## The Project Gutenberg eBook of The American Red Cross Magazine (Vol. 8, No. 2, April 1913)

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Title: The American Red Cross Magazine (Vol. 8, No. 2, April 1913)

Author: American National Red Cross

Release date: January 20, 2025 [eBook #75163]

Language: English

Original publication: Washington, D.C: The American Red Cross, 1913

Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/75163

Credits: hekula03 and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from images made available by the HathiTrust Digital Library.)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AMERICAN RED CROSS MAGAZINE (VOL. 8, NO. 2, APRIL 1913) ***

[1]

## CONTENTS

American Red Cross Officers | 2
Form of Bequest | 3
Frontispiece | 4
Opinion and Comment | 5
New name, new paper, new department. |
Mayor Gaynor’s Southern Flood Relief Committee. |
Cincinnati Chapter wide awake. |
Chapter news wanted for publication. |
Red Cross law and those who violate it. |
Our countrymen’s splendid service in Turkey. |
Brigadier-General Carroll A. Devol, U. S. A. |
Physicians will help the Red Cross. |
The forty-ninth State Board. |
The Red Cross in Baltimore. |
The Red Cross Building. |
Vivid Glimpses of the American Red Cross in Turkey | 12
Fighting the Cholera in San Stefano. |
Situation in Salonica. |
Red Cross Work for Refugees in Western Asia Minor. |
Activities of the Red Crescent Society. |
Savages four hundred years ago. |
Faik Pasha Della-Sudda. |
Red Cross and White Cross in Mexico | 27
Dynamite Explosion at Baltimore | 33
Public Works and Relief in China | 34
Nicaraguan Famine Relief | 39
Important Conference on Red Cross Christmas Seals | 41
What the Red Cross Seal has done for Brooklyn | 45
First Aid Department | 48
First Aid in Australia | 52
Red Cross Nursing Service | 54
Rural Nursing. |
Home Nursing and First Aid Instruction for Women. |
The Red Cross at the Inauguration | 60
Red Cross Endowment Fund | 63
Advertising Section | 65

[2]

## The American Red Cross

### President

- Hon. William H. Taft

### Vice-President

- Mr. Robert W. de Forest

### Treasurer

- Hon. Sherman Allen

### Counselor

- Hon. William Marshall Bullitt

### National Director

- Mr. Ernest P. Bicknell

### Secretary

- Mr. Charles L. Magee

### CENTRAL COMMITTEE

#### Appointed by the President of the United States.

- Major General George W. Davis, U. S. A. (Retired),
  Chairman.
- Honorable Huntington Wilson, Assistant Secretary of State,
  To represent the Department of State.
- Honorable Sherman Allen, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury,
  To represent the Department of the Treasury.
- Brigadier General George H. Torney, Surgeon General, U. S. Army,
  To represent the War Department.
- Rear Admiral Charles F. Stokes. Surgeon General, U. S. Navy,
  To represent the Navy Department.
- Honorable William Marshall Bullitt, Solicitor General,
  To represent the Department of Justice.

#### Elected by the Board of Incorporators.

- Miss Mabel T. Boardman, Washington, D. C.
- Mr. Robert W. de Forest, New York, N. Y.
- Colonel A. G. Kaufman, Charleston, S. C.
- Judge W. W. Morrow, San Francisco, Cal.
- Honorable H. Kirke Porter, Pittsburgh, Pa.
- Honorable James Tanner, Washington, D. C.

#### Elected by Delegates.

- Brigadier General Charles Bird, U. S. A. (Retired).
- Mr. William W. Farnam, New Haven, Conn.
- Mr. John M. Glenn, New York, N. Y.
- Honorable Charles Nagel, Washington, D. C.
- Honorable Charles D. Norton, New York, N. Y.
- Honorable Beekman Winthrop, Washington, D. C.

[3]

## FORM OF BEQUEST

[4]

ALAMEDA PARK, MEXICO CITY, SCENE OF FIGHTING IN RECENT REVOLUTION.

© Underwood & Underwood

[5]

# THE
AMERICAN RED CROSS
MAGAZINE

Volume Eight APRIL, 1913 Number Two

## Opinion and Comment

### NEW NAME, NEW PAPER, NEW DEPARTMENT

Unless attention is specifically called to the fact, our readers may not notice that with this issue they receive a Magazine instead of a Bulletin. That time-tried query of the cynic, “What’s in a name?” may be flung at us, and our answer will be that the contents and character of this publication are more in keeping with the accepted idea of a magazine than of a bulletin. At any rate, we like the new name better than the old, and we hope our readers will approve our taste. But whatever may be the verdict upon the slight change of name, we feel assured that we shall hear only approval of the heavier and better paper on which the magazine is printed. We hope also that the new department of “Opinion and Comment” may prove acceptable. Furthest from our thought is any idea that the Magazine is perfect, and any concrete suggestions of improvement which readers may offer will be cordially received and given careful consideration.

### MAYOR GAYNOR’S SOUTHERN FLOOD RELIEF COMMITTEE

During the Mississippi River flood in the spring of 1912, Mayor Gaynor, of New York, appointed a committee to collect money for relief purposes. Mr. Robert W. de Forest, head of the New York County Chapter of the Red Cross, was made chairman, and Mr. Robert Adamson, the Mayor’s secretary, became secretary of the committee. Among the prominent members were officers of the New York Southern Society. This committee undertook its duties with such vigor and effectiveness that it became much the largest contributor to the flood relief fund placed in the hands of the Red Cross for expenditure. The committee held its final meeting in Mayor Gaynor’s office on January 21, 1913, when the secretary presented an interesting account of the work accomplished.

Money was received from all parts of the country, although the greater part was contributed by residents of New York City. The New York Southern Society received $14,281.05. From this sum $10,000 was paid to Mr. Jacob H. Schiff, treasurer for the Mayor’s committee. The Southern Society also paid all expenses of the campaign for both itself and the Mayor’s committee, amounting to $1,612.49, and forwarded $600 directly to flood sufferers. This left a balance in the hands of the Southern Society of $2,068.56, which later was turned over to the Red Cross. Including the $10,000 paid in by the Southern Society, the Mayor’s committee received a total of $67,322.39, all of which was transmitted to the Red Cross.

Summarizing the work of both the Southern Society and the Mayor’s committee it appears that the total collections amounted to $71,601.44, of which $600 went direct to the flood district, $1,612.49 was paid for expenses and $69,390.95 was turned over to the Red Cross.

By invitation of the committee the[6] national director of the Red Cross attended the final meeting and gave an account of the relief operations as carried on in behalf of the quarter of a million persons whose homes were affected in the 15,000 square miles of country inundated.

### CINCINNATI CHAPTER WIDE AWAKE

Good news comes from the Cincinnati Chapter of the Red Cross, where Mr. Julius Fleischman is chairman and Miss Annie Laws secretary. A permanent office has been taken at 220 West Seventh street, and Miss Hilda M. Reinecke, a well known nurse, has been placed in charge. Miss Reinecke will also serve as instructor in home nursing, for which classes are now being organized. During the flood in Cincinnati in January the Chapter participated actively in relief operations in co-operation with the committee appointed by the mayor, who, by the way, is an active member of the executive committee of the Chapter. Plans are in contemplation for other important activities, and no great prophetic power is required to predict a useful career for the Chapter.

### CHAPTER NEWS WANTED FOR PUBLICATION

It is hoped to devote an increasing amount of space in the Red Cross Magazine to accounts of the work and plans of Chapters. For this reason chairmen and secretaries are invited to send in reports and notes of anything of interest in which the Chapters are engaged or which they are contemplating. In this way the experience of one Chapter will be made available for the help and guidance of others. While establishing policies and strengthening other parts of the national organization the creation and upbuilding of Chapters have been necessarily retarded. It is believed the time has come for a vigorous effort to bring the Chapters into their proper place of importance in the Red Cross scheme of things. Officers of Chapters are invited to study the little handbook recently published with a view to finding suggestions for local activities of an interesting and useful character. It is to be remembered that the handbook is not intended to specify all the activities permissible to a Chapter, but is meant to define in a broad way the legitimate field for Red Cross activities, with a few suggestions of specific lines of work which are consistent with the purposes of the society. The national director will be glad to correspond with Chapters which contemplate embarking in new work. Reports or items of Chapter news intended for the Magazine should be sent to the national director.

### RED CROSS LAW AND THOSE WHO VIOLATE IT

That persons who use the name or emblem of the Red Cross illegally, do so, as a rule, in ignorance of the federal law prohibiting such use, and are quick to discontinue the violation when their attention is called to the statute, is a fact frequently demonstrated. A recent instance in point was that of the William Windhorst Company, of Cincinnati. This company had issued some attractive advertising matter which contained the Red Cross emblem. As soon as it was informed that this was in violation of law, the company took prompt measures to recall and destroy the objectionable printed matter and to inform its customers that it holds the American Red Cross in the highest respect and would, under no circumstances, knowingly infringe upon its rights.

Another striking illustration of the same spirit was that in which Mr. Arthur Letts, proprietor of a large department store in Los Angeles, not only discarded all use of the Red Cross in his own advertising, but issued an order to his buyers that no goods bearing the name or emblem of the Red Cross should be purchased or sold in his store.

Members of the American Red Cross everywhere who observe locally the use of the name or emblem on signs or tags or vehicles or for other[7] advertising purposes are urged to call the attention of the users to the federal law which prohibits such use. The secretary of the Red Cross in Washington will always be pleased to learn of such efforts and their results. If a user declines to discontinue the practice, the member of the Red Cross who has called his attention to the law is invited to send the user’s name and address to the secretary in Washington, together with a description of the character of the violation observed. A copy of the law will be sent to any one on request.

### OUR COUNTRYMEN’S SPLENDID SERVICE IN TURKEY

Every member of the Red Cross who reads the several short reports from Turkey in this number of the Red Cross Magazine must be stirred by a deep sense of pride in the great work of humanity which is being carried on by the Constantinople Chapter of the American Red Cross. In the dreadful cholera camp of San-Stefano, in the hospitals filled with sick and wounded soldiers in Constantinople, among the starving refugees, children, women and old men, in Salonica and Asia Minor, the story is the same. Brave men and women giving of their time and strength and skill, disregarding danger and hardship and forgetful of their own personal affairs, are making a record of effective accomplishment under extreme difficulties in that foreign country which should touch the deepest springs of American patriotism. Slight, indeed, as compared to this splendid service is our duty and privilege of giving something of our abundance wherewith to sustain these efforts.

### BRIGADIER-GENERAL CARROLL A. DEVOL, U. S. A.

When the Red Cross first knew him he was Major Carroll A. Devol, U. S. A. He was then performing a herculean task in the relief of San Francisco, and was doing the job in such a manner as to arouse general admiration for his executive ability, his promptness and his calmness under extremely trying conditions. Since those days he has proved his mettle in relief work for the Red Cross following the great storm at Hattiesburg and Purvis, Mississippi, and after a great fire of two years ago at Colon, Panama. On the Canal Zone, where he has for some years been United States Quartermaster for the Canal Commission, he was instrumental in establishing a very active and efficient Chapter of the Red Cross.

All this leads up to the announcement that Major Devol, after promotion to the rank of colonel, has now been appointed a brigadier general, and the Red Cross, could it express itself through its Magazine, would extend to him its hand in hearty congratulation and good wishes. He has been a strong and reliable friend of the Red Cross at all times, and through his unselfish devotion has done much to advance its cause and establish its good name. While his well deserved promotion has come as a result of eminent services in the army, we shall no doubt be pardoned for utilizing this opportunity of recalling his great services to the Red Cross.

### PHYSICIANS WILL HELP THE RED CROSS

In the Red Cross Magazine for January, 1913, announcement was made of the appointment, by the American Medical Association, of a committee whose duty it was to confer with the American Red Cross with a view to establishing a comprehensive system of co-operation between the Red Cross and the medical profession of the United States. The committee has proved to be prompt and active. Following is a copy of a circular letter which has been sent to all the county medical societies in the country. It will be found to contain a clear outline of the co-operative plan proposed by the committee and approved by the executive committee of the Red Cross:

[8]

February 14, 1913.

To the Secretary,
County Medical Society,

Dear Sir:

The undersigned have been constituted a committee by the President of the American Medical Association to cooperate with the American Red Cross, in the matter of medical work.

The Committee feels that a great deal of substantial good will come to all communities by providing a body of representative physicians of approved qualifications to direct or participate in medical work carried on by the Red Cross in different localities in times of emergencies and to advise with the representatives of that society on questions of medical policy and procedure. Besides its activity in emergency relief work, the Red Cross is engaged in an educational campaign for the mitigation of human suffering and the saving of lives. So far it has extended this movement only to the teaching of prevention of accidents and first aid to the injured, but it is hoped in future that it shall include popular instruction in the prevention of disease. These medical committees are not in any way bound to this educational work of the Red Cross, but members of the committees who may be interested are invited to correspond with the First Aid Department of the Red Cross.

In the opinion of this committee, the plan may be properly considered under the following headings:

1. Object. Primarily this service is designed to meet local emergencies when conditions of disaster are such as to call for the intervention of the Red Cross. When exigencies come about in any community the Red Cross would be glad to feel that it might call upon carefully selected physicians in that community to lend their aid in the medical work incident to the situation.

2. Organization. It is desired to have in every county a central committee of five physicians, two of whom shall be the President and Secretary of the County Medical Society, ex officio. The President of the County Medical Society shall select the other three members, preferably from the list of councilors or of the executive committee. This committee should be designated the “Committee on Red Cross Medical Work.” The names and residences of the members, immediately after organization, should be reported to the chairman of the American Medical Association. In case of disaster, requiring relief action by the Red Cross, these county committees will be called upon to nominate qualified medical men in their respective counties for Red Cross service. The committees will also serve in an advisory medical capacity to the Red Cross in time of disaster and in other lines of Red Cross activity as indicated in a preceding paragraph.

3. Qualifications. The certification of physicians by County Committees will be accepted as ample evidence of the physical, moral and professional qualifications of the gentlemen recommended for appointment. It may be pertinent to state that service in time of disaster may entail severe physical effort and physical fitness of appointees to perform hard work is, therefore, important.

4. Compensation. In some instances the Red Cross may require the services of physicians at a distance from their places of residence and for varying periods. Under these conditions the Red Cross will be prepared to pay traveling expenses and a moderate honorarium to be agreed upon between the physicians and the National Director of the Red Cross.

It will be obvious to you that the arrangement here proposed is primarily intended to provide for emergencies which may suddenly arise in any community or, on the other hand, may happily never occur. Thus it may be that the committee which we are inviting you to create may never be called into action, while, on the other hand, it may have occasion to perform a very great public service. Your cooperation in the completion[9] of this plan at as early a date as convenient will be appreciated.

Please address all communications bearing upon the contents of this letter to the Chairman, Doctor George M. Kober, care The American Red Cross, 715 Union Trust Building, Washington, D. C.

Very respectfully,

George M. Kober, M.D.,
Chairman.

F. A. Winter,
Lt. Colonel, Medical
Corps, U. S. Army.

E. M. Blackwell,
Surgeon, U. S. Navy.

At a meeting of the Executive Committee of the American National Red Cross held in Washington, D. C., February 14, 1913, the foregoing plan of cooperation between the medical profession and the Red Cross was unanimously approved.

George W. Davis,
Major General, U. S. A., retired,
Chairman Central Committee.

Charles L. Magee, Secretary.

Many replies are coming from county medical societies indicating a cordial acceptance of the committee’s plan. It may be said, in this connection, that the medical profession has always been generous and responsive in the highest degree in all its relations with the Red Cross. The purpose of the new plan is to provide a simple system by means of which this cordial relationship may become more effective.

### THE FORTY-NINTH STATE BOARD

The New Mexico State Board of the American Red Cross was appointed on February 26, 1913, this being the forty-ninth Board organized since the inception of the State Board form of organization.

Immediately the new States of Arizona and New Mexico were admitted to the Union the first steps looking to the organization of Red Cross Boards therein were taken. The cordiality with which Hon. William C. McDonald, Governor of New Mexico, and Hon. George W. P. Hunt, Governor of Arizona, entered into the negotiations was keenly appreciated by the Red Cross officers at Washington, and it is hoped that the announcement of the completion of the Arizona Board will be made in the not distant future. The membership of the New Mexico Board is as follows:

- Hon. William C. McDonald, Santa Fe, President.
- Hon. Richard H. Hanna, Santa Fe.
- Mr. Nathan Jaffa, Roswell.
- Mr. John R. Joyce, Carlsbad.
- Mr. H. S. Kaune, Santa Fe.
- Mr. Owen N. Marron, Albuquerque.
- Mr. W. D. Murray, Silver City.

A decision has not as yet been made as to which of the above-named members will be appointed Treasurer of the Board, but no time will be lost in putting the Board into workable shape.

The past election brought changes in the gubernatorial chairs of twenty-three of the States in which the American Red Cross has State Boards. Men elected to such important positions in the governments of the various States must find little time at the beginning for matters other than those pertaining strictly to their new offices, yet out of the twenty-three new Governors fifteen have already accepted the Presidency of the Boards in their respective States. That the Red Cross can make this announcement gives it great satisfaction, and it feels confident that the remaining eight new Governors will also accept the leadership of their State Boards as soon as the first rush of their new administration is over.

During the past year the State Boards of Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana and Mississippi again demonstrated, during the relief work incident to the Mississippi flood, as did that of West Virginia in connection with the flood in the Northwestern part of that State, the value of the plan adopted by the[10] Red Cross and which comprehends in each State a group of successful business and professional men to act as its financial representatives and advisers in connection with disaster relief work.

### THE RED CROSS IN BALTIMORE

On another page will be found a brief account of the recent great dynamite explosion in Baltimore with the relief measures which followed. The incident offers an excellent illustration of the adaptability of Red Cross methods and of the fact that the organization, though national in scope and policy, is none-the-less local in its relations and an integral part of the community in which its service is needed. When a disaster is of such magnitude or character that local agencies of relief are prostrated or overwhelmed, the Red Cross is prepared to provide the necessary machinery for relief distribution; in smaller disasters the Red Cross simply joins hands with other local agencies and lends its strength and influence to concentration of resources and cooperative effort.

In time it is hoped that at least in our larger cities and towns there will exist Red Cross Chapters in affiliation with all the local agencies that can be utilized in case of disaster, so that relief work at such times will all become Red Cross work.

### THE RED CROSS BUILDING

In the Red Cross Magazine for January, 1913, appeared an illustration of the beautiful building which the Red Cross hoped to obtain through the combined generosity of the New York Commandery of the Loyal Legion and the Congress of the United States. The proposed building was to be a memorial to the loyal women of the Civil War and was to become the permanent headquarters of the American Red Cross.

The Loyal Legion offered to donate $300,000 toward the memorial on condition that Congress would give a suitable site in the City of Washington. A bill was accordingly introduced in Congress to carry the plan into effect by appropriating $300,000 for the purchase of ground. Everybody was favorable and all conditions seemed auspicious.

Those who have had opportunities to observe legislation in the making, are familiar with the fact that the only certain thing about it is its uncertainty. A resume of the career of this particular measure affords a shining example in point. The bill was introduced in both Senate and House in the spring of 1912, and was referred to committees in the usual manner. The Senate committee gave prompt consideration to the bill, and of its own accord increased the amount of the proposed appropriation to $400,000, after which it reported it to the Senate, which passed it without opposition. The Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds of the House, after hearings, submitted a unanimously favorable report to the House on the last day before adjournment for the summer of 1912.

When Congress met in December, 1912, the status of the Red Cross building bill seemed most fortunate. It had passed the Senate without opposition carrying an appropriation of $400,000. The House Committee had unanimously accepted the Senate bill and had recommended it for passage. All that remained was for the House to pass it and the President to attach his signature. The road looked straight and easy and not very long, with a bright blue sky overhead.

And then something interfered slightly with the forward movement. Many other bills with many active congressmen behind them crowded into the foreground. There seemed to be no opening for the Red Cross bill to slip through. Big bills for the support of the vast governmental departments had to be given precedence. Time flew and congressmen began to refer to the fact that it was a short session with much to be done. Also the leaders began to urge economy in appropriations.

[11]

It was found impossible to get a definite place or date set for a vote on the Red Cross bill. At one time it was proposed to try to call it up by unanimous consent, but nothing came of that. Then those in charge thought better to abandon it as a distinct measure and insert it as an item in the big Public Buildings and Grounds Bill, which contained appropriations for many buildings. Later the cry of economy became more strident and the plan for the Red Cross bill was again changed. Now it was decided not to bring it forward in the House but instead to pass the Public Buildings and Grounds Bill in the House without it and let it be inserted by the Senate when the big bill reached that body.

It is customary for the Senate to add numerous items to bills of this character after the House has passed them. Then the bills as amended by the Senate must go back to the House for the House to accept the Senate amendments. If the House declines to accept the Senate amendments a committee is appointed from each side to confer and try to agree on the items in dispute. Usually both Senate and House accept the recommendations of the conference committees.

So the House passed the Public Buildings and Grounds Bill without the Red Cross item and the Senate was asked to insert that item. It did so. Then opposition arose because the Red Cross building was a memorial to the loyal women of the Civil War. It was argued that the Confederate women were just as brave and devoted and self-sacrificing as the women of the North; that no memorial should perpetuate sectional feeling. The proposition was made that the word loyal be eliminated and that the building be a memorial to all the women of the Civil War. This could not be done, however, because the gift of $300,000 by the Loyal Legion was conditioned upon the retention of the word loyal. A sharp discussion followed with the result that the Red Cross item was entirely stricken out. A little later the subject was reopened and the Red Cross item was again inserted and remained there when the Senate passed the bill.

The House refused to accept the Senate amendments and a conference committee was appointed. Several important Senate amendments, among them the Red Cross item, became the subject of prolonged discussion. Congress must adjourn on March 4th. It was now March 3rd and it became imperative that an agreement should be reached. Finally the dispute had narrowed down to this:

The House conferees would consent to the passage of the Red Cross item if the Senate would abandon the item for the purchase of the Rock Creek Valley in Washington for park purposes. The Rock Creek Valley purchase was of the utmost importance to Washington. It had been urged for years and there was no question that it was of greater public value at this time than the provision of a Red Cross building. The Senate forced to this hard choice wisely held on to the Rock Creek Valley item and the Red Cross item was lost.

Perhaps this story of high hope, of keen suspense, of alternating optimism and despair is not worth the space here given to its relation. It is, however, a tale of a gallant fight in which the Red Cross won many friends and made no enemies. Shall it fare better in Congress another year? Who so faint hearted as to doubt?

[12]

## Vivid Glimpses of the American Red Cross in Turkey

Following are several illuminating extracts from reports recently received from the fields of Red Cross activity in Turkey. The American Red Cross has been extremely fortunate in the character of its representation in this work. Some of those whose services have been particularly noteworthy are mentioned in the statement below by Mr. G. Bie Ravndal, American Consul General at Constantinople, who is also secretary of the Red Cross Chapter in Constantinople. The composite picture of widely extended and many-sided activity presented by these brief reports conveys an impression of magnitude and importance which must gratify every American who takes pride in the achievements of his fellow countrymen.—Editor Red Cross Magazine.

### Fighting the Cholera at San Stefano

By G. Bie Ravndal,
American Consul General, Secretary Red Cross Chapter.

Our Chapter was just withdrawing from the earthquake stricken coast of the sea of Marmora, where, owing to the generosity of charitable Americans, acting through the American National Red Cross, it had been enabled to furnish medical and other timely aid, as described in my report of October, 1912, when the wardogs were let loose in the Balkans, and then began the initial scenes of that terrible drama which, during the winter, has monopolized the attention of the world.

Hardly had the curtain fallen after the first battles, which followed each other in swift, unrelenting succession, before the cholera began its fearful ravages, competing with the shrapnel in deadly work.

Thousands of families, mostly women, children and old men, fled before the onrush of soldiers from the north. Their suffering on the trail baffles all description.

No feature of the catastrophe proved more heartrending than the condition of affairs in the San-Stefano cholera camp, in which masses of sick and wounded soldiers were thrown together after the battles of Louleh Bourgas and Wisa. It is gratifying to be able to report the fact that it was Hoffman Philip, secretary of the American Embassy in Constantinople; Major Clyde Sinclair Ford, of the Medical Corps of the United States Army, and Frederick Moore, of the Associated Press, who taking their lives in their hands, first undertook the heroic work of organizing relief in this place of horror. They were nobly assisted by Reverend Dr. Frew, of the Scotch Mission in Constantinople, by two Swiss ladies, residents of San-Stefano, Miss Alt and Mrs. Schneider, and also by Hon. Maurice Baring, of London. The details of the relief furnished by our Chapter in the San-Stefano cholera camp have been described in letters by Mrs. W. W. Rockhill, wife of the American Ambassador at Constantinople, and I shall not attempt to add to the information submitted by her, as at the time under report I was in the United States. Mrs. Rockhill has taken a leading part in the relief work instituted by the Constantinople Chapter in the present emergencies, and the Chapter is deeply grateful to her. Ultimately the San-Stefano situation was taken in hand by the Red Crescent.

[13]

COMMITTEE OF NICHAUTACHE (SULTAN’S) HOSPITAL.

[14]

EGYPTIAN RED CRESCENT MISSION UNDER DR. MAX REICH.

[15]

Even before the San-Stefano need had been discovered by Mr. Hoffman Philip, whose action in this relation cannot be too highly praised, the Constantinople Chapter had established two Red Cross wards for wounded soldiers in the barracks at Tash-Kesla in Constantinople, and a fully equipped operating room. This hospital work has been, and is still being, conducted by Major Ford. Major Ford came here while on leave and generously offered his services to the Constantinople Chapter. His professional skill and administrative experience have enabled the Chapter to render invaluable help, which otherwise could not have been furnished by us, in saving lives and alleviating suffering. Major Ford has been ably assisted by D. Alton Davis, secretary of the International Y. M. C. A. in Constantinople; Dr. Walton, surgeon of U. S. S. Scorpion, and Dr. Kazakos, a graduate of Robert College.

Since Christmas the Chapter has been giving special attention to the “refugees.”

Dr. Wilfred Mellvaine Post, of the American Medical Mission in Konia, magnanimously volunteered to superintend the Chapter’s efforts in the field for the relief of refugees. Associated with him is Miss Jeannie Jillson, of the American School for Girls in Broussa.

Next to Broussa, as far as the Chapter’s present activities in behalf of the refugees are concerned, comes Salonica. Our relief work is also being extended into Monastir and Koricha in Albania.

### Situation in Salonica

Letter from Mr. E. O. Jacob.

Salonica, Jan. 3, 1913.

I trust you will forgive me for not writing you earlier. My trip unfortunately lasted 13 days. I had 5 days’ quarantine in Pireus and then had to wait 5 days for a steamer, so that I did not reach here till December 30. I found, as I had feared, that the most urgent need was over, and the work of relief in Salonica itself was already pretty well organized. It seems, however, that my services will meet a real need at least for some weeks. Some one is urgently needed to visit the towns and villages of the provinces and Mr. Haskell is certainly the best man for that.

I am writing this letter also as a sort of report, any material of which you are at liberty to use. You have already received, I understand, a copy of the “Independent,” describing the work of the “Societe de Secours aux Refugies.” This is a quite modest and impersonal description of the work of Mr. Haskell, Mme. Christo Hajji Lazaro and the association whom they have gathered, namely, Pastor Brunau, Mme. Yenny, the wife of a Swiss merchant; Sister Augustine of the Catholic Mission, and lately Mr. van Bommel. They began at once the collection of funds, the investigation of the condition of the refugees and the giving of bread. It must have been a terrible task to locate 50,000 refugees, scattered as they were all over the city, and still more so to inaugurate a system of distribution, for the imams of mosques and the former Mouhtars of different districts tried in every way to turn the funds into their own pockets. But by frequent and tiresome inspections a fair degree of efficiency is now maintained. The committee has now the aid of three native pastors, who are proving very effective in tracing irregularities, removals and other changes.

[16]

HOSPITAL IN CONSTANTINOPLE IN CHARGE OF GERMAN OFFICERS.

[17]

TASH-KESHLA HOSPITAL, CONSTANTINOPLE.

FRONT ROW (BEGINNING FIFTH FROM LEFT)—MAJOR FORD C. S. A.; TURKISH DOCTOR; MADAME DEPAGE IN NURSING COSTUME; UNKNOWN LADY; MARCHIONESS PALLAVACINI, WIFE OF AUSTRIAN AMBASSADOR; MRS ROCKHILL, WIFE OF AMERICAN AMBASSADOR; DR. DEPAGE.

[18]

This group of people has thus far had to confine its activities to the giving of bread, the most immediate necessity of the unfortunate “muhajjirs.” For a long time they gave at the rate of 9 ounces per person per day, surely a minimum ration. Since this week it has fortunately been possible to raise the rate to 12 ounces a day. Four distribution centers are operated, the people coming to these places for their allowances. At the one where I am working we are now distributing 2,700 loaves a day. The total daily distribution is 8,000 loaves and costs a little over 100 Lt. a day.

In certain directions the financial support has been very encouraging. The largest giver, unofficial, of course, is the Greek government, which has put into the hands of this society about 180,000 francs. Queen Olga has in addition given the good sum of 40,000 francs out of her own purse. From Holland came, as the result of an unsolicited appeal from the Dutch Red Cross Mission here, 25,000 francs. The American Red Cross is credited with about Lt. 350 and about 7,300 francs have come to Mr. Haskell from friends in Switzerland. So up to the present the work has been maintained without a deficit.

It seems clear, however, that as the harder part of the winter comes, aid will, in many instances, have to be given in other ways than the one I have mentioned, as 12 ounces of bread a day will not indefinitely keep the body and soul together. Thus far, in fact, most of those who have received aid have enough money for a little salt and a few olives, for a few candles and a bit of charcoal. But lately we get the complaint more and more frequently that these resources are exhausted and that the bread ration no longer suffices alone. Once in two weeks, in fact, each person gets a half bowl of soup. This is made possible by a very efficient little soup kitchen which the Catholic sisters have opened. But this, too, is certainly only a trifle. Again, as wintry weather comes, we get calls for clothing, bed quilts, etc. Practically nothing has yet been given in this line.

I have thus far been speaking exclusively of the people under the care of the “Societe de Secours.” There is also in the city an “International Committee,” which has been taking up other sides of the same work. It has, for example, in operation an observation camp for those who have been exposed to smallpox. It also charters steamers to convey to Asia Minor free of charge those who wish to seek employment there. I had a long interview with Mr. Forbes in Smyrna and brought to the committee details about his offer to employ several thousand men in licorice digging. They are therefore now sending him a first load of 1,100 persons by the steamship Assouan. It strikes us all that to give them like this an opportunity for steady work is about the best service that can be rendered. The largest enterprise of this committee is the maintenance of a concentration camp, which houses 6,000 refugees. Though they have to live in tents they are otherwise under the best of care. The government is military, the sanitary conditions are excellent and everyone directly under the eye of the workers. Unfortunately the operating cost of this camp (about Lt. 80 a day) is so great that the scheme cannot be extended to the others. This committee, moreover, finds itself in a less encouraging financial condition than the “Societe,” and with a deficit already on hand, is not venturing beyond its present range of work.

Then, finally, the needs of the towns in the provinces are begging to be brought to our attention. In many respects they are more sadly in want than Salonica itself. Naturally the armies have absorbed all the available foodstuffs. Moreover, dozens of villages have been burned to the ground and many towns have been quite thoroughly looted. The same sort of story comes from all the surrounding regions, Monastir, Uskub, Strumitza, Brama, etc.

The British Balkan Committee has begun to help in several places. Mrs. Lazaro has gone with a member of the Macedonian Relief Committee to Gumendje, and Mr. Haskell expects to start next week on a two weeks’ tour in the region of Strumitza. Those trips should make clear just what the most urgent needs are.

[19]

### Red Cross Work for Refugees in Western Asia Minor

Part of a letter from Dr. Wilfred M. Post.

The number of refugees who have passed over from European Turkey into Western Asia Minor since the commencement of the Balkan War is probably in the neighborhood of 56,000; the large majority of these have settled in the Broussa vilayet, a smaller number having found their way to the Konia and Angora vilayets. Most of the refugees have traveled by rail, their carts and oxen having been carried with them at the expense of the government, but a fair proportion have “trekked” into the interior all the way from European Turkey, spending several weeks on the journey. The main distribution is along the line of the Anatolian railway, the usual plan having been for a definite number to be allotted to each city or large town along the line, and then sent off as fast as possible to the villages—a few families to each village—the government hoping by this arrangement to cause the refugees to amalgamate with the Anatolian population, and also by allotting a few families to each village, to throw the burden of maintenance on the people and avoid the problems arising from concentration in large camps and settlements. This policy has been carried out most thoroughly and the many hundreds of villages from one or two hours to two or three days distance from the railway have almost all received their quota of unfortunates to care for, an exception having been made for the Christian villages, few, if any, of the latter having been thus called upon.

About a quarter or a third of the refugees have come with some personal clothing and bedding, and with some property in the shape of carts and oxen, cooking utensils and money. These have been allowed to shift for themselves, but the remainder have arrived in the interior in more or less wretched condition, having little or nothing but the clothes they wear, and in many cases only half-clad and in very poor condition to meet the rigors of the cold Anatolian winter. As long as this class of refugees remains in cities the government makes regular distributions of bread to them, about 50 paras’ worth to each adult, and 25 paras to each child per day, in some cases giving the money instead of the food, but as soon as the refugees have been shipped off to the villages the government ceases to distribute help.

[20]

HARBIE HOSPITAL.

ESTABLISHED BY DUTCH RED CROSS MISSION UNDER DR. LINGHEEK.

Those refugees remaining in the cities have also been scattered as extensively as possible, a notable instance being Konia, where 2,500 people have been scattered all over the city and surrounding gardens, a few dozen having been put into each “mahle” or quarter of the city, so that it took a week of careful search and inquiry to obtain statistics that were anywhere near accurate. This extensive scattering makes the work of relief very difficult; nevertheless much has been accomplished already and by systematic canvassing by American missionaries and native agents it is hoped that much of the suffering and need of the refugees will be discovered and relieved. Relief of over-crowding, supply of adequate clothing and bedding, opening of soup kitchens and supply of food other than the dry bread given by the government, distribution of fuel and medical aid, indicate the principal lines along which the Red Cross must work for the next two or three months. The officials everywhere express the hope that they will be able to send the refugees back to Europe for the spring, but, of course, nothing definite can be planned as yet. Whatever may be the political outcome of the Balkan[21] war, a large number of the refugees will undoubtedly remain in Anatolia, and the Red Cross may then consider the advisability of providing employment for these people, supplying them with farm implements, etc. The large majority of the refugees are women and children, many of these having been rendered widows and orphans by the war; the few able-bodied men who have come have for the most part, been drafted into the Turkish army and sent to Chatalja, so that the question of employment will have to be considered later on. A few of the refugees are able to earn money by carting wood and grain, using their primitive oxcarts for the purpose, but most of them are idle, and on account of the great scattering throughout the country they must, unfortunately, remain so for some time to come. It is most fortunate that the general health of the refugees is good, and from the hygienic standpoint the policy of scattering has no doubt been a good one. There are, of course, many cases of sickness among them, and in the process of investigation we have found many people at the point of death from exposure and cold, the most pathetic cases being among the children. Here again the scattering makes it impossible to do much visiting, and though the communities may be saved from epidemic, many individuals, sad to say, will perish from cold, hunger and disease this winter.

MACEDONIAN REFUGEES FLEEING TO CONSTANTINOPLE.

Our investigations have been confined chiefly to the cities, where[22] several hundreds or thousands of refugees are gathered, but we have also looked into the condition of a dozen or more villages and have found that in general the villagers have been kind to the refugees and have given them food and shelter, and have lent them clothing and bedding; but in some places the villagers have thrust the refugees into stables and broken-down hovels, with little or no clothing and bedding, and just enough food to keep body and soul together. In some instances the unfortunate, defenceless women and girls have been forced into prostitution.

The Constantinople Chapter of the American Red Cross has established relief work in Konia and Broussa along the lines indicated above. In Konia a systematic canvass of the city and surrounding villages has been made, and bedding and clothing distributed according to need; in many cases eight or ten people were found sharing one quilt, and women and children walking about the frozen streets with bare feet. For people in the city we distributed tickets having the articles they were to receive indicated on them, and the distribution was made on the mission premises. The government, however, forbade us to carry on independent work and insisted that all articles for distribution must be handed over to them; we were unwilling to accept this condition, so work was stopped for the time being. In Broussa an effort has been made to get the people into more sanitary quarters than they now occupy; we found many places where eight, ten and even twelve people were packed into a tiny mud-floored room about ten feet square, damp and dismal, and with one or two of the family sick—in one case three people, one with ulcers and two with dysentery, reposing under one small and filthy quilt. Not only must these people be gotten speedily into more healthy surroundings, but some sort of sanitary supervision must be established over the quarters to which they are to be removed. It is our expectation to open one or more soup kitchens and inaugurate some medical work.

We have turned over the city of Eski-Shehir to the Germans, who promise to attend to its needs and to those of the surrounding region. We hope through the above arrangements to get into direct touch with more than half the refugees in Asia Minor, and trust that where our work is unable to reach them other helpers may come forward to tide them over this first difficult winter.

### Activities of the Red Crescent Society

The Turkish Red Crescent Society has come forward so nobly during the present war that it has delighted observers by the depth and force of its vitality. A national institution of humanitarian aims, it had been recognized as such in the Geneva Conference of 1864—but though it had worked efficiently in the Russian and Turco-Greek wars of the last century, it is only lately, through the impulsion given to it some years ago by Mrs. Rifaat Pasha, wife of the present Turkish Ambassador in Paris, that its more modern organization and increased capital have brought it to the front, able to compete in usefulness and resource with the Red Cross Societies in other countries.

The society is managed by a Central Committee, composed of 30 members, subject to the approval of a president and to the occasional control of the government. At present His Excellency Hussein Hilmi Pasha, Ottoman Ambassador in Vienna, is president of the Red Crescent.

At the beginning of the Turco-Balkan war the Red Crescent Committee founded three hospitals for the wounded—one numbering over 600 beds—in the capital of the Empire, and several in the provinces, notably at Salonica, Adrianople, Uskub,[23] Loule-Bourgas, etc., appointing well-equipped staffs of nurses and doctors. The necessary surgical instruments and medical supplies were procured from abroad, and recently ambulances were ordered from South Bend, Indiana. Four transportable hospitals of 100 beds each were received from England, and following the example set by European nations in such cases, the Red Crescent established field kitchens in the principal camps, which supplied the harrassed soldiers with soup and bread.

When the cholera broke out among the hapless troops, and they were sent back to Constantinople for treatment, the society organized three more new hospitals in the choleraic centers of Hademkeny, San-Stefano, etc., and as the sick soon filled to overflowing the epidemic wards hastily founded in the capital, the Red Crescent had the mosques of the city opened to the sufferers and supplied them with food, linen and medical care. It is computed that about 3,000 soldiers were supported in these improvised hospitals between the beginning of October and the end of November, 1912, and in this heavy task the Red Crescent was assisted by its branch missions of Hindoustan, Egypt and England, who took their full share of the heavy nursing and relief work. Besides the hospitals thus run, the Red Crescent sent Lt. 7500 in cash to the military sanitary authorities of Constantinople, as well as very numerous suits of clothing, articles of bedding and medicinal supplies.

The arrival of the refugees in Constantinople created a new and tremendous demand for aid. The Red Crescent immediately forwarded another Lt. 7500 to the prefecture of the town, and housed thousands of the unfortunate emigrants in old Konaks (palaces) and in temporary sheds. Committees of investigation and distribution were organized in the chief provincial centers to which the government sent the refugees and bread or money doled out.

The Ladies’ Section of the Red Crescent Society has proved most active on behalf of the patients and refugees. Societies were formed for the cutting and sewing of linen, of which the hospitals were continually in need, and the garments made reached the total of 70,000.

The foregoing facts (culled from the columns of the Jeune Turc), brief and incomplete as they are, suffice to show, however, that the energies of the Red Crescent Society have been severely taxed during the present terrible happenings, and it is an act of justice as well as one of keen satisfaction to say that these energies have been not drained but richly developed by the call made upon them.

In the present emergency the Red Crescent has been generously supported by the Red Cross Societies of different countries. Sisters of the Red Cross and the Red Crescent have worked shoulder to shoulder in alleviating suffering, as shown by the photograph herewith inclosed of the Imperial Hospital in Nichantache, Constantinople, kindly furnished by the Phebus Atelier.

### Savages Four Hundred Years Ago

Writing from Konia, January 15, Dr. Dodd sends in the following about an old Moslem priest:

“An old Turkish hodja named Saduk Effendi called today and said he came for the special purpose of asking me to give his thanks to the people in America who are sending help to the poor here. I report his words as near as I can do so. ‘May the Lord of the Universe, the God of all men, who are all of one family on this earth, look graciously upon those who have shown such love and kindness. The servants of God here will always remember and rejoice in these good deeds. How wonderful that a people that were only savages four hundred years ago should have awakened to such noble deeds! When shall we have such an awakening?’”

[24]

AMERICAN RED CROSS WORK IN BROUSSA.

REFUGEES WAITING OUTSIDE THE PROTESTANT SCHOOL WHERE CLOTHING AND BEDDING ARE DISTRIBUTED. A CLINIC IS HELD EVERY AFTERNOON IN THIS BUILDING AND PATIENTS OBTAIN THEIR MEDICINES FREE OF COST FROM THE DRUG STORE AROUND THE CORNER.

[25]

WOMEN AND CHILDREN REFUGEES IN THE COURT OF THE PROTESTANT SCHOOL IN BROUSSA.

DISTRIBUTION IS MADE FROM THE ROOM AT THE LEFT. TEA IS BEING SERVED WHILE THE PEOPLE ARE WAITING. SEVERAL OF THE WOMEN ARE SEEN COVERING THEIR FACES OR TURNING THEIR BACKS TO THE CAMERA, BUT THE MAJORITY MAKE NO OBJECTION TO HAVING THEIR PICTURES TAKEN.

[26]

### Faik Pasha Della-Sudda

One of the prominent Constantinople personalities, Faik Pasha Della-Sudda, died on Jan. 11, 1913. He was the founder and honorary president of the Red Crescent Society, which during many difficult years owed its subsistence to his devoted management, and the American Red Cross Magazine is indebted to his courtesy for the interesting article on the Red Crescent, published in Vol. 5, No. 3. of 1910.

Born in 1835, Faik Pasha Della-Sudda was sent when scarcely sixteen to France, where he studied under the famous chemist, Ganot. He completed his training at the Superior School of Pharmacy, Paris, and at the laboratory of Wurtz & Gerhard, and on his return to Constantinople was immediately appointed to the post of professor of chemistry at the Imperial University of Medicine in that city. For nearly half a century he personally conducted most of the pharmaceutics and chemistry classes in the capital of the Ottoman Empire, with a range and depth of knowledge that has been universally recognized and appreciated.

His important treatises on ammonium, phosphoric acid, opium and the falsification of pharmaceutical products in Turkey, his contributions to European and American exhibitions, made his name well-known abroad, and in 1910 he was unanimously elected honorary president of the newly-organized “Society of Pharmacists in Turkey,” in proof of the grateful affection of colleagues and pupils, and of his own superior scholarship and value. He leaves behind him the record of a long life admirably spent.

[27]

## Red Cross and White Cross in Mexico

Ernest P. Bicknell,
National Director American Red Cross.

During the culminating scenes of the recent revolution in Mexico, when the capital city was torn by heavy artillery warfare in its central streets and plazas, and which resulted in the tragic death of President Francisco I. Madero, the press dispatches referred occasionally to the activities of the Mexican Red Cross and the Mexican White Cross. These dispatches were of a character to sadden the friends of the Red Cross movement, because they indicated a failure on the part of the federal troops to respect the Red Cross flag and because they revealed a defection of some who should have been a part of the Red Cross, but who, instead, divided the strength and prestige of humane Mexico by organizing the White Cross Society, whose functions are identical with those of the Red Cross.

It is reported that while engaged in giving attention to wounded men in the plaza before the National Palace, the president of the Red Cross was shot and killed. It has also been stated that two members of the White Cross Society were captured by the troops under the command of General Diaz and were found to be engaged in carrying ammunition, and that for this reason they were executed. Without more complete knowledge of local conditions and in consideration of the terrible confusion which prevailed in the City of Mexico in those days of fighting, it would be unjust to endeavor to fix the blame for these unfortunate incidents.

With the establishment of a stable government and the coming of peace it is hoped that the Mexican Red Cross may be given its proper status and recognition, and that those who have heretofore served under the banner of the White Cross may be induced to dissolve that organization and join hands heartily with the Red Cross.

The origin of the Mexican White Cross dates back to the revolution which Francisco I. Madero led against the government of Porfirio Diaz. As a result of the severe fighting between the insurgent and federal forces along the United States border in the spring of 1911 many men were seriously injured. At that time no systematic medical service was provided by either army, and the Mexican Red Cross, which had been organized only a short time previously, had not undertaken to send nurses and physicians to the front. The situation at the threshold of the United States, particularly at the California boundary and near El Paso, Texas, became so serious that the American Red Cross undertook to provide physicians, nurses and hospital care for such of the wounded men as could be reached without going into the interior of Mexico. This service of the American Red Cross along the border in California, Texas, New Mexico and Arizona aroused a sense of pride among many of the people of Mexico, with the result that a group of friends of the insurgents organized a body of nurses and physicians to be sent to the scene of the fighting. To the new organization was given the name of the Mexican White Cross. At about the same time that the White Cross was organized, the Red Cross also prepared to send nurses and physicians to the front. The White Cross group reached Juarez, across the boundary from El Paso, only twenty-four hours before the arrival of the Red Cross group. At that time it was a matter of current report that the White Cross promoters and supporters were favorable to Madero and his cause, and that the Red Cross, having been created under the administration of President Diaz, inclined to favor the federal cause as against that of Madero. The representatives of the two organizations on reaching Juarez were not cordial to each other, and a strong feeling of rivalry was apparent. In justice to both organizations, however, it should be said that at a conference held in Juarez at the suggestion of representatives of the American Red Cross, an arrangement was made by which the work to be done was divided equitably between the two, and that thereafter they worked side by side, zealously and seemingly without friction.

[28]

MEXICO CITY. LOOKING NORTH FROM CATHEDRAL TOWER.

© Underwood & Underwood

[29]

MARKET SQUARE, MEXICO “THE SOLDIERS ARE COMING.”

© Underwood and Underwood

[30]

While the facts are not known, it is possible that the failure of the Madero troops, in the recent fighting in the City of Mexico, to respect the Red Cross flag in some measure resulted from the reported partiality of the Red Cross for the Diaz government when Madero was the leader of the insurgents. On the other hand, General Diaz, in the recent Mexican fighting, may have been the more ready to deal harshly with the representatives of the White Cross because of the fact that the White Cross had been reported to be particularly friendly to the cause of Madero when Madero was fighting President Diaz, uncle to General Diaz, leader of the uprising which overthrew Madero.

But whatever may have been the causes which led to a division of the humane people of Mexico into the camps of the Red Cross and the White Cross, it is not to be forgotten that their objects were humanitarian and at bottom identical. With the coming of peace and the restoration of normal conditions of life in the Republic of Mexico, there is every reason to hope that rivalries may be forgotten and that there may come a splendid union of all the humanitarian forces of the country under the emblem of the Red Cross.

In the closing days of the Madero government, while fierce and ruthless war raged in the streets of the City of Mexico, lives and property of American residents were in extreme peril. United States Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson gave every possible assistance and protection, but at best many were without resources and were unable to escape from the city or country unaided. The American Red Cross, on receiving information of these conditions through the Department of State, forwarded $1,000 to Ambassador Wilson to be expended at his discretion for the benefit of Americans in need. Many Americans who succeeded in reaching the city of Vera Cruz were unable to pay for steamship passage to the United States, and for their assistance the Red Cross also sent $500 to William W. Canada, American Consul General of that city, to be used as required for their help.

[31]

PLAZA IN FRONT OF NATIONAL PALACE, MEXICO CITY. PRESIDENT MADERO ADDRESSING THE CROWD FROM BALCONY.

© Underwood & Underwood

REMOVING THE DEAD FROM THE STREETS OF MEXICO CITY.

© Underwood & Underwood

[32]

## Dynamite Explosion at Baltimore

A tramp steamer, the Alum Chine, lay peacefully at her dock in Baltimore Harbor on March 6, while a gang of stevedores loaded her with dynamite for use in the Panama Canal. The boxes of the explosive were being transferred to the hold of the ship from cars which stood on a barge alongside. About 300 tons of dynamite were on board or in the cars when smoke was seen coming from below. Knowing the inevitable result the men leaped overboard with a rush but before all had reached safety the explosion came.

No words can convey any adequate conception of the terrific destructive power of such a sudden loosing of immeasurable force. The Alum Chine and the barge with its cars alongside disappeared. Other vessels in the vicinity were shattered. Men upon the deck of a new ship five hundred feet away were swept down like tall grass in a gale and a rain of fragments of iron and wreckage killed some, injured many and pierced the steel hull like shots from a cannon. Houses miles away were rocked to their foundations and windows were shattered without number.

[33]

REMARKABLE PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN AN INSTANT AFTER THE EXPLOSION OF 300 TONS OF DYNAMITE WHICH HAD BEEN LOADED ON BOARD THE “ALUM CHINE” FOR SHIPMENT TO THE CANAL ZONE.

Immediate measures of relief were undertaken in behalf of the families of the thirty-one men killed and the fifty-eight injured. The Baltimore Chapter of the Red Cross held a meeting and appropriated $500 while the newspapers were equally prompt in collecting funds. By common consent the Federated Charities, with its experienced agents, was given charge of the gathering of the information necessary to effective action as well as of the actual relief distribution. The next logical step was the consolidation of all contributed funds from whatever source. Thus efficiency and community unity of action were assured from the start. With this beginning it may be confidently expected that the greatest possible good will result from the generosity of the Baltimore people.

[34]

## Public Works and Relief in China

In general a report of relief operations published long after the public interest in the emergency which called for relief has subsided, is regarded as a good example of what not to read. When an exception is found, it is entitled to special notice, which accounts for this reference to the report of the Central China Famine Relief Committee, embracing an account of the relief operations in the famine district in China between October 1, 1911, and June 30, 1912. It will be recalled that the headquarters of the committee were in Shanghai and membership included many well known American and other foreign residents of China, as well as prominent Chinese citizens. Bishop F. R. Graves was chairman and Rev. E. C. Lobenstine, secretary, and Consul General Amos P. Wilder an active member. These three gentlemen are Americans. At the outset of its work the committee adopted a program stated in six articles. Two of these articles were:

“That relief be given only in return for work done, except in the case of those incapacitated for work.”

“That in the selection of work, preference be given to such work as will help the locality permanently, and as tends to prevent the recurrence of famine conditions, and that each piece be complete in itself.”

This program was closely adhered to from first to last. District subcommittees of representative foreign and native residents, appointed in various sections of the famine region, had immediate charge of the relief works and distribution, and under the district committees were superintendents who had personal direction of the working forces. So much for the machinery. Now for the accomplishment.

In May, 1912, the number of famine sufferers in the employ of the relief committee was 110,000. As but one member was employed from a family, it is estimated that this work supported about 550,000 persons. The character of the work undertaken and its extent are indicated by the following figures from the report:

Dykes built or repaired | 129 | miles
Canals built or repaired | 63 | miles
Ditches built or repaired | 1,124 | miles
Roads repaired | 163 | miles
Cubic yards of earth moved | 10,155,000

It was estimated that the average amount of work performed daily by a famine sufferer was about two-thirds the average day’s work of a coolie under normal conditions. In Hankow 2,000 women from the famine district were employed for months in making garments, of which 64,000 were made and distributed. Much space is given in the report to a description of the actual methods of conducting the work on dykes, canals, etc. A single extract must suffice here:

“Now come with me to the works. First in number and importance are the dirt pushers (I translate the Chinese term), who dig the earth from rectangular pits and push it on their wheelbarrows to the new dykes. They number 3,400 and work in groups of about ten men each and are paid by the job in this way. As soon as a pit reaches a depth of four or five feet it is measured by the foreigner in charge and the head man of the ten is given a ticket which is really an order on the office for the value in grain of the work done. Measuring these pits takes almost all of one foreigner’s time, and as two-thirds of the workmen are dirt pushers, the foreigner has in his direct control that fraction of the whole. The dirt pushers receive 450 cash per fang of 100 cubic feet. In this and the following statement it should be remembered that it takes about 2,500 cash to make a gold dollar.

[35]

CHINESE ENGAGED IN BUILDING DYKES FOR THE PREVENTION OF FLOODS IN THE FAMINE DISTRICTS.

TAMPING EARTHWORK.

[36]

“Next in numerical strength are the ‘small workmen,’ of whom we have about 1,000. Their work is to carry water from the canal to the dyke in order that the latter may be pounded firm the more easily. Also many of them receive the earth as it comes on to the dyke, break it up, level it and dig small holes into which the water may be poured. They are paid in grain at the rate of 150 cash per man per day.

“Now we come to the pounders. They number 750 and were divided in groups of ten. Each group has a stone weighing about 100 pounds, circular, a foot in diameter, and eight inches thick. To each stone are attached ten ropes, one for each of the ten men, and when the men all pull in unison the stone rises above the level of their heads and then comes down with a thud. The dyke is built in layers, which are one foot thick after they are pounded. Each layer is pounded until it is of the consistency of rubber and is then tested in this unique way. An iron rod is driven down and into the small hole thus made water is poured from a tea kettle. If the water does not soak away the layer has been pounded sufficiently. These pounders are skilled workmen and were originally paid 250 cash worth of grain per man per day, but they proved to be so lazy that we had to invent a sliding scale of wages. So we considered 1,200 square feet as a full day’s work, and if a gang pounds that amount each man is given 250 cash; if they pound 1,100 square feet, 240 cash; 1,000 square feet, 230 cash; 1,300 square feet, 260 cash, and so on. Now they are not lazy.

“We have thirty skilled workmen who trim the edges of the dyke and give it a finished appearance. Also there are sixty overseers who understand the work. They keep an eye on the stone men and test their work as described above, see that the dirt pushers place the dirt in the proper place and direct the stream of water carriers as they come. Both these classes of workmen receive 250 cash worth of grain a day.”

In 1911 the American Red Cross sent to China Mr. C. D. Jameson, a well known engineer, to study the conditions which cause the frequent great floods to devise and suggest a system of river conservancy which will reduce the number and extent of these floods. Mr. Jameson was an advisor of the relief committee and was familiar with its public works at all times. He praises in the warmest terms the thoroughness of the operations and the judgment and ability of the missionaries who were in charge of much of the work. These missionaries, in fact, proved themselves practical men and capable administrators, who did not spare themselves, but under adverse conditions gave from twelve to fifteen hours daily to their unpaid tasks.

In connection with the relief operations an interesting experiment in colonization was undertaken under the leadership of Prof. Joseph Bailie, of the University of Nanking. After many difficulties Prof. Bailie, with the co-operation of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, at that time Provisional President of China, secured a tract of waste land at the foot of Purple Mountain, near Nanking, moved some of his more trustworthy men on to it and began its cultivation. Huts were first built. A school was started for the children, so that they would be cared for while the men and women were at work. The land was gradually broken up, drainage ditches were dug, and potatoes and strawberries, wheat and other cereals were planted. A large number of fruit trees were set out. Some of these were Chinese, but many were obtained from Japan and other countries. The land is now being used as an experiment farm and as a testing school for the men. The soil is of a poor quality, and is in many ways unsatisfactory; but Prof. Bailie is persevering in the faith that he will succeed, not only in doing a piece of work which will be deeply interesting to the officials and gentry near the city of Nanking, but will prove of value to the larger enterprise[37] which he still expects to see carried through.

Mr. Jameson, the American Red Cross conservancy engineer, after traversing the famine districts, says of the prevention of the recurrent floods which have caused many famines, including this one of 1911-12:

“There are no engineering difficulties in the way of controlling the rivers, lowering the flood level and reclaiming the waste land in North Kiangsu and North Anhwei; it is purely a question of money and time. Under the present conditions at least three crops out of five are lost over an area of some 30,000 square miles. The soil of this area is exceedingly rich, the climate such that two crops a year should be possible when the conservancy and reclamation work had been completed. Not only will heavy crops be possible over this whole section year by year, but some millions of acres (English), which now are absolutely worthless, will be available for cultivation. All of this makes the expenditure of the necessary money justifiable from a commercial standpoint.”

It is hoped that the Republic of China will accept the plan prepared by Mr. Jameson as a basis for a system of river conservancy which will put an end to the greater part of the flood devastation which has cursed this land for many centuries. Chinese records show that since the year 494 A. D. sixty-seven famines have occurred in this region. All but two of these famines were caused by floods.

The Central China Famine Relief Committee held its last meeting and closed its work on January 21, 1913. At that time an unexpended balance of approximately $75,000 (gold) remained in the treasury, but the committee disposed of the greater part of it by a series of resolutions, which were in effect as follows:

The sum of $11,250 was placed in the hands of a special committee for the purpose of carrying on “a campaign covering three years or more, to draw attention of officials and people to the seriousness of famines which are occurring with such frequency in different parts of China; to educate public opinion upon the subject of famine prevention and to show how the condition of the people in the famine area can be permanently improved.” The treasurer of this educational fund is the treasurer of the National Committee of the Young Men’s Christian Association of China.

The sum of $2,500 was set aside to assist in the care of “famine children” in the orphanages of the Catholic missions in the famine areas.

The sum of $5,500 was appropriated to be applied to the carrying out of a plan already begun for colonizing destitute Chinese upon unoccupied lands under instruction and supervision.

The sum of $22,500 was set aside to be used in the repair of dykes in the neighborhood of Wuhu on condition that the Chinese of Anhwei Province raise the sum of $45,000 to be applied to the same work.

The sum of $7,500 was voted to be used in the education of Chinese young men in forestry, with special reference to conservation against drought and flood. The purpose is to select a few especially promising Chinese students from the institutions of higher education in China and send them to the American School of Forestry at Manila, P. I., or possibly in some instances to the United States. These young men, after receiving their education, will be expected to return to their native country and enter actively into efforts toward that reforestation which is regarded as essential to any great reduction in the number and severity of floods and droughts.

After making the allotments above mentioned there remained a balance in the committee’s hands of about $22,500, which was transferred to a permanent committee of trustees, consisting of the following: The General Consular Officer of the United States at Shanghai, the Commissioner of Customs, the Manager of the International Banking Corporation, the Honorable Wu Ting Fang, Ch’on Jen Fu, Esq., and the Chairman of the[38] Chinese Chamber of Commerce. This committee will hold the balance of the relief funds for use in future relief work which may be necessary in China as the result of famines.

[A part of this article was published in a recent issue of the Survey.]

HOUSEBOAT USED BY MR. C. D. JAMESON, AMERICAN RED CROSS CIVIL ENGINEER, EMPLOYED IN CHINA.

[39]

## Nicaraguan Famine Relief

A general failure of crops, followed by the revolutionary outbreak of last summer in Nicaragua caused great distress among the poorer classes in that country. Conditions were sufficiently bad before the military operations took place, but during July, owing to the revolution, they became critical, and many Nicaraguans faced starvation. Early in August, having been apprised of the situation as it then existed, Secretary of State Knox addressed a communication to the American Red Cross, requesting to be informed whether the Red Cross was in a position to furnish food supplies to relieve the needs of the non-combatants. The American Red Cross promptly forwarded $1,000 to the American minister at Panama, with instructions to expend that amount in the purchase of flour, beans, corn, rice and potatoes. Through the courtesy and co-operation of Colonel George W. Goethals, U. S. A., Governor of the Canal Zone, the commissary of the Isthmian Canal Commission furnished these supplies at wholesale rates, and the same were shipped via the United States transport Justin, which was carrying a battalion of United States Marines to Nicaragua.

On August 28th, at the request of Hon. George T. Weitzel, American minister to Nicaragua, at Managua, the State Department suggested a further appropriation by the American Red Cross to continue the alleviation of the suffering which would probably continue some time after the revolutionary disturbances. Pursuant to this suggestion, a further appropriation of $1,000 was made by the Central Committee, and the supply of corn and beans purchased therewith was shipped to Managua from Panama on the steamer San Juan, on September 7th.

Under date of January 21, 1913, the Secretary of State transmitted to the American Red Cross a report from Mr. Weitzel as to the manner in which the supplies were distributed and the effectiveness of the relief rendered. Following is an extract from that report:

“The first car, consisting of flour, corn, beans, rice and potatoes to the value of one thousand dollars, left the Panama Canal Zone on August 9, 1912, in charge of Major Smedley D. Butler, U. S. M. C., and was received in Managua on the 15th of that month.

“The legation requested a committee of Americans, including Messrs. Otto Schoenrich, A. R. Thompson, C. D. Ham, A. J. Lindberg and J. A. Whitaker, to take charge of the provisions under instructions to relieve all cases of distress, irrespective of affiliation of the applicants; but as they were unable to attend to the matter on account of departure from the city, or other reason, the legation decided to do the work itself. Mr. Walter H. Hooper, an American missionary, and Padre J. A. Lezcano, a well known Nicaraguan priest, kindly offered to assist in investigating needy cases. Signed tickets, good for five rations, were then issued to the applicants who presented them to Mr. William Gower, assistant paymaster of the United States Navy, at the railroad station, where two-fifths of the car load was distributed, beginning with the flour and potatoes, which deteriorate very rapidly in this climate.

“The remaining three-fifths were taken to Leon, where Lieutenant Colonel Charles G. Long, U. S. M. C., distributed them through the Hospital San Vincente and the Sisters of Charity, reserving a portion, however, to feed one hundred and twenty-five prisoners, who had been sadly[40] neglected during the hostilities in that town.

“The second carload donated by the Red Cross consisted of 10,000 pounds of beans and 7,140 pounds of cornmeal, these two staples being the principal articles of food for the poorer classes in Nicaragua. Having been despatched from the Canal Zone on September 7th the consignment reached Managua on the 14th of that month and was started the next morning to Granada under the personal charge of the clerk of the legation, arriving there after being fired on at the Barranca on Sunday, September 22d. The distribution was promptly begun from a central station even before the disarmament had taken place. Great assistance was rendered by Dr. Juan I. Urtecho, an elderly gentleman of wide reputation for impartial charity, who has devoted many years of his professional life as a physician to gratuitous practice among the poor, and who before the arrival of the Americans had fed at his own expense hundreds of famished people. Several of the Granada ladies kindly volunteered their services in placing the tickets with deserving families, and Private Baldwin, U. S. M. C., supplied the holders of the tickets with the number of rations thereon designated, nearly 8,000 in all being thus disposed of. A gratifying feature of the distribution of supplies was the small number of men who appeared in line, and even those few were maimed, sick or blind. The Red Cross and San Juan Hospitals, the French College for Girls and the schools were given the first attention.

“There was urgent need of help, as many poor families had been forced for a long time to subsist on green mangoes, and some deaths had already resulted from starvation, but the timely arrival of supplies quickly relieved the situation. Children who crowded around the camp were fed by the enlisted men out of their own rations, and a carload of corn and flour donated by the American colony in Managua was distributed among the sufferers.

“As soon as order was restored the farmers from the surrounding territory brought their produce to market, and the railroad resumed transportation of supplies which had been accumulating in Corinto, so that conditions at Granada and elsewhere should begin gradually to improve, although it will be some time before the people will cease to feel the depression caused by the failure of crops for two successive years, and by the hardships suffered during the present disturbances.

“The prompt and generous action of the American Red Cross has won expressions of deep appreciation from those who have been helped, and has created the kindliest feeling among all classes of people in Nicaragua.”

[41]

## Important Conference on Red Cross Christmas Seals

No sooner does one Red Cross Christmas Seal Campaign end than preparations for the next begins. While the public sees and hears of the seal only during the months of November and December, when the seals are on sale, a very large amount of preparatory work is necessary in order that the sale may reach every section of the country and may be carried on with the publicity and system which are necessary to success.

Although the returns from the season of 1912 are not yet all received, the first important step toward the Christmas Seal Campaign of 1913 has already been taken. This was a conference held in the offices of the American Red Cross in Washington on February 28th and attended by many of the principal State and city agents, who have demonstrated their ability in past years and will be leaders in the campaign of this year. It is gratifying to note that with each succeeding year the system and methods of selling Christmas Seals are improving. In the first year or two after the introduction of the Seals as a means of obtaining support for anti-tuberculosis work, the venture was generally regarded as one of those novelties which, after a transient popularity, drop quickly out of use. Agents thought it scarcely worth while to undertake the trouble and expense of systematizing their methods of selling and accounting. Gradually the permanent value of the Seal as a method of interesting a very large number of people in anti-tuberculosis work and in raising large sums of money without unjustly burdening any givers began to be apparent. From that time the methods of distributing, selling and accounting for the Seals have been made the subject of careful study. System and business methods have been gradually introduced, with the result that instead of falling away, the sales of Seals have increased with each year, while economies which have been introduced in administration have increased the percentage of net profit.

In the winter of 1912 the first conference was held of agents for the Seals for the discussion and interchange of experiences and for the purpose of reaching an agreement upon questions of interest to all. That conference was so prolific of good results in the Seal campaign of 1912 that a second similar conference was held on February 28th, as above mentioned.

An idea of the thoroughness with which the agents are considering the business of distributing the Seals may be gained from a mention of a few topics considered at this conference. The first subject of discussion was the design for the Christmas Seal of 1913 and the form which the Seal should take. It was the unanimous opinion of those present that the Seal should contain some pictorial design suitable to the Christmas season, rather than a purely ornamental design of artistic merit, but without any particular human appeal. Without exception the agents reported that the design for 1912, containing a head of Santa Claus, had proved the most popular yet adopted.

Another subject discussed was the character, variety and quantity of advertising matter to be prepared. It was reported that an experiment in selling Seals through penny-in-the-slot machines had proved unsuccessful, and this method of distribution was disapproved. From many agents it was learned that the sale of Seals[42] through a simple mail order system had proved successful and inexpensive. In many busy offices agents for the Seals find it difficult to obtain a hearing by personal calls, when a brief, well-expressed letter will receive a prompt and favorable response. In certain cities fully half the Seals sold in 1912 were disposed of in this manner.

It was found to be the consensus of opinion among agents that the offering of prizes for the sale of Seals, especially individual prizes to school children, is inadvisable. A few agents reported the successful use of prizes for schools, but not to individual pupils, without apparent disadvantages. All agreed that great care must be exercised in offering prizes in order to avoid stimulating children to improper methods. Several agents reported that citizens of their communities had complained of annoyance because of the numerous calls at their doors by children desirous of selling Seals. One agent described a method of avoiding this nuisance which has proved completely successful in his community. This method is for a citizen who has purchased Christmas Seals to paste one of the seals on his door knob or front door. Any child approaching a door and seeing a seal thus posted, understands that he is not to disturb that household, as its supply of Seals is already purchased. By announcing this system of protection through the press and in the schools it is said to have fully accomplished its purpose.

Tn Ohio the State agent for the Seals adopted a method of awarding prizes which is reported to have been extremely successful, not only as a stimulus to the selling of Seals, but as an educational factor. The agent offered to supply a visiting nurse for one month to each of the twelve cities in the State of Ohio which sold the largest percentage of Seals in proportion to its population. A trained visiting nurse was employed by the State agent for one year and was sent in turn from city to city among the prize winners, serving one month in each locality. Not only did this prove an extremely popular arrangement, but in six of the cities benefited by the plan in 1912, the public became so impressed by the value of the visiting nurse that they arranged to employ nurses permanently upon the withdrawal of the prize nurse.

It has been found by experience that the distribution and sale of Seals can best be carried on through the appointment of State agents, who in turn appoint, and are responsible for, the local agents. The State agents return to the American Red Cross 10 per cent of the gross proceeds of sales in their respective States. This 10 per cent is to cover the expense to the Red Cross, which manufactures and distributes the Seals and the large quantity and variety of advertising matter used by the agents. The conference discussed at length the question of the percentage which the local agents should pay to the State agents. This discussion resulted in the conclusion that it is impracticable to fix upon a percentage applicable to all States alike. Local conditions vary so widely in different States that a percentage which would be fair in one State might be unsatisfactory in another. The reports indicated that the percentages charged by State agents to their local agencies vary from 2½ to 20 per cent on gross sales, although in one or two instances the percentage required to be returned to the State agents has exceeded 20 per cent.

Many other subjects of material interest were discussed, and no doubt exists that the conference will prove to have been of material value to all who participated in it. The agents who were present were the following:

- Dr. William Charles White, of Pittsburgh.
- Mr. Frank H. Mann, of New York City.
- Mr. William J. Deeney, of Philadelphia.
- Mr. Karl de Schweinits, of Philadelphia.
- Dr. Hoyt E. Dearholt, of Milwaukee.
- Dr. R. H. Bishop, of Cleveland, O.

  [43]

- Mr. D. Van Blarcom, of New York City.
- Mr. Ernest D. Easton, of Newark.
- Mr. Severance Burrage, of Indianapolis.
- Mr. H. Wirt Steele, of Baltimore.
- Mr. L. B. Meyers, of Charlotte, N. C.
- Mr. James Jenkins, Jr., of Brooklyn.
- Mr. William C. Smallwood, of Newark.
- Mr. Roy L. French, of Baltimore.
- Mr. Kendall Weisiger, of Atlanta.

Besides the agents above mentioned, there were also present Dr. Livingston Farrand and Mr. Philip P. Jacobs, of the National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, and Miss Mabel T. Boardman, Mr. Ernest P. Bicknell and Mr. Charles L. Magee, of the American Red Cross.

The National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, as in 1911 and 1912, has been appointed by the Red Cross as national sales agent for the Christmas Seals. The appointment of State agents, as in the past, will be in the hands of the national sales agent.

While it is not possible at this time to publish a complete statement of returns from the Christmas Seal campaign of 1912, the following figures will show the results reached by some of the leading agents:

### Partial Statement of the Results of Christmas Seal Sales for 1912 Compiled from the Reports of Agents.

Agency. | Number of Seals Rec’d. | Number of Seals Sold. | Percentage of Seals Sold.
--- | --- | --- | ---
Arkansas | 140,000 | 118,819 | 84.8
California | 5,500,000 | 1,373,520 | 24.9
Connecticut— |  |  |
Danbury | 25,000 | 15,305 | 61.2
Hartford | 250,000 | 148,035 | 59.2
Litchfield | 40,000 | 32,960 | 82.4
Meriden | 100,100 | 5,554 | 5.5
Middletown | 75,000 | 34,741 | 46.3
New Britain | 125,000 | 74,257 | 59.4
New Haven | 600,000 | 228,220 | 38.3
New London | 50,000 | 19,893 | 39.7
Norwich | 120,000 | 82,694 | 68.9
Stamford | 40,000 | 30,385 | 75.9
Waterbury | 250,000 | 184,921 | 73.9
Delaware | 75,000 | 42,746 | 56.9
District of Columbia | 374,500 | 362,716 | 96.8
Georgia | 1,800,000 | 770,770 | 42.8
Hawaii | 400,000 | 179,995 | 44.9
Illinois | 6,000,000 | 1,821,520 | 30.3
Iowa | 1,500,000 | 410,440 | 27.3
Kentucky— |  |  |
Covington | 100,000 | 36,406 | 36.4
Cynthiana | 10,000 | 1,205 | 12.0
Henderson | 50,000 | 10,040 | 20.0
Lexington | 140,000 | 61,505 | 43.9
Louisville | 300,000 | 180,446 | 60.1
Owensboro | 30,000 | 8,240 | 27.4
Paducah | 100,000 | 48,349 | 48.3
Louisiana | 600,000 | 281,784 | 46.8
Maine | 1,500,000 | 304,884 | 20.3[44]
Maryland | 1,000,000 | 512,819 | 51.2
Massachusetts— |  |  |
Boston | 2,500,000 | 1,353,969 | 54.1
Holyoke | 100,000 | 52,114 | 52.1
Pittsfield | 100,000 | 71,345 | 71.3
Springfield | 150,000 | 89,265 | 59.5
Michigan | 3,000,000 | 1,078,464 | 35.9
Mississippi | 500,000 | 153,220 | 30.6
Montana— |  |  |
Billings | 75,100 | 14,870 | 19.8
Great Falls | 20,000 | 17,358 | 86.7
Nebraska | 720,000 | 289,360 | 40.1
New Hampshire | 190,000 | 100,180 | 52.7
New York— |  |  |
Brooklyn | 2,100,000 | 1,323,220 | 63.0
New York City | 4,000,000 | 2,079,324 | 51.9
North Carolina | 801,500 | 396,053 | 49.4
Oregon | 1,000,000 | 124,536 | 12.4
Pennsylvania | 2,000,000 | 1,297,531 | 64.8
Rhode Island | 2,000,000 | 1,101,700 | 55.0
South Carolina— |  |  |
Georgetown | 10,000 | 400 | 4.0
Spartanburg | 20,000 | 8,860 | 44.3
South Dakota— |  |  |
Aberdeen | 25,100 | 5,510 | 21.9
Sioux City | 40,000 | 8,929 | 22.3
Tennessee | 1,000,000 | 118,300 | 11.8
Utah— |  |  |
Ogden | 50,000 | 8,000 | 16.0
Salt Lake City | 100,000 | 100,000 | 100.0
Vermont | 125,000 | 65,786 | 52.6
Virginia | 250,000 | 151,450 | 60.5
West Virginia | 700,000 | 457,175 | 65.3
Wisconsin | 3,000,000 | 2,896,840 | 96.5
Total | 45,871,300 | 20,746,938 | 45.2

The important position which the Red Cross Christmas Seal now occupies as a means of support for anti-tuberculosis work in the United States is indicated by the fact that the sales of the Seal, since its introduction five years ago, have amounted to a total of more than $1,000,000. Every year the sale has exceeded that of the year preceding. In 1911 the total sale amounted to $339,656.08, and it is believed that the complete reports of the sale in 1912 will show a considerable increase over that amount.

[45]

## What the Red Cross Seal Has Done for Brooklyn

James Jenkins, Jr.,
Executive Secretary, Brooklyn Committee on Tuberculosis.

The money made by the Red Cross Christmas Seal has done a very definite and practical piece of work for Brooklyn, New York. About a year before the seals were issued, there had been formed in Brooklyn a Tuberculosis Committee, that had at that time limited funds but was struggling to carry on various pieces of important and rather expensive work. One of the needs of the community was more adequate hospital facilities and a day camp for tubercular patients. The camp was to be established for mothers and children, and it was hoped at that time that a class might be formed for children, who could go on with their school duties.

As a result of the first year’s sales about $5,000 was made, and through the help of the Erie Railroad an old ferryboat was made into a city day camp and attached to one of the piers of North River, where the air is as fresh as possible, in such a large city. The first day the camp opened there were thirty-five cases on the boat and the number has increased, sometimes slowly but always steadily, until now the capacity of the boat is 100 patients. The first summer a kindergarten teacher was privately employed, who entertained the children, but early in the fall a regular class was established, as an annex to one of the public schools, and it was the only school in Brooklyn for tubercular children. Now the boat has three classes, of nearly thirty children each, besides fifteen adults.

When the day camp was established and known as the Red Cross Day Camp, it was planned by the Tuberculosis Committee to have the city take it over or share the expenses, if the experiment should prove worth while. The city very soon recognized the value of the work at the Red Cross Day Camp and the children were admitted through the city tubercular clinics. Gradually the city has taken over more and more of the expenses of the camp, but the boat is still known as the Red Cross Day Camp, and the money made by the sale of the seals pays the remarkably good superintendent of the boat, furnishes carfare to and from the camp, for those patients who cannot afford to pay, and also pays for any special training which the committee deems valuable to the patients. This year a cobbling teacher has been employed to teach the boys how to mend their own shoes; an expert course of corrective exercises was given by a trained man; chair caning was taught and the adults and older girls are taught to sew and mend.

The total number of cases admitted to the boat since the beginning is 965. The curative results have been excellent, especially with the children. At the beginning of the second semester of the school year this session about one-third of the children were pronounced cured and sent back to their regular schools.

[46]

OPEN AIR SCHOOL FOR TUBERCULAR CHILDREN, BROOKLYN. N. Y. PHOTOGRAPH SHOWS CHILDREN SLEEPING AFTER LUNCHEON

[47]

In addition to the work of the day camp this year the funds raised by the Red Cross Christmas Seals will be devoted to the open-air classes for anemic children in the public schools. There are open-air classes in eight of the public schools now in Brooklyn. About 300 children attend these classes and all of them are given some extra nourishment in the morning and afternoon and a warm lunch at noon, and some extra clothing was provided by the Board of Education. Special examinations by private physicians, visits to homes, employment of cooks, supervisor, etc., come out of the Red Cross money.

The plan adopted in Brooklyn has been to keep the Red Cross money in a special fund and devote it to some specific work, which interests the thousands of people who buy seals at Christmas time. Without the help of the sale of the seals it would have been impossible to have done some of the most valuable work which has been done for tubercular patients in Brooklyn.

“FERRY BOAT CAMP.” THE SCHOOL AT PLAY.

[48]

## First Aid Department

One of the most successful campaigns conducted by the First Aid Department of the American Red Cross has been that on the Missouri-Pacific System, which was completed at Texarkana, Arkansas, on January 4, 1913. It was begun at Omaha, Nebraska, on the September 16, 1912. A great part of the Missouri-Pacific System was covered during the ensuing two months and a half, meetings being held at points in nine different States. The total number of meetings was 234, the total attendance 14,050, and the total travel 5,752 miles. The employes of this railroad system were generally greatly interested in learning first aid. As the direct result of this tour the entire system is to be outfitted with first aid supplies and the instruction of men in their use is to be continued systematically.

It is gratifying to be able to record the fact that in the course of this campaign many public meetings have been held both in Car No. 1 and in town halls. Several opportunities have been offered to speak on first aid at high schools, and in one or two towns this subject will be adopted as part of the curriculum. Many fire and police departments have been represented at meetings as well as a good number of industries.

Dr. Mackey, in charge of Car No. 1 on his arrival at Texarkana, Texas, on January 6, made arrangements to hold meetings at schools, factories, etc., in that town while awaiting a new railroad schedule. The high school and normal school attendance during this period amounted to 995 persons. The school board of Texarkana has adopted first aid to the injured as a regular course of study in the high school. The Y. M. C. A. has installed a complete course and the Texarkana Normal School (colored) has decided to take up this work. On leaving Texarkana on the 17th of January, 1913, Dr. Mackey, with Car No. 1, resumed his railroad work on the St. Louis Southwestern Railroad of Texas. This was continued until the end of February with a total attendance of 2,085, a total of 30 meetings, and a total travel of 1,274 miles.

The hard and continuous service of Car No. 1 during the past three years has finally put it out of commission beyond hope of repair. It is a pleasure to be able to record the fact that the Pullman Company has generously offered to replace this car with a new one which will be larger and better suited to Red Cross purposes. It is expected that this car will be ready for service before this report goes to press. Meanwhile, Dr. Mackey is devoting his time to the various schools and industries in the vicinity of Texarkana, Texas.

After what Dr. Davis, in charge of Car No. 2, characterizes as a splendid campaign over the Philadelphia & Reading System first aid work was taken up for the Lehigh Valley Railroad. This was begun on December 13, 1912, and continued to February 7, 1913. The more important points visited and at which meetings were held were as follows: Jersey City, Perth Amboy, N. J.; Easton. Pa.; Bethlehem, Pa.; Lehighton, Pa.; Hazleton, Pa.; Delano, Pa.; Wilkes-Barre, Pa.; Pittston, Pa.; Sayre, Pa.: Auburn, N. Y.; Manchester, N. Y.; Rochester, N. Y.; Buffalo, N. Y., and Niagara Falls, N. Y. The total number of miles traveled was 916; 72 meetings were held, with a total attendance of 3,105. The interest displayed on the Lehigh Valley has been extremely gratifying.

[49]

DR. SHIELDS ILLUSTRATING USE OF RED CROSS TOURNIQUET. THE COMPRESS IN THIS CASE IS A POCKET KNIFE.

EMPLOYEES OF THE CHESAPEAKE & POTOMAC TELEPHONE CO., WASHINGTON, D. C., UNDER INSTRUCTION IN FIRST AID.

[50]

Dr. Davis also reports that he learned from Mr. J. S. Rockwell, General Agent, Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railroad, that since Car No. 2 covered that system last spring the work has been progressing very favorably under the supervision of the company surgeons. The men and officers are taking an active part in the movement and the results have been strikingly successful, not only in respect to proper handling and dressing of injuries but in a decrease in the number of accidents. A bulletin is posted each month at the different shops making comparison as to the number injured for each plant per number employed. Mr. Rockwell states that it is truly remarkable the way the men from the different shops are vying with each other in doing everything in their power to make their particular shops come out at the end of the month with the fewest injured.

The Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railroad would like very much to have another first aid campaign over its lines with the idea of getting road men thoroughly organized in order that as nearly as possible they may be on a par with the men employed in the shops. The report from this railroad is of the greatest importance as it shows the direction which it is believed first aid should take on railroads generally; first, the prevention of accidents, and, second, their proper care if they do unfortunately occur.

As mentioned in the January Red Cross Magazine, Dr. M. J. Shields. Field Agent of the First Aid Department of the American Red Cross, has been carrying on a very successful first aid campaign for the Bell Telephone Company, spending from December 3, 1912, to February 12, 1913, with the Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania and from February 14 to March 10, covering the Chesapeake and Potomac Company’s plant. Lectures were given in Philadelphia and vicinity, Chester, Westchester, West Grove, Jenkintown, Doylestown, Norristown, Pottstown, and Lancaster in eastern Pennsylvania: Camden, Atlantic City, Burlington, Bridgetown, and Trenton in New Jersey, and at Wilmington and Dover in Delaware.

The following offices of the Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania were also visited during January and February: Reading, Allentown, Harrisburg, Altoona, Lewistown, Bellefonte, Williamsport, Sunbury, Wilkes-Barre, Scranton, Easton, Pittsburgh, Washington, Uniontown, Greensburg, Johnstown, New Kensington, Rochester, New Castle, Greenville, Erie, Warren, Oil City, Bradford, Du Bois, and Butler in Pennsylvania; in West Virginia, Wheeling, Fairmont, Clarksburg and Parkersburg; and in Ohio, Marietta, Urieville, Steubenville, and East Liverpool.

In Chesapeake and Potomac territory, Washington, D. C., Baltimore, Westminister, Frederick, Hagerstown, Queenstown, Salisbury, all in Maryland were reached as well as Norfolk, Richmond, and Lynchburg in Virginia and Thurmond, Charleston, Huntington, and Martinsburg in West Virginia. In all, the number of meetings held was 142, miles traveled 7,500, and attendance 7,950.

Those in attendance at the meetings were principally from the plant department, the men who build and maintain the telephone lines, put up ærial and underground cables, and install ’phones, but at nearly every meeting numbers from the commercial and traffic departments attended. Special talks were given in Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Baltimore, and Washington, D. C., to the chief operators (women) and matrons on what to do in sudden illness and emergencies, on how to keep well, and on personal hygiene. Dr. Shields reports that these lectures were well received. He also reports that the subject of accident prevention was taken up and emphasized at each lecture.

Invitations to attend these lectures were extended to the officials and employes of the various electric light, power and street car companies. Also to the Western Union, Postal and American Telegraph and Telephoto companies, with the idea of encouraging a cooperative movement already started of making a safer arrangement of cross-arms and a better[51] spread and less dangerous arrangement of high tension wires on poles jointly used and in underground conduits, thereby cutting down to the minimum the most distressing of accidents—fatal shock on a pole 30 feet in the air or in an 8-foot man hole.

DEMONSTRATION OF FIRST AID TO BELL TELEPHONE COMPANY, PITTSBURGH, “PATIENT”: HAS FRACTURED HIP, FRACTURED LEG AND WOUNDS ON HEAD.

The press in the towns and cities visited gave the work good publicity both in their news columns and editorials. The Gazette-Times of Pittsburgh, on Sunday, February 16, had a full page with excellent illustrations. The following is an extract from an editorial in the Westminster Maryland Times of February 21:

“Too much cannot be said in praise of the work now being done by the Red Cross in educating people to care for themselves and others in time of accidents. That such work has great economic, as well as sentimental value, is proved by the way the Bell Telephone Companies and other large corporations are spending money to carry on campaigns, with the help of the Red Cross surgeons, that will show their men what they can and should do in the way of giving first aid to the injured, before a doctor can arrive.”

The Telephone-News, January 1st, made first aid and accident prevention a leading article. The Transmitter, published by the Chesapeake & Potomac Company, in the issue of March 1st had an illustrated article on the first aid Campaign.

Throughout all this work every assistance was given by the officials and men and the work was much appreciated by them. No doubt the interest created will be the means of doing a great deal of good not only among telephone men but with the public generally, as no business comes into closer contact with the public than that of the telephone company.

[52]

## First Aid in Australia

As another exemplification of the frequent assertion that the earth is not so large after all is a letter which the editor of the Red Cross Magazine recently received from Australia. Mr. H. Leslie McWhinney, of Auburn, Victoria, in some unexplained way, obtained a copy of the Magazine for October, 1912, and became so interested in the activities of the American Red Cross that he was moved to write the editor. His letter contains so much information relative to the work of the First Aid Volunteer Association in Australia that a portion of it is quoted here, as follows:

“First aid work in Australia is organized and conducted by the St. John Ambulance Association, an English institution, which conducts first aid and nursing classes, and has a permanent ambulance service in most of the capital cities of the six States. It also has an organization called the St. John Ambulance Brigade, consisting of men’s and women’s (nursing) divisions. Sydney and Brisbane have civil ambulances as well. In Melbourne we have the First Aid Volunteer Association, owing allegiance to St. John’s, but acting quite independently of it.

“This association had its origin in the visit of the American fleet in 1908, when this country became wild with enthusiasm and large crowds visited the seaports to see the fleet. The Melbourne City Council, expecting large crowds and many accidents, called for volunteers holding first aid certificates, and a number responded, and rendered good service. Afterwards Mr. W. F. Pratt, our present secretary, suggested that those on duty should form a practice society, and this was done, the First Aid Volunteer Association being formed.

“Our membership has increased from 40 to 110, and is now growing rapidly; the average attendance at weekly meetings ranges from 30 to 40 and at lectures from 60 to 80. We encourage people interested in first aid to visit our meetings and send members out to help class secretaries. We also supply members for first aid duty at large public meetings, exhibitions, missions and other gatherings. Last year our members attended the Scoville Mission for six weeks, treating 44 cases; the Alexander-Chapman Mission (4 weeks), and several other large gatherings. A hygiene exhibition opens in Melbourne next week and we have agreed to supply 12 members a night for four weeks. We make no charge, and our members take no payment. Of course, we are willing to accept donations to our funds, but do not ask for them.

“We have a stretcher and a first class kit and plenty of bandages, besides medical instruments for use on duty by any medical man who happens along. At our monthly outings, which take place out of the city on Saturday afternoons, the secretary prepares a list of accidents, labels various ‘patients,’ and the other members have to work in pairs, being allowed one bandage apiece and having to improvise the others. Average attendance is thirty. We usually do a little propaganda work at these outings, inviting the local class secretaries to bring along their pupils, if any.”

Of course, the readers of the Red Cross Magazine will understand the difference between this First Aid Society in Australia and the American Red Cross. The First Aid Volunteer Association was organized with only one purpose in view, that of practicing first aid, and one of the conditions of membership is that the applicant[53] must have received a first aid certificate; whereas the activities of the American Red Cross have many ramifications and any reputable citizen of the United States may become a member thereof simply upon the payment of dues. Membership in the First Aid Association in Australia is rather analogous to membership in the classes throughout the United States organized by the First Aid Department of the American Red Cross.

It is interesting to note that the arrival of the American fleet in Australian waters in 1908 was the prime cause for the organization of the First Aid Volunteer Association.

“BROKEN THIGH.” FIRST AID PRACTICE.

[54]

## Red Cross Nursing Service

Miss Jane A. Delano,
Chairman National Committee.

The rapid development of the Nursing Service of the Red Cross and the solidarity of its various activities are encouraging signs of future growth and more extended usefulness.

Our state and local committees of nurses, organized primarily for the enrollment of Red Cross nurses, have responded with enthusiasm whenever new demands have been made upon them. We now have more than five hundred representative nurses serving on these committees throughout the United States, and their co-operation and interest may be depended upon to further any work undertaken by the Red Cross. They have been most active in the sale of Christmas Seals and have co-operated with local tuberculosis agencies, often serving on special committees. In organizing our Rural Nursing Service we have sought their advice and assistance. They have suggested nurses for rural work and have given valuable information in regard to the needs of their own communities. Further details concerning this important service is given by Miss Clement, superintendent of rural nurses.

Our local committees are found ready to assist in relief work at celebrations and parades, and appreciate the opportunities for experience thus offered. The District of Columbia committee, of which Miss Anna J. Greenlees is chairman, secured the nurses required for relief stations established in Washington during inaugural week. A report of the work of these stations appears in this number of the Magazine.

The National Committee on Nursing Service, in co-operation with the First Aid Department, has been authorized by the Red Cross to organize classes of instruction for women in Home Nursing and First Aid. Once more we must appeal to our local committees of nurses for their assistance. The plan adopted requires that the instruction in Home Nursing shall be given by enrolled Red Cross nurses, who must, in a large measure, be secured through the local committees. As the work develops we hope that nurses especially qualified to instruct women in the principles of right living and the home care of the sick may be found willing to devote their whole time to this instruction. Even two classes a day would give a fair income and an opportunity to render valuable service to a community. Information concerning these classes for women is given in this issue by Miss Oliver, in charge of their organization.

Believing that the course in first aid adopted by the Red Cross would be valuable even to graduate nurses, arrangements have been made with the First Aid Department to allow enroled Red Cross nurses to take this course at home. The textbook written by Major Charles Lynch must be used, and nurses who so desire will be allowed to take an examination under the direction of a physician appointed by the Red Cross. To those who pass this examination a Red Cross First Aid Certificate will be issued.

[55]

### Rural Nursing

Miss Fannie F. Clement,
Superintendent of Rural Nurses.

Before the Red Cross entered the field of rural nursing several attempts were made to extend this work on a broad plan into the country districts. After the Peace Conference, held at Portsmouth, N. H., in 1905, the Russian and Japanese envoys made a gift of $20,000 to the State, to be used for charitable purposes. At this time several persons who realized that rural nursing was an important factor in the improvement of social conditions tried to have this sum used in establishing a state-wide system. It was not possible, however, to convince those in authority that this would be the best disposition of the gift. It was the aim of the Holman Association, incorporated in 1911, “for the promotion of rural nursing, hygiene and social service.” to expand as resources permitted to meet the needs of rural communities in the United States, but the society has recently been disbanded.

There are but few instances where rural nursing has been extended by a single organization to cover any considerable area. A pioneer work was started seventeen years ago in North Westchester county, New York, where the District Nursing Association now employ six nurses and covers about twenty villages. Gradually new districts in the surrounding territory are being opened up by the association.

There are, however, several individual nurses meeting the needs of rural communities, and often under trying conditions. In isolated regions they are cut off from helpful association with others doing similar work and the stimulus that comes from identification with an extensive organized effort. The Red Cross has planned a service of which these nurses may become a part, which will assist them to establish and maintain high standards.

Rural nursing as it now exists is generally carried on under the supervision of a committee which may include several sub-committees. These are responsible for various branches of the nurses’ work. Wherever such committees are able to arouse a general interest much has been accomplished not only in behalf of public health, but in many lines of public welfare work.

It is expected that in the development of Red Cross rural nursing, local committees will be created, meeting standards of salary and other regulations which are deemed necessary to insure the best interests of a community. The locality benefitted by the work of a nurse is expected to meet the expenses connected with it. Fees collected from patients are not sufficient for this, as all sick persons are not able to pay for the services of the nurse. As a rule, patients are expected to pay for professional visits, according to their means, but those unable to make any payments should not go uncared for. The responsibility for raising the necessary funds rests with the local committee, which also superintends the work of the nurse.

A general supervision by the Red Cross is maintained through occasional visits of the superintendent of rural nurses and through monthly reports of their work.

During the 1910 Red Cross Christmas Seal sale, the Anti-Tuberculosis Association of Wisconsin, offered the services of a visiting nurse for one month to twelve cities of a limited population, making the highest per capita sale. The Red Cross Seal Committee of Ohio, in 1912, sent a visiting nurse for one month to each of twelve small cities throughout the State as a prize in the seal-selling contest. Interest in visiting nursing was thus stimulated to a degree that several of these towns have[56] since been insisting upon a permanent nurse, and have raised funds necessary for her support.

Hospitals, dispensaries and medical attendance are seldom as accessible in the country as in cities. To have the rural nurse a resident in the community, her services for all regardless of any lines of distinction, to have intelligent nursing care for patients in their own homes, and instruction and demonstration given in the principles of hygiene, not only of person but as applied to home surroundings, are advantages which have been appreciated wherever the visiting nurse is established.

The best physicians have welcomed her assistance. No stronger testimony to the value of her services is needed than the present demand for public health workers in connection with industrial establishments, department stores, religious and civic institutions and health departments of city, town and county.

Women of the finest type are needed for this work and those who have had specialized training in public health activities. Several visiting nursing associations to be utilized as training centers for Red Cross nurses offer good opportunities for students to become familiar with social work of various kinds through lectures, study courses and affiliations with philanthropic societies in the city. Nurses may thus come in contact with milk stations, dispensaries, tuberculosis and charity organization societies, settlements and other social agencies.

Nurses eligible for appointment to the Rural Nursing Service, who have not already had experience or training in visiting nursing, after a minimum period of three months with a city nursing association will be placed one month with an association in the country, thus giving them actual experience in rural nursing and its problems before assignment to their post of duty. It is important that the rural nurse be informed upon the various branches of public health nursing and social service, as carried on in cities, in order that she may initiate work along these lines in country places where it is often wholly unorganized. She should be able to recognize contagious diseases and minor ailments among school children. By giving simple health talks in the schools, she is able to utilize one of the most advantageous avenues for influencing the home life of her people.

Local societies and clubs, the aim of which is to improve unfavorable conditions that exist in their communities can establish a no more fruitful source of helpfulness than by the employment of a visiting nurse. Red Cross Chapters will find in such an undertaking not only a means of creating interest in local work of the Red Cross, but opportunity of enlarging their field of usefulness to the community. The experience of the Red Cross Chapter in Islip, Long Island, in the employment of a rural nurse has long ago proven the value of this plan of work.

### Home Nursing and First Aid Instruction For Women

Miss Marion L. Oliver,
In Charge of Organization of Classes.

Believing that the physical welfare of the race depends largely upon home conditions and that the women of the nation have a very definite responsibility in maintaining the health of the family, the American Red Cross has undertaken to organize on a national scale classes for women in home nursing and first aid. It is hoped that this instruction will make them better home makers, better mothers and better citizens. Before describing what has been accomplished in this[57] direction, it is best to give details of the plan adopted. This can be done most briefly by quoting from the official circular relating to the same.

#### Plan of Instruction for Women.

The American Red Cross has decided to organize classes of instruction for women in first aid, home nursing, hygiene and allied subjects, to be given under the supervision of the National Committee on Red Cross Nursing Service.

#### Objects.

1. To afford women the opportunity to learn first aid to the injured, and to provide simple instruction in the home care of the sick.

2. To afford women the opportunity to learn how to prepare food for sick and well.

3. To afford women the opportunity to learn how to prepare rooms and other places for the reception of ill and injured.

4. To afford women the opportunity to learn how to protect their own health and that of their families.

It must be distinctly understood that this course of instruction for women is only intended to prepare them to render emergency assistance in case of accident, to give more intelligent care to their own families under competent direction, and, in exceptional cases, to assist in relief work under the supervision of the Nursing Service of the American Red Cross.

#### Need.

Much needless suffering is now caused the ill and injured on account of the ignorance of unskilled persons. It has been said that the fate of the injured is dependent on the care which their injuries first receive. It is therefore necessary for everybody to learn what to do first in an emergency, and what not to do. This is easy to learn, but the subject must be learned. Nobody can be expected to know this without instruction. The number of people injured in the United States is rapidly mounting and is now in the hundreds of thousands annually. Knowledge of first aid to the injured cannot, it is true, prevent the consequent suffering entirely, but it can be made an important factor in this result.

The health of the family depends largely upon the home maker, and it is most essential that she have a definite knowledge of personal and household hygiene and the proper preparation of food. Special diet for the sick is no less essential. Scarcely any woman is unacquainted with the sick room in her own family, and some simple instruction in the care of the sick should be a part of every woman’s education.

It is the purpose of the Red Cross to provide for this instruction.

#### Results.

This work is just being started in this country, so that great results cannot yet be reported. It has already been demonstrated here, however, that instruction in first aid will reduce deaths and serious results from injuries about one-half. On railroads and everywhere else that the American Red Cross has carried first aid instruction, all interested are enthusiastic in praise of the benefits derived. In other countries, such as Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Russia, work of a similar character to that contemplated for women has been done for many years and all testimony goes to show that the public has largely benefited therefrom.

#### Course of Instruction.

Ten lessons in First Aid.

Fifteen lessons in Hygiene and Home Nursing.

Fifteen lessons in Dietetics and Household Economy.

All instruction will be very practical and pupils will, as far as possible, be required actually to do everything described in the teaching.[58] Lessons in either First Aid or Home Nursing may be given first, but both these courses of lessons must be completed and certificates must be held in both by those desiring to take further instruction.

No two courses of instruction may be taken at the same time.

All first aid courses must be given by a physician and other instructions by a Red Cross nurse, unless otherwise authorized by the Red Cross.

#### Organization of Classes.

Women desiring to form a class in either first aid or home nursing should secure a sufficient number of names—not less than ten or more than twenty-five—selecting one to act as president. The president so selected should then communicate with the Department of Instruction for Women, American Red Cross, Washington, D. C. A roll will be supplied on which the names of the members of the class will be inscribed and answers given in respect to certain essentials.

No one under sixteen years of age is eligible for these classes.

It will be necessary locally to obtain the services of a physician or a nurse to give the instruction, whose name and address should be forwarded to Washington with required roll of proposed class. All instructions must be approved, and a card of authorization issued, by the Red Cross before any course is begun.

The instructors’ fees, if any, must be paid locally, and arrangements for the same must be made by the class with the instructor selected.

It will also be necessary to provide a meeting place.

Books and charts will be supplied by the Red Cross. The cost of these will be $1 per member for each course of ten lessons, and $1.50 per member for each course of fifteen lessons. Payment for the same should be made in advance. The president will be responsible for collecting and forwarding this amount to Washington.

#### Examinations and Certificates.

On the completion of each course of instruction an examiner will be appointed, to be paid by the Red Cross. Such examiner will be other than the instructor of the class.

No one will be allowed to take an examination in any course who has not attended at least three-fourths of the lessons of that course.

Certificates will be given successful candidates at the conclusion of each course of instruction.

After fulfilling the requirements for the organization of a class and the instructor has been formally appointed the class is free to begin work, and very interesting work it proves to be. The course of instruction in first aid begins with an introductory lesson in anatomy and physiology followed by nine lessons with practical demonstration in the care of emergencies and accidents most likely to be met with in the every-day walks of life. It is most desirable that each pupil be given an opportunity to practice on a model or manikin the various points covered in the lessons. After the ten lessons are over, those members of a class who have not been absent more than three times, are ready for examination. This is given by a physician other than the instructor of the class who is appointed direct from the first aid office. The examination is one-third oral, one-third written and one-third practical.

There are fifteen lessons in the Home Nursing course, and these should prove of absorbing interest and practical value to every one. The preliminary lessons deal with matters relating to the healthfulness of the home, such as contamination of food and its prevention, sources of impurities in water and air, personal hygiene and the preservation of health. Then follows simple instruction in the home care of the sick, how to make a sick bed, to transfer a patient from bed to chair, the general care of a patient, including baths and the use of ordinary sickroom appliances. For example, the[59] theory of bed-making was being taught in one of our classes the other day, and after the instructing nurse had finished her lecture, every member of the class had to make the bed with and without the patient, the patient in this case being a life-sized doll covered with oilcloth so that it could be bathed. Several members of the class did not make the beds satisfactorily and were told to practice at home so that at the next lesson they could do better. A special examination also follows this course.

After those Home Nursing lessons are over, it is planned to have a series of lectures on home economics and dietetics.

So much for the plans and organization, now for the actual classes. The records show that on March 30th almost six hundred women are taking this instruction.

Twenty-four classes in First Aid and three in Home Nursing have been formed in different localities. Both the Young Women’s Christian Association and the Girls’ Friendly Society have become interested in this work.

In Genesee, New York, the fox-hunting community has formed a large class for women to teach them to cope with the accidents of the hunting field.

In Manchester, Connecticut, where the Cheney Brothers have their big silk mills, classes in both First Aid and Home Nursing have been organized among the employes.

In Cincinnati a group of society women are taking the First Aid course.

In one of the suburbs of Washington, a group of young mothers have formed a class.

Other classes are active in Lexington, Ky., Providence, R. I., Detroit, Mich., North Attleboro, Milton and Manchester, Mass., Milwaukee, Wis., York, Pa., Philadelphia, Pa., and Washington, D. C.

Two classes have been formed by the wives of the officers of the Army and the Navy, and we hope that in time every Army post and Naval stations will have its regular classes in First Aid and Home Nursing, and that this work will not only be for the officers’ wives but for the wives of the enlisted men as well.

Al the end of each set of classes there is an examination and those who successfully pass receive a Red Cross certificate.

It is also planned that a field day will be held in each State that has enough classes to warrant it and at this field day First Aid teams of women will compete for a Bronze Medal. The rules for such a competition will be supplied upon request.

[60]

## The Red Cross at the Inauguration

The Red Cross participated actively in the care of ill and injured during the various ceremonies incident to the inauguration of President Wilson, March 4, 1913.

On the morning of Sunday, March 2, a small emergency hospital was established in a room set aside for the purpose at the Union Station. This continued in operation till the morning of Thursday, March 6, and was open for patients day and night.

On the morning of March 3, two small Red Cross tent hospitals were opened, one in rear of the Sherman Statue and the other in Lafayette Square. These were in operation till the close of the Suffrage Parade the same afternoon. In addition five ambulances were stationed along the line of march for this parade. Two of these were near the Peace Monument, one at Seventh street, one at Twelfth street, and one at Fifteenth street. Very few patients sought assistance or were brought to these hospitals or ambulances on this afternoon. All received were promptly treated and properly disposed of.

On March 4, the day of the inauguration, besides the hospital at Union Station the Red Cross had in its charge tent hospitals east of the Capitol, in rear of the Sherman Statue and in Lafayette Square. The second was also open during the fireworks or till about 11 p. m.

At these stations the number of patients treated was as follows:

Union Station | 64
East of the Capitol | 23
Rear of Sherman Statue | 19
Lafayette Square | 12
Ambulances, March 3 | 15
| 133

Major Charles Lynch. Medical Corps, U. S. A., was in charge of the emergency service. Miss Jane A. Delano, Chairman of the Nursing Committee of the American Red Cross, acted for that committee in the necessary arrangements so far as it was concerned. Miss Anna J. Greenlees served as director of Red Cross nurses, and Mrs. Theodora North McLaughlin represented the District Chapter. The physicians on duty at the stations were members of the Inaugural Sub-committee on Ambulances and Hospitals. The nurses were Red Cross nurses of the District of Columbia and the Boy Scouts were supplied by the local Boy Scout organization.

It will be noted that no very great demands were made on the emergency service of the Red Cross during the inaugural period. Most of the patients required rest rather than medication or hospital treatment. This they were able to obtain at the Red Cross Stations. These also sheltered a few cases of serious illness and for all everything possible was done.

The weather conditions were in marked contrast with those of four years ago, which contributed largely to reducing the number of cases requiring emergency treatment.

The thanks of the Red Cross are due to the following physicians, nurses and Boy Scouts for services which, while by no means spectacular, were thoroughly creditable in every respect.

### Union Station.

#### Physicians.

Dr. J. J. Madigan, Red Cross Director; Doctors R. E. Ledbetter, Chas. W. Allen, C. N. Chipman, Wm. J. G. Thomas, Elmer Sothoron, J. Franklin Hilton, Philip Newton, H. F. Sawtelle, T. Victor Hammond, John P. Gunion,[61] Alfred Richards, R. F. Tobin, W. C. Gwynn, Jas. G. Townsend, J. A. O’Donoghue, Joseph C. Leonard, H. C. Duffey, G. B. Heinecke, J. E. Lind, and Edgar Snowden.

#### Nurses.

Sallie F. Melhorn, Susie A. Mortimer, Katherine Von Brodt, Charlotte H. Barnes, Ethel H. Brown, Winona R. Taylor.

### East of Capitol.

#### Physicians.

Dr. Alfred Richards, Red Cross Director; Doctors Carl Haas, Roy Dunmire and Stuart C. Johnson.

#### Nurses.

Mrs. M. J. Johnson and Mrs. Emil A. Fenstad.

### Rear of Sherman Statue.

#### Physicians.

Dr. Frank E. Gibson, Red Cross Director; Doctors J. R. Ramsburgh, Oscar Wilkinson and O. Cox.

#### Nurses.

Misses Agnes Hayes, Mary Davis, Kathryne Donnelly, Lena Bauer, A. L. Goodheart, Pricilla Page, Keiningham, Sewell, Cora Wynkoop and Zaidee Kibler.

#### Boy Scouts.

Arnel Carpenter, Clarence Shrout, Ernest Utz and Waldo Jones.

#### Troop 37, Somerset, Maryland.

Dwight Terry, Raymond Henderson, Mark Shoemaker, Leslie Stimpson, Silas Hayes, Talbot Barnard, Charles Shoemaker and William Probey.

It is to be regretted that the names of all the Boy Scouts, who invariably did good work, were not recorded.

CROWDS IN FRONT OF THE CAPITOL DURING THE INAUGURATION OF PRESIDENT WILSON.

© Harris-Ewing

[62]

### Lafayette Square.

#### Physicians.

Dr. William P. Reeves, Red Cross Director; Doctors Philip Newton and Albert G. Wenzell.

#### Nurses.

Mrs. L. A. Weed, Mrs. J. J. Johnson, Misses J. Allan, Mary W. Cox, Mary F. Sewall and Bernice Keiningham.

The Ford Motor Car Company through its local agent, Miller Brothers, was also good enough to give an automobile for inspection purposes on the day of the Inauguration.

ILLUMINATION OF PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE ON THE NIGHTS OF THE 4TH AND 5TH OF MARCH

The expenses involved were paid from Inaugural and Red Cross funds. They were small as all served without pay except the nurses at the Union Station on whose time much greater demands were made than on other personnel.

The expenditures in detail were as follows:

Inaugural Funds.
Nurses at Union Station | $56.00
Medical supplies used | 16.00
Total | $62.00
Red Cross Funds.
Miscellaneous supplies, lunches, tent floors, etc. | $61.40
Grand total | $123.40

[63]

## The Endowment Fund Committees

### WORK ACCOMPLISHED

| December 31, 1912.
Amount to be raised |  | $2,000,000.00
Amount raised and in Red Cross Treasury to date | $820,221.67 |
Amount in hands of Endowment Fund Committees and not yet transferred (reported) | 81,657.98 |
| 901,879.65 |
Amount yet to be raised |  | $1,098,120.35

Committee | Apportionment | Raised | Plus | Minus | Percentage raised
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Akron, Ohio | 6,000 | 250.00 |  | 5,750.00 | 4
Albany, N. Y. | 10,000 |  |  | 10,000.00 |
Amesbury, Mass. | 90 | 190.00 | 100.00 |  | 211
Atlanta, Ga. | 15,000 |  |  | 15,000.00 |
Baltimore, Md. | 55,000 | 8,555.00 |  | 46,445.00 | 15
Berkshire County, Mass. | 10,500 |  |  | 10,500.00 |
Boston, Mass. | 67,000 | 27,633.62 |  | 39,366.38 | 41
Buffalo, N. Y. | 42,000 |  |  | 42,000.00 |
Burlington, Iowa | 2,500 |  |  | 2,500.00 |
Canal Zone | 700 | 709.63 | 9.63 |  | 101
Canton, Ohio | 5,000 |  |  | 5,000.00 |
Charleston, S. C. | 5,000 |  |  | 5,000.00 |
Chattanooga, Tenn. | 4,000 | 245.00 |  | 3,755.00 | 6
Chicago, Ill. | 218,000 | 78,000.00 |  | 140,000.00 | 35
Cincinnati, Ohio | 36,000 | 18,487.06 |  | 17,512.94 | 51
Cleveland, Ohio | 56,000 |  |  | 56,000.00 |
Columbus, Ohio | 18,000 |  |  | 18,000.00 |
Dallas, Texas | 9,000 |  |  | 9,000.00 |
Dayton, Ohio | 11,000 |  |  | 11,000.00 |
Denver, Colo. | 21,000 | 500.00 |  | 20,500.00 | 2
Detroit, Mich. | 46,000 | 10,005.00 |  | 35,995.00 | 21
Duluth, Minn. | 7,800 |  |  | 7,800.00 |
Grand Rapids, Mich. | 11,000 |  |  | 11,000.00 |
Hampden County, Mass. | 8,000 | 813.00 |  | 7,187.00 | 10
Harrisburg, Pa. | 6,000 |  |  | 6,000.00 |
Hartford, Conn. | 9,800 | 5,514.60 |  | 4,285.40 | 56
Hyde Park, N. Y. |  | 600.00 |  |  |
Indianapolis, Ind. | 23,000 | 4,807.68 |  | 18,192.32 | 20
Kansas City, Mo. | 24,000 |  |  | 24,000.00 |
Los Angeles, Cal. | 31,000 |  |  | 31,000.00 |
Louisville, Ky. | 22,000 |  |  | 22,000.00 |
Lowell, Mass. | 10,000 | 1,871.50 |  | 8,128.50 | 18
Magnolia, Mass. | 30 | 62.00 | 32.00 |  | 206
Manchester, Mass. | 270 | 2,057.11 | 1,787.11 |  | 761
Massillon, Ohio | 1,300 |  |  | 1,300.00 |
Memphis, Tenn. | 13,000 |  |  | 13,000.00 |
Nashville, Tenn. | 11,000 |  |  | 11,000.00 |
Newark, N. J. | 34,000 |  |  | 34,000.00 |
New Haven. Conn. | 13,000 | 6,840.83 |  | 6,159.17 | 52
New York, N. Y. | 476,000 | 510,821.00 | 34,821.00 |  | 107
Omaha, Nebr. | 13,000 |  |  | 13,000.00 |
Paterson, N. J. | 12,000 |  |  | 12,000.00 |
Philadelphia, Pa. | 154,000 |  |  | 154,000.00 |
Pittsburgh, Pa. | 53,000 | 105.00 |  | 52,895.00 | 1-5
Portland, Oreg. | 20,700 |  |  | 20,700.00 |
Rhode Island | 54,000 |  |  | 54,000.00 |
Richmond, Va. | 12,000 |  |  | 12,000.00 |
Rochester, N. Y. | 21,800 |  |  | 21,800.00 | [64]
San Antonio, Texas | 9,000 | 500.00 |  | 8,500.00 | 5
San Francisco, Cal. | 41,000 | 75,668.34 | 34,668.34 |  | 184
Schenectady, N. Y. | 7,000 |  |  | 7,000.00 |
Scranton, Pa. | 12,900 | 8,021.08 |  | 4,878.92 | 62
Seattle, Wash. | 23,700 |  |  | 23,700.00 |
St. Louis, Mo. | 68,000 | 70,630.84 | 2,630.84 |  | 103
St. Paul, Minn. | 21,000 | 198.00 |  | 20,802.00 | 47-50
Toledo, Ohio | 16,000 |  |  | 16,000.00 |
Troy, N. Y. | 7,000 |  |  | 7,000.00 |
Utica, N. Y. | 7,000 |  |  | 7,000.00 |
Washington, D. C. | 33,000 | 33,890.04 | 890.04 |  | 102
Wilkes-Barre, Pa. | 6,000 |  |  | 6,000.00 |
Worcester, Mass. | 14,000 | 50.00 |  | 13,950.00 | 5-14
Youngstown, Ohio | 7,000 | 550.00 |  | 6,450.00 | 7

In the case of Scranton the committee in a short time after its organization secured $8,000 of its $12,000 apportionment. By reason of a serious mine disaster in the vicinity of Scranton the members of the committee were compelled to devote their efforts to the raising of a large relief fund. The Red Cross has therefore accepted the $8,000 as completing Scranton’s apportionment.

## ADVERTISEMENTS

OFFICERS

PRESIDENT

- Charles C. Glover

VICE PRESIDENTS

- Milton E. Ailes
- William J. Flather

CASHIER

- Henry H. Flather

ASS’T CASHIER

- Joshua Evans, Jr.

CAPITAL | $1,000,000
SURPLUS | 2,000,000

DIRECTORS

- Charles C. Glover
- Thomas Hyde
- James M. Johnston
- Wm. J. Flather
- R. Ross Perry
- Henry Hurt
- John R. McLean
- F. A. Vanderlip
- Milton E. Ailes
- Henry H. Flather
- H. Rozier Dulany
- Frederic D. McKenney
- Frank C. Henry
- Willard H. Brownson
- Charles I. Corby
- Sylvester W. Labrot

Strength and conservatism in a bank are two of the most important things to be considered in selecting a depositary for your funds.

¶ The resources of this time-tested institution, amounting to over $14,000,000, afford ample protection to its depositors.

¶ The conservative policy of its management, backed by years of experience, assures careful attention to all banking matters entrusted to its care.

¶ Dependable connections in all the principal cities of the United States and abroad enable us to handle with expedition collections on any point in the world.

¶ Letters of Credit and Travelers’ Checks issued available the world over.

¶ Investments made for customers.

Correspondence Invited

Riggs National Bank
1501 Pennsylvania Avenue
WASHINGTON, D. C.

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