The Project Gutenberg EBook of With the Ulster Division in France, by
Arthur Purefoy Irwin Samuels and Dorothy Gage Samuels

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org


Title: With the Ulster Division in France
       A Story of the 11th Battalion Royal Irish Rifles (South
       Antrim Volunteers), From Bordon to Thiepval.

Author: Arthur Purefoy Irwin Samuels
        Dorothy Gage Samuels

Release Date: October 17, 2013 [EBook #43969]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ASCII

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WITH THE ULSTER DIVISION IN FRANCE ***




Produced by Demian Katz, Paul Clark and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (Images
courtesy of the Digital Library@Villanova University
(http://digital.library.villanova.edu/))






    Transcriber's Note:

    Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as
    possible, including inconsistent use of accents. Some changes have
    been made. They are listed at the end of the text. Illustrations
    have been moved.

    Italic text has been marked with _underscores_.




                             [Illustration]

                        With the Ulster Division
                               in France.

                       _From Bordon to Thiepval._

                     _A Story of the 11th Battalion
                           ROYAL IRISH RIFLES
                      (South Antrim Volunteers)._




                               THIS BOOK
                                   IS
                   Dedicated to the people of Ulster

                             [Illustration]

                        In remembrance of those
                       who have given their lives
                      for their King and Country.




                                  WITH
                          THE ULSTER DIVISION
                               IN FRANCE.

                     A STORY OF THE 11th BATTALION
                           ROYAL IRISH RIFLES
                       (South Antrim Volunteers),

                        From BORDON to THIEPVAL.

                             IN FOUR PARTS,
                    INCLUDING PHOTOGRAPHS AND MAPS.
                                   BY
                          A.P.I.S. AND D.G.S.

                     [Illustration: QUIS SEPARABIT]

               "The sequel of to-day unsolders all
               The goodliest fellowship of famous knights
               Whereof this world holds record:
               Such a sleep they sleep--the men I loved,
               I think that we shall never more, at any future time,
               Delight our souls with talk of knightly deeds
               Walking about the gardens and the halls
               Of Camelot, as in the days that were."

                    _From "The Passing of Arthur,"_
                                      --LORD TENNYSON.


                                BELFAST:
                WILLIAM MULLAN & SON, 4 DONEGALL PLACE.




[Illustration: THE KING REVIEWING THE ULSTER DIVISION.]




PREFACE.


The appearance of this little book needs a word of explanation. While
at the front with the Ulster Division, the late Captain A. P. I.
Samuels, had kept a very complete record of events, and collected
all the material available, with the object of being in a position,
some day, to publish an account of the doings of the Division, and
particularly of his own Battalion, the 11th Royal Irish Rifles (South
Antrim Volunteers.) It has been willed, however, that he should not be
spared to carry out his intention. Like so many of his gallant comrades
he gave his life for his country, being killed in action on September
24th, 1916. His name is now on Ulster's Roll of Honour, among those
whose death has brought unspeakable grief to thousands of our homes,
and yet has filled the hearts of Ulstermen and women with pride, and
bequeathed such renown to our Province as will last while it endures.
His papers, and the materials he had gathered have naturally come into
my hands, and I have endeavoured, though in a very small and inadequate
manner, to carry out the purpose for which they were collected.

This little book does not profess to be in any way a history of the
Ulster Division, nor even of the 11th Batt. Royal Irish Rifles. Being
compiled from the diary of Captain Samuels, supplemented by the records
he was able to obtain, its scope is necessarily limited, and the story
closes with the historic advance of the Ulster Division on the Somme at
Thiepval on 1st July, 1916. In some respects this necessary limitation
is a fitting one. To many in Ulster this great event marks in reality
the passing of the glorious Division recruited during the first six
months of the war, trained by Battalions in various camps in Ireland,
and finally, as a Complete Division, at Seaford and Borden, before
being sent to France. True, those permitted to survive that awful shock
of July 1st, and those drafts in reserve at home remained to carry
the fame of Ulster to Messines Ridge and Cambrai, but the Division
was never again quite the same as before that memorable day. At that
time it was unique. All its members were identified with the Northern
Province. Each Battalion was recruited from some particular part, and
even small districts and villages were represented separately in the
Companies and Platoons. It was inevitable that after the Somme battle
distinctive units should become merged, and that as the war progressed
officers and men should find their way to the 36th Division who were
not strictly representative of Ulster.

It is hoped that these memoirs may be of interest to Ulster people as
describing the everyday life of a unit of their Division during its
first eight months in France before the novelty of the life in billets
and in trenches had worn off, and become merely monotonous, and while
the point of view was still that of the native Ulsterman rather than
the British soldier.

[Illustration: THE REVIEW OF THE ULSTER DIVISION.]




PART I.


We fell in at 4 o'clock on the afternoon of October 4, 1915, on the
parade ground of St. Lucia Barracks, Borden. So mechanical a proceeding
is a regimental parade, and so extremely heavy were the packs that
we carried, that there was little opportunity for pondering over the
changed conditions that we were soon to undergo. As far as the men were
concerned--and the same applied to a large number of the officers--they
had left their homes and all that home implied when they left Ireland
three months before.

As we marched to the station we were struck by the apathy displayed
by the few civilians we saw. There was no cheering, waving of
handkerchiefs, or kissing of hands; even the children, making mud
pies on the side of the road did not trouble to look up. We were only
one of the many units that had passed down that same road during the
previous fourteen months. It was almost an everyday sight now for the
people who lived there to see regiments entraining for France. So it
was, that as we marched down the short road to Borden station, we felt
that we were only going on our business, and that those plain-clothed
civilians--many of them young and physically fit men--were going on
theirs. At Borden station the somewhat questionable spirits of the men
were revived by large cups of excellent tea, brought round by ladies,
a parting kindness which was greatly appreciated, and which none of
us will forget. The first train, with Brigade Headquarters, Battalion
Headquarters, and A and B Companies, steamed out of the station at 5-10
p.m., followed at 5-35 by the second train with C and D Companies.
Blinds were drawn in the carriages soon after starting, and with only
one stop the train ran through to Folkestone Pier, where we went on
board the transport "Onward." At 9-35 p.m. we left the shores of
England, bound for France and the unknown. A war-time cross-channel
steamer, converted into a troopship for short runs, is as uncomfortable
a form of craft as one can wish to sail in, and the "Onward" was no
exception to the rule. In addition to our battalion there were several
drafts, principally from Scotch regiments, on board. Luckily it was a
fine, warm night, and the sea was as smooth as glass. The dining-room
and lounge were boarded up and stripped as bare as a barrack floor,
while the corridors, and every available inch of accommodation below
were packed with men, in all those extraordinary attitudes, recumbent
and sprawling, which the sleeping Tommy can only adopt. On deck it was
just the same, and quite impossible to walk from one end of the boat to
the other. There were strict orders against smoking on deck, and the
task of the unfortunate officer, whose sense of duty was sufficiently
strong to prevent him from winking at any breach of discipline, was
unenviable. A cigarette, like Nerissa's candle, throws a long beam,
and every effort to reach the culprit was fraught with such curses and
mutterings from the bodies over which one stumbled, that it would have
disheartened even the adamant spirit of the Secretary for War himself.

We reached Boulogne at 11-30 p.m., and, after the usual disembarkation
formalities, in which the Disembarkation Officers and R.T.O.'s always
seem to exercise their unlimited powers to the full, the Battalion fell
in by companies about 300 yards down the pier. In the darkness and
heavy rain which now began to fall this proceeding took a considerable
amount of time, but after half an hour we moved off, all thoroughly
soaked through. At the best of times the way from the pier at Boulogne
to the Rest Camp, some distance out of the town, is not pleasant,
but that October night it was particularly bad. The streets were wet
and slippery, the men heavily laden with blankets and equipment, and
the road up to the Rest Camp led up a steep incline. The leading
company, however, stepped out at their normal pace. A few, mindful of
the landing of the original Expeditionary Force, and the ever famous
"Tipperary" scenes, burst into song, but the Frenchman retires early to
bed, and, with the exception of one long, thin arm fluttering a pocket
handkerchief from a top window, we saw no sign of life in the deserted
streets. After a very steep climb of about two miles, we came to the
Rest Camp, and a series of gasoline flares lit up the muddy flats on
which the tents were pitched. The mud, ankle deep, sucked up round our
boots, and torrents of rain danced in the puddles. It was a matter of
ten minutes before each company was allotted its area, and after that,
in less time than it takes to tell, the sleep, which only those who
have spent a night in a Rest Camp at Boulogne know, had fallen on all.

The day after we landed was an easy one. No orders came as to moving,
and the time was spent by our men in parading about the camp, sleeping,
and talking to the numerous women and small boys who wandered round
the railings, clamouring for "biscuit," "penny," or "bully beef." So
urgent was the appeal for these commodities, that the men took it for
granted that the entire population of France was starving, and handed
over that somewhat elusive "unconsumed portion" of the previous day's
ration, or any that remained of it. As the day wore on and word was
received that there would be no move until the following morning, some
of the officers were allowed into town in the afternoon. Boulogne in
war-time is not an interesting place, and an hour was sufficient for
exploration purposes. With the exception of a few French territorials,
guarding the bridges and railway station, the town seemed to be
entirely handed over to the British, whose motor ambulances glided in
every direction. The "Cambria," with her green and white topsides and
large Red Cross flag at her masthead, lay alongside at the quay, a
sight to make one home-sick, which brought one's mind back to Dublin
Bay and Kingstown Harbour in the days of peace. It rained off and on
all day, and was bitterly cold, an early foretaste of the bitter winds
we were to experience in France. We fell in next morning, Wednesday,
6th October, at 10-15, and marched to the Central station, where we
entrained. Speculation was rife as to where we were going, whether
Belgium, which savoured of Ypres and all that that name implied, or
the new line between Arras and the Somme. The latter was a sector taken
over by the British from the French in the July preceding, and had the
name of being quiet and pleasant compared to the more northerly parts
of the line. As the day wore on and we steamed South through Abbeville,
and finally came to Amiens, there was no doubt as to our destination.
From Amiens we moved on to a side line, and at 6-15 came to Flesselles,
a small town about 15 miles south of Amiens, where we detrained. It
was a lovely autumn evening, and with a slight breeze blowing from the
East, and as we stood fallen in ready to move off from the station, we
heard the low rumble and occasional growl of a big gun. From Flesselles
we had to march some twelve kilometres to Rubenpre, which was to be
our billeting town. Very heavily laden as we all were, officers and
men, again the mistake was made of setting too fast a pace. It was an
exceptionally warm evening, the men were tired, hungry and thirsty,
after the long train journey, and as an hour, and then two, passed by,
and we still appeared to be some distance from our town, the softer
hearts in the battalion collapsed. There is no necessity to dwell on
the unpleasant memories of our first route march in France; it was the
most trying experience for both officers and men that we had for many a
long day. As we marched East, and as the night grew darker, the flares,
and the lurid flashes of gunfire became more vivid, and helped to
keep up the interest of the men and distract their attention from the
general weariness; at any rate we were, after eleven months' training,
getting to the "Front" at last.

[Illustration: RUBENPRE.]

When we reached Rubenpre, at 11 o'clock at night, many of the men
done up and all very tired, we halted at the head of the village. The
second in command had gone on the previous day with the advance party
to arrange the billeting, but in the darkness, of a more than usually
dark night, the result of his effort was practically impossible to
find. The village consisted, as far as one could judge by the light
of electric torches or matches, of a series of long barns with doors
most of which were barred and bolted, and presented a remarkably
inhospitable appearance. A few days before we had left Borden we
had been paraded, and in the course of a ten minutes' harangue, the
Commanding Officer had dwelt upon the good name of the battalion,
and its excellent conduct while in England. He told the men that he
relied on them to maintain that high record in the country to which
they were going. Especially he told them to respect the religious
susceptibilities of the people. "Hanging over your beds in your billets
you will find crucifixes, pictures of the Virgin Mary, and the Saints,
and other emblems of the Roman Catholic Church and religion. You will
respect these emblems, and remember that you and your Allies have
come to free these people from the Germans." So throughout that march
from Flesselles to Rubenpre, the men had before them the vision and
anticipation of feather beds which all the saints in the catalogue
might adorn, so long as it was a bed. No such luck, however, as
feather beds could be hoped for in the land which the men had already
christened "No man's land." So dark was the night, and so impossible
to find were the billets allotted to each Company, that after nearly
half-an-hour's halt at the entrance to the village, Company Commanders
and Officers took the matter into their own hands, threw off their
packs and equipment on the side of the street, and led their worn-out
men down the village. They burst open the doors of barns, and put in,
here 20, there 30, men, despite the irate remonstrances of the owners,
often punctuated by some shrill scream from some female proprietor,
who thought that at any rate her last hour had come. At length, on
straw and hay, on floors hard and soft, everyone found a bed, and,
tired, as they were, one or two were heard to mutter, Orangemen though
they might be, that they wouldn't mind a bed even if the picture of
the Pope himself hung at the head. In this part of France there are
no farms. The country is dotted at intervals of a kilometre or two
with villages, some small, some large, mostly the same in appearance,
with their orchards, and grey church spires sticking up above the
knots of trees. All round these villages the country stretches away
in gently rolling plains, like a great checkerboard, no ditches or
hedges, reminding one of what England must have looked like in the days
of the "common field" system. This part of the country is intensely
cultivated, not an inch of land is allowed to go to waste, and in
war time the work is done entirely by young girls and old women. A
young man was never seen, either in the fields or villages; there
seemed to be few old men, and the small boys spend most of their day
at school. These Picard villages are intensely dirty, and Rubenpre
was even dirtier than most of them. The barns were in a bad state
of repair, and the yards were swimming with filthy water from the
great heaps of manure which were piled up in front of each house,
often right up against the windows, yet, curiously enough, the houses
themselves were in most cases neat and clean. The houses are built of
laths, plastered with mud and straw, poor in construction, and, owing
to lack of men, in many cases whole villages presented a dilapidated
and tumbled-down appearance. Rubenpre was, therefore, an inhospitable
place, and the reception we received from the people themselves was
not what we expected. We felt that we had come to the country to fight
for the people, and to free them from the enemy; in other words we
looked upon ourselves in a mild way as deliverers, and felt to a small
extent that we were entitled to be received as such. But our eyes were
soon opened,--those bolted barns and inhospitable entrances were an
index of the regard in which the people held us; we were received with
suspicion, and often with dislike, in every village to which we came
during our long peregrinations in Picardy. It speaks volumes for our
men to be able to say, as we can say with truth, that we always went
away with the good wishes and blessings of the people, and there were
many in the battalion who, when a day off came, would walk eight or
ten miles to revisit some of their French friends. It was only after
we had been some time in the country that we discovered the reason for
this coldness. Robbed first of all by the Germans, they had endured
successive invasions of Zouave, English, Scotch, and Indian troops, and
now an Irish Division, a form of terror formerly unknown was thrust
upon them in its entirety. We saw that there was a certain amount to be
said for their apparent inhospitality, and put up with it.

The first couple of days at Rubenpre were devoted to "shaking down." As
far as my Company was concerned, we were, on the whole, fortunate with
regard to our billets. There was at first a lack of straw, but this
was soon remedied, and the men very soon accustomed themselves to the
novelty of their surroundings. Large fatigue parties were put on from
each Company, and within a week the town was cleaner than it had been
for many a long day. The people looked on with quiet amusement, but
they too soon became resigned to what they considered the British mania
for cleaning.

Battalion headquarters were in a cottage, and at first a battalion
officers' mess was tried in an estaminet which had a room in which
a stove was riveted in the centre. In a short time, however, the
difficulty of running a four company and headquarters mess in the same
house became apparent, and two companies, A and B, seceded and formed a
mess of their own in another cafe. C Company and headquarters remained
in the same house, but before we had been many weeks in France the
advantages of company messes became evident. Our company headquarters
was in a disused and rather tumbled down house, but it had a good
orchard and field behind, which we used for musketry and range finding.
In return for the use of the house, we lent the owner a few men every
day as a help to thresh his corn and milk his cows. There was no lack
of fresh milk, eggs, potatoes, and apples. Eggs cost three sous each,
milk four sous per litre.

We remained at Rubenpre for about two weeks, and during that time had
the usual routine of parades and training as at home. We were inspected
by the G.O.C. Third Army, Sir Charles Munro, who expressed himself very
pleased with our bearing on parade. We had two or three brigade field
days and one divisional day, the latter the first divisional exercise
under the eyes of our new G.O.C. Division, General Nugent. The remarks
of our General on the day's performance were, to say the least of
them, hardly as complimentary as we should have wished. They left an
impression on the minds of those who heard them that will never fade,
and they had their effect on all ranks.

[Illustration: MAILLY-MAILLET.]

[Illustration: MAILLY-MAILLET SUCRIER.]

On 18th October we left Rubenpre to go up to the line for that
instruction period which everyone in the New Army in France knows
so well. As we got nearer to the line the sound of the guns became
more distinct, and the tiny puffs of white smoke in the sky from
the German aircraft guns was the first sign of the nearness of the
trenches. The country was just the same as at Rubenpre every inch
cultivated. At Varennes we were met by a band of the South Lancs.,
and played through the town and along the road as far as Forceville.
Here we halted in a field for dinners. After dinners we fell in, and
marched off by companies at ten minutes' interval, for we were now
within the zone of artillery fire, being about 31/2 miles from the
trenches. It was only when we left Forceville that we saw any change
in the aspect of the country. We now passed several lines of heavily
wired trenches, which made long, white streaks across the otherwise
brown and regular landscape. In other respects there were the same
signs of intensive agriculture as far behind the line. We reached,
at length, Mailly-Maillet, which was to be our billeting town during
the instructional period. In peace time Mailly-Maillet had evidently
been a very pretty little town of about 1,000 to 1,500 inhabitants,
considerably better built and evidently much more prosperous than
any of the villages we had seen since we came to France. There was a
chateau with a fine avenue of elms which had its entrance on one side
of the main street. The chateau was a Brigade Headquarters, while the
avenue of elms was used as a park for transport, and was crowded with
limbers and G.S. waggons up to the axles in mud. There was not a pane
of glass to be seen in any of the houses; many were without doors,
and some were pierced by great shell holes. Generally Mailly-Maillet
had a dejected and war-worn appearance. A battery of howitzers close
by caused all the window-frames in the place to shake, and every now
and then a few slates would come tumbling down. As the town was
full of troops, and we were an additional battalion, our billets were
very poor. The men were in a very bad outhouse with little straw,
while C Company Headquarters was an empty room with a tile floor in an
extremely rickety condition. The first few days in Mailly were devoted
to working parties. A Company was attached to the 1st Batt. Essex
Regt., B Company to the 8th South Lancs., and C to the 1st Batt. Kings
Own Royal Lancaster Regiment, and D Company to the 2nd Royal Lancaster
Fusiliers; all belonging to the 12th Brigade of the 4th Division.

[Illustration]

[Illustration: IN TRAINING BEHIND THE LINES.]

The more or less eventful period of instruction which C Company
experienced with the King's Own began on the night of 19th October,
when No. 11 and 12 platoons working at the second line trenches on
the Mailly-Serre Road, were fired on by a machine gun. It was the
christening. On the 21st we paraded at 5-30 a.m. and with guides from
the King's Own supplied to each platoon, marched to the trenches by
platoons at five minutes' interval. The front held by the King's Own
ran from the Serre Road on the right to slightly below and to the
left of La Ligny farm. On our left was the Essex Regiment, while on
our right were the Lancs. Fusiliers. No. 12 platoon was attached to
A Company of the King's Own on the right of the Batt. line; No. 10
was attached to C Company in the centre; No. 11 to B Company on the
left, and No. 9 to D Company in reserve. I was with B Company on the
left with Vance. The line held by the 12th Brigade formed part of the
trenches taken from the Germans by the French in the preceding June.
These trenches, known as the "Toutvent" trenches, had been subjected to
a prolonged bombardment by the French. The latter would cease firing at
intervals, during which the Germans would man the front line, and on
the bombardment recommencing would retire to their dug-outs. This sort
of thing went on for over a fortnight, and finally, one morning, the
Germans got tired of coming out of their dugouts when the bombardment
stopped, and the French swept down from their trenches behind La
Ligny farm, and caught them. The victorious French advanced as far as
the village of Serre, but had to fall back in the face of a terrific
German counter attack, and eventually took up their position in what
had been the old German second line. This trench they consolidated and
held. The regiment which took the trenches was a local one, consisting
of men from the region around Hebuterne, Mailly, and Bapaume. There
had been reports of terrible outrages committed by the Germans on the
villages behind the lines, and evidence was found in the trenches
themselves to prove the truth of these reports. The story goes that
little quarter was given, and the French took few prisoners, the
Germans, caught like rats in a trap, being bombed in their dugouts.

B Company of the King's Own, to which I was attached, had its
headquarters in a dugout known as "The Catacombs." Built by the
Germans, no labour had been spared to make it shellproof and
comfortable. Twenty feet deep, cut out of solid chalk, it was about
twenty yards long by seven feet broad. It was divided into sections
for signallers, mess, and servants' quarters, but into the wall from
the mess were nooks containing beds for six officers. The whole inside
of this dugout was riveted with massive planks four to six inches in
thickness. There were five entrances approached by flights of steep,
narrow steps. This was typical of the living dugouts in this hive of
trenches. The English never built dugouts like this one in front line
trenches, owing to the difficulty of getting men out of them in a hurry
in case of emergency, and time after time they have proved death traps
to the Germans themselves. The method of training for a battalion up
for instruction is as follows:--Officers, N.C.O.'s and men are attached
to their opposite numbers. Company Commander to Company Commander,
Platoon Commander to Platoon Commander, sergeant to sergeant, corporal
to corporal, and sentry to sentry. For three nights this proceeding
is carried out, then, on the fourth night, the instructing companies
withdraw to reserve, and each company takes over a sector of line on
its own. Thus, bit by bit the officers and men are broken in. The
first night we were in the trenches was an ideal one. A full moon made
things easy, and it was quite possible to get the lie of the trenches
and those of the enemy. Opposite B Company the Germans were about 100
to 120 yards away; in the centre their trenches ran to within 40 yards,
and on the right about 100. There were a number of "saps" formed out of
what had originally been old German communication trenches. Sand bag
barricades built by each side in these formed the "sap heads." In one
"sap" these barricades were about 15 feet from each other.

One may forget the incidents of one's first night in the trenches,
but one never forgets the first dawn. Gradually, out of the darkness,
things begin to take upon themselves their proper shapes. The first
impression is that of desolation, for there is nothing so utterly
forsaken or forlorn as "No man's land" at first grey dawn. A maze of
misty barbed wire, some in loose coils lying on the ground, some draped
from stumps and stakes driven in at all angles, some in shell holes,
all in a shapeless and indescribable jumble, stretches for about three
yards in depth in front of the parapet. Then there is that desolate and
shell-pocketed strip of land which terminates with the German wire, and
beyond that again great heaps of chalk and brown earth begin to appear
as the daylight comes. These are the German trenches, and behind them
is the rolling country out of which the sun now begins to rise; country
that is in the hands of the Germans, away beyond the pale. Those
coils of rusty wire, hung on the rickety posts, form the boundary of
civilization.

[Illustration: ONE OF THE SERGEANTS OF "C" COMPANY IN THE TRENCHES.]

[Illustration: IN THE TRENCHES.]

The 22nd of October promised to be the most lovely day. Except for the
usual amount of desultory rifle and machine-gun fire at "stand to,"
there was nothing to show that the Germans were about to depart from
the normal state of inactivity that characterised the warfare on this
sector of the front. About 8 a.m. a corporal of the King's Own who had
been doing observation work reported that the Germans had removed all
their own wire, with the exception of a few strands, on their front
opposite the sector held by C and B Companies. This Captain Woodgate,
commanding B Company, confirmed himself. In the "Comic Cuts," or
Corps' Summary, of the previous day it was noted that the enemy had
also removed his wire opposite the line held by the French, north of
Hebuterne. The natural conclusion was, therefore, that he was going
to attack. The state of the wire in front of our own trenches was
wretched. A month before, during the period of fighting in Champagne
and the battle of Loos, the wire all along the front had been removed
in readiness for a possible advance, and little trouble had been taken
to replace it afterwards. At 9-35 a.m., Woodgate, Vance, Brown (one
of Woodgate's subalterns), and myself were having breakfast in the
"Catacomb." Suddenly--"whiz-bang, whiz-bang" right at the door of the
dugout. The blast from the shells knocked the cups and plates off the
table. There was a pause for a second, then a terrific explosion which
shook the whole earth. In half a minute we had on our equipment, and
Woodgate, followed by myself, Brown, and Vance, ran up the stairs of
the dug-out. The air was full of dust, and the ground in front of
us seemed to be in a blaze of bursting shells. "This way," called
Woodgate, and following him we ran down a communication trench leading
to the front line. We had only gone a few yards when we ran into a
man rushing back, blood pouring from his shoulder and arm. Woodgate
stopped and caught hold of him, calling to us to run on. We ran down
the trench, bending low, for a hail of shells was passing us and
bursting on all sides. In a few seconds Woodgate caught us up again. I
led, then Brown, Woodgate, and Vance. Suddenly, just round a curve in
the trench, and about ten yards in front of me, there was a terrific
explosion. I was lifted clean off my feet into the air, and thrown
flat on my stomach on the ground. Almost simultaneously another shell
hit the top of the trench, and before I could think where I was, or
recover my breath, the whole side of the trench leant over, and fell
on top of me. It was a wonderful sensation, and I remember saying to
myself aloud: "I wonder when this is going to stop." Still the earth
kept falling, and the weight on my shoulders and the small of my back
became oppressive. One thing was pleasing, there was dead silence under
ground. I began to heave with my shoulders, and took a deep breath.
There was no difficulty in breathing as the earth seemed full of air.
On the second heave I felt I was able to move, and after what seemed
ages I got my head and shoulders clear. I was firmly fixed from my
waist down, but in less than a minute had dragged myself out. I looked
round, and saw that the entire trench had been filled in. There was no
sign of any of the others, but a small bit of British warm coat was
sticking out of the hole where I had been which represented Brown. I
got hold of it and pulled hard. Gradually Brown emerged, cursing like
a trooper, and spitting clay out of his mouth. With little difficulty
we got Woodgate out, and Vance appeared behind him. We then ran on,
and when we came to the fire trench Woodgate called out: "Get the men
out of the living trench into the front line." The living trench was
one running just behind and parallel to the fire trench. In it were a
large number of what were called "funk holes," scooped out of the front
of the trench, in which the men slept when off duty. Leading from each
company in the fire trench there was a passage to the living trench.
It should be explained that by day the minimum number of men possible
are on duty in the fire trench. Sentry duty is most exhausting work,
and it is possible for one man by day to suffice where it would take
ten or even twenty men by night. In a company frontage of perhaps 500
to 600 yards three sentries, one to each platoon would be ample in the
firing line provided there was a clear field of view to the front;
but of course it is entirely a matter of situation and the nature of
the ground. Woodgate called to me: "You take the two centre platoons
and get everyone into the trench as quickly as possible." I ran along
the living trench rousing the men, who despite the terrific din of
bursting shells were mostly sound asleep, and telling them to get
out. Shells were falling mostly in the living trench and just behind
it, and I had to go round by way of the fire trench as the passage
behind was blocked up. Meanwhile the air was thick with flying debris
of every kind--posts, iron sheets, great baulks of timber were flying
everywhere as the enemy blew our wire to bits. In particular I watched
with fascination, a sheet of corrugated iron, blown from the roof of
a dug-out, which flew about in the air like a card, and dashed hither
and thither, finally coming down with a great slant on the parados of
the bay next to where I was. It is no easy matter to wake the sleeping
soldier, and as I worked my way down the living trench I thought I
would never get the men out of the dug-outs. Here and there, however,
where a bit of trench had been blown in, men were creeping out, pulling
their rifles from under the fallen clay. At last, after what seemed
an age, they began to file into the bays. The front trench was very
narrow, deep, and well sand-bagged, and once they had thoroughly
realised what was going on they knew it was the safest place. Owing
to the double number in the trenches nearly every bay was manned by
at least two men. Bayonets were fixed, and ten rounds fixed into the
magazine, and we felt quite ready for what I expected would come any
minute. The shell fire now became terrific, and practically the whole
living line was filled in, the shells just missing the front line and
lighting on the step of ground some ten yards inside separating it from
the living trench. Curiously enough no shells were lighting in the
fire trench. Two bays on the right of the two platoons under my charge
had been knocked in during the first few minutes of the bombardment.
They formed a small salient, and presented a very easy target to the
enemy, whose artillery was mostly operating from Serre wood. Once the
fire trench was manned there was little to do except go up and down the
trench and see that all was well. The stuff the Germans were sending
over was composed of every imaginable form of ordnance. The biggest
shells were probably eight inch, and the air was thick with aerial
torpedoes, minenwerfer, and oil drums. The latter came hurling through
the air turning over and over and exploding with a terrific crack,
making a very large crater. Aerial torpedoes, designed more for moral
effect than to cause actual damage, burst with a nerve shattering
explosion. I noticed that the closer one was to a bursting shell or
aerial torpedo the less the noise, it was more of a sharp click, the
greatest effect would be at almost 30 yards, under that the sound
did not seem so great, though the concussion of course was terrific.
Meanwhile the Germans, though they had blown most of our wire away
showed no signs of attacking. It was just one of those small intensive
bombardments known at the front as "a morning hate" or "straffe."
When this had lasted about an hour and a half, our artillery began to
retaliate. Those were the days when ammunition was precious, and each
battery strictly limited. It was a pleasant sound, however, to hear
the whiz of our own shells overhead and see a great mass of earth rise
from the German lines, and this had a marvellous effect on the men.
They at once became cheerful, the Lancashire men especially. "Thar goes
a Lloyd George for you," as the whiz of a heavy shell like an express
train overhead was heard. "Bah, he's a dud." "Say, Jock, the lassie
'as made 'im forgot to put in the vital spark." "There goes Fritz's
iron rations" as a salvo of shrapnel burst over the first line. On the
whole, however, our artillery retaliation was poor.

About 11-30 the bombardment began to die down, and by 12-30 it was
over. The damage done, considering the number of shells fired into such
a small sector was very small. Two bays on the right of "B" Company
were completely flattened, otherwise there was no damage done to the
fire trench. The living trench and communication trenches suffered
more. Two of the latter had been knocked in, while the living trench
along the company line had been badly battered. One very gruesome
effect was noticed. There were a large number of Frenchman's graves in
the parapet of the fire trench, for the French have a habit of burying
a man where he falls, whether at his post or not. A hole was opened in
the side of the trench, the body was shoved in, and the grave filled
up. A little cross surmounted by the dead man's cap, and often his
bayonet and rifle, marking the spot. In places where the fire trench
had been hit or shaken many of the remains stuck out, and in many cases
buttons and badges were "souveneered" by the men.

When the bombardment was over Woodgate told me it was the most severe
they had experienced since May 8th, at Ypres, and quite an unusual
occurrence on that front. Two men were killed and sixteen wounded,
very small casualties taking into consideration the intensity of the
fire. That night we dug a new trench behind the small sector blown in.
There was a full moon, and walking about on top was very interesting.
The ground was honeycombed with shell holes, while in all directions
unexploded shells were lying about. A trench which had been used by
the French for the purpose of burying dead had been unearthed in many
places and the ground was littered with old equipment, clothes, and
bones. I remember thinking it was the most appalling refuse heap I had
ever seen. Next day was very quiet, we began work on the new trench at
about 7-30, and I took charge of the three working parties in it. A
considerable amount of work had been done the night before, and only a
short piece remained to be dug in the centre. At 8-55 I told the men to
take a ten minutes "easy" and went up to the left platoon to see one of
the Sergeants about rations. I had gone about five minutes when a salvo
of "whiz bangs" (77 mm shells) burst right in the trench where the men
had been working, and immediately afterwards very heavy rifle fire
broke out on our right. The "stand to" was passed down and the rifle
fire went on for about half-an-hour, especially in the direction of
"C" Company. All had quieted down about 10 o'clock. I then ascertained
that a party of Germans had endeavoured to bomb "C" Company's trenches.
A very large number of bombs were thrown, and in all sixteen men
were wounded. For their coolness in this attack our men were greatly
commended, and one man, Andrew Marshall, of No. 11 platoon, was
specially recommended for devotion to duty. Badly wounded in the hand,
and unable to use his rifle, he refused to leave the trench, and kept
loading rifles for the men on the fire step.

The remainder of our time in the trenches was very quiet. On Sunday,
24th October, we took over the line held by "A" Company King's Own as
a Company the King's Own going back into support, and the following
evening we marched back to our billets in Mailly-Maillet. Our period
of instruction had been most useful, for "C" Company in particular. We
had experienced a bombardment and a bomb attack in both of which the
men had proved their metal, and shown what was in them. As far as the
Officers of "C" Company were concerned, those who came in contact with
Capt. Woodgate will never forget the lesson they learned from him. "A"
and "B" Companies attached to the Essex and South Lancs. Regiments
had a quiet time, but "D" Company attached to the Lancs. Fusiliers in
the Redan salient had their initiation into mine warfare, a platoon
being in the salient when the Germans blew up a mine without, however,
causing any loss of life. A good story is here told of Lieutenant
W. He was out one night with a small patrol, the pass word being
"Shakespeare." A large German patrol was sighted and W and his patrol
had to retire in some haste. W himself fell headlong into a sap on the
top of the astonished sentries with the ejaculation "For God's sake
let's in, Shakespeare."

[Illustration: FIENVILLERS.]

[Illustration: FIENVILLERS.]

We left Mailly early in the morning of October 26th, and marched
down through Forceville and Varennes to Puchvillers where we stayed
the night. Next day we marched to Fienvillers and went into billets.
Fienvillers was a better town than Rubenpre. There were better barns
for the men, and for a company headquarters mess we were lucky to get
a lovely house standing in its own grounds with bedrooms for each
Officer. We now had heard our fate, it was that the 107th Brigade was
to go up to the trenches to take the place of the 12th Brigade of the
4th Division, which was coming out and going to be attached to our
Division. Our two remaining Brigades were to be in Army reserve for
about three months. Our Battalion, with the 14th R.I.R. from the 109th
Brigade, was attached to the 12th Brigade under General Auley, taking
the places of the Essex Regiment attached to the 109th Brigade, and
Lancashire Fusiliers attached to the 108th. We joined the 12th Brigade
at St. Leger-les-Domarts on the 5th November, the King's Own being
billeted in the same town. We now began a new and extensive system of
training, both in march discipline and attack. General Auley, during
the first week that we were in his Brigade gave the Officers a series
of lectures on the retreat from Mons and the subsequent advance to the
Marne. We heard the story from his own personal point of view, which
made it a fascinating narrative rather than a tactical lecture. During
the five weeks in which we were attached to his Brigade we obtained
much practical and useful knowledge. In march discipline, especially,
we improved greatly. We were taught that the most men can do with
comfort is 112 paces to the minute. The pace was set from the rear and
not from the head of the column. Company Commanders riding at the rear
of their Companies were made to check the pace. The utmost importance
was paid to keeping in step, and keeping the sectors of fours well
dressed and well covered down. The rifle was carried at the sling,
never over the shoulder, the reason for this being that men, when they
get tired, will let their butts drop, and keeping hitting the man in
the sector of fours behind, thus causing loss of space in the section,
in the Company, and so on down to the Brigade and Division on the
march. We did many long route marches, and the General used to hide in
all sorts of weird places to watch us go past, and take us unawares.


ST LEGER

[Illustration: LIEUT. VANCE, CAPTAIN SAMUELS, LIEUT. YOUNG, LIEUT.
ELLIS.]

[Illustration: "C" COMPANY, ST. LEGER.]

During the time we were in St. Leger, Major Clarke (Officer Commanding
"C" Company) left the Battalion and joined the 108th Brigade as Staff
Captain. I took over command of "C" Company on November 12th. Our
Company headquarters were in the Cure's house, the Cure, like most of
his confreres in France, having gone to the front. On 27th we moved
from St. Leger to Buigny l'Abbe, a small village about three kilometres
from St. Requier where we were billeted until December 10th. Buigny
was an unhealthy low lying village, and we experienced a considerable
amount of sickness, principally influenza. Our stay of a fortnight
was unpleasant, it rained most of the time, and the people were
inhospitable. This, we found, was due to bad conduct on the part of a
Regiment which had preceded us there. The triangular pond, which is
a feature of all Picard villages, had in former days formed the fish
pond of the ancient monastery of Buigny l'Abbe; and for this reason was
held in more respect by the villagers than most ponds of its kind.
Unfortunately, whether by accident or design, some bombs were thrown
into this pond one night, and in the morning the villagers woke up
to find their pond gone, and in its place a chasm of liquid mud. On
investigation it was found that the bombs had burst in what proved to
be the roof of a subterranean passage leading from the monastery, and
through this the water had disappeared. During our stay in the town we
had working parties engaged in making good the damage.

On December 10th we rejoined the 108th Brigade, moving from Buigny
l'Abbe to St. Mauguille, a faubourg of St. Requier. This proved to
be the most pleasant town in which we had as yet been billeted. Two
Companies "B" and "C" were in St. Mauguille at Neuville, about one mile
from St. Riquier. We had excellent billets both for Officers and men,
and as we had now thoroughly acquired the nack of making ourselves at
home, settled down very comfortably. The people were most hospitable.
There were excellent hot and cold shower baths for the men, and a
Battalion laundry was set up. For our Company Mess, Monsieur Vivien,
the manager of a big phosphate works gave us the greater part of his
house, and he and Madame Vivien with their daughter, did all they could
to make us feel at home. St. Requier was a most interesting old town.
It had successfully stood siege by Henry V. and the English on two
occasions, but had been sacked and burnt by the Burgundians in the end
of the 15th century. Large portions of the walls still remain, and some
of the old towers. In a moated farm-house just outside the town Jeanne
D'Arc spent a night on her way to her trial at Rouen. Another fact
of great interest was that the ancient Abbey of St. Requier had been
founded by our own countrymen in the 6th century[1].

[Illustration: TOMB OF THE FIRST IRISH SAINTS.]

[Illustration: MONSIEUR VIVIEN AND FAMILY.]

We spent a happy Xmas at St. Requier, and as we were in billets decided
to make the best of it. The men were in excellent health and spirits,
football, shooting, and route marches keeping them in training. The
18th of December being "Lundy Day," was celebrated by some Derry
men and other Ulster boys, the following being a description of the
celebration by an Officer. Two Lundy's had been prepared, one large
and the other small. Some of the inhabitants suggested that they
were father and son. The father was about eleven feet long, stuffed
with straw, and with rockets put in unexpected places. He had large
wooden feet and wire knees, and his head filled with gunpowder and
surrounded by a large yellow trimmed hat in the shape of an Admiral's.
On his chest was a placard bearing the words "Lundy the traitor." The
procession, headed by torchlights and band, marched through the village
playing such airs as "No Surrender," "Derry Walls" and "The Boyne
Water." Lundy was then let down on a wire rope from a tree where he had
been strung up, and set on fire, amidst great cheering and boohing.
He was well soaked with petrol and burnt excellently. Every now and
then someone gave him a shake and his knees wobbled in most realistic
fashion. Bombs made of jam tins were thrown into a pond just beside
him, and of course broke the windows of houses in the vicinity. The
procession then reformed, and marching to the top of the village, where
Lundy junior was burnt with like ceremony.

Christmas, of course, produced a series of dinners given by the
Officers Commanding Companies and Battalion Headquarters. To read the
menu cards it was hard to believe we were in France, and that this was
the second year of the war. One particularly elaborate dinner was given
on Christmas day, to which we invited Madame Vivien, our kind hostess,
and her family. The following is a copy of the menu in which most of
the guests are represented.

    Potage Vivien.
    Poulets Roti au Capitaine.
    Petits pois Lieutenant.
    Rosbif au Docteur.
    Pommes de terre Louis (the little son).
    Fruits, plumb pudding, Xmas desserts.
    Cafe.
    Vins--Muscatel--Bordeau--Whiskey.


    TOASTS.

    Le Presedent de la Republique.
    Le Roi D'Angleterre.
    Mesdames, Messures Vivien.
    Les Allies au paix glorieuse.

A service was held in the ancient Abbey of St. Requier on Christmas
Day, and a sacred concert, which gave our men an opportunity of
listening to Christmas music.

An incident happened about this time at St. Requier which caused
no little excitement. A French billet belonging to the Downs (13th
Battalion Royal Irish Rifles) went on fire. At the sound of the fire
alarm every one turned out to assist the French people who stripped to
the waist were hard at work trying to save their farm. The fire was
raging fiercely round the stables and out-houses, and it was quite
impossible to save all the horses, some of whom were burned to death in
their stalls. It was a horrible sight.

[Illustration: THREE SERGEANTS OF "C" COMPANY.]

[Illustration: AT ST. RIQUIER.]

On January 8th, our Battalion moved to Bernavillers. We were now
beginning to think of the trenches again, and many were the rumours.
Everyone seemed to know for certain our exact peregrinations during
the next few months, but in truth no one could tell from day to day
what our next move would be. There were also rumours of a more pleasant
character, but so far only spoken of with bated breath, the one and
only hope of our existence--"Leave" had begun. Our first "leave" and
all that the word means. There is no doubt of it that the first leave
is the best, but your first leave you are then indeed a hero, whether
from billets or trenches, and your dear people who have not yet become
accustomed to those short ten days have waited and watched for it
with an intense longing and pride in their hearts; is it any wonder
one's blood thrills with the thought of that never-to-be-forgotten home
coming.

At Bernavillers an excellent concert party was formed by Lord Farnham,
called "The Divisional Follies" or "The Merry Mauve Melody Makers."
Their first concert was honoured by a visit from The Most Rev. Dr.
Crozier, Lord Primate of Ireland, who had come to France on a tour
among the Irish Divisions. He had already paid a visit to the 107th
Brigade, who had been having a strenuous training in the trenches ever
since October. They had escaped with very few casualties.

[Illustration: OFFICERS OF "C" COMPANY.]

[Illustration: ST. LEGER.]

My Company now got orders to move to Beauval, where we took over
billets from the Y.C.V.'s (14th Battalion Royal Irish Rifles). They
were the cleanest billets I can remember in France, and the Y.C.V.'s
deserve great praise for the way in which they were left for us. After
a week of preparation we moved on to Canaples, and from there to
Martinsart where we again manned the trenches, and went in alongside
the 9th Inniskilling Fusiliers by Companies, "C" and "D" Companies in
front with "A" and "B" in reserve. The next week we went into support
with "D" Company, and "A" and "B" took our place in front. This time we
were not attached to a regular Battalion for training, but took over
part of the line ourselves. Our period in the trenches was uneventful,
it was a quiet part of the line, and the trenches were deep and well
made. This time we gave the Bosche 500 to every 50 of theirs, so all
taken into consideration we were lucky. The weather, however, was by
no means favourable, the trenches being full of slush and water. A
heavy fall of snow also made the ground in a bad condition, and the
men suffered greatly from the cold, which was intense. Several new
Officers joined our Battalion about this time, for which we were very
thankful, as leave was able to proceed without difficulty, two Officers
being sent each week. On February 29 our first death occurred, poor
young Watt of No. 12 platoon. He was killed by a shell while standing
outside the door of his billet in Mesnil, and buried in Mesnil Ridge
Cemetery. From this time on we went into the trenches by Battalions,
alternately with the Downs (13th Royal Irish Rifles). Our casualties
were not great, but always a few, the expected result of trench
warfare. Indeed, if it had not been for a tot of rum at "stand to"
on those very cold mornings, I feel sure there would have been more
work for the hospitals. About March 6th the weather began to improve
and we occasionally felt dry. We now began to think about giving
Jerry something to stir him up as he seemed to have gone underground
completely during the cold weather. Evidently Battalion Headquarters
also felt that the time had come to stir for we received a message to
supply a specimen of German wire as it was wanted by the corps. The
job was given in "C" Company to Young, our scout Officer, and four
other scouts. On a dark and snowy night they crept out on patrol, and
procured a good specimen about a yard long. The other Companies also
procured specimens and the Corps appeared satisfied with results.
Our Batteries also began to wake up, and we kept them well informed
as to the position of the German transports, which from this time on
never got a moment of peace. The 10th Inniskillings on our right,
under command of Colonel Ross-Smyth, got a terrific shelling from the
Bosche on the night of the 10th-11th of March. Shells came over at the
rate of 60 to the minute, but the 10th showed splendid coolness and
gallantry, keeping up a steady fire from the front trenches throughout
the bombardment, which was evidently intended by the Germans to cover a
raid on our lines, similar to one which took place elsewhere the same
night. An Officer, describing the bombardment in a letter, writes--

"The Bosche has been very prodigal of shells for a day or two, all
along the front, but particularly on the somewhat unpleasant sector
occupied by the "Derry's." On this particular afternoon he had
subjected it to a smart bombardment with "heavies," field guns, and
trench mortars. Then he fell short and waited. At eleven o'clock
precisely he opened fire with guns of all calibres. Over the Derrys
he burst shrapnel, reserving his high explosive for the Donegals and
Fermanaghs, and for the Brigade on their right. Not content with
peppering the line, the supports, and the reserves, he shelled half a
dozen villages to the rear, with which he did not as a rule concern
himself. It was a very dark night, and the flashes of the guns seemed
to cut through the darkness like spear points. Before the Bosche had
been firing five minutes our guns had begun to reply to him, and the
eighteen pounders commenced to whiz over our heads on to their front
line, and soon the men in the trenches heard the welcome whistle of
a high travelling howitzer over their heads in the right direction.
Then indeed the din was indescribable, so fast and furious did the
game become that at one time it seemed as if the boom of the big
guns, the harsher bark of the small, the explosion of the shells,
and the tearing crash of bursting mortars were all blended into one
continuous roar. The trenches of the "Derrys" had an ugly time of it.
Dug-outs were caved in, and traverses smashed down, one whole sector
of the front line being practically ploughed up. At one time the enemy
proceeded to pound the flank out of one Company with high explosives
for several minutes, then lifted to the opposite flank and gave it
the same measure. This evidently appeared to him a satisfactory idea
as he repeated the manoeuvre. But the Company Officer had by now
appreciated his tactics, and by his work undoubtedly prevented a great
number of casualties. Gradually the German fire on the front line
slackened and ceased, though it still continued overhead, and our
"heavies" now warmed up to their work showed no inclination to give
up. It was at this juncture that a sentry came running back from the
sap head to report that he had seen Germans moving in front of the
wire. The order was given to the men to stand up on the fire step,
and send bursts of rapid fire in the direction of the German line. If
the raiders had intended coming over this caused them to change their
minds. The "Derrys" stood to till morning, but nothing fresh occurred.
Through the night the men prayed their Officers to lead them over to
vengeance, but for that they will have to wait. The loss was slight
considering the intensity of the bombardment. When morning came the
"Derrys" learned that the famous raiders had entered the trenches of
the Battalion on their right, which, by the way, did not belong to the
Ulster Division, and carried off an Officer and nine men as prisoners.
It was a workmanlike job without a doubt, for the raiding party had
come and gone within ten minutes."

[Illustration: Bombs found on night patrol just in front of BEAUMONT
HAMEL, March, 1916.]

Several of the men of the Inniskillings earned commendation from
Colonel Ricardo for conspicuous gallantry on this occasion; their names
were Private D. Little, Private J. J. Young, Lance Corporal Black, and
Private W. Dinsmore. They were serving as Company Officers, Orderlies,
Signallers, and Messengers. Captain Cruickshank, of Omagh, also showed
great coolness and valour on that occasion.

The weather still continued fine, and our time was spent in building
new traverses, and rivetting and sandbagging the parados and firesteps.
Bosche aeroplanes, taking advantage of the fine nights, crossed our
lines, and green flares were sent up from the enemy to show our
positions. The Germans would then send over a number of shells, and we
had several casualties, Lieutenant Waring of "A" Company being hit by
shrapnel, and Privates Moffat and McBride of "C" Company badly wounded.
Poor Moffat subsequently died from his wounds.

We were now stirred to think of raids and night patrols. The following
is an example of a patrol done by one of my Officers and some men of
"C" Company. Lieutenant Young, Sergeant Renshaw, Riflemen Storey,
Pollock, M'Dowell and M'Kelvey. March 16th. "C" Company Patrol Report.

"Patrol went out from Sap in Sector 41 at 7-30 p.m., consisting of
one Officer, one Sergeant, and four Riflemen. On leaving our wire we
turned north, striking sunken road which runs north-east in direction
of German trenches. After going about 100 yards down this road we
turned off under a ditch running north-west from the road. There were
a number of small thorn trees on this ditch, and we could distinctly
see footprints and elbow marks round them, also pits had been dug which
could be used by snipers. Further along the ditch we came to a lone
tree, which can be seen from Sector 49 in our lines, here we halted.
About 20 yards from the tree we discovered a wire which came from the
direction of the German lines. Following this we found it entered the
parapet of a sniper's pit, just beneath the lone tree. We then dug
out the wire, and discovered it was attached to a square box covered
with felt. This box we opened, thinking it contained a telephone, but
instead found four German grenades with the detonators attached to the
wire. We quickly disconnected the wire, and dug out the box. Not far
from the spot we found another German grenade which we also took with
us. At 10 p.m. we returned to our own trenches. A working party of the
enemy could be heard, but it was difficult to say from which direction
the sound came. Otherwise, everything was normal."

                                                G. O. Young, Lieutenant.

[Illustration: THIEPVAL CHATEAU.]

[Illustration: MESNIL CHATEAU.]

On March 18th we went into reserve, and were billeted in Englebelmer,
being relieved on 24th by the 13th Royal Irish Rifles (The Downs). This
time the 11th Battalion East Yorks were attached to us for instruction.
They saw a fair amount of shelling for their first period in the
trenches, the Germans putting a lot of trench mortars over on Thiepval
hill. All that remained of the Chateau at Thiepval being the walls,
about as high as the hall door, and a few holes where windows once had
been, in all about 7ft. high by 20ft. long. The German trenches lay in
front of it, on the carriage drive, and ours right up to the other side
of the avenue, almost into them. Not a pleasant place, with an active
sniper in the Chateau. Our trenches also ran through Thiepval wood,
in which the trees were now thick with foliage. The birds built their
nests and sang merrily enough on those Spring mornings. They did not
appear to mind the shelling, even a cuckoo could sometimes be heard,
reminding us that winter was over "this winter of our discontent."
Spring had indeed come, a time when the birds call, the trees call,
all nature calls for life, while we were there to kill and to be
killed. There were moments when a lull came in the busy day's work,
when the monotony of trench warfare left time to think, that thoughts
such as these arose.

[Illustration: Thiepval Wood. G. Sector.]

We spent Easter in billets, in Martinsart village. The 23rd of April
being Easter Sunday, a general holiday was given to the Battalion.
Amiens, once the capital of Picardy, was about twenty-five miles
distant, a long ride, but an interesting old town, and well worth
visiting. Its fortifications have been turned into Boulevards, but
it still retains its old citadel, and the Cathedral of Notre Dame is
indeed a masterpiece of Gothic architecture. The great straight road
that leads from Amiens to the front, or Albert, is the great route
nationale, running from Rouen through Amiens, Albert, Pozieres, Le Sars
and Bapaume on to Mons and Valenciennes. It was on this road that the
famous Gordon Bennet races took place, and a better road for riding
on or motoring on, it would be hard to find. The road is lined on
either side with poplar trees, and a screen used to be hung from tree
to tree to hide the traffic to and from Albert. There are few trees
left now, and only the barest stumps, owing to bombardment. Amiens, as
a rule, was out of bounds to both Officers and men, unless they were
the possessors of a pass, but on Easter Monday official permission
was granted to all, and many availed themselves of the opportunity to
explore the ancient town. It was a chance to see civilization again,
and to dine in a restaurant. At that time Amiens had not been badly
shelled, even the Bosche aeroplanes seemed to be busy elsewhere, and
life went on much the same as in towns at the Base. People went about
their business and pleasure with very little thought of the enemy who
were comparatively few miles away. The ride back at night from Amiens
was rather an interesting experience. After the first six miles the sky
was lit up like sheet lightning. Then the villages all became dark,
no lights to be seen, then came the halts at the different outposts,
the constant flashes and rockets in the sky, awful, yet fascinating.
Nearer Albert the sound of the guns became clearer, and in the distance
could be seen the great Church tower of Notre Dame de Brebieres with
the leaning figure of the Virgin holding the infant Christ above her
head. For over a year she had hung at an angle of 15 degrees below
horizontal, face downwards to the street below. The French people
believed that the day the holy figures fell, would see the end of the
War, and that the German shell which threw down the blessed Virgin of
Brebieres would shatter the throne of the Hohenzollerns.

[Illustration: ALBERT.]

[Illustration: RUINS OF ALBERT.]

Our Battalion being now out of the trenches the Companies were divided
among the small villages around. My Company had the luck to be billeted
in Autuille, a small village on the Ancre. We were able to get
plenty of amusement there between rat hunting, fishing and bathing.
Captain E. and I spent several afternoons trying for trout, and sent
our finest specimen to "B" Company with compliments. The Ancre at
Autuil was an excellent place for fishing, and this would have been
a pleasant occupation were it not for the fact that snipers found us
out in a short time. The bathing place was hardly 600 yards from the
German lines. On May 7th the "Tyrones" had the honour of carrying
out the first raid made by the Division. The following is contained
in a special order of the day issued by Major General O. S Nugent,
D.S.O., Officer Commanding Division. "A raid on the German trenches
was carried out at midnight on the 7th inst., by the 9th Battalion
Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, the raiding party consisting of Major
W. J. Peacock, Captain J. Weir, Lieut. W. S. Furness, Sec.-Lieut. L.
W. H. Stevenson, Sec.-Lieut. R. W. M'Kinley, Sec.-Lieut. J. Taylor,
and 84 other ranks. The raid was completely successful and was carried
out exactly as planned. Six German dug-outs, in which it is certain
there were a considerable number of men, were thoroughly bombed, and
a machine gun was blown up, while a lively bombing fight took place
between the blocking detachments of the raiding party and the Germans.
Having accomplished the purpose of the raid the party was withdrawn
with the loss of one man killed and two wounded. The raid was ably
organised by Major Peacock, and was carried out by the Officers and
men in accordance with plan, the discipline and determination of the
party being all that could be desired. The Divisional Commander desires
that his congratulations should be extended to all who took part in it."

Brigadier-General Hickman in a special Brigade Order says--"The
arrangements and plans reflect the greatest credit on Colonel Ricardo,
Major Peacock, and the Officers concerned. The whole scheme was
executed with great dash and determination, with cool judgment and
nerve."

The following awards were issued--Major Peacock received the D.S.O.,
Sec.-Lieutenant Stevenson the Military Cross, Sergeant Barker, D.C.M.,
and Lance-Corporal D. Armour, M.M.

[Illustration: THE RUINS OF ALBERT CATHEDRAL.]

At this time an important change took place in the Command of the
11th Battalion Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers. Lieutenant-Colonel W. F.
Hessey was promoted to Brigadier-General, and given Command of the
110th Infantry Brigade. His place was taken by Major G. H. Brush,
Second in Command of the 10th Battalion (Derry Volunteers). The
following farewell Order was issued by Lieutenant-Colonel Hessey to his
Battalion. "Lieutenant-Colonel Hessey wishes God Speed to all members
of the 11th Inniskillings, and thanks them for the loyal support they
have given him from the raising of the Battalion to this day. He leaves
the Battalion with very sincere regret, but with feelings of great
pride that he has had the privilege of Commanding such a fine lot of
Officers, N.C.O.'s and men, and that their "esprit de corps" has made
the Battalion a worthy part of the 27th Inniskilling Regiment of Foot."
During the following days we spent alternate periods in and out of
the trenches, with little excitement to keep our spirits up. On May
16th we again took over from the 13th Battalion Royal Irish Rifles
(Downs), and this time a spell of beautiful weather favoured us and the
trenches were quite dry and habitable. We had the usual machine gun
fire at night, especially from the direction of Thiepval Chateau, also
a large number of shrapnel shells and whizbangs fell in our Sector.
The enemy was apparently very busy during the night on his front line
opposite our Company. We could hear the sound of picking and shovelling
going on, and stakes being driven into the ground. During 18th-19th
the enemy gave us little peace, between trench mortars, heavies, and
whizbangs. Several salvoes of shrapnel managed to do considerable
damage to our inspection trench and Whit Church Street. During a heavy
bombardment, while the shells went over and round us at a tremendous
rate I was lying flat on my stomach to avoid some shrapnel that burst
near. I looked round to see if there were any casualties among the men
following, and noticed a head emerging from the earth which had fallen
in all round; suddenly there was a splutter, the head moved, and a very
solemn voice said "Boys o' boys it's aboot time the referee blew his
whistle," his thoughts must have been far away on the Balmoral football
ground, perhaps he was thinking of a tough fight Malone v. Queen's, in
the old days.

We were glad to notice that the German trenches opposite suffered
severely on the retaliation of our artillery. The following nights were
busy putting up wire and sending out patrols. On one occasion a sentry
reported having seen an aeroplane fall in flames some distance to the
east of Thiepval, just before it fell three planes had been observed
very high in the air, and the sound of machine-gun fire heard coming
from them.

On the 20th there was considerable enemy machine gun activity, and a
very large number of flares were sent up during the night from the
German lines. At 9-30 p.m. two red flares were sent up apparently
from the German salient opposite "Mary Redan." Immediately afterwards
two salvoes of shrapnel were fired, and appeared to burst in the
neighbourhood of "Mary Redan," while enemy search lights could be seen
near Serre.

During the 21st the enemy continued his constant machine gun fire, and
at night our wiring parties were much hampered on this account, one
being forced to come in. At 10-30 p.m. on the 22nd, red rockets were
sent up from the German lines north of the river Ancre. Immediately
afterwards a heavy bombardment by enemy artillery began, apparently on
our lines in front of Thiepval, which lasted about half-an-hour. We had
a more or less quiet day on the 23rd, and on the 24th were relieved by
the 13th Royal Irish Rifles. "C" Company was sent to Autile, "B" to
South Antrim Villas, and the other two Companies to Mesnil. We spent
a pleasant few days in billets, the usual rat hunts and bathing in
the Ancre gave plenty of amusement to the men. On May 31st we got our
orders to join "D" Company in Martinsart, and the following day moved
to Harponville via Bouzincourt and Varrennes, where we rejoined our
Brigade, and started Divisional exercises on a large training ground
known as the Clairfaye trenches. These trenches had been dug from
aeroplane photographs, and were an exact reproduction of the German
trenches opposite Thiepval. It was here that we heard the terrible news
of the death of Lord Kitchener, to whose genius we owed so much. During
our period of training the 107th Brigade held the trenches at Thiepval.

[Illustration: THIEPVAL VILLAGE]

On June 15th, at 3 p.m., the Battalion marched off, and with the 9th
Royal Irish Fusiliers bivouacked in Martinsart Wood. Martinsart village
was already occupied by numerous troops sent up in readiness for the
great battle of the Somme. We sent working parties down to Thiepval
wood to help in the digging of assembly trenches. Our working party was
very unfortunate, and out of No. 11 platoon we had six men wounded,
Miller, Lyle, Brown, Galloway, Quinn, and "B" Company also lost eleven
men.

On 17th several new Officers joined the Battalion in Martinsart Wood,
among them Lieut. J. Marshall, posted to "B" Company, afterwards proved
to be the only officer of the 11th Battalion who went over the top on
the 1st July without getting wounded. All was bustle and excitement, we
heard we were to hold the line from Thiepval Wood to La Boiselle and
Fricourt.

On 22nd the Tyrones went into the trenches. We had a fine concert in
"D" Company Mess, and I had a last talk to the N.C.O.'s. On 23rd we
paraded at 7-45 p.m. and marched to our trenches in Thiepval Wood.
Our Company Officers consisted of the following--myself, in command,
Captain Ewart, Lieutenants Vance, Ellis, Young, Carson and Murphy. It
was a very hot march but a glorious day, and all of us were in good
heart. "C" and "D" Companies manned the front line, with "A" and "B"
behind, "C" holding from Elgin Avenue to Garden Gate at the head of
Cromarty Avenue. "C" Company Headquarters were in Thurso Street, and
Battalion Headquarters in Cromarty Avenue. On the 26th, at 2-30, we had
planned a gas attack, but there was not much wind, and the gas did not
go well. Young and myself happened to be the next casualties, luckily
both of us slight. Young was gassed while on duty at a gas cylinder,
and I got a touch of shrapnel from a whiz bang. It meant No. 29 C.C.S.
for both of us, and very reluctantly we had to leave our men just on
the eve of the first and greatest battle ever fought by the Division.




PART II.

THE CHARGE OF THE ULSTER DIVISION.

ULSTER'S SACRIFICE.


    Ah! fair July of tear and sigh
    Sad was the news you brought
    To many an ancient noble Hall,
    And humble peasants' cot,
    Within our old courageous land
    Of honour, truth and worth
    Grave Ulster of the Iron Will,
    Proud Province of the North.

                                                        H. G. Gallagher.


The following account of the great battle is taken from different
stories and official accounts given by Officers and men who came
through that memorable day. It has been censored by several Commanding
Officers in the Division, who ascertain to the correctness of it in
detail. In a letter received by General Sir George Richardson, K.C.B.,
commanding the Ulster Volunteer Force, from General Nugent, commanding
the Ulster Division, the following passages occur:--

"Before you get this we shall have put the value of the Ulster Division
to the supreme test. I have no fear of the result. I am certain no
General in the Army out here has a finer Division, fitter or keener. I
am certain they will be magnificent in attack, and we could hardly have
a date better calculated to inspire national traditions amongst our men
of the North.[2] It makes me very sad to think what the price may be,
but I am quite sure the Officers and men reck nothing of that."

[Illustration: Map showing the Lines of Advance taken by Ulster
Division, July, 1st, 1916.]

Our Divisional line on the right ran through Moy and Crucifix (see
map), and on the left from "Mary Redan" on the other side of the
river. The 109th Brigade held the line on the extreme right, 9th
Inniskilling Fusiliers, and 10th Inniskilling Fusiliers in front,
with 11th Inniskilling Fusiliers and 14th Royal Irish Rifles behind.
Of the 108th Brigade, our Battalion was on the right nearest the 10th
Inniskilling Fusiliers, then came 13th Royal Irish Rifles with 9th
Royal Irish Fusiliers and the 12th Royal Irish Rifles on the extreme
left. Our Battalion formed "B" and "A" Companies in front, with "D"
and "C" Companies in support, "C" supporting "A" on the right, "D"
supporting "B" on the left. Our object was the line marked "Omagh"
"Strabane." "C" Company was to consolidate "Omagh" and "A" Company
"Strabane." "D" and "B" Companies commanded by Captain Webb and Captain
Craig, "Strabane" and "Enniskillen". That was as far as we had to
go, which meant consolidating the 3rd German line running through
"Coleraine," "Portadown," "Enniskillen," "Strabane," "Omagh." The 107th
Brigade were in support behind the 108th, and we were supported by the
15th Battalion Royal Irish Rifles. The object of the 107th Brigade was
then to pass through to the 4th German line, "Portrush," "Bundoran,"
"Derry," and consolidate it. This was as far as the Division was to
go. We were to be relieved by the 49th Division when we had "done our
bit." After an intense bombardment the great day of battle broke in
"sunshine and mist" the mist almost obscuring the brilliant sunshine
as the morning advanced. The previous night had been passed quietly
in the trenches, the enemy submitting in silence to the terrific gun
fire. The German lines were pulverised, shells being discharged at the
rate of 140 rounds of shell per minute. In spite of this their dug-outs
mostly remained uninjured. For half-an-hour it seemed as if the guns
had gathered themselves together for one grand final effort before
the British lines should be let loose on their prey. Presently the
mist cleared away and heavy black smoke clouds could be seen drifting
across the German lines on a slight south-westerly breeze, the result
of the bursting of our heavy shells. This proved small assistance to
us later on, when, with the sun in their faces, our men advanced from
the trenches. At seven o'clock, eight of our 'planes flying over the
German lines were fired at, but not much damage done. The Germans still
lying low, not a single German aviator could be seen at any time that
morning. Soon after 7 a.m. there was a perceptible slackening of our
fire, and at 7-30 a.m. the attack began, our gallant soldiers leapt
from their trenches and advanced against the enemy. The very moment
that our men slipped over the parapet they were met with a hail of
machine-gun bullets and shrapnel played on them. It was then that
Captain Webb, of "D" Company fell, and many others. They advanced in
waves 50 yards apart, and were mown down like hay. "A" Company was soon
wiped out, and "C" Company, supporting it, suffered very severely;
but they pressed on, gaining all their objectives. By this time there
had been a severe thinning out of officers and others in command, and
the men, too eager, shoved on towards the 4th line very quickly, and
got into the fire of our own artillery. Some of "B" and "D" Company
actually got into Grandcourt. A war correspondent said: "The gallantry
displayed by the carrying parties at this part of the fight was most
conspicuous, and tiny escorts showed complete contempt of danger in
bringing prisoners across an area which was being ploughed up by shell
fire. One man, unaided, shepherded across the valley of death a party
of fifteen Germans who showed extreme reluctance to risk the fire of
their own guns; they wanted to lie down and wait. 'Not at all,' said
the Ulsterman, covering them with his rifle, 'just you go across, and
they'll look after you when you get there.' In the course of a brief
conversation several of the prisoners said that the effect of our
bombardment prior to the launching of the attack had been terrific.
They had been in the front lines, and while they had a reserve supply
of food, our barrage fire had prevented them getting any water. Their
machine-guns, they said, had been protected by being placed in deep
dug-outs, and were brought up and used against our troops when they
advanced." Within an hour and a half after the opening of the battle
our men had taken five lines of German trenches and captured several
hundred prisoners, advancing wave after wave like an irresistible
tide. We were in advance of the Division on our left, who were to take
Beaumont Hamel, and consequently the whole left flank was exposed to
batteries of machine-guns: it was through this that the 12th Battalion
Royal Irish Rifles suffered so severely, also the 9th Royal Irish
Rifles, who supported them. "The men advanced as if on parade; one or
two remembering the ancient watchwords, sang out "Dolly's Brae" and
"No Surrender," but for the most part they kept the stiff upper lip
and clenched teeth that meant death or victory." There was no thought
of giving way, merely duty to be done and a task to be completed. Into
the very furnace heat of the German fire our gallant lads went, and
as shot and shell raked their ranks, others pressed forward to take
their places. From both flanks they were enfiladed by machine-gun
fire. On the right, Germans lying low in dug-outs came up from the
cellars in Thiepval village with machine-guns and poured a hail of
bullets into the 109th Brigade and 108th Brigade from behind. "As they
emerged from Thiepval Wood they fell in hundreds, the German fire at
this point being protracted and perfect." The trees were slashed and
cut till nothing but bare stumps remained. No one could cross that No
Man's Land and escape the fire; even the wounded were shot through
and through on the ground as they lay. The 107th Brigade, passing
through in support to the 108th, did magnificent work. All day long
the remnants of the battalions held on to the lines of the German
trenches which had been captured, though nearly all the officers were
gone, but no supplies of bombs or ammunition could be got across. In
the evening, about six o'clock, a big German counter-attack was made,
and we had to fall back, leaving our wounded, who were too bad to be
moved, in dug-outs. These advanced points could not be held for long;
the enemy might be killed and captured, but the place had developed
into a dangerous salient, while the flanking fire from right and left
made the position a terrible one, the Division on either side being
held up by unsurmountable obstacles. The order to retire was given, and
on Saturday night, July 1st, we were once more on our old front line.
Apparently all the sacrifice had been in vain. At 1 o'clock on Sunday
afternoon the remnants of the 107th Brigade and all that was left of
our battalion and the 13th Royal Irish Rifles counter-attacked and
easily retook the three German lines. The crucial point was the ridge
that ran through "Omagh," and unless that could be held we could not
hope to hold Serre and the line to La Boiselle. On the left, Beaumont
Hamel commanded all, and on the right Thiepval village was the strong
point. Unless these were captured our divisional line became a salient
raked by machine-gun fire. The 32nd Division actually passed through
Thiepval village, but the Germans, who were hidden in the cellars and
concrete dug-outs, allowed them to pass, and then came up from behind,
and the casualties were appalling. The 12th Royal Irish Rifles and the
9th Royal Irish Fusiliers, on our left, were practically wiped out. The
Germans staked all on holding the ridge. 70 of the 15th Royal Irish
Rifles and 113 of our 11th Battalion answered their names on Saturday
night, and that was before the fierce fighting of Sunday. One of the
most remarkable facts was the enormous number of slightly wounded men
among our casualties; and as for the medical organisation, nothing
could surpass it; no tribute could be great enough for the divisional
medical staff. It was a magnificently heroic fight, and one of which
Ulster has every reason to be proud.




THE RED HAND OF ULSTER.

SOMME--JULY 1ST, 1916.


    When one great wave has shatter'd
      A coast that gleamed in light,
    We look, and share the wonder,
      Amazement and affright;
    But what can hide its grandeur,
      And what can veil its might?

       *       *       *       *       *

    On grey and heathy hillsides,
      In valleys bowered in leaves;
    In wide and flowery meadows,
      Where peaceful sheep and beeves
    Strayed thro' the days of waiting,
      No change the eye perceives.

    The mist-clouds veil the mountains,
      The mist-rains drift and wing
    Across the ancient castle,
      The homely cot, where cling
    The climbing sprays of woodbine,
      Where wild birds hop and sing.

       *       *       *       *       *

    Now comes the news of battle--
      The long-awaited roll
    Of our great Western rampant--
      A wall of thews, and soul--
    And Ulster's sons are writing
      Their names upon a scroll.

    That rain-swept mist-land gathers
      Before their eyes, as forth
    They sweep--the watched-for Ulsters,
      For honour of the North;
    For Freedom's best and dearest,
      For Britain's word and worth.

    That wave of Northern valour
      Is like the advancing tide,
    And nought can cool or curb it,
      And nought can change its stride;
    In "Derry," "Enniskillen,"
      And Omagh they reside!

    'Tis Lurgan and Dungannon,
      Armagh and proud Belfast,
    St. Johnston, Londonderry,
      And Donegal's grey vast
    That flit before their vision
      As trench by trench is passed.

    The roar of bursting cannon
      Breaks voices faintly heard--
    The voices of their youth-time,
      Familiar jest and word;
    But, hark! the call is "Onward!"
      And visions grow more blurred.

       *       *       *       *       *

    Hurrah! the drive so eager,
      So long-continued, deep,
    The firmly-driven bayonet,
      The stumble and the leap
    Grow less intense; the foeman
      Has wavered in the sweep!

    And in the lone, grey cottage
      A trembling hand essays
    To hold the fateful message
      Which speaks a proud son's praise:
    "He nobly did his duty,
      And fell--there is a haze....."

    Read in another homestead--
      A loftier home, now chill;--
    The page tells of a soldier
      Who led his men, until
    There came the hue of sunset--
      He lives in honour still.

    "Dead," do you call these heroes?
      Dead?--who have given birth
    To all that makes life living--
      To all that is of worth;
    No, never, never write it--
      This "death" is Freedom's girth!

    This wounding is for homeland--
      For Britain's winsome weal--
    Through all the years advancing,
      A theme for song, a peal
    That swings in jubilation--
      How Ulster met the steel!

    How Ulster claimed the expected,
      Already-given cheer;
    How Ulster's hand directed
      The torch which yet shall sear
    The remnant of the Prussian,
      And make the future clear!

                                                   WILLIAM J. GALLAGHER.

 Galdonagh, Manorcunningham,
 Co. Donegal.

 10th July, 1916.

(Published by permission of the Author.)




PART III.


In a specially written account of the part taken in the big advance of
July 1st by the Tyrone Battalion of the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers,
Lieut.-Col. Ricardo, D.S.O., commander of the battalion, says:--Just
now it is a hard struggle between pride and sorrow, and every moment
the latter surges up, and it takes a mighty effort to keep our chins
up; but we shall see it through and begin again, however hard. Out
of 19 officers who went over, 12 have gone, the very best, and all
dear pals; four came back untouched, and three wounded got back--one
of these lay out for 24 hours, and one for 48--whilst the casualties
in the rank and file were numerous. Early on the 1st July (the boys
were convinced the date had been chosen for their especial benefit)
the battle began. Every gun on both sides fired as fast as it could,
and during that din our dear boys just walked out of the wood and up
gaps we had cut through our parapet, and out through lanes in our
wire. I shall never forget for one minute the extraordinary sight.
The Derrys, on our left, were so eager they started a few minutes
before the ordered time, and the Tyrones were not going to be left
behind, and they got going without delay--no fuss, no shouting, no
running; everything orderly, solid, and thorough, just like the men
themselves. Here and there a boy would wave his hand to me as I shouted
"good-luck" to them through my megaphone, and all had a happy face.
Many were carrying loads. Fancy advancing against heavy fire carrying
a heavy roll of barbed wire on your shoulders! The leading battalions
suffered comparatively little getting out, but when they came close
to the German front line they came under appalling machine-gun fire,
which obliterated whole platoons. And alas! for us, the division on
our right could not get on, and the same happened to the division
on our left, so we came in for the concentrated fire of what would
have been spread over three divisions. But every man who remained
standing pressed on, and without officers or N.C.O.'s they "carried
on," faithful to their job. Not a man turned back, not one. Eventually,
small knots belonging to all the battalions of the Division (except
two) gathered into the part of the German line allotted to the Division
and began to consolidate it. Major John Peacocke, a cousin of Lady
Carson, a most gallant and dashing officer, was sent forward after
the advance to see how matters stood. He took charge, and gave to
the representatives of each unit a certain task in the defence. The
situation after the first few hours was indeed a cruel one for the
Ulster Division. There they were, a wedge driven into the German line,
only a few hundred yards wide, and for 14 hours they bore the brunt of
the German machine-gun fire and shell fire from the sides; and even
from behind they were not safe. The parties told off to deal with the
German first and second lines had in many cases been wiped out, and the
Germans sent parties from the flanks in behind our boys. The Division
took 800 prisoners, and could have taken hundreds more, but could not
handle them. Major Peacocke sent back many messages by runners. They
asked for reinforcements, for water, and for bombs, but no one had
any men in reserve, and no men were left to send across. We were told
reinforcements were at hand and to hold on, but it was difficult, I
suppose, to get fresh troops up in time. At any rate, the help did not
come. I sent off every man I had--my own servant, my shorthand clerk,
and so on--to get water out of the river; the pipes had long before
been smashed. On their way, many, including both above-named, were
killed by shell fire. At 10-30 p.m. the glorious band had to come back;
they had reached the third line. At 8-30 a.m. they fought to the last,
and threw their last bomb, and were so exhausted that most of them
could not speak; and shortly after they came back, help came, and the
line they had taken and held was re-occupied without opposition, the
Germans, I suppose, being as exhausted as we were. Our side eventually
lost the wedge-like bit, after some days. It was valueless, and could
only be held at very heavy cost. We were withdrawn late on Sunday
evening, very tired and weary. There are many instances of outstanding
gallantry, but it is almost impossible to collect evidence. We may hear
more of it when some of our wounded come back.


A correspondent to the "Times" wrote:--

    I am not an Ulsterman, but yesterday as I followed their amazing
    attack I felt I would rather be an Ulsterman than anything else
    in the world. My position enabled me to watch the commencement
    of their attack from the wood in which they formed up, but which
    long prior to the hour of assault was being overwhelmed with shell
    fire, so that the trees were stripped and the top half of the wood
    ceased to be anything but a slope of bare stumps, with innumerable
    shell holes peppered in the chalk. It looked as if nothing could
    live in the wood, and indeed the losses were heavy before they
    started, two companies of one battalion being sadly reduced in the
    assembly trenches. When I saw the men emerge through the smoke and
    form up as if on parade, I could hardly believe my eyes. Then I saw
    them attack, beginning at a slow walk over No Man's Land, and then
    suddenly let loose as they charged over the two front lines of the
    enemy's trenches, shouting "No surrender, boys!" The enemy's fire
    raked them from the left, and machine-guns in a village enfiladed
    them on the right, but battalion after battalion came out of
    that awful wood as steadily as I have seen them at Ballykinlar,
    Clandeboye, or Shane's Castle. The enemy's third line was soon
    taken, and still the waves went on, getting thinner and thinner,
    but without hesitation. The enemy's fourth line fell before these
    men, who could not be stopped. There remained the fifth line.
    Representatives of the neighbouring corps and division, who could
    not withhold their praise at what they had seen, said no human
    man could get to it until the flanks of the Ulster Division was
    cleared. This was recognised, and the attack on the last German
    line was countermanded. The order arrived too late, or perhaps the
    Ulstermen, who were commemorating the anniversary of the Boyne,
    would not be denied, but pressed on. I could see only a small
    portion of this advance, but could watch our men work forward,
    seeming to escape the shell fire by a miracle, and I saw parties
    of them, now much reduced indeed, enter the fifth line of the
    German trenches, our final objective. It could not be held, as the
    Division had advanced into a narrow salient. The Corps on our right
    and left had been unable to advance, so that the Ulstermen were the
    target of the concentrated hostile guns and machine-guns behind
    and on both flanks, though the enemy in front were vanquished and
    retreating. The order to retire was given, but some preferred to
    die on the ground they had won so hardly. As I write, they still
    hold the German two first lines, and occasionally batches of German
    prisoners are passed back over the deadly zone; over 500 have
    arrived, but the Ulstermen took many more, who did not survive the
    fire of their own German guns. My pen cannot describe adequately
    the hundreds of heroic acts that I witnessed, nor how yesterday a
    relieving force was organised of men who had already been fighting
    for 36 hours to carry ammunition and water to the gallant garrison
    still holding on.

The following letter sent to the "Times," July 3rd, is a description of
the great day by a senior officer:--

    The 1st of July should for all time have a double meaning for
    Ulstermen. The attack carried out by the Ulster Division was the
    finest thing the new armies have done in this war. Observers
    from outside the Division who saw it say it was a superb example
    of discipline and courage. We had to come through a wood which
    was being literally blown to pieces, form up in successive lines
    outside of it under a devastating fire, and then advance across the
    open for 400 yards to the German first line trenches. It was done
    as if it was a parade movement on the barrack square. The losses
    were formidable before we ever reached the first line, but the men
    never faltered, and finally rushed the first line, cheering and
    shouting, "Boyne" and "No Surrender!" From then onwards they never
    checked or wavered until they reached the fifth line of German
    trenches, which was the limit of the objective laid down for us.
    They captured and brought in many hundred prisoners, and actually
    captured many more who were either killed by the German fire before
    they reached our lines, or were able to get away in the maze of
    trenches owing to the escort being knocked over. I can hardly
    bring myself to think or write of it. It was magnificent--beyond
    description. Officers led their men with a gallantry to which I
    cannot do justice, and the men followed them with equal gallantry;
    and when the officers went down, the men went on alone. The
    Division was raked by machine-gun and shell fire from in front and
    from both flanks, and our losses have been very severe.

Ulster should be very proud of her sons.




PART IV.


Messages of tribute to the Ulster Division from:--

    The Corps Commander.
    The Divisional Commander.
    The Commanding Officer of the Ulster Volunteer Force.
    Sir E. Carson.
    The Lord Primate.
    The Bishop of Down.
    The Bishop of Clogher.
    Belfast.

Lieut.-General Sir T. L. N. Morland, K.C.B., D.S.O., commanding the
Army Corps in which the Ulster Division was serving, has issued the
following order:--

    The General Officer Commanding the Corps wishes to express to the
    General Officer of the Division and all ranks his admiration of
    the dash and gallantry with which the attack was carried out, and
    which attained a large measure of success under very unfavourable
    conditions. He regrets the heavy and unavoidable losses sustained,
    and feels sure that after a period of rest the Division will be
    ready to respond to any call made upon it.

                                                                G. WEBB,
                                      Brigadier-General, D.A. and Q.M.G.

The General Officer Commanding the Ulster Division has issued the
following special order:--

    The General Officer Commanding the Ulster Division desires that the
    Division should know that in his opinion nothing finer has been
    done in the war than the attack by the Ulster Division on July 1st.
    The leading of the company officers, the discipline and courage
    shown by all ranks of the Division will stand out in the future
    history of the war as an example of what good troops, well led, are
    capable of accomplishing. None but troops of the best quality could
    have faced the fire which was brought to bear on them, and the
    losses suffered during the advance. Nothing could have been finer
    than the steadiness and discipline shown by every battalion, not
    only in forming up outside its own trenches, but in advancing under
    severe enfilading fire. The advance across the open to the German
    line was carried out with the steadiness of a parade movement under
    a fire from front and flanks which could only have been faced
    by troops of the highest quality. The fact that the objects of
    the attack on one side were not obtained is no reflection on the
    battalions which were entrusted with the task. They did all that
    men could do, and in common with every battalion in the Division,
    showed the most conspicuous courage and devotion. On the other
    side the Division carried out every portion of its allotted task
    in spite of the heaviest losses. It captured nearly 600 prisoners,
    and carried its advance triumphantly to the limits of the objective
    laid down. There is nothing in the operations carried out by the
    Ulster Division on July 1st that will not be a source of pride to
    all Ulstermen. The Division has been highly tried, and has emerged
    from the ordeal with unstained honour, having fulfilled in every
    particular the great expectations formed of it. Tales of individual
    and collective heroism on the part of officers and men come in
    from every side, too numerous to mention, but all showing that the
    standard of gallantry and devotion attained is one that may be
    equalled but is never likely to be surpassed. The General Officer
    Commanding the Division deeply regrets the heavy losses of officers
    and men. He is proud beyond description, as every officer and man
    in the Division may well be, of the magnificent example of sublime
    courage and discipline which the Ulster Division has given to the
    Army. Ulster has every reason to be proud of the men she has given
    to the service of our country. Though many of our best men have
    gone, the spirit which animated them remains in the Division, and
    will never die.

The following orders of the day have been issued by General Sir George
Richardson, K.C.B., G.O.C., Ulster Volunteer Force:--

    1. The General Officer Commanding wishes to take this opportunity
    of recording an appreciation of the gallantry of the officers and
    men of the Ulster Division. Perhaps it may serve as a solace to
    those on whom will fall the heaviest burden of sorrow, and that
    it will help to sustain them in the knowledge that duty was nobly
    done, and that the great warm heart of Ulster goes out to them in
    affectionate sympathy and takes an unfathomable and unforgettable
    pride in every man of them.

    2. Perhaps more especially the officers and men U.V.F. offer their
    heartfelt sympathy to the relatives of those who fell on the 1st
    July, 1916. They were put to the supreme test, and history will
    claim its own record.

    3. For those who fell in the service of their King, the Empire, and
    the glory of Ulster, we mourn, but we have no regrets. We are proud
    of our comrades. Our path of duty is clear. Every effort must be
    made to fill up the casualties in the Division, and maintain the
    glorious lead given by the brave men of Ulster.

    4. The attack of this Division is already talked of outside the
    Division as a superb example of what discipline, good leading and
    magnificent spirit can make men capable of performing. Much was
    expected of the Ulster Division, and nobly they have fulfilled
    expectation.

    5. I will quote from a letter received:--"There was never a sign
    of falter. On the right two battalions of the 108th, the 109th and
    the 107th swept over four successive lines of German trenches,
    capturing nearly 600 prisoners and reaching the objective laid
    down for them absolutely on the stroke of the hour fixed as the
    time they might be expected to get there. On the left the 12th
    Royal Irish Rifles made a magnificent effort, but were swept away
    by machine-gun fire. They did all that men could do. The 9th Royal
    Irish Rifles went to them, and succeeded in getting into the
    German trenches, and were held up there by weight of munition and
    machine-guns."

    6. It fills me with pride to think how splendidly our men were
    capable of performing.

    7. On the 30th September, 1915, His Majesty the King was graciously
    pleased to say to the Ulster Division:--"I am confident that in the
    field you will nobly uphold the traditions of the fine regiments
    whose name you bear." This mandate has been faithfully obeyed with
    a heroism and devotion that will establish a rich record in the
    annals of the British Army, and conveyed to us by the war cry of
    Ulster--"No Surrender."

                                                        GEO. RICHARDSON,
                                             Lt.-General, G.O.C., U.V.F.

Sir E. Carson has issued the following message to the Ulster people:--

    I desire to express, on my own behalf and that of my colleagues
    from Ulster, the pride and admiration with which we have learnt of
    the unparalleled acts of heroism and bravery which were carried out
    by the Ulster Division in the great offensive movement on July 1st.

    From all accounts that we have received they have made the supreme
    sacrifice for the Empire of which they were so proud, with a
    courage, coolness, and determination, in the face of the most
    trying difficulties, which has upheld the great tradition of the
    British Army. Our feelings are, of course, mingled with sorrow and
    sadness at the loss of so many men who were to us personal friends
    and comrades; but we believe that the spirit of their race will at
    a time of such grief and anxiety sustain those who mourn their loss
    and set an example to others to follow in their footsteps.

His Grace the Lord Primate of All Ireland, who was in Dungannon holding
a visitation of the clergy of the rural deaneries of Dungannon, Aghalo,
and Tullyhogue, has given us the following message to the people of
Ulster:--

    All Ireland is proud of the noble gallantry of the Ulster Division.
    I have lived amongst these officers and men for the greater
    part of my life, and I expected nothing else. They are of the
    stock from which our heroes come and to whom our Empire owes so
    much--unconquered and unconquerable.

    To-day our hearts are bowed with woe for their relatives at home
    who have been so grievously bereaved. For many years to come the
    gallantry of these sons of Ulster will be an inspiration to fresh
    generations of Irishmen.

    I spent a considerable time with them last January in France,
    and I can testify to their patience and pluck, as well as to
    their chivalry and courtesy. Oh! the wild charge they made! Their
    services for honour and truth, after they have passed on into the
    near presence of God, will never be forgotten.

The Right Rev. Dr. D'Arcy, the Bishop of Down, in a message, says:--

    The 1st of July will for all the future be remembered as the most
    glorious in the annals of Ulster. Terrible indeed are the losses
    sustained. Many of our noblest and best young men, to whom we
    looked for help and leadership in the time to come, have given
    their lives in the service of their country and for the welfare
    of humanity. But our deep sorrow is permeated by the sense of the
    joyful exultation at their splendid heroism. They have proved
    themselves worthy of the grandest traditions of their race. They
    have, indeed, surpassed all records of ancient chivalry. Wherever
    Ulstermen go they will carry with them something of the glory
    of the great achievement of the 1st July. The spirit of willing
    sacrifice for the sake of those great ideals of liberty and
    progressive humanity which belonged to all that is best in the
    British race, and which has inspired Ulster throughout all her
    recent struggles, was never more magnificently exhibited.

The Right Rev. Dr. Day, the Bishop of Clogher, writes:--

    I most heartily join with the Lord Primate, the Bishop of Down and
    others in offering my congratulations to the Ulster Division on
    the record of their noble deeds at the front in taking a prominent
    part in the great offensive which was begun on July 1st by the
    united forces of France and England. While we regret the heavy roll
    of casualties with which their great achievements were carried out,
    and sincerely sympathise with the sorrowing relatives of those who
    have fallen in the cause of their King and country, the "order of
    the day" issued by General Nugent is a testimony to valour and
    determination which may well rouse the admiration of everyone who
    is associated with Ulster.

                                                        MAURICE CLOGHER.

The following paragraph, taken from the "News-Letter," July 12th, 1916,
shows how Belfast and the people of Ulster paid a tribute to their
glorious dead:--

"This year, for the first time in the history of the Orange Institution,
the celebration of the anniversary of the Battle of the Boyne was
abandoned, while the customary holidays were to a great extent
postponed until next month, to enable the shipyards and munition works
to complete immediate orders. At the suggestion of the Lord Mayor,
all work, business and household, was temporarily suspended for five
minutes following the hour of noon to-day, as a tribute to the men who
have fallen in the great British offensive. Viewed from the City Hall,
on the steps of which the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress were standing,
the scene was most impressive. On the stroke of 12 all traffic came
to a standstill, men raised their hats, ladies bowed their heads, the
blinds in business and private houses were drawn, and flags were flown
at half-mast. The bells at the Assembly Hall tolled, and after the
interval of five minutes chimed the hymn 'Abide with Me.' Intercessory
services were held in the Cathedral and other churches. Shortly before
noon the following telegram was received by the Lord Mayor from Sir
Edward and Lady Carson:--'Our prayers and solemn thoughts will be with
you all at 12 o'clock, in memory of our illustrious dead, who have won
glory for the Empire and undying fame for Ulster. May God bless and
help their sorrowing families.'"

[Illustration: THE EXTERIOR OF ST. RIQUIER CATHEDRAL.]




NOTE ON ST. RIQUIER.

(_Appendix I._)


A beautiful description of St. Riquier and the foundation of the Abbey
is given in a book by Margaret Stokes, "Three Months in the Forests of
France."

    About the year 589, two Irishmen, named Caidox and Fricor,
    disembarked on the coast at the little town of Quentovic, on the
    mouth of the Somme, with twelve companions, and they followed the
    great Roman road, now called the Chaussee Brunehaut, preaching the
    Gospel on their way. They reached Centule (now St. Riquier), and
    remained there some days to rest. Some say they came to France
    with Columban, and that when Columban resumed his journey towards
    the Vosges, he left behind him these two monks that they might
    give instructions to the half-barbarous inhabitants, and initiate
    them into the mysteries of the Christian religion. "They fought
    on," said the old chronicler, "perceiving that the inhabitants of
    Centule (St. Riquier) were blinded by error and iniquity, and were
    subjected to the most cruel slavery; they laboured with all their
    strength to redeem their souls, and wash them in the Saviour's
    Blood." But the people could not understand the language of these
    heavenly messengers, and they rebelled against a teaching so
    holy and sublime. They demanded what these adventurers, who had
    just escaped out of a barbarous island, could be in search of,
    and by what right they sought to impose their laws on them. The
    voice of charity was met by cries, menaces, and outrage, and the
    natives strove to drive them from their shores by violence, when
    suddenly a young noble, named Riquier, appeared upon the scene.
    He commanded silence, and arrested the most furious amongst the
    mob, and taking the two strangers under his protection, he brought
    them into his house. He gave them food and drink, and in return
    they gave him such nourishment of the soul as he before had never
    tasted. He learned to know God and love Him beyond all things....
    When he had taken orders he became the founder of the celebrated
    Abbey of Centule (now St. Riquier), and the bodies of the two
    Irishmen from whom he had learned Christianity were interred with
    splendour in this church. When St. Angelbert, in the year 799,
    restored this church, he also restored the half-ruined tombs,
    decorated their shrines with such magnificence, and inscribed
    verses upon them in letters of gold. The relics of the two saints
    lay beneath the monument till the year 1070, when St. Geroinus
    transferred them to a silver shrine adorned with precious stones,
    and in this shrine also were laid the relics of another Irish
    saint, Mauguille. Their festival is celebrated on June 3rd. On the
    road from Abbeville to Doullens, on the edge of the wood of St.
    Riquier, and below the slope of a smiling hill, an ancient church,
    majestically seated in the valley below, comes into view. It is
    the Abbey Church of St. Riquier. The town rises from the foot of
    the church like an amphitheatre round the enclosure of its ancient
    walls. The great tower rises above the fertile fields around and
    above the summits of the distant hills and woodland glades. The
    little stream of Seardon, which almost threatens to disappear at
    its very source, passes through the lower town and on towards the
    south-west. The old chroniclers called it Reviere au Cardons, from
    the little flower cardoon. This little thread of water, rising at
    Bonnefontaine, under Isinbard's tomb, is swelled by the junction
    with the river Mirandeuil, or Misendeuil, a name derived from the
    fact that it was at this spot the ladies of St. Riquier first heard
    the fatal news that their husbands had fallen in the Battle of
    Crecy.... The labours of the Irish Church in Picardy, commenced
    by these two missionaries, Caidox and Fricor, and carried on by
    the disciples of Columban from Luxeuil, were destined to receive
    a fresh impetus from the parent country. Another mission, this
    time from the shores of Lough Corrib, in Galway, was undertaken.
    Fursa and his twelve companions, who landed at Mayoc, at the mouth
    of the river Somme, A.D. 638, went up the river to St. Riquier,
    a monastery in which he must have found traditions of his native
    Church.

[Illustration: THE INTERIOR OF ST. RIQUIER CATHEDRAL.]

[Illustration: OFFICERS 11th BATTALION ROYAL IRISH RIFLES. July. 1915

_Top Row_--Lieut. Waring, 2nd Lieut. Ellis, 2nd Lieut. P. B. Thornely,
Lieut. F. G. Hull, 2nd Lieut. D. J. Brown, Lieut. E. Vance, Lieut. R.
H. Neill (Assistant Adjutant), 2nd Lieut. C. C. Canning.

_Second Row_ (_standing_)--Lt. and Q.M. W. L. Devoto, Lieut. R.
Thompson (Transport Officer), Lieut. C. F. K. Ewart, 2nd Lieut. C. G.
F. Waring, 2nd. Lieut. S. A. M'Neill, 2nd Lieut. D. S. Priestly, 2nd
Lieut. W. C. Boomer, 2nd Lieut. T. H. Wilson, 2nd Lieut. G. O. Young
(Scout Officer), Lieut. K. M. Moore, Lieut. M. C. Graham (Medical
Officer), Captain S. D. B. Masters.

_Third Row_ (_sitting_)--Captain Smyth, Capt. C. C. Craig, M.P.,
Capt. A. P. Jenkins, Capt. R. Rivers Smyth (Brigade Major, 108th Inf.
Brigade), Major P. L. K. Blair Oliphant (2nd in Command), Lt.-Col. H.
A. Pakenham (Commanding), Major W. D. Deverell (Adjutant), Capt. O. B.
Webb, Capt. A. F. Charley, Capt. A. P. I. Samuels.

_Two Officers sitting in front_--2nd Lieut. C. H. H. Orr, 2nd Lieut. J.
C. Carson.]




Biographies of Officers of 11th Royal Irish Rifles (South Antrim
Volunteers,) who were killed or wounded during the Battle of the Somme.


_In some cases Photographs could not be obtained_.

[Illustration: CAPTAIN C. C. CRAIG.

Commanding B Company; wounded and prisoner; M.P. for South Antrim.]

[Illustration: MAJOR A. P. JENKINS, Lisburn.

Commanding A Company; wounded and prisoner; first reported missing;
received Commission as Captain in 11th Royal Irish Rifles, September,
1914, served in France till July 1st, 1916, when wounded and made
prisoner, released from Germany owing to wounds in December, 1916,
spent from December, 1916, till November, 1917, as a repatriated
prisoner of war in Switzerland, returned to England November, 1917.]

[Illustration: CAPTAIN O. B. WEBB.

Commanding D Company, killed in action; son of the late Mr. Charles J.
Webb, J.P., the Old Bleach Linen Company, Randalstown.]

[Illustration: CAPTAIN A. P. I. SAMUELS.

Commanding C Company; wounded during bombardment previous to advance,
afterwards killed at Messines, September, 1916; son of the Right Hon.
Mr. Justice Samuels.]

[Illustration: CAPTAIN E. F. SMITH.

Wounded; son of Mr. Smith of Banbridge; before the war was an officer
in the Lisburn contingent of the U.V.F.]

[Illustration: LIEUT. E. B. VANCE.

Died of wounds a prisoner in Germany; C Company; son of the late Mr.
William Vance, Antrim.]

[Illustration: CAPTAIN CECIL EWART.

Killed in action; second in command of C Company; he took Command of
the Company after Captain Samuels was wounded. Captain Ewart is the
second son of Mr. F. W. Ewart, Derryvolgie, Lisburn.]

[Illustration: LIEUT. R. H. NEILL.

Killed; only son of Mr. Reginald Neill, Colingrove, Dunmurry;
educated at Mourne Grange, Kilkeel, Co. Down, and Malvern College,
Worcestershire. He was formerly an officer in the 2nd Batt. South
Antrim Regiment, U.V.F.]

[Illustration: LIEUT. W. ELLIS.

C Company; wounded; son of Mr. Ellis, Toomebridge.]

[Illustration: LIEUT. G. O. YOUNG.

C Company, Scout Officer; gassed in bombardment previous to advance;
son of Mr. George L. Young, J.P., Culdaff House, Co. Donegal, and
Millmount, Randalstown.]

[Illustration: SEC.-LIEUT. B. W. GAMBLE.

A Company; wounded; son of Mr. Baptist Gamble, 2 Elmwood Avenue,
G.W.R., Belfast.]

[Illustration: SEC.-LIEUT. G. N. HUNTER.

Wounded; second son of Mr. Samuel Hunter, Gracepark Gardens, Dublin,
Public Valuer to His Majesty's Treasury in Ireland.]

[Illustration: SEC.-LIEUT. E. DANIEL.

Shell-shock; son of Mr Daniel, Dungannon.]

[Illustration: SEC.-LIEUT. J. W. SALTER.

B Company; prisoner; first reported killed.]

[Illustration: SEC.-LIEUT. C. J. H. SAMUELS.

D Company; wounded; nephew of the Right Hon. Mr. Justice Samuels.]

[Illustration: SEC.-LIEUT. F. B. THORNELY.

Wounded; B Company; nephew of Major Blair Oliphant, second in Command
of the Battalion; received his commission from Uppingham School.]

[Illustration: SEC.-LIEUT. J. C. CARSON.

C Company; wounded; only son of Mr. J. Carson, of Parkmount, Lisburn,
and the Stock Exchange, Belfast.]

[Illustration: SEC.-LIEUT. J. C. ORR.

Wounded; son of Mr. J. C. Orr, Londonderry. Was in the Hong Kong and
Shanghai Bank, London, before the war. He was with the 108th Brigade
Trench Mortar Battery during the advance.]

[Illustration: SEC.-LIEUT. C. R. B. MURPHY.

Wounded; son of the Rev. Dr. Murphy, Rector of St. George's Parish
Church, Belfast.]

[Illustration: SEC.-LIEUT. D. S. PRIESTLY.

Killed, attached 108th Brigade Machine Gun Corps. This officer had been
with D Company until January, 1916.]

[Illustration: SEC.-LIEUT. W. C. BOOMER.

D Company, Lisburn; wounded previous to July 1st.]

[Illustration: SEC.-LIEUT. BRAMHAL.

Wounded during bombardment previous to advance.]

[Illustration: SEC.-LIEUT. S. WARING.

A Company, Glenavy; wounded previous to July 1st.]

SEC.-LIEUT. W. P. VINT.

Wounded; was with the Machine Gun Company, 108th Brigade.




ORDERS No. 237.


    By Lieut.-Col. H. A. Pakenham, Commanding 11th (Service) Battalion
    Royal Irish Rifles (South Antrim Regiment).

                                                        16th July, 1916.


    313 CASUALTIES.
    KILLED--1/7/16.


    "A" COMPANY.

      Cpl. Dunlop, Q.
    L/Cpl. Lennox, F. J.
    R'man. Allen, W. J.
      "    Clelland, G.
      "    Harvey, J.
      "    Marks, R.
      "    Morrow, R.
      "    Leckey, W.


    "B" COMPANY.

    R'man. Bell, H.
      "    Brown, E.
      "    Gaussen, C. L.
      "    Haddock, T.
      Cpl. Lunn, J.
    R'man. Lewis, E.
    L/Cpl. M'Kechnie, R.
    R'man. M'Keown, W.
      "    Neill, J.
      Cpl. Stewart, P. M.
    L/Cpl. Walker, G. F.
    R'man. Welch, Alex.


    "C" COMPANY.

      Sgt. Buick, J.
    R'man. Andrews, J.
      "    Knox, F.
      "    Magill, R. D.
      "    Pollock, A.
      "    Wallace, J.


    "D" COMPANY.

    C.S.M. Bell, J.
    L/Sgt. Bell, J.
    L/Cpl. Foster, J. B.
      "    Cathcart, T.
    R'man. Ansell, J.
      "    Dunleavy, J.
      "    Gorman, D.
      "    Hoy, S.
      "    Harper, J.
      "    Morrow, J.
      "    M'Clean, J.
      "    M'Mullen, J.
      "    M'Clughan, R.
      "    M'Gimpsey, J.
      "    Nixon, R. W.
      "    Robinson, E.
      "    Smith, R.
      "    Sloan, W.
      "    Steadman, J.
      "    Stephenson, J.
      "    Toman, H.
      "    White, J.
      "    Weir, W.


    DIED FROM WOUNDS.

    R'man. Boyd, D.


    614 CASUALTIES.
    WOUNDED--1/7/16.


    "A" COMPANY.

      Sgt. Abbott, J.
       "   Patton, J.
    L/Sgt. Gillespie, G.
      "    Beattie, V.
    L/Cpl. Atkinson, M.
      "    Kerr, A.
      "    Lynch, E. W.
      Upd.
    L/Cpl. M'Neice, E.
    L/Cpl. Corkin, W.
    R'man. Allen, S.
      "    Beck, J.
      "    Bell, R.
      "    Buchanan, J.
      "    Barrons, A.
      "    Conway, W. C.
      "    Corkin, J.
      "    Connaughty, R.
      "    Dodds, S.
      "    Frazer, R.
      "    Fulton, J.
      "    Hawthorne, J.
      "    Hunter, R.
      "    Keery, S.
      "    Lavery, Jas.
      "    Lavery, John
      "    Lewis, G.
      "    Logan, W. J.
      "    Lyness, C.
      "    Maginess, W.
      "    Morgan, J.
      "    Murdock, J.
      "    Morrison, T. G.
      "    Mulligan, D.
      "    Mulholland, C.
      "    M'Cann, E.
      "    M'Cann, J.
      "    Matier, R. (2)
      "    M'Neice, J. (1)
      "    Orr, W.
      "    Patterson, T.
      "    Reid, J. E.
      "    Salley, R.
      "    Sewell, F.
      "    Smyth, W.
      "    Spratt, S.
      "    Steele, J.
      "    Semple, W.
      "    Savage, E.
      "    Ward, T.
      "    Watson, A.
      "    Weir, A.
      "    M'Gorkin, R.
      "    Hillis, J.
      "    Hanna, B.
      "    Coburn, J.
      "    Abbott, T.
      "    Agnew, J.
      "    Atkinson, T.
      "    Beattie, E.
      "    Cassidy, J.
      "    Chapman, Jas.
      "    Fox, W. J.
      "    Herron, J.
      "    Hanna, R.
      "    Murdock, T.
      "    Rainey, S.
      "    Williamson, R.
      "    Watson, C.
      "    Beattie, R.
      "    Freeland, S.


    "B" COMPANY.

    R'man. Benson, A.
      "    Blakes, T.
      "    Bleaks, W.
      "    Briggs, R.
      "    Bryson, S.
      Sgt. Burke, F. G.
    L/Cpl. Crawford, W. J.
    R'man. Curry, W.
      "    Crowe, J.
      "    Crozier, W.
      "    Dickson, C.
      "    Dodds, J.
      "    Duff, J.
      "    Foreman, J.
    L/Cpl. Gill, D.
    R'man. Green, T.
      "    Hawthorne, A.
      "    Hill, S.
    L/Cpl. Hull, W. J.
    R'man. Hyndman, R. J.
      "    Lewis, W.
      "    Moore, R.
      "    Mulholland, T. J.
      Sgt. Munn, H.
    R'man. Maybin, J.
      "    Moody, T.
      "    Marshall, G.
      Sgt. M'Clenahan, W. J.
    R'man. M'Cormick, J.
      "    M'Donald, J.
      "    M'Gurk, J.
      "    M'Henry, J.
      "    M'Knight, R.
      "    M'Williams, F.
      "    M'Williams, J.
      "    M'Gall, J.
      "    M'Cluskey, W.
      "    O'Neill, J.
      "    Patterson, T.
      "    Ramsey, J.
    L/Cpl. Rennix, E.
    R'man. Scott, H.
      "    Spears, D.
      "    Smith, A.
      "    Thompson, J.
      "    Trousdale, G.
      "    Verner, T.
      Sgt. Waring, G. D.
    R'man. Webb, H.
      "    Webb, Jos.
      "    Woods, J.
      "    Woods, A. C.
      "    Rea, S.
      "    Dowling, A.
      "    Matchett, J. H.


    "C" COMPANY.

      Sgt. Steele, M.
       "   Kelly, A.
       "   Whiteside, A.
       "   Kernaghan, J.
    L/Sgt. Swann, J.
      Cpl. Flemming, H.
       "   M'Burney, J.
    A/Cpl. M'Burney, T.
    L/Cpl. Reid, B.
      "    Crookes, C. E.
      "    Wallace, J.
      "    O'Neill, J.
    R'man. Andrews, R. J.
      "    Alderdice, R.
      "    Bates, R.
      "    Campbell, S.
      "    Cullen, W.
      "    Doole, I.
      "    Dawson, J.
      "    Ewart, H.
      "    Ewart, H.
      "    Esler, R.
      "    Foster, W.
      "    Greer, A.
      "    Gillespie, J.
      "    Hamilton, J.
      "    Hughes, J.
      "    Hamilton, T.
      "    Hanlon, A. T.
      "    Harvey, J. S.
      "    Hume, J.
      "    Kirkpatrick, S.
      "    Harbinson, A.
      "    M'Cammond, J.
      "    Linton, W.
      "    Millar, J.
      "    Moore, J.
      "    Magill, T.
      "    Milligan, J.
      "    Manning, R. J.
      "    M'Kee, J.
      "    M'Lean, W.
      "    M'Connell, J.
      Upd.
    L/Cpl. M'Grugan, H.
    R'man. M'Clay, S.
      "    M'Calmont, W. J.
      "    Nicholl, S.
      "    Patterson, J.
      "    Sterling, D.
      "    Storey, D.
      "    Sergeant, T.
      "    Shannan, A.
      "    Stewart, J.
      "    Thompson, S.
      "    Thompson, J.
      "    Wallace, A.
      "    Woods, R.
      "    Young, W.
      "    Young, S.
      "    Scullion, J.
    L/Cpl. Eakin, T.
    R'man. Bailey, W.
      "    Millar, J.
      "    Mulree, J.


    "D" COMPANY.

      Sgt. Higginson, W.
      "    Mercer, J.
      Cpl. Matier, T.
      "    Adamson, R. M.
    L/Cpl. O'Neill, E.
      "    Wallace, W.
      "    Shaw, J.
      "    Allen, W.
    R'man. Ayre, S.
      "    Adair, G.
      "    Adair, B.
      "    Adams, K. G.
      "    Allen, D.
      "    Ashe, E.
      "    Boomer, R.
      "    Boggs, J.
      "    Calvert, W.
      "    Christie, J.
      "    Corkin, T.
      "    Cochrane, G.
      "    Cunningham, D.
      "    Duffy, R. J.
      "    Dalton, A.
      "    Doole, G.
      "    Dickson, S.
      "    Dawson, A.
      "    Fleming, W.
      "    Harbinson, R.
      "    Horner, J.
      "    Hill, S.
      "    Johnston, W.
      "    Johnston, H.
      "    Kennedy, G.
      "    Leathem, W.
      "    Stratton, W. J.
      "    Jenkins, T.
      "    Lowery, J.
      "    Kerr, J.
      "    Lyttle, J.
      "    Millar, B.
      "    M'Pherson, R.
      "    M'Kee, J.
      "    M'Kibben, R. M.
      "    M'Cloy, W.
      "    M'Kibben, L.
      "    M'Dowell, W.
      "    Martin, T.
      "    Mawhinney, S.
      "    M'Connell, W.
      "    M'Garth, J.
      "    M'Ilroy, H.
      "    M'Dowell, D.
      "    Neeson, J.
      "    Peel, A.
      "    Russell, J.
      "    Ringland, G.
      "    Rodgers, J.
      "    Steele, J.
      "    Stewart, W.
      "    Smyth, W. J.
      "    Smith, W.
      "    Shields, S.
      "    Todd, J.
      "    M'Clelland, S.
      "    Ingram, H.


    615 MISSING


    "A" COMPANY.

    R'man. Chambers, J.
      "    Cowan, Jos.
      "    Doherty, A.
      "    Davidson, J. H.
      "    Emerson, D.
      "    Freeland, S.
      "    Kerr, D.
      "    Kain, W.
      "    Kidd, Jas.
      "    Lightbody, J.
      "    Logan, T.
      "    Lyttle, S.
      "    Russell, W.
      "    Singleton, T.
      "    Topping, S.
      "    Totten, W.
      "    Wright, W.
      "    Kidd, R.


    "B" COMPANY.

    R'man. Beattie, G.
      "    Blakely, S.
      "    Bruce, W. J.
      Cpl. Cairns, E.
      Sgt. Cairns, T. G.
    R'man. Crowe, J.
      "    Gordon, R.
      "    Green, J.
      "    Hawthorne, T.
      "    Herron, W.
      "    Henninger, W.
      "    Hanna, D.
      "    Irvine, W.
      "    Kidd, G.
      "    Kennedy, R. J.
      "    Kennedy, R.
      "    Logan, T.
      "    Lowry, H.
      "    Lyness, J.
      "    Marks, T.
      "    Murdock, H.
      Upd.
    L/Cpl. Murphy, T.
    R'man. Morrow, J.
      "    Morrow, R. J.
      "    M'Ilhatton, R.
      "    M'Larnon, G.
      "    Patterson, W.
      "    Reid, D.
      "    Stevenson, J.
      "    Semple, S.
      "    Sample, S. J.
      "    Tollerton, R.
      "    Wills, S.


    "C" COMPANY.

      Sgt. Stewart, W.
       "   Miller, W.
    L/Cpl. Scott, J.
      "    Ellis, S.
    R'man. Anderson, W. H.
      "    Bell, A.
      "    Clarke, A.
      "    Coulter, J.
      "    Drennan, R.
      "    Dyers, J.
      "    Derby, G.
      "    Graham, D.
      "    Greer, A.
      "    Houston, W.
      "    Linton, H.
      "    Lyttle, F.
      "    Marshall, A.
      "    Mairs, E.
      "    M'Dowell, J.
      "    M'Fall, J.
      "    Newell, T.
      "    Nelson, W.
      "    Orr, J.
      "    Smith, W. J.
      "    Wilkinson, W.


    "D" COMPANY.

      Sgt. Lavery, G.
    A/Cpl. Moore, W.
      Cpl. Glendinning, D.
       "   Williamson, W. J.
      Upd.
    L/Cpl. Purdy, R.
      "    M'Aleece, J.
      "    Smyth, J.
      "    Robinson, W.
    R'man. Bushe, S.
      "    Bell, A.
      "    Easton, S.
      "    Goudy, J.
      "    Heaney, T.
      "    Logan, W.
      "    Moore, H.
      "    M'Curdy, W.
      "    Moore, J.
      "    M'Allister, J.
      "    Patterson, R.
      "    Skillen, W.
      "    Thompson, J.
      "    Williamson, A.
      "    Wilson, T.
      "    Hamill, J.
      "    Graham, J.
    R'man. Boyd, W.
      "    Boyd, D.
      "    Henderson, J.
      Upd.
    L/Cpl. Millar, S.


    PRISONER OF WAR.

    R'man. Fisher, J.
      "    Walker, H.
      "    Frouten, A.

                                                               ADJUTANT,

                                                 11th (S.) Bn. R.Ir.Rif.




Embarkation List of Officers


Embarkation List of Officers 11th Royal Irish Rifles who left Bordon
Camp for France, October, 1915.

    Lieut.-Col. H. A. Pakenham, Commanding Officer.
    Major P. Blair Oliphant.
    Major Devonish Deverell, Adjutant.
    Lieut. R. Thompson, Transport Officer.
    Capt. Graham, Medical Officer.
    Lieut. F. Hull.
    Lieut. Devoto, Quartermaster.


"A" COMPANY.

    Major A. P. Jenkins.
    Capt. E. F. Smith.
    Capt. C. Ewart.
    Lieut. C. G. F. Waring.
    Lieut. T. G. Thornely.
    Lieut. S. Waring.


"B" COMPANY.

    Captain C. C. Craig.
    Captain A. T. Charley.
    Lieut. R. N. Neill.
    Lieut. Wilson.
    Lieut. Webb.


"C" COMPANY.

    Major Cavendish Clark.
    Lieut. Vance.
    Captain A. P. I. Samuels.
    Lieut. Ellis.
    Lieut. Young.
    Lieut. Vint.


"D" COMPANY.

    Captain O. B. Webb.
    Captain Masters.
    Lieut. Canning.
    Lieut. Waring.
    Lieut. W. C. Boomer.
    Lieut. Priestly.




Embarkation List of N.C. Officers & Men.


        Sgt. Abbott, James
      R'man. Abbott, Thomas
        "    Abbott, Wm. Robert
        "    Allen, Samuel
        "    Allen, Wm. John
        "    Andrews, James
        "    Andrews, James
        "    Andrews, Thomas
        "    Atkinson, Moses
        "    Atkinson, Thomas
        "    Adams, R.
        "    Adams, John
        "    Addis, David
        "    Addis, Henry
        "    Agnow, Edward
        "    Andrews, William
        "    Adams, Henry
        "    Adams, James Alex.
        "    Adams, Oliver
        "    Allen, John
        "    Anderson, Samuel A.
        "    Anderson, Wm. Hy.
      L/Cpl. Andrews, Robt. John
      R'man. Ardery, Francis
        "    Armstrong, William
        "    Adair, Ben
        "    Adair, George
        "    Adams, Kenneth K.
        "    Adams, Robert
        "    Adamson, Robt. M'K.
        "    Addis, James
        Cpl. Addis, Wm. Hy.
      R'man. Allen, William
        "    Anderson, John Jos.
        "    Ansell, John
        "    Archer, Bertie
        "    Ashe, Edward
        "    Ayre, Samuel
        "    Baxter, Isaac
        "    Beattie, Ernest
        "    Beattie, Robert
        Cpl. Beattie, Victor
      R'man. Beck, James
        "    Bell, Robert
        "    Bingham, William
      L/Cpl. Black, James
      R'man. Blakley, Edward Chas.
        "    Boyd, David
        Sgt. Breathwaite, Samuel
      R'man. Brown, George
        "    Brown, Isaac
        "    Brown, Samuel
        "    Buchanan, John
    C.Q.M.S. Bullick, Edwin
      L/Sgt. Bullick, Wm. Parker
      R'man. Barr, David Geo.
        "    Barr, John Nathaniel
        "    Beattie, George
        "    Beck, Hg. Hy
        "    Bell, Hy.
        "    Bell, John
      L/Cpl. Brown, Samuel
      R'man. Benson, Albert
      L/Cpl. Benson, John
      R'man. Birney, Thomas
        "    Black, William
        "    Blakes, Thomas
        "    Blakely, Alexander
        "    Blakely, Samuel
        "    Blakely, Thomas
        "    Bleaks, William
        "    Bloomfield, Sl.
        "    Briggs, Robert
        "    Brown, Edmund
        "    Brown, George
        Cpl. Brown, James
      R'man. Brown, John
        "    Brown, Samuel
        "    Bruce, Albert E. G.
        "    Bruce, William
        "    Bruce, William
        "    Bryans, David
        "    Bryson, Samuel
      L/Sgt. Burke, Fk. Geo.
      R'man. Bankhead, Robt.
        "    Barbour, Robt.
        "    Barkley, Arthur
        "    Bates, Robert
        "    Beattie, Robert
        "    Beattie, Robt. Jas.
        "    Beattie, William
        "    Beck, James
        "    Bell, Andrew
        "    Boyd, David
        "    Brown, Fred Chas.
        "    Brown, John
        "    Brown, John
        "    Brown, Robert
        Sgt. Buick, Jackson
      R'man. Buick, James
        "    Burrowes, Hy.
        "    Barkely, James
        "    Beggs, James
        "    Bell, Andrew
        "    Bell, Alexander
        "    Bell, Joseph
      C.S.M. Bell, John
      R'man. Bell, William
        "    Brides, Michael
        "    Brown, James
        Cpl. Bushe, James Hy.
      R'man. Campbell, Wm. Saml.
      C.M.S. Caton, Jack
      R'man. Ceaser, Hugh
        "    Clarke, Arthur
        "    Cairns, Robert
        "    Calvert, William
        "    Campbell, James
        "    Campbell, John Hy.
        "    Caskery, Francis
        "    Cathcart, Thomas
        "    Chapman, Jos.
        "    Chapman, William
        "    Christie, Jos.
        "    Clarke, Hugh
        "    Clarke, William
        "    Clarke, Wm. Robt.
        "    Cooper, William
        "    Coulter, James
        Sgt. Chambers, Jas. Orr
      R'man. Chambers, Robert
        "    Chapman, David
        "    Chapman, James
      L/Cpl. Chapman, Joseph
      R'man. Chapman, William
        "    Clarke, Chas.
        "    Clarke, George
        Sgt. Clarke, Joseph
      R'man. Cleland, George
        "    Coburn, James
        "    Coburn, John
        "    Collington, Edward
        "    Connolly, John
        "    Connor, James
        "    Conway, William Chas.
        "    Cordiner, Samuel
        "    Cordner, George
        "    Cordiner, Thomas
        Cpl. Corkin, Hy.
      R'man. Corkin, John J.
        Cpl. Corken, Robert J.
      R'man. Corkin, William
        "    Corry, John
        "    Cowan, Albert Wm.
        "    Cowan, Joseph
        "    Cowan, Samuel
        "    Cowan, Thomas
        "    Creighton, Robert
        "    Crone, William
        "    Crowe, Francis
        "    Coulter, Thomas
        "    Craig, Alexander
        "    Craig, David
      L/Cpl. Crooks, Chas. Edward
      R'man. Crooks, Cecil
        "    Cullen, William
        "    Campbell, Edward
        "    Cassidy, Joseph
        Cpl. Cathcart, David
      R'man. Chambers, James
        Cpl. Cairns, Edward
      R'man. Cairns, Samuel
        Sgt. Cairns, Thos. John
      R'man. Campbell, John
    C.Q.M.S. Campbell, William
      R'man. Carson, Robert
        "    Carson, William
        "    Caughey, Joseph
        "    Chapman, Arthur
        "    Clarke, Alfred James
        "    Clarke, John
        "    Clay, John
        "    Colvin, Robert John
        "    Crawford, William Jas.
        Sgt. Cree, John
      L/Cpl. Crockard, James
        Cpl. Croft, John
      R'man. Crone, Richard
        "    Crothers, James
        "    Crothers, Robt. James
        "    Crowe, Fred
        "    Crowe, John
        "    Crowe, Thomas
        "    Crozier, William
        Sgt. Crump, William
      R'man. Curry, William
      R'man. Christie, William John
        Sgt. Clarke, William
        Sgt. Clendinning, John
      R'man. Cochrane, George
        "    Colvin, Samuel
        "    Corken, Thomas
        "    Cowan, Archie
        "    Craig, James
        "    Cunningham, Dl.
        "    Currie, Robert
        "    Dalton, David
        "    Davidson, James Hall
        "    Dodds, Samuel
        "    Doherty, Alexander
        Sgt. Donnelly, James
      R'man. Douglas, Saml. James
        "    Dowds, Joseph Hy.
        "    Dowling, Albert
        "    Drennan, David
      L/Cpl. Dunlop, Quinton
      R'man. Dunlop, William
        "    Davison, Clem.
        "    Dawson, John
        "    Dempster, George
        "    Dobbin, William H.
        "    Doole, Isaac
        "    Doole, William John
        "    Drennan, Robert
        "    Dalton, Arthur
        "    Dalton, Thomas
        "    Dennison, David
        "    Dick, Samuel
        "    Dickson, Samuel
        "    Dole, George
        "    Doyle, James Hy.
        "    Duffy, Robert John
        "    Dunleavy, James
        "    Dickson, Chas.
        Sgt. Dickson, William G.
      R'man. Dodds, John
        "    Doherty, Samuel
        "    Dowling, Abraham
        "    Duff, Joseph
        "    Dunbar, Francis
        "    Ederton, Henry
        "    Elkin, Hugh Kelly
        "    English, Alexander
        "    English, William Jas.
      L/Cpl. Ewart, William Henry
        "    Eakin, Thomas
        "    Edgar, John
      R'man. Elliott, Samuel
        "    Ellis, Samuel
        "    English, Thomas
        "    Erwin, Frank
        "    Esler, Robert
        "    Ewart, Henry
        "    Ewart, Henry
        "    Ellis, William
        "    English, Thomas
        "    English, Joseph
        Cpl. Fleming, Henry
      L/Cpl. Fleming, Robert
      R'man. Fleming, Thomas
        "    Foster, William
        "    Francey, Robt. James
        "    French, George
        "    French, John
        "    Finlay, Hy.
      L/Cpl. Fleming, John
        "    Fleming, Samuel
      R'man. Foster, Allen
        "    Foster, John B.
        "    Francey, William Jn.
        "    Fullerton, Francis
        "    Fleming, James
        "    Fenton, John
        "    Ferrin, Joseph
        "    Flannagan, William
        "    Fleming, William
        "    Fox, William John
        "    Foye, Silias
        "    Fraser, Robert
        "    Freeland, Samuel
      L/Cpl. Fulton, John
      R'man. Ferguson, Andrew
      L/Cpl. Fisher, David
      R'man. Fisher, Joseph
        "    Foreman, Joseph
        "    Forsythe, Fred
        "    Forsythe, James
        "    Frayer, George
        "    Frazer, Robert
        "    Gorman, James
        "    Gausson, Chas. F.
        "    Geddis, David
        "    Gill, David
        "    Gill, William
        "    Gillian, William
        "    Gillian, William
        "    Gordon, Robert
        "    Graham, Thomas
        Sgt. Graham, William Jn.
      R'man. Green, Thomas
        "    Greene, Joseph
      L/Sgt. Gillespie, George
      R'man. Gill, Robert
        "    Gorman, John
        Sgt. Goulding, Fred E.
      R'man. Gaston, Alex.
        "    Gilmore, Thomas
        "    Gowdy, Alex.
        "    Graham, James
        "    Graham, William
        "    Graham, William Jn.
        "    Grattan, Hugh
        "    Gray, Robt. Jn.
        "    Gregory, Joseph
        "    Griffin, Martin
        "    Galbraith, William
        "    Galway, Alex.
      L/Cpl. Gleghorn, David
      R'man. Goudy, Jos.
      L/Cpl. Gourlay, David
    C.Q.M.S. Gourlay, David H. J.
      R'man. Graham, David
        "    Graham, William
        "    Greene, David
        "    Greene, William John
        "    Greer, Archibald
      L/Cpl. Glendinning, Dd.
      R'man. Gordon, James
        "    Gorman, Daniel
      L/Cpl. Gorman, Phillip
      R'man. Goudy, James
        "    Goudy, Jos. Hy.
        "    Graham, John
        "    Graham, Robert
        "    Gray, Samuel
        Cpl. Gray, William
        Sgt. Gregg, Samuel
      R'man. Hanna, Boyd
        "    Hanna, Fk. James
        "    Hanna, Robert
        "    Harvey, John
        "    Haslett, George
        "    Hawthorn, James
        "    Hayes, William James
        "    Heasley, William
        "    Herron, John
        "    Higginson, William Jas.
        "    Hill, Thomas Robert
        "    Hillis, John
        "    Hodgin, John
        "    Holmes, George
        "    Hull, George Hy.
        "    Hunter, Robert
        "    Hamill, John
        Sgt. Harbinson, James
      R'man. Harbinson, Rd.
        "    Harbinson, William
      R.S.M. Hall, Isaac
      R'man. Heaney, Thomas
        "    Heaney, William E.
        "    Hyndman, James
        "    Hyndman, Robt. Jn.
        "    Hailhwaite, C. J. G. M.
        "    Hamill, John Edward
        Cpl. Hamill, Samuel
      R'man. Hamilton, Francis
        "    Hamilton, James
        "    Hamilton, Thomas J.
        "    Hanlon, Alex. T.
        "    Hanna, Robert
        "    Hanna, James
      L/Cpl. Hannon, James
      R'man. Hannon, Samuel
        "    Harvey, Jos. S.
        "    Henderson, John
        Cpl. Herdman, James
      R'man. Hewitt, William John
        "    Hogg, James
        "    Houston, John
        "    Houston, Robert
        "    Houston, Robert
        "    Hughes, James
      L/Cpl. Hume, James
      R'man. Ingram, Henry
        "    Irvine, David
        "    Irvine, John
        "    Irvine, James
        "    Irvine, John
        "    Irvine, Robert
        "    Irvine, William
        "    Johnston, George
        "    Jenkins, Thomas
        "    Johnston, David
      L/Cpl. Johnston, George
        Sgt. Jamison, John
      R'man. Jefferson, Walter
        "    Johnston, John
        "    Johnston, William
        "    Jackson, Samuel
        "    Johnston, John
        "    Johnston, Robert
        "    Johnston, William
        "    Linton, William
        "    Linton, John
        "    Lyle, Samuel
        "    Lyttle, Francis
        "    Lyttle, Thomas
        "    Lamont, William
        "    Lamour, Alex.
        Cpl. Lavery, Alex.
      R'man. Lavery, James
        "    Lavery, John
        Sgt. Lavery, William
      R'man. Lavery, William John
      L/Cpl. Leathem, John
      R'man. Leathem, William
        "    Leckey, William
        "    Lennox, Fk. John
        "    Lewis, George
        "    Logan, Thomas
        "    Lynass, Matt
        "    Lynch, Edward Watson
        "    Lyness, Chas.
        "    Lyness, Thomas
        "    Lyttle, Samuel
        "    Lightbody, James
        "    Lavery, Joseph
        "    Lennon, James
        "    Lewis, Edward
        "    Lockhart, Robert
        "    Logan, Thomas
        "    Long, Richardson
        "    Lowery, Henry
        Sgt. Lavery, George
      L/Cpl. Leach, Arnold
      R'man. Leathem, William
        "    Lennon, Osmond
        "    Lewis, James
        Cpl. Lindop, Charles
      R'man. Lindsay, Hugh
        "    Lindsay, Hugh
        "    Lindsay, William
        "    Logan, John
        "    Logan William
        "    Lowery, John
        "    Luke, Archibald
      L/Cpl. Lyle, John
      R'man. Lyness, Charles
        "    Lyttle, John
      L/Cpl. Lunn, James
      R'man. Lyness, James
        "    Lyons, Thomas
        "    Magill, Thomas
        "    Mairs, William J.
        "    Manning, Reg. Jos.
        "    Marcus, Alexander
        "    Mawhinney, Robt. J.
        "    Miller, Hugh
        "    Miller, James
        "    Miller, John
        "    Miller, John
        "    Marshall, A.
        "    Magill, William
        "    Maginnis, John
        "    Maginnis, Robert
        "    Maginnis, William
        "    Marshall, Andrew
        "    Marks, Alexander
        "    Marks, Thomas
        "    Marwood, James
        "    Matchett, James Hy.
        "    May, Nathaniel
        "    Mcgarry, Jos. Edward
        "    Megrath, William
        "    Minford, Alfred
    R.Q.M.S. Moore, Richard
      R'man. Moore, Robert
        "    Moore, William Geo.
        "    Morrow, John
        "    Mount, James
        "    Mulholland, Albert
        "    Mulholland, Thos. Jn.
      L/Sgt. Munn, Henry
      R'man. Murdock, Henry
        "    Murdock, Samuel
        "    Murphy, Thomas
        "    Morrow, James
        Cpl. Marsden, James
      R'man. Martin, David
        "    Martin, Samuel
        "    Mather, Joseph
        "    Matier, John
      L/Cpl. Matier, Thomas
        Cpl. Mearns, Jas. Wilson
      R'man. Megarry, James
      L/Cpl. Mercer, James
      R'man. Miller, James
        "    Mooney, Robert
        "    Moore, Henry
        "    Moore, James
        "    Moore, William
        "    Morrison, William
        "    Morrow, James
        "    Mynes, Charles
        "    Miller, Samuel
      L/Sgt. Miller, William
      R'man. Miller, William
        "    Milligan, David
        "    Milligan, James H.
        "    Milliken, Thomas C. C.
        "    Moffat, Samuel
        "    Montgomery, Jos.
        "    Moore, Herbert J.
        "    Moore, John
        "    Moore, Walter
      L/Sgt. Mulholland, Hugh
      R'man. Mulree, Joseph
        "    M'Aloney, William
        "    M'Bride, Thomas
      L/Cpl. M'Burney, John C.
        "    M'Burney, Thomas
        Cpl. M'Callen, James
      R'man. M'Calmont, Wm. J.
        "    Martin, Hy.
        "    Martin, Thomas
        "    Matier, Robert
        "    Maxwell, James
        "    Megran, Thomas
        "    Mills, Samuel
        Sgt. Mitchell, Aty. W.
      R'man. Moag, David
      L/Cpl. Moles, Hy. Smyth
      R'man. Mooney, Alex.
        "    Moore, Alex.
        Sgt. Moore, John
      R'man. Moore, Norman Wilfred
        "    Moore, William Alex.
        "    Morgan, John
        "    Morrison, Geo. Thomas
        "    Morrow, Robert
        "    Morrow, Wm. Hy.
        "    Mulholland, Chas. Wm.
        "    Mulholland, James
        "    Mulligan, Jn.
        "    Murdock, John
        "    Murdock, Thomas
        "    M'Allister, Pierce
        "    M'Allister, William
        "    M'Avoy, Lewis Patton
        "    M'Cann, Edward
        "    M'Carthy, Jn.
        "    M'Caw, James
        "    M'Cleery, Samuel
        "    M'Cleeland, William
        "    M'Cloy, Hy.
        "    M'Cartney, John
        "    M'Clintock, Thomas
        "    M'Clure, William
        "    M'Connell, John
        "    M'Coy, William
        "    M'Donald, James
        "    M'Dowell, Johnston
        "    M'adden, John
        "    M'Fadden, William
        "    M'Crubb, Daniel
        "    M'Crugan, Hugh
        "    M'Ilwaine, Thomas
        "    M'Ivor, Samuel
        "    M'Kee, James
        "    M'Andrews, H.
        "    M'Bride, Alexander
        "    M'Cabe, Robert
        "    M'Cauley, Robert
        "    M'Clelland, John
        "    M'Clements, William
        "    M'Clenahan, John
        "    M'Clenaghan, Rd.
        Sgt. M'Clenaghan, Wm. Jas.
      R'man. M'Clurg, Adam
        "    M'Kee, John
        "    M'Kee, Robert
        "    M'Kee, William
        "    M'Kelvey, Matt
        "    M'Lean, William
        "    M'Lean, William
        "    M'Mullen, Samuel
        Cpl. M'Murray, James
      R'man. M'Veigh, William
        "    M'Aleece, James
        "    M'Allister, Charles
        "    M'Allister, Jos.
        "    M'Auley, Chas.
        "    M'Cartney, John
        "    M'Clean, John
        "    M'Clelland, Samuel
        "    M'Cloy, William
      L/Cpl. M'Comb, Edward
      R'man. M'Corkey, Matt. Geo.
        Cpl. M'Cord, Archie
      R'man. M'Court, John M.
        "    M'Dowell, William
        "    M'Dowell, William
        "    M'Gimpsey, Jas.
        "    M'Grath, Joseph
        "    M'Ilroy, Henry
        "    M'Intosh, Patrick
      L/Cpl. M'Kee, John
      R'man. M'Kee, John
        "    M'Kee, William
      L/Sgt. M'Keown, William
      R'man. M'Kibbin, Langtry
        "    M'Kibben, Rt. Millar
        "    M'Kinney, David
        "    M'Knight, Alex
        "    M'Knight, William John
        "    M'Mullen, James
        "    M'Pherson, Robert
      L/Sgt. M'Quillan, William
      L/Cpl. M'Clurg, William
      R'man. M'Comb, Francis
        "    M'Comb, James
        "    M'Comb, John
        "    M'Cormick, Joseph
        "    M'Cracken, William
        Cpl. M'Cready, Robert
      R'man. M'Cullough, Andy
        "    M'Cune, James
        "    M'Curry, Thomas
        "    M'Curley, Felix
        "    M'Curley, James
        "    M'Donald, Joseph
        "    M'Donald, Samuel
        "    M'Donald, William
        "    M'Dowell, Thomas
        "    M'Gurk, John
        "    M'Henry, John
        "    M'Ilroy, Edward
        "    M'Ilroy, Roger
      L/Cpl. M'Kechnie, Robert
      R'man. M'Keown, Wm. Robt.
        "    M'Kibbin, Eli
        "    M'Knight, Robert
        "    M'Larnan, George
        "    M'Murray, William
        "    M'Nair, William
        "    M'Veigh, William
        "    M'Williams, Fredk.
        "    M'Williams, John
        "    Neill, Thomas
        "    M'Cloy, James
        "    M'Clure, Thomas Jas.
        "    M'Comb, William
        "    M'Comiskey, Hbt.
        "    M'Donald, Wm. Ed.
        "    M'Geown, Samuel
        "    M'Ilroy, James
        "    M'Kaveney, John
        "    M'Keaveney, James
        "    M'Keaveney, David
        "    M'Keown, William
        Cpl. M'Mullen, William
      L/Cpl. M'Mullen, Samuel
      R'man. M'Nair, John
        "    M'Neice, Edward
        "    M'Neice, James
        "    M'Neill, Robert
        "    M'Watters, Alex.
        "    M'Watters, Alex.
        "    Nash, Thomas
        "    Neagle, William Jas.
        "    Nicholson, John
        "    Nolan, Rd. John
        "    Neeson, John
        "    Neill, John
        "    Nelson, Robert
        "    Nicholl, Samuel
        "    Nicholl, Wm. Hy.
        "    Nixon, Robt. Wm.
        "    Norwood, Joseph
        "    Nowell, Thomas
        "    Nicholl, Samuel
        Cpl. Orr, George
      R'man. Orr, Robert Jas.
        Cpl. Partridge, John
      R'man. Patterson, John
        "    Patterson, Thomas
        "    Patterson, William
        "    Peel, Michael Jos.
        Cpl. Phillips, John
      R'man. Poots, William
        "    Purdy, Samuel
        "    O'Neill, James
        "    O'Neill, Hugh
        "    Orr, John
        "    O'Neill, Edward
        "    Orr, William John
        "    Osborne, William
        "    Patterson, Robert
        "    Patterson, Thomas
        "    Patton, Daniel
        "    Peel, Albert
        "    Pollock, James
        "    Pollock, James
        "    Pollock, Samuel
        "    Pershaw, John
        "    Pritchard, Thomas
        "    Purdy, Robert
        "    Patterson, James
        "    Patterson, Charles
        "    Patterson, Samuel
        "    Patterson, Thomas
        Sgt. Patton, James
      R'man. Potts, Stewart
        "    Parker, Hugh
        "    Patterson, James
        "    Pollock, Alexander
        "    Pollock, Victor
        "    Pershaw, John
        "    Quinn, Thomas
        "    Quigley, David
        "    Quigley, Samuel
        "    Quigley, Matthew
        "    Quinn, Robert
        "    Quinn, William
        "    Rainey, John
        "    Rainey, Robert
        "    Rankin, Thomas Hy.
        "    Reford, James A. M.
      L/Cpl. Reid, Bristow
      R'man. Reid, James
        Sgt. Renshaw, James Hy.
      R'man. Roy, Matthew
        "    Raddick, Jonathan
        "    Rainey, Henry
        "    Rainey, Samuel
        "    Rainey, William John
        "    Reford, Fras. Johnston
        "    Regan, Hugh
        "    Reid, Joseph Edward
        "    Reid, William
        "    Robinson, Henry
        "    Rowan, William
        "    Roy, Thomas
        "    Roy, William James
        "    Russell, William
        "    Rea, David
        "    Ringland, George
        "    Roberts, Francis
        "    Roberts, William
        "    Robinson, Edward
        "    Rodgers, James
        "    Robinson, William
        "    Rowley, James
        "    Russell, James
        "    Shaw, John
        "    Sherritt, Joseph
        "    Sinclair, William
        "    Skillen, William
        "    Sloan, William
        "    Smith, Robert
      L/Cpl. Smylie, Samuel
      R'man. Smyth, James
        "    Smyth, Thomas
        "    Smyth, William
        "    Smyth, William John
        "    Steadman, John
        Cpl. Steele, Henry
      R'man. Stephenson, Joseph
        "    Stewart, Brice
        "    Stewart, Francis
        "    Stewart, William
        "    Stewart, William
        Sgt. Surgenor, James
      R'man. Surgenor, John
        "    Scott, James
        "    Scroggie, John
        "    Sergeant, Thomas
        "    Salley, Robert
        "    Sewell, Francis
        "    Shaw, John
        "    Shields, Joseph
        "    Simpson, Joseph
        "    Singleton, Thomas
        "    Skelly, James
        "    Smith, William
        "    Ramsey, John
        "    Reid, David
        "    Reid, John
      L/Cpl. Rennix, Edward G.
      R'man. Roberts, Samuel
        "    Rodgers, Charles
        "    Rush, Edward
        "    Scott, Henry
        "    Scott, Robert
        "    Smyth, Thomas
        "    Smyth, William Ed.
        "    Stevenson, James
        "    Stewart, James
      L/Cpl. Stewart, Patk. Mich.
      R'man. Stift, Arthur, Geo.
        "    Taggart, Norman
        "    Tannahill, Harry
        "    Thompson, Hy. Jas.
      L/Cpl. Thompson, Joseph
      R'man. Smyth, Hugh
        "    Smyth, Joseph
        "    Smyth, Thomas Hy.
        "    Smyth, William
        "    Spratt, Samuel
        "    Steadman, George
        "    Stevenson, John
        "    Stewart, Hugh
        "    Swann, Samuel
        "    Swindle, William
        "    Shannon, Alexander
        "    Skelton, Arthur
        "    Sloan, John
        "    Smith, Robert
        "    Speedie, Thomas
        Sgt. Sprott, Robert
        "    Steele, Martin
        "    Stewart, William
      R'man. Sterling, David
        "    Storey, David
        "    Storey, Joseph
        "    Straitt, Samuel
        Cpl. Swann, James
      R'man. Tate, William Hy.
        "    Thompson, Jonathan
        "    Thompson, Robert K.
        "    Thompson, Samuel
        "    Thursby, James
        "    Taggart, Andrew
        "    Tate, John
        "    Thompson, John
        "    Toman, Henry
        "    Totten, Joseph
        "    Turner, Samuel
        "    Thompson, Samuel
        "    Tolerton, Robert
        "    Tollerton, Thomas
        "    Verner, Thomas
        "    Walker, George F.
        "    Wallace, George
        "    Wallace, William
        "    Walsh, David
        "    Walsh, William Hy.
        Sgt. Waring, Geo. Dickson
      R'man. Waring, James Banks
        "    Waring, James
        "    Waring, William
      R.S.M. Watson, John
      R'man. Watson, William
        "    Webb, Herbert
        "    Webb, Joseph
        "    Weir, Thomas
        "    Welch, Alexander
        "    Wilkinson, Hugh
      L/Cpl. Williamson, Hy.
        Sgt. Williamson, Joe
      R'man. Wills, James
        "    Wills, Samuel
        "    Wilson, Robert
        "    Woods, Clements, Alex.
        "    Woods, James
      C.S.M. Woods, William Fdk.
      R'man. Wright, Alexander
        "    Wright, Edward
      L/Cpl. Tate, David
        Cpl. Tate, James
      R'man. Taggart, Thomas
        "    Thornton, John
        "    Todd, Francis
        "    Todd, John
        "    Topping, Hy.
        "    Topping, Samuel
        "    Totten, William
        "    Vogan, William
        "    Walker, Isaac
        "    Walker, John
        "    Walker, Robert
        "    Wallace, William John
        "    Ward, Samuel
        "    Ward, Thomas
        "    Waring, Alfred
        Sgt. Waring, Samuel
      R'man. Waring, William
        "    Watson, Alexander
        "    Whiteside, Samuel
        "    Wilson, Samuel
        "    Windsor, Charles
        "    Woods, James
      L/Cpl. Wright, William
      R'man. Woods, Samuel
        "    Woods, William
        "    Wright, Adam S.
        "    Walker, John
        "    Wallace, Joseph
      L/Cpl. Wallace, James
      R'man. Wallace, Joseph
        "    Watt, Robert
        "    White, Robert
        Sgt. Whiteside, Albert
      R'man. Wilkinson, William
        "    Williamson, Fredk.
        "    Wilson, Francis
        "    Wilson, James
        "    Wilson, Joseph
        "    Woods, Robert
      L/Cpl. Walker, Henry Alb.
      R'man. Wallace, John
        "    Wallace, William
        "    Waring, John
    C.Q.M.S. Waring, Thomas
      R'man. Watson, Joseph
        "    Watt, Samuel
        "    Weir, William
        "    Williamson, Andy
        "    Williamson, Jos.
        "    Williamson, Samuel
        "    Williamson, Wm. John
        "    Wilson, David
        "    Wilson, James
        "    Wood, Walter
        "    Wylie, William
        "    Yendall, William
        "    Young, Thomas
        "    Young, John
        "    Young, John
        "    Young, William


[Illustration]

[Illustration]


FOOTNOTES:

[1] See Note, Appendix I.

[2] General Nugent's reference is of course to the First of July, a
date sacred to Orangemen.




    Transcriber's notes:

    The following is a list of changes made to the original.
    The first line is the original line, the second the corrected one.

    About 8 a.m. a corporal of the King's Own" who had been doing
    About 8 a.m. a corporal of the King's Own who had been doing

    Woodgate called to me "You take the two centre platoons
    Woodgate called to me: "You take the two centre platoons

    formed the fish pond of the ancient monastry of Buigny l'Abbe;
    formed the fish pond of the ancient monastery of Buigny l'Abbe;

    the roof of a subterranean passage leading from the monastry,
    the roof of a subterranean passage leading from the monastery,

    There were excellent, hot and cold shower baths for the men,
    There were excellent hot and cold shower baths for the men,

    "Two Lundy's had been prepared, one large and the other small.
    Two Lundy's had been prepared, one large and the other small.

    Fruits, plumb pudding, Xmas deserts.
    Fruits, plumb pudding, Xmas desserts.

    This time we gave the Boche 500 to every 50 of theirs,
    This time we gave the Bosche 500 to every 50 of theirs,

    On February 29 our first death occured, poor young Watt
    On February 29 our first death occurred, poor young Watt

    he shelled half a dozen villages to the rere,
    he shelled half a dozen villages to the rear,

    For over a year she had hung at an angle of 15 degees
    For over a year she had hung at an angle of 15 degrees

    a head emerging from the earth which had fallen in all round
    a head emerging from the earth which had fallen in all round;

    enemy artillery began, apparantly on our lines in front of Thiepval,
    enemy artillery began, apparently on our lines in front of Thiepval,

    the stiff upper lip and clenched teeth that meant death or victory.
    the stiff upper lip and clenched teeth that meant death or victory."

    the great Roman road, now called the Chausee Brunehaut,
    the great Roman road, now called the Chaussee Brunehaut,

    the founder of the celebrated Abbey of Centul (now St. Riquier),
    the founder of the celebrated Abbey of Centule (now St. Riquier),





End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of With the Ulster Division in France, by
Arthur Purefoy Irwin Samuels and Dorothy Gage Samuels

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WITH THE ULSTER DIVISION IN FRANCE ***

***** This file should be named 43969.txt or 43969.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
        http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/9/6/43969/

Produced by Demian Katz, Paul Clark and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (Images
courtesy of the Digital Library@Villanova University
(http://digital.library.villanova.edu/))


Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.

Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.



*** START: FULL LICENSE ***

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
  www.gutenberg.org/license.


Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works

1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.  See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.

1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.

1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that

- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."

- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
     License.  You must require such a user to return or
     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
     Project Gutenberg-tm works.

- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
     of receipt of the work.

- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.

1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.


Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org


Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at 809
North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887.  Email
contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the
Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

For additional contact information:
     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
     Chief Executive and Director
     gbnewby@pglaf.org

Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
To donate, please visit:  www.gutenberg.org/donate


Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone.  For forty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:

     www.gutenberg.org

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.