The Project Gutenberg eBook of A new, practical and easy method of learning the Portuguese language This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: A new, practical and easy method of learning the Portuguese language Author: F. Ahn Release date: October 11, 2024 [eBook #74563] Language: English Original publication: London: Franz Thimm Credits: The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW, PRACTICAL AND EASY METHOD OF LEARNING THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE *** Transcriber’s Notes: Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text. Equal signs “=” before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= in the original text. Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals. Old or antiquated spellings have been preserved. Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected. A NEW PRACTICAL AND EASY METHOD OF LEARNING THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE. AFTER THE SYSTEM OF F. AHN, DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY AND PROFESSOR AT THE COLLEGE OF NEUSS. LONDON: FRANZ THIMM, FOREIGN PUBLISHER, 3 BROOK STREET, GROSVENOR SQUARE. W. 1857. PREFACE. “_Learn a foreign language as you learned your mother-tongue._” It is the way that nature herself follows, it is the same which the mother points out in speaking to her child, repeating to it a hundred times the same words, combining them imperceptibly and succeeding in this way in making it speak the same language she speaks. To learn in this manner is no longer a study, it is an amusement. This is in a few words the Method which Prof. =Ahn= has so successfully adopted in his continental Grammars. The Editor of this Grammar has followed the rational System, which has already procured for Prof. =Ahn= a European reputation, and he has adopted it for the Study of the Portuguese Language. He is greatly indebted to the excellent Grammars by =Bösche=, =Müller=, etc., which he has used for the ground work of this Grammar and it is hoped that its simplicity and utility will procure for it that favour, which the German, French, Italian, Spanish, Swedish, Danish, Dutch and Latin Grammars of Prof. =Ahn= have already found in the Colleges and Schools of England. =The Editor.= The Copyright for England, France and Germany is secured. INDEX. FIRST COURSE. Page The Pronunciation 1 PART I. Declension of the definite Article 7 Declension of the indefinite Article 8 Contractions of the Article with the Prepositions 9 =On the Gender= 10 Masculine 10 Feminine Substantive 11 Formation of the Plural 14 Declension of Substantives 18 =The Adjective= 20 The Plural of Adjectives 21 The Comparison of Adjectives 23 Irregular Comparisons 24 Declension of the Adjective 24 =The Numbers= 26 1. The Cardinal Numbers 26 2. The Ordinal Numbers 27 3. Fractional Numbers 27 4. Proportional Numbers 28 5. Collective Numbers 28 =Pronouns= 30 1. Personal Pronouns 30 2. Conjunctive Pronouns 31 3. Mixed Pronouns 31 4. Possessive Pronouns 33 5. Demonstrative Pronouns 34 6. Relative Pronouns 35 7. Interrogative Pronouns 36 8. Indefinite Pronouns 37 PART II. =Collection of Words= 41 =Easy Dialogues= 47 SECOND COURSE. =Verbs= 58 The Auxiliary Verbs 58 The Regular Verbs 69 Active Verbs 69 The Passive Verbs 79 The Neuter Verbs 79 The Reflective Verbs 80 Irregular Verbs 84 Impersonal Verbs 107 =Adverbs= 108 1. Adverbs of Time 108 2. Adverbs of Place 108 3. Adverbs of Number and Comparison 108 4. Adverbs of Manner and Kind 109 5. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation 109 =Prepositions= 111 =Conjunctions= 113 =Interjections= 114 =Reading Lessons= 115 =Idiomatic Expressions= with Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions etc. 121 FIRST COURSE. The Pronunciation. =1. The Alphabet.= The Portuguese Alphabet is composed of the 25 following letters: pronounced | pronounced _a_ ah | _n_ ennay _b_ bay | _o_ o _c_ say | _p_ pay _d_ day | _q_ kay _e_ ai | _r_ erray _f_ effay | _s_ essay _g_ jay | _t_ tay _h_ aghah | _u_ oo _i_ ee | _v_ vay _j_ dshod | _x_ shees _k_ kah | _y_ ypsilon _l_ ellay | _z_ zea. _m_ emmay | There are six vowels: _a_, _e_, _i_, _o_, _u_ and _y_, the rest are consonants. =2. The Accent.= The Portuguese language has several accents: the ʹ acute accent, the ^ circumflex accent, the ~ hyphen, called _til_, is set over some letters as a substitute for _m_, as: _lã_ for _lam_ _bẽ_ for _bem_ _huã_ for _huam_. =3. The Vowels.= =A= 1. is pronounced like the _a_ in the English word =path=, when it has the acute accent ´: _chá_, tea _dá_, he gives _lá_, there. 2. is it pronounced short and clear like the _a_ in =father=: _capitão_, the captain (first a), or if found before the double consonants: _cc_, _ll_, _mm_, _nn_, _pp_, _ss_, _tt_, as: _acclamar_, to call out _annullar_, to annull _alludir_, to allude _appellar_, to appeal. 3. it has a soft and aspirated sound at the end of words if not accentuated: _vergonha_, the shame. If the hyphen ~ _til_ stands over the _a_ it takes a nasal sound: _irmãa_ (pr. irmāng), the sister _lã_ (pr. lāng), the world. =E= has three sounds: 1. open but short like _ai_ in the English word =hail=, when with the acute accent ´ as: _pé_, foot _fé_, belief _sé_, or in: _mel_, honey _he_, he is _quero_ (pr. kayro), I will, or in those verbs ending in _er_: _conhecer_, to know _receber_, to receive. 2. long, when with the circumflex ^ over it, as: _lê_, he reads _vê_, he sees _rêde_, the net. 3. It is almost mute at the end of words without the accent, as: _liberdade_, liberty _amizade_, friendship. =I= is pronounced like _e_ in the English word =me=, and it is only the accent that determines the pronunciation, as: _tímido_, _timoré_, _difficil_, _javalí_. =O= has three sounds: 1. clear and strong in: _mólho_, _dó_. 2. soft and long in: _bôlo_, cake _gôrdo_, fat _rapôsa_, the fox (fem.). 3. quite short, almost like _oo_ in: _poder_, to be able _molho_, a bundle almost pronounced like _molyou_. =U= is pronounced like the _oo_ in the word =wood=, but the pronunciation depends much upon the length of the syllables, f. i. in _túmulo_, the grave, the first _u_ is long, the second is short. If provided with the _til_ ~ and before _m_ and _n_ it takes the nasal sound. If it follows after _g_ and _q_, it is either aspirated, or it is quite mute, as: _guerra_ (gerrah), war _quero_ (kayro), I will _quieto_ (key-eh-to), quite. In _qual_, it is slightly sounded to distinguish it from the Noun _cal_, the chalk. =Y= is pronounced like the vowel _I_. =4. The Consonants.= =B= is pronounced like the English _B_. =C= before _a_, _o_, _u_, _l_ and _r_ is pronounced like _k_, as: _cavallo_ (kahvallo), the horse _cravo_ (krahvo), the pink _cuidado_ (kooeedado), the care. Before _e_ and _i_ it sounds like _s_, as: _ceo_ (sayo), heaven _cigarro_ (seegarro), cigar. If the _c_ before _a_, _o_, _u_ has a cedille (_ç_) it sounds like _s_, as: _caça_ (kassah), chase _aço_ (asso), the steel _açucar_ (assookar), sugar. The double _c_, is distinctly heard only before _e_ and _i_, the first sounds like _k_, the second like _s_, as: _accidente_ (akseedente), the accident. =D= is pronounced like the English. =F= do. do. =G= before _a_, _o_ and a consonant is pronounced like the English _g_, as: _gordo_, fat _gravo_, grave. _g_ before _e_ and _i_ sounds like the _j_ in the English word =joy=, as: _general_. _gua_ almost sounds like the English _wa_, as: _guarda_, pr. gwarda. =H= is only softly aspirated in few words, as: _anhelar_, _hálito_; otherwise it is mute, as: _homem_ (omem), man _hora_ (ora), hour. Many writers drop the _h_ at the beginning and write _um_, _uma_, instead of: _hum_, _huma_. =J= is pronounced like the English _j_. =K= only occurs in foreign words and is pronounced like the English _K._ =L= is pronounced like the English _L._ =M= at the beginning of words, or between two vowels when it belongs to the second syllable, is pronounced like the English _m_, as: _menino_, child _amar_, to love. It takes a nasal sound at the end of words, or when it follows after _a, e, i, o_ or _u_ which cannot well be described, as: _condição_, condition _bem_ (bang), well _bom_ (bong), good. =N= is pronounced like the English _n_, but has the same peculiarities as _m._ =P= is pronounced as in English. =Q= sounds like _k_, as: _quero_ (kayro), I will. =R= is pronounced as in English. =S= is pronounced as in English; between two vowels it sounds like _z._ =T= is pronounced like the English. =V= do. do. =X= has three sounds. 1. It sounds generally like _sh_, as: _xarope_ (sharope), syrup _enxaqueca_ (anshakeykah), headake. 2. After _e_ it is pronounced like _ks_, as: _extenção_, _extenuado_, _expulso_, _excellente_. 3. Between two vowels it is pronounced like _gz_, as: _exactamente_, _exornar_, except in: _paixão_, _puxo_, _Alexandre_, _baixo_, and some other words, where it sounds like _sh._ The _x_ must be pronounced so softly that it is scarcely audible. =Z= sounds like the English, as: _zelo_, _zona_. At the end of words it sounds like _s_, as: _rapaz_, _luz_, _voz_. =5. Double Consonants.= The Portuguese language has the following double consonants: =Ch= 1. is pronounced like the English _ch_, as: _acho_, _chaga_, _marchar_. 2. it is pronounced like _k_ in words derived from Latin or Greek, as: _monarchia_, _archeo_, _archonte_, _Achilles_. =Lh= is pronounced like the _ll_ in the English word “billiards” or in the French words “fille, bouilli”, as: _mulher_, woman _mólho_, the bundle. =Nh= is pronounced like the French _gn_ in “espagne, peigner”, as: _ganho_, I win _banho_, bath _manha_, trick. =Ph= is pronounced like _f_, as: _philosophia_. =Rh= and =Th= are pronounced like _r_ and _t_. 6. The Diphthongs. The Portuguese language has two kinds of diphthongs: the =pure=, those which are distinctly pronounced, and the =nasal= diphthongs, pronounced with a nasal sound. =Pure Diphthongs.= =ae=, as: _taes_, _olivaes_. =ai= (the _a_ and _i_ do not blend), as: _pai_ (pa-i), _ai_ (a-i). =ao=, as: _páo_ (pa-o), _máo_ (ma-o). =au=, as: _aula_, _auto_, _pauta_, _causa_. =ei=, =ey=, as: _rei_, _rey_, _lei_, _sei_. =éi=, as: _papéis_, _réis_. =eo=, as: _deo_, _mordeo_, _viveo_. =éo=, as: _Céo_, _véo_, _réo_. =eu=, as: _eu_, _euro_, _meu_, _seu_. =io=, as: _pio_, _rio_, _vio_, _ouvio_. =oa=, as: _loa_, _toa_. =oe=, as: _heroe_, _dóe_, _róe_. =oi=, as: _boi_. =ôo=, =oo=, as: _vôo_, _sôo_, _môo_. =ou=, as: _ou_, _ouvir_, _douto_. =ui=, =uy=, as: _fui_, _Rui_. In the above the first vowel is preeminent, in the following the second vowel has most emphasis. =ea=, as: _lactea_, _área_. =eo=, as: _lacteo_, _arboreo_. =ia=, as: _gloria_. =oa= (pron. _oâ_ and _oá_), as: _agoa_, _coadura_, _coalho_. =ui= (pron. _ui_), as: _quirinal_, _inquirir_. =uo= (pron. _uó_), as: _equoreo_. =uu= (pron. _uú_), as: _equuleo_. =Nasal Diphthongs.= =ãa= (bad orthography _am_ or _an_), as: _maçãa_ (mas-sang), apple, _irmãa_ (ir-mang), sister. =ãe= (bad _aem_, _aen_), as: _capitães_ (kapeeta-engs), captains, _cães_ (ka-engs), dogs. =am=, as: _amparo_ (ang-paro), protection. =an=, as: _andar_ (ang-dar), to go. =ão= (bad orthogr. _aõ_, _am_, _an_), as: _captião_, captain. =em=, =ẽe=, =ẽem=, as: _lem_ or _lẽem_ (lay-eng), they read, _bem_, good. =im=, as: _fim_ (fing), the end. =õe= (_oem_, _oen_), as: _põe_ (pong-eng), _nações_ (nahs-so-engs). =om=, as: _bom_ (bong), good. =um=, =un=, as: _mundo_ (moong-do), the world. The Portuguese have also syllables of three vowels such, as: =eei=, =éio=, =eão=, =ião=, as: _eia_, hallo! _meia_, half _ideia_, idea _rodeão_, they surround _vivião_, they lived. PART I. 1. _o_, the (masc.) | _irmão_, brother _a_, the (fem.) | _irmãa_, sister _pai_, father | _e_, and _mãi_, mother | _he_, is _bom_ (m.), _boa_ (f.), good | _Exercises._ O pai. A mãi. O irmão. A irmãa. O pai he bom, e a mãi he boa. O bom pai, a boa mãi. O bom irmão, a boa irmãa. O irmão he bom, a irmãa he boa. 2. _meu_, _minha_, my _alto_, great _pequeno_, little. The sister is good. The father and the good brother. The good mother and the little sister. The great brother. My brother is little. My little brother. My mother and my good sister. My father and my mother. My good mother and my little sister. 3. =Declension of the definite Article.= =Masculine.= Singular. Plural. Nom. _o_, the | _os_ Gen. _do_, of the | _dos_ Dat. _ao_, to the | _aos_ Acc. _o_, the | _os_ Abl. _do_, from the. | _dos_. =Feminine.= Singular. Plural. Nom. _a_, the | _as_ Gen. _da_, of the | _das_ Dat. _á_, to the | _ás_ Acc. _a_, the | _as_ Abl. _da_, from the. | _das_. =Declension of the indefinite Article.= =Masculine. Feminine.= Nom. _um_, a | _uma_ Gen. _de um_, of a | _de uma_ Dat. _á um_, to a | _á uma_ Acc. _um_, a | _uma_ Abl. _de um_, from a | _de uma_. 4. =Vocabulary.= _moça_, girl _bonito_, pretty _cavallo_, horse _agulha_, needle _faca_, knife _leão_, lion _tigre_, tiger _leopardo_, leopard _são_, are (from _ser_) _animal_, _aes_, animal _feroz_, wild _estado_, situation _no_ (_em o_), in, Dat. _miseravel_, miserable _em_, in _que_, which _elle_, he _está_, is (from _estar_) _ella_, she _na_ (_em a_), in the _rua_, street _garfo_, fork _estão_, are (from _estar_) _nas_ (_em as_), in, Acc. _gaveta_, drawer _tenho_, I have _lido_, read _isso_, this _nos_ (_em os_), in, Acc. _livro_, book _passeio_, I go _pelo_ (_por o_), through the _entrou_, he came _pela_ (_por a_), through _porta_, gate _boi_, ox _vaca_, cow. _Exercises._ O pai he alto. A mãi he pequena. A moça he bonita. O cavallo do pai. A agulha da irmãa. A faca do irmão. O leão, o tigre e o leopardo são animaes ferozes. No estado miseravel em que elle está. Ella está na rua. Os garfos estão nas gavetas. Tenho lido isso nos livros do C. Passeio pelo campo. Elle entrou pela porta. Um boi. Uma vaca. 5. =Vocabulary.= _noticia_, the news _muíto_, very _nobre_, noble _cão_, dog _labrão_, bark _rosa_, rose _mais bello_, more beautiful _do que_, than _tulipa_, tulip _verão_, summer _quente_, hot _inverno_, winter _rigoroso_, severe _passaro_, bird _cantão_, sing _aguia_, eagle _açor_, hawk _ave de rapina_, bird of prey _ignorancia_, ignorance _erro_, error _superstição_, superstition _deixei_, I left behind _tia_, aunt _cama_, bed _menino_, _criança_, child, baby _o braço_, the arm _carta_, letter _mão_, hand _secretario_, secretary _saltar_, to jump _janella_, window. The news is good. The horse is a very noble animal. The dogs bark. The roses are more beautiful than the tulips. The summers are hot and the winters severe. The birds sing. The eagle and the hawk are birds of prey. Ignorance is the mother of error, of superstition, and of prejudice. I left my hat in the carriage. The aunt is in bed. She had her child in her arms. He gave the letter into the hands of the secretary. He jumped out of (_pela_) the window. I see a man and a woman. A garden and a house. =Contractions of the Article with the Prepositions.= The Portuguese contract the Article and Preposition in the following way: from _de o_ is formed _do_ | from _em o_ is formed _no_ - _de a_ - - _da_ | - _em a_ - - _na_ - _de os_ - - _dos_ | - _em os_ - - _nos_ - _de as_ - - _das_ | - _em as_ - - _nas_ - _a o_ - - _ao_ | - _por o_ - - _pelo_ - _a a_ - - _á_ | - _por a_ - - _pela_ - _a os_ - - _aos_ | - _por os_ - - _pelos_ - _a as_ - - _ás_ | - _por as_ - - _pelas_. 6. =On the Gender.= Masculine The names of all masculine persons, animals, and the occupations of men. Vocabulary. _Imperador_, emperor _foi_, was (from _ser_) _morto_, killed _Rei_, king _chegou_, he arrived _hontem_, yesterday _jesuita_, the Jesuit _forão_, they were _expulsado_, expelled _homem_, man _não ama senão_, only loves _a si mesmo_, himself _Carlos_, Charles _foi_, was _Frederico_, Frederick _ambicioso_, ambitious _ferreiro_, the smith _diligente_, diligent _alfaiate_, tailor _preguiçoso_, lazy _gordo_, fat _gallo_, the cock _mais forte_, stronger _de que_, than _gallinha_, hen. O Imperador Paulo foi morto. El-Rei chegou hontem. Os jesuitas forão expulsados. O homem não ama senão a si mesmo. Carlos foi grande e Frederico ambicioso. O ferreiro he diligente e o alfaiate preguiçoso. O boi he muito gordo. O leão he muito feroz. O gallo he mais forte do que a gallinha. 7. Vocabulary. _duque_, duke _proclamado_, proclaimed _principe herdeiro_, hereditary prince _morreo_, died _marcineiro_, the joiner _carpinteiro_, the carpenter _trabalhão_, they work _Luiz_, Lewis _Henrique_, Henry _poderoso_, powerful _touro_, the bull _matado_, killed _vigilante_, watchful _bello_, _formoso_, beautiful _sanguinario_ } _sanguinoso_ } bloodthirsty _sanguinolento_ } _marido_ } _esposo_ } husband _doente_, ill _tio_, uncle _sahio_ (_sahir_), went out _avô_, grandfather _primo_, cousin _filho_, son _dão_, they take _passeio_, walk. The Duke of Bragança was proclaimed king. The hereditary prince died. The joiner and the carpenter work. Lewis was brave, and Henry powerful. The bull was killed. The watchful dog. The beautiful horse. The tiger is very bloodthirsty. The husband of this woman is very ill. The uncle went out. The grandfather, the father, the cousin and the son took a walk. 8. =Feminine Substantive.= The names of all feminine persons, animals and the occupations of women are feminine. Vocabulary. _Imperatriz_, empress _Rainha_, queen _estavão_, they were _igreja_, church _duqueza_, duchess _banho_, bath _alfaiata_, sempstress _concerta_, mends _vestido_, dress _filha_, daughter _tia_, aunt _avó_, grandmother _neta_, granddaughter _jardim_, garden _rapariga_, little girl _feia_, ugly _mulher_, woman _obsequioso_, good _vaca_, cow _dá_, gives _leite_, milk _chocando_, hatching. A Imperatriz e a Rainha estavão na igreja. A duqueza está no banho. A alfaiata concerta um vestido. A mãi e a filha, a tia e a prima, a avó e a neta estão no jardim. A rapariga não he feia. A mulher he muito obsequiosa. A vaca dá leite. A gallinha está chocando. 9. Vocabulary. _abbadessa_, abbess _fallou_, spoke _freira_ } _religiosa_ } nun _sór_ } _mosteiro_ } _convento_ } convent _princeza_, princess _estar para_, was on the point _partir_, to depart _condeça_, the countess _casa_, house _costureira_, needlewoman _pespontar_, hems _lenço de pescoço_, neckhandkerchief _esposa_, the wife _negociante_, merchant _muitas vezes_, frequently _caprichoso_, capricious _criada_, the servant _varre_, sweeps _cozinha_, kitchen _cabra_, goat _animal domestico_, domestic animal _gata_, cat _está brincando_, plays _com_, with _cachorra_, young dog _minha_, my, fem. _prima_, cousin, fem. _irmãa_, sister _theatro_, theatre _leoa_, lioness _juba_, the mane _esta_, this _egoa_, mare _mais bello_, more beautiful _cavallo capado_, the stallion _Maria_, Mary _não he tão_, is not so _come_, as _Marianna_, Maryanne _Inglaterra_, England _sabio_, wise _soberana_, sovereign _cozinheira_, cook _mercado_, market _diligente_, diligent. The abbess spoke with the nuns of the convent. The princess was on the point of departing. The countess was not at home. The needlewoman hems my pockethandkerchief. The wife of the merchant. The women are often very capricious. The servant sweeps the kitchen. The goat is a domestic animal. The cat plays with the young female dog. My cousin (_fem._) and my sister were at the theatre. The lioness has no mane. This mare is more beautiful than that stallion. Mary is not so diligent as Maryanne. Elisabeth of England was a wise sovereign. The cook went to market. In Portuguese some of the names of animals are occasionally masculine and feminine; to denote the gender the words _macho_, male, or _femea_, female, are used, as: _elephante macho_, the male elephant, _elephante femea_, the female elephant. Those Substantives ending in _a_ and _ãa_ are feminine. 10. _Exercises._ Esta casa[1] tem uma boa[2] apparencia[3]. A rosa[4] he muito bella. A boca[5], a orelha[6], a cabeça[7], a testa[8] e a barba[9] são partes[10] do corpo[11] humano[12]. A janella[13] está aberta[14]. Esta agulha[15] he fina de mais[16]. Esta tinta não presta para nada. Quero aparar[17] uma penna[18]. Tenho[19] que escrever[20] uma carta[21]. Faça-me o favor[22] de-me emprestar[23] una folha de papel[24]. A garrafa[25] está na mesa[26]. Esta cerejeira[27] carrega[28] muito. Esta uva[29] está madura[30]. Esta vinha[31] está em optima[32] exposição[33]. [1] house. [2] good. [3] appearance. [4] rose. [5] mouth. [6] ear. [7] head. [8] forehead. [9] chin. [10] part. [11] body. [12] human. [13] window. [14] open. [15] needle. [16] is too fine. [17] mend. [18] pen. [19] I have. [20] to write. [21] letter. [22] do me the favour. [23] lend. [24] sheet of paper. [25] bottle. [26] table. [27] cherry tree. [28] bears. [29] grape. [30] ripe. [31] vine. [32] the best. [33] situation. 11. The butter[34] is fresh[35]. With your permission[36]. The cup[37] is not washed[38]. I have the honour[39]. The beer[40] is excellent[41]. The oyster[42] is fresh. Bring me[43] a wafer[44].—We have a beautiful[45] morning[46]. The door[47] is locked[48]. Spring[49] is the most agreeable[50] time of the year[51]. The harvest[52] will be[53] abundant[54]. [34] manteiga. [35] fresco. [36] licença. [37] chicara. [38] levado. [39] honra. [40] cerveja. [41] excellente. [42] ostra. [43] traga me. [44] obrea. [45] lindo. [46] manhãa. [47] porta. [48] fechado. [49] primavera. [50] a mais agradavel. [51] estação. [52] colheita. [53] ha de ser. [54] abundante. 12. =Exceptions.= The following Substantives ending in _a_ are masculine: _o aroma_, the aroma | _o drama_, the drama _o axioma_, the principle | _o mappa_, the map _o chá_, the tea | _o idioma_, the idiom _o clima_, the climate | _o planeta_, the planet _o cometa_, the comet | _o poema_, the poem _o dia_, the day | _o thema_, the theme. _o diadema_, the diadem | Those Nouns ending in _e_, are generally =masculine=, except: 1. those ending in _ade_, as: _verdade_, truth, etc., 2. those ending in _ie_ or _ice_, as: _a velhice_, the age, 3. those ending in accented _é_, as: _a cheminé_, a chimney. Nouns ending in _i_, _y_, _o_, _u_ as well as those ending in _l_, _m_, _r_, _s_ and _z_ are with few exceptions all masculine. Those ending in _ão_, are both masculine and feminine. 13. =Formation of the Plural=. Nouns ending in _a_, _e_, _i_, _y_, _o_, _u_ and _ãa_ form their plural by adding an _s_ to the singular. As: _a rosa_, _as rosas_; _a arte_, _as artes_; _o filho_, _os filhos_. =Examples.= As rosas são mais bellas que as tulipas. Os rios correm[55] por terras despovoadas[56]. As arvores são muito frondosas[57]. As villas são ornadas[58] de duas igrejas. Eu não vi os pentes[59]. Os habitantes[60] destas comarcas[61] são Indios[62]. Elles tem maçãas. Novos reis, novas leis. Deixei os bahús nos coches. Os ribeiros[63], algumas lagôas[64] e mesmo certos rios ficão em secco[65]. [55] flow. [56] depopulated. [57] leaved. [58] ornamented. [59] comb. [60] inhabitants. [61] district. [62] Indian. [63] brook. [64] lake. [65] dry out. 14. These houses please me more than those edifices[66]. The villages[67] and towns in this district[68] are not very numerous[69]. The oxen[70], cows, goats, sheep[71] and cats[72] are domestic animals. There are[73] many wild boars[74], deer[75] and hares[76] in these forests[77]. The cranes[78] and storks[79] are birds of passage[80]. The huts[81] are made[82] of the trunks of trees[83]. [66] edificio. [67] aldêa. [68] região. [69] numeroso. [70] boi. [71] ovelha. [72] gato. [73] ha. [74] javali. [75] veado. [76] lebre. [77] bosque. [78] grou. [79] cegonha. [80] ave de arribação. [81] barraca. [82] feito. [83] tronco d’arvore. 15. =Substantives= ending in _ão_, form their plural in _ões_, as: _a condição_, condition, _as condições_. =Exceptions= are: _Allemão_, the German, _Allemães_ _Catalão_, the Catalonian, _Catalães_ _cão_, dog, _cães_ _pão_, bread, _pães_ _capitão_, captain, _capitães_ _tabellião_, notary, _tabelliães_. The following only add an _s_ in the Plural: _aldeão_, the peasant | _irmão_, the brother _anão_, the dwarf | _mão_, the hand _ancião_, the age | _orfão_, the orphan _a benção_, the blessing | _orgão_, the organ _christão_, Christ | _pagão_, the heathen _cortezão_, the courtier | _rabão_, the radish _grão_, the corn | _villão_, the villain. 16. =Examples.= Elle abrio[84] communições entre as cidades e os sertões[85]. Os serões[86] são cumpridos. O districto he proprio[87] para todas as producções agricolas[88]. As terras são plantadas[89] e semeadas[90] de feijões[91] e melões[92]. Os Allemães fizerão[93] muitas invenções[94] uteis[95]. Os capitães não querem obedecer[96] ao general. Aqui[97] estão tres pães[98]. Os Cortezãos lisonjão[99] ao principe[100]. Os primeiros orgãos forão construidos[101] por um Allemão em 1312. Eis aqui[102] os dous[103] villãos. As casas são ornadas de balcões[104] de ferro. Aos orphãos mandase[105] aprender[106] um officio[107]. [84] open. [85] the interior of the country. [86] evening. [87] is suitable. [88] agricultural produce. [89] planted. [90] sowed. [91] black bean. [92] melon. [93] make. [94] invention. [95] useful. [96] obey. [97] here. [98] bread. [99] flatter. [100] the prince. [101] constructed. [102] here are. [103] two. [104] balcony. [105] one lets. [106] learn. [107] a handicraft. 17. The passions[108] of women are often very violent[109]. The navigation[110] extended[111], at the beginning[112], only along the coast. Many revolutions[113] have broken out[114] in Europe in recent times[115]. The conditions[116] were rejected[117]. These places[118] are situated in the interior of the country[119]. The hunters[120] took[121] the dogs to the chase[122]. The Catalonians inhabit an important[123] province of Spain[124]. The notaries[125] protest[126] the bills of exchange[127]. His brothers were not at home[128]. The first Christians were much persecuted[129]. The heathens are still very numerous[130]. The radishes are very dear. [108] paixão. [109] violento. [110] navegação. [111] estender. [112] no principio. [113] revolução. [114] rebentar. [115] no ultimo tempo. [116] condição. [117] rejeitar. [118] povoação. [119] no interior do paiz. [120] caçador. [121] levar. [122] caça. [123] consideravel. [124] Hespanha. [125] tabellião. [126] protestar. [127] lettra de cambio. [128] em casa. [129] perseguir. [130] numeróso. 18. =Substantives= ending in: _al_, _ol_, _ul_ change _l_ into _es_, as: _a sinal_, _as sinaes_ _el_ change _l_ into _is_, as: _annel_, _anneis_ _il_ change _l_ into _s_, as: _o funil_, _os funis_. =Examples.= _conter_, contain | _muitas vezes_, frequently _sal_, salt | _o funil_, the funnel _mandar_, to order | _ao pé_, with _furriel_, lieutenant | _barril_, the barrel _amizade_, friendship | _mandou_, had (let) _encontrar_, to meet | _pôr_, erect _primavera_, spring | _pharol_, lighthouse. _terrestre_, earthly | As aguas contem differentes saes. Os animaes domesticos. Os generaes mandavão aos furrieis. Os coroneis estavão no conselho de guerra. Os varios sinaes de sua amizade. Não se encontra muitos caracoes nesta primavera. Os males terrestres são muitas vezes quasi insupportaveis. Os papeis estão na mesa. Os funis estão ao pé dos barris. O imperador mandou pôr pharoes. 19. The poignards[131] are ground[132]. These fishing rods[133] are good for nothing[134]. The goldsmith brought the rings[135]. The painter[136] has many brushes. Three consuls governed[137] France in 1803. The barrels[138] are full[139]. The officers[140] were very much dissatisfied[141]. There are[142] different chalks[143]. I like[144] pies[145].—They will discover[146] your tricks[147]. [131] punhal. [132] amolar. [133] oanzol. [134] não valem nada. [135] annel. [136] pintor. [137] governar. [138] barril. [139] cheio. [140] official. [141] descontente. [142] ha. [143] cal. [144] eu gosto. [145] pastel. [146] descubrir. [147] ardil. 20. Substantives ending in _m_, change their plural into _ns_, as: _bem_, the treasure, _bens_ _viagem_, the journey, _viagens._ Those ending in _r, s_ and _z_, add _es_ to the singular, as: _a colher_, the spoon, _as colheres_ _ar_, the air, _ares_ _deos_, a God, _deoses_ _perdiz_, the partridge, _perdizes_; except: _ourives_, the goldsmith, _ourives_ _caliz_, the chalice, _calices_ _alferes_, the ensign, _alferes._ =Examples.= As margens[148] verdejão[149] com a relva[150] dos prados[151]. Elle fez[152] muitas viagens. Elle possue[153] muitos bens de raiz[154] na cidade e fóra della[155]. Todos os homens são mortaes[156]. Os sons dos instrumentos musicos. Os jejuns[157] não engordão[158]. O ceo[159] se cobre[160] de nuvens[161]. Os moradores[162] commercião[163] em[164] madeiras de construcção[165]. Comprei[166] duas colheres de prata. As Imperatrizes de Russia e d’Austria chegárão[167]. Atire[168] a esse bando[169] de perdizes. Os Deoses se ajuntão[170] no Olympo. Quasi[171] todos os freguezes[172] são Indios. Ha quatro calices na igreja. Os piratas[173] infestavão os mares. [148] bank. [149] green. [150] turf. [151] meadow. [152] made. [153] possess. [154] (landed) property. [155] out of it. [156] mortal. [157] fasting. [158] to make fat. [159] sky. [160] covered. [161] cloud. [162] inhabitants. [163] deal. [164] with. [165] timber. [166] to buy. [167] to arrive. [168] short. [169] flock. [170] assemble. [171] almost. [172] customer. [173] pirates. 21. I hear[174] sounds[175]. The sun[176] hides[177] itself behind[178] thick[179] clouds[180]. We have four ducks[181]. The passages[182] are locked[183]. The pictures[184] of Saints in this church are very numerous. Our baggage[185] is still in the vessel. I offer[186] you my congratulations[187]. The air (_pl._) is always[188] pure[189] in this Country. I have eaten[190] four[191] quails[192]. He showed[193] me the scars[194] of his wounds[195]. In a battalion[196] there are eight ensigns. The goldsmiths came together. The chalices of the flowers. I was many times[197] in your house. The belligerent[198] powers. [174] ouvir. [175] tom. [176] sol. [177] esconder. [178] de. [179] grosso. [180] nuvem. [181] pato. [182] passagem. [183] fechar. [184] imagem. [185] bagagem. [186] dar. [187] parabem. [188] sempre. [189] puro. [190] comido. [191] quatro. [192] codorniz. [193] mostrar. [194] cicatriz. [195] ferida. [196] batalhão. [197] vez. [198] belligerante. 22. =Declension of Substantives.= =Singular.= Masculine. Feminine. Nom. _o homem_, the man | _a mulher_, the woman Gen. _do homem_, of the man | _da mulher_, of the woman Dat. _ao homem_, to the man | _á mulher_, to the woman Acc. _o homem_, the man | _a mulher_, the woman Abl. _do homem_, from the man. | _da mulher_, from the woman. =Plural.= Nom. _os homens_, the men | _as mulheres_, the women Gen. _dos homens_, of the men | _das mulheres_, of the women Dat. _aos homens_, to the men | _ás mulheres_, to the women Acc. _os homens_, the men | _as mulheres_, the women Abl. _dos homens_, from the men. | _das mulheres_, from the women. Nom. _Deos_, God | _Deoses_, Gods Gen. _de Deos_, of God | _de Deoses_, of Gods Dat. _a Deos_, to God | _a Deoses_, to Gods Acc. (_a_) _Deos_, God | (_a_) _Deoses_, Gods Abl. _de Deos_, from God. | _de Deoses_, from Gods. 23. =Examples.= _chapéo_, the hat _offerecer_, to offer _batalha_, the battle _inimigo_, enemy _jardim_, garden _luva_, glove _conde_, count _deixar_, to leave _mordomo_, steward _adular_, to flatter _lisongeiro_, the flatterer _de sorte_, in such a manner _igualar_, to compare _deo_, gave (from _dar_) _grande_, sound, great _bofetada_, box on the ear _calçado_, paved _fizerão_, they made _cruel_, cruel _guerra_, war _comprar_, to buy _livro_, book _livreiro_, bookseller _rancor_, the rancor, enmity. O pai não está em casa. O chapéo do irmão. O general offereceo batalha ao inimigo. A mai ama a seu filho. A irmãa está no jardim. As luvas da mãi. O conde nada deixou ao seu mordomo. Adulando um lisongeiro ao Imperador Sigismundo, de sorte que o igualava a Deos, o Imperador deo ao lisongeiro uma grande bofetada. As ruas são calçadas. Os Portuguezes fizerão cruel guerra aos Indios. A mulher comprou o livro do livreiro. O rancor dos Francezes contra os Inglezes. 24. _Exercises._ The father loves[199] his daughter[200]. Mary loves her friend[201] (_fem._). The eyes of Caroline equal[202] two[203] stars[204]. He gave the money to the woman, and paid the tailor[205] at the same time[206]. Two streams[207] of the province are designated[208] by this name[209]. Various estates[210] are touched[211] by this river. These offers[212] have been made to the Colonists[213]. He delivered[214] the letter[215] to the secretary[216]. The Madeira is the most important[217] tributary[218] of the Amazon river[219]. The name of the Islands. The town is situated[220] on the left bank[221] of the river. The harbour[222] of Rio de Janeiro is the most beautiful ornament[223] of the city. [199] amar. [200] filha. [201] amiga. [202] igualar. [203] dous (_fem._ duas). [204] estrella. [205] alfaiate. [206] ao mesmo tempo. [207] ribeiro. [208] assignar. [209] nome. [210] fazenda. [211] regar. [212] offerecimento. [213] colono. [214] entregar. [215] carta. [216] secretario. [217] cabal, importante. [218] tributario. [219] rio do Amazonas. [220] jazer. [221] na margem esquerda. [222] porto. [223] ornato. 25. =On the Augmentatives and Diminutives.= The Portuguese language has the peculiarity of the Italian and Spanish languages in making Substantives and Adjectives, by the addition of a syllable augmentative or diminutive. I. =Augmentativos.= _homem_, a man _homemzarão_, a large, powerful man _tolo_, a fool _toleirão_, a great fool _mulher_, the woman _mulherona_, a large masculine woman _tola_, the foolish woman _toleirona_, a very foolish woman. II. =Diminutivos= are formed by changing the final vowel into “_inho_”: _casa_, the house _casinha_, a pretty little house _homem_, a man _homemzinho_, a little man _bicho_, a worm _bichinho_, a little worm _coitado_, a poor man _coitadinho_, a poor little fellow _bonito_, pretty _bonitinho_, rather pretty; others are formed by adding: _zinho_, _zinha_ or _sinho_, _inha_, as: _coração_, the heart _coraçãozinho_, dear little heart _cão_, the dog _cãozinho_, pretty little dog _irmão_, the brother _irmãozinho_, dear little brother _cabeça_, the head _cabeçinha_, pretty little head _mão_, the hand _mãozinha_, pretty little hand. 26. =The Adjective.= The Adjectives in Portuguese agree with the Substantives in gender and number. 1. Adjectives ending in _e_, _l_ and _z_, remain unchanged in the feminine, as: _forte_, strong; _grande_, great; _cruel_, cruel; _amavel_, amiable. 2. Adjectives ending in _o_ change the feminine into _a_, as: _o bonito_, the pretty, _a bonita_. 3. Those ending in _ú_, _m_ and _r_, add an _a_ in the feminine, as: _crú_, raw, _crúa_ _nú_, nude, _núa_ _um_, a, _uma_ _nenhum_, none, _nenhuma_ _traidor_, traitorous, _traidora_ _protector_, _protectora_. 4. Adjectives ending in _ão_ change to _ãa_ in the feminine, as: _lução_, brilliant, _luçãa_ _são_, healthy, _sàa_. 27. =The Plurals of Adjectives= are formed in the same manner as the plural of Nouns, as: =Singular.= =Plural.= Masc. Fem. | Masc. Fem. _forte_, strong, _forte_ | _fortes_, _fortes_ _gordo_, fat, _gorda_ | _gordos_, _gordas_ _crú_, raw, _crua_ | _crús_, _cruas_ _são_, healthy, _sãa_ | _sãos_, _sãas_ _igual_, equal, _igual_ | _iguaes_, _iguaes_ _amavel_, amiable, _amavel_ | _amaveis_, _amaveis_ _civil_, civil, _civil_ | _civis_, _civis_ _algum_, any one, _alguma_ | _alguns_, _algumas_ _protector_, protected, _protectora_ | _protectores_, _protectoras_ _capaz_, capable, _capaz_ | _capazes_, _capazes_. =Observations.= 1. The following add _s_ to the plural: _meão_, mediocre _temporão_, timely _são_, healthy _villão_, bad. 2. The following change _il_ into _eis_ in the plural, as: _agil_, swift _aquatil_, aquatic _debil_, weak _difficil_, difficult _docil_, docile _ductil_, pliant _esteril_, sterile _facil_, easy _fertil_, fertile _fossil_, fossil _fragil_, fragile _futil_, futile _habil_, clever _ignobil_, disgraceful _immobil_, immoveable _indocil_, stupid _inhabil_, awkward _inutil_, useless _inverosimil_, unlikely _portatil_, portable _reptil_, reptile _util_, useful _verosimil_, probable _versatil_, changeable _volatil_, volatile _volubil_, voluble. 3. _Simplez_, single, forms its plural in _simplez_ and _simplices_. 28. =Examples.= A rua principal. As ruas principaes são calçadas. A igreja nova. A nova igreja. O homem velho[224]. A mulher velha. Os Indios atemorisados[225]. As mulheres Indias. A bella e grande cidade. O sobrinho[226] moribundo[227]. A victoria gloriosa. Este homem he mui villão e aquella mulher mui villãa. As mulheres são amaveis, os homens mui crueis. Um moço nú e uma criança nua. O homem he affavel e a mulher he tambem affavel. O genio contraditor e a observação contraditora. A filha he gorda e o filho he gordo. Os homens estão sãos e as mulheres sãas. O povo tranquillo e soffredor[228]. A sombria raiva[229] do Philippe. Os velhos bandos hespanhões[230]. Algumas[231] embarcações[232] que tinhão servido de piquetes[233]. Uma satisfacção inexplicavel. A igreja he uma das mais bellas do reino[234]. As aguas mineraes. O termino he fertil. O filho unico. A religão christãa. Um cavalheiro[235] christão[236]. A igreja de Santo Antonio he dedicada ao santo do seu nome. A margem[237] direita. A guarda[238] nacional. O sobredito[239] districto. As grandes plantações[240] de cannas[241]. A pequena[242] aldèa[243]. Santos he uma cidade maritima a mercantil. As autoridades militares e civis. O rio aurifero. [224] old. [225] frightened. [226] nephew. [227] dying. [228] suffering. [229] hatred. [230] Spanish. [231] some. [232] vessel. [233] watch. [234] reign. [235] knight. [236] Christian. [237] shore. [238] the guard. [239] above named. [240] plantations. [241] sugar. [242] little. [243] village. 29. _Exercises._ The rich[244] man and the poor[245] woman. The pretty house. The large church[246]. The fertile fields[247]. The shoemaker is very industrious. The leafy[248] trees[249]. The wounded[250] soldier[251]. The beautiful bridges[252]. The numerous[253] products. The old uncle[254] and the fat aunt[255]. The horses are very handsome. The day is very bright[256]. The climate is very agreeable[257]. The winter[258] in Siberia[259] is very rigorous[260]. The geographical[261] and historical[262] Institute[263]. The tall man and the little woman. The above named[264] royal decree[265]. The generous[266] feelings[267]. The enormous[268] forests[269]. Some[270] sombre and broad[271] rivers. The only[272] ornament. The warlike[273] Indians. The preceding[274] article[275]. The sea is very rough[276]. The following[277] day. The following days. He is silent[278] and grave[279]. The deep[280] love[281]. [244] rico. [245] pobre. [246] igreja. [247] campo. [248] frondoso. [249] arvore. [250] ferido. [251] soldado. [252] ponte. [253] numeroso. [254] tio. [255] tia. [256] claro. [257] agradavel. [258] inverno. [259] Sibiria. [260] rigoroso. [261] geographico. [262] historico. [263] instituto. [264] mencionado. [265] alvará. [266] generoso. [267] sentimento. [268] immenso. [269] selva (silva). [270] uns, umas. [271] largo. [272] unico. [273] bellicoso. [274] precedente. [275] artigo. [276] agitado. [277] seguinte. [278] silencioso. [279] grave. [280] profundo. [281] amor. 30. =The Comparison of Adjectives=. The =Comparative= is formed by placing _mais_ (more) or _menos_ (less) before the Positive, as: _bello_, beautiful, _mais bello_, more beautiful. =Obs.= “Than” following the Comparative is rendered by _que_, _como_, or: _tão_—_como_, as—as; _não tão_—_como_, not so—as; before the particle _que_ the word _do_ is often prefixed, as: _he mais prudente do que parece_, he is wiser than it appears. The =Superlative= is formed 1. by placing the article before the Comparative, as: _o mais douto_, the most learned _o mais bello_, the most beautiful; 2. by adding to the Positive _issimo_ (masc.) and _issima_ (fem.), as: _bello_, beautiful, _bellissimo_, _bellissima_. =Exceptions are=: _acre_, harsh, _acerrimo_ _amigo_, friendly, _amicissimo_ _antigo_, old, _antiquissimo_ _aspero_, rough, _asperrimo_ _bom_, good, _bonissimo_ _capaz_, capable, _capacissimo_ _celebre_, celebrated, _celeberrimo_ _chão_, flat, _chanissimo_ _feliz_, happy, _felicissimo_ _fiel_, faithful, _fidelissimo_ _frio_, cold, _frigidissimo_ _humilde_, humble, _humilissimo_, _humillimo_ _máo_, bad, _malissimo_ _nobre_, noble, _nobilissimo_ _prospero_, prosperous, _prosperrimo_ _rico_, rich, _riquissimo_ _sabio_, wise, _sapientissimo_ _sagrado_, sacred, _sacratissimo_ _salubre_, salutary, _saluberrimo_ _simples_, simple, _simplicissimo_ _valente_, brave, _valentissimo_. 31. =Irregular Comparisons=. Positive. Comparative. Superlative. _bom_, good, _melhor_, better, _optimo_, the best _máo_, bad, _peior_, worse, _pessimo_, the worst _grande_, great, _maior_, greater, _maximo_, the greatest _pequeno_, little, _menor_, less, _minimo_, the least. =Obs.= The Positive and Comparative can be strengthened by placing before it: _muito_, very _assaz_, enough _demasiado_, too, too much. 32. Declension of the Adjective. =Masculine.= Singular. Plural. Nom. _o homem diligente_ } | _os homens diligentes_ } Gen. _do homem diligente_ }the | _dos homens diligentes_ }the Dat. _ao homem diligente_ }indust-| _aos homens diligentes_ }indust- Acc. _o homem diligente_ } rious | _os homens diligentes_ } rious. Abl. _do homem diligente_ }man. | _dos homens diligentes_ }men. =Feminine.= Singular. Plural. Nom. _a mulher gorda_ } | _as mulheres gordas_ } Gen. _da mulher gorda_ } | _das mulheres gordas_ } Dat. _á mulher gorda_ }the | _ás mulheres gordas_ } the Acc. _a mulher gorda_ }corpulent| _as mulheres gordas_ } corpulent Abl. _da mulher gorda_ }woman. | _das mulheres gordas_ } women. 33. =Examples.= A Asia he mais grande que a Europa. A Africa he menos povoado[282] que a Europa. A rosa he mais bella que a viola. A viola[283] he menos bella que a rosa. Pedro he mais feliz do que João. O filho não he tão liberal como seu pai. A historia he tão util como agradavel. O dia he mais agradavel que a noite[284]. O seu amante he mais bello, mais moço[285] e mais rico que ella. Eu acho-o agora menos lindo[286] do que quando o comprei[287]. O meu livro he tão barato[288] como o vosso. Elle he muito mais grande. Ella he pouco mais grande. Caesar he muito mais estimado[289] que Pompeo. Pompeo foi muito menos feliz que Caesar. Elle he o mais douto[290] dos homens. Elle he o menos douto dos homens. Ella he a mais bella das mulheres. Ella he muito amavel. Estas cadeiras[291] são feitas[292] de optima madeira[293]. Esta mulher he boa, o marido he melhor e o filho he o optimo. Elle he o felicissimo dos mortaes. O clima he saluberrimo. He homem valentissimo. O filho he rico, o pai he riquissimo. O neto[294] he máo, o primo[295] he ainda peior e o tio he o pessimo. Na margem do rio ha optimos pastos[296]. [282] populated. [283] violet. [284] night. [285] young. [286] pretty. [287] to buy. [288] cheap. [289] esteemed. [290] learned. [291] chair. [292] made. [293] wood. [294] grandson. [295] cousin. [296] pasture. 34. _Exercises._ Mariana is more industrious[297] than her sister[298]. Europe is not so large as America. The wife is handsomer than her husband[299]. This horse is very beautiful, more beautiful than yours. The most fertile fields. His cousin is very rich, his uncle is still richer, and his father is the richest. The man is very bad[300], the woman is worse, and the son is the worst. This wine is good, but that one is better. She is much taller than her friend[301]. The tulip[302] is not so beautiful as the rose. The son is little, but the daughter is very little indeed (_pequenissimo_). Our house is not so large as yours. Amelia is smaller than her brother. The best ship[303]. The worst man. The bravest knight. The simplest[304] man in the world[305]. This[306] man is very wise, and that[307] one is the wisest of all. The climate of Siberia is very cold. The summer[308] is in that country hotter and the winter[309] more rigid[310]. A great part[311] and the greater part. The turf[312] is very green[313], but the trees[314] are still greener. I do not write so well as he. This man speaks[315] as well as Cicero[316]. The English[317] horses are better than the French. Arabia has the best horses. It is commendable[318] to recommend virtue[319], but it is better to practise[320] it. [297] diligente. [298] irmãa. [299] marido. [300] máo. [301] amiga. [302] tulipa. [303] navio. [304] simples. [305] no mundo. [306] este. [307] aquelle. [308] verão. [309] inverno. [310] rigoroso. [311] parte. [312] relva. [313] verde. [314] arvore. [315] fallar. [316] um Cicero. [317] inglez. [318] louvavel. [319] virtude. [320] praticar. 35. -The Numbers (Vos Numeral).- =1. The Cardinal Numbers (Numerales cardinaes)=. _um_, fem. _uma_ 1 _dois_, _dous_, fem. _duas_ 2 _tres_ 3 _quatro_ 4 _cinco_ 5 _seis_ 6 _sete_ 7 _oito_ 8 _nove_ 9 _dez_ 10 _onze_ 11 _doze_ 12 _treze_ 13 _quatorze_ 14 _quinze_ 15 _dezeseis_ 16 _dezesete_ 17 _dezoito_ 18 _dez e nove_ 19 _vinte_ 20 _vinte e um_ 21 _vinte e dois_ 22 _vinte e tres_ 23 _vinte e quatro_ 24 _vinte e cinco_ 25 _vinte e seis_ 26 _vinte e sete_ 27 _vinte e oito_ 28 _vinte e nove_ 29 _trinta_ 30 _trinta e um_ 31 _quarenta_ 40 _quarenta e um_ 41 _cincoenta_ 50 _sessenta_ 60 _setenta_ 70 _oitenta_ 80 _noventa_ 90 _cem_, _cento_ 100 _cento e um_ 101 _duzentos_, fem. -_as_ 200 _duzentos e um_ 201 _trezentos_, -_as_ 300 _quatrocentos_, -_as_ 400 _quinhentos_ 500 _seiscentos_ 600 _setecentos_ 700 _oitocentos_ 800 _novecentos_ 900 _mil_ 1,000 _mil e cento_ 1,100 _mil e duzentos_ 1,200 _dois mil_ 2,000 _cem mil_ 100,000 _milhão_ a million _bilhão_ a billion. =Obs.= Before a Noun “_cem_” is used, before a number “_cento_”, as: _cem soldados_, hundred soldiers; _cento e um_, a hundred and one. The Portuguese use the Cardinal Numbers to express the date, as: _chegou a quatro de Maio_, he arrived on the fourth of May. 36. =2. The Ordinal Numbers.= _primeiro_ the 1ˢᵗ _segundo_ the 2ⁿͩ _terceiro_ the 3ʳͩ _quarto_ the 4ᵗʰ _quinto_ the 5ᵗʰ _sexto_ the 6ᵗʰ _setimo_ the 7ᵗʰ _oitavo_ the 8ᵗʰ _nono_ the 9ᵗʰ _decimo_ the 10ᵗʰ _undecimo_, _onzeno_ the 11ᵗʰ _duodecimo_ the 12ᵗʰ _decimo terceiro_ the 13ᵗʰ _decimo quarto_ the 14ᵗʰ _decimo quinto_ the 15ᵗʰ _decimo sexto_ the 16ᵗʰ _decimo setimo_ the 17ᵗʰ _decimo oitavo_ the 18ᵗʰ _decimo nono_ the 19ᵗʰ _vigesimo_ the 20ᵗʰ _vigesimo-primeiro_ the 21ˢᵗ _vigesimo-segundo_ the 22ⁿͩ _trigesimo_ the 30ᵗʰ _quadragesimo_, _quarentesimo_ the 40ᵗʰ _quinquagesimo_ the 50ᵗʰ _sexagesimo_ the 60ᵗʰ _septuagesimo_ the 70ᵗʰ _octogesimo_ the 80ᵗʰ _nonagesimo_ the 90ᵗʰ _centesimo_ the 100ᵗʰ _millesimo_ the 1,000ᵗʰ _ultimo_ the last. 37. =3. Fractional Numbers.= _a metade_, half _o terço_, the third _a terça parte_, the third part _o quarto_ } the fourth part _a quarta parte_ } _o quinto_, the fifth _a quinta parte_, the fifth part _a sexta parte_, the sixth part _a setima parte_, the seventh part _um oitavo_, an eighth _uma oitava_, an eighth part _tres oitavos_, three eighths _uma novena_, a ninth _uma nona parte_, a ninth part _uma decima parte_, a tenth part _um e meio_, one and a half _dous e meia_, two and a half _tres e meia_, three and a half. 38. =4. Proportional Numbers.= _simples_, simple _duplice_ } double _duplicado_ } _triple_ } triple _triplice_ } _quadruplo_, fourfold _quintuplo_, fivefold _uma vez_, once _duas vezes_, twice _tres vezes_, thrice _sextuplo_, sixfold _septuplo_, sevenfold _octuplo_, eightfold _nonuplo_, ninefold _decuplo_, tenfold _centuplo_, a hundredfold _a primeira vez_, the first time. 39. =5. Collective Numbers.= _um par_, a pair _ambos_, _ambas_, both _um terno_, a number of 3 _um quaterno_, a number of 4 _uma dezena_, a number of 10 _uma duzia_, a dozen _uma quinzena_, fifteen _uma sessenta_, sixty _uma centena_, a hundred _uma vintena_, twenty _um milhar_, a thousand _quintal_, a hundred weight _uma quarta do arratel_, a quarter of a pound. _todo_, _toda_, _tudo_, all, every one; =plur.= _todos_, _todas_. _muito_, many; _tanto_, so many. _pouco_, few. 40. =Examples.= Elle viveo[321] noventa annos[322]. Ella tem vinto e cinco annos de idade[323]. O exercito[324] he composto[325] de noventa mil e seiscentos homens. Dous mil cincocentos e trinta e quatro homens forão mortos[326] neste encontro[327]. Cem homens ficarão[328] prisioneiros[329]. Ha nesta povoação[330] mil e setecentas almas[331]. Ha mil quinhentas casas na nossa freguezia[332]. A sua carta[333] he datada[334] de vinte e dous de Abril de mil oitocentos e cincoenta e sete. Nosso tio ha de chegar[335] a treze do mez que vem. O comprimento[336] desta rua tem o dobro do da outra. Eu fiz duas vezes a volta[337] da villa a cavallo. Um terremoto[338] destruio[339] a metade da cidade. Este theatro foi queimado[340] tres vezes. Se cultivar a sua herdade[341], ella se elevará[342] em valor ao centuplo. [321] live. [322] year. [323] age. [324] army. [325] consists of. [326] killed. [327] battle. [328] remained. [329] prisoners. [330] population. [331] souls. [332] parish. [333] letter. [334] dated. [335] arrive. [336] length. [337] the round. [338] earthquake. [339] destroy. [340] burnt down. [341] inheritance. [342] to raise. 41. _Exercises._ The company[343] consists of one hundred men and the regiment[344] has six thousand men. There were collected[345] two hundred men and nearly[346] seventy women. He was the first who arrived[347]. The second was thy brother. The third man I have not seen. The French army consists of 600,000 men. Within[348] eight days. He had one sister and two cousins[349] with him. This house would be worth a hundred times more. Once I have told him, but twice he has forgotten it. The first time that I had the knife ground[350]. A thousand men were killed in this battle[351]. The first day of the year[352]. To-day is the first, the second, the third, the fourth of the month[353]. Twenty eggs[354]. He arrived on the fifth of July. The nineteenth century[355]. The year has 365 days. He has three sons[356] and five daughters[357]. [343] companhia. [344] regimento. [345] ajuntado. [346] quasi. [347] chegar. [348] dentro. [349] prima. [350] amolar. [351] batalha. [352] anno. [353] mez. [354] ovo. [355] seculo. [356] filho. [357] filha. 42. =Pronouns.= 1. Personal Pronouns. =Singular.= 1ˢᵗ Person. 2ⁿͩ Person. N. _eu_, I | _tu_, thou G. _de mim_, of me | _de ti_, of thee D. _a mim_, to me | _a ti_, to thee Acc. _me_, me | _te_, _a ti_, thee Abl. _de mim_ } from | _de ti_ } from _por mim_ } me | _por ti_ } thee 3ʳͩ Person. Masc. Fem. _elle_, he | _ella_, she _d’elle_, of him | _d’ella_, of her _a elle_, _lhe_, to him | _a ella_, to her _elle_, him | _ella_, _a ella_, her _d’elle_ } from | _d’ella_, } from _por elle_ } him | _por ella_, } her. =Plural.= 1ˢᵗ Person. 2ⁿͩ Person. N. _nós_, we | _vós_, you G. _de nos_, of us | _de vos_, of you D. _a nos_, to us | _a vós_, to you Acc. _nos_, _a nos_, us | _a vos_, _vos_, you Abl. _de nos_ } from | _de vós_, from you _por nos_ } us | 3ʳͩ Person. Masc. Fem. _elles_, they | _ellas_, they _d’elles_, of them | _d’ellas_, of them _a elles_, _lhes_, to them | _a ellas_, to them _elles_, _a elles_, them | _ellas_, them _d’elles_, from them | _d’ellas_, from | them =Obs.= If the Pronouns _mim_, _ti_, _si_, _nós_, _vós_, are accompanied by the Preposition _com_, they are contracted thus: _com mim_ into _commigo_, with me _com ti_ — _comtigo_, with thee _com si_ — _comsigo_, with him _com nós_ — _comnosco_, with us _com vós_ — _comvosco_, with you. =Me= is generally translated by _me_, as: speak to me, _fallai-me_ he told me, _elle disse-me_ tell me, _dizei-me_ write me, _escrevei-me_. =The reflective Pronoun= “_si_”. Nom. _si_, one’s self Gen. _de si_, of one’s self Dat. _a si_, to one’s self Acc. _si_, _a si_, one’s self Abl. _de si_, _por si_, from one’s self. It is generally united to the Pronoun: _mesmo_ or _mesma_, as: _de si mesmo_, of one’s self: _o homem não ama senão a si mesmo_, the man loves only himself. The Portuguese also join _mesmo_, to the personal Pronouns, as: _eu mesmo_, I myself | _nós mesmos_, we ourselves _tu mesmo_, thou thyself | _vós mesmos_, you yourselves _elle mesmo_, he himself | _elles mesmos_, } they themselves _ella mesma_, she herself | _ellas mesmas_, } _o homem mesmo_, the man himself.| _a virtude mesma_, virtue itself. 43. =2. Conjunctive Pronouns.= The following are always used in connexion with Verbs: _me_, me — _nos_, us _te_, thee — _vos_, you _se_, it — _lhes_, them _lhe_, him, her. _isto me agrada_ — it pleases me _he-me necessario_ — I want it (have it necessary) _deos te ve_ — God sees thee _ella se louva_ — she praises herself _eu lhe direi_ — I shall tell him or her _eu lhes prometti_ — I have promised them. 44. =3. Mixed Pronouns.= are composed of personal and conjunctive Pronouns, by changing the letter _e_ of the conjunctive Pronoun into _o_ and _a_, as: instead of _me o_ — say: _mo_ ” ” _me a_ — ” _ma_ ” ” _lhe o_ — ” _lho_ ” ” _lhe a_ — ” _lha_ ” ” _me os_ — ” _mos_ ” ” _me as_ — ” _mas_ ” ” _lhe os_ — ” _lhos_ ” ” _lhe as_ — ” _lhas_ ” ” _te o_ — ” _to_ ” ” _te a_ — ” _ta_ ” ” _te os_ — ” _tos_ ” ” _te as_ — ” _tas_. _dai-mo_, give me (_livro_, the book) _dai-mo_, give me (_cão_, the dog) _dai-ma_, give me (_penna_, the pen). _entrego-to_, I give it thee (_livro_) _darei-ta_, I shall give it thee (_casa_) _entrego-tos_, I give them to thee (_chapéos_, pl.) _darei-tas_, I shall give them to thee (_peras_, pl.). _se o_, changes into _selo_ _se a_, ” ” _sela_ _se os_, ” ” _selos_ _se as_, ” ” _selas_ _nos o_, ” ” _nolo_ _nos a_, ” ” _nola_ _nos os_, ” ” _nolos_ _nos as_, ” ” _nolas_ _vos o_, ” ” _volo_ _vos a_, ” ” _vola_ _vos os_, ” ” _volos_ _vos as_, ” ” _volas_. =Examples.= _para dar-lho_, for the purpose of giving it to him _dai-mo_, give it me _eu to darei_, I shall give it to thee _entrego-to_, I hand it over to thee _dize-lho_, they told it him or her _entrega-lhos_, give them (she) to him _elle nolo disse_, he told it us _eu volos mandarei_, I shall send them to you. 45. =4. Possessive Pronouns.= =Masculine.= =Feminine.= Singular. Plural. | Singular. Plural. _meu_, mine _meus_ | _minha_, mine _minhas_ _teu_, thine _teus_ | _tua_, thine _tuas_ _seu_, his _seus_ | _sua_, hers _suas_ _nosso_, ours _nossos_ | _nossa_, ours _nossas_ _vosso_, yours _vossos_. | _vossa_, yours _vossas_. The Pronouns are declined with the definite article, as: =Masculine.= Singular. | Plural. my book. | my books. N. _o meu livro_ | _os meus livros_ G. _do meu livro_ | _dos meus livros_ D. _ao meu livro_ | _aos meus livros_ Acc. _meu livro_ | _meus livros_ Abl. _do (pelo) meu livro_. | _dos (pelos) meus livros_. =Feminine.= Singular. | Plural. my house. | my houses. N. _a minha casa_ | _as minhas casas_ G. _da minha casa_ | _das minhas casas_ D. _á minha casa_ | _ás minhas casas_ Acc. _minha casa_ | _minhas casas_ Abl. _da (pela) minha casa_. | _das (pelas) minhas casas_. =Examples.= The Portuguese say: the father loves: _a seu filho_, his son the mother loves: _a seu filho_, her son the father loves his daughter: _o pai ama á sua filha_ the mother loves her daughter: _a mai ama á sua filha_ it is mine: _he meu_ it is thine: _he teu_. 46. =5. Demonstrative Pronouns.= _Este_, denotes a person or thing in our immediate neighbourhood. _Esse_, denotes a person or thing a little more distant from us. _Aquelle_, one still farther distant. =Singular.= Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. N. _este_, this | _esta_ | _isto_ G. _d’este_, of this | _d’esta_ | _d’isto_ D. _a este_, to this | _a esta_ | _a isto_ Acc. _este_, this | _esta_ | _isto_ Abl. _d’este_, from this. | _d’esta_. | _d’isto_. =Plural.= N. _estes_, these | _estas_ | G. _d’estes_, of these | _d’estas_ | D. _a estes_, to these | _a estas_ | wanting. Acc. _estes_, these | _estas_ | Abl. _d’estes_, from these. | _d’estas_. | =Singular.= N. _esse_, this one | _essa_ | _isso_ G. _d’esse_, of this one | _d’éssa_ | _d’isso_ D. _a esse_, to this one | _a essa_ | _a isso_ Acc. _esse_, this one | _éssa_ | _isso_ Abl. _d’esse_, from this one.| _d’essa_. | _d’isso_. =Plural.= N. _esses_, these | _essas_ | G. _d’esses_, of these | _d’essas_ | D. _a esses_, to these | _a essas_ | wanting. Acc. _esses_, these | _essas_ | Abl. _d’esses_, from these. | _d’essas_. | =Singular.= N. _aquelle_, that | _aquella_ | _aquillo_ G. _d’aquelle_, of that | _d’aquella_ | _d’aquillo_ D. _áquelle_, to that | _áquella_ | _áquillo_ Acc. _aquelle_, that | _aquella_ | _aquillo_ Abl. _d’aquelle_, from that. | _d’aquella_. | _d’aquillo_. =Singular.= N. _aquelles_, those | _aquellas_ | G. _d’aquelles_, of those | _d’aquellas_ | D. _áquelles_, to those | _áquellas_ | wanting. Acc. _aquelles_, those | _aquellas_ | Abl. _d’aquelles_, from those.| _d’aquellas_.| 47. =6. Relative Pronouns.= a) _Qual_, which, declined with the article _o_ and _a_: _o qual_, _a qual_; plural: _os quaes_, _as quaes_. b) _Que_, which, is used of persons and things, as: _o livro que_, the book which _a arvore que_, the tree which _os livros que_, the books which _o mestre que ensina_, the teacher who instructs _a mulher que tenho_, the woman whom I have _o homem que eu amo_, the man whom I love. =It is declined=: N. _que_, who, which, what G. _de que_, of whom D. _á que_, to whom Acc. _que_, whom Abl. _de que_, from whom. c) _Quem_, is only used of persons. =Singular and Plural.= N. _quem_, who G. _de quem_, of whom D. _á quem_, to whom Acc. _quem_, whom Abl. _de quem_, from whom. d) _Cujo_, _cuja_, whose. =Singular.= Masculine. Feminine. N. — | — G. _de cujo_, of whose | _de cuja_ D. _a cujo_, to whose | _a cuja_ Acc. _cujo_, whose | _cuja_ Abl. _de cujo_, whose. | _de cuja_. =Examples.= _a pessoa cuja reputação vós admirais._ The person whose reputation you admire. _o ceo cujo soccorro nunca falta._ The heaven whose assistance never fails. _a mulher cuja bella cara._ The woman whose beautiful face. _cujas bellezas._ Whose beauties. _a cujo pai._ To whose father. 48. =7. Interrogative Pronouns.= _Quem_, _qual_, _que_, who, which, what? =Singular and Plural.= Masc. and Fem. Masc. and Fem. N. _quem_, who? | _que_ } G. _de quem_, of whom? | _de que_ } D. _á quem_, to whom? | _á que_ } what? which? Acc. _quem_, whom? | _que_ } Abl. _de quem_, whom? | _de que_ } =Singular.= =Plural.= Masculine and Feminine. N. _qual_, which? | _quaes_ } G. _de qual_, of which? | _de quaes_ } D. _á qual_, to which? | _á quaes_ } which? Acc. _qual_, which? | _quaes_ } Abl. _de qual_, from which? | _de quaes_ } =Examples.= _Quem he?_ Who is it? _Quem vos disse isso?_ Who told that to you? _Que quereis?_ What do you want? _Com que se sustenta?_ What does he live upon? _Que estais fazendo?_ What are you doing? _De que se faz isto?_ What is this made of? _Que livro he este?_ What book is this? _Que negocios tendes?_ What business have you? _Que casa he?_ What sort of a house is it? _De qual fallais vós?_ Of whom do you speak? _Qual delles?_ Which of them? _Quem or qual dos dous?_ Which of the two? 49. =8. Indefinite Pronouns.= _um_, _una_, a, one _uns_, _umas_, some _algum_, _alguma_, somebody _alguns_, _algumas_, some _nenhum_, _nenhuma_, no one _nenhuns_, _nenhumas_, none _cada_, each _cada um_, _cada uma_, everyone _outro_, _outra_, other _outros_, _outras_, others _se_, one, some one _todo_, _toda_, all, everyone _todos_, _todas_, all _tudo_, everything _tal_ } _tales_ } such _qualquer_ } who ever _quaesquer_ } some one _quemquer_, any one _alguem_, some one _ninguem_, no one _outrem_, another, some one else _muitos_, _muitas_, many. _certo_, _certa_, a certain one _um e outro_ } the one and the other _uma e outra_ } _um ou outro_ } _uns ou outros_ } the one or the other _uma ou outra_ } _umas ou outras_ } _nenhum nem outro_ } _nenhuns nem outros_ } neither the one nor the other. _nenhuma nem outra_ } _nenhumas nem outras_ } 50. =Examples.= Eu sou pobre[358] e tu es rico. Eu amo[359] e tu amas tambem, elle ama, elles amão. Ella nunca[360] traz[361] dinheiro comsigo. Isto me agrada[362]. Ella se louva[363]. Eu lhe direi[364]. Cortailhe[365] as azas[366]. Comprei o cavallo e montei-o[367]. Louvavel[368] he aconselhar[369] a virtude, mas melhor he pratica-la[370]. Assenta no que lhe digo. A sua perda[371]. Este vento[372] he favoravel[373]. Louva-se lhe a generosidade[374]. Esta flor[375] não he do meu jardim, he do teu. O que lhe digo he verdade. O ceo cujo soccorro nunca falta. Carlos foi grande, Frederico ambicioso, este valente[376], aquelle poderoso[377]. Aquelles que desprezão[378] a sciencia[379] não conhecem[380] o valor d’ella. A providencia não abençoa[381] o trabalho[382] d’aquelles que desprezão os seus melhores amigos. Aquelles taes que não amão a virtude, não a conhecem. O homem que eu amo. O meu livro está na mesa. De todas as obras de engenho, nenhuma ha que não tenha o seu defeito[383]. A pessoa cuja reputação[384] vós admirais[385]. Um tal velhaco[386] deve[387] ser castigado[388]. Aprendem-se[389] com mais facilidade[390] as cousas que se comprehendem, do que as que se não comprehendem. [358] poor. [359] love. [360] never. [361] _trazer_, to carry. [362] _agradar_, to please. [363] praise. [364] _dizer_, to say. [365] to cut, to trim. [366] the wing. [367] to mount. [368] praiseworthy. [369] to advise. [370] to practice. [371] the loss. [372] the wind. [373] favorable. [374] generosity. [375] flower. [376] valiant. [377] powerful. [378] to despise. [379] sciences. [380] to know. [381] to bless. [382] labour. [383] imperfection, fault. [384] reputation. [385] to admire. [386] scoundrel. [387] ought. [388] to punish. [389] _aprender_, to learn. [390] facility. 51. Esta batalha[391] decidirá[392] a sorte[393] da campanha[394]. Este homem he sabio[395], aquelle he valente. Esta arvore he nova[396], essa velha, aquella foi desarraigada[397]. Este cavallo he arabe, est’outro he andaluz, aquell’outro he inglez. O culto[398] dos idolos[399], o qual he tão antigo como absurdo. As molestias[400] contra as quaes a medicina he impotente. Qual he o caracter distinctivo dos templos gothicos? O estado cujo governo, cujos habitantes, cuja religião, cujas instituições nos parecem[401] preferiveis[402]. O marido, cuja mulher, cujas filhas são virtuosas, deve reputar-se feliz. O amigo de cuja casa venho. Quem descobrio a America? Quem fôrão os primeiros habitantes da Grecia? Que homem he esse que vejo na estrada. Nenhum homem he izento[403] de paixões[404]. Elle em generosidade não cede a ninguem. Um morreo na India, o outro em França. Não faze a outrem o que não quizeras te fizessem a ti. Em taes circumstancias. A conclusão foi tal qual eu a esperava. Elle fallou[405] contra mim. Quaes são os requisitos de um bom pintor? [391] battle. [392] to decide. [393] the issue. [394] the campaign. [395] wise. [396] young, now. [397] uprooted. [398] worshipping. [399] idols. [400] disease. [401] appear. [402] excellent. [403] exempt. [404] passion. [405] _fallar_, to speak. 52. _Exercises._ I have a dress[406]. He has stockings[407]. She has shoes[408]. We have money[409]. You have houses. They have chairs[410]. He received the money from thee. This horse is handsomer than that one. This is white[411] and that is blue[412]. The wife of my uncle. The house of my sister. The woman whose husband was killed[413]. The man whose wife is so similar[414] to your sister. What are the requisites[415] to be a great minister[416]? Who has told you this? Of whom did you learn this news? What animals are there on this island[417]? The man who wishes to be esteemed[418] must esteem himself. All men must[419] die[420]. Every man and every woman received a present[421]. [406] vestido. [407] meia. [408] sapato. [409] dinheiro. [410] cadeira. [411] branco. [412] azul. [413] morto, matado. [414] igualar. [415] requisito. [416] ministro. [417] ilha. [418] estimar, respeitar. [419] dever. [420] morrer. [421] dom, dativa. 53. _Exercises._ I see nobody. Nobody answers me. The one lives in Holland[422] and the other in Germany[423]. The one is an honest man[424] and the other is a scoundrel[425]. Neither[5] the one nor[426] the other. This man is a Spaniard[427], the other an Englishman[428], and that one a German[429]. Everyone of these Indians. This is good[430] and that is bad[431]. This man loves only himself[432]. Many authors maintain[433]. In certain seasons[434] and in certain times[435]. A certain man said. A certain person. Such a man. The terror[436] was such that everyone fled[437]. Any one of the conspirators[438]. [422] Hollanda. [423] Allemanha. [424] homem de bem. [425] velhaco. [426] _neither_—_nor_, nem—nem. [427] Hespanhol. [428] Inglez. [429] Allemão. [430] bom. [431] máo. [432] amar a si mesmo, _to love one’s self_. [433] affirmar. [434] estação. [435] tempo. [436] terror. [437] fugir. [438] conjurado. PART II. =Collection of Words.= =1. The Universe.= _Deos_, God _o creador_, the creator _o mundo_, the world _o firmamento_, the sky _um astro_, a star _o sol_, the sun _um raio de sol_, a sunbeam _a lua_, the moon _o luar_, the moonlight _uma nuvem_, a cloud _uma estrella_, a star _o céo_, _os céos_, the heaven _o nascer do sol_, sunrise _o pôr do sol_, sunset _um cometa_, a comet _o arco iris_, the rainbow _o trovão_, the thunder _o calor_, the heat _um relampago_, a lightning _o fogo_, the fire _o frio_, the cold _a geada_, the frost _o gelo_, the ice _a luz_, the light _a neve_, the snow _o obscuridade_, the darkness _uma trovoada_, a storm _a chuva_, the rain _o tempo_, the weather _o vento_, the wind. =2. The Seasons.= _Primavera_, spring _estio_, _verão_, summer _outono_, autumn _inverno_, winter _Janeiro_, January _Fevereiro_, February _Março_, March _Abril_, April _Maio_, May _Junho_, June _Julho_, July _Agosto_, August _Septembro_, September _Outubro_, October _Novembro_, November _Dezembro_, December _Segunda feìra_, Monday _Terça feìra_, Tuesday _Quarta feìra_, Wednesday _Quinta feìra_, Thursday _Sexta feìra_, Friday _Sabbado_, Saturday _Domingo_, Sunday _um seculo_, a century _um anno_, a year _o anno passado_, the last year _o anno que vem_, the next year _um moz_, a month _uma semana_, a week _um dia_, a day _uma hora_, an hour _meia hora_, half an hour _hora e meia_, an hour and a half _um quarto d’hora_, a quarter of an hour _um minuto_, a minute _um segundo_, a second _o despontar do dia_, the daybreak _a madrugada_, the morning _a manhã_, the forenoon _meio-dia_, noon _a tarde_, the afternoon _o pôr do sol_, sunset _a entrada_, the evening _a noite_, the night _meia noite_, midnight _hoje_, to-day _hontem_, yesterday _antes d’hontem_, the day before yesterday _á manhã_, to-morrow _o fim_, the end, close. =3. Water.= _Uma bahia_, a bay _agua corrente_, running water _agua enxarcada_, stagnant water _agua morta_, standing water _agua doce_, sweet water _agua do mar_, sea water _um lago_, a pond _um rio_, a river _um lago_, _uma lagoa_, a lake _um charco_, a pool _a maré_, the tide _maré alta_, high water _maré baixa_, low water _o mar_, the sea _mar perigoso_, a rough sea _as ondas_, the waves _um regato_, a brook _um nascente_, a spring _uma torrente_, a torrent _as ondas_, the billows _um barco de vapor_, a steamer _um brigue_, a brig _uma fragata_, a frigate _um navio mercante_, a merchant ship _um navio de guerra_, a man of war _uma ancora_, an anchor _a rabadilha_, the stern _a proa_, the head _um remo_, an oar _a cana do leme_, the helm _um masto_, a mast _a bandeira_, the flag _a tolda_, the deck _uma véla_, a sail _o velame_, the sails. =4. Individuals and Relations.= _Um homem_, a man _uma mulher_, a woman _as mulheres_, women _uma mulher casada_, a wife _um menino_, a child _um moço_, a boy _uma rapariga_, a girl _um mancebo_, a young man _uma moça_, a young maid _um velho_, an old man _uma velha_, an old woman _o avô_, the grandfather _a avó_, the grandmother _o pai_, the father _a mai_, the mother _o filho_, the son _a filha_, the daughter _um irmão_, a brother _uma irmã_, a sister _um tio_, an uncle _uma tia_, an aunt _um sobrinho_, a nephew _uma sobrinha_, a niece _um primo_, a cousin _uma família_, a family _os parentes_, the parents _o marido_, the husband _a esposa_, the wife _o noivo_, the bridegroom _a noiva_, the bride _o sogro_, the father-in-law _a sogra_, the mother-in-law _o genro_, the son-in-law _a nóra_, the daughter-in-law _um cunhado_, a brother-in-law _uma cunhada_, a sister-in-law. =5. The Human Body.= _A pelle_, the skin _a barba_, the beard _a boca_, the mouth _um braço_, an arm _um cabello_, a hair _o coração_, the heart _o pescoço_, the neck _um dente_, a tooth _um dedo_, a finger _a espalda_, the back _uma espadoa_, a shoulder _o estomago_, the stomach _a face_, the face _um joelho_, a knee _uma perna_, a leg _uma face_, a cheek _a língua_, the tongue _um beiço_, a lip _uma mão_, a hand _o nariz_, the nose _um olho_, an eye _uma orelha_, an ear _um pé_, a foot _o pulso_, the fist _a cabeça_, the head. =6. The House and Furniture.= _Uma casa_, a house _um palacio_, a palace _uma quinta_, a country house _uma livraria_, a library _um quarto_, a room _um quarto de dormir_, a bedroom _a escada_, the staircase _uma janella_, a window _o tecto de estuque_, the ceiling _o solho_, the floor _uma porta_, a door _uma fechadura_, a lock _a chave_, the key _uma sala baixa_, a parlour _uma sala da jantar_, a dining room _uma sala_, a drawingroom _uma campaïnha_, the bell _uma mobilia_, furniture _uma cadeira_, a chair _um castiçal_, a candlestick _uma vella de sebo_, a candle _uma cheminé_, a chimney _uma comoda_, a chest of drawers _um espelho de sala_, a looking-glass _um candieiro_, a lamp _uma cama_, a bed _uma cortina_, a curtain _uma papeleira_, a writing-desk _um sofa_, a sofa _uma mesa_, a table _um quadro_, a picture _um tapete_, a carpet _as gavetas_, drawers _uma toalha de mesa_, a table cloth _uma colher_, a spoon _uma colherinha_, a tea spoon _um garfo_, a fork _uma faca_, a knife. =7. Trees, Shrubs etc.= _Os cereaes_, corn _a aveia_, oats _o feno_, hay _o trigo candeal_, wheat _a herva_, grass _a batata_, potatoe _o arroz_, rice _uma bétula_, a birch _uma ceregeira_, a cherry tree _uma azinheira_, an oak _uma figueira_, a fig-tree _uma faia_, a beech _uma hera_, ivy _um olmo_, an elm _um chopo_, a poplar _um pinheiro_, a pine _um abeto_, a fir _um salgueiro_, a willow _um til_, a lime-tree. =8. Fruits and Flowers.= _Um damasco_, an apricot _uma cereja_, a cherry _uma castanha_, a chestnut _um limão_, a lemon _um figo_, a fig _um morango_, a strawberry _uma groselha_, a currant _groselha de bagos grossos_, a gooseberry _uma noz_, a nut _uma pera_, a pear _uma maçã_, an apple _o lirio_, the lily _a margarita_, the daisy _o lirio dos valles_, the lily of the valley _o cravo_, the pink _a papoula_, the poppy _a primavera_, the primrose _a rosa_, the rose _a tulipa_, the tulip _a violeta_, the violet. =9. Dress.= _Uma camiza_, a shirt _umas ceroulas_, drawers _uma camizola_, an underwaistcoat _uns calções_, breeches _um colete_, a waistcoat _uma casaca_, a coat _um capote_, a cloak _um chapéo_, a hat _uma bota_, a boot _uma anagoa_, a pellicoat _um vestido_, a gown _uma touca_, a bonnet _um veo_, a veil _um collar_, a necklace _um brinco_, an ear-ring _pulseiras_, bracelets _uma meia_, a stocking _um sapato_, a shoe _uma luva_, a glove _uma bolsa_, a purse _um annel_, a ring _pós_, powder _sabão_, soap _uma toalha de mãos_, a towel _um pente_, a comb _uma escova_, a brush _uma escova de dentes_, a toothbrush. =10. Town and Country.= _Uma cidade_, a town _uma aldea_, a village _os arrabaldes_, the suburbs _um candieiro de gaz_, a gas lamp _a calçada_, the pavement _uma praça_, a square _uma ponte_, a bridge _um passeio_, a walk _um farol_, a lamp _uma rua_, a street _um bosquesinho_, a thicket _um campo_, a field _uma cavalhariça_, a stable _uma floresta_ } _uma selva_ } a forest _uma sebe_, a hedge _um jardim_, a garden _um almargeal_, a meadow _um vergel_, an orchard. =11. Animals.= _Um cervo_, a stag _um crocodillo_, a crocodile _um elephante_, an elephant _um coelho_, a rabbit _uma lebre_, a hare _um lião_, a lion _um leopardo_, a leopard _um lobo_, a wolf _um urso_, a bear _uma panthera_, a panther _um rato_, a rat _uma raposa_, a fox _um mono_, a monkey _um tigre_, a tiger _um burro_, an ass _uma ovelha_, a sheep _um borrego_, a lamb _um gato_, a cat _um cão_, a dog _um cavallo_, a horse _um macho_, a mule _uma vaca_, a cow _um bezerro_, a calf _um boi_, an ox _um leitão_, a pig _o gado_, cattle _gado vacum_, herds _godo meudo_, flocks. =12. Birds, Fishes and Insects.= _Um pata_, a duck _um gallo_, a cock _uma gallinha_, a hen _um ganso_, a goose _um pombo_, a pigeon _uma aguia_, an eagle _uma calhandra_, a lark _uma cegonha_, a stork _um corvo_, a raven _um cisne_, a swan _uma andorinha_, a swallow _um roussinol_, a nightingale _uma enguia_, an eel _uma carpa_, a carp _um harenque_, a herring _uma lagosta_, a lobster _uma ostra_, an oyster _uma sarda_, a mackerel _uma perca_, a perch _um salmão_, a salmon _um linguado_, a sole _uma truta_, a trout _um rodavalho_, a turbot _uma abelha_, a bee _uma aranha_, a spider _um sapo_, a toad _uma borboleta_, a butterfly _uma serpente_, a serpent _um escaravelho_, a beetle _uma formiga_, an ant _uma rã_, a frog _uma vespa_, a wasp _uma mosca_, a fly _um bicho_, a worm _uma vibora_, a viper. _uma cobra_, an adder. Easy Dialogues. =1. Eating and Drinking.= Are you hungry? _Vm. tem fome?_ I have a good appetite. _Tenho boa vontade de comer._ I am very hungry. _Tenho bastante fome._ Eat something. _Coma alguma cousa._ What will you eat? _Que ha de Vm. comer?_ What do you wish to eat? _Que é o que tem vontade de_ _comer?_ You do not eat. _O senhor naõ come._ I beg your pardon, I eat very _Com perdaõ de Vm., eu como_ heartily. _muito bem._ I have eaten very heartily. _Tenho comido bastante._ I have dined with a good appetite. _Jantei de boa vontade._ Eat another piece. _Coma ainda mais alguma cousa._ I can eat no more. _Naõ comerei mais nada._ Are you thirsty? _Tem Vm. sêde?_ Are you not thirsty? _Naõ tem Vm. sêde?_ I am very thirsty. _Tenho bastante sêde._ I am dying of thirst. _Estou morrendo de sêde._ Let us drink. _Toça a beber._ Give me something to drink. _De-me de beber._ Will you drink a glass of wine? _Quer Vm. beber um copo de_ _vinho?_ Drink a glass of beer. _Tome um copo de cerveja._ Drink another glass of wine. _Beba mais esse copo de vinho._ Sir, I drink to your health. _Bebo a sua saude._ I have the honour to drink _Tenho a honra de beber á sua_ your health. _saúde._ =2. Going and Coming.= Where are you going? _Onde vai Vm.?_ I am going home. _Vou para casa._ I was going to your house. _Hia á sua casa._ From whence do you come? _Donde vem Vm.?_ I come from my brother’s. _Venho de casa de meu irmão._ I am coming from church. _Venho da igreja._ I have just left the school. _Saio da escola._ Will you go with me? _Quer Vm. vir commigo?_ Whither do you wish to go? _Onde quer Vm. hir?_ We will take a walk. _Hiremos passeiar._ We will take a walk. _Hiremos fazer um passeio._ With all my heart; most willingly. _Quero, pois naõ. Com muito_ _gosto._ Which way shall we go? _Per onde iremos?_ Any way you like. _Para aquella que quizer._ Let us go into the park. _Vamos a tapada._ Let us take your brother in _Vamos ter de caminho com seu_ our way. _irmão._ As you please. _Como queira._ Is Mr. B. at home? _O senhor B. está em casa?_ He is gone out. _Está fóra._ He is not at home. _Naõ está em casa._ Can you tell us where he is _Pode Vm. dizer-me para onde_ gone? _foi?_ I cannot tell you precisely. _Naõ saberei dizer-lhe ao certo._ I think he is gone to see his _Creio que foi ver a irmã._ sister. Do you know when he will _Sabe Vm. quando ha de voltar?_ come back? No, he said nothing of it when _Naõ: partio sem m’odizer._ he went out. Then we must go without him. _Entaõ ir-nos hemos sem elle._ =3. Questions and Answers.= Come nearer; I have something _Venha ca, tenho que lhe dizer_ to tell you. _uma cousa._ I have a word to say to you. _Tenho que lhe dizer duas palavras._ Listen to me. _Escute-me._ I want to speak to you. _Tenho desejo de lhe fallar._ What is it you want? _Que ha de novo para o seu_ _serviço?_ I am speaking to you. _É com Vm. que fallo._ I am not speaking to you. _Naõ é com Vm. que eu fallo._ What do you say? _Que diz Vm.?_ What did you say? _Que disse Vm.?_ I say nothing. _Naõ disse nada._ Do you hear? _Entende?_ Do you hear what I say? _Entende Vm. o que digo?_ Do you understand me? _Entende-me Vm.?_ Will you be so kind as to _Quer Vm. repetil’o?_ repeat...? I understand you well. _Eu bem o entendo._ Why do you not answer me? _Por que me naõ responde?_ Do you not speak Portuguese? _Vm. naõ falla portuguez?_ Very little, Sir. _Muito pouco, senhor._ I understand it a little, but _Entendo-o um pouco, porèm_ I do not speak it. _naõ fallo._ Speak louder. _Falle mais alto._ Do not speak so loud. _Naõ falle taõ alto._ Do not make so much noise. _Naõ faça tanta bulha._ Hold your tongue. _Calle-se._ Did you not tell me that...? _Naõ me disse Vm. que?_ Who told you that? _Quem lhe disse isto?_ They told me so. _Disseraõ-me._ Somebody has told it me. _Disse-m’o certa pessoa._ I have heard it. _Ouvi dizer._ What do you wish to say? _Que quer Vm. dizer?_ What is that good for? _Para que é bom isto?_ What do you call that? _Como chama Vm. a isto?_ Do you know Mr. G.? _Conhece Vm. o senhor G.?_ I know him by sight. _Conheço-o de vista._ I know him by name. _Conheço-o de nome._ =4. The Age.= How old are you? _Que idade tem Vm.?_ How old is your brother? _Que idade tem o senhor seu irmão._ I am twelve years old. _Tenho doze annos._ I am ten years and six months _Tenho dés annos e meio._ old. Next month I shall be sixteen _Hei de fazer desaseis annos no_ years old. _mez que vem._ I was thirteen years old last _Fiz treze annos a semana passada._ week. You do not look so old. _Vm. naõ me parecia ter tanta_ _idade._ You look older. _Vm. parecia ter mais idade._ I thought you were older. _Cuidava que era mais velho._ I did not think you were so old. _Naõ cuidava que tivese tanta idade._ How old may your uncle be? _Que idade tem seu tio?_ He may be sixty years old. _Poderá ter sessenta annos._ He is about sixty years old. _Tem obra de sessenta annos._ He is more than fifty years old. _Tem mais de cincoenta annos._ He is a man of fifty and upwards. _É um homem de cincoenta e_ _tantos annos._ He may be sixty or there abouts. _Poderá ter cousa de sessenta_ _annos._ He is above eighty. _Tem mais de oitenta annos._ That is a great age. _É uma idade assás adiantada._ Is he so old? _É taõ idoso como isto?_ He begins to grow old. _Começa a fazer-se velho._ =5. The Time.= What o’clock is it? _Que horas saõ?_ Pray tell me what time it is? _Tenha a bondade de dizer-me_ _que horas saõ._ It is one o’clock. _É uma hora._ It is past one. _É uma hora passada._ It has struck one. _É uma hora ja dada._ It is a quarter past one. _É uma hora e um quarto._ It is half past one. _É hora e meia._ It wants ten minutes to two. _Saõ duas horas menos dés minutos._ It is not yet two o’clock. _Ainda naõ deraõ duas horas._ It is only twelve o’clock. _Naõ é mais que meio-dia._ It is almost three o’clock. _Saõ perto de tres horas._ It is on the stroke of three. _Saõ tres horas em ponto._ It is going to strike three. _Está a dar tres horas._ It is ten minutes past three. _Saõ tres horas e dés minutos._ The clock is going to strike. _O relogio está para dar horas._ There is the clock striking. _O relogio está dando horas._ It is not late. _Naõ é tarde._ It is later than I thought. _É mais tarde do que eu cuidava._ I did not think it was so late. _Naõ cuidava que fosse taõ tarde._ =6. The Weather.= What kind of weather is it? _Que especie de tempo faz?_ It is bad weather. _Faz máo tempo._ It is cloudy. _Faz um tempo escuro._ It is dreadful weather. _Faz um tempo horrivel._ It is fine weather. _Faz bom tempo._ We are going to have a fine _Havemos de ter um optimo dia._ day. It is dewy. _Ha muito orvalho._ It is foggy. _Faz nevoa._ It is rainy weather. _Faz um tempo chuvoso._ It threatens to rain. _O tempo está embrulhado._ The sky becomes very cloudy. _O céo se esconde._ The sky is getting very dark. _O céo se escurece._ The sun is coming out. _O sol começa a apparecer._ The weather is clearing up _O tempo principia a concertar-se._ again. It is very warm. _Faz bastante calma._ It is sultry. _Faz uma calma que abafa._ It is very mild. _Faz um tempo bem brando._ It is cold. _Faz frio._ It is excessively cold. _Faz um frio terrivel._ It is raw weather. _Faz um tempo frio e juntamente_ _humido._ It rains. _Chove._ It has been raining. _Choveo._ It is going to rain. _Está para chover._ I feel some drops of rain. _Sinto alguns choviscos._ There are some drops of rain _Caem algumas gotas d’agua._ falling. It hails. _Cae pedra._ It snows; it is snowing. _Neva. Está chovendo neve._ It has been snowing. _Cahio bastante neve._ It snows in large flakes. _Cahe neve em frocos._ It freezes. _Géla._ It has frozen. _Cahio geada._ It begins to thaw. _O tempo começa a abrandar-se._ It thaws. _Ha degêlo._ It is very windy. _Faz bastante vento._ The wind is very high. _Faz uma grande ventania._ There is no air stirring. _Naõ ha viraçaõ._ It lightens. _Está fazendo relampagos._ It has lightened all night. _Toda esta noite fez relampagos._ It thunders. _Troveja._ The thunder roars. _Está trovejando._ The thunderbolt has fallen. _Cahio um raio._ It is stormy weather. _O tempo ameaça trovoada._ We shall have a thunderstorm. _Havemos de ter alguma trovoada._ The sky begins to clear up. _O céo começa a limpar-se._ The weather is very unsettled. _O tempo está bem inconstante._ It is very muddy. _Faz bastante lama._ It is very dusty. _Ha muita poeira._ It is very slippery. _Escorrega muito._ It is bad walking. _Faz máo tempo para se sahir._ It is day-light. _Faz dia._ It is dark. _Faz escuro._ It is night. _Faz noite._ It is moonlight. _Faz luar._ Do you think it will be fine _Cuida Vm. que teremos bom tempo?_ weather? I do not think that it will _Creio que não ha de chover._ rain. I am afraid it will rain. _Tenho medo que chova._ I fear so. _Eu assim o creio._ =7. Salutation.= Good morning, Sir. _Bons dias senhor._ I wish you good morning. _Tenha Vm. bons dias._ How do you do? } _Como está Vm.?_ How are you? } Do you continue in good _Está sempre de saúde?_ health? Pretty good; and how are you? _Muito bem, e Vm.?_ Are you well? _Vm. está bem disposto?_ Very well, and you? _Muito bem, e Vm.?_ I am perfectly well. _Acho-me as mil maravilhas._ And how is it with you? _E Vm. como vai de saúde?_ As usual. _Como do costume._ Pretty well, thank God. _Assas bem, graças a Deus._ I am very happy to see you _Estou encantado de o ver em_ well. _perfeita saúde._ =8. The Visit.= There is a knock. _Batem a porta._ Somebody knocks. _Alguem está batendo a porta._ Go and see who it is. _Vai ver quem é._ Go and open the door. _Vai abrir a porta._ It is Mrs. B. _É a senhora B._ I wish you good morning. _Tenha Vm. muito bons dias._ I am happy to see you. _Estou encantado de a ver._ I have not seen you this age. _Ha um seculo que naõ a hei visto._ It is a novelty to see you. _É milagre vel’a._ Pray, sit down. _Queira assentar-se._ Sit down if you please. _Tenha a bondade de assentar-se._ Take a seat. _Queira ter o incommodo de_ _assentar-se._ Give a chair to the lady. _Dê uma cadeira á senhora._ Will you stay and take some _Quer Vm. ficar para jantar_ dinner with us? _comnosco._ I cannot stay. _Naõ posso demorar-me._ I only came in to see how _Entrei sómente para saber da_ you are. _sua saúde._ I must go. _Naõ me posso demorar mais._ You are in a great hurry. _Vm. tem muita pressa._ Why are you in such a hurry? _Que pressa é esta?_ I have a great many things _Tenho muito que fazer._ to do. Surely you can stay a little _Vm. bem pode demorar-se mais longer. uma instante._ I will stay longer another _Em outra vez ficarei mais_ time. _tempo._ I thank you for your visit. _Receba os meus agradecimentos_ _pela visita._ I hope to see you soon again. _Espero de o ver bem cédo._ =9. Breakfast.= Have you breakfasted? _Vm. já almoçou?_ Not yet. _Ainda naõ._ You have come just in time. _Chega em boa occasiaõ._ You will breakfast with us. _Almoçará comnosco._ Breakfast is ready. _O almoço está prompto._ Do you drink tea or coffee? _Toma Vm. chá, ou café?_ Would you prefer chocolate? _Gosta talvez mais de chocolate?_ I prefer coffee. _Prefiro o café._ What can I offer you? _Que lhe poderei offerecer?_ Here are rolls and toast. _Ahi tem paõ e fatias._ What do you like best? _De qual gosta mais?_ I shall take a roll. _Comerei um destes pãezinhos._ How do you like the coffee? _Como acha Vm. o café?_ Is the coffee strong enough? _Acha Vm. o café com bastante_ _força?_ It is excellent. _Acho-o excellente._ Is there enough sugar in it? _Tem assucar sufficiente?_ If there is not, do not make _Se não tem o que é mister, não_ any ceremony. _faça ceremonias._ Act as if you were at home. _Faça como se estivesse em sua_ _casa._ =10. Before Dinner.= At what time do we dine to-day? _Á que horas jantamos hoje?_ We shall dine at four o’clock. _Devemos jantar ás quatro._ We shall not dine before five _Nem antes das cinco o faremos._ o’clock. Shall we have anybody to dinner _Teremos hoje alguem de fóra?_ to-day? Do you expect company? _Espera Vm. gente?_ I expect Mr. B. _Espero pelo senhor B._ Mr. D. has promised to come _O senhor por D. prometteo de if the weather permits. vir, se o tempo permitisse._ Have you given orders for _Deo Vm. já os ordens para o_ dinner? _jantar?_ What have you ordered for _Que encommendou Vm. para_ dinner? _o jantar?_ Have you sent for fish? _Mandou Vm. vir peixe?_ I could not get any fish. _Naõ pude haver peixe._ I fear we shall have a very _Quer me parecer, que havemos_ indifferent dinner. _de ter um máo jantar._ We must do as we can. _Faremos como podermos._ =11. The Dinner.= To what shall I help you? _Que quer que lhe sirva?_ Will you take a little soup? _Quer uma pouca de sopa?_ I thank you. I will trouble _Obrigado, aceitarei um pouco_ you for a little beef. _de vaca._ It looks so very nice. _Tem mui boa apparencia._ Which part do you like best? _De que parte gosta mais?_ I hope you like this piece. _Espero que este bocado é a seu_ _gosto._ Gentlemen, you have dishes _Senhores, Vm. tem dous pratos_ near you. _diante de si._ Help yourselves. _Sirvaõ-se._ Take without ceremony what _Sirvaó-se sem ceremonia daquillo_ you like best. _de que mais gostarem._ Would you like a little of this _Quer um pouco deste assado?_ roastmeat? Will you have some fat? _Gosta de gordura?_ Give me some of this lean, _Dê-me do que naõ tem gordura,_ if you please. _por quem é._ How do you like the roastmeat? _Que tal acha o ássado?_ It is excellent, delicious. _Excellente._ What will you take with your meat? _Que quer Vm. comer com a_ _carne?_ Shall I help you to some vegetables? _Posso servir-lhe alguma_ _hortaliça?_ Will you take peas or cauliflower? _Quer Vm. ervilhas ou couves_ _flores?_ It is quite indifferent to me. _Gosto tanto d’um, como_ _d’outro._ I shall send you a piece of _Vou servir-lhe desta ave._ this fowl. No, thank you, I can eat no more. _Muito obrigado, tenho comido_ _sufficiente._ You are a poor eater. _Vm. come mui pouco._ You eat nothing. _Vm. naõ come nada._ I beg your pardon, I do honour _Pelo contrario como_ to your dinner. _sufficiente._ You may take away. _Podem tirar a mesa._ =12. Tea.= Have you carried in the tea-things? _Trouxeste tudo quanto é mister_ _para o chá?_ Everything is on the table. _Está tudo na mesa._ Does the water boil? _A agua está a ferver?_ Tea is ready. _O chá está prompto._ They are waiting for you. _Estamos á sua espera._ Here I am. _Eis-me prompto._ We have not cups enough. _As chicaras naõ saõ_ _sufficientes._ We want two more cups and saucers. _É mister mais duas._ Bring another tea-spoon and _Falta tambem uma colher e_ a saucer. _um pires._ You have not brought in the _Esqueces-te de trazer a tenaz_ sugar-tongs. _do assucar._ Do you take cream? _Toma Vm leite?_ The tea is so strong. _O chá está muito forte._ I shall thank you for a little _Pedir-lhe hei mais um pouco_ more milk. _de leite._ Here are cakes and muffins. _Ahi tem bolos, e bolachas._ Do you prefer some bread _Tal vez queira antes fatias de_ and butter? _paõ com manteiga?_ I shall take a slice of bread _Aceitarei uma fatia de paõ_ and butter. _com manteiga._ Pass the plate this way. _Passe para cá o prato._ Ring the bell, if you please. _Toque a campainha._ Will you kindly ring the bell? _Tenha a bondade de tocar a_ _campainha?_ We want some more water. _E nos mister mais agua._ Bring it as quickly as possible. _Traze-as o mais de pressa_ _possivel._ Take the plate with you. _Leva ao mesmo tempo este_ _prato._ Is your tea sweet enough? _O seu chá tem o assucar_ _sufficiente?_ Have I put sugar enough in _Naõ sei se deitei bastante_ your tea? _assucar no seu chá?_ It is excellent. _Está muy bem temperado._ I do not like it quite so sweet. _Naõ gosto delle muito doce._ Your tea is very good. _O seu chá é muito bom._ Where do you buy it? _Onde o compra?_ I buy it at... _Compro-o em casa de..._ Have you already done? _Vm. naõ quer mais chá?_ You will take another cup. _Vm. ha de tomar mais uma_ _chicara._ I shall pour you out half a cup. _Vou dar-lhe uma meia chicara._ You will not refuse me. _Espero qui naõ a ha de_ _engeitar._ I have already drunk three cups, _Já tomei tres chicaras e nunca_ and I never drink more. _tomo mais._ SECOND COURSE. =Verbs.= =The Auxiliary Verbs.= 1. =Ter= and =Haver, to have=. =Infinitive Mood.= _Present. ter_ or _haver_, to have. _Past. ter tido_ — _ter havido_, to have had. _Gerund. tendo_ — _havendo_, having. _Participles. tido_, _tida_ — _havido_, _havida_, had. =Indicative Mood.= _Present._ _eu tenho_ or _hei_, I have _tu tens_ — _has_, thou hast _elle_ or _ella tem_ — _ha_, he or she has _nós temos_ — _havemos_ or _hemos_, we have _vós tendes_ — _haveis_, you have _elles_ or _ellas tem_ — _hão_, they have. _Imperfect._ _tinha_ or _havia_, I had _tinhas_ — _havias_, thou hadst _tinha_ — _havia_, he had _tinhamos_ — _haviamos_, we had _tinheis_ — _havieis_, you had _tinhão_ — _havião_, they had. _Past definite._ _tive_ or _houve_, I have had _tiveste_ — _houveste_, thou hast had _teve_ — _houve_, he has had _tivemos_ — _houvemos_, we have had _tivestes_ — _houvestes_, you have had _tiverão_ — _houverão_, they have had. _Past indefinite._ _tenho tido_ or _tenho havido_, } _tens tido_ — _tens havido_, } _tem tido_ — _tem havido_, } I have had. _temos tido_ — _temos havido_, } _tendes tido_ — _tendes havido_,} _tem tido_ — _tem havido_, } _Past anterior._ _tivera_ or _houvera_, I had had _tiveras_ — _houveras_, thou hadst had _tivera_ — _houvera_, he had had _tiveramos_ — _houveramos_, we had had _tivereis_ — _houvereis_, you had had _tiverão_ — _houverão_, they had had. _Pluperfect._ _tinha tido_ or _tinha havido_, I had had _tinhas tido_ — _tinhas havido_, thou hadst had _tinha tido_ — _tinha havido_, he had had _tinhamos tido_ — _tinhamos havido_, we had had _tinheis tido_ — _tinheis havido_, you had had _tinhão tido_ — _tinhão havido_, they had had. _Future._ _terei_ or _haverei_, I shall have _terás_ — _haverás_, thou shalt have _terá_ — _haverá_, he shall have _teremos_ — _haveremos_, we shall have _tereis_ — _havereis_, you shall have _terão_ — _haverão_, they shall have. _Compound Future anterior._ _hei de ter_ or _hei de haver_, } _has de ter_ — _has de haver_, } _ha de ter_ — _ha de haver_, } I shall (must, will) _havemos de ter_ — _havemos de haver_,} have. _haveis de ter_ — _haveis de haver_, } _hão de ter_ — _hão de haver_, } _Future past._ _terei tido_ or _terei havido_, I shall have had _terás tido_ — _terás havido_, thou shalt have had _terá tido_ — _terá havido_, he shall have had _teremos tido_ — _teremos havido_, we shall have had _tereis tido_ — _tereis havido_, you shall have had _terão tido_ — _terão havido_, they shall have had. =Conditional.= _teria_ or _haveria_, I should have _terias_ — _haverias_, thou shouldst have _teria_ — _haveria_, he should have _teriamos_ — _haveriamos_, we should have _terieis_ — _haverieis_, you should have _terião_ — _haverião_, they should have. =Conditional past.= _teria tido_ or _teria havido_, } _terias tido_ — _terias havido_, } _teria tido_ — _teria havido_, } I should have had. _teriamos tido_ — _teriamos havido_,} _terieis tido_ — _terieis havido_, } _terião tido_ — _terião havido_, } =Subjunctive Mood.= _Present._ _que tenha_ or _haja_, that I may have _tenhas_ — _hajas_, that thou mayest have _tenha_ — _haja_, that he may have _tenhamos_ — _hajamos_, that we may have _tenhais_ — _hajais_, that you may have _tenhão_ — _hajão_, that they may have. _Imperfect._ _que tivéra_ or _houvéra_, that I might have _tivéras_ — _houvéras_, that thou mightst have _tivéra_ — _houvéra_, that he might have _tivéramos_ — _houvéramos_, that we might have _tivéreis_ — _houvéreis_, that you might have _tivérão_ — _houvérão_, that they might have. _Past definite._ _que tivesse_ or _houvesse_, that I may have had _tivesses_ — _houvesses_, that thou mayest have had _tivesse_ — _houvesse_, that he may have had _tivessemos_ — _houvessemos_, that we may have had _tivesseis_ — _houvesseis_, that you may have had _tivessem_ — _houvessem_, that they may have had. _Past indefinite._ _que tenha tido_ or _tenha havido_, that I may have had _tenhas tido_ — _tenhas havido_, that thou mayest have had _tenha tido_ — _tenha havido_, that he may have had _tenhamos tido_ — _tenhamos havido_, that we may have had _tenhais tido_ — _tenhais havido_, that you may have had _tenhão tido_ — _tenhão havido_, that they may have had. _Pluperfect._ _que tivesse tido_ or _tivesse havido_, that I might have had _tivesses tido_ — _tivesses havido_, that thou mightst have had _tivesse tido_ — _tivesse havido_, that he might have had _tivessemos tido_ — _tivessemos havido_, that we might have had _tivesseis tido_ — _tivesseis havido_, that you might have had _tivessem tido_ — _tivessem havido_, that they might have had. _Simple Future._ _quando eu tiver_ or _eu houver_, when I shall have _tu tiveres_ — _tu houveres_, when thou shalt have _elle tiver_ — _elle houver_, when he shall have _nos tivermos_ — _nos houvermos_, when we shall have _vos tiverdes_ — _vos houverdes_, when you shall have _elles tiverem_ — _elles houverem_, when they shall have. _Compound Future._ _que haja de ter_ or _haja de haver_, that I shall have _hajas de ter_ — _hajas de haver_, that thou shalt have _haja de ter_ — _haja de haver_, that he shall have _hajamos de ter_ — _hajamos de haver_, that we shall have _hajais de ter_ — _hajais de haver_, that you shall have _hajão de ter_ — _hajão de haver_, that they shall have. _Future past._ { _eu tiver tido_ or _tiver havido_, { when I shall have had { _tu tiveres tido_ — _tiveres havido_, { when thou shalt have had _quando (se)_ { _elle tiver tido_ — _tiver havido_, { when he shall have had { _nos tivermos tido_ — _tivermos havido_, { when we shall have had { _vos tiverdes tido_ — _tiverdes havido_, { when you shall have had { _elles tiverem tido_ — _tiverem havido_, when they shall have had. =Imperative.= First Person: wanting. _tem tu_ or _hajas tu_, have thou _tenha elle_ — _haja elle (ella)_, let him (her) have _tenhamos nós_ — _hajamos nós_, let us have _tende vós_ — _havei vós_, have ye _tenhão elles_ — _hajão elles (ellas)_, let them have. =Obs.= All Verbs composed of _ter_, are conjugated like it, as: _conter_, _deter_, _manter_, _obter_, _reter_ etc. 2. =Examples.= Tenho pão[439]. Tens carne[440]. Elle tem vinho[441]. Tinhamos ameixas[442]. Eu tive morangos[443]. Elle teve uma laranja[444]. Tivemos framboezas[445]. Elles tiverão figos[446]. Hei de ter groselhas[447]. Meu irmão[448] ha de ter nozes[449]. Minhas irmãas[450] hão de ter nesperas[451]. Eu teria vacca[452]. Meu amigo[453] teria vitella[454]. Tereis assado[455]. Elles terião presunto[456]. Tenha elle pastel[457]. Tenhão elles ovos[458]. Tenhamos bolo[459]. Tende vós salada[460]. Que eu tivesse pimenta[461]. Que tu tivesses vinagre[462]. Que elle tivesse azeite[463]. Que nós tivessemos mostarda[464]. Que vós tivesseis assucar[465]. Que elles tivessem especiarias[466]. [439] bread. [440] meat. [441] wine. [442] plum. [443] strawberries. [444] orange. [445] raspberry. [446] fig. [447] gooseberry. [448] brother. [449] nut. [450] sister. [451] medlar. [452] beef. [453] friend. [454] veal. [455] the roastmeat. [456] ham. [457] pie. [458] egg. [459] cake. [460] salad. [461] pepper. [462] vinegar. [463] oil. [464] mustard. [465] sugar. [466] spice. 3. _Exercises._ I have beer[467]. Thou hast fruit[468]. He has apples[469]. We have a pear[470]. You have peaches[471]. They have cherries[472]. I had grapes[473]. Thou hadst almonds[474]. He had mulberries[475]. We had an apricot[476]. You had cheese[477]. They had milk[478]. I shall have hazelnuts[479]. My brother will have butter[480]. We shall have chestnuts[481]. You will have a lemon[482]. Our gardener[483] will have celery[484]. I would have cake. Thou wouldst have salad. He would have onions[485]. Our game keeper[486] would have venison[487]. We would have sour cherries[488]. You would have raisins[489]. Our cooks[490] would have olives[491]. That our friends[492] have a rosetree[493]. That we have a myrtle[494]. That you have an apricot-tree[495]. That our sisters have a bouquet[496]. That I had cream[497]. That thou hadst salt[498]. That he had coffee[499]. That we had tea[500]. That she had chocolate[501]. Have courage[502]. He may have a book[503]. Let us have patience[504]. Have a watermelon[505]. Let them have a melon[506]. [467] cerveja. [468] fruta. [469] maçãa. [470] pera. [471] pecego. [472] cereja. [473] uva. [474] amendoa. [475] amora. [476] albricoque (damasco). [477] queijo. [478] leite. [479] avelãa. [480] manteiga. [481] castanha. [482] limão. [483] jardineiro. [484] aipo. [485] cebola. [486] caçador. [487] caça. [488] ginjas. [489] passas, passas de uva. [490] cozinheira. [491] azeitona. [492] amiga. [493] roseira. [494] murta. [495] damasqueiro. [496] ramalhete. [497] nata. [498] sal. [499] café. [500] chá. [501] chocolate. [502] corragem, animo. [503] livro. [504] paciencia. [505] melancia, balancia. [506] melão. 4. =Examples.= Tenho por ventura[507] uma faca[508]? Tens tu um garfo[509]? Tendes vós guardanapos[510]? Tem elles uma toalha[511]? Tinha eu um prato[512]? Tem ella um copo[513]? Temos nós copos? Tendes vós ouro[514]? Tem elles prata[515]? Tinha eu uma colher[516]? Tinhamos nós uma garrafa[517]? Tinhão elles ferro[518]? Tive eu aço[519]? Tivestes vós chumbo[520]? Terei eu papel[521]? Terás tu pennas[522]? Vosso amigo terá o seu canivete[523]? Teremos nós livros? Tereis vós tinta[524]? Suas irmãas, terão uma casa[525]? Teria eu uma flor[526]? Tereis vós um jardim[527]? [507] by accident. [508] knife. [509] fork. [510] table napkin. [511] towel. [512] plate. [513] glass. [514] gold. [515] silver. [516] spoon. [517] decanter. [518] iron. [519] steel. [520] lead. [521] paper. [522] pens. [523] penknife. [524] ink. [525] house. [526] flower. [527] garden. 5. _Exercises._ Have I by accident a chamber[528]? Hast thou a castle[529]? Has he a tree[530]? Have we money[531]? Are you (have you) thirsty[532]? Have thy friends a sword? Had I an opportunity[533]? Hadst thou a razor[534]? Had you a horse[535]? Had you permission[536]? Would I have a tankard[537]? Would she have a cat[538]? Would we have a goat[539]? Would you have a cow[540]? Would they have an ox[541]? Would I have had a mule[542]? Wouldst thou have had a dog[543]? [528] quarto. [529] castello. [530] arvore. [531] dinheiro. [532] sede. [533] occasião. [534] navalha. [535] cavallo. [536] licença. [537] cantaro. [538] gato (gata). [539] cabra. [540] vacca. [541] boi. [542] burro. [543] cão. 6. =Conjugation of the Verbs “ser” and “estar”, to be.= =Infinitive Mood.= _=Present.= ser_ or _estar_, to be. _=Past.= ter sido_ — _ter estado_, to have been. _=Gerund.= sendo_ — _estando_, being. _=Participles.= sido_, _sida_ — _estado_, _estada_, been. =Indicative Mood.= _Present._ _eu sou_ or _estou_, I am _tu es_ — _estás_, thou art _elle (ella) he_ — _está_, he (she) is _nós somos_ — _estamos_, we are _vós sois_ — _estais_, you are _elles (ellas) são_ — _estão_, they are. _Imperfect._ _era_ or _estava_, I was _eras_ — _estavas_, thou wast _era_ — _estava_, he was _eramos_ — _estavamos_, we were _ereis_ — _estaveis_, you were _erão_ — _estavão_, they were. _Past definite._ _fui_ or _estive_, I have been _foste_ — _estiveste_, thou hast been _foi_ — _esteve_, he has been _fomos_ — _estivemos_, we have been _fostes_ — _estivestes_, you have been _forão_ — _estiverão_, they have been. _Past indefinite._ _tenho sido_ or _tenho estado_, I have been _tens sido_ — _tens estado_, thou hast been _tem sido_ — _tem estado_, he has been _temos sido_ — _temos estado_, we have been _tendes sido_ — _tendes estado_, you have been _tem sido_ — _tem estado_, they have been. _Past anterior._ _fora_ or _estivera_, I had been _foras_ — _estiveras_, thou hadst been _fora_ — _estivera_, he had been _foramos_ — _estiveramos_, we had been _foreis_ — _estivereis_, you had been _forão_ — _estiverão_, they had been. _Pluperfect._ _tinha sido_ or _tinha estado_, I had been _tinhas sido_ — _tinhas estado_, thou hadst been _tinha sido_ — _tinha estado_, he had been _tinhamos sido_ — _tinhamos estado_, we had been _tinheis sido_ — _tinheis estado_, you had been _tinhão sido_ — _tinhão estado_, they had been. _Future._ _serei_ or _estarei_, I shall be _serás_ — _estarás_, thou shalt be _será_ — _estará_, he shall be _seremos_ — _estaremos_, we shall be _sereis_ — _estareis_, you shall be _serão_ — _estarão_, they shall be. _Future anterior._ _hei de ser_ or _hei de estar_, I shall be _has de ser_ — _has de estar_, thou shalt be _ha de ser_ — _ha de estar_, he shall be _havemos de ser_ — _havemos de estar_, we shall be _haveis de ser_ — _haveis de estar_, you shall be _hão de ser_ — _hão de estar_, they shall be. _Future past._ _terei sido_ or _terei estado_, I shall have been _terás sido_ — _terás estado_, thou shalt have been _terá sido_ — _terá estado_, he shall have been _teremos sido_ — _teremos estado_, we shall have been _tereis sido_ — _tereis estado_, you shall have been _terão sido_ — _terão estado_, they shall have been. =Conditional.= _seria_ or _estaria_, I should be _serias_ — _estarias_, thou shouldst be _seria_ — _estaria_, he should be _seriamos_ — _estariamos_, we should be _serieis_ — _estarieis_, you should be _serião_ — _estarião_, they should be. =Conditional past.= _teria sido_ or _teria estado_, I should have been _terias sido_ — _terias estado_, thou shouldst have been _teria sido_ — _teria estado_, he should have been _teriamos sido_ — _teriamos estado_, we should have been _terieis sido_ — _terieis estado_, you should have been _terião sido_ — _terião estado_, they should have been. =Subjunctive Mood.= _Present._ _que seja_ or _esteja_, that I may be _sejas_ — _estejas_, that thou mayest be _seja_ — _esteja_, that he may be _sejamos_ — _estejamos_, that we may be _sejais_ — _estejais_, that you may be _sejão_ — _estejão_, that they may be. _Imperfect._ _que fora_ or _estivera_, that I might be _foras_ — _estiveras_, that thou mightst be _fora_ — _estivera_, that he might be _foramos_ — _estiveramos_, that we might be _foreis_ — _estivereis_, that you might be _forão_ — _estiverão_, that they might be. _Past definite._ _que fosse_ or _estivesse_, that I may have been _fosses_ — _estivesses_, that thou mayest have been _fosse_ — _estivesse_, that he may have been _fossemos_ — _estivessemos_, that we may have been _fosseis_ — _estivesseis_, that you may have been _fossem_ — _estivessem_, that they may have been. _Past indefinite._ _que tenha sido_ or _tenha estado_, that I may have been _tenhas sido_ — _tenhas estado_, that thou mayest have been _tenha sido_ — _tenha estado_, that he may have been _tenhamos sido_ — _tenhamos estado_, that we may have been _tenhais sido_ — _tenhais estado_, that you may have been _tenhão sido_ — _tenhão estado_, that they may have been. _Pluperfect._ _que tivesse sido_ or _tivesse estado_, that I might have been _tivesses sido_ — _tivesses estado_, that thou mightst have been _tivesse sido_ — _tivesse estado_, that he might have been _tivessemos sido_ — _tivessemos estado_,that we might have been _tivesseis sido_ — _tivesseis estado_, that you might have been _tivessem sido_ — _tivessem estado_, that they might have been. _Simple Future._ _que for_ or _estiver_, that I shall be _fores_ — _estiveres_, that thou shalt be _for_ — _estiver_, that he shall be _formos_ — _estivermos_, that we shall be _fordes_ — _estiverdes_, that you shall be _forem_ — _estiverem_, that they shall be. _Compound Future._ _que haja de ser_ or _haja de estar_, } _hajas de ser_ — _hajas de estar_, } _haja de ser_ — _haja de estar_, } that I shall be. _hajamos de ser_ — _hajamos de estar_,} _hajais de ser_ — _hajais de estar_, } _hajão de ser_ — _hajão de estar_, } _Future past._ { _tiver sido_ or _tiver estado_, { when I shall have been { _tiveres sido_ — _tiveres estado_, { when thou shalt have been { _tiver sido_ — _tiver estado_, { when he shall have been _quando_ { _tivermos sido_ — _tivermos estado_, { when we shall have been { _tiverdes sido_ — _tiverdes estado_, { when you shall have been { _tiverem sido_ — _tiverem estado_, when they shall have been. =Imperative.= _sê tu_ or _está tu_, be thou _seja elle_ — _esteja elle_, let him be _sejamos nós_ — _estejamos nós_, let us be _sede vós_ — _estai vós_, be ye _sejão elles_ — _estejão elles_, let them be. 7. The Regular Verbs. =Active Verbs.= =FIRST CONJUGATION.= =Amar, to love.= =Infinitive Mood.= _Present._ _amar_, to love. _Perfect._ _ter amado_, to have loved. _Gerund._ _amando_, loving. _Participles._ _amado_, _amada_, loved. =Indicative Mood.= _Present._ _amo_, I love _amas_, thou lovest _ama_, he loves _amamos_, we love _amais_, you love _amão_, they love. _Imperfect._ _amava_, I loved _amavas_, thou lovest _amava_, he loved _amávamos_, we loved _amaveis_, you loved _amavão_, they loved. _Past definite._ _amei_, I have loved _amaste_, thou hast loved _amou_, he has loved _amámos_, we have loved _amastes_, you have loved _amárão_, they have loved. _Past indefinite._ _tenho amado_, I have loved _tens amado_, thou hast loved _tem amado_, he has loved _temos amado_, we have loved _tendes amado_, you have loved _tem amado_, they have loved. _Past anterior._ _amára_, I had loved _amáras_, thou hadst loved _amára_, he had loved _amáramos_, we had loved _amáreis_, you had loved _amárão_, they had loved. _Pluperfect._ _tinha amado_, I had loved _tinhas amado_, thou hadst loved _tinha amado_, he had loved _tinhamos amado_, we had loved _tinheis amado_, you have loved _tinhão amado_, they have loved. _Future._ _amarei_, I shall love _amarás_, thou shalt love _amará_, he shall love _amaremos_, we shall love _amareis_, you shall love _amarão_, they shall love. _Future anterior._ _hei de amar_, I shall love _has de amar_, thou shalt love _ha de amar_, he shall love _havemos de amar_, we shall love _haveis de amar_, you shall love _hão de amar_, they shall love. _Future past._ _terei amado_, I shall have loved _terás amado_, thou shalt have loved _terá amado_, he shall have loved _teremos amado_, we shall have loved _tereis amado_, you shall have loved _terão amado_, they shall have loved. =Conditional.= _amaria_, I should love _amarias_, thou shouldst love _amaria_, he should love _amariamos_, we should love _amarieis_, you should love _amarião_, they should love. =Conditional past.= _teria amado_, I should have loved _terias amado_, thou shouldst have loved _teria amado_, he should have loved _teriamos amado_, we should have loved _terieis amado_, you should have loved _terião amado_, they should have loved. =Subjunctive Mood.= _Present._ _que ame_, that I may love _ames_, that thou mayest love _ame_, that he may love _amemos_, that we may love _ameis_, that you may love _amem_, that they may love. _Imperfect._ _que amára_, that I might love _amáras_, that thou mightst love _amára_, that he might love _amáramos_, that we might love _amáreis_, that you might love _amárão_, that they might love. _Past definite._ _que amasse_, that I may have loved _amasses_, that thou mayest have loved _amasse_, that he may have loved _amassemos_, that we may have loved _amasseis_, that you may have loved _amassem_, that they may have loved. _Past indefinite._ _que tenha amado_, that I may have loved _tenhas amado_, that thou mayest have loved _tenha amado_, that he may have loved _tenhamos amado_, that we may have loved _tenhais amado_, that you may have loved _tenhão amado_, that they may have loved. _Pluperfect._ _que tivesse amado_, that I might have loved _tivesses amado_, that thou mightst have loved _tivesse amado_, that he might have loved _tivessemos amado_, that we might have loved _tivesseis amado_, that you might have loved _tivessem amado_, that they might have loved. _Future._ _que amar_, when I shall love _amares_, when thou shalt love _amar_, when he shall love _amarmos_, when we shall love _amardes_, when you shall love _amarem_, when they shall love. _Compound Future._ _que haja de amar_, that I shall love _hajas de amar_, that thou shalt love _haja de amar_, that he shall love _hajamos de amar_, that we shall love _hajais de amar_, that you shall love _hajão de amar_, that they shall love. _Future past._ _que tiver amado_, when I shall have loved _tiveres amado_, when thou shalt have loved _tiver amado_, when he shall have loved _tivermos amado_, when we shall have loved _tiverdes amado_, when you shall have loved _tiverem amado_, when they shall have loved. =Imperative.= _ama tu_, love thou _ame elle_, let him love _amemos nós_, let us love _amai vós_, love ye _amem elles_, let them love. 8. =SECOND CONJUGATION.= =Receber=, to receive. =Infinitive Mood.= _Present._ _receber_, to receive. _Past._ _ter recebido_, to have received. _Gerund._ _recebendo_, receiving. _Participles._ _recebido_, -_a_, received. =Indicative Mood.= _Present._ _eu recebo_, I receive _tu recebes_, thou receivest _elle recebe_, he receives _nós recebemos_, we receive _vós recebeis_, you receive _elles recebem_, they receive. _Imperfect._ _recebia_, I received _recebias_, thou receivedst _recebia_, he received _recebiamos_, we received _recebieis_, you received _recebião_, they received. _Past definite._ _recebi_, I have received _recebeste_, thou hast received _recebeo_, he has received _recebémos_, we have received _recebestes_, you have received _receberão_, they have received. _Past indefinite._ _tenho recebido_, I have received _tens recebido_, thou hast received _tem recebido_, he has received _temos recebido_, we have received _tendes recebido_, you have rec. _tem recebido_, they have received. _Past anterior._ _recebera_, I had received _receberas_, thou hadst received _recebera_, he had received _receberamos_, we had received _recebereis_, you had received _receberão_, they had received. _Pluperfect._ _tinha recebido_, I had received _tinhas recebido_, thou hadst rec. _tinha recebido_, he had received _tinhamos recebido_, we had rec. _tinheis recebido_, you had rec. _tinhão recebido_, they had rec. _Future._ _receberei_, I shall receive _receberás_, thou shalt receive _receberá_, he shall receive _receberemos_, we shall receive _recebereis_, you shall receive _receberão_, they shall receive. _Future anterior._ _hei de receber_, I shall receive _has de receber_, thou shall rec. _ha de receber_, he shall rec. _havemos de receber_, we shall rec. _haveis de receber_, you shall rec. _hão de receber_, they shall rec. _Future past._ _terei recebido_, I shall have rec. _terás recebido_, thou shalt have rec. _terá recebido_, he shall have rec. _teremos recebido_, we shall have rec. _tereis recebido_, you shall have rec. _terão recebido_, they shall have rec. =Conditional.= _receberia_, I should receive _receberias_, thou shouldst receive _receberia_, he should receive _receberiamos_, we should receive _receberieis_, you should receive _receberião_, they should receive. =Conditional past.= _teria recebido_, I should have received _terias recebido_, thou shouldst have received _teria recebido_, he should have received _teriamos recebido_, we should have received _terieis recebido_, you should have received _terião recebido_, they should have received. =Subjunctive Mood.= _Present._ _que receba_, that I may receive _recebas_, that thou mayest receive _receba_, that he may receive _recebamos_, that we may receive _recebais_, that you may receive _recebão_, that they may receive. _Imperfect._ _que recebéra_, that I might receive _recebéras_, that thou mightst receive _recebéra_, that he might receive _recebéremos_, that we might receive _recebéreis_, that you might receive _recebérão_, that they might receive. _Past definite._ _que recebesse_, that I may have received _recebesses_, that thou mayest have received _recebesse_, that he may have received _recebessemos_, that we may have received _recebesseis_, that you may have received _recebessem_, that they may have received. _Past indefinite._ _que tenha recebido_, that I may have received _tenhas recebido_, that thou mayest have received _tenha recebido_, that he may have received _tenhamos recebido_, that we may have received _tenhais recebido_, that you may have received _tenhão recebido_, that they may have received. _Pluperfect._ _que tivesse recebido_, that I might have received _tivesses recebido_, that thou mightst have received _tivesse recebido_, that he might have received _tivessemos recebido_, that we might have received _tivesseis recebido_, that you might have received _tivessem recebido_, that they might have received. _Future._ _quando receber_, when I shall receive _receberes_, when thou shalt receive _receber_, when he shall receive _recebermos_, when we shall receive _receberdes_, when you shall receive _receberem_, when they shall receive. _Compound Future._ _que haja de receber_, that I shall receive _hajas de receber_, that thou shalt receive _haja de receber_, that he shall receive _hajamos de receber_, that we shall receive _hajais de receber_, that you shall receive _hajão de receber_, that they shall receive. _Future past._ _quando tiver recebido_, when I shall have received _tiveres recebido_, when thou shalt have received _tiver recebido_, when he shall have received _tivermos recebido_, when we shall have received _tiverdes recebido_, when you shall have received _tiverem recebido_, when they shall have received. =Imperative Mood.= _recebe tu_, receive thou _receba elle_, let him receive _recebamos nós_, let us receive _recebei vós_, receive ye _recebão_, let them receive. 9. THIRD CONJUGATION. =Partir, to divide.= =Infinitive Mood.= _Present._ _partir_, to divide. _Past._ _ter partido_, to have divided. _Gerund._ _partindo_, dividing. _Participles._ _partido_, _partida_, divided. =Indicative Mood.= _Present._ _parto_, I divide _partes_, thou dividest _parte_, he divides _partimos_, we divide _partis_, you divide _partem_, they divide. _Imperfect._ _partia_, I divided _partias_, thou dividedst _partia_, he divided _partiamos_, we divided _partieis_, you divided _partião_, they divided. _Past definite._ _parti_, I have divided _partiste_, thou hast divided _partio_, he has divided _partimos_, we have divided _partistes_, you have divided _partirão_, they have divided. _Past indefinite._ _tenho partido_, I have divided _tens partido_, thou hast divided _tem partido_, he has divided _temos partido_, we have divided _tendes partido_, you have divided _tem partido_, they have divided. _Past anterior._ _partira_, I had divided _partiras_, thou hadst divided _partira_, he had divided _partiramos_, we had divided _partireis_, you had divided _partirão_, they had divided. _Pluperfect._ _tinha partido_, I had divided _tinhas partido_, thou hadst divided _tinha partido_, he had divided _tinhamos partido_, we had divided _tinheis partido_, you had divided _tinhão partido_, they had divided. _Future._ _partirei_, I shall divide _partirás_, thou shalt divide _partirá_, he shall divide _partiremos_, we shall divide _partireis_, you shall divide _partirão_, they shall divide. _Future anterior._ _hei de partir_, I shall divide _has de partir_, thou shalt divide _ha de partir_, he shall divide _havemos de partir_, we shall divide _haveis de partir_, you shall divide _hão de partir_, they shall divide. _Future past._ _terei partido_, I shall have divided _terás partido_, thou shalt have divided _terá partido_, he shall have divided _teremos partido_, we shall have divided _tereis partido_, you shall have divided _terão partido_, they shall have divided. =Conditional.= _partiria_, I should divide _partirias_, thou shouldst divide _partiria_, he should divide _partiriamos_, we should divide _partirieis_, you should divide _partirião_, they should divide. =Conditional past.= _teria partido_, I should have divided _terias partido_, thou shouldst have divided _teria partido_, he should have divided _teriamos partido_, we should have divided _terieis partido_, you should have divided _terião partido_, they should have divided. =Subjunctive Mood.= _Present._ _que parta_, that I may divide _partas_, that thou mayest divide _parta_, that he may divide _partamos_, that we may divide _partais_, that you may divide _partão_, that they may divide. _Imperfect._ _que partira_, that I might divide _partiras_, that thou mightst divide _partira_, that he might divide _partiramos_, that we might divide _partireis_, that you might divide _partirão_, that they might divide. _Past definite._ _que partisse_, that I may have divided _partisses_, that thou mayest have divided _partisse_, that he may have divided _partissemos_, that we may have divided _partisseis_, that you may have divided _partissem_, that they may have divided. _Past indefinite._ _que tenha partido_, that I may have divided _tenhas partido_, that thou mayest have divided _tenha partido_, that he may have divided _tenhamos partido_, that we may have divided _tenhais partido_, that you may have divided _tenhão partido_, that they may have divided. _Pluperfect._ _que tivesse partido_, that I might have divided _tivesses partido_, that thou mightst have divided _tivesse partido_, that he might have divided _tivessemos partido_, that we might have divided _tivesseis partido_, that you might have divided _tivessem partido_, that they might have divided. _Future._ _quando partir_, when I shall divide _partires_, when thou shalt divide _partir_, when he shall divide _partirmos_, when we shall divide _partirdes_, when you shall divide _partirem_, when they shall divide. _Compound Future._ _que haja de partir_, that I shall divide _hajas de partir_, that thou shalt divide _haja de partir_, that he shall divide _hajamos de partir_, that we shall divide _hajais de partir_, that you shall divide _hajão de partir_, that they shall divide. _Future past._ _quando tiver partido_, when I shall have divided _tiveres partido_, when thou shalt have divided _tiver partido_, when he shall have divided _tivermos partido_, when we shall have divided _tiverdes partido_, when you shall have divided _tiverem partido_, when they shall have divided. =Imperative Mood.= _parte tu_, divide thou _parta elle_, let him divide _partamos nós_, let us divide _parti vós_, divide ye _partão elles_, let them divide. 10. =The Passive Verbs.= The Passive Verb is conjugated in all its tenses by the Auxiliary Verb “_ser_” to be, to become, to which is added the Participle of the Passive Verb, as: _sou amado_ I am loved _tu es amado_ thou art loved _serei amado_ I shall be loved _eu seria amado_ I should be loved. 11. =The Neuter Verbs.= are conjugated with the Auxiliary Verb “_ter_” to have, as: _tenho dormido_ — I have slept _tenho cahido_ — I have fallen _eu tenho chegado_ — I have arrived. They are otherwise conjugated like the Active Verbs: _amar_, _receber_, _partir_. 12. =The Reflective Verbs.= are conjugated with “_ter_” and the Pronouns _me_, me _te_, thee _se_, it _nos_, we _vos_, you. =Lembrar-se=, to remember. =Infinitive Mood.= _Present. lembrar-se_, to remember. _Past. ter-se lembrado_, to have remembered. _Gerund. lembrando-se_, remembering. _Participle. lembrado_, _lembrada_, remembered. =Indicative Mood.= _Present._ _eu me lembro_, I remember _tu te lembras_, thou rememberst _elle se rembra_, he remembers _nós nos lembramos_, we remember _vós vos lembrais_, you remember _elles se lembrão_, they remember. _Imperfect._ _eu me lembrava_, I remembered _tu te lembravas_, thou rememberedst _elle se lembrava_, he remembered _nós nos lembravamos_, we remembered _vós vos lembraveis_, you remembered _elles se lembravão_, they remembered. _Past definite._ _eu me lembrei_, I have remembered _tu te lembraste_, thou hast remembered _elle se lembrou_, he has remembered _nós nos lembramos_, we have remembered _vós vos lembrastes_, you have remembered _elles se lembrárão_, they have remembered. _Past indefinite._ _eu me tenho lembrado_, I have remembered _tu te tens lembrado_, thou hast remembered _elle se tem lembrado_, he has remembered _nós nos temos lembrado_, we have remembered _vós vos tendes lembrado_, you have remembered _elles se tem lembrado_, they have remembered. _Past anterior._ _eu me lembrára_, I had remembered _tu te lembráras_, thou hadst remembered _elle se lembrára_, he had remembered _nós nos lembráramos_, we had remembered _vós vos lembráreis_, you had remembered _elles se lembrárão_, they had remembered. _Pluperfect._ _eu me tinha lembrado_, I had remembered _tu te tinhas lembrado_, thou hadst remembered _elle se tinha lembrado_, he had remembered _nós nos tinhamos lembrado_, we had remembered _vós vos tinheis lembrado_, you had remembered _elles se tinhão lembrado_, they had remembered. _Future._ _eu me lembrarei_, I shall remember _tu te lembrarás_, thou shalt remember _elle se lembrará_, he shall remember _nós nos lembraremos_, we shall remember _vós vos lembrareis_, you shall remember _elles se lembrarão_, they shall remember. _Future anterior._ _eu me hei de lembrar_, I shall remember _tu te has de lembrar_, thou shalt remember _elle se ha de lembrar_, he shall remember _nós nos havemos de lembrar_, we shall remember _vós vos haveis de lembrar_, you shall remember _elles se hão de lembrar_, they shall remember. _Future past._ _eu me terei lembrado_, I shall have remembered _tu te terás lembrado_, thou shalt have remembered _elle se terá lembrado_, he shall have remembered _nós nos teremos lembrado_, we shall have remembered _vós vos tereis lembrado_, you shall have remembered _elles se terão lembrado_, they shall have remembered. =Conditional.= _eu me lembraria_, I should remember _tu te lembrarias_, thou shouldst remember _elle se lembraria_, he should remember _nós nos lembrariamos_, we should remember _vós vos lembrarieis_, you should remember _elles se lembrarião_, they should remember. =Conditional past.= _eu me teria lembrado_, I should have remembered _tu te terias lembrado_, thou shouldst have remembered _elle se teria lembrado_, he should have remembered _nós nos teriamos lembrado_, we should have remembered _vós vos terieis lembrado_, you should have remembered _elles se terião lembrado_, they should have remembered. =Subjunctive Mood.= _Present._ _que eu me lembre_, that I may remember _tu te lembres_, that thou mayest remember _elle se lembre_, that he may remember _nós nos lembremos_, that we may remember _vós vos lembreis_, that you may remember _elles se lembrem_, that they may remember. _Imperfect._ _que eu me lembrasse_, that I might remember _tu te lembrasses_, that thou mightst remember _elle se lembrasse_, that he might remember _nós nos lembrassemos_, that we might remember _vós vos lembrasseis_, that you might remember _elles se lembrassem_, that they might remember. _Past indefinite._ _que eu me tenha lembrado_ } _tu te tenhas lembrado_ } _elle se tenha lembrado_ } that I may have remembered. _nós nos tenhamos lembrado_ } _vós vos tenhais lembrado_ } _elles se tenhão lembrado_ } _Pluperfect._ _que eu me tivesse lembrado_ } _tu te tivesses lembrado_ } _elle se tivesse lembrado_ } that I might have remembered. _nós nos tivessemos lembrado_ } _vós vos tivesseis lembrado_ } _elles se tivessem lembrado_ } _Future._ _quando eu me lembrar_ } _tu te lembrares_ } _elle se lembrar_ } _nós nos lembrarmos_ } when I shall remember. _vós vos lembrardes_ } _elles se lembrarem_ } _Compound Future._ _que eu me haja de lembrar_ } _tu te hajas de lembrar_ } _elle se haja de lembrar_ } _nós nos hajamos de lembrar_ } that I shall remember. _vós vos hajeis de lembrar_ } _elles se hajão de lembrar_ } _Future past._ _quando eu me tiver lembrado_ } _tu te tiveres lembrado_ } _elle se tiver lembrado_ } when I shall have remembered. _nós nos tivermos lembrado_ } _vós vos tiverdes lembrado_ } _elles se tiverem lembrado_ } =Imperative Mood.= _lembra-te tu_, remember thou _lembre-se elle_, let him remember _lembremos-nos nós_, let us remember _lembrai-vos vós_, remember ye _lembrem-se elles_, let them remember. =Observ.= In all the simple tenses of the Indicative Mood, is it unimportant whether the Pronouns _me_, _te_, _se_, _nos_, _vos_ stand before or after the Verb, and one may therefore say either: _eu me lembro_, or _eu lembro-me_, _eu me lembrava_ and _eu lembrava-me_, but in the compound tenses as well as in the Subjunctive and Imperative Mood they must stand before the Verb, as: _eu me tenho lembrado_, _que eu me lembre_, _que eu me lembrasse_. 13. =Irregular Verbs.= =FIRST CONJUGATION.= 1. =Dar, to give.=[544] [544] Only the irregular tenses are given, the others are conjugated in the regular manner. =Indicative Mood.= _Present._ _eu dou_, I give _tu dás_, thou givest _elle dá_, he gives _nós damos_, we give _vós dais_, you give _elles dão_, they give. _Past definite._ _eu dei_, I have given _tu déste_, thou hast given _elle deo_, he has given _nós demos_, we have given _vós déstes_, you have given _elles dérão_, they have given. _Past anterior._ _eu dera_, I had given _tu deras_, thou hadst given _elle dera_, he had given _nós deramos_, we had given _vós dereis_, you had given _elles derão_, they had given. =Subjunctive Mood.= _Present._ _que eu dê_, that I may give _tu dês_, that thou mayest give _elle dê_, that he may give _nós dêmos_, that we may give _vós deis_, that you may give _elles dem_, that they may give. _Imperfect._ _que eu dera_, that I might give _tu deras_, that thou mightst give _elle dera_, that he might give _nós deramos_, that we might give _vós dereis_, that you might give _elles derão_, that they might give. _Past._ _que eu désse_, that I may have given _tu désses_, that thou mayest have given _elle désse_, that he may have given _nós dessemos_, that we may have given _vós desseis_, that you may have given _elles dessem_, that they may have given. _Future._ _quando eu der_, when I shall give _tu deres_, when thou shalt give _elle der_, when he shall give _nós dermos_, when we shall give _vós derdes_, when you shall give _elles derem_, when they shall give. =2. The Verbs ending in “car”= have no other irregularity than that they change the _c_ every time into _qu_, if an _e_ follows in the conjugation, as: _ficar_, to remain, _fiquei_ (not _ficei_), I have remained, _que eu figue_ (not _fice_), that I may remain; this irregularity is only maintained for the purpose of keeping the same pronunciation for the Verb throughout, which would otherwise not be the case. =3. The Verbs ending in “gar”= change the _g_, if followed by an _e_, into _gu_, for the sake of Pronunciation. =4. The Verbs ending in “iar”= take an _e_ before _i_ in all persons of the Indicative Mood, as: _premiar_, to reward, _premeio_, _premeias_, _premeia_, _premeiamos_ etc. 14. =SECOND CONJUGATION.= =5. Dizer, to say.= =Indicative Mood.= _Present._ _eu digo_, I say _tu dizes_, thou sayest _elle diz_, he says _nós dizemos_, we say _vós dizeis_, you say _elles dizem_, they say. _Past definite._ _eu disse_, I have said _tu disseste_, thou hast said _elle disse_, he has said _nós dissemos_, we have said _vós dissestes_, you have said _elles disserão_, they have said. _Past anterior._ _eu dissera_, I had said _tu disseras_, thou hadst said _elle dissera_, he had said _nós disseramos_, we had said _vós disserais_, you had said _elles disserão_, they had said. _Future._ _eu direi_, I shall say _tu dirás_, thou shalt say _elle dirá_, he shall say _nós diremos_, we shall say _vós direis_, you shall say _elles dirão_, they shall say. =Conditional.= _eu diria_, I would say _tu dirias_, thou wouldst say _elle diria_, he would say _nós diriamos_, we would say _vós dirieis_, you would say _elles dirião_, they would say. =Subjunctive Mood.= _Present._ _que eu diga_, that I may say _tu digas_, that thou mayest say _elle diga_, that he may say _nós digamos_, that we may say _vós digais_, that you may say _elles digão_, that they may say. _Imperfect._ _que eu dissera_, that I might say _tu disseras_, that thou mightst say _elle dissera_, that he might say _nós disseramos_, that we might say _vós disserais_, that you might say _elles disserão_, that they might say. _Past._ _que eu dissesse_, that I may have said _tu dissesses_, that thou mayest have said _elle dissesse_, that he may have said _nós dissessemos_, that we may have said _vós dissesseis_, that you may have said _elles dissessem_, that they may have said. _Future._ _quando eu disser_, when I shall say _tu disseres_, when thou shalt say _elle disser_, when he shall say _nós dissermos_, when we shall say _vós disserdes_, when you shall say _elles disserem_, when they shall say. =Imperative Mood.= _dize-tu_, say thou _diga-elle_, let him say _digamos-nós_, let us say _dizei-vós_, say ye _digão-elles_, let them say. =Participle=: _dito_, _dita_, said. All Verbs composed of _dizer_ are conjugated in the same manner, as: _contradizer_, _desdizer_, etc. 6. =Fazer=, to do, to make. =Indicative Mood.= _Present._ _eu faço_, I do _tu fazes_, thou doest _elle faz_, he does _nós fazemos_, we do _vós fazeis_, you do _elles fazem_, they do. _Past definite._ _eu fiz_, I have done _tu fizeste_, thou hast done _elle fez_, he has done _nós fizemos_, we have done _vós fizestes_, you have done _elles fizerão_, they have done. _Pluperfect._ _eu fizera_, I had done _tu fizeras_, thou hadst done _elle fizera_, he had done _nós fizeramos_, we had done _vós fizereis_, you had done _elles fizerão_, they had done. _Future._ _eu farei_, I shall do _tu farás_, thou shalt do _elle fará_, he shall do _nós faremos_, we shall do _vós fareis_, you shall do _elles farão_, they shall do. =Conditional.= _eu faria_, I would do _tu farias_, thou wouldst do _elle faria_, he would do _nós fariamos_, we would do _vós farieis_, you would do _elles farião_, they would do. =Subjunctive Mood.= _Present._ _que eu faça_, that I may do _tu faças_, that thou mayest do _elle faça_, that he may do _nós façamos_, that we may do _vós façais_, that you may do _elles fação_, that they may do. _Imperfect._ _que eu fizera_, that I might do _tu fizeras_, that thou mightst do _elle fizera_, that he might do _nós fizeramos_, that we might do _vós fizerais_, that you might do _elles fizerão_, that they might do. _Perfect._ _que eu fizesse_, that I may have done _tu fizesses_, that thou mayest have done _elle fizesse_, that he may have done _nós fizéssemos_, that we may have done _vós fizesseis_, that you may have done _elles fizessem_, that they may have done. _Future._ _quando eu fizer_, when I shall do _tu fizeres_, when thou shalt do _elle fizer_, when he shall do _nós fizermos_, when we shall do _vós fizerdes_, when you shall do _elles fizerem_, when they shall do. =Imperative Mood.= _faze-tu_, do thou _faça elle_, let him do _façamos-nós_, let us do _fazei-vós_, do ye _fação elles_, let them do. =Participle=: _feito_, _feita_, done. 7. =Poder=, to be able to, can. =Indicative Mood.= _Present._ _eu posso_, I can _tu podes_, thou canst _elle póde_, he can _nós podemos_, we can _vós podeis_, you can _elles podem_, they can. _Perfect._ _eu pude_, I have been able _tu pudeste_, thou hast been able _elle pode_, he has been able _nós pudemos_, we have been able _vós pudestes_, you have been able _elles puderão_, they have been able. _Pluperfect._ _eu pudera_, I had been able _tu puderas_, thou hadst been able _elle pudera_, he had been able _nós puderamos_, we have been able _vós pudereis_, you had been able _elle puderão_, they had been able. =Subjunctive Mood.= _Present._ _que eu possa_, that I may be able _tu possas_, that thou mayest be able _elle possa_, that he may be able _nós possamos_, that we may be able _vós possais_, that you may be able _elles possão_, that they may be able. _Imperfect._ _que eu pudera_, that I might be able _tu puderas_, that thou mightst be able _elle pudera_, that he might be able _nós puderamos_, that we might be able _vós pudereis_, that you might be able _elles puderão_, that they might be able. _Perfect._ _que eu pudesse_, that I may have been able _tu pudesses_, that thou mayest have been able _elle pudesse_, that he may have been able _nós pudessemos_, that we may have been able _vós pudesseis_, that you may have been able _elles pudessem_, that they may have been able. _Future._ _quando eu puder_, if I could be able _tu puderes_, if thou couldst be able _elle puder_, if he could be able _nós pudermos_, if we could be able _vós puderdes_, if you could be able _elles puderem_, if they could be able. 8. =Querer=, to wish, to will. =Indicative Mood.= _Present._ _eu quero_, I wish _tu queres_, thou wishest _elle quer_, he wishes _nós queremos_, we wish _vós quereis_, you wish _elles querem_, they wish. _Perfect._ _eu quiz_, I have wished _tu quizeste_, thou hast wished _elle quiz_, he has wished _nós quizemos_, we have wished _vós quizestes_, you have wished _elles quizerão_, they have wished. _Pluperfect._ _eu quizera_, I had wished _tu quizeras_, thou hadst wished _elle quizera_, he had wished _nós quizeramos_, we had wished _vós quizereis_, you had wished _elles quizerão_, they had wished. =Subjunctive Mood.= _Present._ _que eu queira_, that I may wish _tu queiras_, that thou mayest wish _elle queira_, that he may wish _nós queiramos_, that we may wish _vós queirais_, that you may wish _elles queirão_, that they may wish. _Imperfect._ _que eu quizera_, that I might wish _tu quizeras_, that thou mightst wish _elle quizera_, that he might wish _nós quizeramos_, that we might wish _vós quizereis_, that you might wish _elles quizerão_, that they might wish. _Perfect._ _que eu quizesse_, that I may have wished _tu quizesses_, that thou mayest have wished _elle quizesse_, that he may have wished _nós quizessemos_, that we may have wished _vós quizesseis_, that you may have wished _elles quizessem_, that they may have wished. _Future._ _quando eu quizer_, when I shall wish _tu quizeres_, when thou shalt wish _elle quizer_, when he shall wish _nós quizermos_, when we shall wish _vós quizerdes_, when you shall wish _elles quizerem_, when they shall wish. =Imperative Mood.= _queiras tu_, wish thou _queira elle_, let him wish _queiramos nós_, let us wish _queirais vós_, wish ye _queirão elles_, let them wish. 9. =Saber=, to know. =Indicative Mood.= _Present._ _eu sei_, I know _tu sabes_, thou knowest _elle sabe_, he knows _nós sabemos_, we know _vós sabeis_, you know _elles sabem_, they know. _Perfect._ _eu soube_, I have known _tu soubeste_, thou hast known _elle soube_, he has known _nós soubemos_, we have known _vós soubestes_, you have known _elles souberão_, they have known. _Pluperfect._ _eu soubera_, I had known _tu souberas_, thou hadst known _elle soubera_, he had known _nós souberamos_, we had known _vós soubereis_, you had known _elles souberão_, they had known. =Subjunctive Mood.= _Present._ _que eu saiba_, that I may know _tu saibas_, that thou mayest know _elle saiba_, that he may know _nós saibamos_, that we may know _vós saibais_, that you may know _elles saibão_, that they may know. _Imperfect._ _que eu soubera_, that I might know _tu souberas_, that thou mightst know _elle soubera_, that he might know _nós souberamos_, that we might know _vós soubereis_, that you might know _elles souberão_, that they might know. _Future._ _quando eu souber_, when I shall know _tu souberes_, when thou shalt know _elle souber_, when he shall know _nós soubermos_, when we shall know _vós souberdes_, when you shall know _elles souberem_, when they shall know. =Imperative Mood.= _sabe tu_, know thou _saiba elle_, let him know _saibamos nós_, let us know _saibei vós_, know ye _saibão elles_, let them know. 10. =Trazer=, to carry, to fetch. =Indicative Mood.= _Present._ _eu trago_, I carry _tu trazes_, thou carriest _elle traz_, he carries _nós trazemos_, we carry _vós trazeis_, you carry _elles trazem_, they carry. _Perfect._ _eu trouxe_, I have carried _tu trouxeste_, thou hast carried _elle trouxe_, he has carried _nós trouxemos_, we have carried _vós trouxestes_, you have carried _elles trouxerão_, they have carried. _Pluperfect._ _eu trouxera_, I had carried _tu trouxeras_, thou hadst carried _elle trouxera_, he had carried _nós trouxeramos_, we had carried _vós trouxereis_, you had carried _elles trouxerão_, they had carried. _Future._ _eu trarei_, I shall carry _tu trarás_, thou shalt carry _elle trará_, he shall carry _nós traremos_, we shall carry _vós trareis_, you shall carry _elles trarão_, they shall carry. =Conditional.= _eu traria_, I should carry _tu trarias_, thou shouldst carry _elle traria_, he should carry _nós trariamos_, we should carry _vós trarieis_, you should carry _elles trarião_, they should carry. =Subjunctive Mood.= _Present._ _que eu traga_, that I may carry _tu tragas_, that thou mayest carry _elle traga_, that he may carry _nós tragamos_, that we may carry _vós tragais_, that you may carry _elles tragão_, that they may carry. _Imperfect._ _que eu trouxera_, that I might carry _tu trouxeras_, that thou mightst carry _elle trouxera_, that he might carry _nós trouxeramos_, that we might carry _vós trouxereis_, that you might carry _elles trouxerão_, that they might carry. _Perfect._ _que eu trouxesse_, that I may have carried _tu trouxesses_, that thou mayest have carried _elle trouxesse_, that he may have carried _nós trouxessemos_, that we may have carried _vós trouxesseis_, that you may have carried _elles trouxessem_, that they may have carried. _Future._ _quando eu trouxer_, when I shall carry _tu trouxeres_, when thou shalt carry _elle trouxer_, when he shall carry _nós trouxermos_, when we shall carry _vós trouxerdes_, when you shall carry _elles trouxerem_, when they shall carry. =Imperative Mood.= _traze tu_, carry thou _traga elle_, let him carry _tragamos_, let us carry _trazei vós_, carry ye _tragão elles_, let them carry. 11. =Ver, to see.= =Indicative Mood.= _Present._ _eu vejo_, I see _tu vês_, thou seest _elle vê_, he sees _nós vemos_, we see _vós vedes_, you see _elles vêm_, they see. _Imperfect._ _eu vi_, I have seen _tu viste_, thou hast seen _elle vio_, he has seen _nós vimos_, we have seen _vós vistes_, you have seen _elles virão_, they have seen. _Pluperfect._ _eu vira_, I had seen _tu viras_, thou hadst seen _elle vira_, he had seen _nós viramos_, we had seen _vós vireis_, you had seen _elles virão_, they had seen. =Subjunctive Mood.= _Present._ _que eu veja_, that I may see _tu vejas_, that thou mayest see _elle veja_, that he may see _nós vejamos_, that we may see _vós vejais_, that you may see _elles vejão_, that they may see. _Imperfect._ _que eu vira_, that I might see _tu viras_, that thou mightst see _elle vira_, that he might see _nós viramos_, that we might see _vós virais_, that you might see _elles virem_, that they might see. _Perfect._ _que eu visse_, that I may have seen _tu visses_, that thou mayest have seen _elle visse_, that he may have seen _nós vissemos_, that we may have seen _vós visseis_, that you may have seen _elles vissem_, that they may have seen. _Future._ _quando eu vir_, when I shall see _tu vires_, when thou shalt see _elle vir_, when he shall see _nós virmos_, when we shall see _vós virdes_, when you shall see _elles virem_, when they shall see. =Imperative Mood.= _vê tu_, see thou _veja elle_, let him see _vejamos nós_, let us see _vede vós_, see ye _vejão elles_, let them see. =Participle=: _visto_, _vista_, seen. The Verbs composed of _ver_, are conjugated in the same manner, as: _prever_, _rever_, _antever_. 12. =Perder=, to lose. The irregularity of this Verb consists in the following tenses changing the _d_ into _c_. =Indicative Mood.= _Present._ _perco_, I lose _perdes_, thou losest _perde_, he loses _perdemos_, we lose _perdeis_, you lose _perdem_, they lose. =Subjunctive Mood.= _Present._ _que eu perca_, that I may lose _tu percas_, that thou mayest lose _elle perca_, that he may lose _nós percamos_, that we may lose _vós percais_, that you may lose _elles percão_, that they may lose. =Imperative Mood.= _perde tu_, lose thou _perca elle_, let him lose _percamos nós_, let us lose _perdei vós_, lose ye _percão elles_, let them lose. 13. =Valer, to be worth,= changes _l_ into _lh_, in the following tenses. =Indicative Mood.= _Present._ _eu valho_, I am worth _tu vales_ } _elle vale_ } _nós valemos_ } regular _vós valeis_ } _elles valem_ } =Subjunctive Mood.= _Present._ _que eu valha_, that I may be worth _tu valhas_, that thou mayest be worth _elle valha_, that he may be worth _nós valhamos_, that we may be worth _vós valhais_, that you may be worth _elles valhão_, that they may be worth. =Imperative Mood.= _vale tu_, be thou worth _valha elle_, let him be worth _valhamos_, let us be worth _valei vós_, be ye worth _valhão elles_, let them be worth. 14. =Ler, to read.= =Indicative Mood.= _Present._ _eu leio_, I read _tu lês_, thou readest _elle lê_, he reads _nós lemos_, we read _vós ledes_, you read _elles lêm_, they read. =Subjunctive Mood.= _Present._ _que eu lêia_, that I may read _tu lêias_, that thou mayest read _elle lêia_, that he may read _nós lêiamos_, that we may read _vós lêiais_, that you may read _elles lêião_, that they may read. =Imperative Mood.= _lê tu_, read thou _lêia elle_, let him read _lêiamos_, let us read _lede vós_, read ye _lêião elles_, let them read. The Verb “_crer_” to believe, is conjugated in the same manner. =15. The Verbs ending in “ger”= change _g_ into _j_ in all persons when it is followed by _o_ or _a_, for the sake of pronunciation. As: _eleger_, to elect; _elejo_, _que eu eleja_, etc. 15. =THIRD CONJUGATION.= =16. Ir, to go.= =Indicative Mood.= _Present._ _eu vou_, I go _tu vas_, thou goest _elle vai_, he goes _nós vamos_, we go _vós ides_, you go _elles vão_, they go. _Imperfect._ _eu hia_, I went _tu hias_, thou wentest _elle hia_, he went _nós hiamos_, we went _vós hieis_, you went _elles hião_, they went. _Perfect._ _eu fui_, I have gone (like the Perfect of “_ser_” to be). _Pluperfect._ _eu fora_, I had gone (like the Pluperfect of “_ser_”). =Subjunctive Mood.= _Present._ _que eu vá_, that I may go _tu vás_, that thou mayest go _elle vá_, that he may go _nós vámos_, that we may go _vos vades_, that you may go _elles vão_, that they may go. _Imperfect._ _que eu fora_, that I might go _tu foras_, that thou mightst go _elle fora_, that he might go _nós foramos_, that we might go _vós foreis_, that you might go _elles forão_, that they might go. _Perfect._ _que eu fosse_, that I may have gone (like “_ser_”). _Future._ _quando eu for_, when I shall go (like “_ser_”). =Imperative Mood.= _vai tu_, go thou _vá elle_, let him go _vamos_, let us go _ide vós_, go ye _vão elles_, let them go. 17. =Vir, to come.= =Indicative Mood.= _Present._ _eu venho_, I come _tu vens_, thou comest _elle vem_, he comes _nós vimos_, we come _vós vindes_, you come _elles vem_, they come. _Imperfect._ _eu vinha_, I came _tu vinhas_, thou camest _elle vinha_, he came _nós vinhamos_, we came _vós vinheis_, you came _elles vinhão_, they came. _Perfect._ _eu vim_, I have come _tu vieste_, thou hast come _elle veio_, he has come _nós viemos_, we have come _vós viestes_, you have come _elles vierão_, they have come. _Pluperfect._ _eu viera_, I had come _tu vieras_, thou hadst come _elle viera_, he had come _nós vieramos_, we had come _vós viereis_, you had come _elles vierão_, they had come. =Subjunctive Mood.= _Present._ _que eu venha_, that I may come _tu venhas_, that thou mayest come _elle venha_, that he may come _nós venhamos_, that we may come _vós venhais_, that you may come _elles venhão_, that they may come. _Imperfect._ _que eu viera_, that I might come _tu vieras_, that thou mightst come _elle viera_, that he might come _nós vieramos_, that we might come _vós viereis_, that you might come _elles vierão_, that they might come. _Perfect._ _que eu viesse_, that I may have come _tu viesses_, that thou mayest have come _elle viesse_, that he may have come _nós viessemos_, that we may have come _vós viesseis_, that you may have come _elles viessem_, that they may have come. _Future._ _quando eu vier_, when I shall come _tu vieres_, when thou shalt come _elle vier_, when he shall come _nós viermos_, when we shall come _vós vierdes_, when you shall come _elles vierem_, when they shall come. =Imperative Mood.= _vem tu_, come thou _venha elle_, let him come _venhamos_, let us come _vinde vós_, come ye _venhão elles_, let them come. =Participle=: _vindo_, _vinda_, come. 18. =Pedir=, to request, changes _d_ in _ç_ in the following persons. =Indicative Mood.= _Present._ _eu peço_, I request (the other persons are regular: _pedes_, _pede_, etc.). =Subjunctive Mood.= _Present._ _que eu peça_, that I may request _tu peças_, that thou mayest request _elle peça_, that he may request _nós peçamos_, that we may request _vós peçais_, that you may request _elles peção_, that they may request. =Imperative Mood.= _pede tu_, request thou _peça elle_, let him request _peçamos nós_, let us request _pedi vós_, request ye _peção elles_, let them request. “_Medir_” to measure, is conjugated in the same manner. 19. =Rir, to laugh.= =Indicative Mood.= _Present._ _eu rio_, I laugh _tu ris_, thou laughest _elle ri_, he laughs _nós rimos_, we laugh _vós rides_, you laugh _elles rim_, they laugh. =Subjunctive Mood.= _Present._ _que eu ria_, that I may laugh _tu rias_, that thou mayest laugh _elle ria_, that he may laugh _nós riamos_, that we may laugh _vós riais_, that you may laugh _elles rião_, that they may laugh. =Imperative Mood.= _ri tu_, laugh thou _ria elle_, let him laugh _riamos_, let us laugh _ride vós_, laugh ye _rião elles_, let them laugh. 20. The Verbs ending in “=gir=” change the _g_ into _j_ in all persons where _g_ is followed by _o_ or _a_. 21. The Verbs ending in “=uzir=” drop the final _e_ in the third person Singular of the Present, as: _conduz_ (not _conduze_), _induz_ (not _induze_). 22. The Verbs ending in “=hir=” change _hi_ into _i_ in the following persons. =Indicative Mood.= _Present._ _eu saio_, I go out (the others are regular: _sahes_, _sahe_, _sahimos_, etc.). =Subjunctive Mood.= _Present._ _que eu saia_, that I may go out _tu saias_, that thou mayest go out _elle saia_, that he may go out _nós saiamos_, that we may go out _vós saiais_, that you may go out _elles saião_, that they may go out. =Imperative Mood.= _sahe tu_, go thou out _saia elle_, let him go out _saiamos nós_, let us go out _sahi vós_, go ye out _saião elles_, let them go out. 23. =Subir, to mount,= changes _u_ into _o_, in the second person Singular, third person Singular and Plural of the Present, and in the second person of the Imperative, as: _sobes_, _sobe_, _sobem_, _sobe tu_. 24. =Mentir, to lie,= changes _e_ into _i_ in the following persons. =Indicative Mood.= _Present._ _eu minto_, I lie (_tu mentes_, _elle mente_). =Subjunctive Mood.= _Present._ _que eu minta_, that I may lie _tu mintas_, that thou mayest lie _elle minta_, that he may lie _nós mintamos_, that we may lie _vós mintais_, that you may lie _elles mintão_, that they may lie. =Imperative Mood.= _mente tu_, lie thou _minta elle_, let him lie _mintamos nós_, let us lie _menti vós_, lie ye _mintão elles_, let them lie. The same irregularities occur in _sentir_, to feel _servir_, to serve _ferir_, to wound. 25. =Dormir, to sleep.= This Verb changes _o_ into _u_ in all persons, in which _mentir_ changes the _e_ into _i_, as: _durmo_, _durma_, _durmamos_. 26. =Ouvir, to hear.= This Verb changes _uvi_ into _uç_ in all persons in which _mentir_ changes _e_ into _i_, as: _eu ouço_, I hear _que eu ouça_, that I may hear. =Imperative Mood.= _ouve tu_, hear thou _ouça elle_, let him hear _ouçamos nós_, let us hear _ouvi vós_, hear ye _oução elles_, let them hear. Some writers change _u_ into _i_, as: _oiço_, _oiça_. 27. =Pôr, to place, to put.= =Indicative Mood.= _Present._ _eu ponho_, I place _tu pões_, thou placest _elle poem_, he places _nós pômos_, we place _vós pondes_, you place _elles poem_, they place. _Imperfect._ _eu punha_, I placed _tu punhas_, thou placedst _elle punha_, he placed _nós punhamos_, we placed _vós punheis_, you placed _elles punhão_, they placed. _Perfect._ _eu puz_, I have placed _tu puzeste_, thou hast placed _elle póz_, he has placed _nós puzemos_, we have placed _vós puzestes_, you have placed _elles puzerão_, they have placed. _Pluperfect._ _eu puzera_, I had placed _tu puzeras_, thou hadst placed _elle puzera_, he had placed _nós puzeramos_, we had placed _vós puzereis_, you had placed _elles puzerão_, they had placed. _Future._ _eu porei_, I shall place _tu porás_, thou shalt place _elle porá_, he shall place _nós poremos_, we shall place _vós poreis_, you shall place _elles porão_, they shall place. =Conditional.= _eu poria_, I should place _tu porias_, thou shouldst place _elle poria_, he should place _nós poriamos_, we should place _vós porieis_, you should place _elles porião_, they should place. =Subjunctive Mood.= _Present._ _que eu ponha_, that I may place _tu ponhas_, that thou mayest place _elle ponha_, that he may place _nós ponhamos_, that we may place _vós ponhais_, that you may place _elles ponhão_, that they may place. _Imperfect._ _que eu puzera_, that I might place _tu puzeras_, that thou mightst place _elle puzera_, that he might place _nós puzeramos_, that we might place _vós puzereis_, that you might place _elles puzerão_, that they might place. _Perfect._ _que eu puzesse_, that I may have placed _tu puzesses_, that thou mayest have placed _elle puzesse_, that he may have placed _nós puzessemos_, that we may have placed _vós puzesseis_, that you may have placed _elles puzessem_, that they may have placed. _Future._ _quando eu puzer_, when I shall place _tu puzeres_, when thou shall place _elle puzer_, when he shall place _nós puzermos_, when we shall place _vós puzerdes_, when you shall place _elles puzerem_, when they shall place. =Imperative Mood.= _põe tu_, place thou _ponha elle_, let him place _ponhamos nós_, let us place _ponde vós_, place ye _ponhão elles_, let them place. =Gerund=: _pondo_, placing. =Participle=: _posto_, _posta_, placed. The Verbs composed by _pôr_ are conjugated in the same manner, as: _antepôr, compôr, depôr, dispôr, propôr_. 16. The following Verbs have two Participles, a regular and an irregular one. FIRST CONJUGATION. _aceitar_, to accept, _aceitado_, _aceito_ _enxugar_, to dry, _enxugado_, _enxuto_ _exceptuar_, to except, _exceptuado_, _excepto_ _expressar_, to express, _expressado_, _expresso_ _expulsar_, to expel, _expulsado_, _expulso_ _gastar_, to spend, _gastado_, _gasto_ _imprensar_, to print, _imprensado_, _impresso_ _izentar_, to except, _izentado_, _izento_ _manifestar_, to manifest, _manifestado_, _manifesto_ _pagar_, to pay, _pagado_, _pago_ _salvar_, to save, _salvado_, _salvo_ _professar_, to act, profess, _professado_, _professo_ _soltar_, to set at liberty, _soltado_, _solto_ _sujeitar_, to subject, _sujeitado_, _sujeito_. SECOND CONJUGATION. { _absoluto_ _absolver_, to acquit, _absolvido_, { _absolto_ _absorver_, to swallow, _absorvido_, _absorto_ _accender_, to light, _accendido_, _acceso_ _corromper_, to corrupt, _corrompido_, _corrupto_ _eleger_, to elect, _elegido_, _eleito_ _encher_, to fill, _enchido_, _cheio_ _envolver_, to envelope, _envolvido_, _envolto_ _escrever_, to write, _escrevido_, _escrito_ _incorrer_, to incur (a penalty), _incorrido_, _incurso_ _interromper_, to interrupt, _interrompido_, _interrupto_ _morrer_, to die, _morrido_, _morto_ _prender_, to take (into charge), _prendido_, _preso_ _romper_, to break (open), _rompido_, _roto_ _suspender_, to postpone, _suspendido_, _suspenso_ _torcer_, to turn, _torcido_, _torto_. THIRD CONJUGATION. _abrir_, to open, _abrido_, _aberto_ _affligir_, to afflict, _affligido_, _afflicto_ _concluir_, to close, shut, _concluido_, _concluso_ _contrahir_, to contract, _contrahido_, _contracto_ _cubrir_, to cover, _cubrido_, _cuberto_ _distinguir_, to distinguish, _distinguido_, _distincto_ _distrahir_, to abstract, _distrahido_, _distracto_ _erigir_, to erect, _erigido_, _erecto_ _exhaurir_, to exhaust, _exhaurido_, _exhausto_ _expellir_, to expel, _expellido_, _expulso_ _exprimir_, to express, _exprimido_, _expresso_ _exstinguir_, to extinguish, _extinguido_, _extincto_ _extrahir_, to extract, _extrahido_, _extracto_ _frigir_, to fry, _frigido_, _frito_ _imprimir_, to impress, _imprimido_, _impresso_ _incluir_, to shut up, _incluido_, _incluso_ _inserir_, to insert, _inserido_, _inserto_ _opprimir_, to oppress, _opprimido_, _oppresso_ _possuir_, to possess, _possuido_, _possesso_ _reprimir_, to suppress, _reprimido_, _represso_ _submergir_, to submerge, _submergido_, _submerso_ _supprimir_, to oppress, _supprimido_, _suppresso_ _surgir_, to anchor, _surgido_, _surto_. The first or regular form of these Participles is generally used for the compound tenses, whilst the second or irregular form is Generally used with _ser_ or _estar_. 17. =Impersonal Verbs= are only used in the third person Singular, they are: _Chover_, to rain — _chove_, it rains _relampager_ } to lighten — _relampaga_ } it lightens _fuzilar_ } — _fuzila_ } _trovejar_, to thunder — _troveja_, it thunders _choviscar_, to drizzle (rain) — _chovisca_, it drizzles _nevar_, to snow — _neva_, it snows _gelar_, to freeze — _gela_, it freezes. They follow those Conjugations to which they belong. 18. Adverbs. =1. Adverbs of Time.= _Hoje_, to-day _agora_, now _hontem_, yesterday _presentemente_, at present _antehontem_, the day before yesterday _antigamente_, in times past _ultimamente_, lastly _recentemente_, lately _amanhãa_, to-morrow _logo_, directly _depois de amanhãa_, the day after to-morrow _daqui por diante_, from hence, in future _sempre_, always _desde_, since _ainda_, yet. =2. Adverbs of Place.= _aqui_, here _ali_, _acolá_, there _arriba_, above _abaixo_, below _além_, on the other side _daquem_, on this side _á mão direita_, to the right _á mão esquerda_, to the left _d’ali_, from here. =3. Adverbs of Number and Comparison.= _primeiramente_, firstly _segundamente_, secondly _em terceiro lugar_, thirdly _depois_, afterwards _raramente_, _de maravilha_, rarely _mais_, more _menos_, less _tão_ } almost _como se_ } _como_, as _assim_, just so, the same _melhor_, better _peior_, worse _quasi_, almost _em parte_, partly _quando muito_, highest _quando menos_, least. =4. Adverbs of Manner and Kind.= _muito_, very _bem_, good, well _mal_, bad _pouco_, little _assaz_, enough _demasiadamente_, too much _sufficientemente_, sufficient _abundantemente_, abundantly _mesmo_, even _apenas_, scarcely _senão_, only _principalmente_, chiefly _em geral_, generally, altogether. =5. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation.= _sim_, yes _certamente_, certainly _verdadeiramente_, indeed _não_, no _nada_, nothing _talvez_ } _pode ser_ } perhaps _quiça_ } _quando?_ when? _como?_ how? _porque?_ why? _quanto?_ how much? _onde?_ where? _aonde?_ whereto? The Adverbs are not declined, but some are compared like the Adjectives, as: _mais ricamente_, richer _menos ricamente_, less rich _tão ricamente_, just as rich _muito ricamente_, very rich _o mais ricamente_, the richest; Superl. _bem_, good, formes the Comp.: _melhor_ — _optimamente_ _mal_, bad, - - - _peior_ — _pessimamente_. 19. =The following Adverbs are principally in use=: _agora_, now _hoje_, to-day _amanhãa_, to-morrow _amanhãa pela manhãa_, to-morrow-morning _depois de amanhãa_, the day after to-morrow _frequentamente_, frequently, often _nunca_, never _ordinariamente_, generally _jamais_, never _tarde_, late _cedo_, early _daqui por diante_, in future _ultimamente_, lastly, at latest _recentemente_, lately _logo_, soon _depois_, afterwards _abundantemente_, abundantly _com razão_, _justamente_, in justice _absolutamente_, absolutely _já para já_, immediately _com condição_, under the condition _actualmente_, actually, at present _de proposito_, purposely _admiravelmente_ } admirable _maravilhosamente_ } _as mil maravilhas_, exquisitely _astutamente_, artfully _atraiçoadamente_, traitorously _de maravilha_, very rarely _a miudo_, often _assim_ } _tão_ } so, equally so _apressa_, quickly, in haste _facilmente_, easily _ao avesso_, reversedly _as avessas_, reversedly _de improviso_ } extempore _improvisamente_ } _quasi_, _casi_, almost _então_, then _desde então_, since _desde quando?_ since when? _de quando ha?_ how long ago? _quando bem_ } even _ainda quando_ } _quando muito_, highest, at latest _quando menos_, at least _cá_, here _alli_, there _ahi_, there, where (you are} _acolá_, there _traz_ } behind _detraz_ } _para traz_, backwards _isto he_, that is to say _em vez_, _em lugar_, instead _tambem_, also _tanto que_ } as soon as _logo que_ } _acaso_, accidentally _ainda_, yet _finalmente_, at last _muito_, much, very _depressa_, quickly _aqui_, here _até_, until _bem_, well, good _mal_, bad _como_, how, as _como?_ how? _primeiro que_, before that _primeiro que tudo_, before all _fora_, out, out of _já_, already _abaixo_, below _acima_, above _de balde_, in vain _antes_, for, before _juntamente_, together _enteiramente_, entirely _ao redor_, round about _loucamente_, foolishly _atrevidamente_, boldly _felizmente_, happily _vergonhosamente_, infamously _nem se quer_, even if _mais_, more _menos_, less _sim_, yes _não_, no _onde_, where _nada_, nothing _de cór_, by heart _em vão_, in vain _escassamente_, scarcely, rarely _em fin_, at last _longe_, long, far _verdadeiramente_, truly _dentro_, thereinto _as vezes_, sometimes _de vagar_, slowly _quando_, when _quanto_, how much. 20. =Prepositions.= The Prepositions most in use are the following: _a_, to _de_, from _em_, in _dentro_, in, within _sobre_, on, over _debaixo_ } under _sob_ } _perante_, before _altraz_ } behind _traz_ } _entre_, between _para_, after _perto_ } by, near, at _junto_ } _desde_, of, from _até_, after _antes_, before _depois_, after _durante_, during _desde_, since _com_, with _excepto_, except _fora_ } besides _além_ } _sem_, without _contra_, against _a pezar_, notwithstanding _não obstante_, in spite of _para com_, against _acerca_, in respect _por_, through _mediante_, by means of. 21. The following are used with the =Genitive=: _além dos mares_, on the other side of the seas _além d’isso_, besides this one _acerca daquelle negocio_, as to that business _aquem_ or _daquem dos mares_, on this side of the seas _antes do dia_, before daybreak _diante de Deos_, before God _dentro da igreja_, within the church _de traz do palacio_, behind the palace _debaixo da mesa_, under the table _em cima da mesa_, upon the table _ao redor_ or _em contorno da cidade_, round about the town _perto de Londres_, near London _fora da casa_, out of the house _fora de perigo_, out of danger _depois da cea_, after the supper _defronte de minha casa_, opposite to my house _defronte da igreja_, opposite the church; =Dative=: _quanto áquillo_, with regard to that _pegado á muralha_, at, near the wall _desde o bico do pé até á cabeza_, from head to foot; =Accusative.= _perante o juiz_, before the judge _durante o inverno_, during the winter _traz do templo_, behind the temple _entre os homens_, among men _sobre a mesa_, on the table _conforme á lei_, according to the law _segundo á ordem_, in consequence of the order _por amor de Deos_, for God’s sake _pelo mundo_, through the world _pela rua_, through the street _contra elles_, against them. _A_ (to), _eu vou a Londres_, I go to London, _voltar a Portugal_, to return to Portugal, _não tem nada que fazer_ } _não tem nada a fazer_ } he has nothing to do. _De_ (from), _vir de França_, I come from France, _vir das Indias_, I come from India, _sahir de Londres_, I go from London (to leave London), _de noite_, by night, _de dia_, by day. _Por_ (by, from), _por mar e por terra_, by sea and by land. 22. =Conjunctions.= _E_, and _tambem_ } _outrosim_ } also _tambem_—_como_, as well—as _não sómente_—_mas tambem_, not only—but also _ora_—_ora_, soon—soon _em primeiro lugar_, firstly _então_, then _além disso_ } _de mais_ } further _depois_, afterwards _em fim_, at last _em parte_—_em parte_, partly—partly _ou_—_ou_, either—or _nem_—_nem_, neither—nor _tão_, so _assim_, thus _porém_ } _mas_ } but _com tudo_, notwithstanding _ainda que_, although _assim_, therefore _porque_, because _pois_, there _afim_, that _se não_, else _com tanto que_, taking for granted that _bem que_, certainly, indeed. 23. _que_, that _nomeadamente_, namely _se_, whether _comó_, as _a saber_, viz _excepto_, _alem_, except _onde_, where _donde_, whence _quando_, when _desde que_, since _durante que_, whilst, during _antes_, before _depois que_ } afterwards _depois de_ } _como_, as _como tambem_, as soon as _tão_—_como_, so—as _assim_—_que_, so that _por isso_, why _porque_, because _por_, _pois_, there _afim que_ } that _para que_ } _se_, if _se_, _posto que_, in case _se não que_, if not _com tanto que_, in case _ainda que_, although _não obstante_, notwithstanding _tanto_—_tanto_, the—the. Examples. _Francezes e Inglezes._ Frenchmen and Englishmen. _Nem este, nem aquelle._ Neither these, nor those. _Ou este, ou aquelle._ Either this one, or that one _Nem mais, nem menos._ Neither more, nor less. _Quer o faça, quer não, tudo It is indifferent to me whether para mim he o mesmo._ he does it or not. _Quer seja verdade, quer não._ Whether it be true or not. _Antes quero pedir que furtar._ I will rather beg than steal. _Antes morrerei que dizer-volo._ I will rather die than tell it to you. =Interjections= may be divided according to the various passions or emotions expressed by them. Of Joy: _Ah! ho!_ Of Pain: _Ai! apre!_ Of Fear: _Ai Jesus! eh, eh! ai de mim!_ Of Abhorrence: _Va-se embora! passa fora!_ Of Surprise: _Oh! Ah!_ Urging or Exhorting: _Ora vamos! animo, animo! arreda! hola! sentido!_ Silencing: _Chiton! calla a boca! calai-vos!_ Wishing: _O provera a Deos!_ =Reading Lessons.= 1. Em um ajuntamento[545] de senhoras e homens suscitou-se[546] a questão[547] de qual era o paiz[548] melhor[549] para se habitar[550]; e dizendo uma que Londres, outra que Pariz, este que o Brazil, aquelle que a Austria ou a Italia, disse uma senhora mui presumida[551]: “Pois[552] eu dou[553] a primazia[554] ao celibato, pois tenho ouvido dizer a meu irmão padre[555], que he de todos os estados o mais perfeito.” [545] meeting. [546] to ask. [547] the question. [548] land. [549] better. [550] to live. [551] presumptuous. [552] as. [553] I give. [554] the preference. [555] the priest. 2. Certo[556] juiz de fóra[557] tendo queixas do povo[558] que os arrematantes da vacca[559] só matavão[560] um boi[561] cada dia d’assouge[562], e que este não chegava[563] para todos, e ao mesmo tempo[564] ouvindo dizer aos ditos arrematantes que dous bois erão de sobejo[565]; mandou[566] por seu respeitando despacho que cada dia d’assougue se matasse boi e meio. [556] a certain. [557] judge who has studied. [558] the people. [559] the priviledged butchers of beef. [560] _matar_, to kill, to slaughter. [561] the ox. [562] _açougue_, the slaughter-house. [563] _chegar_, to suffice. [564] at the same time. [565] too much. [566] to order. 3. Dizia o P. Antonio Vieira, que toda a fortuna d’um homem de corte[567] consistia em saber adular[568], mentir[569], furtar[570], e repartir[571]. [567] courtier. [568] to flatter. [569] to lie. [570] to steal. [571] to divide. 4. Na desgraçada[572] morte[573] do Principe D. Affonso, disse El-Rei Dom João II. seu pai: “No excessivo sentimento em que vivo da morte de meu filho, só me consola parecer-me que Deos se lembrou[574] d’este reino[575]; porque o Principe não era para Rei dos Portuguezes: os Portuguezes hão de mister Rei de bronze. Era o Principe inclinado a delicias[576].” [572] unfortunate. [573] death. [574] _lembrar-se_, to remember. [575] kingdom. [576] pleasure. 5. Levantando[577] El-Rei D. João I. o sitio[578], que tinha posto a Coria, disse: “Grande falta[579] nos fizerão os cavalheiros da taboa redonda[580]; porque se elles aqui estivérão, não nos levantáramos desta cidade sem a render[581].” Respondeo Mem Rodrigues de Vasconcellos: “Não faltarão por certo, senhor, aqui esses cavalheiros; porque aqui está Martim Vasques da Cunha, que he tão bom, como dizem o foi D. Galaz; Gonçalo Vasques Coutinho, que he tão bom como D. Tristão; João Fernandes Pacheco, que não deve nada a Lancarote; e aqui estou eu, que não mereço[582] menos[583] que qualquer d’elles: O certo he, senhor, que só faltou aqui o bom Rei Artur, que os sabía estimar, e animar com mercês grandes.” [577] to raise. [578] the siege. [579] want. [580] round table. [581] surrender. [582] to be worth. [583] less. 6. Quando El-Rei D. Sebastião quiz[584] fazer[585] a jornada de Africa, determinou avistar-se em N. Senhora de Guadalupe com El-Rei Philippe seu tio[586]; para se ajustar[587] esta funcção[588] veio[589] de Castella o duque[590] d’Alva, cavalheiro mui soberbo[591], e pouco affeiçoado aos Portuguezes, e de cá foi o conde[592] de Redondo. Entre a pratica[593] que tiverão, lhe perguntou[594] o duque que fidalgos vinhão com El-Rei Dom Sebastião; porque com El-Rei vinha elle, e outros como elle. Respondeo-lhe o conde: “Com El-Rei meu senhor vem o duque de Bragança, o de Aveiro, e o marquez[595] de Villa-Real; e fidalgos razos[596], como eu e vós, vem muitos.” [584] _querer_, to wish. [585] to make. [586] uncle. [587] to arrange. [588] business. [589] he came (_vir_). [590] duke. [591] proud. [592] the count. [593] the discussion. [594] to ask. [595] marquis. [596] the low gentry. 7. Pedindo[597] um pobre[598] esmola[599] a Philippe II. lhe dizia que se lembrasse erão irmãos; e perguntando-lhe El-Rei por que quarte, respondeo por Adão. Mandou[600]-lhe El-Rei dar um real. Replicou[601] o pobre que aquella esmola não era d’um irmão Rei. “Se a todos os meus irmãos”, disse Philippe, “eu désse outro tanto[602], já não teria[603] real que dar.” [597] _pedir_, to beg. [598] poor. [599] alms. [600] ordered. [601] reply. [602] just as much. [603] I would have. 8. Christovão Colon foi o primeiro que com audaz[604] fortaleza[605] navegou o oceano, o descobrio[606] as Indias de Castella; pelo que mereceo que os Reis Catholicos o fizessem duque de Beraguas. Estava uma noite[607] ceando[608] com outros cavalheiros seus amigos; e dizendo-lhe um que aquella façanha a poderia obrar qualquer outro, se lhe dessem o socorro[609], que fosse necessario, dissimulou Christovão Colon, e tirando um ovo[610] do prato, perguntou aos demais fidalgos se poderia algum fazer que aquelle ovo estivesse levantado[611], sem que se arrimasse[612] a cousa alguma? Respondêrão todos, que não podia ser[613]. Pegou[614] no ovo Christovão Colon, e dando com elle mansamente[615] na mesa[616], lhe fez uma pequena[617] móssa[618], e o póz muito direito. Rírão-se[619] todos, e disse Colon: “Nenhum[620] de Vossas Mercês[621] ha que não acha facil navegar o oceano, depois que eu de lá vim; porém he certo, que se eu não fôra o primeiro, nenhum seria o segundo.” [604] audacious. [605] fortitude. [606] discovered. [607] night. [608] _cear_, to sup. [609] assistance. [610] egg. [611] to stand erect. [612] to assist. [613] that it could not be. [614] _pegar_, to take up. [615] quiet. [616] table. [617] small. [618] break. [619] _rir-se_, to laugh. [620] nobody. [621] of your honours. 9. Um Mahometano consultando a Aischeh mulher de Mahometo, lhe pedio uma regra[622] para bem viver; e ella lhe respondeo: “Reconhece[623] um só Deos, refrêa[624] a tua lingua, reprime[625] as tuas paixões[626], adquire sciencia, vive constante na tua religião, abstem-te de fazer mal[627], frequenta os bons, encobre[628] os defeitos do teu proximo[629], soccorre[630] os pobres, e espera a eternidade por recompensa.” [622] rule. [623] recognise. [624] restrict. [625] suppress. [626] passions. [627] to do evil. [628] cover. [629] neighbour. [630] assist. 10. Querendo certo homem desquitar-se[631] de sua mulher, com quem tinha pouca paz[632], appareceo[633] para este fim[634] diante[635] do Provisor. Estranhou[636] elle a proposta[637], porque conhecia a mulher, e era de boas qualidades: “Porque quereis deixar[638] vossa mulher?” (lhe perguntou o Provisor): “Não he virtuosa?”—“Sim, senhor”; respondeo o homem.—“Não he rica?”—“Sim, senhor.” Emfim[639] a todas as cousas, sobre que era perguntado, respondia em abono seu. Com que lhe disse o Provisor: “Pois se vossa mulher tem tantas cousas boas, porque quereis desquitar-vos della?” A isto o homem, descalçando[640] um sapato[641], perguntou ao Provisor: “Senhor, este sapato não he novo?”—“Sim”, respondeo o Provisor. Accrescentou[642]: “não está bem feito[643]?”—“Sim, ao que parece”, respondeo o Provisor.—“Não he de bom cordavão, e de boa sola?”—Respondeo do mesmo modo que sim. “Pois vê Vossa Mercê com tudo isso[644]” (disse o descontente marido[645]), “pois eu quero tirar este sapato, e calçar outro, porque eu sei muito bem aonde[646] me aperta[647], e faz mancar[648], e Vossa Mercê não o sabe.” [631] to divorce. [632] peace. [633] appeared. [634] for this purpose. [635] before. [636] to surprise. [637] the proposition. [638] to leave. [639] in fine. [640] to take off. [641] the shoe. [642] to add. [643] _fazer_, to make. [644] with all that. [645] husband. [646] where. [647] pinch. [648] to make tame. 11. =Botocudos.= Estes Indios dominão[649] na cordilheira[650] habitada[651] por seus maiores[652] os Aimorés, de cuja[653] barbaridade ainda guardão sementes. Quando os Portuguezes começárão[654] a povoar[655] o Brazil tiverão de guerrear com os ferozes[656] Aimorés, a quem dizem[657] que derão[658] o nome de Botocudos, de boto, e codea[659], por isso que os Indios desta nação[660] erão rolhos, e trazião[661] o corpo[662] coberto d’uma codea de gomma[663] copal com que se pintavão[664] para se preservarem das ferretoadas[665] dos mosquitos e outros insectos. Os Botocudos são mais brancos[666] que a maior parte dos demais[667] Indios do Brazil, porém, como seus ascendentes os Aimorés, costumão[668] pintar a cara[669] e mais partes do corpo. Dividem-se em varias tribus ou cabildas[670], cada[671] uma com seu cabo[672], que tem um poder[673] absoluto sobre os seus[674] em os negocios de maior importancia como são a caça[675], a guerra[676] e a escolha[677] de uma nova morada[678]; mas na aldea[679] limita-se toda a sua autoridade a compôr as desavenças que são entre elles mui frequentes. Este lugar não he hereditario, escolhe-se para elle o mais bravo, e por vezes[680] o mais atrevido[681] se proclama por chefe da tribu, sobre tudo se por ventura o que os commandava vem a morrer. Os Botocudos tem as espadoas[682] largas, o pescoço[683] curto, o nariz[684] chato, as maçãas[685] do rosto proeminentes, os pés[686] pequenos, as extremidades inferiores delgadas[687], mas nervosas. Furão as orelhas[688], e o beiço inferior[689], e enfião no buraco[690] uma rodella de páo[691]. São vingativos[692] e traidores[693], posto que tinhão um exterior alegre e um ar[694] de franqueza. Não tem especie alguma de culto; considerão[695] o sol[696] como uma divindade a que chamão[697], e reverenceão ainda mais a lua[698], quando com sua luz os protege em suas excursões nocturnas. Amão e imitão as ceremonias religiosas dos christãos, quanto isto póde compadecer-se com a vida nomada que fazem, assim que são de todos os Indios os que mais custão a civilizar-se. [649] govern. [650] mountain chain. [651] inhabited. [652] ancestors. [653] whose. [654] to begin. [655] to populate. [656] wild. [657] _dizer_, to say. [658] they gave (_dar_). [659] the rind. [660] nation. [661] to carry. [662] the body. [663] gum. [664] _pintar_, to paint. [665] sting. [666] white. [667] the others. [668] to have the practice. [669] face. [670] hordes. [671] each. [672] leader. [673] power. [674] over his tribe. [675] the chase. [676] war. [677] the choice. [678] place of residence. [679] village. [680] sometimes. [681] bold. [682] shoulder. [683] neck. [684] nose. [685] cheeks. [686] foot. [687] thin. [688] ears. [689] the underlip. [690] a hole. [691] wooden. [692] vindictive. [693] traitorous. [694] an air. [695] to look upon. [696] the sun. [697] to call. [698] the moon. 12. =As grutas=[699] =do inferno=[700]. Deo-se[701] este nome ás cavernas naturaes que se achão[702] na montanha em que estão assentadas a povoação e fortaleza[703] da Nova-Coimbra, na provincia de Mato-Grosso e sobre a margem direita[704] do Paraguai. No vertente[705] septentrional[706] da montanha existe uma abertura que dá passo[707] a duas especies de antecamaras, 1 de braça[708] e meia de comprido[709], e 1 de largo[710], e outra algum tanto maior. Desce-se para ellas por uma ladeira que tem obra de 20 braças de comprimento[711], guarnecida de estalactitas, que provêm da filtração continua da abobada. No cabo[712] da ladeira entra-se n’uma salla parecida com uma mesquita[713], de cuja abobada pendem estalactitas de differentes fórmas e tamanhos[714], e o mesmo se observa no chão. A’ esquerda[715] a parede se acha revestida d’uma incrustação d’espalto, que com o reflexo da luz arremeda uma soberba cascata. Póde esta salla ter 50 braças de comprido e 1S de largo, e no fundo della existe um espaço de 6 braças pelo menos coberto d’agua limpida porém de máo sabor[716], que dá da parte de fóra[717] origem a um ribeiro[718] represado frequentemente pelas aguas do Paraguai, nas cheias[719] que alagão todos os annos por varias vezes os campos vizinhos. Os naturaes[720] do paiz não se atrevião[721] a entrar n’estas grutas que forão pela primeira vez exploradas pelo engenheiro[722] Ricardo Franco d’Almeida Serra, em 1791, levando em sua companhia o naturalista Alexandre Rodriguez Ferreira que as debuxou[723] e descreveo[724]. Em 1795, varias pessoas[725] curiosas entrárão n’ellas e com fachas virão que no ribeiro que as aguas ali formavão havião jacarés[726], e que um d’elles tinha uma pata de menos. [699] grotto. [700] hell. [701] one has given. [702] to find, _achar-se_. [703] the fortress. [704] on the right shore. [705] slope. [706] northern. [707] which forms the entrance. [708] fathom. [709] long. [710] wide. [711] length. [712] at the end. [713] Mosque. [714] size. [715] on the left. [716] bad taste. [717] from the outside. [718] rivulet. [719] inundation. [720] inhabitants. [721] attempt. [722] engineer. [723] to draw. [724] to describe. [725] persons. [726] crocodile. Idiomatic Expressions with =Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions etc.= _Andar a pé._ To go on foot. _Andar de pé._ To be unwell. _Andar a cavallo._ To go on horseback. _Andar em coche._ To drive in a carriage. _Andar á vela._ To take a sail. _Andar para diante._ To go forward. _Andar para traz._ To go backward. _Andar a traz de alguem._ To follow some one. _Andar com o tempo._ To go with the times. _Andar perdido._ To go astray. _Andar com honra._ To act honorably. _Andar de esguelha._ To go badly. _Andar de mal para peor._ Out of the frying-pan into the fire. _Com o andar do tempo._ In the course of time. _Andar de galope._ To canter. _Dar um passeio, uma volta._ To take a walk. _Dar a entender._ To give to understand. _Dar fé._ To believe, to credit. _Dar fiado._ To give credit. _Dar á luz._ To publish. _Dar principio._ To begin. _Dar fim._ To end. _Dar os bons dias._ To say good day. _Dar os parabens._ To congratulate. _O relogio dá horas._ The clock strikes. _Dar boa conta de si._ To behave well. _Eu derei conta d’isso._ I will be answerable for it. _Dar em ridicularias._ To become ridiculous. _Dar-se pressa._ To be in a hurry. _Não se lhe dá de morrer._ He does not fear death. _Estar escrevendo._ To be writing. _Estar em pé._ To stand erect. _Estar assentado._ To sit. _Está para chover._ It is going to rain. _Estar em duvida._ To be in doubt. _Estar na cama._ To lie in bed. _Estar com, em, de, saúde._ To be well. _Não está no meu poder._ It is not in my power. _Estar de posse._ To be in possession. _Fazer esmólas._ To give alms. _Faz frio._ It is cold. _Faz lua._ The moon shines. _Não faço caso delle._ I do not care for him. _Fazer uma festa._ To give a party. _Fazer lugar._ To make room. _Ter que fazer._ To have to do. _Fazer um discurso._ To make a speech. _Fazer uma aposta._ To lay a wager. _Faz hoje oito dias._ It is a week to-day. _Fazer o possivel._ To do one’s utmost. _Não henho que fazer com_ I have nothing to do with it. _isso._ _Fazer-se velho._ To become old. _Fazer-se feio._ To become ugly. _Faz-se tarde._ It is getting late. _Ter razão._ To be in the right. _Não ter razão._ To be in the wrong. _Ter ciumes._ To be jealous. _Que quer dizer isto?_ What is the meaning of it? _Isto quer dizer, que..._ It means that... _Ha alguma, cousa de novo?_ Is there any news? _Ha muito tempo._ It is a long time ago. _Ha um anno._ It is a year ago. _Hir por diante._ To go forward. _Eilo lá vai._ There he goes. _Hir para traz._ To go back. _Hir buscar._ To fetch. _Nada se vai mais depressa_ Nothing passes quicker than the time. _que o tempo._ _Vai-se fazendo tarde._ It becomes late. _Não tenho medo._ I have no fear. _Não mais._ Not more. _Ainda não._ Not yet. _Não o farei._ I shall not do it. _Não muito depois._ Not long after. _Queres fazer isso ou não?_ Will you do it or not? _Um diz sim, e outro não._ One says yes, the other no. _Não he bom nem máo._ It is neither good nor bad. _Elle ainda não veio._ He has not yet come. _Até onde?_ How far? _Até Roma._ To Rome. _Até quando?_ How long? _Até que eu vivo._ As long as I live. _Como assim?_ How so? _Como! não quereis vir?_ What! you will not come? _Dez libras quando muito._ At utmost ten pounds. _Dez libras quando menos._ At least ten pounds. _Dizei muito embora o que_ You may say what you like. _quizerdes._ _Assim he?_ Is it so? _Assim seja._ Be it so. _Basta assim por agora._ It is enough for the present. _Andar a passos lentes._ To go very slowly. _A’ direita._ To the right. _A’ esquerda._ To the left. _Vir de França._ To come from France. _Venho da casa da Senhora N._ I come from Mrs. N. _De madrugada._ Early in the morning. _De noite._ By night. _De dia._ By day. _De verão._ In summer. _Perto de oito horas._ Towards eight o’clock. _Junto á cidade._ Near the town. _Sobre a mesa._ Upon the table. _Sobre a noite._ Towards night. _Sobre todas as cousas._ Before all things. _Duas vezes no dia._ Twice a day. _Na rua._ On the street. _Em todo o tempo._ At all times. _Em premio._ For reward. _Para que he isto?_ What is that for? _Para onde?_ Whereto? _Para que fim?_ For what purpose? _Palavra por palavra._ Word for word. _Vai por vinho._ Fetch wine. _De muito atraz._ Far back. _Fazer passo atraz._ To take a step backwards. _Alguns dias atraz._ A few days ago. Leipsic, printed by J. B. Hirschfeld. LATELY PUBLISHED by =FRANZ THIMM,= Foreign Bookseller and Publisher. 3 Brook Street, Grosvenor Square. =Portuguese Language.= £ _s. d._ =Ahn’s= Portuguese Grammar. 8vo. Cloth. 1857. 0 4 0 Portuguese and English Idiomatic Phrases and Dialogues, for a rapid acquisition of the Portuguese Language. 12. 1857. 0 2 6 =Vieyra=, Portuguese and English Dictionary. 2 vols 8vo. Cloth. 1 12 0 ———— ditto, ditto abridged. 0 10 0 =Bösche=, Portugiesische Sprachlehre. 1853. 0 4 0 =Wagner’s= Portugiesisch-Deutsch und Deutsch-Portugiesisches Wörterbuch. 3 Bde. 8vo. 1811. 1 8 0 =Wollheim da Fonseca=, ditto. 12mo. 1856. 0 9 0 =Azevedo=, Portugiesisch-Englisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch. 18mo. 0 3 0 THE BEST GRAMMARS DIALOGUES AND DICTIONARIES FOR MODERN LANGUAGES PUBLISHED BY FRANZ THIMM FOREIGN BOOKSELLER AND PUBLISHER. 3 Brook Street, New Bond Street, London. =German Language.= £ _s. d._ AHN’S Child’s German Book. 12mo. Cloth. 0 3 0 ” German Grammar. Remodelled. 1857. 0 3 6 ” Key to ditto. 8vo. sewed. 0 1 0 JULIUS, German Writing Copies, oblong. 8vo. sewed. 0 2 6 MEISSNER’S German and English Vocabulary and Dialogues. Cloth. 0 2 6 THIEME’S German and English Dictionary. Cloth. 0 7 0 HILPERT’S German and English Dictionary. 2 vols. 8vo. 0 16 0 Cloth =French Language.= AHN’S Child’s French Book. 12mo. Cloth. 0 3 0 ” French Class Book for Beginners. 8vo. Cloth. 0 1 6 ” French Grammar. 8vo. Cloth. 0 3 6 ” Key to ditto. 8vo. sewed. 0 1 0 ” French Reader, 1. Course for junior Classes. Cloth. 0 2 6 DUDEVANT, French and English Idiomatic Dialogues. Cloth. 0 2 6 BARRETT’S French and English pocket Dictionary. 48o. Roan. 1855. 0 4 0 =Italian Language.= AHN’S Italian Grammar. 8vo. Cloth. 0 4 0 ” Key to ditto. 8vo. sewed. 0 1 0 MACHETTI’S Italian and English Idiomatic Dialogues. Cloth. 0 2 6 BLANC’S Italian and English pocket Dictionary. 24mo. Roan. 0 4 0 =Spanish Language.= AHN’S Spanish Grammar. 8vo. 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