 1 Earliest memories.—Born in Maryland.—My father's first appearance.—Attempted outrage on my mother.—My father's fight with an overseer.—One hundred stripes and his ear cut off.—Throws away his banjo and becomes morose.—Sold South. CHAPTER II. MY FIRST GREAT TRIAL. 8 Origin of my name.—A kind master.—He is drowned.—My mother's prayers.—A slave auction.—Torn from my mother.—Severe sickness.—A cruel master.—Sold again and restored to my mother. CHAPTER III. MY BOYHOOD AND YOUTH. 16 Early employment.—Slave-life.—Food, lodging, clothing.—Amusements.—Gleams of sunshine.—My knight-errantry.—Become an overseer and general superintendent. [Pg viii]CHAPTER IV. MY CONVERSION. 25 A good man.—Hear a sermon for the first time.—Its effects upon me.—Prayer and communion.—Its first fruits. CHAPTER V. MAIMED FOR LIFE. 31 Taking care of my drunken master.—His fight with an overseer.—Rescue him.—Am terribly beaten by the overseer.—My master seeks redress at law, but fails.—Sufferings then and since.—Retain my post as superintendent. CHAPTER VI. A RESPONSIBLE JOURNEY. 42 My marriage.—Marriage of my master.—His ruin.—Comes to me for aid.—A great enterprise undertaken.—Long and successful journey.—Incidents by the way.—Struggle between inclination and duty.—Duty triumphant. CHAPTER VII. A NEW HOME. 55 Become a Methodist preacher.—My poor companions sold.—My agony.—Sent for again.—Interview with a kind Methodist preacher.—Visit free soil and begin my struggle for freedom. [Pg ix]CHAPTER VIII. RETURN TO MARYLAND. 66 Reception from my old master.—A slave again.—Appeal to an old friend.—Buy my freedom.—Cheated and betrayed.—Back to Kentucky, and a slave again. CHAPTER IX. TAKEN SOUTH, AWAY FROM WIFE AND CHILDREN. 79 Start for New Orleans.—Study navigation on the Mississippi.—The captain struck blind.—Find some of my old companions.—The lower depths. CHAPTER X. A TERRIBLE TEMPTATION. 86 Sigh for death.—A murder in my heart.—The axe raised.—Conscience speaks and I am saved.—God be praised! CHAPTER XI. PROVIDENTIAL DELIVERANCE. 93 Offered for sale.—Examined by purchasers.—Plead with my young master in vain.—Man's extremity, God's opportunity.—Good for evil.—Return North.—My increased value.—Resolve to be a slave no longer. CHAPTER XII. ESCAPE FROM BONDAGE. 102 [Pg x]Solitary Musings.—Preparations for flight.—A long good-night to master.—A dark night on the river.—Night journeys in Indiana.—On the brink of starvation.—A kind woman.—A new style of drinking cup.—Reach Cincinnati. CHAPTER XIII. JOURNEY TO CANADA. 113 Good Samaritans.—Alone in the wilderness.—Meet some Indians.—Reach Sandusky.—Another friend.—All aboard.—Buffalo.—A "free nigger."—Frenzy of joy on reaching Canada. CHAPTER XIV. NEW SCENES AND A NEW HOME. 128 A poor man in a strange land.—Begin to acquire property.—Resume preaching.—Boys go to school.—What gave me a desire to learn to read.—A day of prayer in the woods. CHAPTER XV. LIFE IN CANADA. 138 Condition of the blacks in Canada.—A tour of exploration.—Appeal to the Legislature.—Improvements. CHAPTER XVI. CONDUCTING SLAVES TO CANADA. 144 Sympathy for the slaves.—James Lightfoot.—My first mission to the South.—A Kentucky company of fugitives.—Safe at home.[Pg xi] CHAPTER XVII. SECOND JOURNEY ON THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD. 150 A shower of stars.—Kentuckians.—A stratagem.—A providence.—Conducted across the Miami River by a cow.—Arrival at Cincinnati.—One of the party taken ill.—We leave him to die.—Meet a "friend."—A poor white man.—A strange impression.—Once more in Canada. CHAPTER XVIII. HOME AT DAWN. 165 Condition in Canada.—Efforts in behalf of my people.—Rev. Mr. Wilson.—A convention of blacks.—Manual-labor school. CHAPTER XIX. LUMBERING OPERATIONS. 173 Industrial project.—Find some able friends in Boston.—Procure funds and construct a saw-mill.—Sales of lumber in Boston.—Incident in the Custom House. CHAPTER XX. VISIT TO ENGLAND. 179 Debt on the institution.—A new pecuniary enterprise.—Letters of recommendation to England.—Personal difficulties.—Called an impostor.—Triumphant victory over these troubles. CHAPTER XXI. THE WORLD'S FAIR IN LONDON. 187 My contribution to the great exhibition.—Difficulty [Pg xii]with the American superintendent.—Happy release.—The great crowd.—A call from the Queen.—Medal awarded to me. CHAPTER XXII. VISITS TO THE RAGGED SCHOOLS. 194 Speech at Sunday School Anniversary.—Interview with Lord Grey.—Interview with the Archbishop of Canterbury, and dinner with Lord John Russell, the great events of my life. CHAPTER XXIII. CLOSING UP MY LONDON AGENCY. 203 My narrative published.—Letter from home apprising me of the sickness of my wife.—Departure from London.—Arrival at home.—Meeting with my family.—The great sorrow of my life, the death of my wife. CHAPTER XXIV. CLOSING CHAPTER. 209 Containing an accurate account of the past and present condition of the fugitive slaves in Canada, with some remarks on their future prospects. BLACK REBELLION: FIVE SLAVE REVOLTS By Thomas Wentworth Higginson CONTENTS AUTHOR'S NOTE: THE MAROONS OF JAMAICA THE MAROONS OF SURINAM. GABRIEL'S DEFEAT DENMARK VESEY NAT TURNER'S INSURRECTION APPENDIX OF AUTHORITIES THIRTY YEARS A SLAVE From Bondage to Freedom AUTOBIOGRAPHY By Louis Hughes CONTENTS PREFACE. CHAPTER I. LIFE ON A COTTON PLANTATION. CHAPTER II. SOCIAL AND OTHER ASPECTS OF SLAVERY. CHAPTER III. SLAVERY AND THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. CHAPTER IV. REBELLION WEAKENING; SLAVES' HOPES STRENGTHENING. CHAPTER V. FREEDOM AFTER SLAVERY. INCIDENTS IN THE LIFE OF A SLAVE GIRL. Written by Herself. By Linda Brent CONTENTS PREFACE BY THE AUTHOR INTRODUCTION BY THE EDITOR INCIDENTS IN THE LIFE OF A SLAVE GIRL I Childhood II The New Master And Mistress III The Slaves' New Year's Day IV The Slave Who Dared To Feel Like A Man V The Trials Of Girlhood VI The Jealous Mistress VII The Lover VIII What Slaves Are Taught To Think Of The North IX Sketches Of Neighboring Slaveholders X A Perilous Passage In The Slave Girl's Life. XI The New Tie To Life XII Fear Of Insurrection XIII The Church And Slavery XIV Another Link To Life XV Continued Persecutions XVI Scenes At The Plantation XVII The Flight XVIII Months Of Peril XIX The Children Sold XX New Perils XXI The Loophole Of Retreat XXII Christmas Festivities XXIII Still In Prison XXIV The Candidate For Congress XXV Competition In Cunning XXVI Important Era In My Brother's Life XXVII New Destination For The Children XXVIII Aunt Nancy XXIX Preparations For Escape XXX Northward Bound XXXI Incidents In Philadelphia XXXII The Meeting Of Mother And Daughter XXXIII A Home Found XXXIV The Old Enemy Again XXXV Prejudice Against Color XXXVI The Hairbreadth Escape XXXVII A Visit To England XXXVIII Renewed Invitations To Go South XXXIX The Confession XL The Fugitive Slave Law XLI Free At Last APPENDIX BEHIND THE SCENES. By Elizabeth Keckley THIRTY YEARS A SLAVE, AND FOUR YEARS IN THE WHITE HOUSE CONTENTS Preface 3 Chapter I. Where I was born 7 Chapter II. Girlhood and its Sorrows 13 Chapter III. How I gained my Freedom 19 Chapter IV. In the Family of Senator Jefferson Davis 28 Chapter V. My Introduction to Mrs. Lincoln 34 Chapter VI. Willie Lincoln's Death-bed 41 Chapter VII. Washington in 1862-3 50 Chapter VIII. Candid Opinions 57 Chapter IX. Behind the Scenes 62 Chapter X. The Second Inauguration 68 Chapter XI. The Assassination of President Lincoln 77 Chapter XII. Mrs. Lincoln leaves the White House 89 Chapter XIII. The Origin of the Rivalry between Mr. Douglas and Mr. Lincoln 101 Chapter XIV. Old Friends 106 Chapter XV. The Secret History of Mrs. Lincoln's Wardrobe in New York 119 Appendix --Letters from Mrs. Lincoln to Mrs. Keckley 147 THE SLAVERY QUESTION. By John Lawrence CONTENTS CHAPTER I. ORIGIN OF AMERICAN SLAVERY. THE SLAVE TRADE. Seven millions of slaves in America—Slavery originated in the African slave trade—Slave-trade unprovoked—Excited by lust for gold—Commenced by the Portuguese in 1434—Spaniards in 1511—English in 1556—President Edwards quoted—100,000 annually destroyed—Report made to the British House of Commons—Startling statistics—A slave ship described—Slave-trade declared to be piracy and abolishedpage 13 CHAPTER II. SLAVERY DEFINED. PROPERTY IN A HUMAN BEING. A slave is a chattel—Authorities quoted—Advertised and sold as property—Facts adduced—sale of a boy—a woman with an infant in her arms—a mother—American slave-code identical in principle with the Romanpage 30[Pg viii] CHAPTER III. SLAVERY ILLUSTRATED. THE CHATTEL PRINCIPLE IN PRACTICE. Slaves denied an education—Laws—Instances—Slavery disregards matrimonial connections—Painful factspage 41 CHAPTER IV. SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED. Slavery disregards the parental and filial relations—Facts—Slave-mother’s lamentpage 56 CHAPTER V. SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED. Slavery utterly impoverishes its victims—Exposes them to unbridled lust—unrestrained passion—irresponsible tyranny—Heart-rending incidents!page 64 CHAPTER VI. SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED. Severity of laws against slaves—partial—unreasonable and cruel—Practice worse than the laws—Burning of slaves—Horrible examplespage 80[Pg ix] CHAPTER VII. SLAVERY AND RELIGION. Curse of Canaan—Doubtful authority—Did not allude to slavery—A mere prediction at best—Africans not the descendants of Canaanpage 88 CHAPTER VIII. SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED. Patriarchal servitude and slavery—No patriarch ever owned a slave—Slavery had no existence in the time of the patriarchs—Diodorus, Athenæus and Rollin quoted—The Hebrew word SERVANT not equivalent to the English word SLAVE—Abraham’s servants converts from idolatrypage 94 CHAPTER IX. SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED. Law of Moses and slavery—Levitical statutes not perfect—Allowed what it would now be wrong to practice—Dr. Stowe quoted—Servitude under the law of Moses essentially different from American slavery—Meaning of “buy,” “heathen,” “bondmen,” and “forever,”—Servants not stolen—Voluntary—Provision for religious improvement—Kind treatment—Could not be sold—Equal to their masters—Certain emancipation—Salvation of the heathen the primary design of introducing foreign servantspage 107[Pg x] CHAPTER X. SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED. New Testament and slavery—Servants mentioned but not SLAVES—Doulos does not mean SLAVE—New Testament does not regulate slavery because it cannot be regulated—Slaveholders not addressed by the Apostles—Onesimus not a slave—Character of Roman slavery—Contrary to the fundamental principles of revealed religion—The character of God—Common origin of man—General Redemption—Moral precepts—And is necessarily unjust and unequalpage 124 CHAPTER XI. AMERICAN CHURCHES AND SLAVERY. THE POSITION THEY OCCUPY. Presbyterians (O. S. and N. S.)—Congregational—Methodist Episcopal, North and South—Methodist Protestant—Wesleyan Methodist Connection—Baptist, Regular—Freewill—Seventh Day—Evangelical Association—United Brethren—Various Churches—Summary Viewpage 149 CHAPTER XII. SLAVERY AND THE CHURCH. NON-FELLOWSHIP WITH SLAVEHOLDERS. Scriptural view—Church must keep slaveholders out—If they get in, it must expel them—If the Church sanction slavery officially or practically, withdraw from it—Non-slaveholding required that it may be holy—The pillar of truth—That it may honor the Scriptures—Convert the world—Be faithful to slaveholders and to slaves—Non-fellowship required by decency—humanity—If fellowshiped, we shall have slaveholding preachers, and women-sellers and cradle-plunderers for class-mates—Cases givenpage 169[Pg xi] CHAPTER XIII. SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED. OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. Kind slaveholders—Examples—Excusable slaveholders—Slavery a political matter—Fault of the public corruption—Fault of the laws—Slaveholders from necessity—Slaves their property—All right ONLY this one thing—Take them in to convince them of the wrong—Mr. Fee’s opinionpage 184 CHAPTER XIV. POLITICAL DUTIES OF CHRISTIANS. EXTIRPATION OF SLAVERY FROM THE WORLD. Necessity of government—Obligation of political action—Voters responsible for slavery—United States Constitution does not endorse slavery—Founders of the Republic intended that slavery should die out speedily—Character of the government changed—Great work for Christian citizens—Slavery in the District—Territories—Slave States—Throughout the worldpage 195 CHAPTER XV. ABOLITION OF SLAVERY. IMMEDIATE EMANCIPATION. The duty plain and scriptural—Break every yoke—proclaim a year of Jubilee—Slavery cannot be reformed—Slaves prepared for freedom—Free people of color—Fugitives in Canada—West India emancipation—Colored people not dangerous when free—Amalgamation—Our fears originate in our guilt—Colonization scheme impracticable—Wrong—Watkins quoted—All objections mere excuses—We must emancipate to escape the judgments of God—Too long delayed—A good examplepage 206[Pg xii] CHAPTER XVI. WHAT OF THE NIGHT? THERE IS HOPE IN GOD ONLY. The government intensely pro-slavery—Political horizon lowering—The great denominations and benevolent societies heartily supporting slavery—Ecclesiastical heavens dark—Deep prejudices in the masses of the people—Douglass quoted—God is on the side of the oppressed—He is stirring the nation—Question cannot rest—Agitation goes on—Truth is on the side of the slave—Literature coming to his aid—A pure Church arising to plead his cause—“Toil and trust.”page 219 JOURNAL OF A WEST INDIA PROPRIETOR, Kept During a Residence in The Island of Jamaica By Matthew Gregory Lewis CONTENTS ADVERTISEMENT. JOURNAL OF A WEST INDIA PROPRIETOR 1815. NOVEMBER 8. 1816.—JANUARY 1. 1817. 1818.—JANUARY 1. THE NEGRO AND THE NATION A History of American Slavery and Enfranchisement By George S. Merriam CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. How Slavery Grew in America 1 II. The Acts of the Fathers 8 III. Conflict and Compromise 21 IV. The Widening Rift 28 V. Calhoun and Garrison 46 VI. Birney, Channing and Webster 58 VII. The Underlying Forces 67 VIII. The Mexican War 71 IX. How to Deal with the Territories 79 X. The Compromise of 1850 84 XI. A Lull and a Retrospect 92 XII. Slavery as It Was 97 XIII. The Struggle for Kansas 112 XIV. "Fremont and Freedom" 122 XV. Three Typical Southerners 132 XVI. Some Northern Leaders 140 XVII. Dred Scott and Lecompton 147 XVIII. John Brown 158 XIX. Abraham Lincoln 172 XX. The Election of 1860 185 XXI. Face to Face 197 XXII. How They Differed 205 XXIII. Why They Fought 211 XXIV. On Niagara's Brink—and Over 221 XXV. The Civil War 237 XXVI. Emancipation Begun 248 XXVII. Emancipation Achieved 258 XXVIII. Reconstruction: Experiments and Ideals 267 XXIX. Reconstruction: The First Plan 274 XXX. Congress and the "Black Codes" 281 XXXI. Reconstruction: The Second Plan 294 XXXII. Reconstruction: The Final Plan 306 XXXIII. Reconstruction: The Working Out 316 XXXIV. Three Troubled States 331 XXXV. Reconstruction: The Last Act 344 XXXVI. Regeneration 354 XXXVII. Armstrong 362 XXXVIII. Evolution 371 XXXIX. Ebb and Flow 382 XL. Looking Forward 391 Index 413 THE SEA-WITCH: OR, THE AFRICAN QUADROON A STORY OF THE SLAVE COAST. By Lieutenant Murray CONTENTS I. OUTWARD BOUND. II. CAPTAIN WILL RATLIN. III. THE GALE. IV. BRAMBLE PARK. V. THE NAVAL OFFICER. VI. THE WRECK. VII. THE SEA WITCH. VIII. THE QUADROON. IX. THE ATTACK. X. THE DUEL. XI. THE HUES OF LOVE. XII. THE CONFLICT. XIII. THE TRIAL. XIV. THE BROTHERS. XV. THE ESCAPE. XVI. THE CANNIBALS. XVII. THE POISONED BARB. XVIII. THE DENOUEMENT. TWELVE YEARS A SLAVE NARRATIVE OF SOLOMON NORTHUP, A CITIZEN OF NEW-YORK, KIDNAPPED IN WASHINGTON CITY IN 1841, AND RESCUED IN 1853 FROM A COTTON PLANTATION NEAR THE RED RIVER, IN LOUISIANA. Buffalo: Derby, Orton And Mulligan. 1853 CONTENTS page. Editor's Preface, 15 CHAPTER I. Introductory—Ancestry—The Northup Family—Birth and Parentage—Mintus Northup—Marriage with Anne Hampton—Good Resolutions—Champlain Canal—Rafting Excursion to Canada—Farming—The Violin—Cooking—Removal to Saratoga—Parker and Perry—Slaves and Slavery—The Children—The Beginning of Sorrow, 17 CHAPTER II. The two Strangers—The Circus Company—Departure from Saratoga—Ventriloquism and Legerdemain—Journey to New-York—Free Papers—Brown and Hamilton—The haste to reach the Circus—Arrival in Washington—Funeral of Harrison—The Sudden Sickness—The Torment of Thirst—The Receding Light—Insensibility—Chains and Darkness, 28 CHAPTER III. Painful Meditations—James H. Burch—Williams' Slave Pen in Washington—The Lackey, Radburn—Assert my Freedom—The Anger of the Trader—The Paddle and Cat-o'-nine-tails—The Whipping—New Acquaintances—Ray, Williams, and Randall—Arrival of Little Emily and her Mother in the Pen—Maternal Sorrows—The Story of Eliza, 40 [Pg viii] CHAPTER IV. Eliza's Sorrows—Preparation to Embark—Driven Through the Streets of Washington—Hail, Columbia—The Tomb of Washington—Clem Ray—The Breakfast on the Steamer—The happy Birds—Aquia Creek—Fredericksburgh—Arrival in Richmond—Goodin and his Slave Pen—Robert, of Cincinnati—David and his Wife—Mary and Lethe—Clem's Return—His subsequent Escape to Canada—The Brig Orleans—James H. Burch, 54 CHAPTER V. Arrival at Norfolk—Frederick and Maria—Arthur, the Freeman—Appointed Steward—Jim, Cuffee, and Jenny—The Storm—Bahama Banks—The Calm—The Conspiracy—The Long Boat—The Small-Pox—Death of Robert—Manning, the Sailor—The Meeting in the Forecastle—The Letter—Arrival at New-Orleans—Arthur's Rescue—Theophilus Freeman, the Consignee—Platt—First Night in the New-Orleans Slave Pen, 65 CHAPTER VI. Freeman's Industry—Cleanliness and Clothes—Exercising in the Show Room—The Dance—Bob, the Fiddler—Arrival of Customers—Slaves Examined—The Old Gentleman of New-Orleans—Sale of David, Caroline, and Lethe—Parting of Randall and Eliza—Small-Pox—The Hospital—Recovery and Return to Freeman's Slave Pen—The Purchaser of Eliza, Harry, and Platt—Eliza's Agony on Parting from Little Emily, 78 CHAPTER VII. The Steamboat Rodolph—Departure from New-Orleans—William Ford—Arrival at Alexandria, on Red River—Resolutions—The Great Pine Woods—Wild Cattle—Martin's Summer Residence—The Texas Road—Arrival at Master Ford's—Rose—Mistress Ford—Sally and her Children—John, the Cook—Walter, Sam, and Antony—The Mills on Indian Creek—Sabbath Days—Sam's Conversion—The Profit of [Pg ix]Kindness—Rafting—Adam Taydem, the Little White Man—Cascalla and his Tribe—The Indian Ball—John M. Tibeats—The Storm approaching, 89 CHAPTER VIII. Ford's Embarrassments—The Sale to Tibeats—The Chattel Mortgage—Mistress Ford's Plantation on Bayou Bœuf—Description of the Latter—Ford's Brother-in-law, Peter Tanner—Meeting with Eliza—She still Mourns for her Children—Ford's Overseer, Chapin—Tibeats' Abuse—The Keg of Nails—The First Fight with Tibeats—His Discomfiture and Castigation—The attempt to Hang me—Chapin's Interference and Speech—Unhappy Reflections—Abrupt Departure of Tibeats, Cook, and Ramsey—Lawson and the Brown Mule—Message to the Pine Woods, 105 CHAPTER IX. The Hot Sun—Yet bound—The Cords sink into my Flesh—Chapin's Uneasiness—Speculation—Rachel, and her Cup of Water—Suffering increases—The Happiness of Slavery—Arrival of Ford—He cuts the Cords which bind me, and takes the Rope from my Neck—Misery—The gathering of the Slaves in Eliza's Cabin—Their Kindness—Rachel Repeats the Occurrences of the Day—Lawson entertains his Companions with an Account of his Ride—Chapin's apprehensions of Tibeats—Hired to Peter Tanner—Peter expounds the Scriptures—Description of the Stocks, 118 CHAPTER X. Return to Tibeats—Impossibility of pleasing him—He attacks me with a Hatchet—The Struggle over the Broad Axe—The Temptation to Murder him—Escape across the Plantation—Observations from the Fence—Tibeats approaches, followed by the Hounds—They take my Track—Their loud Yells—They almost overtake me—I reach the Water—The Hounds confused—Moccasin Snakes—Alligators—Night in the "Great Pacoudrie Swamp"—The Sounds of Life— [Pg x]North-West Course—Emerge into the Pine Woods—Slave and his Young Master—Arrival at Ford's—Food and Rest, 131 CHAPTER XI. The Mistress' Garden—The Crimson and Golden Fruit—Orange and Pomegranate Trees—Return to Bayou Bœuf—Master Ford's Remarks on the way—The Meeting-with Tibeats—His Account of the Chase—Ford censures his Brutality—Arrival at the Plantation—Astonishment of the Slaves on seeing me—The anticipated Flogging—Kentucky John—Mr. Eldret, the Planter—Eldret's Sam—Trip to the "Big Cane Brake"—The Tradition of "Sutton's Field"—Forest Trees—Gnats and Mosquitoes—The Arrival of Black Women in the Big Cane—Lumber Women—Sudden Appearance of Tibeats—His Provoking Treatment—Visit to Bayou Bœuf—The Slave Pass—Southern Hospitality—The Last of Eliza—Sale to Edwin Epps, 146 CHAPTER XII. Personal Appearance of Epps—Epps, Drunk and Sober—A Glimpse of his History—Cotton Growing—The Mode of Ploughing and Preparing Ground—Of Planting, of Hoeing, of Picking, of Treating Raw Hands—The difference in Cotton Pickers—Patsey a remarkable one—Tasked according to Ability—Beauty of a Cotton Field—The Slave's Labors—Fear of Approaching the Gin-House—Weighing—"Chores"—Cabin Life—The Corn Mill—The Uses of the Gourd—Fear of Oversleeping—Fear continually—Mode of Cultivating Corn—Sweet Potatoes—Fertility of the Soil—Fattening Hogs—Preserving Bacon—Raising Cattle—Shooting-Matches—Garden Products—Flowers and Verdure, 162 CHAPTER XIII. The Curious Axe-Helve—Symptoms of approaching Illness—Continue to decline—The Whip ineffectual—Confined [Pg xi]to the Cabin—Visit by Dr. Wines—Partial Recovery—Failure at Cotton Picking—What may be heard on Epps' Plantation—Lashes Graduated—Epps in a Whipping Mood—Epps in a Dancing Mood—Description of the Dance—Loss of Rest no Excuse—Epps' Characteristics—Jim Burns—Removal from Huff Power to Bayou Bœuf—Description of Uncle Abram; of Wiley; of Aunt Phebe; of Bob, Henry, and Edward; of Patsey; with a Genealogical Account of each—Something of their Past History, and Peculiar Characteristics— Jealousy and Lust—Patsey, the Victim, 176 CHAPTER XIV. Destruction of the Cotton Crop in 1845—Demand for Laborers in St. Mary's Parish—Sent thither in a Drove—The Order of the March—The Grand Coteau—Hired to Judge Turner on Bayou Salle—Appointed Driver in his Sugar House—Sunday Services—Slave Furniture; how obtained—The Party at Yarney's, in Centreville—Good Fortune—The Captain of the Steamer—His Refusal to Secrete me—Return to Bayou Bœuf—Sight of Tibeats—Patsey's Sorrows—Tumult and Contention—Hunting the Coon and Opossum—The Cunning of the latter—The Lean Condition of the Slave—Description of the Fish Trap—The Murder of the Man from Natchez—Epps Challenged by Marshall—The Influence of Slavery—The Love of Freedom, 191 CHAPTER XV. Labors on Sugar Plantations—The Mode of Planting Cane—of Hoeing Cane—Cane Ricks—Cutting Cane—Description of the Cane Knife—Winrowing—Preparing for Succeeding Crops—Description of Hawkins' Sugar Mill on Bayou Bœuf—The Christmas Holidays—The Carnival Season of the Children of Bondage—The Christmas Supper—Red, the Favorite Color—The Violin, and the Consolation it afforded—The Christmas Dance—Lively, the Coquette—Sam Roberts, and his Rivals—Slave Songs—Southern Life as it is—Three Days in the Year—The System of Marriage—Uncle Abram's Contempt of Matrimony, 208 CHAPTER XVI. [Pg xii]Overseers—How they are Armed and Accompanied—The Homicide—His Execution at Marksville—Slave Drivers—Appointed Driver on removing to Bayou Bœuf—Practice makes perfect—Epps's Attempt to Cut Platt's Throat—The Escape from him—Protected by the Mistress—Forbids Reading and Writing—Obtain a Sheet of Paper after Nine Years' Effort—The Letter—Armsby, the Mean White—Partially confide in him—His Treachery—Epps' Suspicions—How they were quieted—Burning the Letter—Armsby leaves the Bayou—Disappointment and Despair, 223 CHAPTER XVII. Wiley disregards the counsels of Aunt Phebe and Uncle Abram, and is caught by the Patrollers—The Organization and Duties of the latter—Wiley Runs Away—Speculations in regard to him—His Unexpected Return—His Capture on the Red River, and Confinement in Alexandria Jail—Discovered by Joseph B. Roberts—Subduing Dogs in anticipation of Escape—The Fugitives in the Great Pine Woods—Captured by Adam Taydem and the Indians—Augustus killed by Dogs—Nelly, Eldret's Slave Woman—The Story of Celeste—The Concerted Movement—Lew Cheney, the Traitor—The Idea of Insurrection, 236 CHAPTER XVIII. O'Niel, the Tanner—Conversation with Aunt Phebe overheard—Epps in the Tanning Business—Stabbing of Uncle Abram—The Ugly Wound—Epps is Jealous—Patsey is Missing—Her Return from Shaw's—Harriet, Shaw's Black Wife—Epps Enraged—Patsey denies his Charges—She is Tied Down Naked to Four Stakes—The Inhuman Flogging—Flaying of Patsey—The Beauty of the Day—The Bucket of Salt Water—The Dress stiff with Blood—Patsey grows Melancholy—Her Idea of God and Eternity—Of Heaven and Freedom—The Effect of Slave-Whipping—Epps' Oldest Son—"The Child is Father to the Man," 250 CHAPTER XIX. [Pg xiii]Avery, on Bayou Rouge—Peculiarity of Dwellings—Epps builds a New House—Bass, the Carpenter—His Noble Qualities—His Personal Appearance and Eccentricities—Bass and Epps discuss the Question of Slavery—Epps' Opinion of Bass—I make myself known to him—Our Conversation—His Surprise—The Midnight Meeting on the Bayou Bank—Bass' Assurances—Declares War against Slavery—Why I did not Disclose my History—Bass writes Letters—Copy of his Letter to Messrs. Parker and Perry—The Fever of Suspense—Disappointments—Bass endeavors to cheer me—My Faith in him, 263 CHAPTER XX. Bass faithful to his word—His Arrival on Christmas Eve—The Difficulty of Obtaining an Interview—The Meeting in the Cabin—Non-arrival of the Letter—Bass announces his Intention to proceed North—Christmas—Conversation between Epps and Bass—Young Mistress McCoy, the Beauty of Bayou Bœuf—The "Ne plus ultra" of Dinners—Music and Dancing—Presence of the Mistress—Her Exceeding Beauty—The Last Slave Dance—William Pierce—Oversleep myself—The Last Whipping—Despondency—Cold Morning—Epps' Threats—The Passing Carriage—Strangers approaching through the Cotton-Field—Last Hour on Bayou Bœuf, 279 CHAPTER XXI. The Letter reaches Saratoga—Is forwarded to Anne—Is laid before Henry B. Northup—The Statute of May 14, 1840—Its Provisions—Anne's Memorial to the Governor—The affidavits Accompanying it—Senator Soule's Letter—Departure of the Agent appointed by the Governor—Arrival at Marksville—The Hon. John P. Waddill—The Conversation on New-York Politics—It suggests a Fortunate Idea—The Meeting with Bass—The Secret out—Legal Proceedings instituted—Departure of Northup and the Sheriff from Marksville for [Pg xiv]Bayou Bœuf—Arrangements on the Way—Reach Epps' Plantation—Discover his Slaves in the Cotton-Field—The Meeting—The Farewell, 289 CHAPTER XXII. Arrival in New-Orleans—Glimpse of Freeman—Genois, the Recorder—His Description of Solomon—Reach Charleston Interrupted by Custom House Officers—Pass through Richmond—Arrival in Washington—Burch Arrested—Shekels and Thorn—Their Testimony—Burch Acquitted—Arrest of Solomon—Burch withdraws the Complaint—The Higher Tribunal—Departure from Washington—Arrival at Sandy Hill—Old Friends and Familiar Scenes—Proceed to Glens Falls—Meeting with Anne, Margaret, and Elizabeth—Solomon Northup Staunton—Incidents—Conclusion, 310 Appendix, 323 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Portrait of Solomon in his Plantation Suit Scene in the Slave Pen at Washington, Separation of Eliza and her last Child, Chapin rescues Solomon from Hanging, The Staking out and Flogging of the girl Patsey, Scene in the Cotton Field, and Solomon's Delivery, Arrival Home, and first meeting with his Wife and Children, FROM SLAVE TO COLLEGE PRESIDENT BEING THE LIFE STORY OF BOOKER T. WASHINGTON By G. Holden Pike CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE I. WANTED: A MAN—THE MAN FOUND 1 II. THE ERA OF FREEDOM—REALISING THAT KNOWLEDGE IS POWER 16 III. OFF TO HAMPTON—WAS HE A LIKELY CANDIDATE? 32 IV. GENERAL ARMSTRONG—HIS PREDECESSORS AND COLLABORATORS—PIONEERS OF THE NEW ERA 41 V. UPS AND DOWNS—PROGRESS AS A STUDENT—BEGINNING TO TEACH 49 VI. AMERICAN INDIANS—WORK AT HAMPTON 60 VII. THE BEGINNING OF A LIFE WORK 71 VIII. SOME ACTUAL RESULTS—POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENTS 85 IX. CONTINUED PROGRESS—POPULARITY AS A SPEAKER 94 X. VISIT TO EUROPE—RETURN TO TUSKEGEE 104 THE BROTHERS' WAR By John C. Reed CONTENTS Chapter Page I. Introductory 1 II. A Beginning made with Slavery 35 III. Unappeasable Antagonism of Free and Slave Labor 45 IV. Genesis, Course, and Goal of Southern Nationalization 51 V. American Nationalization, and how it made the Bond of Union stronger and stronger 62 VI. Root-and-Branch Abolitionists and Fire-eaters 84 VII. Calhoun 93 VIII. Webster 130 IX. “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” 161 X. Slavery impelled into a Defensive Aggressive 208 XI. Toombs 212 XII. Help to the Union Cause by Powers in the Unseen 282 XIII. Jefferson Davis 296 XIV. The Curse and Blessing of Slavery 330 XV. The Brothers on Each Side were True Patriots and Morally Right—both those [Pg xviii]who fought for the Union and those who fought for the Confederacy 346 XVI. The Race Question: General and Introductory 359 XVII. The Race Question: the Situation in Detail 378 Appendix 429 Index 451 THE BOY SLAVES. By Capt. Mayne Reid CONTENTS AUTHOR'S NOTE. MEMOIR OF MAYNE REID. CHAPTER I The Land of the Slave CHAPTER II Types of the Triple Kingdom CHAPTER III The Serpent's Tongue CHAPTER IV 'Ware the Tide! CHAPTER V A False Guide CHAPTER VI Wade or Swim? CHAPTER VII A Compulsory Parting CHAPTER VIII Safe Ashore CHAPTER IX Uncomfortable Quarters CHAPTER XI 'Ware the Sand! CHAPTER XII A Mysterious Nightmare CHAPTER XIII The Maherry CHAPTER XIV A Liquid Breakfast CHAPTER XV The Sailor among the Shell-fish CHAPTER XVI Keeping under Cover CHAPTER XVII The Trail on the Sand CHAPTER XVIII The "Desert Ship" CHAPTER XIX Homeward Bound CHAPTER XX The Dance Interrupted CHAPTER XXI A Serio-Comical Reception CHAPTER XXII The Two Sheiks CHAPTER XXIII Sailor Bill Beshrewed CHAPTER XXIV Starting on the Track CHAPTER XXV Bill to be Abandoned CHAPTER XXVI A Cautious Retreat CHAPTER XXVII A Queer Quadruped CHAPTER XXVIII The Hue and Cry CHAPTER XXIX A Subaqueous Asylum CHAPTER XXX The Pursuers Nonplussed CHAPTER XXXI A Double Predicament CHAPTER XXXII Once more the mocking Laugh CHAPTER XXXIII A Cunning Sheik CHAPTER XXXIV A Queer Encounter CHAPTER XXXV Holding on to the Hump CHAPTER XXXVI Our Adventures in Undress CHAPTER XXXVII The Captives in Conversation CHAPTER XXXVIII The Douar at Dawn CHAPTER XXXIX An Obstinate Dromedary CHAPTER XL Watering the Camels CHAPTER XLI A Squabble between the Sheiks CHAPTER XLII The Trio Staked CHAPTER XLIII Golah CHAPTER XLIV A Day of Agony CHAPTER XLV Colin in Luck CHAPTER XLVI Sailor Bill's Experiment CHAPTER XLVII An Unjust Reward CHAPTER XLVIII The Waterless Well CHAPTER XLIX The Well CHAPTER L A Momentous Inquiry CHAPTER LI A Living Grave CHAPTER LII The Sheik's Plan of Revenge CHAPTER LIII Captured Again CHAPTER LIV An Unfaithful Wife CHAPTER LV Two Faithful Wives CHAPTER LVI Fatima's Fate CHAPTER LVII Further Defection CHAPTER LVIII A Call for Two More CHAPTER LIX Once More by the Sea CHAPTER LX Golah Calls Again CHAPTER LXI Sailor Bill Standing Sentry CHAPTER LXII Golah Fulfils his Destiny CHAPTER LXIII On the Edge of the Saära CHAPTER LXIV The Rival Wreckers CHAPTER LXV Another White Slave CHAPTER LXVI Sailor Bill's Brother CHAPTER LXVII A Living Stream CHAPTER LXVIII The Arabs at Home CHAPTER LXIX Work or Die CHAPTER LXX Victory! CHAPTER LXXI Sold Again CHAPTER LXXII Onward Once More CHAPTER LXXIII Another Bargain CHAPTER LXXIV More Torture CHAPTER LXXV En Route CHAPTER LXXVI Hope Deferred CHAPTER LXXVII El Hajji CHAPTER LXXVIII Bo Muzem's Journey CHAPTER LXXIX Rais Mourad CHAPTER LXXX Bo Muzem Back Again CHAPTER LXXXI A Pursuit CHAPTER LXXXII Moorish Justice CHAPTER LXXXIII The Jew's Leap CHAPTER LXXXIV Conclusion ILLUSTRATIONS THE DEATH OF GOLAH. 'WARE THE TIDE THE OLD SAILOR SUCCEEDS IN GATHERING SOME SHELL-FISH. THE SHEIK CAPTURED TWENTY-TWO YEARS A SLAVE AND FORTY YEARS A FREEMAN By Austin Steward 1856 CONTENTS PREFACE. CHAPTER I. SLAVE LIFE ON THE PLANTATION. CHAPTER II. AT THE GREAT HOUSE. CHAPTER III. HORSE-RACING AND ITS CONSEQUENCES. CHAPTER IV. JOURNEY TO OUR NEW HOME IN NEW YORK. CHAPTER V. INCIDENTS AT SODUS BAY. CHAPTER VI. REMOVAL FROM SODUS TO BATH. CHAPTER VII. DUELING. CHAPTER VIII. HORSE-RACING AND GENERAL TRAINING. CHAPTER IX. DEATH BED AND BRIDAL SCENES. CHAPTER X. HIRED OUT TO A NEW MASTER. CHAPTER XI. THOUGHTS ON FREEDOM. CHAPTER XII. CAPT. HELM—DIVORCE—KIDNAPPING. CHAPTER XIII. LOCATE IN THE VILLAGE OF ROCHESTER. CHAPTER XIV. INCIDENTS IN ROCHESTER AND VICINITY. CHAPTER XV. SAD REVERSES OF CAPT. HELM. CHAPTER XVI. BRITISH EMANCIPATION OF SLAVERY. CHAPTER XVII. ORATION—TERMINATION OF SLAVERY. CHAPTER XVIII. CONDITION OF FREE COLORED PEOPLE. CHAPTER XIX. PERSECUTION OF THE COLORED PEOPLE. CHAPTER XX. REMOVAL TO CANADA. CHAPTER XXI. ROUGHING IT IN THE WILDS OF CANADA. CHAPTER XXII. NARROW ESCAPE OF A SMUGGLER. CHAPTER XXIII. NARRATIVE OF TWO FUGITIVES FROM VIRGINIA. CHAPTER XXIV. PLEASANT RE-UNION OF OLD AND TRIED FRIENDS. CHAPTER XXV. PRIVATE LOSSES AND PRIVATE DIFFICULTIES. CHAPTER XXVI. INCIDENTS AND PECULIARITIES OF THE INDIANS. CHAPTER XXVII. OUR DIFFICULTIES WITH ISRAEL LEWIS. CHAPTER XXVIII. DESPERATION OF A FUGITIVE SLAVE. CHAPTER XXIX. A NARROW ESCAPE FROM MY ENEMIES. CHAPTER XXX. DEATH OF B. PAUL, AND RETURN OF HIS BROTHER. CHAPTER XXXI. MY FAMILY RETURN TO ROCHESTER. CHAPTER XXXII. THE LAND AGENT AND THE SQUATTER. CHAPTER XXXIII. CHARACTER AND DEATH OF I. LEWIS. CHAPTER XXXIV. MY RETURN TO ROCHESTER. CHAPTER XXXV. BISHOP BROWN—DEATH OF MY DAUGHTER. CHAPTER XXXVI. CELEBRATION OF THE FIRST OF AUGUST. CHAPTER XXXVII. CONCLUSION. CORRESPONDENCE. THE STORY OF MATTIE J. JACKSON Her Parentage-Experience of Eighteen Years in Slavery-Incidents During the War-Her Escape from Slavery By Dr. L. S. Thompson CONTENTS MATTIE'S STORY 5 THEIR ATTEMPT TO MAKE THEIR ESCAPE 9 THE SOLDIERS, AND OUR TREATMENT DURING THE WAR 13 MR. LEWIS CALLS AT THE BOARDING HOUSE 17 RELEASED FROM THE TRADER'S YARD AND TAKEN TO HER NEW MASTER 19 CAPT. TIRRELL REMOVES THE FAMILY—ANOTHER STRATEGY 20 THE FARE AT THEIR NEW HOMES 25 MATTIE IN INDIANAPOLIS—THE GLORY OF FREEDOM—LINCOLN 28 SISTER LOST—MOTHER'S ESCAPE 31 MOTHER'S MARRIAGE 33 MATTIE MEETS HER OLD MASTER—GOES TO SERVICE—IS SENT FOR 33 SUMMARY 37 CHRISTIANITY 38 End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Index of Project Gutenberg Works on Black History, by Various *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INDEX OF PG WORKS ON BLACK HISTORY *** ***** This file should be named 58975-0.txt or 58975-0.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: http://www.gutenberg.org/5/8/9/7/58975/ Produced by David Widger Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. 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