Forty-Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. (1933 N 48 / 1930-1931), by Stirling, M. W. -- a Project Gutenberg eBook Subtitle: Forty-eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1930-1931, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1933.

FORTY-EIGHTH
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

BUREAU OF
AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

TO THE SECRETARY OF THE
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

1930-1931

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C.
Price $2.00 (Paper cover) ii

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

Smithsonian Institution,
Bureau of American Ethnology,
Washington, D. C., July 15, 1931.

Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith the Forty-eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1931.

Very respectfully yours, M. W. Stirling, Chief. Dr. C. G. Abbot, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. iv

REPORT OF THE CHIEF

REPORT OF THE CHIEF
Page
Systematic researches	3
Special researches	15
Editorial work and publications	17
Distribution of publications	18
Illustrations	19
Library	19
Collections	20
Property	21
Miscellaneous	21
ACCOMPANYING PAPER
General Index, Annual Reports of the Bureau of American Ethnology, vols. 1-48, compiled by Biren Bonnerjea	25

FORTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
M. W. Stirling, Chief

The operations of the Bureau of American Ethnology during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1931, were conducted in accordance with the act of Congress approved April 19, 1930, making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the Government, which act contains the following item:

American ethnology: For continuing ethnological researches among the American Indians and the natives of Hawaii, the excavation and preservation of archeologic remains under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, including necessary employees, the preparation of manuscripts, drawings, and illustrations, the purchase of books and periodicals, and traveling expenses, $70,280.

SYSTEMATIC RESEARCHES

M. W. Stirling, chief, left Washington during the latter part of January to continue his archeological researches in Florida. On the way south he took the opportunity to investigate a number of archeological sites in several of the Southern States, notably a group of mounds which had been reported in the vicinity of High Point, N. C. and two mound sites on Pine Island in the Tennessee River in northern Alabama.

A few days were spent in the vicinity of Montgomery, Ala., examining the early historic sites being investigated there by the Alabama Anthropological Society. A large mound had been reported in the vicinity of Flomaton, Ala.; this was visited and found to be a natural formation.

Continuing down the west coast of Florida, Mr. Stirling visited briefly the archeological sites at Crystal River, Safety Harbor, and Alligator Creek. The principal work for the season was commenced on February 5 on Blue Hill 4 Island south of Key Marco, one of the northernmost of the Ten Thousand Island Group. A large sand burial mound was excavated and found to be of early post-Columbian Calusa origin. Excavation of the mound disclosed a number of interesting structural features quite unusual in Florida sand mounds. Six feet above the base of the mound a clay floor was encountered which gave evidence of having been the base of a temple structure, as it was surrounded by postholes and in some instances by the decayed remains of the wooden uprights still in place. This structure had evidently been destroyed and the mound subsequently enlarged by adding 6 feet more of sand above the original substructure. Numerous burials were encountered both above and below the clay floor. A few articles of European manufacture were recovered from the upper level of the mound. As none were recovered from beneath the temple floor, it is possible that the older section of the mound is of pre-Columbian age. Cultural material recovered was interesting though not abundant. This included characteristic pottery specimens, pendants and ornaments made from fossil shark teeth, shell dishes, cups, celts, and a few stone knives and arrowheads. Articles of European manufacture consisted of glass beads and iron axes of Spanish type. More than 250 burials were removed.

Following the completion of this work, Mr. Stirling went to the island of Haiti, where, in the company of H. W. Krieger, of the United States National Museum, he investigated archeological sites previously worked by Mr. Krieger in various parts of the island. Returning from Haiti to Florida, work was continued in the eastern part of the State, where a number of mounds were investigated between Miami and Cape Canaveral.

The most interesting discovery of the entire season consisted in locating two series of large geometric earthworks on the eastern side of the Everglades, not far from Indian town. One of these groups is one of the largest and best preserved works of this type now existing on the North American continent. It is hoped that at an early date the bureau will be able to begin excavations on this most interesting site. 5 At the completion of this reconnaissance, Mr. Stirling returned to Washington, leaving almost immediately for Chicago in order to attend a meeting of the National Research Council, the purpose of which was to organize research on the subject of early man in America.

Dr. John R. Swanton, ethnologist, was engaged in field work in Louisiana from July 1 to August 14, 1930. It was found that Rosa Pierrette, the sole Indian acquainted with the Ofo language and the one from whom, in 1908, he obtained the only specimens of that language in existence, was dead, and the language therefore is dead also. A search was made for speakers of Atakapa, but all appeared to be gone except one old woman who could barely recall a few words. The Chitimacha Indians of Charenton were visited and a small amount of linguistic material was obtained from them. Of the Tunica at Marksville, only two or three are still able to use the old tongue, but one of these proved to be an ideal informant and Doctor Swanton obtained from him a number of short stories and one long story in native text. The rest of the time was spent at Kinder, where a considerable body of material in Koasati was obtained.

In view of the extinction of Atakapa as a spoken language, Doctor Swanton considered that the words, phrases, and text collected by Dr. A. S. Gatschet in 1886, which comprise by far the greater portion of the material in that tongue still preserved, should be published without delay and the greater part of the winter of 1930-31 was spent in editing it. To Gatschet’s material have been added the Eastern Atakapa words collected by Murray and the Akokisa vocabulary obtained by the French captain, Bérenger, and published by Du Terrage and Rivet. A bulletin containing all this is now in the hands of the printer.

Work has progressed on the tribal map of North America which is being copied by Mrs. E. C. M. Payne, and additions have been made to the text to accompany it.

Doctor Swanton is preparing the first draft of a Handbook of the Indians of the Southeast.

The closing weeks of the year were devoted to reading the proof of Bulletin 103, entitled “Source Material for the Social and Ceremonial Life of the Choctaw Indians.” 6

Dr. Truman Michelson, ethnologist, was at work among the Kickapoo of Oklahoma at the beginning of the fiscal year. A really representative body of Kickapoo mythology is now available, and it is quite certain that it is more northern than Fox mythology. The ritualistic origin myths are still terra incognita. A good beginning has been made on Kickapoo social organization. In the middle of July Doctor Michelson went among the Foxes of Iowa. The object of the trip was to restore one Fox text phonetically and to obtain some new texts, in the current syllabic script, on Fox ceremonials, in both of which projects he was successful. Doctor Michelson returned to Washington August 4. He completed his memoir on the Fox WâpAnōwiweni and transmitted it for publication February 7. His paper, Contributions to Fox Ethnology, II, Bulletin 95 of the bureau, appeared in the course of the fiscal year.

The remainder of the time was largely taken up studying materials gathered previously and also in extracting from Petter’s Cheyenne Dictionary such stems and words as can be rigorously proved to be Algonquian. The material on the physical anthropology of the Cheyenne showed clearly the great variation that occurs among living races. A proper technique was worked out for determining the Cheyenne words of Algonquian origin. Though Petter’s alphabet is inadequate, it was possible to partially control this material by comparing it with that of Doctor Michelson. Approximately 700 of such words and stems were extracted. Though the technique mentioned above is very slow, Doctor Michelson is convinced that it is the correct procedure. It was entirely feasible to establish about 70 phonetic shifts which have transformed Cheyenne from normal Algonquian into divergent Algonquian.

Toward the close of May Doctor Michelson left for Oklahoma and renewed his work with the Cheyenne of that State. He restored phonetically the material extracted from Petter, with the result that it is now possible to formulate the transforming phonetic shifts with greater nicety. He also measured a number of Cheyenne. Though the number is not yet large enough to be absolutely decisive 7 in a statistical sense, there is good reason to believe that the vault of their skulls is low, thus resembling the Dakota Sioux rather than most Algonquian tribes. Some new data on Cheyenne social life and mythology were obtained. It was his privilege to consult with some other anthropologists in Oklahoma and to visit one museum.

John P. Harrington, ethnologist, was engaged during the summer of 1930 in the preparation of his report on the Indians who were brought together at San Juan Bautista Mission in the first half of the nineteenth century by the Spanish-speaking padres from various parts of San Benito County, Calif., and the adjacent region. A valuable vocabulary of the language, recorded by Father Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta, had already been published by the Smithsonian Institution in the sixties of the last century, but aside from this vocabulary there was little or nothing in print on these Indians. Elaborating a wealth of material obtained from Mrs. Ascención Solórsano, the last San Juan Indian who spoke the language, who died in January, 1930, Mr. Harrington prepared a report on all phases of the life of these Indians, as far as reconstructable. This report tells of the remarkable way in which the language and partial ethnography were rescued from this sole survivor, and then proceeds to the history, geography, and customs of the tribe, including all that could be learned of former religion, ceremony, and mythology.

Mrs. Solórsano was an Indian herb doctor, and a feature of the work during the summer of 1929 had been to obtain specimens and information to cover the ethnobotany of the tribe. Further specimens were obtained in the summer of 1930 by Mrs. Dionisia Mondragón and Miss Marta J. Herrera, daughter and granddaughter of Mrs. Solórsano, and these were all identified by Mr. C. V. Morton, of the National Herbarium. This section gives the treatment for curing some 60 different ailments with these herbs and by other curious means. It forms a nucleus for making comparative studies in Indian medicine.

At the end of January, 1931, Mr. Harrington left for California for the purpose of continuing his studies in this 8 region, this time specializing on the Esselen and Antoniano Indians in the southern part of Monterey County. Taking the specimens of San Juan Bautista plants with him and arriving in wild-flower season, a thorough collecting of plants was rewarded with a great mass of information which further elucidated much of the San Juan plant material. This collecting was done in several places in southern Monterey County and simultaneously in San Benito County. Seeds used for food were actually made up into the food product to get the primitive process, and the same method was followed in the study of medicines.

Along with the plants the field of ethnozoology was thoroughly covered and practically all the animals known to these Indians were identified. Specimens were obtained, especially of birds, which proved to be the most difficult field for identification in the collecting of animal names, and the skins were identified by the division of birds of the National Museum. Eight different kinds of snakes were known by name and identified.

One of the rarest features of the work was the obtaining of a number of old Indian place names in the Old Esselen country, the western tributary of the Salinas River known as the Arroyo Seco. A study of the place names resulted in the discovery that the Esselen were not a coastal but an inland people, inhabiting the Arroyo Seco and a section of the Salinas River and centered about Soledad Mission. They were one of the smallest tribes in California, and the name properly begins with an h; they were known in the San Juan Bautista from all that section of California. The expedition went from Monterey to the Aguage de Martin and from there climbed the mountain. Some 40 exposures were made of the various rocks connected with the ceremonies and the springs and camps, and several hundred pages of notes were taken down in California Spanish from Don Angel and others dealing with the history of these ceremonies and the life of Mariana and Joaquin Murrieta. On the way back to the coast the Cruz Cervantes ranch was visited, where Murrieta and Mariana were equipped by Don Cruz for starting their war against the Americans. 9

An examination of place names and village sites and linguistic studies occupied Mr. Harrington up to the end of June. Not only were vocabularies of early recording utilized but the invaluable records contained in the old mission books were, through the courtesy of Bishop McGinley, of Fresno, placed at the disposal of the Smithsonian Institution for copying, and a considerable part of these books has already been copied and revised with the aid of the oldest Indians.

Dr. F. H. H. Roberts, jr., archeologist, devoted the fiscal year to a number of activities. During the months of July, August, and September, excavations at a site on the Zuñi reservation, 16 miles northeast of the Indian village of Zuñi, were brought to a conclusion. The work had been started the latter part of May, 1930. At the end of the season’s field work the ruins of two houses, one containing 64 rooms, the other 20 rooms, and a number of ceremonial chambers had been cleared of the débris which had accumulated in them in the centuries which have passed since their abandonment.

Evidence showed that the largest of the houses had not been erected as a complete unit and that it was not occupied in its entirety at any time. The central block, together with a superceremonial chamber placed at its southern side, constituted the original block of the structure. Subsequent additions consisted of an east-and-west wing and a series of chambers south of the original portion and east of the great ceremonial chamber. Masonry in the walls of the latter portions was inferior to that in the original section. The outlines of the rooms in these same portions of the building were so irregular that they appeared to have been built by a different group of people. The walls in the original section were constructed in a style characteristic of the ruins in the Chaco Canyon, 85 miles northeast from the Zuñi region. The stonework in the latter portions of the building was suggestive of the type found in the ruins of the Upper Gila area to the south.

The small house did not give evidence of growth stages as distinct as those observed in the large building; it did show, however, that a fairly small structure had been added to on 10 various occasions. The walls in this building were of the same nature as those in the later portions of the larger dwelling, except that the stones were more carefully dressed. This suggested that the small house may have been built by the same group which erected the later portions of the large one.

In addition to the two houses and seven small ceremonial chambers two great kivas were found. Only one of these was excavated. In the case of the other it was possible merely to trace the outer walls in order to obtain the size and position of the structure. The finding of these two great kivas was significant because investigations in the Southwest have shown that such structures are always associated with some form of the Chaco culture. The great kiva connected with the larger of the two dwellings revealed one of the essential characteristics of such structures when the débris which filled it was removed. It had an average diameter of 55 feet. The second of these large circular houses was completely detached from the other buildings in the village and had been placed in a court formed by the other structures. It averaged 78 feet in diameter, which makes it the largest yet discovered.

The excavations yielded 400 specimens of the people’s handicraft in addition to the information on house types. Included in the collection are pottery vessels, tools or implements of stone and bone, ornaments, and a number of stone images. The pottery is characterized by examples typical of the Chaco Canyon wares and also specimens characteristic of the Upper Gila region to the south. The summer’s investigations demonstrate that the village on the Zuñi reservation belongs to the great period of the prehistoric pueblos; that designated as Pueblo III in southwestern chronology. The evidence obtained also indicates that there was a fusion of two groups of people at this location: One, the first to arrive, came from the Chaco area in the north, and the other from the Upper Gila villages in the south. Charred timbers obtained from the ruins enabled Dr. A. E. Douglas, of the University of Arizona, to give the dates 1000 to 1030 A. D. for the life of the community. 11

Upon the completion of the above work one week was spent in making an archeological survey on the Zuñi reservation and in the region west and northwest from that district. As a result of the reconnaissance, a promising site for further investigations was found. Following this, a trip was made to Cortez, Colo., for the purpose of inspecting ruins being excavated by Lee Dawson near the opening into McElmo Canyon, 4 miles southwest from Cortez. It was found that Mr. Dawson had an unusually interesting group of unit-type houses on his property. Of particular interest were the kivas or ceremonial chambers associated with these structures. In many of them the walls had been ornamented with a series of paintings placed in bands encircling the walls. From Cortez the writer went to Denver and from there returned to Washington the middle of October.

During the winter months, galley, page, and final proofs were read on Bulletin 100, a report on work conducted during the summer of 1929, entitled “The Ruins of Kiatuthlanna, Eastern Arizona.” In addition, the specimens brought in from the summer field work were studied. Drawings and photographs were made of them for use in a report on the work. Six hundred pages of manuscript, entitled “The Village of the Great Kivas on the Zuñi Reservation, New Mexico,” was prepared. Thirty text figures were drawn to accompany this manuscript.

Doctor Roberts left Washington May 14, 1931, for Denver, Colo., for the purpose of inspecting and studying the specimens obtained by the Smithsonian Institution-University of Denver Cooperative Expedition in the summer of 1930 and also for the purpose of examining collections in the Colorado State Museum. He left Denver on May 25 for Santa Fe, N. Mex. At the latter place two days were spent in studying the collections at the Laboratory of Anthropology and at the Museum of New Mexico. From Santa Fe he proceeded to Gallup, N. Mex., where supplies were obtained for a field camp. From Gallup this material was taken to a site 3½ miles south of Allantown, Ariz., where a camp was established and excavations started on the remains of a large pithouse 12 village. One refuse mound containing 12 burials with accompanying mortuary offerings and two pit houses had been investigated at the close of the fiscal year.

The pit houses were found to be characteristic of that type and quite comparable to those excavated in the Chaco Canyon in 1927, reported in Bulletin 92 of the Bureau of American Ethnology, and to those excavated in eastern Arizona in the summer of 1929, described in Bulletin 100 of the bureau.

From July 1, 1930, to May 10, 1931, J. N. B. Hewitt, ethnologist, was engaged in routine office work, and from the latter date to the end of the fiscal year he was engaged in field service on the Grant of the Six Nations on the Grand River in Ontario, Canada, and, briefly, on the Tuscarora reservation in western New York State.

Mr. Hewitt devoted much time and study to rearranging and retyping some of his native Iroquoian texts which critical revisions and additional data had made necessary to facilitate interlinear translations and to render such texts as legible as possible for the printer.

The texts so treated are the Cayuga version of the founding of the League of the Iroquois as dictated by the late Chief Abram Charles; the version of the Eulogy of the Founders as dictated by Chief Jacob Hess in Cayuga, and also his versions of the addresses introducing the several chants; also, four of the myths of the Wind and Vegetable Gods which are usually represented by wooden faces and husk faces (which are customarily misnamed masks, although their chief purpose is to represent, not to mask). The Onondaga texts of these myths were in great need of careful revision, for their relator was extremely careless in his use of the persons and the tenses of the verbs, frequently changing from the third to the second person and from past to future time by unconsciously employing the language of the rites peculiar to the faces; and also the decipherment of a set of pictographs or mnemonic figures, designed and employed by the late Chief Abram Charles, of the Grand River Reservation in Canada, to recall to his mind the official names and their order of the 49 federal chiefs of the Council of the League of the Iroquois, in chanting the Eulogy of the Founders of the League; and 13 also to recall the 15 sections or burdens of the great Requickening Address of the Council of Condolence and Installation; this paper with illustrations is nearly ready for the printer; and also a critical study of the matter of the Onondaga and the Cayuga texts, giving the several variant versions of the events attending the birth and childhood and work of Deganawida. He was born of a virgin mother, which indicated that underlying them there appeared to be an ideal figure, although of course unexpressed. This discovery showed the need for thorough search in the field for a living tradition in which this ideal is fully expressed. Further search was deferred to field work. It was clear that such an ideal enhanced the beauty of the birth story of Deganawida and made more interesting the historicity of such a person. Mr. Hewitt had the great satisfaction of recovering such a tradition in his subsequent field researches. He found that the inferiority complex had precluded his present informants from expressing themselves during the lifetime of other informants, whose recent deaths opened their mouths without the fear of contradiction. The death of Abram Charles within the year made these shy informants vocal.

In January Matthew W. Stirling, chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology, requested Mr. Hewitt to undertake the editing of the Manuscript Journal of Rudolph Friederich Kurz, of Berne, Switzerland, in the manner in which he had prepared the Edwin Thompson Denig Report on the Indian Tribes of the Upper Missouri River, published in the Forty-sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. The Kurz manuscript was written in German during the years 1846 to 1852. The typed German text consists of 454 pages of large legal-cap size, while the English translation of it by Myrtis Jarrell occupies 780 pages. The journal is a narrative of Mr. Kurz’s experiences in a trip up the Mississippi River from New Orleans to St. Louis, thence up the Missouri to Fort Union at the mouth of the Yellowstone River, and of his difficulties with the Indians while endeavoring to make drawings or pictures of them. There are 125 pen sketches of Indians and others accompanying the manuscript. 14

Mr. Hewitt represents the Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, on the United States Geographic Board, and is a member of its executive committee. In connection with the forthcoming issue of the sixth report of this board much extra work had to be done by members of the executive committee. Mr. Hewitt prepared a memorandum for a portion of the introduction. Mr. Hewitt also devoted much time and study to the collection and preparation of data for official replies to correspondents of the bureau, some demanding long research. Miss Mae W. Tucker has assisted Mr. Hewitt in the care of the manuscript and phonograph and photograph records of the archives.

On May 10, 1931, Mr. Hewitt left Washington, D. C., on field duty and returned to the bureau July 2, 1931. During this trip he visited the Grand River grant of the Six Nations of Iroquois Indians dwelling near Brantford, Canada, and also the Tuscarora Reservation near Niagara Falls, N. Y.

Winslow M. Walker was appointed to the staff of the Bureau of American Ethnology as associate anthropologist in March, 1931. He resumed his research in Hawaiian archeology, begun during a year’s stay in the Hawaiian Islands in 1929, in preparation for a paper on Hawaiian sculpture.

In preparation for work in the field Mr. Walker undertook research in the early narratives of exploration in Louisiana and Arkansas. He left Washington May 29 to investigate some caves in the vicinity of Gilbert, Ark., in the Ozark Mountains, with the hope of being able to throw new light on the Ozark bluff dwellers and other early inhabitants of the caves. Sixteen caves were explored and excavations were made in several of the most promising. A large cave at Cedar Grove yielded several skeletons and a considerable number of stone, flint, and bone artifacts. As the fiscal year closed Mr. Walker was still engaged in excavating this cavern. He intends to make a brief survey of certain mounds and village sites along the Red River Valley in the northern part of Louisiana on the completion of his work in Arkansas. 15

SPECIAL RESEARCHES

The study of Indian music for the Bureau of American Ethnology has been carried forward during the past year by Miss Frances Densmore. The three phases of this research are (1) the recording of songs and collecting of other material in the field, including the purchase of specimens; (2) the transcription and analysis of songs, with the development of information; and (3) the preparation of material for publication. All these phases have received attention during the year, and the songs of three hitherto unstudied localities have been recorded.

Early in July, 1930, Miss Densmore went to Grand Portage, an isolated Chippewa village on Lake Superior, near the Canadian boundary. This village was visited in 1905, a ceremony was witnessed, and one of its songs written down; therefore a return to Grand Portage was particularly interesting. The purpose of the trip was to witness the Chippewa dances on the Fourth of July, but she remained more than three weeks, continuing her study of native customs. Several songs of the Wabunowin were heard and translated, these resembling the songs of the Grand Medicine, which formed a subject of intensive study during 1907-1911. She also witnessed the tipi-shaking of an Indian medicine man and listened to his songs for almost an hour. This performance is very rare at the present time. Although the evening was quiet, the tipi was seen to sway as though buffeted by a tempest, then remain motionless a few seconds and again shake convulsively. This was continuous while Miss Densmore watched the performance and was said to have continued several hours afterwards. Inside the tipi sat the medicine man, believed to be talking with spirits whom he had summoned, the spirits making known their presence by the shaking of the conical structure. The next day the medicine man said that he had summoned the spirits in order to ascertain whether his treatment of a certain sick man would be successful. He said that if the spirits “spoke loud and clear” the man would recover, but if their voices 16 were faint the man would die. The response was said to have been satisfactory, and accordingly he instituted a “beneficial dance,” which was attended by Miss Densmore, and the songs heard for a considerable time. These, like the songs in the tipi, resembled the songs of the Chippewa Grand Medicine Society.

The study of Indian music was continued by a trip to Kilbourn, Wis., during August and September. Two pageants are given simultaneously at the Dalles of the Wisconsin River, near Kilbourn, each employing about 100 Indians. In the pageants the swan and hoop dance, as well as war and social dances of the Winnebago, were seen. The dances of other tribes presented in the pageants included the eagle dance and other pueblo dances. Songs of the swan, hoop, and frog dances were later recorded by leading pageant singers.

At Kilbourn Miss Densmore recorded numerous songs of Pueblo Indians from Isleta and Cochiti, these consisting chiefly of corn-grinding and war songs. The words of these songs are highly poetic and many of the melodies resemble Acoma songs in structure.

As John Bearskin and his family were traveling from Kilbourn to their home in Nebraska they passed through Red Wing, Minn., and songs were recorded at Miss Densmore’s home. Bearskin recorded three complete sets of the Winnebago medicine lodge songs and a set of Buffalo feast songs.

In January, 1931, Miss Densmore went to Washington, where she worked on the preparation of material for publication, and proceeded thence to Miami, Fla., where she began a study of Seminole music, recording songs of the corn dance from the man who leads the singing in that ceremony; also the songs that precede a hunting expedition. The customs of the Seminole were studied and a collection of specimens was obtained. This collection includes two complete costumes and is now the property of the United States National Museum.

The second phase of the research is represented by eight manuscripts which include the transcriptions and analyses of 77 songs and two flute melodies recorded by Winnebago, 17 Isleta, Cochiti, and Seminole Indians. The cumulative analyses of Indian songs has been continued and now comprises 1,553 songs. The 14 tables submitted during this year constitute a comparison between a large series of Nootka and Quileute songs and the songs previously analyzed by the same method.

The third phase of work comprised the preparation for publication of “Menominee Music” and “Acoma Music.”

Frank M. Setzler, assistant curator, division of archeology, United States National Museum, was detailed to the bureau for the purpose of conducting an archeological investigation in Texas. After briefly examining several sites at Victoria and Brownsville along the Gulf coast, he excavated four caves and one rock shelter on the Mollie B. Knight ranch, in Presidio County, and visited several other caverns in the vicinity.

From one large cave a total of 70 specimens, including baskets, matting, cradles, sandals, beads, corn, gourd shards, and one skeleton, were recovered. No pottery or evidence of European influence was found. Although the site is only 150 miles east of a marginal Basket-Maker culture, no local trace was found of these early southwestern people. The material differs in some respects from any other in the Museum and more research will be required before it can be definitely identified.

EDITORIAL WORK AND PUBLICATIONS

The editing of the publications of the bureau was continued through the year by Stanley Searles, editor, assisted by Mrs. Frances S. Nichols, editorial assistant. The status of the publications is presented in the following summary:

PUBLICATIONS ISSUED

Forty-fifth Annual Report. Accompanying papers: The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus (Teit, edited by Boas); Tattooing and Face and Body Painting of the Thompson Indians, British Columbia (Teit, edited by Boas); The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia (Steedman); The Osage Tribe: Rite of the Wa-xo-be (La Flesche). vii + 857 pp., 29 pls., 47 figs. 18

Forty-sixth Annual Report. Accompanying papers: Anthropological Survey in Alaska (Hrdlička); Report to the Honorable Isaac S. Stevens, Governor of Washington Territory, on the Indian Tribes of the Upper Missouri (Denig, edited by Hewitt). vii + 654 pp., 80 pls., 35 figs.

Bulletin 96. Early Pueblo Ruins in the Piedra District, Southwestern Colorado (Roberts). ix + 190 pp., 55 pls., 40 figs.

Bulletin 97. The Kamia of Imperial Valley (Gifford). vii + 94 pp., 2 pls., 4 figs.

Bulletin 100. The Ruins at Kiatuthlanna, Eastern Arizona (Roberts). viii + 195 pp., 47 pls., 31 figs.

PUBLICATIONS IN PRESS

Forty-seventh Annual Report. Accompanying papers: The Acoma Indians (White); Isleta, New Mexico (Parsons); Introduction to Zuñi Ceremonialism (Bunzel); Zuñi Origin Myths (Bunzel); Zuñi Ritual Poetry (Bunzel); Zuñi Katcinas (Bunzel).

Bulletin 99. Cherokee Sacred Formulas and Medicinal Prescriptions (Mooney and Olbrechts).

Bulletin 103. Source Material for the Social and Ceremonial Life of the Choctaw Indians (Swanton).

Bulletin 104. A survey of the Ruins in the Region of Flagstaff, Arizona (Colton).

DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLICATIONS

The distribution of the publications of the bureau has been continued under the charge of Miss Helen Munroe, assisted by Miss Emma B. Powers. Publications distributed were as follows:

As compared with the fiscal year ended June 30, 1930, there was a decrease of 4,393. This decrease is mainly in the distribution of bulletins and separates, and possibly is 19 largely explained by the very large number of separates from the Handbook which were sent in the previous year to the many groups of Camp Fire Girls. No great demand from any one group was received during the past fiscal year.

Twenty-eight addresses were added to the mailing list during the year and 20 were taken off. The mailing list now stands at 1,635 in addition to the members of the staff of the bureau and other branches of the Institution who receive the publications regularly as issued.

ILLUSTRATIONS

Following is a summary of work accomplished in the illustration branch of the bureau under the supervision of De Lancey Gill, illustrator:

During the early part of the calendar year Miss Mae W. Tucker was detailed to this branch to assist in listing and cataloguing the great collection of Indian negatives already classified by Mr. Gill in previous years. Of the purely ethnologic subjects, including portraits, arts, and industries, the list will embrace more than 7,000 units. This work, so long delayed, has progressed most satisfactorily.

LIBRARY

The reference library has continued under the care of Miss Ella Leary, librarian, assisted by Thomas Blackwell.

During the year 600 volumes were accessioned, of which 97 were acquired by purchase, 100 by binding of periodicals, 20 and 403 by gift and exchange; also 190 pamphlets and 3,500 serials, chiefly the publications of learned societies, were received and recorded, of which 28 were obtained by purchase, the remainder being received through exchange, giving us at the close of the year a working library of 26,671 volumes, 16,717 pamphlets, and several thousand unbound periodicals. Books loaned during the year numbered 975 volumes. During the year 473 volumes were bound. In addition to the use of its own library, which is becoming more valuable through exchange and by limited purchase, it was found necessary to draw on the Library of Congress for the loan of about 250 volumes, and in turn the bureau library was frequently consulted by officers of other Government establishments, as well as by students not connected with the Smithsonian Institution. The purchase of books and periodicals has been restricted to such as relate to the bureau’s researches. During the year the cataloguing has been carried on as new accessions were acquired and good progress was made in cataloguing ethnologic and related articles in the earlier serials. The catalogue was increased by the addition of 3,500 cards. A considerable amount of reference work was done in the usual course of the library’s service to investigators and students, both in the Smithsonian Institution and outside.

PROPERTY

MISCELLANEOUS

The correspondence and other clerical work of the office has been conducted by Miss May S. Clark, clerk to the chief, assisted by Anthony W. Wilding, clerk. Miss Mae W. Tucker, stenographer, was engaged in copying manuscript material for Doctor Swanton and in assisting Mr. Hewitt in his work as custodian of manuscripts and phonograph records. The manuscript Dictionary of * * * Indian Languages of North, Central, and South America and the West Indies, compiled by W. R. Gerard, which was in danger of becoming illegible due to the frayed condition of the paper on which it was written and the faded writing, has been copied by Miss Tucker. Work was begun on the catalogue of the photographic negatives belonging to the bureau. To date approximately 7,000 negatives have been listed.

During the course of the year information was furnished by members of the staff in reply to numerous inquiries concerning the North American Indians, both past and present, and the Mexican peoples of the prehistoric and early historic periods to the south. Various specimens sent to the bureau were identified and data on them furnished for their owners.

COLLECTIONS
Accession No.
111046.	Human skeletal material from a gravel bed along the Patuxent River, Md., collected by T. Dale Stewart on June 16, 1930. (12 specimens.)
111697.	About 100 crania and parts of skeletons from Safety Harbor, Fla., collected by M. W. Stirling. (139 specimens.)
111961.	Miniature clay toys made by Navajo Indian children and collected by Dr. W. H. Spinks at Chin Lee, Ariz., and 15 snapshots. (37 specimens.)
112277.	Collection of 802 ivory specimens, etc., secured by Dr. A. Hrdlička along the Kuskokwim in 1930 from funds supplied by the bureau. (802 specimens.)
112393.	Archeological and skeletal material collected by Dr. F. H. H. Roberts, jr., during the summer of 1929 from a site in Arizona. (553 specimens.)21
112888.	Archeological material from the vicinity of Tampa Bay, Fla., collected by M. W. Stirling in 1930. (115 specimens.)
114648.	Skeletal material from Horr’s Island, Collier County, Fla., collected during February and March, 1931, by M. W. Stirling. (150 specimens.)

Personnel.—Winslow M. Walker was appointed as associate anthropologist on the staff of the bureau on March 6, 1931.

ACCOMPANYING PAPER

GENERAL INDEX
ANNUAL REPORTS
OF THE
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

Vols. 1 to 48
(1879 TO 1931)
[Washington, D. C., 1881-1933]

COMPILED BY
BIREN BONNERJEA

PREFACE

To the cultural anthropologist, as also to the archeologist, the United States of America offer an unusually rich field in being a region where civilized and primitive races exist side by side, where languages belonging to totally different linguistic stocks are still spoken by isolated tribes differing from each other in their cultural and physical aspects, and where traces of lost civilizations indicating the antiquity of man are being unearthed every day. The Bureau of American Ethnology, since its beginning in 1879, has attempted to preserve these ancient records for posterity; and its annual reports are a veritable storehouse of information on languages and customs of tribes, many of whom have already disappeared and others are fast disappearing. In fact, it would be safe to assert that there is no one series of books containing so much material about the North American aborigines as these annual reports.

The present index had its origin some years ago when, on my arrival in America, I frequently had occasion to use the annual reports. Out of the vast amount of material contained in some 30,000 pages it was often extremely difficult, if not altogether impossible, to find any particular item. To save time and trouble I collected certain references to subjects in which I was interested. It then occurred to me that a general index to the reports might be useful to others too, and on my suggesting the matter to the Chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology it met with his approval. So what began as a mere handful of references of a very special nature has ended in being a general index.

Originally it was my intention to include only those volumes which were published during the first 50 years of the existence of the bureau, but owing to technical and other difficulties it was found advisable to publish my “Index” as the accompanying paper to the Forty-eighth Annual Report. Therefore, after my whole manuscript was prepared and ready for the press, I included in it the report for the fifty-first year of the bureau. Moreover, owing to the portly proportions this work has already assumed, my former plan of including an index to illustrations had to be abandoned. I hope, however, to be able to publish this at some future date.

It is my pleasant duty to thank, first of all, the Chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Mr. Matthew W. Stirling, for allowing this paper to be published in the series of annual reports, and for the uniformly courteous treatment I have received from him.

CONTENTS
Page
Preface	29
Subject index	33
List of annual reports of the Bureau of American Ethnology	1185
Index to authors and titles	1205
OBITUARY	1221

Dr. Truman Michelson and Dr. John R. Swanton, both of the same bureau, have very kindly given me the benefit of their wide experience, and have offered me many valuable hints on how an index may be of 30 the utmost value to its user. I take this opportunity of expressing my gratitude to them; but I wish it to be understood that they are in no way responsible for any mistakes I may have made.

I also must not forget to express my genuine appreciation of the excellent indexing work of Mrs. Frances S. Nichols, without which my labor would have been considerably increased. For indexing the reports of the last few years I have done very little except to classify and rearrange the work of Mrs. Nichols, with slight additions and alterations here and there in order to obtain uniformity for the whole work.

I also wish to thank all the officials of the Bureau of American Ethnology with whom I came in contact during my frequent visits to that institution for their unfailing courtesy and willing cooperation.

INDEX REFERENCES

Part I. SUBJECT INDEX

Part II
LIST OF ANNUAL REPORTS
OF THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
WITH AN INDEX TO AUTHORS AND TITLES
AND AN INTRODUCTORY NOTE

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The importance of conducting ethnological research among the North American Indians was recognized by the United States Government as early as 1795, when Leonard S. Shaw was appointed deputy agent among the Cherokee, and was instructed by the then Secretary of War to study their language and home life and to collect materials for an Indian history. The Lewis and Clark expedition of 1804-1806 was planned by President Jefferson, who expressly instructed the members of the expedition to collect ethnological data on the Indians. During much of his life Jefferson manifested a deep interest in the ethnology of the American tribes and contributed many papers on them which are of scientific value even to-day. In 1820 Rev. Jedidiah Morse was commissioned to ascertain for the use of the Government "the actual state of the Indian tribes" of America. Schoolcraft’s works on the Indian tribes were aided by the Government; the War Department had made many expeditions and surveys in the West, and had published papers relating to the western districts; the cliff dwellings, pueblos, and tribes of the Mississippi Valley had been described by the Hayden survey; Maj. J. W. Powell, as chief of the United States Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain region, had studied and published his results on the tribes of the Rio Colorado region; but as yet no systematic research had commenced.

In 1877 began the publication of a series of ethnologic reports in quarto form under the title "Contributions to North American Ethnology." After the United States Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain region was merged in the United States Geological Survey, provisions were made by Congress to continue the ethnologic researches and publications, and in 1879 the Bureau of Ethnology was organized and placed under the supervision of the Smithsonian Institution. Prof. Spencer F. Baird, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, selected Maj. J. W. Powell as the person most suitable to be the director of the new bureau.

Since its inception in 1879, the bureau, by the publication of its annual reports, bulletins, and contributions, and by answering questions of correspondents relative to Indian tribes, has continually helped to diffuse knowledge, and to make itself known in every civilized country in the world.

The strictly scientific results accomplished by the Bureau of American Ethnology relate to every department of anthropologic science—somatological, psychological, linguistic, sociologic, religious, technic, and esthetic—and are embodied principally in the annual reports, 1188 though much of this material is to be found in the bulletins and contributions. Among the practical results accomplished are: "(1) A study of the relations, location, and numbers of the tribes, and their classification into groups or families, based on affinity in language—a necessary basis for dealing with the tribes practically or scientifically; (2) a study of the numerous sociologic, religious, and industrial problems involved, an acquaintance with which is essential to the intelligent management of the tribes in adjusting them to the requirements of civilization; (3) a history of the relations of Indian and white races embodied in a volume on land cessions; (4) investigation into the physiology, medical practices, and sanitation of a people who suffer keenly from imperfect adaptation to the new conditions imposed on them; (5) the preparation of bibliographies embodying all works relating to the tribes; (6) a study of their industrial and economic resources; (7) a study of the antiquities of the country with a view to their record and preservation; (8) a handbook of the tribes, embodying, in condensed form, the accumulated information of many years";2 (9) the preservation of texts in aboriginal languages which are fast disappearing along with the culture to which they belong, and thus providing students and those engaged in commercial enterprises with the means of acquiring these languages; and (10) the publication of a series of handbooks on tribes of different geographical areas compiled and collated by the highest available authorities.

Maj. J. W. Powell, the director and founder of the Bureau of American Ethnology, died September 23, 1902, and on October 11 of the same year Mr. W. H. Holmes was appointed to succeed him, with the title of “chief of the bureau.” Mr. Holmes remained in office for nearly 9 years. On January 1, 1910, he severed his official connection with the bureau in order to resume his place as head curator of anthropology in the United States National Museum, and to become the curator of the National Gallery of Art. Mr. F. W. Hodge was designated to assume the administration of the bureau under the title "ethnologist in charge," which position he occupied until March 1, 1918. On that day Mr. Hodge resigned in order to accept a position in the Museum of the American Indian (Heye Foundation), and Dr. J. Walter Fewkes was appointed chief of the bureau. Doctor Fewkes continued in office until January 15, 1928, when, shortly before his death, he retired. Mr. Matthew W. Stirling, the present chief, entered upon his duties as chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology on August 1, 1928. In addition to the chief, the scientific staff of the bureau comprises, in 1931, seven ethnologists, viz., Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt, Mr. J. P. Harrington, Dr. Truman Michelson, Dr. Frank H. H. Roberts, jr., Dr. W. D. Strong, Dr. John R. Swanton, and Dr. 1189 W. M. Walker. Besides the seven ethnologists there are numerous others who are not directly connected with the bureau, but who contribute or have contributed from time to time to the annual reports. These may be classed as collaborators and contributors. The collaborator of the bureau is Miss Frances Densmore, whose special field of study is Indian music. The contributors3 are: Martha Warren Beckwith, Franz Boas, Biren Bonnerjea, John G. Bourke, Ruth L. Bunzel, Stewart Culin, Jeremiah Curtin, Frank H. Cushing, William H. Dall, Edwin Thompson Denig, Frances Densmore, J. Owen Dorsey, Jesse Walter Fewkes, Alice C. Fletcher, Gerard Fowke, Thomas Gann, Albert S. Gatschet, Melvin Randolph Gilmore, H. K. Haeberlin, J. P. Harrington, H. W. Henshaw, J. N. B. Hewitt, W. J. Hoffman, E. S. Holden, W. H. Holmes, Aleš Hrdlička, George Hunt, Albert Ernest Jenks, Francis La Flesche, Clay MacCauley, W. J. McGee, Garrick Mallery, Washington Matthews, Truman Michelson, C. Mindeleff, V. Mindeleff, James Mooney, Earl H. Morris, M. A. Muñiz, John Murdoch, William Edward Myer, E. W. Nelson, Elsie Clews Parsons, J. C. Pilling, J. W. Powell, Paul Radin, Stephen R. Riggs, Helen H. Roberts, Walter E. Roth, C. C. Royce, Frank Russell, Erminnie A. Smith, Frank G. Speck, Elsie Viault Steedman, James Stevenson, Matilda Coxe Stevenson, John R. Swanton, Gladys Tantaquidgeon, James A. Teit, Cyrus Thomas, Lucien M. Turner, Leslie A. White, George P. Winship, and H. C. Yarrow.

The first annual report for the fiscal year 1879-80 was published in royal octavo form, and since then one annual report has been published for each fiscal year, except for the fiscal years 1919-1924, for which only one volume was issued (forty-first annual report), and they are all in royal octavo form. Until 1895 the reports were specially authorized by Congress, usually through concurrent resolutions, but since that date they have been issued under authority of the public printing law, approved January 12, 1895. At the close of the fiscal year 1930 forty-six annual reports have appeared (the fourteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, twenty-second, and thirty-fifth, each in two parts or volumes), in all 52 volumes. The forty-seventh annual report (included in the index volume) is in the final proof form, and the forty-eighth annual report (general index) is in preparation.

The present (1931) maximum edition of the annual reports is 4,204, not including a few copies, generally between 100 and 500, ordered by the Superintendent of Documents for sale. Of the 4,204 copies the Bureau of American Ethnology receives 3,500 copies; the remaining 704 copies are distributed to Government libraries, etc. The quota (3,500 copies) allowed to the bureau is distributed free of charge, mainly to libraries and institutions of learning, and to collaborators and others engaged in anthropological research or in instruction. Nearly all annual reports are out of print. 1190 1191

ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

First Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1879-1880, by J. W. Powell, director. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1881.

Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1880-1881, by J. W. Powell, director. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1883 (1884).

Roy. 8ᵒ. XXXVII, 477 p., 77 pl., fig. 1-35, 347-714 (382 of these forming 98 pl.), 2 maps.

Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1881-1882, by J. W. Powell, director. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1884 (1885).

Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1882-1883, by J. W. Powell, director. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1886 (1887).

Fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1883-1884, by J. W. Powell, director. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1887 (1888).

Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1884-1885, by J. W. Powell, director. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1887 (1888).

Roy. 8ᵒ. LVIII, 675 p. (incl. 6 p. of music), 10 pl. (incl. 2 pocket maps), 546 fig., 44 small unnumbered cuts.

Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1885-1886, by J. W. Powell, director. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1891 (1892).

Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1886-1887, by J. W. Powell, director. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1891 (1893).

Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1887-1888, by J. W. Powell, director. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1892 (1893).

Tenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1888-1889, by J. W. Powell, director. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1893. (1894).

Eleventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1892-1893, by J. W. Powell, director. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1894.

Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1890-1891, by J. W. Powell, director. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1894.

Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1891-1892, by J. W. Powell, director. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1896.

Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1892-1893, by J. W. Powell, director. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1896 (1897). In two parts—part 1, part 2.

Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1893-1894, by J. W. Powell, director. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1897.

Sixteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1894-1895, by J. W. Powell, director. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1897.

Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1895-1896, by J. W. Powell, director. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1898. In two parts—part 1, part 2. (Pt. 1, 1900; Pt. 2, 1901.)

Roy. 8ᵒ. Two parts, XCV, 1-128, 129*-344*, 129-468; 465-752 p., 182 pl., 357 fig.

Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1896-1897, by J. W. Powell, director. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1899. In two parts—part 1, part 2. (Pt. 1, 1901; Pt. 2, 1902.)

Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1897-1898, by J. W. Powell, director. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1900 (1902). In two parts—part 1, part 2.

Roy. 8ᵒ. Two parts, XCII, 1-568, 569*-576*, 569-1160 p., frontispiece, 80 pl., 49 fig.

Twentieth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1898-1899, by J. W. Powell, director. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1903.

Twenty-first Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1899-1900, by J. W. Powell, director. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1903.

Twenty-second Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1900-1901, by J. W. Powell, director. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1903. In two parts—part 1, part 2.4

Twenty-third Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1901-1902, 1198 by J. W. Powell, director. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1904 (1905).

Twenty-fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1902-1903, by W. H. Holmes, chief. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1907.

Twenty-fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1903-1904, by W. H. Holmes, chief. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1907.

Twenty-sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1904-1905, by W. H. Holmes, chief. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1908.

Twenty-seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1905-1906, by W. H. Holmes, chief. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1911.

Twenty-eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1906-1907, by W. H. Holmes, chief. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1912.

Twenty-ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1907-1908, by W. H. Holmes, chief. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1916.

Thirtieth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1908-1909, by W. H. Holmes, chief. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1915.

Thirty-first Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1909-1910, by F. W. Hodge, ethnologist in charge. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1916.

Thirty-second Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1910-1911, by F. W. Hodge, ethnologist in charge. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1918.

Thirty-third Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1911-1912, by F. W. Hodge, ethnologist in charge. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1919.

Thirty-fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1912-1913, by F. W. Hodge, ethnologist in charge. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1922.

Thirty-fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1913-1914, by F. W. Hodge, ethnologist in charge. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1921. In two parts—part 1, part 2.

Thirty-sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1914-1915, by F. W. Hodge, ethnologist in charge. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1921.

Thirty-seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1915-1916, by F. W. Hodge, ethnologist in charge. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1923.

Thirty-eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1916-1917, by F. W. Hodge, ethnologist in charge. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1924.5

Thirty-ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1917-1918, by J. Walter Fewkes, chief. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1925.

Fortieth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1918-1919, by J. Walter Fewkes, chief. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1925.

Forty-first Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1919-1924, by J. Walter Fewkes, chief. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1928.

Forty-second Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1924-1925, by J. Walter Fewkes, chief. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1928.

Forty-third Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1925-1926, by J. Walter Fewkes, chief. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1928.

Forty-fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1926-1927, by J. Walter Fewkes, chief. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1928.

Forty-fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1927-1928, by H. W. Dorsey, chief clerk. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1930.

Forty-sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1928-1929, by M. W. Stirling, chief. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1930.

Forty-seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1929—1930, by M. W. Stirling, chief. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1932.

Forty-eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1930-1931, by M. W. Stirling, chief. (Vignette.) Washington, Government Printing Office, 1932.

INDEX TO AUTHORS AND TITLES

FOOTNOTES:

1 Names beginning with Mac and Mc are arranged separately; those beginning with M´ are arranged under Mc.

2 W. H. Holmes, in Handbook of the American Indians North of Mexico, Washington, 1907, Vol. I, p. 173 (Bull. 30, Bur. Amer. Ethn.).

3 Contributors whose papers have appeared in the Annual Reports.

4 In the general index (Forty-eighth Annual Report) the two parts of the Twenty-second Annual Report are referred to as 22, i and 22, ii, respectively.

5 In the general index, Forty-eighth Annual Report, the references to the Thirty-eighth Annual Report are by sections unless preceded by the letter “p.”

Transcriber’s Note:

Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.

“Obituary” entry in the TOC, page 27, is an apparent error as the referenced page does not exist.

Annual Report volumes and separates	6,003
Bulletins and separates	13,924
Contributions to North American Ethnology	33
Miscellaneous publications	515
	20,475

Photographs and drawings retouched, lettered, and otherwise made ready for engraving	748
Drawings made, including maps, diagrams, etc.	48
Engravers’ proofs criticized	524
Printed editions of colored plates examined at Government Printing Office	7,000
Correspondence attended to (letters)	135
Photographs selected and catalogued for private publication	310
Photolaboratory work by Dr. A. J. Olmsted, National Museum, in cooperation with the Bureau of American Ethnology:
Negatives	154
Prints	335
Lantern slides	91
Films developed from field exposures	48

Vol. 2	Zuñi (pp. 3-45); Iroquois (pp. 47-116); Navaho (pp. 167-178).
Vol. 3	Omaha (pp. 205-370); Navaho (pp. 371-391).
Vol. 5	Cherokee (pp. 121-378); Navaho (pp. 379-467); Seminole (pp. 469-531); Zuñi (from p. 533).
Vol. 6	Maya (pp. 253-371); Osage (pp. 373-397); Central Eskimo (from p. 399).
Vol. 7	Ojibwa (pp. 143-300); Cherokee (pp. 301-397).
Vol. 8	Navaho (from p. 229).
Vol. 9	Point Barrow Eskimo (to p. 441); Apache (from p. 443).
Vol. 11	Sia (to p. 157); Eskimo of Ungava District (pp. 159-350); Siouan tribes (from p. 351).
Vol. 13	Omaha (pp. 263-288); Zuñi (from p. 321).
Vol. 14	Menomini (to p. 328).
Vol. 15	Siouan tribes (pp. 153-244); Tusayan (pp. 245-313).
Vol. 16	Peruvian (to p. 72); Maya (pp. 199-265); Tusayan (from p. 267).
Vol. 17	Seri (pp. 1-128, 129-344); Kiowa (pp. 129-445); Navaho (pp. 469-517).
Vol. 18	Eskimo of Bering Strait (to p. 518).
Vol. 19	Cherokee (to p. 548); Tusayan (pp. 573-653, 957-1011); Maya (pp. 693-819).
Vol. 21	Hopi (to p. 126); Iroquois (from p. 127).
Vol. 22, i	Maya (pp. 197-305).
Vol. 22, ii	Pawnee.
Vol. 23	Zuñi.
Vol. 25	Porto Rican (to p. 320).
Vol. 26	Pima (to p. 389); Tlingit (from p. 391).
Vol. 27	Omaha.
Vol. 28	Tewa Indians.
Vol. 30	Zuñi (to p. 102); Guiana Indians (from p. 103).
Vol. 31	Tsimshian.
Vol. 32	Seneca Indian.
Vol. 33	Hawaiian (from p. 285).
Vol. 34	Antillean.
Vol. 35	Kwakiutl.
Vol. 36	Osage.
Vol. 37	Winnebago.
Vol. 38	Guiana Indian.
Vol. 39	Osage.
Vol. 40	Fox Indian.
Vol. 42	Creek Indian (to p. 672).
Vol. 43	Osage (to p. 164); Wawenock (pp. 165-197); Mohegan (pp. 199-287); Picurís (pp. 289-447); Iroquois (from p. 449).
Vol. 44	Chickasaw (pp. 169-273); Chippewa (pp. 275-397).
Vol. 45	Salishan tribes (to p. 396); Thompson Indians (pp. 397-522); Osage (from p. 523).
Vol. 46	Alaska (to p. 374); Upper Missouri tribes (from p. 375).
Vol. 47	Acoma (to p. 192); Isleta (pp. 193-466); Zuñi (from p. 467).