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Title: Platonis Apologia Socratis

Author: Plato

Translator: Friedrich August Wolf

Release Date: February 6, 2016 [EBook #51139]

Language: Latin

Character set encoding: UTF-8

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PLATONIS APOLOGIA SOCRATIS ***




Produced by Carolus Raeticus





PLATONIS

APOLOGIA SOCRATIS

EX RECENSIONE

ET

CUM LATINA INTERPRETATIONE

FRID. AUG. WOLFII.


IN USUM GYMNASIORUM.


BEROLINI, APUD G. C. NAUCKIUM

MDCCCXII.




TABLE OF CONTENTS.




NOTES

ON

THE APOLOGY


Introductory Notice.

Socrates' death took place in the month of May, 399 B.C., when he was more than 70 years of age (Apol. 17 D. Crito 52 E). The interval between the trial and his death was very long,—thirty days altogether. The indictment against Socrates was as follows: "Socrates is guilty of crime, first for not worshipping the gods whom the city worships, but introducing new divinities of his own; next, for corrupting the youth. The penalty due is death."

The accusers of Socr. were three: Meletus, Anytus, and Lyco: see espec. Apol. 23 E. Meletus is also mentioned by Plato in the Euthyphro 2 BC as ἀνὴρ νέος καὶ ἀγνὼς, τετανόθριξ καὶ οὐ πάνυ εὐγένειος, ἐπίγρυπος δέ,[TR1] and in the Apology also Socr. speaks of him as an insignificant young man. Meletus, however, presented the indictment which was hung up in the portico before the office of the ἄρχων βασιλεύς (hence περὶ τὴν τοῦ βασιλέως στοάν Euth. 2 A).[TR2] According to the Schol. on Apol. 18, Meletus was τραγῳδίας φαῦλος ποιητής,[TR3] a statement also made by the Schol. on Aristoph. Frogs 1302: but it seems certain that we have here an error on the part of the Scholiasts who were led by Plato's words ὑπὲρ τῶν ποιητῶν ἀχθόμενος to identify the accuser of Socr. with the poet mentioned by Aristophanes l. c., where he says that Euripides borrowed a good deal of his poetry,—though this identification is absolutely impossible on account of the difference of time, as the Meletus mentioned by Aristoph. could not have been a young man in 399, even supposing that he was still alive. We know nothing more about Meletus, the accuser of Socr., from other sources, but it is possible that he was the son of the Meletus mentioned by Arist., in which case we should also gain an explanation of the motive which Plato assigns for his share in the indictment of Socr.

The most influential of the trio was Anytus, a rich βυρσοδέψης, i.e. a leather-seller, who is said to have been more especially incensed against Socr. by the presumption with which the philosopher had ventured to dissuade him from bringing up his son to his own trade, as the young man had manifested much interest in philosophical speculation and conversation. No doubt Anytus hated Socr. above all as a "corrupter of youth." Anytus was rich, but had been exiled under the Thirty, and, like so many other patriotic citizens, suffered great loss of property. He had then taken a prominent part in the expulsion of the Thirty, and was at the time of the trial of Socr. one of the leading men in Athens.[1] Socrates' interference in his plans with respect to his son may have been all the more galling to him, as his previous losses must have made him anxious that his son also should contribute his share towards the restoration of the family fortunes. Anytus must have classed Socr. with the Sophists, and his opinion of them may be gathered from Plato, Meno 91 B, where Socr. says, οἶσθα δήπου καὶ σὺ ὅτι οὗτοι εἰσὶν οἵους οἱ ἄνθρωποι καλοῦσι σοφιστάς, and Anytus answers, Ἡράκλεις, εὐφήμει, ὦ Σώκρατες· μηδένα τῶν συγγενῶν μήτε οἰκείων μήτε φίλων μήτε ἀστῶν μήτε ξένων, τοιαύτη μανία λάβοι ὥστε παρὰ τούτους ἐλθόντα λωβηθῆναι, ἐπεὶ οὗτοί γε φανερά ἐστι λώβη τε καὶ διαφθορὰ τῶν συγγιγνομένων.[TR4]

But besides this personal motive, Anytus no doubt bore also a political grudge to Socr. Anytus was, it has been seen, a republican, and, as he had suffered for his cause, he was no doubt a radical. Now Socr. did not abstain from criticising the laws and government of Athens with the greatest candor, and even so far as to admire the Spartan and Cretan institutions: see esp. Crito 52 E. 53 B. It is quite certain that, to a great extent, Socr. was blamed by the democrats for the misdeeds of Critias, who (as they said) had been his pupil, and, at all events, had been much in the society of Socr. when a young man,—Xenophon says in order to acquire an argumentative facility which might be serviceable to his political ambition. But Critias had been the chief author of all the cruelties and spoliation perpetrated by the Thirty, and the fact is that Socr. shared the odium which attached to the name of Critias. In another of his "pupils" (I keep this appellation, though Socr. himself would reject it) Socr. had been singularly unfortunate, viz., in Alcibiades, whose rashness had done much to accomplish the great downfall which resulted to Athens from the Peloponnesian war.

Considering all these circumstances (which we can here only slightly touch upon, though they could scarcely be exhausted in a copious treatise) it is not surprising to learn from Xenophon (Mem. 1, 2, 9) that it was the general belief in Athens that Socr. "excited the young men to despise the established constitution, and to become lawless and violent in their conduct."

The displeasure which Meletus felt against Socr. in the interest of the poets may be easily accounted for when we read the corresponding passage in the Apology, and recollect the fact that Socr. is said to have been fond of citing the worst passages of great poets in confirmation of theories particularly disagreeable to the taste of an Athenian, e.g. inferring from some lines of the second book of the Iliad that Homer praised the application of stripes to poor men and the common people (Xen. Mem. 1, 2, 56–59).

As for Lyco, the third accuser of Socr., we know about him perhaps even less than about Meletus. Diogenes Laërt. (2, 38) says that he was a demagogue, and from Plato we learn that he was a ῥήτωρ[TR5]—of what kind may be gathered from our note on Apol. 23 E.[TR6] Socr. himself ascribes the success of the accusation to Anytus and Lyco (Apol. 36 A), and the latter must therefore have been of much service in conducting the trial.

The cause of Socr. was what was technically styled ἀγὼν τιμητός,[TR7] i.e., after the defendant was pronounced guilty by the judges, the punishment for his offence was left to them to fix; but both the prosecutor and the defendant were called upon to propose such a punishment (τιμᾶσθαι) as they considered fit for the offence. The punishment proposed by Meletus was death; the one proposed by Socr. may be learned from the Apology.

The trial of Socr. was conducted before the ἡλιασταί:[TR8] on their number see note on Apol. 36 A.[TR9]

As for the defence of Socr., the reader is advised to study the Apology and the logical analysis of it which we subjoin: in general it may be said that the Apology, if not an exact reproduction of the speech made by Socr. at his trial, is doubtless an imitation of it so far as Plato's memory and own individuality (though this appears here entirely merged in the person of the historical Socr., while in Plato's other writings we generally have an ideal Socr.) enabled him to put down the arguments and expressions used by his master on that memorable occasion. This, at least, is the view taken by Grote, History of Greece, chap. lxviii., to which chapter on Socr. it seems desirable to direct the attention of the student after he has fully mastered the Apology, Crito, and Phaedo.

LOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE APOLOGY.

ΠΡΟΟΙΜΙΟΝ (exordium) 17–18 A: discarding all the usual rhetorical embellishments, Socr. is going to address the judges in simple, homely words, and say nothing but the truth; at the same time he begs a favorable attention to this unusual kind of speech.

ΠΡΟΘΕΣΙΣ (propositio) 18 B–19 A: Socr. has to refute a double kind of accusation, viz., besides the one brought against him by Meletus, the popular prejudices raised against him and kept up by the charges of his enemies.

ΠΙΣΤΙΣ (confutatio) 19 B–27 E in two parts, and first (–24 A) the misrepresentations mentioned in the second place are shown to be entirely without foundation, and the difference between Socr. and the Sophists is pointed out. The origin of these accusations is found in the annoyance created to many citizens by Socrates' habit of examining into their knowledge, and the zeal of his disciples who imitate this proceeding; but Socr. himself feels obliged to do so in consequence of an oracle of Apollo. To revenge themselves on Socr. these persons lay upon him the same blame as justly applies to the Sophists.

The second part (24 B–27 E) contains the actual refutation of the charge brought by Meletus, Anytus, and Lyco, and this charge being twofold, the defence also is subdivided into two parts.

(a) Socr. shows that Meletus knows nothing of the art of education. If Socr. corrupts the youth it is necessary that he should do so either intentionally or unintentionally: the first he certainly does not, as only a madman could act so, it being the interest of all to live in a state composed of good citizens rather than of bad ones; if the latter be the case, Meletus ought to have spoken to Socr. privately and not have treated his ignorance as a crime.

(b) As to the charge of introducing new divinities in the place of those worshipped by the city, Socr. shows that Meletus seems here to contradict himself, as the assumption of a daemonium implies also a belief in the existence of gods.

ΠΑΡΕΚΒΑΣΙΣ (egressio or degressio) 27 E–34 B. In spite of all these arguments Socr. feels nearly certain that he will be pronounced guilty, not so much on account of the charge now brought against him by Meletus, as in consequence of the general hatred against him. Yet he does not regret his previous doings, as his conscience assures him that he has been doing right, and accomplishing the mission entrusted to him by God. The fear of death shall not deter him from doing his duty, and if he were now released on the condition never to "teach" any more, he would refuse to accept life on these terms, as he knows he could not fulfil them. But should the Athenians sentence him to death, they will thereby deprive themselves of a monitor such as the gods will not again vouchsafe to their city. That Socr. was fulfilling a divine mission appears also from his poverty, which is caused by his postponing all domestic interests to his vocation of being a public monitor to the citizens. Socr. then adds a few words about his public life, and shows that there, too, he always intrepidly adhered to the principles of justice and honesty, even so as to brave the rage of a mob and the fury of the Thirty. Lastly, Socr. maintains that he is not responsible for the ill-deeds of some of those who used to be in his society and are called his pupils, as he himself never professed to teach them any thing. Nor (says he) has any one of the young men who were with him ever charged Socr. with corrupting him, nor have their parents or relatives done so; on the contrary many are now present at the trial, ready to help and support Socr. in any way they can.

ΕΠΙΛΟΓΟΣ (peroratio) 34 C-35 E. Contrary to the common habit of moving the judges to compassion in order to obtain a lenient verdict, Socr. says that he will do nothing of the kind as this would be equal to inducing the judges to violate their oath.

The second part of the Apology requires no rhetorical disposition. Socr. confesses not to be surprised at the result of the trial: as to the τίμησις[TR10] which he is now called upon to fix, he declares that he deserves the honor of dining in the prytaneum, if indeed he must justly estimate his own deserts. But he will yield to his friends so far as to offer to pay a fine which he is able to set down at 30 minae, his friends being ready to become securities for this sum, which would be above the means of Socr. himself.

The third part is first addressed to those of the judges who voted for death, and to them Socr. predicts that they will soon repent of their injustice. Then, turning to those who voted in favor of him, he joyfully proves to them that he neither expects death like a coward, nor looks upon it as an evil. A last request Socr. has to address to his judges, that, should his sons ever prefer riches to virtue and think themselves wise without being so, they may be corrected and put right in the same manner as Socr. himself used to act towards the Athenians.


[1] See Frohberger's note on Lysias, Vol. I. p. 160.

[TR1] "SOCRATES: A young man who is little known, Euthyphro; and I hardly know him: his name is Meletus, and he is of the deme of Pitthis. Perhaps you may remember his appearance; he has a beak, and long straight hair, and a beard which is ill grown." (Project Gutenberg-text 1642)
[TR2] "EUTHYPHRO: Why have you left the Lyceum, Socrates? and what are you doing in the Porch of the King Archon? Surely you cannot be concerned in a suit before the King, like myself?" (Project Gutenberg-text 1642)
[TR3] "a bad tragic poet".
[TR4] Meno 91 B: "SOCRATES: You surely know, do you not, Anytus, that these are the people whom mankind call Sophists?
ANYTUS: By Heracles, Socrates, forbear! I only hope that no friend or kinsman or acquaintance of mine, whether citizen or stranger, will ever be so mad as to allow himself to be corrupted by them; for they are a manifest pest and corrupting influence to those who have to do with them." (Project Gutenberg-text 1643)
[TR5] "a public speaker, pleader", Latin "orator" (Liddell and Scott, "An Intermediate Greek-English Lexikon. Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1889).
[TR6] Wagner, p. 85: "Cf. also Gellius 3, 13, Callistratus Athenis orator in re publica fuit quos illi δημαγωγοὺς appellant. Lyco belonged no doubt to the same class as Callistratus."
[TR7] "agôn timêtos": in such a case the law did not stipulate a specific penalty.
[TR8] "a juryman of the court, a Heliast" (Liddell and Scott, 1889).
[TR9] Wagner, p. 104: "Diogenes Laërtius 2, 41, agrees with our passage in stating that 281 judges pronounced Socr. guilty."
[TR10] "an assessment of damage", Aeschin., etc. "a rating" or "assessment", Arist. (Liddell and Scott, 1889).




APOLOGIA SOCRATIS.


PARS I.

EXORDIUM.

Quomodo vos, Athenienses, affecerint accusatores mei, nescio: ego certe ipse quoque, illis dicentibus, paene mei sum oblitus; adeo persuasibilis eorum oratio erat. Quamquam veri quidem, prope dicam, nihil dixerunt. Sed ex plurimis rebus, quas mentiti sunt, maxime unam sum hanc miratus, quod monebant cavendum esse vobis, ne a me deciperemini, qui peritus essem dicendi. Quod enim eos non puduit, quia nunc statim a me refellentur reipsa, ubi patuerit me ne mediocriter quidem peritum esse dicendi, id mihi visum est ab iis impudentissime fieri: nisi forte dicendi peritum ipsi vocant eum, qui vera dicat. Si enim hoc volunt, fatebor equidem me, non ipsorum exemplo, esse oratorem. Isti igitur, ut ego aio, nihil veri dixerunt; vos autem ex me nihil nisi verum audietis. Non, hercle, Athenienses, pulchris contextam orationem, qualis ipsorum fuit, verbis et vocabulis, neque ornatam, sed audietis immediate dicta quotidianis vocabulis. Nam credo iusta esse quae dico: et ne quisquam vestrum exspectet aliter. Non enim deceat, opinor, cives, huic aetati, velut adolescentulo fingenti orationem, ad vos prodire. Et vero hoc etiam atque etiam, Athenienses, vos rogo et quaeso, si me eodem genere audiatis pro me dicentem, quo loqui sum solitus et in foro apud mensas, ubi me vestrum plerique audierunt, et aliis in locis, ut nec miremini, neque ob illud tumultuemini. Nam ita se res habet. Nunc ego primum in suggestum iudicii adscendi, annos natus plus septuaginta. Mirifice ergo hospes sum in dictione hic usitata. Ut igitur, si revera hospes essem, veniam mihi, opinor, daretis, si et voce illa et modo illo loquerer, in quibus nutritus essem: ita etiam nunc a vobis peto, id quod iustum est mea sententia, ut mihi dicendi modum liberum sinatis—fortasse enim aliquantulum deterior erit, fortasse melior—; idque solum consideretis, atque ad id animum advertatis, utrum iusta dicam nec ne. Nam iudicis haec laus est; oratoris autem, vera dicere.

PROPOSITIO.

Primum igitur aequum est, Athenienses, me ad prima quae in me iacta sunt mendacia et primis accusatoribus respondere; deinde ad posteriora et posterioribus. Mihi enim apud vos multi exstiterunt accusatores, qui iam pridem multos per annos et nihil veri dixerunt; quos ego magis metuo quam Anytum eiusque socios, quamvis etiam hi sint graves. Verum illi sunt graviores, qui vestrum plerisque a pueritia acceptis persuadebant rem, quam crimini mihi darent, falsissimam: esse quendam Socratem, virum sapientem, qui et coelestia curet, et quae sub terra sint omnia perquisierit, causamque inferiorem efficiat superiorem. Hi quod eam famam sparserunt, Athenienses, graves illi sunt accusatores mei. Nam qui audiunt, putant eos, qui talia quaerant, ne deos quidem esse statuere. Deinde accusatores hi sunt numero multi, et longo iam tempore me accusarunt; tum etiam ea aetate vobis haec dicebant, qua maxime credere possetis, quum vos partim pueri essetis et adolescentuli, absentemque accusabant, prorsus nemine causam dicente. Sed quod omnium absurdissimum est, ne nomina quidem eorum licet scire aut dicere, praeterquam si quis poeta inter eos est comicus. Quicumque autem invidia moti et calumnia usi sollicitabant vos, et quod sibimet ipsis persuasum erat, aliis persuadebant, hi omnes longe difficillimi sunt. Neque enim huc producere licet eorum quemquam, nec redarguere; sed necesse est prorsus ut quasi cum larvis pugnem et dicendo et redarguendo, respondente nemine. Itaque etiam vos existimate, ut ego aio, duplices mihi accusatores exstitisse; alteros, qui modo accusarunt; alteros, qui iam pridem, quos dixi: ac putate mihi faciendum ut adversus illos veteres me primum defendam. Nam et vos illis prius accusantibus aures praebuistis, multoque magis quam his posterioribus. Age vero, respondendum nunc est, Athenienses, atque enitendum, ut invidia, quam vos longo tempore conceptam habetis, ea vobis eximatur tam brevi tempore. Velim igitur hoc ita fieri, si quid expediat et vobis et mihi, et respondendo me quippiam proficere: sed arbitror id difficile esse, minimeque me latet, qualis sit rei conditio. Verum tamen hoc ita esto, uti deo placet; legi quidem parendum est et causa dicenda.

CONFUTATIO, i.

Itaque repetamus a principio, quae illa accusatio sit, unde exorta est infamia mea; cui iam etiam fidem habens Melitus, hanc mihi actionem intendit. Age vero, quidnam, quod crimini mihi darent, dicebant criminatores? Velut accusatorum enim nobis recitanda est iurata formula ipsorum: Socrates iniuste curioseque facit, quod inquirit quae sub terra sunt et quae in coelo, et causam inferiorem efficit superiorem, aliosque eadem docet.

Talis fere formula est. Atqui talia videbatis ipsi quoque in Aristophanis comoedia, Socratem quendam ibi traduci, praedicantem se per aerem gradiri et alias plurimas nugas agentem: quibus de rebus ego nihil nec magnum quicquam nec tantillum intelligo. Atque hoc non dico tamquam contemnens id genus scientiae, si quis talium rerum sapiens est: nequaquam ego tot criminibus a Melito reus fiam! Sed mihi talibus cum rebus, Athenienses, nihil est. Testes hic rursus adhibeo plerosque vestrum, postuloque ut vos alius alium edoceatis et dicatis, quotquot me umquam audistis disserentem: nam multi vestrum sunt qui audierunt. Dicite ergo inter vos, an quis vestrum umquam de talibus rebus me quicquam aut magnum aut tantillum audierit disserentem: atque ex eo cognoscetis, huiusmodi esse etiam cetera de me vulgo narrata. At neque horum quicquam factum est: nec vero si ex quoquam audistis, me id factitare ut erudiam homines et mercedem exigam, ne hoc quidem verum est. Tametsi hoc quidem mihi videtur pulchrum esse, si quis possit erudire homines, quemadmodum et Leontinus Gorgias et Prodicus Ceus et Hippias Eleus. Nam horum quisque, cives, potest in quamvis civitatem profectus, adolescentibus, quos nihil prohibet cum quocumque velint suorum civium gratis versari, his, inquam, persuadent ut, relicta illorum consuetudine, cum ipsis versentur, pretio soluto, atque insuper gratiam habeant. Praeterea etiam alius homo Parius hic est sapiens, quem ego sic cognovi esse in urbe. Forte enim conveneram virum, qui sapientiae doctoribus plus pecuniae numeraverat quam ceteri omnes, Calliam Hipponici. Hunc igitur rogabam—sunt enim ei duo filii—: Callia, inquam, si tui filii pulli equini aut vituli essent nati, haberemus certe quem iis magistrum caperemus et conduceremus, qui eos esset probos praestantesque redditurus in quo conveniret genere virtutis: quippe is foret aliquis peritorum aut rei equestris, aut agriculturae: nunc quoniam homines sunt, quem iis magistrum capere cogitas? quis huius virtutis, qua et homo et civis praestat, sciens est? nam te puto id quaesivisse, propterea quod filios habes. Estne aliquis, inquam nec ne? Vero, inquit. Quis, inquam, et cuias? et quo pretio docet? Evenus, inquit, mi Socrates, Parius; quinque minis. Ibi tum ego Evenum beatum praedicavi, si vere nosset hanc artem, et adeo commode doceret. Ego ergo ipse quoque placerem mihi et superbirem, ista si tenerem: sed non teneo, Athenienses.

Hic forsitan suscipiens aliquis dicat vestrum: Quodnam ergo tibi, Socrate, negotium est? Unde crimina haec in te conflata sunt? Non sane enim, te nihil curiosius ceteris tractante, postea tantus rumor et sermo exiit, nisi aliud quicquam ageres quam plerique. Dic ergo nobis, quid rei sit, ne etiam nos temere de te pronunciemus. Hoc qui dicit, videtur mihi aequum dicere. Quare ego conabor vobis demonstrare, quae tandem ea res sit, quae mihi et nomen et crimen peperit. Audite, quaeso. Ac fortasse nonnullis vestrum videbor ludere; sed mihi credite, nihil vobis nisi verum narrabo. Nam ego, Athenienses, ob nullam rem aliam nisi ob sapientiam quandam hoc nomen adeptus sum. Qualis ista sapientia sit, rogatis. Est ea, ut opinor, humana sapientia. Vere enim videor in hoc genere sapiens esse; illi autem, quos modo dicebam, facile in maiore quodam quam humano genere sapientiae fuerint sapientes; aut non habeo quod dicam. Non enim profecto illam teneo; sed quisquid id ait, is et mentitur et mei criminandi causa dicit. At ne mihi obstrepatis, Athenienses, etiamsi videar vobis aliquid magnum dicere. Non enim meum erit dictum, quod dicam, sed auctorem, qui dixit, haud spernendum vobis laudabo. Mea enim an sit aliqua sapientia et qualis, testem vobis adhibebo deum Delphicum. Nam Chaerephontis, opinor, meministis. Is et mihi sodalis erat ab adolescentia, et vestrum maiori parti simul sodalis, simul vobiscum nuper ex urbe fugit rediitque. Ac noctis sane qualis fuerit Chaerepho, quam vehemens ad quamcumque rem animum appulisset. Ita etiam quondam Delphos profectus, hanc rem ausus est sciscitari—sed propter id quod dicam ne tumultuemini, cives—: rogavit enim hercle, an quisquam esset me sapientior; Pythia autem respondit, neminem sapientiorem esse. Quibus de rebus apud vos hic frater eius testabitur, quoniam ipse mortuus est. Iam videte, quibus de causis haec dicam. Volo enim vos docere unde mihi crimen conflatum sit. Nam ego illa re audita, sic cogitabam: Quid tandem dicit deus? aut quid significat? nam ego sane mihi ipse nec magnae nec tantillae conscius sum sapientiae. Quid ergo tandem dicit, quum ait me sapientissimum esse? Non enim profecto mentitur, puto; neque enim fas illi. Sic diu haerebam, quid tandem diceret: posthac aegerrime ad illud inquirendum hac fere via me contuli. Accessi ad eorum quendam qui sapientes videbantur esse, ibi credens me, si uspiam alibi, posse arguere oraculum, et adversus eius responsum ita dicere: Hicce est certe sapientior quam ego; tu autem dixisti me. Ergo quum dispicerem hominem—nomine enim appellare nihil attinet: erat autem civilium virorum quidam, quem quum inspectarem, ista prope mente fui, Athenienses—: mox cum eo colloquenti visus mihi est ille tum aliis multis hominibus, tum sibi maxime sapiens videri, at non esse. Ibi conabar ei demonstrare, ipsum putare se esse sapientem, at non esse. Ex eo igitur et ipsi factus sum invisus, et multis eorum qui aderant. Inde ego domum abiens hoc reputabam: Isto quidem homine ego sapientior sum. Nam etsi fortasse neuter nostrum quicquam scit rei praeclarae aut bonae; at ille putat se aliquid scire, quum nihil sciat; ego autem, ut nihil scio, ita ne puto quidem me scire quicquam. Igitur tantulo hoc ipso videor esse sapientior illo, quod quae nescio, ea me ne puto quidem scire. Inde me ad alium contuli ex iis, qui sapientiores illo habebantur; sed is mihi in eandem venit opinionem. Tum vero et huic et aliis multis invisus factus sum. Postea ergo iam ordine singulos adii, videns quidem et dolens invisum me fieri, atque ob id metuens: sed necessarium factu videbatur ut divinae vocis maximam rationem haberem, et quid illa sibi vellet irem exploratum ad omnes omnino, qui aliquid scire viderentur. Ibi iam, Athenienses—oportet enim verum ad vos dicere—, Canem adiuro, hoc mihi accidisse quod dicam. Qui in summa dignatione erant, ii paene maxime mihi visi sunt manci esse, quaerenti de monitu dei: alii vero qui contemptiores habebantur, ad prudentiam probatiores esse homines. Ostendendus nimirum vobis est error meus, tamquam laboribus me frangentis, ut mihi denique a nemine posthac argui oraculum posset. Nam a civilibus viris transii ad poetas, tum tragicos, tum dithyrambicos, tum ceteros, velut ibi manifesto deprehensurus me illis indoctiorem esse. Ergo in manus sumptis eorum carminibus, quae mihi maxime ab iis elaborata videbantur, eos subinde interrogabam, quid dicerent, ut simul etiam aliquid discerem ab illis. Atqui pudet me vobis verum fateri, cives: attamen fatendum est. Nam prope dixerim, omnes paene qui hic adsunt, istis melius dicerent de iis quae isti composuerant. Ex eo itidem intellexi brevi, etiam poetas quae componerent, non sapientiae copia componere, sed naturae quadam vi et divino instinctu, veluti vates atque fatidicos. Nam hi quoque multa et praeclara dicunt, nec tamen quicquam intelligunt eorum quae dicunt. Eiusmodi quippiam etiam poetis vidi evenire; simulque animadverti, eos propter carminis artem putare, se rerum quoque ceterarum sapientissimos esse homines, quarum non essent. Itaque etiam hinc abii, credens me illis eadem re superiorem esse, qua fuissem oratoribus. Postremo ad artifices ivi. Nam conscius mihi eram, nihil propemodum me scire; hos autem noram futurum esse ut invenirem multa et praeclara doctos. Neque ea quidem me fefellit opinio; sed sciebant res quas ego nesciebam, et hactenus me sapientiores erant. Verum, Athenienses, eodem vitio, quo poetae, laborare mihi visi sunt etiam boni opifices. Quod artem praeclare tractarent, putabant se quisque ceterarum quoque rerum vel maximarum sapientissimos esse. Atque hic eorum error sapientiam illam obscurabat. Quocirca me ipse interrogabam oraculi nomine, utrum vellem talis qualis essem esse, ita ut neque ad sapientiam illorum essem ullius rei sapiens, neque ad illorum imperitiam imperitus, an utrumque eorum quae illi haberent habere. Ac respondi mihi ipsi atque oraculo, satius esse, me sicut essem esse. Ex hoc iam examine, Athenienses, et multae mihi inimicitiae contractae sunt, longeque acerbissimae illae et gravissimae: quo factum est ut multa mihi crimina conflata sint: et nomen hoc additum est quo sapiens vocor. Credunt enim qui adsunt, quoties ulla in re alium redarguo, in ea ipsum me esse sapientem: at illud vix dubium est, Athenienses, quin revera sapiens sit deus, illoque responso id significet, humanam sapientiam parvi faciendam esse ac potius nihili. Videturque non de Socrate id dicere, sed usus esse tantum meo nomine, me exemplum proponens, quasi dicat: Is vestrum, homines, sapientissimus est, quisquis ut Socrates cognovit nihili se esse ad veram normam sapientiae. Quamobrem ego ad hunc usque diem circumiens quaero scrutorque monitu dei, tum in civibus, tum in hospitibus, si quem eorum arbitror sapientem esse; qui ubi mihi non videtur, dei causam agens ostendo eum non esse sapientem. Itaque prae eo negotio nullum mihi otium fuit nec rerum civilium ullius memorabilis agendae, nec domesticarum; sed in extrama versor paupertate propter hoc dei ministerium. Praeterea qui me assectantur sponte adolescentes, quibus maxime otium est, ditissimorum illi patrum, eos delectat audire quum explorantur homines: ipsique saepe me imitantur; ita operam dant ut alios explorent; postea, credo, inveniunt magnam copiam hominum, qui se putant aliquid scire, sed aut pauca sciunt, aut nihil. Hinc ergo ii qui ab illis explorantur, irascuntur mihi, non illis; et dicunt, Socratem esse quendam impurissimum, ab eoque corrumpi adolescentes. At ubi aliquis eos rogat, quibus factis et qua doctrina, nihil quidem habent dicere, sed rem ignorant; tamen ut ne haerere videantur, ista quae in omnes sapientiae studiosos in promptu sunt convicia, iaciunt, scrutari eum coelestia et subterranea, deosque non statuere, et inferiorem causam efficere superiorem. Nam verum, ut arbitror, nolint dicere, suam et scientiae simulationem et rerum omnium inscitiam patefactam esse. Quoniam igitur illi, opinor, ambitiosi sunt et vehementes et multi, et de compacto et persuasibiliter de me dicunt, impleverunt aures vestras, et pridem et nunc vehementer criminando. Ex quibus et Melitus me adortus est et Anytus et Lyco: Melitus, quod poetarum nomine dolet; Anytus, quod opificum et eorum qui rempublicam tractant; Lyco, quod nomine rhetorum. Quapropter, sicut initio dixi, admirer, si ego vobis possim tam brevi tempore hanc invidiam eximere, in tantum auctam. Habetis, Athenienses, ea quae vera sunt: nam ego nec magnum quicquam nec tantillum vobis occultans aut dissimulans, causam dico. Tametsi propemodum scio, iisdem veris dicendis me in odium incurrere. Quae res argumento est, vera me loqui, idque esse meum crimen, et has rei causas esse. Itaque sive nunc, sive posthac ista quaesieritis, ea ita esse invenietis.

CONFUTATIO, ii.

De iis rebus igitur, de quibus primi acccusatores me accusabant, defensio mea satis haec sit ad vos. Ad Melitum autem, virum optimum et civitatis amantem, ut ait, et ad posteriores, dehinc me conabor defendere. Iam rursus, quando hi sunt alii accusatores, eorum sumamus iuratam litis formulam. Habet autem sic fere: Socratem ait iniuste facere, quod et adolescentes corrumpat, et deos, quos civitas statuit, non statuat, sed alia daemonia nova.

Tale igitur est crimen. Iam eius criminis unamquamque partem examinemus. Ait me iniuste facere, qui corrumpam adolescentes. Ego autem, Athenienses, iniuste facere dico Melitum, quod serio ludit et temere in iudicium homines vocat, simulans de rebus laborare se et sollicitum esse, quarum nulla ipsi umquam cura fuit. Quod ita esse, conabor etiam vobis ostendere. Quare dic mihi, quaeso, Melite: Nempe plurimi facis, ut adolescentes fiant quam optimi? Ita. Dic his, age, quis eos meliores reddit? non enim dubium est quin id scias, quum res tibi curae sit. Nam corruptorem, ut ais, nactus me ad hos educis atque accusas. Ergo eum qui meliores reddit demonstra, age dum, et ostende iudicibus. ... Viden' te silere, Melite, neque habere quod dicas? Atqui annon turpe hoc tibi satisque arguere videtur, id quod ego aio, te nihil rem curasse? ... Iam dic, amabo, quis illos reddit praestantiores? Leges. At non hoc rogo, vir optime; sed quis homo, qui primum etiam id ipsum sciat, leges. Iudices hi, Socrate. Ain' tu, Melite? Hine possunt erudire et meliores reddere adolescentes? Maxime. Utrum unusquisque, an alii eorum possunt, alii non possunt? Unusquisque. Pulchre, Iuppiter, narras, et magnam copiam hominum iuventuti utilium. Quid autem? utrum auditores hi eos meliores reddunt, annon? Etiam hi. Quid? Utrum senatores? Etiam senatores. At numquid, Melite, concionarii cives corrumpunt iuventutem? an illi quoque eos meliores quisque reddunt? Etiam illi. Praeter me igitur, quantum video, nemo est Atheniensium, qui non reddat probos ac praestantes; ego autem solus corrumpo. Ain' tu? Prorsus plane id aio. Sane magnum in me arguis infortunium. Itaque mihi responde: Utrum etiam in equis res ita esse tibi videtur, ut qui eos meliores faciant, ii sint omnes homines, unusque sit quidam qui corrumpat? an contra plane, ut unus quidam sit qui eos possit meliores facere, aut perpauci, qui in arte equestri versantur; plerique autem, quum equos tractant et iis utuntur, corrumpant? annon ita, Melite, res est tum in equis, tum in ceteris omnibus animantibus? ... Certissime, sive tu et Anytus negatis, sive aitis. Magna sane quaedam felicitas nostra videtur esse in adolescentibus, si unus modo eos corrumpit, ceteri iis utilitatem praebent. Atenim satis ostendis, Melite, numquam tibi curae fuisse adolescentes; ipseque perspicue declaras negligentiam tuam, quod me de rebus, quarum procul a te studium fuit, ad iudices educis. Sed amplius nobis dictu, per deum immortalem, Melite, satiusne est habitare inter cives bonos, an inter malos? ... Responde, sodes. Nihil difficile rogo. Annon et mali proximis semper vicinis in aliqua re nocent, et boni prosunt? Omnino. Estne ergo aliquis, qui ab iis quorum consuetudine utitur, potius damnum malit quam commodum accipere? ... Amabo, responde. Respondere quidem etiam lex iubet. Estne qui sibi velit noceri? Nemo quisquam.

Age vero, utrum huc me vocasti, quod corrumpam adolescentes et pessimos eos reddam consulto, an quod nolens? Quod consulto scilicet. Quid tandem adeo tu istud aetatulae, Melite, me sapientior es homine hoc aetatis, ut tu quidem cognitum habeas, et malos male proximis semper vicinis facere, et bonos bene: ego autem eo ignorantiae venerim, ut hoc quoque nesciam, si quem eorum quibus utar, improbum fecero, me in periculum incurrere, ne quid ab eo mali accipiam? Tantumne ergo hoc mali voluntate mea attraho, ut tu ais? Hoc ego tibi non credo, Melite, neque alius, puto, quisquam hominum credet; verum aut non corrumpo, aut, si corrumpo, facio nolens. Ita tu quidem utrobique mentiris. Sin autem nolens corrumpo, peccatorum talium et involuntariorum neminem moris est arcessere, sed privatim prensum docere et commonefacere. Non enim dubium est, ubi rem didicero, me destiturum esse ab eo, quod faciam imprudens. Tu autem agere mecum et me docere vitasti atque noluisti; huc educis, quo educere moris est eos qui castigationis egent, non disciplinae. Atenim illud, Athenienses, iam apparet, quod ego dicebam, huic Melito rem nulli umquam curae fuisse. ...

Tamen dic nobis, quomodo[TR1] ais, Melite, adolescentulos a me corrumpi? Nempe, quantum litis a te agendae formula indicat, eo quod doceo statui non oportere deos quos civitas statuit, sed alia daemonia nova? annon haec docentem me dicis esse corruptorem?

Immo prorsus plane hoc dico. Ipsorum ergo, Melite, horum deorum causa, quorum nunc res agitur, velim id etiam planius dicas et mihi et hisce viris. Nam ego intelligere nequeo, utrum dicas docere me statuendos deos aliquos—adeoque ipse statuo esse deos, nec penitus tollo numen eorum, neque hac parte pecco—; modo non eos quos civitas sed alios, atque hoc est illud, de quo me accusas, quod alios; an omnino me ais neque ipsum statuere deos, et eadem ceteros docere. Hoc dico, te omnino deos non statuere. O mirifice Melite, quorsum hoc dicis? Ergo ne solem quidem nec lunam statuo esse deos, sicut homines ceteri? Non hercle, iudices: nam et solem esse lapidem ait, et lunam, tellurem.

Anaxagoram a te accusari putas, dilecte Melite; et ita contemnis hos, et litterarum expertes putas esse, ut nesciant Anaxagorae Clazomenii libros harum quaestionum refertos esse. Nimirum haec etiam adolescentes a me discunt, quae cuivis subinde, si permagno, drachma licet de scena emere, ut Socratem irrideant, si haec simulet sua esse, praesertim tam absurda. Siccine, pro Iuppiter, videor tibi neminem statuere deum esse? Neminem vero, hercle, nullo pacto. Rem dicis, Melite, quae supra fidem sit, ac sane, ut ego arbitror, tuam ipsius. ... Videtur enim hic mihi, Athenienses, nimis superbus et petulans esse, planeque superbia quadam et intemperantia et iuvenili levitate accusationem hanc suscepisse. Dixeris eum velut aenigmatis conditorem experiri, utrum[TR2] ille scilicet sapiens Socrates intelliget me ludere et pugnantia dicere, an illum ceterosque, qui audiunt, in fraudem illiciam? Nam video eum sibimet ipsum contraria dicere in me accusando, tamquam si dicat: Socrates iniuste facit, quod deos non statuit, sed quod deos statuit. Atqui hoc est iocantis. Iam considerate mecum, Athenienses, quomodo haec dicere me videatur: at tu responde nobis, Melite. Vos autem, id quod initio a vobis petii, memineritis mihi non obstrepere, si consueto more verba faciam. Estne hominum aliquis, Melite, qui statuat res humanas esse, homines autem non statuat? ... Respondeat, Athenienses, et ne aliud atque aliud occlamitet. ... Estne qui equos non statuat, verum artem equestrem? Aut qui tibias non statuat, verum tibiarum inflandarum artem? ... Nemo est, vir optime. Nisi tu vis respondere, ego tibi narrabo et ceteris auditoribus. Sed quod statim rogavero, ad id responde. Estne qui daemonia seu divina esse statuat, daemonas autem seu deos non statuat? Nemo est. Ut iuvisti nos! Quippe vix tandem respondisti, ab auditoribus coactus. Annon ergo daemonia et statui a me ais et doceri, sive nova ista seu vetera? Ita daemonia certe statuo, te iudice: idque etiam in formula litis iureiurando confirmasti: sed si daemonia statuo, etiam daemonas, opinor, a me statui prorsus necesse est. Annon est ita? ... Est vero. Sumo enim te affirmare, quoniam non respondes. Iam daemonas annon aut deos esse ducimus, aut deorum filios? Ais an negas? Aio. Sic igitur, si daemonas esse credo, ut tu ais, sive illi dii quidam sunt, id verum est quod dico, te perplexe loqui et iocari, negantem credi a me deos, et aientum rursus deos a me credi, quia daemonas esse credam: sin illi deorum filii quidam sunt spurii, vel ex Nymphis, vel ex aliis quibusdam feminis, quarum etiam dicuntur, num quisquam deorum filios credet esse, deos autem non credet? Aeque enim absurdum id fuerit, ac si quis equorum prolem credat esse vel asinorum, mulos, equos autem et asinos non credat. Quamobrem fieri non potest, Melite, quin tu aut quod velles haec nos tentare, litem hanc moveris, aut quod non haberes in quod me vocares verum crimen. Ut autem cuiquam tu persuadeas hominum, qui vel paululum habeat mentis, eiusdem esse viri, et ponere daemonia ac divina, et non ponere nec daemonas, nec deos, neque heroas, id vero fieri nullo modo potest.

EGRESSIO.

Atenim, Athenienses, me culpa vacuum esse ex ipsa Meliti accusatione, non longam poscere mihi videtur defensionem, sed vel haec sufficiant: quod autem supra dicebam, in magno et multorum odio me versari, id, scitote, verum est. Atque hoc est quod me perdet, si quid perdet, non Melitus, neque Anytus, sed vulgi criminatio et invidia; quae res multos etiam alios eosque bonos viros perdiderunt, atque in posterum, credo, perdent: neque adeo metuendum erat ne illa vis in me deficeret.

Iam dicat forsitan aliquis: Et non te pudet, Socrate, eo usum esse vitae instituto, unde impendeat nunc tibi periculum mortis? Huic ego iustissime ita respondebo: Haud recte dicis, mi homo, si vivendi aut moriendi periculum putas reputandum esse ab eo, cuius vel mediocris sit virtus, et non unum potius illud spectandum, si quid agat, utrum iuste an iniuste agat, bonique an mali viri fungatur officio. Nam ista quidem tua ratione vitiosi forent heroes illi, quotquot ad Troiam occubuerunt, tum ceteri, tum Thetidis filius: qui adeo periculum contempsit prae subeunda aliqua turpitudine, ut, postquam ei occidere cupienti Hectorem, dixisset mater, quae quidem erat dea, sic fere, ut opinor: Fili, si Patrocli amici caedem ulciscere, atque Hectorem interficies, ipse moriere:—Illico enim iam, inquit, post Hectora nex tibi certa est—: ille igitur, his auditis, mortem ac periculum parvi pendens, multoque magis metuens vivere ignavus, et amicos non ulcisci, Illico sic, inquit, moriar, iniuriam persequutus eius qui laesit, ne deridendus hic maneam curvas ad naves, telluris inutile pondus. Numne illum putas curasse mortem ac periculum? Ita enim res est plane, Athenienses: quo quisque in loco se statuerit ipse, quod optimum arbitraretur sequutus, aut a praefecto statutus fuerit, ibi eum oportet meo iudicio perstare et dimicare, nihil nec mortem neque aliud quicquam reputantem prae turpitudine. Itaque si ego olim, quum statuerunt me praefecti, qui a vobis cum imperio in me creati erant, et in Potidaea et in Amphipoli et ad Delium, tum quo in loco statuerunt, mansi non secus quam quilibet alius, et vitae periculum adii: nunc graviter delinquam, Athenienses, si, quum deus me, ut ego putavi atque in animum induxi, huc statuerit ut viverem occupatus in sapientia quaerenda in meque ipso et ceteris explorandis, ibi aut mortis aut alius cuiusquam rei metu de statione discedam. Indignum profecto sit, et meritissimo me aliquis in ius educat, quod deos esse non credam, ut qui oraculo fidem non habuerim, mortemque metuam, et sapiens esse mihi videar, qui non sim. Nihil enim, cives, aliud est, metuere mortem, quam videri sibi sapientem esse, qui non sit. Est enim, quae nescit, videri scire. Nam quid sit mors, nemo scit; ne id quidem an homini sit omnium maximum bonorum: sed metuunt, quasi probe sciant maximum malorum esse. Atque hoc nonne manat ex probrosa ista inscitia, quum quis putat se scire ea quae nescit?

Ego autem, cives, hac re fortasse hic quoque vulgus hominum antecello; et si in aliqua re me sapientiorem quoquam dixerim esse, in hoc dixerim, quod, quum non satis sciam de rebus, quae sunt apud inferos, etiam videor mihi nihil scire. At iniusta facere et non parere meliori, sive deo sive homini, id malum et turpe esse scio. Prae malis igitur, quae mala esse scio, ea quae nescio an forte sint bona, numquam metuam, neque fugiam. Quare ne nunc quidem, si me absolvitis, Anyto non obsequuti, qui dixit me aut omnino non educendum huc fuisse, aut semel eductum, utique morte multandum esse, monens vos, si evasero, fore mox ut filii vestri ea, quae Socrates doceat, sectantes, omnes penitus corrumpantur; si iam mihi dicatis: Socrate, nunc quidem Anyto non obsequemur, sed absolvimus te, hac tamen conditione ne longius in isto examine aut in sapientia quaerenda versere; sin posthac prehensus fueris in ea opera, moriere: si inquam, ea lege me absolveritis, sic respondebo vobis: Ego vos, Athenienses, in magno honore atque amore habeo, sed deo magis parebo quam vobis; et, quoad spiro ac possum, haud desinam sapientiam quaerere, vosque adhortari et admonere, quoties alicui vestrum occurrero, hac qua suevi oratione: Optime vir, Athenis natus quum sis, urbe maxima et laudatissima ob sapientiam et fortitudinem, opes quidem ut tibi sint quam plurimae, utque gloria sit et honor, non te pudet curare; at prudentiam et veritatem et ut animus tuus quam optimus fiat, non curas, neque studes: et si quis vestrum controversetur eaque se dicat curare, non statim dimittam eum, nec discedam, sed interrogabo et examinabo et redarguam; et si mihi non videbitur possidere virtutem, idque dicere tamen, exprobrabo, quod res plurimi aestimandas minimi pendat, viliores autem pluris. Ita et iuniori et seniori, cuicumque occurrero, faciam, sive hospiti sive civi; magis tamen civibus, quo mihi propiores estis genere. Nam id iubet, scitote, deus; et ego arbitror nullumdum vobis bonum contigisse in civitate maius quam hoc meum deo obsequium. Nihil enim circumiens aliud ago nisi ut suadeam et iunioribus et senioribus vestrum, ne corporum studio se dedant aut opum prius, aut cuiusquam alius rei tam intente, quam animi ad optimam rationem formandi; monens, non ex opibus exsistere virtutem, sed ex virtute opes et cetera omnia hominibus bona, tum privatim tum publice. Quae si dicens corrumpo adolescentes, perniciosa haec sane fuerint; sin quis alia me dicere ait praeter illa, nihil dicit. Quocirca ita responderim: Athenienses, sive parebitis Anyto, sive non; seu dimittetis me, seu non: sic habetote, non aliter facturum me esse, etiamsi saepe mihi sit moriendum.

Ne tumultuemini, Athenienses, sed quod vos rogavi, servate mihi ut ne tumultuemini ob ea quae dico, sed audiatis. Nam iuvabit vos, ut opinor, auditio. Etenim dicturus vobis nunc sum alia quaedam, quibus fortasse reclamabitis; at nolite hoc facere. Profecto enim, si me occidetis, talem qualem ego dico, non me magis laedetis quam vosmet ipsos. Me enim nequaquam laedet nec Melitus, nec Anytus; nam ne poterunt quidem. Non enim fas esse arbitror meliorem virum laedi a deteriore. Occidet me fortasse aut expellet aut ignominia notabit; et haec quidem fortasse hic aut alius quispiam, credo, maxima mala putat; sed ego non puto, verum multo magis, si quis facit quod nunc hicce facit, quum hominem occidere audet. Nunc igitur, Athenienses, ego minime mea causa haec dico, ut nonnemo putet, sed vestra causa, ne peccetis in dono, quod deus vobis dedit, me condemnando. Si enim me occideritis, non facile talem invenietis alium, ita plane—quamquam dictu ridiculum erit—appositum a deo civitati, velut magno et generoso equo, sed ob magnitudinem segniore, et qui incitamento eget calcaris cuiusdam: qualem mihi videtur deus addidisse me civitati, qui vos incitem et impellam et obiurgem singulos, neque cessem totum diem omnibus locis vobis assidere. Talis ergo alius non facile vobis continget, cives. Quare, me si audietis, parcetis mihi. At vos offensi forsitan, velut dormitantes quum excitantur, me ferietis, atque Anyto obsequuti, temere occidetis; posthac reliquum tempus perdormiscetis, nisi quem alium deus vobis miserit, cura permotus vestri. Me autem talem esse, qui a deo civitati datus videar, hinc cognoscere poteritis. Nimirum non humanum videtur, quod ego mea omnia neglexi, resque domesticas tot iam annos pessumire sivi, vestram autem rem assidue curo, privatim quemque adiens, tamquam pater aut frater maior, et ad studium impellens virtutis. Quodsi ullum ex ea re caperem fructum, aut mercedem quaererem ex his adhortationibus, esset sane aliqua rei ratio: nunc ipsi videtis, hos accusatores, quum in ceteris omnibus tam impudenter accusarint, tamen non depuduisse adeo, ut adhiberent qui testaretur, me ullam umquam mercedem aut exegisse aut postulavisse. Contra enim, opinor, idoneum ego adhibeo testem, vera me dicere, paupertatem.

Fortasse igitur mirabile videatur, quod, quum ita privatim quemque consilio iuvem circumiens atque aliena curans, publice non audeo prodire in concionem vestram, ut consilio iuvem civitatem. Sed eius rei causa est, quam vobis audientibus saepe multis in locis exposui, solitum mihi fieri omen quoddam divinum et daemonium; quod etiam in scripta accusatione sua Melitus derisit. Mihi vero illud iam a puero audiri coeptum est, vox quaedam, quae quum auditur, semper repellit me ab eo quod forte facturus sum, impellit autem numquam. Idque est quod mihi adversatur ne rempublicam tractem; ac pulcherrime adversari mihi videtur. Nam profecto, Athenienses, si ego pridem aggressus essem publica negotia tractare, pridem periissem, neque aut vobis utilitatis quicquam attulissem, aut mihimet ipsi. At ne succensete mihi, vera dicenti. Nemo enim hominum salvus erit, qui aut vobis aut cuicumque alii populo ingenue adversetur, multaque contra ius et leges in civitate fieri prohibeat; sed necesse est vere pugnaturum pro iure, si salvus esse vel brevi tempore volet, privatum agere, neque rempublicam capessere. Gravia equidem dabo vobis argumenta eius rei, non dicta, sed, quod vos magni ducitis, facta. Audite ergo mihi quae acciderunt, ut cognoscatis nemini me contra officium cedere metu mortis, quamvis non cedendo iam iamque perierim. Dicam autem vobis gravia et iudiciaria, sed vera tamen. Namque ego, Athenienses, nullo umquam publico munere sum functus, praeterquam senatorio; ac forte quondam tribus nostra Antiochis locum prytanicum sortita erat, quum vos decem praetores illos, qui corpora in proelio navali caesorum non sustulerant, cunctos una sententia damnari iussistis, contra leges, sicut posterius vobis omnibus visum est: tum ego solus e prytanibus adversatus sum vobis, quo minus quid faceretis contrarium legibus, diversumque mihi calculum: et quum rhetores parati essent me deferre atque in ius educere, vosque id iuberetis et acclamaretis, ego mihi ex lege et iusto periculum potius subeundum duxi quam vobiscum, iniusta decernentibus, faciendum terrore vinculorum aut mortis. Atque haec quidem fiebant tum, quum adhuc populare in civitate imperium erat: quum illud autem ad paucos pervenisset, Trigintaviri rursus me arcessiverunt cum quatuor aliis in tholum, atque imperarunt ex Salamine huc adducere Leontem Salaminium, ab ipsis occidendum; qualia illi etiam aliis multis multa imperabant, quum polluere criminibus quam plurimos vellent. Tunc vero ego rursus non verbis sed facto ostendi, mortem videri mihi—nisi subrustice dictum videbitur—susque deque habendam, sed ut nihil iniustum aut impium committerem, id vero maximae curae habendum. Me quidem illa potestas adeo violenta non perterruit, ut iniustum quicquam committerem. Itaque ut ex tholo egressi sumus, ceteri quatuor iverunt Salamina atque huc adduxerunt Leontem, ego autem meam viam abii domum. Et forsitan haec mihi causa fuisset mortis, nisi ista potestas cito sublata esset. Huius autem rei vobis plurimi erunt testes. Num ergo putatis me tot annos superaturum fuisse, si publicis muneribus fungerer, bonique viri fungens officio, iustitiae suffragarer, atque hoc, ut decet, plurimi facerem? Nihil profecto minus, Athenienses: neque enim alius quisquam hominum potuerit. At ego per omnem vitam, et publice sicubi quid egi, talis reperiar, et privatim idem ille, utpote qui nemini umquam concesserim quicquam praeter aequum, neque alii, neque horum cuiquam, quos ii qui me calumniantur, dicunt meos discipulos esse. Ego autem nullius umquam magister fui; sed si quis me loquentem et meas res obeuntem audire cuperet, sive iunior, sive senior, neminem umquam prohibui. Neque vero is sum qui pecunia accepta disseram, aut non accepta omittam; sed diviti pariter et pauperi me praebeo interrogandum, ac si cui libet, respondenti licet audire quae dico. Atque eorum sive quis probus fit, sive non fit, iure non sustinuerim causam ipsorum, quorum neque ulli promisi quicquam doctrinae, neque tradidi. Si quis autem dicit se a me umquam aut didicisse aut privatim audisse, quod non etiam ceteri omnes, is, scitote, verum non dicit. Sed qua tandem re nonnullos iam dudum oblectet conversatio mea, audistis, Athenienses: plane narravi ego vobis verum, oblectari eos quum audiunt explorari, si qui putant se sapientes esse, qui non sunt. Est enim res haud iniucunda. Mihi autem hoc, sicut ego aio, imperatum est a deo ut faciam, tum per vaticinia, tum per insomnia, tum quocumque demum modo divinum aliud numen homini imperare aliquid solet ut agat. Haec, Athenienses, et vera sunt et argumentis vinci facile possunt. Nam si ego iuniores partim corrumpo, partim corrupi, sane oportebat eos, si qui seniores facti cognorunt sibi, quum adolescentes essent, in aliqua re umquam me male consuluisse, nunc ipsos exsurgere meque accusare atque ulcisci: sin autem ipsi nollent, aliqui certe ex cognatis ipsorum, patres aut fratres aut alii necessarii, debebant, si quod malum a me cognati eorum perpessi essent, nunc meminisse atque ulcisci. Venerunt utique, quos adesse video, huc eorum multi: primum Crito hic, meus aequalis et popularis, Critobuli huius pater; dein Lysanias Sphettius, Aeschinis huius pater, item Antiphon Cephisiensis hic, Epigenis pater; atque alii etiam hi, quorum fratres illa conversatione mea usi sunt, Nicostratus Zotidae filius, Theodoti frater:—et Theodotus quidem obiit, ut ille mihi non potuerit apud hunc deprecator esse—: tum Paralus hic Demodoci filius, cuius frater erat Theages, et hic Adimantus Aristonis filius, cuius hicce Plato frater est, et Aeantodorus, cuius frater est hic Apollodorus. Sed et alios plurimos ego vobis nominare possum, quorum omnino aliquem debebat Melitus in actione sua adhibere testem: et si tunc oblitus est, nunc adhibeat—ego non impedio—si quid eiusmodi habet. Verum alia omnia invenietis, cives; omnes mihi succurrere paratos, corruptori, qui malefacit cognatis ipsorum, uti aiunt Melitus et Anytus. Etenim ipsis quidem corruptis forsitan esse possit ratio cur succurrant; incorruptis vero, iam senioribus viris, illorum necessariis, quae potest ratio esse succurrendi mihi, nisi recta haec et iusta, quod sciunt Melitum mentiri, me autem vera loqui? Sed hactenus, cives. Nam quae habui pro me dicenda, haec propemodum sunt, et alia, ut puto, eiusdem modi.

PERORATIO.

Fortasse autem aliquis vestrum indignabitur, memor sui, si, quum ipse quondam vel leviore in periculo quam periculum hoc meum est versatus, oraverit iudices suppliciterque rogaverit multis cum lacrimis, simul, quo magis misericordiam moveret, productis filiis suis et aliis cognatorum atque amicis multis, ego nunc huiusmodi nihil faciam, quamvis in extremum, ut videor, adductus discrimen. Ergo fortasse, aliquis haec cogitans, mihi arroganter contumax irascetur hoc ipsum, et calculum iratus mittet. Quo animo si quis est vestrum—id quod equidem nolim—, sed si est, aequam mihi rem videor ad eum dicturus, quum dico: Mihi quoque, vir optime, etiam cognati sunt quidam. Non sum enim, ut Homerus ait, ex quercu aut rupe oriundus, sed ab hominibus: unde et cognati mihi sunt, Athenienses, et filii quidem tres; unus iam adolescens, duo etiam parvuli: quorum tamen nullum huc producam, ut a vobis exorem absolutionem. Cur tandem igitur nihil huiusmodi faciam? Non arroganti contumacia, Athenienses, nec vestri contemptu: verum an ego fidenti animo mortem exspectem, nec ne, alia est ratio: ad existimationem autem et meam et vestram omninoque civitatis, non convenire mihi arbitror huiusmodi quicquam facere, qui et hanc aetatem et hoc nomen adeptus sum, sive illud merito, sive immerito; certe opinio est, Socratem aliqua re praestare plerisque hominibus. Si igitur ii vestrum qui videntur praestare aut sapientia aut fortitudine aut alia quacumque virtute, ita se adhibebunt, turpe id fuerit; quales ego saepe vidi in iudiciis, qui aliquid esse viderentur, mirifice tamen sese gerere, quippe putantes nescio quid horrendum sibi eventurum, ubi moriendum foret; quasi immortales essent futuri, si a vobis non occiderentur. Qui quidem mihi labem adspergere videntur civitati; adeo ut exterorum non nemo existimare possit, virtute praestantes Athenienses, et quos quisque sibimet ipsi in magistratibus ceterisque honoribus mandandis praeponere soleat, eos nihilo praestantiores mulierculis esse. Haec enim, Athenienses, nec vos facere decet, qui modo qualescumque esse videmini, nec si nos faciamus, a vobis concedendum est; sed hoc sane ostendendum, multo potius damnaturos vos esse eum, qui miserabilia haec spectacula edat, faciatque ut civitas derideatur, quam qui se teneat quietus. Mitto existimationem, cives; ne iustum quidem esse arbitror exorare iudicem, aut ab exorato absolvi, sed docere ac persuadere. Non enim ad hoc sedet iudex ut ius gratificetur, sed rem ut iudicet; utpote iuratus, se non gratiam, quibuscumque libeat ipsi, sed ius redditurum esse ex legibus. Quocirca nec nobis licet assuefacere vos ad peierandum, nec vobis assuefieri: sic enim neutri nostrum pietatem servare possunt. Ne igitur putate, Athenienses, ea mihi apud vos facienda, quae neque honesta, nec iusta nec pia esse censeo, nunc praesertim, pro Iuppiter, quum maxime [TR3] impietatis arcessitus ab hocce Melito. Nam si persuadendo atque exorando vim vobis afferrem iuratis, aperte docerem non statuendos vobis deos esse, et plane, dum causam dico, accusarem memet ipsum, tamquam deos non credentem. Sed tantum abest ut id faciam, Athenienses, ut magis etiam credam quam meorum quisquam accusatorum; iamque vobis permitto ac deo, iudicare de me, sicut optimum tum mihi futurum est tum vobis.

PARS II.

Quare igitur haud indigne feram, Athenienses, quod factum est ut me damnaretis, et alias plurimas habeo causas, neque inopinanti mihi id factum est; quin multo magis utrorumque calculorum miror effectum numerum. Non enim putaram tam prope afore, sed aliquanto longius: nunc autem si tres modo calculi aliter cecidissent, opinor, evasissem. Ac Melitum quidem iam videor mihi evasisse, neque evasi tantum, sed nemini hoc dubium est, si Anytus et Lyco ad me accusandum non surrexissent, illum etiam mille drachmas soluturum fuisse, non recepta quinta parte calculorum.—Aestimat ergo mihi vir litem poenamque morte. Sit ita. Quanam autem re ego contra aestimabo, Athenienses? Ea certe quam commerui. Quid igitur? Quam commerui poenam aut multam, quod nescivi quietus me tenere in vita, nihilque curans ea quae plerique, quaestum, rem familiarem, conciones et potestates et conspirationes et seditiones quae in civitate fiunt, quod putabam longe longeque digniorem me esse quam ut ex talibus salutem quaererem, non egi hoc ut obirem ea quibus obeundis nec vobis nec mihi ipsi quicquam utilitatis afferre potuissem, sed ut quemque privatim demererer quo maximo videbar posse merito, hoc unum egi, ausus cuique vestrum suadere ne suarum rerum ullius curam susciperet prius quam sui ipsius suscepisset, ut quam optimus et prudentissimus fieret, neve negotiorum civitatis prius quam ipsius civitatis, eodemque modo ceterarum item rerum curam et cogitationem susciperet: quid igitur commerui, talis qui fuerim? Boni sane aliquid, Athenienses, si modo pro dignitate atque ex vero aestimatis; et quidem boni id genus quod conveniat mihi. Iam quid convenit pauperi viro, benemerenti, qui otio indiget ut vos ad virtutem adhortetur? Nihil est quod tam conveniat, Athenienses, tali viro magis, quam ut ei publice victus in prytaneo praebeatur; multoque id magis quam si quis vestrum equo aut bigis aut alio curriculo Olympiis vicit. Is enim vos facit ut beati videamini esse, ego autem ut sitis: isque victu non indiget, ego autem indigeo. Itaque si me oportet ex vero ac pro dignitate aestimare, victum dicam in prytaneo.

Fortasse igitur vobis, quum haec dico, similiter videor dicere ac de miseratione et supplicibus verbis, arroganter contumax; verum non ita se res habet, Athenienses, sed hoc potius modo. Persuasum est mihi, a me sciente neminem affici iniuria—sed vobis quidem id non persuasero; nam breve fuit tempus, quo sermones inter nos contulimus: nam si lex esset vobis, sicut apud alios homines est, morte ne quis multetur unius tantum diei iudicio sed plurium, persuaderi illud vobis potuisset; nunc autem non facile est tam brevi tempore tantas calumnias diluere—: sed persuasum quum sit mihi, a me neminem affici iniurira, multum abest ut me ipsum iniuria afficiam, meque ipse dicam aliquo malo dignum, aut huiusmodi aliquid commeruisse. Quid metuens? an ne mihi eveniat id, quod Melitus me dicit commeruisse, quod nego me scire bonum malumne sit—pro eo num ex iis, quae certo scio mala esse, delectu facto, hoc me dicam commeruisse? Num vincula? Et quid me opus est vivere in carcere, servientem eorum qui quoque tempore constituentur potestati, Undecimvirorum? an pecuniariam poenam, et in vinculis retineri, donec solvam? At hic id ipsum mihi recurrit, quod modo dicebam: nihil mihi est pecuniae, unde solvam. Exsilione ergo aestimabo litem? Fortasse enim ratam facietis hanc aestimationem. At non tanta vitae cupiditate occaecatus sum, ut nequeam videre, quum vos, cives mei, perferre non potueritis meos sermones et conversationem meam, quae vobis adeo molesta et invidiosa facta est, ut iam ab ea liberari velitis, alios homines eam facile laturos esse. Id ego ut credam, Athenienses? Pulchra sane mihi vita erit, si ego hoc aetatis demigrans hinc, urbemque aliam ex alia mutans et undique expulsus vivam. Certo enim scio, quocumque venero, uti hac in urbe, non defore qui disserentem me audiant adolescentes; ac si eos repellam, hi me ipsi expellent, inductis ad id senioribus; sin non repellam, facient illud eorum et patres et cognati, eorum causa ipsorum.

Nunc forsitan dixerit aliquis: Tacitus et quietus, Socrate, vivere nobis non poteris, si hinc egressus eris? Hoc vero pluribus vestrum ad persuadendum apte explicare longe difficillimum est. Nam sive dicam esse illud deo non parere, atque ideo me haudquaquam quietum esse posse, non credetis mihi quasi dissimulatione uso; sin rursus dicam, nullum homini maius bonum posse contingere, quam ut quotidie sermones conferat de virtute et ceteris rebus, de quibus disserenti vos mihi operam datis, meque et alios exploranti—nam inexplorata vita non vitalis homini est—: hoc igitur dicenti etiam minus credetis mihi. Sed ita res est ut ego dico, cives; sed non facilis est ad explicandum. Accedit quod ego non consuevi me dignum deputare ullo malo. Etenim si mihi argentum esset, tanto litem aestimarem quantum solvere possem—nam nullum mihi ea re damnum fieret—: nunc autem nihil est; nisi forte, quantum ego solvere potero, tanto mihi aestimare vultis. Fortasse solvere vobis potuerim admodum minam argenti: igitur tanto litem aestimo. Sed Plato hic, Athenienses, et Crito et Critobulus et Apollodorus iubent me triginta minis aestimare, ipsique se obstringere volunt sponsione. Aestimo igitur tanto: sponsoresque eius argenti iidem vobis erunt locupletes.

PARS III.

Exigui quidem temporis causa, Athenienses, nomen vobis et crimen fiet ab iis, qui civitati vestrae maledicere volent, ex eo quod Socratem occidistis, virum sapientem. Vocabunt enim me sapientem, etsi non sum, qui vobis opprobrium dicere cupient. At si parumper exspectassetis, idem fataliter vobis evenisset. Videte enim aetatem meam, quam longe processerit in vita, et prope sit mortem. Dico autem illud non ad omnes vos: sed tantum ad eos qui me morte multarunt. Ac dico hoc quoque ad hos eosdem. Putatis fortasse, Athenienses, inopia verborum me cecidisse talium, quibus vos movere potuissem, si putarem nihil non faciendum ac dicendum, ut a vobis absolverer. Nihil profecto minus. Inopia quidem cecidi, verum non verborum, sed audaciae et impudentiae, et quod voluntas mihi defuit dicendi ad vos ea, quae vobis gratissima essent auditu, si et eiularem et lamentarer atque alia facerem et dicerem multa, mihi, ut ego aio, indecora; qualia vos adsueti estis ex ceteris audire. Sed neque antea putabam periculi metu faciendum esse quicquam inhonestum, nec me nunc poenitet causam ita dixisse, itaque dicentem multo me emori malo quam isto modo vivere. Neque enim in iudicio neque in bello aut me aut alium quemquam decet machinando et omnia tentando id agere ut effugiamus mortem. Nam et in proeliis saepe videmus interitum posse vitari, si quis sese abiectis armis supplex converterit ad insequentes; uti et alia sunt multa in quovis genere periculorum effugia mortis, si quis nihil non facere et dicere ausit. Sed vide ne non illud difficile sit, Athenienses, mortem evitare, sed multo difficilius, improbitatem: velocius enim haec currit morte. Ita nunc ego, ut tardus et senex, a tardiore sum oppressus; accusatores autem mei, ut violenti et acres, a velociore, malitia. Ac nunc quidem discedimus hinc, ego morti addicendus a vobis, isti contra addicti veritatis voce pravitati et iniustitiae. Atque ego illam sententiam ratam habeo, istique hanc suam. Igitur haec et oportebat sic, opinor, agi, et satis tolerabiliter acta puto.

Quod reliquum est, cupio vobis vaticinari, condemnatores mei. Perveni enim nunc eo ubi maxime homines vaticinantur, quum mors imminet. Nam praedico, cives, si me occideritis, continuo vobis post excessum meum venturam esse poenam, longe, Iuppiter, graviorem illam quam qua me multastis capitali. Hoc enim nunc fecistis, spe inducti fore ut reddendam vitae rationem defugiatis: sed contra plane eventurum vobis dico. Plures erunt vobis castigatores, quos adhuc ego cohibebam, vos autem id non sentiebatis; eruntque illi graviores, quo adolescentiores sunt, et vestram magis movebunt indignationem. Si vero putatis, occidendis hominibus prohibituros vos esse ne quis vobis vitam exprobret parum honeste actam, haud recte iudicatis. Ista enim via defugere censuram nec licet nec decet; at haec et pulcherrima cuique et facillima via est, non intercipere ceteros, sed suum ipsius animum sic componere ut fiat quam optimus. Ita haec vobis qui me condemnastis vaticinatus, desino.

Cum his vero qui me absolverunt libenter colloquar de iis, quae modo facta sunt, interim dum magistratus suas res agunt, egoque nondum abducor quo abductum me mori oportet. Itaque mihi manete, cives, tantum temporis: nihil enim obstat quo minus inter nos confabulemur, quoad licet. Nam vobis tamquam amicis ostendere volo, quid significent haec quae mihi nunc usu venerunt. Etenim mihi, iudices—quippe vos iudicum nomine recte appellarim—mirabile quiddam evenit. Nam consuetum mihi divinum omen priore quidem tempore perquam frequens semper erat, et perlevibus de causis adversabatur, ubi quid non bene facturus essem. Nunc autem, ut ipsi videtis, hoc accidit mihi, quod sane quis putet ac vere numeratur extremum malorum: sed mihi neque exeunti mane domo adversatum est signum dei, neque quum huc adscenderem in iudicium, neque in ulla sermonis parte, si quid dicere vellem; tametsi id in aliis sermonibus mihi plurimis locis medium dictionis cursum inhibuit. Nunc autem nusquam in huius diei actione mihi, nec facienti quicquam nec dicenti, adversatum est. Cuius rei quam causam esse suspicer, ego dicam vobis. Nam videtur id quod mihi accidit bonum fuisse; ac nequaquam recte suspicamur, qui malum putamus esse mortem. Magno argumento mihi hoc fuit: non potest fieri quin adversatum mihi fuisset consuetum signum, nisi ego aliquid boni essem acturus.

Consideremus iam sic quoque, quam magna spes sit bonum illud esse. Ex duobus enim alterum est mors: nam aut velut in nihilum interitus est, ut ne ullum quidem ullius rei sensum retineat mortuus, aut, quod vulgo dicitur, commutatio quaedam et peregrinatio animi hac ex sede hinc in aliam sedem. Ac sive omnis sensus privatio est, similisque ei somno, quo quis consopitus ne somnium quidem ullum cernit, mirificum prorsus lucrum est in morte. Ego enim putarim, si quis deligere velit talem noctem, in qua sic dormivit ut nullum viderit somnium, ceterasque noctes et dies vitae suae comparatas cum ea nocte velit reputare ac dicere, quot dies et noctes melius suaviusque tali nocte egerit in sua vita; putarim eum, non modo privatum hominem sed regem magnum, admodum numerabiles illas reperturum esse, cum ceteris collatas diebus et noctibus. Quodsi eiusmodi quiddam est mors, lucrum equidem dico: ita enim nihil amplius videtur omne consequens tempus esse quam una nox: sin similis mors est migrationi hinc in aliam sedem, veraque sunt quae dicuntur, habitare illic omnes qui vita cesserunt, quid est quod huic bono praeferamus, iudices? Nam si quis delatus ad inferos, ab his qui se iudices ferunt evaserit, eosque convenerit qui vere sunt iudices, quos etiam dicunt illic iudicare, Minoem, Rhadamanthum, Aeacum, Triptolemum, atque alios, quotquot ex semideis vitam iuste peregerunt, an spernenda videri poterit ea migratio? Iam vero versari cum Orpheo, Musaeo, Hesiodo, Homero, quanti cuique vestrum aestimandum videtur? Ego certe saepe emori cupio, si illa sunt vera. Nam mihi quidem ipsi delectabilis ibi conversatio erit, si colloqui licebit cum Palamede et Aiace Telamonio, et si quis priscorum alius iniquo iudicio oppressus est: conferre meos casus cum illorum, non iniucunda, ut arbitror, res erit. Id vero vel maximum erit, ita me vivere, ut eos qui illic sunt, similiter atque hic homines, examinem atque explorem, quis sapiens sit eorum, et quis sibi videatur esse, quum non sit. Quanti tandem quis aestimandum putabit, iudices, explorare eum qui magnum illum exercitum duxit ad Troiam, aut Ulyssem aut Sisyphum? ne sexcentos memorem alios, vel viros vel mulieres, quibuscum versari et colloqui et ad examinis consuetudinem redire, nimium quantum erit beatitatis. Non enim illi, opinor, ea de causa nos occident. Nam et ceteris rebus beatiores illi sunt nobis qui hic vivimus, et reliquum iam tempus immortales sunt, si modo quod vulgo dicitur, verum est.

Sed vos quoque decet, iudices, bonam spem agitare de morte, idque unum animo tenere verum, numquam viro bono mali quicquam evenire posse, nec vivo, nec mortuo, nec res eius negligi a diis: nec mihi haec nunc acciderunt fortuito, sed illud non dubium est, quin iam mori atque his aerumnis exsolvi optimum fuerit mihi. Propterea etiam nusquam me revocavit signum istud; nec magnopere iis, qui me condemnarunt et qui accusarunt, succenseo: etsi non eo consilio agebant condemnatores mei et accusatores, sed quod mihi nocere se crediderant; in quo sane non carent iusta reprehensione.

Tantum adhuc ab iis peto. Filios meos, quum primum adoleverunt, coercete, cives, eodemque illos modo vexate, quo ego vos vexabam, si vobis videbuntur vel opibus vel ulli alii rei studere potius quam virtuti; ac si videbuntur sibi aliquid esse, quum nihil sint, exprobrate illis, sicut ego vobis, quod non studeant iis quibus oportet rebus, putentque aliquid se esse, quum nullo sint numero. Quod si feceritis, iusta acceperimus et ego a vobis ipse et filii. Sed iam tempus est hinc abire, mihi quidem ad moriendum, vobis ad vivendum. Utris autem nostrum melius cessurum sit, id nemo quisquam scit praeter deum.

FINIS.

[TR1] "Quomodo" → "quomodo"
[TR2] "Utrum" → "utrum"
[TR3] "quummaxime" → "quum maxime"


TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:

The following edition was used for the transcription of the Latin text:

Friedrich August Wolf, "Platonis Apologia Socratis" (Berlin, Nauck, 1812)

The introduction was taken from this edition:

F. Wagner, "Plato's Apology of Socrates and Crito" (Boston, John Allyn, 1877)

Headings were added to match the logical structure pointed out in this introduction. Footnotes added by the Transcriber are marked as [TR1], [TR2], etc.







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