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LITTLE BLUE BOOK NO. 1465

Edited by E. Haldeman-Julius

A Book of European
Statistics

Leo Markun

HALDEMAN-JULIUS PUBLICATIONS

GIRARD, KANSAS

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Copyright, 1929,

Haldeman-Julius Company

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

In the introduction to Little Blue Book No. 1460, A Book of American Statistics, I have called attention to a few of the ways in which numerical expressions of facts may be misleading, especially if the person consulting a statistical table forgets that a census or a measurement must be taken at a definite time. In general, though, the population and the industries of Europe are somewhat more inclined to stability than are those of the United States and other American countries. It may be said, too, that most European countries are in a position to learn with considerable accuracy the number of people they contain and other information of a definite sort. There are a few vague or disputed boundaries, and, especially in the southeast, there are groups of people who flee from the schoolmaster and the census taker; but these are exceptional cases.

The statistical matter published by the governmental agencies of the United Kingdom, France, [Pg 6]or Germany is fully as trustworthy as that which comes from the official printing office at Washington. Indeed, the European countries have fuller information than the United States about some important phenomena of society.

Fuller statistics may be found in various yearbooks and almanacs devoted to special interests or countries, as well as in those of a general nature. An inexpensive source of information is the Almanac and Book of Facts published by the New York World. A Political Handbook of the World, published by the Yale and Harvard University Presses, is devoted largely to party politics and governmental facts. The Statesman’s Year Book and the Europa Year Book contain statistical matter of all sorts.

Current information about Europe appears with fullness in few American newspapers. Perhaps the New York Times should be especially mentioned in this connection. However, several English newspapers that are to be found in large public libraries are naturally more useful for European statistics.

Europe has an area of about 3,789,000 square miles. The population is estimated at 480,000,000. The highest point in Europe is Mt. Elbrus, in the Caucasus Mountains, with a height [Pg 7]of 18,465 feet, and the lowest is the Caspian Sea, in Russia, 86 feet below sea level. The mean approximate height of Europe is 980 feet, as compared with 1300 feet in each of the two Americas and 1600 feet in Africa and in Asia.

Albania is a Balkan kingdom with an estimated area of 17,374 square miles and population of 840,000.

Andorra is a semi-independent republic in the Pyrenees with an area of 191 square miles and a population of between 5000 and 6000.

Austria is a republic with an area of 32,369 square miles and a population (1923) of 6,526,000. The Austro-Hungarian Empire before the World War had an area of 261,259 square miles.

Belgium is a kingdom with an area of 11,752 square miles and a population of about 7,875,000.

Bulgaria is a kingdom in the Balkans with an area of 39,814 square miles and a population of 5,483,000.

The republic of Czecho-Slovakia, in central Europe, has an area of 51,207 square miles and a population officially estimated at about 14,356,000.

The free city of Danzig, under the protection of the League of Nations, has an area of 754 square miles and a population (1924) of 386,000, mostly German.

The kingdom of Denmark has an area of 15,568 square miles and a population of 3,343,000 (1925). The Faroe Islands, which belong to Denmark, have an area of 540 square miles and a population of 21,000.

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The republic of Estonia has an area of about 18,000 square miles and a population of about 1,115,000.

The republic of Finland has an area of 149,641 square miles and a population estimated at 3,526,000.

The republic of France has an area of 212,659 square miles and a population (1926) of 40,743,851. (The island of Corsica included.) The grand total of land under the direct control of France, including colonies in America, Asia, Africa and Oceania is 5,870,460 square miles, with a population of over a hundred million.

The republic of Germany has a land area of 181,714 square miles. This includes the Saar district, not at the moment under German control. The population in 1925 was 63,118,000.

The republic of Greece, in the Balkans, has an area of 49,022 square miles with a population which was 5,447,000 in 1920 and estimated in 1928 (A Political Handbook of the World) at about seven millions.

The kingdom or regency of Hungary has an area which is not entirely definite, for some of the boundaries are yet to be determined, but it may be stated as 35,875 square miles. The population is close to nine millions (8,160,000 in 1924). Before the World War Hungary had an area of 109,216 square miles; or, with Croatia and Slavonia, of 125,641 square miles.

The kingdom of Italy has an area of 119,714 square miles, with a population of 40,548,000. The total area of the Italian Empire is 990,658 [Pg 11]square miles, with a population of some 43 millions. (Some of the colonial boundaries are rather vague.)

The kingdom of Jugoslavia or Yugoslavia, also known more formally as the kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, has an area of 96,134 square miles, with a population of 12,017,000 in 1921. The country contains about half a million each of Germans, Albanians, and Hungarians.

The republic of Latvia, which is south of Estonia, has an area of about 25,000 square miles and a population of 1,870,000.

The principality of Liechtenstein, formerly dependent on Austria and now in the Swiss customs union, has an area of 65 square miles and a population of about 12,000.

The republic of Lithuania, which is one of the Baltic States, still has aspirations for the recovery of the city and district of Vilna, seized from it by Poland. Without this, it has an area of about 21,800 square miles and a population of about 2,228,000.

The grand duchy of Luxemburg, which is in a customs union with Belgium, has an area of 999 square miles and a population of 269,000.

The principality of Monaco, on the Mediterranean, is all but surrounded by French territory. It has an area of 8 square miles, and its population in 1923 was 22,000.

The kingdom of the Netherlands, popularly referred to as Holland, has an area of 12,593 square miles. The official estimate of population [Pg 12]at the beginning of 1926 was 7,416,418. The Dutch Empire, including a large district in the East Indies, has an area of 801,000 square miles and a population of about 57 millions.

The kingdom of Norway, which occupies the western part of the Scandinavian Peninsula, has an area of 124,964 square miles and a population which was 2,649,000 in 1920, and is about 2,900,000 in 1929.

The republic of Poland has an area of some 149,140 square miles, but part of the boundaries, especially with Lithuania, are at present indefinite. The population is about 30,000,000.

The republic of Portugal has an area, including the Azores and Madeira, of 35,490 square miles and a population of 6,033,000 (1920). The colonies bring up the area to nearly a million square miles.

The temporal sovereignty of the see of Rome has recently been extended somewhat, but the population of persons other than church officials, not available at this writing, is quite small. The popes were worldly rulers over some 3,000,000 people living in a district of 16,000 square miles until most of their dominions were absorbed by the kingdom of Italy in the nineteenth century.

The kingdom of Roumania, or Rumania, which is sometimes classed with the Balkan countries, has an area of 122,282, of which more than half was gained by the peace treaties ending the World War. The population is about 17,500,000.

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The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, generally known as Russia, is a Eurasian country with a total area of 8,187,253 square miles and a total population of 146,304,000. The Russian Empire had an area of 8,764,586 square miles and a population (1915) of 182,183,000, of which 131,797,000 was European.

The republic of San Marino, surrounded by Italian territory, has an area of 38 square miles and a population of about 13,000.

The kingdom of Spain, which occupies the Iberian Peninsula with Portugal, has an area of 190,050 square miles. Including the Balearic and Canary Islands, the area is 194,783 square miles. The estimated population at the beginning of 1926, these islands included, was 22,128,000.

The Scandinavian kingdom of Sweden has a land area of 173,105 square miles and a population of over six millions (6,053,562 in 1923).

The republican confederation of Switzerland has an area of 15,940 square miles and is inhabited by about four million people (3,886,000 in 1920).

The Eurasian republic of Turkey has an area of about 280,000 square miles, but some of the boundaries are in dispute. The European area consists of 8,819 square miles, but it includes the city of Constantinople, with a population of about 700,000. The total population of the republic is about 13,650,000. The Turkish Empire before the World War had an area of over 710,000 square miles.

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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland has an area of 84,284 square miles, of which England has 50,874, Wales has 7,466, Scotland has 30,405, Northern Ireland or Ulster has 5,237, the Isle of Man has 227, and the Channel Islands have 75. The 1921 census showed a population of 36,678,000 in England, 2,207,000 in Wales, 4,882,000 in Scotland, 60,238 in the Isle of Man, and 89,614 in the Channel Islands. Northern Ireland had a population of 1,256,000 according to a census taken in 1926. The Irish Free State then had 2,973,000 inhabitants. Its area is 26,592 square miles. Gibraltar, with a area of 2 square miles, has a population of about 18,000. Malta, containing 122 square miles, is occupied by about 225,000 people; and Cyprus has some 325,000 inhabitants in an area of 3,584 square miles.

The British Empire as a whole, including mandates but not semi-dependencies and spheres of influence, has an area of about 13,379,000 square miles and a population of some 450,000,000 people, in all parts of the world. It makes up, in area and population, about a quarter of the world: the land surface of the globe, not all of it habitable, is 57,510,000 square miles.

According to an investigation conducted by the United States Department of State, 1927-1929, the number of American citizens living permanently or semi-permanently in Europe amounts to 77,063. Of these, Austria contains [Pg 15]979; there are 857 in Belgium; the number living in Great Britain and Northern Ireland is 11,717; there are 62 in Bulgaria; Czecho-Slovakia contains 2,600; the free city of Danzig has 18; there are 406 in Denmark; 18 live in Estonia; 236 are in Finland: France has the largest number or 25,860. There are 3,027 in Germany; 11 in Gibraltar; 3,146 in Greece; twelve hundred in Hungary; 1,193 in the Irish Free State; ten thousand in Italy. Latvia was listed as having 86; Lithuania, 750; Malta, 26; the Netherlands, 241; Norway, six hundred; Poland, six thousand; Portugal, including Madeira and the Azores, 479; Roumania, two thousand; Russia, 150—this is probably somewhat less than the real number; Jugoslavia, 2,500; Spain, including the Canary Islands, 805; Sweden, 658; and Switzerland, 1,438.

The following figures are from a motor census made by the Overseas Edition of The American Automobile. The total number of passenger cars, motor trucks, and motor busses operated in the leading countries of Europe at the beginning of 1929 was:

Aside from automobiles assembled in Europe of American parts, the production of passenger cars and trucks by European makers amounted in 1928 to about 589,900, as compared with 574,000 units in the preceding year. Of the 1928 production, 215,000 cars were made in Great Britain; about 200,000 in France; 90,000 in Germany; 50,000 in Italy; 12,000 in Czecho-Slovakia; 9,000 in Austria; and 7,000 in Belgium.

The production of wheat in England and Wales, 1927, was estimated at 53,116,000 bushels. In France, it was about 284,000,000; in Italy, 196,000,000; in Hungary, 76,000,000; in Roumania, 97,000,000; in Germany, 121,000,000. Yield per acre was 32.5 bushels in England and Wales, 37.1 in Belgium, 11.7 in Greece, and 23.7 in Finland.

The production of rye in Russia (all parts of the Socialist Soviet Republics reporting) was 968,000,000 bushels in 1927. It was 269,000,000 [Pg 17]in Germany; 37,000,000 in France; 224,000,000 in Poland; 23,000,000 in Hungary; 49,000,000 in Czecho-Slovakia; 19,000,000 in Sweden; 20,000,000 in Belgium; 27,000,000 in Spain; 18,000,000 in Austria. The yield per acre was 35 bushels in Belgium, 9.8 in Greece, and about 13 in European Russia.

The production of corn (maize) in Italy, 1927, was estimated at 100,388,000 bushels. Rumania produced 145,000,000 bushels; Russia 157,000,000 bushels; and Jugoslavia, 77,000,000 bushels. The yield per acre ranged from 12.4 in Bulgaria to 51.3 bushels in Switzerland. It was 25.4 in Italy.

The 1927 production of oats in Russia was about 896,000,000 bushels; in Germany, it was 437,000,000 bushels; in France, it amounted to 373,000,000 bushels; in Poland, to 236,000,000 bushels; in England and Wales, to 94,059,000 bushels. The yield per acre was 67 bushels in Belgium, about 10 bushels in Portugal.

The production of barley in 1927 was estimated at 216,000,000 bushels in Russia; 12,000,000 in Germany; 89,000,000 in Spain; and 57,000,000 bushels in Roumania.

Poland produced in 1927 about 3,031,000 bushels of flaxseed and 147,700,000 pounds of fibre. Lithuania produced 1,561,000 bushels of seed and 85,407,000 pounds of fibre. The production in Latvia was about 1,000,000 bushels of seed and 42,636,000 pounds of fibre. Belgium produced 415,000 bushels of seed and 65,036,000 pounds of fibre.

Italy produced in 1927 about 953,000,000 [Pg 18]pounds of cleaned rice. The Spanish production was 330,000,000 pounds.

Olive oil exported from Italy in 1926 amounted to 51,938,000 pounds. Spain exported 165,960,000 pounds. In both cases, edible and inedible varieties are included.

The production of potatoes, 1927, was 114,000,000 bushels in England and Wales; 111,000,000 in Belgium; 630,000,000 bushels in France; 130,000,000 in Spain; 1,379,000,000 in Germany; 283,000,000 in Czecho-Slovakia; 1,166,000,000 in Poland. The yield per acre was 266.7 bushels in Belgium, 78.8 in Bulgaria. It was 63 (1926) in Jugoslavia.

The amount of hops produced, 1927, in England and Wales was estimated at 28,616,000 pounds. In France, it was 11,000,000 pounds; in Germany, 16,000,000; in Czecho-Slovakia, 21,600,000 pounds. The yield per acre was 1,339 pounds in Belgium; 401 (159 in 1926) in Germany.

The production of sugar beets in 1927 was 11,964,000 tons in Germany; 10,913,000 in Russia; 8,306,000 in Czecho-Slovakia; 6,143,000 in France.

Austria had (in 1923) 2,162,000 cattle; 1,473,000 swine; and 597,000 sheep. In 1928, Belgium had 1,739,000 cattle; 1,124,000 swine; and 126,000 sheep. In 1925, Bulgaria contained 1,560,000 cattle and buffaloes; 574,000 swine; and 8,682,000 sheep. Czecho-Slovakia (1926) had 4,690,000 cattle; 2,539,000 swine; and 860,000 sheep. Denmark (1927) had 2,912,000 cattle; 3,731,000 swine; and 230,000 sheep. England [Pg 19]and Wales (1928) had 6,026,000 cattle; 2,967,000 swine; and 16,386,000 sheep. Estonia had (1927) 630,000 cattle; 350,000 swine; and 667,000 sheep. In 1927, Finland had 1,870,000 cattle; 420,000 swine; and 1,370,000 sheep. France in 1928 contained 14,940,000 cattle; 6,020,000 swine; and 10,690,000 sheep. Germany reported in 1928 that it contained 18,010,000 cattle; 22,900,000 swine; and 3,820,000 sheep.

Greece in 1926 had, including buffaloes, 890,000 cattle; 452,000 swine; and 6,630,000 sheep. In 1928, Hungary reported 1,810,000 cattle; 2,660,000 swine; and 1,560,000 sheep. Ireland (the whole island) had in 1928 cattle numbering 4,880,000; swine to the number of 1,400,000; and 3,950,000 sheep. In 1924, the kingdom of Italy had 7,000,000 cattle, including buffaloes; 2,750,000 swine; and 12,500,000 sheep. Jugoslavia had (1926) 3,800,000 cattle, buffaloes included; 2,800,000 swine; and 8,000,000 sheep. In 1927, Latvia had 967,000 cattle; 535,000 swine; and 1,130,000 sheep. The Netherlands in 1922 had 2,060,000 cattle; 1,260,000 swine; and 890,000 sheep. Norway in 1927 reported 1,210,000 cattle; 300,000 swine; and 1,610,000 sheep. The 1927 report of Poland shows 8,600,000 cattle; 6,300,000 swine; and 2,000,000 sheep. The Portuguese report for 1925 shows 770,000 cattle; 1,120,000 swine; and 4,450,000 sheep. Roumania in 1928 had cattle and buffaloes numbering 4,550,000; 3,080,000 swine; and 12,950,000 sheep. European Russia in 1927 reported 43,880,000 cattle; 15,840,000 swine; and 76,270,000 sheep. Scotland in 1928 had 1,210,000 cattle; 195,000 swine; and 7,500,000 sheep. Spain in 1927 reported [Pg 20]3,670,000 cattle; 5,030,000 swine; and 20,530,000 sheep. Sweden was estimated to have in 1925 cattle numbering 2,000,000; 1,000,000 swine; and 1,200,000 sheep. Switzerland in 1926 reported 1,587,000 cattle; 635,000 swine; and 170,000 sheep.

The production of wool, 1927, was estimated to be (in grease) 118,537,000 pounds for the United Kingdom; 47,000,000 for France; while, by way of comparison, it was over 328 million pounds in the United States and about 322,000,000 pounds in Argentina.

Denmark exported 292,000,000 pounds of butter in 1926; the Netherlands sent out 100,000,000; Russia, 60,000,000; and the Irish Free State, 56,000,000.

Exports of cheese in 1926 were as follows: Czecho-Slovakia, 7,732,000 pounds; Denmark, 15,345,000 pounds; Finland, 6,364,000 pounds; France, 31,481,000 pounds; Germany, 2,320,000 pounds; Hungary, 1,834,000 pounds; Italy, 72,888,000 pounds; the Netherlands, 185,706,000 pounds; Switzerland, 61,972,000 pounds; Jugoslavia, 4,180,000 pounds. The United Kingdom imported 330,000,000 pounds and exported about three million.

Exports of eggs in the shell, 1926, were as follows: the Irish Free State, 43,662,000 dozen; Denmark, 69,351,000 dozen; Belgium, 33,796,000 dozen; France, 21,821,000 dozen; Italy, 31,535 dozen; the Netherlands, 86,414,000 dozen; Hungary, 24,749,000 dozen. Germany imported 196,000,000 dozen and the United Kingdom 220,000,000 dozen eggs.

The state-owned railroads of Austria are about 3,600 miles in length, and carried 127,000,000 passengers in 1925. The state-owned lines in Belgium have a mileage of about 3,000, and carried 222,000,000 passengers in 1925. The state-owned railroads of Bulgaria were of 1,400 miles in that year, and carried 9,000,000 passengers. In 1927 the state-owned railways of Denmark were 1,570 miles long, and the passengers carried numbered 29,000,000. The French railroads, (1926) with an approximate mileage of 26,000, carried 783,000,000 passengers. The German railroads in the same year carried 1,819,000,000 passengers and had a mileage of 33,000. The railways of Great Britain had in 1926 a total mileage of 20,396, and the number of passengers carried was over 1,500,000,000. The Dutch railroads were in 1926 of a total length of 2,260 and carried 48,000,000 people. The Italian railroads, 1926, had a total mileage of 9,800, and the number of passengers carried that year was 113,500,000. The Norwegian railroads, of a total length of 2,240 miles, carried 23,000,000 passengers in 1926. The Polish railroads, in the same year, had a total mileage of 12,000, and they carried 148,000,000 people. The railways of Sweden in 1925 were of a total length of 9,600 miles; they carried 66,000,000 passengers. The railroads of Switzerland, 3,400 miles in 1925, that year carried 148,000,000 people

The freight carried, in millions of tons, for [Pg 22]the year reported, was 326 on the French railroads, 420 on the German ones, 240 on those of Great Britain, 78 on the state-owned lines of Belgium.

The United Kingdom produced in 1927 iron amounting to 7,290,000 long tons and 9,086,000 long tons of steel. Germany produced in the same year 13,102,000 metric tons of iron and 6,305,000 metric tons of steel. The French production in metric tons was 9,293,000 of iron and 8,275,000 of steel. Germany has lost important mining districts temporarily or permanently as a result of the Great War. (The long ton is 2,240 pounds, the metric ton about 2,204).

The production of petroleum, 1927, amounted in all Russia to 72,400,000 barrels; in Roumania to 26,000,000, and in Poland to 5,800,000.

The production of coal in the United Kingdom, 1927, amounted to 255,000,000 long tons. In 1926, on account of a serious strike, it was only 127,000,000. It was 278,000,000 long tons in 1923. The production of coal in Germany, 1927, was 153,600,000 metric tons. France mined 52,487,000 metric tons of coal in 1927.

Austria produced in 1927 3,253,000 metric tons of coal, mostly lignite. The product of pig iron was 330,000 metric tons; of steel ingots, 474,000 tons; and of rolling mill products, 352,000 tons; all in 1926.

Belgium mined in 1927 coal amounting to [Pg 23]27,600,000 metric tons. Production of pig iron was 3,750,000 metric tons and of steel 3,700,000.

Bulgaria produced in 1927 a total of 1,237,650 tons of coal; 24,000 tons of copper; and 4,000 tons of lead.

Czecho-Slovakia mined in 1927 anthracite coal weighing 14,600,000 metric tons and bituminous and lignite weighing 20,028,000. It produced 1,174,000 metric tons of iron ore.

Greece produced in 1926 iron amounting to 126,000 metric tons; chromite, 20,000; iron pyrites, 80,000; magnesite, 123,000; zinc, 35,000; crude zinc, 10,000; salt, 90,000; and lignite coal, 153,000.

Italy (1927) produced 467,000 metric tons of pig iron; 1,530,000 of steel; 338,000 of sulphur ore; 179,000 of zinc; 52,000 of lead; 2,000 of mercury or quicksilver; and 90,000 of bauxite.

In 1927, Luxemburg produced 7,244,000 metric tons of iron and 2,470,000 metric tons of steel.

Over 9,000,000 metric tons of coal were mined in the Netherlands in 1927.

In 1926, Poland produced 327,000 tons of iron ore; 27,000 tons of purified lead; 124,000 tons of zinc; 788,000 tons of steel; 208,000 tons of potash; 35,747,000 tons of coal.

In 1926, Roumania produced over 3,000,000 metric tons of coal, mostly lignite; 63,000 tons of pig iron; and 344,000 tons of salt.

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1927 produced 30,950,000 metric tons of coal; [Pg 24]2,963,000 of pig iron; 3,586,000 of steel, and 100,000 troy ounces of platinum. There are many great undeveloped mineral resources in Russia.

Spain in 1926 produced 6,641,000 metric tons of coal; 1,100,000 of iron and steel; 201,000 of zinc; 149,000 of lead; 48,000 of copper; and 30,000 of mercury ore.

Sweden in 1927 produced 10,726,000 metric tons of iron ore; about 450,000 tons of coal; and 65,000 tons of sulphur pyrites.

The following figures are for 1926, and were compiled by the Beverage News:

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The official figures for France are 1,473,042 gallons in 1926 and 892,410,000 in 1927. There were 3,350,000 acres of vinelands in 1927. 270,000,000 gallons of cider were produced in 1927.

Austria in 1927 exported goods worth $286,700,000; and its imports amounted to $432,000,000.

The imports of Belgium were $807,400,000; the exports were $728,400,000.

Czecho-Slovakia exported $599,000,000; imported a lower amount, $531,700,000.

Denmark imported goods worth $443,000,000, and exported to the value of $413,100,000.

Finland’s exports amounted to $159,300,000; its imports in the same year, 1927, were $160,400,000.

The exports of France amounted to $2,158,400,000, and its imports to $2,065,000,000. In the preceding year, the exports were slightly below the imports.

Germany in 1927 exported commodities worth $2,425,500,000, and imported $3,362,000,000. The respective figures for 1926 were $2,343,800,000 and $2,376,300,000.

Italy in 1927 exported $803,100,000 and imported $1,033,500,000.

The Netherlands imported $1,022,700,000 and exported commodities worth $762,000,000.

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Norway imported $257,100,000 and exported $178,200,000.

Poland imported $313,800,000 and exported $281,200,000.

Sweden imported $422,500,000 and exported $432,300,000.

Switzerland imported $482,800,000 and exported $386,000,000.

The United Kingdom imported $5,931,500,000 and exported goods worth $4,044,800,000. In the preceding year (1926), imports amounted to $6,040,500,000, and exports to $3,777,200,000.

As Professor Seligman points out, “imports must in the long run pay for exports, and vice versa.” But “it must be remembered that goods are exchanged not only for goods, but for services.” In the case of the United Kingdom, important service items are investment returns, freight, insurance, and foreign exchange charges paid by foreigners. Most leading European countries have an “unfavorable” balance of trade; that is, their imports are more valuable than their exports, measured in tangibles alone. This condition existed before the World War, and is not to be taken as an indication of impoverishment.

The following figures are for the year 1927, and are stated in thousands of dollars: three noughts understood in each case.

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Europe, including Iceland, bought from the United States in 1927 tangible commodities to [Pg 28]the stated value of $2,313,762,813, and sold to the United States in that year goods said to be worth $1,276,246,978.

The naval expenditures of Great Britain, from April, 1926, to March, 1927, are said to have been 58,000,000 pounds sterling. Those of France in 1926 are said to have been 1,842,800,000 francs. Those of Italy, from July, 1926, to June, 1927, are said to have been 1,209,600,000 lire. By way of comparison, the United States spent for naval purposes, from July, 1926, to June, 1927, $320,553,000. The French figures are incomplete, not showing how much was spent for the construction of new ships. (Par of exchange for pounds, francs, lire, may be found under the next heading).

The United States has 18 battleships, with a tonnage of 325,850. Great Britain has 20, with a tonnage of 580,450. France has 9, with a tonnage of 194,544. Italy has 7, with a tonnage of 133,670. The United States has 10 war cruisers, with a tonnage of 75,000. Great Britain has 54, with a tonnage of 304,000. France has 12, with a tonnage of 104,883; and Italy has 12, with a tonnage of 67,330. The United States has three airplane carriers, with a tonnage of 78,700; Great Britain has six, with a tonnage of 107,550; France has one of 21,653 tons. Of the first line destroyer type of war vessel, the United States has 276 destroyers; Great Britain has 17 leaders and 156 destroyers; France has 7 leaders and 34 destroyers; Italy has 8 leaders and 45 destroyers. Only [Pg 29]about 100 of the American destroyers are kept in commission.

The gross tonnage of merchant vessels, 1928, was 19,875,000 for Great Britain; 3,777,000 for Germany; 3,334,000 for France; 2,968,000 for Norway; 2,817,000 for the Netherlands; 3,429,000 for Italy; and 493,000 for Belgium.

The tonnage of ships built in 1927 was 1,226,000 in the United Kingdom; 72,000 in Denmark; 44,000 in France; 289,000 in Germany; 120,000 in the Netherlands; 101,000 in Italy, and 67,000 in Sweden.

The monetary unit of Great Britain is the pound sterling, with a par value of $4.8665. The average cable quotation in New York, 1927, was $4,861. The French franc has a par of exchange of $.0392. The average cable quotation was .0477 in 1925; .0324 in 1926; .0392 in 1927. It was quoted at .039040 on September 1, 1928. The Belgian belga (5 francs) has a par of $.1391. The average cable quotation in New York, 1927, was $.1392. The Italian lira has a par of $.0526. The German reichsmark has a par of $.2382. The Spanish peseta, with a par of $.1930, was quoted at $.161245 on November 1, 1928. The average quotation for 1925 was $.1434.

In September, 1928, the number of men in active service and enrolled in organized reserves was as follows:

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Military service is compulsory in all these countries except Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, the Irish Free State, and Sweden. The United States has a standing army of 134,000 and an organized reserve force of 291,000 (September, 1928).

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The most recent figures for Russia show an annual item of $346,000,000 for “defense.” France spent 6,210,752,000 francs on her army in 1928.

The number of telephones in use in 1927 was about as follows: Austria, 158,000; Belgium, 176,000; Bulgaria, 10,000; Czecho-Slovakia, 129,000; Denmark, 321,000; Finland, 99,000; France, 819,000; Germany, 2,688,000; Greece, 6,000; Hungary, 115,000; Irish Free State, 24,000; Italy, 272,000; Jugoslavia, 28,000; Latvia, 24,000; the Netherlands, 225,000; Norway, 175,000; Poland, 131,000; Portugal, 22,000; Roumania, 53,000; Russia, 225,000; Spain, 131,000; Sweden, 451,000; Switzerland, 210,000; and the United Kingdom, 1,512,000. The total for Europe, including countries and territories not separately listed, was 8,081,000. The United States had 17,746,000 telephones.

Public elementary schools in England and Wales, 1923, numbered 21,000, with 7,150,000 pupils and 166,000 teachers. Scotland had 676,000 pupils in 2,900 public elementary schools. The Irish Free State in 1925 had 5,600 elementary schools with 489,000 pupils and 13,500 teachers.

Albania in the school year 1927-1928 had 530 public schools, with 950 teachers and 30,000 pupils. The Danish schools at the beginning of 1927 had 464,000 pupils. There are over [Pg 32]3,000,000 pupils in the elementary schools of France. Germany had in 1922 in 52,000 elementary schools 8,894,000 pupils. Jugoslavia in 1923 had 961,470 pupils in its elementary schools. In 1928, Lithuania had 2,400 public elementary schools with 124,000 pupils. Soviet Russia at the end of 1926 had 9,900,000 children attending 108,000 public elementary schools. Sweden in 1926 had 660,000 pupils in elementary schools.

The revenues of Great Britain for 1928 were estimated at £842,824,000 and the expenditures at £838,535,000. For the fiscal year 1927-1928, Northern Ireland had expenditures of 11,203,000 pounds and income of the same amount (advance estimate). For the fiscal year ending March 31, 1929, the Irish Free State had estimated revenues of £23,164,000 and expenditures of £22,433,000.

The French provisional budget for 1929 shows revenues of 45,281,000,000 francs and expenditures of 45,225,000,000 francs. The German budget for 1928-1929 was balanced at 9,528,571,000 marks. The Belgian budget for 1928 showed estimated revenues of 10,563,562,000 francs and expenditures of 10,482,731,000. The Russian budget for 1928-1929 was tentatively balanced at 6,970,000,000 rubles, or $3,590,000,000. At the other extreme, San Marino balanced income and expenditures for 1926-1927 at 4,145,000 lire. Liechtenstein in 1926 had an income of 788,000 Swiss francs and expenditures of 774,000 francs.