[iii]

HEATH’S
FRENCH AND ENGLISH
DICTIONARY

COMPILED FROM THE
BEST AUTHORITIES IN BOTH LANGUAGES

REVISED AND CONSIDERABLY ENLARGED

BY
JAMES BOÏELLE, B. A. (Univ. Gall.)
OFFICIER D’ACADÉMIE, LATELY EXAMINER IN FRENCH IN THE UNIVERSITY
OF LONDON; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF “LA SOCIÉTÉ
DES GENS DE LETTRES DE FRANCE,” ETC., ETC.

AIDED BY
de V. PAYEN-PAYNE
ASSISTANT-EXAMINER IN FRENCH IN THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON
PRINCIPAL OF KENSINGTON COACHING COLLEGE
AUTHOR OF “FRENCH IDIOMS AND PROVERBS”

D. C. HEATH & CO., Publishers
BOSTON, NEW YORK, CHICAGO

COPYRIGHT, 1903, BY WILLIAM T. BELDING.
ENTERED AT STATIONERS’ HALL, LONDON.

[iv]

When I was asked to undertake the preparation of this French Dictionary, I had no idea of the formidable nature of the task that lay before me. It was obvious, of course, that a very great deal would have to be done to bring up to date a dictionary of a living language that is ever growing, and in which new words and new meanings of words are being coined almost daily. But I found, in the course of the four and a half years during which I have been engaged upon the work, that it assumed proportions altogether undreamt of, and that I was virtually producing a new work.

Perhaps I may be permitted to direct attention to some of the features which distinguish the new edition.

Many thousands of new words and phrases, idioms and idiomatic expressions, proverbs and proverbial expressions, have been included. In a great many instances chapter and verse have been given. Two hundred columns of print have been added to the book.

For the words in the French-English part, I have closely followed the smaller Littré as well as Bescherelle, and have taken special care to give, as far as the compass of the Dictionary would allow, illustrative examples of the many and various meanings conveyed by the words under review. These various meanings have also been classified, as far as possible, under their respective heads. In the English-French portion I have, as far as the selection of words is concerned, closely followed the lines of Cassell’s English Dictionary. The latest classical, general, scientific, commercial, naval, and military terms are incorporated. In this part, too, the “notation” of the words has been carefully marked throughout and the pronunciation revised.

Among other features of the work which may justly, I think, be accounted improvements, I may mention the following, viz.: the different prepositions governing verbs have been printed in heavier type—thus simplifying one of the greatest difficulties of the language; the pronunciation of the words, where necessary, has been carefully indicated; and the list of geographical names of countries and places has been largely added to.

The work has occupied me, as I have said, for more than four years; but the process of revision has been to me most interesting, and while the labour expended has been far greater than anything I could have anticipated, I trust that the result will give satisfaction to an even larger circle of readers than was obtained by previous editions.

J. B.

[vi]

Note.—The rules given below must be considered as general. Some are subject to more or less exceptions, which, for the sake of brevity, have not been mentioned, but they will all be found clearly and fully noticed in their respective places.

ALPHABET.

FRENCH VOWEL SOUNDS.

The Simple, or Vowel sounds, in the French language, are as follows:—

Y, when alone, or when preceded or followed by a consonant, is pronounced like an i; except in pays, paysan, paysage. When placed between two vowels, it performs the office of two i’s, and is always preceded by a, e, o, or u. When preceded by a or e, it unites its first i with this vowel, and sounds è, as in rayon, which is pronounced rè-ion; when preceded by o, its first i is sounded in conjunction with o, like wa in the English word wag, as in joyeux, which is pronounced joa-ieû; and when preceded by u, its own two i’s preserve their natural sound, as in appuyer, which is pronounced appui-ié.

A is long in the termination aille, except in médăille, je travăille, détăille, émăille, băille (I give). It is also long in ation, as, nation, admiration, oblation; pronounce therefore, pāille, limāille, canāille, nātion, admirātion, oblātion, etc.

In the terminations of the imperfect of the subjunctive of verbs of the first conjugation, the a is always short; as que je parlăsse, que je donnăsse.

NASAL SOUNDS.

The nasal syllables are: aim, ain, am, an, aon; ean, eim, ein, em, en, eon, eun; im, in; om, on; um, un; ym.

Am, an, ean, are pronounced like an, without exception; as ambition, vendant, songeant. Em and en are also pronounced like an, as in emploi, empire, envie; but not always. In words derived from foreign languages, they are pronounced liked ème, ène; as Jerusalem, hymen. In words terminating in en or ein, and in their derivatives, en is pronounced like in; as mien, Chrétien, Chrétienté; and in the verbs tenir, venir, and their derivatives, en is sounded like in; as tiens, viens.

In femme, em is pronounced like am.

Im, in, aim, ain, ein, are all pronounced like in. The i, however, keeps its natural sound in words taken from foreign languages, as in Sélim, Ephraim, which are pronounced as if the m were followed by a silent e; in all words in which in is followed by a vowel; as in-animé, in-octavo, in-odore, in-humain; and in the beginning of words commencing with imm and inn.

Om, on, are pronounced like on; as in pont, tombe; complet, donjon. Automne is pronounced ôtonn.

Aen, aon, ean are sounded as an in the following words: Caen, Laon, taon, faon, paon, Jean.

Eon is sounded on when following g: mangeons, plongeon.

Um, un, eun, are pronounced like un; as in parfum, importun, à jeun.

Un is, however, sounded on in a few words of foreign origin: punch, de profundis.

Um is pronounced like ome in words of Latin origin, as duumvir, triumvir; factum, factotum.

CONSONANTS.

B has the same sound as in English; as bal, ball. It is pronounced in the middle and at the end of words.

C has the sound of k before a, o, u, l, n, r, except[viii] when it has a cedilla under it, in which case it is pronounced like s, as reçu. It is also pronounced like s before e, i, and y. Ch has the sound of sh, except when it is followed by a consonant, in which case it is pronounced like k; as in chronologie.

D has the same sound as in English. It is sounded in the middle of words, as in adverbe. When it is final, and carried to the following word, it sounds like t, as in grand homme, which is pronounced gran-tomme.

F is pronounced like the same letter in English, as in fleur, flower. It is sounded at the end of words; but in neuf it is pronounced like v when followed by a word beginning with a vowel or h mute, as in neuf enfants, which words are pronounced neu-van-fan.

G has the hard sound of g in the English word go, before a, o, u, l, m, r, as in gomme, gris, gum, gray. But it has always the soft sound of s as in pleasure before e, i, y, as in génie, gîte.

When combined with n in the middle of words, it has a liquid sound, somewhat similar to that of ni in the English word onion, as régner, saigner, agneau, compagnon, etc. Every word in which this sound occurs is preceded by a star (*) throughout this work. Whenever gn is not liquid, it sounds as in the English word ignorant.

H is sounded with a guttural impulse, when aspirated, as in héros, hero. When mute it has no use but that of showing the etymology of the word, as in honneur, honor. It is always silent after t, as in méthode, arithmétique, which are pronounced métod, a-rit-mé-tik. The aspirated h is marked throughout this work with a dagger (†).

J has always the sound of s in pleasure, and is subject to no irregularity.

K has always a hard sound, as in the English word king, and is subject to no irregularity.

L has two sounds. The first is precisely the same as l in the English word lily. The second is liquid. The liquid l, whether double or single, is always preceded by i. It is similar to the sound of the last i in William.

It is to be remarked, that i, followed by l or ll, and preceded by another vowel, is always silent in pronunciation; it only serves to indicate the liquid sound of the l, as in paille, soleil, patrouille, which ought to be pronounced pâ-i, solé-i, patrou-i. But when i is not preceded by another vowel, as in fille, it retains its natural sound, and serves at the same time to indicate the liquid sound of l. And here in fille, pronounced fi-i, we find both the i natural and the i which stands for ll.

Whenever i begins a word, as in illusion, the l’s are never liquid. The liquid l is marked throughout this work with a star (*).

P has the sound of the same letter in English, as in peine, pain. When combined with h, it has the sound of f, as in philosophe, philosopher.

Q has the hard sound of k, as in the English word quaker. Whether initial or medial, q is always followed by u, which is not sounded except in a few words that are noticed in the course of this work.

R has the same sound as in English, but is articulated much more strongly, as in rivière, river. It is always sounded at the end of words, when preceded by the vowels a, i, o, u. In substantives, adjectives, and verbs ending in er, it is silent, unless it is followed by a word beginning with a vowel or h mute, as in dernier ouvrage, which is pronounced dernié-rouvraj.

S has two sounds. The first is hissing, as in the English word sister; the second is soft, as in the English word please. It has uniformly the hissing sound at the beginning of words, and the soft between two vowels. Both sounds occur in saison. It preserves its hissing sound in compound words, as in parasol, vraisemblable; and when it happens to be sounded at the end of words, as in Pallas, Brutus, vis.

When s final is joined to the following word, it is always articulated like z, as in dans un cas important, which must be pronounced dān-zun-kâ-zin-por-tān.

T has two sounds; one hard, as in the English word tutor, and the other like the hissing s, as in sister. Both occur in situation, which is pronounced si-tuā-sion. It has the hissing sound before i, connected with some other following vowel or vowels, as in patience, factieux, which are pronounced pasian-s, fak-sieû.

When t, however, is immediately preceded by s, it preserves the hard sound, as in bastion, question, which are pronounced bas-tion, kès-tion.

X has generally the sound of ks. In all words beginning with x or ex, followed by a vowel, it has the sound of gz, as in Xavier, exil, which are pronounced gzavié, èg-zil. When final, it is joined to the following word, and sounds like z, as in beaux yeux, dix hommes, which are pronounced bô-zieû, dî-zom. X has the sound of ss in Auxerre, Auxonne, and Bruxelles.

FINAL CONSONANTS.

The final consonants that are sounded are b, c, f, k, l, m, q, r.

The final consonants that are not sounded in words which stand alone, or terminate a sentence, are, d, g, h, n, p, r (in the termination er only), s, t, x, z.

J and v are never final.

D is pronounced like t when joined to the following word, as in quand il parle, which must be pronounced kān-til parle.

G is pronounced like k, as in sang impur, which is pronounced sān-kin-pur.

P is pronounced only in Alep, cap, Gap, cep, jalap; and in beaucoup, trop, when those two words come before a vowel. In cep de vigne, the p is silent.

R, preceded by e, is frequently silent in conversation before a vowel, but it must always be sounded in poetry, unless it terminates the verse.

S, before a vowel, sounds like z, as in nous avons eu, which must be pronounced nou-zavōn-zu. S is sounded in aloès, bibus, blocus, chorus, choléramorbus, dervis, florès, gratis, jadis, laps, maïs, mars, orémus, ours, rébus, relaps, Reims, Rubens, sinus, en sus, vasistas, etc. It is silent in Jésus-Christ, but sounded in le Christ.

T is generally pronounced before a vowel, except when it is preceded by a sounded consonant, as in effort étonnant, pronounced é-for-éto-nan; in quatre-vingt-un it is not pronounced, but it is sounded in vingt et un. In all plural nouns, and in the conjunction et; also before a vowel in fort, adjective, it is silent, but it is sounded in fort, adverb. Final t is also sounded in brut, déficit, dot, mat, exact, fat, infect, intact, net, rapt, subit, tact, toast, transit, zénith, etc. It is not heard in Jésus-Christ, though it is sounded in le Christ.

The Imperfect of the Indicative, the Conditional, the Imperative, and the Imperfect of the Subjunctive, are wanting in this Table. These four tenses are formed as follows:—

The imperfect of the indicative is regularly formed from the present participle by changing ant into ais, as: parl-ant, je parl-ais; finiss-ant, je finiss-ais, &c.

The conditional has always the same root as the future; so that the first person of the future being known, it is easy to form the conditional, as: je parlerai, je parlerai-s; je finirai, je finirai-s.

The imperative is always regularly formed from the present of the indicative, by suppressing the pronouns, as: je parle, imperative, parle; except in the verbs avoir, être, and savoir. The third person singular and plural of the imperative are always the same as in the present of the subjunctive, and belong to that tense.

The imperfect of the subjunctive is always regularly formed from the preterit indicative by adding se, etc., to the second person singular, as: tu parlas, que je parlas-se; tu finis, que je finis-se; tu reçus, que je reçus-se; tu vendis, que je vendis-se.

* Represents the liquid sounds of gn, l, or ll.

† Signifies that the h is aspirated.

— Indicates the repetition of the same word. (—) Indicates the plural of foreign and compound nouns when it is like the singular.

(—s) Indicates the plural of foreign nouns when it is formed by adding s.

When the plural of foreign and compound nouns is formed by changing the final letter or letters, the whole plural form is given. Thus, e.g., (Lazaroni), plural of Lazarone; (—-amiraux), plural of vice-admiral.

(—s-—s), or (—s-—x), or (—x-—x), or (—x-—s) Indicate the plural of compound nouns when it is formed by adding s or x to each component.

(—s-—) or (—x-—) Indicate the plural of compound nouns when it is formed by adding s or x to the first component only.

(—-—s) or (—-—x) Indicate the plural of compound nouns when it is formed by adding s or x to the second component only.

(n.s.) Indicates foreign and compound nouns not used in the singular.

(n.p.) Indicates foreign and compound nouns not used in the plural.

- Before final letters, points out the masculine termination, which is to be changed in the feminine; as, acti-f, -ve, actif, active; act-eur, -rice, acteur, actrice; honteu-x, -se, honteux, honteuse.

The long sound of the vowels is designated by a horizontal mark over the vowel, thus: ā, ē, ī, ō, ū.

The short sound of the vowels is designated by a curved mark, thus: ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, ŭ. This mark seldom occurs but over the unaccented e. When there is no mark over the other vowels, they may be considered as natural; that is, as neither long nor short.

Words in parentheses serve to complete the sense of those words that precede or follow them; or they refer to the object with which they are connected, or indicate the art, trade, profession, etc., to which they relate. They are given in English and in French.

Those words of which the pronunciation is quite irregular are noticed in full; but those that are only partly irregular are noticed in their irregularities only. Therefore, such words as chiromancie, archétype, équateur, which are irregular in one syllable only, are noticed in that syllable alone; as ki-, -ké-, -koua-.

As none but French spelling can give a correct idea of French pronunciation, it is used throughout this dictionary, with the exception of ch, which is rendered by sh, so that it may not be mistaken for k; of ou, which is expressed by oo; and of oi, which is represented by oa.

☉ Indicates obsolete French words. When found in the middle of lines, it indicates that the French word is obsolete in the meaning before which it is placed.

(ant.) Indicates obsolete English words.

When two or more French nouns of the same gender follow, their gender is indicated after the last noun only.

The pronunciation of English words is indicated, in the English-French Division, in the same manner as that of French words in the French-English Division, and represented in all cases by means of the French spelling, with the exception of:

• 1st, th hard, which is expressed by (th);
• 2nd, th soft, ” ” (th);
• 3rd, g, when hard before e, i, or y, by (gh).

• a., active, actif.
• ab., abbreviation, abréviation.
• Acad., Academy, Académie.
• adj., adjective, adjectif.
• adject., adjectively, adjectivement.
• adv., adverb, adverbe.
• agri., agriculture, agriculture.
• alch., alchemy, alchimie.
• alg., algebra, algèbre.
• anat., anatomy, anatomie.
• antiq., antiquity, antiquité.
• arch., architecture, architecture.
• arith., arithmetic, arithmétique.
• art., article, article.
• artil., artillery, artillerie.
• astrol., astrology, astrologie.
• astron., astronomy, astronomie.
• auxil., auxiliary, auxiliaire.
• bookbind., bookbinding, reliure.
• bot., botany, botanique.
• b.s., bad sense, mauvaise part.
• carp., carpentry, charpenterie.
• chem., chemistry, chimie.
• coin., coining, monnayage.
• com., commerce, commerce.
• conch., conchology, conchologie.
• conj., conjunction, conjonction.
• cook., cookery, cuisine.
• c.rel., catholic religion, religion catholique.
• dy., dyeing, teinture.
• ecc., ecclesiastical, ecclésiastique.
• engr., engraving, gravure.
• ent., entomology, entomologie.
• exc., exclamation, exclamation.
• f., feminine, féminin.
• fam., familiar, familier.
• fenc., fencing, escrime.
• fig., figuratively, au figuré.
• fin., finance, finances.
• fort., fortification, fortification.
• foss., fossils, fossiles.
• gard., gardening, jardinage.
• geog., geography, géographie.
• geol., geology, géologie.
• geom., geometry, géométrie.
• gold., goldsmith’s work, orfèvrerie.
• gram., grammar, grammaire.
• her., heraldry, blason.
• hist., history, histoire.
• horl., horology, horlogerie.
• hort., horticulture, horticulture.
• hunt., hunting, chasse.
• hydr., hydraulics, hydraulique.
• ich., ichthyology, ichtyologie.
• imp., impersonal, impersonne.
• indecl., indeclinable, invariable.
• int., interjection, interjection.
• iron., ironically, ironiquement.
• jest., jestingly, par plaisanterie.
• jur., jurisprudence, jurisprudence.
• l.ex., low expression, terme bas.
• lit., literature, littérature.
• log., logic, logique.
• l.u., little used, peu usité.
• m., masculine, masculin.
• mam., mammalogy, mammalogie.
• man., manege, manège.
• manu., manufacture, manufactures.
• mas., masonry, maçonnerie.
• math., mathematics, mathématiques.
• mec., mechanics, mécanique.
• med., medicine, médecine.
• metal., metallurgy, métallurgie.
• milit., military art, art militaire.
• min., mineralogy, minéralogie.
• mol., mollusk, mollusque.
• mus., music, musique.
• myth., mythology, mythologie.
• n., noun-substantive, nom substantif.
• nav., navy, marine.
• opt., optics, optique.
• orni., ornithology, ornithologie.
• paint., painting, peinture.
• part., participle, participe.
• pers., person, personne.
• persp., perspective, perspective.
• pharm., pharmacy, pharmacie.
• philos., philosophy, philosophie.
• phys., natural philosophy (physics), physique.
• pl., plural, pluriel.
• poet., poetry, poésie.
• pol., politics, politique.
• pop., popular, populaire.
• prep., preposition, préposition.
• print., printing, imprimerie.
• pron., pronoun, pronom.
• prov., proverbially, proverbialement.
• r., reflected, réfléchi.
• rel., religion, religion.
• rhet., rhetoric, rhétorique.
• sculpt., sculpture, sculpture.
• sing., singular, singulier.
• st.e., elevated style, style soutenu.
• subst., substantively, substantivement.
• surg., surgery, chirurgie.
• tech., technology, technologie.
• thea., theater, théâtre.
• theol., theology, théologie.
• triv., trivial, trivial.
• v., verb, verbe.
• v.a., verb active, verbe actif.
• vet., veterinary art, art vétérinaire.
• v.imp., verb impersonal, verbe impersonnel.
• v.n., verb neuter, verbe neutre.
• v.r., verb reflected, verbe réfléchi.
• V., vide, voir.
• zoöl., zoölogy, zoologie.

A

a, n.m., the first letter of the alphabet, a. Panse d’a; oval of an a. Il ne sait ni a ni b; he does not know a from b. Il n’a pas fait une panse d’a; he has not done a letter, a stroke. Un homme marqué à l’a; the beau-ideal of a man, a man thoroughly reliable. C’est un homme marqué à l’a; he is the soul of honor.

a (ab.), Altesse; Highness.

aa (ab.), Altesses; Highnesses.

a, at the beginning of French words, often comes from the privative α of the Greeks, and denotes privation; as, atonie, debility; acéphale, acephalous.

à, prep., denotes the end or term of the action of the verb, and indicates the person or thing this action tends to. Aller à Paris; to go to Paris. Parler à quelqu’un; to speak to some one.

à denotes extraction, separation. Oter une bague à quelqu’un; to take a ring from any one. Se soustraire aux poursuites de la justice; to abscond.

à denotes property, possession. Cette montre est à mon frère; this watch is my brother’s. Il a un style, une manière, à lui; he has a style, a manner, all his own. Cette ferme appartient à mon père; that farm belongs to my father.

à denotes period, time. Au lever du soleil; at sunrise. À l’aube du jour; at daybreak. Arriver à temps; to arrive in time. À mon retour; on my return.

à indicates what stops on the surface, or penetrates beyond it. Il a une bague au doigt; he has a ring on his finger. Blessé à l’épaule; wounded in the shoulder.

à establishes the relative distance between things and persons. À portée de canon; within cannon-shot. Il demeure à vingt lieues d’ici; he lives twenty leagues off. De vous à moi; between you and me, from you to me. De Paris à Rouen; from Paris to Rouen.

à points out whatever furnishes an inference or ground for conjecture. À l’œuvre on connait l’ouvrier; the workman is known by his work. Attendre à l’œuvre; to await results.

à denotes succession, gradation, order. Petit à petit; little by little. Un à un; one by one. Traduire mot à mot; to translate word for word, i.e., literally.

à is used in speaking of goods sold or bought by weight, measure, or quantity. Vendre du vin à la bouteille; to sell wine by the bottle. Vendre de la viande à la livre; to sell meat by the pound.

à denotes value, price. Dîner à trois francs par tête; to dine at three francs a head.

à denotes conformity, manner. S’habiller à la Française; to dress after the French fashion. A l’instar de la capitale; after the manner of the capital. À mon avis; in my opinion. Aller à pied, à cheval; to go on foot, to ride on horseback. Marcher à reculons; to walk backwards.

à, between two nouns, makes the second serve to denote the species or quality of the first. Canne à sucre; sugar-cane. Vache à lait; milch-cow.

à, between two numeral adjectives, signifies between, or about. Un homme de quarante à cinquante ans; a man between forty and fifty. Il y a quatre à cinq lieues; it is about four or five leagues distant.

Remark.—The French say quatre à cinq lieues, because leagues are things which may be divided into fractions; but, in speaking of things which cannot be divided, ou must be used. For instance, Quatre ou cinq personnes; four or five persons.

à, before an infinitive, commonly denotes what is proper to be done. Un avis à suivre; an opinion worth following. Un homme à récompenser ou à pendre; a man that deserves to be rewarded or hanged.

à, used in speaking of vehicles, signifies and. Une voiture à quatre chevaux, grandes guides; a carriage and four.

à is used in description instead of the English with. Un homme à barbe blanche; a man with a white beard. Une maison à pignon; a house with a gable, gabled.

a, has.

abaca, n.m., abaca, Manila hemp.

abacus (-kuss), n.m., abacus.

abaisse, n.f., the under-crust of pastry, piece of rolled paste.

abaissé, -e, part., lowered, brought low; dejected; diminished, flattened. Le pal est — (her.); the pale is abased.

abaissement (-bèss-man), n.m., lowering, falling, abatement, depression; humiliation, abasement; (surg.) couching. L’— des eaux; the abatement of the waters. Opération de la cataracte par —; couching.

abaisser, v.a., to let down, to let fall, to lower; to bring low down; to diminish, to reduce; to pull down; (gard.) to lop out; to debase, to cry down; to humble; to roll (paste); (surg.) to couch. — un pont-levis; to let down a drawbridge. — la voix; to lower the voice. Dieu abaisse les superbes; God humbles the proud. Abaisser une cataracte; (surg.) to couch a cataract.

s’abaisser, v.r., to fall, to decrease, to subside, to abate, to decline; to humble one’s self, to stoop, to sink, to cringe. S’— à le prier; to stoop so low as to entreat him.

abaisseur, n.m., (anat.) depressor.

abaisseur, adj., (anat.) depriment. Muscle —; depriment muscle.

abait, n.m., bait. V. appât.

abaiter, v.a., to bait. V. appâter.

abajoue, n.f., (mam.) cheek-pouch; gill, gills.

abalourdir, v.a., (fam.) to make dull and stupid.

abandon, n.m., forsaking, relinquishment, surrender; leaving things at random; abandonment, the being forsaken, forlornness, destitution, ease, unconstraint. Avoir un — séduisant; to have seductive manners. Se livrer avec — à; to indulge in.

à l’abandon, adv., at random, in confusion, at sixes and sevens. Laisser ses enfants à l’—; to neglect one’s children. Un champ qui est à l’—; a field left to run wild.

abandonnataire, n.m.f., (jur.) relessee.

abandonné, -e, part., abandoned, forsaken,[2] given over. Un malade abandonné; a patient given up.

abandonné, -e, adj., abandoned, lost to decency, shameless, graceless, profligate.

abandonné, n.m., -e, n.f., profligate, rake; lewd, wicked, abandoned person.

abandonnement (-do-n-mān), n.m., abandonment, abandoning, forsaking; desertion, the being forsaken; the giving up one’s effects; leaving, quitting; dissoluteness, debauchery.

abandonner, v.a., to abandon, to quit, to leave, to desert, to forsake; to give up, to give over; to leave one at the disposal of; to deliver up; to let loose, let go. Il abandonna le pays; he left the country. — une cause; to give up a cause. — ses prétensions; to give up one’s claims. Mes forces m’abandonnent; my strength is failing me. — une corde; to let go a rope. — la partie; to give up the struggle.

s’abandonner, v.r., to give one’s self up, to addict one’s self, to give way to; to indulge in; to commit one’s self to; to prostitute one’s self; to be easy in one’s manners, to throw off all restraint. S’— à la colère, au plaisir, au hasard; to give way to anger, to indulge in pleasure, to trust to fortune.

☉abannation (-ba-na-), n.f., (jur.) abannition.

☉abaptiste (-ba-tist), adj., (surg.) abaptiston.

abaque, n.m., (arch. antiq.) abacus, plinth, the uppermost part of the capital of a column.

abarticulation, n.f., (anat.) abarticulation, diarthrosis.

abas, n.m., shower (bath), blight (in wheat). V. teigne.

abasourdir, v.a., (fam.) to stun, to dumfound, to astound; to stupefy.

abâtardir, v.a., to render degenerate; to debase, to corrupt, to spoil, to mar, to adulterate. La servitude abâtardit le courage; slavery debases courage. Un homme abâtardi; a degenerate man.

s’abâtardir, v.r., to degenerate, to grow worse.

abâtardissement (-mān), n.m., degeneracy.

abat-chauvée, n.f., (n.p.) flock-wool.

abat-faim (-fin), n.m., (—) large joint, substantial dish.

abat-foin, n.m., (—) opening above the rack to put the hay through; loft-trap.

abat-jour, n.m., (—) (arch.) sky-light, trunk-light; shade for a lamp; window-blind; (bot.) opening.

abattage, n.m., cutting down, felling, clearance (of a forest); (nav.) heaving down; careening; slaughtering (of animals).

☉abattant, n.m., shutter; flap (of a counter); lid.

abattée, n.f., (nav.) casting; falling off to leeward. Faire son —; to cast; to fall off.

abattement (-mān), n.m., faintness, low state, weakness, prostration; dejection, despondency, low spirits; (her.) abatement. Tomber dans l’—; to become low-spirited. Jeter dans l’—; to deject. Qui jette dans l’—; depressive.

abatteur, n.m., feller, knocker-off, slaughterer. C’est un grand — de bois; he is a great braggart.

abattis, n.m., houses, walls, trees, thrown down; the killing of game; giblets (of poultry); garbage; stones hewn down in a quarry; raw hides; slaughter, destruction. Abattis en ragoût; stewed giblets.

abattoir, n.m., slaughter-house.

abattre, v.a., to throw down, to hurl down; to pull down; to beat, to batter down; to bring down; to fell, to cut down, to hew down, to cut off; to knock down; to blow down; to lay (the dust); to let down; to soak (skins); to couch (the cataract); to waste (strength); to dispirit; to dishearten; to unman; to cast down, to depress; to humble. Le vent abattra le blé; the wind will throw the corn down. — un rideau; to let a curtain down. — les cuirs; to skin dead animals. — le pantalon; to remove the trousers. — les peaux; to soak the skins. — un vaisseau pour le caréner; to careen a ship. Un vaisseau dur à —; a ship hard to swing round. — un mât (nav.); to carry away a mast. La moindre chose l’abat; the least thing unmans him. Elle a l’air bien abattu; she looks very dejected. — l’orgueil de quelqu’un; to humble any one’s pride.

abattre, v.n., to lay down one’s cards (at play); (nav.) to fall off to leeward, to cast. Le vaisseau s’abat; the ship is driving to leeward.

s’abattre, v.r., to fall, to tumble down; to stoop; to abate; to be cast down, dejected; to break down (of horses); to burst (of a storm); to despond; to pounce upon. Le vent s’abat; the wind is falling. La chaleur s’abat; the heat is abating. Un orage terrible va s’abattre sur nous; a dreadful storm is about to burst upon us.

abattu, -e, adj., pulled, broken, cast down; depressed, dejected; humbled, crest-fallen. Je me sens tout —; I am quite out of spirits. Un visage —; a woe-begone countenance.

abattures, n.f.pl., (hunt.) abature; foiling (of a stag).

abat-vent, n.m., penthouse (of a steeple); pentice, wind-screen, louvre window.

abat-voix, n.m., sounding-board (of a pulpit).

abbatial (-cial), -e, adj., abbatial, abbatical.

abbaye (abéi), n.f., monastery, abbey. Administration d’une —; abbacy.

abbé, n.m., abbé, abbot, priest. Monsieur l’abbé, your Reverence.

abbesse, n.f., abbess. Dignité, fonctions, d’abbé, d’abbesse; abbotship.

abc, n.m., a, b, c, alphabet, primer; a, b, c, book; elements, rudiments, spelling-book. Apprendre son —; to learn one’s letters. Être à l’— de; to be at the a, b, c, of. Renvoyer quelqu’un à l’—; to make a person begin all over again.

abcéder, v.n., to form into an abscess, to apostemate, to gather, to come to a head.

abcès, n.m., abscess, apostem, gathering. Former, vider, un —; to form, to take the matter out of, an abscess. — aux gencives; gumboil.

abcisse, n.f. V. abscisse.

abdication, n.f., abdication; (jur.) disinheritance of a son during his father’s life-time; renunciation of (property). Faire —; to abdicate.

abdiquer, v.a., to abdicate, to resign, to forswear.

abdomen (-mè-n), n.m., abdomen.

abdominal, -e, adj., abdominal.

abducteur, adj., (anat.) abducent.

abducteur, n.m., abductor.

abduction, n.f., (anat. and log.) abduction.

s’abéausir, v.n., (nav.) to become fine (of weather at sea).

abécédaire, adj., of the a, b, c. Ouvrage —; child’s first-book.

abécédaire, n.m., alphabet, primer, spelling-book.

abecquer, v.a., to feed a bird.

abée, n.f., mill-dam.

*abeille, n.f., bee. — bourdon; bumble-bee. — domestique; hive bee. — mère; queen bee. — ouvrière; working bee. Ruche d’—s; bee-hive. Eleveur d’—; bee-master. Essaim d’—s; swarm of bees.

abeillé, -e, adj. & part., covered, ornamented with bees.

abéquer. V. abecquer.

aberration, n.f., aberration; (sciences) alienation. — de réfrangibilité; Newtonian aberration. Cercle d’—; crown of aberration.

abêtir, v.a., to stupefy; to stultify. V. hébéter.

abêter, v.n., s’abêtir, v.r., to grow stupid.

ab hoc et ab hac, adv., at random; confusedly.

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abhorrer, v.a., to abhor, detest, loathe.

s’abhorrer, v.r., to abominate, loathe one another.

abîme, n.m., unfathomable depth, abyss, hell; a thing most abstruse or obscure; dipping-mold (for candles); (her.) the middle of the shield; fesse-point, heart point.

abîmé, -e, part., swallowed up, ingulfed, destroyed, spoiled. — de dettes; over head and ears in debt.

abîmer, v.a., to overthrow, to ingulf, to swallow up; to destroy entirely, to cut up, to crush; to spoil, to injure.

abîmer, v.n., to be destroyed, to be swallowed up, to sink; to perish, to be crushed.

s’abîmer, v.r., to fall into an abyss, to sink; to ruin, to undo one’s self; to be spoiled.

ab intestat, adv., abintestate. Succession —; intestate’s estate; intestacy.

ab irato, adv., in an angry fit. Parler, agir, —; to speak, to act, under the influence of anger.

abject, -e (-jékt), adj., abject, base, mean, low, vile, despicable.

abjectement, adv., abjectly.

abjection, n.f., abjection, baseness; humiliation; vileness, meanness.

abjuration, n.f., solemn renunciation, abjuration.

abjuratoire, adj., abjuratory. — acte; act of abjuration.

abjurer, v.a., to abjure, to deny, to forswear, to renounce. — une opinion; to abandon an opinion.

ablactation, n.f., (med.) ablactation, weaning.

ablais, n.m., (jurisp.) corn, either standing or cut down, but not carried or carted away.

ablaquéation, n.f., (gard.) ablaqueation.

ablatif, n.m., (gram.) ablative.

ablation, n.f., (surg.) ablation.

ablativo, (triv.) adv., in confusion; higgledy-piggledy.

able, n.m., or ablette, n.f., (fish) ablet, bleak.

ablégat, n.m., ablegate.

☉ablégation, n.m., ablegation.

ablepsie, n.f., (med.) ablepsy.

ablier, n.m., (fish.) purse-net; hoop-net.

☉abluant, -e, adj., (med.) abluent, cleansing.

☉abluer, v.a., to revive old writing, to wash with gall-nut.

ablution, n.f., ablution, washing, purification. Faire ses —s; to perform one’s ablutions.

abnégation, n.f., abnegation, renunciation, sacrifice. — de soi-même; self-denial. Faire — de; to renounce, set aside.

aboi, n.m., barking, baying.

aboiement or aboîment (-boa-mān), n.m., barking, baying.

abois, n.m.pl., despairing condition, last shift, distress. Aux —; at bay, hard up, at one’s wits’ end. Mettre aux —; to drive to extremities. La place est aux —; the place, citadel, can hold out no longer, is in desperate straits.

abolir, v.a., to abolish, to repeal, to annul. — un impôt; to take off a tax.

s’abolir, v.r., to fall into disuse, to become obsolete.

abolissable, adj., abolishable.

abolissement (-mān), n.m., abolishment.

abolition, n.f., abolition; royal pardon; repeal.

abolitionniste, n.m., abolitionist.

abominable, adj., abominable, execrable.

abominablement, adv., abominably.

abomination, n.f., abomination, detestation. Avoir en —; to abominate, to hold in detestation. Être en —; to be detested.

abondamment (-da-mān), adv., abundantly.

abondance, n.f., abundance, plenty, copiousness, plentifulness; multitude, affluence; richness, fullness (of language); weak wine-and-water (in schools). Corne d’—; horn of plenty, cornucopia. — de biens; opulence. Vivre, être, dans l’—; to live in plenty. Parler avec —; to speak fluently. Ecrire, parler, d’—; to write, to speak, extempore, offhand. — de biens ne nuit pas; store is no sore.

abondant, -e, adj., abounding, plentiful, copious; fruitful, exuberant, teeming, voluble, diffusive. Une langue —e; a copious language.

abonder, v.n., to abound in or with, to be full of; to overflow. Il abonde dans votre sens; he supports your opinion; he has come round to; he concurs in. — dans son sens; to be wedded to one’s own opinion.

abonné, n.m., -e, n.f., subscriber (to periodicals, theatres, &c.).

abonnement (-mān), n.m., subscription (to periodicals, theatres, &c.); agreement. Les —s sont suspendus pour ce soir (of places of amusement); season-tickets not available this evening.

abonner, v.a., to subscribe for.

s’abonner, v.r., to subscribe; to compound for. On s’abonne à; subscriptions are received at.

☉abonnir, v.a., to better, to mend, to improve.

☉abonnir, v.n., s’abonnir, v.r., to mend, to grow better.

☉abonnissement (-nis-mān), n.m., (fam.), improvement, amelioration.

abord, n.m., landing; arrival; access; admittance, approach; attack, onset. Avoir l’— facile; to be easy of access. De prime —; at first sight.

à bord, adv., aboard, on board.

d’abord, adv., first, at first, at first sight. Tout d’abord, au premier abord, dès l’abord; at first, from the very first. Dès l’abord, j’ai senti que je devais ... I felt, from the very first, that I ought ... or was to ...

abordable, adj., accessible, accostable, of easy access; approachable.

abordage, n.m., (nav.) landing; boarding; fouling. Aller or sauter à l’—; to board a ship, grapple.

aborder, v.n., to arrive at; to land.

aborder, v.a., to come near, to come to, to come up with; to board, to run foul of (a ship); to accost; to broach, handle (a subject). — un vaisseau ennemi; to board an enemy’s ship. — par accident; to run foul of. Il m’a abordé dans la rue; he accosted me in the street.

s’aborder, v.r., to run foul of each other; to come up with one another.

abordeur, n.m., boarding vessel.

aborigène, adj., first, original, aboriginal.

aborigènes, n.m., pl., aborigines.

abornement, n.m. V. délimitation.

aborner, v.a. V. délimiter.

aborti-f, -ve, adj., abortive.

abot, n.m., clog (for horses’ fore feet).

abouchement (-boosh-mān), n.m., interview, conference, parley; (anat.) anastomosis, inosculation.

aboucher, v.a., to bring together, to confer.

s’aboucher, v.r., to have an interview; to confer with; to place one’s self in communication with; (anat.) to inosculate.

about, n.m., (carp.) end, butt-end.

abouté, -e, adj., placed end to end.

aboutement (-boot-mān), n.m., (carp.) but, abutment.

abouter, v.a., to join end to end.

aboutir, v.n., to join; to border upon; to meet; (surg.) to burst; to come to; to tend to; to end in. N’— à rien; to come to nothing; to end in smoke. Ce champ aboutit à un marais; this field borders upon a fen. Faire — un abcès; to bring an abscess to a head. S’aboutir (gard.); to bud, be covered with buds.

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aboutissant, -e, adj., bordering upon.

aboutissants (rarely used without the word tenants), n.m., pl., boundaries of an estate; abuttals, particulars; connections. Je n’aime pas les tenants et — de cet homme; I do not like the set by which that man is surrounded. Savoir les tenants et — d’une affaire; to know all about a thing.

aboutissement (-mān), n.m., eking piece (tailoring); (surg.) the drawing to a head.

ab ovo, adv., from the very beginning.

aboyant, -e, adj., barking.

aboyer, v.n., to bark, to bay, to yelp; to dun. Il aboie après tout le monde; he snarls at everybody. — après quelque chose; to long for a thing, covet a thing. — à la lune; to bark when one cannot bite; to complain in vain.

aboyeur, n.m., barker; snarler; dun; touter; link-man (at the door of a theatre): (orni.) greenshank. Ce journaliste n’est qu’un —; this journalist is nothing but a snarling critic.

abrac, n.m., abraxas.

abracadabra, n.m., abracadabra (magical word).

abraquer, v.a., (nav.) to haul taut.

abrasion, n.m., (med.) abrasion, excoriation.

abraxas, n.m., abracadabra.

abrégé, -e, adj., short, summary.

abrégé, n.m., abridgment, compendium, epitome, abstract, summary. En —; in a few words, briefly. Réduire en —; to epitomize.

abréger, v.a., to abridge, to shorten, to epitomize; to abbreviate, to cut down, to cut short. Pour —; to be brief.

s’abréger, v.r., to become short, or shorter.

abreuvage, abreuvement, n.m., watering, soaking, steaming, priming.

abreuver, v.a., to water, to give drink to; to make drink; to soak, to drench; to fill; (paint.) to prepare, to prime; to soak (wood).

s’abreuver de, v.r., (of animals) to go to water; to drink plentifully; to be steeped in. S’— de larmes; to shed copious tears. S’— de douleurs; to be filled with grief; to drain to the dregs the cup of sorrow. Un cœur abreuvé de fiel; a heart steeped in gall.

abreuvoir, n.m., watering-place, horse-pond; (mas.) abreuvoir. — à mouches (burlesque style); a large wound or gash on the head or face.

abréviateur, n.m., abbreviator, abridger.

abréviati-f, -ve, adj., abbreviatory, abridging, abbreviating.

abréviation, n.f., abbreviation, contraction.

abri, n.m., shelter, cover. Être sous l’— d’un bois; to be sheltered by a wood. Sans —; homeless. Donner un — à; to shelter. À l’—; sheltered, under cover. Être à l’—; to be under shelter. Être à l’— du vent; to be sheltered from the wind. À l’— de la persécution; safe from persecution. Mettre à l’—; to shelter, screen.

abricot, n.m., apricot.

abricoté, n.m., candied apricot.

abricotier, n.m., apricot-tree.

abrier, v.a., (nav.) to becalm; to belee.

abriter, v.a., to shelter, to shield, to screen, to shade, to protect; (nav.) to becalm, belee.

abrité, -e, adj., (gard.) sheltered.

s’abriter, v.r., to shelter one’s self; to take shelter; to assist. Abritez-vous mutuellement; mutually assist each other.

abrivent, n.m., (gard.) matting, screen; shelter; sentry-box; hut.

abrogation, n.f., abrogation, repeal; annulment.

abroger, v.a., to abrogate, to repeal, to annul.

s’abroger, v.r., to fall into disuse, to grow obsolete.

abrome, n.m., (bot.) abroma.

abrouti, -e, adj., nipped, browsed.

abroutissement (-mān), n.m., damage done to trees by cattle browsing.

abrupt, -e, adj., rugged, craggy; (bot.) abrupt.

abruption, n.f., abruption; (surg.) rupture, fracture.

ex abrupto, adv., adj., suddenly, bluntly, off-hand, on the spur of the moment; abrupt, impetuous.

abrutir, v.a., to stupefy, to besot, to brutalize.

s’abrutir, v.r., to become stupid, to be besotted, to get brutalized.

abrutissant, -e, adj., brutalizing, stupefying.

abrutissement (-mān), n.m., brutishness, stupor, sottishness.

abrutisseur, n.m., brutalizer; adj., stupefying, brutalizing.

abscisse, n.f., (geom.) abscissa.

absence, n.f., absence, inadvertence, want of. — d’esprit; absence of mind. Avoir des —s d’esprit; to have fits of absence. Remarquer l’— de; to miss.

absent, -e, adj., absent, out of the way, missing, wanting; (of the mind) wandering.

absent, n.m., one absent, absentee. Les —s ont toujours tort; the absent are always in the wrong.

s’absenter, v.r., to absent one’s self; to keep out of the way.

absentéisme, n.m., absenteeism.

abside, n.f., (arch. and rel.) apse.

absinthe, n.f., absinthe, wormwood; bitters.

absolu, n.m., absolute, existing independent of any other cause.

absolu, -e, adj., absolute; arbitrary, despotical, unlimited; peremptory; magisterial; positive, unconditional; full, strict.

absolument, adv., absolutely, arbitrarily, peremptorily; positively, indispensably, fully. Il refusa —; he gave a flat denial.

absolution, n.f., absolution; acquittal; discharge. Sans avoir reçu l’—; unabsolved.

absolutisme, n.m., absolutism.

absolutiste, n.m.f., partisan of absolute power.

absolutoire, adj., absolutory.

absorbable, adj., absorbable.

absorbant, -e, adj., absorptive, absorbent.

absorbent, n.m., absorbent.

absorbé, -e, part., absorbed, engrossed, rapt in. Il est — dans l’étude; he is absorbed in study.

absorbement, n.m., absorption (of mind).

absorber, v.a., to absorb, to swallow up; to drink in, to consume, to waste; to engross, to occupy entirely; to take up.

s’absorber, v.r., to be absorbed, or swallowed up.

absorption, n.f., absorption.

absoudre (absolvant, absous), v.a., to absolve, to acquit, to bring in not guilty, to clear; to give absolution.

absou-s, -te, part., acquitted, absolved, discharged.

absoute, n.f., (c.rel.) general absolution.

abstème, adj., abstemious.

abstème, n.m.f., abstainer.

abstenant, -e, n.m.f., abstainer, total abstainer, teetotaler.

s’abstenir, v.r., to abstain, to refrain, to forbear, to forego. S’— de vin; to abstain from wine.

abstention, n.f., abstention, abstinency; withdrawal of a judge from a trial.

abstergent, -e, adj., (med.) cleansing; abstersive; abstergent.

abstergent, n.m., (med.) abstergent, detergent.

absterger, v.a., to absterge; to cleanse.

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abstersi-f, -ve, adj., (med.) abstersive, cleansing.

abstersion, n.f., (surg.) abstersion.

abstinence, n.f., abstinence, temperance, sobriety, fasting.

abstinent, -e, adj., abstemious, sober.

abstracti-f, -ve, adj., abstractive.

abstraction, n.f., absence of mind, abstraction. Avoir des —s; to have fits of absence. Par —; abstractedly. — faite de; setting aside; exclusive of.

abstractivement (-mān), adv., abstractly, separately.

abstraire (abstrayant, abstrait), v.a., to draw from, to separate, to abstract.

abstrait, -e, adj., abstract; abstruse; inattentive, absent-minded.

abstraitement (-trèt-mān), adv., abstractedly, separately.

abstrus, -e, adj., abstruse, intricate, difficult; dark, obscure, recondite.

absurde, adj., absurd, nonsensical, foolish, irrational, preposterous. Réduire une opinion à l’—; to show the absurdity of an opinion. Tomber dans l’—; to fall into the absurd.

absurdement, adv., absurdly, nonsensically.

absurdité, n.f., absurdity, nonsense, preposterousness, foolishness.

abus, n.m., abuse, misuse, breach (of a thing); grievance; error. Réformer, corriger, les —; to redress grievances, nuisances. Appel comme d’— (leg.); appeal by writ of error.

abuser, v.n., to abuse, to impose on, to misuse, to use ill, to make a bad use of, to misemploy. Vous abusez de ma patience; you take advantage of my patience.

abuser, v.a., to cheat, to deceive, to delude, to gull.

s’abuser, v.r., to mistake, to be mistaken, to deceive one’s self.

abuseur, n.m., (l.u.), cheat, deceiver, impostor.

abusi-f, -ve, adj., abusive, improper, against rules, custom.

abusivement (-mān), adv., abusively, improperly.

abuter, v.a., to throw for first go, aim. v.n., (shipbuilding) to abut.

abyme, n.m. V. abîme.

acabit, n.m., quality (of fruits, vegetables); quality, stamp, kidney (of persons). Cet homme est d’un bon —; he is a good sort of fellow. Ce sont des gens du même —; they are all tarred with the same brush.

acacia, n.m., acacia; gum-tree.

académicien (-si-in), n.m., academician.

académie, n.f., academy, society of learned men; academy (division of the University of France); academy (Plato’s); university; ☉riding-school; pupils, school. Tenir —; to keep a gaming-house; (paint.) academy figure.

académique, adj., belonging to an academy, academical.

académiquement (-mik-mān), adv., academically.

☉académiser, v.n., to paint from a model.

académiste, n.m., academist, pupil.

*acagnarder, v.a., (fam.) to accustom to sloth; to make idle.

s’acagnarder, v.r., to grow slothful, to lead an idle life; to become besotted.

acajou, n.m., mahogany. Noix d’—; cashew nut. Pomme d’—; cashew apple.

acanthe, n.f., acanthus, bear’s foot.

acare or acarus, n.m., acarus, itch, animalcule, mite.

acariâtre, adj., crabbed, cross-grained, waspish, shrewish.

acariâtreté, n.f., peevishness, crabbedness.

acariens, n.m.pl., (ent.) acaridae.

acatalecte, acatalectique, n.m. and adj., acatalectic.

acatalepsie, n.f., (med.) acatalepsy.

acataleptique, adj., acataleptic.

acaule, adj., (bot.) acaulous, acaulose.

accablant, -e, adj., grievous, oppressive, insufferable, overwhelming; annoying, crushing, sweltering.

accablé, -e, adj., dejected, depressed. Être —; to be extremely low-spirited.

accablement, n.m., heaviness, languor, grief, dejection of spirits, oppression, discouragement. Être dans l’—; to be in the greatest dejection.

accabler, v.a., to crush, to bear down, to overwhelm; to throw, to weigh, to press down; to overload; to overpower; to afflict; to deject, to depress, to overwhelm; to load with, to heap on.

accalmie, n.f., (nav.) lull.

accaparement (-mān), n.m., monopoly, engrossment, forestalling, buying up.

accaparer, v.a., to engross, to monopolize, to forestall; to swallow up, to buy up.

accapareu-r, n.m., -se, n.f., monopolist, engrosser, forestaller, monopolizer.

*accastillage, n.m., the space occupied by the forecastle and quarter-deck; upper-work.

*accastiller, v.a., to provide a ship with a fore and a hind-castle.

*accastillé, -e, adj., (of a ship) having a fore and a hind-castle. Haut —; with high upper works.

accéder, v.n., to accede, to comply with, to agree to, consent.

accélérat-eur, -rice, adj., accelerative.

accélération, n.f., acceleration, haste, dispatch.

accéléré, -e, adj., accelerated, quickened. Au pas —; in double quick time. Pas —; quick march.

accélérer, v.a., to accelerate, to quicken; to despatch, to forward, to hasten.

☉accenser or acenser, v.a., to lease, to let, to rent, to annex, to join, to unite.

accent, n.m., stress of the voice, accent, note; pronunciation, emphasis, expression. — aigu, circonflexe, grave; acute, circumflex, grave, accent. — nasillard; twang. — très-fortement prononcé; broad accent. Sans —; unaccented. Prêtez l’oreille à mes —s; hearken to my strain.

accenteur, n.m., (ornith.) accentor.

accentuation, n.f., accentuation.

accentué, -e, adj., accented, accentuated.

accentuer, v.a., to accent, to accentuate, to lay stress on.

acceptable, adj., acceptable, worth accepting.

acceptant, n.m., (jur.) accepter.

acceptation, n.f., acceptance.

accepter, v.a., to accept, to receive, to admit; to resign one’s self to. Qui vaut la peine d’être accepté; worth accepting.

accepteur, n.m., (com.) acceptor.

☉acceptilation, n.f., acceptilation.

acception, n.f., respect, regard; (of words) sense, meaning, acceptation. — de personnes; respect of persons.

accès, n.m., access, approach, admittance, attack, fit (of fever), paroxysm, madness. Par —; by fits and starts.

accessibilité, n.f., accessibility.

accessible, adj., accessible, approachable, easy to come at.

accession, n.f., access, entry; accession; adhesion.

accessit (-sit), n.m., the second best, the first after the prizeman (in academies, schools). Proxime —; honorable mention.

accessoire, adj., accessory, additional.

accessoire, n.m., accessory, minor; (paint.)[6] accessory; (thea.) property. Fournisseur d’—s or chef d’—; property-man.

accessoirement, adv., accessorily.

accident, n.m., accident, incident, casualty; (paint.) accident; (med.) symptom, complication; (mus.) incidental; irregularity, undulation (in ground). Par —; accidentally.

accidenté, -e, adj., rough, uneven, unequal, broken, hilly (of ground); picturesque.

accidentel, -le, adj., accidental, adventitious, incidental; fortuitous, eventual, casual.

accidentellement (-mān), adv., accidentally, casually, by chance.

accipitres, n.m.pl., accipiters.

accipitrin, -e, adj., accipitrine.

accise, n.f., inland duty, excise. Préposé a l’—; exciseman.

acclamation, n.f., acclamation, shout, cheering, huzza, applause. Saluer par des —s; to cheer.

acclamer, v.a., to acclaim, to applaud, to hail, to welcome.

acclamper, v.a., (nav.) to clamp.

acclimatable, adj., acclimatizable.

acclimatation, acclimatement, n.f., acclimatization.

acclimater, v.a., to acclimatize, to accustom to a climate.

s’acclimater, v.r., to become acclimatized.

accointance, n.f., (fam. and b.s.) acquaintance, commerce, intimacy, connection.

s’accointer, v.r., to become or get intimately acquainted with any one.

accoisement, n.m., appeasement.

accoiser, v.a., to appease, calm, quiet. S’—, v.r., to become appeased; to end.

accolade, n.f., embrace, hug; accolade; (cook. —, mus. — print.) brace; a crooked line. — brisée; (print.) half-brace. Une — de lapereaux; a brace of rabbits. Donner l’— à; to embrace, to dub a knight. Recevoir l’—; to be made a knight.

accolader, v.a., to bracket.

accolage, n.m., tying up; nailing up.

accolé, -e, part., (her.) joined together.

accolement, n.m., joining, uniting; union.

accoler, v.a., to hug, to embrace; to place side by side; to couple; (hort.) to prop, to tie up.

accolure, n.f., (agri.) a band of straw, osier.

accommodable, adj., that may be arranged; accommodable.

accommodage, n.m., the dressing of meat, cooking; hair-dressing.

accommodant, -e, adj., accommodating, complying, courteous.

accommodé, -e, part., favored, fitted up, adjusted; (cook.) dressed; well off, well to do.

accommodement (-mān), n.m., accommodation, agreement, arrangement, composition; settlement; reconciliation; way, medium. Un homme d’—; a man easy to deal with. En venir à un —; to come to terms.

accommoder, v.a., to adapt, to accommodate, to fit, to make up; to mend, to improve; to reconcile, to conciliate; to adjust; to be convenient; to dress, to trim; to cook; to treat, to serve out; to thrash; to let have, to sell. Ceci vous accommodera-t-il? will this suit you?

s’accommoder, v.r., to agree, to come to terms; to accommodate one’s self; to suit; to make free with; to be pleased with, to put up with. — à tout; to put up with anything. — de tout; to be pleased with everything.

*accompagnat-eur, n.m., -rice, n.f., (mus.) accompanist.

*accompagnement (-mān), n.m., accompanying; attendance, retinue; accompaniment; accessory, appendix. — de quatuor; accompaniment for stringed instruments. — d’harmonie; accompaniment for wind instruments. — à grand orchestre; full accompaniment.

*accompagner, v.a., to accompany, to escort, to wait on, to attend; to be of the retinue, to follow; to match, to suit with; to add, to back; to be the accompanist. J’ai eu l’honneur de l’— chez elle; I had the honor of seeing her home.

s’accompagner, v.r., to be accompanied; to accompany one’s self (on an instrument).

accompli, -e, adj., accomplished, performed, fulfilled; complete; faultless, perfect. Une beauté —; a perfect beauty.

accomplir, v.a., to accomplish, to effect; to finish, to complete; to fulfill, to make good. — sa promesse; to carry out one’s promise.

s’accomplir, v.r., to be accomplished, to be performed, to be past.

accomplissement (-mān), n.m., accomplishment, fulfillment; completion, execution, observance.

accon, n.m., small lighter, punt.

accoquiner. V. acoquiner.

accorage, n.m., propping.

accord, n.m., agreement, bargain, contract, convention, settlement, stipulation; consent, concurrence; good understanding, unity; (mus.) accord, chord; (paint.) harmony, accord. Être d’—; demeurer d’—; tomber d’—; to agree, to be agreed. Mettre d’—; to reconcile. D’—; granted, done. D’un commun —; by common consent. Être d’—; (mus.) to be in tune. Tenir d’—; to keep in tune.

accordable, adj., grantable, that may be granted; (mus.) tunable; (of men) reconcilable.

*accordailles, n.f.pl., (pop.) the ceremony of signing the articles of marriage, espousals.

accordant, -e, adj., (mus.) accordant, tunable, harmonious, concordant.

accorde! int. (nav.) now! (order given to rowers to pull together).

accordé, n.m., -e, n.f., bridegroom, bride (after the marriage articles are signed); one who is betrothed, granted.

accordéon, n.m., accordion.

accorder, v.a., to grant, to allow, to accord, to give, to allot, to bestow, to concede; to admit, to give up; to make friends, to reconcile; (gram.) to make agree; (mus.) to tune, to string. — mal; to mistune. Accordez vos flûtes; agree upon it between you.

s’accorder, v.r., to agree, to suit, to be suited, to accord, to correspond; to square; to join, to concur. S’— du prix; to agree upon the price. Il ne s’accorde pas avec lui-même; he is inconsistent with himself.

accordeu-r, n.m., -se, n.f., tuner (of instruments). Clef d’—; tuning-hammer.

accordoir, n.m., tuning-hammer.

accore, n.f., (nav.) shore, prop, stanchion.

accore, adj., bluff, steep.

accorer, v.a., (nav.) to shore up, to prop, to stay, to wedge.

accorné, -e, adj., (her.) horned.

accort, -e, adj., flexible, complying, courteous, affable.

accortise, n.f., complaisance, affability, courtesy.

accostable, adj., (l.u.) accostable, easy of access. Il n’est pas —; he is not approachable.

accoste, n.m., (nav.) order to bring alongside.

accoster, v.a., to accost, to make up to, to come or go up to one, to join, to couple; (nav.) to come alongside.

s’accoster de, v.r., to keep company with, to make acquaintance with, to frequent.

accotar, n.m. V. accotoir.

accotement, n.m., (engineering) driftway; (rail.) bank, outer way.

accoter, v.a., to prop up, to support, to bear[7] up, to lean; (hort.) to dung, to match, to screen.

s’accoter, v.r., to lean on anything, to support one’s self.

accotoir, n.m., prop, leaning-stock, stanchion; (nav.) stay, shore.

accouchée, n.f., a woman in child-bed, lying-in woman.

accouchement (-koosh-mān), n.m., child-bed; delivery, confinement, accouchement; obstetrics; midwifery. Hôpital des —s; lying-in hospital. Faire un —; to deliver a woman.

accoucher, v.n., to lie in, to be brought to bed, to be delivered. — avant terme; to miscarry. Accouchez donc! (fam.) come, out with it!

accoucher, v.a., to deliver a woman.

accoucheur, n.m., man-midwife, accoucheur.

accoucheuse, n.f., a midwife.

s’accouder, v.r., to lean on one’s elbow.

accoudoir, n.m., anything to lean the elbow upon, elbow-rest, sill, rail.

accouer, v.a., to tie the halter of the first horse to the tail of the second, and so on; to wound a stag in the shoulder, to ham-string him.

accoulins, n.m.pl., alluvion; clay for making bricks.

accouple, n.f., leash, brace, couple.

accouplement, n.m., coupling, pairing, joining or yoking together; copulation.

accoupler, v.a., to couple; to tack or join together; to yoke; to match, to pair. — des bœufs; to yoke oxen.

s’accoupler, v.r., to couple, to copulate; to pair.

accourcie, n.f., short cut; a passage formed in a ship’s hold, to go fore and aft.

accourcir, v.a., to shorten, to make shorter, to abridge.

s’accourcir, v.r., to shorten, to grow shorter, to decrease.

accourcissement (-mān), n.m., shortening, diminution.

accourir, v.n., to run to, to hasten, to flock together, to run at, to rush at.

accoutré, -e, part., accoutred, dressed.

accoutrement, n.m., (jest. or iron.) garb, dress, gear.

accoutrer, v.a., (jest. or iron.) to dress out, rig out.

s’accoutrer, v.r., to dress one’s self out in, to rig one’s self out.

☉accoutumance, n.f., habit, custom.

accoutumé, -e, adj., accustomed, habitual, used to. À l’—e; as usual, customarily.

accoutumer, v.a., to accustom, to use, to habituate; to inure.

accoutumer, v.n., to use, to be wont.

s’accoutumer, v.r., to accustom, to use, to inure one’s self.

☉accouvé, -e, (fam.) adj., brooding over (the fire).

accréditer, v.a., to accredit; to give reputation, credit, sanction to; to bring into vogue, to procure esteem, to confirm, to spread (rumors).

s’accréditer, v.r., to get a name or reputation, to get into credit; to ingratiate one’s self.

accrétion, n.f., (med.) accretion.

accroc (-krô), n.m., impediment, hitch, hindrance; rent, tear. Faire un — à; to tear.

☉accroche, n.f., hindrance, obstacle, hitch.

accroche-cœur, n.m., (—) (curl) heart-breaker, kiss-curl. En —; curled up, twisted.

accrochement, n.m., locking (of carriages); difficulty, hitch, delay.

accrocher, v.a., to hang up or upon, to hook; to catch, to tear; to get, to pick up; to lock, to get locked with; to grapple (a ship); to delay, stop, put off, pawn. — sa montre; to pawn one’s watch. Il lui à accroché de l’argent; he has done him out of some money.

s’accrocher, v.r., to catch in; to hang on; to lay hold of, to cling to.

accroire, v.a., to believe. Faire — à; to make believe. En faire — à quelqu’un; to impose upon any one. S’en faire —; to be self-conceited, to overrate one’s self.

accroissement, n.m., increase, growth, enlargement, extension, development.

accroître, v.a., to increase, to enlarge, to amplify, to augment, to raise.

accroître, v.n., to increase, to augment.

s’accroître, v.r., to increase, to grow; to be augmented or advanced, to improve.

accroupi, -e, adj., squat, cowering, crouching.

s’accroupir, v.r., to sit down upon the hams or heels, to squat, to crouch.

accroupissement (-mān), n.m., cowering, squatting, crouching.

accru, n.m., sprig produced by roots, shoot.

accrue, n.f., increase of land caused by the retiring of waters; encroachment by trees on adjoining land.

*accueil (-keu), n.m., reception, welcome, greeting; (com.) protection, honor (of bills). Faire —; to receive kindly (of bills), to meet. Recevoir bon —; to meet with due honor, protection; to be greeted, welcomed; (com.) to be met, honored (of bills).

*accueillir (-keu-), v.a., to receive, to make welcome, to entertain; to hail; to overtake; to assail; (com.) to honor; to protect. Être bien accueilli; to be received with a hearty welcome. La tempête nous accueillit; the storm overtook us.

accul, n.m., place that has no egress; blind alley; small bay, cove; (hunt.) terrier, lodge, hole; breeching (of a cannon).

acculer, v.a., to bring to a stand; to drive into a corner; to drive into a place from which there is no escape; (hunt.) to run home.

acculer, v.n., (of carts) to hang backwards.

accumulat-eur, n.m., -rice, n.f., accumulator.

accumulation, n.f., accumulation.

accumuler, v.a., to accumulate, to heap up, to store, to amass. — crime sur crime; to heap crime upon crime.

s’accumuler, v.r., to accumulate, to increase.

accusable, adj., accusable, impeachable, chargeable.

accusat-eur, n.m., -rice, n.f., accuser, indicter, impeacher.

accusatif, n.m., (gram.) accusative case. A l’—; in the accusative.

accusation, n.f., accusation, indictment, impeachment, charge; complaint; prosecution. Chef d’—; count of an indictment. Mise en —; arraignment. Intenter une —; to prefer an indictment. Mettre en —; to impeach. Prononcer la mise en —; to find a true bill.

accusatoire, adj., accusatory.

accusé, n.m., -e, n.f., accused, prisoner, culprit. — de réception; (com.) acknowledgment of letter, receipt.

accuser, v.a., to accuse of, to charge with; to indict, to impeach; to reproach, to tax; to blame; to dispute the validity of a deed; to mention, to give notice; (fig.) to show, to indicate, to betray, to attest. — réception d’une lettre; to acknowledge the receipt of a letter.

s’accuser, v.r., to accuse one’s self.

acéphale, adj., acephalous, without a head.

acéphales, n.m.pl., acephala.

acérain, -e, adj., relating to steel, steely.

acerbe, adj., sour, sharp, acerb; harsh, bitter.

acerbité, n.f., acerbity, harshness; bitterness.

acéré, -e, adj., steely, steeled; sharp, keen, sharp-edged; acerose.

acérer, v.a., to steel.

☉acéreu-x, -se, adj., acerose, needle-shaped.

acescence, n.f., acescency, acidifying.

acescent, -e, adj., acescent.

[8]

acétabule, n.m., acetabulum.

acétate, n.m., acetate.

acéteu-x, -se, adj., acetous.

acétique, adj., acetic.

achalandage, n.m., custom, connection; good will and fixtures.

achalandé, -e, part., having custom. Boutique bien —e; a well-frequented shop, doing or driving a good trade.

achalander, v.a., to get custom, to procure customers, to procure custom to.

s’achalander, v.r., to get or draw, attract, customers.

acharné, -e, adj., fleshed; rabid; infuriated; implacable; desperate; obstinate; intense. Un combat —; a desperate fight. Une haine —e; an implacable hatred.

acharnement, n.m., tenacity; rancor, blind fury; stubbornness, ill-nature; obstinacy, desperation. Avec —; unmercifully. C’est de l’—; this is rank fury.

acharner, v.a., to flesh; to rouse, to madden; to set on; to embitter, to envenom.

s’acharner, v.r., to be intent, bent, set upon; to set one’s heart upon; to persist in; to be infuriated, implacable. Il s’acharne à l’étude; his heart is set upon study.

☉achars, n.m.pl., Indian pickles.

achat, n.m., purchase, purchasing, buying; bargain. Faire des —s; to purchase.

ache, n.f., (bot.) smallage.

achée, n.f., worms, gentles, bait.

acheminement (ash-mi-n-mān), n.m., step; preparatory measure, means, way, dispatch.

acheminer (ash-mi-né), v.a., to forward, to send on.

s’acheminer, v.r., to set out or forward, to make one’s way towards; to begin one’s journey; to proceed towards; to get on.

acheter (ash-té), v.a., to buy, to purchase, to bribe. — cher ou bon marché; to buy dear or cheap. — en bloc; to buy in a lump. — chat en poche; to buy a pig in a poke.

s’acheter, v.r., to buy for one’s self, to be bought.

acheteur (ash-teur), n.m., buyer, purchaser, last bidder.

achevé, -e, part., finished, perfect, exquisite, absolute; downright, consummate, arrant. Beauté —e; a perfect beauty. Sot —; downright ass.

achèvement (-shev-mān), n.m., completion, finishing, conclusion.

achever (ash-vé), v.a., to finish, to put the finishing hand to; to close, to end, to conclude, to terminate, to perfect, to crown, to consummate; to dispatch, to kill. — de boire; to drink up. Achevez! out with it! Il n’acheva pas; he said no more.

acheveur, -se, n.m.f., finisher.

achillée, n.f., (bot.) milfoil, yarrow.

achit, n.m., wild vine.

achoppement (-shop-mān), n.m., stumbling, impediment. Pierre d’—; stumbling-block.

achopper, v.n., to stumble, to knock one’s self against anything; (fig.) to fail.

achromatique (-kro-), adj., achromatic.

achromatisme (-kro-), n.m., (opt.) achromatism.

☉achronique (-kro-), adj. V. acronyque.

aciculaire, adj., acicular, needle-shaped.

acide, n.m., acid.

acide, adj., acid, sour, tart, sharp.

acidifier, v.a., to acidify.

acidité, n.f., acidity, sourness, sharpness, tartness.

acidule, adj., of the nature of acids, acidulous.

acidulé, -e, adj., acidulated.

aciduler, v.a., to acidulate.

acier, n.m., steel. — fondu; cast steel. — indien, — wootz; wootz. — poule, — de cémentation; blistered steel. Articles d’—; steel wares. Bijouterie d’—; polished steel wares. Fil d’—; steel wire.

aciérage, n.m., (metal.) the hardening of copper, steeling, plating with steel.

aciération, n.f., the converting of iron into steel.

aciérer, v.a., to convert into steel, to steel.

aciérie, n.f., steel manufactory, steel-works.

acineu-x, -se, adj., acinose, acinous.

aciniforme, adj., aciniform.

acmé, n.m., (med.) acme.

acné, n.f., (med.) acne.

acolyte, n.m., acolothist, acolyte; companion, confederate, associate.

acompte, n.m., installment, partial payment.

acon, n.m. V. accon.

aconit (-nit), n.m., aconite, wolf’s-bane, monk’s hood. — tue-chien; dog’s-bane.

acoquinant, -e, adj., (fam.) alluring, engaging, captivating.

acoquiner, v.a., (fam.) to allure, to bewitch; to captivate.

s’acoquiner, v.r., (fam.) to be bewitched, to be greatly attached to. Il s’acoquine auprès de cette femme; he is much in love with that woman.

acotylédone, adj., (of plants) acotyledonous.

acoup, n.m., (—s) jerk, sudden stop, or halt.

acoustique, n.f. (n.p.), acoustics.

acoustique, adj., acoustic. Cordon —; speaking-pipe. Cornet —; ear-trumpet. Voûte —; whispering dome, gallery.

acquéreur, n.m., buyer, purchaser.

acquérir (acquérant, acquis), v.a., to acquire, to purchase, to buy, to obtain; to get, to achieve, to attain, to gain, to win.

s’acquérir, v.r., to get, to be gotten, to be acquired, obtained, or purchased, to win for one’s self.

acquêt, n.m., (jur.) common property of two married people, acquisition, purchase.

acquiescement (-mān), n.m., acquiescence, compliance, consent, willingness.

acquiescer, v.n., to acquiesce, to agree, to assent, to yield, to comply.

acquis, part. of Acquérir.

acquis, -e, adj., acquired; added; secured; (med.) adventitious.

acquis, n.m., acquired knowledge, acquirements, attainments.

acquisition, n.f., acquisition, getting, acquiring, attaining, purchase, conquest. Contrat d’—; deed of purchase.

acquit, n.m., discharge, receipt; lead (at billiards). Par manière d’—; for form’s sake. Jouer à l’—; to play who shall pay for the whole. Pour acquit (on bills), paid. Donner — de; to give a receipt for. Mettre son — à; to put “paid” on to receipt.

acquit-à-caution, n.m., (—s-—) (customs) permit.

☉acquit-patent, n.m., (—s-—s) royal decree granting the remission of a debt.

acquittement (-mān), n.m., payment, clearing off, liquidation; acquittal.

acquitter, v.a., to pay, to pay off, to clear, to quit; to receipt; to acquit, to discharge.

s’acquitter, v.r., to fulfill, to perform; to pay off one’s debts, to pay off, to be quits.

acre, n.f., acre.

âcre, adj., sharp, sour, tart, acrimonious; bitter, biting; acrid.

âcreté, n.f., acridity, sharpness, sourness, tartness, acrimony.

acrimonie, n.f., acrimony, sharpness, keenness.

acrimonieu-x, -se, adj., acrimonious, sharp.

acrobate, n.m.f., rope-dancer.

acronyque, adj., (astr.), acronic, acronical.

[9]

acropole, n.f., acropolis.

acrostiche, n.m., acrostic.

acrotère, n.m., (arch.) acroterium, blocking course; (nav.) cape, headland.

acte, n.m., act; deed; indenture, instrument; document; charter; pl., records, public registers, rolls, proceedings. — faux; forged deed. Expédition d’un —; copy of a deed. Donner — de; to deliver an official certificate of. Rédiger un —; to draw up a document. Faire acte de présence; to put in an appearance, to show one’s self. Prendre —; to make a note of, to put down.

act-eur, n.m., -rice, n.f., actor; actress; player.

actif, n.m., (n.p.) assets (pl.); (gram.) active voice. Actif et passif; assets and liabilities. Actif; receipts of a budget.

acti-f, -ve, adj., active; real, actual; quick, nimble, brisk, agile, stirring, busy, energetic. Dettes actives; assets.

action, n.f., action, act, agency, operation, virtue, motion; deed, feat, performance; gesture, posture; engagement, battle; suit, plea; share, stock. — cessible (com.); transferable share. — nominative; personal share. Promesse d’—s; scrip. Détenteur de promesse d’—s; scrip-holder. Titre d’une —; document of a share. Par —s; joint-stock. — d’éclat; splendid achievement. —s de banque; bank stock. Hausse, baisse, des —s; rise, fall, of shares. — de grâces; thanksgiving. En —; in motion. Entrer en —; to begin opérations. Intenter une — à quelqu’un; to bring an action against any one. Mettre en —; to carry into action, to carry out. En —; (mach.) in gear. Hors d’—; out of gear.

actionnaire, n.m., shareholder, stockholder.

actionner, v.a., to bring an action, to sue at law. S’—; to bestir oneself.

activement (-mān), adv., actively, vigorously.

activer, v.a., to press, to hasten, to forward, to expedite.

activité, n.f., action, activity; nimbleness, expedition, dispatch, employment. En —; in activity, in active service.

actualisation, n.f., actualness, adaptation to the times.

actualiser, v.a., to actualize.

actualité, n.f., actuality, passing event; question of the hour.

actuel, -le, adj., actual, real; present.

actuellement (-èl-mān), adv., now, at this very time.

acuité, n.f., (mus.) acuteness, keenness.

acuminé, -e, adj., (bot.) acuminated.

acuponcture, n.f., (surg.) acupuncture.

acutangle, adj., acute-angled.

acutangulé, -e, adj., (bot.) acute-angled.

adage, n.m., adage, proverb; saying.

adagio, n.m., (—s) (mus.) adagio.

adagio, adv., (mus.) adagio, slowly.

adamantin, -e, adj., adamantine.

adaptation, n.f., adaptation.

adapter, v.a., to apply, to adapt; to suit; to fit.

s’adapter, v.r., to apply, fit, suit. Qui peut —; which is adaptable.

adapteur, n.m.f., adapter.

addition (ad-di-), n.f., addition; accession; bill, reckoning; (print.) marginal note. — composée; compound addition. — en hache (print.); interlineary matter. Faire l’— de; to add, to sum up.

additionnel, -le, adj., additional.

additionner, v.a., to add, to cast up.

adducteur, n.m., (anat.) adductor.

adducteur, adj., (anat.) adducent.

adduction, n.f., (anat.) adduction.

ademption, n.f., (jur.) revocation of a legacy.

adepte, n.m.f., adept.

adéquat, -e (-kouat), adj., (philos.) complete, entire, adequate.

adhérence, n.f., adhesion; adherence, attachment.

adhérent, -e, adj., adherent, sticking to.

adhérent, n.m., adherer, follower, partisan.

adhérer, v.n., to adhere, to be adherent, to cling, to hold, to cleave, to stick; to adhere to, to approve.

adhési-f, -ve, adj., adhesive.

adhésion, n.f., adhesion, adherence; compliance.

ad hoc, adv., to that effect or purpose.

ad hominem, adv., personal, direct. Argument —; argumentum ad hominem.

☉ad honores, adv., honorary.

adiante, n.m., (bot.) adiantum, maiden-hair.

adieu, adv., adieu, farewell, good-bye. Dire —, faire ses adieux à; to bid adieu. Sans —; without bidding you adieu, without saying good-bye. — va! (nav.) about ship!

adieu, n.m., farewell, parting, leave. Faire ses —x; to take one’s leave.

adipeu-x, -se, adj., adipous, adipose, fat.

adipocire, n.f., adipocere.